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humane :—ex harum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini;

®x economia in conseryatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis

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inimica fuit.”—Linnaus.

Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut quwouvrir les yeux pour

voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor-

tent toutes ses opérations.”—Bruckner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden,

1767.

cts ee ee ee ©. ~ The sylvan powers

Obey our summons; from their deepest dells

The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild

And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs

That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme

And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed,

But scatter round ten thousand forms minute

Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock

Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too

Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face

They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush

That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles,

Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread,

The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne,

All, all to us unlock their secret stores

And pay their cheerful tribute.

J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818.

ALERE § FLAMMAM,

CONTENTS OF VOL, Y.

[NINTH SERIES. ]

NUMBER 25,

Page

TI. Notes on Myriapoda.—XX. Luminous Chilopoda, with Special

Reference to Geophilus carpophagus, Leach. By Hitpa K. Brape-

Brrrs, M.Se., M.B., Ch.B., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., and the Rev. S.

GRaHAM BraDE-Binks, M.Sc. (Plates I. & I.) ............00.- i

II. Two new Species of Sylvilagus from Colombia. By OLpFIELD

oI: 505.0" ne ae Sale rateh esas 6. ciMiertataraisl aj aii \avwiat che ahs, ofc bce ga aly A Rw das 31

~/ II. The Classification of the Fishes of the Family Cichlide.—

I, The Tanganyika Genera. By C. Tare Reean, M.A., F.RS. ., 33

IV. New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera)—I. Kthiopian

Species. By Cuartes P. ALexanpER, Ph.D., Urbana, Llinois,

MU DA tate eet epee eh Peete kes Gel alee, Be olathe sels, @herele «Wa vies We yeas 53

V. A new Crab of the Genus Sesarma from Basra. By W. T.

SEAMEN Bie DUGY ) oe accra vials es aie c's" ere 1a aleidiels Sonoma toc.cr t 6, CAE 62

VI. The Cirripede Genus Stramentum (Loricula): its History

and Structure. By THomas H. Wiruers, F.G.S. (Plates ILI.

CANO a REA RR BE oie eee eee ea 65

VII. On Indo-Chinese Hymenoptera collected by R. Vitalis de

Salvaza.—IV. By Rowxianp EK. Turner, F.ZS., FES. ........ 84

VIII. Sur quelques Trechine [ Coleoptera, Carabide} du British

eNpounNs dearityc MANNED cocoa e's cde eblerd cass sarees nisiass 98

IX. Descriptions and Records of Bees—LXXXVII. By T. D. A.

Cocenett; University of Ualoridan Siac ile sn ecco c so ay dic

X. A new Shrew and Two new Foxes from Asia Minor and

Palesind by OLURinLD “EHOMAB Sc ccctece sss sens seus vs ewe es 119

lV CONTENTS.

Pago

XI. Descriptions of Two new Frogs from Brazil. By G. A.

BOULENG@ER, FURS. BeZ.Sii i. clea o's 0 + 00.5 2 aye a eee lata, ee 122

XIL. Protoscolex latus, anew ‘* Worm” from Lower Ludlow Beds.

By F. A. Batuer, F.R.S...... 4 sa suse cs win Bis 0 9 bn eas R RENE ees fe 124

XIII. On a new Commensal Prawn. By L. A. Borrapatir,

MEN his aia ars ange fim SETS ec. AE ats Bice pi he eC RC See oe 132

XIV. A Description of the Copepod Cylindropsyllus brevicornis,

Van Douwe, and of a new Species of D’ Arcythompsonia, Scott. By

Robert GURNEY, MA. “(Bigtes Vi Viniby 20 ,.laastttiy scene Race 134

XV. The Generic Positions of “ Mus” nigricauda, Thos., and

woosnamt, Schwann. By OLDFIELD THOMAS ...........00e000- 140

XVI. A new Taphozous from the Sudan. By OLpFretp Tuomas, 142

XVII. A new Marmoset ‘from the Peruvian Amazons. By Oxp-

HURLD EEOMAS "5 /oe ys o's cee ea eater 8 ey oaa ates Cages eee aie aati e ee Ree 144

XVIII. Note on Two new Species of Fossil Tortoises. By C. W.

ANDREW s, D.Sc., F.R.S. (British Museum, Natural History)...... 145

XIX. Notes on the Ichnewmonide in the British Museum.—III.

On a new Tasmanian Species. By Rowtanp E. Turner, F.Z.S.,

1 ALE Rae Serer itae hr ser eee ey POT e ite omens aoa te eth 150

XX. A new Cichlid Fish of the Genus Limnochromis from nee

Tanganyike, (By O, Tare Rrean, MAL PRs. oc... oso ke cakes 152

NUMBER 26.

XXI. Further Notes on the Fabrician Types of Heteromera

(Coleoptera) in the Banks Collection. By K. G. Buarr, L.Sc.,

OR DE Sea Wei On era ey | Mier i rer ee eerie es uy Ale 153

XXII. A Revision of the African Cichlid Fishes of the Genus

‘ylochromis. By C. Tats Reean, M.A.) FRB... ee. 163

XXIII. Notes on the Astlide: Sub-division Asiline. By Grr-

ERM AYAS ARTO ARDIO 080 oo. Co idre wm wlsione: whe in lela op > SM TSEEI 6 i0'sius ae tes ee 169

XXIV. Some Notes on Babirussa. By OLpDFIELD THoMas .... 185

XXV. A Further Collection of Mammals from Jujuy. By Oup-

FIELD THOMAS

XXVI. A new Species of Vellivora from Somaliland. By R. C.

WroveuTon and Major R. H. CHEESMAN........0.:cceees sens 197

CONTENTS, vi

Page

XXVITI. Notes on Myriapoda.—X XI. Colobognatha, an Order of

Diplopoda (Millipedes) new to Britain, represented by Polyzoniwm

germanicum (Brandt). By the Rev. 8. Granam BrapxE-Birks,

M.Se., Lecturer in Zoology and Geology, 8.E. Agricultural College,

Wve teat | is ooies ce aeie PRP israel see eral taitt oan hiahertae ib artless

XXVIII. Note on the Freshwater Isopods known as Asedlus

aquaticus. By Cuas, Cuttton, M.A., D.Se., M.B., C.M., LL.D.,

C.M.Z.S., F.L.S.,:Professor of Biology, Canterbury College, New

POMBUE. . Ge waned w tualaiwuth Gon mace Sot vats area bia, sina a(sichy all 200

XXIX. On anew Tentaculate Cestode. By Franx E. Bepparp,

Dae see eg Eaetag Saline etude. ae. wm sai sles edie tao eo! Hate Rleie ore a ace 203

Proceedings of the Geological Society.......... ier arate: soareartieharera. es 207

NUMBER 27.

XXX. Notes on the Asilide: Sub-division Asiline. By Grr-

Ei UME MEMO Seat SAGE G rok oie oe enn Cn ewe wae ae 0 Ee .. 209

XXXI. On some Freshwater Fossils from Central South Africa.

By i. oon Newron, 8:G.5.(Blate VITE) 2... case acace 241

XXXII. On the Geographical Distribution of the Genus Anomis,

Hiibner (Lineopalpa auctorum), a Noctuid of the Family Gono-

pteride. By Colonel C. Swinuor, M.A., F.L.S., &c. (Plates

DO it at eat eat a Mal erate, oACPa eae 3b HO ond arakel sabia sof? 250

XXXIII. The Cirripede Subgenus Serllelepas; its Probable

Occurrence in the Jurassic Rocks (S. gavey?, sp. n.). By THomas

i rece e Creat (tne) PLE) an cc wralenerer ae be pa ara e's 2 too tere 258

XXXIV. Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—X L. On new Species

in the British Museum. By Row.anp E. Turner, F.Z.5., FES. . 265

XXXV. Pholidocidaris anceps: a Correction. By F. A. BATHER,

ea aetna id a b/s via nas Seder. pei aas tes BRL OR cat or st eo Uirtin ok ooo G8 RG 271

XXXVI. Fossil Arthropods in the Buaitish Museum.—I. By

TODA. COCKERELE, University of Coloradon®. «ic donee ences. 273

XXXVII. A new Three-tved Jerboa from China. By ArTHUR

DE CaRLE SowrFrRBY, F.Z.S., F.R.G.S. ....... seer a are ni Xecaceia Sah 279

XXXVIII. Descriptions of a new Gecko and a new Snake from

Sumatra. By G. A.BouLEncer, FRG. 1.1... cece eee nee 281

XXXIX. Two new Asiatic Bats of the Genus Tadarida and

283

Dyacopterus. By OLDFIELD THOMAS ... cece eens cess tenes

al CONTENTS.

Page

XL. New Moths in the Joicey Collection. By Louis B. Prout,

DB PUSS: dataldil ew ciabe shee atone sete ne eremesees wi ie:d Shae gta erste 9 ec asiae OO

XLI. Odonata collected in Mesopotamia by the late Major R.

Brewitt-Taylor, R.A.M.C. By Kenneto J. Morron, F.E.S.

Sp Oe Ns 88) SAR ory Scr of Soe Re Re eee meyer ene eae seassiie 293

XLII. Four new Squirrels of the Genus Tamiops. By OLDFIELD

AESLOMEND HEADS an cles a's os Osi de state fs \erig Caatere a foie eb win Nes 304

XLII. The Subspecies of Paraverus flavivittis, Peters. By

Ma eet ALC, BIN tOn yi Be APPAR oe Meee Lak a latate te het 308

XLIV. Three new Subspecies of Spalax monticola. By Marvin

ei, EDENTON yi. sss Meise Sena ahaa tog ences ose teeaeaee . 312

NUMBER 28,

XLV. A List of the Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China, with

Descriptions of new Species. By Gitsert J. Arrow, F.Z.S.,

DiS BU Sic cs ales apt aieiata cokes ed wae mei Sl a ey Meg cairn 2 321

XLVI. Cicadide from Indo-China. By W. L. Distant ...... 336

XLVII. New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera).—II. Ethiopian

Species. By Cuartes P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D., Urbana, Illinois,

TOSSA iiss ore erie = visiotae sin peels hook? cacgeceie tein ee ke eee ee 337

XLVIII. Notes on certain British Freshwater Entomostraca. By

ROpERT Gunny MOA. se eee ee aiieilaelelc Sauer cig ihn sTeiaanecunaemyetee 351

XLIX. On Neotropical Bats of the Genus Eptesicus. By Oupv-

FIELDERHOMAS. “2553's. keen eee soe 2 ols vo a 9 ie Se ee 360

L. On the Group of African Zorils represented by Zctonyx libyca.

By OLpFIELD THomas and Martin A. C. Hinton ........... Pap 2

LI. Some undescribed Ethiopian Cicadide. By W. L. Distant. 369

NUMBER 29,

LIT. Noteson the Asilide: Subdivision Asiling. By Grrrruvr

FELCAREDO 1) oth iaeig's w'v'o'n!s vin aelelo'n’n'e G4 5 Sere ah eee ages ae 377

LIII. On some Eastern Xylophilids [Coleoptera]. By G. C.

CHAMPION; F.Z.8, .05.'.. abit lee Cites ie MERRIE Eat ine note ai zhee eee 393

Cephalodiscus. ‘By W. G. Kipewoov, D.Se.....26.....0.0 000 407

CONTENTS, Vil

Page

LV. Observations on the Genus Crassicauda. By H. A. Bays,

LU otes Ge COORBBRE ICS 2 cic8ec¢,< CCA SMI gr rr ca aCe nEa De 410

LVI. Freshwater Fishes from Madagascar. ByC. TatE Reean,

Me one's «5 6s Satan Maman ens Sateus A vl seh ts 419

LVII. On the Anatomy of Paludestrina jenkinsi. By G. C,

Hanson, DAs (Plate KV.) venctem craw tends wae y Ss Ree ates 425

LVIIT. A new Trichocera from Siberia (Diptera Polyneura). By

MY ee aE WEA FOU ae eich hie eg die setae ers vies SCENIC GE 431

NUMBER 30.

LIX. Notes on the Asilide: Sub-division Asiline. By Grr-

PRUE IICARDO e'. ees cicct es cine velgcessanescneweweaNen cece eee 433

LX. Papers on Oriental Carabide.—IV. By H. E. ANDREWEs . 445

LXI. Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum.—II. By T.D. A.

CocKERELL, University of Colorado. (Plate XVI.) ........eee 455

LXII. The Irish Otter. By Martin A.C. HINTON .......0.. 464

LXIII. New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera),—III. Ethiopian

Species. By Cuartes P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D., Urbana, Illinois,

TE cites) sin sntoreroxr?ele: Sarwar /slaretas e's Degen e oat « ots yrawinapcaswen t 465

LXIV. New Species of Reithrodon, Abrocoma, and Scapteromys

from Argentina. By OLDFIELD THOMAS ........sesseeeee oh otee, eh

LXV. Preliminary Descriptions of some new Species and Sub-

species of Indo-Malayan Sphingide. By Lord Roruscuiwp, F.R.S. 479

Proceedings of the Geological Society....... SET Gee sgrte ce eels ee ». 483

Index eeeeveeeeesesen peoseveorseeeeeeervressevseesneeeereaesevesere 485

PLATES IN VOL. V.

saat Geophilus carpophagus.

III, Stramentum pulchellum.

IV. Stramentum haworthi.

a Horsiella brevicornis (Van Douwe).

VII. D’Arcythompsonia scotti, sp. 0.

VILL. Gastropod and Charophyte remains from Central South

Africa.

Pr Species of Anomis, Hiibner.

AL.

XIII. Stramentum and Scilleelepas.

XIV. Genitalia of Crocothemis.

XV. Paludestrina jenkinsi.

XVI. Fossil Arthropods.

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sep aseeseareatsises per litoraspargite muscum,

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No. 25. JANUARY 1920. one) muse”

I. — Notes on Myriapoda.— XX. Luminous Chilopoda,

with Special Reference to Geophilus carpophagus, Leach.

By Hivpa K. Brape-Brrxs, M.Sc., M.B., Ch.B., L.R.C.P.,

M.R.C.S., and the Rev. S. Granam Brape-Birks, M.Sc.

[Plates I. & II.]

In two previous papers, (1) and (2), we have referred to the

subject of light-production in centipedes ; we are now able

to discuss the phenomenon from first-hand observation, but,

at the same time, we think it advisable to begin our con-

sideration of this engrossing subject by a review indicating

the main lines of previous knowledge concerning it.

Especially does this course seem advisable when we re-

member how little has been written in English about

phosphorescent centipedes.

I, Review.

The four classes unnaturally, but conveniently, grouped

under the name “ Myriapoda” are: (i.) Diplopoda [ =mille-

pedes], (i1.) Chilopoda [ =centipedes], (iii.) Pauropoda, and

(iv.) Symphyla. With a case or two where millepedes

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 1

2 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks—

have been recorded as luminous we are not now concerned,

aud pauropods aud symphyles are not known to produce

light. Among the centipedes, which have some affinities

with insects, only one great group—the Geophilomorpha—

is known to exhibit the,phenomenon with which the present

study deals.

The elongate body of a Geop! tilomorph (fig. 1) consists

of a head anda large number of sulbsimilar segments, each

but the last of which bears a pair of walking legs, Each

leg-bearing segment is more or less flattened dorsally,

ventrally, and laterally, the dorsal and ventral surfaces

Bio, Ae

cl eae

ol sy ante a

‘i

Geophilus carpophagus, Leach, g, X 5:0, collected at Darwen,

Lancashire, July 1919, H. K. B.-B. ad nat. del.

being subequal and wider than the lateral surfaces. The

legs arise from the external margins of the ventral surface,

and the stigmata, or breathing-pores, are found on the

lateral surfaces. The integument of each segment is

supported by aseries of chitinous plates, some of which have

been used by M. Henry W. Brélemann (3), the eminent

French myriapodologist, for purposes of classification.

Characteristically the ventral surface possesses one median

unpaired plate (the sternite), and the dorsal surface has

two unpaired plates (a posterior tergite and an anterior pre-

tergitc). In front of the sternite is a pair of plates (the

presternal plates), which in certain cases meet and fuse in

Notes on Myriapoda, 3

the middle line to form a single presternite. In addition to

the plates already mentioned, there is a series of varying

number and arrangement, which forms the eupleurium.

For purposes of comparison, Brélemann has numbered the

rows of these plates in the following way :—

The row which includes the stigmata-bearing plate is

designated by the number 1; the episternal row, the row

nearest to the sternite, is 2; 3 is the row next below 1; 4 is

next to 2 and consequently just above the legs, 5 is the row

between 3 and 4, ‘Then, since each row is theoretically

composed of three sclerites, each plate is indicated by an

index-letter: the anterior sclerite is designated by the index

a, the middle one by 8, and the posterior one by y (fig. 2).

Thalthybius microcephalus. Integumentary sclerites displayed.

st 55., sternite of the fifty-fifth trunk-segment; pst., presternite ; tg, ter-

gite; ptg, pretergite; the other lettering is explained in the text.

This animal has a complete eupleurium, consisting of five rows with

every element represented. J. W. Smith & 8. G. B.-B. phot.-del.

[After Brélemann, (3) p. 313, fig. 1.]

Brélemann (3) points out that in all Geophilomorphs

row 1 is constant, except that in some cases the sclerites are

independent, while in others (Oryinz) the presclerite « may

be fused with the stigmatiferous sclerite 8. Row 2 is

equally constant ; only a single case is known (Trematorya)

where the presclerite is ae: Only rarely are they

complete, more often one or other of the three rows is

incomplete and is only represented by two sclerites or even

only by a single one, or again one of the rows may even be

completely wanting.

The sternite is often pierced by a number of minute

circular perforations, which are collectively known as the

4 De & the Rev. 8. Graham Brade-Birks—

pore-field. Similar openings are sometimes visible on the

episternal plates before and behind the legs (2 8 and 2¥).

Internally Geophilomorphs present the characteristic

features of the arthropod body, little but the integumentary

glands calling for special notice here. These glands are not

easy to study and our knowledge of them is, as yet, imper-

fect. Verhoeff (12), pp. 33 e¢ seqq., has dealt with them in a

passage which we have translated as follows :—

“Sternal glands occur in most Geophilids*, but there is

great variety in their arrangement. Sometimes, and most

frequently, they are present as isolated glands, sometimes

they are found in loose clusters, sometimes in dense groups.

In the last case their openings. form a pore-field, which

generally lies in the middle of the sternite and is sometimes

surrounded by a chitinous border. When the pores and

glands are arranged in a dense group, scattered glands often

occur too. ‘The loose clusters are not infrequently found in

pairs posteriorly, and often in two pairs in the four corners

as well. Nor is the distribution of the sternal glands by any

means always the same on all the ventral plates of one

species ; much more usually a great. difference is noticeable

between the anterio-posterior parts and the middle. Some-

times only the most anterior of the sternal plates have gland-

groups (Schendyla, as a rule), and less usually only those of

the posterior end of the body have them. More frequently

it happens that a band-like group of glands is found on the

anterior segments at the posterior edges of the ventral plates

(Geophilus, in some cases), and in those imstances there is a

division of the giands into twe parts in the case of the plates

of the mid-trunk, and perhaps in those of the posterior

segments too. The isolated glands of the ventral plate

empty independently to the outside. ‘These cells are

distinctly elongate and have the nucleus in the region of the

inner end, ‘Their contraction is caused by muscle-fibres

(plate v. fig. 9, fm.t), which are placed around the isolated

glands and may ramify and exhibit transverse striations

(Duboseq). The glandular fluid #s of very varying colour :

in Himantarium gabrielis it is rose-red, so that if anything

irritates an individual of this species it becomes covered on

the ventral surface with a row of rose-red droplets. In

other Geophilids, e.g. Chetechelyne, the finid is more watery

and clear. Moreover, it is these ventral glands which cause

the phosphorescence of certain Geophilids, but it has, of

* I. e., Geophilomorphs, similarly, in some other places in this review.

+ This is reproduced as our fig. 3, g. v:

Notes on Myriapots. 5

course, not yet been decided whether the fluid itself or light-

bacteria cause the luminosity. Certainly this much is

established, that forms which have been taken luminescent

like Scolioplanes crassipes only exhibit this property excep-

tionally. The luminescence is not of long duration and,

according to Duboscegq, is particularly noticeable in spring.”

In the closing section of the same work, Verhoeff (12)

deals with the subject of luminosity itself. He mentions

the following species as luminous forms, with a reservation

concerning the certainty of correct diagnosis of the species

of Geophilus included in the list :—

Scolioplanes crassipes (C. li. Koch).

Geophilus electricus (L.).

G. longicornis, Leach.

Orphneus brevitabiatus (Newport).

Stigmatogaster subterraneus (Shaw).

Orya barbarica (Gervais).

Verhoeff, whose remarks we had better consider briefly

here, then reviews some of the observations and suggestions

of the earlier workers and adds a few of his own, One

opinion of Dubois, that the luminous substance is to be found

in the epithelial cells of the alimentary canal, and that of

Macé, that it occurs in anal and coxo-pleural glands, he

negatives. He mentions that Gazagnaire, who, he says,

pointed out the suitability of Orya barbarica for an enquiry

into light-production, saw on the sternite and pro- and meta-

coxa a viscous yellowish mass coming out of the glands and

spreading over this region with the emission of a blue-green

light. Pressure increased the flow. Next he states that

Gazagnaire and Dubois show that both the sexes are lumi-

nous in Orya and Scolioplanes, and, since all the specimens

of Orya investigated by Gazagnaire exhibited luminosity,

Verhoeff concludes that either all Orya are luminous or that,

at least, luminosity occurs in all individuals at some special

time. Verhoeff has made some investigations himself

regarding Scolioplanes, and he considers it proved that these

are by no means always luminous. Verhoeff had never

observed Geophilus longicornis luminous... He speaks of

Dubois’ experience of Scolioplanes crassipes in fields near

Heidelberg. Luminous material was transferred to the

fingers and the light emitted was so bright that printing or

figures could be made out 10 paces away; the luminous

tracks left behind by Scolioplanes consisted of little irregular

masses covered by a sticky substance. Dubois’ statement

that the luminous material was only discharged from the

6 Dr. & the Rev. SaGraliam Brade-Birks—

posterior end of the body is taken by Verhoeff to be an

erroneous observation. From the fact that Dubois did not

find all Scolioplanes luminous, Verhoeff thought that the

best explanation would be that the sternal glands were

infested with luminous bacteria. He adds that Dubois

asserted that Scolioplanes illuminated the whole body with

the exception of the head, but the anterior and posterior

parts of the trunk most strongly and persistently. In a

more weakly luminous condition there was a correspondence

between the light and the situation and extent of the

Fig. 3.

Chatechelyne vesuviana, Gland-group of one of the pore-fields of the

ventral plates seen in section,

eg, gland-cell; fm, muscle-fibre. J. W. Smith & 8. G. B.-B. phot.-del.

(From Verhoeff, (12) pl. v. fig. 9, with some lettering omitted, after

Duboscq. |

alimentary canal. In mentioning a subsequent assertion

of Dubois that Scolioplanes cau illuminate without any

appreciable * giving up of a secretion and the same author’s

query as to whether the luminosity of the whole middle line

of the body would be pronounced if the luminous substance

arose from skin-glands, Verhoeff points out that a distri-

bution of glands over aimost all the sternites would be

* “ohne irgend ein Secret abzugeben.”

Notes on Myriapoda. +

closely parallel to the alimentary canal and might, on

lighting, look as though the luminosity came from the gut.

He suggests that if the luminosity occurs within the glands

or their reservoirs, without excretion, then the fairly thin

chitinous exoskeleton would let the light shine through it.

Verhoeff accompanies his description of this phenomenon

with two text-figures of the sternal glands which occur in

most Geophilomorphs (figs. 4 and 5), and refers the reader

Chetechelyne vesuviana.

Fig. 4.—Sternal gland-group as figured by- Verhoeff, (12) p. 312, after

Duboseq. , the disk which opens on to the pore-field ; @, anterior ;

p, posterior elements; J, suspensory attachment, J. W. Smith &

8. G. B.-B. phot.-del.

Fig. 5.--An isolated cell from the gland-group, x 900, as figured by

Verhoeff, (12) p. 312, after Duboscq. xy, nucleus of the cell;

r, cell-network ; na, nucleus of the eland-alveolus ; fm, muscle-fibre.

J. W. Smith & 8. G. B.-B. phot.-del.

to his plate v. figs. 6, 7, & 9 (this last is our fig. 3), while

in a footnote, adding a remark that the cause of luminosity

is unknown, he mentions bacteria again as a possible cause,

and also quotes Gadeau de Kerville’s opinion that an ex-

clusively chemico-physical incidence may be a more or less

sufficient explanation. He also points out that it is not at

all clear why one species illuminates and others nearly

related do not.

We must next direct attention to a paper by Gazagnaire

(10), with which Verhoeff does not appear to have been

8 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks—

familiar when he wrote his work on Chilopoda (12). Gazag-

naire, who mentions the publications of a number of earlier

authors asks two questions: Among Geophilide which

produce light, is it possible to determine more or less

precisely a special time at which luminosity occurs? Can

we discover something of a physiological process in connec-

tion with its production ?

Gazagnaire dwells upon the difficulty of the whole subject,

and tabulates a number of observations to show that

Geophilomorphs have been seen in a lighting condition by

various European observers between the end of September

and the first fortnight of November, and on the strength of

these observations he concludes that ‘‘ among the photogenic

Geophilide, the property of emitting light only manifests itself

at a definite period of their existence, a period which, for our

European species, can be limited between the end of ae

and the first fortnight of November.’’

Gazagnaire goes on to comment upon the fact tus

luminous centipedes have often been noticed two or more

near together, and when these have been determined they

have seldom been found to be all of one sex. He states

that Geophilide, like other Chilopods, generally have an

antipathy for one another, but he suggests that at the

breeding-season this love of isolation breaks down and

numbers of individuals gather together at the time when the

genital organs become functional, and, as phosphorescence

shows itself at the same time, it is natural to conclude that

“the property of emitting light among the photogenic Geophi-

lide is intimately connected with the genital function.”

Dealing: with the researches of Fabre in a passage we

have translated: as follows, Gazagnaire says :—

“The demonstration of this conclusion becomes more

evident still if we make an appeal to the data which we

possess concerning the probable mode of fertilization in

these animals. We owe them to Fabre, our great ento-

mologist.

“For two whole years Fabre followed up his researches

on Geophilide. He never verified coitus. I do not know

that anyone since has been more successful than he. The

discharge of spermatophores, discovered by Fabre, seems to

comfirm the fact that among Geophilide there is no coitus,

which is contrary to the belief of G. Newport, expressed in

1840. At the end of September, on examining some Geo-

philus convolvens* kept in captivity, Fabre noticed, in the

* {We do not know this specific name.—H. K. B.-B., 8. G. B.-B.)

Notes on Myrtapoda. 9

passages made by these animals through the soil in which

they lived, some very little systems of network formed of

cobweb-like filaments and arranged at a distance from one

another. At the centre of each was hung a spherical

globule, white, of the size of a small pin-head. This globule

was nothing else but a spermatophore. For a month anda

half spermatophores are deposited by the males in the same

way. What becomes of these spermatophores? How do

they effect fertilization? Fabre tells us the ‘complete absence

of copulatory organs, the protective sperm-capsule, the

spermatic nets, all make me believe that the male deposits

the spermatophores furtively on nets stretched in the sub-

terranean passages and that it is there that the female,

guided by her instinct and urged on by her burden, comes

to seek the element complementary to her ovules.’

““There is no cot/us: that is pretty certain if the infor-

mation given by Fabre be taken for granted. But in the

question which interests us, this fact, in spite of its great

import, is only of secondary significance. Whether there is

or is not coitus is of no importance to us; but what does

concern us is the date of the deposition of the spermatophore,

which is very probably the date of fertilization too, since in

the ordinary air the spermatophores, being very delicate

microscopic corpuscles, are condemned to almost certain

destruction in a very short time. Excessive humidity cracks

them, drying shrivels and hardens them, arachnids to whom

they are a great delicacy devour them very quickly.

“* Now the date of the deposition of the spermatophores

coincides exactly with that of the appearance of luminosity

in phosphorescent Geophilide.

“Tabre, as a matter of fact, has proved that the de-

position of the spermatophores of Geophilus convolvens

(which is not a phosphorescent species) goes on from the

end of September to the 12th of November, and the obser-

vations which we have cited concerning the capture of

photogenic Geophilide record as extreme dates 25 September

(G. Newport) and 14 November (Maille).

“The proof afforded by this last coincidence establishes a

conviction, and within the limits of present observations

I believe I have the right to conclude that among phos-

phorescent European Geophilide the appearance of luminosity

is not only intimately connected with genital activity, but seems

to correspond exactly with the date of the deposition of the

spermatophores (very probably also with fertilization) —that is

to say, from the end of September to the first fortnight of

November.”

10 Dr. & the Rev. 8. Graham Brade-Birks—

Gazagnaire goes on to state that there may be exceptions

of his rule, and quotes J. V. Audouin’s capture of luminous

Geophilus electricus in August. He admits two hypotheses

in such cases: either the reconciliation of the sexes has

taken place earlier, owing to the occurrence of certain acci-

dental conditions, local, atmospheric ; or the date given is

the precise date of reconciliation of the sexes in those species,

and, in that case, we find ourselves faced with a simple

generic or specific difference in the date when the genital

organs become functional, a difference of little importance

which has been proved often enough in other groups.

He thinks that if we accept only these two hypotheses,

then the history of phosphorescent Geophilide as known in

Gazagnaire’s time would not allow us to suppose that in these

animals luminosity could go on under the same conditions

as in certain other arthropods of the class Insecta—for

example, in the Lampyres and Photophores,—nor that the

egg, young, and adult, throughout their respective existences,

rejoiced in the property of § giving light, as the insects just

mentioned do in each of the Tife-stages referred to.

Gazagnaire also adds some comparisons with the phos-

phorescent Lumbricide. According to the evidence before

him, worms found phosphorescent are provided with a well-

developed clitellum, a fact indicating sexual maturity. This

association of circumstances presents to his mind some

important parallels to the case of luminous Chilopoda.

We have seen a French contemporaneous account (5) of

some researches of Dubois, to which Verhoeff (12) was

evidently referring in the summary on luminosity to which

we have already drawn attention, but Dubois evidently made

several observations for which Verhoeff did not find a place

in his account of the phenomenon. Dubois (5) stated that

when one of his centipedes (Scolioplanes crassipes) was seized

it discharged all the luminous substance it contained, but

could be made luminous again some time later by mechani-

cal stimulation or by raising the temperature. He confused

the contents of the epithelial cells of the intestine with small

granules (to which he attributed luminosity) in a discharge

from the terminal part of the digestive tract. He speaks of

these as the same characteristic birefringent granules, which

he says are to be found in the luminous tissues of Pyro-

phores and Lampyrids. He also states that the physio-

logical process is, in its root-esséentials, the same in

bs myriapods ” and Coleoptera, for, in both cases, the

discharge of a cell sets free photogenic products. He adds

Notes on Myriapoda. 11

that the physiological process is here independent of the

organ.

In the case of another piece of research (6) on luminosity,

Dubois raises several points of special interest to us in the

present study. He shows that in Hippopodius gleba, a

transparent animal of the Hydrozoan family of the Poly-

phyide, the ectoderm in certain places becomes milky and

opaque on mechanical stimulation, owing to the immediate

production of a multitude of granules deposited in the

protoplasm of the ectodermal cells, a production accompanied

at night by the emission of light. The chemical composition

of these granules is very complex, they are neither fat nor

ammonium urate. Dubois considered that each of these

granules contained a little vacuole at its centre. In the

luminous cells these granules (vacuolids) were seen to have

very complex movements, and their absolute independence in

the midst of the plasma was such that it might be supposed

to be due, he thought, to parasitic micro-organisms; but the

attempts of Dubois at culture in various media met with no

success, and he concluded that micro-organisms were not

the cau<e in this case.

Dubois (8) in a much later paper, not considered by

Verhoeff (12) in the summaries to which we have already

referred, tells us that Orya barbarica was seen in a luminous

state for the first time in 1888 in North Africa, that Gazag-

naire found that a phosphorescent substance was excreted

by pores cpening upon the sternal and episternal plates, that

this substance was a viscous fluid, yellowish with an odour

sui generis, insoluble in alcohol, drying rapidly in air.

Dubois himself found that a luminous fluid was excreted

by the ventral surface of the body in Scolioplanes crassipes.

Dubois says that in Orya barbarica the luminous substance

is found in unicellular, pyriform, hypodermic glands, 0 08-

0-10 mm. x 0°05-0'06 mm. In stained sections’ he saw

“‘ gouttelettes ” in the granular glandular protoplasm; these

‘* gouttelettes ” were round to ovoid in shape and were also

observed in the secretion—they were not fat, but exhibited

the histo-chemical characters of protoplasm or condensed

albuminoids. In the centre of each of these “ gouttelettes,”

immediately after their contact with air, Dubois saw a very

refringent spot ; these corpuscles, which he states occur in

all luminous organs, then had the form to which he gave

the name of vacuolid (see also 7). The refringent point

became the centre of a crystal or group of crystals. Dubois

stated that both air and water are necessary for luminescence,

12 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks—

and he concluded that it was not merely oxidation in progress

that produced the light ; he found that the secretion stopped

glowing if dried and began glowing again on the addition

of water. The secretion was acid, and so the hypothesis of

Radzizewski, which explained animal luminosity as a slow

oxidation in an alkaline medium, is shown, Dubois says, to

be incorrect. Dubois considered that the oxygen permitted

the respiration of the protoplasmic corpuscles passing from

a colleidal to a crystalline coudition—that is, from life to

death; hydrated protoplasm is needed for the proper activity

of this respiration, and water is necessary for crystallisation

to take place under conditions favourable to the emission of

light. Oxygen serves to produce the crystallisable sub-

stance and water allows of photogenic crystaliisation. These,

he maintains, are two successive states of one and the same

substance, modified by oxygen and water. ‘This substance

he terms luciferin.

Dahlgren (4), passing the work on Juminous centipedes in

review, mentions some of the researches we have already

noted. He also records (4c) that Thomas found a species

of Geophilus being attacked by ants. The centipede was

throwing out masses of slimy light material which adhered

to the ants.

Up to the time of our own thirteenth paper (2) we were

not familiar with living luminous centipedes, and in our last

paragraph on the subject of luminosity we spoke of our

familiarity with Geophilus carpophagus, Leach, in South

Lancashire, mentioning that we had never noticed it luminous

there. In Kent itis commonly luminous. We thereupon

concluded that the phenomenon was hardly likely to be in

any way essential to the well-being of the animals, but that

it seemed more likely to be due to conditions of nutrition

and environment, a view which seemed to be supported by

the fact that Keut observers who had kept some luminous

centipedes in captivity found that their powers of exhibiting

phosphorescence upon stimulation gradually declined, and

generally disappeared in the course of three days. .

From the foregoing accounts of observations and opinions

it will be seen that chaos must reign in the reader’s mind

after perusing the literature. The next section of this

paper, which deals with our own observations, is intended

to gather together the main threads of our knowledge of the

subject, and to indicate the lines upon which subsequent

research should proceed.

As early as 1862, Phipson published a book (11) on

‘Phosphorescence,’ in which a short chapter is devoted to

Notes on Myriapoda. 13

luminous centipedes (see also Pl. I. fig. 6 and explanation

of same). This book gives a very useful summary of many

interesting points relating to the subject. All who have a

comprehensive interest in the problems of the production

of light by animals will find in the papers of a modern

writer, Prof. Dahlgren (4), very valuable summaries of many

of the results of a long line of observers. Prof. Dahlgren

touches upon luminosity in the plant-world, and surveys its

production in many of the systematic subdivisions of the

avuimal kingdom. But from a consideration of that section

of Prof. Dahlgren’s third paper (4c), which deals with the

power of lighting in the animals with which our present

study is especially concerned, we realise at once how much the

problems met with here have baffled earlier investigators.

II. Our recent INVESTIGATIONS.

Introduction.

On the 22nd of April, 1919, we were walking together on

hills near our own home in Darwen, Lancashire, when we

casually collected several Geophilidzaliveand took them home.

They proved to be Geophilus carpophagus, Leach (fig. 1), and

were luminous when stimulated in the dark. With this

discovery a new era begins for us in our study of luminous

centipedes. We had already experimented with some Jumi-

nous specimens sent to us alive by members of the Dartford

Naturalists’ Field Club, and had learned from their hints

and our own experience that it was possible to keep these

animals alive in jars if a good supply of fresh damp soil be

provided for them; moreover, the power to luminesce is

retained in captivity over a long period. But with a wealth

of material at our doors we were able to carry on our

research with much greater confidence.

In Norfolk, during a holiday in May and June, 1919, we

obtained one specimen of G. carpophagus between the trunk

and bark of felled timber in Mr. Witton’s wood-yard,

Heacham. This was luminous upon stimulation. The

Misses Cox of Heacham and Mr. Witton were familiar with

the occurrence of luminous centipedes locally, where they

seem to be known as “ glow-worms.”

Subsequently, at a joint field-meeting of the Lancashire

and Cheshire Fauna Committee and the Burnley Natural

History Society on 26 July, 1919, Mr. W. G. Clutten, one

of the Vice-Presidents of the latter organization, took one

specimen of G. carpophagus at Extwistle, near Burnley, and

14 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks—

this animal was luminous on stimulation later. The same

gentleman has since sent us an example from another

Lancashire locality captured on the 9th of August, 1919, in

the parish of Northtown, about two miles from Padilam and

four from Burnley.

We have not been successful in seeing luminescence in

Lancashire or Norfolk under natural conditions.

Apparatus.

With living material almost at the very door of our own

laboratory in Darwen, a problem of first importance was the

inveition of apparatus for the examination of these animals

alive under the microscope. Eventually we hit upon the

plan of hinging together two sheets of glass each 1:5 mm.

thick, some 81 mm. broad, and some 107 mm. long

(=31" x 44" =photographic quarter-plate), by means of a

stout piece of adhesive tape (Pl. I. fig. 7). Such a glass-holder

will rest splendidly upon any ordinary microscope-stage.

To secure a vigorous adult specimen of G. carpophagus in

the holder it is only necessary to open the apparatus to its

full extent and allow the animal to walk on one of the

sheets and to close the other down upon it gently. The

glass is sufficiently heavy to hold such a specimen without

injuring it at all. Smaller specimens need a holder of

smaller dimensions, and with larger species heavier glass

could be used with advantage. If one wishes to examine

the ventral surface of an animal in the holder, since this

apparatus is symmetrical above and below, it is easy to turn

it upside down and examine under diieut light applied by

means of a bull’s-eye condenser (Pl. I. fig. 8). For experi-

ments concerning the secretions of the elands the same holder

ean be used apart from the microscope, but some form of

artificial stimulation is nécessary. We have generally found

that the current from an induction-coil is the best available.

To apply this stimulation electrodes are needed inside the

holder in contact with the animal’s body, and for this

purpose we have found two strips of tin-foil, a centimetre or

more in width and about 10 centimetres ‘long, very con-

venient. 'T'o apply the electrodes the animal is placed on

one side of the open holder, as previously described, and the

two electrodes are laid upon its back so that their ends will

abs beyond the closed edges of the sheets of the

holder*, the upper sheet of the holder is then gently

* As a matter of fact, the electrodes can be attached to the upper

plate of the holder, some time previously, by means of an adhesive, but

Notes on Myriapoda, 15

lowered and the animal is secured with the two electrodes in

contact with its body. The current can then be applied by

laying contact wires from the induction-coil one upon each

electrode of the holder and completing the circuit in a dark-

room by means of a switch or push. A slight modification

of this arrangement makes it possible to observe controlled

luminosity under the microscope (PI. I. fig. 8).

For photographic records of luminosity we have adopted a

different method. In this case, in order to obviate the

possibility of a photographic record of stray electric sparks,

it is safest to use pressure alone to stimulate light-produc-

tion. It is necessary to carry out the experiment in a

photographic dark-room. ‘lhe lower glass plate of the

ordinary holder is replaced by a piece of photographic film

with the sensitized surface placed downwards (outwards), so

that no contact action,upon the prepared surface of the film

cau be initiated by the secretions of the centipede’s body.

The upper glass plate of the holder is replaced by a dull

metal sheet. The animal is then allowed to crawl upon the

back of the photographic film and upon it is laid the metal

plate. Pressure upon the metal sheet stimulates luminosity,

which is photographically recorded on the film (PI. II.

fig. 13). The animal should be killed immediately by

dropping it into methylated spirit.

In taking microphotographs of the ventral surface of

these centipedes to show such features as the pore-field

and the integumentary glands the holder is again employed

upon the stage of the microscope, but it is well to weigh

evenly the uppermost plate as an additional precaution

agaiust slight body-movements. Insuch cases the movement

of walking appendages may be neglected (PI. I. fig. 9).

In the estimation of the intensity of light we have not

attempted any very delicate measurement. In some early

experiments we were entirely guided by the eye, and taking

the initial intensity as our standard we gave it the arbitrary

designation 10. Later we found that a luminous powder

used by clockmakers when mounted in Canada balsam served

a useful purpose ; we estimated the initial luminosity of a

stimulated centipede to be about 100 times brighter, and with

this assumption, taking the luminosity of the test-slide of

clockmaker’s powder as one unit of brightness, we were able

the apparatus is often easier to manipulate when the electrodes are free,

and this because ditliculty is: generally experienced in keeping the

animal in its proper position until it is secured by gently lowering the

upper plate upon it.

16 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks—

to gauge the fall of intensity more exactly. With further

refinements much greater accuracy might be attained by

such a method.

Stimulation.

In the case of G. carpophagus we have found that the

fullowing stimulations will cause the production of light :—

(i.) Handling.

(i1.) Pressure.

(ili.) Sudden immersion in water.

(iv.) Electric current from an induction-coil.

Most of these foregoing stimulations were seen in deter-

mining other points. Probably special experiments would

reveal many other ways of stimulating the production of

light by these animals.

(v.) Eaposure in a glass tube to coal-gas passing through

the tube.

In this case the centipede was only momentarily luminous.

(vi.) Attack by ants.

Here a centipede which did not appear to be luminous

when handled became so when ants were placed with it in

the same tube.

(vii.) On meeting another individual.

Two centipedes, neither of which exhibited any luminosity

on handling separately, were placed one by one in the same

tube. Upon the introduction of the latter specimen there

was a luminous display arising from one or both individuals.

Reference has already been made in our thirteenth

paper (2) to the methods of stimulating luminosity in Kent

centipedes by local workers.

(vili.) By crushing after death.

It is convenient to add here that on one occasion when a

part of the body of an individual, recently killed, was

crushed in the dark phosphorescence was produced. The

centipede had been killed in alcohol and the alimentary

canal had been removed subsequently before the experiment.

Notes on Myriapoda. 17

L cation.

Our first enquiry must be: What is the exact seat of

luminosity in G. carpophagus ?

In some of our earlier experiments we found that an

excretion on to the ventral surface of the body caused the

light in this species, and the examination of specimens

ventrally under the microscope showed that opaque rounded

masses of material were often present under the pore-field

and under the surfaces of the plates known as 28 and 2+¥

(fig. 2). We know now that these white rounded masses are

groups of pyriform and probably unicellular glands intimately

associated with the production of light (PI. I. fig. 9 and PI. IL.

fig.11). When we stimulated specimens provided with these

elands in a holder under the microscope in the dark, so that

we could observe the production of light by the animal, we

found that soon after the application of the stimulus there

was a sudden rush of light filling in tie grooves behind the

sternite and around the outer edges of the plates 2 8 and 2 y,

and also filling in the grooves between these plates and the

sternite itself (Pl. I. fig. 10). When the centipedes were ex-

amined subsequently in direct light, it was found that the

** white glands” of the stimulated segments had disappeared

either entirely or almost entirely (PI. II. figs. 11 & 12).

Thus, luminosity in Geophilus carpophagus és entirely ventral

in incidence and is accompanied by the discharge of the

“white glands.”

The luminous material in G. carpophagus is a viscous

fluid, practically colourless, with a characteristic fruity

odour not unlike that of some decaying flowers, drying

rapidly in air, and strongly acid in its reaction.

By means of a partial illumination (PI. I. fig. 8), instead of

working absolutely in the dark, we were able to observe the

incidence of luminosity with greater accuracy and also to

watch the behaviour of the “ white glands” upon stimula-

tion. The amount of illumination employed in such experi-

ments should be just sufficient to make the outlines of the

“white glands ” distinguishable under the microscope. We

found that immediately upon a muscular contraction of the

body and the discharge of the ‘‘ white glands” to the ex-

terior luminosity is produced, and in one case the expulsion

of their contents was sufficiently slow to admit of more

detailed observation. On electrical stimulation the opague

patches (contents of the ‘“‘ white glands ”’) under the posterior

part of the sternite were seen to move instantaneously

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 2

18 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks— ©

posteriorly, as along a potential canal (like a bottle-neck)

opening into the groove behind the sternite beneath its

posterior edge and so posterio-dorsal to it. Then almost

simultaneously with this squirt-like movement, but never-

theless a very small fraction of a second later, luminescence

began and was seen along the posterior edge of the sternite

and around the edges of the episternal plates 28 and 2y¥.

We therefore conclude that the contents of the “ white glands”

are almost certainly essential for the production of light in

Geophilus carpophagus.

The different groups of “ white glands ”’ of the same seg-

meut are separately controlled, for it is sometimes seen that

the sternal ‘“‘ white glands” are discharged apart from any

expulsion of material from those of the episternal plates.

After the discharge of the “ white glands” the secretion

slowly accumulates again until opaque patches of glands are

once more visible in the sternal and episternal regions. The

‘“‘ white glands” of a luminous Darwen specimen, which we

diagnosed as G. carpophagus ¢, with 51 pairs of legs,

collected 14. vii. 1919, were mostly discharged by electrical

stimulation the same day. Little or no change was obser-

vable on the 19th of July, when the animal was provided

with soil, but by the 7th of August there was a considerable

recovery. ‘Unfortunately this animal escaped through an

error in connection with an experiment performed later.

Incidence.

Is it due to parasitic or symbiotic micro-organisms ?

Our next enquiry must be: Are we dealing here with

light-production by micro-organisms in symbiotic or patho-

genic relationship with the lumincus Geophilid, or are we

dealing with an entirely chemico-physicai phenomenon ?

In one of our dissections a white gland was observed

under the high power of tle microscope to be filled with

minute particles agitated by Brownian movement, a move-

ment which was evidently closely paralleled by the .ex-

perience of Dubois (6) already quoted in ‘the case of the

jelly-fish, Hippopodius gleba. In our case the particles were

of considerable size, being visible through the cell-wall and

without an oil-immersion lens.

Before the discovery of luminous Geophilomorphs in

Lancashire we attempted: to culture lummous micro-

organisms from light-producing centipedes sent to us from

Kent, but without success, but in the case of Geophilus

Notes on Myriapoda. — - 1

carpophagus from Darwen we made the examination of films

of material obtained in the lighting condition in our holder.

On staining by Gram’s method it was at once evident that

Juminosity \ was not due to micro-organisms of the type known

to occur in the blood of some Crustacea, and that if they

were present at all they must be filter-passers. Experiments

quoted by Dahlgren (4a), pp. 23-24, in another connection

seem to show that no ereiete bacteria are known to him

to be filter-passers.

Thus our attempts to find micro-organisms that could

cause luminosity have all failed, and we conclude that

luminosity in Geophilus carpophagus appears to be an entirely

physico-chemical phenomenon.

The details of our experience in this matter confirm our

view. ‘The fresh luminous discharge from a G. carpophagus

stained by Gram’s method in search of micro-organisms was

examined under the oil-immersion lens. The. appearance

was tlat of innumerable very small (less than 0°75 pw)

granules, round and regular and evenly distributed in the

deposit. A few small irregularly distributed round empty

spaces were also observed in the mass of stamed material.

Were these very small granules luciferin granules or “ vacuo-

lids” of Dubois? ‘Their regularity and minute size

suggested a doubt. On the other hand, Would similar but

non-luminous fluids exhibit hke staining properties? It

happened that such questions were discussed with Mr. C. W.

Ashton of the Manchester Royal Infirmary, and as an out-

come an experiment was performed on the spot. ‘This

experiment enables us to give a decisive answer to such

enquiries. To a preparation of fresh egg albumin were

added a few melted crystals of pure carbolic acid. A film

was made from this bacteria-free acid albumin and stained

by Gram’s method. Under the oil-immersion lens this film

exhibited exactly simitar properties to those of the luminous

discharge previously examined.

The Physical Considerations.

Radivactivity.

As we turn to the physical aspect of the case, perhaps it

will cross our minds at once that radioactivity may be the

cause of luminosity. If so, the luminosity would be due, we

suppose, to the bombardment of a fluorescent screen by a

discharge from the radioactive material. It follows that the

animal, in such circumstances, carries substances in its body

which will produce or act as a screen. When our friend

20 Dr. & the Rev. S, Graham Brade-Birks—

Dr. Edgar Newbery, now Professor of Physical Chemistry in

the University of Capetown, was kind enough to expose

- centipedes from Kent, which were luminous when tested in

other ways, to the action of Radium, no luminosity of the

animals was produced. Moreover, if luminosity was caused

by the presence of radioactive substances, could the animals

control the appearance of light? Perhaps they could control

the chemical production of a temporary screen. ven so,

why should luminosity die away so rapidly under all known

circumstances in its artificial production? There are some

questions here for physicists to settle. At any rate, we can

safely conclude that the light 1 is not due to the ‘bombardment

of a permanent “screen” in the sternal region ‘by ‘the dis-

[Barge of a radioactive substance in the exeretion of ee

“white glands.” And also that, if a temporary “ screen’

produced, it is the result of chemical action, in which the

excretion from the “ white glands ” takes a part.

Crystallization.

When G. carpophagus is electrically stimulated under

water luminescence is induced much in the same manner as

in air. Therefore crystallization, as Dubois (8) meant it,

is not the cause of luminosity in this species at any rate.

We have not yet proved that liquid crystals .are. absent.

The experiment of inducing phosphorescence below water

also throws some doubt upon the conclusion of Dubois that

crystallization was the cause of the phenomenon in Orya

barbarica. Moreover, we shall observe almost immediately

in the present study that crystallization takes place in the

mucin excreted by the ventral surface of non-luminous

ceutipedes.

Change of State.

The breakdown without chemical: action of the solid

contents of a gland to form a liquid would absorb energy

and not emit it.

Other Physical Possibilities.

In the consideration of any purely physical cause, similar

objections are likely to present themselves. It would appear

that new substances must be formed before physical phe-

nomena exhibit themselves, and we are forced back upon

the conclusion that no purely physical cause which we have

investigated seems adequate to explain the production of light

by Geophilus carpophagus.

in eye-units

Notes on Myriapoda. 21

A Comparison.

We may add here that crystals have been observed in the

dried films of excretion obtained in our holder, not only from

the ventral surface of luminous specimens of G. carpophagus,

but also in one case from a non-luminous specimen of

Geuphilus insculptus, Attems, taken in a Darwen garden

28. vil. 1919.

The Incidence and Decline of Light Production.

Quite roughly we have prepared a number of curves to

show the incidence and decline of luminosity which follows

Fig. 14.

1004

10 20 30 40 50.60 70 80 90 100 0 12Q 13Q 146 150 160 170 180 130

7ime fn seconds —

Curve to show incidence and decline of luminosity in Geophilus carpo-

phagus. Description in the text. The data employed are those of

Experiment 2 (see Table). 8S. G. B.-B. del.

the electrical stimulation of a specimen of Geophilus carpo-

phagus. Although the curves plotted are only roughly

estimated, it seems worth while to give the figures of three

experiments carried out in our own laboratory and to accom-

pany them by a drawing (fig. 14) of one curve which serves

as a type. Here it will be noticed that there is a short

space of time between the sudden shock of electrical stimu-

lation, which is only momentarily applied, and the incidence

of light-production. The light is brightest when it is first

observed, and it fades suddenly at first and more slowly later

oF Dr. & the Rev. 8. Graham Brade-Biks—

as the film dries. The experimental estimation of brightness

has already been explained.

We bave made no examination of the phosphorescence of

these animals with the spectroscope.

The Chemical Considerations.

When we come to consider the chemical possibilities of

the question, our path is fraught with many difficulties ; one

of the most important of these is the drawback due to the

small amount of material available for chemical analysis.

At the outset it is necessary to consider as carefully as

possible the substances with which we are dealing, and so in

the first place let us examine the products of the glands of

the sternite and its associated sclerites.

We have already described the discharge of the contents

of the ‘ white glands ” into the grooves behind the sternite

in the case of the electrical stimulation of G. carpophagus.

Ii one instance a specimen of this species was electrically

stimulated in a partial illumination under the microscope.

The luminescence of the centipede was not very marked, but

there was noticed flowing over the sternal plate and especially

over its posterior region a quantity of a viscous excretion,

with a suggestion that it arose from the pore-field and from

thence spread over the sternite. There can be little or no

doubt that such an excretion contains mucin.

We experimented with a specimen of Geophilus insculptus

taken in a Darwen garden 27. vii. 1919. No “ white glands ”

were observed and the animal was not luminous on electrical

stimulation, but mucin was seen to flow through the pore-

field of the sternite and form a film by capillary attraction

between the sternal plate and the glass of the holder. The

mucin obtained was odourless. In a similar instance of a

specimen of G. insculptus collected in the same garden the

next day, the film of mucin obtained was found upon drying

to contain crystallme needles when examined under the

microscope, a fact already referred to in dealing with

crystallization earlier in the present study.

It must be added that in the case of Stigmatogaster sub-

terraneus (Shaw) * non-luminous mucin has been seen to

flood the grooves around the sternite and the episternal

plates, 28 and 2y¥, on the electrical stimulation of the

animal.

* Often attributed to Leach; syn. 1789, Scolopendra subterranea

Shaw, Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 7.

Notes on Myriapoda. 23

Verhoeff (12) states in the passage we have quoted that

various types of sternal glands are present in Geophilo-

morplhis.

After removing the alimentary canal of a specimen of

Geophilus carpophagus recently killed in alcohol without

discharging the “ white glands,” on opening the body-cavity

along the mid-dorsal line, we have found that in addition to

the groups of definite opaque “ white glands,” pyriform in

shape and apparently unicellular, which are not fimly

attached to the body-wall, there appears to be a consideralle

mass of similar large transparent or semi-transparent glands

ates

eneaie

oe,

Nee xeg

P yey

mee

SOT

So} i

£3

Transverse secticn near the middie of the body of Geophilus carpophagus,

3,47 pairs of legs, Darwen, August 1919, x 40. Some muscles

omitted,

A, alimentary canal; mt, Malpighian tubules ; ¢, ¢, testes; vd, vd, vasa

deferentia; db, dorsal blood-vessel ; xe, ventral nerve-cords ; fp, fat

and pigment-cells ; mf, muscle-fibres ; /, 7, legs ; g'', glands (? mucin) ;

g', glands (? protoluciferin). H. K, B.-B. del.

lying loosely and irregularly among the muscles of the

ventral part of the body, and covered more or less completely

by an association of fat and pigment* cells spread out

among the connective tissue around them. ‘l'ransverse

sections (figs. 15 and 16) show the same thing.

* In our thirteenth paper, (z) p. 8, a specimen of G. carpophayus

[1339], collected by Mrs. Banyard, had what was described as a “tinny

appearance ”—perhaps that character was due to these pigment-cells.

24. Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks—

In G. carpophagus, then, more than one type of gland

is present, and one of these has been shown to excrete a

substance almost certainly esseutial for the production of the

animal’s light, .

Thus upon such stimulation as resuits in the ordinary

production of light there are present on the ventral surface

of the body : the contents of the white glands ; and, almost

certainly, always the contents of at least one other type of

gland ; and air, with its ordinary impurities including water-

vapour. We do not kuow enough of the chemical nature of

the contents of the individual glands yet to speak confidently,

but we can at least conclude that in the excretion which

accompanies luminosity there are generally present: (i.) the

Fig. 16,

Enlarged view of some glands of the same section, x 160.

Lettering as in fig. 15. H. K. B.-B. del.

contents of the white glands; for these we propose the

name of protoluciferin *, (11.) mucin, (iii.) acid. The last two

may, or may not, be produced by the same gland, and in

either case protoluciferin may, or may not, contain acid

as well.

We may now examine more closely, from the chemical

point of view, the conditions and incidence of luminosity in

G. carpophagus.

* Lucifertn, the name proposed by Dubois for the luminous fluid he

met with in Orya barbarica, includes the whole excretion of the ventral

surface and probably includes mucin and an acid, apart from any sub-

stance corresponding to our protoluciferin.

Notes on Myriapoda. 25

Upon stimulation, under the usual circumstances, mucin,

acid, and protoluciferin are excreted upou the ventral surface

of the animal’s body into contact with one another and

the air with its impurities, and immediately luminosity is

produced.

If the discharge be dried luminosity ceases, but upon the

addition of water it is continued ; so that water is essential

to the production of light in Geophilus carpophagus.

It should be noted that water will be present in the

excretions themselves as a normal constituent of mucin.

It has generally been accepted in other similar cases that

atmospheric oxygen was essential to the production of light.

It has already been mentioned that G. carpophagus can be

stimulated to luminesce under water, but atmospheric oxygen

might in that case be present, in solution, in the tracheze of

the animal’s body, or as a film on the surface of the body

itself. ‘To obviate all these factors a newly made film was

introduced into a vessel of water, at the ordinary temperature,

boiled previously and so free from dissolved air. Lumino-

sity was not inhibited, but continued normally below the

surface of the water. Therefore, atmospheric oxygen is not

essential for the production of light in the case of Geophilus

carpophagus.

A similar experiment, perhaps less convincing, but con-

firmatory, was conducted with the substitution of olive-oil

for boiled water. Luminosity agai continued below the

surface of the oil. With alcohol the excretion was coagu-

lated and the luminosity was inhibited almost instantaneously.

As an outcome of these enquiries, we can add that, a the

case of Geophilus carpophagus, under certain conditions all

the essentials for the production of light are secreted by the

animal itself, and upon the expulsion of these essentials to

the exteriur the chemical action which appears to take place

in the excretion is accompanied by the production of light.

The Use of Phosphorescence.

When we come to consider the utility of light-production

in the economy of the life of G. carpophagus, we are face to

face with no mean problem, Future work may provide an

adequate solution, but at present we have little but sugges-

tion to offer.

Misleading Factors.

In approaching this question scientifically there are some

26 Dr. & the Rev. 8S. Graham Brade-Birks—

misleading factors: Forel (9) has devoted some space to

them in the case of insects.

(1.) Photodermatic sensations.

When we speak of these Geophilomorphs as blind animals,

we must remember that though it is true that they have no

eyes, no specialised organs of sight, they may be able to

appreciate light by a general absorption of its waves through

the surface of the body. Pigment-cells, which we have

found abundantly present in the connective tissue close to

the chitin of both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the trunk

in luminous specimens of G. carpophagus, might play an

important part in such an absorption.

(i1.) Smell.

Again, as we speak of the odour of the luminous fluid in

G. carpophagus, we must not forget that the odour, as we

perceive it, may have no counterpart in the experience of

the animal producing it.

Sexual Significance.

Young and adult, male and female alike, exhibit lumi-

nosity, aud we have already stated (2) that it seems unlikely

that the character is a sexual one. In Kent luminous

specimens of G. carpophayus have been taken in December,

January, February, and April, and in Lancashire we have

collected specimens which were afterwards luminous upon

stimulation from April this year (1919), fairly frequently up

to the month of writing this paper (September). Gazagnaire

(10) based his theory of the sexual significance of this phe-

nomenon upon records which only covered a limited period

of the year.

Protection.

Both the ight and the odour may be protective against

enemies.

Accidental Property.

We must not lose sight of the fact that luminosity may

be an entirely neutral factor in the economy of this animal,

and that the product of the “‘ white glands’ may be entirely

accidentally photogenic.

Notes on Myriapoda. 27

If such be the case, the protoluciferin may be of service to

the animal as an efficient constituent of the complex fluid

produced by the mingling of the secretions of the glands of

the sternal and episternal regions. ‘This complex fluid may

have one or a number of uses, and there is a multiplicity of

possibilities to choose from. It may act as a cement for

nest-building, as a lubricant, or as a protection from the

attacks of micro-organisms living in the soil ; and here we

may note that the films of excretion we examined critically

contained remarkably few micro-organisms, and the sternite

is evidently kept very clean in a healthy luminous G. car-

pophagus. Or, again, the fluid may act asa directional guide,

enabling the animal to retrace its steps by perception of a

track of the excretion made on the outward journey. Or, to

take a last example of the possibilities, it may, owing to its

property of drying rapidly, be of service to the animal in

helping to free the body from excessive surface-moisture

in damp or wet weather.

Summary.

Briefly to summarise the most important results of cur

enquiry: up to the present, we way say that in GroruiLus

CARPOPHAGUS, protoluciferin, here essential for light-produc-

tion, 1s secreted by the white glands which lie immediately

dorsal to the sternal and episternal plates. Upon the

application of stimuli to the central nervous system, mus-

cular contraction takes place and the ‘protoluciferin glands

discharge their contents to the exterior into contact with

the excretions of other glands opening upon tle ventral

surface. The fluid thus excreted is viscous, colourless, with

an odour swt generis, acid in reaction, a and exhibiting the

micro-staining properties of a bacteria-free acid protein.

It contains within itself all the essentials for the chemical

action which results in the production of light and the

formation of crystals.

Future work lies in the further elucidation of the chemical

aud pliysical aspects of the subject, and in the search for the

real explanation of the economic value of the phenomenon.

Thanks.

Mention has been made in the course of our paper to the

help given to us by Professor Newbery and Mr. C. W. Ashton.

We are also indebted to Mr. Henry. Stephen, M.Sc., Lee-

turer in Chemistry in the Victoria Uniyersity of Manchester,

28 Dr. & the Rev. S. Graham Brade-Birks—

for his valuable advice about some of the physico-chemical

considerations involved. Mr. J. W. Smith of Darwen has

again given us the benefit of his great photographie skill in

the production of those illustrations in this paper which bear

his name. Mr. E. Ashby, of the Cryptogamic Laboratories

of the Botanical Department at Manchester University, was

kind enough to prepare some microtome sections for us,

as we do not possess facilities for this work in our own

laboratory. The careful observations made by that keen

band of workers, the Dartford Naturalists’ Field Club

[especially by those members whose names are mentioned in

our thirteenth paper (2), and by Mr. A. Cumberland whose

name was unfortunately omitted there], have been an

inspiration to us; to that band this paper really owes its

beginning. ‘To all these we tender our best thanks,

III. Rererences.

[In addition to the works cited in the present study, there

are a number of relevant references in Gazagnaire’s paper

(10) and Phipson’s book (11) mentioned below, and in our

own thirteenth paper (2).]

(1) Brave, Hmpa K., anp 8. Grauam Brape-Birxs, “Notes on

Myriapoda.—VI. Report on Chilopoda and Diplopoda, 1916-17.”

Lancs & Ches. Nat. vol. x., July 1917, pp. 118 et segg.

(2) Brapr-Bmxs, Hinpa K. and 8S, Granam. “ Notes on Myriapoda.

—XIII. Some Kent Records, with Special Reference to Luminous

Forms and with Lancashire and Cheshire Comparisons.” Lancs.

& Ches. Nat. vol. xi Sept. 1918, pp. 152-165, Oct. 1918,

pp. 186-192. [With Appendix by 8. Priest. |

(3) Brévemann, Henry W. “A propos d’un systéme des Geophilo-

morphes.” Arch. de Zool. expér. et gén. 5° sér. t. ill, pp. 803-340,

pl. viii, LO Dec. 1909.

(4) Dauteren, Utric. “The Production of Light by Animals.”

Reprinted in three parts, each paged separately. |

(4a) From Jour. Franklin Institute, Nov. & Dec. 1915,

Jan. 1916.

(48) Ibid., Feb., Mar., and Apr. 1916.

(4c) Ibid, May and June 1916 and Jan. 1917.

(5) Dusois, Rapuant. “ Les myriapodes lumineux, Soc. de Biol.

(France),” report in Rey. Scient, ii. sér, t. xili. (2. e., t, xxxix.)

1887, p. 509.

(6) . ‘La mer phosphorescente et les animaux lumineux.” Soc.

de Biol. (France) report, zbed. pp. 603-4.

(7) Acad. des Se. de Paris, 23-81 May, 1887, report, cbed. p. 731.

(8) ——. “Sur le mécanisme de la production de la lumiére. chez

YOrya barbarica d’ Algérie.” C. R. de Acad. des Sci. t, exvii.

1893, pp. 183-6.

(9) Foret, Aueustz. ‘The Senses of Insects’ (trans. 1908: Macleod

Yearsley, London).

Notes on Myriapoda. 29

(x0) Gazacenatnre, J. ‘La phosphorescence chez les myriopodes de la

famille des Geophilide—Kpoque et conditions physiologiques de

lapparition de la phosphorescence.” Mém. Zool. Soc. de I*rance

. pour l'année 1890, t. iii. 1°* pt. 1889, pp. 136-146.

(11) Pureson, T. L. ‘Phosphorescence, or the Emission of Light by

Minerals, Plants, and Animals.’ London, 1862.

(12) Veruorrr, C. W. ‘Chilopoda” in Bronn’s ‘ Klassen und Ord-

nungen des Tier-Reichs,’ 1902-8.

16 Bank Street,

Darwen, Lancashire.

Table to show Data of Three Experiments on the Incidence

and Decline of Luminosity in Geophilus carpophagus.

No. of seconds

Clock time ars

from beginning

Itensity in

(seconds). of experiment. eye-units,

EXPERIMENT 1, 33°00 0:00 0:00

34°50 1:50 100-00

45:00 12:00 50:00

57:00 24-00 25:00

lmin. 68:00 85:00 1:00 *

EXPERIMENT 2. 34:00 0:00 0:00

36°00 2-00 100-00

37°00 3:00 50-00

47:00 13°00 25:00

1 min: - 3:00 29-00 2 00

11:00 37:00 1:00 *

2min. 0:00 86:00 0:90

13°00 99-00 0:90

40:00 126:00 0:90

38min. 0:00 146-00 0:90

40:00 186:00 0°80

EXPERIMENT 38. 11:00 0:00 0:00

12:00 1:00 100-00

14-00 3°00 50:00

23:00 12:00 25°00

31-00 20°00 2-00

35°00 24:00 1:00 *

and as in Experiment 2, after the 24th second.

* I. e,, same intensity as that of light given by test-slide.

30 Notes on Myriapoda.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PratE I.

Fig. 6. “ The Electric Centipede.” An early Victorian idea of the appear-

ance of a phosphorescent Chilopod, being fig. 3756 in Charles

Knight’s ‘ Pictorial Museum of Animated Nature,’ vol. ii,

(c. 1840).

Fig. 7. Holder for microscopic examination of luminous centipedes.

S. G. B.-B. del.

fiy. 8. Apparatus arranged for the examination of luminous centipedes.

A, flexible wire from positive terminal of coil direct to the

distant strip of foil in the holder; B, wires from negative ter-

minal of coil to push and from push to the near strip of foil

in the holder; C, bull’s-eye condenser ; A, holder in position on

the stage of the microscope; s, supports, on the left for wire L,

on the right for the bull’s-eye condenser. J. W. Smith phot.

Fg. 9, Microphotograph of several segments of Geophilus curpophagus,

to show the appearance of the “ white glands” before discharge ;

they are seen as cloudy white masses beneath the sternal and

episternal plates. The highly illuminated parts of the chitinous

exoskeleton stand out as white lines and patches, the posterior

limit of the sternal plate is seen as a practically straight white

line, its anterior edge is marked by two rather finer white lines

which fail to meet in the middle line. Compare with PI. IL.

fig. 11. J. W. Smith microphot.

Fiy. 10. Photograph of a drawing to illustrate the appearance of the

ventral surfaces of four segments of Geophilus carpephagus as

seen in the durk when viewed under the microscope imme-

diately after electrical stimulation (see description in the text).

H. K. B.-B. & 8. G. B.-B. del. J. W. Smith & 8. G. B.-B.

phot.

Prater

Figs. 11,12. Geophilus carpophagus, $ , Darwen, collected 9th July, 1919.

Drawings of the same (? thirty-third) segment, x 40, made two

days after capture. Tig. 11 before, fig. 12 after electrical stimu-

lation and phosphorescence. In this instance three glands only

were undischarged by the stimulus. H. K. B.-B. del.

Fiy. 18. The appearence of luminosity as recorded by photographic film,

This result was obtained by the method described in the text,

the animal being secured on the back of the film and lumines-

cence stimulated by pressure, x 3. J. W. Smith & 8. G, L.-B.

phot.

On new Species of Sylvilagus from Colombia. 31

II.—Two new Species of Sylvilagus from Colombia.

By OLpFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Tue British Museum owes to Frére Apollinaris Maria of

Bogota four cotton-tails of the genus Sylvilagus from tlie

neighbourhood of that place. ‘They belong to two species,

neither of which can I identify with any older-known form.

One is a member of the short-eared group of which S, sur-

daster and meridensis are members, and may be called

Sylvilagus apollinaris, sp. n.

Size about as in S. meridensis. Fur long, of medium

texture, the longer hairs of the back about 19-20 mm. in

length ; underfur soft and fine, about 11-12 mm. long.

General colour as usual, mixed black and greyish buffy, the

dorsal hairs with dark bases (about 8 mm.), with a 4 mm.

pale ring, and the long black tip about 7 mm. in length.

The general tone resulting is darker than in the longer-eared

section of the genus, paler than in surdaster, less smoky than

in meridensis. Under surface white without buffy or cinna-

mon tinge, the belly-hairs very faintly greyer at their bases,

Face with rather well-marked supraorbital white stripe, and

a second one along the hinder end of the cheek. Ears very

short, little more than half the length of the nuchal patch, well-

haired, the proectote grizzled with the margin black, the met-

entote white. Nuchal patch large, strong pinkish cinnamon.

Upper surface of forearms, hands, lower leg, and feet pinkish

cinnamon or cinnamon-buff, the tips of the digits alone

whitish. Rump more buffy than back, the tail, which is a

mere little knob, similar to it for the most part, but with

a darker area above, and white below.

Skull broad, upper surface of the brain-case very strongly

granulated. LPostorbital processes well developed, slightly

spatulate, just free of the crafiial bones terminally. Palatal

foramina ending level with the front edge of the anterior

premolar, narrow, not widened mesially, their broadest point

at their posterior end. Palatal bridge fairly broad, without

any trace of a posterior projecting spine. Bulle lost in type,

but those of a young specimen which appears to be of the

same species fairly well developed, markedly Jarger than in

S. surdaster.

a2 On new Species of Sylvilagus from Colombia.

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :—

Hind foot 78 mm.; ear 42.

Skull: tip of nasals to hinder edge of interparietal 68 ;

zygomatic breadth 36; nasals (oblique) 28; interorbital

breadth 17:4; front of incisors to back of m* 36; palatal

foramina 19x 6:3; palatal bridge 8; upper check-tooth

series (alveoli) 13°8.

Hab. Choachi, near Bogota.

Type. Adult skin and skull. B.M. no. 19. 10. 15. 2.

Received in exchange from Frére Apollinaris Maria.

This cotton-tail is one of the very short-eared members of

the group, but is obviously different from the species above

mentioned or any other that we have. Of those we do not

possess, Allen’s Sy/vilagus salentus is the only one needing

mention. But this is from the heights above the -Cauca

Valley, and is therefore completely separated by the Magda-

lena Valley from Choachi. The black tips to its dorsal hairs

are measured as 15 mm. in length, as compared with 7 mm.

in apollinaris, and the nuchal patch is said to be only a

little longer than the ears when laid back. On this account it

seems probable that salentus is a member of the longer-eared

group, though Dr. Allen gives neither measurement nor

statement as to the actual length of the ears.

Besides the specimen now described, the British Museum

contains two examples received from Mr. Child about twenty

yeais ago, but one had no skull, the other was young, so they

have never been previously determined.

The second species sent by Frere Apollinaris is represented

by three specimens, and is a member of the longer-eared

group. It appears to be quite different from any described

form, and may be called

Sylvilagus purgatus, sp. n.

A very pale-coloured species of the longer-eared section.

General appearance most like that of S. margarite, but

even paler, Fur short and coarse, longer hairs of back

16-17 mm. in length ; underfur thin and poor, about 8 mm.

long. General colour of the same sort of mixture as in

margartie, but decidedly paler and greyer—paler and greyer,

in fact, than in any other Colombian cotton-tail; dorsal hairs

with about 7-8 mm. at the base dark, then 4 mm. pale buffy,

the black tip about 5 mm. Under surface not specially

white, the hairs mostly with pale slaty bases, and washed,

except just along the middle line, with pale buffy. Crown

Classification of the Family Cichlidee. 33

rather more ochraceous than back. Eyes surrounded by well-

marked white rings. Chin and interramia prominently

white. Ears of medium length, the proectote not or scarcely

blackened at the edge terminally, extreme edges white ;

metentote whitish. Nuchal patch large, projected backwards

mesially, prominently contrasted deep rich hazel. Hands and

feet white above, with an inconspicuous edging of cinnamon

externally. Tail apparently like back above, whitish below,

but a good example is not present on any one of these skins.

Skull not unlike that of S. margarite, with similarly

broadened postorbital processes, narrow palatal bridge, with

tendency to a posterior median spine; palatal foramina

broadened mesially and ending behind opposite the middle of

the anterior premolar. Bulle rather large for the group.

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :—

Head and body (approximate) 420 mm. ; hind foot 77;

ear 53.

Skull: greatest length 76; condylo-incisive length 67 ;

zygomatic breadth 34; nasals (oblique) 31; interorbital

breadth 18; front of incisor to back of m* 38; palatal fora-

mina, length 20, breadth at middle 6°2, behind 4:5;

palatal bridge 6°5; cheek-tooth series (alveoli) 14°7.

Hab. Purificacion, Magdalena Valley, 8.W. of Bogota.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 19. 10. 15.3. Received

in exchange from Frére Apollinaris Maria. Three specimens.

This cotton-tail is one of a considerable number of species

known from Colombia and Venezuela which are all rather

closely allied, but it differs from all by its conspicuously paler

coloration. Superficially it most resembles S. margarite, but

is, of course, geographically distant from that animal.

The three specimens are all absolutely alike.

Ill. — The Classification of the Fishes of the Family

Cichlidee.—I. The Tanganyika Genera. By C. Tate

Reean, M.A., F.R.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

In his ‘ Catalogue of African Freshwater Fishes’ (iii. p. 134,

1915) Boulenger has written of the Cichlidz : “ The classifica-

tion of the very numerous African members of this family

presents the greatest difficulties, and the division into genera,

as here followed, is unsatisfactory and open to criticism, the

Ann. & Mag. N. Ilist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 3

34 Mr. C. T. Regan— Classification of »

dentition iu certain species being subject to variation, accor-

ding to age, or even of a purely individual nature.” These

remarks led me to undertake a study of the osteology of the

African Cichlid, in the hope of arriving at more precise

definitions of the genera and a more natural arrangement.

This task was greatly facilitated by the fact that the large

series of skeletons prepared under Boulenger’s direction was

available for study. It has seemed convenient to limit this

paper to the Tanganyika genera, but a brief summary of the

general results may be given.

The character of most importance in classification is the

structure of the apophysis that supports the upper pharyn-

gials; the majority of the African Cichlide may be divided

into those with the pharyngeal apophysis formed by the

parasphenoid only (Zilapia type), and those in which the

apophysis is formed by the parasphenoid in the middle and

the basioccipital at the sides (Haplochromis type). Hach of

Boulenger’s three largest genera (Tilapia, Paratilapia, and

Pelmatochromis) contains species of both groups, and the

majority of the species in each with the Haplochromis type of

apophysis may be added to Haplochromis, which thus becomes

the largest African genus. Most of the other genera can be

definitely assigned a position as either related to Tilapia

(Paratilapia, Pelmatochromis, Hemitilapia, etc.) or to Haplo-

chromis (Hemichromis, Champsochromis, etc.). All the

American Cichlid (except Crehla, which resembles Haplo-

chromis) have the pharyngeal apophysis formed as in Tilapia.

In order to give satisfactory definitions and to express the

apparent relationships some new genera must be created.

Synopsis of the Tanganyika Genera.

I. Posterior part of parasphenoid with a strong apophysis ending in

a flattish triangular or broadly ovate surface for articulation of

upper pharyngeals,

Teeth in jaws conical. D. XIJJI-XVI 12-17.

A. III 7-9. Scales 30-60; lower lateral

line extending far forward...........00. 1. Tylochromis.

II. Posterior part of parasphenoid slightly or moderately raised,

bearing a pair of more or less distinct circular or oval facets for

articulation of upper pharyngeals. om

A. Mouth terminal ; teeth in jaws pluriserial, all tricuspid, or outer

mostly bicuspid. Ethmoid unconnected with vomer ; inferior

apophyses of third vertebra united to form a strong spine.

D. XV-XVIII 11-15. A. III 8-11. Scales 31-36.

Outermost series of teeth mostly bicuspid ites, | 2. Tilama.

‘Teeth all slender, tricuspid ........... vesee 3 Neotilapra.

the Family Cichlide. 35

B. Mouth terminal or subterminal; jaws with an outer series of

enlarged uni- or bicuspid teeth and 2 or more inner series

of small tricuspid or compressed teeth. Ethmoid united with

vomer by suture; inferior apophyses of third vertebra meeting

below but not united. D. XV-XXI 5-12. A. III-VI 5-10.

Scales 30-40.

1. D. XV-XX 8-12, A. III 6-10.

Mouth terminal; outer teeth bicuspid or some

conical, inner mostly tricuspid.......... 4. Limnotilapia.

Mouth terminal; teeth compressed, outer bi-

cuspid and inner tricuspid in young, all

Unieuspid 3 adalhy (6 wes save ten las ciel 5. Lobochilotes.

Mouth subterminal; an outer series of curved

conical teeth and a band of small tricuspid

SURertl icra aatnae he ss tte ea ans sere atte ne e's oe . 6. Gephyrochromis.

Mouth subterminal ; preemaxillaries with an

outer series of teeth, which are bicuspid

anteriorly and conical laterally, followed

by a band of small tricuspid teeth ...... 7. Srmochromis.

2. D. XX-XXI 6-6, A.IV-VI 5-7. Mouth wide, subterminal,

with a band of small tricuspid teeth and an outer series

of bicuspid teeth ; a single series of conical teeth at sides of

premaxillaries....6.++... ealeid decane: ay & ROPREUS,

C. Mouth subterminal or inferior; teeth tricuspid or conical.

D. XII-XIV 12-14. A. IIL 8-10. Scales large, 34 to 40.

Mouth subterminal ; teeth small, fixed, uni- or

tricuspid, in narrow bands ........++6. 9, Ophthalmotilapia.

Mouth subterminal; teeth movable, slender,

tricuspid, in broad bands .............. 10. Cunningtonia,

Mouth transverse, inferior ; teeth slender, tri-

CUS «. whierage « Tree ee vee. Ll. Asprotilapia.

D, Mouth subterminal ; teeth slender, tricuspid, movable, in

broad bands. D.XVII-XX 8-10. A.III7-8. Scales large,

O2-UD) seeders eivctenaenees cceus. 12, Petrochromis.

E. Mouth subterminal; teeth fixed, tricuspid or conical. D. XIII-

XIV 12-14. A. III 9-10. Scales small, 55-65.

13. Cyathopharyne.

F. Mouth terminal; teeth conical. D, XIJ-XIX 8-16. A, III 7-

12. Scales large, 28-42.

Maxillary slightly exposed ; interorbital region

flattish ; occipital crest not extending

forward beyond middle of orbits ........ 14. Limnochromis.

Maxillary considerably exposed ; frontal region |

humped ; occipital crest’ extending for-

ward at least to anterior end of inter-

orbital region ....... vente ee seats Lo. Cyphotilapia.

36 Mr. C. T. Regan—Classijication of

G. Mouth terminal. D.XVI-XVIII 10-15. A.IIT 8-10. Scales

small, 65 to 90.

Teeth small, in 4 or 5 series, cuspidate in the

young, conical in the adult ............ 16. Boulengerochromis.

Teeth large, uniserial, stout, with a small cusp

on each side superiorly ...... avai ie ioe Bie 17. Perissodus,

III. Articular surface for upper pharyngeals formed by parasphenoid

in the middle and basioccipital at the sides,

A. Scales large; 3 anal spines ; teeth small or moderate.

1. One or two lateral lines; outermost pelvic ray longest.

a. Bones of head with small canals ending in small pores.

a. Inferior apophyses of third vertebra well developed.

An outer series of bicuspid or conical teeth

and one or more inner series of smaller

tricuspid or conical teeth; pharyngeal

teeth bicuspid or conical ...:........++ 18. Haplochromis.

An outer series of small conical teeth, those of

lower jaw directed outwards, and one or

more inner series of minute conical teeth;

lower pharyngeal teeth small, slender.... 19. Ectodus.

An outer series of small conical teeth, those of

lower jaw directed more or less outwards ;

middle teeth of posterior part of lower

pharyngeal enlarged and obtuse ........ 20. Callochromis.

B. Inferior apophyses of third vertebra vestigial; an

outer series of small conical teeth and 1 or 2 inner

series of minute teeth........ 21. Leptochromis.

b. Frontals, nasals, preorbitals, lower jaw, and preoperculum

with large channels with wide openings.

Suborbitals narrow; 2 lateral lines.......... 22. Aulonocranus.

Suborbitals broad, deeply excavated ; one short

Apheval wine ie, as assis as we RAE re ie 23. Trematocara.

2, Two lateral lines; innermost pelvic ray longest.

Outer teeth of lower jaw erect.............. 24, Stappersia.

Outer teeth of lower jaw directed outwards .. 25. Enantiopus.

8. Three lateral lines.

Outermost pelvic ray longest ..........4. .. 26. Grammatotria.

Innermost pelvie ray longest.........+..000. 27, Xenotilapia.

B, Scales small; 3 anal spines.

1. Teeth in 2 to 5 series, conical.

Mouth moderate; teeth small .............. 28. Hemibates.

Mouth large ; teeth strong ...... tage Banas 29. Bathybates.

2. Teeth uniserial.

a. Teeth conical, curved ......... . 80, Haplotaxodon.

6, Teeth compressed, strongly curved.

Teeth small, close-set ........0.005 Teen un 31, Xenochromis.

Teeth large, set well apart ...... coe ae meee 32. Plecodus.

the Family Cichlide. 37

C. Seales large ; 3 anal spines; teeth strong, compressed.

Teeth bi- or triserial, distally expanded and

druncate” . .....< 4. desi eebtawelet nets 5.4 33. Eretmodus.

Teeth uniserial, distally slightly expanded and

EUUUUCD .. 5.0 i; eee ee aE ee wiaGn Se & 34, Spathodus.

D. Scales large or small; 4 to 10 anal spines; a band of small

teeth and an outer series of conical teeth, the anterior strong.

1. Inner teeth tricuspid ........+.000+ 35, Telmatochromis,

2. Inner teeth conical; suborbitals ligamentous.

36, Julidochromis.

8. Inner teeth conical; suborbitals ossified.

37. Lamprologus,

1. TYLOCHROMIS, gen. nov.

(type Pelmatochromis jentinki, Steind.).

Dorsal XITI-XVI 12-17. Anal III 7-9. Scales eycloid

or finely denticulate, large or rather small (30-60) ; two

lateral lines, the lower extending far forward. Mouth

terminal ; teeth conical, in 2 to 5 series. Lower pharyngeal

triangular, with slender pointed teeth at least near the

posterior angles and large rounded flat teeth in the middle

at least posteriorly. Posterior part of parasphenoid with a

strong apophysis ending in a flattish triangular or broadly

ovate surface for articulation of upper pharyngeal. Vertebree

29-32 (15-16 + 14-16) ; third with inferior apophyses uniting

to form a strong median spine.

Tanganyika; Congo ; Gambia to Liberia.

The Tanganyika species (7. polylepis) differs from its

congeners in the smaller scales (55 to 60 instead of 30

to 45).

2. TivapiA, A. Smith, 1840 (type 7. sparrmanni, A. Smith).

Dorsal XI-XVIII 9-16. Anal III-IV (V-VI) 7-12.

Scales cycloid or feebly denticulate, large (26-36) ; two

lateral lines. Mouth terminal; maxillary concealed or

slightly exposed distally ; teeth in jaws in several series, the

outermost typically bicuspid (some often uni- or tricuspid),

rarely all conical; inner series typically tricuspid, some

occasionally unicuspid in adults. Lower pharyngeal tri-

angular or heart-shaped, with slender or moderately stout

uni-, bi-, or tricuspid teeth. Occipital crest extending

forward to posterior end of a median excavation of anterior

part of frontals; parietal crests extending forwards at least

to between the orbits; nasal bones strongly expanded

posteriorly ; premaxillary processes stout, much expanded

38 Mr. ©. T. Regan— Classification of

proximally, not or barely reaching frontals ; posterior part

of parasphenoid more or less distinctly raised, bearing a pair

of transverse oval facets for articulation of upper pharyngeals.

Vertebraa 26-33 (14-11 + 12- -16); third with a pair of in-

ferior apophyses which unite below; preecaudals with para-

pophyses from the fourth, the last or last two pairs each

connected by a bridge ribs, except the first, on parapo-

physes.

Africa and Syria.

As restricted by the above definition this is a large and

varied genus, which nearly corresponds to Boulenger’ 8

section I. (scales cycloid or feebly denticulate) with the

exception of 7’. auromarginata *, A complete revision will

be necessary before a final decision can be reached as to

whether it should be split up. At present I am inclined

to recognize four subgenera, as follows:—

I. Lower pharyngeal with short anterior blade.

Kthmoid united with vomer by suture ............ .. Coptodon.

Ethmoid free from vomer; maxillary concealed; inner

edges of rami of lower jaw curved anteriorly ;

pharyngeal teeth, slender 5 éisiijiisietndivikb’ss (a So BS Tilapia.

Ethmoid free from vomer; outer teeth of jaws much

expanded ; end of maxillary exposed ; inner edges

of rami of lower jaw straight ; middle pharyngeal :

teeth rather stout ....... eciciet cies tune erates .... Heterotilapia

{I. Lower pharyngeal with long anterior blade ;

maxillary concealed ; inner edges of mandibular

rami curved anteriorly ; pharyngeal teeth small,

slender, HUMUPOUS 4.0.3 sar ot) ds oa peseecsceses NSarotherodon.

Of these subgenera Coptodon includes T. zillit and T. busu-

mana, [Heterotilapia is a new subgenus formed for T. bueté?-

kofert, which has a very characteristic dentition; the stout

pharyngeal teeth are bicuspid, with the posterior cusp large

and obtuse and the anterior represented by a transverse ridge

which may bear 2 or 3 denticles. Sarotherodon (Melano-

genes, Oreochromis) includes the species of the shirana,

nilotica, galilea, and macrocephala groups. A species of this

subgenus (7. nilotica) has reached Tanganyika, probably

through Lake Kivu.

3. NEOTILAPIA, gen. nov.

(type Chromis tanganice, Giinth.).

Dorsal XVI-XVII 11-13. Anal IIT 9-10. Scales

* Otopharynz, gen. nov. (type 7’. auromarginata, Bouleng.); differs

from Tilapia in that the prootic forms part of the pharyngeal facet on

each side: very near Chilotilapia.

the Family Gichlidee. : 39

eycloid, large (32-34); two lateral lines. Mouth terminal ;

teeth very slender, tricuspid, in broad bands. Lower

pharyngeal with long anterior blade ; dentigerous area

broadly heart-shaped ; teeth small, slender, numerous.

Occipital and parietal crests extending forward nearly to

anterior end of frontals; parietal crests mid-way between

occipital crest and orbital margin; ethmoid well separated

from vomer ; nasal bones strongly expanded posteriorly ;

posterior part of parasphenoid raised, bearing a pair of

nearly circular facets for articulation of upper pharyngeals.

Vertebree 31 (17+14); inferior apophyses of third united

below to form a strong spine.

Tanganyika ; two species.

The resemblance in external characters to 7. nilotica and

T. galilea extends to every detail of the skeleton.

4, LIMNOTILAPIA, gen. nov.

(type Tilapia dardennit, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XV-XX 9-12. Anal III 8-10. Scales cycloid or

finely denticulate, large (32-40) ; two lateral lines. Mouth

terminal, rather small; maxillary not exposed ; jaws with an

outer series of teeth, all bicuspid or some conical, and one or

more ner series of small teeth, all tricuspid or some uni-

cuspid in adult. Lower pharyngeal triangular, with slender

uni- or bicuspid teeth; anterior blade short or moderate.

Occipital crest extending forward to posterior end of a median

anterior excavation of frontals ; parietal crests ending above

posterior part or middle of orbits, at or near orbital margin ;

mesethmoid suturally united with vomer: nasal bones mode-

rately expanded posteriorly ; preemaxillary processes slender,

about reaching anterior edge of frontals; maxillary short

and broad, with a large rounded expansion below palatine

articulation ; rami of lower jaw with straight inner edges ;

posterior part of parasphenoid slightly raised, bearing a pair

of facets for articulation of upper pharyngeals. Vertebre

33 or 34 (16-17 +17); third with a pair of inferior apophyses

which meet below, but do not unite; preecaudals with para-

pophyses from the fourth ; each of the last three pairs

connected by a bridge; ribs, except the first, on parapo-

physes.

‘Tanganyika.

_Three species (Z.dardennii, pleurotenia, and trematocephala).

Very close to Tilapia, differing especially in the form of the

nasal bones and preemaxillary processes and the structure of

the inferior apophyses of the third vertebra; of the species

40 ’ Mr. C. T. Regan— Classification of

of Tilapia only T. zillii and T. busumana retain the sutural

union of the ethmoid and vomer, and only T. buettikofert

has the mandibular rami formed as in Limnotilap/a.

5, Losocutnotes, Bou'eng., 1915 (type L. labiatus,

Bouleng.).

Dorsal XVII-XITX 9-11. Anal III 6-8. Scales feebly

denticulate, large (33-35) ; two lateral lines. Mouth ter-

minal ; lips thick ; 3 to 5 series of compressed teeth, outer-

most bicuspid and inner tricuspid in young, all rounded or

truncate, without cusps, in the adult. Lower pharyngeal

with slender teeth and with a group of large blunt teeth in

the middle posteriorly. Skeleton asin Limnotilapia dardennit;

vertebre 32 (15+17).

Tanganyika. A single species.

6. GmuPHyRocHRoMIS, Bouleng., 1901 (type G. moorit,

Bouleng.).

Dorsal XVII 8. Anal IIT 7. Scales feebly denticulate,

large (30); two lateral lines. Mouth subterminal, rather

wide ; jaws with a band of small tricuspid teeth and an outer

series of enlarged curved conical teeth, those of the pre-

maxillaries gradually decreasing in size posteriorly, but the

last 2 or 3 on each side again enlarged.

Tanganyika. <A single species.

Very near Limnotilapia and Simochromis.

°°

7. Srmocnromis, Bouleng., 1898 (type S. dtagramma,

Giinth.).

Dorsal XVII-XIX 9-10. Anal III 7-9. Scales feebly

denticulate, large (33-36) ; two lateral lines. Mouth sub-

terminal, rather wide ; jaws with a band of small tricuspid

teeth and an outer series of larger teeth which are bicuspid

anteriorly and conical at the sides of the premaxillaries.

Lower pharyngeal triangular, with slender uni- or bicuspid

teeth. Vertebree 32 (15+17). Skeleton as in Limnotilapia

dardennit.

Tanganyika ; a single species.

Simochromis differs from Limnotilapia in the form of the

mouth and from Gephyrochromis in the dentition.

the Family Cichlide. 41

8. TRoPHEUS, Bouleng., 1898 (type 7. moorii, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XX-X XI 5-6. Anal IV-VI 5-7. Scales feebly

denticulate, large (28-32). Mouth subterminal, wide, with

transverse bands of small tricuspid teeth and a series of larger

bicuspid teeth in front of them ; sides of premaxillaries with

a series of well-differentiated conical teeth. Vertebrae 33

(17+16). In other characters like Simochromis.

Tanganyika ; two species.

9. OPHTHALMOTILAPIA, Pellegr., 1904

(type Tilapia boops, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XTIJ-XIIT 12-14. Anal IIT 8-10. Scales den-

ticulate, large (34-40) ; two lateral lines, the upper nearly

reaching caudal fin. Kye large; snout short and broad ;

mouth subterminal, wide, nearly transverse ; distal end of

maxillary slightly exposed. ‘Teeth in jaws firmly attached,

close-set, slender, slightly curved at tip, uni- or tricuspid, in

narrow bands; outermost series enlarged. Lower pharyngeal

subtriangular, with slender teeth. Parietal crests not ex-

tending quite so far forward as occipital crest, which ends

above middle of orbits behind a median groove on the frontals

which widens out forwards; nasals scarcely broader pos-

teriorly than anteriorly ; pramaxillary processes not reaching

frontals ; maxillary moderately broad ; a thin-walled auditory

bulla formed by prootic and basioccipital ; posterior part of

parasphenoid slightly raised, bearing a pair of transverse oval

facets for articulation of upper pharyngeals. Vertebra 34

(16418); third with a pair of inferior apophyses ; precaudals

with parapophyses from third; ribs in sockets at or near ends

of parapophyses.

‘Tanganyika.

Two species, O. boops and O. ventralis (Paratilapia

ventralis, Bouleng.), the latter differing from the former in

the loss of the lateral cusps of the teeth.

10. CunnineToNIA, Bouleng., 1906

(type C. longiventralis, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XIII 13-14. Anal III 8-9. Scales denticulate,

large (38-43). Differs from Ophthalmotilupia in the dentition;

teeth in jaws very slender, movable, tricuspid, in rather

broad bands. -

Tanganyika ; a single species.

42 Mr. C. T. Regan—Classification of

11. AsproTILAPIA, Bouleng., 1901

(type A. leptura, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XIV 14. Anal III 8. Scales denticulate, large

(38) ; two lateral lines. Snout conical ; mouth inferior,

transverse ; teeth in jaws slender, tricuspid, in narrow trans-

verse bands. Lower pharyngeal subtriangular, with slender

teeth. Skeleton essentially similar to that of Ophthalmo-

tilapia ventralis, except that the nasal bones are broad

posteriorly. Vertebree 35 (16419).

Tanganyika; a single species.

This genus differs from Ophthalmotilapia in the strictly

transverse and inferior mouth, with the bands of teeth not

extending backwards at the sides.

12. PeTRocHROMIS, Bouleng., 1898

(type P. polyodon, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XVII-XX 8-10. Anal III 7-8. Scales finely

denticulate, large (32-35). Mouth subterminal ; lips very

thick, the upper with a double fold; teeth very slender, tri-

cuspid, in very broad bands. Lower pharyngeal subtriangular,

with moderately long anterior blade. Occipital crest extend-

ing forward in advance of parietal crests, which end above

middle of orbits near edges of frontals; ethmoid united with

vomer by suture; nasal bones not expanded posteriorly ;

parasphenoid with a pair of facets for articulation of upper

pharyngeals. Vertebree 32 (16+16) ; inferior apophyses of

third short, separate.

Two species from L. Tanganyika and one from L. Nyassa.

This genus is essentially similar to Ophthalmotilapia in

skeletal structure.

13. CYATHOPHARYNX, gen. nov.

(type Ztlapia grandoculis, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XIJI-XIV 12-14. Anal III 9-10. Scales den-

ticulate, small (55-65); two lateral lines, the upper nearly

reaching caudal fin. Mouth small, subterminal; maxillary

concealed ; jaws with 3 to 5 series of slender pointed teeth,

with or without small lateral cusps; teeth of the outermost

series enlarged, in the lower jaw directed outwards. Lower

pharyngeal with nearly circular, slightly concave dentigerous

area and rather long anterior blade ; teeth nimerous, close-

set, slender. Occipital crest extending forwards to middle

of interorbital region, ending behind a median groove on

the Family Cichlide. 43

frontals ; parietal crests ending above posterior part of

orbits; ethmoid suturally united with vomer ; nasals con-

siderably expanded posteriorly ; preemaxillary processes not

reaching frontals ; maxillary short and broad, broadest below

palatine articulation ; posterior part of parasphenoid slightly

raised, bearing a pair of subcircular facets for articulation of

upper pharyngeals. Vertebre 32-34 (16-17+ 16-17); third

without inferior apophyses ; preecaudals with parapophyses

from the fourth; ribs, except the first, on parapophyses.

Tanganyika.

Two species, C. grandocul’s and C. furetfer (Paratilapia

furcifera, Bouleng.).

14. LIMNOCHROMIS, gen. nov.

(type Pelmatochromis auritus, Bouleng.).

— Dorsal XTI-X VII 9-16. Anal III 7-12. Scales finely

denticulated, large, 32 to 42; two lateral lines. Mouth

terminal ; maxillary rather narrow, slightly exposed ; teeth

conical, in 2 to 4 series. Lower pharyngeal triangular ;

teeth all slender or a few median posterior teeth slightly

enlarged. Occipital and parietal crests extending forward

to above middle or posterior part of interorbital region; a

median groove on frontals in front of occipital crest ; nasal

bones expanded posteriorly ; ethmoid well separated from

vomer ; pramaxillary processes moderate or long, sometimes

extending to between the orbits; posterior part of para-

sphenoid slightly raised, bearing a pair of transverse oval

facets for articulation of upper pharyngeals. Vertebre 31

(15+16) to 37 (19+18); third with or without a pair of

inferior apophyses which do not meet below.

Tanganyika; four species.

In addition to L. auritus this genus includes three species

placed by Boulenger in Paratilapia—L. pfefferi, nigripinnis,

and leptosoma. L. auritus and L. leptosoma are very similar

in their osteology, and the other species are intermediate

between them in external characters.

15. CYPHOTILAPIA, gen. nov,

(type Pelmatochromis frontosus, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XV-XIX 8-10. Anal IIT 7-8. Scales cycloid or

feebly denticulated, large (28-36) ; two lateral lines. Frontal

region humped. Mouth terminal ; maxillary largely ex-

posed ; teeth in 3 to 5 series, outermost enlarged, conical

or some bicuspid, inner conical or some tricuspid. Lower

44 Mr. C. T. Regan—Classification of

pharyngeal triangular, with slender pointed uni- or bicuspid

teeth; upper pharyngeals supported by a rather strong

apophysis with transverse articular surface formed by the

parasphenoid. Occipital crest very strong, extending for-

wards to or in advance of anterior margin of orbits.

Tanganyika and Upper Congo.

Two species, C. frontosus and C. demeusii (Paratilapia

demeusti, Bouleng.).

16. BouLENGEROOHROMIS, Pellegr., 1904

(type Paratilapia microlepis, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XVI-XVII 13-15. Anal IIIT 9-10. Scales cy-

cloid, small (75-90); two lateral lines. Mouth terminal ;

maxillary slightly exposed distally ; teeth small, in 4 or 5

series, conical (outer bicuspid and inner tricuspid in the

young). Lower pharyngeal subtriangular, with slender bi-

cuspid teeth. Occipital crest extending forward to end of a

median excavation of anterior part of frontals ; parietal crests

confluent with edge of frontals above middle of orbits;

ethmoid united with vomer by suture; nasal bones slightly

expanded posteriorly ; praemaxillary processes nearly reaching

frontals ; maxillary rami rather broad, of even width; pos-

terior end of parasphenoid slightly raised, bearing a pair of

transverse facets for articulation of upper pharyngeals.

Vertebre 383 (16+17) ; third with a pair of inferior

apophyses which unite below ; pracaudals with parapophyses

from fourth ; ribs, except the first, on parapophyses.

Tanganyika. A single species.

17. Pertssopus, Bouleng., 1898 (type P. microlepis,

Bouleng.).

Dorsal XVIII 10. Anal III 8. Scales cycloid, small

(65) ; two lateral lines. Differs from Boulengerochromis in

the dentition. Teeth in jaws uniserial, few, stout, with a

small cusp on each side superiorly.

Tanganyika. A single species.

18. HapLocuromis, Hilgend., 1888

(type Chromis obliquidens, Hilgend.).

Dorsal XITI-XIX 6-13. Anal III (1V) 6-12. Scales

usually denticulate, large (28 to 45); two lateral lines.

Mouth terminal ; jaws opposed ; an outer series of bicuspid

or conical teeth and one or more inner series of smaller tri-

cuspid or conical teeth. Lower pharyngeal triangular ; teeth

the Family Cichlide. 45,

slender or rather stout, compressed or cylindrical, uni- or bi-

cuspid, acute or obtuse. Occipital crest extending forward

to posterior end of a median excavation of frontals ; parietal

crests ending between the orbits ; ethmoid suturally united

with or in contact with vomer ; nasals not or scarcely broader

posteriorly than anteriorly. Articular surface for upper

pharyngeals transverse, entered by basioccipital at the

postero-lateral angles. Vertebrae 29 to 34 (13-17+ 15-18) ;

third with a pair of inferior apophyses which unite below.

Africa.

This is the largest African genus, including 14 of the 16

species placed by Boulenger in Haplochromis, 8 (23-27, 30—

32) included by him in Pelmatochromis, at least 26 (10-12,

14-29, 37-38, 40-44) of the 53 referred to Paratilapia, and

the majority of the species with ctenoid scales placed in

Tilapia *.

Haplochromis is represented in Tanganyika by one of the

forms grouped together as H. desfontainest? and by two

species placed by Boulenger in Tilapia, H. horit and

HI. burtoni.

19. Ecropus, Bouleng., 1898 (type Z. descampsiz, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XIJI-XIV 13-15. Anal III 8-11. Outermost

pelvic rays longest. Scales denticulate, large (34-38) ; two

lateral lines. Mouth small, terminal; maxillary concealed ;

teeth conical, in narrow. bands, outer of lower jaw directed

' ™ The following genera are closely related to Haplochromis :—Lipo-

chromis, gen. nov. (type Pelmatochromis obesus, Bouleng.). Lower jaw

shutting within upper. Neochromis, gen. nov. (type Tilapia simotes,

Bouleng.). As Haplochromis, but teeth small, in bands, outer not

enlarged, bicuspid, inner tricuspid. Cnestrostoma, gen. nov. (type Para-

tilapia polyodon, Bouleng.); jaws with broad bands of small conical

teeth, outer not enlarged. Mylochromis, gen. nov. (type Tilapia lateri-

striga, Giinth.) ; middle pharyngeal teeth large and obtuse, sharply

differentiated from the other teeth, which are slender and bicuspid.

Saryochromis, gen. nov. (type Paratilapia codringtoni, Bouleng.). Fourth

vertebra with inferior apophyses that meet below; pharyngeal teeth

stout and blunt; articular surface for upper pharyngeals nearly as broad

as long, its basioccipital portions nearly meeting behind parasphenoid.

Labrochromis, gen. nov. (type Tilapia pallida, Bouleng.); inferior apo-

physes on third vertebra formed as in Haplochromis; pharyngeal teeth

and pharyngeal apophysis asin Saryochromis. Serranochromis, gen. nov.

(type Chromys thambergt, Casteln.); as Haplochromis, but inferior

apophyses on fourth vertebra very small. Astatoreochromis, Pellegr.

(alluaudi); 4 to 6 anal spines; pharyngeal teeth large and obtuse.

Clinodon, gen. nov. (type Hemitilapia bayont, Bouleng.); structure of

Haplochromis, dentition of Hemitilapia,

46 Mr. C. T. Regan— Classification of

outwards. Lower pharyngeal triangular, with small slender

teeth. Skeleton very similar to that of Callochromis macrops,

but the preemaxillary processes shorter, not reaching frontals ;

vertebre 36 (17419).

Tanganyika ; a single species.

20. CALLOCHROMIS, gen. nov.

(type Pelmatochromis macrops, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XIT-XVI 10-14. Anal III 6-9. Outermost ray

of pelvic fin longest. Scales denticulate, large (32-38) ; two

lateral lines. Mouth small, terminal or subterminal, nearly

horizontal ; end of maxillary slightly exposed; jaws with

narrow bands of small conical teeth, the outer on sides of

lower jaw enlarged and directed more or less outwards.

Lower pharyngeals united by interlocking suture to form a

triangular plate; enlarged blunt rounded teeth in the middle

posteriorly and slender bicuspid teeth elsewhere. Occipital

crest ending above middle of orbits behind a groove on

frontals that widens forwards ; parietal crests ending above

posterior part of orbits ; preemaxillary processes extending to

between orbits; maxillary broadest below palatine articula-

tion, distal part short and broad ; ethmoid united with vomer

by suture; nasals much expanded posteriorly ; posterior part

of parasphenoid slightly raised, convex ; articular surface for

upper pharyngeals formed by parasphenoid in the middle and

basioccipital at the sides. Vertebra 34 (16418) ; inferior

apophyses of third vertebra uniting below to form a median

spine.

Tanganyika ; four species.

21. LEPTOCHROMIS, gen. nov.

(type Paratilapia calliura, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XVI-XVII 10. Anal III 7-8. Scales denticu-

late, large (37-40) ; two lateral lines. Mouth terminal, very

protractile ; maxillary broad, slightly exposed ; jaws with an

outer series of very small conical teeth and 1 or 2 inner

series of minute teeth. Interorbital region narrow. Lower

pharyngeal small, triangular, with long anterior blade; teeth

small, slender. Occipital crest ending at posterior part of

interorbital region behind a long groove on the narrow

frontals ; parietal crests not extending forwards on frontals;

ethmoid in contact with vomer ; a thin-walled otic bulla;

articular surface for upper pharyngeals formed by para-

splenoid in the middle and_ basioccipital at the sides.

the Fumily Cichlide. 47

Vertebree 34 (17+17); third with vestigial inferior apo-

physes ; pracaudals with parapophyses from fourth, last

four pairs bridged; ribs, except first, in sockets at or near

ends of parapophyses.

Tanganyika ; a single species.

22. AULONOCRANUS, gen. nov.

(type Paratilapia dewindii, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XII-XIII 12-13. Anal III 9. Scales denticu-

late, large (36-38); two lateral lines. Mouth terminal,

moderately protractile ; maxillary moderately broad, exposed

distally ; teeth very small, conical, in 2 or 3 series, outer-

most largest. Lower pharyngeal triangular; teeth small.

Occipital crest ending on posterior part of interorbital region.

Frontals, nasals, preorbitals, lower jaw, and lower limb of

preoperculum with large channels with wide openings; sub-

orbitals narrow.

Tanganyika; a single species.

Intermediate between Haplochromis and Trematocara.

23. TremavocaRA, Bouleng., 1899 (type T. marginatum,

Bouleng.). :

Dorsal IX—XII 9-12. Anal III 7-10. Scales cycloid,

large (28-32) ; upper lateral line short, lower absent. Near

Aulonocranus, but maxillary concealed, and the deep channel-

ing of the bones of the head extending to the suborbitals.

Occipital and parietal crests not extending forwards on

frontals ; ethmoid united with vomer by suture; a large otic

bulla; articular surface for upper pharyngeals formed by

parasphenoid in the middle and basioccipital at the sides.

Vertebre 31 (12+19) ; third without inferior apophyses ;

precaudals with parapophyses from the fourth ; ribs, except

the first, on parapophyses.

Tanganyika; three species.

24, StappersiA, Bouleng., 1914

(type S. singularis, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XIJI-XV 13-14. Anal III 13-14. Innermost

rays of pelvic fins longest. Scales denticulate, large (37-

38) ; two lateral lines. Apparently differs from Hnantiopus

only in the dentition; teeth small, conical, in 4 or 5 series,

outer not directed outwards.

Tanganyika ; a single species.

48 Mr. C. T. Regan— Classification of

25. Enantiopus, Bouleng., 1906

(type #. melanogenys, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XIJ-XV 13-17. Anal III 12-17. Innermost

pelvic rays longest. Scales denticulate, large (37-44) ; two

Jateral lines. Mouth terminal, very protractile ; teeth small,

conical, in 2 series, outer of lower jaw directed outwards.

Lower pharyngeal triangular ; teeth mostly slender, bicuspid,

a few middle posterior teeth large and blunt. Occipital and

parietal crests ending above posterior part of orbits; frontals

with a median groove, widening forwards; mesethmoid well

separated from vomer; articular surface for upper pharyn-

geals formed by parasphenoid in the middle and basioccipital

at the sides. Vertebre 38 (14424) ; inferior apopliyses of

third meeting below.

Tanganyika; 3 or 4 species.

26. GRAMMATOTRIA, Bouleng., 1899 (type G. lemairii,

Bouleng.).

Dorsal XV 14-15. Anal IJI-IV 10-11. Outermost

pelvic rays longest. Scales denticulate, large, about 40 in a

lateral longitudinal series ; 3 lateral lines. Mouth terminal;

end of maxillary exposed ; a series of conical teeth followed

by a narrow band of minute teeth ; outer anterior teeth of

lower jaw directed outwards. Lower pharyngeal triangular ;

middle posterior teeth strongly enlarged and blunt. Skeleton

as in Callochromis macrops, except that the frontals partly

roof over the median groove from each side and the inferior

apophyses of the third vertebra are vestigial. Vertebree

36 (144 22).

Tanganyika ; a single species.

27. XENOTILAPIA, Bouleng., 1899 (type X. sama, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XJII-XV 12-14. Anal [III 7-12. Innermost

pelvic rays longest. Scales denticulate, large (34-41) ; 3

lateral lines. Mouth terminal, very protractile; maxillary

very broad, concealed ; teeth small, conical, in 2 or 3 series,

outer anterior teeth of lower jaw directed outwards. Lower

pharyngeal triangular ; middle posterior teeth enlarged and

obtuse. Skeleton nearly as in Callochromis macrops, but

with the frontals tending to roof the median groove as in

Grammatotria. Vertebree 34-35 (13-144 20-22).

Tanganyika ; two species.

the Family Cichlide. | © 49

28. HEMIBATES, gen. nov.

(type Paratilapia stenosoma, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XV 13. Anal III 12-14. Scales cycloid, small

(60-70) ; two lateral lines, the upper nearly reaching caudal

fin. Mouth moderate, terminal, with lateral cleft ; maxillary

slightly exposed distally ; teeth small, conical, curved, in

2 or 3 series, outer erect and fixed, inner pointing backwards,

depressible. Lower pharyngeal triangular, with slender

teeth. Parietal crests ending at edge of frontals above middle

of orbits ; occipital crest ending behind a short median

depression on anterior part of frontals; nasals somewhat ex-

pauded posteriorly ; premaxillary processes reaching frontals ;

maxillary broadest below palatine articulation, moderately

broad distally ; base of skull with a low, broad convex

apophysis, with articular surface for upper pharyngeals formed

~in the middle by the parasphenoid, and at the sides by the

basioceipital, Third vertebra without inferior apophyses.

Tanganyika ; a single species,

29. BATHYBATES, Bouleng., 1898 (type B. feroz, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XITI-X VII 11-17. Anal III 14-18. Scales cy-

cloid, small (65-150) ; two lateral lines, the upper extending

nearly to caudal fin. Mouth large, terminal, with lateral

cleft; maxillary hidden; teeth strong, curved, conical, in 2

to 4 series, outer fixed, inner depressible. Lower pharyngeal

triangular, with slender teeth. Parietal crests ending near

edge “of frontals above middle of orbit; occipital crest exe

tending as far forward or a little farther, ending behind a

median depression on the frontals which widens out anteriorly ;

ethmoid united with vomer by suture; nasals somewhat

expanded posteriorly ; preemaxillary processes not reaching

froutals ; maxillary broadest below palatine articulation,

moderately broad distally ; base of skull with a low, broad,

convex apophysis, with the articular facets for the upper pliat

ryngeals well separated, oblique, formed by the parasphenoid

in the middle and the basioccipital at the sides. Vertebra

35-36 (16-17+ 19-20) ; third without inferior apophyses.

Tanganyika; six species.

30. HapLotTaxopon, Bouleng., 1906

(type H. microlepis, Bouleng .).

Dorsal XVIUI-XVIII 11-13. Anal [III 9. Scales small

(70-80) ; two lateral lines, the upper nearly reaching caudal

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 4

50 Mr. C. T. Regan—Classification of

fin. Mouth terminal, very oblique; end of maxillary ex-

posed ; teeth uniserial, conical, curved. Lower pharyngeal

triangular, with small slender unicuspid teeth. Skeleton as

in Hemibates, except that the maxillary has only a small

process below the palatine articulation and is broadest

distally ; premaxillary processes not reaching frontals ;

vertebree 38 (19+19).

Tanganyika; a single species.

31, XENOCHROMIS, Bouleng., 1899

(type X. hecgut, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XVI-XVII10-11. Anal III 9-10. Scales small .

(60-70) ; two lateral lines, the upper nearly reaching caudal

fin. Mouth terminal; end of maxillary exposed ; teeth uni-

serial, compressed, a little concave in front, strongly curved,

rather small and forming a close-set series. Lower pharyn-

geal triangular, with small unicuspid teeth. Skeleton as in

Haplotaxodon, except that the ethmoid is well separated from

the vomer. Vertebre 35 (17+18).

Tanganyika ; a single species.

32. PLecopus, Bouleng., 1898

(type P. paradoxus, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XVITI-XX 11-13. Anal III 12-13. Scales

small (75-80). Differs from Xenochromis only in having

the teeth large, few, and set well apart.

‘Tanganyika ; a single species.

33. ErETMODUS, Bouleng., 1898

(type E. cyanostictus, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XXITI-XXV 3-5. Anal IIT 6-7. Scales den-

ticulate, large (32-35) ; two lateral lines. Teeth rather

strong, distally expanded, compressed and truncate, in 2 or

3series. Lower pharyngeal subtriangular, with small slender

teeth. Occipital crest ending behind a broad and deep de-

pression on anterior part of skull, formed by frontals, and in

front by ethmoid and lateral ethmoids ; parietal crests ending

above posterior part of orbits; ethmoid separated from

vomer ; jaws strong; premaxillary processes stout; maxil-

lary broadest distally. Articular surface for upper pharyn-

geals formed by parasphenoid in the middle and basioccipital

at the sides. Vertebre 30 (15+15); a pair of inferior

the Family Cichlidee. 51

apophyses formed equally by third and fourth vertebree ;

precaudals with parapophyses from third; ribs on parapo-

physes.

Tanganyika ; a single species.

34. SpaTHopus, Bouleng., 1900

(type S. erythrodon, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XXIII 5. Anal III 6-7. Scales denticulate,,

large (30-31); two lateral lines. Teeth rather strong,

distally slightly expanded, compressed and rounded, uni-

serial. Apparently differs from Hretmodus only in the

dentition.

Tanganyika ; a single species.

35. TELMATOCHROMIS; Bouleng., 1898

(type 7. temporalis, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XVIII-XXII 6-8. Anal V-VII 5-7. Scales

rather large (40-52) ; nuchal scales very small ; two lateral

lines. A band of small tricuspid teeth and an outer series

of conical teeth, the anterior strong. Skeleton as in LHret-

modus, but no parietal crests and inferior apopliyses on third

vertebra only. Vertebra 33 (16 +17).

Tanganyika; two species.

36. JULIDOCHROMIS, Bouleng. 1898

(type J. ornatus, Bouleng.).

Dorsal XXJI-XXIV 5. Anal VIII-IX 4-6. Scales

rather large (45-50) ; nuchal scales very small ; two lateral

lines. A band of small conical teeth and strong anterior

canines. Skeleton.as in Telmatochromis, but suborbitals

unossified, and parietal crests distinct. Vertebra 34 (17+17).

‘Tanganyika ; a single species.

37. LAMPROLOGUS, Schilthuis, 1891

(type L. congolensis, Schilth.).

Dorsal XVI-XXI 6-11. Anal [V-X 4-8. Scales large

or small; nuchal scales very small ; two lateral lines, or the

lower absent. A band of small conical teeth and anterior

canines. Suborbitals ossified. Vertebree 31-35 (14-17+

16-19); third or fourth with inferior apophyses. Skeleton

as in Telmatochromis, but parietal crests distinct.

Tanganyika and Congo ; 27 species. is

Hi Classification of the Family Cichlide.

The above data enable the origin and relationships of the

Cichlid fauna of Lake Tanganyika to be discussed.

Tylochromis is found in the Congo and in West Africa,

and is represented in ‘Tanganyika by a single species; it

is an isolated genus, whose nearest relative is Ptychochromis

of Madagascar. Of the large African genus Tilapia only

the widely-distributed 7. nilotica has reached Tanganyika,

apparently through L. Kivu; the endemic eotilapia has

the structure of J. nilotica and its allies, but differs in its

dentition, having all the teeth tricuspid.

A small group of endemic genera begins with Limnotilapia,

which is nearly related to, but is in some respects more

generalized than Tilapia, and leads on the one hand to Lobo-

chilotes and on the other to Gephyrochromis, Simochromis, and

- Tropheus ; in this group the Limnotilapia dentition (outer

teeth bicuspid, inner tricuspid) undergoes various modifica-

tions; Lobochilotes, teeth compressed, unicuspid; Gephyro-

chromis, outer teeth conical ; Simochromis and Tropheus,

anterior outer teeth bicuspid, lateral conical.

Another little group of endemic genera commences with

Opkthalmotilapia, which is closely related to Limnotilapia,

but has all the teeth tricuspid (or sometimes unicuspid),

small, and fixed. ‘This genus has given rise to Cyathopharyna,

distinguished by the small scales and the form of the lower

pharyngeal, and to Cunninglonia, Asprotilapia, and Petro-

chromis, in which the tricuspid teeth are long, slender, and

movable. It is interesting to note that the total number of

dorsal rays is nearly the same in Petrochromis as in the

other genera, but that the spines have increased at the

expense of the soft rays; this genus has a species in

L. Nyassa, but there can be little doubt that it originated in

Tanganyika.

The endemic Limnochromis, with conical teeth, does not

differ very essentially from Limnotilapia in other characters.

Cyphotilapia lias one species from Tanganyika and another

from the Upper Congo; if, as seems likely, this genus is

Limnochromis specialized, it probably originated in the lake.

The monotypic Boulengerochromis .is essentially a small-

scaled Limnotilapia, aud Perissodus seems to differ from it

only in the peculiar dentition.

‘he seventeen genera mentioned above have the pharyngeal

apophysis formed by the parasphenoid alone; two( Zylochromis,

Tilapia) are widely distributed genera, each represented in

the lake by a single species; one endemic genus (Nevti/apia)

is closely related to Tilapia ; the rest may have originated in

the lake from a single ancestral type, which Limnotilapia

On wew or little-known Tipulidee. 53

most nearly resembles; they are peculiar to Tanganyika,

except for a Petrochromis in Lake Nyassa and a Cyphotilapia

in the Congo.

The remaining genera have the pharyngeal apophysis

formed partly by the basioccipital ; the widely distributed

Haplochromis has two endemic species in Tanganyika ; there

are also a number of endemic genera with small conical teeth,

closely related to Haplochromis ; of these Aulonocranus leads

to Trematocara, and Ectodus through Callochromis to Xeno-

tilapia and Grammatotria.

A well-marked group includes genera with small scales, a'l

endemic; of these Hemibates, with small conical teeth, is

intermediate between Haplochromis and Bathybates, with

strong pluriserial teeth, and Haplotaxodon, with rather small

uniserial teeth. Xenochromis and Plecodus differ from Haplo-

taxodon only in their peculiar dentition, Another well-

marked group apparently derived from L/aplochromis includes

the genera with strong anterior teeth; this group. includes

Eretmodus and Spathodus, with incisor-like teeth and three

anal spines, and J'elmatochromis, Julidochromis, and Lampro-

logus, with strong conical teeth and 4 to 10 anal spines. All

but Lamprologus are peculiar to the lake, and the great diver-

sity of the Tanganyika species of Lamprologus and its close

relationship to the more generalized Telmatochromis make

it almost certain that it originated in Tanganyika.

The above remarks may be summarized thus :—Nearly all

the Tanganyika Cichlide are endemic species belonging to

genera that originated in the lake; except Meotilapia these

genera fall into two divisions, which may have evolved in the

lake from two ancestral types, one nearly related to Limno-

tilapia and the other to Haplochromis.

1V.—New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera).—I. Ethiopian

Species. By CHARLES P, ALEXANDER, Ph.D., Urbana,

Illinois, U.S.A.

‘THE new species described in the following pages will be

discussed more fully and figured in a monographic treatment

of the crane-flies of the Ethiopian region that the writer has

in preparation. ;

The species described were sent to me for naming by

Rev. J. A. Reis, Dr. E. Warren, and Prof. A.J. T. Janse, to

all of whom I express my sincere thanks.

The holotypes are preserved in the collection of the writer,

unless stated otherwise.

54 Z Dr. ©. P. Alexander on

Dicranomyia connectans, sp. n.

Colour dark brown; tarsi white; wings brown, the tips

darker ; cord far out near the wing-tip ; anal angle lacking ;

Cu, and 1st A fused for a short distance back from the

wing-margin.

Male.—Length 6°6-8°8 mm. ; wing 7:3-8°2 mm.

Female.—Length 6°7 mm.; wing 6°8 mm.

Rostrum yellowish brown, darkest above. Palpi dark

brown. Antenne dark brown, the first segment paler brown ;

flagellar segments elongate-oval, with long black verticils.

Head dark brown.

Pronotum dark brown, yellowish laterally. Mesonotal

prescutum reddish brown without stripes, the humeral region

a little brighter. Pleura pale, sparsely yellowish pollinose.

Halteres very elongate, dark brown. Legs with the fore

coxe brown, the other coxe yellowish; trochanters dull

yellow ;- remainder of the legs dark brown excepting the

tarsi, which are largely wliite ; on the fore legs only the

extreme bases of the metatarsi are a little infuscated ; the

other legs have about the basal third of the metatarsus

brown, broadest on the middle legs; two terminal tarsal

segments bright yellow. Wings cuneiform, with no anal

angle, the cord lying far out near the wing-tip ; membrane

strongly brownish, darkest at the apex; stigma oval, dark

‘brown ; veins dark brownish black. Venation asin D. cunei-

jormis, de Meij., with the following exceptions :—ceell 1s¢ 17,

shorter, nearly square, the basal deflection of Cu, just before

the middle of its length ; 1s¢ A runs close to Cu and is fused

with Cu, at the wing-margin, this short fusion about equal

to Sce.

Abdomen elongate, dark brown, including the hypopygium.

Hab, West Africa.

Holotype, 8 , Lolodorf, Cameroun, January 9, 1919 (J. A.

Reis).

Allotopotype, 2 , January 9, 1919.

Paratopotypes, 2 §, January 9-15, 1919.

D. connectans is closely related to D. cunetformis, de Meij.

(Java), but is readily separated from this and all other known

species of the genus by the apical fusion of Cu, and 1st A.

Dicranoptycha natalia, sp. n.

General coloration dark brown, the wings with a strong

dark brown suffusion.

Male.—Length 8-8°5 mm. ; wing 8°3-8°6 mm.

new or little-known Tipulide. 55

Rostrum and palpi dark brown, Antenne rather short,

dark brown, the second scapal segment a little brighter ; the

first two flagellar segments enlarged and closely approxi-

mated, ,the third to fifth short-cylindrical, the remaining

flagellar segments gradually elongated. Head brown, with a

yellowish pollen.

Mesonotum dark brown, sparsely pollinose, without stripes.

Pleura brown. Halteres brown, paler at the base, darkest on

the knobs. Legs with the coxee brown, the apical portions

of the middle and hind coxz on the outer face more yellowish ;

trochanters yellow, with a jet-black spot on the margin, and

here produced into a sharp tooth as in the genus; legs dark

brown, the basal portion of the femora more yellowish, this

narrowest on the fore legs, broadest on the hind legs. Wings

with a very strong dark brown suffusion, deepest along the

costal region; the fork from the first anal vein into cell Cu

and a streak in cell # paler ; veins dark brown. Venation:

Se ending slightly beyond the fork of the sector; Rs about

one-fourth longer than the long cell 1sé¢ Jd.

Abdomen dark brown, the hypopygium a little brighter,

segments 7 and 8 and the terminal half of segment 6 black.

Hab. South Africa.

Holotype, 8, Maritaburg, Natal, 1916 (Dr. Conrad

Akerman).

Paratopotype, a badly broken male.

Type in the collection of the Natal Museum.

Rhamphidia flavitarsis, sp. n.

Rostrum longer than the head; mesonotum dark brown,

almost black above, the pleura dull yellow ; legs dark brown,

the tarsi yellowish; wings subhyaline, the stigma dark

brown.

Male.—Length, excluding rostrum, 8-8°3 mm., rostrum

about 1 mm. ; wing 8°8 mm.

Female—Length 11-11'2 mm.; wing 85 mm.; ovi-

positor, tergal valves, 2°1 mm,

Rostrum longer than the head, brown above, darkest near

the apex, more yellowish beneath and on the sides; palpi

dark brown. Antenne moderately elongated, the scape

brown, the flagellum dark brown; flagellar segments

elongate-oval, with long verticils that are longest and most

conspicuous on the terminal antennal segments. Head dark

brownish black,

The long neck is brown. Pronotal scutum brownish

black ; scutellum light yellow. Mesonotal prescutum dark

56 ~ Dr. C. Pv Alexander on > -

brown, a broad, almost black median area ; lateral margins of

the sclerite narrowly paler. Pleura dull yellow. Halteres

brown, the knobs darker, the base of the stem yellow. Legs

with the cox. dull yellow, the fore coxz more brownish on

the outer face; trochanters dull yellow; remainder of the

legs dark brown, the last four tarsal segments and the extreme

tips of the metatarsi dull orange-yellow. Wings subhyaline ;

cell Sc, a seam beneath vein Ou, and the wing-apex a little

darker; stigma elongate-oval, dark brown; veins dark

brown. The following veins bear conspicuous macrotrichize :—

Rs, apical part of Be Ry,3, all of Ry,5, apical portions of

M,,. and M3,43; one near mid-length of the last section

of Cu, and a few on Cu. Venation: Sc ending beyond

the fork of Rs, Sc. at the tip of Se; ; basal deflection of

Ry,5 about equal to rm; basal deflection of Cu, at or

beyond the fork of MZ.

. Abdominal tergites dark brown ; sternites yellow, more

darkened on the sixth and seventh segments; hypopygiuin

brownish yellow. :

The female is similar to the male in most respects, the

ovipositor with the valves very long and slender, the tergal

valves almost straight, a little upeurved at the tips ; ; sternal

valves acicular, the tips with a few long hairs.

flab, West Africa.

Holotype, 8, Lolodorf, Cameroun, January 10,1919 (J. A.

Reis).

Allotopotype, 9 , January 15, 1919.

Parat: potypes, 10 3 ¢, January 9-16, 1919.

Trentepohlia (Mongoma) albilata, sp. n.

Legs with the femora tipped with white; tibie with a

narrow white basal band, the apices very broadly white; fore

femora with three basal bristles, the other femora with a

row of from eight to ten small sete; wings with two or three

long curved sete on the posterior margin of the wing-petiole.

Male (type).— Length 10 mm. ; wing 8:7 mm. ; fore leg,

femur 13°5 mm., tibia 16°8 mm., tarsus 15°2 mm., black

band on tibia 5 mm.; hind leg, femur 15 mm., tibia 16 mm.,

tarsus 13 mm,, black band on tibia 5 mm,

Male (series).—Length 9-11 mm. ; wing 7-9 mm.

Female (series).—Length about 9°5 mm.; wing 8 mm.

Rostrum yellow; palpi brownish black. Antennze dark

brownish black, pale at the extreme base, moderately elon-

gated ; flagellar segments long-oval. Head dark grey along

new or little-known Tipulide. 57

the eyes, more yellowish on the front and the occipital

region.

_ Pronotum yellow. Mesonotum dark brown; the pre-

scutum broadly margined with dull yellow. Pleura duil

yellow. Halteres rather short, dark brown, the extreme base

more yellowish. Legs with the coxee yellow, the fore cox

a little darker ; trochanters dull yellow ; femora dark brown,

the extreme bases a little paler, the tips white, broadest on

the fore femora; tibiae white, with a relatively narrow

(5 mm.) black subbasal band, the white apex occupying the

apical half or more of the segment ; tarsi white, a patch of

hairs at the base of the middle and hind metatarsi and the

tips of the tarsi more yellowish. The white femoral apex

is a trifle broader than the tibial base on the fore legs ; the

tibial base is much broader than the femoral tip on the middle

and hind Jegs. ‘The legs are armed in both sexes; the fore

femora have three long erect bristles, with one or more

additional smaller sete in a group near the base ; the middle

and hind femora each bears a row of some eight to ten small

subequidistant bristles near the base; femora with several

long setz at apex, these a little more sleider on the fore

femora. Middle and hind metatarsi on the inner face at the

base with a longitudinal row of conspicuous orange hairs,

these more distinct on the posterior metatarsi, Wings

greyish subhyaline, the costal cell more yellow, the subcostal

cell more brownish; stigma narrow, oval, brown; extreme

tip of the wing indistinctly darker ; veins brownish black ;

the cord and vein Cu very narrowly and indistinctly seamed

with brownish. Venation: 7 long, more than twice the

length of ,,3 between it and the fork of the latter; basal

deflection of M,,, short, usually less than mj; outer

deflection of 17; evenly arcuated, Jong, the inner end of cell

M; lying far proximad of cells R; and M,; basal deflection

ot Cu, at or close to tlee fork of AZ; fusion of Cu, and 1st A

slight. A group of two or three long curved sets on the

caudal margin of the wing-petiole.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, the basal segment paler

laterally ; sternites yellowish,

Hab. West Africa.

Holotype, 3, Lolodorf, Cameroun, January 16,1919 (J. A.

Reis).

Allotopotype, 9, January 15,1919.

Paratopotypes, 200 3 9, January 9-16, 1919.

T. frag: lama, Westw., the type of the subgenus Mongoma,

is very insufficiently described by Westwood. The insect is

58 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

characterized as being pitchy black, the thorax more dilute ;

legs brown, with the knees, the tibial tips, and the tarsi

white. At the base of the fore femora are two spinules.

Specimens from Madagascar that Osten-Sacken later re-

ferred, with considerable doubt, to fragillima had the entire

distal third of the tibie white. In the present species the

entire distal half of all the legs in both sexes is white.

Trentepohlia (Mongoma) reisi, sp. n.

General coloration brown, more yellowish beneath ; femora

and tibize with the tips white; tarsi white; femora with a

series of about a dozen spines near the base ; posterior tibic

with a series of from eight to ten stout sete ; wings nearly

hyaline,

Male (type).—Length 86 mm.; wing 8 mm.; fore leg,

femur 12°5 mm., tibia 16 mm.; hind leg, femur 14°3 mm.,

tibia 15 mm., tarsus 11 mm.

Male (series).—Length 8°6-9°5 mm.; wing 7°6-9 mm.

Female (series).—Length 10 mm. ; wing 8°6.

Rostrum light yellow; palpi dark brownish black. An-

tenne moderately long, dark brownish black, the flagellar

segments long-oval. Head dark brown, paler on the occiput

and underneath on the genze, which bear a few long curved

hairs.

Pronotum dark brown above, yellowish laterally. Meso-

notal prescutum yellowish brown, darker brown anteriorly ;

remainder of mesonotum pale brown. Pleura pale yellow,

a little more brownish dorsally. Halteres short, dark brown,

the base yellowish. Legs with the coxe and trochanters

yellow ; femora dark brown, paler at the base, the tips

passing into white; tibia brown, the bases indistinctly

whitish, the tips passing into white, these about twice as

wide as the white femoral tips ; tarsi white or pale yellowish

white. All the femora with a series of from ten to seventeen

short stout black spines near the base, extending in a single

row along the ventral face ; these spines are slightly variable

in number, but are apparently more numerous on the fore

femora ; femoral tips with a few slender blackish hairs; hind

tibie near the tip with from eight to ten long, curved, erect,

black sete, five or six of which are grouped on the white

tips, the proximal three or four less crowded and located on

the brown areas. Wings nearly hyaline, the costal and

subcostal cells a little more yellowish ; stigma pale brownish

yellow; veins pale brown. Venation: similar to 7. albi-

lata, differing as follows :—cell 1s¢ MZ, shorter and broader ;

new or little-known Tipulidx. 59

outer deflection of ,,, long, so that the inner end of cell

Fs is about ona level with cell M,; outer deflection of I,

short, squarely arcuated to almost angulated; basal deflection

of Cu, rather far before the fork of M; fusion of Cu, and

lst A rather extensive, about equal to m, vein Cu being

strongly bent backward at the point of fusion ; cell 2nd A

wider.

Abdomen dark brown above, the sternites and hypopygium

more yellowish. Male hypopygium with the pleural appen-

dages a little longer than T, albilata.

Hab. West Africa.

Holotype, 8, Lolodorf, Cameroun, January 9, 1919 (J. A.

Reis).

Allotopotype, 2, January 10, 1919.

Paratopotypes, 27 @, January 9-15, 1919.

T. reisi is readily told from all other described species of

the genus by the curious armature of the femora and the

posterior tibia. This condition occurs in both sexes.

This interesting fly is dedicated to the collector, Rev. J. A.

Reis.

Lecteria triacanthos, sp. n.

Mesonotum yellowish, the prescutum with four fulvous

stripes ; legs with the femora reddish brown, a narrow white

ring beyond mid-length, surrounded on either side by a

blackish ring ; tibize white, brown at the base and apex, a

broad black band before mid-length; the three basal tarsal

segments yellowish white, tipped with brown ; metatarsi

with a group of three stout spines at the extreme base; wings

broad, subhyaline, heavily banded and dotted with brown and

rey.

‘ Male.—Length about 14 mm.; wing 12°7 mm.; hind leg,

femur 9 mm., tibia 8°6 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black, sparsely grey pruinose. An-

tenne with the basal segment black, the second segment

light brown, the flagellum brown; there are only fourteen

antennal segments, the first flagellar segment being a fusion

of apparently three segments as in Conosia; first scapal

segment elongate; first flagellar segment oval, greatly

narrowed at the base; the following three segments short-

cylindrical, the others gradually lengthened into long-

cylindrical ; the flagellar segments are clothed with a dense

white pubescence, longer and more conspicuous on the basal

segments, flagellar segments with long verticils, one of each

segment being longer than the others, giving to the flagellum

a secund appearance, these longest verticils attaining.a length

60 Dr. C. P. Alexander on.

that is nearly equal to half the length of the entire flagellum.

Head reddish brown.

Mesonotal prescutum yellowish, with four long bright

fulvous stripes; remainder of the mesonotum fulvous, the

mid-line of the scutum and the scutellum more yellowish.

The mesonotum is densely and minutely setigerous, the punc-

tures black. Pleura brownish. Halteres light brown, the

knobs a little darker. Legs with the cox and trochanters

dull yellow ; femora reddish brown, beyond mid-length with

a narrow white ring which has a subequal blackish ring on

either side, this white mark largest and most distinet on the

posterior femora; tibiee white, the apical quarter pale

brownish, the extreme tip black; base of the tibize brown, a

broad black band before mid-length ; three basal tarsal

segments yellowish white, black at the tips, palest on the

metatarsi, the remaining tarsal segments brown. The legs

are clothed with a long, fai:ly dense, semierect pubescence ;

-metatarsus at the extreme base with a transverse group of

three stout black spines. Wings rather broad, subhyaline,

with a heavy dotted and banded pattern as follows :—a

broad band at the cord and another at the origin of the sector

extending across the wing to the margin, ending at the tip

of 2nd A; this pattern does not include the costal cell ; the

band at the cord is forked at its cephalic end, one branch

encircling Sc,, the other the tip of Sc, and &,; these

bands are pale brown, broadly margined with dark brown,

to produce an ocellate appearance ; similar ocellate markings

at the outer end of cell 1st My, the tip of ft, and the fork

of My,.; cell C yellowish, with about a dozen dark brown

dots ; remainder of the wing with numerous small pale

brownish dots that are larger and more diffuse in the anal

cells; veins brown, C, Sc, and #& more yellowish. Vena-

tion: generally similar to LZ. africana, Alex. (Congo) ; basal

deflection of Ry,; shorter and more arcuated basally ; cell

1st M, more nearly rectangular, M3 being almost in a line

with M before the fork of the latter.

Abdominal tergites fulvous, the apical. segments indis-

tinctly ringed caudally with silvery grey; hypopygium

brown ; sternites similar, the lateral margins blackish, the

posterior margin pale ; eighth sternite black, conspicuously

projecting. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite trans-

versely truncated with a deep U-shaped median notch ;

pleural appendages densely white pubescent, each at the apex

produced into a slender, slightly curved, black point.

Hab. West Africa.

new or little-known Tipulide. 61

Holotype, 8, Lolodorf, Cameroun, January 13,1919 (J. A.

eis).

Tipula setosipennis, sp. n.

Palpi short, brownish black ; antennas of the male mole-

rately elongated, yellow, the apical segments infuscated

basally ; mesonotum dull yellowish, the prescutum with

three brownish-grey stripes that are margined with dark

brown ; wings grey, streaked longitudinally with brown and

subliyaline; apical cells of the wings strongly setulose ; male

hypopygium yellowish, the sclerites fused into a nearly con-

tinuous ring; region of the ninth tergite produced caudad

into a broad depressed median lobe.

Male.—Length 17 mm. ; wing 15°3 mm.

Female.—Length 18 mm.; wing 15°5 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head short, light brownish

yellow above, dark brown on the sides, the dorsal surface

with numerous long black hairs, which are most numerous

toward the rather long nasus; mouth-parts and palpi dark

brownish black, the latter short. Antenne of the male elon-

gate, extending about to the base of the abdomen, the basal

segments of the flagellum elongate, the terminal segments

shortened ; antennz yellow, the terminal segments more

infuscated, especially on the slight basal enlargement. Head

dark grey, more yellowish on the front and along the inner

margin of the eyes; middle of the vertex blackish. Frontal

tubercle distinct, bifid by a deep longitudinal impression.

Mesonotal prescutum light brownish yellow, with three

brownish-grey stripes that are distinctly margined with black,

the median stripe split by a similar black median’ vitta ;

scutum with the median area dull yellow, the lobes brownish

grey margined with black; scutellum light yellow post-

notum yellowish grey. Pleura dull yellowish ; a conspicuous

brown blotch on the mesosternum and mesepisternum,

Halteres dark brown, the knobs blackish. Legs with the

coxe and trochanters yellowish; femora and tibie dull

yellow, the tips narrowly dark brownish black ; tarsi dark

brown, the bases of the metatarsi more yellowish. Wings

broad, greyish, longitudinally streaked with subhyaline and

brownish ; costal area more yellowish; the subhyaline areas

include a broad obliterative streak before the cord in the ends

of cells & and J/, running through cell 1st M, to the wing-

apex in cell A; ; the pale areas include all of cell 2; except

the extreme base, the extreme bases of cells MZ, and MW, and

virtually all ot cell Ist Mg 5 the first anal and cubital cells are

62 Dr. W.T. Calman on a

largely pale ; stigma dark brown; a broad brownish seam

along vein Cu and narrower ones along the cord ; veins dark

brown, those of the costal region more yellowish; strong

setz in the apical eells of the wing from A, to Cu; Vena-

tion: petiole of cell JZ, short ; m-—cu long.

Abdomen rather long for the male sex of this genus of

flies (about 12 mm.). Basal abdominal segments dull

yellowish, segments 3 to 8 more brownish; tergites with a

narrow, more or less distinct, dark brown sublateral stripe ;

Jateral margins of the segments pale. Hypopygium yellowish,

the sclerites fused into a ring. Region of the ninth tergite

produced caudad into a broad depressed median lobe whose

posterior margin is gently concave or feebly notched, with

numerous minute blackened spicules. Outer pleural ap-

pendage narrowed basally, broadened distally, the outer face

densely covered with a long pale pubescence and a few long

black setee. Inner pleural appendage with a posterior fleshy

pale lobe whose proximal face is provided with long pale

sete, the anterior blade compressed. Region of the ninth

sternite profoundly incised beneath on the mid-ventral line.

Highth sternite unarmed, the dorsal margin with a row of

about eight black spinous setze. Ovipositor with the tergal

valves acicular, the sternal valves shorter, compressed.

Hab. South Africa.

Holotype, §, Pretoria, Transvaal, December 5, 1918

CA. did. Janse):

Allotopotype, 2? , January 4, 1919.

Paratopotype, , February 2, 1919.

V.—A new Crab of the Genus Sesarma from Basra.

By W. 'T. Catman, D.Sc.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

SPECIMENS of the crab described below have recently been

presented to the Museum by Capt. C. L. Boulenger, who

obtained them while on service in Mesopotamia. Other

specimens from the same locality, and clearly of the same

species, have been in the Museum for many years under the

name ‘‘ Sesarma dehaani, Milue-Kidwards,” given to them by

Mr. E. J. Miers. A comparison with Japanese and Chinese

specimens of S. dehaani *, however, reveals certain definite,

if not very striking, differences, and the Basra specimens are

therefore recorded under a new specific name.

* This species has recently attracted attention as one of the inter-

mediate hosts of the lung-trematode, Paragonimus westermann?.

new Crab from Basra. 63

Sesarma (Holometopus) boulengert, sp. n.

Description.—Closely resembling S. dehaant, M.-E., from _

which it differs in the following characters :—

The carapace, as a rule, is slightly wider in specimens of

similar size. The inter-regional grooves on the posterior part

of the carapace are rather less deep. ‘The sides of the front

are distinctly concave.

The merus of the chelipeds has the anterior margin rather

more expanded distally and more coarsely dentate; the distal

A. Sesarma boulengeri, male, holotype; Basra. Outer surface of left

chela,

B. Sesarma dehaani, Milne-Edwards, male ; Hong Kong. Outer surface

of left chela,

tooth on the upper edge is blunt and indistinct. The inner

angle of the carpus—which in S. dehaani is rounded or

bluntly angled, with sometimes an apical granule—is produced

as a small but distinct and acute tooth *. The palm is more

inflated, especially in the male ; on its outer surface is an

obscure row of granules about the middle; above this the

granules are larger, becoming less prominent. towards the

upper margin; below the middle the granules are smaller

* A specimen collected by Major C. Christy, and received since this

was written, has the carpal angle of one of the chelipeds blunt; in the

other cheliped the angle forms an acute tooth as described above,

64 On a new Crab from Basra.

and more closely set, but there is no definite group of en-

larged granules as in the male of S. dehaani. ‘The convex

lower margin of the palm becomes gently concave in passing

into the lower margin of the immovable finger, The granules

forming a row on the inner surface of the palm are large.

The upper edge of the immovable finger is distinctly concave

and the fingers gape when closed. The dactylus: has on its

upper surface a row—or, rather, a narrow central band—of

tubercles which show a tendency to break up into obliquely

transverse groups. In S. dehaant the lower margin of the

palm passes in a straight line, or with only a very slight con-

cavity, into the lower margin of the immovable finger, and

the upper edge of the latter is straight or slightly convex ;

the fingers meet when closed, and the immovable finger in

both sexes is much more broadly triangular than in the new

species. The walking-legs are conspicuously less hairy than

in S. dehaant, the longer hairs being less numerous and always’

shorter than the width of the segments. The meropo.lites

are, as a rule, less broad than in S. dehaani.

he penultimate segment of the abdomen of the male is

distinctly more than twice as broad at its anterior or proximal

margin as it is long.

Localities. Ashar Creek, Basra ; 2 $ (including holotype),

2 2, collected by Capt. C. L. Boulenger.

Basra; 1 ¢,1 2, collected by L. HE. Adams, B.M. Reg.

83. 23 (determined by EK. J. Miers as S, dehaant).

Measurements of 8. boulengeri and 8. dehaani.

: weve 7 Ratio of length

‘carapace ‘width to, °famerapotis of

sak wie Feast 1, to width = ig

S. boulengert :

SS MBS IED. Ta, ai 230 1:108 1:85.

: 21°75 1183 172

Boulenger ..8%..% dS, holetype. 25°0 1°119 1-90

Ge 17:75 1154 L741

2. 22°5 1133 17,

ey 19°%5 1:192 1:69

S. dehaant :

54.10,North China. 9. 21°5 1104 1:89

3. 21:5 1-081 2°15

Gs 23°0 1:108 2°21

61.44, Hong Kong. ¢. 10-5 1:238 2-04

do. 22°5 1-088 ag Ta

753, Japan ..ss0+ > 27°75 1:045 232

Remarks.—The presence of a distinct tooth at the inner

angle of the carpus of the chelipeds brings this species,

On the Cirripede Genus Stramentum. 65

according to Tesch’s key (Zool. Meded. Leiden, iii. 1917,

p. 235), into the neighbourhood of S. eydouai, M.-E., and

S. granosimana, Miers. In the former species, as redescribed

by Tesch (/. ¢. p. 150), the upper margin of the palm of the

chelipeds is provided with a “ distinct, horny-coloured, granu-

late crest,” and the outer surface is very minutely granulated

and has a short oblique ridge about the middle. In 98. grano-

simana, of which I have examined the two syntypes, the

outer surface of the palm is rather coarsely and evenly granu-

late, its upper margin has a low denticulate crest, the upper

margin of the immovable finger is (except for a notch near

the base) nearly straight, and the walking-legs have no

brushes of short fur on the anterior surface of the carpus and

propodus of the first three pairs as they have in 8. dehaani

and S,. boulengeri.

The specimens of S. boulengeri presented to the Museum

thirty-six years ago were accompanied by a note on the

habits of the species by the collector, Mr. Lionel E. Adams,

as follows :-— Collected at Basra, 60 miles up the Euphrates,

in perfectly fresh water; burrows in the banks of the river

and especially in a canal in connexion with the river, where

it climbs the fibrous roots of trees laid bare to the extent of

6 or 7 feet at low tide (there being 4 or 5 feet of tide at

Basra) by the aid of the large claws. Sometimes they ascend

the trunks to the height of 10 feet.”

VI.—The Cirripede Genus Stramentum (Loricula): its History

and Structure. By Tuomas H. Wiruers, F.G.S.

[Plates IIL. & 1V.]

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Introduction.

AurnoucH the cirripede generally known as Loricula is

represented by more specimens approacling completeness

than is any other Cretaceous cirripede, still our knowledge

of its structure has not greatly advanced since 1851, when

Darwin redescribed Loricula pulchella, G. B. Sowerby, the

first-discovered member of the genus. Particularly does this

apply to the number, structure, and homologies of the

capitular valves and to the peduncle when complete, on

which points there have since been wide differences of

opinion,

Ann. & Mag. N. Mist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. i)

66 Mr. T. H. Withers on

In 1913 the Geological Department of the British Museum

acquired from Mr. H. T. Martin two cirripedes on a piece

of chalk, which he had collected in the Niobrara series of

Kansas, and which are referable to Stramentum haworthi,

Logan, sp., a species undoubtedly congeneric with Loricula

pulchella, G. B. Sowerby. The specimens looked unpromising

enough when received, but careful development soon showed

certain points of structure which enable us to add materially

to our knowledge of this anomalous type. The same

structural features had shortly before been discovered in the

type-specimens of Loricula darwini, and it is on the com-

bined material that the following study of the genus is

based.

History.

Of this genus as many as nine species and two varieties

have so far been described, and in most cases the species is

known by more than one specimen.

The first-discovered species, Loricula pulchella, G. B.

Sowerby (1843), was founded on a single nearly complete

specimen from the Turonian (Middle Chalk) of Cuxton,

Kent. It was obtained by the late Mr. N. T. Wetherell,

whose collection is now in the Geological Department of the

British Museum, and the specimen is registered 59,150.

Darwin (1851) gave a masterly description of this specimen

in his Monograph.

A few years later the species L. macadami was established

by Wyville Thomson (1858) for a fine specimen from the

Chalk of Antrim, and some obscure fragments of others of

a group are said to be scattered through the matrix. This

specimen supplements in many ways that of L. pulchella,

and, although it added much to our knowledge of the struc-

ture of the shell, it has not been referred to by any later

author *.

In 1878 W. Dames described a single specimen from the

Cenomanian (Lower Chalk) of Lebanon, Syria, under the

name J. syriaca, and the specimen was subsequently

figured by Prof. Zittel (1884).

K. A. von Zittel (1884), for a single specimen from the

Senonian (Upper Chalk) of Diilmen, Westphalia, founded

the species L. levissima. A plaster-cast of this is in the

Geological Department of the British Museum, registered

59,713.

* R. Tate quotes the species among a list of fossils, Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. London, vol. xxi. 1865, p. 30.

the Cirripede Genus Stramentum, 67

Anton Fritsch (1889) described and figured aseries of twelve

specimens, which he described as varieties of L. pulchella,

namely L. pulchella, var. gigas, and L. pulchella, var,minor.

One of them, L. pulchella, var. gigas, had already been

described by Fritsch (1877) as a separate species, The

specimens occurred in the Turonian (Middle Chalk) of

Weissenberg, Bohemia, and were found attached to ex-

amples of the ammonites, Ammonites peramplus and A. wool-

gari, no less than seven individuals being attached to a single

shell of the latter species.

In the same year (1889) J. F. Whiteaves described a new

species under the name L. canadensis. It was founded on

a very fine specimen collected by Mr. J. B. Tyrrell in the

Cretaceous (Fort Benton group), at South Duck iRiver, in

Township 34, Range 23 W., Manitoba. Other specimens

occurred, for the author stated that ‘‘ A few isolated capitular

plates of Z. canadensis were also collected by Mr. Tyrrell in

1887, at the Vermilion River, in Township 24, Range 20 W.,

from Fort Benton Group, or lower part of the series.”

S. W. Williston (1897) followed by describing a remark-

ably complete specimen from the Cretaceous (Niobrara

group) of Kansas, under the name Pollicipes hawortht.

That specimen was subsequently described by W. N. Logai

(1897), and together with a second species, Stramentum

tabulatum, was included in a new genus Stramentum.

In 1908 Dr. H. Woodward established the species

L. darwini on three specimens obtained by Mr. G. Hi. Dibley

in the Turonian (Middle Chalk) Rhynchonella cuvieri-zone

of Cuxton, near Rochester, Kent, the same locality from

which came the holotype of L. pulchella. These three speci-

mens were attached to the cast of an ammonite, Puachy-

discus peramplus, and are now in the Geological Department

of the British Museum, registered I. 9130.

A further species, LZ. ewpansa, Withers (1911), has been

described, and the species was founded on two left and three

right scutal valves from the Upper Senonian, Actinucamaxr

guadratus-zone, Hast Harnham, near Salisbury, Wilts.

Apart from these isolated valves it can be proved that Lori-

cula occurs in the Senonian of England, for there is in the

Geological Department of the British Museum an example

of an oyster that had grown on a Loricula, avd has thus

preserved on its surface a perfect imprint of the greater part

of a peduncle. This specimen came from the Senonian

(Upper Chalk) of Norwich (Bayfield Coil.), and is registered

42,012.

68 Mr. T. H. Withers on

Material (number of specimens)..

In addition to the specimens mentioned above, there is in

the Geological Department of the British Museum, registered

59,825, a fragmentary example of L. pulchella, which came

from the MiddleChalk of Cowslip Pit, near Guildford, Surrey.

It consists of about ten rows of the three median series of

peduncular plates. At least two, if not three, further frag-

mentary specimens of L. pulchella arein the Brighton Museum

(Willett Collection, No. 40), on a piece of chalk from the

Middle Chalk of Malling, Kent.

Of Stramentum haworthi from the Niobrara Chalk of

Kansas, there is in the Geological Department of the British

Museum, collected by Mr. H. 'T. Martin, (1) two com-

paratively large and almost complete specimens on a small

yellowish slab, registered I. 15,945 ; (2) a large yellowish

slab with about nine small individuals (registered In. 18,990),

and a larger pinkish slab with remains of at least twenty

individuals (registered In. 18,989) : in both cases the shells

appear to have been attached to some strap-like organism of

which only a stain remains, and almost all the specimens

cousist of one side of the shell with the inner surface upper-

most, three or four retaining the scutum, which shows the

pit for the adductor muscle.

Altogether the material known to me comprises no less than

seventy individuals, and of these quite fifty represent at least

oue side of the shell in a fairly good state of preservation.

Name.

The name Loricula was first given to a cirripede by

G. B. Sowerby, junr. (1843). This generic name has been

widely accepted, and has been used by Darwin (1851) and

every subsequent author on fossil and recent cirripedes. It

is the more unfortunate that it should be preoccupied by

Loricula, Curtis (1833), a genus established for a Hemipterid.

In 1897, W. N. Logan founded the genus Stramentum on

two species of cirripedes occurring in the Chalk of Kansas.

One of these had previously been described by Prof. Williston

(1896) under the name Polliciyes haworthi, and it is not only

because of this, but because it is the first of the two species

described by Logan, and is more complete than the second

species S. tabulatum, that S. haworthi is here taken as geno-

type of the genus Stramentum.

There is no room for doubt that the Kansas species,

Stramentum haworthi, is congeneric with Sowerby’s Loricula

pulchella, and although Logan was evidently unaware that

the Cirripede Genus Stramentum. 69

cirripedes similar to his Stramentum had been described

from the Cretaceous rocks of other countries, there is no

option but to accept his genus Stramentum, since the name

Loricula is preoccupied.

STRAMENTIDA, nom. nov.

This is a new name to replace that of Loriculide, which

embraced the genera Loriculaand Archeolepas (see Pilsbry,

1916, p. 14). Archeolepas must be removed from here

(see p. 79), and for the present might more properly be

‘neluded: in the Scalpellide. Until the precise structure of

the genera Loriculina and Squama is known, it is impossible

to say whether they should be included in the family

Stramentide or not, although it is more convenient to keep

them there at present,

Stramentum, W.N. Logan.

1833. Non Loricula, Curtis, Entom. Mag. i. p. 197 (Hemipterid).

1843. Ser G. B. Sowerby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xii.

. 260.

1897. Stramentum, W.N. Logan, Kansas Univ. Quart. ser. A, Oct.

1897, vol. vie No. iv. p. 188.

1898. Stramentum, W.N. Logan, Univ. Geol. Surv. Kansas, vol. iv.,

Paleont. pt. viii., Arthr. p. 498.

Diagnosis.—Shell flattened laterally. Capitulum composed

of ten valves comprising paired scuta, paired upper latera,

paired terga, paired carinal-latera, and a pair of linear valves

homologous with the carina in other cirripedes. Peduncle

with ten rows of smooth calcareous plates, five on each side,

the six inner rows much elongated transversely, and the

outer rows short ; on their outer edges the plates of the

outermost rows meet, but do not alternate with each other.

Genotype.—S. haworthi, Williston, sp.

Distribution.—Senouian (Upper Chalk): East Harnham,

near Salisbury, Wilts, and Norwich, Norfolk ; Diilmen,

Westphalia; Kansas, U.S.A. Turonian (Middle Chalk):

Cuxton, near Rochester, and Malling, Kent; near Guildford,

Surrey; Black Head Bay, co. Antrim, Ireland; Weissen-

berg, Bohemia ; Duck and Riding Mountain District,

Manitoba, Canada, Cenomanian (Lower Chalk): Lebanon,

Syria.

The following are the described species and varieties :—

Stramentum canadensis, Whiteaves, sp.

darwini, H. Woodward, sp.

70 . Mr. T. H. Withers on

Stramentum expansum, Withers, sp.

haworthi, Williston, sp.

levissimum, Zittel, sp.

macadami, Wyville Thomson, sp.

pulchellum, G. B. Sowerby, jun., sp.

, G. B. Sowerby, sp., var. gigas, Fritsch.

, G. B. Sowerby, sp., var. minor, Fritsch.

syriacum, Dames, sp.

tabulatum, W. N. Logan.

—

———=

—_——:

Without an examination of the specimens, it is impossible

to deduce from the published descriptions and their inade-

quate figures whether all of the above are distinct species

and varieties. It has, however, been possible to examine

the type-material of S. pulchellum and S. darwini, with the

result that no justification appears for considering S. darwint

to be distinct from S. pulchellum. ‘The distinctions given by

Dr. H. Woodward are “ much greater size and more remark-

able capitulum” and “the form of the scutum and the

latera.” Apart from the fact that all the specimens came

from the same-horizon and chalk-pit *, what differences are

seen in the scutum appear due to the age and degree of

development of the valve (see p. 73), and even the two

specimens of ZL. darwini differ in this particular. No

distinct differences are apparent to me in the latera, and if

by “ more remarkable capitulum” Dr. Woodward means in

the greater obliquity of the summit of the peduncle, it must

be pointed out that this is accentuated in that particular

specimen merely because the scutum and upper latera have

been slightly displaced and pushed down on to the upper

scales of the peduncle (see Pl. III. fig. 2). S. darwini is

therefore regarded here as a synonym of S. pulchellum.

With regard to the holotype of S. macadami, Prof. Gren-

ville Cole very kindly took considerable trouble to find out

for me its whereabouts, and recently informed me that it is

preserved in the Belfast Public Art Gallery and Museum.

The Curator, Mr. Deane, most kindly lent me the specimen,

and an examination of it shows no characters by which it

can be separated from S. pulchelium. Prof. Thomson stated

in his description ‘‘ One specific distinction is very evident,—

the fusion of plates corresponding to the scutum and the

scutal latus in the upper rows of the peduncle.” I cannot

understand this statement for the reason that none of the

peduncular plates are fused, but, on the contrary, have pre-

cisely the same structure as in the several specimens of

* See G, E. Dibley, 1918, Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. xxix. pp. 70, 87.

the Cirripede Genus Stramentum. 71

S. pulchellum. A MS. label is on the specimen bearing the

words ‘“ Loricula pulchella,”’ and I can see no characters in

the specimen to make one dissent from that determination.

S. macadami is therefore considered here to be a synonym

of S. pulchellum.

Measurements.—The largest species appears to be S. pul-

chellum. The holotype has a length of 26°6 mm., its breadth

is 15°2 mm., and the length of the scutum is 86 mm. This

is surpassed by the two specimens (PI. III. figs. 1, 2) originally

described as S. darwini, for the original of fig. 1 has a length

of 35°2 mm. (incomplete), a breadth of 22 mm., and a

scutum 1]°4 mm. in length, while the original of fig. 2 has

a length of 44 mm., a breadth of 22°4 mm., and a scutum

of 13°2 mm. in length and 7°6 mm. in breadth. In the latter

specimen the carina is 6°38 mm. long and 2°3 mm. wide.

The original of S. macadami has a length of 24°6 mm.

and a breadth of 12°3 mm,

Of the other species the type of S. haworthi is said to

have a length of 27 mm. and a breadth of 17 mm., and the

type of S. tabulatum appears to be somewhat smaller ;.

S. canadensis is from 14-15 mm. long and 7 mm. wide;

S. pulchellum var. minor is said to attain a length of 20

mm. and S. pulchellum, var. gigas, a length of 36 mm.;

S. levissima has a length of 20 mm.; and S. syriacum is

said to be one-third the length of S. levissima.

Terminology and Number of Valves in the Capitulum.

Darwin had only a single specimen of the genus before

him, namely, the holotype of S. pulchellum, and while this

was nearly complete so far as the peduncle was concerned,

it had only three of the capitular valves (see Pl. III. fig. 3).

That on the right, owing to its shape and to the direction of

its growth-lines, was considered by him to be the scutum

and the adjoining plate as the first or upper latus. The

remaining valve was called the second or carinal latus, but

between that and the upper latus was a hiatus, believed

by Darwin to have been filled by a tergum. Besides these

valves he included in his restoration a carina and a rostrum,

making ten valves in all, for he assumed that the other

valves were paired.

The specimen of S. macadami figured and described by

Wyville Thomson seven years later was more complete in

the capitular region, and it included a valve—the tergum—

not present in the holotype of S. pulchellum, between the

upper and carinal latera, as well as two opposing linear

72 Mr. T. H. Withers on

valves adjoining the carinal latus. Adopting Darwin’s idea

as to the identity of the other valves, Thomson suggested

that these linear valves must represent two elements of a

carina. An alternative suggestion was that if the capi-

tulum was reversed the linear valve would be a reduced

scutum, the second latus a rostral latus, the first latus an

upper latus, and the scutum a carinal latus. This latter

view was suggested as possible, but further reasons were

given for his inclination to follow Darwin’s ideas as to the

identity of the valves.

Wyville Thomson’s views have had no bearing on later

discussions, for his paper has been entirely overlooked, and

consequently his discovery of the split carina has passed

unnoticed. It was only through a book-seller’s catalogue

that I came across the paper myself, and I then found that

the discovery of the split carina in the genus, as now found

in the species S. pulchellum and S. haworthi, was not a new

one.

Except that later authors have differed as to the

number of valves in the capitulum and as to the precise

names of the first or upper latus and the second or carinal

latus, Darwin’s purely tentative nomenclature has been

generally accepted without question. So far has this been

the case that no one has attempted to prove the identity of

either of the valves. Any doubts, however, are set at rest

by the new example of S. haworthi (PI. IV. fig. 2), for

jn that specimen the valve called the scutum has its inner

surface exposed, showing the pit for the adductor muscle,

thus proving that this really is the scutum.

Accepting this, it follows that the other valves would

represent the upper latus, tergum, and carinal latus, and

that the two linear valves would equal the carina of other

cirripedes. Consequently the known valves would number

ten in all. This is the same number as given by Darwin

in his restoration, although the number is made up of

different elements, for, apart from the carina being split,

he included a rostrum. In none of the known specimens

has a rostrum been noticed, and in view of the structure of

the carina the improbability of a rostrum in the ordinary

sense being present is great. There does not appear to be

any differentiation in structure of the uppermost subscutal

plates of the peduncle, and since they cannot be regarded as

part of the capitular region, a rostrum or valves homologous

with it cannot be said to form part of the capitulum of

Stramentum.

the Cirripede Genus Stramentum.

Deseription of Shell.

Capitulum.—This is-small when compared with, the size

and breadth of the peduncle, its length being about one-

fourth that of the shell; evidently the greater part of the

animal’s body was lodged in the peduncle as in Lithotrya

and Jéla.

Scutum subtriangular in outline, with the tergo-lateral

and basal margins nearly straight and almost at right angles

to each other; the growth-lines in the lower part of the

valve follow the outline of the tergo-lateral and basal

margins. The umbo is situated at a variable distance from

the apex, and in the more advanced of the Turonian forms

is about one-third the distance from the apex ; in the Seno-

nian species, S, haworthi, the umbo is situated at least one-

half the distance from the apex even in quite young valves,

and the more advanced forms have the upper half of the

valve more developed. From the umbo to the apex runs a

depression from which the upper part of the occludent margin

rises up. In the figured specimen of S. Haworthi and

in others on the two slabs there is, on the inner surface, a

deep pit for the adductor muscle.

Upper latus almost flat, having the outline of an isosceles

triangle, with the scutal margin, which abuts against the

tergo-lateral margin of the scutum for its whole length,

rather more obliquely inclined and slightly longer than the

tergal margin. The valve evidently overlapped the tergum

and scutum very slightly by its edges, and the growth-lines

are straight and parallel. Darwin said of this valve “The

first latus now answers to the upper latus in Scalpellum,

but it is interposed to quite au unprecedented extent between

the scutum and tergum.”’ It is, however, not more so than

in the recent Pollicipes mitella, or in the later-discovered

Cretaceous cirripede Zeugmatolepas mockleri, which perhaps

is more comparable, since the upper part of the upper latus

in P. mitella really overlaps the scutum and tergum for the

greater part of its extent.

Tergum subtriangular, somewhat convex, with the carino-

lateral and the upper occludent margins slightly rounded,

and the basal margin rather more so. The growth-lines are

convex, and on the upper occludent margin curve sharply

upwards towards the apex.

Carinal latus obliquely triangular, rather like the upper

latus, except that the tergal margin is more obliquely inclined

and the basal margin more rounded, the valve being slightly

inclined towards the tergum.

74 Mr. T. H. Withers on

Carina.—This valve is of the same length as the carinal-

latus and the apices of these two valves, together with that

of the tergum, form the upper extremity of the capitulum.

The valve is narrow, almost linear, nearly flat, about the

width of the carinal plates of the peduncle, and there is a

corresponding valve on the opposing side of the capitulum.

Wyville Thomson has written in his description of S. mac-

adami—“ ... . this valve must be either one of the valves of a

split carina—one of the parietes of a carina in which the

tectum is undeveloped; or we must suppose the carina to

have been composed of two parietes and a separate tectum,

and the tectum to have been lost.”’ In my opinion it is one

of the halves of a split carina in which parietes or intra-

parietes had not been developed, and the valve is of the

same type of structure in S. pulchellum and S. haworthi.

A ridge is invariably formed along the median line in the

carinal valves of ordinary pedunculate cirripedes, and a

modification such as the splitting along this line would not

be unexpected. Such a secondary modification is seen in

the splitting of the dorsal plate in certain species of the

recent Molluscan genus Pholas. While such a modification

of the carina is quite unique among fossil and recent cirri-

pedes, a somewhat similar modification in the scutum is seen

in certain species of the recent genus Pecilasma. The scutum

in that genus, as in the closely allied genus Lepas, has the

umbo situated at the rostral angle, and the growth is entirely

upwards. In Lepas a ridge is formed on the scutum ex-

tending from the umbo to the upper extremity of the valve,

and running near and almost parallel to the occludent

margin. Hssentially in the same position as the ridge in

Lepas, a suture is formed, which can be observed on both

‘surfaces of the valve in one speces of Pecilasma, The

development is carried a step further in other species of that

genus, for in those the scutum is definitely split into two

pieces.

Peduncle.—This is about three times the length of the

capitulum, and in its upper part, just below the line of

junction, it is rather wider than the capitulum. It is com-

posed of ten rows of smooth calcareous scales, five on each

side, forming a most beautiful loricated structure, sharply

pointed at its lower extremity. There are as many as twenty-

seven scales in a row in one of the specimens from Kansas,

but the number naturally depends on the size and age of

the individuals (see immature example depicted on PI. IV.

fig. 1 A). The summit of the peduncle is usually somewhat

obliquely truncated, being lowest at the rostral end ; this is

lo dhad

the Oirripede Genus Stramentum. 75

no doubt due, in some measure, to additional scales being

first formed below the carinal and upper lateral valves (see

under Growth, p. 77), but also to allow sufficient room for

the animal’s body.

Of the five rows of scales the three inner series are com-

posed of nearly equal scales, much elongate transversely, and

are about as wide as the carinal-latus, upper latus, and

scutum, below which valves they are situated, so that the

. lines of junction of the peduncular scales correspond more or

less with those of the capitular plates mentioned. The

scales are closely imbricating, the middle series intersecting

those on either side; and those two series are again in turn

intersected by the outer subcarinal and subscutal scales, which

are in line with the middle series ; the much smaller outer

scales simply meet those on the opposite side of the shell and do

not overlap or intersect them in any way. Consequent on this

arrangement of the peduncular scales, alternate whorls are

formed, one being composed of the large median plates and

the small outer subcarinal and subscutal scales, making in

all six rows ; and above and below whorls are formed of the

two large lateral plates, making four rows. The structure

and relationship to each other of the peduncle-scales, both

of the inner and outer surface, is well shown in the specimens

depicted in fig. 2 of Plates III. & IV.

The Shell when complete—While Darwin erroneously

thought that the shell in this genus had a keeled carina and

rostrum, he was of the opinion that the lateral valves of the

capitulum, as well as the plates of the peduncle, must have

been present on both sides of the shell.

With regard to the lateral capitular valves, excepting the

carina, decisive proof of their paired nature has been given

by Whiteaves, for in the holotype of S. canadensis (1889,

p- 190, pl. xxvi. figs. 4, 4a) the upper lateral series of valves

has been either partially or completely broken away, showing

underneath the inner surface of the scutum, upper latus,

tergum, and carinal latus. In other specimens figured by

Fritsch (1887) and H. Woodward (1908) slight displacement

of the valves has shown the inner surface of an underlying

scutum. It is therefore certain that the whole of the

capitular valves were paired, for, in addition to the lateral

valves, the valves homologous with the carina can be shown

to be paired, not only in S. pulchellum, but in S. haworthi.

The split carina is very clearly shown in the specimen de-

scribed as S. macadami, for fortunately a slight displacement

of the upper plate shows part of the inner surface of the

opposing plate along its entire outer margin: it is a pity that

76 Mr. T. H. Withers on

the specimen arrived too late for illustration in this paper,

for it shows this character more readily than in the specimen

originally figured as S. darwini or in S. haworthi.

As to the peduncular plates, the only evidence so far given

of an opposing series is that the under row of subscutal

plates are to be seen projecting from beneath the upper row

in the figured example of S. pulchedlum (PI. ILI. fig. 2). One

or two of the subcarmal plates can also be seen projecting

from beneath the upper series in the same specimen.

Dr. Woodward had the chalk removed from beneath that

specimen, and did not find any evidence of an opposing

series of the three median rows of peduncle-plates. He

thereupon suggested that they were not developed on the

under side of the peduncle, which was attached to the shell

of the ammonite along the margins of the under row of

subscutal and carinal plates.

When comparing S. eapansum with S. pulchellum (Withers,

1911, p. 29), attention was incidentally drawn to the fact

that certain of the specimens figured by Fritsch and of those

described by Woodward, some had the scutum on the right

hand and others on the left (see also Pls. HI.& 1V.). While

it was probable from this that the whole of the peduncular

plates were developed on both sides of the shell, it was not

conclusive proof, since it might have been quite accidental

which side of the shell was developed uppermost, in thie

same way that certain lobsters have the “crushing chela”

developed on the right side and others on the left.

The case of the cirripede Verruca might also have been

mentioned, for in that genus it seems to be quite a chance

whether the movable scutum and tergum are developed on

the right or left side of the shell.

A detailed examination of one of the specimens described

as S. darwini (Pl. III. fig. 1A), not figured by Dr. H.

Woodward, was rewarded by the discovery that the plates of

the peduncle were actually present on both sides. Some

of the subcarinal and carimo-lateral plates of the peduncle

were broken away near the base of the capitulum, and

although nothing but chalk appeared to be there, removal of

the chalk revealed the presence of the inner surface of the

opposing plates of the subcarinal and carino-lateral series.

Further evidence is afforded by the example of S. haworthi

(Pl. IV. fig. 2), for, although it represents one side of an

almost entire shell showing its inner surface, there are in

many places preserved im situ the peduncular plates of the

other side of the shell, especially the series of the carino-

lateral plates. Taken together these two specimens conclu-

the Cirripede Genus Stramentum., 77

sively prove that the shell of Stramentum was composed of

ten vertical series of plates, five on each side of the shell.

Since there were no keeled plates to the capitulum, and

the subcarinal and subsecutal plates of the peduncle did

not intersect or overlap each other, the shell could be

readily divided along the median line thus formed without

destroying any one plate. This is exemplified by the fact that

ou the two slabs of chalk from Kansas on which about thirty

. individuals are preserved, no less than twenty-eight of them

consist of one side of the shell more or less complete, and

show the inner surface. The other side of these shells was

probably on the counterpart of the slab, or had floated away

after the death of the animal and decomposition of the soft

parts. Iu individual cases one side of the shell might easily

_ be torn away by some animal, as suggested by Darwin.

Growth.—New scales of the peduncle are apparently first

formed round its summit towards its carinal end, for, as

pointed out by Darwin, there is in the holotype of S. pul-

chellum one more scale under the second latus and oue more

under the first latus than under the scutum. In the figured

specimen referred to S. darwint by Dr. Woodward, there

appears to be two more scales in both the series than in that

under the scutum. One very young example of S. haworthi

is here figured (Pl. LV. fig. 1 A), measuring 4°2 mm. in length

and. consisting of twelve plates only to its nearly complete

peduncle.

Attachment.—Darwin was of the opinion that in this genus

the attachment was probably by one lateral face of the lower

part of the peduncle, and was effected either by the overflow

of the cementing material from the two central original

orifices or by cement poured out of orifices situated on one

side of the peduncle. He found no difficulty in the peduncle

ending in so fine a point, for he stated that in Scalpellum

vulgare the peduncle, when carefully dissected from the

coralline to which it is attached, is often found to end in a

much finer pot and to be symmetrically attached to the

branch by its narrow rostral margin.

Dr. H. Woodward (1908, pp. 498 e¢ seq.), however, con-

sidered that the peduncle was attached along the whole

extent of the subscutal and subcarinal scales, and that the

mode of growth of Stramentum was always prone. He

concluded, since Darwin mentioned that S. pulchellum was

found “embedded outside the cast of an ammonite,” that

‘he did not quite realize it was adhering to the shell and

parasitic upon the ammonite, as Coronula balanaris attaches

itself to the skin of the whale, and Chelonibia tesludinariu and

Tak. Mr. T. H. Withers on

C. caretta affix themselves to the surface of the turtle to-

day.”

Although many specimens have been found attached to

ammonites, in no case am I aware that they are attached to

the actual shell, the ammonite being represented by a chalk-

cast. Whatever the mode of attachment, it cannot be said to

be truly comparable to the mode of attachment of Coronula

or Chelonibia. Tomy mind it is more probable that the shell of

Stramentumwas attached only by the extremity of its peduncle,

and was pressed against the side of the ammonite during

fossilization. While the Kansas examples of Stramenium

haworthi on the two slabs in the Geological Department of

the British Museum appear to have been attached to a strap-

like organism, of which only a stain remains, the type was

said by Logan to be attached to a shell of Ostrea congesta

by the extremity of its peduncle. Dr. H. Woodward appears

to have doubted this, but there is a photograph of the type

exhibited with the above-mentioned slabs in the British

Museum, and this conclusively shows that that specimen, at

any rate, was so attached.

Comparison with other Genera and Phylogenetic Position.

The structure of Stramentum as now revealed by the new

material certainly shows it to be more anomalous than was

thought. So far as our knowledge goes, it differs from all

other cirripedes, both recent and fossil, in that all the valves

of the capitulum are paired, and that the outermost or sub-

carinal and subscutal rows of peduncular plates do not

overlap or intersect each other. The shell could therefore

readily be divided along the sutures formed along the

carinal and scutal margins. It further differs from all

recent cirripedes in the marked disparity in size of the

lateral plates of the peduncle as compared with those of the

subscutal and subcarinal series. ‘There appears to be a

similar disposition of the peduncular plates in the Cretaceous

genera Sguama(Senonian) and Loriculina (Senonian). How

far these genera are related it is difficult to say, for we

know so little of their precise structure. Further investiga-

tion may prove Loriculina to be congeneric with Stramentum,

for the presence of a comparatively large rostrum in the

figure of the genotype may not be substantiated. Squama,

which is so far confined to the Kansas chalk and occurs at a

slightly lower horizon than Stramentum haworthi, is known

only from the inadequate figures and descriptions of Logan.

When the precise structure of the genus is known it will

the Cirripede Genus Stramentum. 79

probably be found to be quite as interesting as Stramentum.

In addition to the valves known in the capitulum of Stra-

mentum, Squama is said to possess a rostrum, subrostrum,

and subcarina, but whether these latter valves are keeled

or whether they have the same structure as the carina in

Stramentum is not known.

Stramentum is known in the Cenomanian only by one

specimen from Syria, but is comparatively common in the

Turonian of Europe. It Jingers on to the Senonian in

Europe, but is exceedingly rare, while in the Senonian

Kansas Chalk of America it is common. We have, there-

fore, to look in the earlier Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic

rocks for the ancestors of Stramentum. By some authors

Stramentum is considered to be a derivative from the Ju-

rassic genus Archeéolepas, but it must not be overlooked that

that genus is not entirely confined to the Jurassic, since one

or two species range into the Lower Cretaceous.

Archeolepas has a capitulum of six plates only, consisting

of paired scuta, paired terga, and a carina and rostrum of

the type seen in the Scalpellide (Scillelepas), although

the carina is much reduced in size. The earliest form,

namely, the genotype Archeolepas redtenbacheri, is known

to me only by figures, which would appear to be unreliable,

since they differ in the number of vertical rows of pedun-

cular plates. Zittel’s figure is probably more correct

and shows five rows, and the disposition of the plates

resembles that of Stramentum more than any other form

of cirripede. There is a close resemblance in the shell

of Archeolepas (A. redtenbacheri) to that of Stramentum,

and a further point in common is the reduced carina. The

general structure of the shell of that early form of Archeo-

lepas also points to the probability that, as in Stramentum,

the greater part of the animal’s body was lodged in the

peduncle. In this connexion it is interesting that a much

more definite peduncle is developed in the Portlandian

species Pollicipes royeri, which is undoubtedly an Archeo-

lepas; and in the Cretaceous (Neocomian) Archeolepas

decora, the peduncle is well defined and almost twice as

long as the capitulum. There appears, therefore, to be

some relation in drcheolepas between the geological age of

the form and the degree of differentiation of the peduncle

from the capitulum.

It might well be that Archeolepas and Stramentum were

originally derived from the same stock, but the two forms

were certainly well differentiated in the Cretaceous. _Archeo-

lepas evidently developed into a form with a well-defined

peduncle, and there is no doubt that it represents one of the

80 Mr. T. H. Withers on

ancestors of the Scalpellide. Stramentum, on the other

hand, constitutes a highly specialized and aberrant form.

Instead of developing a definite peduncle, it specialized in

the disposition and arrangement of its plates to form a

completely armoured shell. When attached to its object,

usually an ammouite, the cirri would not have nearly so

much sweep and freedom of movement as in a peduncu-

late form. The subsequent splitting of the carina, and the

non-intersection or overlap of the plates along the outer

margins of the shell, was no doubt evolved to obtain that

freedom of movement, and this specialization, while giving a

temporary advantage, probably led to its extinction under

changing conditions; and the fact that the two sides of the

shell were so easily parted would render it especially vulner-

able to its enemies.

Prof. Gruvel (1905), who has been followed by later

authors, has a different conception of the phylogenetic

position of Stramentum (= Loricula). He considers that the

first remains of cirripedes are represented by the fossils

Turrilepas, H. Woodward, and Plumulites, Barrande, and that

those fossils constitute the complete imbricated covering of

a primitive cirripede. The animal may be said to have been

enclosed in a scaly cylinder, which afforded protection to

the appendages and soft parts. He considered that later the

upper row of plates were more specially developed to form

the capitulum and that the remaining rows remained

undifferentiated and served to form the peduncle. Loricula

is supposed to represent this second stage, and Prof. Gruvel

has given some very convincing figures, which have been

reproduced in the text-books, as to the structural relation-

ship of those two forms. He does not refer at all to Archeo-

lepas or any other Jurassic cirripede.

Apart from the fact that Turrilepas may not be a cirripede,

it is quite clear that Prof. Gruvel has misunderstood the

structure of the example of 7. wrightianus figured by

Dr. H. Woodward, and on which he based his figure. Instead

of Turrilepas having a laterally flattened shell with five rows.

of plates on either side as given in Gruvel’s figure (see

text-fiz. la, 6), the shell is subtriangular in transverse

section (see text-fig. 1a’) and there are four rows of plates

only. In fact, the real structure of the two forms is so

fundamentally different that it is difficult to imagine that

there can be any relationship between them.

While it is difficult therefore to see how Turrilepas could

give rise to a form like Loricula (text-fig. 2), there is little

doubt that certain of the stalked cirripedes were evolved

the Cirripede Genus Stramentum. 81

from other cirripedes in which the capitulum and peduncle

were not well defined. This is borne out not only by the

postlarval development of certain recent pedunculate cirri-

pedes, but by the forms of Archeolepas. Such a modification

was no doubt independently developed ‘in other lines of

CL. eee ol:

Fig. 1.— Turrilepas wr ightianus, H. Woodward. a, shell viewed from

back and left side. a’, transverse section of shell: m, median

plates ; 7, lateral plates. 6, portion of shell enlarged. | (Figs. a,

6, after Gruvel ; a’, after Withers.)

Fig. 2. —Stramentum pulchellum, G. B. Sowerby, Jun., sp., showing mode

of imbrication of peduncular scales. (After Gruvel.) C., carinal

scales; C.L., carino-lateral scales; L., lateral scales ; dial

e rostro-lateral scales; R., rostral scales.

descent. Having arrived at the pedunculated stage, several

forms have independently reduced the peduncle and even-

tually assumed the sessile condition. This has been shown

in the case of the Verrucide, and there can be no doubt that

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 6

82 | Mr. T. H. Withers on

the Balanidez have reached the sessile condition by another

route.

In conclusion, I wish to thank Dr. F. A. Bather, Dr. W.

T. Calman, and Prof. Grenville A. J. Cole for assistance in

connection with this paper.

LITERATURE.

Dames, W. 1878. “Ueber eine neue Art der Cirripeden-Gattung

Lorwula aus den Kreide-ablagerungen des Libanon.” Sitz. Gesell.

naturf, Freunde, Berlin, pp. 70-74.

—. 1885. “Ueber Loriculina noetlingi, nov. spec., von Sahel Alma

vom Libanon.” Sitz. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin, No. 8,

pp. 151-155.

Darwin, C. 1851. ‘A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadide, or, Pedun-

culated Cirripedes of Great Britain.’ Paleontographical Society,

London, pp. vi, 88, with 5 pls.

—. 1854. ‘A Monograph on the Subclass Cirripedia, the Balanide,

Synopsis et Index Systematicus.’ Ray Soc., London, pp. 684,

with 30 pls.

Fritscu, A. 1877. “Studien im Gebiete der Bohmischen Kreide-

formation.—II. Die Weissenberger und Malnitzer Schichten.”

Arch. naturw. Landesd. Bohmen, Prague, iv. 151 pp.

—. 1889. “Studien im Gebiete der Béhmischen Kreideforma-

tion.—IV. Die Teplitzer Schichten.” Arch. naturw. Landesd,

Bohmen, Prague, vii. 120 pp.

Fritscnu, A. J., and Karka, J. 1887. ‘Die Crustaceen der Boh-

mischen Kreideformation, Prag, 4to; pp. 53, 10 pls. col.,

text-illust.

GruveEL, A. 1905. ‘Monographie des Cirripédes ou Thécostraces.’

Pp. xii [iv], 472, text-illust. 8vo. Paris, [1904].

JoLtEAuD, A. 1918. ‘“Séries longitudinales et séries transversales de

plaques dans les Cirrhipédes primitifs et dans les Cirrhipédes

pédonculés. Simplification de la nomenclature. L’évolution dans

le genre Loricula.” Paris C. R. Soe. Biol., Tom. lxxiv. pp. 58-60,

—. 19138. “Le capitule dans le genre Pollicipes. Aflinités de

Pollicipes avec Archeolepas et de Mitella avec Loricula.” Paris

C. R. Soc. Biol., Tom, lxxiv. pp. 420-422.

——. 1916. “Kssai sur l’évolution générale et la classification des

Cirripédes primitifs et pédonculés pourvus de plaques calcaires.”

Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Marseille, Tom. xv. Mem. No. 5, pp. 55,

pls. 5-8, text-figs. ‘

Karka, J. 1886. “ Prispevek ku poznani cirripedu ceského atvaru

kridového.” Sitz. Ber. k. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. Prag (1885),

pp. 554-81, pls. iii.

Logan, W. N. 1897. “Some new Cirriped Crustaceans from the

Niobrara Cretaceous of Kansas.” Kansas Univ. Quarterly, vi.

pp- 187-189.

——. 1898. ‘The Invertebrates of the Benton, Niobrara, and Ft. Pierre

Cretaceous.—Pt. VIII.” Univ. Geol. Sury. Kansas, iv., Paleeonto-

logy, pt. i. pp. 483-518, pls. Ixxxvi.—cxx.

MacApam, J. 1858. “On a new fossil Cirripede [with Description of

the Fossil, by Prof. Wyville Thomson].” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

ser. 3, vol. i. pp. 821-325, text-fig.

the Cirripede Genus Stramentum, 83

Morris, J. 1854, ‘A Catalogue of British Fossils .., with references

to their Geological Distribution and to the Localities in which

they have been found.’ 8vo. London, 2nd ed. etc., pp. viii, 372.

Piuspry, H. A. 1916, “The Sessile Barnacles (Cirripedia) contained

in the Collections of the U.S. National Museum; including a

Monograph of the American Species.” Bulletin 93, United States

National Museum, pp. xii, 366, 76 pls., 99 text-figs,

SALTER, J. W., and Woopwarp, H. 1865. ‘A Descriptive Catalogue

of all the Genera and Species contained in the accompanying

Chart of Fossil Crustacea, showing the Range in Time of the

several Orders, with some recent types.’ London, 4to; pp. ii, 28,

with pl.

Sowersy, G. B., Jun, 1843. “ Description of a new Fossil Cirripede

from the Upper Chalk near Rochester.” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

(1) xii. pp. 260-1, figs. 1, 2.

Tuomson, Prof. WyviIL_e (1858), see MacApam, J. (1858).

Wairravss, J. F, 1889, “On some Cretaceous Fossils from British

Columbia, the North-West Territory and Manitoba.” Contrib,

Canadian Paleontology, i. pt. ii. pp. 151-196, pls. xx.-xxvi.

Wituiston, 8S. W. 1897. “The Kansas Niobrara Cretaceous,” Univ.

Geol. Surv. Kansas, ii. pp. 237-246, pl. xxxvi.

Wirners, T. H. 1911. “Some Cirripedes from the Chalk of Salisbury,

Wilts.” Geol. Mag. dec. v. vol. vill. pp. 21-31, text-figs. 1-3.

Woopwarp, H. 1877. ‘British Museum Catalogue of British Fossil

Crustacea, with their Synonyms and the Range in Time ot each

Genus and Order.’ London, 8vo; pp. xii, 155,

—. 1908. ‘On a large Cirripede belonging to the Genus Loricwla,

from the Middle Chalk (Turonian), Cuxton, near Rochester,

Kent.” Geol. Mag. dec. y. vol. v. pp. 491-499, text-tigs. 1, 2.

—. 1908. “Additional Note on Lorieula.”” Geol. Mag. dec. v.

vol. v. p. 564.

ZitTEL, K. A. von. 1884. “ Bemerkungen iiber einige fossile Lepaditen

aus dem lithographischen Schiefer und der oberen Kreide.” Sitz.

k,-bayr. Akad, Munich, xiy. Ift. iv. pp. 577-689, text-tigs. 1-5,

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,

PLATE LIL.

Stramentum pulchelium, G. B. Sowerby, Jun., sp. Turonian (Rhynchonella

cuviert-zone) : Cuxton, near Rochester, Went.

‘ig. 1. Remains of two individuals with the outer surface of the right

side of the shell uppermost. A, represents an incomplete sheil

showing the greater part of a peduncle with the riyht scutum (s)

of the capituium in position, underneath which can just be seen

the edge of the deft scutum (s'). The remaining capitular plates

of the right side, as well as many of the subcarinal and carino-

lateral scales of the upper part of the peduncle have been broken

away, thus leaving exposed the inner surface of the left tergunr

('), deft carinal-latus (cl'), and about eight of the left carino-

lateral scales (cls'). B, represents part of the right side of a

peduncle, at the base of which can be seen the inner surface of

several scales of the deft side of the shell. Circa x 2 diam,

Fig. 2, An almost complete shell showing the outer surface of the left

side. All the capitular plates—carina, carinal-latus, tergum,

2 ie

Mr. R. E. Turner on

upper latus, and scutwm are present, and the inner surface of the

right scutum (s) and that of many of the subscutal scales of

the peduncle can av seen projecting from beneath the opposing

series. Circa X 2 diam.

(Figs. 1 and 2 represent the three syntypes of Zoricula

darwint, H. Woodward, all three shells being muck flattened

transversely.)

Fig. 3. A shell (the holotype of Z. pulchella, G. B. Sowerby, Jun.) with

the outer surface of the deft side uppermost, and showing

the scutum (s’), upper latus (w’), and carinal-latus (c/’), the

carina and tergum being absent from the capitulum. This shell

has a much greater transverse convexity than those represented

by figs. 1 and 2. Circa x 3 diam.

PLATE IV.

Stramentum haworthi, 8. W. Williston, sp. Senonian

(Niobrara series): Kansas, U.S.A.

Fig. 1. Remains of two immature individuals. A, the right side of a

shell with the inner surface uppermost, the carina only missing

of the capitular valves, and the scutum (s) shows the adductor

muscle-pit ; the peduncle has only twelve scales. B, the lower

part of a peduncle with its inner surface exposed. C, capitular

valves probably belonging to B, and consisting of the linear

carina (c), the right carinal- latus (el), left upper latus showing

inner surface, and paired scuta (s), the deft seutwm being broken

and exposing ‘the right scutum beneath. Circa X 6 diam.

Fig. 2. A fine example of a shell lying on its right side, and owing to

the displacement of the capitular valves both the left and right

vaives can be seen, the right scutum (s) showing the adductor

muscle-pit ; the peduncle in the main shows the inner surface

of the three median series of scales of the r ight side of the shell,

except that the whole of the left carimo-lateral scales (cls’)

are present. Circa x 4'5 diam. :

Fig. 3. A shell with the right side uppermost and showing the whole of

the capitular valves, the carina (c) being somewhat incomplete.

Cirea X 4°5 diam.

VII.—On Indo-Chinese Hymenoptera collected by R. Vitalis .

de Salvaza—lV. By Rowxanp HK. Turner, F.Z.8.,

F.E.S.

Superfamily TENTHREDINOIDEA,

Family Tenthredinide.

Subfamily Czuzrermz.

Clavellaria (Euclavellaria) marginata, sp. n.

Q. Fusco-nigra ; capite thoraceque obscure nigro-chalceis ; pro-

podeo nigro-zneo, apice anguste ochraceo-fasciato; tergitis

nigris, opacis, apice anguste ochraceo- fasciatis, sternito apicali

Indo- Chinese Hymenoptera. 85

ochraceo ; :clypeo labroque luteis; genis, mandibulis, apice ex-

cepto, antennis articulis quatuor basalibus, seutello, tibiis tarsis-

que fusco-ferrugineis ; pronoto margine postico tegulisque ochra-

ceis; alis subhyalinis, anticis basi et dimidio costali fortiter

infuscatis, venis fuscis.

Long. 15 mm.

?. Clypeus broad and transverse at the apex, not emar-

ginate; labrum large, very broadly rounded at the apex,

Antennee longer than the thorax, the third joint about three

times as long as the fourth; fifth as long as the fourth,

gradually thickened from the base, and very distinetly sepa-

rated from the club; sixth joint nearly as broad at the apex

_as long, not fused into the club; the joints beyond the sixth

fused together, about twice as long as broad. Front and

vertex closely and finely punctured-rugose ; clypeus finely

punctured and sparsely clothed with short black hairs; vertical

area longer than broad, the lateral grooves only distinct poste-

viorly, Thorax finely and closely punctured-rugulose ; scu-

tellum moderately convex, with a distinct but shallow median

groove. Propodeum sparsely punctured, with a strongly

raised longitudinal carina which is almost tuberculate at the

base. Abdominal tergites opaque, very finely and closely

punctured. ‘Third transverse cubital nervure straight, the

second oblique.

Hab, Chapa, Tonkin, May 25, 1916.

This seems nearer to the Kast Siberian species C. gractlenta,

Moes., and to the Formosan C. formosana, Hnsl., than to the

two species already described from Tonkin, but is very

differently coloured. ‘The club of the antenne is much more

slender than in the Huropean C. amerine, corresponding in

this character with the other Oriental species,

Abia vitalisi, sp. n.

@. Purpurea; mandibulis, palpis, antennis tarsisque nigris ;

valvulis flavis ; alis flavis, anticis cellula cubitali apicali infus-

cata ; venis testaceis, apice fuscis.

Long. 14 mm.

Q. Robust, the whole insect with short black hairs.

Front and clypeus closely and finely punctured, vertex much

more sparsely punctured, cheeks smooth and shining. Clypeus

very feebly emarginate at the apex, almost transverse. Hyes

strongly divergent towards the clypeus. Antenne seven-

jointed, third joint slender, a little thickened towards the apex,

twice as long as the fourth ; fourth and fifth joints subequal

86 Mr. R. E. Turner on

in length, broadened from the base, the fifth about half as

broad again at the apex as the fourth, the sixth joint shorter

hy one-third and half as broad again at the apex as the fifth,

seventh joint very stout, nearly as long as the sixth. Vertex

with a deep, broad, longitudinal depression reaching to the

ocellar region; eyes separated on the vertex by a distance

equal to about two-thirds of the length of the third joint

of the flagellum. Mesonotum closely and finely punctured ;

mesopleurse convex, rather more sparsely punctured; scu-

tellum obliquely sloped anteriorly, closely punctured. Ab-

domen robust, very closely punctured, the three basal seg-

ments with a shallow longitudinal impressed line in the

middle; all the segments strongly depressed at the base.

Tarsal ungues shallowly bifid at the apex.

Hab, Xieng Khouang, March 18. Described from three

females.

The fuscous cloud at the apex of the fore wing is very

variable in extent, and in one specimen is wholly absent.

The species bears a strong superficial resemblance to the

Chinese species Athermantus imperialis, Sm., which belongs

to the Argine.

Subfamily Arermz.

Pampsilota euterpe, sp. n.

2. Nigro-purpurea; antennis nigris; abdomine ochraceo, pro-

podeo tergitisque secundo tertioque transverse nigro maculatis ;

sternito apicali extremo apice nigro; alis fusco-violaceis, apice

dilutioribus ; venis nigris.

Long. 12 mm.

?. Clypeus shallowly emarginate at the apex, minutely

punctured and sparsely clothed with black hairs; frontal

sulcus deep and broad, with strong lateral carine. Antennee

a little longer than the thorax, clothed with very short black

hairs, the third joint thickened to the apex, below with two

longitudinal caring, above rounded and without distinct

earine. Vertical area very short and broad, not distinctly

defined laterally. Head and thorax shining, almost smooth,

the punctures microscopic; the dorsal surface of the thorax

clothed with extremely short black hairs; the thorax much

broader than the very smal] head. Abdomen broad, smooth,

the vagina short and stout. Wings ample; the third

abscissa of the radius about equal to the first and second

combined ; third transverse: cubital nervure rather feebly

Indo- Chinese Hymenoptera. 87

curved outwards above the middle ; second recurrent nervure

interstitial with the second transverse cubital nervure.

Hab. Chapra, Tonkin, May 7-21, 1916.

Differs from the other Oriental species of the genus in the

colour of thorax. The black marks on the basal tergites are

not constant,

Subfamily Vewrurepryry 2.

Tribe SELANDRIADES.

Selandria ceruleiceps, Cam.

Selandria ceruleiceps, Cam, Mem. Manchester Lit. & Phil. Soc. xliii.

p. 45 (1899). 9.

Four males from Hanoi, taken in April, differ from the

description of the females in having the legs entirely whitish,

the base of the cox only black, and the tarsi infuscate

at the apex. It is possible that these represent a distinct

species, but as the difference may only be sexual, I do not

think it would be justifiable to treat them as distinct. The

costa is thickened before the stigma, so I follow Cameron in

placing the species in Selandria, and not transferring it to

Stromboceros, as is done by Konow,

Tuxonus varicolor, sp. n.

Q. Nigra; antennis articulis 5 apicalibus, quinto basi infuscato,

labro, pronoto, scutello, postscutello maculis tribus parvis, macn-

laque parva sub alis albis; propodeo, segmentis abdominalibus

duobus basalibus pedibusque rufo-testaceis ; tibiis posticis apice

extremo, metatarsisque posticis, apice excepto, nigris; tarsis

posticis, basi nigris, luteis; alis hyalinis, venis nigris, stigmate

basi luteo-maculato ; alis posticis cellulis medianis clausis nullis.

Long. 9 mm.

?. Clypeus broadly truncate at the apex; head closely

and strongly punctured, not narrowed behind the eyes;

vertical area broader than long posteriorly, narrowed ante-

riorly, a smooth shining space on each side of the area. An-

tenne shorter than the abdomen, slender, third joint scarcely

longer than the fourth, more than half as long again as the

fifth, which is as long as the three apical joints combined.

Mesothorax ratlier closely punctured; scutellum flattened,

shining, and very sparsely punctured. Hind coxe broad and

long, closely punctured, the hind femora reaching to the

apex of the abdomen ; hind metatarsus stout, as long as the

four apical tarsal joints combined. Second recurrent nervure

88 . Mr. R. E. Turner on, -

received just beyond the second transverse cubital nervure ;

the transverse nervure of the humeral cell very long and

strongly oblique.

' Hab. Hué, Annam, February 1915; 1 9.

This belongs to the section of the genus in which the cubi-

tellan and discoidellan cells are not closed, the intercubitella

and recurrentella being absent. The truncate clypeus and

the lengthened hind coxee are unusual in the genus. In the

former character it resembles 7. rufobalteatus, Cam., described

as a Stobla, which seems to be its nearest relation.

Beleses atrofemoratus, sp. n.

@. Testacea; antennis articulis 2-4, mandibulis apice, femoribus

posticis, tibiis posticis apice, tarsis posticis, maculaque inter

ocellos nigris; tergitis 5-7 in medio infuscatis; alis flavo-

hyalinis, tertio apicali leviter infuscatis, stigmate basi flavo, apice

nigro.

Long. 10 mm.

9. Mandibles broad, bidentate ; clypeus short, minutely

punctured, very feebly emarginate at the apex, almost trans-

verse. Head closely and rather strongly punctured, not

narrowed behind the eyes ; vertical area a little broader than

long, the lateral grooves well defined. Antenne tapering to

the apex, densely clothed with short hairs, the third and

fourth joints subequal. Pubescence of the head and thorax

blackish.. Thorax sparsely and finely punctured, much more

closely and coarsely on the mesopleurze than on the dorsal

surface. Abdomen smooth and shining. Hind metatarsus

distinctly less than twice as long as the four apical joints of

the hind tarsus combined, the fourth joint asymmetrical,

scarcely half as long as the third ; tarsal ungues bifid. Hind

wing with a closed median cell, but without a closed cubital

cell. The basal nervure of the fore wing reaches the costa at

the point of origin of the cubitus.

Hab, Chapa, Tonkin, June; Thatom, Laos, September

1915. |

Easily distinguished from B. stigmaticalis, Cam., and

B. fulvus, Cam., by the black hind femora.

Tribe TENTHREDINES.

Siobla maxima, sp. n.

@. Fulva; celypeo labroque flavis; mandibulis apice, mesonoto

lateribus maculaque magna triangulari antice, mesosterno, pro-

podeoque in medio nigris; tergitis apicalibus in medio spe in-

Indo- Chinese Hymenoptera. 89

fuscatis ; alis flavo-hyalinis, anticis apice leviter infuscatis, venis

nigris,

Long. 17 mm.

9. Clypeus finely punctured, transverse at the apex,

labrum broadly rounded and sparsely covered with pale hairs.

Head punctured-rugose, a little swollen behind the eyes ;

vertical area broader than long, the lateral furrows distinct.

Eyes very distinctly convergent towards the clypeus. An-

tenne nine-jointed ; fourth and. fifth joints subequal, com-

bined about equal in length to the third. Thorax rather

closely punctured ; scutellum strongly convex, obliquely

sloped from the base, rather abruptly truncate posteriorly,

Propodenm with a longitudinal carina in the middle at the

base; the basal tergites smooth, the fourth and two following

tergites rather closely punctured on the sides. Hind coxee

rather long; hind femora stout, scarcely reaching to the apex

of the abdomen ; joints of the hind tarsi distinctly arcuate

beneath, the hind metatarsus about equal in length to the

four apical tarsal joints combined ; tarsal ungues strongly

bifid. Humeral cell divided far beyond the middle by a

strongly oblique nervure ; basal nervure half as far from the

base of the cubitus as that is from the base of the radius.

Hab, Chapa, Tonkin, May and June 1916.

This.is congeneric with Siobla mooreana, Cam., the type

of Stobla, which belongs to the Tenthredinine, and is allied

to Macrophya, though well distinguished by the oblique

dividing nervure of the humeral cell. The genus is identical

with Encarsioneura, Konow, which must sink.

Colochelyna fulva, sp. n.

@. Fulvo-ochracea ; flagello, articulis primo toto secundoque basi

exceptis, tibiisque tarsisque posticis nigris; mandibulis flavis,

apice nigris ; clypeo, labro, propodeo, tibiisque tarsisque anticis

intermediisque flavis; alis flavis, venis fulvis,

Long. 17 mm.

@?. Head narrower than the thorax; clypeus broadly

truncate at the apex; eyes converging moderately towards

the clypeus, very narrowly separated from the base of the

mandibles ; third joint of the antenne nearly as long as the

three following joints combined, the joints beyond the fourth

eradually decreasing in length; vertical area half as broad

again as long. Head and thorax closely punctured and

clothed with very short golden hairs; the vertical area

divided by a low longitudinal carina ; scutellum strongly

90 Mr. R. E. Turner on

convex, subconical; propodeum smooth and shining, with a

median longitudinal carina; abdomen very closely and

minutely punctured ; mesopleurze swollen below, but not

tuberculate ; vagina strongly exserted. Humeral cell of the

fore wing divided beyond the middle by an almost perpen-

dicular feebly curved nervure. Third abscissa of the radius

twice as long as the second.

Hab. Chapa, Tonkin, May 27,1916; 1 9°.

This is nearly allied to C. magrettii, Konow, which occurs

in the same locality, but differs in the much paler colouring

of the thorax and abdomen ; in the longitudinal carina of the

propodeum, which almost reaches the apex, but in magrettiz

is only represented by a tubercle at the base; in the less

strongly swollen mesopleur, and in the black antenne and

hind tibie and tarsi.

Tenthredella vitalisi, sp. n.

©. Ochracea; mandibulis apice, antennis, tibiisque tarsisque

posticis nigris; mandibulis, clypeo labroque flavis; alis flavis,

apice late fuscis; scutello mesopleurisque infra tuberculatis,

od. Femine similis.

Long., 9 15 mm., ¢ 14 mm.

g, narrowly rounded

at the apex and sparsely punctured. Eyes converging

toward the clypeus ; antenne clothed with very short black

hairs, the third joint about one-quarter longer than the

fourth; frontal sulcus with strongly raised lateral carine

which are raised into rounded tubercles above the base of the

antenne, and extend posteriorly. to the hind ocelli ; vertical

area broader posteriorly than long, but as long as the ante-

rior breadth, finely and closely punctured and divided by a

very shallow longitudinal groove. ‘Thorax finely and closely

punctured; scutellum raised into a conical tubercle; the

mesopleuree produced into a large blunt tubercle below, very

distinctly carinate behind the tubercle; mesosternum with

an acute tubercle on each side before the intermediate coxe.

The fuscous border of the fore wing reaches te the apex of

the stigma.

Hab. Chapa, Tonkin, May 27, 1916; 1 2. Tong King,

Haut Mékong, April 13, 1918; 1 @.

This belongs to the group of 7. zanthoptera, Cam., and

may he distinguished from other species of the group by the

wholly black autennee and the wholly ochraceous abdomen.

?. Clypeus emarginate ; labrum long

Indo- Chinese Hymenoptera. IL

Superfamily ICHNEUMONOIDEA.

Family Braconide.

Subfamily Bracoyryz.

Medinoschiza laosensis, sp. n.

@. Nigra; capite, thorace, pedibus anticis intermediisque, tibiisque

tarsisque posticis testaceis; antennis, mandibulis apice, meso-

notoque antice lateribusque nigris; alis flavis, apice leviter

infumatis, macula magna ante stigmatis basin fusca.

Long. 14 mm., terebre long. 13 mm.; antennarum, long. 11 mm.,

65-articulatis.

9. Head large, cubical; eyes oval, temples as broad as

the eyes ; cheeks long, more than half as long as the eyes,

slightly concave. Face sparsely and rather finely punetured,

sparsely clothed with long brown hairs; vertex and front

smooth and shining, the front between the anterior ocellus

and the base of the antenne rather deeply excavated, the

concave area not reaching the eyes. ‘Thorax smooth and

shining ; notauli narrow but distinct ; scutellum not separated

by a groove from the mesonotum. Median segment shining ;

with a few small scattered punctures, each bearing a black

hair; the sides of the segment and the hind coxe more

closely punctured. First tergite about half as long again

as broad, the marginal lateral carine very strong, the longi-

tudinal lateral grooves transversely rugulose; the raised

median portion with two longitudinal caring, the space

between them smooth and shining, the space between them

and the lateral grooves longitudinally rugulose. Second

tergite broadened from tle base, twice as broad at the apex

as long, irregularly obliquely striated ; with a large, smooth,

and shining diamond-shaped basal area, from the apex of

which a carina runs to the apex of the segment; second

suture strongly crenulate; tergites 3-5 smooth and shining,

the basal angles of the third with an area separated from the

rest of the tergite by a shallow groove. The apical tergites

testaceous brown, microscopically punctured, and sparsely

clothed with fulvous hairs. Hypopygium pointed, projecting

beyond the apical tergite ; valvule clothed with very short

hairs. Legs densely clothed with short hairs; hind meta-

tarsus as long as the three following joints combined ; calearia

short, about one-quarter of the length of the hind metatarsus.

Radius originating at one-third from the base of the stigma ;

second abscissa of the radius very long, longer than the

third ; recurrent nervure interstitial, nervulus very slightly

99 Mr. R. E. Turner on

postfurcal. The fuscous spot on the fore wing occupies the

base of the first cubital cell and the upper basal portion of the

first discoidal cell.

Hab. Xieng Khouang, Laos, May 13, 1919.

Closely related to the type of this genus, MW. eratocephala,

Cam., from the Solomons, though very different in colour.

The form of the head and the distinctly postfurcal nervulus

seem to be the chief characters dividing the genus from

Ipobracon, to which it is very close.

Medinoschiza eacerpta, sp. n

?. Very similar to IZ. laosensis, but is less robust; the

wings are without a fuscous mark; the hind legs and the

apical tergites wholly black; the third tergite coarsely rugose

on the sides, and the sculpture on the two basal tergites

closer.

Long. 11 mm. ; terebree, long. 11 mm.

Hab. Tonkin, May 1917.

I think the colour-differences, combined with the differences

in the sculpture of the abdomen, are sufficient to separate this

from /aosensis; but the range of variation in the family is

still little understood.

Chaoilta intrudens, Sm., subsp. nigriscapis, nov.

?. Differs from the typical form from Celebes in having

the scape entirely black.

Hab. Muong You, Luang Prabang, May 25, 1919; 1 9.

Not recorded from any intermediate locality.

Subfamily Hxorzxcrvz.

Spinaria attenuata, Westw.

Spinaria attenuata, Westw. Tijdschr. f. Entom. xxv. p. 80 (1882). 9°.

Subsp. flavostigma, nov.

?. Differs from the typical form from Borneo in having

the stigma entirely clear yellow, and a large yellow patch

below the stigma occupying the whole of the first cubital cell

excepting the extreme base.

Hab, Luang Prabang, September 15, 1917.

Subfamily Raocaprvz.

Megarhogas indochinensis, sp. n.

2. Testacea; pedibus anticis intermediisque palpisque pallide

Indo- Chinese Hymenoptera. Te

flavo-testaceis ; alis hyalinis, anticis in medio hic illic fusco

leviter suffusis, venis flavo-testaceis ; stigmate magno, dimidio

basali piceo, dimidio apicali pallide flavo.

Long. 12 mm.; antennarum long. 16 mm.

9. Eyes large and prominent, widely emarginate in the

middle of the inner orbits; ocelli large, narrowly separated

from: each other ; vertex short, narrowed rapidly behind the

eyes, the occipital carina feebly arched. Vertex smooth and

shining, face closely and rather finely punctured, raised

along the median line, cheeks very short ; antenne very long

and slender, about 83-jointed; maxillary palpi very long and

slender. Notauli deep, minutely crenulate, the mesonotum

finely and closely punctured, mesopleure rather sparsely

punctured. Median segment with a distinct median carina

and several lower transverse caring on each side, an irregular

undulating carina on the lateral margin of the dorsal surface ;

the sides of the segment finely rugulose, with short strong

striee above. Abdomen finely longitudinally rugulose on the

dorsal surface, subpetiolate, the two basal tergites with a

strong median longitudinal carina ; first tergite broadened.

from the base, three times as long as its apical breadth, the

spiracles situated at about two-fifths from the base, the apical

angles produced into a very distinct tubercle on each side ;

second tergite about twice as long as its apical breadth, about

three-quarters of the length of the first segment, second suture

strongly crenulate ; third tergite as broad at the apex as long,

very little more than half as long as the second; fourth and

fifth tergites the broadest ; terebra very short. Hind calearia

short and curved, shorter than the fourth joint of the hind

tarsi. Radius in hind wing strongly upeurved in the middle ;

first transverse cubital nervure meeting the cubitus at right

angles; second abscissa of the radius long, strongly swollen

at the base, and distinctly curved on the basal third.

Hab. Muong You, Luang Prabang, November 13; 1 9.

Very nearly related to Md. mindanaensis, Baker, but seems

to be paler in colour, the first tergite seems to be somewhat

more slender, there is no median carina on the third tergite in

the present species, and the hind calcaria seem to be some-

what shorter. Troporhogas, Cam. (1905), must, I think, sink

as a synonym of this genus.

Subfamily Macrocenrrina.

Macrocentrus tricoloratus, sp. n.

9. Nigra; mandibulis, apice excepto, palpis, clypeo, orbitis, pro-

94 Mr. R. I. Turner on

thorace, tegulis, mesopleuris postice, segmento mediano lateribus,

sternitis tribus basalibus, pedibus anticis intermediisque tarsisque

posticis pallide flavis; antennis articulis octavo sequentibusque

pallide testaceis ; tergitis duobus basalibus, tertio dimidio basali,

terebra, pedibusque posticis ferrugineis; alis hyalinis, irides-

centibus, venis nigris, stigmate dimidio basali sordide flavo.

Long. 9 mm.; terebre long. 10 mm.

?. Antenne more than 45-jointed, the extremity broken,

third joint long, at least as long as the third joint of the

maxillary palpi, more than half as long again as the scape.

Face broad, finely punctured ; eyes parallel; posterior ocelli

separated from the eyes by a distance distinctly greater than

their diameter. Mesonotum smooth and shining ; notauli

deep and crenulate ; the depressed portion of the mesonotum

behind the median lobe irregularly transversely striated.

Scutellum sparsely punctured; median segment rugose-

reticulate ; pleurze shining, sparsely punctured. Abdomen

slender, longer than the head, thorax, and median segment

combined, inserted higher than the hind coxe ; the three

basal tergites very finely and closely longitudinally striated ;

the third at the apex and the following segments very dis-

tinctly and rather closely punctured, and sparsely clothed

with short grey hairs ; first tergite about half as long again

as the second, very little broader at the apex than at the base ;

second tergite twice as long as broad ; third longer than

broad ; fourth: broader than long. Valvule clothed sparsely

with short black hairs. Second abscissa of the radius twice

as long as the first ; second transverse cubital nervure scarcely

more than half as long as the first abscissa of the radius.

Nervulus slightly postfurcal.

Hab. Xieng Khouang, Laos, April 19, 1919.

Superfamily VESPOIDEA.

Family Psammocharide.

Cryptochilus auranticornis, sp. n.

2. Nigra; nigro-pilosa; antennis aurantiacis; tibiis tarsisque

brunneo-ferrugineis ; mandibulis in medio, clypeo macula basali,

orbitisque fusco-ferrugineis ; alis flavis, basi ad nervulam basalem

infuscatis, apice extremo leviter infuscatis; venis fulvis, basi

nigris.

Long. 32 mm.

?. Clypeus finely shagreened, with a few large setigerous

punctures, broadly truncate at the apex. Antennal tubercles

Indo- Chinese H. lymenoptera. 95

prominent, rounded ; antenne long, slender at the apex,

second joint of the flagellum more than twice as long as the

scape. Front finely transversely rugulose, with a shallow

median sulcus reaching to the anterior ocellus, vertex micro-

scopically punctured. Head and thorax clothed with black

hairs ; pronotum widely arched posteriorly, the arch not

angled in the middle; scutellum rather strongly convex.

Median segment transversely striate; the striz moderately

coarse, but not much elevated, a low blunt tubercle on each

side near the basal angles ; the posterior slope gradual, not.

sharply divided from the dorsal surface. Abdomen shining,

clothed with minute, close-lying, black hairs; the apical

tergite densely clothed with long, stout, dark hairs. Legs

long, length of hind tibia 11 mmi., of hind metatarsus 8 mm. ;

hind tibia serrate, tarsal ungues unidentate. Second abscissa

of the radius nearly as long as the third ; first recurrent

nervure received very distinctly before the second transverse

cubital nervure ; second just beyond one-third from the base

of the third cubital cell.

Hab. Than Moi, Tonkin, June 20, 1917; 1 9.

This closely resembles superficially Hemipepsis sycophanta,

Grib., but is a more slender insect and belongs to a different

genus. Throughout the larger Psammocharide these super-

ficial resemblances between species of different genera from

the same locality are common. Whether the tarsal ungues

of the male of this species are unidentate or bifid remains to

be seen,

Cryptochilus fulvus, sp. n.

@. Nigra; capite, prothorace, mesonoto, scutello, postscutello,

abdomine segmentis tertio apice, quarto, quinto, sextoque, pedi-

busque aurantiacis; coxis intermediis posticisque nigris; alis

flavis, margine apicali anguste fuscis ; unguiculis unidentatis.

3. Femine similis; fronte, coxis anticis, trochanteribus, femori-

busque intermediis posticisque basi nigris; unguiculis bifidis.

Long., 2 15-20, g 13 mm,

?. Clypeus broadly subtruncate at the apex; labrum

broadly truncate. Frontal prominence well developed,

forming a bilobed projection between the antennz ; second

joint of the flagel um about half as long again as the scape.

Pronotum with an indistinct longitudinal sulcus in the middle,

broadly and shallowly arched posteriorly ; the head and dorsal

surface of the thorax rather sparsely clothed with short close-

lying golden hairs. Median segment very closely trans-

versely rugose-striate, truncate posteriorly, the posterior

96 rehire RR: E. Tubaat on :

truncation not sharply divided from the dorsal surface. Ab-

domen shining, very finely coriaceous, with scattered punc-

tures ; the apical segment densely clothed with coarse golden.

hairs. The transverse groove near the base of the second

sternite is almost straight. Hind tibie strongly serrate.

Second abscissa of the radius longer than the third, the first

and fourth about equal. First recurrent nervure received at

about four-fifths from the base of the second cubital cell,

second distinctly before the middle of the third cubital cell.

Cubitus of the hind wing originating distinctly beyond the

transverse median nervure.

$. Clypeus narrower than in the female, the eyes con-

verging below,,not parallel as in the female. Hind tibize

spined, not serrate. Seventh tergite broadly subtruncate at

the apex.

Hab. Vien Than, May and June 1915; also from Mergui

and Middle Tenasserim (Bingham).

This is the species figured by Bingham (Journ. Bombay

Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895) as Sphex flava of Fabricius; but it

does not correspond to the description, several of the apical

seoments being fulvous in this species, only one in flava. I

feel confident that Dahlbom was right in his identification of

flava after consulting the Fabrician collection. Probably the

type was in that collection, as Fabricius makes no statement

to the contrary. But Fabricius evidently had a very coufused

idea of his own species, as a specimen identified by him as.

flava in the Banksian collection is a female with bifid tarsal

ungues, and from his description of a variety in Ent. Syst. I

suspect that he has also confused Batozonus unifasctatus, Sm.,

with flava. Bingham, in ‘ Fauna of British India’ (4897);

after examining the specimen labelled flava in the Banksian

Collection, still regarded this species as an extreme variety of

ava. But he cannot have noticed the tarsal ungues. In

the same work Bingham rightly sinks Priocnemis humberti-

anus, Sauss., as a synonym of flava, though it is undoubtedly

distinct from the specimen in the Banksian Collection.. As-

the matter stands, I consider we have three species which

have been eonfused by Bingham under flava :—

1, Cryptochilus flavus, Fabr.

Sphex flava, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 852 (1775).

Priocnemis flavus, Dahlb. Hym. Europ. i. p. 457 (1845).

Priocnemis humbertianus, Sauss. Reise de Novara, Zool. ii. p. 63 (1867).

2d.

In this species the tarsal ungues are unidentate in both

SEXES.

Indo- Chinese Hymenoptera. oF

2. Cryptochilus falsus, sp. n,

Described above. Tarsal ungues unidentate in the female,

bifid in the male.

3. Cyphononyx peregrinus, Sm, ab. disjunctus, n.

? g. Differs from the typical peregrinus in the colour of

the wings, which are yellow, with a narrow apical fuscous

margin, not fusco-violaceous entirely as in the typical form.

The tarsal ungues are bifid in both sexes. This is the preva-

lent form in Western India, but occurs with the typical form

in Sikkim. I have taken it in Ceylon, and its range also

extends to China and Pegu, though in Further India and the

Indo-Malayan region the dark-winged form is dominant.

The genitalia of a Western yellow-winged male differ slightly

from those of a Burmese dark-winged male, but the difference

is so slight that I do not think it would be justifiable to treat

it as a separate species. ‘This is the Sphew flava of the

Banksian Collection.

Cryptosalius tonkinensis, sp. n.

@. Nigra; femoribus posticis ferrugineis, apice nigris; tergitis 4

basalibus fasciis utrinque apicalibus argenteo-sericeis ; alis fusco-

hyalinis, venis fuscis.

Long. 15 mm.

?. Clypeus short and broad, truncate at the apex; labrum

exposed, broadly truncate at the apex. Antenne stout,

about as long as the head, thorax, and median segment com-

bined, not tapering much to the apex, the second and third

joints of the flagellum subequal. Front feebly convex, with

a short impressed longitudinal line, which does not reach

halfway to the anterior ocellus ; the frontal prominence above

the antennz rather narrowly rounded at the apex. Myes

reaching to the base of the mandibles, temples obsolete.

Head and thorax opaque, rather sparsely punctured, with

very minute close punctures between the larger punctures,

Pronotum short, no longer than the scutellum, rounded at the

anterior angles, the posterior margin very broadly and feebly

arched. Median segment broader than long, obliquely sloped

posteriorly, the apical half of the dorsal surface strongly

transversely striate, a deep sulcus from base to apex, the

basal half delicately transversely rugulose. ‘Tarsal ungues

bifid; hind tibize almost smooth, with a few minute spines,

Second and third abscisse of the radius subequal in one

specimen, in another the third distinctly the longer ; second

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser, 9. Vol. v. 7

98 Mr. R. Jeannel on

recurrent nervure joining the cubitus at right angles at the

middle of the third cubital cell.

Hab. Chapa, Tonkin, May and June 1916.

This has the third cubital cell longer than in C. rava,

Bingh., and the pronotum distinctly shorter, but is certainly

congeneric, Tle genus is very near Lissoenemis, Kohl., but

differs in the absence of the mark at the base of the discoidal

cell which is present in Lissocnemis as in Hemipepsis. ‘To

Lissocnemis must be assigned the Indian Salius brevipennis,

Cam.

VIII.—Sur quelques Trechine [ Coleoptera, Carabidee] du

British Museum. Par R. JEANNEL.

I. Especes A MERICAINES.

Genre CniEs, Motschoulsky.

Cnides, Motschoulsky, 1862, Etudes entom. xi. p. 38 (génotype: C.

rostratus, Motsch.),

Dans la diagnose du genre Cnides par Motschoulsky, se

trouvent des erreurs grossiéres concernant la forme du labre

et du menton. Mais malgré cela, les caractéres assez extra-

ordinaires du genre sont suffisamment indiqués pour per-

mettre de conserver le nom donné par Motschoulsky. Putzeys,

dans sa “‘ Monographie” (Stett. ent. Zeit. 1870), range d’abord

Cnides parmi les sous-genres de Trechus, Clairv. (p. 9), mais

plus loin, & propos de Vespéce J. rostratus, Motsch., il parait

plutét rejeter entigrement cette coupe (p. 189).

En réalité, comme avait observé Motschoulsky, Cnides se

rapproche davantage des Pert/eptus que des Trechus. Comme

chez les premiers la strie suturale n’est pas récurrente et le

quatriéme article des tarses porte une expansion lamelleuse

ventrale ; mais chez Cnides les palpes ne sont pas subulés.

Diagnose.—Téte avec des sillons frontaux arqués, com-

plets; yeux glabres. Labre transverse, échancré ; labium

non soudé, avec sa dent médiane saillante, bifide. Dernier

article des palpes conique, mais un peu plus gréle que le

précédent. Pronotum a angles postérieurs saillants. Hlytres

sans bourrelet basal; strie suturale toujours entiére, souvent

seule indiquée, trés rapprochée de la suture a la base, s’en

écartant fortement au milieu. A [apex il n’existe pas de

bourrelet apical, la strie suturale se continue par la gouttiere

some Trechinse in the British Museum. 99

marginale et il n’existe pas trace de crosses A l’extrémité des

stries. Tibias antérieurs droits; carénés sur leur face externe.

Tarses & quatriéme article pourvu d’une expansion lamelleuse

ventrale atteiguant le sommet de ’onychium.

Pour le reste semblable &7rechus, Clairv.

Le genre Cnides renferme les trois especes ciférs ci-dessous

des collections du British Museum et une quatiiéme espéce :

C. angustatus, Solier, 1849, Gay, Hist. Chili, Zool, iv. p. 155

( Trechus).

Cnides rostratus, Motschoulsky, 1862, Etudes entomologiques,

xi. p. 40 (types: foréts de ’isthme de Panama); Putzeys,

1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 189.

Colombie: Cali, 3 9 (coll. Fry). L’espéce est encore

connue du Vénézuela (coll. Chaudoir).

Cnides monolcus, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 191

(type: Chili).

Chili: Valparaiso (Germain).

Cnides rugosifrons, sp. 0.

Long. 4 mm.

Peu convexe, avec l’avant corps court et trés étroit, les

élytres larges et paralléles. Coloration brun de poix brillant,

avec les palpes, Jes antennes, les épipleures du pronotum et

des élytres rougeatres, les pattes testacées pales. ‘l’éguments

glabres, finement alutacés et mats sur la téte et le pronotum.

Téte plus large que longue, & sillons frontaux tres diver-

gents en avant, rapprochés l’un de lautre a la partie anté-

rieure du vertex, puis s’écartant dans de proiondes fossettes ;

un point enfoncé sur le milieu du vertex ; front trés rugueux,

irréguliérement. plissé entre les sillons et les yeux. Yeux

trés saillants, convexes, deux 4 trois fwis plus longs que les

tempes. Antennes atteignant le tiers basal des élytres ;

Varticle II. est aussi long que la moitié du III., nettement

plus court que le IV. ; les articles apicaux sont cylindriques,

presque trois fois aussi longs que larges.

Pronotum trés petit, plus étroit que la téte, 4 peine trans-

verse; sa base un peu plus étroite que le sommet. Cdtés

peu arqués en avant, sinués en arriére avant les angles posté-

rieurs qui sont droits, vifs, acérés, Disque peu convexe,

avec une ligne médiane sulciforme, approfondie en coup de

gouge devant la base; base bisinuée ; goutticre marginale

Tes

100 Mr. R. Jeannel on

trés étroite ; fossettes basales arrondies, larges, profondes,

rugueuses, contigués 4 la base.

lytres deux fois aussi larges que le prothorax, peu con-

vexes, tronqués a la base et au sommet ; épaules trés saillantes,

formant presque un angle droit. Gouttiére marginale trés

étroite 4 l’épaule, élargie devant la série ombiliquée. Striole

juxtascutellaire distincte ; les deux premiéres stries sont

entiéres, la troisiéme est effacée 4 la base, la quatriéme n’est

guére visible que dans son quart basal.

Métasternum deux fois long comme le pilier de la hanche

postérieure. Segments ventraux lisses. Pattes gréles et

courtes.

Chétotaxie.—Lignes orbitaires & peu prés paralléles. Le

premier pore discal de l’élytre se trouve sur la troisiéme strie,

au quart basal.

Chili: Quillota, un exemplaire (H. Sadler, nov. 1896).

Genre TRECHUS, Clairville.

Trechus politus, Brullé, 1842, Voyage d’A. d’Orbigny dans

PAmér. mér. vi. 2° partie, p. 43 (type: Valparaiso [Mus.

Paris]) ; Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 167.

Var. eneus, Motschoulsky (T'rechisibus eneus), 1862, Etudes

entom. xl. p. 67 (type: Chili).

Trechus levissimus, Putzeys, 1870, 1. e. p. 169 (type: Chili).

Trechus proximus, Putzeys, 1870, J. ¢. p. 169 (type: Santiago du

Chili),

Le Trechus politus, Solier (1849, Gay, Hist. Chili, Zool.

iv. p. 154), est différent du 7. politus, Brullé, et doit porter

le nom de 1. depressicollis, Putzeys.

Tl est certain que le Zrechisibus eneus, Motsch., est iden-

tique au Trechus levissimus, Putzeys. Le genre T’rechisibus

doit étre rejeté car les caracteres sur lesquels il est fondé sont

purement imaginaires (Putzeys, 1870, l. c. p. 169), mais le

nom spécifique eneus, Motsch., ayant la priorité, doit étre

conservé 4 la place de celui de levissimus, Putz. 1 doit

caracteriser une forme de grande taille 4 grands yeux et a

élytres amples, mais entre laquelle et la forme politus ty pique

s’observent tous les intermédiaires. Quant au ZT’, proximus,

Putz., ce n’est qu'une forme extréme & yeux encore plus

développés.

Chili: nombreux exemplaires (Mathew, Germain, C. C.

Teed).

some Trechine in the British Museum. 101

Trechus depressicollis, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi.

p. 47 (types: Chili [coll. Chaudoir]).

Trechus politus, Solier, 1849, Gay, Hist. Chili, Zool. iv. p. 154, nec

Brullé.

Trechus politus nigripennis, Solier, 1849, 7. ec. p. 154.

Trechus solieri, C. C. Reed, 1874, Catal. Ins, Chili, p. 12.

Trechus scapularis, Putzeys, 1870, 7. c. p. 170 (types: Chili [coll.

Chaudoir]}).

Trechus axillaris, Putzeys, 1870, 1. ¢. p. 171 (types: Chili [coll,

Chaudoir}).

T. politus, Solier, n’est pas la méme espéce que le 7. politus,

Brullé, le premier ayant des stries distinctes, le second étant

lisse ; c’est pourquoi C. C. Reed a proposé le nom de solvert

pour lespéce de Solier quwil croyait inédite. Mais il n’est

pas douteux que c’est la méme espéce que Putzeys avait

décrite dans sa Monographie sous les noms de depressicollis,

scapularis, axillaris, I] m’a été impossible de voir les types

des trois espéces de Putzeys qui se trouvent chez M. R.

Oberthiir, mais la confrontation des descriptions avec la longue

série d’exemplaires appartenant au British Museum, prouve

sans aucun doute quil s’agit d’une seule espéce trés variable,

tant par la forme que par la coloration.

Chili: Valparaiso (C. Darwin); Santiago (C. C. Reed,

Germain).

Un exemplaire typique, c’est & dire 4 stries developpés, est

étiqueté “ Chili: Juan Fernandez (Germain) ” ; il provient

vraisemblablement des tiles Juan Fernandez qui se trouvent &

800 km. euv. au large de Valparaiso. I] est intéressant de

rencontrer dans ces iles du Pacifique une espece typique du

continent,

Trechus parvicollis, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxx.

p- 170 (type: Chili [coll. Chaudoir]).

Chili: Valparaiso (Germain).

Trechus hololissus, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi.

p. 153 (type: Santiago [coll. Putzeys]).

Chili: Santiago (Germain).

Trechus australis, sp. n.

Long. 4°6 mm.

Forme générale épaisse, peu convexe, élargie en arriére.

Coloration brun de poix brillant, avec les palpes, les antennes,

les pattes, les épipleures du pronotum et des élytres, le

102 Mr. R. Jeannel on

dessous de la téte et du thorax, la base des élytres, la suture

et le bord externe rongeatres. ‘I'’éguments glabres, lisses.

Téte & peu prés aussi large que longue, a sillons frontaux

réguliers trés écartés ’un de Vautre; le front porte quelques

rides obliques entre l’ceil et le sillon. Yeux saillants, 4 peu

prés deux fois aussi longs que les tempes. Antennes épaisses

et courtes, atteignant le quart basal de l’élytre ; Varticle II.

est nettement plus court que le [V. Labre particuliérement

court et transverse.

Pronotum transverse, plus large que la téte, sa base aussi

large que lesommet. Angles antérieurs légérement saillants ;

cotés arqués réguliérement dans les deux tiers antérieurs, A

peine sinués avant les angles postérieurs 5 ceux-cl obtus,

mais vifs et saillants ; base 4 peine saillante. Disque assez

convexe; gouttiére marginale large, élargie vers le tiers

moyen ; "fossettes basales larges et profondes.

Elytres oblongs, courts, élargis aprés le milieu ; épaules

transverses, arrondies ; : gouttidre marginale large, rétrécie en

arriere ; disque peu convexe, mais non déprimé. I] existe

des traces de stries plus ou moins visibles, surtout des deux

premiéres. Pas d’ailes,

Métasternum environ trois fois aussi long que le pilier de

la hanche postérieure.

Pattes robustes. Tibias antérieurs non carénés sur leur

face externe.

Cideagus court, trés arqué, & pointe mousse ; le sac interne

est armé d’ écailles a sa partie apicale.

Chétotaxie.—Lignes orbitaires divergentes en avant. Pores

du pronotum comme chez J’, politus. Série discale de l’élytre

de trois soies sur la 3° strie; les deux pores antérieurs sont

trés grands.

Cette espéce se place auprés du JT. politus dont elle a les

tibias antérieurs lisses; elle différe notablement des espéces

fuégiennes TJ. antarcticus, Dej., et T. hornensis, Fairm., qui

appartiennent 2 & un autre groupe.

Chili, colonie de Magellan: environs de Punta-Arenas,

plusieurs exemplaires étiquetés & tort ‘ 7’. wiencket, Rouss.”

( Walker).

Trechus patagonicus, sp. n.

Long. 4°55 mm.

Forme du 7’. australis, mais plus déprimé, plus élargi en

arriéie. Méme coloration. Tésuments glabres et lisses.

Téte un peu plus large que longue, a sillons frontaux

réguliers, trés distants Pun de Pautre ; front couveit de rides

some Trechineg tn the British Museum. 103

obliques, presque rugueux entre l’cil et le sillon. Yeux,

antennes et labre comme chez 7. australis.

Pronotum légérement transverse, 4 peine plus large que la

téte, la base plus étroite que le sommet. Cédtés assez arqués

dans les deux tiers antérieurs, puis faiblement rétrécis et

sinués avant les angles postérieurs qui sont vifs, saillants ;

base légérement saillante. Disque assez convexe; gouttiére

marginale large, égale ; fossettes basales, larges et profondes.

Elytres amples, fortement élargis aprés fi milieu. Les

angles huméraux sont transverses, saillants, arrondis; la

gouttiare marginale est trés large; le disque est déprimé,

largement aplati. Strie suturale et deuxiéme strie bien dis-

tinctes; des traces des stries suivants; toutes sont fines,

superficielles, légérement ponctuées.

Métasternum et pattes comme chez T. australis.

Chétotaxie.—Mémes caractéres que chez 7’. australis ; les

pores discaux de |’élytre sont trés grands, fovéolés.

République argentine: Patagonie, rio de Santa Cruz, deux

exemplaires (C. Darwin).

Trechus obscuricornis, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxx1.

p- 32 (types: Chili [ coll. Chaudoir]).

Chili: Santiago (Germain).

Trechus ruficollis, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 31

(types: Chili [coll. Chaudoir]).

Chili: Santiago (Germain).

Trechus chloroticus, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi.

p- 19 (types: Chili [coll. Chaudoir]).

Chili: Santiago, un exemplaire (Germain).

Trechus hornensis, Fairmaire, 1885, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. p. 41

(types: Baie-Orange (Mus. Paris]) ; 1888, Miss. scientif.

Cap Horn, vi., Ins. p. 22.

Trechus wiencket, mks 1900, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xliv. p. 108

(types: ile des Etats [Mus. Bruxelles]); 1906, Exp, antarct, Belge,

Zool., Culéopt. p. 20, pl. i. figs. 2, 6,

L’identité du T. wienckei avec le T. hornensis, Fairm.,

ressort clairement de la lecture de la diagnose de E. Rousseau

et de l’examen de la figure qu’il donne de son T. wienckei.

Ile L’Hermite, prés de l’ile du Cap Horn, plusieurs exem-

plaires (C. Darwin).

104 Mr. R. Jeannel on

T. hornensis est encore connu de la Terre de Feu et de

Vile des Ktats.

Trechus antarcticus, Dejean, 1831, Spee. v. p. 26 (type:

iles Malouines [coll. Chaudoir]) ; Putzeys, 1870, Stett.

ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 152; Rousseau, 1906, Exp. antarct.

Belge, Zool., Coléopt. p. 20.

Tles Malouines ou Falkland isl. (C. Darwin).

Espéce antaretique, se retrouvant aussi 4 la Terre de Feu.

Trechus micans, Leconte, 1848, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York,

iv. p. 414 (type: Lac Supérieur).

Trechus fulvus, Leconte, 1848, 7. c. p. 415, nec Dejean.

Trechus rubens, G. H. Horn, 1875, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc. Phila-

delphie, v. p. 131, nec Fabricius; G. H. Horn, 1882, Bull. Brooklyn.

Entom. Soc. v. p. 48; Ch. Schaeffer, 1901, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

xiv. p. 209, pl. xxviii. fig. 1.

Trechus canadensis, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 160 (types:

Saint-Pierre et Miquelon).

La synonymie des 7vechus de l’Amérique du Nord a été

établie d’une fagon totalement erronée par Ch. Schaeffer (1901,

irc. pravg):

Trechus rubens, G. H. Horn, est d’abord absolument

différent du 7. rubens, Fabricius, propre & |’Kurope septen-

trionale et qui n’existe pas en Amérique.

D’autre part la lecture des descriptions de G. H. Horn et

de Leconte ne peut laisser aucun doute sur Videntité du

T. rubens, Horn, avec le J. micans, Leconte, espéce bien

caractérisée par sa forme générale et lastriation de ses élytres,

On ne s’explique pas par suite de quelle confusion Ch. Schaeffer

a pu supposer que le 7. micans, Leconte, soit synonyme du

T. chalybeus, De}., auquel il ne ressemble en aucune fagon.

Hufin 7. fulvus, Leconte, est un 7’. micans immature et

Videntité du 7’. canadensis, Putz., avec le 7. micans, Leconte,

ressort de la comparaison de co-types de Putzeys avec une

riche série de 7. micans provenant de toutes les contrées de

VY Amérique du Nord.

Canada: Hudson Bay ; New Carlton house, dans le district

Saskatchevan.

Kitats Unis d’Amérique: Colorado, West Cliffs (A.

Cockerel, 1884).

Trechus chalybeus, Dejean, 1831, Spee. v. p. 17 (type: Una-

laschka) ; Mannerheim, 1843, Bull. Soc. Impér. Nat.

Moscou, xvi. p. 215; Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit.

some Trechinze zn the British Museum. 105

xxxi. p. 161; G. H. Horn, 1875, Trans. Amer. Ent.

Soc. Philadelphie, v. p. 131; 1882, Bull. Brooklyn

Entom. Soe. v. p. 48; Ch. Schaeffer, 1901, Bull. Amer.

Mus. Nat. Hist. xiv. p. 209, pl. xxviii. fig. 2 (pars) ;

1915, Journ. Entom. Soc. New York, xxiii. p. 48.

Trechus californicus, Motschoulsky, 1845, Bull. Soc. Impér. Nat.

Moscou, xviii. p. 347 (type: Californie [ Mus, Paris }).

Etats Unis d’Amérique: Arizona (Morrison).

Ch. Schaeffer (1901, 1. c. p. 211) indique pour cette espéce

une distribution géographique inexacte. Les citations de

PAlaska, de la Colombie Britannique, de Californie, de

lOregon, du Colorado s’appliquent bien au T. chalybeus,

mais celles du Lac Supérieur, du New Hampshire et du New

Jersey concernent le 7. micans. W. 8S. Blatchley (1910,

Ill. Deser. Catal. Coleopt. Indiana, p. 87) cite encore 7’. chaly-

beus de |’Indiana, mais cette provenance reste douteuse.

Trechus ovipennis, Motschoulsky, 1845, Bull. Soc. Impér.

Nat. Moscou, xviii. p. 348 (type: Californie); Manner-

heim, 1852, Bull. Soc. Impér. Nat. Moscou, xxv. p. 299;

G. H. Horn, 1875, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Philadelphie,

v. p. 131; 1882, Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Soc. v. p. 48;

Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 40; Ch. Schaeffer,

1901, Bull. Amer. Mus, Nat. Hist. xiv. p. 209, pl. xxviii.

fig. 3.

Trechus levigatus, Leconte, 1863, Smiths. Miscell. Coll. vi. p. 14.

Unalaschka: fjord Masset, dans l’ile de la reine Charlotte,

nombreux exemplaires.

Californie (Edwards),

Trechus aztec, sp. n.

Long. 2°8 mm.

Forme peu convexe. Coloration noir de poix brillant,

avec le labre, les palpes, les antennes, les pattes testacées, le

bord antérieur du front, les angles antérieurs du pronotum,

la base des élytres, la suture et la périphérie, le dessous du

corps rougeatre. Téguments glabres, finement alutacés sur

la téte.

Téte 4 peu pres aussi large que longue; les sillons fron-

taux réguliers, divergents en avant, rapprochés l’un de l’autre

sur le vertex ot la distance qui les sépare est environ la moitié

de la distance entre ceil et le sillon. Yeux peu saillants,

plus courts que les tempes. Antennes atteignant 4 peu pres

106 Mr. R. Jeannel on

le quart basal de P’élytre; l’article IT. est plus long que le IV. ;

les articles terminaux sont ovoiles, une fois et demie aussi

longs que larges. Dent du menton saillante, 4 pointes larges

et déhiscentes ; ; labium non soudé,

Pronotum ample, transverse, plus large que la téte, sa base

presque aussi large que le sommet. Cétés peu arqués en

avant, obliques, presque rectilignes dans le tiers moyen, re-

dressés en arriére ; angles postérieurs droits, non relevés ;

base sensiblement rectiligne, 2 & peine échanerée. Disque peu

convexe, avec une impression transverse postérieure bien in-

diquée ; gouttiére marginale large; fossettes basales peu

profondes, bien isolées de la gouttiére marginale ; elles occu-

pent le quart de la base.

Elytres ovales, peu convexes, 4 épaules saillantes; gouttiére

marginale légérement infiéchie sur la base vers I’ origine de la

5° strie, large, réguliére. Stries distinctes, superficielles,

bien tracées jusqu’d l’apex. Métasternum plus court que

Je pilier de Ja hanche postérieure. Segments ventraux lisses.

Pattes courtes et robustes. Tibias antérieurs sillonnés au

cété externe.

Cileagus trés grand, trés arqué, avec la partie basale

renflée, la partie apicale infléchie du cété dorsal et recourbée

en bec & |’extrémiteé.

Chétotaxie.—Lignes orbitaires divergentes en avant. Série

discale de l’élytre formée par trois soies sur la 3° strie, le pore

antérieur au quart basal, le médian un peu apres le milieu.

Cette petite espéce appartient au groupe des Trechus vrais ;

elle se place & cété des espéces nord-américaines comme

1’. hydropicus, Horn.

Mexique: plusieurs exemplaires étiquetés ‘ Mexico”

(Truqu?, coll. Fry).

TRECHUS, subgen. PARATRECHUS, nov.

Les espéces de ce groupe présentent tous les caractéres des

vrais Trechus, mais se distinguent par les caractéres suivants,

trés particuliers :

Labium soudé au submentum sans qu'il existe trace de

suture. Elytres avec un ou deux pores sétigéres fovéiformes

sur la 5° strie, sans pores sétigéres sur la 3° strie. Cideagus

pourvu d’un organe apical.

Génotype: Trechus mexicanus, Putz.

Ce papa de TYrechus est spécial a PAmérique centrale.

Aux T. mexicanus, Putz.; et T. coarctatus, Bates, deja connus,

il faut ajouter deux espéces nouvelles bien caractérisées, mais

some Trechinz in the British Museum. 107

qui cependant ont été confondues par H. W. Bates avec le

T. mexicanus dans la ‘ Biologia Centrali-A mericana.’

Trechus (Paratrechus) mexicanus, Putzeys, 1870, Stett. ent.

Zeit. xxxi. p. 33 (type: Mexigue ‘(Sallé)); H, W.

Bates, 1882, Biol. Centr-Amer., ont A a oe

T. mexicanus, Putz., est une espéce de grande taille (55 4

5°8 mm.) ; la 5° strie de ’élytre porte deux gros pores séti-

géres, un au quart basal, l’autre au tiers apical. Le lobe

médlian de Pcedeagus a son extrémité apicale aplatie, mousse,

simple.

Mexique: Puebla (coll. Sallé); Mexico (Truqui); Orizaba

(coll. Sallé).

Ce sont les exemplaires cités par H. W. Bates dans la

‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana’ ; ceux qu’il cite d’Oaxaca se

rapportent au JT. hoeget, ceux de Totonicapam au TZ. bi-

Joveatus, tous deux décrits ci-dessous.

Trechus (Paratrechus) hoegei, sp. n.

Cette espéce a tout a fait l’aspect extérieur de grands ex-

emplaires de T. mevicanus ; il n’est pas possible de définir des

caractéres morphologiques particuliers 4 l’une et Vautre

espéces, toutes deux étant fort variables. Mais T. hoeged se

distingue aisément par les caractéres suivants : .

Cideagus long et gréle, comme celui de 7. mewicanus, mais

le sommet du lobe médian se termine par un renflement

sensoriel en forme de champignon. Un seul pore sétigére sur

la 5° strie, au quart basal ; le deuxiéme pore fait défaut.

Mexique: Oaxaca (Hoege), cinq exemplaires cités par,

H. W. Bates sous le nom de JT. meaicanus.

Trechus (Paratrechus) bifoveatus, sp. n.

Long. 4 mm.

Forme peu convexe rappelant en petit celle du 7. meai-

canus, Putz. Coloration noir de poix brillant avec les palpes,

les antennes, les pattes, les pi¢ces sternales rougedtres. Tégu-

ments glabres, lisses.

Téte petite, arrondie, 4 peu prés aussi longue que large ;

Jes sillons frontaux réguliers, profonds, divergents en avant,

rapprochés Pun de lautre sur le vertex; l’espace qui les

sépare est la moitié de espace qui sépare ceil du sillon.

Yeux petits, peu saillants, plus courts que les tempes. An-

tennes courtes, atteignant a peine le quart basal de l’élytre ;

108 Mr. R. Jeannel on

Varticle IT. est aussi long que le III., plus long que le IV. ;

les articles apicaux sont ovalaires, environ une fois et demie

aussi longs que larges. Dent du menton tres saillants. La-

bium soudé,

Pronotum ample, bien plus large que la téte, 4 peine trans-

verse, sa base presque aussi large que le sommet. Cétés

fortement arrondis dans les trois quarts antérieurs: brusque-

ment sinués en arricre, puis droits et paralléles avant les

angles postérieurs ; ceux-ci droits, vifs; base rectiligne.

Disque peu convexe, avec une impression transverse posté-

rieure profonde; gouttiére marginale trés large; fossettes

basales profondes, lisses.

lytres ovalaires, un peu élargis aprés le milieu; épaules

saillantes; gouttiére marginale commencant a l’angle huméral

méme, en face de la racine de la 5¢ strie ; la gouttiére est

large dans toute sa longueur. Disque assez convexe ; toutes

les stries sont distinctes quoique superficielles ; elles s’effa-

cent dans la région humérale. Métasternum a peu prés aussi

long que le pilier postérieur.

Pattes robustes; les tibias antérieurs sont sillonnés au cété

externe.

Cideagus petit, gréle, avec la partie basale renflée, la partie

apicale épaissie et terminée par un organe en champignon

infléchi sur la face ventrale et hérissé d’organes sensoriels.

Chétotaxie.—Lignes orbitaires alpeine divergentes en avant.

Pores du pronotum normaux. Pas de pores sur la 3° strie,

sauf le pore apical, mais un gros pore fovéiforme au cinquiéme

basal de la 5° strie, c’est & dire prés de l’épaule.

Guatemala : Totonicapam, alt. 1000 m. (Champion), quatre

exemplaires cités par H. W. Bates sous le nom de 7. meai-

canus, dans la ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana.’

II. Especes ASIATIQUES.

Genre PERILEPTUS, Schaum.

Perileptus japonicus, H. W. Bates, 1873, Trans. Entom. Soc.

London, p. 296 (type: Hiogo).

Chine : Hong-Kong (coll. Walker).

Tle Célébes ( Wallace).

Japon: Niigata, dans le Nippon saploatanael (G. Lewis,

1881) ; Kobé-Hiogo, dans le Nippon méridional (G. Lewis,

1881) ; mont Daisen ou Oyama, dans le Nippon méridional

(G. Lewis, 1881).

some Trechinz in the British Museum. 109

Genre TRECHUS, Clairville.

Trechus championt, sp. n.

Long. 4°3 mm.

Ailé. Peu convexe. Noir brillant avec le dessous du

corps brunatre, les palpes, les antennes et les pattes testacé

rougeatre. Téguments glabres, lisses.

Téte un peu plus large que longue, 4 sillons frontaux

réguliers, divergents en avant, anguleux sur le vertex; la

distance qui les sépare sur le vertex est plus courte que celle

qui sépare l’ceil du sillon. Yeux convexes, trois fois aussi

longs que les tempes. Antennes atteignant le tiers basal des

élytres ; l’article II. est plus court que le ILI., lui-méme aussi

long que le IV.; articles apicaux ovalaires, épais; dernier

article plus long que Vavant dernier. Dent du menton

saillante, carrée, 4 peine bifide ; labium non soudé,

Pronotum bien plus large que la téte, 4 peine moins large

que la base des élytres, fortement transver se; sa base un peu

plus étroite que le sommet. Cdtés tres arrondis en avant,

obliques en arriére, faiblement sinués avant les angles posté-

rieurs; ceux-ci obtus, mais vifs ; base rectiligne. Disque

assez convexe, avec une ligne médiane bien tracée; la dé-

pression transverse postérieure profonde et rugueuse ; fossettes

basales larges, profondes, obliques; gouttiére marginale

large, se réfiéchissant anguleusement en avant sur les cétés

du bord antérieur.

lytres oblongs, convexes, élargis aprés le milieu; épaules

saillantes ; goutti¢re marginale large,- commengant a la

racine de la 5° strie. Toutes Jes stries sont distinctes, les

quatre premiéres profondes, les autres superficielles; premiers

interstries convexes, les autres plans. La caréne apicale se

termine brusquement en avant, sans atteindre l’extrémité

postérieure de la 5° strie ; les ge et 4° stries, anastomosées &

leur extrémité apicale, ne s’unissent pas a la 2° strie.

Métasternum deux fois aussi long que le pilier postérieur.

Segments ventraux lisses.

Pattes robustes ; les tibias antéricurs sont sillonnés au cété

externe,

(Edeagus assez gros, peu arqué, a base non renfiée, avec

Porifice basal trés largement échancré; extrémité apicale

aplatie, recourbée en bee au sommet. Styles latéraux petits

et gréles. Sac interne avec une grosse piéce chitineuse

exsertile. .

Chétotazie.— Lignes orbitaires convergentes en avant.

Pore pronotal postérieur bien développé et placé sur l’angle.

Série discale de trois pores sur la 8° strie, l’antérieur au quart

basal, le médian bien aprés le milieu.

110 Mr. R. Jeannel on

Cette espéce semble voisine du T. indicus, Putz., que je

ne connais pas, Mais qui parait présenter le méme peorotum

transverse, la méme structure de la caréne apicale et les mémes

caractéres chétotaxiques ; d’aprés sa description T. indicus

différe du 7. champtoni par sa coloration testacée, sa dent du

menton courte et nettement bifide, les angles postérieurs de

son prothorax aigus.

Cette intéressante espéce m’a é'é aimablement communiquée

par Mr. H. E. Andrewes, qui m’a laissé le soin de Ja décrire.

Elle parait répandue dans les réyions subalpines du versant

méridional de ?Himalaya. Je la connais des localités

suivantes:

Inde, Prov. Kumaon: Nainital (H. G. Champion, sept.

1918), huit exemplaires (types) (coll. G. C. Champion) ;

West Almora, Diva’ (H. G. Champion, oct. 1918), deux

exemplaires (coll. G. C. Champion). ,

British Sikkim:+ Gopaldhara, prés de Darjeeling, entre

1500 et 2000 m. (AZ. Stevens, avril 1914), trois exemplaires

(coll, H. EK. Andrewes).

Le Muséum de Paris posséde deux exemplaires de cette

espece étiquetés “ Sikkim (Harmand).”

Trechus chinensis, sp. n.

Long. 3°8 mm.

Ailé ou biachyptére. Tiés convexe. Coloration roux trés

brillant, avec Jes antennes, les piéces buccales et les pattes

testacées. Téguments glabres et lisses.

Téte petite, étioite, déprimée, avec les sillons frontaux

profonds, peu arqués, assez distants l’un de lautre sur le

vertex. Yeux trés gros, saillants, environ six 4 sept fois

aussi longs que les tempes. Antennes atteignant presque le

milieu des élytres, fines; Varticle V. est & peu prés quatre

fois aussi long que large; l’article IL. est environ aussi long

que le IV.; les articles X. et XI. sont plus épais que les

précédents, le XI. plus long que le X. Pieces buccaies peu

saillantes. Labre transveise, & bord libre réguliérement

arqué. Palpes maxillaires courts, Pavant dernier article

glabre, le dernier conique. Dentdu menton saillante, arrondie,

ni impressionnée ni bifide, au moins & l’examen direct, a sec.

Labium non soudé.

Pronotum ample, transverse, plus large que la 1éte, sa base

& peu pres de méme laigeur que le sommet; cétés arqués en

avant, non sinués en arneére; angles postérieurs obtus, mais

vifs ; ‘base rectiligne. Disque du pronotum régulier, modéré-

ment Convexe, avec une ligne médiane & peine indiquée ;

gouttiére marginale élargie en arri¢re; fossettes basales

obsolétes.

some l'rechines in the British Museum. 111

Kcusson trés grand, semicirculaire. Elytres oblongs, trés

convexes, plus larges que le pronotum. Angles huméraux

saillants ; gouttiére marginale commeneant A la racine de la

5° strie, élargie dans la région humérale. Le bord marginal

est sinué en arriére & la terminaison des épipleures. La

eaiéne apicale est bien marquée. — Striole juxtascutellaire

relativement longue. Stries superticielles, mais trés fortement

et réguli¢rement ponctuées, effacées a la base et au sommet ;

la strie suturale seule atteint la base et le sommet; la

deuxiéme strie reste paralléle & la suture jusqu’au sommet,

sans trace de crosse ni de déviation ; les sixiéme et septidme

stries sont réduites & quelques vestiges de points.

Métasternum @ peu pies de nvéme longueur que le pilier de

la hanche postérieure. Pattes courtes; les tibias antérieurs

sont lisses, non sillonnés sur teur face externe. Pas d’ex-

pansion membraneuse sous-tarsale.

Les trois exemplaires connus sont des femelles.

Chétotavte.— Lignes orbitaires convergentes en avant.

Pores pronotaux normaux. Série discale sur la 3° strie ;

série ombiliquée réguliére. A Papex le pore externe est au

méme niveau que le pore de la 2° strie,

Cette espéce est tout a fait isolée et ne peut étre comparée

& aucune des espéces connues,

Chine: Hai-ning, dans la prov. Tché-Kiang (coll. Walker),

trois exemplaires.

III. Esreces N&o-ZKLANDAISES.

Trechus maori, sp. n.

Long. 5°5 4 5°38 mm.

Peu convexe, élargienarricre. Coloration testacé rougeatre

brillant, avec les paipes, les antennes et les pattes plus clairs.

Téguments glabres, tinement alutacés sur la téte.

Téte un peu plus longue que large, suborbiculaire, tres

déprimée sur le disque ; sillons frontaux divergents en avant,

profonds et lisses ; 1a distance qui les sépare sur le vertex est

plus courte que celle qui sépare |’ceil du sillon. Rebord latéral

du front effacé en avant des yeux ; les tubercules antennaires

sont trés saillants. Yeux peu convexes, plus courts que les

tempes qui sont saillautes, arrondies, nettement séparées du

cou. Antennes giéles, atteignant le milieu des élytres ;

Particle IL., t.és couri, n’est pas plus long que Ja moitié du

ILI. ; le LV. est plus long que le II., plus court que le IIL,

les articles suivants sont légérement élargis, aplatis, tous un

peu plus larges au sommet qu’a la base. Labre deux fois

aussi large que long, échancré. Palpes glabies, & dernier

112 On some Trechinee tn the British Museum.

article un peu plus long que le précédent. Labium soudé ;

sa dent saillante, bifide; languette carrée.

Pronotum un peu plus large que la téte, un peu plus long

que large, plus étroit a la base qu’ausommet. Bord antérieur

échancré ; cdtés fortement arrondis en avant, puis obliques et

profondément sinués en arriére, un peu plus étroits au niveau

du fond de la sinuosité qu’aux angles postérieurs; ceux-ci

aigus, vifs, saillants en dehors; base rectiligne. Disque

trés peu convexe, surtout en arriére, sa ligne médiane faible-

ment tracée. Gouttitre marginale étroite et réguliére;

fossettes basales petites, peu profondes, un peu rugueuses.

lytres amples, ovales, peu convexes. Hpaules 4 peine

indiquées; le bord huméral est tres oblique. Gouttiére mar-

ginale étroite et réguliére, commencant & la racine de la 5°

strie. ‘Toutes les stries sont visibles, profondes, indistincte-

ment ponctuées; intervalles un peu convexes. Strie suturale

réfléchie sur la marge apicale et la caréne apicale qui est large

avec un sillon interne s’atténuant peu a peu vers l’extrémité

de la 5° strie; 2°, 3° et 4° stries effacées au sommet.

Métasternum plus court que le pilier de la hanche posté-

rieure. Pas d’ailes. Segments ventraux lisses.

Pattes gréles ; les tibias antérieurs sont droits, sillonnés sur

leur face externe. Quatriéme article des tarses portant au

bord apical de la face ventrale une apophyse carrée, surmontée

d’une large expansion membraneuse atteignant le sommet de

Yonychium.

Cideagus petit, trés peu arqué, terminé par une pointe

mousse. Styles latéraux munis de quatre sois apicales; sac

interne armé d’épines.

Chétotaxie.—Lignes orbitaires divergentesen avant. Pore

antérieur du pronotum trés petit, sans soie ; il se trouve au

tiers antérieur de la gouttiére ; pore postérieur absent. Série

discale de l’élytre sur la 3° strie ; le pore basal se trouve au

tiers basal de la strie, le deuxiéme pore un peu apres le milieu.

Série ombiliquée réguligre. A lapex le pore de la 2° strie

se trouve trés éloigné du sommet, bien avant la crosse de la

. 2° strie; le pore apical est trés petit; cette disposition des

pores apicaux rappelle celle du 7. obscuricornis, Putz., du

Chili.

Cette belle espéce se distingue de toutes les autres espéces

connues du genre par son labium soudé et la forme de ses

tarses.

Nouvelle-Zélande : Greymouth, sur la céte nord-ouest de

Vile du Sud (elms, coll. Sharp), quatre exemplaires.

Descriptions and Records of Bees. 113

IX .— Descriptions and Records of Bees —LXX XVIII.

By T. D. A. Cockrrett, University of Colorado.

Eucera notata, Lepeletier.

Tangier, Marocco. From Queensland Museum.

Eucera nigrilabris, Lep. (terminalis, Sm.).

Ras-el-Ma, Algeria. (Queensland Museum.)

The male cannot be recognised by Friese’s key, as he places

it in the group with the abdominal hair all grey, which is

by no means true of nigrolabris. Also from Ras-el-Ma are

E. collaris, Dours, and /. eucnemidea, Dours.

Centris obscuriventris, Friese.

“ Guyane, Maroni.” From Queensland Museum.

Anthophora urbana, Cresson.

Santa Fé, New Mexico, Aug. 3 (Cockerel/).

Anthophora flavicollis, Gerst.

Dimbroko, French W. Africa. From Queensland

Museum.

Anthophora atroalba, Lepeletier.

3d .—Length about 14 mm., anterior wing 9°3 mm.

Black, with abundant erect hair, not forming distinct

bands on abdomen; malar space very short, but distinct ;

pale yellow marks as follows :—labrum (except basal spots),

large triangular mark on clypeus (its sides concave, its upper

end pointed), small lateral face-marks (ploughshare-shaped,

with a linear extension along orbits to level of middle of

supraclypeal area), a narrow transverse supraclypeal band,

and broad band on front of scape ; mandibles bidentate,

entirely black ; third antennal joint as long as the next

three together ; hair of head and thorax pale, yellowish

grey ou thorax above (the effect rather olivaceous), black

hair in middle of mesothorax and on vertex, not conspicuous ;

face with long white hair, but black at sides ; sides of thorax

posteriorly with brown-black hair; tegule black. Wings

hyaline, apical margin faintly brownish. Legs black, with

black and white hair; middle basitarsi with a very broad

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 8

114 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and

dense circular fringe of hair, mainly black, but white apically,

the hairs longest on posterior side ; apical joint of middle

tarsi simple, except for a thin outstanding tuft of hair on

one side ; hind femora and tibiz with brown-black hair, but

the basitarsi with a very conspicuous tuft of pure white hair

at end, and the three middle tarsal joints with white hair ;

hind basitarsi not toothed; first two segments of abdomen

with long hair like that on thorax above; the others with

long erect black hair, but some white hair laterally.

The specimen described is from Tunis (Le Moult, Queens-

Jand Museum).

A male from Bone, Algeria, differs conspicuously in that

the apical yellow band of clypeus is very broad, reaching the

lateral face-marks, and forming a right-angle with the

vertical clypeal mark. One from Tangier, Marocco, is more

like the Tunis example. It would be difficult to recognise

this insect from the brief account of the male in Friese’s

‘ Apidee Europe,’ and in his table it seems to run nearest

to A. balearica, Friese. I therefore give a new description.

Lepeletier gave the localities as Oran and the Canary Is.

Oran must be considered the type-locality ; the Canary Is.

material was doubtless A. alluaudi, Pérez.

Anthophora nigrocincta, Lepeletier.

Anthophora robusta, Klug.

Both from Ras-el-Ma, Algeria. (Queensland Museum.)

A Tetralonia rujficollis, Brullé, comes from the same

locality, and a 7. lucasi, Gribodo, from Tunis.

Anthophora disrupta, sp. n.

? —Length about 17 mm.

Like A. atrocincta, Lep., except that the appressed rufo-

fulvous pile of the abdomen covers all of the second segment

except the extreme base, the pale markings of the head are

yellower, the vertical band on clypeus is narrow (not wedge-

shaped), and the clypeus is not so high. It may deserve to

rank only as a subspecies.

Olokemeji, Ibadan, Nigeria (from Le Moult). Received

from Queensland Museum.

Crocisa interrupta, Vachal, comes from the same locality.

Also from this locality are four species of Trigona, separable

thus :—

Extremely minute, length hardly over 2 mm. ;

face without yellow or white markings... 7’. gribodoi, Magy.

Considerably larger i

eee eeeceeeterereetreeeene

Records of Bees. 115

1. Face and front pruinose, but without light

markings ; base of antenne red.......... T. tescorum, Ckll.

Face with light markings. ......cce-+0ese+: 2.

a uervers Clypetis pala. s easwis » ve sate bx oly ¥s T. nebulata, Smith.

Smaller; clypeus with a yellow hat-shaped

MAK, +, s.c/0 oinele.cHemieaWaim a ee. eves 2 dee T. lendliana, Friese.

Trigona trochanterica, sp. n.

Worker.—Length 6 mm.

Robust, black, the abdomen dark reddish, more distinctly

reddened at sides of second segment, fifth segment with a

red patch on each side, and apex pale dull red, with scattered

short black hairs; venter clear red. Legs black, with last

tarsal joint on each red, and the trochanters for the most

part bright ferruginous. Head very large and broad ;

mandibles black, with an obscure red mark in middle; malar

space well developed; face with a greyish-olivaceous pruino-

sity ; scape long, black except at extreme hase ; flagellum

dark reddish, with the first joint black, and the very short

second one pale reddish beneath ; front entirely dull ; vertex

with stiff black hair; mesothorax dull, with short fulvous

tomentum anteriorly-and posteriorly, densest posteriorly ;

tubercles and the region behind them with fulvous tomentum ;

scutellum prominent, shining anteriorly, and with short

black hair; tegule dull ferruginous. Wings yellowish,

nervures and stigma ferruginous ; hind tibiz extremely

broad, excavated on outer side.

Sandakan, Borneo (Baker).

Nearest to T. erythrogaster, Cam., but thorax with pale

hair. It is superficially like 7. itama, Ckll., but quite

different by the dull front, &. The red trochanters are

peculiar; in 7. nitidiventris, Sm., the cox are similarly

coloured.

Trigona fuscibasis, sp. n.

Worker.—Length about 5 mm., anterior wing 6 mm.

Head, thorax, and legs black, with the clypeus (except

upper margin), supraclypeal area, labrum, mandibles, and

the long scape ferruginous ; flagellum ferruginous, dusky

above ; mesothorax dark chestnut-red ; anterior femora and

basitarsi in front, small joints of their tarsi and of the others

more or less, ferruginous ; head broad ; face and front with

olivaceous* pruinescence ; head and thorax polished and

shining ; sides of thorax with brownish tomentum; scutellum

with black hair; tegule clear ferruginous. Wings dark

116 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and

fuliginous as far as level of the orange-ferruginous stigma,

beyond that milky-white ; hind tibize fringed with black

hair. Abdomen shining dark reddish brown, the apical half

blackened, venter pallid towards base.

Sandakan, Borneo (Baker, 9964).

Known from 7’. apicalis, Smith, by the black legs. The

shiny head and thorax separate it from 7. collina, Smith.

The distribution of Trigona in the Malay region is very

extraordinary. From the Philippines we know only three

species. Of these, two are from Palawan only. Borneo, on

the other hand, has 25 species. More species are known

from Penang than from the whole Philippine group. In

Borneo, the species appear to be largely confined to limited

areas ; thus among the numerous species from Sandakan are

none of the nine described from Borneo by Cameron. The

deficiency of species in the Philippines cannot well be due to

lack of material, as Messrs. Baker and McGregor have sent

me large collections from those islands. ‘That the Philippine

bees are really fairly well known is shown by the fact that

a fine collection from Panay, whence no bees had previously

come, contained only two new things, a species of Nomia

and a variety or race of Megachile.

Trigona rufibasalis, Cockerell, variety a.

Scape red only at base.

Sandakan, Borneo (Baker).

Trigona scintillans, sp. n.

Worker.—Length about 38 mm., anterior wing 2°8 mm.

Head, thorax, and abdomen shining black, not hairy; the

face with’a little pale hair at sides, but not canescent ;

Jabrum and mandibles bright ferruginous ; scape pale ferru-

ginous in front, flagellum dark ; tegule very dark reddish.

Wings hyaline, stigma and nervures dilute sepia. Legs

black, the small joints of tarsi ferruginous. Abdomen

broad.

Sandakan, Borneo (Baker).

Differs from 7. erythrostoma, Cam., by the smaller size

and the stigma not black. Easily known from 7. atomella,

Ckll., by the narrower head and non-canescent face.

Melipona flavolineata, Friese.

“Guyane, Maroni.” From Queensland Museum.

Trigona clavipes (Fabr.) comes from the same locality.

Records of Bees. 117

Euryglossa halictina, sp. n-

? .—Length about 8 mm.

Only moderately robust, the thorax appearing small in com-

parison with the abdomen; black, the head and thorax with

thin pale hair, the hind margins of the first four abdominal

segments narrowly dusky-testaceous ; antenne entirely

black ; clypeus shining, with sparse rather weak punctures ;

front and vertex dull; mesothorax dull, with extremely

minute punctures ; scutellum little more shining, with a

depressed median line ; tegulz fuscous basally, with broad

testaceous margins. Wings suffused with fuliginous, stigma

and nervures fuscous. Legs black. Abdomen with little’

hair, moderately shining, impunctate.

Bridport, Tasmania, Oct. 26-30, 1913 (F. M. Littler,

2560).

Nearest to E. fasciatella, Ckll., but the head is not nearly

so broad. It looks like a species of Halictus. The abdomen

is longer and narrower than in E. subsericea, Ckll.

Lithurgus scabrosus (Smith).

Yule Island, S.E. Papua, 1915. (Queensland Museum.)

It is presumably this species which Friese has reported

from New Guinea as ZL. atratus, Smith.

Dianthidium truncatiforme, Cockerell.

N. Djole, Gabon. (Queensland Museum.)

Megachile lachesis, Smith.

Kaimana, Dutch New Guinea (H, Elgner). From Queens-

land Museum.

. Megachile saigonensis, sp. n.

2? .—Length about 14°5 mm.

Agrees with Bingham’s description of M. amputata, Smith,

except as follows :——apical abdominal segments finely punc-

tured all over, not smooth at base; no fulvous fasciz on

abdomen beyond third segment; ventral scopa cream-

coloured on first two segments and middle of third and

fourth, but broadly black at sides of third and fourth, and

black on last two segments; antenne entirely black. The

wings are yellowish smoky, with a small dark cloud beyond

118 Descriptions and Records of Bees.

end of marginal cell. Legs red, but hind tarsi black, the

basitarsus very broad.

Saigon, Cochin China (from Le Moult). Received from

Queensland Museum.

This is probably a subspecies of Bingham’s M. amputata,

having the clypeus with a median smooth band, slightly de-

pressed, and the mandibles with a subapical fossa. The

original M. amputata, Smith, from Sarawak, though similar

in appearance, was described as having the clypeus keeled,

and is related to J/. harrisoni, Ckll., from Sumatra, and

M. ferruginea, Friese, from Siam. M. fulvofasciata, Rads.,

from Sikkim, which Bingham placed as a doubtful synonym

of amputata, is only 10 mm. long, with whitish scopa.

Nomada penanyensis, sp. n.

2? .—Length about 4 mm.

Ferruginous, with the front (except a broad red band cn

each side) and ocellar region black. Abdomen highly

polished, without yellow spots, the first two segments

broadly dusky apically, the third and fourth darkened all

over, but the apex light red ; face and pleura with thin pure

white hair; mandibles simple; scape testaceous in front ;

flagellum dark ; second antennal joint about half as long as

third, third about as Jong as fourth ; mesothorax densely

punctured, clear red all over ; tegule ferruginous. Wings

hyaline with dusky apex, nervures and stigma dark ; b. n.

going a little basad of t.-m.; second t.-c. lacking on right

side of type, but the opposite wing has three submarginal

cells. The antenne are quite long, reaching the metathorax.

Island of Penang (Baker, 9968).

Resembles some of the Philippine species, but separated

by the small size, combined with dark front and entirely red

mesothorax. It is especially close to N. attrita, Ckll., from

Mindanao, and were not the localities so far apart it might

be thought a mere variety.

Parasphecodes infrahirtus, sp. n.

¢ (type).— Length about 7-5 mm.

Entirely black, except that the apical half of clypeus

(angularly produced in middle above) is cream-colour, the

mandibles are fairly red at apex, and the tarsi are dusky

ferruginous apically. Head broader than long; face and

clypeus roughened, not polished; antenne long, the fia-

gellum submoniliform; head and thorax with thin long

On a new Shrew and Two new Foxes. 119

white hair, but vertex with fuscous hair; mesothorax

elevated and gibbous in front, dull anteriorly, polished on

disc, with strong scattered punctures; scutellum polished,

very sparsely punctured in middle; area of metathorax

semilunar, sharply ‘defined, with numerous longitudinal

rug. Wings slightly dusky, stigma piceous, nervures sepia ;

second submarginal cell variable in width; hind tibize and

tarsi with shining white hair on inner side. Abdomen

rather short, polished, with the punctures excessively minute,

and no hair-bands or patches on dorsal surface; on the

ventral side there is a broad band of white tomentum across

the middle of the abdomen.

? .—Length fully 8 mm.

More robust, the broad face wholly black ; mesothorax

strongly and closely punctured on disc, but scutellum with

two large polished impunctate areas ; middle and hind tibiz

and tarsi brownish.

Launceston, Tasmania, Sept. 19, 1916 (F. M. Littler), two

ice The female was taken at Launceston, April 18,

16.

Much smaller than P. dissimulator, Ckll., which it resem--

bles in many respects. The male has a very strong super-

ficial resemblance to Halictus spenceri, Ckll.

X.—A new Shrew and Two new Foxes from Asia Minor

and Palestine. By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Tn working out some mammals obtained by Major Maurice

Portal during the Palestine campaign, and presented by him

to the National Museum, I have found the three following

forms to need special names :—

Crocidura portali, sp. D.

Most nearly allied to the Central Asiatic species C. dlensis ;

widely different from the European forms of the genus.

Size small, though not excessively so. General colour clear

pale grey, rather paler than { drab-grey ” if the darker tips

to the hairs are included, but it may be better described as

“pale drab-grey” overlaid with the fine brown hair-tips

which slightly darken it. Under surface creamy white, the

120 Mr. O. Thomas on a

hairs slaty at base, but the slaty quite hidden by the whitish

tips, so that the colour is not a mixed slaty and white, as is

more usual in shrews; line of demarcation on sides fairly

well marked. Hands and feet white. Tail greyish white

above, white below, with a fair number of the usual longer

bristles,

Skull very like that of C. dlensis in its small size and short

muzzle, ‘Teeth about as in that species, the incisors less

prominent than in C. russula.

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :—

Head and body 57 mm.; tail 35; hind foot 12°5;

ear 9.

Skull: condylo-incisive length 17:5; basal length 15:5 ;

greatest breadth 8°3 ; front of 2! to back of m® 7:8; front of

p* to back of m® 4:5; tip of a to tip of p* 4; back of 7 to

front of p* 1°8 ; breadth of palate across m? 5:6,

Hab. Ramleh, 8.E. of Jaffa, Palestine.

Type. Adult skin and skull. B.M. no. 19. 4.11.9. Col-

lected and presented by Major Maurice Portal.

This pretty little grey shrew has clearly nothing to do with

the C. russula group, of which a local form—C. 7. judatca—

was described recently. C. russula basa much longer muzzle,

with larger and more dominant incisors, while in the present

form the incisors are comparatively small. C. ilensts, a species

described by Miller from a specimen now in the British

Museum, seems really its nearest ally, and of this, besides the

type, we have a considerable series from Djarkent (2iickbei?)

and Samarkand (Carruthers). These, however, all have

shorter tails and are of a decidedly darker grey, not unlike

that of European C. russula.

On the other hand, there have recently been received from

Baluchistan, collected by Col. Ernest Hotson, four shrews

very similar in proportions to C. portal’, and, while rather

variable in colour, averaging much lighter than C. ¢lensis,

one of them, in fact, being of precisely the same pale grey as

the type of C. portal. These specimens perhaps indicate

that this pale shrew will be found to extend right across

Persia, but until that country is better explored, tiis cannot

be definitely asserted.

Of older known species none seems to enter into question,

as they are mostly larger—at least as large as C. russula,—the

only doubtful one being Sorex gmelini, Pallas, from “ Hyr-

cania,” the country on the §.H. coast of the Caspian Nea.

It, however, would seem to be more strongly drabby, 7. e.

as in russula and ilensis, while its generally insufficient

new Shrew and Two new Foxes. 198

description has already induced Dr. Saturnin to say that it

should be put asidé as indeterminable.

No shrew like this is known from Egypt, C. olivierd being

twice as large, while C. religiosa is far smaller and belongs to

a wholly different group.

Vulpes vulpes anatolica, subsp. n.

Darker and duller coloured than otner foxes of S.E. Asia,

the upper surface a more or less muddy reddish brown.

Central line of nape and withers washed with blackish.

Middle of back (saddle) dull cinnamon-rufous, the usual

whitish subterminal rings on the hairs only appearing on the

rump. Under surface washed with dull whitish, the hairs

broadly slaty basally, the chin and throat blackish slaty.

Back of ears deep black. Pale shoulder-patches dull buffy,

not conspicuous. Fore legs deep fulvous or blackish, feet

fulvous with greyish metacarpal patch. Hind legs dull

smoky fulvous, a line down inner side whitish ; feet paler

fulvous on top, with a darker patch on metatarsus, inner sides

buffy whitish. Upper surface of tail dull rufous (nearest to

* orange-cinnamon”); under surface pale buffy, with the

hairs of the subterminal part washed with black; the extreme

end dull white, not forming a conspicuous white tassel.

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :—

Head and body 650 mm. ; tail 335 ; hind foot 132.

Skull: greatest length 138; condylo-basal length 126;

zygomatic breadth 71; nasals 49; interorbital breadth 25;

breadth across postorbital processes 31; breadth of brain-case

45°5 ; height of brain-case from between bullee 38-5 ; palatal

length 69; length of p* on outer edge 12°6 ; combined length

of m! and m? 14; breadth of m* 11-2.

A male skull, older than the type, measures 134 mm. in

condylo-basal length.

Hab. Asia Minor. Type from Smyrna, a second specimen

from Marash.

Type. Young adult female (fully developed, but the basilar

suture not closed). B.M. no. 6.10.16. 2. Original num-

ber 57. Collected and presented by W. Griffitt Blackler, Esq.

This is a dull-coloured fox, markedly different in general

tone from the light-coloured foxes, more or less of a desert

type, found to the east and south of its habitat.

It was first obtained by Mr, C. G. Danford, who brought

from Marash the skin referred to in P. Z. 8S. 1880, p. 53.

That skin, however, had no skull, and I have therefore taken

as type the specimen from Smyrna presented by Mr. Blackler,

122 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on

Vulpes vulpes palestina, subsp.-n.

A greyish fox, much greyer than the rufous foxes of

Egypt.

The body broadly greyish along the sides, the grey even

in some cases extending on the back to the nearly complete

suppression of the rufous. Under surface variable, buffy or

whitish, with blackish bases to the hairs. Backs of ears

deep black. Sides of neck, shoulders, and hips all greyish,

the hairs with whitish subterminal rings. Fore legs greyish

rufous, varying to fulvous, feet pale fulvous. Hind legs also

smoky greyish, the upper surface of the feet buffy, rarely

fulvous, their inner sides paler. Tail above buffy washed

with blackish, the tip prominently white.

~ Skull rather smaller than in V. v. anatolica, about as in

egyptiaca.

Dimensions of the type (measured on the skin) :—

Head and body 610 mm.; tail 330; hind foot 123.

Skull: greatest length 125°5; condylo-basal length 123 ;

zygomatic breadth 66°3; nasals 43°5 ; interorbital breadth

23°2 ; breadth across postorbital processes 31; breadth of

brain-case 44°5 ; height of brain-case from between bullee 38 ;

palatal length 62; length of p* on outer edge 12°2 ; combined

length of m! and m? 13:5; breadth of m! 11:4.

Hab. Palestine. Type from Ramleh, near Jaffa. Other

specimens from Mt. Lebanon.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 19, 4.11.8. Collected

November 1918, and presented by Major Maurice Portal.

The Palestine fox, although it no doubt grades southwards

into that of Egypt (V. v. ewgyptiaca, Sonnini), is on the

average so very much greyer, especially on the sides and

limbs, that it should apparently have a special subspecific

name. Besides the specimen from Ramleh sent home by

Major Portal, the Museum possesses three others from

Mt. Lebanon, presented in 1894 by Mr. Saleem Baroody.

XI.— Descriptions of Two new Frogs from Brazil.

By G. A. BoULENGER, F.R.S., F.Z.S8.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Tue frogs here described form part of a collection made by

Prof. J. P. Hill, F.R.S., at or near Theresopolis during the

Percy Sladen Expedition to Brazil in 1913, and the types:

have been presented to the British Museum by the Trustees

of the Perey Sladen Fund.

Two new Frogs from Brazil. 123

Leptodactylus pumilio, sp. n.

Tongue oval, entire. Vomerine teeth in short transverse

series close together behind the level of the choane, Ileal

as long as broad ; snout rounded, scarcely projecting beyond

the lower jaw, a little longer than the eye; canthus rostralis

obtuse ; loreal region very oblique, concave ; nostril nearer

the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space much

broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. Fingers

with swollen tips, first a little shorter than second, which is

one-half the length of third; subarticular tubercles strong.

Toes with the tips dilated into small dises, which are longer

than broad ; no dermal border ; subarticular tubercles mode-

rately large, moderately prominent; two small, feebly promi-

nent metatarsal tubercles, The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches

the eye; tibia half the length of head and body, as long

as the foot. Skin smooth, shiny. Dark brown above, with

ill-defined darker spots on the head and body, and cross-

bands on the limbs; brownish white beneath, speckled and

vermiculate with dark brown.

From snout to vent 20 mm.

A single female specimen.

In the dilated tips of the toes this small frog is related to

L. hyledactylus, Cope, L. discodactylus, Blgr., L. pulcher,

Bler., and L. mantipus, Blgr., but differs from all of them in

the hidden tympanum.

Hyla hilli, sp. n.

Tongue round, entire and slightly free behind. Vomerine

teeth in short U-shaped series on round bases, close together

between the rather small choane. Head small, a little

broader than long, feebly depressed ; snout rounded, scarcely

projecting beyond the mouth, as longas the orbit ; no canthus

1ostralis; loreal region feebly oblique, slightly concave ;

nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye, which is

rather small ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ;

tympavum very distinct, 2 the diameter of the eye. Fingers

rather short, }-webbed, the discs moderately large, a little

smaller than the tympanum ; no distinct rudiment of pollex.

Toes rather short, entirely webbed, the discs nearly as large

as those of the fingers. ‘The tibio-tarsal aticulation reaches

the shoulder; heels overlapping when the limbs are folded at

right angles to the body; tibia a little less than 3 the length

of head and body. Skin smooth above, with a few very small

warts on the head ; large flat granules on the throat, on the

belly, and on the proximal half of the lower surface of the

124 Mr. F. A. Bather on a

thighs, Reddish brown above, with dark brown dots and the

following principal blackish markings :—a blotch capping the

tip of the snout, a curved band from the nostril to the eye, a

cross-band between the eyes, a vertical bar below the anterior

third of the eye, a temporal band, two oblique bands (one

behind the other) on each side of the body, and cross-bands

on the limbs ; upper lip behind the black vertical bar, flanks,

and lower parts white; a black crescent at the axil and

another at the groin; back of thighs colourless, black-edged

above.

From snout to vent 33 mm.

A single female species.

This frog, remarkable for its very short hind limbs, appears

to be related to H. melanargyrea, Cope, from Mato Grosso,

which differs in the tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the eye,

as well as in other respects.

XII.—Protoscolex latus, a new “Worm” from Lower

Ludlow Beds. By F. A. Batuer, F.R.S,

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

THE genus Protoscoler was founded by H. O.. Ulrich in

July 1878 (Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. i. p. 89). Since

the paper is rare, his generic diagnosis may be quoted in

full :—

“ Body ranging from a medium toa great length, of nearly

uniform width throughout its length; body divided trans-

versely by more or less narrow, simple or papillated segments.

Anterior and posterior ends obtusely pointed, and, probably

because the specimens are fossil, are not distinguishable

from each other. No sets or appendages of any kind.”

This was followed by the description of four species—

P. covingtonensis (the genotype), P. ornatus, P. tenuis, and

P. simplex. All were found south of Covington, Kentucky,

associated with the polyzoa now known as Arthrostylus tenuis

(James) and Arthropora shafferi (Meek), also with Serpulites

dissolutus, Billings. The stratum is now referred to the

Kconomy formation in the Eden series, that is, Lower

Cincinnatian, just above the horizon of the Utica shale.

One other species has since been described, namely, P.

magnus, by Miller and Faber in July 1892 (op. cit. xv. p. 83).

This was found in the Fulton formation of the Eden series,

corresponding to Utica shale, in Cincinnati.

new Worm” from Lower Ludlow Beds. 125

The American horizons are near the top of the Ordovician,

and correspond approximately to our Lower Ashgillian.

The original generic diagnosis is expressed in vague terms,

and needs interpretation with aid of the figures and descrip-

tions of the species. The actual length observed varies from

1} inch (say, 28 mm.), as in a young P. covingtonensis, to

6 inches (say, 152 mm.) in an example of P. tenuis. The

actual width observed in the compressed fossils varies from

“one fourth of a line” (say, 0°5 mm.), in the smallest P. tenuis,

to about 2 mm., as seen in the figure of P. simplea.

Owing to the incompleteness of most of the specimens, the

ratio of width to length cannot be calculated with certainty.

It is, however, possible to calculate the relative height of the

segments, on the basis of such measurements as are provided,

though these are not very precise :—

Absolute height Ratio to

of segment. width,

PC MNGGNUA Cd es oe stews ’ 0°12 10/100

Pe OFAUUMS AR ira ties ds 0°23 12/100

P. covingtonensis ...... 015 15/100

PY UTNEES & w dace ace hae es 05 33/100

SE UOTEIG ae Ria «dae KES 05 50/100

The nature of the segmentation is not clear. Ulrich’s

figure of P. simplex (op. cit. pl.iv. fig. 4) probably represents

the “ complete individual’’ mentioned on p. 91. This has a

length of about 19 mm.,a greatest width of 2°7 mm., and

tapers rapidly at each end. The drawing shows thirty-two

segments, and, since the specimen is bent round so that one

end almost approaches the other, these segments are lower

on the inner side of the curve than on its outer, and the

draughtsman has represented them as imbricating. This

important feature is not alluded to in the text, nor is it

suggested or mentioned under any other species. It would,

of course, be particularly obvious in a form with the high

and well-marked segments of P. simplex.

The segments are papillate in P. ornatus and P. magnus ;

in all other species, including the genotype, they are described

as smooth. In P. ornatus the papille form either one row

in the median line of a segment or one row near each border

ofasegment. Ulrich’s enlarged figure 16 shows about twelve

papille in each row, all closely set ; that means about twenty-

five in the complete circle of each segment. In P. magnus

** gach segment is ornamented with a single row of six or eight

ee ” (a, e., twelve to sixteen in the complete circle).

e pass now to the first record of the genus from this side

of the Atlantic, and the first occurrence outside the Ordovician.

126 Mr. F. A. Bather on a

Protoscolea latus, sp. n.

Diaynosis.—Segments bear each one or two rows of papilla,

of which not more than twenty are visible on one side of the

compressed fossil. Spaces between papillse not less than the

diameter of a papilla. Height of a segment about 0-25 mm.

Width of specimen about 3mm. Ratio of segment-height

to width 8/100.

Ffolotype.—A specimen collected by Dr. H. L. Hawkins,

and presented by him to the British Museum: Geol. Dept.

A. 1946.

Horizon.— Lower Ludlow, just above the Starfish bed.

Locality.—Martin’s Shell, below Mocktree, near Leint-

wardine, Herefordshire.

This specimen (fig. 1) presents many features of interest

other than those due to its remoteness in time and space from

the species previously described. It is preserved in counter-

pait as two imprints, but some of the substance of the integu-

ment remains here and there as round calcified knobs, appa-

rently where the wall was thickened by papille. ‘Ihe

chemical composition of these knobs is unknown, and may be

due to petrifaction of a chitinoid substance. .

Proto scolex

The specimen lies in a curve shaped like the head of a 2.

Its outline is not very clear-cut asseen under a lens. ‘lhe

diameter is about 3 mm. in the upper part of the ascending

stem of the 2; towards the end of the curve it lessens

gradually to 2°3 mm., then suddenly tapers or rounds off like

the end of an earthworm. ‘Towards the lower end of the

stem of the 2 the width gradually lessens to 2 mm., and then

the fossil seems to fade away into the matrix, both outline

new “Worm” from Lower Ludlow Beds. 127

and ornament becoming obscure. The total length is 69 mm.

(about 22 inches), It is thus seen that, though the length is

no greater than the mean length of the American specimens,

the absolute width is half as much again as in the widest of

them ; hence the trivial name proposed.

The segments (fig. 2) are not very convex, but they are

separated by well-detined grooves, and—asa rule, at any rate—

each bears two lines of papilla. This at first sight gives the

appearance of two segments, but the median groove between

the lines of papillae is less marked than that between the

segments. In each segment it is frequently the case that

one line of papille is stouter than the other, so that there is an

appearance of alternately large and small segments, much as

in a crinoid stem with alternating columnals. If the feebler

line of papilla became still slighter or were pushed under the

next segment, then the appearance would be that of equal

segments each with a single line of papille. Such is actually

the appearance towards the ends of the specimen, which there-

fore in this respect agrees with P, ornatus. In P. magnus

only one line of papille to the segment has been observed

throughout.

No definite arrangement of the papille in longitudinal

series, either linear or alternating, is immediately obvious ;

but where the segments are least disturbed and the papille

most orderly there is a suggestion of oblique lineation, and

this would probably be plainer if the two lines of papilla

were of equal strength.

Where the segments are clearly seen, and the two lines of

papille fully developed, about four segments occupy 1 mm.,

so that the height of twelve segments equals the width of the

specimen, 7, e., a ratio about 8/100. The absolute height of the

segments agrees fairly with that stated for P. ornatus, but. the

relative height is less than that of any species, the next in

order being P. magnus. The total number of segments in the

individual is about 275. Correlated with the greater width of

the specimen is the increased number of papillz in a line—

namely, from eighteen to twenty on one side of the compressed

tube, which is half as many again as in P. ornatus, three

times as many as in P. magnus.

The most noteworthy feature of this specimen is a thick-

ening along the median line, extending through the whole

curved head of the 2 to within 2°5 mm. of its end, and

reaching down the stem to a point about 23 mm. from the

other end. On the imprint, in each counterpart, this thick-

ening appears as a groove, about 0°5 mm. wide, and of

roughly semicircular section. In some places the bottom of

128 Mr. F. A. Bather on a

the groove is relatively smooth, in other places the segmental

markings and papille are clearly seen to run across it. The

apposition of these two grooves would form a tunnel of circular

section; but before the sandstone was split open this tunnel

was filled with a hardened mud of very fine grain and a pale

grey colour. The appearance is most easily explained by

regarding it as the gut of a mud-eating worm; the muddy

core, of which considerable stretches are retained in one or

the other counterpart, is the remains of the animal’s last

meal; the smooth lining of the groove, occasionally pre-

served, is the thin wall of the gut; the groove itself, seen asa

ridge in a wax squeeze, represents the outer skin of the animal

raised in a fold over the full gut (fig. 2). As a rule, the

core is marked by slight constrictions into segments corre-

sponding with those of the integument, and perhaps due to

pressure from the inturned walls of the segments. The

surface between the segmental constrictions may be smooth or

marked by elevations corresponding with the papillae of the

integument. In some places the calcified substance of the

papille is still attached to these segments of the gut, instead

of to the outer skin. There are occasional slight longitudinal

ridges, indicating folds in the wall of the partly-filled gut, due

to pressure.

The gut itself was not confined to the region of the fossil

now marked by a groove or its core, for a darker tract indi-

cates its former extension down the stem of the 2, though it

is impossible to say how far it went.

This gut-structure has not been mentioned as occurring in

any Ordovician species, but Ulrich’s figure of P. simplex

shows a dark line or groove down the middle, and there is

some slight suggestion of the same marking in tlie complete

figure of P. ornatus. The importance of the gut lies in its

confirmation of the view that these fossils were worms of

some kind. The apparent tapering towards each end, as

observed in many of the specimens, indicates that they were

free-moving forms ; unfortunately no distinction between the

ends has yet been detected.

Hitherto the opinion as to the systematic position of Proto-

scolee may be expressed in the words of Miller and Faber

(1892). After giving reasons, drawn chiefly from the mineral

character and state of preservation, against the fossils being

crinoid stems (some of which in many respects they so closely

resemble), they add :—‘f We have no evidence to offer to

show that they represent the tubes of Aunelida, but probably

new “Worm” from Lower Ludlow Beds. 129

they do, and as we cannot class them anywhere else, we leave

them where others have placed them.”

The question remains: What sort of “ Annelida”? ? Most

fossil worms are referred to the Cheetopoda. But if they are

not T'ubicola, then they should show cliete or parapodia, and

one would expect some cephalization or other differentiation

into body-regions, such as occurs even in the somewhat similar

Capitellide. The fossil called Protoscolew is not a tube either

built or secreted, but must be the imprint of the actual in-

tegument, It shows no trace of cheete or parapodia, and

there is no other reason for referring it to the Polycheta.

Whether the segmentation is complete or whether it is con-

fined to the integument cannot at present be decided; the

segmented appearance of the gut is capable of both interpre-

tations. The straight simplicity of the gut excludes the

Gephyrea, some of which present a superficial resemblance in

the distribution of epidermal papillz, and in a tendency to

calcification as expressed in the calcareous plates of some

Sipunculids. My colleague, Mr. H. A. Baylis, has tenta-

tively suggested comparison with a Nematode, and tells me

that two genera of recent Nematoda have backwardly-pointing

spines on the hinder edge of the cuticular rings. That,

however, is no great resemblance, and the creatures in question

are parasitic. Protoscolea also bears some likeness to mille-

pedes ; but none of the fossils has shown any trace of ap-

pendages, and the segmentation is much closer than in any

known millepede.

It is to the Oligocheta that Protoscolex presents thie

strongest resemblance. ‘The general shape, the close and

undifferentiated annulation, and the Jong simple gut are all

suggestive of thatorder. ‘The apparent absence of a clitellum

is by no means fatal, for that structure is less differentiated

in the lower Oligocheta, is very slightly developed in the

primitive Moniligaster, and in most aquatic Oligochzta appears

only periodically. Therefore in Protoscolew it may not have

reached such a stage of evolution as to be discernible in the

fossils, or the animals may have perished out of the breeding-

scason. -‘The very fine sete of the Oligocheta would, of

course, be invisible in any fossil of this kind and size. It is,

however, legitimate te suggest that the papille of certain

species stood in some relation to sete: either they bore one

apiece, or they represent the incipient stages of setxz. In the

aduit of modern oligocheetes the setee are chitinoid rods

embedded in invaginations of the epidermis ; but they first

appear as small cones of chitinoid substance, growing first at

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 9

130 Mr. F. A. Bather on a

their apices or free ends. If Protoscolex was setiferous, it

follows that the sete were disposed as in the Perichetide,

and this is what one would expect. The double rows of

papillae may be compared with the secondary annulation

eccasionally found in modern forms, and so present no

difficulty.

It may be objected that the Oligocheta, especially the

group to which the Perichzetide belong, are normally

terrestrial or, at most, inhabitants of fresh water. There is,

however, & priori reason to suppose that terrestrial oligo-

chetes were derived from aquatic, and ultimately marine,

forms. The primitive Phreoryctes lives both in water and on

land. It is among the Microdrili, with less pronounced

clitellum, that most aquatic species are found. Thus, some of

the Tubificide (e. g., Cliteliio and Vermiculus) and various

Enchytreeids are marine or littoral Among the Megadrili

there are, at any rate, three marine genera—Pontodrilus,

Acanthodrilus, and Pontoscolex.

The rarity of Oligocheta among fossils may be explained

as due to their softness and easy decomposition. The hypo-

thetical primitive forms of marine habitat would probably

have been less easily preserved than the familiar earthworm.

The paleontologist has to rely on an occasional lucky chance,

such as the blow that for the first time exposed a Protoscolex

in the long-exploited beds of the Lower Ludlow formation.

So soon as the Oligocheta took to fresh waters, swamps, and

the land, their opportunities of leaving an imperishable record

were further restricted.

The only fossils that anyone has hitherto proposed to refer

to the Oligocheta are “ fiinf braune Abdriicke, welche héchst

wahrscheinlich den Ringelwiirmern angehdéren,” found in the

Noeggerathia beds of the Coal Measures near Rakouitz,

Bohemia, and described as Pronaidites carbonarius by

J. Kusta (1888, Sitz.-ber. béhmisch. Gesell. Wissensch.,

Math.-nat. Cl., Jahrg. 1887, p. 561, pl. fig. 1). The length

is a little over 10 cm., diameter 0°5 mm, to at most 2 mm., seg-

ments (in the holotype, which is 1°5 mm. wide) about U°5 mm.

high, All specimens are bent, curved, or even twisted. The

side-contours are not very sharp. ‘Towards one end of the

holotype a canal runs down the middle of the body ; its

width is not stated, and it does not appear in the figure.

In all the given details Pronaidites agrees with Proto-

scolex, and the measurements of the segments are the same

as in Protoscolex simplex. Papille are not mentioned, but

neither are they recorded for Protoscolex simplex, P. tenuis, or

the genotype P. covingtonensis. The reference of Pronaidites

carbonarius to Protoscolex is therefore inevitable.

new “Worm” from Lower Ludlow Beds. 131

It is, however, to be noted that, whereas the Ordovician

and Silurian species of Protoscolew are associated with marine

organisms in deposits of admittedly marine origin, Proto-

scolew carbonarius is associated with various arachnids, insects,

and a millepede, in a deposit of presumably fresh-water, or

possibly brackish-water, origin.

Beddard (1895, Monogr. Oligocheeta,-p. 9) says of Pro-

natdites that “it is not by any means convincingly an

Oligocheet.” At the same time he brings forward no counter-

arguments, except in so far as he seems to suggest that, if it

were, then it would support the view that Oligocheta were

derived from the Polychaeta by way of such forms as the

Tubificida—a view with which he disagrees. Beddard’s

argument in the paragraph quoted depends on the distribution

of the setee, but he can have known nothing about the sete

of P. carbonarius, and must therefore have connected it with

the 'Tubificide simply on account of its habitat. If, how-

ever, the papilla of other species of Protoscolewx justify the

conclusion that the sete were arranged as in Perichetide,

then the question assumes a totally different aspect.

Beddard’s own view is that the pericheetous arrangement

of set is the primitive one, and for this view Protoscolea does

seem to furnish that paleontological evidence the absence of

which he deplored. So far as the known structure of Proto-

scolex permits of a decision, there is no reason why the genus

should not be referred to the Pericheetidee. It might, how-

ever, be too hazardous an inference to suppose that this family

of recent earthworms had true representatives in the Ordo-

vician sea, and it is more probable that Protoscoler was

nearer to the hypothetical Archichetopod from which the

Phreoryctidee, Moniligastridee, Knchytreide, and Perichee-

tide originated. It is already a good way removed from

anything that could be called an Archannelid.

Fortunately it has been possible to submit this instructive

specimen of Protoscolex latus to Dr. Beddard and to Professor

Seitaro Goto of Tokyo, and each has independently expressed

the opinion that it closely resembles a modern perichetid.,

The preceding speculations have therefore the sanction of

good authority. At the same time they are speculations ;

other interpretations are possible, and it may be safest to

summarize only the certain facts in the following

Revised Diagnosis of Protoscolex.

A worm-like marine organisin robably cylindrical,

; 8 Veale Sy

tapering rapidly at each end ; length from about 25 mim. to

150 mm.; width in the compressed fossil from 0°5 to 3 mm,

132 Mr. L. A. Borradaile on a

Body flexible, covered with a stout cuticle, divided into from

200 to 300 equal segments, which are often (? always) papil-

late, but bear no appendages or visible sete. Gut simple,

straight, apparently slightly segmented (traced from within

2-5 mm. of one end to within 20 mm. of the other end in an ~

individual 69 mm. long).

The species herein discussed are :—

P. magnus, Miller & Faber. Upper Ordovician, Fulton Formation,

Cincinnati. :

P. covingtonensis, Ulrich (genotype). Upper Ordovician, Eden Forma-

tion, Kentucky.

P. ornatus, Ulrich. Upper Ordovician, Eden Formation, Kentucky.

P. tenuis, Ulrich. % 5 oS 5 a

P. simplex, Ulrich. 5 ‘ E. 5 ay

P. latus, sp.u. Upper Silurian, Lower Ludlow, Herefordshire.

P. carbonarius (Kuta, sub Pronaidites). Upper Carboniferous, Noegge-

rathia beds, Bohemia.

XIIT.—On a new Commensal Prawn.

By L. A. BorrapatLe, M.A.

A sHortT time ago I received, by the kindness of Mr. W. L.

Schmitt, of the United States National Mnseum, four speci-

mens, one an ovigerous female, of a new member of the

ubiquitous subfamily Pontoniine. They were collected at

Beaufort, N.C., where they are said to be abundant on the

“ sea-feathers ” close to the Island. The following diagnosis

sets forth the distinguishing features of the species to which

they belong :—

Periclimenes beaufortensis, sp. n.

Diagnosis.—Body rather stout, not compressed ; rostrum

about 3 length of carapace, almost or quite reaching end of

first joint of antennular stalk, straight, slender, very sharp-

pointed, without teeth, but with a low crest above in its

hinder part ; antennal, but not hepatic or supraorbital, spines

present ; cornea subhemispherical, of moderate size; antennule

with well-developed spines at base and at end of first

joint, third joint about one-third length of first, second about

two-thirds length of third, inner flagellum about half as long

new Commensal Prawn. 133

again as stalk, outer flagellum very slightly longer than

inner, its thickened part rather more than a third of its whole

length, cleft less than halfway ; antennal scale broad, con-

siderably outreaching antennular stalk, rather acutely pointed,

with the spine of the outer edge set back about a quarter of

the length from the end, antennal stalk reaching end of first

joint of antennular ; second and third maxillipeds without

exopodites ; third maxillipeds moderately slender, reaching a

little beyond origin of antennal scale; legs of first pair

a little outreaching antennal scale, with wrist very slightly

shorter than hand, and fingers straight, simple, sharp-edged,

and sharp-pointed, bearing a few bristles at the end ; legs of

second pair unequal, the larger reaching nearly as far as the

antennular flagella, with long, almost rectangular palm, a

little swollen towards the base, simple fingers, not quite half

length of palm, bearing a few hairs at the tips, wrist simple,

unarmed, about half length of fingers, arm simple, unarmed,

about three-quarters length of palm; walking-legs stout, sub-

equal, the first pair reaching nearly to the end of the first

chelipeds, unarmed save for a movable spine near end of

each propodite and some stout bristles, with a swelling on the

underside of the meropodite near its distal end, and a slight

projection of the base of the dactylopodite, which is short,

stout, and rather strongly hooked; sixth abdominal segment

longer than fourth and fifth together, about as long as telson ;

endopodites of uropods a little longer than telson, shorter than

exopodites ; telson tapering, truncate, with the intermediate

pair of terminal spines very strong.

Colour in life “almost transparent except the ovigerous

females, which are pigmented according to the gorgonian on

which they live, orange, lemon-yellow, or almost red.”

Length ‘5--7 mm.

‘l'ype-specimens in the U.S. National Museum.

The affinities of the species are not very clear. Its

simplicity of form and the almost complete absence of spines

from its rostrum, trunk, and limbs seem to point to a rela-

tionship with P. aurantiacus (Dana), 1852, and, if this

suspicion be confirmed, we have in P. beaufortensis a second

member of the subgenus Ensiger; but until more is known

about P. awrantiacus nothing can be said with confidence upon

the subject.

134 Mr. R. Gurney on the Copepod

XIV.—A Description of the Copepod Cylindropsyllus brevi-

cornis, Van Douwe, and of a new Species of D’ Arcythomp-

sonia, Scott. By Ropert Gurney, M.A.

[Plates V.--VII. }

CYLINDROPSYLLUS BREVICORNIS was first described by Van

Douwe from two male specimens taken in brackish water at

Greifswald, and a single female was found by Brehm in 1914

in a collection made in fresh water at Sebenico in Dalmatia.

In neither case did the material permit of the publication

of a full description, and as I have had the opportunity of

examining a number of specimens, and have come to the

conclusion that a new genus should be formed for its

reception, I think it advisable to give a further account of

it with figures.

Horse ta, gen. nov.

Body vermiform, the abdomen not distinct from the thorax.

Genital segment partly or wholly divided into two. First

pair of antenne short, with few joints. Second pair three-

jointed, without external ramus. Mandible without external

ramus. Maxillipedes absent. Swimming-legs alike in both

sexes, the internal rami of two and the external of three

joints. Fifth pair of legs minute, one-jointed.

A comparison of the single representative of this genus

with Cylindropsyllus shows very striking differences in struc-

ture, particularly with regard to the swimming-legs, Horsiella

approaching in this respect more nearly to the genera

Leptocaris and D’ Arcythompsonia. It differs from these two

genera and also from Cylindropsyllus in the absence of the

external ramus of the second pair of antenne and of the

mandibles, and in the absence of the maxillipedes.

Horsiella brevicornis (Van Douwe). (Pls. V. & VI.)

Cylindropsyllus brevicornis, Van Douwe, Zool. Anz. xxviii. 1905,

p- 487; Brehm, Zool. Anz. xliii. 1914, p. 337.

Shape of body cylindrical and vermiform, as in Cylindro-

psyllus; the first segment of the thorax marked off from the

head by a slight dorsal groove exteuding partly down the

sides. Integument thin and without markings. The genital

segment is completely separated into two in the male, but

in the female the line of division does not extend across the

ventral surface. The fifth abdominal segment is twice as

Cylindropsyllus brevicornis, &c. 135

long as the preceding segment in the female. Anal oper-

culum not prominent, and without spines. The furcal rami

are twice as long as they are broad, with a large apical seta

which is nearly one-third the length of the body. All the

segments of the body are smooth, without spines, but there

are groups of exceedingly minute cilia on the ventral side

of the abdominal segments (Pl. V. fig. 1) and a pair of

minute setz on the dorsal margin of each (PI. V. fig. 3).

The first antenna (Pl. VI. fig. 1) of the female is short

and consists of five joints, the first two being thicker than

the remainder and forming a distinct basal part. The third

and fourth joints are short, the fourth bearing a thick

zsthete extending far beyond the end of the antenna, The

distal joint is as long as the third and fourth combined, and

armed at its apex with two sete and an esthete, the latter

springing from the same base as one of the sete. In the

male the antenna is not geniculated and appears to be com-

posed of two joints only, since the two basal joints are fused,

and the remaining joints are only partially distinct. Viewed

from above, the last three joints appear completely fused,

the long zsthete springing from the edge of a peculiar notch,

which probably serves as a hook for grasping the female

CPT VI. fies. 1), 12).

The second antenna is the same in both sexes and consists

of three joints (Pl. VI. figs. 2, 3). The second joint bears

two small sete in place of the external ramus, which is

absent. I have seen one specimen in which this joint, in

both limbs, bore a long blunt-pointed seta (Pl. VI. fig. 3).

The distal joint is armed with five or six strong claws and

a pair of sete which spring from the same basis. One of

these sete has a bifurcated tip, and in some specimens there

appears to be a hyaline prolongation with a bead at the end

similar to the esthetes of the antenne of Cladocera.

The mouth-parts (text-fig. 1) consist, as in Cylindropsyllus,

of three pairs of appendages only, the maxillipedes being

absent. In C. levis there are a pair of minute triangular

plates behind the second pair of maxille which, as Prof.

Sars suggests, may represent the maxillipedes, but there is no

trace of them in Horsiella. The mandible consists of a large

quadrangular base and a slender chewing part with three or

four blunt teeth, no trace of an external ramus being found.

The first maxilla has a two-jointed palp and a single broad

terminal lobe armed with three teeth and a few spines.

The second maxilla is two-jointed, the basal part bearing, in

place of the usual setigerous lobes, a single finger-like

process with a comb of minute hook-like spines. The second

—

136 Mr. R. Gurney on the Copepod

joint carries two large spines reaching forward nearly to the

mouth.

The mouth-parts are overhung by a large anterior lip with

a toothed edge. Ihave not been able to detect the presence

of a bilobed posterior lip as shown by Prof. Sars in C. levis,

but there is a delicate flap or epistome bounding the mouth

anteriorly and fringed with short cilia.

The first four pairs of legs are of approximately the same

structure in both sexes, consisting of an external branch of

three joints and an inner two-jointed branch as long as the

first two joints of the outer branch. The first pair (PI. VI.

fig. 4) is the shortest, and the succeeding pairs increase

somewhat in length, the fourth being considerably longer

than the first pair. The external branches of all legs are

alike, except that the third and fourth pair bear an additional

seta on the apical joint. The internal branch of the first

pair is alike in both sexes. The first joint bears a long seta

with a blunt point fringed with cilia, which, in its normal

position, is directed forward, reaching nearly to the mouth.

‘The distal joint bears a spine andalong seta. In the female

the internal branches of the remaining swimming-legs are

alike, but differ from the first pair in having the long sensory

seta upon the base of the second joint and in having two

apical sete (Pl. VI. figs. 5, 6). In the male the apical

setee are as in the female, but, in place of the long basal

seta of the second joint, the second and third legs have a

peculiar sharply-pointed spine with a small barb (Pl. VI.

fig. 9). The basal seta of the fourth leg is similar to that

of the female, but longer and very much stouter (PI. VI.

fig. 10).

The fifth pair of legs in both sexes are minute knobs

bearing two short spines in the female and four in the male

(Pl. VI. figs. 7, 8).

I have not seen any female bearing egg-sacs, but on one

occasion a female which had been kept alive for a few days

was found to be carrying a single egg attached to the genital

segment by a slender stalk. The egg was soon burst and

flattened by the movements of the animal under the cover-

glass.

Length. Female °56 to ‘65 mm.; male 6 mm.

I owe the discovery of this species to Mr. D. J. Scour-

field, who suggested to me that the submerged parts of dead

Scirpus and Typha might harbour peculiar Entomostraca.

The first specimen met with was found on July 14, 1919,*in

a small piece of dead Typha floating in Hickling Broad, and

by squeezing such decayed stems, I have found that it is not

Cylindropsyllus brevicornis, ce. 137

Mouth-parts: A, side view; B, ventral view.

UL., upper lip; EP., epistome; MN., mandible; MX. 1, first

maxilla; M_X, 2, second maxilla.

138 Mr. R. Gurney on the Copepod

uncommon in Hickling Broad and Horsey Mere where the

water is slightly brackish*. It is probably widely distri-

buted in the Norfolk Broads District wherever there is a

trace of salt in the water, since I have also found it in

Barton Broad and in the River Ant below Irstead. It also

occurs in Calthorpe Broad, which is a very small Broad,

not connected with the river, in which the water is, I

believe, quite fresh. I have failed to find it in Sutton, South

Walsham, and Ranworth Broads.

Mr. Scourfield has sent me a sketch of an Harpacticid

found by him at Littlehampton this year which undoubtedly

belongs to this species, so that it is probable that it is

generally distributed in brackish water wherever the vegeta-

tion provides a suitable habitat. I have found it in the

decaying leaves of Sparganium ramosum and Scirpus lacustris,

but it seems to prefer to live under the leaf-sheaths of the

dead stems of Typha angustifolia. I have not hitherto been

able to make any observations on its life-history, since I

have only once seen an egg-bearing female and have met

with only two immature individuals, both of these being in

late Cyclopid stages. It seems probable that the eggs are

not carried in egg-sacs, but are laid freely, and that possibly

reproduction is mainly confined to the spring or early

snmmer, Against this supposition is the fact that the males

always have developed spermatophores in the vas deferens.

D Arcythompsonia scotti, sp.n. (Pl. VIL.)

Body similar in shape to D. jairliensis, Scott, with soft

cuticle without markings. The anal operculum of the

female is scarcely prominent and somewhat pointed, while

that of the male, as in D. fairliensis, is deeply cleft and

projects as a pair of conspicuous hooks (Pl. VII. fig. 10).

The furcal rami in both sexes are tapering, not contracted

at the end as in D. fairliensis, with a single large terminal

seta which is not jointed as it is in Cylindropsyllus levis.

The second abdominal segment of the male has a median

sucker-like projection on the dorsal surface, which appears

to be crowned with a striated horseshoe-shaped membrane

{PL VIL. fig. 21);

The first antenna in both sexes consists of six joints, with

no marked division between basal and distal parts, the large

zesthete being borne by the third joint in the female and

by the fourth in the male. In the latter the fourth joint

* The salinity is very variable, ranging from about 40 to over 70

graine of chlorine as chlorides per gallon,

Cylindropsyllus brevicornis, &c. 139

is much dilated and deeply notched. The second antenna is

three-jointed, the third joint bearing six strong spines and a

single long spine-like seta (Pl. VII. fig. 1). The external

ramus is reduced to a small knob bearing a single seta,

The mouth-parts are as in D. fairliensis, consisting of man-

dibles, two pairs of maxilla, and a pair of maxillipedes.

The mandible bears a one-jointed palp with two setz (Pl. VII.

fig. 2). The maxillipedes are well developed and appear to

agree with those of D. fairliensis, as figured by Prof. Sars.

The swimming-legs are almost the same in both sexes,

and are less slender than in D. fairliensis. In the first pair

(Pl. VII. fig. 3) the second basal joint bears a strong spine

on its inner angle, which is absent from the succeeding legs.

In the male (Pl. VII. fig. 4) this spine is curved and slightly

_ barbed. The internal rami of all legs are two-jointed,

nearly as long as the external branch, but they differ some-

what in the different legs in respect of the sete borne by

them. The internal rami of the third and fourth pairs of

legs of the male differ from those of the female in having

the inner spine of the second joint considerably longer, and

in having a long spine springing from the middle of the

first joint of the fourth leg in space of a short apical spine.

The fifth pair of legs are the same in both sexes, con-

sisting of small knobs bearing each a small lateral seta and

three terminal sete of which the middle one is very small

(Pl. VII. fig. 12).

Length. Female 1:15 and 1:3 mm.; male 1:2 and 1°45 mm.

The specimens described above form part of the Norman

Collection in the British Museum (Natural History), and

are labelled “‘ Cylindropsyllus levis, E. Loch Tarbert, Loch

Fyne, 1886, T. Scott.” (B.M. nos. 45248-252). I have to

express my thanks to Dr. W. T. Calman and the authorities

of the Museum for allowing me to examine them.

The species differs from D. fairliensis in the form of the

furcal rami of the female, in the structure of the antenne,

and in certain details of the length and arrangement of the

setz of the swimming-legs.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE V.

Horsiella brevicornis (Van Douwe),

Fig. 1. Female, ventral view.

Fig. 2. Male, dorsal view.

Fig. 3. Male, lateral view.

140 Mr, O. Thomas on the Generic Positions of

PLATE VI,

Forsiella brevicornis (Van Douwe).

Fig. 1. First antenna of female.

Fig. 2. Second antenna of female, seen from the inside (the sete of the

second joint are seen through). ?

Fig. 8. Second antenna of female, from outside.

Fig. 4. First leg of female.

Fig. 6. Second leg of female.

Fug. 6. Fourth leg of female.

Fig. 7. Fifth pair of legs of female.

Fig. 8. Fifth pair of legs of male.

Fig. 9. Internal ramus of second leg of male.

Fig. 10. Internal ramus of fourth leg of male.

Fig, 11. First antenna of male from the side.

Fig. 12, First antenna of male—last two joints seen from inside.

Priate VII.

D’ Arcythompsonia scotti, sp. n.

Fig. 1. Second antenna of male.

Fig. 2. Mandible palp.

Fig. 3. First leg of female.

Fug, 4. First leg of male (rather more magnified).

Fig, 5. Fourth leg of female.

Fig. 6. Last two joints of external branch of third leg of female.

Fig. 7. Second leg of male.

Fig. 8. Fourth leg of male.

Fig. 9. Last abdominal segment and furea of female.

Fig. 10. Operculum and furcal ramus of male.

Fig. 11. Protuberance of dorsal side of second abdominal segment of

male. Seen from side.

Fig. 12. Fifth leg of female.

Fig. 18, Second leg of female.

XV.—The Generic Positions of “Mus” nigricauda, Thos.,

and woosnami, Schwann. By O.prisitp THomas.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Wuen dividing, some years ago*, the African members of

what is now called Rattus into subgenera, I only dealt with

the large and prominent groups of species, leaving isolated

forms for further consideration. My attention has now,

however, been called to a species which was one of the first

I ever described +, “ Mus nigricauda,” based on a single

Namaqualand specimen that has more recently been re-

inforced by a number collected by Dr. Ansorge and Mr.

* Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xvi. p. 477 (1916).

+ P. Z. S. 1882, p. 266, pl, xiv. fig. 1.

“Mus” nigricauda, Thos., and woosnami, Schwann. 141

Woosnam, so that we are now enabled to make a better

study of the animal. Im addition, excellent notes on the

habits have been made by Mr. Heller, who obtained in Kast

Africa his ‘ Thamnomys loringi,” a form undoubtedly—as

Mr. Hollister has shown *—very closely allied to nigricauda.

On using my key to the subgenera, one finds that it is with

ithomys alone that nigricauda needs comparison, and on

making this I come to the conclusion that its specializations

for an arboreal life are, undoubtedly, of sufficient im-

portance to render it worthy of superspecific distinction.

Moreover, since there is complete discontinuity, I think it

most convenient to make a genus for it, rather than a sub-

genus of Rattus.

This may be called :—

THALLOMYs, gen. nov.

Genotype, Thallomys nigricauda (Mus nigricauda, Thos.).

Other forms described : loringi, Hell.; kalaharicus, Dollm.

External form modified in the way usual in arboreal forms,

i. e. with the feet comparatively shortened, with large pads

and comparatively long fifth digits, and with the tail pro-

fusely pencilled throughout, quite different from the nearly

naked tail of A#thomys and other terrestrial rats, while even

the blackish line through the eyes so characteristic of many

arboreal rodents is here again present. Mammze 0—2=4.

Skull essentially as in Athomys, the bulle unusually

large.

Upper molars with the cusps high and well marked, the

valleys on each side of the middle row of cusps deep and well

defined, and the middle cusps themselves markedly narrower

and more prominent than in Aithomys, i. e. nearly circular

instead of transversely oblong.

Lower molars with an approach to that peculiar condition

which is found at its maximum in Mylomys and certain other

genera, the cusps high and very sharply defined, their wear-

ing surfaces pointing forwards, and the median valley along

the tooth-row very sharp and deep. Almost no trace present

of median posterior supplementary cusps.

These characters, and especially those of the lower molars,

seem to justify the generic distinction of the group, while

the hairy tail separates it from its allies in exactly the same

way, and for the same reasons, as Nyctomys and Rhipidomys

are distinguished in America from other Vesper-rats, and in

* Bull. U.S, Nat. Mus. no. 99, p. 69 (1919).

142 Mr. O. Thomas on

Asia Pithechirus, Hapalomys, and many others from the

terrestrial forms found there.

A second species formerly put in Mus is the curious white-

tailed M. woosnami, Schwann*, of Bechuanaland, which

is even more decidedly different from any Rattus than is

Thallomys nigricauda. Its unusual proportions, with the

tail only about equal to the length of the body without the

head, the entire absence of supraorbital ridges, and the struc-

ture of the molars, of which m’ is greatly reduced and

simplified, all testify to its being an animal which could not

by any possible stretch of the genus be nowadays put in

Rattus. Nor is any other genus more nearly related to it,

though there is about it a certain superficial resemblance

to Saccostomus which a closer study soon shows to be

deceptive.

As Mr. Schwann has given a full description of the

distinctive characters, with figure of the animal, I do not

propose to redescribe it, but simply suggest for it the name

derived from its general pallor and white tail of

Ocnromys, gen. nov.

Genotype, Ochromys woosnami (Mus woosnami, Schwann).

XVI.—A new Taphozous from the Sudan.

By OLDFIELD T'HOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

AMONG a number of small mammals collected in the Sudan

by Major J. Stevenson Hamilton, and sent to the British

Museum for determination by the Wellcome Research

Laboratories, Khartoum, there occurs a specimen of the

following new bat, which I have great pleasure in naming in

honour of its discoverer :—

Taphozous hamiltont, sp. n.

A fairly large species of the group with a naked gular

patch in the female—a pouch therefore probably present in

the male.

* P, Z. S. 1906, p. 108, pl. vi. (animal),

a new Taphozous from the Sudan. 143

Size rather smaller than in hildegardee, decidedly larger

than in sudani. General external appearance as to colour

and distribution of fur much about as in perforatus and its

allies. Fur covering, but restricted to, the body, short ; hairs

of back barely 3 mm. in length. Colour above dark sepia-

brown, the extreme tips of the hairs lighter, their bases

white ; below similar, but paler, the light tips being longer.

Throat with a sharply defined naked patch, no doubt indicating

that the male has a gular pouch.

Skull broad and stout, much more heavily built than that

of ZT. sudani, and approaching that of the large 7. nudi-

ventris, though its muzzle is conspicuously shorter than in

that animal and is without the great projection forward of

the incisors.. Forehead broad and flat, little hollowed out, the

rise of the brain-case behind it not nearly so great as in

sudant. Postorbital processes well developed, short. Brain-

case broad, more parallel-sided, less oval, than in sudani.

Mesoptery goid fossa penetrating the palate to the level of the

hinder edge of m?. Basial pits broadly triangular, not very

deep.

Teeth as usual, rather stout and heavy throughout, breadth

across canines greater than in other species of the same size.

Dimensions of the type:—

Forearm (c.) 66 mm.*

Head and body 80 ; tail 35 ; third metacarpal 60.

Skull: condyle to front of canines 22 ; zygomatic breadth

15; interorbital breadth 7:3; intertemporal breadth 5 ;

breadth of brain-case 11°2; mastoid breadth 13 ; palato-

sinual length 6°25; postpalatal length 11:2; basial pits,

length 3, combined breadth 5. ‘Teeth: front of canine to

back of m? 9°73 front of p* to back of m? 6:5.

flab. Mongalla, Sudan.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 19.12.18.1. No. 118 of

the Stevenson Hamilton collection. Collected 13th June,

1918. Presented to the National Museum by the Wellcome

Research Laboratories.

It is difficult to say to which of the older-known species

this Yaphozous is most nearly allied. Its skull is much

stouter than that of perforatus, sudani, and their allies, while,

of course, the widely different fur-distribution of nudiventris

and the peculiar colour of mauritianus at once separate those

forms from it. TZ. hildegardee has a much narrower and

* The proximal end of each forearm has been lost, and the length is

estimated from that of the third metacarpal, usually rather more than

one-tenth shorter.

144. Ona new Marmoset from the Peruvian Amazons.

more slender skull, and no naked gular patch in the female.

It is to be hoped that male specimens will shortly be obtained,

so that the pouch-structure in that sex can be observed.

Major Stevenson Hamilton states that the specimen was

captured in the verandah of his house.

XVII.—A new Marmoset from the Peruvian Amazons.

By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Leontocebus mounseyt, sp. n.

Closely allied to LZ. apiculatus, Thos.*, with which it agrees

in all essential characters, but distinguished by the following

points :—Terminal ticking of nape-hairs commencing rather

further forward, en the hairs between the ears instead of

further down the neck. Dorsal marbling rather more coarsely

conspicuous. Fur of under surface, including groins and

inner sides of thighs, longer and denser, and the hairs all

with distinct blackish bases instead of being wholly reddish.

Upper side of hands and feet rather more prominently grizzled

with fulvous. ‘Tail, beyond its basal reddish-mixed inch,

abruptly deep black, without any trace of the more extensive

fulvous grizzling for three or four inches which forms so

marked a characteristic of L. apiculatus.

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—

Head and body 175 mm.; tail 800; hind foot 58;

ear 24.

Skull: gnathion to occiput 46.

Hab. Rio Pacaya, opposite Sapote, Lower Ucayali. Alt.

250 feet.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 20.1. 9.1. Original num-

ber 2. Collected 25th July, 1912, by Mr. J. J. Mounsey.

One specimen.

Of the various characters above noted, the most marked is

the difference in the extension of the grizzling of the base

of the tail—a character quite constant in other species and

one that seems certainly to justify the distinction of the

Pacaya marmoset.

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xiv. p. 190 (1904) ; Elliot, Primates, i.

p. 204 (1918).

On Two new Species of Fossil Tortoises. 145

XVIII.—Note on Two new Species of Fossil Tortoises. By

C. W. Anprews, D.Sc., F.R.S. (British Museum, Natural

History).

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Tue first of the two specimens which form the subject of the

present note is an internal cast of the shell of a rather large

Pleurodiran tortoise, with some of the carapace and plastron

still adhering to it. It is from the Upper Greensand of

Melbury Down, near Shaftesbury, Dorset, and it is said to

have been used for some years for blocking a gate open,

a circumstance which probably accounts for the broken

condition of the marginal portion of the shell. ‘The speci-

men then passed into the collection of late Mr. John Rutter,

and was presented to the British Museum by Mr. Clarence

E: Rutter in 1915.

Most of tle carapace has been lost, and is represented only

by the natural cast of its inner surface. The parts preserved

are two or three costal bones on the right side, perhaps some

neurals, the pygal, the supra-pygal or supra-pygals, and the

six posterior marginals much broken at the edges. Portions

of the posterior costals are present on the left side, and there

are a few other adherent portions of bone of no importance.

The plastron is, on the whole, beautifully preserved, only

the front of the anterior lobe being missing, the epiplastrals,

the front of the entoplastral, and parts of the hyo-plastral

being represented by the impressions of their upper surface

only. The bridge uniting the carapace and plastron is well

preserved on the left side, but on the right most of it is

represented by the impressions of the bones only. Tlie plates

of the carapace and plastron, together with the infilling mass

of matrix, probably give a pretty accurate idea of the true

form of the shell, which was strongly arched from side to

side and to a rather less degree from before backwards.

The length of the shell was approximately 580 mm. (the

front part of the cast is somewhat incomplete). The width

is roughly 470 mm. ; the height is about 220 mm.; the length

of the bridge is 225mm. ‘The plates all bear a strongly

developed ornament consisting of round or oval tubercles,

often flat at the top and sometimes with a small depression

in the middle. They measure from one to four millimetres

across aud are most strongly developed on the bridge and

the lateral portions of the plastron. In spite of this strong

sculpture horny scutes were present, at least on the plastron,

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 10

146 ee Dr. C. W. Andrews on

Fig. 1.

Ud SRT NEEM yi

Vite se:

V5,

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are

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Fa)

* ee tattee

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GEN

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oy ef RP RSE ET 9 MIN eees

seernnctersee

ner eeeae

Trachydermochelys ruttert. A, plastron; B, posterior end of carapace.

ent., entoplastron; epi., epiplastron; Ayo., hyoplastron; hyp., hypo-

plastron ; m., marginals; ms., mesoplastron of left side; ms. 1,

ms. 2, mesoplastra of right side, py., pygal ; sm., submarginals ;

s.py. 1, s.py. 2, suprapygals; xip., xiphiplastral. About j nat. size.

The whole surface is covered with sculpture, but this has only been

drawn where most strongly developed.

Two new Species of Fossil Tortoises. 147

where the sulci marking their boundaries are well defined.

The whole shell was very massive, some of the plastral plates

measuring upwards of 13 mm. in thickness.

The arrangement of the plates will be best understood from

the figures. There seems to have been a pygal of peculiar

form, narrowing towards the margin of the shell (fig. 1, B) :

it is represented in part by its impression’ only, but the

sutures can be followed. The lower supra-pygal is a small

well-defined bone, crescentic in outline, with the concavity

downwards. The nature of the bone above is doubtful, the

sutures in this region being obscure and cracks numerous:

it may be a second sypra-pygal or the posterior pair of

costals unitingiin the middle line. If this last interpretation

is correct, the animal possessed at least nine pairs of costals—

a quite exceptional condition. The marginals were very

massively constructed : all preserved are much broken at the

edges. The plastron (fig. 1, A) is chiefly remarkable for the

presence of two mesoplastrals on the left side, while there is

only one on the right. This reduplication of the plastral

element is interesting, because it may indicate a tendency to

revert to an earlier condition in which the number of paired

elements in the plastron was greater than inlaterforms, The

posterior lobe narrows gradually backwards from the bridge,

and its posterior end is slightly notched. The anterior lobe

is broadly rounded ; the form of the epiplastrals cannot be

clearly determined, but it can be seen that their upper border

was thickened, rounded, and covered with the characteristic

sculpture. The entoplastron is incomplete, but was probably

lozenge-shaped. The hyoplastra are incomplete in front.

The single mesoplastron on the right side is very wide,

almost as wide as the two occurring on the other side taken

together. On both sides the mesoplastra widen out towards

the bridge, this being particularly marked in the anterior

one on the left side. The form of the hypo- and xiphiplastra

present no special peculiarities. The grooves marking the

outline of the horny scutes are well marked on the plastral

surface, but could not be seen on what remains of the

carapace. ‘The boundary between the humeral and pectoral

scutes crosses just behind the posterior angle of the ento-

plastron, that between the pectorals and abdominals is on the

mesoplastra. The grooves between the femoral and anal

scutes slope strongly backwards, and are confined to the

xiphiplastra. On the bridge there were three or four sub-

marginal scutes. ‘The presence of the horny scutes on a

shell in which the sculpture is so strongly developed seems

remarkable.

148 Dr. C. W. Andrews on

The precise systematic position of this chelonian is not

certain, but it must belong either to the Amphichelydia or to

the Pleurodira. It may be referred to the genus Trachyder-

mochelys, founded by Seeley * for the reception of some

scutes from the Cambridge Greensand, possessing a nearly

identical type of sculpture, their specific name being T. phly-

ctenus ; the species has never been properly described and

figured, and Lydekker T has suggested that these scutes may

actually belong to species of Rhinochelys. This, however, is

by no means certain, and I therefore prefer to employ the

name Trachydermochelys given to the sculptured scutes. In

the Cambridge Greensand species the sculpture is consider-

ably finer than in the present specimen, which, moreover, is

from a different horizon: for these reasons I propose to refer

it to a new species, for which the name Trachydermochelys

rutteri is proposed.

A Chelonian shell from the Upper Greensand of the Isle

of Wight was described by Owen (quoted by C. Parkinson)

in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvui. 1881, p. 870,

and was made the type of a new genus and species under the

name Plastremys lata. This specimen is R. 48 of the British

Museum collection. The only character mentioned by Owen

is the absence of the mesoplastral elements, and this is an

error ; the promised further description never appeared. In

1889, Lydekker (Catal. Foss. Rept. Brit. Mus. pt. iii. p. 195)

referred this specimen to his genus Hyleochelys, repeating

the statement that mesoplastra are absent. Re-examination

of the shell, however, shows that not only were these elements

present but that they were large, and that a sculpture similar

to that of Trachodermochelys, though not so strongly marked,

was present in the region of the bridge, the rest of the shell

so far as known being smooth. It seems almost certain that

this specimen represents another species of Trachyder-

mochelys, the name of which would be Trachydermochelys

lata, Owen, sp.

The second specimen here described is part of the carapace

of a tortoise from the Barton Clay at the foot of Higheliff,

near Christchurch, Hants. It is preserved in the Museum

of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street (No. 20497). The parts

of the shell present are: the right half of the nuchal bone,

the five anterior marginals, the five anterior neurals, the four

auterior costals, and part of the fifth on the right side, while

* “Index to Aves ete. in the Cambridge Museum,’ pp. xix & 33 (1869).

These specimens have never been properly figured or described.

¢ Lydekker, Catal, Foss. Rept. Brit. Mus. pt. 3, p. 182.

Two new Species of Fossil Tortoises. 149

on the left only the upper ends of these bones are present.

The length in the middle line of the portion preserved is

885 mm., probably rather more than half the length of the

whole shell, which, therefore, was of considerable size.

The width measured at the level of the third neural was

Fig, 2.

Patanemys bartonensis, Anterior portion of carapace.

c. 1-4, costal bones; ¢.s. 1-2, costal shields; m. 1-2, marginals ; ». 1-5,

neural bones; mz., nuchal bone; Nw., nuchal shield; w.,

vertebral shields. } nat. size.

about 634 mm.; but this is probably an exaggeration, owing

to the flattening that has been undergone, although perhaps

the convexity of the carapace was never very great.

The general arrangement of the bones and scutes is shewn

in fig. 2, -

150 Mr. R. E. Turner on the

The nuchal was very wide (about 230 mm.), while its

length in the middle line was only about 67mm. It seems

to have had a small median prominence on either side. of

which its border is slightly concave. Its form is peculiar,

and J have been unable to find any other nuchal similar to it.

The neural bones are long and narrow. The first is four-

sided, the long lateral borders being slightly convex; the

posterior end is bluntly pointed to fit into a notch in the

front border of the second. This latter, together with

the other neurals preserved, has a short anterior lateral

border and a long posterior one; the posterior end in all is

rounded and fits into a concave anterior border of the bone

behind. The anterior costal is roughly triangular in outline,

its outer border occupies exactly the length of the first two

marginal bones. The second costal is about. 70 mm. wide at

its inner end, but widens out to about double this before it

joins the marginals. The third costal, on the other hand,

which is about the same width at its inner end, narrows to

about half this at its outer end. The fouth costal widens

out like the second. The fifth is only partly preserved.

This alternate widening and narrowing of the costal bones is

seen in many species of Testudo, but here the form of the

neurals and their relations to the costals is quite different.

The grooves marking the outlines of the horny shield are

well marked, There may, perhaps, have been a very small

nuchal shield ; the first marginal shield, in correlation with

the great width of the nuchal bone, is very long from side to

side and narrow. The form of the costal and marginal

shields and their relations to the underlying bones will be

best understood from the figure. The shape and arrangement

of the shields are much as in Emys.

This specimen has been compared with any other forms

with which relationship seemed likely, but differs very

considerably from all. Its chief distinguishing character-

istics are the great width of the nuchal bone, the long narrow

neurals, and the alternate widening and narrowing the costals.

I propose to refer this specimen to a new genus, Patanemys,

the specific name being Patanemys bartonensis, sp.n. It

seems to belong to the family Emydide.

XITX.—WNotes on the Ichneumonide in the British Museum.—

III. On a new Tasmanian Species. By Row ann HE.

Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Platylabus altitudinis, sp. n.

@. Nigra; mandibulis in medio, palpis, antennis articulis 8

basalibus, pedibusque, coxis exceptis, ferrugineis; trochanteri-

Ichneumonide in the British Museum. L5t

bus intermediis posticisque supra nigris; antennis articulis 9~

15 albidis; orbitis internis supra anguste, pronoto linea angulis

posticis, mesopleuris linea horizontali sub alis anticis, scutello

macula magna, segmento mediano macula utrinque angulis

posticis, tergitisque duobus basalibus fascia apicali angusta flavis ;

alis subhyalinis, stigmate venisque fuscis.

6. Feminz similis; mandibulis basi, clypeo, facie, orbitis, supra

interruptis, scapo subtus, propleuris antice, postseutello linea

transversa, tergitoque tertio fascia apicali insuper flavis ; antennis

articulis duobus basalibus ferrugineis, 3-11 ferrugineis, supra

fuscis, 12-19 pallide ferrugineis, 20-22 fuscis, subtus ferru-

gineis, 23-38 nigris.

Long., 9 10 mm., d 10 mm.

?. Third joint of antenne longer than the fourth by more

than one-third, fifth and sixth subequal, a little shorter than

the fourth, the antennz 37-jointed; clypeus transverse at

the apex, narrowly impunctate at the apex, punctate on the

basal two-thirds ; face punctate ; vertex and front almost

smooth, very shallowly punctured ; supra-antennal foveze

smooth and moderately deep. Face much broader than long,

almost flat; cheeks about one-third as long as the eyes.

Thorax opaque, closely punctured ; pleurz rather more

strongly punctured and slightly rugulose. Scutellum more

sparsely punctured and less opaque, the lateral carine ex-

tending beyond the middle. Basal area of the median

segment transverse, narrowed posteriorly ; areola transverse,

widened posteriorly, the sides slightly curved outwards, less

distinctly punctured than the basal area ; the posterior and

the postero-intermedial areas confluent, with numerous short

ruge springing from the sides and converging medially, but

not meeting ; middle of these areas shining, irregularly

rugulose; postero-external area defined, rugulose; external

and dentiparal areas confluent, external portion punctate,

dentiparal rugulose and produced into a rather blunt tooth ;

spiracles elliptical ; spiracular area anterior to the spiracle

punctured, posteriorly rugose-reticulate with punctures

intermingled ; lateral and juxta-coxal aree coarsely punc-

tured. Petiole almost impunctate, with a shallow, ill-defined

supra-spiracular sulcus on each side. Second tergite sub-

opaque, very finely punctured, smoother towards base and

apex, not quite as long as its apical breadth; gastrocceli

shallow; the remaining tergites almost smooth. Areolet

very narrow on the radius.

Hab. Mt. Wellington, Tasmania, 2300 ft., January to

April, 1913 (Turner) ; type, a 2 in B.M.

The abdomen of the male is more strongly punctured,

especially on the second and third tergites.

152 Ona new Cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika.

XX.—A new Cichlid Fish of the Genus Limnochromis

from Lake Tanganyika. By C,. Tate Reaan, M.A.,, F.R.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Limnochromis otostigma, sp. n.

Pelmatochromis auritus (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish, iii, p. 415

(1915).

Depth of body 3 to 34 in the length, length of head 3 to 34.

Snout as long as or shorter than diameter of eye, which is 3

to 34 in length of head, greater than preorbital depth ; inter-

orbital width 4 to 44 in length of head. Jaws equal ante-

riorly ; maxillary extending nearly to below middle of eye;

teeth small, in 2 or 3 series. 4 or 5 series of scales on cheek.

11 or 12 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. A more

or less distinct papillose pad on each side in front of the

upper pharyngeals. Lower pharyngeal a triangular plate

with doubly convex posterior edge and with a long anterior

blade; teeth all slender. Dorsal XV (XVI) 9-10; last

spine 3 length of head. Anal II{ 8-9. Pectoral as long as

head, extending to origin of anal. Caudal rounded. Caudal

peduncle 14 as long as deep. 395 or 36 scales in a longitu-

dinal series, 5 or 6 from first dorsal spine to lateral line.

Olive-brown, with oblique cross-bars of silvery white; a

blue-black opercular spot ; fins greyish.

‘Lake Tanganyika.

Seven specimens, measuring up to 100 mm. in total length.

L. auritus is often a little deeper (depth 24 to 3 in the

length) and has the mouth a little smaller (maxillary to below

anterior 1 of eye), and the spinous dorsal, with 16 or 17 spines,

a little lower ; also the silvery-white cross-bars on the body

are absent, but the vertical fins have pale spots and dark

stripes. The most notable external difference between the

two species is in the form of the caudal fin, rounded in

L. otostigma and emarginate in L. auritus ; this is not due to

age, but is evident when examples of the same size are com-

pared. Another important difference is that in L, auritus

the lower pharyngeal has no distinct anterior blade and that

a few teeth in the middle near its posterior edge are rather

stout and blunt.

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X XI.—Further Notes on the Fabrician Types of Heteromera

(Coleoptera) in the Banks Collection. By K. G. Buatr,

B.Sc., F.E.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

In the ‘Annals’ for May 1914 (ser. 8, vol. xiii. pp. 482-

490) I published notes on the Fabrician types of ‘lenebrio-

nidg in the above collection. The present paper supplements

these with notes on the types belonging to other families of

the Heteromerous series.

A few species not included in the Heteromera that were

placed by Fabricus in the genus Cistela are also noted,

with a brief indication of their true systematic position.

Where no comment is added the species may be taken as

being generally well known and correctly identified.

Family Alleculide (Cistelide).

1. Lobopoda lurida.

Helops luridus, Fab, Syst. Ent. 1775, p, 258. Brazilia,

I have not been able to identify this with any other

described species, and as the name appears to have been

dropped from recent catalogues a redescription of the species

may be of value :—

Elongate-ovate, moderately nitid, dark reddish brown

Ann. & Mag. N. Mist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 19!

154 Mr. K. G. Blair on the Fabrician Types of

with a not very dense clothing of depressed fulvous hairs ;

eyes separated by a space about equal to the length of the

secoud joint of the antenne ; thorax strongly transverse,

with a shallow median impression gradually evanescent in

front, and a moderately strong basal impression on each

side, the surface rather closely but not deeply punctured ;

elytra gradually narrowed from just behind the shoulders,

deeply punctate-striate, the punctures much smaller behind

the middle, intervals convex, finely not very densely aspe-

rately punctate. Length 10 mm.

The species is closely allied to L. puncticollis, Champ., from

Guatemala, from which it differs in having the eyes less

closely approximate and the punctures of the elytral striz

coarser. The British Museum possesses specimens from

Pernambuco, Bahia, Espirito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro.

2. Homotrysis rufipes.

Helops rufipes, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 258. Nova Hollandia.

Homotrysis (Allecula) angusticollis, Boh. Res. Eugén, 1858, p. 100.

The synonymy has been established by Mr. H. J. Carter

on specimens compared with the type of Helops rufipes, Fabr.

This is another name that seems to have disappeared from

recent catalogues.

3. Lystronychus equestris.

Helops equestris, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 257. Brazil.

The type is defective, wanting the head and thorax, but

the elytra of this well-known species are amply distinctive.

4, Heliotaurus ruficollis.

Cistela ruficollis, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 1781, p. 147. Lusitania,

? Heliotaurus sanguinicollis, Reitt. Verh. Nat. Ver. Brinn. xlv. 1906,

p. 143.

The type is a 9, and is rather doubtfully identical with

H. ruficollis of Reitter’s ‘ Bestimmungstabellen.’? The elytral

epipleura are not turned upwards, but are vertical as in

H. sanguinicollis, Reitt.

5. Prionychus ater.

Helops ater, Fab. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 258. Liipsia. :

No collection is definitely specified as containing the

type, but the specimen in the Banks Collection bears a

label with the above reference, and may, in default of any

individual with a better claim, be taken as the type.

Heteromera in the Banks Collection. 155

Family Lagriida.

6. Lagria glabrata (hirta, L.).

Lagria glabrata, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 125. Anglia.

Though stated to be in Mus. Dom. Banks, the type is not

now to be found in this Collection.

Olivier expresses doubt whether his L. glabrata (Encycl.

Méth. vii. 1792, p. 446) is identical with that of Fabricus,

a fact that suggests that the type was even then not to be

found in the Banks Collection, to which this author is

known to have had access. Seidlitz (Naturgesch. der Insekt.

Deutschl. y. 2, 1898, p. 350) considered, no doubt correctly,

that ZL. glabrata, Fab., was merely a rubbed specimen of

L. hirta, L., and Borchmann in Junk’s Catalogue places it

as a synonym of this species.

In any case, the name glabrata is occupied in the genus

Lagria from 1775, and is consequently not available for

Olivier’s species (1792). The name of the latter should,

therefore, be changed to ZL. rugosula, Rosenh., its first

available synonym.

7. Lagria villosa.

Lagria villosa, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. p. 160. Cap. bon. Spei.

A well-known species widely distributed in Africa.

8. Lagria tomentosa.

Lagria tomentosa, Fab. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 125. Nova Hollandia.

Lagria pulchrivaria, Lea, Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Austral. xli, 1917, p. 175.

The type is defective, with the basal joint of only one

antenna left. It is apparently a ? of the species recently

described by Lea as L. pulchrivaria from Queensland and

New South Wales.

Mr. Champion has long since pointed out (Trans. Ent.

Soc. 1895, p. 229) that the species from Western Australia,

commonly known as L. tomentosa, Fab. (L. eneoviolacea,

Champ.), does not agree with this type.

9. Eutrapela elongata.

Crioceris elongata, Fab. Syst. Ins. i. 1781, p. 156. Cap. bon. Spei.

Crioceris elongata, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 2, 1792, p. 11.

Helodes elongata, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. i. 1801, p. 470.

Chrysomela unifasciata, De Geer, Mém. vii. 1778, p. 664, pl. 49,

figs, 18-19.

Helodes porrecta, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. i. 180}, p. 470.

Eutrapela vittata, lig. (Dej, Cat. 1837). ae

156 Mr. K. G. Blair on the Fabrictan Types of

Reference to Fabricius’s earliest description is omitted

from both Gemminger and Harold’s Catalogue and that of

Borchmann, so that the name is made to date from 1792.

The species is generally erroneously determined in col-

lections. The type is a @, with greenish-black thorax, legs,

and antenne. ‘The ?, with these parts testaceous, was later

described by Fabricius as H. porrecta, which is identical with

Chrysomela unifasciata, De Geer.

The name E. elongata, Fab., must therefore be sunk as a

synonym of H. unifasciata, De G., and for the species usually

known by it a new name must be found. J. longa, Gmel.

(1788), which appears in the Catalogues as a synonym,

is probably only a Japsus calami, and in any case the

description refers definitely to the Fabrician species, so

that the name is not available for H. elongata, auctt. (nec

Fab.).

From specimens now in the British Museum from De-

jean’s Collection it is evident that the mistake had arisen

at least as early as his Catalogue (1837), and I now

propose the name dejeani, nom. nov., for the species that

appears there and in later Catalogues as EL. elongata, Fab.

Both species are black with a greenish-metallic tint and

a broad flavous vitta along the disc of each elytron” ; they

are readily distinguished as follows :—

Vitta embracing the 5th, 6th, and 7th intervals, but not

extending beyond them except near the base, where it is

suddenly expanded to reach the margin; punctures of

median row on each interval as large as those of the striz.

—dejeani, nom. noy. [ =elongata, auctt. (nec Fab.) ].

Vitta embracing the whole of the 4th interval and

encroaching slightly upon the 8rd and 5th; punctures of

median rows on each interval distinctly smaller than those

of the striz.—wnifasciata, De G. [=elongata, F.=longa,

Gmel.=porrecta, Fab.=vittata, Illig. (Dej. Cat.) |.

Family Melandryide.

10. Stenotrachelus eneus.

Lagria enea, Fab, Syst. Ent, p. 124. In Insulis Americ.

The habitat is evidently erroneous, the species being

holarctic in distribution.

* N.B.—E. unifasciata, De G., is sexually dimorphic, as noted above.

Heteromera in the Banks Oollection. ~~ Low

11. Melandrya serrata (caraboides, L.).

Helops serratus, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 257. Anglia.

No collection is specified as containing the type, but this

individual may provisionally be taken as such. Its identity

with ‘ Chrysomela” caraboides, L., was recognised by

Fabricius in his later works.

Family Edemeride.

12. Thelyphassa lineata.

Lagria lineata, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 124. Nova Zelandia.

Dryops lineata, Fab, Syst. Eleuth. ii. p. 68.

Selenopselaphus lineatus, Fab., Gemm. & Har. Cat. p, 2168.

Sessinia lineata, Fab., Schenklin in Junk’s Coleopt. Cat. pars 65, 1915,

p. 33,

The type isa 9. It is curious that Pascoe, when charac-

terising the genus Thelyphassa, should not have recognised

the close affinity between this species and his 7. diaphana.

He had himself, only six months previously, removed it

from Selenopalpus (Selenopselaphus) to Sessinia.

It may be noted that S. longicornis, Broun, and S. strigi-

pennis, White, should also be placed in Thelyphassa.

13. Selenopalpus cyaneus.

Lagria cyanea, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 125. Nova Hollandia.

Dryops cyanea, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. ii. p. 68.

Selenopselaphus cyaneus, Fab., Gemm. & Har. Cat. p. 2168.

Selenopalpus chalybeus, White (3), Voy. ‘Erebus’ & ‘Terror,’ Ins,

1846, p. 13. New-Zealand.

Selenopalpus subviridis, White (@.), loc. cit.

The type of S. cyaneus, Fab., is a g and is identical with

S. chalybeus, White, the type of which is also in the British

Museum. S. subviridis, White, is nothing but the ? of the

same species. The locality given by Fabricius is evidently

erroneous,

14. Sessinia livida.

Lagria livida, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 124. Otaheiti.

The species is well known in collections, and is the type

of Pascoe’s genus Sessinia

158 Mr. K. G. Blair on the Fahrician Types of

15. Dohrnia tristis.

Necydalis tristis, Fab. Mant. Ins. i. 1787, p. 170. In terra Diemenii.

(Edemera tristis, Fab. Oliv. Ent. iii. 1795, no. 50, p. 12, pl. ii. fig. 13.

Dohrnia mirabilis, Newm. Zoologist, ix. 1851, App., p. 183.

Ithaca anthina, Olliff, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, (2) ii. 1887,

p. 154.

Unfortunately all that remains of the type is the abdomen

attached to the pin. The description, in conjunction with

Olivier’s figure, leaves no doubt that the insect was the ¢ of

the species better known as Dohrnia mirabilis, Newm., and

an examination of the abdomen makes this identity certain.

Olliff evidently did not know Newman’s insect, but his

description is so full and detailed as to leave the synonymy

beyond question.

Family Meloide.

16. Epicauta dubia.

Lytta dubia, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 1781, p. 829. Sibiria.

17. Epicauta marginata (cinerea, Forst.).

Lytta marginata, Fab. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 260. Hab. C. B.S,

Fabricius again gives a wrong locality, and does not cite

the collection from which the type is taken. Olivier states

(Ent. iii. p. 46. no. 16) that it is “du cabinet de M. Banks.”

The Banksian insect bears the label “Sp. Ins. no. 5,” at

which reference the species is synonymised with Meloe cine-

reus, Forst., a well-known N.-American species.

18. Lytta nitidula. |

Lytta nitidula, Fab. Syst. Ent. 1775, App. p. 826. Anglia.

The locality is corrected in Ent. Syst. i. 2, p. 84, to Cap.

Bon. Spei. The collection containing the type is not speci-

fied, but Olivier states that it is in the Banks Collection.

The reference is incorrectly given in the Catalogues as p. 820.

19. Euzonitis quadripunctata.

Mylabris 4-punctata, Fab. Mant. i. 1787, p. 217. Russia.

The reference is incorrectly given in recent Catalogues as

Syst. Eleuth. 11. 1801, p. 84.

Heteromera in the Banks Collection. 159

20. Zonitis angulata.

Cantharis angulata, Fab. Mant. i. p. 168. Insula Amsterdam. "

Zonitis angulifera, Blanch. Voy. Pole Sud, Ins. iv. 1853, p. 191, pl. xii.

figs. 17, 18.

The type agrees perfectly with specimens in the British

Museum from Vavao and the Tonga Islands (Z. angulifera,

Blanch.). Amsterdam Is. is in the southern Indian Ocean,

so that the Fabrician locality again appears to be erroneous.

21. Zonitis testacea.

Mylabris testacea, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 1781, p. 331. Sibiria.

Zonitis preusta, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 2, 1792, p. 48. Italia.

Zonitis flava, Fab. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 127. In Oriente.

Zonitis flava, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 2, 1792, p. 49.

This species was three times described by Fabricius him-

self. The synonymy of the first two names given above was

recognized by him, but 7. flava, described from the collec-

tion of Prof. Forskah], was retained as a distinct species in

his latest work (Syst. Eleuth. 11. 1801, p. 24).

The reference to Z. flava is given incorrectly in the Cata-

logues as Ent. Syst. ii. (sic!) 1792, p. 49, but the name

really originates from 1775, and thus takes precedence as

the specific name. This precedence is recognized by Reitter

(Fauna Germ. iii. 1911, p. 397), but the name is not adopted

by Borchmann in his recent Catalogue of this family (1917).

22. Cissites testacea,.

Lymexylon testaceum, Fab. Spec. Ins. i..1781, p. 256. Habitat :

Horia testacea, Fab., Oliv. Ent. iii. 1795, no, 63 bis, pl. i. fig. 2a (2).

Horia cephatotes, Oliv. Ent. iii. 1795, no. 53 bis, pl. i. fig. 3 (d).

This type has already been stated by Dr. C. J. Gahan

(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ii. 1908, p. 201) to be the ?

of an African species probably identical with Horia cephalotes,

Oliv., H. senegalensis, Cast.,and Cissites macrognatha, Fairm.

Indeed, it is doubtful whether any of the so-called species of

Cissites described from Africa is more than a form, with

greater or less development of the head, of the one species ;

this development varies greatly even in a series froin the

same localty. (N.B.—C. nitida, Gah., of Borchmann’s Cata-

logue belongs not to Cissites but to Horia, as stated by its

describer.)

When defining the genus Horta (Mant. i. 1787, p. 164),

Fabricius had before him an insect from Tranquebar sent

160 Mr. K. G. Blair on the Fabrician Types of

him by Hiibner-(vide Naturforscher, xxiv. 1789, pp. 47-48).

This he described as the ¢ of his earlier L. testacewm (1781),

of whose country of origin he was ignorant, but as Dr. Gahan

points out (loc. cit.) in this synonymy he was at fault.

Dr. Gahan contends that the name festacea, Fab., for the

type of Horia is invalid, but I think it may be fairly argued

that the type of Horia testacea (1787) was the ¢ insect from

Tranquebar, not the Banksian insect, and that, the types

being distinct, the validity of the name is not affected by

their supposed specific identity.

Olivier’s figure of the ¢ of Horia testacea, Fab., in reality

represents the 2 of Cissites testacea, and is probably taken

from the Banksian type. Singularly enough, he describes

and figures next to it the g of the same species as new

(H. cephalotes).

The references to the literature of these two species, given

by Borchmann in Junk’s Coleopt. Catal. pars 69, 1917, are

much confused; they should be distributed as follows :—

Horta testacea, Fab. Mant. Ins. i. 1787, p. 164; Ent. Syst. i. 2, 1792, p. 91;

Syst. Eleuth. ii. 1801, p. 86.—Hiibner, Naturforsch. xxiv. 1789,

p. 47, t. 2. ff. 14-17.—Oliv. Ent. iii. 1795, no. 53 dis, p. 4, t. i.

f. 2.6.—Guér. Icon. régne amin. Ins. 1829-44, t. 34. f. 10.—Sturm,

Katal. 1826, p. 71, t. iii. f. 25.—Lap. Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. 1840,

P 280.—Gahan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ii. 1908, p. 203,.—

WVellm. Canad. Ent. xlii. 1910, p. 392. ? sanguinolenta *, Schroter,

Abhandl. i. 1776, p. 364, t. 3, f. 6. Tranquebar.

Cissites testacea, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 1781, p. 256.—Oliv. Ent. iii. 1795,

no. 53 bis, t. i. f.2a(Q).—De Borre, C. Rend. Soc. Ent. Belge,

1888, pp. 186-188, fig. (¢ ).—Gahan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ii.

1908, p. 204. Africa.

Family Mordellide.

23. Mordella octopunctata.

M. 8-punctata, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 263. In America septentrionali.

* sanguinolenta, Schréter, given by Borchmann as a synonym of

Cissites testacea, has nothing to do with this species. The insect intended

is evidently a species of Horia, said to originate from Surinam. What-

ever be the species described, the name has no standing, as the author

was merely comparing his insect with Cantharis sanguinolenta, Linn.,

and deliberately refrained from giving it a name (see Schroter, loc. cit.

p- 828).

Heteromera in the Banks Collection. 161

Family Rhipiphoride.

24. Macrosiagon sexmaculatum.

Mordella sermaculata, Fab. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 263. America.

Ripiphorus 6-maculatus, Fab, Ent. Syst. i. 2, 1792, p. 111.

At the second reference cited the type is stated to be in

the Banks Collection, though no specimen now exists there.

The species is described with no reference to any earlier

work, but the description is almost word for word the same

as that of Mordella 6-maculata (1775), where the type is

stated to be in Dr. Hunter’s Collection ; this is now in the

Glasgow University Museum.

The species has been placed by Horn and subsequent

writers as a synonym of Macrosiagon pectinatum, Fab. (1775,

Mordella), described immediately before it (Mus. Dom.

Drury).

Family Tenebrionide.

25. Hoplocephala cornigera.

Hispa cornigera, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 1781, p. 82. Anglia.

This type was overlooked by me in my notes on the types

of this family.

The locality given by Fabricius and copied by Olivier

(Ent. ii. 1795, no. 55, p. 7) is erroneous, a mistake that

caused Castelnau and Brullé to express doubt whether the

species described by them under this name from Cuba

(Ann. Sci. Nat. xxii. p. 842) was identical with that of

Olivier. They do not appear to have noted that the error

arose with Fabricius himself.

The following species, placed originally by Fabricius in the

Heteromerous genus Ci%stela, belong in reality to other

families. Some of them were removed from Ciséela by

Fabricius himself in his later works, others have been

recognised and correctly placed by later writers, but some I

have not been able to trace in Gemminger and Harold’s

or Junk’s Catalogues :—

Family Dascillide.

1. Microcara livida.

Cistela livida, Fab. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 116. Tierra del Fuego.

Atopa livida, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. ii. 1801, p. 16.

Daseillus lividus, Fab., G. & H. Cat. p, 1615.

Dascillus lividus, Fab., Pic in Junk’s Cat. pars 58, p. 13.

162 Fleteromera in the Banks Collection.

The species is omitted from Enderlein’s list of the insects

of Tierra del Fuego. A specimen obtained by Charles

Darwin on the voyage of the ‘ Beagle’ agrees well with the

type, and as it is in much better preservation the following

notes are made upon it :—

Similar to, but rather larger than, the European M. testacea,

more ovate, more gradually narrowed in front and behind,

the thorax being arcuately narrowed from base to apex.

The third joint of the antenne is about as long as the

second and considerably more slender; the first joint

testaceous, the rest fuscous with apex testaceous ; underside

fulvous, each abdominal segment except the last with a pair

of round dark spots near the median line and a larger dark

patch on each side towards the lateral margin. Length

64 mm.

Microcara fuegensis, Bourg., is evidently different, being

smaller (43-5 mm.), glabrous, wanting the dark spots on the

ventral segments, etc.

Family Silphide.

2. Choleva angustata.

Cistela angustata, Fab, Spec. Ins. i. 1781, p. 148. Anglia.

This appears to be the C. sturmi, Bris., of Continental

entomologists.

Family Melyride.

3. Hedybius aulicus.

Cistela aulica, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 1781, p. 148. Cap. bon. Spei.

4, Hedybius hirtus.

Cistela hirta, Fab. loc, cit. Cap. bon. Spei.

The types of both these species are 2 and in poor preser-

vation. I am not at present able to identify either of them

with any of the described species of Hedybius, or to trace the

names in modern Catalogues.

Family Galerucide.

5. Apophylha festiva.

Cistela festiva, Fab. loc. cit. Cap. bon. Spei.

Apophylia elegantula, Jac. Entom, xxiv. 1891, Suppl. p. 39.

African Cichlid Fishes of the Genus Tylochromis. 163

6. Megalognatha sexlineata.

Cistela 6-lineata, Fab. loc. cit. Habitat ——.

Cneorane sexlineata, Fab., Gemm. & Har. Cat.

Megalognatha bohemanni, Baly.

7. Diabrotica melanocephala.

Cistela melanocephala, Fab. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 118. Amer, Septeutr.

Crioceris vittata, Fab. op. cit. p. 122. Carolina.

Diabrotica vittata, Fab., Gemm. & Har. Cat.

The identity of Cistela melanocephala with Crioceris vittata

is admitted by Fabricius himself in his later works (Ent.

Syst. 1. 2, 1792, p. 12), and the name Crioceris melanocephala

is employed for another species (op. cit. p. 3). The type of

C. vittata is said to be in Mus. Dom. Monson.

XXII.—A Revision of the African Cichlid Fishes of the Genus

Tylochromis. By OC. Tate Reaan, M.A., F.R.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

TYLOCHROMIS, Regan.

Supra, p. 34.

Body deep, compressed ; scales cycloid or feebly denticu-

late ; two lateral lines, upper ending below soft dorsal, lower

extending far forward, ending behind in three branches on

caudal fin. Mouth rather small, terminal, with the lower jaw

not prominent; maxillary sheathed by the deep prezorbital,

slightly exposed distally ; premaxillary processes rather

long, usually reaching frontals. Teeth in jaws small, conical,

in two to five series, outer sometimes enlarged. Lower pha-

ryngeals united by interlocking suture to form a triangular

plate, with slender, pointed, uni- or bicuspid teeth at least

near the posterior angles, and with enlarged, rounded, flat

teeth in the middle at least posteriorly. Dorsal XITI-XVI

12-17; spines slender or moderate. Anal III 7-9 ; spines

strong. Pectoral long, pointed. Caudal scaly, truncate or

emarginate.

Occipital crest very strong, extending to anterior margin of

frontals ; parietal crests ending above middle of orbits near

the orbital margin ; postorbital part of skull short and deep,

with lower edge of basioccipital very oblique; pharyngeal

apophysis strong, formed by parasphenoid only, ending in

a broadly ovate or subtriangular articular surface, narrowed

164 Mr. C. T. Regan on the African

anteriorly. Vertebras 29-32 (15-16+4+14-16); inferior

apophyses of third united to form a strong median spine ;

preecaudals with parapophyses from the fourth; ribs, except

the first, on parapophyses.

Tanganyika, Congo, and West African rivers from Gambia

to Liberia.

Hight species.

In all the gill-rakers are short and broad, and there is a

well-developed papillose pad on each side of the roof of the

pharynx.

The species differ considerably in the pharyngeal dentition

and in the size and form of the lower pharyngeal plate.

T. microdon (fig. 1, A) and 7. mylodon (fig. 1, B) are two

extremes; in the former the lower pharyngeal is a compara-

tively small and weak plate (depth about } maximum width),

with numerous small slender bicuspid teeth and with a group

of moderately enlarged, circular, blunt teeth occupying the

middle and posterior third of the dentigerous area. In

T. mylodon the lower pharyngeal is large and massive (depth

about 4 maximum width) and is nearly covered with very

strong, circular, flat teeth, small bicuspid teeth appearing only

near the posterior angles.

The species may be arranged according to the modifications

of the pharyngeal dentition as follows :—

I, Enlarged rounded teeth of lower pha-

ryngeal confined to posterior third of

dentigerous part of plate .......... microdon.

{I. Enlarged rounded teeth of lower pha-

ryngeal confined to posterior half of

dentigerous part of plate .......... lateralis, jentinkt.

III. Enlarged rounded teeth of lower pha-

ryngeal extending forward on anterior

part of plate; small slender teeth at

outer edyes and near posterior angles, bangwelensis, intermedius,

LV. Enlarged rounded teeth covering nearly [labrodon, polylepis.

the whole plate; small slender teeth

only at posterior angles .......... .. mylodon.

The enumeration of the number of scales in a longitudinal

series and of gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch

will assist the identification of the species :—

33 to 35 scales; 15 or 16 gill-rakers............ wea, Litenecrodon:

32 to 86 scales; 17 or 18 gill-rakers..............0. 2. lateralis.

40 to 45 scales; 13 to 15 gill-rakers................ 3. gentinkt,

87 or 88 scales; 14 or 15 gill-rakers................ 4, bangwelensis.

39 or 40 scales; 12 or 13 gill-rakers................ 5. intermedius.

33 or 34 scales; 18 or 19 gill-rakers ..............4. 6. labrodon.

55 to 60 scales; 12 to 15 gill-rakerg .............00. 7. polylepis.

AO or 41 scales; 17 or 18 gill-rakers................ 8. mylodon.

Cichlid Fishes of the Genus Tylochromis. 165

1. Tylochromis microdon, sp. n.

Pelmatochromis lateralis (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 885

(1915).

Depth of body 2} to 22 in the length, length of head 3.

Snout from a little longer than to nearly twice diameter of

eye, which is 34 to-nearly 5 in length of head, equal to or

less than interorbital width or preeorbital depth. Maxillary

not extending to below eye; teeth small; 3 series of scales on

cheek ; 15 or 16 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch ;

lower pharyngeal teeth mostly slender, compressed, hooked ;

a triangular area on the posterior third of the plate with

Fig. 1.

A. Lower pharyngeal of Tylochromis microdon (xX 2) from a specimen

240 mm. long. .

B. Ditto of Tylochromis mylodon (xX 2) from a specimen 235 mm. long.

moderately enlarged, rounded, blunt teeth. Dorsal SEV-RVI

12-15; spines rapidly increasing to fifth or sixth, which is

2 or a little more than 2 length of head, thence decreasing or

subequal. Anal III 7-8; third spine strong, about $ length

of head. Pectoral longer than head and reaching anal in

the young, but not in the adult. Caudal scaly, truncate or

slightly emarginate. Caudal peduncle longer than deep.

Scales 33 to 35 in a longitudinal series, 6 between origin of

dorsal and lateral line, 22 to 26 in upper lateral line, 22 to 24

in lower, 2 between lateral lines.

166 Mr. C. T. Regan on the African

Olive ; scales with dark edges; dark longitudinal stripes

between the series of scales; a dark bar above the oper-

culum; sides of head with a dark network (adult); fins

greyish ; dorsal sometimes with pale and dark spots.

Fig. 2.

A. Lower pharyngeal of Tylochromis lateralis (X 2) from a specimen

220 mm. long,

B. Ditto of Tylochromis jentinki (x 2) from a specimen 270 mm. long.

C. Ditto of T'ylochromis labrodon (x 2) from a specimen 140 mm. long.

D. Ditto of Tylochromis bangwelensis (X 2) from a specimen 240 mm.

long.

E. Ditto of Tylochromis polylepis (x 2) from a specimen 220 mm. long.

Jongo.

Four specimens, 155 to 260 mm. in total length, from

Lakes Tumba and Leopold II.

Cichlid Fishes of the Genus Tylochromis. 167

2. Tylochromis lateralis.

Pelmatochromis lateralis, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 148.

Pelmatochromis lepidurus, Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris,-1900, p. 275.

Pelmatochromis lateralis (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr, Fish. iii. p, 385,

fig. 260 (1915).

Depth of body 2 to 2} in the length, length of head 24 to

34. Diameter of eye 3 to 4 in length of head ; interorbital

width 33 to 32. ‘Teeth small; maxillary not extending to

below-eye; cheek with 3 or 4 series of scales ; 17 or 18 gill-

rakers on lower part of anterior arch. Lower pharyngeal

with enlarged rounded teeth in a triangular area, the anterior

angle of which is in the middle of the length of the denti-

gerous part of the plate. Dorsal XIV-XV 12-15; last

spine 4 or a little less than } length of head. Anal III 7-8 ;

third spine from nearly 4 to 2 length of head. Pectoral

longer than head, reaching origin of anal. Caudal slightly

emarginate. Caudal peduncle about as long as deep. 32 to

35 scales in a longitudinal series, 5 or 6 between first dorsal

spine and lateral line, 2 between lateral lines.

Olivaceous, with or without dark cross-bars; dorsal fin

usually with series of dark spots.

Congo. :

Six specimens, including the type of the species, 110-

220 mm. in total length, from Monsembe, Bolobo, Dolo, and

Stanley Falls.

3. Tylochromis jentinki.

Pelmatochromis jentinki (Steind., 1894), Bouleng, Cat. Afr, Fish. iii.

p. 383, fig. 259 (1915).

Pharyngeal dentition as in 7’ lateralis, from which it is

distinguished especially by the fewer gill-rakers (12-15), the

smaller scales (40-45), and by having three series of scales

instead of two between the upper lateral line and the anterior

part of the lower. Dorsal XIII-XV 16-17. Anal III 8-9.

Total length 290 mm.

Gambia to Liberia.

4, Tylochromis bangwelensis, sp. n.

ee lateralis (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 386

Depth of body 2 to 2} in the length, length of head 3 to 34.

Snout as long as postorbital part of head ; diameter of eye 4

to 44 in length of head, less than preorbital depth ; inter-

orbital width 3 to 33 in length of head; maxillary not

extending to below eye ; outer teeth moderately strong; three

series of scales on cheek; 14 or 15 gill-rakers on lower part

168 African Cichlid Fishes of the Genus Tylochromis.

of anterior arch. Lower pharyngeal with slender hooked

teeth only at the outer edges and near the posterior angles ;

area of large rounded teeth extending forward on anterior half

of plate. Dorsal XIV 14-15 ; spines increasing in length to

last, which is 4 or a little more or Jess than 4 length of head.

Anal III 7-8 ; third spine from less than $ to nearly ? length

of head. Pectoral longer than head, extending to above

anterior part or middle of anal. Caudal truncate or slightly

emarginate. Caudal peduncle longer than deep. 37*or 38

scales in a longitudinal series, 6 or 7 from first dorsal spine to

lateral line, 24 to 29 in lower, 2 between lateral lines.

Olivaceous ; often a dark spot on each scale ; sometimes

six dark cross-bars; vertical fins with or without dark spots.

Lake Bangwelu and Luapula River.

Five specimens, 170 to 240 mm. in total length.

5. Tylochromis intermedius.

eae ee intermedius, Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iv. p. 332, fig. 193

( °

Pharyngeal dentition nearly as in 1’. bangwelensis, from

which it is distinguished by the fewer gill-rakers (12 or 13)

and the more numerous scales (39-40). Dorsal XIV 15-17.

Anal III 7-9.

Total length 110 mm.

Sierra Leone.

6. Tylochromis labrodon, sp. n.

Pelmatochromis lateralis (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 385

(1916).

Depth of body 24 in the length, length of head 2% to 3.

Snout as long as or a little longer than postorbital part of

head ; diameter of eye 3 to 32 in length of head, greater

(young) or less than preeorbital depth; interorbital width

3 to 34 in length of head ; maxillary not extending to below

eye; teeth small ; three series of scales on cheek ; 18 or 19

gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch ; lower pharyngeal

with slender teeth only at the outer edges and near the poste-

rior angles ; area of large rounded teeth extending forward

on anterior half of plate. Dorsal XV-—XVI 13 ; spines sub-

equal from sixth or increasing to last, which is } or a little

less than 4 length of head. Anal III 7; third spine as long

as last dorsal. Pectoral about as long as head, not or barely

reaching origin of anal. Caudal slightly emarginate.

Caudal peduncle not longer than deep. 33 or 34 scales in a

longitudinal series, 6 or 7 from first dorsal spine to lateral

line, 24 to 27 in upper lateral line, 26 to 28 in lower, 2

between lateral lines.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. 169

Olivaceous ; dorsal with alternate series of pale and dark

spots.

Upper Congo.

Three specimens, 110 to 225 mm. in total length, from

New Antwerp and Stanley Pool.

7. Tylochromis polylepis.

Pelmatochromis polylepis (Bouleng., 1900), Bouleng, Cat, Afr, Fish. iii.

p. 382, fig. 258 (19165).

Well distinguished from its congeners by its smaller scales

(55-60). Pharyngeal dentition nearly as in 7. /abrodon,

but teeth still larger.

Total length 300 mm.

Tanganyika.

8. Tylochromis mylodon, sp. n.

= Gy lateralis (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 385

915).

™ Depth of body 2 to 23 in the length, length of head 8.

Diameter of eye 34 to 44 in length of head, interorbital width

34 to 33. Teeth small; maxillary not extending to below

eye; three series of scales on cheek ; 17 or 18 gill-rakers on

lower part of anterior arch ; lower pharyngeal a very strong

plate, almost covered with large, rounded, blunt teeth.

Dorsal XIV 14; spines subequal from fifth or sixth ; last 2

or a little less than 2 length of head. Anal III 7; third -

spine 4+ or a little less than 4 length of head. Pectoral

longer than head, reaching anal. Caudal peduncle longer

than deep. 40 or 41 scales in a longitudinal series, 7 from

first dorsal spine to lateral line, 27 to 29 in upper lateral

line, 34 or 35 in lower, 2 between lateral lines.

Olivaceous, with six dark cross-bars ; fins unspotted.

Lake Mweru.

Two specimens, 115 and 235 mm. in total length.

XXIII.—Notes on the Asilide : Sub-division Asiline.

By Grrtrupve Ricarpo.

Promacuvus, Loew.

Linn. Ent. iii. p. 390 (1848).

Trupanea, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 207 (1888) [preoce. Schrank,

Dipt. (1803).

This large genus is very largely represented in. the South

African Region, and probably many more new species will

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 12

170 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

be found. Eight new species are now described. The

Oriental Region is also rich in specimens, five new species

are now described and one from Australia wrongly placed

by me under P. interponens, Wlk., in aformer paper. Many

of the specimens dealt with in this genus and in Dysmachus

are in the Imperial Entomological Economic Collection.

Table for Species of Promachus from West Africa.

1. Abdomen with tuft-like hairs very apparent on

basal segments. Legs usually blackish ...... 2.

Abdomen with no such tufts. Legsreddish .. 4.

2. Hairs on the three first segments of abdomen

WOUOW wine cee sa twee he ThE OEE Sete e fae robertiz, Macq.

Hairs on the three first segments of abdomen

WHO each oc pte oe oe ehh Ooh Bis vp aa abet 3.

3. Moustache black and white or black and yellow.

Femora chiefly black. Scutellum with black

bristles. s «ab be Parts uneat elk: (Asem Preece fasciatus, Fabr.

4. Genitalia of male with tuft of white hairs.

Moustache yellow or white ..............-- 5.

Genitalia of male with no such tuft. Moustache

black“and white fi cis Pop bee tic oe ee cide ore ee 6.

5. Last segment of abdomen produced below slightly

in male. Ovipositor with two acute points at

apex. Scutellum with yellow hairs and bristles. sémpsoniz, sp. n.

Smaller species. Last segment of abdomen pro-

duced triangularly. Ovipositor with no spines.

Scutellum with white hairs ................ rufescens, sp. 0.

6. Abdomen with short yellowish-white pubescence.

Scutellum with yellow hairs and usually yellow

Poristles ot Hts. Base se ALA eecatinate ... poetinus, W1k.

The following species described from this region of Africa,

not included in the table, are: P. trichozonus, Loew, in the

P. fasciatus group, with yellow pubescence on the forehead ;

P. mediospinosus, Speiser, in the same group with the whcle

underside of thorax and abdomen bright yellowish-red

haired; P. guineensis, Wied., moustache snowy white,

genitalia with tuft white hairs, scutellum with white hairs

and bristles—a large species, measuring 26 mm.; ? Asilus

scutellatus, Macq., and Asilus albitarsatus, Macq., both of

which probably belong to the genus Promachus—the latter

has the style of antennz a little swollen at the end, and

might therefore belong to the genus Philomachus, the former

is described as having pale yellow legs and the posterior

part of thorax and the scutellum testaceous red.

Promachus robertii, Macq. :

aaa i, (2) p. 211 (1888); Loew, Dipt. Siidafrik. i. p. 127

(1860). |

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilides. ETE

The description of this species is very meagre, as follows:—

Black. Head white. Abdomen with the three anterior

-segments yellow-haired. Tibi externally chestnut. Wings

reddish.

Length, ?, 16 mm.

Thorax denuded, sides with ashy-grey tomentum. Coxe,

femora, and tibiz with whitish hairs below. Wings with a

grey streak in the first submarginal cell.

From Senegal.

Females from Sierra Leone (W. G. Clements), 93, 20;

Freetown, 20.ix.1899 (H. EH. Austen) ; Kumasi, Ashanti ;

W. Africa, 23.v.1907 (Dr. W. M. Graham), 19 8, 245 ;

Ruwe, Lualaba R., Congo Free State (Dr. Yale Massey),

1906, 98; Unyoro, 3400 feet ; Uganda, 11-15. xii. 1911 ;

W. shores of Victoria Nyanza, Buddu, 3700 feet; Toro,

Daro or Durro Forest, 4000-4500 feet (all S. A. Neave), 1912.

12.3; and one female from ‘lero Forest, Uganda, 4.v. 1911

(C. C. Gowdey), 1914, 7, answer on the whole to this descrip-

tion, though they are larger, and the white hairs on legs

are replaced by bright yellow hairs.

The following description is given for identification :—

A large robust species with practically black legs and

bright yellow pubescence on abdomen and legs, belonging

to the P. fasciatus group.

Length, ?, 22-28 mm.

Female.—Face blackish covered with yellow tomentum.

Moustache of yellow and black hairs. Palpi with yellow

and black hairs. Thorax with black pubescence and bristles.

Scutellum with yellow hairs and weak black bristles. Addo-

men black, with bright yellow hairs on the first three seg-

ments and on the sides of the others ; ovipositor very short;

underside with bright yellow hairs. Legs black, the chest-

nut colour of tibisee is hardly noticeable ; coxze and femora

with long bright yellow hairs; tibiz with shorter similar

ones, and also with black hairs, the hind pairs with black

hairs only ; the middle femora are incrassate, armed with a

bunch of numerous black bristles, the fore pair with only

a few black hairs, the hind pair with short black bristles.

Wings streaked with brown.

Promachus fasciatus, Fabr.

Syst. Ent. p. 793 (Astlus} (1775); see Kertesz, Cat. for further

references.

Promachus equalis, Loew, Dipt. Stidafrik. i. p. 127, pl. i. fig. 50

(1860).

12*

172. Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilides.

Promachus floccosus, Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 273 (1884) ;

Hutton, Trans. New Zeal. Inst. xxxiii. p. 21, nota (1901) ; Ricardo,

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xi. p. 413 (1913).

Kirby’s type, a male, is identical with this species, as

pointed out by Hudson there was a mistake in the locality,

there being no such place as Opabo, New Zealand, which is

on the label—he believed it came from Opobo, W. Africa.

This well-known species is widely distributed, specimens

in Brit. Mus. Coll. being from Sierra Leone, Senegal,

Uganda Protectorate, Nyasalaid, Natal, Ashanti, British

E. Africa, and 8. Africa.

In the I. E. E. Coll. are long series of specimens from

Nyasaland.

All of these have the moustache varying from black and

white to almost wholly yellow, but none entirely black.

A small male from Sierra Leone has the femora and

tibie chiefly reddish yellow, also a large female from S8.E.

Katunga, but the femora are chiefly black.

Promachus simpsoni, sp. n.

Type (male) and type (female) from Yapi, Gold Coast, N.

Territories, Nov. 1915 (J. J. Simpson), and a long series of

males and females, all in I. E. E. Coll., males and females from

N. Nigeria (J. J. Simpson), 1912, 460, in Brit. Mus. Coll.

A species nearly allied to Promachus poetinus, W1k., with

redder legs, but at once distinguished in the male by the

presence of a white tuft of hairs above the genitalia and

the last segment of abdomen is somewhat produced below.

In the female the ovipositor is shorter and has two spines

at its apex. The legs are almost entirely reddish, with a

mere vestige of a black stripe on femora. Moustache and

beard yellow.

Length, ¢ 19-23, 2? 17-25 mm.

Male.—Face covered with whitish tomentum. Moustache

composed of yellow hairs reaching the antenne. Beard

same colour. Palpi with yellow hairs. Antenne, blackish,

the first two joints with yellow hairs and a few longer black

ones. Forehead with black hairs, Hind head with yellow

hairs extending round head and some short black bristles

on each side of the occiput. Thorax brownish with yellowish

tomeutum and some long yellow hairs on its anterior

border, pubescence of short black hairs ; presutural, supra-

alar, and postalar bristles all black usually and severally two

in number, some yellow hairs on the posterior part among

the dorsal black bristles. Scutellum with yellow hairs and

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 173

long strong yellow bristles forming a doublerow. Abdomen

with the usual dark spots and yellow bristly hairs on the

posterior borders of segments and on the first segment ;

hairs on the spots black, at sides yellow. Genitalia black,

slender, club-shaped, the under lamelle small but nearly

half the length of the upper ones, the underside of the last

segment produced somewhat and fringed with short black

and yellow hairs. Pubescence on genitalia black, with a

tuft of white hairs above. Legs xanthine-orange, with short

white or yellow pubescence and black bristles; the black

colour is confined almost wholly to the apices of femora

and tibiz, but the tarsi are wholly black, fore and middle

coxee each armed with one black bristle. Wings clear with

reddish-yellow veins.

Female identical, but the pubescence on the black abdo-

minal spots is yellow. Ovipositor about the length of the

last segment.

Promachus rufescens, sp. 0.

Type (male) from Sierra Leone, 58-166, and another

male.

Type (female) from Moyamba, Sierra Leone, Feb. 26

(G. C. Dudgeon), 1906, 67.

This species might possibly be identical with Asilus

scutellatus, Macq., described from Senegal. A small blackish

species with reddish-yellow legs, reddish thorax, and scu-

tellum covered with greyish-yellow tomentum. Genitalia

with a very small tuft of white hairs.

Hensth,. 4 to, 9 V7‘mm:

Male.—Face covered with glistening yellow tomentum.

Moustache of scanty yellowish hairs. Palpi black with

yellow bristles. Beard white. Antenne black. Forehead

with black hairs. Hind part of head with black bristles,

some yellow ones intermixed. Thorax brownish with darker

stripes; shoulders, sides, and posterior part of dorsum

reddish, covered with yellowish tomentum ; pubescence

black, some yellow hairs at sides ; bristles black. Scutellum

reddish with yellowish tomentum, and covered with fairly

numerous long whitish hairs, one or two black bristles

present. Abdomen reddish, with whitish-yellow tomentum

and the usual large black spot on each segment ; pubescence

black, whitish on the light parts; underside paler, with

white hairs. Legs reddish yellow, the femora with a black

stripe above and darker altogether ; pubescence on legs

white, thick ; bristles black, with yellow ones intermixed on

174 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

the tibize, under side of femora, and on tarsi. Genitalia

black, testaceous below ; pubescence white, the last segment

below produced to a large triangular piece wholly reddish

with black hairs; the upper lamelle long, club-shaped.

Wings clear, with yellowish veins.

Female identical. Ovipositor long, composed of the last

three segments, black.

Promachus poetinus, W\k.

List Dipt. ii. p. 8390 [-Astlus] (1849); et vii., Suppl. 3, p. 597 [ Trupanea |

(1855); Loew, Dipt. Siidafrik. i. p. 127 (1860).

Type (male) from Sierra Leone.

A female from Sierra Leone, presented by Rey. D. E.

Morgan. A series of males and females from Bokani and

from Boto, N. Nigeria (J. J. Simpson), 1912, 460, in Brit.

Mus. Coll.

A series of males and females from Yapi, Gold Coast

Territories, Nov. 1916 (J. J. Simpson). One female from

Cotonon in Dahomey, 70 miles west of Lagos (W. A. Lam-

borne), 31. v. 1914.

A species very similar to P. flavopilosus, sp. n., from

Uganda, but the pubescence on legs and abdomen is not so

thick or so bright-coloured. Scutel/um has sometimes black

bristles besides the yellow hairs. Moustache whitish and

black.

Length, g 19-25, ? 23-25 mm.

Male.—Face with yellowish tomentum, the moustache

composed of black bristles intermixed with fine white hairs,

which are also present between the moustache and the base

of the antenne. Palpi with whitish-yellow hairs. Antenne

deep black, the first two joints with black hairs ; the arista

one and a half times as long as the third joint. Forehead

with black bristly hairs. Hind part of head with white

hairs, and four more short black bristles on each side.

Thorax with white hairs anteriorly and on the breast-sides,

elsewhere with black pubescence ; presutural bristles three,

supra-alar three, one being a weak bristle, post-alar two,

some of these bristles are often yellow. Scutellum with

many yellow hairs, those on the outer border more bristly,

in the type no black ones are present. Abdomen with short

yellowish pubescence and rather longer hairs at sides ;

underside with soft yellowish hairs. Genitalia black, shining,

long, and club-shaped; the under lamelle also long, more

than half as long as the upper ones, all with scanty yellow

pubescence. Legs xanthine-orange, the fore and middle

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 175

femora with black stripes ; the hind pair only black at their

apices ; fore tibi# black below on the apical half and wholly

-at apex, the others black at apices, tarsi black; pubescence

yellowish, short on femora, some long white hairs on the

tibie, a fringe of yellow appressed hairs on the hind tibie,

bristles chiefly black. Wings clear, with yellowish veins.

Female identical. Moustache more yellow than white with

a few black bristles. Scutellum in some specimens with two

or more black bristles. Ovipositor with the under lamellz

joined below to the upper triangular pair.

Table of Promachus Species from South Africa,

including the Transvaal,

1. Legs black, with white hairs. Scutellum

with whitish hairs and bristles.......... scalaris, Loew.

Legs reddish ; femora usually with a black

UCI eB 5 2.4 2b) of aura fod Ba Een Maer 2 2.

2, Antennze wholly blackish................ 3.

Antenne with the second joint yellow orred. 4.

3. Legs with usually a short black stripe on

under side of femora. Genitalia small.

Moustache black in male, black and yellow

Ee AISNE rere A hsts OP aes: isd Sa ees weer amastrus, W1k.

Legs with the black stripe on upper side of

femora. Genitalia large. Moustache

POON ttc s tah fe Baca Ween hey a1 2 ole albicinctus, Ricardo.

4, Small species. Legs reddish ............ venerabilis, W1k.

Large species. Legs reddish. Femora with

a blaek stripe below .o. oie. ccc cs enees'e dorso, W1k.

Other species from this part of Africa are P. fasciatus, a

widely distributed species, P. caffer, Macq., a variety pre-

sumably of the former, with yellow or white bristles on the

legs and the moustache yellow, described from Kaffraria,

and P. vagator, Wied., from S. Africa and Somaliland, with

red-yellow tibiz and long white hairs on the scutellum, said

by Wiedemann to have the third joint thickened at the top,

but Schiner declares it to be a true Promachus species.

Promachas scalaris, Loew.

Ofvers. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Férhandl. xiv. 1857, p. 359 (1858) ; et Dipt.

Siidafrik. i. p. 180 (1860).

Males and females from Karonga, Brit. E. Africa, 7. vii.

1910 (7. A. Neave), in the Brit. Mus. Coll.

A male and female from junction Crocodile and Marico

Rivers, Transvaal, in the Cape Museum Coll.

In spite of Loew’s type being described as from Kaffraria,

176 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

these specimens appear to be identical with his species,

auswering in every detail to his description, with the

exception of size, Loew giving the length as 20-204 mm.—

these measure from 24-25 mm.

It is a robust species distinguished by the wholly black

legs with white pubescence and hairs and some white bristles.

Scutellum with yellowish or whitish hairs and bristly hairs.

Palpi white-haired. The genitalia at once distinguish the

male, the upper forceps being large and curved to meet each

other at their apices, leaving a space between, in which

appears the middle organ, a slender piece with a large short

spine near its base below; the forceps are bifid, the lower

tooth being sharp and spine-like, the upper one large and

obtuse.

Promachus amastrus, W\k.

List Dipt. ii. p. 394 [Aszlus] (1849) ; et vii., Suppl. 3, p. 599 [ Trupanea]

(1855).

Promachus scilurus, Wik. List Dipt. ii. p. 895 [-Aszlus] (1849).

? Promachas edithus, Wik. List Dipt. ii. p. 429 [Asilus] (1849).

Promachus capreolus, Loew, Ofvers. Kongl. Vet.-Akad, Forhandl. xiv.

1857, p. 860 (1858); et Dipt. Siidafrik. i. p. 333 (1860).

Promachus bicolor, Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi. p.178(1900).

Promachus solus, Adams, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull. iii, p. 153 (1905).

Types (male and male) from 8. Africa (Dr. Smith).

Type (female) of P. scilurus from 8. Africa.

Types (male and female) of P. edithus from S. Africa

(Dr. Smith).

Type (female) of P. bicolor from Pretoria.

Males and females from junction Blaaw Krantz and

Tugela Rivers, Natal, Oct. 1896 (G. A. K. Marshall).

Two females in the Durban Coll. from Salisbury.

Males and females from Natal, Cape Colony, and Orange

Free State in Cape Museum Coll.

The type of P. scilurus is in very bad condition, but

appears identical with P. amastrus, as does P. edithus, but

owing to their condition it is impossible to be certain.

The specimen I named P. bicolor appears the same,

evidently the wholly red legs with no black stripes being an

exception to the general rule.

Adams’s species, P. solus, described from one female,

‘measures 15 mm., and appears from the description to be

identical with Walker’s type.

A species larger than P. venerabilis, W1k., the second joint

of antenne is not yellow. Genitalia almost identical.

Occiput with usually shért yellow bristles, but sometimes

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. hits

these are wholly or partly black. Scwtellum with usually

black bristles (some yellow ones are present in some speci-

mens) and with white hairs. Legs reddish, usually with a

short black stripe on under side of femora, apices of femora

and tibiz sometimes black ; the tarsi appear darker, being

dark at the joints. Moustache with yellow and black bristles.

Length, g¢ 16-18, 2 18-23 mm.

Promachus albicinctus, Ricardo.

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi. p. 173 (1900).

Type (male) and type (female) from Pretoria (W. L.

Distant).

Two females from Pretoria (Distant).

One male from Pretoria, 28.x. 1913 (H. K. Munro), 1904,

263.

One female from Transvaal, Sept., Nov. 1896 (Young),

97, 166.

Male and female from Zululand in Cape Museum Coll.

Distinguished from P. venerabilis, Wlk., by the black

antenne, from P. amastrus, W\k., by the black stripe on the

upper side of femora, it is very similar in general appearance

to this last species.

Promachus fulvipes, Macq.

Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 209 [ Trupanea] (1838) ; Loew, Dipt. Siidafrik,

p. 132 (1860).

Promachus venerabilis, Wik. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. n, ser. iv. p. 129

[ Trupanea] (1857).

From Loew’s detailed description there is little doubt that

Walker’s species is the same as Macquart’s species, which is

recorded from South and HK. Africa.

Walker’s type, a male, came from Port Natal.

Males from Estcourt, Natal, Sept. and Oct. 1896 (G. A.

K. Marshall), 1903, 17, and one female. A male from Piet

Retief, Transvaal, 30.x.1903 (R. Crawshay), 19038, 850.

One male and one female from Estcourt. One female from

Krantzkopf, Natal. One male from Mt. Fongosi, Zululand

(W. E. Jones), in Cape Museum Coll.

A small neat species near P. amastrus, Wlk., but smaller ;

the black bristles on the scutellum are mixed with white

hairs and have occasionally some white bristles. Legs more

wholly reddish and tarsi reddish, the hairs on the abdomen,

more especially in the male, are black, not white on the

black part. The second joint of antenne is yellowish.

Length 9-15 mm., 17 mm. is given by Loew.

178 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

The hairs below the antenne are white, not black as

Loew says, and the hairs on the abdomen are chiefly white,

not black.

Promachus dorso, W\k.

List Dipt. ii. p. 397 [-Aszlus] (1849) ; et yii., Suppl. 3, p.599[Trupanea]

(1855).

? Astlus rubripes, Macq. Hist. Nat. Dipt. i. p. 310 (1834).

Type (female) from S. Africa (Dr. Smith), 44, 6.

Type (female) in very bad condition, appears to be a species

not described by any other author except Macquart, who

described Asilus rubripes, but states it has three submarginal

- cells, so that it is probably a Promachus species, and the

description such as it is suits this Walker type, which is

rather large, 25 mm., with almost wholly red legs; the

femora alone have a dark stripe below, and short white

pubescence on the legs. Moustache on the reddish face is

composed of reddish bristles with some black ones inter-

mixed. Palpi with reddish-yellow hairs and some black

ones at the apex. Antenne blackish, but the first two joints

chiefly reddish with yellow hairs on underside and black

ones on upper side. Forehead with yellow pubescence.

Hind part of head with short stout reddish-yellow bristles.

Thorax with black bristles and reddish-yellow hairs on

posterior border. Scutellum with a double row of reddish

bristles and some yellow hairs, also four or five black bristles.

Abdomen with the usual spots and short yellow pubescence.

Ovipositor short. Wings clear, with reddish-yellow veins.

Macquart gives the size of his species as 22 mm.

Table of Promachus Species from Central and East Africa.

1, Abdomen with tuft-like hairs, very apparent

on the basal segments. .......0e cee eeeee 2.

Abdomen with no such tufts ............ 3.

2. Nearly allied to P. fasciatus, F. Bristles

on scutellum chiefly yellow .........+.. zanthotrichus, Bezzi.

8. Legs blackish, only the tibiz yellowish

externally trite tele oe. see eiaat ble 4,

4, Pubescence on legs and the moustache yel-

low. Scutellum with black bristles and

Vellow Waits 2a) ctor owe ae Ce ee ee ee obscurtpes, sp. 0.

5. Legs reddish or yellow; femora sometimes

with a black stripe. 5). c)20 24 ae bw eles 6.

6. Antenne usually partly red..........0005 ‘@

Antenne wholly blackish..............-- ag;

. Genitalia with tuft of white hairs. Last

segment of abdomen produced below in the

MAIO wees Gh’ Fok ues wie keith he 8.

“I

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 179

Genitalia with no such tuft ........... ody FO

8. Ovipositor of female long ......... eeaers : 9.

Ovipositor of female short .............. EY,

9. Genitalia rather large ; forceps club-shaped.

Ovipositor composed of the last three seg-

TOONS < ov aan eee ee eee Sif cid we Jlavibarbis, Adams.

Genitalia slender; the forceps nearly bifid.

Ovipositor composed of the last two seg-

MONS) Lh. 30d Te Ale ee teh ee tees at ugandiensis, sp. 1.

10, Smaller than P. negligens, Adams. Geni-

Hele, VORB BE he aie aaj ck agitaciak ste orem eters bit ater s abdominalis, sp. n.

11. Genitalia with a tuft of white hairs ...... 12.

Genitalia with no such tuft .............. 16.

12. Very large species. Moustache yellow and

black. Scutellum with a double row of

black bristles and with white hairs.

ee od es Cia ae ala 6, ayes aus aa wren a oa negligens, Adams.

Genitalia of male long. Moustache yellow

and black. Scutellum with black bristles

and some white hairs. Legs blackish,

only the tibizs dull red 3.2... 60d .50s sokotre, Ricardo.

Genitalia of male short, with black tuft-

hairs below. Moustache silky yellowish

white. Scutellum with black and yellow

MPARGIEHe manta hors oe PCE Rn EEA Gee vs os breviventris, sp. n.

Last segment of abdomen produced below.

Moustache yellow and black. Scutellum

with yellow bristles outside and black

ones inside ..... deee td Sapa i Gaia wae binucleatus, Bezzi.

Genitalia slender. Wings short. Mous-

tache snowy white. Scutellum with yel-

HOW EINES pow oiotaw kee atts bs ad Lod 28s, brevipennis, sp. Nn.

13. Species with snowy-white moustache and

white bristles at vertex. Scutellum with

white and black bristles........... Wane cry Lae

14, Femora reddish with a black stripe ...... rectangularis, Loew.

Wortords Dlaehishis:s3)) oils /td aerate tis 01s) add lant rueppelliz, Loew.

15, Bright yellow-haired species. Moustache

yellowish. Scutellum yellow - haired.

Legs bright reddish yellow, with black

Btrepe an Temorn ia ere Jlavopilosus, sp. 1.

The other described species from this region are P. ponti-

fex, P. rex, P. enucleatus, Karsch, very large species with

blackish legs, the tibize yellow-brown, also P. bottegri, 3,

Corti, with only the anterior tibiz testaceous, P. argyropus,

Bezzi, a black white-haired species with the first posterior

cell closed and stalked, P. chalcops, Speiser, with brown-

yellow legs which have thick yellow pubescence, P. rapax,

Gerst., very insufficiently described, the femora and tibize

blood-red, white-haired, all from H. Africa; also P. gossy-

ptatus, Speiser, in the fasciatus group near P. xanthotrichus,

Bezzi, with black bristles on the scutellum and legs, mous-

tache chlefly yellow; P. apicalis, Adams, from Rhodesia,

180 | Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

with black legs and a blackish abdomen, uniformly greyish-

yellow pollinose.

Promachus xanthotrichus, Bezzi.

Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg. lii. p. 378 (1908).

This appears to be only a variety of P. fasciatus, Fabr.,

the only difference being that all the bristles on the seu-

tellum are yellow, not black. There are series of specimens

with this from Nyasaland in the I. E.E. Coll. and in the

Brit. Mus. Coll., one female from Portuguese Congo, two

females from Mashonaland, and one male from E. Ruwenzori,

but in some specimens a few black bristles appear. |

Bezzi described one male from the Falls of Semlia River,

Ngami, Congo.

Promachus obscuripes, sp. n.

Type (male).

Type (female) im coitu, from Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland,

27. xii. 1912 (S. A. Neave), I. E. E. Coll., and a series of

males and females from the same locality.

A species recognized by its wholly black legs, with

yellowish short pubescence, by the yellow moustache, and by

the yellow hairs and black bristles on the scutellum.

Length, ¢ 16-19, ¢ 17-19 mm.

Male.—Face blackish with yellow-grey tomentum at sides.

Moustache composed of long yellow bristly hairs. Pali

with yellow and black hairs. Beard yellowish. Antenne

blackish, the first two joints with yellow hairs. Forehead

with black hairs. Hind part of head with yellow hairs and

a few strong short black bristles on each side. Thorax

with well-marked blackish stripes and greyish-yellow tomen-

tum, the presutural bristles two in number, as are the supra-

alar oves, but the post-alar are three in number, all black ;

dorsum with weak black hairs and a few pale yellow ones

interspersed. Scutellum with long yellow hairs and black

bristles on its posterior border and on dorsum. Abdomen

with the usual large black spots bordered by greyish tomen-

tum ; weak yellow bristles are present on the sides of seg-

ments and yellow hairs ; on dorsum the pubescence is short

and yellow, longer on the first segment. Genitalia very

large and stout; upper forceps swollen, club-shaped, the

lower pair large, produced at the base, and ending in an

obtuse point ; the lower plates black, shining, all with black

pubescence. Legs blackish, the tibize on their outer sides

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. 181

pale yellowish ; the femora and tibiz with yellow pubescence,

thickest and brightest in colour on the fore legs, lower side

of tibize with black short hairs ; middle and hind femora

armed with black bristles, those on the tibice and tarsi strong

and numerous. Wings clear, with grey streaks on apex on

fore border.

Female identical. Ovipositor short.

Prumachus adamsti, Ricardo.

Promachus flanbarbis, Adams, Kansas Uniy. Sci. Bull. iii. p, 152

(1805), nomen bis lectum,

Females from Kabulumiro, Uganda, 1909 (Col. Sir D.

Bruce, A.M.S.), 1909, 83; Bululu, Uganda, 6.i1.1911 (C.

C. Gowdey), 1914, 7; Nyasaland, Nov. 1892 (H. H. John-

ston), 94, 12; Uchweni Forest near Witu, British E. Africa,

25-27. 1. 1912 (S. A. Neave), 1912, 193; three females

from Valley of Kafu River, Unyoro, 3400 feet, 23-28. xii.

1911 (S. A. Neave), 1912, 193, all in Brit. Mus. Coll.

Males and females in coitu, from Uchweni Forest near

Witu, 25-27. xi. 1912 (S. A. Neave), in I. E. BE. Coll.

These species answer in every particular to Adams’s

description. He described one female from near Fort

Salisbury, Rhodesia, and gives the length as 27 mm.

The two black bristles on the scutedlum are only present

in one or two of the above specimens. Ovipositor of female

long, composed of three segments. Genitalia of male black,

shining, the forceps large, club-shaped, ending in broad

flattened apices, with no projections or teeth; the lower

lamellz short and small, the border of the under part of

last segment produced with yellow and black hairs ; pubes-

cence on genitalia black, with tufts of white hairs above.

Length, ¢ 21-23, ? 25-27 mm.

Promachus ugandiensis, sp. 0.

Type (male) from Semliki Plains near south shore of Lake

Albert, 2200 feet ; Uganda (S. A. Neave), 1912, 193.

Type (female) from Kotakota, Nyasaland (Dr. J. S. Old),

191], 221.

A male from 150-200 miles west of Kambove, 3500-4500

feet; Uganda (S. A. Neave), 1907, 230; amale from Blantyre,

Nyasaland (Dr. J. S. Old), 1912, 401, and a female.

A species with a yellowish moustache and black bristles

on the scutellum, the first two joints of the antennz reddish.

182 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

Genitalia slender, reddish below. Ovipositor of female

long.

Length, § 21-22, 9 22-25 mm.

Male.—Face yellowish, covered with silvery-white tomen-

tum. Moustache of yellow hairs, reaching the antenne.

Palpi with yellow hairs. Antenne with a short third joint

and long arista, the first two reddish joints with chiefly

white hairs. Forehead with black hairs at sides and a very

few yellow ones. Hind part of head with chiefly stout

yellow bristles. Thorax brownish red, with grey tomentum

and black pubescence and bristles, some white hairs at sides

and posteriorly. Scutellum reddish, with grey tomentum,

chiefly black bristles, and white hairs. Abdomen with short

yellow pubescence, some black hairs intermixed on the black

spots. Genitalia very similar to those of P. brevipennis, sp. n.,

but the under lamelle are testaceous, short, and stout ; the

under side of the last segment is reddish and produced to a

triangle and covered with short white hairs, the testaceous

part with white hairs, the upper forceps with chiefly black

hairs, the tuft of white hairs is represented by only a few

white hairs, the upper forceps are almost bifid at apices ; in

one male the hairs on triangular produced segment are

largely black. Legs reddish yellow, the femora with a black

stripe; pubescence thick, white; bristles black. Wings

clear, not very long.

Female identical. Ovipositor includes the seventh and

eighth segments, and is about as long as the last two seg-

ments together.

Promachus abdominalis, sp. u.

Type (male) from Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, 7. xii. 1912,

and other males (S. A. Neave).

Type (female) from Uchweni Forest, near Witu, 25-27.

xi. 1912 (S. A. Neave), and males all in I. E. E. Coll.

One female from Chiromo, Nyasaland, Ruo River (R. C.

Wood) (1916).

Three males and two females from 150-200 miles west of

Kambove, 3500-4500 feet (S. A. Neave), 1907, 230.

A species nearly allied to P. negligens, Adams, but some-

what smaller, and the genitalia in male are quite different,

being longer and more slender and with no white tuft above.

In the female the much longer ovipositor will distinguish

it at once. :

Length, ¢ 28, 2? 24 mm.

Male.—Face honey-yellow with some grey tomentum.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 183

Moustache of yellow stiff bristles, three black bristles near

oral aperture. Palpi with black and yellow bristly hairs,

often with only white or yellow hairs and no black ones at

apex. Antenne dull reddish, the first two joints with white

pubescence, the third joint short, the arista more than

double its length. Forehead with first yellow, then black

hairs. Hind part of head with short stout black bristles

intermixed with white hairs. Thorax reddish brown with

grey tomentum and chiefly black pubescence; bristles

posteriorly very stout, with long black hairs between. Scu-

tellum covered with greyish-yellow tomentum and with

stout black bristles on its posterior border, and others on

dorsum, and with sparse short white pubescence. Abdomen

with the usual black spots and grey bands, on which last are

short white bristly hairs, and longer white bristles at sides ;

pubescence on the spots black and at sides. Genitalia blue-

black, shining, the upper forceps long and stout, club-shaped,

the lower lamellee very short, in one specimen coloured red,

with loug black hairs below and chiefly yellowish ones

above; the underside of the last segment not fringed with

black hairs nor produced as in P. negligens. Legs dull red,

but the femora blackish below and often partly so above,

tarsi blackish; legs with short white pubescence, most

noticeable on the tibiz and tarsi. Wings large, clear, with

reddish-yellow veins.

Female identical. Ovipositor long, composed of the sixth,

seventh, and eighth segments.

Promachus negligens, Adams.

Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull. iii. p. 154 (1905).

The type was described as from near Fort Salisbury,

Rhodesia.

Males and females from Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland (S. 4.

Neave), in I. E. E. Coll.

Males and females from west of Kambove, 3500-4000 feet

(S. A. Neave), 1907, 230; also from Kasama District, N.E.

Rhodesia, Oct. 1904 (R. L. Harger), 1905, 79, in Brit. Mus.

Coll.

A very large black species with grey bands on the abdo-

men. Scutellum with black bristles and white hairs. Legs

dull red, apices of femora and tibize blackish. Moustache

yellow, with some black bristles above.

Length given by Adams as 26-31 mm., but some of these

measure as much as 35 mm,

184 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

In some specimens there are vestiges of a black stripe on

the femora.

This species is distinguished from P. flavibarbis, now

P. adamsii, by its larger size and entirely black antenne, in

the latter species the first two joints are reddish and the

ovipositor of the female is longer, composed of the three

last segments of abdomen.

Promachus sokotre, Ricardo, in Forbes, The Nat. Hist. of

Sokotra, p. 362, pl. xxi. figs. 7, 7a, 9, 9a (1903).

Types (male and female) and others from Adho, Diemellus,

and Gochal Valley, Sokotra (W. R. O.-Grant).

Distinguished from P. negligens at once by the long

genitalia in the males, the upper forceps long, cylindrical,

bordered with black short hairs and at apex with long

fringe-like black hairs, the white tuft above is very apparent.

Ovipositor of female not very long, composed of the seventh

and eighth segments of abdomen, which has the usual black

spots and grey tomentose bands. Scutellum with many

stout black bristles. Moustache with black and yellow

bristles. Legs blackish, the tibiz dull testaceous.

Length, ¢ 28, 2? 33 mm.

Promachus breviventris, sp. n.

Type (male) and type (female) from the west slope of

Kenya on Meru—Nyeri Road, 6000-8500 feet, Brit. EH. Africa

(S. A. Neave), 1911, 177; and other males and females from

same locality.

A species allied to Promachus binucleatus, Bezzi, in the

genitalia of male which have a very thick compact tuft of

black hairs below; the genitalia are very short, with white

hairs above. ‘lhe ovipositor in female includes the seventh

and eighth segments and is fairly long. Legs reddish with

white pubescence and black stripes on the femora. Mous-

tache white.

Length, ¢ 17-18, 2? 20-22 mm.

Male.—Face chamois-colour with yellowish tomentum.

Moustache composed of silky yellowish-white hairs, rather

thick, and white shorter hairs are continued to the antenna,

which have the third joint wanting, the first two joints with

some white hairs below and black hairs on upper and lower

sides. Palpi with white hairs. Forehead with bristly white

hairs, fairly numerous. Hind part of head with stout white

bristles, becoming white hairs round the head. Thorax

Mr. O. Thomas— Notes on Babirussa. 185

chestnut-brown or blackish with the usual stripes and grey

tomentum; pubescence black, rather thick, with a bunch

of white hairs above the base of wings; bristles black.

Scutellum with white hairs on its anterior border and black

aud yellow bristles beyond, the latter predominating—the

black bristles always on dorsum, not on border. Abdomen

with the usual black spots ; pubescence chiefly yellow, some

black on the posterior segments ; underside with whitish

hairs, the border of the last segment does not appear to be

produced, but is bordered by the very thick coarse black

hairs forming a thick tuft on each side, coalescing in the

middle. Genitalia extremely short and small, black and

shining, with black pubescence; the upper forceps stout,

the white hairs above are thick and extend to the apices of

forceps. Legs dull brick-red, the femora with black stripes

above, the legs with thick white pubescence and many

white bristles on the tibiee. Wings clear, with reddish-

yellow veins.

Female identical. Ovipositor with some whitish pubes-

cence, nearly as long as the last two segments together.

[To be continued. ]

XXIV.—Some Notes on Babirussa.

By OLpFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Tue British Museum owes to the generosity of Mr. Wilfred

Frost a fine series of male skulls, eleven in number, of Babi-

russas collected by him in the island of Tali Aboe, in the Sula

group, east .of Celebes—a locality where they had been

reported to exist, but from which, so far as I am aware, no

specimens had been brought to any European Museum. In

working these out and comparing them with the Babirussas

of Buru and Celebes a certain number of interesting points

have turned up, which may be worth publication.

Firstly, as regards the spelling of the names of the genus

and type-species, these are quite correctly put by Lydekker *

Babirussa babyrussa, none of the other variants of the two

names being technically admissible. This being the case, it

* Cat. Ung. B. M. iv. p. 845 (1915).

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. a ee

186 Mr. O. Thomas— Notes on Babirussa.

is probably also more convenient to spell the vernacular name

with a double s.

The typical species Sus babyrussa, Linn., was largely based

on two figures of skulls, one by Grew and the other by Seba,

so that the skulls depicted would have been co-types of the

species. Of these two skulls, one—that figured by Seba—is

still in existence (B.M. no. 67. 4. 12. 223), and may with

propriety be formally selected as a lectotype. It was stated

by Seba to have come from Buru, an assertion quite borne

out by its characters.

The differences between the Buru and Celebes forms have

been well pointed out by Deninger *, who shows how, by the

more inward-pointing direction of the upper canines in the

Babirussa of Celebes the nasals are pinched in mesially and

other characteristics are produced by which that animal can

generally be distinguished. ‘lhe canines themselves are very

much finer, and I may further note that well-marked basial

pits appear always to be present in this species, while the

bullze in section are of the narrow-oval shape found in the

Tali Aboe skulls.

Deninger named the Celebean form celebensis, although

stating that the description by Lesson of #&. alfurus applied

to that animal, and not to the Buru one. With some hesita-

tion I am prepared to accept bis view that none the less

alfurus should be considered a synonym of babyrussa, on thie

ground that Lesson was distinctly giving a new specific name

—as was necessary under the code of that day—to Sus baby-

yussd, Whose specific name he was using as a generic one.

Lesson’s book contained descriptions of all mammals known

to him, and the accident that his description of some Babi-

russas seen in Java is thought by Deninger to apply best to

celebensis does not, I think, alter the fact that Lesson was

distinctly renaming Linné’s Sus babyrussa, of which, there-

fore, alfurus would be a synonym.

Now, with regard to the Tali Aboe Babirussas, I find that,

so far as the canines and nasals are concerned, they are

emphatically of the Buru or B. babyrussa type, without any

tendency towards the characteristics of the Celebes DB. ecle-

bensis.

But there are certain differences which, being found in so

fine a series as eleven ‘l’ali Aboe skulls, as compared with the

actual type of B. babyrussa, appear to indicate that they

should be subspecifically separated from the latter. I would

suggest for the animal, in honour of the naturalist to whom

we owe its discovery, the name of

* Ber. Nat. Ges. Freiburg, xviii. p. 1 (1911).

Mr. O. Thomas— Notes on Babirussa. 187

Babirussa bubyrussa frosti, subsp. n.

Size slightly smaller than in babyrussa. Upper canines as

in the latter, not bent in, crossing each other or compressing

the nasals, as is the case in B, celebensis. But they are con-

spicuously smaller and shorter than in babyrussa, and do not

rise nearly so high above the muzzle as in that animal.

Basial pits almost always absent, only occurring (an | these

shallow) in two out of eleven skulls. Bullee small, nariow,

flattened from side to side, their breadth much less than their

horizontal diameter, in marked contrast to the broad sub-

triangular bulle of typical babyrussa; the crest lewling

upwards from their outer corners behind the glenoid fosse

well developed, much higher than that on the outer side of

the base of the paroccipital process, this proportion being

reversed in babyrussa. Paroccipital process more slender.

Dimensions of the type-skull :—

Length, nasal tip fo occiput, 274 mm.; condylo-basal

length 268; zygomatic breadth 124; nasals, length 131,

anterior breadth 22, mesial breadth 15, posterior breadth 31 ;

occipital breadth 73; palatal length 178; bulle, horizontal

length 25, breadth 13.

Length of canine along front curve 141, greatest length

above nasals 45; greatest basal diameter 13. Front of p* to

back of m® 68; m’*, length 22, breadth 15. Length of lower

canine 77. Length of lower tooth-row 74.

The older skulls may attain to 284 mm, in condylo-basal

length,

flab. Tali Aboe Island, east of Celebes.

Type. Adult (but not old) male skull. B.M. no, 19.11.23.1.

Presented to the National Collection by Wilfred Frost, Esq.

Kleven skulls examined,

In the above various points there is such a strong average

difference between the Babirussa of Buru and the form found

in Tali Aboe that I think the latter should certainly bear a

varietal name, even though some of the points may prove to

be rather “ average” than absolute characteristics.

Six of the skulls (including the type) were obtained by

Mr. Frost on the comparatively high middle third of Tali

Aboe, while the other five came from the lowlands of the

eastern third. The latter skulls—of which three at least are

fully adult—are rather smaller than the former, but the

difference does not amount to much, and is, perhaps, due to a

shortage of the food available in competition with the native

pigs of the lowlands.

ips

188 Mr. >. Thomas on

Of the external characters of B. 6b. frostt I am able to say

nothing. | .

It will thus be seen that the Museum is indebted to

Mr. Frost for a donation of very great scientific value, as

series of such skulls are very rarely obtained, and this one

represents both a verification of the Tali Aboe locality and

the discovery of a new subspecies.

With regard to references that have been made to “ domesti-

cated or semi-domesticated ’’ Babirussas, Mr. Frost states that,

at least in Buru and Tali Aboe, these animals are never

domesticated, as they will not live in harmony with the native

pigs, which are ubiquitous.

He also says that the reason it is so difficult to obtain

females is that the boars put up such a plucky fight against

the dogs used in hunting that it is impossible to get at the

sows until such time as the male has been killed, thus enabling

the females to get safely away. As a result, very few

museums possess female specimens, and our own collection

ouly contains one single immature skull of that sex.

XXV.—A Further Collection of Mammals from Jujuy.

By OLpFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

DurinG the winter of 1919—April to August—Sr. E. Budin

made collections of mammals on the lower grounds of Jujuy,

firstly in the near neighbourhood of the town of Jujuy, at an

altitude of rather more than 1200 metres, and then on the

still lower levels to the east, where the Rio Lavallen, lower

down (northwards) called the Rio San Francisco, forms part

of the upper waters of the Vermejo system. On this river

the place where Sr. Budin collected was Villa Carolina, some

20 kilometres to the east of San Pedro de Jujuy, and there-

fore in the same faunal district as Manoel Hlordi and Tar-

tagal, where he had previously found such interesting things.

A few additional specimens were obtained at Yuto, about

70 km. north of Villa Carolina.

The present collection adds considerably to our knowledge

of the Jujuy fauna, and contains examples of four new forms,

of which the most noticeable is a Marmosa of a more northern

type than any previously recorded from Argentina.

Mammals from Jujuy. 189

1. Eptesicus hilatrei, Geoff.

3. Yuto, Rio San Francisco (in spirit).

Forearm 44 mm.

2. Myotis nigricans, Wied.

3. Yuto, Rio San Francisco (in spirit).

Forearm 33 mm.

3. Molossops temminckii, Burm.

3. Yuto, Rio San Francisco (in spirit).

Forearm 30 mm.

This bat is the type of the genus Molossops, as selected and

fixed by Miller *.

But it appears to me that the other species hitherto in-

cluded in Molossops ought to be generically distinguished

from it. For while in that genus, as represented by tem-

minckit, there are only two lower incisors, m* is compara-

tively normal, of triangular shape, with a well-marked third

commissure, and m3, in correlation, has a normal triangular

posterior lobe, with two cusps, the other species all differ in

these respects. JI would therefore suggest they should be

distinguished under the following name :—

CYNOMOPS, gen. nov.

Genotype, C. cerastes T | Molossus cerastes, Thos. ].

General characters as in Molossops, with the following

exceptions :—

Lower incisors 4. J? simplified {, with no third com-

missure, the tooth transversely oblong, scarcely broader

externally than internally. 4/; equally simplified, the poste-

rior lobe linear, with one cusp only.

Other species: C. planirostris, Pet., brachymeles, Pet.,

mastivus, 'lhos.,and paranus, Thos. Molossops milleri, Osg.,

also presumably comes here, as it is compared with plani-

rostris, but it is of about the size of WM. temminckii, which is

* Fam. Gen. Bats, p. 247 (1907).

+ I should naturally have selected planitrostris as genotype, but speci-

mens from so many localities (including Buenos Ayres) have been

assigned to that species that there is always a little doubt about its exact

identity. Moreover, the large cerastes contrasts better than planirostris

with the little temmincki as a representative of the genus which con-

tains all the large species of the group.

¢ Peters’s beautiful plate of planirostris (Chiropt. Mus. Zool. Berl.

pl. 18 B) shows the structure of the molars very well.

190 Mr. O. Thomas on

not mentioned, and the characters of the incisors and molars

are not referred to.

4, Felis yaguarondi, Desm.

?. 669. Villa Carclina. 500 m.

A fine fully adult female of the normal grey-brown colour.

This is a valuable accession, as the Museum collection of

these variable cats is very imperfect and much needs supple-

menting. Ihave long had an impression that the Jaguarondi

and the Kyra may possibly represent but a single dimorphic

species, as there seems little essential difference, other than

colour, between the grey or brown “ F. yaguarondi”’ and the

bright reddish ‘ F. eyra,’’ and the two occur more or less

throughout the same area. So far, however, every author

has considered them distinct—as, indeed, they appear,—and

without better material I do not like definitely to assert their

identity.

5. Mus musculus, L.

3. 547, 548, 556. Jujuy. 1258 m.

6. Holochilus balnearum, Thos.

3. 615, 622, 623, 626, 627, 675, 687, 692, 695, 699 ;

@. 610, 618, 621, 628, 629, 637, 638, 645, 561, 654, 655,

671, 674, 676, 677, 684. Villa Carolina. Alt. 500 m.

“ Raton Nutria. Inhabits the-banks of the river.”—Z. B.

I provisionally use for this ‘ otter-rat”’ the name I gave

in 1906 to one sent from ‘Tucuman by Signor Dinelli. But

in this genus the local differences are so slight and inconstant,

and the ranges of these animals are probably, as in other

river-animals, so greaty that it is doubtful if even the few

species that have been described are all valid.

7. Hesperomys venustus, Thos.

&d. 572, 582,587,597; 2. 601. Jujay..; 1258 m.

3. 619, 630, 634, 646, 647, 649, 653, 682, 686; 9. 611,

633, 641, 642, 652, 656, 659, 678, 679, 688, 698, 707, 709,

711. Villa Carolina. 500 m.

8. Hesperomys musculinus cortensis, subsp. n.

3. 546, 564, 567, 577, 578, 598,602; 2. 553, 573, 579,

586, 599, 600, 604, 607. Jujuy. 1258 m.

“ Caught in straw-yard.”—E. B,

Mammals from Jujuy. 191

Size rather less than in true musculinus of Maimara, feet

and tail averaging shorter. Colour above slightly duller,

browner, and less clear, and below, where the difference is

more noticeable, the tone is a dull pale drabby, approaching

(though much less than) that found in JZus musculus, while

in true musculinus the colour is a clear greyish white, with

scarcely any suspicion of drabbiness.

Dimensions of the type:—

Head and body 94 mm.; tail 83; hind foot 19;

ear 15.

Skull: greatest length 24°5; condylo-incisive length 22°3 ;

zygomatic breadth 13°4; nasals 9; interorbital breadth 3:8 ;

palatilar length 10; palatal foramina 5-6; dental length 11;

upper molar series 3:5.

Hab. as above.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no, 20.1.7.46. Original

number 577. Collected 29th April, 1919.

This laucha is no doubt very closely allied to the true

musculinus * of Maimara, with which it shares the number of

fourteen mammez; but on comparison of fifteen specimens

with six of musculinus it proves to have so uniformly drabbier

an under surface, while both feet and tail average shorter,

that I have thought it worthy of having a distinctive name.

A single old male skull—one of those overgrown examples

which often render distinction by size so difficult—measures

no less than 26 mm. in greatest length ; - but this is obviously

abnormal, the type being of about the usual adult size.

9. Oryzomys sp., flavescens group.

3. 613, 614, 655, 663, 680; ¢. 624, 636, 639, 640, 648,

Villa Carolina. 500 m.

10. Graomys lockwoodi, Thos.

3. 625, 631, 668, 681, 685, 694,697; 2. 616, 617, 644,

672, 673, 689. Villa Carolina. 500 m.

“Trapped among fallen trees.” ‘“‘ Lives in hollow tree-

trunks.”—E. B.

These specimens again show that the presence or absence

of slate-grey at the bases of the belly-hairs is in this group

a character of no importance, all conditions occurring in the

series.

None of these examples have feet quite as long as in the

* Eligmodontia laucha musculina, Thos, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)

xi, p. 188 (1913).

192 Mr. O. Thomas on

type, but that is a very old specimen. Their bulle are all

smaller than in the type of G. cachinus, and about the same

as in G. lockwoodi.

11. Akodon simulator, Thos.

6. 545, 550, 551, 555, 557, 560, 568, 570, 571, 574, 576,

593, 596, 603, 605, 608 ; 9. 552, 558, 559, 569, 579, 581,

588, 590, 591, 594, G09. Jujuy. 1258 m.

d. 620, 632, 650, 658, 660, 662; ¢. 612,641. Villa

Carolina. 500 m.

This fine series, of all ages, shows, firstly, that A. semu-

lator is much more hypsodont than ordinary Akodons of the

arenicola group, being, in fact, intermediate between the

latter and the extremely hypsodont Hypsimys. And the

same is no doubt the case with the other large Akodons of

the present group, most of which are known only by more

insufficient material, often with greatly worn teeth. Degrees

of hypsodontism are always very difficult to judge without

specimens of many different ages; so that this series is of

special value.

Secondly, [ would note that A. simulator proves to be more

variable in colour than usual, some specimens being, like the

original set, grey anteriorly and buffy posteriorly, others with

the buffy covering the whole body, and others, again, nearly

uniformly brown. These differences are not local, and no

corresponding differences can be found in the skulls.

. Akodon sp. (near A. dolores).

(Villa ene )

A skin (no. 656) from Villa Carolina, which appears to be

quite indistinguishable from //esperomys venustus, has assigned

to it, but L feel sure wrongly, a skull showing a very close

resemblance to that of the Cordova Akodon dolores, an animal

with no external similarity to the Hesperomys, and belonging

to yet another group of Akodon. No skin in the collection

seems suitable for this skull, which must remain undetermined

until further collections are made. A, dolores is not specially

hypsodont, as are A. stmulator and cenosus, nor are the in-

cisors proodont, as is the case with A. cine and orbus, from

Leon, Jujuy, and Otro Cerro, Catamarea, respectively.

13. Akodon cenosus, Thos.

¢:. 080,080, 989, 592, 595, 606; 9. 565, 566, 838,

Jujuy. 1 ;

Mammals from Jujuy. 193

This Akodon was originally described as a subspecies of

A, puer, but is shown by better material to have a somewhat

‘larger skull with more angular supraorbital edges, and to be

distinctly more hypsodont than that animal—in fact, as much

so as in the large A. simulator. I therefore recognize it as

specifically distinct.

A complete male skull has a greatest length of 25°5 mm. ;

condylo-incisive length 23:2.

14. Ctenomys sylvanus utibilis, subsp. n.

?. 713, 715. Yuto, Rio San Francisco. Alt. 500 m.

** Found among woods; sandy soil.”—Z. B.

Size and general characters of true sylvanus, but lighter

and with white patches on under surface.

Colour above near “ snuff-brown,” but rather darker, tlic

median dorsal line blackened in the paratype, but not so in

the type. Under surface in general scarcely lighter, but in

both specimens there are well-marked axillary white spots

and conspicuous inguinal patches. Sides of muzzle scarcely

blackened. Hands, feet, and tail more hairy than in sy/va-

nus, less than in budini, the hands and feet white, the tail

blackish for its proximal two-thirds, then white.

Skull about as in sy/vanus, but in the available specimens

the interparietals are larger, about equalling those of budins,

and the palatal notch ends opposite the middle instead of the

front edge of m?.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 190 mm. ; tail 65 ; hind foot 34:5.

Skull: median length 45°7 ; condylo-incisive length 45 ;

zygomatic breadth 23°7; nasals 16:2 7-8; interorbital

breadth 10°2; breadth across brain-case 19°5; bimeatal

breadth 28°5; palatilar length 20°3; dental length 26;

upper tooth-series (crowns) 9°8.

Type. Adult, but not old, female. B.M. no. 20. 1. 7. 114.

Original number 715. Collected 24th July, 1919.

This tuco-tuco would seem to be a less saturate form than

true sylvanus, inhabiting more open woods, with the soil

““arenoso”’ instead of ‘* vegetal’’—sand instead of humus.

Its general tone is rather lighter, its muzzle is conspicuously

so, while its prominent white axillary and inguinal patches

afford the most obvious means of distinction, as there are

none at all in sylvanus. Both forms are no doubt nearly

allied to budini, but from that the distinction of uéidid’s in

ground-colour, and especially in that of the lower surface, is

markedly greater. Both sylvanus and utibili’s occur at about

500 m., while budini comes from 2600 m.

194 Mr. O. Thomas on

15. Ctenomys juris, sp. n.

3. 703,706; 2. 702,704,705. El Chaguaral, between

San Pedro and Villa Carolina. Alt. 500 m.

“Tn stony ground in ravines running down to the river.”

—E. B.

A small species like C. focht externally, but with much

smaller bullee.

Size small, about as in bergi, fochi, and dorsalis. General

colour usually quite uniform pale brown, nearest to ‘ sayal

brown ” along the back, paler on the sides. Under surface

washed with pale buffy varying towards whitish, the best-

marked specimens near “ pinkish buff.’’ Middle line of face

normally little darker than back, but in two out of five speci-

mens there is a marked darkening on the top of the muzzle,

as in fochi. Size of neck with a buffy or whitish half-collar

extending up to the ear. Inner side of forearm whitish,

lighter than the belly; concolor with the belly in /foehz.

Hands and feet whitish. Tail dull buffy whitish, with a dark

brown terminal crest.

Skull with broad nasals, little narrowed posteriorly. Zygo-

mata widely expanded, the anterior zygomatic breadth often

greater than the posterior. Palatal notch to level of middle

of m?, Bulle small and narrow, but smoothly filled out, not

compressed ; markedly smaller than in fochi.

Incisors rather more proodont than usual, the index-angle

about 108°, in the type of bergi 100°, in that of fochi 94°.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 177 mm.; tail 72; hind foot 29.

Skull: median length 42; condylo-incisive length 42°3 ;

zygomatic breadth (anterior) 27; nasals 13°2 x 7°5 ; inter-

orbital breadth 10; breadth across brain-case 17 ; bimeatal

breadth 27 ; palatilar length 19°7; dental length 25; upper

tooth-series (crowns) 8:3.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 20.1.7.116. Original

number 706. Collected 3rd August, 1919.

The smaller bulle and usually undarkened forehead will

readily distinguish this tuco-tuco from its nearest ally C. fochi

of Chumbicha, Catamarca.

Sr. Budin has taken great pains in getting tuco-tucos,

making excursions in various directions to obtain them, and

is now rewarded by the discovery of two further new forms.

None appear to be found at Villa Carolina, or very close to

the town of Jujuy.

Mammals from Sujuy. 195

16. Dasyprocta variegata bolivie, Thos.

Immature skull. ¢. Villa Carolina. 500 m.

17. Galea comes, Thos.

3S. 635, 666, 670, 691, 708; 9. 643, 657, 661, 664, 696,

700, 701. Villa Carolina. 1258 m.

18. Sylvilagus brasiliensis gibsont, Thos.

3. 690. Villa Carolina. 500 m.

Not fully adult. Nape-patch less rufous than in type.

19. Marmosa * budini, sp. n.

3.714. Altura de Yuto, Rio San Francisco. Alt.

500 m.

“ Caught in an upland wood.”—E£. B.

: A medium-sized species, grey above and buffy yellowish

elow.

* Tam quite unable to accept the nomenclatural results of Dr. Matschie’s

recent paper on the Didelphiidss (SB. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. 1916, p. 259).

because, as in other cases, he bases his whole work on the obsolete and

now generally discarded principle of elimination, instead of using modein

methods for the identification and selection of genotypes. Some of his

conclusions in the present case would be specially unacceptable to workers

in general, such as his entire ignoring of my selection in 1888 of brachy-

urus as the type of Peramys, Less., and his long and complicated argu-

ments that because the other species of the original Peramys—brachyurus,

tristriata, and pusidla—fall into other genera, the fourth species men-

tioned—crassicaudata—must be taken as the genotype. Such a definite

selection of the genotype of Peramys (brachywa) as that in the ‘ Catalogue

of Marsupials’ is in accordance with modern usage and cannot be ignored.

With regard, however, to Monedelphis, Burm., although Dr. Matschie’s

selection of its genotype is obtained, as I consider, in the wrong way, yet

he has made a selection, and, in the absence of an earlier one, that would

be valid, and I would therefore accept “‘ brachyura” as its genotype. In

consequence Monodelphis would antedate and supersede Peramys for the

genus containing the common short-tailed opossum.

All Dr, Matschie’s recent nomenclature work is similarly based on this

unsound principle of elimination, so that his exceptional literary know-

ledge is rendered nugatory so far as the utilization of his results is

concerned.

Incidentally I may note that the group called Micoureus by Matschie,

who quotes its type as D. laniger, Desm., appears to need a new name, as

Micoureus, Lesson, with type by subsequent selection D. cinerea (Thomas,

1888), properly goes to quite a different group. I would suggest the

name Mallodelphys for the former, with D. laniger as its genotype. It

should, I think, rank as a subgenus of the genus Philander, whose geno-

type, by tautonymy, is Philander philander, L.

196 On Mammals from Jujuy.

Size about as in WZ. murina. Fur soft and fine, of medium

length, hairs of back about 12 mm. long. General colour

above rather browner than Ridgway’s “ light greyish olive” ;

sides lighter and more buffy ; under surface rich buffy, the

median area of throat and belly “ light ochraceous buff,” this

colour also extending up, though less intense, on the outer

sides of the hips. ‘Top of muzzle dull buffy, cheeks rich

buffy ; black orbital rings well marked. Upper surface. of

hands and feet pale buffy; fifth hind digit about equal in

length to the second ; third longer and fourth longest. Tail

with only about a centimetre at its base furry and coloured

like the body ; the rest naked, grey for its proximal halt

above and third below ; the end white all round.

Skull of normal proportions; nasals expanded behind ;

supraorbital ledges well developed. Palatal imperfections of

average extent.

Teeth rather large in proportion to the size of the skull.

P? small, p? and p* much larger, subequal.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 139 mm.; tail 186; hind foot 24:5;

ear 22°4.

Skull: greatest length 38 ; condylo-basal length 37 ; zygo-

matic breadth 21°5; nasals, length 16°5, middle breadth 2°7,

greatest breadth 5; breadth across postorbital processes 8°8 ;

palatal length 21; length of maxillary tooth-row 15:7; first

three molariform teeth 7-1.

Hab. as above. Yuto is about 70 kilometres north of

Villa Carolina.

Type. Male, adult but not old. B.M. no. 20.1. 7. 134.

Original number 714. Collected 23rd July, 1919.

While of about the size of the members of the Marmosa

murina group, and with similarly unfurred tail-base, this

opossum has the greyish colour and yellowish belly of JZ. ec-

nerea and its allies, and is thus readily distinguishable from

any species as yet described. It is the first member of the

group to be found in Argentine territory.

The species is named after Sr. Budin, in recognition of the

keen and intelligent interest he takes in his collecting work.

20. Marmosa elegans cinderella, Thos.

3. 554, 562,563; 2. 549, 561. Jujuy. 1258 m.

3. 683, 693, 710. Villa Carolina. 500 m.

On a new Species of Mellivora from Somaliland. 197

XXVI—A new Species of Mellivora from Somaliland.

By R. C. WrouautTon and Major R. E. CHErsMAn.

‘THE classification of specimens of Mellivora from 8.W. Persia

necessitated the survey of all material of this genus in the

National Collection. It then became evident that certain

specimens from Somaliland possessed characters differing

from those of other African species of Meli’vora, more espe-

cially from the two nearest named species, J/edlivora abys-

s/nica, Hollister, and Mellivora sagulata, Hollister.

Mellivora brockmant, sp. n.

A Mellivora having the grey of the mantle much lighter

than that of AZ. abyssinica, with white marginal line of mantle

18 mm. broad and very distinct, and lacking the ochraceous

colour of the mantle of J. sagulata. General colour black,

with iron-grey mantle from between the eyes to half the

length of the tail; mantle bordered with a clearly defined

white marginal line,

The hairs of the mantle are entirely white and entirely

black, mixed in a proportion to give a general colour of grey.

‘Towards the margin the black hairs are absent, forming thie

white marginal line. Length of hairs about 26 mm. on the

centre of the back.

Dimensions of the type :—Head and body 687 mm.; tail

220; hind foot 118 ; ear 35.

Skull: condylo-basal length 128; palatilar length (broken) ;

interorbital width 34; length of carnassial 15°5 ; length of

upper tooth-row behind canine 31.

Hab. N. Somaliland. Type from Upper Sheikh, Somali-

land. Alt. 4300 ft.

Another specimen from Gorahai, Somaliland (Capt. H. NV.

Dunn).

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 10.10. 3.10. Original

number 268. Collected 11th January, 1910, by Dr. R. H.

Drake-Brockman, and presented by him to the British

Museum.

This species has been named in honour of Dr. R. EH. Drake-

Brockman.

198 Rev. S. Graham Brade- Birks—

XXVI.— Notes on Myriapoda.— XXI. Colobognatha, an

Order of Diplopoda (Millipedes) new to Britain, represented

by Polyzonium germanicum (Brandt). By the Rev. 5S.

GraHsaM BrapbeE-BirKs, M.Sc., Lecturer in Zoology and

Geology, S.K. Agricultural College, Wye, Kent.

On the occasion of a visit that the Lecturer in Agricultural

Zoology here—Mr. C. A. W. Duffield—and the writer paid

to the Juniper Wood, Wye, on the afternoon of the 24th of

October, 1919, I took a millipede referable to the genus

Polyzonium, Brandt, 1834. It appears that the order to

which this genus belongs has been unrepresented hitherto in

the faunal lists of the British Isles.

During November 1919 Mr. Duffield and I took a number

of specimens of the same animal on subsequent visits to the

wood, and one specimen was also taken there on the 13th of

December.

Upon the dissection of some male specimens for the exami-

nation of secondary sexual characters of taxonomic importance

and their comparison with those given by Latzel (1) in his

fivures of the species P. germanitcum (Brandt, 1831), it was

found that some points of agreement were very noticeable.

At the same time I felt doubtful about the diagnosis, and

thought it advisable to send a male specimen to Monsieur

Henry W. Brélemann, the eminent French myriapodologist,

who, with a courtesy now proverbial in his circle of English

friends, made a careful examination of the animal and a

sketch of the gonopods, together with a.note on one of

Verhoeff’s papers (4). This assistance, submitted to me in

litt., makes my present task a light one, and I here express

my best thanks to M. Brélemaun for his valuable help.

M. Brélemann definitely referred the male I sent to him to

the species Polyzonium germanicum, a member of the family

Polyzoniide, Gervais, 1844, order Colobognatha, Brandt,

1834. Latzel (1) describes the Colobognatha an order

differing from the Chilognatha in the strueture of the mouth-

parts, which are modified here to a greater or less extent with

the suctorial function of the rostrum into which the circum-

oral region is produced. Latzel adds an account of the family

Polyzontide, which he divides into two subfamilies—the

Platydesmiaand the Dolistenia*,—the former including genera

* Latzel (oc. cit.) tells us that Brandt had previously subdivided the

family into Ommatophora and Typhlogena, the former containing the

genera with eyes, the latter including all without.

Notes on Myriapoda. 199

with less than seventy body-segments, the latter those with

more than seventy. Inthe former subfamily he places Poly-

zonium germanicum, and gives a detailed description of the

genus and species, devoting the whole of his plate xvi.

(figs. 199-210) to the latter. Since Latzel’s time further

systematic work has been done in this group ; some indication

of ifs extent may be gathered from Verhoeff’s werk on

German Diplopoda, (5) p. 23. The same author criticized

Latzel on Polyzonium as early as 1898, and gave (4) an

account of the species which the present note records, together

with a figure of the gonopods (his plate vii. fig. 11). As

M. Brélemann has pointed out to me in /ité., we find that in

the anterior gonopod the coxal lobe (L in the figure cited),

which in the animal itself is a definite structure quite easily

seen, 1s not represented at all clearly in Verhoeff’s figure.

That this may be due more to incorrect reproduction than to

the fault of the author is shown by Verhoeff’s statement in

the text (loc. cit.) :—“* Gegeniiber den andern beiden Arten ”

[i.e., P. bosniense, Verhoetf, and P. transsilvanicum, Ver-

hoeff] “ist germanicum ausgezeichnet durch (Abb. 11 ) das

emporragende 3. Tarsalglied, dessen aafragende Spitze EH,

den Nebenlappen, dessen Rand in feine Spitzchen zerschlitzt

ist (nicht ‘gekerbt’) das deutliche Femoralglied und den

Hocker L des Kndlappens der Hiiften, welcher kaum vorragt

und innen etwas eckig ist.”

Verhoeff, in a later work (5) already quoted, gives an

instructive account of the comparative anatomy of the group

to which Polyzonium belongs. Sinclair (3) and Pocock (2)

have both dealt briefly with the Colobognatha in English,

and the former gives a useful figure of Polyzonium germani-

cum showing the general proportions of the whole animal.

Field Notes and other Observations.

Polyzonium can be distinguished readily in the field from

all other British genera by its characteristic semicylindrical

shape ; whereas the dorsal surface of the animal is convex

from side to side, the ventral surface is practically flat.

Latzel gives the dimensions of P. germanteum as 5-15 mm.

long and 1°1-2 mm. wide.

The walking-legs perform their work with the same wave-

like motion that is noticeable in so many other millipedes.

When disturbed the animal curls itself up like a clock-

spring, and generally remains quite a long time in that

position.

Since this species is widely distributed on the continent, it

is interesting to take it first in Britain in that part of England

200 Prof. C. Chilton on the Freshwater Isopods

which is nearest to France. When the distribution of the

Diplopoda of these islands is better known, we may find that

such an occurrence has a special biological significance.

The wood where our specimens were captured is situated

along the slopes and summit of the Jow chalk-hills which

form part of the Wye Downs, running roughly north and

south about a mile from Wye itself, and rising on the south

from the Selbornian tract below, and on the west from the

Chalk valley of the Great Stour, to a little over 500 feet above

seaglevel in some places. In the area of the wood where we

took P. germanicum, some three-quarters of a mile E.N.E.

from the town, the altitude is only some 400 feet, or 200 to

300 feet above Wye itself. In this portion of the wood

hazel, beech, and coniferous trees are well represented, while

the ground is often covered with grass and low-growing

plants, among which there is a considerable quantity of fallen

leaves and other plant débris in autumn. It is among the

fallen leaves in this situation that we have taken Polyzonium.

As Mr. Daffield pointed out to me on one of our visits to this

hunting-ground, there is quite a striking superficial resem-

blance between this new millipede with its yellow to

brownish colouring and the fallen bud-cases of the beech to

be found at Juniper Wood in the vegetable débris in which,

as already stated, the animal itself occurs.

REFERENCES.

(1) Latzet, Roprert. ‘ Die Myriopoden der ésterreichisch-ungarischen

Monarchie,’ i. (1884).

(2) Pocock, R.I. Article “ Millipede” in Encye, Brit. 11th edit. 1911,

xviii. pp. 468-475 et seq.

(3) Sunciarr, F.G. “ Myriapods” in ‘The Cambridge Natural History,’

1910, vol. v. pp. 27-80.

(4) Vernorrr, K. W. “Ueber Diplopoden aus Bosnien, Herzogowina

und Dalmatien—V. Glomeride & Polyzoniide (Schluss).”

Archiy fiir Naturgeschichte, Jahrg. 64, 1898, pp. 161 e¢ seg.,

pl. vii. ;

(5) ‘Die Diplopoden Deutschlands,’ 1911-14.

Wye College, Kent,

19th December, 1919.

XXVIIL.—WNote on the Freshwater Isopods known as Asellus

aquaticus. By Cuas. Curitron, M.A., D.Sc., M.B., O.M.,

LL.D., C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., Professor of Biology, Canterbury

College, New Zealand.

TE little freshwater Isopods which are common in many

streams of different parts of Hurope have hitherto always

been known under the name of Asellus aquaticus, and,

known as Asellus aquaticus. 201

although the animal has been fully described and figured by

various author s, no one until recently appears to have suspected

that the individuals belonged to more than one form or species.

In a recent paper, however, Monsieur EK. G. Racovitza * has

pointed out that under the name Asellus aquaticus two quite

distinct forms or series of forms have been confused, and that

these differ distinctly from one another by several fairly we!l-

marked characters. He adopts the name Asellus aquaticus,

Linné, 1758, for one species which appears to be the com-

monest and the only one hitherto fully described and figured ;

for the other, which is therefore new, he suggests the name

Asellus meridianus. For a full account of the differences

between these two and for excellent figures showing them

reference should be made to M. Racovitza’s paper. It seems

desirable, however, to call the attention of English naturalists

to his results, and in doing so it will be sufficient to indicate

briefly some of the more important differences. They are as

follows :—

A, aquaticus, A, meridianus.

Antenna 2., Malealmostaslong ashody, Two-thirds length of body

female a little shorter. in both sexes,

Mazxillal ., Four plumose setze on distal Five plumose sete on distal

margin of inner lobe. margin of inner lobe.

Pereopod 1 . Adult male with large tri- Inferior margin of propod

angular projection on in- almost straight, no pro-

ferior margin of propod. jection.

Pereopod 4. Carpus with longitudiual Carpus with row of 10-12

row of 4-5 spines, discon- long spines, continuous,

tinuous.

Pleopod 1 of Exterior margin of exopod Exterior margin of exopod

male, emarginate. straight.

Besides these there are other minor differences in the shape

of the lateral margins. of the peraou segments II. to V. and

in the second pleopods of both male and femaie animals.

On receipt of M. Racovitza’s paper 1 examined the speci-

mens in my own collection, and find that both forms are

represented—namely, Asel/us aquaticus, 1umerous specimerts

collected in the Edinburgh—Glasgow Canal at Edinbureh

about the year 1898, others i in the "River Neckar, He idelbere:

22. iv. 1900; Asellus meridianus, several specimens from a

small brook at Tunbridge Wells, Mngland, forwarded to me

by the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing. I have dissected and ex-

amined a male and a female from each of these localities, as

it is almost impossible to distinguish the two species by

* Archiv. Zool. Hixpér. et Gén. 1919, tome 658, Notes et Revue,

pp. 31-43.

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 14

202 Prof. C. Chilton on Asellus aquaticus.

external characters unless one has fully adult and perfect

males when they might be distinguished by the length of the

second antenne and by the shape of the lateral margins of

segments 2 to 5 of the pereeon. Many of my specimens are

immature and in others the antenne are broken, off, and,

though the Tunbridge Wells specimens showed the lateral

margins of the perzeon segments as described by Racovitza,

the difference from the other specimens was hardly sufficient

to be distinctive by itself. ;

The following are brief notes on the specimens I have

examined. In the female from Edinburgh the-inner lobe

of the first maxilla showed the four sete characteristic of

A. aquaticus on the one side, while the appendage on the

other side had only three * ; the second pleopod is circular in

outline ; the male examined from Edinburgh is evidently not

fully mature, for the first thoracic leg has the propod only

slightly triangular, though it is certainly approaching towards

the outline represented in Racovitza’s figure ; in the fourth

leg the row of spinules on the carpus is distinctly discon-

tinuous and contains only a few spines; the first and second

pleopods show the characters described by Racovitza, the

exterior margin of the exopod of pleopod 1 being distinctly

emarginate.

In a male specimen of Asellus aquaticus, Linné, from the

River Neckar the first and fourth pairs of legs correspond,

on the whole, well with Racovitza’s figures and descriptions,

though the first one is not fully developed, and consequently

the propod not so distinctly triangular; the first and

second pleopods are in close agreement with Racovitza’s

description, the emargination on the external border of the

exopod being quite distinct.

Racovitza has examined and identified specimens of

Asellus aquaticus, Linné, from “ Askam bog (Yorkshire),

Birmingham,”’ from various localities in France, and from

Carniola (Adelsberg), while on the testimony: of other authors

le records it from Norway, Poland, Livonia, Russia, Germany,

Switzerland, and Greenland. ‘The species is therefore very

widely distributed. ‘It is this species that has been so well

described and figured by Sars f.

* Probably further examination would show that the oral appendages

in Asellus are liable to a considerable amount of variation, as has been

shown by Dr. Collinge to exist in the Oniscoidea or Terrestrial Isopoda

(Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. vol. xxxii. (1914) pp. 287-293, pls. xx., xxi.).

+ 1867, ‘Hist. nat. des Crustacés d’eau douce de Norvége,’ p. 93,

pls. viii, ix., & x.; and 1897, ‘Crustacea of Norway,’ vol. 11. p. 97,

pl. xxxix, :

On a new Tentaculate Cestode. 203

In the male of A. meridianus, Racovitza, from Tunbgidge

Wells, both first maxille have five sete on the apex oF the

inner lobe, the first thoracic leg has the propod distinctly

oval, with the inferior margin straight and without any sign

of a triangular projection to meet the end of the tip of the

finger ; the fourth thoracic leg has on the carpus a distinct

row of about ten long’ spinules ; the first and second pleopods

are in close agreement with the characters assigned to this

species, the outer margin of the exopod of pleopod 1 being

without any trace of an emargination. In the female from

Tunbridge Wells the inner lobe of maxilla 1 bears the five

plumose sete both on the right and on the left sides; the

exopod of pleopod 2 is trapezoidal in shape as described by

Racovitza,

Racovitza has examined specimens of A. mertdianus from

Dulwich and from Slapton Lea (Devonshire), and from

numerous localities in France. He finds it very constant in

its characters ; it is, he says, not the only one of the series,

other allied forms being found in the Mediterranean basin

both in surface-streams and in underground waters. Of the

underground forms, two—A. cavaticus, Schiodte, and A, foreli,

Bl.—have already been described, and other forms will be

described by M. Racovitza in a forthcoming memoir.

X XIX.—On a new Tentaculate Cestode.

By Franx E. Bepparp, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8.

Tue occurrence of tentacles (I do not include the ‘‘ probos-

cides” of the Tetrarhyncha) is so rare among Cestodes that

a new example of this occurrence, characterising perhaps a

" new species or genus, is worth bringing to the notice of

zoologists. So far we are only acquainted with one strictly

comparable instance, shown in thé genus Schistometra, of

which I shall have something to say later. The only remain-

ing tentaculate worms of this group are the little-known

Paratenia and Polypocephalus, which are regarded by

Braun* as possibly identical, but of whose systematic

position the ascertained facts of structure do not permit

us to form a definite opinion; nor does the recent redescrip-

tion of Paratenia by Southwell+ definitely settle the matter.

* In Bronn’s ‘ Klassen und Ordnungen des Thiereichs,’ Bd. vi.

+ ‘Ceylon Marine Biological Reports,’ pt. vi., Jan. 1912, No, 22,

204 Dr. F. E. Beddard on a

In amy case the tentacles of this worm are numerous and

torn circle towards the apex of the scolex above the four

suckers.

In the worm which I here describe the tentacles are

closely associated with the suckers and appear to protrude

from them, one from each. As a matter of fact, I only saw

in the living worm two tentacles, each belonging to a

separate sucker; it is thus only an inference that each

sucker has its tentacle, as is the case with Schistometra

togata, though here there are two to each sucker. The

tentacles are very mobile and at times totally disappear with

lightning rapidity. The worm itself was obtained from the

Guinea-fowl, Numida mitrata, and I found only one

example in company with some smaller worms apparently

belonging to the genus Davainea.

It is a small and slender worm of rather more than an

inch in length and 1mm. in breadth at the widest point,

which is near the posterior end of the body. I could see no

traces of hooks nor a rostellum. During life the suckers

were much extended and mobile, as was also that part of the

scolex in which they are implanted. After preservation the

scolex was of the same diameter as the ensuing strobila,

The scolex was rather injured by the pressure of the cover-

glass in examination of the living worm. But I recognised

at the anterior end a single large sucker-like ring, which

seems to me to be not one of the four usual suckers—for there

was no trace of the others,— but the mouth of an involution

containing the anterior end of the worm, suckers and all.

That there is nothing impossible in this view is obvious from

the state of affairs in many larval Cestodes, as well as from

the partial power of retracting the scolex in some adult

forms. But the material in my hands does not allow of a

positive statement. The slide remains for the examination

of others. It would appear that the character of the

tentacles and their position in relation to the suckers in

this new form are quite like those exhibited by a worm

recently described by Fuhrmann* as Chapmania tapica

(= Ldiogenes tapica of Clerc)+. That worm, however, pos-

sesses a rostellum with hooks, and has internal characters

which forbid its identification with that described here.

Moreover, Skriabin f has lately asserted that the scolex (and

* Swedish Zool. Exp. Egypt, pt. ii. 1909, Cestodes, p, 19,

+ Centralbl. f. Bakt, u. Paras, xlii. p. 722.

} Ibid. \xxiii. 1914, p. 899.

new Tentaculate Cestode. 205

the scolex only) of Fuhrmann’s example of Chapmania tapica

is that of another genus altogether, viz., Schistumetra togata

of Cholodkovsky *.

There is also no doubt that the tentaculate Cestode

described here has nothing to do with Schistometra togata,

nor with my own ft Otiditenia eupodotidis, which Skriabin

regards as not only congeneric, but as being of specific

identity, with Schistometra togata t.

For in Schistometra, according to Skriabin (Cholodkovsky

examined examples without a scolex), the rostellum is armed

and each sucker has two tentacles arising side by side from

the upper end. There is also no doubt that the tentaculate

worm found by myself in Numida mitrata has no relation to

Schistometra in its general anatomy. ‘This is entirely upon

the plan of that of Rhabdometra, and J have compared the

worm detail for detail with my preparations of Rhabdometra

cylindrica§. It is to be noted, however, that the example

of the tentaculate Cestode which I have in my possession is

not perfectly mature, in that it is not in the process of shed-

ding proglottids. It possesses the terminal segment, longer

and more oval in form than those which precede it, as is

usual among those Tapeworms in which the terminal pro-

glottid has been observed. At the very extremity of this

* In a Russian work, being a Catalogue of Cestodes in the Cabinet of

the Imperial Military-Medical Academy of Petrograd, 1912, p. 46.

+ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 194, and 2b. 1914, p. 879.

{ As to this identification I make the following observations :—I believe

that Dr. Skriabin is quite right in identifying the genera Schistometra

and Otiditenia. As he uses Cholodkovsky’s name instead of mine, I

presume that that name has thé priority of date of publication, though

both descriptions appeared in 1912—mine in March of that year; the

month of issue is not given in my copy (due to the author’s kindness)

of Cholodkovsky’s catalogue. I am not, however, convinced that the

species are identical. It is to be noted that Cholodkovsky (Annuaire

Mus. Zool. Ac. Sci. St. Petersburg, xx. 1915, p. 164) convinced Skriabin

that the species described by the latter in his paper referred to here was

not identical with Schistometra togata, but identical with a species

described in MS. by Doppelmayr as S. embiensis. It does not remain

clear as to which of these two the scolex alleged to be of Chapmania

tapica really belongs. But, apart from the possible lack of knowledge

of the scolex of S. togata, the arrangement of the testes of the latter

in many rows does not agree with my observations upon those of

“ Otiditenia eupodotidis.” As to S. embiensis it seems to me to differ

from my species by the much more slender scolex, that of my species

being more massive. But the testes agree as being in one row. The

brick-red colour of the posterior segments of my worm as well as its

different host are minor points of difference from the two species of

Schistometra described by the three Russian authors,

§ P.Z.S8. 1914, p. 859.

206 On a new Tentaculate Cestode.

opens the water vascular system by a pore. I mention this

for the reason that the characteristics about to be referred to

may not be those of the fully mature species. The cortex

and muscular system are so like those of Rhabdometra

cylindrica that no description is necessary ; aud this applies

to the water vascular system. On the other hand, I have

detected certain minutiz in which the generative system

differs, and I give the facts for what they may be worth as

marks of differentiation. The testes are posterior in position

and are developed dorsally, laterally, and ventrally, as in

Rh. cylindrica. The cirrus-sac seems to be rather longer

than in the last-named species; it extends well over the

ventral vessel of the water vascular system—in Rh. cylindrica

the cirrus-sac only reaches as far as, or just over, the

same water vessel. The receptaculum seminis of the new

species is more elongated in form than is that organ in

R. cylindrica.

Both the uterus and the paruterine organ of my new

tentaculate species correspond very closely in relative size

and shape to the same organs in the less fully mature

proglottids of Rh. cylindrica*. This is also the case with the

terminal segment of the worm. I find, however, that the

end of the paruterine organ in the new species, where it

comes into contact with the uterus, has no heap of calcareous

bodies such as are present in the species with which I am

comparing it; this seems to be a real difference, though the

heaps of calcareous bodies are at least not always present in

the younger paruterine bodies of RA. cylindricat.

It seems therefore to be clear, that the Cestode which

forms the subject of these remarks would be undoubtedly

referred to the genus Rhabdomeira, were there no knowledge

* See text-fig. 5, p. 868, of my memoir just cited.

+ I take this opportunity of adding a new fact of some little interest

to what is known of the anatomy of Rhabdometra cylindrica. I found

in the case of one proglottid only, out of a number which I examined, a’

duct leading from the anterior region of the uterus, which was followed

to its opening on the ventral surface of the segment by an involution of

the subcuticular layer as near as possible in the middle of the ventral

surface. It will be observed that the occasional existence in the present

species of a separate uterine pore is more striking as a retention of an

archaic state of affairs than in Dasyuwrotenia, where (see Beddard,

P.Z.S. 1915, p. 190, text-fig. 8) the occasional uterine pore is lateral

and involves the lateral water vascular tube. It is clear that in the

genus Lhabdometra a comparison is undoubtedly to be made with the

Pseudophyllidea and the Ichthyotzeniids, and not with the dorsal and

ventral pores, connected though they are with the egg-holding system,

of Amabilia and (?) 3 Schistotenia.

Geological Society. 207

of its peculiar tentacles. It is, of course, quite possible that

such have been overlooked, especially in view of the fact

that so few of the Cestodes known ‘to science have been

examined in a living condition. Their extreme retractility,

amounting almost to disappearance, would render it most

easy to miss them in sections through the scolex. I have

myself been unable to discover them in sections of Rhab-

dometra cylindrica. If this lack of tentacles is only apparent

and due to the difficulty of seeing them, it may be that this

worm is identical with Rhabdometra numida, a species

described by Fuhrmann from the Guinea-fowl N. pitilo-

rhyncha*, While therefore I believe myself to be correct in

describing the worm as a “ new tentaculate Cestode,” it may

not be a new Cestode. But further investigation is required

before it can be asserted that the existence of retractile

tentacles is characteristic of the genus Rhabdometra, and, for

the matter of that, of other genera.

PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

November 19th, 1919.—Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, F.R.S.,

President, in the Chair.

The following communication was read :—

‘The Pleistocene Deposits around Cambridge.’ By Prof. John

Edward Marr, Se.D., F.R.S., V.P.G.S.

This paper deals with the deposits in the immediate vicinity of

Cambridge, and contains new records of sections, fossils, and imple-

ments. It is pointed out that, owing to alternating periods of

erosion and aggradation, relative height above sea-level is nota

trustworthy index of antiquity, and modifications of the classification

proposed by W. Penning and A. J. Jukes-Browne are indicated.

The Author suggests the following chronological sequence, in

descending order :—

Feet

(ie Barnwell Station Beds.2e-.sssawdssteniess ceed. 20

(2) Newer Downing Site Beds .................000000 35

(3) Newer Barnwell Village Beds.................... 45

(4) Huntingdon Road: Claysicre. tence. eeecen cs « 70

(6) Observatory Beds. 7 ieee soy cee 85

(6) Corbicula Gravels (Barnwell village, etc.) ... 30

oS SE eee a

* Swedish Zool, Exp. Egypt, pt. iii. 1909, p. 36.

208 Geological Society.

The figures on the left give the approximate height above

sea-level.

It is believed that Nos. 6 and 5 were formed during a period of

aggradation, and 4-1 during one of subsequent erosion with minor

aggradation; but it cannot be conclusively proved that 6 and 8 are

of different ages, although the deposition of the beds 6 below those

of series 8, where they occur together, and the occurrence of

Hippopotamus and Belgrandia marginata with Corbicula suggest

an early date for these Corbicula-bearing beds.

Taking the beds in the order of reputed age, the following

observations are noted :—

Chellean implements have been found at low levels at Barnwell

and Chesterton, and may belong to the beds 1. The Observatory

Beds have -yielded abundant implements of Chellean, Acheulean,

and early Mousterian types, the last-named apparently in deposits

later than those containing the two first-named. Unfortunately

mollusca and mammalia are very rare in these beds. The Hun-

tingdon Road Clays require much further work, as only poor

exposures have hitherto been found, and it is not clear that they

are newer than the Observatory Beds.

The beds referred to the Newer Barnwell Village Series contain

abundant remains of the mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, and fairly

numerous horse-bones. Implements associated with them suggest

an Upper Paleolithic age.

The Newer Downing Site Beds have yielded a cold molluscan

fauna. They are probably somewhat earlier than the Barnwell

Station Series, which has furnished a similar mollusean fauna, and

also an Arctic flora, the plants of which were identified by the late

Mr. Clement Reid. Reindeer occurs in these beds.

The paper is chiefly a record of facts, but it is intended to be

preliminary to a detailed survey of the Pleistocene deposits of the

Great Ouse Basin, which are so important as throwing light upon

the relationship of the Paleolithic beds to the glacial accumulations,

and also to the marine beds of March and the Nar Valley.

Appendix I, on the Non-Marine Mollusca, is supplied by Alfred

Santer Kennard, F.G.S. and Bernard Barham Woodward, F.L.S.,

E.G.S.

Lists are given of the non-marine mollusca from the various

sections, with their degrees of frequency. These lists are based on

examination of old collections and on a large amount of new

material. Notes are appended on some of the species, and con-

clusions as to the ages of the Cambridge gravels are given, based

on the mollusean evidence.

Appendix IT, on the Implements, is supplied by Miles C. Burkitt,

WA.

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XXI. Further Notes on the Fabrician Bees aoe.

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5 “

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XXIII. Notes on the Asilide: Sub-division Asiline. ‘By Ger- 7 ‘

TRUDE RIcaARDO .. +... 4. wn ee Seatinare aurer ae SO Spe Day 165 ae

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XXIX. On a new Tentaculate Cestode. By Franx H. Buppanp, zt /

D.Se., M.A., F.RS., PLAS... eee eee pre ee ces vie eee 203 :

, mses Se

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XX X.—WNotes on the Asilidee: Sub-division Asilinz.

By Gerrroupe Bicarpo.

[Continued from p. 185.]

Promachus binucleatus, Bezzi.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. lil. p. 878 (1908); id. Ann. Mus. Zool. Univers.

Napoli, iv. p. 14 (1914); Speiser, Schwed. Zool. Exped. p. 99

(1910).

A series of males and females from Narok, Masai Reserve

(Capt. A. C. Luckman), a male from S8.W. of Mt. Kenya

near Nyeri, Brit. E. Africa, 22. 11. 1911, preying on a

butterfly ; all in I. E. E. Coll.

A male and female from Semliki Plains near south shore

of Lake Albert, 2200 feet (S. A. Neave), 1912, 193.

A male from Kafu River near Hoima, Kumpala Road,

3500 feet, 29-31. xii. 1911 (S. A. Neave), 1912, 193; and

a female from south of Lake George, Uganda, 3200-3400

feet, 17-18. x. 1911 (S. A. Neave), 1912, 123.

Males and females from west shores of Victoria Nyanza,

Budda, Uganda, 3700 feet (S. d. Neave); others from

Nairobi; south of Lake George ; Banks of Victoria Nile

near Maisindi Port; north of Lake Isolt, 3700 feet; S.E.

Ankole ; Unyoro; and Valley of Kafu River.

The female was described by Bezzifrom Van Abala, Galla-

land, and the male later by Speiser from near Kilimandjaro.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 15

210 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

The male is at once distinguished by the triangular en- ~

largement of the last segment of the abdomen below, fringed

by a tuft of black hairs; genitalia reddish. The female

ovipositor proper is short, only the length of the preceding

segment, but the last two segments (or at least the last one)

are usually compressed.

It is a species with reddish legs, the femora with a black

stripe; pubescence on legs short and white, bristles usually

black. Moustache yellowish with a few black hairs above.

Scutellum with yellow hairs, occasionally a black bristle or

two appear.

Length, g 18-20, 2 20-25 mm.

Promachus brevipennis, sp. 0.

Type (male) and two other males from Valley of Kafu

River, Unyoro, 3400 feet, 238-28. xii. 1911 (S. A. Neave),

1912, 193.

A species distinguished by the short wings and by the

snowy-white moustache. Legs nearly wholly reddish.

Genitalia slender, with a white tuft of hairs.

Length 23 mm.

Face blackish with grey tomentum. Moustache of rather

silky-white hairs continued to base of antenne, thick.

Palpi with long white hairs. Antenne with the third joint

uniting, the first two joints slender, with chiefly white hairs.

Forehead with black hairs, and a few white ones on its

posterior border. Hind part of head with stout black

bristles, continued round head, and then with white hairs.

Thorax blackish, with grey tomentum and black pubescence,

and long black bristles in centre beginning before the mid-

line of dorsum, weak long white hairs are present on

posterior part and at sides. Scutellum with a double row

of stout yellow bristles and long white hairs. dddomen

long and slender, the pubescence chiefly yellow, but some

black hairs on the spots and whitish bristles on the sides ;

underside with yellow pubescence, the last segment with

white hairs. Genitalia composed of simple club-shaped

forceps, the under lamellz about half their length, all black,

shining, with black hairs, the tuft of white hairs above thick

and reaching beyond the middle of the forceps. Legs with

the apices of femora and tibize and all the tarsi black ;

pubescence white, thick on the tarsi. Wings reaching about

as far as the fifth segment of abdomen.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 211

Promachus rectangularis, Loew.

Neue Beitr. ii. p. 5 [1854]; et Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Naturwiss. N. F. viii.

(xlii.) p. 108 (1878); v. d. Wulp, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899,

p- 92, pl. iii. fig. 4 (1899).

Promachus cinicolor, Walker, ‘The Entomologist,’ v. p. 258 (Hrazx)

(1871).

Loew in Zeit. Ges. Naturwiss. suggests that Walker’s

P. cinctipes is the same as this—the type being lost, this

question must remain in abeyance, but P. cinicolor, WIk.;

is the same as the above species and not identical with Loew’s

P. rueppelli,

Loew’s species, P. rectangularis, came from Massowah,

Red Sea, and from Aden. .

Walker’s type, P. cinicolor, 9, came from Harkeko,

Dahleck Island, Red Sea.

Two females from Muscat, Arabia (Lt.-Col. Jayskar).

Three males from 8. Othman, Arabia (Nurse), 25. ii. 95

and 8. iv. 95.

One male from Shendi, 1901, 190 and 187.

These all answer to Loew’s description, with the exception

of black bristles on the scutel/um being present five or more

in number as an inner row bordered on the outside by white

bristles. Loew speaks of white bristles with occasionally a

few black ones intermixed.

Walker’s type has only white bristles.

Length about 20 mm., as Loew states.

A species distinguished by a thick white moustache and

white hairs on head. Scuéellum with long white hairs besides

the bristles. Legs yellowish red with a black stripe on the

femora, not always present, and apices of tibiz and tarsi

black. Genitalia witha thick tuft of white hairs. Oviposiior

short.

P. rueppellit is very similar, but has the femora black,

brown below at apex.

Promachus flavopilosus, sp. u.

Type (male) from Mlanje, Nyasaland, 17.xi. 1914 (S. A.

Neave).

Type (female) from same locality, 14. x1. 1918, and a long

series of males and females taken with various beetles, bees,

and other diptera as their prey; all in the 1. EH. B. Coll.

A male trom Uganda, 1910 (Capt. A.D. Fraser, R.A.M.C.),

1911, 198. Males from the Mbali-Kumi Road, 3700 feet,

15*

212 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidze.

south of Lake Salisbury ; from between the south-east shore

of Lake Kioga and Kakindu, 3500 feet; in the Valley of

Kufu River, Unyoro, 3400 feet (S. A. Neave).

A bright yellow-haired species with yellow or white mous-

tache, chestnut-coloured legs, and yellow-haired scutellum.

Abdomen with large black spots and greyish-yellow tomen-

tum and bright yellow hairs at sides.

Length, g¢ 17-20, 2 21-25 mm.

Many of these specimens have only yellow hairs and all

bristles on the thorax yellow.

Male.—Face covered with bright yellow tomentum, the

moustache thick, white, with two or more black hairs. Palpi

with black and whitish hairs. Beard white. Antenne

blackish, with grey tomentum, the first two joints with

black hairs, the third greyish at base. Forehead with black

bristly hairs. Hind part of head with black hairs at vertex,

then yellowish, becoming white near the beard. Thorax

with well-marked dark stripes and yellowish-grey tomentum

and short scattered black pubescence; of the presutural

bristles two are black, the third yellow, the two supra-alar

are yellow, the two postalar are yellow, all with less long

yellow hairs between them, the dorso-central bristles are

chiefly black and more fine long hairs than bristles, one or

two yellow bristles are on the posterior edge. Scutellum

clothed with only long fine yellow hairs, rarely becoming

bristles. Addomen with yellow hairs on the dorsum of the

first two segments and then with bushy yellow hairs on the

sides and beneath ; dorsum in centre almost bare, a little

short yellow pubescence visible. Genitalia black and shining,

with short yellow hairs on the upper and lower sides of

forceps, which are long and club-shaped, the under lamelle

short and slender. Legs xanthine-orange, the fore and

middle femora with black stripes above, the hind pair only

black at apex ; tibia black at apices; tarsiall black; femora

and tibiz with fairly long whitish or yellowish hairs, thick

on the tibiz and continued as shorter white pubescence on

dorsum of tarsi, the hind pair with this only at sides, bristles

black, only the femora are armed with bristles. Wings

clear, with yellowish veins.

Female identical. OQvipositor black, shining, about the

length of the last two segments.

A female from Uganda, between Kumi and N.E. shore,

Lake Kioga, 3600 feet (S.A. Neave), has the tarsi almost

devoid of the white pubescence and more black hairs in the

moustache, otherwise identical with type.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 213

Table for Species from India, Burmah, and Cochin China,

1; Legs black... 5.5: anes he ace eS i ee 2.

Legs bright yellow or reddish, sometimes partly

[EY] eer orerc. Trad. ne Aca ee :

Legs blackish with reddish tibia .......... 8.

2, Abdomen with yellow or reddish-yellow tufts

of hairs on the first segments..,,.......... 3.

Abdomen with no such tufts of hairs........ 5.

3. Pubescence on abdomen bright reddish yellow.

Genitalia club-shaped. Ovipositor short .. duvaucelii, Macq.

Pubescence on abdomen yellowish ,......... 4,

4. Genitalia large, upper forceps truncate, notched.

Legs with black and white bristles ........ mareit, Macq.

Genitalia small. Ovipositor long. Legs with

long yellow pubescence ........ Re aia ass 8 binghamensis, sp.n.

5. First posterior cell closed.......... tera s heteropterus, Macq.

First posterior not closed 60)... 20 ecees 6.

6. Abdomen black with white hairs, extra-

GRRINEIELEMEN, RELOME Sy creke dace es wig, evans aobe. wt/ ees calanus, W1k.

7. Abdomen black with whitish-yellowish or

BEB EAGLE ceo) otha acne woos ag ok abs. wid. saSianat 8.

8. Small species. Legs wholly reddish yellow.

Pe vtunri RINE sta a ab Stets « cain sata cholele bin\eie. 5 thi contractus, W1k.

Abdomen conical, stout, with whitish bands,

Femora black at the apices, tarsi black .... apivorus, Wlk.

Abdomen long with greyish yellow-haired

bands. “Legsientirely red. ij... 2066. .eee. maculatus, Fabr.

Femora with a black stripe, tarsi black...... pseudomaculatus,

9. Abdomen with long bright orange-red pubes- [sp. n.

PEDO CCG ey ee tie ans Le bests alee a DA bee os leoninus, Schiner.

Abdomen with greyish bands. Tibiz reddish

yellow, oyipostor long ts oe. aie ek eee wis yerburiensis, sp. 1.

The following species have also been described from this

region :—

Promachus nicobarensis, Schiner, a species with a yellow-

haired abdomen and a white tuft on the gentalia.

Promachus westermanni, Macq., the abdomen black with

whitish segmentations. Legs black.

Promachus varipes, Macq., also supposed to be found in

Manila, with a short yellow-haired abdomen. Femora above

and the tibie red. Genitalia with a tuft of white hairs.

Promachus apicalis, Macq., with a black grey-banded

abdomen, the anterior and immediate femora and tibiz

testaceous on the outside.

Promachus rufipes, Macq., with a black abdomen, red

segmentations, and yellow-haired thorax with red pubes-

cence.

Promachus ceylonicus, Macq., is probably an Alcemus or

214 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

Philodicus species, as the ovipositor is described as having a

circlet of spines. Legs testaceous.

Promachus duvaucelii, Macq.

Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 218 (1838) [ Trupanea}.

A pair from Dehra Dun, U.P., India, Nov. 1907 (Zt.-Col.

I’, W. Thompson), I. M. 8.,.1908-21.

One male (Dr. Smith), 68, 4, and one female with no

locality stated.

Macquart’s very insufficient description is as follows :—

Black. Palpi red-haired. Thorax with red tomentum

and black bands. Abdomen with the three first segments

red-haired. Legs black. Wings yellow.

Length, ¢ ¢, 12-16 mm.

Face, moustache, and beard yellow. An obscure streak

in the marginal and first submarginal cells. .

From Bengal.

A species varying in size, the females larger than the

males. Distinguished by the bright reddish-yellow pubes-

cence disposed as tufts on the first three segments of

abdomen and as ordinary pubescence on the remaining

segments, thickest here in the female. Moustache and beard,

hairs on posterior part of thorax and on the scutellum the

same bright colour, and the thorax coloured the same between

the black stripes. Moustache has some black hairs on its

upper part in the male only. Leys black with chiefly black

pubescence, some white is present especially in the female.

Genitalia of male black, shining, with black hairs, the upper

forceps large club-shaped, the lower pair small, the under-

side of the last segment produced and bordered with short

black hairs. Ovépositor short and small.

Length, ¢ 15, 2 18 mm.

Since this paper was sent to press, Mr. J. E. Macpherson,

Officer in Charge, Forest Zoologist’s Office, Dehra Dun,

India, has sent me some Asilide for identification, the

greater number being a long series of males and females of

this species; the males have no black hairs in the mous-

tache. All were captured at Dehra Dun.

Promachus marcii, Macq.

Dipt. Exot. 1. (2) p. 213 (1838) [ Zrupanea).

A male from Gundumri, Bhandani, 1.xii1.1912 (A. D. Imms),

in jungle,

A species nearly allied to Promachus duvaucelii, Macq.,

who deseribes it thus :—

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 215

“Black. Head yellow. Thorax yellow-haired, with three

stripes. Abdomen with the three first segments yellow-

haired, all segments with a large black spot. Legs black.

Wings yellow. (PI. ix. fig. 2.)

“Length, ¢, 16 mm.

“ Face, moustache, beard, and hairs of palpi yellow ; some

black bristles on the border of the epistome. Genitalia

rather stout. Legs with black and whitish bristles ; pulvilli

yellowish white.

“From East India.” .

The chief difference seems to be the colouring of the

pubescence, which is yellowish, not reddish, and is not so

thick.

Genitalia are larger, the upper forceps at their ends

inflated and truncate, rather notched, the underside of the

last segment is produced to a rather greater length. Abdomen

with black pubescence on sides and below.

This male measures 20 mm.

The figure by Macquart of the anus does not appear to be

correct.

Promachus binghamensis, sp. 0.

Type (male) from Sikkim, 1903 (fF. A. Miller), presented

by Lt.-Col. Bingham.

Type (female) from Sikkim, Darjeeling, 4.01, Bingham

Coll., and a male from the same locality.

A slender black species, with long yellow pubescence on

the legs and on the abdomen, more or less disposed as tufts

on the latter. Ovipositor long. Gentalia of male small.

Length, g 24-27, 2 24 mm.

Male.— Face with yellowish tomentum. Moustache com-

posed of fine yellow hairs and three or four black ones above.

Palpi yellow-haired. Antenne with black and yellow hairs

on the first two joints. Forehead with long black hairs.

Thorax blackish with yellow tomentum as narrow lines, out-

lining the stripes; pubescence black. Scutellwm with black

fine bristles and fine yellow hairs intermixed. Abdomen with

the usual black spots and grey bands, the latter with yellow

hairs, which are thickest at the sides, disposed somewhat

tuft-like; the yellow pubescence is present on the black

spots. Genitalia black with black hairs, the upper forceps

small, club-shaped, the lower pair short but stout, the last

segment not produced but with a tuft of black hairs; a

similar tuft is present on the lower pair of forceps and

black pubescence on the upper pair; underside of abdomen

with long yellow hairs. Legs entirely black with long

yellow hairs on the underside of the femora and tibiz and

216 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidex.

shorter ones elsewhere. Wangs large, clear, the upper fork

of the third vein with an unusually slight angle inwards.

Female identical. Legs with not quite so many long

yellow hairs. Palpi black-haired. Ovipositor composed of

the last three segments of abdomen.

Promachus heteropterus, Macq.

Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 212 (1888) [ Trupanea}.

Two females from Bellary District, Beeravalli, and Hada-

galli, 8. India, in I. EK. E. Coll.

These females answer to Macquart’s description, which is

as follows :—

“‘ Ashy grey. Abdomen with a large black spot on each

segment. Legs black. Wings yellow, the first posterior

cell closed. (PI. ix. fig. 3.)

“ Length, ¢, 18 mm.

“Face, moutache, aud beard white. Palpi with white hairs.

Forehead and hind part of head with yellow hairs. Antenne

with the third joint somewhat elongated. Eyes violet.

“ From the coast of Malabar.”

A black species with narrow pale segmentations on the

white-haired abdomen. Scutellumwith white hairs. Ovipositor

short. These speciinens measure 19 mm.

A female from Berhampur, India, allied to this species

has a long ovipositor, reddish-yellow tibiv, and the first

posterior cell is only narrowed at the end, where it reaches

the border—this latter point agrees with the description of

Promachus rufoungulatus, Macq., but the author makes no

mention of the pale-coloured tibie.

Promachus calanus, Walker.

Dipt. Saund. i. p. 122 [ Trupanea} (1851) ; et List Dipt. Brit. Mus. vii.,

Suppl. 38, p. 607 [ Trwpanea} (1855).

Type (female) from East India, 68.4 (Walker Coll.).

A species with an extraordinarily short abdomen, the type

is in bad condition, but the abdomen is perfect. Wainys very

large. Legs stout, red, with fringes of black hairs. Mous-

tache yellow with a few black bristles below the pubescence

on forehead white. Antenne wanting. Scutellum reddish

with white hairs. Addomen with telescopic segments appears

brownish black with white hairs on basal segments. Ovi-

positor hardly discernible.

Length 12, wing-length 18 mm.

A female from Pundaluoya, Ceylon, is very much like it in

With Bicardetumere Asilide. O17

general appearance and shape, with the short abdomen and

long wings, but having very pale yellow tibiz it must be a

different species.

Promachus contractus, Walker.

Ins. Saund. Dipt. i. p. 120 [ Trupanea}; et List Dipt. Brit. Mus. vii.,

Suppl. 3, p. 606 (1855) [ Trupanea].

Type (male) from India.

Type (female), India, 68. 4 (Walker Coll.).

A small species with pale-coloured legs and wings with

pale yellow veins. Moustache yellow. Scutellum with pale

hairs.

Length, ¢ 153, 9 16 mm.

_ Male.— Face covered with glistening pale yellow tomentum.

Moustache composed of yellow very strong bristles, with

white hairs above to base of antennze. Palpi with pale hairs.

Beard white. Forehead with pale hairs, and bristles at back

of head are white. Antenne reddish. Thorax with two

well-marked median dark stripes. Abdomen with the usual

dark spots and grey segmentations, but the whole dorsum is

thickly covered with white pubescence ; underside wholly

pale covered with short yellow hairs. Genitalia black, the

upper forceps long club-shaped, the lower ones short, the

last segment of abdomen on underside somewhat raised,

hardly produced, the white tuft of hair above very distinct ;

hairs on forceps white and black. Legs pale yellow, the

upper sides of femora and extreme apices of tibie darker,

tarsi reddish yellow, bristles chiefly yellow ; pubescence on

legs white. Wings clear.

Female identical. Ovipositor long, composed of the last

three segments.

Promachus apivorus, Walker.

Trans. Ent. Soc, London, (2) v. p. 282 [ Trupanea] (1860).

Type (¢) from Burmah, 68.4., with note, “This fly

devours the large black bees” ; in very bad preservation.

Other females from Patani Cape, Siam, 21. vi. 1901 CH. C.

Robinson and N. Annandale), 1916, 22; from Jambu, Siam,

same collectors, from Hainan Island and from Chantabun,

S. Siam (Mouhot).

A black species with grey segmentation on the abdomen.

Moustache yellowish. Scutellum with black bristles and

some yellow hairs. Ovipositor short.

Length 24-25 mm.

Face covered with pale yellow tomentum. Moustache

218 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

reaches antenne. Palpi with pale hairs. Antenne black.

Forehead with yellow hairs anteriorly and black hairs

posteriorly. Bristles on occiput all yellow. Thorax covered

with brownish-yellow tomentum, stripes not very distinct,

posterior part of dorsum with black bristles and some

whitish hairs. Abdomen conical, stout ; pubescence white on

the segmentations, black on the spots, white at the sides and

below. Ovipositor black, shining, very short. Legs bright

reddish ; the cox, apices of femora, and tibie and tarsi

deep black ; pubescence chiefly white, bristles black. Wings

large, clear ; veins yellow.

Promachus macuiaius, Fabr.

Syst. Ent. 794, 17 [Aszlus] (1775), etc., see Kertesz Cat.

Promachus flavibarbis, Macq, Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 212 (1838) [ Trwpanea].

Promachus copillus, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 889 (1849) [ Asilus]; et vii,

Suppl. 8, p. 607 [ Trupanea} (1855).

Type of P. copillus (male and female), from India.

Males from Trincomalee, Hot Wells, Ceylon (Yerbury),

Males and females from Bangalore (Capt. E. Y. Watson).

A female from Colombo (G. Meade Waldo).

Macquart’s species is evidently identical with this widely

distributed species, he describes the hind tarsi as black.

V.d. Wulp says they are darker. In the above specimens

the tarsi appear usually dark reddish with black apices or

nearly wholly black.

A large species distinguished by the yellow bands on the

abdomen, surrounding the usual black spots. Moustache

yellow. Palpi yellow-haired. Scutellum with black bristles

and yellow hairs. (Genitalia with a tuft of white hairs, the

upper forceps large and forked, the inner part short, the

outer piece long, the lower forceps small, the last segment

is slightly produced on the underside. Ovipositor short.

Legs reddish.

Wiedemann gives the length as 24-28 mm. He remarks

it is not found in Italy as alleged, but he has examples from

the Caucasus.

Promachus pseudomaculatus, sp. 0.

Type (male) from Nilaveli, Ceylon, 19. vii. 91 (Lt.-Col.

Yerbury).

Cotypes (two females) from same locality and Kuchavelli,

Ceylon.

A large species very nearly allied to Promachus maculatus,

F., but the femora have a black stripe above and the tibiz at

apices and all tarsi are black.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. 219

Length, ¢ 35, ? 32-33 mm.

Male.—Face covered with glistening yellow tomentum.

Moustache composed of many large yellow bristles, and

shorter yellower hairs are continued to the antenne. Palpi

with yellow hairs and black hairs and bristles at the apices.

Antenne blackish, the first two joints with black and yellow

hairs. Forehead with black bristly hairs and some yellow

hairs. Hind part of head with yellow bristles in the centre

and below stout black bristles. Thorax brownish with

brown-yellow tomentum and darker stripes ; pubescence

black, with black bristles posteriorly and some yellow hairs.

Scutellum with a double row of black bristles and yellow

hairs inside. Abdomen black with broad grey tomentose

bands, the black being represented by the usual large spots ;

pubescence on the bands yellow, on the spots black. Geni-

talia with a small tuft of white hairs, the upper forceps

more slender than those of P. fasciatus, ending in a point,

the under pair very small ; the underside of the last segment

produced as a black almost square piece, very distinct, es

long as the under forceps and together with the rest of geni-

talia covered with black pubescence. Legs reddish yellow

with black bristles and chiefly short yellow pubescence.

Wings large, clear ; veins reddish yellow.

Females identical. Ovipositor composed of the last seg-

ment, very short; black, shining, with black hairs and a few

lighter ones at apex.

Promachus leoninus, Loew.

Linn, Ent. iii. p. 404 (1848); Wlk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus. vii., Suppl. 3,

p- 592 | Trupanea] (1855) ; Loew, Berlin, ent. Zeit. xii. p. 872 (1868) ;

v.d. Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent, xli. p. 131, pl. iv. figs. 6-8 (1898) ; et xlii.

p. 45 (1899).

One male from 8. Shan States, Upper Burmah, 4000 ft.,

Nov. 1899 (Lt.-Col. Bingham), 1902, 31.

One male and one female from Sikkim, 1903 (Ff A.

Miller). Presented by Lt.-Col. Bingham.

_ A species originally described by Loew from the Greek

Islands and Asia Minor, and recorded by him later from

Mersina in Asia Minor. V.d. Wulp recorded it from India.

A species at once distinguished by the bright orange-red

pubescence on abdomen, and the same-coloured hairs on

scutelium and posterior part of thorax. Moustache and

pubescence of forehead, beard, and hairs on palpi all bright

yellow. Legs black, the tibiz reddish yellow. Genitalia of

male short, stout, covered with a thick tuft of white hairs.

Female with an extremely short oviposiior.

Length, g 22, ? 18mm.

220 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

Promachus yerburiensis, sp. u.

Type (male), type (female) in coitu, Trincomalee, Ceylon,

18. vi. 91 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury), and a series of males and

females from Ceylon.

A male and other specimens from Guindy, Madras (Cragg

Coll.). Female and other specimens from Coimbatore,

S. India, I. E. E. Coll.

A fair-sized species. Abdomen with black spots and broad

greyish bands. Moustache whitish, black below. Legs

blackish, the tibiz reddish yellow. Scutellum with yellow

and black bristles. Genitalia of male simple. Ovipositor

long.

Length, g 25, 2? 28-29 mm.

Male.—Face covered with pale yellowish tomentum.

Moustache composed of whitish-yellow bristles with two or

three black bristles interspersed and a row fringing the oral

aperture, whitisb-yellow shorter bristly hairs are continued

to the base of the antenne. Palpi with black hairs and

some yellow hairs at the base. Beard white. Antenne

black with white hairs on the first two joints. Pubescence

on forehead black with some white hairs. Bristles on occiput

black. Yhorax black covered with greyish tomentum, the

stripes distinct, pubescence of short black hairs, some longer

white ones with strong black bristles on the posterior half.

Scutellum with black and yellow bristles and long white

hairs. Abdomen with rather dense short pubescence, black

on the spots, yellowish grey on the pale parts and on the

first segment and partially on the second segment ; hairs at

sides and on the underside chiefly yellowish. Genitalia not

large, the upper pair of forceps black, shining, club-shaped,

the under pair short, stout, both with black hairs, the

preceding segment black, shining. Legs blackish, tibiz

black at apices, all bristles black; pubescence black, white

and loug on the underside of femora, on the hind pair

interspersed with black hairs, tibiz with chiefly short yellow

pubescence, but short black hairs are also present. Wings

shorter than the body.

Female identical. Ovipositor long, composed of the last

three segments.

Table for Species east of Cochin China and Burmah.

1. Abdomen with bands or tufts of lighter-

coloured hairs at base ............ 2.

Abdomen with no such bands or tufts. 5.

2, Wegs wholly*black 7 pico lacs ssc chee bifasciatus, F.

Legs partly reddish, femora black above. 3

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. pal

3. Thorax with some lighter tomentum.

All the tibizs reddish ...5........; . melampygus, v. d. Wulp.

Thorax velvety black. Only the anterior

and middle tibiz reddish .......... 4,

Ae. Vibiso remiss: ae aa en See hes manillensis, Macq.

Tibiss paler im colour: | \.stoctwaeee 2: .. noscibilis, Austen.

5. Very large black species with black legs

and yellow-orange hairs at apex of

BUODHG ass cyaeh son vasiegh Mareee ae plutonicus, Wk.

6. Legs usually reddish or yellowish, some

of the tibiss at least paler in colour.

COPIpPOEitOR BUOTh = 5 esc. oti odo ke le (6

Ovipositor long. Abdomen usually with

Pe RRM Rta retrace socks, Sse We eyes eae 9.

7. Largespecies. Abdomen yellow-haired.

Legs reddish yellow .............. chinensis, sp. 0.

Smaller species. Legs partly reddish.. 8.

8. Abdomen with black spots and yellowish

segmentations and sides. Genitalia

with white hairs. Legsreddish yellow. calorificus, W1k.

Abdomen entirely black. Genitalia with

very few white hairs. Legs dark red

WEG DIAG HAITA .. \s.einsistess-2°bcaieins s4e.01 amorges, W1k.

Deep black species. Only the fore and

middle tibiz dull yellow. Genitalia

With) white: HAPs pc. i ei lee cde ees philipinus, sp. un.

9, Legs reddish. Abdomen deep black .. fusiformis, W1k.

Legs blackish, tibize usually reddish or

MUM mete ate teres whe wine nk odie ht ace 10.

10. Femora entirely black .............. PY.

MemmOre:parely Podia:. wats: ties Gee's 12.

11. Large species. Bands on abdomen nar-

row. Scutellum with black bristles

and white hairs, Ovipositor composed

of the last four abdominal segments.

Moustache chiefly black .......... contradicens, Wk,

Large species. Bands of abdomen broad.

Scutellum with black bristles. Ovi-

positor of the last three segments

only. Moustache yellowish ...... lineosus, Wk.

Smaller, very pubescent species. Bands

of abdomen narrow. Scutellum with

black bristles and yellow hairs. Ovi-

positor of the last three abdominal

segments only.

Moustache blackish ........... ssee. btransactus, W1k.

Slender black species. Scutellum with

a double row of black brisles. Ovi-

positor of the last four segments.

Moustache Diack 2 5's. sake eeerrmee aes addens, W1k.

12. Femora black above, red below.

Genitalia very stout. Abdomen and

ovipositor as in P. contradicens.

Monstachs: black.....J3). cadewee an es: complens, W1k.

Only the middle femora partly red.

Abdomen deep black with thick yellow-

haired segmentations and yellow hairs

Pill: SETHE IN NR os Pages aye Bp els, «2 6 ws raptor, Austen,

zs Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

The following have been described, not included in the

tables:—P. xanthostoma, v. d. Wulp, from New Guinea,

evidently only a subform of P. bifasciatus, having two dark

streaks on the wing. _P. desmopygus, de Meijere, Tijd.

Ent. lvi., Suppl. p. 59 (1914), from Java, the abdomen

having brown-yellow hairs on the first three segments in the

male, and the female with the whole abdomen covered with

them. P. albopilosus, Rondani, from Borneo, with the

abdomen shining black and white-haired, the legs also white-

haired. P. felinus, vy. d. Wulp, from Borneo, with only

the anterior tibiz red, the wings pale brown. /P. leucopareus,

v. d. Wulp, from Java, the abdomen with yellow-ochre

hairs and yellow tibie. P. rufibarbis, Macq., from Java, has.

a dark spot on the wing and long yellow hairs below the

femora. P. externetestaceus, Macq., has the tibiz externally

testaceous, and some white bristles on the posterior legs.

P. rufomystaceus, Macq., has a red moustache. Abdomen

black with white segmentation. Wings yellow.

The other species described from the Philippines are

P. forcipatus, Schiner, a species with red-yellow bands

on the abdomen and the genitalia with a white tuft;

P. maculosa and varipes, Macq., the former described as

having two black spots on each segment of abdomen, and

the legs with some white bristles; the latter also said to be

found’ in India measuring 16 mm. Moustache and palpi

yellow-haired. Genitalia of male from Manila with a

white tuft of hairs. Abdomen with short yellow hairs and

segmentations.

Promachus bifasciatus, Macq.

Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 215 [ Trupanea] (1888), ete.

Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xi. p. 417 (1913).

Promachus strenuus, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. London, iv. p. 106

[ Trupanea] (1860); et v. p. 264 [ Trupanea] (1861).

Type of Walker’s species (female) from Makessar, Celebes

(Saunders Coll.).

Type (male) from Menado.

Male from Tond (Saunders Coll.). This specimen was

compared by me with Macquart’s type in the Paris Museum.

Male from Celebes.

V. d. Wulp records species from Gorontalo in Celebes,

and gives a good description, suggesting Walker’s species is

identical, in which he is correct.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 223

The species is curiously like the African species P. fasci-

atus, F'., but the genitalia are different.

A black species distinguished by the wholly black legs

and by the black abdomen with bushy white hairs on the

first two segments of abdomen. Moustache yellow below,

black above. Thorax black with no signs of stripes. Scw-

tellum with black bristles and hairs. Genitalia of male

large, the upper forceps with a blunt tooth near the base,

then becoming concave on their inner edge, and ending in

a blunt point, under pair short small, all hairs are black

and numerous. Legs with chiefly black pubescence, some

yellowish pubescence on the femora.

Length, g 25-26, 9 23 mm.

V.d. Wulp gives the length as 19-22 mm.

Promachus melampygus, 2? , v. d. Wulp.

Tijd. v. Ent. ser. 2, vii. (xv.) p. 228 (1872).

A male from Sarawak, Borneo, another from Mt. Dulit,

- Philippines (Everett Coll.), 1901, 247.

A female from Pasir Ganting, West Coast, Sumatra,

lat. 2°S., June 1914,

A female from Irisan, Benquet Province, Luzon.

V.d. Wulp described a female from Java, de Meijere a

male and female from Padang, W. of Sumatra. Wulp

describes the hairs on abdomen as ochre-yellow. De Meijere

states they are so in the female, but im his male nearly

white ; he also gives the colour of the legs in both sexes as

largely reddish, not pitchy brown as v. d. Wulp says, the

femora being reddish below.

These specimens in the Brit. Mus. Coll. answer very

fairly to the description, with the additional remarks by

de Meijere, so that it seems safe to conclude it is rather a

variable species with-a wide distribution.

The hairs on abdomen in both sexes are whitish, tinged

yellow in the female. Legs dull reddish, femora darker

above, tarsi all black, and apices of tibiz the same. Palpi

in male with chiefly black hairs, in female some yellow

hairs are intermixed. Moustache in male black and yellow,

in female black sometimes with a few yellow bristles, in

male the yellow bristles or hairs are a little more numerous.

A black species distinguished by the white hairs on the

first three segments of the abdomen, by the partly reddish

224 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

legs, and by the white tuft of hairs on genitalia, which are

short and small.

Length, ¢ 22-23, 9 22 mm.

V. d. Wulp gives it as 193 mm.

Promachus manilliensis, Macq.

Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 310 [Trupanea] (1888); et Suppl. i. p. 207

[| Trupanea} (1884) ; Ost.-Sack. Berlin. ent. Zeit. xxvi. p. 111 (1882).

A female from Cape Engano, North Luzon, Philippines

(J. Whitehead), 98, 207.

This specimen answers fairly to the meagre description

given by Macquart.

He first described the male as 24 mm. long with two

white-haired bands on abdomen, and legs externally red.

Palpi with white hairs, moustache white. Later he added

the description of a female from the same place, Manila.

Palpi with black hairs.

Length 20 mm.

Face covered with yellow glistening tomentum. Hind

part of head with black bristles. Thorax velvety black

with yellowish-brown tomentum at sides. Scutellum the

same with black bristles. Abdomen the same, with black

pubescence on all the segments except the first two. Ovi-

positor short, shining. Legs reddish with black stripes on

femora, the hind pair more largely black; tibize black at

apices ; tarsi black; pubescence chiefly black, some yellowish

hairs on hind femora. Wings clear, veins yellow.

Length 25 mm.

Promachus noscibilis, , Austen.

Trans. Zool. Soc. London, xx. pt. 13, June 1905, p. 4083.

One male, the type, from Wataikwa River, Dutch New

Guinea. .

The author states this is a species allied to P. bifasciatus, F..,

but distinguished by the lighter-coloured fore and middle

tibiz and the smaller genitalia.

P. manilliensis, Macq., must be nearly allied to this species ;

the genitalia will probably be found to be different when

more specimens of each sex in the two species are to hand.

The legs in Macquart’s species are dull reddish, the femora

are black above, the hind pair very largely black, as are also

the hind tibiz.

In the New Guinea species the legs are entirely black,

with the exception of the fore and middle tibiz, which are

yellowish.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. 225

Promachus plutonicus, Walker.

Proc. Linn. Soc. London, v. p. 265 [ Trupanea] (1861).

Type (female) from Tond, Celebes, and another female

from Menado, Celebes.

Three males from Cape Engano, North Luzon, Philippines,

(J. Whitehead), 98, 207.

A very large, stout, black species; legs entirely black.

Abdomen black-haired at apex in both sexes with fulvous

pubescence. Wings brown.

Length, ¢ 25-30, 9 32-35 mm.

The: males from the Philippines are, on the whole, so

similar to the females that they no doubt are one species,

but they differ slightly, as will be noted below.

Female.—Face with glistening yellow tomentum. Mous-

tache composed of not very numerous long yellow bristles,

numerous at the oral opening, fewer above, a few weak

yellowish hairs below the antenne, round the oral opening

are strong black bristles. Palpi with black hairs. Antenne

blackish with some brown tomentum, the first joints with

black hairs. Hind part of head with a few black bristles at

each side of occiput, otherwise with yellow hairs. Thorax

and scutellum velvety black with black pubescence and black

bristles. Abdomen black; the first two segments with black

hairs, dispersed almost as in tufts, shorter on the next

three, which in the second female have some short fulvous

pubescence ; the last three segments with golden-yellow hairs,

beginning on the posterior border only of the sixth segment ;

the ovipositor composed of the last segment is shining black,

underside and sides with long black hairs. Leys stout,

black ; the fore coxze with long golden-yellow hairs; pubes-

cence on legs chiefly black, some very short fulvous pu-

bescence on the femora and tibie. Wings longer than

body, very large, tinged a deep brown with the usual grey

streak.

Males.— Face greenish black with some grey tomentum.

Palpi with black hairs. Moustache almost entirely black,

and the hairs below antennew black. Hind part of head

with black hairs. Abdomen with distinct tufts of black

hairs on the first three segments, but at the sides only.

Genitalia short, the upper forceps small, pointed, covered

with the golden-yellow hairs.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 16

926 MiaeG. Ricardatenahecs wie

Promachus chinensis, § 2, 8p. nu.

Type (male), type (female), and another male from Tinghae,

China (South), June 1899 (P. de la Garde), 1906, 89.

A robust reddish-yellow species ; the legs reddish. Abdo-

men blackish, with yellow-haired broad bands. Moustache

aud hairs of palpi yellow.

Length, g 25-30, 2? 32 mm.

Male—Face covered with yellow tomentum, the yellow

hairs reach the anteune, which are blackish, with yellow and

some black hairs on the first two joints. Forehead with

yellow hairs and some black bristles. Thorax brownish

with a broad median black stripe, with a yellow tomentose

border and with yellow tomentum at sides and on posterior

part; pubescence of short black hairs, many rather like

bristles, and the hairs are longer posteriorly. Scutellum

with fine yellow bristles, one or two black bristles are

present. Abdomen blackish, but all the segments, except the

first three at their bases, are covered with dense yellow

pubescence and yellow hairs, which last are thickest on

the second segment and are present on sides of abdomen.

Genitalia black, large, the upper forceps very stout, the

lower pair very short, both covered with bright yellow hairs

and some black hairs at base of upper forceps. Legs reddish

yellow, the knees black, the uppersides of femora with a

short black stripe ; pubescence of legs yellow. Wings large,

with yellowish veins.

Female identical. The yellow pubescence on abdomen

not quite so thick. Ovipositor short, composed of the last

segment.

Promachus calorificus, Wik.

Proc. Linn, Soc. London, iv. p. 107 [ Trupanea] (1860).

Promachus concolor, W1k. 1. c. v. p. 269 [ Trupanea] (1861).

Promachus albicauda, v. d. Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. (2) vii. (xv.) p. 228,

pl. xi. figs. 12-14 (1872); id. xli. p. 183 (1898).

Type (male and female) from Makessar, Celebes.

Type (male) from Celebes (concolor).

V.d. Wulp described his species also from Celebes.

A stout blackish species with reddish legs. Genitalia with

snowy-white large tuft of hairs above. Wings with a broad

dark streak in submarginal cell. Moustache yellow, with

some black bristles above. Palpi in male with black hairs;

vy. d. Wulp says in the female they are black and yellow.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 227

Antenne with the third joint as long as first one. Thorax

covered with ashy-grey and brown tomentum, stripes not

visible. 4bdomen with the black spots and narrow yellowish-

haired segmentations, pubescence elsewhere chiefly black.

Genitalia with very long upper forceps joining at end,

under pair as long, curved up to them, the last segment of

abdomen below somewhat produced. V.d. Wulp says the

Ovipositor is short, and gives the length as 16-184} mm.

This male measures about 154 mm.

In the types of P. calorificus the hairs of palpi are black

and yellow. Ovipositor of female short, black.

The male of P. calorificus is smaller than that of P. con-

color, but the genitalia in both are identical.

In vy. d. Wulp’s figure the lower forceps are not so long,

and do not reach up to the upper pair as they do in both

these males. In spite of this, I believe they are the same

species.

Legs reddish, the fore and middle femora with a short

black streak above, the hind pair wholly reddish; tarsi

black.

Promachus amorges, Wk.

List Dipt. Brit. Mus. ii. p, 891 (1849) [ Aszlws]; et vii., Suppl. 3, p. 599

(1855) [ Trupanea]; et Proc. Linn. Soc. London, i. p. 116 (1856)

| Trupanea],

The type, a male, was described from Borneo.

A male from Pasir Ganting, W. Coast, lat. 2° S.,

Sumatra,

A blackish short-bodied species, with genitalia and ovi-

positor both very short and small. Legs chiefly dusky red.

Moustache black and yellow.

Length, ¢ 83-11, 9 12 mm.

Male.—Face covered with yellowish tomentum. Mous-

tache rather thick, composed of yellow bristly hairs with

black ones above and interspersed, some shorter black

hairs are continued to base of antenne. Palpi with black

hairs. Antenne black. Forehead with black hairs, Bristles

on occiput black, with white hairs below.

Thorax brownish black, with very little appearance of

stripes, tomentum dull brownish yellow. Scutellum the

same, with fine black bristles. _Pubescence on thorax black,

longer behind. Abdomen brownish black or almost black,

with black pubescence, long and thick on the first three

segments, and on the other short but fairly thick ; under-

side with longer black hairs. Genitalia short, black; a few

16%

228 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

white hairs represent the usual white tuft; the upper

forceps black, club-shaped, ending in a point, the lower

pair shorter, small, all with black pubescence ; the under-

side of the last segment of abdomen with a fringe of long

black hairs. Legs dull reddish ; the femora usually blackish

on the upper sides and at apices; the hind tibize and all

tarsi black; bristles all black and pubescence entirely

black. Wings large, the small transverse vein below the

middle of the discal cell.

Promachus philipinus, 8 2, sp. n.

Co-types, two males from Cape Engano, North Luzon,

Philippines (J. Whitehead), 98, 207, and type (female)

from same locality.

A deep black-coloured species with the anterior and

middle tibiz pale yellow. Genitalia of male with a white

tuft of hairs. Moustache in male yellow with a few black

bristles above, in the female these last seem to predominate.

Palpi with black hairs.

Length, ¢ 2, 23 mm.

Male.—Face covered with yellow tomentum. Beard thick,

yellow. Antenne with black hairs on the first two joints.

Hind part of head with black hairs. Thorax, scutellum, and

abdomen deep black with black pubescence and black bristles.

Genitalia black, stout, with black hairs, and with two long

string-like appendages proceeding from below. Legs with

black pubescence, the fore and middle cox with tufts of

yellow hairs, the yellowish tarsi with some yellow hairs, the

yellow colour is only present on the upper sides of the

tibie. Wings clear, tinged brown, veins reddish yellow.

Female identical. Abdomen with black pubescence only,

one of the males has some scattered fulvous pubescence on

the apical half of abdomen. Ovipositor blue-black, shining,

composed of the last segment, but the two preceding seg-

ments are also largely blue-black, shining.

Promachus fusiformis, Wk.

Proc. Linn. Soc. London, i. 13, p. 89 (1856).

Type (female) from Malacca.

, A female from Busen, Borneo (purchased EH. Heyne),

97, 82.

A large black species with a spindle-shaped abdomen, the

ovipositor long. Legs reddish. Moustache yellowish.

Length 31-32 mm,

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. 229

Female.—Face covered with yellow tomentum. Moustache

of yellow bristles, a few weak black ones present, the hairs

continued to base of antenne are yellow. Palpi with

yellow hairs at base and black ones at apex. Antenne

imperfect, the first two joints black with black hairs.

Thoraz is apparently covered with bright yellow tomentum

and the stripes are black, this is so in the fresh female ; in

the type the thorax appears greyish with no stripes. Scu-

tellum in type blackish with grey tomentum, in the fresh

female covered with bright yellow tomentum ; both females

with the scutellum covered with black bristles and hairs.

Abdomen dull black with black pubescence, a few yellowish

hairs are visible; ovipositor composed of the last four

segments. Legs red, the knees and the last four tarsi black ;

pubescence chiefly yellow, black on fore femora; all bristles

black. Wings large, clear, veins yellowish, the small

transverse vein below the middle of the discal cell. *

Promachus contradicens, W\k.

Proc. Linn. Soe. London, iii. p. 87 [Trupanea] (1859); v. d. Wulp,

Tijd. v. Entom. xli. p. 133 (1898).

Promachus interponens, Walker, 1. ¢. vy. p. 280 [ Trupanea] (1861) ;

Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vi. p. 414 (1918).

Types. Three co-types all from Aru Islands. Type. of

T. interponens, only one female from Batjan Island.

A species distinguished from Promachus complens by the

wholly black femora and by the smaller genitalia of male.

Length, g 27, 2 26-33 mm.

The type P. interponens appears identical with these.

Genitalia of male are black, shining, the upper forceps

more slender than those of P. complens, and with their apical

upper edges rather concave, forming a rudiment of a tooth,

beyond the club-shaped forceps appear three cylindrical

reddish-yellow bodies ; on the underside the black projection

is less triangular, almost square, and elevated somewhat ;

pubescence on genitalia black. Scutellwm with black bristles

and white hairs,

Promachus lineosus, W1k.

Proc. Linn, Soc. London, i. p. 18 (1856) [_Aszlus].

Promachus vittula, vy. d. Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. xxiii. p. 167 (1880) ; id.

Sumatra Exped., Dipt. p. 23 (1881).

Type (female) from Singapore, and another mutilated

specimen.

One female from Singapore (H. § N. Ridley), 1904, 214.

230 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilides.

One female from Sandaran Agong, Korinchi Lake,

Sumatra, 2450 feet, May and June (1914).

V.d. Wulp described his species from one female caught

in Borneo. His detailed description makes it certain that

Walker’s species is identical. V.d. Wulp’s female measured

30 mm., these 26-28 mm. He also recorded a female from

Datar, Sumatra.

A fine species with a long black ovipositor composed of

the last three segments of abdomen, which is blackish with

broad bright orange-haired segmentations, pubescence on the

dark part chiefly of short yellow hairs. Moustache com-

posed of strong yellow bristles with a few black ones among

them. Palpi with black hairs. Antenne black, the third

joint shorter than the first one, but with a long arista.

Thorax blackish with yellow tomentum, a median divided

stripe and side ones very distinct. Scutellum with a double

row of black bristles. Legs black ; tibize reddish yellow,

only dark at their apices. Wings yellowish, large, with a

very small narrow dark streak in submarginal cell.

Promachus transactus, Wk.

Proc. Linn. Soc. London, vii. p. 207 [ Trupanea] (1864).

Promachus tnornatus, v.d. Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. (2) vii. (xv.) p. 2380

(1872).

Type (female) from Mysol, Celebes.

The species is evidently the same as the one described by

v.d. Wulp from Borneo and Halmaheira. He distinguishes

it from his species Promachus albicauda (identical with

P. calorifica, Walker), to which it is nearly allied by the

difference in the genitalia and by the moustache being more

largely black with a few white hairs below, the thorax has

distinct stripes, the pubescence on thorax is longer and

thicker, the femora are entirely black, and the tibize red-

yellow with black apices, the hind tibie often much

darker.

Length 183-19 mm.

The Walker type is in bad condition, and measures about

TS mm. Legs as described above. Abdomen appears to

have black spots with grey segmentations. Ovipositor long,

composed of the last three segments of abdomen. Scutellum

with not very stout black and yellow bristles.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. IE

Promachus addens, W1\k.

Proc. Linn. Soe. London, vy. 280 (1861) [ Trapanea).

Promachus gilolonus, Walker, 1. c. vi. p. 7 (1862) [ Trupanea}.

Type (addens) , a female from Batchian.

Type (gilolonus), a female from Gilolo, and a male with

the name of macera from the Eastern Archipelago.

Both Walker’s species appear to be identical, they are dis-

tinguished from v. d. Wulp’s P. felinus by all the tibiz being

reddish; in his species only the anterior pair are thus coloured.

A small slender blackish species with a black moustache.

Abdomen with grey segmentations. Wings with dark brown

veins,

Length, ¢ 2,10 mm.

Females with glistening yellow tomentum. Moustache

of long stout black bristles, a very few white fine hairs are

visible below. Pa/pi with black hairs. Antenne blackish,

the first two joints with black hairs, third joint as long as

the first joint; the arista long. Forehead with black hairs.

Thorax with distinct double median and side stripes. Scu-

tellum with double row black bristles and a few short white

hairs. Pubescence on abdomen black, white on segmenta-

tions and at sides. Ovipositor long, composed of the last

four segments. Legs black, tibiz dull red with black apices,

pubescence of legs chiefly white. Wings clear, with one

dark streak.

Male is identical. Genitalia small, but upper forceps

stout, club-shaped, lower ones very small, both with black

hairs.

Promachus complens, W\k.

Proc. Linn. Soc. London, v. p. 286 [Trupanea] (1861) ; Ost.-Sack.

Ann, Mus, Civ. Genova, xvi. p. 424+(1882) ; de Meijere, Tijd. v.

Ent. lviii. p. 113 (1915); id. Nova Guinea, ix. p. 835 (1913).

Types (male and female) from Dorey, New Guinea

(A. R. Wallace).

This species, Promachus contradicens (including P. inter-

ponens, from Australia), Promachus noninterponens, Ricardo,

and Promachus raptor, Austen, form a group of nearly

allied species, only distinguished by the colouring of the

femora and by slight differences in the genitalia. They

are large species, the females with broad bodies and very

long ovipositors, both sexes with blackish abdomens and

narrow yellow or golden-yellow segmentations. .

232 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

This species measures, ¢ 16, 9 21 mm.

Moustache in the male black and yellow, in the female

entirely black.

Male.— Abdomen with yellow-haired segmentations and

black spots, pubescence yellow. Genitalia with very large

stout upper forceps, armed at apices with black hairs; lower

forceps not distinct, a wrinkled black triangular piece

proceeds from the underside of the last segment. Legs

reddish yellow; the femora black on their upper sides, the

hind pair chiefly black. Tibize the same colour, only the

hind pair black at apices; all tarsi black, the pubescence on

legs is chiefly yellow and short, longer on the underside of

tibize, with long black hairs on the underside of femora;

some short black pubescence is intermixed with the yellow

pubescence. Wings with the small transverse vein below

the middle of the discal cell. ;

Osten-Sacken records a female from Momi, New Guinea.

De Meijere records the species from Zoutbron and Hol-

landia, near Humboldt Bay in North New Guinea, and from

Etna Bay, Dutch New Guinea (South).

He describes these last specimens as measuring 23 mm.,

and speaks of the fore femora only as being red at the apex

below.

Promachus raptor, Austen.

Trans. Zool. Soc. London, xx. pt. 18, p. 492 (1915).

A species nearly allied to Promachus complens, Walker,

but distinguished from it by the colouring of the femora,

which are chiefly black, only the middle pair partly reddish,

and by the almost bushy yellow hairs on the abdomen and

scutellum, which last character serves to distinguish it from

the other allied species.

From Dutch New Gutnea.

Promachus noninterponens, Ricardo.

Promachus interponens, Walker, see Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

(8) xi, p. 414 (1918), in parte. ~

Type (male) and type (female) from N.E. Queensland

(C. M. Kelsall) (1910).

In the above publication on the Asilide of Australia, I

placed this pair under Promachus interponens, W\ik., now

‘the same as P. complens, W\k., but find this was an error

and that they are a distinct species, the colouring of the

femora being black above, but red below, and the genitalia

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 233

of the male are different ; the tooth of upper forceps is more

distinct, the under forceps are longer, reaching more than

half the length of the upper pair, the triangular projection

on the unde:side of the last segment is much elevated and

covered with black hairs, the pubescence on genitalia black,

“but at apices chiefly yellow. Scutellum with a few black

bristles and with many long yellow hairs. Ovipositor of female

includes the last four segments of abdomen. Moustache of

stout black bristles with a few long white hairs intermixed

in the female, in the male the yellow hairs are much more

numerous and deeper in colour.

The following species from China are included, though

they more properly belong to the Palearctic Region, as most

of them apparently come from North China :—

Promachus testaceipes, albopilosus, viridiventris, and palli-

pennis, Macq. Of these the first has legs red, the second

species has the legs black, but the tibiz testaceous, and is

white-haired, the third has a shining green abdomen, and the

fourth has black legs with red tibiz, and might possibly be

identical with Promachus anicius, Wik. Macquart described

the type a male, but makes no mention of the tuft of white

hairs on genitalia.

Promachus maculipes, Wlik., from Hongkong, should be

deleted from the list, as the type is apparently lost.

Two new species of Promachus have been described from

Formosa by Matshumura, in ‘Thousand Insects of Japan,’

Additamenta, ii. pp. 326-328, date not stated :—

Promachus horishanus, measuring 24 mm.—Abdomen of

female resembling those of P. complens group, the last five

segments of abdomen said to be narrow, shining, forming

the ovipositor presumably, the anterior segments with long

reddish-brown hairs. Scutellum with fulvous and black

bristles. Legs fuscous with yellow and black hairs.

Promachus formosanus, measuring 21 mm.—Male with a

white tuft to genitalia. Abdomen brown, according to

figure of male with lighter bands. Legs black, tibie pale

fulvous. Scutellum with long black bristles.

Promachus anicius, W\k.

List Dipt. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 392 [Asslus] (1849); et vii., Suppl. 3, p, 604

| Trupanea| (1855).

Type (female) from China (presented by G. Reeves, Esq.) ;

234 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

a male present in the Brit. Mus. Coll. is mentioned in

Suppl. vil. as from China (presented by T. Lay, Esq.), but no

description of it is given; another male is from China

(Walker Coll.), 92, 196, and females from N. China, 51, 14,

and Foochow, China, 91, 100. . ‘

A species distinguished by yellow bands on the abdomen,

by the red tibiz, and by the white tuft of hairs on the

genitalia. Moustache yellow. Palpi with yellow hairs.

Length, 2 22-24, ¢ 24-26.

Female.—Face covered with the soft yellow hairs of mous-

tache. Beard yellow. Antenne blackish. Thorax blackish

with yellow tomentum as stiipes and at the sides. Scutedlwin

covered with yellow hairs and with one or two black bristles.

Abdomen with a deep black spot on each segment, bordered

with a grey tomentum, band extending to the sides, both

covered with short yellow hairs, the pubescence on the black

spots chiefly short, yellow. Ovipositor composed of the last

segment blue-black, shining. Legs black, tibie red. Wings

clear, veins yellow.

Male identical. Scutellum with many more black bristles.

Genitalia with a tuft of white hairs, the upper forceps short,

club-shaped, the lower pair short, the under pair produced,

all with long black pubescence.

Promachus leucopygus, W1k.

Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. n. ser. iv. p. 129 [ Zrupanea] (1857).

Type (male) from China (Saunders Coll.), 68, 4.

A species nearly allied to Promachus anicius, W1k., but

distinguished by the hind tibiz only being yellowish.

Length ]0 mm.

- The vellow hairs on the scutellum are very bushy, and are

also very thick on the hind part of the thorax. Abdomen

with the first three segments bordered with numerous yellow

hairs, the remaining segments with black hairs. Genitalia

with a thick white tuft of hairs nearly concealing them; they

are small and short. Tibiz (hind pair) are said by Walker

to be testaceous with black apices, the rest of the legs pre-

sumably black. In this type the fore pair are black, the

middle pair are wanting.

Promachus yesonicus, Bigot.

Ann. Soc, Ent. France, (6) vii., Bull. 79, 3 (1887).

Promachus ater, Coquillet, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxi. p. 37 (1898):

A male from Japan (G. Lewis), 1910,320 ; another from

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 235

Hisjoe, Japan ; another from hills near Kobe, Japan (Hon.

E. Scarlett), 1900, 189 ; another from Japan, Gi, 128,"- A

female from Yokohama District ty Prior), 1901, 13 ;

another from Japan (Pascoe Coll.), 93, 60.

Coquillet records 4 males, 4 females, from Japan. His

species is the same as this.

A species closely allied to Promachus anicius, W1k., but

the scutellum has no black bristles and is covered by dense

yellow hairs; the ovipositor is composed of the last two

segments of abdomen and is blue-black, shining. The

genitalia has a much thicker tuft of white hairs extending

over the sides and nearly covering the upper forceps. The

hairs on the abdomen appear to be more numerous, especi-

ally on the underside, and are all yellow.

Length, ¢ 12-16, 2 28 mm.

Puitomacuus, Karsch.

Berl. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 375 (1887) [praoce. Gray, Aves, 1851},

A genus established for one species, distinguished by the

third joint of antenne ending in a flat knob, from E. Africa.

Philomachus rhopalocerus, Karsch.

Berl. ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 875 (1887).

Philomachus hypoleucochetus, Bezzi, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. lii, p. 379

(1908).

A male from Mt. Fongosi, Zululand (W. E. Jones), and

males and females from Kimberley, Nov. 1913, in the Cape

Museum Coll.

A medium-sized species with an almost wholly white or

yellowish moustache. Scutellum with black bristles and

white hairs. Genitalia with a tuft of white hairs above,

below with a large black shining point produced from the

underside of the last segment of abdomen, exactly similar

to those of species of the genus Machimus. Legs reddish

with darker femora, which have long white pubescence on

both sides ; tibiz have long fine blackish hairs below.

Length 15-20 mm.

Bezzi’s species from Banana and Mayumbe, Congo, is

evidently the same; he describes the moustache as white

mixed with a few black bristles.

Dysmacuus, Loew.

Dipt. Siidafrik. i. p. 148 (1860).

Lophonotus, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 241 (1838) [preeoce, Stephen,

Lepid., 1829],

This genus is very strongly represented in the South

236 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

African region, and, judging from the many new species met

with in the collections I have had access to, there must be a

large number of species still to be described. The only

other Region with species of this genus is the Palzarctic.

I have not been very successful in identifying Loew’s species,

but little of the material is from the Cape, whence most of

his species came—they are inserted in the table after the

descriptions, which may afford some help in their identifica-

tion in the future.

The Walker types belonging to this genus are the fol-

lowing :—

D. abuntius, D. aphellas, D. amazenes, D. isse, D. noas,

and D. mivatus (which latter is placed wrongly in Apoclea in

Kertesz’s Cat.), D. pheax, and D. ladon.

D. pheeax is the only one I have been able to identify—it

appears to be the same as Dysmachus auribarbis, Macq.

All the others are in such a dirty and imperfect condition

it is impossible to identify them in any way—it would be

advisable to delete them from the list of specimens in this

genus.

D. ladon, type, appears to be lost, it is not in the Brit.

Mus. Coll.

The species in the following table marked with a * are

all known to me and represented in the Brit. Mus. Coll.

Table of Dysmachus Species.

Loew’s Division I.

No bristles before the segments of abdomen.

Mane extending the whole length of the thorax.

1. Scutellum with tufts of snow-white hairs. 2.

Scutellum with no such tufts............ 3.

2, Tibiz reddish at base. Genitalia large with

white and black pubescence .......... *suillus, $ 9, Fabr.

Genitalia reddish with white pubescence,

anellast, Adrican Species 46.64.6645 sac ees nanus, 3, Bezzi.

3. Large species. Moustache mostly yellow. :

Smaller species. Moustache black and

yellow eriwhiten! <.aiii. siete schon: thee 7h

A, Tibia reddish at base, scutellum with yellow

hairs and black bristles .............. 5.

Tibize honey-yellow or yellow, scutellum

with hairs and bristles yellow or fox-red. 6.

5. Moustache wholly yellow. Genitalia long

BndUBlOMT GENE Gh, 0). ss ie tA ee ee *auribarbis, § 2, Macq.

Moustache partly black. Genitalia club-

shaved S20 tries ahi d,)s ba peer ae *chalcogaster, S 2, Wied.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 237

6. Genitalia with arms of upper forceps widely

separated; bifid ;. otitis. se team eee *tibialis, S$ 2, Macq.

Pubescence of scutellum and abdomen fox-

red. .

Tibie bright yellowish red. Moustache

reddish yellow and black ............ *leoninus, 2 , Schiner.

Near Jeoninus. Thorax with paler pubes-

cence. Moustache black. Scutellum

With biaek halrat!s. 4... 55 wen sees ursinus, Schiner.

7. Curved bristles on head yellow. Genitalia

very short and stout ....,........... *norcellus, Speiser.

8. Tibiz reddish yellow or yellow.......... 9.

Tibi red at the base only.............. 10

9. Tarsi black. Scutellum with white hairs . orientalis, 3, sp. n,

Tarsi yellowish. Tibizs with a black stripe.

Scutellum with yellow hairs ............ tarsalis, 3, sp. 0.

10, Scutellum with yellow hairs and black

RUE ARLOPRP Bed Sin hsv abe i hereheise Sete Go ate rhodesti, § 2, sp. nu.

Ra Ale ae hirtipes, 3 2, sp. n.

To this division Dysmachus pellitus, Wied., probably belongs, described

as having fox-red pubescence on the abdomen and on scutellum, and

with the same-coloured mane.

Mane extending from the middle only.

11. Blackish with white pubescence. Mane

white. Moustache white, long. Legs

black, tibiz brown at base............ albus, 3, Loew.

Abdomen with bristles before the segments.

dB he

No bristles on the underside of abdomen,

12. Blackish. Moustache black with white

hairs at sides. Legs black, tibisee brown

at base :

niet tiana a's abo eat a0) ceote cote ae melanopholus, 3 , Loew.

13. Moustache black and yellow. Legs black. ; ian

Scutellum with yellow hairs .......... congotensis, § 9, sp. nu.

Moustache yellow in male, yellow and black

in female. Tibiz honey-yellow at base.

Scutellum with yellow hairs .......... Jlavopilosus, 3 2, sp. n.

The:

Bristles on underside of abdomen. Mane extendiny the whole

length of thorax.

14, Small grey species. Abdomen covered with

white pubescence. Legs black........ 15.

15, Mane very distinctly white posteriorly.

Moustache snow-white. Bristles on legs

white. Scutellum with black bristles... molitor, Wied.

Mane as above. Moustache black and yel-

low. Scutellum with no black bristles . albovitiatus, Schiner.

238 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

16.

ise

18.

19:

20.

21.

22.

23.

Mane not distinctly white posteriorly.

Moustache black and white. Bristles on

tows Dinelag neers re tee oer hare etn parvus, 3 2, sp. ne

Mane very distinctly white posteriorly.... 17. 5

Mane not so, chiefly black .............. 20.

Scutellum with white or yellow hairs and

pale bristles. Small species ......... pias:

Scutellum with white or yellow hairs and

black Dristlesis cer = .in'. tes a Gea She 19.

Legs blackish. Moustache white, large .. spiniventris, §, Loew.

Tibiz and tarsi reddish. Moustache white. transvalensis, ¢, sp. n.

Tibiz red at base. Legs with black bristles. *albufasciatus, 5 2,

Anterior and middle tibie red with a black [ Ricardo.

stripe. Legs with white bristles ...... *leucotenia, 3, Bezzi.

Tibie and tarsi testaceous. Legs with

black and white bristles .............. ustulatus, 2, Loew.

Thorax with light ochre-yellow pubescence. pulcher, 5, Loew.

Thorax with no such pubescence ........ 21.

Scutellum with white or yellow hairs and

pale ‘bristles... 4 cnet beh sees eee 22.

Scutellum with white hairs and black

etstleg Pees eee see ye am ieee ws ciate 23.

Scutellum with only black hairs and bristles. 24.

Small dark species. Tibiw red at base.

Mane black with white hairs at sides.

Genitalia argos)... LGR Gh fee ele natalensis, § 2, sp.n.

Legs wholly black. Mane scanty, black.

Genitalia short and small ........ sil apae, GO, Bp. A:

mmalliproey: BPOCIES 65. (55. 45,00 002 ewes te 23.

Scutellum with white tufts of hair and

reddish-yellow hairs and a double row

of black bristles. Genitalialong. Abdo-

men with a black central stripe. Tibia

dull redGish browi1':).-.0/5 ss 4 spe cs «28 wroughtoni, 3 2, sp. n.

Hairy black species. Scutellum with very

long black bristles and a few white hairs

in the middle. Genitalia long. Legs

almost entirely black ..24% .f.'sh sped sches hirsutus, 3, sp. 0.

Scutellum with a double row of black .-

bristles and white tufts of hair. Mane

black. Legs with white bristles, only

knees and base of fore tibisa testaceous . montanus, 3 Q, sp. n.

Scutellum with many black bristles and

tufts of white hairs. Mane black bor-

dered with dull yellowish hairs. Legs

with yellow and black bristles ........ similis, 2, sp. n.

Mane large, black with white hairs at sides.

Genitalia short. Tibiz red at base .... - ntgricans, ¢ Q, sp. n.

Lg bes '

Mane from the middle of thorax only.

Maneibinek rcs. os. sp i3 ai Riva ea ie Maer 26.

Mane black and white or yellow ........ 27.

6. Dull ashy grey. Moustache white and

black. Secutellum with white hairs and

bristles. Ovipositor very short. Legs [ Loew.

black, tibiee pale brown outside........ angustibarbis, 3 2,

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asililee. 239

27. Black-grey. Moustache yellow and black.

Seutellum with white hairs and eight

black bristles. Ovipositor very short.

Legs black, tibiee brown .......+...+5 setiventris, 2, Loew.

Mane white posteriorly. Scutellum with ;

white hairs and bristles. Genitalia and

ovipositor short. Legs bronze-green .. albopilosus, 5 2, sp. n.

Mane yellow and black, very scanty. Scu- ;

tellum with yellowish hairs and bristles.

Genitalia large, and long. Legs wholly

Dlsve lotateeperertare cos isls. ola c.sfsro eat tetera els nigripes, 3 9,.sp. 0.

The following species are not included in the table owing

to insufficient descriptions. I have not been able to identify

any of Macquart’s species except Dysmachus tibialis :—

Dysmachus comatus, Wied., Dysmachus incisuralis, genicu-

latus, flavibarbis, forcipatus, albibarbis, rufus, Macquart, al

from the Cape of Good Hope.

Dysmachus dubius, Bezzi, from Somaliland, probably does

not belong to this genus, as he himself doubts, remarking it

has not the crested mane.

Loew’s Division I.

No bristles before the seyments of abdomen.

Mane extending the whole length of the thorax.

Dysmachus suillus, Fabr.

Syst. Antl. p. 168,19 [Dasypogon] (1805); see Kertersz’s Cat. for

further references.

Specimens in the Brit. Mus. Coll. are :—

One male and female from the Cape, and a male and

female from Cape Town; one female from 8S. Africa

(Dr. Smith), 44, 6.

In the Cape Coll. are males and females from Kayena,

Cape Colony, Oct. 1916 (L. Peringuez) ; from Cape 'Town

(LZ, Peringuez) ; from Kraafontein, Cape Colony (Lightfoot) ;

from Grahamstown, from Mussel Bay, and from Ookiep,

Namaqualand.

A species easily distinguished by the two tufts of white

hairs on the scutellum. The genitalia are figured by

Macquart in Dipt. Exot. i. (2), p. 242, pl. x. fig. 7; v. d.

Wulp in Tijd. v. Ent. xix. p. 173 (1876), describes them as

240 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

follows :—‘ Shining black with a close and very long, chiefiy

black pubescence, the upper lamelle are rather short and

stout, and have between them an erect slender organ, which

is white-haired at the end; the under lamellz are con-

siderably longer and end in a pair of long and pointed

curved spines.”’

Dysmachus auribarbis, Macq.

Dipt. Exot. i, (2), p. 242 (1888) ; Schiner, Verh, zool.-bot. Ges.

Wien, xviii. p. 400, 102 [ Lophonotus] (1867).

Dysmachus chalcogaster, Loew (nec Wied.), Dipt. Siidafrik. i. p. 152

[ Lophonotus | (1860).

2 Dysmachus pheax, Walk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 412 [Lopho-

notus | (1849).

In Brit. Mus. Coll. are male and female from Cape

Colony, a female from Cape Town, Lx, 1904s oe a

Barnard), 1914, 15; another from Simons Town (P. de la

Garde), 96, 2, Oct. 1893. In Cape Coll. a male and female

in coitu from Matroosberg, males from Cape Town (Perin-

guez), Simons Town (P. de la Garde), and females from

Hex River and Stellenbosch. These specimens vary very

much in size from 17-25 mm.

The moustache is black and white, and the mane black

with many outstanding bristles, a few scattered white hairs

are discernible posteriorly, but not forming a white stripe.

Scutellum with black long bristles on posterior border.

Legs bronze-coloured, with tibie largely reddish brown on

upper sides and tarsi chiefly reddish. Specimens measure,

g 14-18, 9 15-16 mm.

This species, originally described by Macquart, has been

further described by Schiner in ‘ Novara Reise,’ Dipt. p. 186

| Lophonotus| (1868).

He distinguishes it from D. chalcogaster, Wied., by the

wholly yellow moustache, by its darker colouring, and, above

all, by its genitalia ; the forceps are bifid as in D. chaleo-

gaster, but the upper arm of fork is very slender and

pointed, the under arm thicker and longer, ending in a

curved point, with a row of short bristles below, reaching an

obtuse tooth, the part from the base to the above-mentioned

tooth is considerably longer than in the Wiedemann species.

He considers Loew erred in making it a synonym of

D. chalcogaster, and suggests Loew's description of a speci-

men he calls D. chalcogaster applies to D. auribarbis,

Macq.; he suggests Loew’s D. cupreus, a 3, is the same as

D. chalcogaster..

On Freshwater Fossils from Central South Africa. 241

From an examination of the few specimens in the collec-

tions I have had access to, Schiner’s remarks appear correct,

but the drawing of the genitalia of D. cupreus by Loew is

probably not very correct—it does not represent the genitalia

of D. chalcogaster accurately.

Walker’s D. pheax appears to be identical with this

species, but the type is in very bad condition, from S. Africa

(Dr. Smith), 44, 6.

Dysmachus chalcogaster, Wied.

Zool. Mag. i. pp. 3, 35, 50 [Astlus| (1819); id. Dipt. Exot. p. 189, 13

[ Astlus] (1821); id. Ausszweifl. Ins. i. p. 442, 26 [Asclus]; Schiner,

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi. p. 684, 26 [Zophonotus]; id. xvii.

p. 401. 101 [Lophonotus] (1867).

Dysmachus cupreus, Loew, Dipt. Siidafrik. i. p. 154, 2, pl. ii. fig. 5

(1860).

There do not appear to be any specimens of this species

in the Brit. Mus. Coll., but in the Cape Mus. Coll. are a

male and two females from Cape Colony answering to the

description as given by Wiedemann and Schiner. It has a

golden-yellow moustache, with black bristles at the sides

and above. Schiner gives the genitalia as long and club-

shaped, the forceps bifid. The above specimens measure

23-27 mm.; Wiedemann gives 16 mm.

[Te be continued.]

XXXI.—On some Freshwater Fossils from Central South

Africa. By R. Butten NEwrTov, F.G.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

[Plate VIII. |

INTRODUCTION.

THIS communication deals with an enquiry into the history

of certain obscure freshwater fossils occurring in a highly

siliceous rock from Africa, the important outcome of which

is in respect of their geological age. In this connexion,

therefore, I have had referred to me for determination three

hand-specimens of a chalcedonized rock containing fossils,

which have been discovered by Mr. A. J. C. Molyneux,

F.G.S., in the Matabeleland region of Central South Africa.

Ann. & Mag. NV. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 17

242 Mr. R. Bullen Newton on some

They were forwarded by Dr. G. Arnold, Curator of the

Rhodesia Museum, with the following remarks from Mr. H. B.

Maufe, B.A., F. G. S., Director of the Geological Survey of

Rhodesia :—* The Chalcedony i in which the Gastropods and

Plant-remains discovered by Mr. A. J. C. Molyneux occur,

is found at the base of the Kalahari Sand, which is widely

spread in Northern Matabeleland. No other fossils are

known from these beds. They lie on a peneplain eroded in

Upper Karroo Beds and are older than the present river-

system. ‘The peneplain is younger than the Kimberlite pipes,

supposed to be Upper Cretaceous, but any evidence of age

from paleontological data would be most valuable.” An

examination of these rocks proved them to be completely

silicified, having the appearance of a flint within and

possessing a similar conchoidal fracture. Externally two of

the specimens are of a rough sandstone character of reddish

brown or straw-colour, due possibly to weathering by

exposure, while the third example is of similar reddish colour

but much smoother, having been probably subjected to some

kind of erosion. From a study of the organisms, which

comprise small Gastropods resembling Viviparus and Falu-

destrina, and plant-remains belonging to the genus Chara,

there is no doubt as to the freshwater origin of this deposit

and its representing a relic of an ancient fluvio-lacustrine bed

or a former region of marsh-land. The more prominent

fossils are restricted to the surface, although microscopical

sections of the flinty matrix indicate their existence throughout

the rock, but in a distinctly more comminuted state. It

should be noted also that the Chara remains are quite abun-

dant, whereas the shells are of rarer occurrence.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FOSSILS.

The rocks, which are numbered 1350, 1351, and 1352,

may have their fossils thus briefly described :—

Rock no. 1350.—This contains several fruits of Chara of

minute size bearing extremely fine spiral striations, which

are arranged longitudinally in tufts of two or more at slightly

distant intervals, being sometimes represented by cavities in

which the fruits have disappeared, although leaving behind

as mural impressions the familiar markings of their external

conformation (Pl. VIII. fig. 6). The surtace of this rock is

rather eroded, being smoother than the others, which renders

the stem-structures of the Chara too obscure for definition,

although they appear to be wider than those associated with

specimen no. 1352. ‘There are scarcely any indications of

Gastropod remains in this rock.

Freshwater Fossils from Central South Africa. 243

Locality. 8. side of Shangani River flats on road to Lubu

(Bubi District).

Rock no. 1351.—Near the margin of a central depres-

sion in this rock is a crowded group of minute Chara-stems

of smaller diameter than those represented in no. 1352. In

close proximity is a well-preserved oval fruit of medium size

as well as fruit-cavities of minute size ; obscure Gastropod

remains are also present, but too indefinite tor identification

(Pl. VIII. fig. 2). Similar structures are also displayed in a

microscopical section of this rock, especially a stem-section

cut transversely, exhibiting about fourteen minute tubular

apertures surrounding a moderately wide central canal

CPV ciation Z):

Locality. N. flank of Kana Valley on road to Lubu (Se-

bungwe District).

Rock no. 1352.—On the surface of this rock are displayed

some narrow, fragmentary, flattened stems of Chara (PI. VIII.

fig. 4), less than a millimetre in diameter, bearing the equi-

distant, longitudinal, rounded ridges and furrows characteristic

of that genus; the stems also exhibit a system of branching

with obscure thickenings at the joints, while at their exposed

transverse ends are indications of the central tube and sur-

rounding minor tubes or cells which are so typical of Chara

morphology. No fruits are directly associated with the stems,

although there is a large, rather coarse, and spirally ridged

ovate body lodged in a small cavity quite close to some stem-

fragments, which represents an oogonium or fruit (PI. VIII.

fig. 5). Besides the plant-remains are some minute Gastro-

pods with faint longitudinal striations, too obscure for deter-

mination, although the larger form, measuring 3 mm. in

height and diameter, with a wide base and short conical spire,

belongs to Viviparus (Pl. VIII. fig. 1 a), while another with

an elongate spire and a more or less cylindrical axis, mea-

suring 2°5 mm. in height and less than 1 mm. in diameter,

may be a Paludestrina (Pl. VIII. fig. 16). There is another

and somewhat different Paludestriniform shell on the surface

of this rock of rather similar dimensions, giving a fairly com-

plete dorsal outline (Pl. VIII. fig. 3) with a lengthy spire.

These specimens exhibit no internal characters of the aperture,

being firmly embedded in the siliceous matrix and yielding

only dorsal views.

Locality. Kana Umzola, N. flank of Kana Valley on road

to Lubu (Sebungwe District).

Lie

244 Mr. R. Bullen Newton on some

My grateful thanks are due for the following additional

and more technical notes on the Charophyte-remains con-

tained in these rocks, which have been kindly drawn up by

Mr. James Groves, F.L.S., one of our chief authorities on the

morphology of recent Characeous Plants :—

Rock no. 1850.—This shows what is probably an oospore

with a dark margin representing a section of the enclosing

spiral cells which constitute the oogonium-sac. Itis of small

dimensions, being about *45x°35 mm. The spaces between

the spiral lines are somewhat convex, although this may

be due to being chalcedonized. ‘The outline of the margin

corresponds roughly with the impressions of associated oogonia

measuring ‘775x°525 mm. There is another supposed

oogonium or a larger oospore about two-fifths of which is

exposed, having a definite surrounding margin of dark

mineralized matter and showing a diameter of °425mm. The

crushed oogonium (or oospore) in close proximity has, appa-

rently, a much tapered base (PI. VIII. fig. 6).

Rock no. 1851.—Contains a large oogonium, which, on

account of its size, would be a different species to that seen in

no. 1350. It is probably 1x°6 mm. The branchlets near

by are about ‘26-3 mm. in diameter. A microscopical slide

cut from this rock exhibits a good diagonal section of a

branchlet (or small stem) with a diameter of about ‘4 mm.

and possessing a probable diplostichous cortex, as it consists

of about fourteen cells in section (PJ. VIII. fig. 7). Certain

small cylinders, considered to be bract-cells, show a diameter

of about *2—3 mm., but no branchlet-node was observed.

Another stem or branchlet section gives a diameter of about

‘6mm. A further microscopical slide shows a good trans-

verse section of stem with a diameter (including cortex) of

about ‘45 mm. ‘The cortex is almost certainly diplostichous,

cells fourteen and of nearly equal diameter (‘03 mm.). The

smaller ecorticate sections may be both branchlets and bract-

cells, although, from their position, there is no indication of

whorls.

Rock no. 1852.—The Chara remains on the surface of this

specimen belonged probably to a medium-sized plant of about

the stature of the living Chara vulgaris.

Stem moderately stout, about ‘65-90 mm. in diameter.

Cortex triplostichous, rather irregular, primary series some-

times much the larger, but secondary cells of varying diameter.

No cortex nodes determinable.

Freshwater Fossils from Central South Africa, 245

Whorls of about eight branchlets. Branchlets from about

*25—"4 mm. in diameter, fully corticato-cortex diplostichous.

Points of meeting of upward series well shown. No branchlet

nodes apparent.

Stipulodes doubtful whether haplostephanous or diplo-

stephanous, only one series seen, bistipulate. Two well-

developed, cylindrical, acuminate stipulodes clearly shown,

directed upwards, which are on the stem node,

Fruit about ‘75 mm. in length and about 45 mm. in

diameter (PJ. VILI. fig. 5). Spiral cells showing about thir-

teen convolutions. Apparently a full-grown fruit, somewhat

erushed in the upper part. A microscopical preparation of

this rock exhibits a good median section of an oogonium with

the oospore outlined therein. Dimensions of the oogonium

about 1°125 mm. long and ‘7 mm. broad. Convolutions

apparently from twelve to thirteen, but these can only be

estimated, as the cells are obscure at both ends. Dimensions

of oospore (probably shrunken) about ‘70 mm. long and

°35 mm. broad. In size of oogonium and number of convo-

lutions this corresponds approximately to Chara hispida among

living species. There are several good transverse sections of

stems about ‘4 mm. thick, the cortex evidently diplostichous,

the number of cells being about fourteen, and the alternation

of primary-and secondary series being in some cases indi-

cated by a considerable difference in the diameter (Pl. VIII.

figs. 8, 9).

STRATIGRAPHY.

These obscure fossiliferous remains are of so restricted a

character that they present little evidence as to their geolo-

gical age. Although representing the first fossils from the

Matabeleland deposit, as stated by Mr. Maufe, it is of interest

to note that Dr. A. W. Rogers * has referred to a similar

occurrence in the ‘‘ Surface quartzites ” of Cape Colony (near

Komgha Village, N. of East London), which have yielded

silicified seeds of Chara associated with silicified shells of

Limnea, and regarded as of Tertiary age. Again, minute

Chara fruits occur in a hard cream-coloured limestone which

Mr. Beadnell discovered some years since in the Northern

Fayfim of Egypt, a small fragment of which is in the Geolo-

gical Department of the British Museum. It was collected

when Mr. Beadnell was on the staff of the Geological Survey

of Egypt, being included in his manuscript list of fossils from

* ‘An Introduction to the Geology of Cape Colony,’ 1905, p. 360;

and second edition, 1909, p. 381.

246 Mr. R. Bullen Newton on some

that region, but subsequently omitted its occurrence when

writing his memoir on the geology of the Fayim*. That

rock contains no other fossils in association, although ac-

cording to the MS. list the molluscan genera Melania, Plan-

orbis, and Unio were found in the same series of beds which

were horizoned as Lower Oligocene or Bartonian. ‘The

Egyptian fruits are rather rounder than those of the Central

African rock, being probably more-closely related to those of

the Oligocene deposits of Britain and Europe. A somewhat

similar association of organisms occurs in the rocks of the

Sichel Hills and Nagpur regions of Central India, which are

recognized as of Uppermost Cretaceous age. Those deposits,

often highly siliceous or chalcedonic, contain Chara (C. mal-

colmson’) and freshwater mollusca, and were first noticed by

Malcolmson f, his fossils being described by J. de C. Sowerby,

while the material more particularly from the Nagpur country

was later monographed by Hislop and Hunter}. The

smaller Gastropods, referred to by these authors under the

familiar name of Paludina, but belonging to the genera

Viviparus and Puludestrina, may claim some resemblance to

the present African specimens, especially to J. de C. Sowerby’s

Viviparus (Paludina) deceanensis, and the so-called Melania

huntert of Hislop which is here considered to belong to

Paludestrina §. ‘These Indian rocks, known as: the Inter-

trappean beds of the Deccan Trap series, are likewise full of

a large Physa (P. prinsepit), besides Unioniform and other

shells, as well as numerous Ostracodiform Crustaceans, all of

which are entirely absent in the new African material.

Malcolmson and Sowerby referred such beds to the Tertiary

period, while Hislop and Hunter recognized them as Lower

Kocene. Neumayer|| subsequently studied the same Mollusca

from the writings of the English authors, and pointed out

their close relationship to forms characterizing the Laramie

Beds of North America belonging to the topmost Cretaceous ;

hence to that age he ascribed this extensive formation of

India, a result which has long been accepted by the Geolo-

* ‘The Topography and Geology of the Faytim Province of Egypt,’

Survey Department, Cairo, 1905.

+ Trans. Geol. Soc. London, 1840, ser. 2, vol. v. pls. xlvi., xlvii.

pp. 537-575.

{ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1860, vol. xvi. pp. 166-176,

ls. V.—vii.

i § Quite recently Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S., has urged the

necessity of a generic revision of these Deccan Trap Mollusca: ‘ Records

Indian Mus.’ 1919 (October), vol. xvi. part vi.

| ‘Records Geol. Surv. India,’ 1884, vol. xvii. pp. 87, 88 [ =a trans-

lation from Neues Jahrb. 1884, vol. i. Briefl. Mitt. pp. 74-76].

Freshwater Fossils from Central South Africa. 247

gical Surveyors of that country. More recently Mr. E. W.

Vredenburg * has added further confirmation of this late

Cretaceous age for the Indian deposits by referring to the

occurrence of Physa prinsepii in the Maestrichtian strata of

Baluchistan associated with the Ammonite, Sphenodiscus

ubaghs’, Grossouvre, accounting for the freshwater Gastropod

as having been washed out of a neighbouring estuary during

the deposition of the marine Ammonite-rocks. The proba-

bility of this correlation of the Indian beds with the Laramie

group seems also to be demonstrated by the occurrence in

both of Dinosaurian reptiles, for it is known that the Lameta

deposits forming the lowest part of the Intertrappean series

of India have yielded Titanosaurus + in supposed association

with Physa prinsepii, as also, according to Hislop t, with

Viviparus deccanensis and other shells common to those

Indian rocks. It is of interest to note that Titanosaurus and

further Dinosaurs have been also described from the Upper

Cretaceous deposits of Madagascar (around Mevarana) by

M. ©. Depéret §, but with no record of their association with

fluvio-lacustrine mollusca or plant-life. No Chara relics are

known from the true Laramie group, although Mr. Knowlton |i

has described C. stantont from the Bear River deposits of the

United States which he regarded as of Laramie age, but

which Mr. Stanton {] believes to be older, and of an age

nearer the base of the Upper Cretaceous—probably between

the Cenomanian and Turonian, as judged by the European

standard of stratigraphy. G. RK. Wieland ** also supports an

Upper Cretaceous age for the Bear River Beds, although

recognizing them as older than the Laramie. Again, a

faunistic resemblance has been pointed out among the fossils

of the Belly River deposits of Canada and those of the

opalized beds of New South Wales TT, both of which exhibit

an estuarine facies, as they contain Plesiosaurian and Dino-

saurian remains as well as freshwater and marine mollusca

and other organisms, while such deposits are referred to the

Uppermost Cretaceous. In estimating the importance of

* ‘Records Geol. Surv. India,’ 1907, vol. xxxv. pp. 114-118.

+ Lydekker, ‘Records Geol. Surv. India,’ 1877, vol. x. p. 88; and

R. D. Oldham’s edition of Medlicott and Blanford’s ‘ Manual of the Geology

of India,’ 1893, pp. 264, 265.

t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1864, vol. xx. pp. 280-282.

§ Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 1896, ser. 3, vol. xxiv. pl. vi. pp. 176-194.

|| ‘ Botanical Gazette ’ (Indiana), 1898, vol. xviii. p. 141.

{| American Journ. Sci. 1892, ser. 3, vol. xliii. pp. 98-115,

** Mon. United States Geol. Surv. 1905, vol. xlviii. p. 208.

tt R. Bullen Newton, Proc. Mal. Soc. London, 1915, vol. xi. pl. vi.

pp. 217-235.

248 Mr. R. Bullen Newton on some

these facts, it would seem possible that this African formation,

with its freshwater assemblage of organisms, would appear

to favour a correlation with the Intertrappean beds of India,

and consequently would be Upper Cretaceous. Such a

result is in support of the now generally received view of the

existence of a land-connexion between India and Africa

during the Cretaceous epoch. Moreover, palzeontological

researches support the theory of such a land-surface being

continuous from Upper Paleozoic times, and so uniting

Australia, India, Madagascar, Africa, and America—a stretch

of territory known as Gondwana Land, which has yielded the

celebrated Glossopteris flora*. At the close of the Cretaceous

epoch this great land-area was broken up, and finally became

submerged by the invasion of the Tertiary Sea f.

CONCLUSIONS.

This chalcedonized rock from Matabeleland is mentioned

by Mr. Maufe as occurring in a peneplain of Upper Karroo

Beds and at the base of Pleistocene deposits known as the

Kalahari Sands, which in this region of Africa mostly cover

the basalts and the other underlying formations. Dr. Pas-

sarge t has described similar rocks to the south in the

Kalahari country under the group-name of “ Botletle Schich-

ten,” and later Mr. G. W. Lamplugh§ recognized the same

deposits in the Batoka Gorge of the Zambesi River, and

termed them ‘‘ Chalcedonic Quartzite.”’? No definite geolo-

gical age has been assigned to this formation, on account of

the absence of paleontological evidence, although Dr. Passarge

has attempted a divisional sequence of the beds as they occur

in the Kalahari Desert, involving certain climatal conditions,

the oldest of the beds being regarded as Hocene.

It is important also to again mention the presence of

similar beds made known to us under the name of “ Surface

Quartzites”? by Dr. A. W. Rogers, containing both Chara

and Limnea, occurring in the South-eastern area of Cape

Colony, thus proving fairly conclusively a contemporaneity of

deposition with the chalcedonic rocks of Matabeleland, the

Zambesi territory, and Kalahari.

It is now suggested, from an examination of the obscure

* EK. A. N. Arber, “On the Distribution of the Glossopteris Flora,”

Geol. Mag. 1902, pp. 346-349.

+ See Mr. R. D. Oldham’s remarks on this subject in his edition of

Medlicott and Blanford’s ‘ Manual of the Geology of India,’ 1893, p. 211.

{ ‘Die Kalahari,’ 1904 (Berlin), pp. 196, 285, 648.

§ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1907, vol. lxiii. p. 198.

Freshwater Fossils from Central South Africa. 249

fossils referred to in the paper, that this African formation,

extending from the Zambesi country to Cape Colony, may be

older than Eocene, and that its occurrence in a basaltic region

comparable to that of the Deccan Trap country of Central

India may point to a similar horizon for its deposition, viz.,

Upper Cretaceous. The assemblage of organisms found at

present in the African rock is admittedly very small, but, so

far as it goes, it seems to offer resemblances which would

associate it in time with that characterizing the Intertrappean

beds of India. It is to be hoped that additional specimens

may be forthcoming which might help to confirm these strati-

graphical suggestions, and so to strengthen the view that

these chalcedonized deposits may represent part of the land-

platform which united Africa with India during Cretaceous

times.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

GASTROPODA.

Fig. 1. (A) Viviparus and (B) Paludestrina?. Dorsal views of surface-

specimens, X 8. No, 1352. [Fig. 1 B has been intensified. ]

Fig. 2. Viviparus; microscopical transverse section from near the base

of a specimen, x 7. No, 1351.

Fig. 3. Paludestrina?, dorsal view, x 8. No.1352, A surface-specimen

embedded in rock. [Figure intensified. ]

PLANT.

Fig. 4. Chara stems as seen on the rock-surface, exhibiting typical

longitudinal flutings and obscure transverse jointings, x 7.

No. 1352. ‘

Fig. 5. A Chara fruit or oogonium of comparatively large size, exhibiting

strong spiral ridges, embedded in a matrix cavity, x 7.

No. 1352,

Fig. 6, A surface-series of Chara fruits and cavities of minute size in

longitudinal arrangement, with microscopically fine spiral

striations, x 5. No. 1350.

Fig. 7. A Chara stem cut transversely, as seen in a microscopical section

of rock, showing the existence of about fourteen tubular

apertures encircling the large central canal, x 8. No. 1361.

[Figure intensified. | i

Fig. 8. A group of transversely cut Chara stems, as seen in a micro-

scopical section of rock exhibiting similar structures to the

foregoing, x 10. No. 1382,

Fg.9. Chara stems in transverse section, as seen in a microscopical

preparation of rock showing an oval form with indications of

the cortical cells, x 20. No. 1852.

250 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geographical

XXXILI.—On the Geographical Distribution of the Genus

Anomis, Hiibner (Lineopalpa auctorum), a Noctuid of the

Family Gonopteride. By Colonel C. Swinnon, M.A.,

F.L.S., &e.

[Plates IX‘—XIT. ]

THIS paper is in continuation of my paper on the geographical

distribution of the subgenus Cosmophila, a section of the

genus Anomis. ;

In £ Moths of India,’ vol. ii. p. 409 (1894), Hampson puts

involuta, Walker=basalis, Walker=colligaia, Walker, all

three from Ceylon, and propingua, Butler, from Aden, as

synonyms to subulifera, Guenée, from Abyssinia.

He puts metazantha, Walker (type without locality), com-

binans, Walker =guttanervis, Walker, both types from Cey-

lon ; commoda, Butler, from Japan, privata, Walker, from

Shanghai, vevocans, Walker, from Moreton Bay, Australia,

vulpina, Butler, from Venna Levu, Figi Isl., cnducens,

Walker, from Java, simulatriz, Walker, from Sierra Leone,

albitibia, Walker=nigritarsis, Walker, from Ceylon, all

under fulvida, Guenée, locality erroneously stated to be

N. America.

Seitz, in his ‘ Palearctic Noctuids,’ 1914, pp. 359, 360,

puts fulvida into the genus Rusicada, Walker, and puts under

it combinans, inducens, nigritarsis, revocans, privata, and

commoda, and describes two subspecies—subfulvida and

griseolineata—from China and Japan, unknown to me.

Guenée’s habitat for fulvida is N. America, but this is

evidently an error; it is a common Eastern form; Walker’s

type of metaxantha has no locality—this is also a common

Indian form. .

Sir George Hampson has pointed out to me that Hiibner’s

genus Anomis, type ewacta, from America, is congeneric with

Guenée’s genus Lineopalpa; Anomis was erected in 1827

and Guenée’s in 1852, therefore the former has precedence.

I am very much indebted to the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows,

the well-known genitalia expert, for the great care and trouble

he has taken in the dissection and examination of numerous

examples of Anomzs I have sent him from many localities,

and the notes that follow are all entirely due to him.

The differences in the genitalia of some of the forms

from widely separated localities is generally very great, but

in some cases it is slight, as, for instance, between sabulifera

Distribution of the Genus Anomis, Hiibner. 251

from Abyssinia, involuta from Ceylon, and dona from Roe-

bourne, W. Australia ; but there are distinct differences, and

to my mind it is impossible to believe that localities that

could not have had any connexion with each other for many

hundreds of millions of years could possibly contain one and

the same species of Noctuid, which is not migratory, and the

larva and pupa of which could not have been carried by any

commercial agency.

“The study of the genitalia of Lepidoptera is still in its

infancy. It may well be that forms of construction overlap

and resemble one another in species far apart in detail and

far apart in origin. But this remains to be proved. When

one bears in mind cases like those of the genus Tephrosia

biundularia and erepusculata, in which the genitalia differ, as

far as has been discovered, only in the forms of a few names,

or in Xy/ophasia, where the three recognized species—mono-

glypha, sublustris, and lithoxylea,—in which the difference

appears to lie in the number of certain hairs; or, again, when

one remembers the number of spines which cannot be sepa-

rated by the eye, but possess well-marked differences in the

genitalia, such as the nzcti/ans group of Hydrecta, and the

Acronicta’s, tridens and pst, it may well be that further study

is necessary to learn the exact bearing of the genitalia upon

classification. Any way, it does not so far appear to have

presented greater uncertainty than have other lines of

examination.” (Burrows.)

General Facies of Anomis and Cosmophila.

Valves delicate, sometimes weakly armed, margins gene-

rally ragged. Coremata on ninth abdominal segment attached

dorsally to the tegumental ring, and also to the valves, ex-

tremely extensile and voluminous. Juxta * usually strongly

developed. Scaphium generally present, tip minutely bifid,

generally with tuft of long hairs ventral on eighth abdominal

segment, connected with strongly developed segmental divi-

sions. Anellus strongly armed with minute spines,

SECTION I.

Juata absent. Anellus exposed.

Anomis exacta, Hiibner. (PI. TX. fig. 1.)

Valves narrow, angulated at mid-length, unarmed.

* Juzxta (Pierce), a plate fused to the front of the anellus.

252 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geographical

Coremata voluminous, double.

Penis long, cornuti two, rounded, small.

Saccus bulbed.

Caraccas, Venezuela, Jamaica.

Anomis mesogona, Walker. (Pl. IX. fig. 2.)

Valves not angled, thickened basally, waved,

Coremata double.

Anellus spines very minute.

Penis with single, broad, flat cornutus.

Saccus bulbed.

Anomis sabulifera, Guenée. (PI. IX. fig. 3.)

Valves narrow, angled mid-length, unarmed.

Anellus spines small.

Coremata voluminous, double.

Penis long, thin, cornuti several, spines minute.

Saccus pointed.

Type, Abyssinia.

Dar-es-Salaam, E. Africa.

Anomis involuta, Walker. (PI. IX. fig. 4.)

Same as in sabulifera, but saccus not pointed, anellus

spines very large.

Type, Ceylon.

Simla and throughout India.

Anomis dona, Swinhoe. (Pl. X. fig. 5.)

Similar, but uniformly smaller; anellus spines smaller,

saccus pointed,

Type, Roebourne, W. Australia.

Anomis brima, nov. (Pl. X. fig. 6.)

Similar, a larger and very dark form.

Anellus spines smaller than the above.

Type, Queensland.

SECTION IT.

Juaxta Y-shaped.

Anomis fulvida, Guenée. (Pl. X. fig. 7.)

Juxta soft, obtuse, large.

Valves short, narrow, truncate, unarmed.

Distribution of the Genus Anomis, Hiibner. 253

Coremata small, single.

Saccus arcuate.

Penis narrow, cornuti several, fine.

Type, N. America (ex errore).

Assam, throughout India, Malayana, Moluccas. Hxamples

from Assam, Borneo, and Java dissected ; genitalia all similar.

Anomis busana, nov. (Pl. X. fig. 8.)

Juxta hard, arms widely separated, large.

Valves very large, rounded, ragged, unarmed.

Coremata large, single.

Penis very large, cornuti four, large, various.

Saccus arcuate.

Type, Busan, South-east Borneo.

Anomis revocans, Walker. (Pl. XI. fig. 9.)

Juxta soft, obtuse, small.

Valves narrow compared with length.

Coremata small, single.

Penis long, narrow, cornutus single, hooked.

Saccus arcuate.

Type, Moreton Bay.

Queensland, Brisbane, Victoria, Cape York.

Anomis scitipennis, Walker. (Pl. XI. fig. 10.)

Juxta soft, pointed.

Valves short, narrow, rounded, unarmed.

Coremata single.

Penis stout, short ; cornutus single, hooked.

Saccus pointed.

Type, Sarawak, Borneo.

Sarawak.

Section IIT.

Juxta with separate arms.

Anomis amboinensis, nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 11.)

Juxta arms very long, much longer than genital cavity,

rigid, blunt.

Valves large, pointed.

Coremata single, voluminous.

Penis very large, cornutus one, large.

Saccus arcuate.

Type, Amboina.

254 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geographical

SEcTION IV.

Juata quadrate.

Anomis combinans, Walker. (Pl. XI. fig. 12.)

Juxta rigid, small.

Valves large, wide.

Harpe soft, spined.

Coremata voluminous.

Penis very large, cornuti several, large.

Saccus rounded.

Scaphium beaked.

Types, Ceylon.

Kandy, Kina Balu, N. Borneo, Engano Island.

Genitalia all similar, but the Bornean examples are much

darker than those from Ceylon and the Kngano form very

dark.

Anomis albitibia, Walker. (PI. XII. fig. 13.)

Juxta rigid, small.

Valves large, ovate.

Harpe soft, spined.

Coremata double, voluminous.

Penis very large, cornuti several, large.

Saccus rounded.

Scaphium linear.

Types, Ceylon.

Assam, 8. India, Perak.

Anomis commoda, Butler. (Pl. XII. fig. 14.)

Juxta rigid, very large.

Valves large, rigid.

Coremata voluminous, double.

Penis very large, cornutus one, curved.

Saccus rounded.

Type, Japan.

Nikko, Yokohama.

Anomis metavantha, Walker. (PI. XII. fig. 15.)

Juxta rigid, smaller than genital cavity.

Valves very large, pointed.

Harpe hard, long.

Coremata voluminous, double.

Distribution of the Genus Anomis, Hiibner. 2595

Penis very large, cornutus one, large, hooked.

Saccus rounded.

Type-locality ignotus.

Assam, Sikkim, Nilgiris, India generally.

Anomis sumatrana, nov.

2. Upperside: head, body, and fore wing uniform ochreous

grey, transverse lines red-brown: fore wing with a short

subbasal line from the costa, an antemedial sliglitly sinuous

line from the hinder margin to the median vein; a medial

perfectly straight line not quite reaching the costa, a straight

line between this and the outer margin, running from the

median vein to near the costa ; costal line red-brown ; cilia

dark brown: hind wing suffused with brown. Underside

uniformly pale ochreous grey; both wings crossed a little

beyond the middle by a pale greyish line, outwardly curved

on the fore wing below the costa and bent outwards at the

middle on the hind wing.

Expanse of wings, 2, 145; inch.

Padang, Sumatra ; two examples.

Anomis involuta, Walker, xiii. p. 1003 (1857).

Siam, Yatung, Ceylon, Assam, Karachi, Simla, Bombay,

Nilgheris.

Anomis dona, Swinhoe.

Uniformly smaller than the preceding, the underside

without the pale blackish suffusion through the cell of the

fore wing.

Roebourne ; seven examples.

Anomis brima, nov.

Upperside: fore wing dark olive-brown, transverse markings

blackish, the entire wing irrorated with black atoms; sub-

basal line indistinct, antemedial line outwardly oblique from

the costa ; a broad discal blackish band, its outer edge with

several angles ; a round paler space in the upper part of the

band: hind wing uniformly dark blackish; cilia of both

wings white. Underside with black suffusion on the entire

surface of both wings except on the borders.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 2, 1; inch.

Type, ¢, Queensland; type, ¢, Roebourne; three ex-

amples.

256 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Geographical

Anomis fulvida, Guenée.

Its square form of wings and the clear white spots forming

the orbicular and reniform easily distinguish it. It is well

figured in Hampson’s § Moths of India,’ vol. ii. p. 409.

I have it from Assam, Kina Balu, Sarawak, Java, and

Perak, many examples. I have had the genitalia of examples

from several localities examined by Mr. Burrows ; he says

they are all identical.

Anomis busana, nov.

&. Fore wing narrower than in fulvida; colour uniform

bright ferruginous, the orbicular white but very small, the

reniform obsolescent, represented by a pale, brownish, indis-

tinct dot, with another below it, but well separated from it;

the transverse lines darker red and highly sinuous, the sub-

basal and antemedial lines outwardly oblique from the costa,

the postmedial line erect but not reaching the costa, the sub-

marginal line finishing some distance from the hinder angle ;

a line between the last two from the costa to the median vein ;

cilia brown, with white tips: hind wing slightly suffused with

brown, paling towards the abdominal’ margin; cilia white,

with grey spots.

Expanse of wings, g,, 175 inch.

Type, Busan, 8.E. Borneo ; two examples.

Anomis revocans, Walker.

A large form, much larger than any of the Indian species.

Fore wing dark ochreous brown-red as a rule, some specimens

a little paler: hind wing suffused with black transverse lines

much as in bdusana; orbicular and reniform small and pale

black, in one example the reniform is large, deep black, with

a curled black line connecting it with the black spot above it.

In size, colour, and in the formation of the genitalia it is

quite distinct.

I have it from Victoria, Brisbane, Queensland, and Cape

York.

Anomis scitipennis, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. vii.

p. 76 (1864).

Cosmophila ochreifusa, Swinhoe, Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. (8) xviii.

p. 408 (1906).

A very distinct species.

Walker’s type came from Borneo, mine from Sumatra. I

Distribution of the Genus Anomis, LTiibner. 257

have only one example from Borneo, and have had its

genitalia examined (PI. XI. fig. 10). It, very nearly

resembles my type of ochretfusa in the Brit. Mus., and there-

fore I put it provisionally here until I can get a specimen for

dissection.

Anomis amboinensis, nov.

6. Fore wing narrow ; head, body, and fore wing clear

ochreous red-brown, very uniform in colour; the orbicular

represented by a very minute white dot ; the transverse lines

hardly visible, the postmedial and two lines (all very sinuous

aud upright) somewhat close together before the outer margin,

only faintly indicated: hind wings pale ochreous grey without

markings; cilia of both wings white, with ochreous-red

points. Underside: fore wing pale ochreous red, the hinder

marginal space and the entire hind wing nearly white.

Expanse of wings, ¢, 1; inch.

Type, Amboina.

Anomis combinans, Walker, xiii. p. 1001 (1857).

Cosmophila guttanervis, Walker, xiii. p. 1003.

Smaller, paler, and brighter-coloured than revocans ; wings

similarly shaped.

Types, Ceylon ; four examples.

Anomis inducens, Walker, xiii. p. 1004.

Paler than combinans; the hind wings very pale ochreous

grey, in combinans they are suffused with blackish; the

markings of the fore wing are very similar, but the subbasal

line is more oblique and the reniform is always represented

by a blackish spot.

Type, Java.

I have three Javan examples and two from St. Aignan

Island, ‘Tobriand group.

Anomis prima, nov.

A very dark form, larger than combinans or inducens ;

the hind wings are entirely dark blackish brown.

Expanse of wings, ¢, 175-2 inches.

Type, Kina Balu, N. Borneo; five examples.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 18

258 Mr. T. H. Withers on

Anomis albitibia, Walker, xiii. p. 1001.

Rusicada nigritarsis, Walker, xiii. p. 1006.

A small species, very dark, transverse lines quite different

to all the others.

Types, Ceylon.

I have examples also from Assam, Ahmednagur, Rangoon,

and Perak.

Anomis commoda, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1.

p. 203 (1878).

A large dark species, with fairly broad fore wings ; hind

wings dark blackish brown. Quite a good species.

Type, Japan.

I have seven examples from Yokohama and Nikko.

Anomis metaxantha, Walker, xiii. p. 1005.

Paler than commoda; fore wing similarly shaped; the

genitalia shows that it is quite distinct from all the others.

Type-locality ignotus.

It is a common form in India. I have sixteen examples

from Assam, Rangoon, and Bombay.

XXXITI.— The Cirripede Subgenus Scilleelepas ; tts Probable

Occurrence in the Jurassic Rocks (8. gaveyi, sp.n.). By

Tuomas H. WituHeErs, F.G.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

[Plate XIII. }

More than half a century ago the late Mr. G. E. Gavey

collected from the Lias at Mickleton Tunnel, near Chipping

Campden, Gloucestershire, remains of a Cirripede, which has

up till now remained undescribed. Mr. Gavey, however,

listed the specimens in 1853 * as “ Pollicipes; 2 new species,”

and the late Rev. P. B. Brodie (1857 f), in two short notes,

* G, E. Gavey, “ On the Railway Cuttings at the Mickleton Tunnel,

and at Aston Magna, Gloucestershire,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London,

1853, vol. ix. p. 34.

+ Brodie, Rev. P. B., “On anew Species of Pollicipes in the Inferior

Oolite hen Stroud, in Gloucestershire,” Brit. Assoc. Rep. (1856) pt. ii.

», 64; 1857. ;

; Brodie, Rev. P. B., ““On the Occurrence of some new Species of

Pollicipes in the Inferior Oolite and Lias of Gloucestershire,” Ann. &

Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. xix. 1857, p. 103.

the Cirripede Subgenus Scilleelepas. oe) 2am

drew attention to the fact that Mr. Gavey had found a new

species of Pollictpes in the Lias, and this at that time was

the earliest-known occurrence of the subclass Cirripedia.

The Cirripede valves from Mickleton Tunnel, now in the

Gavey Collection in the Geological Department of the British

Museum, number nine in all, and, although four kinds of

valve are represented—namely, carina, subcarina, scutum,

and tergum,—it would appear from their ornament that all

belong to a single species. They are undoubtedly the valves

of a pedunculate Cirripede belonging to the family Scalpel-

lidee, but the generic reference is not so certain. The species

is provisionally referred to the subgenus Scillelepas of the

geuus Calantica tor reasons given below (see p. 261 et s-q.).

Calantica (Scillelepas) gaveyi, sp. n.

1857. Pollicipes sp., Brodie, P. B., Brit. Assoc. Rep. (1856) pt. ii. p. 64.

1857. Pollicipes sp., Brodie, P., B., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2,

vol, xix. p. 103,

Diagnosis.—Capitular valves with regular, widely-spaced,

raised ridges or zones of growth, between which are fine

transverse and longitudinal lines, and, especially in the lower

two-thirds of the valves, with irregular closely-set puncte—

a feature not noticed in any other fossil Cirripede. Carina

tapering rapidly towards the apex. Scutum probably trian-

gular, with almost straight widely-spaced ridges. ‘Tergum

comparatively long and narrow, with the angles of the zones

of growth situated less than one-third the distance from the

carinal margin.

Distribution. —Pliensbachian [presumably davei-zone] :

Mickleton Tunnel, near Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire.

Holotype.—The carina (In. 18981) figured on Pl, XIII.

fig. 2.

" Callen a Cailaue by the late G. E. Gavey, C.E.,

F.G.S., and now in the Geological Department of the British

Museum, registered In. 18980-In. 18988.

Material.—At least three individuals are represented by

the material, which comprises two almost complete carinze and

a fragment of another, one subcarina, five incomplete terga (of

which three are right valves and two are left valves), and an

impression of part of ascutum. ‘The valves are preserved as

an intensely brittle jet-like substance.

Measurements.—Except for the valve considered to be a

subcarina, all the valves are somewhat incomplete, and, in

the circumstances, to give only their actual measurements

Als

260 Mr. T. H. Withers on

would convey a very inadequate idea as to their size; probable

measurements are therefore given :—

Actual, Probable,

in mm. in mm.

Carina (In. 18980).... Length 12:4 13:0

Breadth A'l(atabout4 5:0

mm.from

base).

Carina (In. 18981).... Length 12:3 14:2 (as shown

by impres-

Breadth 5:2 .. sion).

Subearina (In. 18983). Length 3°38 a;

Breadth 2:0 ae

Tergum (In, 18984) .. Length 144 170

Breadth (cirea) 6°0 6:0

Description.— Carina semicylindrical, moderately bowed

inwards, strongly convex transversely, imperceptibly keeled

in its upper half, the valve tapering rapidly towards the apex,

which is sharply pointed; basal margin moderately convex.

Outer surface marked with regular, widely-spaced, prominent,

raised ridges or zones of growth, which show, especially in

one valve (In. 18981), a tendency to become broken up into

bead-like prominences. Fine transverse and longitudinal

lines are to be seen between the main ridges, but the longi-

tudinal lines are not so well marked as in the terga. The

valve is marked, especially in its lower part, with irregular,

closely set, fine puncte.

Scutum.—On the specimen In. 18986, lying near a right

tergum, was a badly crushed and shapeless valve, evidently

showing its inner surface. At its base could be discerned

one or two rather long and straight furrows, and these

suggested to me that the fossil represented another kind of

valve. It was possible to clear away most of the minute

fractured particles of shell, and there was then exposed some

eight or nine prominent, straight, equidistant furrows. A

plaster-cast taken from this impression shows that the furrows

represent the widely-spaced ridges or zones of growth such as

are seen on the carina and tergum above, except that they are

straighter and longer, and there is no doubt that we have

here an impression of the outer surface of a scutum of the

type seen in the species known as Pollicipes aalensts, Polli-

ctpes ooliticus, and Archeolepas quenstedti.

Tergum subtriangular, slightly convex transversely, com-

paratively long and narrow, with prominent, widely-spaced,

transverse ridges, which form an acute angle of which the

apex is situated about one-third the distance from the carinal

margin ; there 1s no definite apico-basal ridge or fold. Carinal

the Cirripede Subgenus Scillelepas. 261

margin very slightly convex, almost straight, not divided

into an upper and a lower portion ; occludent margin gently

convex, almost straight, and forming with the carinal margin

an angle of about 35° ; scutal margin slightly convex, rather

longer than the oecludent margin, with which it makes a

rounded angle. ‘lhe valve is ornamented similarly to the

carina, but the longitudinal lines are more apparent.

Subcarina more than half as wide as long, not nearly so

strongly convex as the apical portion of either of the two

carine ; basal margin slightly convex. The inner surface of

the valve slopes towards the outer surface and forms a sharp

edge, so that there is no possibility of this valve being merely

the broken off apical portion of a carina.

Systematic Position of Calantica (Scilleelepas) gaveyi.

Darwin, in his Monograph (1851), referred the known

Jurassic species (Pollicipes concinnus, Morris *, P. ooliticus,

Buckman J, and P. planulatus, Morris t) to the genus Polli-

cipes. Now the distinguishing characters of Pollicipes, which

is essentially a recent genus, and evidently a polyphyletic

one, is the downward growth of the valves, and their large

number (from eighteen to over one hundred). Certainly the

valves of the above three species have a downward growth,

and since there is evidence in only one species —P. concinnus

—that the valves numbered more than eighteen, Darwin must

have relied on the downward growth of the valves, and

almost as certainly on the distinctive characters of the detached

valves as compared with those in the genus Sca/pellum.

Scalpellum has more modified valves, numbering from twelve

to fifteen.

Two further genera have since been established which

embrace Jurassic species—namely, Archwolepas, Zittel §

(1884), and Pycnolepas, Withers || (1914), the former in-

cluding the species Pollicipes redtenbachert, Oppel, Pollicipes

royeri, de Loriol, and’ Pollicipes quenstedti, von Ammon, and

- the latter including certain Cretaceous species, together with

* Morris, J., 1845, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. xv. p. 30, pl. vi.

fic. 1; Darwin, C. R., 1851, Pal. Soc. Monogr. Lepadide, p. 50, pl. iii.

hig. 3,

“+ Buckman, J., 1844, Geol. Cheltenham, p. 95, pl. iii. fig. 7; Darwin,

C. R., 1851, Pal. Soc. Monogr. Lepadide, p. 50, pl. iii, fig. 2.

t Morris, J., 1845, op. cit. p. 31, pl. vi. fig. 2.

§ Zittel, K. A. von, 1884, Sitzungsb. k. b. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen,

Bd. xiv. Heft iv. p. 581.

|| Withers, T, H., 1914, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xiv.

pp. 170, 200.

262 Mr. T. H. Withers on

the Tithonian species Brachylepas (?) fimbriatus and B. (?)

tithonicus. I have already shown * (1914) that the genus

Scillelepas existed in the Upper tee (Upper Senonian

and Danian), and it was then pointed out that, although there

was no definite evidence, certain of the detached valves

described as Pollicipes from the Jurassic rocks have much

resemblance to the valves of Scrllelepas.

In Polhicipes, Archeolepas, Pycnolepas, and Setllelepas all

the valves have a downward growth, so that, in the absence

of definite evidence as to their number and disposition, all

that one has to go by in referring detached plates to either

of- those genera is their shape and structure. These are the

only criteria we have in placing S. gaveyt?.

Undoubted species of Archwolepas lave the carina much

reduced in size as compared with the remaining capitular

valves; it is somewhat triangular in shape and slightly

expanded at the basal angles. Neither the carina nor the

terga in S, gavey? are at all like the valves in Archeolepas,

and the presence of a subcarina, which is absent in that

genus, renders it unlikely that it is a species of Archeolepas.

There is a superficial similarity in the structure of the

carina, principally in the prominent transverse growth-ridges,

with that of Pycnolepas, but the rounded basal margin shows

it to be of a different type of valve. ‘The tergum and scutum

are altogether different in structure, thus preventing the

species being referred with any confidence to the genus

Pyenclepas.

S. gaveyi might be referred to Pollicipes, for the carina

appears to be of much the same shape as the recent species :

but the absence of definite evidence as to the number of

valves in S. gaveyi, the fact that the tergum differs markedly,

and that the impression of the scutum shows that the valve

was of the same type as in P. oolitieus, makes one hesitate to

refer the species to Pollic/pes, more especially so since it

would seem that hardly any of the Jurassic or even Cretaceous

species can be confidently referred to Pollicipes.

Now the terga of S. gavey2 are particularly elongate, as are -

also those of the genus Scillelepas. While there is nothing

in favour of the reference to Scil/elepas in the character of

the carina, there is nothing opposed to it; but the most con-

vincing of the valves is the scutum, of which, unfortunately,

we have only the impression. This, however, shows it to be

a valve resembling the scutum of P. coliticus and P. quen-

stedti, and particularly like the scutum in both the recent and

fossil species of the genus Scillelepas.

If the shape and structure of these detached valves be

* Withers, T. H., 1914, op. cit. p. 192,

the Cirripede Subgenus Scillelepas. 263

trustworthy evidence, then the species, P. ooliticus and

P. aalensis*, P. quenstedti,and P. (?) lotharingicus +, Méchin,

all of which have valves similar to S. gavey?, are probably

nearly related, and belong to Sezllelepas.

Against this view is the fact that Darwin has described

and figured in his Monograph (p. 52, pl. ili. fig. 2 5) a com-

paratively large rostrum of P, ooliticus, similar to but rather

wider than the carina. I am not at all sure, however, that

in this particular Darwin has allowed sufficiently for varia-

tion, and that the valve really is a rather wide carina; a view

of the inner surface of the valve would have decided the

matter.

Zittel has referred the species P. quenstedti to his genus

Archeolepas, but the valves appear to differ in structure from

the valves in Archwolepas, and this view is strengthened by

the fact that there is among the valves of P. quenstedti

figured by Max Schlosser (1881) $ a rostrum which agrees

much more with the rostrum of Scillelepas, being decidedly

different in shape from the rostrum in undoubted species of

Archeolepas.

Altogether the evidence, while not conclusive, is in favour

of referring S. gaveyi to Scillelepas, and it is clear that there

is no indication of its affinity with Pollicipes. I am inclined

to think that further material will show this species, together

with Pollicipes ooliticus, P. aalensis, P. quenstedti, P, (?)

lotharingicus, and probably one or two other Jurassic species,

to belong to Scillelepas, or, at least, to a genus nearly related

thereto.

Comparison with other Species.—Pollicipes (?) lotharingicus,

Méchin, from the spinatus-zone of Agincourt (Meurthe-et-

Moselle), France, is the only other species known from the

Pliensbachian, although it occurs at a somewhat higher

horizon than S. gavey?. Only a single carina and tergum

are known ; the carina appears to be much more attenuated

and tapering than S. gavey?; the tergum differs in its pro-

portions, having a shorter occludent margin, which makes a

larger angle with the carinal margin, and the scutal margin

is proportionally much longer, and the angles formed by thie

zones of growth appear to have their apices much nearer to

the carinal margin. Moreover, the valves do not appear to

be marked with longitudinal lines, since no mention is made

of them in the description, and nothing is said of the fine

* Richardson, L., 1908, Geol. Mag. dec. v. vol. v. p. 352, text-fig. ;

Withers, T. H., 1911, Proc. Cotteswold Nat. F. C. vol. xvii. pt. ii. p. 275.

+ Méchin, A., 1901, Buil. Soc. Sci. Nancy, ser. 3, vol. ii. fase. i. p. 16, pl.

t Schlosser, Max, 1881, ‘ Paleontographica,’ Bd. xxviii. p. 60, pl. viii.

2. 8.

Lo}

264 On the Cirripede Subgenus Scillelepas.

punctee, which form a marked feature in S. gaveyi. While it

is apparent that S. gavey¢ differs from P. (?) lotharingicus,

the figures of the latter species are not good as regards detail,

and some mistake appears to have been made in the printing,

for the figures in the plate are upside down and the lettering

gives the wrong names to the margins of the valves.

Another Liassie species— Pollicines rhomboidalis, Moore *,

—from the Hettangian (Sutton Stone), was said to be based

on a scutum and carina, although the specimen figured

appears to be a tergum and the description of the scutum

applies to it. It is not at all like the tergum in S. gaveyi,

for the valve is subrhomboidal, the carinal margin being

divided into an upper and a lower portion. The carina is

not described.

Theremaining Liassic speciesis Pollicipes liasinus, Dunker f,

which is founded on a valve supposed to be a tergum from

the Lias of Halberstadt; but it is impossible to determine

_from the figure whether it is a Cirripede valve at all.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

Stramentum pulchellum, G. B. Sowerby, Jun., sp.

Turonian : Black Head Bay, Co. Antrim, Ireland.

Fig. 1. Holotype of Loricula macadami, Wyville Thomson, now in the

collection of the Public Art Gallery and Museum, Belfast.

Shell showing the left side uppermost ; to the left-hand can

be seen the left portion of the carina, with the opposing right

portion (c) projecting from beneath it, the left portion of the

carina being followed by the left carinal latus (cl'), left tergum

(¢’), left upper latus (w/'), and the left scutwm (s'), the outer

basal part of the right scutum (s) slightly projecting. Below

the carina are six of the left swbcarinal scales (cs') of the

peduncle, followed by incomplete rows of the carino-lateral,

upper lateral, and scutal scales of the peduncle, the sudbscutal

scales not being present. X 2 diam.

This is in further illustration of my paper on “The Cirripede

Genus Stramentum (Loricula): its History and Structure,”

Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 9, vol. v. pp. 65-84, pls. iii. & iv.

Calantica (Scillelepas) gavey?, sp.n. Pliensbachian [presumably davei-

zone}: Mickleton Tunnel, near Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire.

Figs. 2, 3. Carinal valves. Xx 3diam. In. 18981, In. 18980.

Fug. 4. Subearina. xX 45 diam. In. 18983.

Fig. 5. Tergum (incomplete right valve). x 8diam. In, 18985.

Figs. 6,7. Terga (incomplete left valves). x 3 diam. In. 18987, -

In. 18988.

Fig. 8. Scutum (part of valve as seen in a plaster-cast taken from the

natural mould after removal of the crushed shell-fragmeuts).

x 2diam. In. 18986.

* Moore, C., 1867, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. xxiii. p. 589,

pl. xvi. fig. 31.

+ Dunker, W., 1848, ‘ Palzeontographica,’ vol.i. p. 180, pl. xxv. fig. 14.

Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 265

XXXIV.—WNotes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—XL. On new

Species in the British Museum. By Rowianp E. Turner,

Le ase el FA 2

Superfamily VESPOIDEA.

Family Scoliide.

Subfamily Hzrprwz.

Myzine albohirta, sp. n.

3d. Pallide flavus; fronte, mesonoto antice lateribusque, meso-

pleuris postice sternoque nigris; flagello, segmentis abdominalibus

dimidio basali, aculeoque pallide rufo-testaceis; alis hyalinis,

venis testaceis, stigmate flavo.

Long. 12 mm.

6. Clypeus short and broad, three times as broad as its

greatest length, broadly rounded apically. Antenne short

and stout, about equal in length to the thorax and median

segment combined, of even thickness throughout; supra-

antennal tubercles large and flattened. ‘he whole insect

clothed with white hairs, which are longest on the pleure.

Head broad and transverse ; eyes converging towards the

clypeus, their inner margin only slightly sinuate. Pronotum

twice as broad as long, the anterior margin straight, the hind

margin only feebly arcuate. The black portion of the meso-

notum closely punctured, the yellow median portion much

more sparsely and indistinctly punctured. Scutellum large,

more than half as long as the mesonotum, broadly subtruncate

at the apex, moderately convex; median segment short.

First tergite short, obliquely sloped anteriorly to the very

short petiole. Abdomen elongate, only slightly narrowed at

tlre extremities, the segments not constricted, each segment

pale testaceous red on the basal half. Seventh tergite deeply

triangularly incised at the apex, rather broadly rounded and

blunt at the apex on each side of the incision. Sternites 3-7

with a raised transverse space at the base, which is bounded

apically by a curved carina, which is produced into a point

near the middle of each sternite, the basal portion of the raised

space is coarsely longitudinally striated ; seventh sternite

produced and rounded at the apex. Seventh tergite longitu-

dinally striated at the extreme base. Radial cell short and

broad, first abscissa of the radius equal to the second, third

about as long as the first and second combined, fourth almost

«qual to the third; cubital and discoidal nervures extending

266 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.

to the margin of the wing; second recurrent nervure received

close to the middle of the third cubital cell.

Hab. Sagara, western desert, 10 miles south of Cairo ;

July 30, 1915 (Egyptian Department of Agriculture).

Very distinct owing to the very short stout antennze and

the sculpture of the sternites.

Family Psammocharide.

Deuteragenia kandiensis, sp. n.

@. Nigra; femoribus anticis, tibiis anticis, scapoque apice subtus

ferrugineis ; mandibulis dimidio apicali brunneis ; alis hyalinis,

venis fuscis, macula parva fusca circa nervulum, maculaque

magna cellulam radialem, apice excepto, cellulas cubitales

secundum tertiumque, celluleque discoidalis secundi majorem

partem occupante fusca.

Long. 11 mm.

9. Mandibles tridentate at the apex, the outer tooth the

longest ; clypeus convex, broadly truncate at the apex, finely

and closely punctured ; antennee inserted a little above the

base of the clypeus. Front and vertex finely and very closely

punctured ; posterior ocelli as far from each other as from the

eyes. Antenne a little shorter than the head, thorax, and

median segment combined ; second joint of the flagellum half

as long again as the third. Maxille at the base furnished

with a brush of very long hairs. ‘lhorax and median

segment finely and closely punctured ; pronotum very widely

arched posteriorly ; scutellum convex, much broader than

long ; median segment rounded, with a shallow longitudinal

groove from the base which is not continued on the apieal

slope, the segment very sparsely clothed with long whitish

hairs. Abdomen shining, sparsely and minutely punctured ;

the transverse groove on the second sternite well developed ;

hind tibize without spines. Second abscissa of the radius

nearly twice as long as the third; the second cubital cell on

the cubitus scarcely longer than the third; cubitus extending

to the margin of the wing. Nervulus distinctly postfureal ;

cubitus of the hind wing originating beyond the transverse

median nervure.

Hab. Kandy, Ceylon, September 1918 (O. S. Wickwar) ;

OPE

Allied to D. marpesia, Bingh., from the Malay Peninsula,

but in that species the coxz, trochanters, and femora of the

intermediate and hind legs are red; the median segment

granulate, without a groove from the base and less strongly

Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 267

rounded; and the basal fuscous fascia of the fore wing is

continued along the basal nervure to the costa. The median

seoment in marpesia is without long hairs.

Superfamily SPHECOIDEA.

Subfamily Peweureponin 2.

Psenuls nigrol/neatus, Cam.

Mellinus nigrolineatus, Cam. Journ. Str. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc. xlviii.

p. 22 (1907).

Mellinus nigromaculatus, Cam. 1. ce. p. 23.

Lg ’ i

These seem to me to be merely slight colour-varieties of

the same species. A variety in which the yellow markings

on the mesonotum are narrower than in the typical form

occurs in Ceylon.

Hab. Borneo, Kuching (typical) ; Ceylon, Kandy (0. 8S.

Wickwar).

Allied to P. pulcherrimus, Bingh., but is a larger and more

robust species, and has the basal area of the median segment

much more strongly striated.

Subfamily Spzzcrvz.

Sceliphron (Chalybion) sommereni, sp. n.

Q. Viridi-cyanea ; mandibulis basi, scapo, flagello articulis 5 basali-

bus, tegulis, pedibusque, coxis exceptis, rufo-ferrugineis; alis

hyalinis, apice late infumatis, venis ferrugineis; capite thoraceque

albo-pilosis,

Long. 17-20 mm.

?. Clypeus with a row of five small teeth on the apical

margin, slightly convex; second and third joints of the

flagellum subequal. Mesonotum rather closely punctured,

more closely than in chalybeum, Sm., and less deeply grooved

in the middle than in that species. Otherwise similar to

chalybeum, Sm.

Hab. Kabete, near Nairobi, E. Africa (Dr. van Som-

meren); 3 2 Q.

Possibly an extreme local variety of S. chalybeum, but the

very great colour-differences, especially of the legs and wings,

and the distinetly closer puncturation of the mesonotum, seem

sufficient to merit specific rank, ‘The colour of the basal an-

tennal joints in chalybeum appears to be subject to considerable

variation,

268 Mr. R. KE. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.

Subfamily Parrawrurz.

Cerceris expulsa, sp. n.

2. Nigra; abdomine rufo-ferrugineo; mandibulis basi, carina

interantennali, macula parva utrinque pone oculos, tegulis macula

parva, postscutello linea transversa utrinque, tergito primo fascia

apicali, tibiisque extus flavis; alis fuscis; flagello brunneo-

ferrugineo; clypeo apice bidentato; segmento mediano area

basali basi oblique, apice transverse, striata; sternito secundo

area basali elevata nulla; area pygidiali nigra, elongata, apice

angustissime rotundata.

do. Femine similis; clypeo fascia longitudinali flava; tegulis

. immaculatis; postscutello omnino nigro; clypeo apice leviter

emarginato; segmento mediano area basali oblique striata;

sternito sexto angulis apicalibus spina longa armato; area

pygidiali apice truncata.

Long., 9 13, ¢ 11-13 mm.

¢. Clypeus broad, rather sparsely punctured, produced

just before the apex into two small tuberculate teeth, the

space below the teeth forming a small deflexed triangle; a

deep fovea at the inner angle of the lateral lobes of the

clypeus. Face broad, the eyes strongly divergent towards

the clypeus ; antennee inserted more than half as far again

from the anterior ocellus as from the base of the clypeus.

Head broader than the thorax, closely but not very deeply

punctured ; posterior ocelli much further from the eyes than

from each other. Head, thorax, and median segment clothed

with silver pubescence, which is most noticeable on the

clypeus, face, and pleuree ; the thorax and median segment

rather coarsely punctured. Abdomen sparsely and finely

punctured ; first tergite much broader than long ; pygidial

area long and narrow, gradually narrowed from the base and

very narrowly rounded at the apex.

&. Clypeus subcarinate longitudinally in the middle from

the apex to the middle; the apex very shallowly and rather

widely emarginate, the angles of the emargination slightly

produced. yes distinctly divergent towards the clypeus,

but not as strongly as in the female; first tergite much

broader than long; sixth sternite with a long spine on each

side at the apical angles ; pygidial area parallel-sided, much

longer than broad, truncate at the apex, rugose.

Hab. Calcutta district (Rothney), ex coll. Cameron; 1 9,

1236. ;

This was identified by Cameron as C. vigilans, Sm., to

which it bears a strong superficial resemblance; but the

Mr. Rt. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 269

structure is utterly different in many points, especially the

form and colour of the clypeus in both sexes, the sculpture of

the basal area of the median segment, the form of the pygidial

area in the female and the presence of spines on the sixth

sternite of the male.

Subfamily Srrzzmvz.

Stizus anchorites, sp. n.

3. Niger; labro, seapo subtus, fronte sub antennis, tergitoque

tertio fascia basali interrupta flavis; clypeo apice, mandibulis,

apice excepto, antennis, intra medium et apicem fuscis, orbitis

externis, pronoto margine postico, mesonoto lateribus anguste,

tegulis, scutello, postscutello, segmento mediano fascia obliqua

utrinque, tergitoque primo basi obscure ferrugineis; genubus,

tibiis tarsisque testaceis, posticis supra infuscatis; alis fusco-

hyalinis, apice late hyalinis.

Long. 16 mm.

¢. Hyes slightly convergent towards the clypeus. Apical

joint of the flagellum scarcely as long as the penultimate,

very feebly curved. Clypeus broadly and very shallowly

emarginate at the apex, feebly convex, closely microscopically

punctured. ‘Thorax and median segment very closely and

not very finely punctured. Abdomen closely punctured,

finely on the basal, more strongly on the apical segments ;

seventh tergite broad, rounded at the apex, the sides distinctly

sinuate. first transverse cubital nervure slightly curved

near the cubitus. The hyaline margin of the wing reaches

beyond the third transverse cubital nervure and beyond the

second recurrent nervure.

Hab. Maasara, eastern desert, 10 miles south of Cairo,

September 19, 1913 (Egyptian Department of Agriculture) ;

toe

This belongs to the group of S. fasciatus, Fabr., but the

colouring is very different and the seventh tergite more dis-

tinctly sinuate at the sides. The description of S. pictus,

Dahlb., taken from a female, somewhat resembles this species,

but the three apical abdominal segments are said to be flavo-

testaceous. SS. pictus seems to be unknown to recent authors;

it is also an Egyptian species. he tergites of the present

species are in certain lights tinted with fusco-castaneous.

Stizus storey?, sp. n.

$. Niger; flagello subtus, articulo seeundo basi, articuloque apicali,

orbitis externis, pronoto, mesonoto lateribus anguste, tegulis,

270 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.

scutello postscutelloque ferrugineis ; clypeo, fronte, scapo subtus,

tergitis 3-6, apice anguste fuscis, sternitisque quarto quintoque

flavis ; tibiis tarsisque anticis, tibiisque intermediis subtus flavo-

testaceis ; alis infuscatis, apice late hyalinis.

Long. 18 mm.

3. Eyes slightly convergent towards the clypeus, Apical

joint of the flagellum no longer than the penultimate, not

much curved. Clypeus subemarginate at the apex, minutely

and closely punctured. Mesonotum and scutellum very

closely punctured-rugulose and clothed with very short

cinereous hairs. Abdomen closely and finely punctured ;

seventh tergite rounded at the apex, feebly sinuate on the

sides. First transverse cubital nervure slightly curved near

the cubitus. The hyaline margin of the wing reaches to the

apex of the radial cell, enters the third cubital cell, and

almost reaches the first recurrent nervure.

Hab. Sagfra, 10 miles south of Cairo, June 8, 1917

(Egyptian Department of Agriculture); 1 ¢.

This seems to belong to the group of S. fasciatus, Fabr.,

but the clypeus and front are distinctly narrower than in that

species; the structure of the flagellum is almost the same,

also the neuration. The colouring, however, is extremely

distinct.

Stizus spinulosus, Rad.

Stizus spinulosus, Rad. Hore Soe. Ent Ross. xii. p. 186 (1876). &.

Hab. Solloum, on western coastal frontier of Egypt,

May 22, 1917 (Egyptian Department of Agriculture); 1 @.

Stizus citrinus, Klug.

Larra citrina, Klug, Symbol physice, tab. xlvi. fig. 4 (1845). 2.

Hab. Kharga Oasis, September 28, 1914 (Egyptian De-

partment of Agriculture) ; 1 @.

As noticed by Handlirsch, this species belongs to the group

of S. tridentatus.

Subfamily Crasronrym.

Crabro wickwari, sp. 0.

Q. Chalybea; mandibulis, apice excepto, scapo, pronoto linea

utrinque, callis humeralibus, scutello macula parva angulis

basalibus, tergitis 2-5 linea transversa utrinque, tibiis extus

linea, femoribus anticis subtus linea basali, intermediis macula

Mr. F. A. Bather on Pholidocidaris anceps. 271

apicali, metatarsisque intermediis posticisque, apice excepto, albo-

flavidis ; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis ; mesonoto antice transverse

striato, postice punctato.

Long. 11 mm.

9. Clypeus with a median carina, bluntly pointed at the

apex, and clothed with close silver pubescence; mandibles

tridentate, the middle tooth much longer than either the

upper or lower. Eyes separated at the base of the clypeus

by a distance equal to about one-third of the length of the

scape, the facets in front very large. Head rather broader

than the thorax, shining, minutely punctured, more closely

on the front than on the vertex. Ocelli in a broad triangle ;

the posterior pair much further from each other than from

the anterior one, a little further from the eyes than from each

other, and at least half as far again from the hind margin of

the head as from each other. Pronotum transverse, almost

smooth ; mesonotum closely transversely striated on the ante-

rior half ; the posterior half finely punctured, with oblique

strize on the sides. Scutellum and pleure finely punctured ;

basal area of the median segment longitudinally striated.

Abdomen shining, minutely punctured, pygidial area long

and narrow. First and second abscisse of the radius sub-

equal; recurrent nervure received shortly before the apex of

the cubital cell.

Hab. Kandy, Ceylon, September 1918 (0. S. Wickwar) ;

eo,

This belongs to the group of C. fossorius, L., and C. chry-

sites, Kohl, but is very distinct in the beautiful steel-blue

colour, the less robust form, and the reduced size and pale

colour of the markings. The sculpture of the mesonotum is

similar to that of C. chrysites, but is stronger than in that

species. Superficially this species resembles Gorytes ceru-

lescens, Turn., the colouring in both species being unique in

the genus.

XXXV.—Pholidocidaris anceps: a Correction.

By F. A. Batuer, F.R.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

In attempting to interpret the structure of Austin’s holotype

of Protoéchinus (Jan. 1918, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 9,

vol. i. p. 40) I fell into the very mistake that I was trying to

272 Mr. F. A. Bather on Pholidocidaris anceps.

avoid—a mistake due to the fact that the specimen is seen

from the inside. In numbering the columns of inter-

ambulacrals I forgot to reverse my tracing, as I had intended,

with the result that the numbers on the diagram (p. 48) are

wrong. This was pointed out by my friend Dr. R. T. Jack-

son in a letter of 14th Feb., 1918. As the simplest way of

putting the matter right, [ avail myself of his kind permission

to print some of his informal remarks, and reproduce the

diagram with corrected columns and numbers.

HioLerypz

X %, diam.

FPROTCECHINUS

ANCEPS Austin

Dr. Jackson writes :—

“‘ As regards the numbering of columns in interambulacrum

C, as it is an internal view I should have column 1 on

the right (compare Perischodomus, my plate 64, fig. 2).

Column 2 would then come on the left, column 3 would fall

to the right, with the second plate truncating its dorsal

border as usual. Column 4 would then start in a plate which

is practically pentagonaland onthe right of thecentre. This,

which J call the initial plate of column 4, does not make a

very good plate for the second plate in column 3, following

your lettering. Column 5 starts with a pentagon, and, as I

imagine, passes through the small fragmentary plate on the

dorsal border of the initial pentagon. The plate on the left

(if there are two plates, which looks probable to me) would.

apparently then be the initial plate of column 6, which falls

to the left of the centre (right of the centre as seen from the

outside). All this something as I show in Hyattechinus

On Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum. 273

rarispinus, plate 23, fig. 1, area I. This is an external sand-

stone mold of the ventral side seen from above, and is there-

fore reversed, as is your specimen of Pholidocidaris anceps

seen from within. 2

“‘T found in the great preponderance of cases in Paleozoic

Hehini that odd-numbered columns, while starting in the

centre, passed upwards to the left of the centre. On the other

hand, even-numbered columns usually start on the right of

the centre and maintain that position throughout their extent.

Such being the case, I feel that such is the probable course in

any given specimen until it proves itself exceptional.

“This internal and external view business and molds of

exterior and interior seen in reverse are the most confusing

things to keep true orientation straight in that I ever

tackled.”

XXXVI.— Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum.—I.

By T. D. A. CockEre.L, University of Colorado.

Tue British Eocene insects hitherto described consist of three

species of Coleoptera, one of Isoptera, and one of Odonata.

The two latter, published in recent years, are in the British

Museum. Dr. F. A. Bather has kindly transmitted to: me

the undescribed Eocene material belonging to the Museum,

and included with it I find the type-specimens of two of the

already-named Coleoptera. These were figured by Westwood

in 1854, without names; in 1856 names were supplied by

Giebel. |

In the present paper I complete the account of the Hocene

material, aside from the Coleoptera, which will be discussed

separately. Six species are described, more than doubling

the list, and adding three orders. The ants are the oldest

Old-World species. ‘The Fulgorid represents a type of

broad-winged moth-like Homoptera, well developed to-day in

the Oriental region, but especially prominent in the Hocene

fauna of the Rocky Mountains, as I shall show in a paper

now awaiting publication. So far as can be seen, the Hnglish

insect belongs to one of the American genera. The most

remarkable find, however, is a large wing belonging to the

Mesozoic family Pseudosiricide. Its discovery is almost as

startling as that of a Tertiary dinosaur; but after careful

study I cannot separate the species from the Mesozoic group,

and, indeed, it is ‘very close to the genus Formicium.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9: Vol. v. 19

274 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Fossil Arthropods

The specimens in Burmese amber (burmite) are also of

Tertiary age, and were sent by Mr. R. C. J. Swinhoe, of

Mandalay, who kindly presents them to the British Museum.

The character and age of the beds has been discussed in

earlier papers, particularly Amer. Journ. Science, Aug. 1916,

p.oas

PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA.

Garypus burmiticus, sp.n. (Fig. 1.)

Legs and pedipalpi intense black; apparently no tro-

chantins. Pedipalp with coxa elongated, produced apically ;

femur ordinary, rather stout, about 450 uw long ; tibia about

350 uw long, very stout, obtusely angulate on inner side; hand

long (about 800 ~), with a narrow neck, followed by a broad

Fig. 1.

Garypus burmiticus, Ckll.

base which tapers gradually to the apex, the outer margin

beyond the basal curve being practically straight ; the pedi-

palp has very few hairs, longest on the hand. Jaw with a

long serrula, not detached apically; no flagellum ; stylet

present.

Burmese amber, from R. C. J. Swinhoe.

Represented by a cast skin, about 6 mm., from the type of

Epyris atavellus. The serrula, shown in the figure, is about

70 pw long.

I concluded that this could go in Garypus, and, sending a

copy of my figures to Dr. N. Banks, am informed by him

that, so far as these go, there is no reason for objecting to the

reference. Among the species of Baltic amber there is a

resemblance in the pedipalp to Olisium rathkit, Koch and

Berendt, though in our Garypus the hand is conspicuously

more attenuate. ;

in the British Museum. 275

INSECTA.

ORTHOPTERA.

Pyenoscelus (?) gardneri, sp. n. (Blattide).

Tegmen about 30 mm. long and 12 broad ; marginal field

broad, with elevated and broadly rounded base, the width

(depth) of the field near base 3 mm. ; subcosta and branches

of radius very oblique ; subcosta running parallel with first

branch of radius (its total length from base of tegmen

12-7 mm.), giving off a branch about 4°2 mm. from end, and

another, rudimentary, one about 1°5 mm. earlier; radius with

very numerous superior branches, first simple, second and

third with long forks, fourth with short fork, fifth with two

long branches, sixth and seventh each with a long fork, the

forked branches with long stems; radial sector arising about

11°5 mm. from base of tegmen ; media and cubitus between

them with about nine principal branches, between which are

conspicuous supplementary veins; cross-veins present. The

inferior basal area of tegmen is lost.

Bagshot Beds, Bournemouth (J. S. Gardner). British

Museum, In. 19030.

This agrees with the modern Pycnoscelus surinamensis (L.)

in the broad marginal field, general size of tegmen, two-

branched subcosta, general character of branches of radius,

early origin of radial sector, and numerous branches of media,

with supplementary veins between. There are no visible

differences which could possibly be regarded as of generic

value ; but as we have only an incomplete tegmen, the generic

reference must be considered provisioual. The amber Blattida

are very different.

Allopterites (gen. nov.) multilineatus, sp. n. (Gryllide).

Lower wing as preserved 19 mm. long, but probable total

length about 23 mm.

Costa nearly straight ; subcosta, radius, and media running

parallel below it, the intervals between them less than the

width of the veins; media giving off very numerous (many

more than in Gryllus) oblique brauches, which are directed

toward the apex of the wing ; all these veins are ferruginous

as preserved, and ‘the branches of the media are obliquely

crossed by numerous (four in 2 mm.) continuous veins of the

same colour, directed upward and outward (like the cross-veins

in Mantoida), forming angles of about 45° with the branches.

These oblique cross-veins abruptly cease at the lowest branch

19%

276 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Fossil Arthropods

of media, and do not pass on to the cubitus. There are six

or more anals close together at base, as in Gryllus.

Bagshot Beds, Bournemouth (J. §. Gardner). British

Museum, In. 19032.

This singular but imperfect wing certainly appears to

belong to the Gryllide, not very far from Gryllus, but it will

easily be known by the peculiar markings.

HOMOPTERA.

Hammapteryx anglica, sp. n. (Fulgoride).

Anterior wing about 15 mm. long and 7 broad, without

markings.

Costa strongly arched, the costal area deep (2 mm. near

base), crossed by numerous (about five in 2 mm.) simple

veins arising from the subcosta, the first few practically

vertical, the others oblique ; radius emitting the sector very

near (about 2 mm. from) base, as in Scolypopa, the sector

forking about 3 mm. from its origin; media complex,

branching very near base, the upper branch forking 2 mm. -

beyond level of fork of radial sector, the lower branch forking

at same level as fork of radial sector, and the lower division

of this again forking. ‘The radius follows a straight course

until it reaches the apical third of wing, when it is deflected

downward. In the apical third of wing the parallel veins are

extremely numerous, about eight in 2 mm.

Bagshot Beds, Bournemouth (J. S. Gardner). British

Museum, I. 15030.

Differs from typical Hammapteryx (North American.

Eocene) by the broader costal area, but appears to be con-

generic.

In. 19031, from the same locality and collector, appears to

be the same species, but is too imperfect for positive identifi-

cation.

HYMENOPTERA.

Epyris atavellus, sp. n. (Bethylide). (Fig. 2.)

3 .—Length a little over 3 mm.

Black, with the legs dark reddish fuscous. Head oblong,

longer than broad; antenne 13-jointed, extending beyond

tegule, thick basally, more slender in middle, but broad

though flattened apically ; second antenne joint very short,

50 w long, third 130 w long. Prothorax very long, distance

from tegule to base of head almost or quite equal to length

of head ; thorax not robust, metathorax long. Wings hyaline,

in the British Museum. 277

stigma and nervures reddish, the stigma dark; marginal

cell open at end, discoidal nervure represented by a stump.

Anterior and middle legs ordinary, but hind femora strongly

swollen basally. Abdomen fusiform, not very long.

Epyris atavellus, sp. nu.

A. Anterior wing. B. Base of antenna. C. Prothorax,

D. Hind femur.

Burmese amber, from R. C. J. Swinhoe. In a large slab,

10 mm. from outer margin of obtuse corner of broader end.

This appears to belong to that group of Hpyris which has

sometimes been referred to Mesztius, but it is a smaller insect,

with much longer prothorax, than H. deletus, Brues, from the

Florissant Miocene. Hpyris, taken in the broader sense, is

a very large genus, still abundant in most parts of the world,

especially in tropical regions. ‘he larve are parasitic on

Coleoptera.

Ccophylla bartoniana, sp. n. (Formicidae).

Anterior wing 12°3 mm. long.

Marginal cell very narrow ; lower section of basal nervure

longest ; submarginal cell with its apical angle about a right

angle. The following measurements are in w :—Upper section

of basal nervure 640; lower section of basal nervure 800;

lower end of basal nervure to transverso-medial 1200; greatest

depth of submarginal cell 1250,

Bagshot Beds (Bartonian), Bournemouth (J. S. Gardner).

British Museum, In. 19036.

Very closely allied to @. perdita, Ckll., from the Oligocene

at Gurnet Bay, but the transverso-medial nervure is much

nearer the basal.

278 On Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum.

Formica heteroptera, sp. n. (Formicidae).

Anterior wing about 13°5 mm. long; submarginal cell 2 mm.

Marginal cell extremely narrow, formed as in Colobopsis

stricta. (Jerdon) ; submarginal cell small and narrow ;

discoidal cell quadrate, higher than long. The following

measurements are in w#:— Width (depth) of marginal cell 352;

upper portion of basal nervure 480; lower section of basal

nervure (which is arched, and not in a straight line with

upper portion) 960; discoidal cell on submarginal about 560;

lower end of basal to transverso-medial 1120; greatest

depth of submarginal cell (at level of end of discoidal)

about 800. The terminal section of the medius is strongly

arched.

Bagshot Beds, Bournemouth (J. S. Gardner). British

Museum, In. 19033. The reverse is labelled In. 18587, and

should come from Creech according to the accompanying list,

but this is evidently an error.

This is a very singular species, combining the characters

of Colobopsis and Formica, but in some respects different from

both. When better known it may prove referable to a

distinct genus. I do not know the venation of the genus

Glaphyromyrmex, Wheeler, from Baltic amber.

Megapterites (gen. nov.) mirabilis, sp. n. (Pseudosiricide).

(Fig. 3.)

So far as the anterior wing shows, the genus is similar to

Formicium, Westwood, but the first marginal cell is much

Fig. 3.

Megapterites mirabilis.

higher than long, much narrowed above, bell-shaped ; the

anterior and posterior sides of second discoidal cell are not

nearly parallel; the transverso-medial has its lower end a

little basad of the upper (compare Teredon) ; the vein M,

leaves setond discoidal cell near the lower end of its outer

side, and is distinctly arched, as in many ants. The second

On a new Three-toed Jerboa from China. 279

submarginal cell is very long and narrow, and the marginal

cell appears to be open, as in all Pseudosiricide.

Length of wing as preserved 45 mm., probable total length

at least 50 mm.

Basal nervure falling just short of transverso-medial ;

lower section of basal nervure arched, 5 mm. long, forming

nearly a right angle with the upper section, as in Formicium,

the upper section 2 mm. long ; first discoidal cell 5 mm. long ;

second 5°5 mm. on upper side and 8 on lower; second sub-

marginal cell about 6 mm. long and hardly 2 mm. wide;

marginal cell about 2°4 mm. wide (deep), the marginal

nervure (radial sector) perfectly straight. The cubital nervure

diverges from the marginal, so that 10 mm. beyond end of

second submarginal cell they are 4°3 mm. apart.

Bagshot Beds, Bournemouth (J. S. Gardner). British

Museum, I. 2596, with reverse.

Related to Formicium, Westwood, from the Lower Purbeck

at Durdlestone Bay. Handlirsch treats Formictum as a

synonym of Pseudosirex, but it is clearly a distinct genus.

XXXVII.—A new Three-toed Jerboa from China.

By ARTHUR DE Care Sowersy, F.Z.S., F.R.G.S.

In a collection of mammals presented by Mr. J. D. de La Touche

to the British Museum are two specimens of a three-toed

jerboa belonging to the genus Dzpus, which were collected by

Mr. A. L. Hall at Chih-feng in North-eastern Chihli on or

near the Mongolian border. They represent a form closely

related to Dipus sowerbyi, originally described by Mr. Oldfield

Thomas * from specimens collected by myself in the Yu-lin-fu

district on the border of the Ordos Desert, some 500 miles to

the south-west of Chih-feng ; but since they present diffe-

rences in cranial and body measurements, as well as a slight

variation in colour, and having regard to their geographical

distribution, they may be considered as belonging to a distinct

species, which, in view of the fact that he was the original

collector, I propose to name after Mr. Hall :—

Inpus halli, sp. n.

In size this new species is somewhat larger than D. sow-

erbyi, which in turn was described as being larger than

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. ii. (Sept. 1908).

280 On a new Three-toed Jerboa from China.

D. sagitta and D.-deasyi, B.-Ham. The type-specimen of

D. halli, measured in the flesh, was 5’ or 127 mm., while the

largest specimen of D. sowerbyi in the British Museum

collection, measured in the flesh, was 117 mm., the type-

specimen measuring 116 mm. ‘The tail, as judged from the

second of the two specimens, that of the type being imperfect,

is about equal to that of D. sowerbyi., Other measurements

were not made in the flesh, but from a comparison of thie

dried speciniens a noticeable difference appears in the relative

lengths of the hind feet, that of D. halli being some 5 mm.

shorter than in the type-specimen of D. sowerbyi. The ear,

as far as can be judged, is about the same length in the two

forms. In colour and markings D. halli may be said to be

as in D. sowerby?, except that the general shade of the upper

parts is less buffy and more drab; but it must be stated in

this connection that one specimen of D. sowerbyi in the

British Museum collection comes very near to D. halli in the

drabbiness of its colour. General colour drab-fawn on thie

head and back, shading to buff-fawn on the sides; outer

surface of thighs rich buffy, as in D. sowerby7; tail in second

specimen much worn, but apparently much as in D. sowerbyi

—1. ¢., ‘ buffy or pale fawn above, white below ; the terminal

half-inch white, the blackish band preceding it about three-

quarters of an inch in length.” The whole of the under

surface, together with the fore legs, inner surface of thighs,

hind feet below the heel, and rump-streak white.

Skull—Larger, longer, and with smaller bulle than in

D, sowerbyi, the nasals also being distinctly longer and

slightly broader. In reference to this last characteristic, it

may be stated that the muzzle of D. sowerbyi was described

as broader than in J). deasyi. Otherwise the skull of our

new species agrees very much with that of D. sowerbyt.

Dimensions of type :—

Head and body 127 mm. (5'’); tail (imperfect) ; hind foot

(measured in dried specimen) 60; ear (measured in dried

specimen) 18.

Skull: greatest length 37; basilar length 28:2; greatest

breadth 24:2; nasals 15; breadth of muzzle 5:9; palatilar

length 22; palatal foramina 6x3; length of upper tooth-

row (molars only) 5°8.

Hab. Chih-teng, N.E. Chihli, N. China.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 19.12. 22.15. Kept in

captivity, died and skinned Dec. 1916. Collected by Mr. A.

L. Hall, presented by Mr. J. D. de La Touche. Two

specimens.

The two specimens were taken by Mr. Hall some time in

On a new Gecko and a new Snake from Sumatra. 281

1915, and were given to Mr. La Touche, who kept them alive

in captivity till December 1916. Unfortunately confinement

somewhat damaged the specimens, their hair becoming unduly

worn, especially on the tails and hind feet. Nevertheless, I

think there can be no doubt about their representing a

distinct species. The area in which they were collected is

divided from the Ordos Desert, the home of Dipus sowerbyi,

by a wide stretch of country occupied more or less by moun-

tains and hills, often of a well-wooded nature, where no form

of jerboa exists. The discovery of this form in North-eastern

Chibhli marks a further eastward extension of the known

range of Dipus by another 500 miles, and it is possible that

it extends even further to the extreme eastern edge of the

Mongolian desert, where that country comes into contact

with Manchuria. 4

XXXVIII.— Descriptions of a new Gecko and a new Snake

Srom Sumatra. By G. A. BouLENGER, F.R.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

A SMALL collection made by Mr. C. J. Brooks, the discoverer

of the remarkable Bornean Dyscophid frog Colpoglossus

brooksit, described in these ‘Annals’ in 1904, in Sumatra

between 1912 and 1917, and presented.by him to the British

Museum, contains examples of the following species, some of

which (marked with an asterisk) have not been recorded

from Sumatra before :—

BATRACHIANS: Ichthyophis glutinosus, L., Bufo jerboa,

Blgr.*, Rhacophorus leucomystax, Gravenh.

REPTILES: Gecko stentor, Cant., Gecko brooksii, sp. n.*,

Ptychozoon homalocephalum, Crev., P. horsfieldii, Gray *,

Draco obscurus, Blgr.*, Mabuia rugifera, Stol., Lygosoma

vittigerum, Blgr.*, Typhlops nigroalbus, D. & B., Xenopeltis

unicolor, Reinw., Tropidonotus trianguligerus, Boie, T. con-

spicillatus, Gthr., Lyeodon albofuscus, D. & B., Coluber mela-

nurus, Schleg., Dendrophis pictus, Gm., Simotes purpurascens,

Schleg., S. octolineatus, Schn., Calamaria alide, sp. n.*,

Nata tripudians, var. leucodira, Blzgr.

The locality is Lebong Tandai in Benkoelen.

Geeko brooksii, sp. n.

Body elougate; head once and three-fourths as long as

282 Ona new Gecko and a new Snake from Sumatra.

broad; ear-opening very small, round; limbs bordered by

dermal folds; digits strongly dilated, fully half-webbed.

Rostral twice as broad as deep, without median cleft, entering

the nostril; three nasals, the upper separated from its fellow

by a single small shield; 11 upper labials to below the centre

of the eye, first entering the nostril; symphysial smaller

than the adjacent labials; no chin-shields, small polygonal

flat scales passing gradually into the minute gular granules.

Upper parts with uniform flat granules, which are very small

on the snout and minute on tlre back of the head, the body,

and the limbs; ventral scales larger, subimbricate. Male

with a long uninterrupted series of 40 preanal and femoral

pores (21-19). ‘l'ail somewhat flattened, with small granules

above and larger flat scales beneath, divided into segments

and defined on each side by a large tuylangular projecting

scale. Pale greyish brown above, with brown dots crowded

together to form five festooned bars across the body ; lower

parts white.

Brom) snout, to wens. he Af eeeeee 58

- i 0) gS ETN) Oh a 5 Se 19

lead: 2:siraw eic Gleason OL Ea 14

Waadthcot head 4ieuhan «Abiotic 8

Horedimbs.a.ivae oe Ae eee 14

Hind: lambs ge ats ee Oh eas eee 19

alow eee are cd ee Pte oe a sae tei 46

A single male specimen.

Two species with half-webbed toes were previously known

—Gecko palmatus, Blgr., from the Man Son Mountains,

Tonkin, and G. rhacophorus, Blgr., from Mount Kina Balu,

Borneo. The former differs in the larger, broader head and

the presence of chin-shields and of scattered enlarged tubercles

on the back, the latter in the same characters and in the

remarkable scalloped membrane along the side of the body

and the very different shape of the tail.

Calamaria alide, sp. n.

Rostral as deep as broad, the portion visible from above

one-half its distance from the frontal, which is longer than

broad, twice as broad as the supraocular, and shorter than

the parietals ; no preocular, one postocular ; 5 upper labials,

third and fourth entering the eye, the diameter of which

nearly equals its distance from the mouth; symphysial in

contact with the anterior chin-shields. 13 rows of scales.

Ventrals 196 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 23. ‘Tail rounded at

On Two new Asiatic Bats. 2383

the end. Blackish above, with an orange vertebral streak,

one scale in width, broken up into three elongate spots on the

anterior part of the body, and a pale greyish brown streak on

each side; these streaks becoming less distinct on the poste-

rior part of the body; a yellow spot on each of the scales

forming the two outer series on each side; ventrals yellow,

with a dark brown spot at each end, these spots forming a

lateral streak ; lower half of upper labials yellow; a dark

brown streak between the two series of subcaudals on the

second half of the tail.

Total length 220 mm. ; tail 20 mm.

A single specimen.

Near C. sumatrana, Edeling, which differs in the presence

of a preocular, in the pointed tail, in the lower number of

ventral shields, and in the coloration.

Named in memory of the late Mrs. Brooks, who helped

her husband in collecting in Sumatra.

XXXIX.—Two new Asiatic Bats of the Genera Tadarida

and Dyacopterus. By OLDFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

THE subjects of the two following descriptions have been

recently presented to the National Museum by their respective

collectors.

Tadarida latouchet, sp. n.

Allied to T. teniotis, but conspicuously smaller.

General characters of TZ. teniotts. Colour above near

“clove-brown,” the hairs whitish at base, their extreme tips

pale drab, forming a prominent light ticking. Under

surface scarcely paler, the hairs of chin and throat brown to

their tips, those of chest and belly light-tipped like those of

the back. ars in general structure like those of teniotis, but

smaller; internal basal keel scarcely thickened externally,

well fringed with hair; tragus smaller than in tendotis, about

of the same shape, its antero-internal corner with a well-

marked tuft. [This description of the ears, being based on

dried skins, will no doubt need revision when spirit-specimens

are available. |

Skull very similar in shapg to that of tenzotis, but markedly

284 Mr. O. Thomas on

smaller ; not so flattened as in many of the African species.

Small anterior premolar well developed, its cross-section

about equalling that of the upper incisor. Lower incisors

six In number,

Dimensions of the type (barely adult) :—

Forearm 56°5 mm.

Head and body 76 ; tail 43; ear 23; third finger, meta-

carpal 53, first phalanx 20°5, second phalanx 18.

Skull: greatest length 21°7 ; condylo-basal length 21:2 ;

zygomatic breadth 12°2 ; interorbital breadth 4:2; mastoid

breadth 12; palato-sinual length 7-1; front of canine to

back of m? 8, front of p* to back of m? 4°9.

Hab. N.E. Chibli, China. Type from Chin-wang-tao, on

the sea-coast.

Type. Young adult male (basilar suture not quite closed).

B.M. no. 19.12. 22.2. Collected 9th September, 1917, and

presented by J. D. La Touche, Esq. ‘Two specimens.

This is by far the greatest north-eastward occurrence of

the genus Tadarida, the nearest locality recorded being that

of the TJ. tenzotzs obtained by Swinhoe at Amoy. Another

specimen of the latter, captured at sea in the Formosa Channel,

has also been presented to us by Mr. La Touche.

This species, which I have much pleasure in naming after

its discoverer, is readily distinguished from 7. teniotis by its

smaller size, as gauged by its smaller skull and smaller teeth.

The second species is a fruit-bat belonging to the genus

Dyacopterus, hitherto only known from the type-specimen of

D. spadiceus of Borneo. ‘The latter was a skin with broken

ears, no palate-ridges, and imperfect skull, so that Mr. Brooks’s

perfect specimen, preserved in spirit, is of special value. It

proves to be of a species very closely allied to, but different

from, D. spadiceus, and may be called

Dyacopterus brookst, sp. n.

Near D. spadiceus, but larger and more uniformly coloured.

Size greater than in spadiceus, the skull being larger and

bulkier in all dimensions, though the forearm is but little

longer. Ears short, narrow, pointed, the anterior margin

evenly convex, the posterior nearly straight. Neck-tufts not

more developed in the male dbrooksi than it is in the female

spadiceus, little darker than the yellowish fur surrounding it. .

Edge of upper lips with prominent warts; pad at tip of lower

Two new Asiatic Bats. 285

lips divided in centre. Palate-ridges numerous, closely set,

about 17-19 in number, but irregular, not quite corresponding

on the two sides; the posterior half of them divided in the

centre by a median groove; their pattern widely different.

from that of any species of the Cynopturus group, or, indeed,

any other figured in Anderson’s Catalogue, but most re-

sembling—allowing for the wide difference in number—those

ot Nyctimene cyclotis (p. 687), though all are equally bowed,

instead of there being one or more straight ones anteriorly.

Colour very like that of D. spadiceus, brown above and on

the sides, dull whitish on the chest and belly. Yellowish

area on shoulders of rather larger extent. But the face is not

so markedly blackened.

Skull larger and heavier throughout than in spadiceus, the

zygomatic spread especially netable. Supraorbital foramina

similarly minute.

Canines long and strongly grooved. — Posterior basal ledges

of all teeth rather less developed than in the allied species.

Height of premolars greater.

Dimensions of the type (a spirit-specimen) :—

Forearm 82 mm.

Head and body 118; tail 18; ear 19x10; third finger,

metacarpal 58, first phalanx 38, second phalanx 47; lower

leg and hind foot (c. u.) 48. : ,

Skull: greatest length 40°2; condylo-basal length 37 ;

zygomatic breadth 27-4; orbit to nares 9°2; interorbital

breadth 8°6 ; across postorbital processes 15-7 ; intertemporal

breadth 6°6; mastoid breadth 16; palatal length 20°5;

maxillary tooth-row 14:2.

Hab. Lebong Tandai, Upper Ketaun River, about 100 miles

north of Bencoolen, Sumatra.

Type. Adult male in alcohol. B.M. no. 20. 1. 15.1.

Collected and presented by Cecil J. Brooks, Esq.

Considering that in the Cynopturus group, so far as we

know, there is practically no difference in size between the

sexes, the greater bulk of the Sumatran Dyacopterus appears

to necessitate its distinction from the Bornean form. Its

browner colour and less blackened head also lead to the same

conclusion.

Mr. Brooks is to be congratulated on his discovery of this

interesting fruit-bat, the second specimen and first male ever

recorded of the genus Dyacopterus.

286 Mr. L. B. Prout on new

XL.—New Moths in the Joicey Collection.

By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S.

Family Arctiidae.

1. Utethetsa dorsifumata, sp. n.

3 ? .—38-42 mm.

Decidedly larger on an average than pulchelloides, Hmpsn.,

further differing as follows :—

Head more ochreous (less mixed with white). Abdomen

dorsally with strong smoky suffusions.

Fore wing with the black lines macular, but strongly

thickened, the spots usually in part confluent ; a characteristic

longitudinal black white-ringed spot behind the end of M

and the base of M’; red spots more quadrate in form, more

completely (though very slenderly) dark-edged ; terminal

black spots more consistently and uniformly continued across

cilia.

Hind wing of ¢ with a black-grey streak (1 or 2 mm. in

length) along middle part of the ridge which overhangs the

inner-marginal pocket ; hair-pencil apparently less developed

and whiter; discal mark in both sexes varying in develop-

ment (strong to obsolescent), perhaps stronger in the ? than

in the ¢; apical border rather broad ; hamate patch with its

posterior edge longer than its anterior, produced to a proximal

point on or just behind M’; dark terminal markings between

fold and tornus better developed.

Fore wing beneath with the white parts suffused with

smoke-colour, except for a clear patch at and sometimes

beyond end of cell. Hind wing beneath with the dark

markings enlarged.

Angi Lakes, Arfak Mtns., North Dutch New Guinea,

6000 tt., Jan—Feb. 1914 (4., C., & F. Pratt); 386,

ae ae ak

The increase of black more recalls sa/omonis, Rthschd., and

ruberrima, Rthschd., but they have both more nearly the g

antenna of pectinata, Hmpsn. The group still needs careful

revision on extensive material, but the present species is

sufficiently outstanding.

Family Hypside.

2. Nyctemera pellex pervecta, subsp. n.

3 3 —37-41 mm.

On an average smaller than the other races of pellea, Linn.,

Moths in the Joicey Collection. 287

but distinguished at once by having the large roundish or

oval discal patch of the fore wing prolonged into a band

which reaches the costal margin (except for a brown line

along the costal margin itself) and also reaches SM?, some-

times continuing to the hind margin. This band varies in

width and exact shape, but may always be characterized as

sinuous-edged proximally, projecting in middle distally, and

more or less attenuated posteriorly. Proximal hind-marginal

white patch of fore wing reduced or almost wanting, proximal

white spot in cell occasionally (as also in other races) minute

or obsolete.

Tenimber Islands: Yamdena (W. J. C. Frost), type 3,

allotype ?, and others in coll. Joicey. Also in coll. Tring

Museum.

3. Nystemera albipuncta zoilides, subsp. n.

¢ .—36 mm.

Head and body as in a. albipuncta, Druce (P. Z. S. 1888,

. 573).

. Fore wing with the subbasal white patch wanting, that in

the middle of the wing much reduced, forming a roundish

spot of less than 3. mm. diameter, anteriorly reaching middle

of cell, posteriorly just crossing M?; all the submarginal

spots reduced, the second and fourth thus becoming mere

dots.

Hind wing with the black costal border uniform, reaching

SC; distal border broadened, the contained white spots some-

what reduced.

Rook Is., Aug. 1913 (A. S. Meek). Type in coll. Joicey.

The mimetic resemblance to the Rook Island form of

Tellervo zoilus, Cram., is rather striking.

4, Pericopis tricolor albisarta, subsp. n.

? .—74-80 mm.

Fore wing with the oblique pale transverse band and the

half-band beyond it both well-developed and very white, only

anteriorly and at extreme edges powdered with dark scales,

vein M! between them scarcely bordered by any dark

irroration.

Hind wing with an additional patch of very pale yellow

scales at end of cell, of which ¢. tricolor, Sulz. (Gesch. Ins.

t. xxii. fig. 5), shows no trace.

Bolivia: Mapiri (type); Prov. del Sara (paratype).

288 Mr. L. B. Prout on new

5. Phaloé isosoma, sp. n.

9 .—56 mm.

Head black, spotted with white, conspicuous being a more

or less triangular white spot at each corner of face, the upper

pair the larger ; postorbital rim white. Palpus black, some-

what marked with white near base; third joint elongate.

Antenna black, the pectinations about as long as diameter

of shaft. Thorax above brown-black, anteriorly dotted with

white. Abdomen above and beneath white, with narrow

dark segmental rings, an ill-defined, interrupted, narrow

median dorsal stripe and a rather less narrow lateral one.

Legs longitudinally striped black and white.

Fore wing brown-black, not quite opaquely scaled ; veins

black ; a red line or narrow streak from base in front of C,

about 8 mm. in length; an oblique pale band from costa

before middle running in direction of tornus, but ending at

fold, white at costal end, otherwise pale brownish grey, sub-

translucent; a subtranslucent (but whiter) subapical patch

from SC® to near R*, narrowing posteriorly.

Hind wing with M? stalked with R*, as in patula, Walk.,

trotschi, Druce, veronia, Druce, etc., but not in the geno-

type; predominantly white, becoming translucent in end of

cell and outwards, from R}! to behind M? (possibly here

rubbed, but quite uniform on the two wings) ; a small slight

dark basal patch; a black distal border of about 5 mm.

breadth, slightly broader apically and narrower near tornus,

its proximal border slightly crenulate, especially in posterior

half; a minute white terminal mark between SC? and R',

extending on to the fringes.

Fore wing beneath with the red costal streak rather

broader and brighter, proximally slightly underlined with

white on C ; median band white ; subapical patch nearly as

above ; a white streak behind cell, interrupted near base and

not reaching base of M?; a white terminal spot between the

medians. Hind wing beneath white, with the subtrans-

lucent patch as above ; veins somewhat blackened, especially

C and SC and the space between them prior to their diver-

gence; black border as above, but with the spot between

SC? and R? rather larger, an abdominal white terminal spot

about M? and a very fine white terminal line between fold

and SM?.

Chanchamayo, EH. Peru.

Near patula, Walk. (List Lep. Ins. ii. p. 349), distin-

euished by the red costal streak, the central band of fore wing

Moths in the Jotcey Collection. 289

more oblique, shadowy, not yellow, border of the hind wing

narrower, anal end of abdomen (from seventh somite) not

blackened. Perhaps, as in that species, the colour of the

hind wing may vary between yellow and white.

6. Asota talboti, nom. nov.

Asota intermedia, Joicey and Noakes, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1915,

p. 197, t. xxi. fig. 8 (nec Rthschd.) (Biak).

My attention has been drawn to the fact that the name of

intermedia is preoccupied in this genus by Asota plana inter-

media, Kthschd., Nov. Zool. iv. p. 359 (1897). I have

therefore pleasure in renaming it after my friend Mr. Talbot,

who I understand worked out its distinctions for the authors.

7. Cerura ejecta, sp. n.

3 .—40 mm.

Face black. Head whitish. Antennal pectinations dark

brown. Thorax and underside of abdomen ochreous whitish,

abdomen above mixed white and black (largely abraded).

Legs largely whitish, fore leg and tarsi partly darkened.

Fore wing thinly scaled; dirty white, with pinkish reflec-

tions ; anteriorly (on C or between © and SC’) with black

dots and dash, the latter occupying approximately the second

fifth of C; transverse markings (and in posterior part of wing

a little irroration) fuscous ; antemedian line obsolescent, best

develope in cell; orbicular and reniform stigmata white,

very ill-defined, finely and incompletely outlined, the former

accompanied proximally by a longitudinal blackish-fuscous

mark ; median line double, slightly dentate outwards on

veins, arising from the distal edge of orbicular and proximal

edge of reniform, incurved between M? and SM?, darker

behind M?, reaching hind margin well beyond middle ; post-

median rather thicker and stronger, more deeply incurved

behind M? (consequently here approaching the median), then

oblique outwards to hind margin near tornus; traces of a

fine and incomplete duplicating line distally to and parallel

with postmedian ; subterminal line also nearly parallel with

these, but formed of interneural wedges (anteriorly), dash

(between R* and R*) or dots (posteriorly), the dot between

R® and M’* and two nearly at tornus being large; termen

with interneural wedges pointing inwards.

Hind wing white, at abdominal margin smoky; a smoky

mark on termen and fringe between M? and SM’.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 20

290 Mr. L. B. Prout on new

Underside similarly but more weakly marked, only the

fore wing with large costal spots. .

Key Is., Jan.—March, 1916 (W. J. C. Frost).

Excepting the large white species of the australis group,

in which SC? of the fore wing arises from the (rather large)

areole, this is the first far-eastern species of the genus known

tome. Areole small, SC? arising from stalk of SC*~5, as in

European and N.-American species. The hind wing has a

weak connecting-bar between C and SC, but I believe this is

here, as elsewhere, inconstant ; SC?*-R’ well-stalked.

Family Geometrida.

Subfamily @woczrourz.

8. Humelea rosalia marginata, subsp. n.

3 ¢.—Differs from rosalia rosalia, Stoll (Pap. Exot. iv.

t. 368 E, Amboina), in having the apex of the fore wing to

a width of about 3 mm. clear yellow without rosy irroration

and the entire termen more narrowly yellow, though with

some irroration or strigulation; apex of hind wing also

narrowly clear yellow. The 2 is more mixed with yellow

than any of the gg, though the latter show variation in

this respect.

Soela Is., June, July, September 1918 (W. J. C. Frost) ;

6 go S (including the type) and 1 ? (allotype) in coll. Joicey.

Also 26g, 2 2 2 from Soela Mangoli, Oct-Nov. 1897

(W. Doherty), in coll. Tring Museum.

Stoll’s very unsatisfactory figure shows very narrowly

yellow apices, and the transverse lines obliterated; I have

not seen similar examples, though occasional aberrations from

Celebes and other localities do show a tendency to become

yellow apically, thus foreshadowing the peculiarity which

becomes racial in the Soela Islands.

Subfamily Heurryermz.

9. Pingasa floridivenis, sp. n.

9 .—49 mm.

Head ochreous, with the upper part of the face black.

Palpus with third joint slightly longer than second ; greyish

ochreous, the first and second joints broadly and the third

joint proximally more narrowly white beneath. Thorax

above bright ochreous, beneath whitish. Abdomen above

whitish irrorated with olive-grey and ochreous, the latter

Moths in the Joicey Collection. 291

forming bright but slightly interrupted bands posteriorly on

the segments; crests light greyish ochreous ; sides of base

blackish ; underside white. Fore and middle legs largely

blackened, the femur and part of tibia remaining white on

outer sides; hind leg whiter, but irrorated or clouded with

grey,

Fore wing broad; SC? wanting (sport?) ; white, irrorated

with olive-grey and very sparsely with black, the proximal

and distal areas also with bright ochreous, the veins in these

areas broadly, in the median area very slenderly, bright

ochreous; an ill-defined blackish band or shade close to base,

not reaching costa; antemedian line thick, black, at little

beyond one-fourth, very gently curved, at M and SM? very

slightly dentate inwards; median area more olivaceous

costally and with long, not very strong, olive-grey cell-mark ;

postmedian line black, from beyond two-thirds costa to about

three-fitths hind margin, strongly dentate outwards on most

of the veins, feebly so on SM?, nearest the termen at R® and

the medians, retracted behind M?; subterminal white line

distinct between M? and hind margin, running obliquely

towards tornus, very. faint in the rest of its course; some

ill-defined whitish dots to termen.

Hind wing with subbasal shade slight, antemedian line

wanting, no ochreous proximal area ; hairs of median area

_ bright ochreous; postmedian line finer than on fore wing,

otherwise similar ; distal area nearly as on fore wing.

Underside dirty white, with rather broad black borders

containing large white terminal spots, so that the black only

runs to the termen between the radials, around M? (in both

these places more narrowly on hind wing), and at tornus ;

base, especially at costa, bright yellow; fore wing with a

vather large dark discal mark.

A’koon, Gold Coast, 17th Jan., 1919 (C. Harrison).

The first-known African species of the genus to approach

in colour P. venusta, Warr. The blackish subbasal markings

also distinctive.

10. Gelasma(?) triplicifascia, Prout, 2.

My type g, described in Wytsman’s ‘ Genera Insectorui,’

fase. 129, p. 149 (1912), from asingle somewhat damaged ¢

in the British Museum, has hitherto remained unique. A 9?

from T'ananarive, recently acquired by Mr. Joicey, is some-

what larger (33 mm,), rather broader-winged, the termen

slightly more waved, that of the fore wing a little more con-

vex (compare the sexual difference in G. spumata, Warr., and

20*

292 On new Moths in the Joicey Collection.

other allies), otherwise quite similar to the g. Its fresher

condition allows me to add, however, that the ground-colour

is really white with green irroration and the bands grey-

green, and that the abdomen has two small brown ee

spots. ‘The antenna is serrate and the palpus is short, thus

aberrant for the genus.

11. Gelasma versicauda, sp. n.

& .—43-47 mm. .

Larger than protrusa, Butl. Face deeper black (less

tinged with red), Palpus with third joint rather shorter,

though not quite as short as in ¢litwrata, Walk.

Fore wing darker, bluer green; terminal line and dots

obsolete ; proximal part of fringe less tinged with reddish—

dark grey with vaguely darker spots opposite the veins.

Hind wing with tail longer than in protrusa, directed

rather markedly outward—i. e., with tle posterior half of the

distal margin (from tornus to tip of tail) comparatively

straight ; concolorous with fore wing ; terminal line fine and

weak or almost obsolete ; fringe nearly as on fore wing, the

proximal dark part rather narrow, the pale distal (whitish

ochreous) part ample.

Koshun, Formosa. Type and another in coll. Joicey;

also in Coll. Tring Museum from the same locality.

Subfamily Gzouzrrivz.

12. Amnemopsyche charmione lufira, subsp. n.

o ?.—39-41 mm.

On an average smaller than c¢. charmione, Fab., from

W. Africa.

Fore wing with the white markings in general reduced,

much more shaded with orange, which broadly borders the

discal band and almost entirely fills the subapical spot;

discal band continued almost to hind margin, confluent proxi-

mally with the yellowish hind-marginal streak from base.

Hind wing with the black border continued narrowly along

abdominal margin, invaded by asmall orange projection from

the ground-colour between fold and SM’; orange subterminal

spot between R* and M* generally small.

Congo Free State; Lufira River, affluents Kikura and

Buluo Rivers, near Likasi Copper Mines, 4000 ft., 28th Feb.—

15th April, 1919; 5 @ g,19 (7. A. Barns).

On Odonata from Mesopotamia. 293

Family Uraniida.

13. Acropteris parvidentata moluccana, subsp. n.

3 2 .—47-53 mm.

Distinguished from D. parvidentata, Warr. (Nov. Zool. iv.

p. 199, Lombok and Cstsbaay, as follows :—

Fore wing with the costal edge more weakly and minutely

dotted, the dots in general wanting entirely from middle to

near apex; particularly noticeable is the great reduction of

the apical dots. The double lines from hind margin towards

apex generally remaining well separated at the point at which

they fade out near apex. Both wings with the markings

on an average slightly greyer than in p. parvidentata, the

terminal line in the typical (Obi) form obsolescent or strongly

interrupted, but much better developed in that from the

S. Moluccas, which might perhaps be again separated

racially.

Obi, July-September, 1918 (W. J. C. Frost); 4 3 od (in-

cluding type) and 1 ¢ in coll. Joicey. Also from Amboina,

Ceram, and Gisser Island (near Ceram), in coll. div.

XLI.—Odonata collected in Mesopotamia by the late Major

hk. Brewitt- Taylor, R.A.M.C. By Kenneta J. Morton,

F.E.S.

[Plate XIV.]

Just after the completion of my notes on ‘Odonata from

Mesopotamia ” (‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ 3rd ser.

vol. v. pp. 143-151, 183-196, 1919), Dr. Gahan kindly gave

me the welcome opportunity of examining another large

collection of these insects from the same region, brought

together by the late Major R. Brewitt-Taylor, R.A.M.C.,

presented to the British Museum by Mrs. Brewitt-Taylor.

Major Brewitt-Taylor was apparently a novice as far as

dragon-flies were concerned, but he had taken up the subject

with a rare enthusiasm and with some originality, and his

notes and descriptions made from the living insects gave

promise of better things if he had been spared to continue

the work. Preservation of the striking colours of the living

insects had evidently been one of his chief aims, and in this

he succeeded in quite a marked degree, to this end a large

number of his captures having been carefully eviscerated.

As a result of this treatment, for example in the case of

294 Mr. K. J. Morton on

Lindenia tetraphylla, quite a different conception of what the

insect is like is given when a prepared specimen is compared

with the usual dried ones. But for the reason above men-

tioned the characteristic parts of the second abdominal seg-

ment in the male and the valvula vulvz in the female have

not been regarded, and have been sometimes completely

removed or obliterated.

In point of number of species, Major Brewitt-Taylor’s

captures are less extensive than the combined collections

previously dealt with, and only one additional species falls to

be noticed, namely the wide-spread Pantala flavescens, which

was rather unexpectedly wanting in the collections of Captain

Evans and Captain Buxton. All are from Basra and Amara,

the bulk of them being from the former locality, and the

time covered comparatively short, the extreme dates being

6th May to 14th August, 1916.

A good series, in excellent preservation as to colour, of

the small Crocothemis, which 1 had previously referred to

C. erythrea, leads me to consider the Mesopotamian insect as

distinct from that species, although decidedly belonging to

the C. erythrea group.

In the following list, to save undue multiplication of dates

when the number of examples is large, each month has been

divided into three equal parts, only the first and the last date

in each part being quoted.

Dr. Gahan, in forwarding the dragon-flies, also communi-

eated Major Brewitt-Taylor’s note-book, from which I have

made a number of extracts relating to the habits and the

colours of the living insects. These are not only of interest

and of use, but their preservation in this form may also serve

as a small tribute to tie memory of the collector.

Ischnura evanst, Morton.

ig) 18.015 3-2 9. 9 5 9-15 y,)\( Basra),

Apparently not separated by the cottector from the following

species.

Ischnura bukharensis, Bartenef.

63, 8-9-13-26. v., 14. vi.; 9 9 2, 8-9, 11-13, 25-

26. v., 4. vi. (Basra).

Six of the females of the orange form; three without

orange, having the lower part of the thorax pruinose, one of

them with imperfect black shoulder-stripes.

Stated to be very common on banks of streams, and that

both sexes come to light at night.

Odonata from Mesopotamia. 295

Lindenia tetraphylla, Lind.

11 og, 12 2 2, 6-9. v., 13-15. v., 25-31. v., 1-5. vi.

(Amara).

In life this is evidently a very remarkable-looking and

beautiful insect. The long description of the adult male in

the ‘Mon. des Gomphines,’ p. 559, is in some respects a

little difficult to follow, and although there may be variation

in the extent of the dark markings according to locality, it

would appear to have been taken either from an exceptionally

dark individual or from one in which the colours had de-

teriorated. For example, the abdomen is stated to be blackish

with obscure yellow markings, while in the diagnosis in the

‘Revue des Odonates,’ p. 102, the abdomen is described as

yellow spotted with black laterally, which seems to be the

normal condition. In fully mature specimens, pruinescence

tends to obscure the dark brown or blackish markings,

especially of the thorax. The male is stated by the collector

to be searcer than the female.

The following is a brief description compiled from the

collector’s MS. notes on the living insect, combined with his

prepared specimens. ‘'he female is taken as the model, as

his remarks.on the male are comparative therewith.

2. General tint pale greenish marked with orange on the

second and part of third abdominal segment.

Vertex greenish, black anteriorly, which colour is con-

tinued on the frons, forming a broad line produced slightly in

the middle ; base of antennes greenish ; occiput yellow; frons

(except as above), clypeus, labrum, genze, and labium shining

whitish, mandibles darker shining black at apex. Back of

head black, outer lower part, including greater part of the

temples, yellowish. Eyes in life shining pale green inclined

to bluish towards the lower surface. Pronotum mostly

blackish, pale at the sides. -Thorax yellowish green, paler

beneath, with dark brown or blackish markings ; two large

median lines, broadest anteriorly, divided only by the median

suture, and not quite reaching the anterior margin; ante-

humeral lines in contact, or almost, with the median, a narrow

pale space being thereby enclosed through the curvature of

the median ; three lateral lines, one on each lateral suture

and one between, the first widest in the middle and continued

ventrad and caudad towards the middle one, which is inter-

rupted and expands at the stigma, the third continued ventrad

to near the hind coxa. Legs yellowish, femora with a long

wedge-shaped black marking above, the middle pair with the

trochanters and the femora on their inner surface blackish ;

296 Mr. K. J. Morton on

tibiee and tarsi black, claws reddish with darker tips. Wings:

costa yellow, pterostigma yellow bounded by black veins.

Abdomen with dilated basal segments yellowish green ;

1st above mainly black from the presence of two large spots,

a narrow dark anterior lateral line ; 2nd above with two

rather broad widely-separated orange bands, darker anteriorly,

running along the whole segment (and continued on the 3rd)

and at the posterior margin continued ventrad alongside the

similarly coloured anterior lateral margin of the 3rd. The

general colour of the rest of the abdomen pale greenish or

blue-green ; 3 to 6 with narrow dark markings at distal end,

bearing projections on each side of the dorsal carina and with

lateral linear cephalad prolongations thereof of somewhat

varied intensity and length—these may be interrupted in the

middle of the segment by a vertical streak ; 7th with two

usually roughly triangular markings at distal end; 8th a

large triangular marking covering greater part of dorsum and

hardly divided on the carina; 9th somewhat similar; 1Oth

more or less dingy, sometimes definitely brownish ; foliaceous

expansions of 7th showing darker on distal portion. Appen-

dages yellowish. Under surface of abdomen paler, with a

black median line.

6. General tint darker bluish green. Differs from the 9

in the following :—Frons more bluish white ; occiput usually

darker, tending to blackish at the sides. Eyes a little

darker. Thorax bluish green. Pterostigma yellowish as a

transparency, but becomes grey. Costa pale bluish. Dilated

segments of abdomen not yellowish but blue-green like the

rest of the abdomen, except under surface, which is paler ;

the markings on the 2nd and 3rd segments appear to be

coloured similarly to those on the other segments and not

orange. Appendages blackish.

Anormogomphus kiritshenkoi, Bartenef,

39,3 2 ¢, 3. vill. (Amara). Appears to have been

taken also at Basra, but no specimens are included in thie

collection.

This curious little Gomphine is of a yellowish-green colour,

becoming more decidedly yellow on the last four segments ;

7 to 9 are gradually slightly dilated. The eyes in life are

stated to be yellow-green slightly darker at the upper poles ;

when dry they become dark chocolate-brown. The ocelli

very conspicuous; dark markings otherwise practically

confined to brown streaks on the femora and sometimes on

the tibise ; also usually two mostly quite small dots on thie

Odonata from Mesopotamia. 297

dorsum of segments 2 to 6 or 7 towards their distal end, with

traces of dark lines on the last segment in the male.

Anax parthenope, Selys.

183 4,13 2 9, 24-31. v., 1-9. vi., 12-20. vi., 22-28. vi.

(Basra).

A fine series, of which all the males have the wings suffused

more or less with yellowish on the distal two-thirds, some of

them clearer at the tips. The females show two forms, those

with hyaline wings and the base of the abdomen intensely

blue, and others in which the blue generally is absent and

replaced by a greenish colour, the wings in this form being

tinted with brown of varying degrees of intensity, the brown

colour increasing in depth distally and most conspicuous

between the nodus and the distal end of the pterostigma but

sometimes extending further, the apex, however, being usually

clear.

Ris (‘ Die schweizerischen Libellen,’ p. 28, 1885) says that

in Switzerland there are two forms of the female: the one

(probably younger examples) coloured very like the male,

particularly with the base of the abdomen intensely blue, and

the wings hyaline ; the other (probably comprising examples

which have flown longer) is, with the exception of the black

markings, uniformly yellow-brown, without blue at the base

of the abdomen, and with the wings more or less, often very

strongly, tinted with brown. ‘Thus, Ris seems to suggest

that these two forms may be phases of the same thing, an

explanation that does not appear to have been offered in con-

nection with the blue and the green forms of the female in

certain species of AZschna. Brewitt-Taylor in his notes

evidently considered that there were two forms—one yellowish

green with dark wings, another blue with hyaline wings or

only with a trace of clouding. In his series none of those

with intensely blue base of the abdomen appears to be old, so

far favouring Ris’s view. However, Brewitt-Taylor states

that he had seen coupled pairs in which the respective females

were of the blue and the greenish-yellow form, so that the

blue appears to be sexually mature. He records that on the

evening of the 22nd June he “caught in all four yellow-

green females and one blue.’’ These examples, I assume, are

now before me, but it is difficult to gauge the extent to which

the colours may have been affected by post-mortem changes.

None of them can be considered very old ; the dark markings

on the abdomen are chocolate-brown, not black. The ex-

ample with hyaline wings has the base of the abdomen bright

298 Mr. K. J. Morton on

blue; of two examples with the wings moderately tinted

with brown one gives an impression that it may have been

blue, the other is greenish; the other two, the oldest of the

five, have the wings more strongly tinted and the colour

greenish. Whether we have to do with two different forms

or merely with a matter of age I do not venture to decide,

but think there are most probably two forms.

With regard to the habits of the species, Brewitt-Taylor

writes: ‘‘'This species is not rare, but is very difficult to catch.

I have never seen it settled. It is to be seen in the day

flying rapidly in the palm swamps, but does not remain in

any one spot. At sundown—about half an hour after sun-

set—it can best be caught while hawking the little swarms

of insects. It then often comes quite low down. Often a

dozen or so can be seen together at a height of about 20 feet

hawking amongst a group of gnats. This I have seen only

at dusk.” In a later note he says: “On 24th June [

watched a yellow-green female ovipositing at 1.30. She

settled on a reed or grass lying on the water and pushed her

abdomen down sometimes quite 14 inches under water.

[This explains why the females often have muddy bodies. |

The frogs frequently attempted to catch her, but she was far

too quick for them. , They approached cautiously towards her

and snapped at her.’

[Re-examination of one of Evans’s Amara specimens

(22. v.), which is evidently very young, clearly shows the

beginning of the darker clouding, but it is not possible to say

what the colour of the abdomen at the base may have been.

When these large insects are at rest, the greenish form one

would imagine would-be less conspicuous than the blue. Can

it be that a less proportion of the latter reach mature age ? |

Orthetrum sabina, Drury.

86 S,6 2 2, 7-11-81, v., 1-10. vi., 13-16. vi. (Basra).

I may take occasion to refer again to this species when

dealing with Odonata received from Captain Buxton, taken

by him in N.W. Persia.

Orthetrum trinacria, Selys.

28,1 2,5. vii. (Amara).

Crocothemis erythrea chaldeorum, subsp. n.

Crocothemis erythrea, Morton, E. M. M., 3rd ser. vol. v. p. 186 (1919).

53,7 2 $, 2-15. vi. (Basra) (Brewitt-Taylor).

Odonata from Mesopotamia. 299

1 g, 28. iv. 1918; 2 2 9, 23. iii., 15. v. 1918 (Amara) ;

14,7 2 2, 26-29. iii.1919 (Basra) (Avans).

Like a small C. erythrea, but with the venation opener,

and except at the extreme base almost entirely black ; ante-

humeral lines and pale inter-alar line not noticeable in the

material examined ; no trace of yellow in the fore-wings ;

basal patch in hind wings small, sometimes traces of yellow in

the basal cellule between Sc and R+M, yellow not extending

beyond Cuq and the inner boundary of anal loop and hardly

to the anal angle. In discoidal field of fore-wings usually

only two rows of cells near the triangle: in four males and

females, cells between M* and Cu!

22922 22993 22223 i 32223 ’

Oo-+ 59995 - 59333 ° 22233 (Basra), 32223 (Amara).

32333 222293 32293 22

$$. 35933 ° 93003 ° 32085 22233

Wg cide Mec TATE: @ BE 8k, SL USL.

Rte TE US aT 6 TE-OE Oe TES Te

Pterostigma 24-3 mm. Length of hind wing about 25 ¢,

26 mm. @.

The following remarks on the colours are mainly from

Brewitt-Taylor’s notes on the living insects :—

$ (adult). Eyes: upper two-thirds cherry-red, blue below.

Face brick-red; mandibles dirty yellow. Thorax olive-brown,

Jegs concolorous. Abdomen above glowing cherry-red ; seg-

ments 8-9 on the dorsal carina with black markings which

are broadest posteriorly ; appendages brick-red, paler at the

tips; ventral surface dirty reddish yellow with black median

line.

2 (juv.). Eyes above red-brown, lower part bluish ; face

pinkish, mandibles white. Thorax pale brown above, whitish

beneath. Abdomen pinkish brown with fine black carina,

markings above-mentioned distinct on 8-9 ; segments finely

margined with black lines and a small black dot on each side

of dorsal carina on posterior part of 4-7; segment 10 and

appendages pinkish brown, underside pale pink with black

median line.

(B.-T. adds that the 9 does not differ much from the g,

but is perhaps a little more salmon-pink in colour. There

seems, however, to have been some confusion with regard to

the sex of some of his younger specimens.)

? (more adult). Eyes: upper half dark red-brown, lower

part bluish. Face brownish, lower part whitish ; thorax

olivaceous, sides bluish (? slightly pruinose) ; abdomen above

300 Mr. K. J. Morton on

olive-brown, each segment with a lateral salmon-tinted sub-

crescentic portion.

B.-T. writes, June 10th: “ This species is becoming

common. More restless than the other brown dragon-fly and

does not take possession of a definite perch. Some males are

browner red than the typical glowing red, which is most

beautiful. Rather wary and flits from grass to grass by the

side of water.”” The brown dragon-fly alluded to appears to

refer to a condition of Trithemis annulata.

Crocothemis servilia, Brullé.

249 9,11 2 9, 7. v., 14-17. v., 25. v., 1-10. vi. (Basra).

The shoulder-stripe has only become faint in a few of the

most mature examples.

In attempting to arrive at a more satisfactory understanding

regarding the distinctive characters of these species of €vaco-

themis, a partial study of the genitalia of the second abdominal

segment of the male has been made by removing the parts

from a number of specimens and mounting them in balsam.

The results may be briefly summed up as follows :—

(1) The preparations confirm the accepted view that the

outer branch of the hamule is more pointed in C. erythrea

than in C. servilia, in which it is more truneate. These flat

preparations, however, do not give an altogether satisfactory

idea of the form of the branch, the position being not quite a

natural one. The shape is: better understood when the

hamule is viewed from the side.

(2) The apex of the inner branch of the hamule appears to

be different in the two species. In the Madagascar prepara-

tion of C. erythrea (Pl. XIV. fig. 3) the extreme apex is seen

to be slightly notched with a strong subapical tooth. After

examination of a number of dried specimens of C. erythrea

from widely separated localities, I can say positively that in

these the toothed or bifid condition is invariably present, and

it is interesting to mention that an example from Cherra-

punji in my collection included by Ris (Coll. Selys, p. 540)

under C. servilia as transitional towards C. erythrea is,

in respect of the hamule, true C. erythraa. The evidence

regarding C. servi/ia should perhaps be stated in a more

negative form. In none of the examples of C. servilia

examined have [I been able to confirm the existence of any

tooth, the apex apparently being always simple. These

critical characters are, however, somewhat elusive, and unless

the hamule is in exactly the right position the tooth may be

overlooked. In the preparation from which fig. 1 (Pl. XIV.)

Odonata from Mesopotamia. 301

was taken the tooth was distinctly visible before the cover-glass

was put on theslide, but the slight pressure altered the position,

throwing the tooth nearly out of view or leaving visible only ~

a minute elevation which in reproduction may be quite lost.

The character seems to be good, but it would not be surprising

if in two such closely-allied species it sometimes failed as an-

absolute test by itself. The hamules sometimes require to be

freed from adhering matter before examination.

(3) The apex of the penis in the preparations is different in

the two species (see P]. XIV. figs. 1&4). In dried specimens

this part is not always easy to examine. Preparations of

C. erythrea from Arles, Madagascar, and Mesopotamia, and

of C. servilia from Mesopotamia and Bengal serve to confirm.

Sympetrum decoloratum, Selys.

238,22 2, 8.v., 25. v., 9. vi. (Basra).

All more or less immature, and, as the collector records

nothing regarding habits, probably casual captures. The

following short descriptions are based mainly on his notes :—

3. Eyes: upper half brown-red, lower greenish. Vertex,

frons, clypeus, and gene bluish white, a small black spot in

front of median ocellus and also blackish about lateral ocelli

aud antenne; labrum and labium white. Thorax pale

greenish yellow, more pallid beneath with brown antehumeral

streaks, brownish at extreme anterior margin and with small

brown marking on either side of median suture next to the

brownish edging ; lateral sutures very slightly black. Legs

ellow ; femora and tibizs with a black line, tarsi annulated

with black. Pterostigma dirty whitish. Abdomen: dorsum

yellowish orange, darker orange on the carina and slightly

darker on the posterior end of each segment, with faint

indication of a dot on either side; traces of lateral lines

slight (see 2); underside paler, with black median line.

9. Eyes: upper half very pale brownish, lower bluish

green. Head and thorax very similar to ¢. Abdomen:

dorsum dark yellow, carina dark orange; sides greenish

fading into the dorsal yellow. Lateral blackish streaks on

each segment broadest and most complete on 3, gradually

diminishing in extent on the following segments; lateral

carina, especially of anterior segments, finely black; dorsal

carina of 2-3 distinctly blackish, also a black line at the

junction of 1-2 ; narrowly marked with black on each side

of dorsal carina of 8-9.

Sympetrum fonscolomber, Selys.

1 2, Amara, 12. viii.

302 Mr. K. J. Morton on

Brachythemis fuscopalliata, Selys.

15 dg, 10 2 2, 6-9. v., 12-17. v., 25-31. v., 2-4. vi.,

13-21. vi., 14. vii. (Basra) ; 4 ¢ g, 4-8. vil. (Amara).

Fully adultemales from Basra May 6th to June 20th, a

_few examples which have not attained full coloration May 7th

“to June 21st. None of the Amara specimens are fully

coloured, that of July 8th being apparently the youngest in

the collection. All the males included show the dark wing-

marking in some degree. In its beginning it seems normally

to be most concentrated on the middle of the wings, forming

somewhat of a brownish transverse band extending to beyond

the nodus, darkest on its outer edge; the dark colour appears

to grow more rapidly to the base of the hind wings than of

the fore wings, gradually increasing in intensity in both and

finally reaching in the latter to the costal field, which may be

only partially coloured in quite adult individuals. After the

colour has become fairly mature at the base of the fore wings,

the body-markings become gradually obliterated and have

entirely disappeared by the time the full adult wing-colora-

tion is reached.

From Brewitt-Taylor’s notes: “ 21. vi. 16: I have noticed

that both males and females of this species are smaller now

than they used to be in April. .

“Species found only on banks of streams and stagnant

waters. Males very active towards evening when they flit

about and hover over the streams. Flight very rapid, and

diffieult to catch....

“The male seems to hover over the female while latter is

ovipositing and keeps off other males. Female oviposits by

hovering over reed [‘ floating object ’—these words deleted |

and continually touching it with the tail.

“At dusk male and female sometimes leave vicinity of

water and hover about ground in open spaces.

“Females easily caught settled on grass on margin of

stream.

“ During heat of day males perch on branch of tree or on

grass on edge of stream and are easily taken. When perched

the tail is held up at an angle, and the wings slightly above

the horizontal.

« Arrived at Amara on July 2nd. Here the common form

of the male has a distinctly brown-speckled abdomen and

ouly slightly clouded wings. Very black specimens occur,

but are uncommon; the females are asat Basra. The habits

are distinctly different, however, and here the species is very

common and easy to catch as they fly about the grass. They

frequently shelter in our tent.”

Odonata from Mesopotamia. 303

As mentioned above, Brewitt-aylor’s Amara specimens

are not fully mature, and his remarks point to an emergence

of the species having recently taken place there.

Trithemis annulata, Beauvais.

23 ¢ 3, 18 2 ¥, 6-8. v., 13-19. v., 25-26. v., 2-9. vi.

(Basra).

The collector refers to the abdomen of the ¢ in different

specimens as brownish red, crimson-red, yellowish purple,

purple-red, and plum-coloured, and of the ? as yellowish,

greenish yellow, and brownish red, these variations no doubt

marking different stages of maturity. In some of the

females the amber colouring of the wing-base is continued

to the nodus in the anterior part of the hind wings, and the

apex of the wings is sometimes tinted.

“The insects sit on palm-leaves, the wings drooped down-

wards and forwards, the abdomen being slightly raised, and

they are very quick.”’

Pantala flavescens, Fabr.

1,1 2, 14. viii. (Amara).

; Selysiothemis nigra, Lind.

29 66, 20 2 3, 7. v., 13-16, v., 25-27. v., 1-9. vi.

(Basra).

“This species occurred abundantly for about three or four

days (May 14th to 17th). I think it was the same species

which similarly suddenly appeared in large numbers on

April 20th. It was more numerous then than the swarms

on 14th-17th. The species does not frequent waterways, but

is found in open spaces, settling on stunted grass. It occa-

sionally comes to light. June 8th: Very abundant. There

is great variation in the amount of black. Males generally

darker, and all blue-black specimens are males. June 10th:

The species has practically disappeared again ; has lasted

from 4th to 10th.” (Brewitt-Taylor.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

Fig. 1. C. erythrea chaldeorum (Basra, Evans). As explained above,

the tooth is present, but was thrown out of view by pressure.

Fig. 2, The same (Basra, Brewitt-Taylor). Hamule only. To bring

out the tooth clearly the hamule was tilted in the preparation,

with the result that the base was thrown out of focus.

Fig. 3. C. erythrea (Madagascar), Hamules only. The left-hand one

in the preparation shows the tooth very clearly.

Fig. 4. C. servilia (Bengal).

(I am indebted to Mr, Martin E. Mosely for the excellent photographs

of the preparations, and also for his expert assistance in remounting the

hamule shown in fig. 2.)

304 Mr. O. Thomas on

XLIT.— Four new Squirrels of the Genus Tamiops.

By OLDFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

AMONG some mammals collected in Yunnan by Mr. George

Forrest, and presented to the British Museum by Col. Ste-

phenson Clarke, ©.B., there occur examples of two species of

Tamiops, both distinct from any as yet described. In working

these out, two other species of the genus, one also from

Yunnan and the other from 8.E. Siam, prove to need

description. The first of Mr. Forrest’s two species is one of

the handsomest of the genus, as it combines the greater size

of 7’. swinhoet with the brightly contrasted coloration of some

of the smaller species. “It may be called

Tamiops clarket, sp. n.

Size large, practically as in JT. swinhoei, therefore con-

spicuously larger than in any of the other species, which are

all more or less subequal in this respect. Coloration brightly

contrasted, very different from the dull tones of swinhoet.

Ground-colour of crown, nape, and fore-back pale buffy

olivaceous, paler than Ridgway’s “ buffy olive.” Median

dark stripe not commencing anterior to the lateral ones, all

| three deep black, sharply defined. Inner light lines oliva-

ceous buffy, paler than the fore-back. Outer light lines

| quite white, broad and conspicuous, ending anteriorly level

with the median dark stripe, not continuous with the sub-

ocular light stripe. Outer black stripe fairly well developed.

Under surface white, not yellowish—in fact, whiter than in

any other species known to me; the hairs of the chin white

to their roots, those of belly with slaty bases. Head with the

usual markings strongly developed, the main light subocular

stripe broad, white, and shown up by a darkening of the edge

of the ground-colour above it. Hyelids white. Ears not

heavily tufted, their edges white, their backs black, the hairs

behind the tips with white ends. Hands and feet greyish

buffy, becoming lighter terminally. Tail rather slender, the

hairs about 13 mm. in length, each buffy at base, then black,

broadly tipped with whitish.

Skull nearly agreeing in size with that of 7. swinhoei.

Dimensions of the type (measured on the remade skin) :—

Head and body (c.) 154 mm. ; tail 112 ; hind foot 32.

Skull: tip of nasal to front of interparietal 36; basilar

new Squirrels of the Genus Tamiops. 305

suture to gnathion 27; zygomatic breadth 23:7; nasals

12:2 x 5:2; interorbital breadth 13°5; breadth of brain-case

18°7 ; palatilar length 15°5 ; upper tooth-series, exclusive of

p®, 66; upper molars only 5.

' Hab. Northern Yunnan, in the Yang-tse Valley, at

27° 20' N., and about 101° EK. Alt. 8000’.

Type. Adult, but not old, male. B.M. no. 20. 1. 16. 6.

Original number 9. Collected September 1918 by George

Forrest. Presented by Col. Stephenson Clarke. Three

specimens, two adult and one young.

As shown by a representative specimen received from the

Paris Museum the 7. sewinhoet of Moupin is a far larger

animal than any of the other species as yet described. Now

this handsome T. clarke: turns up, equalling TJ. swinhoei in

size, but widely different from it in its conspicuously con-

trasted coloration, paler general tone; and white belly. No

other species appears to need comparison with the new form.

Tamiops maritimus forresti, subsp. n.

Very similar to the form to which Bonhote* applied the

name “ Scturus macclellandi swinhoei, M.-Edw.,” the medium-

sized strongly striped Tamiops of South-eastern China. But

in the first place there is no doubt that the Chinese*forms,

with interrupted subocular stripe, should be separated speci-

fically from muacclel/andii, so that that name disappears, and,

secondly, it has since proved that the true swinhoei is the

much larger species of Sze-chuen, equalling in size 7’. clarke,

and hence the smaller species is certainly not swinhoei.

But it has also been found out that in this genus, at least

in some of its forms, the blackness of the subdorsal dark

stripes is not valid as a specific character, being a seasonal

one, though not occurring in every individual. The same

phenomenon is also found in certain forms of Funambulus. °

In consequence, the two Chinese subspecies called by

Bonhote “ S. macclellandi maritimus” and “ S. macclellandi

monticolus”’ should apparently bear the names of ZYamiops

maritimus maritimus and T. maritimus monticolus respec-

tively, while his swinhoed is the black-striped phase of the

latter.

On this basis [ may describe Mr. Forrest’s Yunnan speci-

mens as follows :—

Like 7. maritimus monticolus when with three well-marked

* “On Squirrels of the Sczwrws macclellandi Group,” Ann. & Mag, Nat.

Hist. (7) v. p. 50 (1900).

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 21

306 Mr. O, Thomas on

black dorsal lines, these lines being probably absent. at the

opposite season. General tones of.colour similar throughout,

but the under surface white instead of pale buffy. Subocular

stripe also white, scarcely more buffy anteriorly ; in monti-

colus it is pale buffy behind, strongly buffy in front. ‘Tips

of tail-hairs whiter and less buffy, also rather longer, making

the tail more bushy.

Median black line running from the nape to the base of

the tail. Lateral light stripes strong and prominent, buffy

whitish.

Skull as in monticolus.

. Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :—

Head and body 127 mm.; tail (c.) 100; hind foot 30.

Skull: condylo-incisive length 31:5; zygomatic breadth

21:5; nasals 10°5; interorbital breadth 12°5; breadth of

brain-case 17°6; palatilar length 14; upper tooth-row ex-

clusive of p’ 6; molars only 4°3.

flab. Yunnan. Type from the Lichiang Range, at

27° 20'N. Alt. 11,000.

Type. Old male. B.M. no. 20.1.16.4. Original num-

ber 1. Collected July 1918 by Mr. George Forrest. Pre-

sented by Col. Stephenson R. Clarke. Two specimens.

From any of the forms of Tamiops found further west this

Tamiops is distinguished by the complete interruption between

the subocular and light lateral dorsal lines, this interruption

being a characteristic of the Chinese members of the geuus,

Tamtops tnconstans, sp. n.

A small species with dull upper surface and bright yellow

belly.

Size among the smallest of the genus. General colour

greyish olivaceous, the markings Jess conspicuous than in

any species known to me. Fore-back and the strip internal

to the lateral light lines, where the subdorsal dark lines

usually are, practically concolor, pale greyish olivaceous, the

median dark line broad but little darker than the general

dorsal colour, and margined on each side with inconspicuous

buffy bands. Outer light bands the only ones which are

really distinet, and these only short and narrow, not reaching

the subocular lines; buffy whitish. Crown rather more buffy

than back. Orbital rings and subocular stripe strong buffy.

Hairs of ear as usual black, but those of the chief tuft on the

back of the ear are not only white at tip, but white to their

bases. :

Under surface, in marked contrast to the inconspicuously

new Squirrels of the Genus Tamiops. 307

coloured upper surface, bright buffy from chin to anus, the

colour as bright as in 7. barbei, though rather less ochra-

ceous. Upper surface of feet grizzled buffy. Tail slender,

its hairs about 10 mm. in length, their tips white, not buffy.

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :—

Head and body 114 mm. ; tail 103 ; hind foot 26.

Skull: greatest length 33; condylo-incisive length 29 ;

zygomatic breadth 19°4; nasals 8°83; interorbital breadth

11°6; palatilar length 13°6 ; upper tooth-series exclusive of

p® 5°1 ; molars only 3°7.

Hab. Southern Yunnan.

Type. Old male. B.M. no. 12. 7. 25. 31. Original num-

ber 22. Collected 31st January, 1910, by H. Orii. Pur-

chased of K. Kobayashi. ‘lwo specimens.

-This very distinct little squirrel is characterized by its

unusually inconspicuous striping above and by the strong

yellowish buffy of its lower surface—in fact, it is above one

of the dullest and below one of the brightest of the genus.

It does not appear to be nearly related to any. described

species,

Tamiops lylei, sp. n.

Near T. barbet ; greyer on sides, more buffy on nape.

Size about as in barbei. General appearance of light.

lines rather uniform, the inner and outer subequal in intensity.

Subocular and external light lateral lines continuous over

shoulder, as in barbe?, differing in this respect from 7” ro-

dolphei, in which the lines are interrupted. Median dark

line, as in rodolphet, with a narrow thread of pale brownish

along its centre, so that, as a dark line, it is not truly and

literally “median” ; the present species and rodolphei are

the only members of the genus in which this character is

found. Crown and fore-back “ tawny-olive”’ or dark “ clay-

colour,” a ready distinction from barbei and leucotis ; behind

this colour darkens into the outer dark lines of back, but is

not known to occur truly black. Inner light lines strong

buffy, outer whitish buffy. Outside them an inconspicuous

dark edging. Sides and hips pale olive-grey (“ light greyish

olive’) which is continued down to the ankle. Under sur-

face ochraceous buffy, richest on the chest, more grey-mixed

on the belly. Proectote of ear black, with a well-developed

white tuft at tip, the hairs of the latter white nearly or quite

to their bases. Hands and feet grizzled buffy. ‘Vail slender,

the tips of the hairs white.

Skull as usual.

21*

308 Mr. M. A. ©. Hinton on the

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—

Head and body 105 mm.; tail 114; hind foot 28;

ear 14.

Skull: greatest length (c.) 31; zygomatic breadth 19°6 ;

interorbital breadth 11°85 palatilar length 12°3; upper

tooth-row without p* 5°4; molars only 3:8,

Hab. 8.E. Siam. Type from the sea-coast 50 miles south

of Bangkok; another specimen from Lem Ngop (C. B..

Kloss).

Type. Young adult male. B.M. no. 6.10. 7.9. Original

number 211. Collected 5th August, 1906, and presented by

Th. H. Lyle, Esq. Three specimens in all.

This Zamiops is more or less intermediate between T’. r0-

dolphet of Cochin China and Annam and T. barbei of Tenas-

serim. From the former it differs by its external light line

being continuous with the subocular line, by the dorsal

lineation running further forward, and by its less warm

ground-colour. From the latter by the central division of ~

the ‘‘ median ” dark line, by the more buffy fore-back, by the

much paler grey of the flanks, hips, and legs, and by the

more equal prominence of the outer and inner pale dorsal

lines.

XLITL.—The Subspecies of Paraxerus flavivittis, Peters.

By Martin A. C. Hinton.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

WHEN describing his Paraxerus flavivittis mossambicus last

July * Mr. Thomas was not aware of the fact that Mr. Love-

ridge had collected ten other examples besides the type at

Lumbo, Portuguese East Africa. ‘This additional material,

which we owe to the generosity of Lord Swaythling, has

now arrived in the British Museum. It was all collected

on asingle day nearly two months earlier than the date on

which the type-specimen was captured, and it forms a very

beautiful and instructive series, well worthy of somewhat

detailed notice.

The new specimens show most clearly that, as in many

other Sciuride, the coloration in P. flavivittis is subject in

each individual to periodical changes of a complex character.

At one stage these squirrels have dark grey backs associated

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) iy. p. 81 (1919).

Subspecies of Paraxerus flavivittis, Peters. 309

with pure white lateral stripes ; but when this dark pelage

is worn out it is replaced by another in which the hairs

have bright ochraceous tips, the general dorsal colour being

brightened to a golden or fulvous hue. In this bright coat

the ochraceous pigment invades or infects the lateral white

stripe to a greater or less extent. The type of P. f. mos-

sambicus may be cited as a perfect example of the dark phase,

while the subject of the figure of P. flavivittis given by

Peters * is no less definitely illustrative of the bright coat.

The material now before me indicates that in P. f. mos-

sambieus the outer surfaces of the fore limbs are at all times

ochraceous. ‘The account of the type given by Thomas is an

excellent description of the dark phase ; but even in the type,

with the aid of the new material, the beginnings of the

changes leading to the bright coat may be recognized. The

ochraceous tint of the fore limbs gradually becomes more

intense, and, creeping upwards over the shoulders and withers,

it forms a bright-hued mantle covering part of the neck and

the thoracic region of the back. As the mantle is perfected,

the ochraceous tint invades the foremost part of each lateral

stripe. ‘The ochraceous grizzle noted by Thomas on the top

of the muzzle in the type becomes also more-evident as the

change proceeds ; this grizzle gradually extends upwards and

backwards until the whole top of the head acquires an ochra-

ceous hue; but the region between the ears and the nape

remains grey long after other parts of the dorsal surface have

become ochraceous. From the posterior edge of the perfected

thoracic mantle ochraceous-tipped hairs are gradually deve-

loped backwards over the lumbar region and the rump, until

finally the whole mid-dorsum, the deep-tinted band (which

on each side intervenes between the lateral dorsal stripe and

the flank), the flanks, and the outer surfaces of the thighs

become fulvous—the tint, however, continuing to be brightest

in the region covered by the mantle. The occipital patch

and the lighter grey flank-areas are the last regions affected

by the change.

The tail-hairs appear to be subject to similar changes, but

far more extensive material is required before this part of the

subject can be elucidated. ‘The type in full grey pelage has

the ventral surface of the tail strongly ochraceous; this is

true also of uos. 80, 81, and 82 in the bright coat. Other

specimens, as nos. 87, 88, and 89, with coats in an inter-

mediate condition, have the lower surface of the tail grey,

but on parting the ventral hairs many deeply hidden ochra-

ceous hairs are revealed.

* ‘Reise nach Mossambique,’ 1852, i. Taf. xxix.

310 Mr. M. A. C. Hinton on the

Tn the following table the Lumbo specimens are arranged

in what, judging by the teeth, appears to be the order of

individual age, commencing with the youngest. Specimens

marked “G@” or “B” are in grey ov bright coats respec-

tively ; the unmarked items are in intermediate stages of

coloration :—

. o

a i

3 3

Sex.| No. Date. ia ue a Dentition.

= 9 gg

ot = =P

ae ered ec

= A = ne)

86 | July 10,1918) 157 | 160 | 40 15 34'2 | ”-4 still in use.

cote War ae mba 145 | 140 | 35 15 at Do.

160 | 170 40 20 35'8 | ?-4 not quite in place.

OL ene ak ae © 150 | 145 37 18 36°7 | P-4 slightly worn,

aah ae os 138 | 138 | 37 167) 3r8 Do.

CO tee oth Oe: 176 | 160 | 40 15 | 37:3 Do.

202/|Sept.4, ,, 175 | 175 | 40 18 | 36:7 Do.

July 10, ,, 175 | 170 | 365 15 | 36°8 | 2-4 moderately worn.

Cee is vane ye 165 ip 40 as 36:1 | 2-4 about half-worn.

oi | Rm he 170) FO™ |} 20 18 35°6 Do.

Sy Pee EEL ee ag 175 Me 40 17 .. | 2-4 much worn.

ee)

404040404095 O95 +0 95 OY

WDaaniacd

ee)

—-

From this table it appears that the gradual change of

colour described is not connected merely with differences of

individual age. It seems also improbable that the change

is a purely seasonal one. One may suspect, perhaps, that in

this species each individual is subject to a constantly recurring

cycle of colour-change, the incidence of which cycle depends

rather upon the physiological condition of the individual than

upon any general or extrinsic factor.

P. f. mossamlbicus is certainly very closely related to, if it

be not identical with, true flavivittis. Thomas mentions that

the nasals of his type are considerably broader behind than

in the skull of flavivitis figured by Peters ; this difference,

although visible in some of the newly-arrived specimens from

Lumbo, does not appear to be constant. In the bright phase

of coloration mossambicus now seems to differ from flavivitiis

inerely by having the posterior half of each lateral dorsal

stripe white instead of yellow; but, having regard to the

difference in locality, this fact will perhaps justify us in

retaining mossambicus as a distinct subspecies pending the

arrival of specimens from Mossimboa.

Subspecies of Paraxerus flavivittis, Peters. 311

In another way the fine series from Lumbo is of great

utility, since it enables us to appreciate the constancy of

certain features in the pattern (apart from colour) of the coat.

Peters’s figure shows an animal with very definite facial

markings in the region between and below the eye and the

ear, and with a single light-coloured, very broad, long, and

well-defined stripe bordering the back on each side. These

features are faithfully reproduced in each of the Lumbo speci-

mens, and there is no reason to doubt that they are essential

and charaeteristic elements of the coat-pattern in both P. f.

flavivittis and P. f. mossambicus. In other species of Para-

werus, as now understood, the facial markings are quite incon-

spicuous or absent, while the lateral dorsal stripe on each side

is reduced to such a degree that it is almost imperceptible.

Two specimens in the British Museum come from localities

considerably to the north of Lumbo (15° 8.) and Mossimboa

(11° 8.), one coming from Kilwa Kisiwani (9° §.), the other

irom Mombasa (4° 8.). Differing from each other, as well as

from true flavivitiis and f. mossambicus, the northern specimens

appear to represent two subspecies of flavivittis, interesting

both as members of a continuous series of geographical races

and as subspecies which tend to lessen the gap between true

flavivittis and more normal species of Parawerus. ‘They may

be described as follows :-—

Paraxerus flavivittis exgeanus, subsp. n.

Hah.—Kilwa Kisiwani, ex-German Kast Africa. _

Type.—An adult male in bright pelage (B.M. 19. 4. 14.3),

collected March 8, 1918, and presented to the British Museum

by Major C. H. B. Grant.

This form differs from both the southern subspecies by

having the lateral dorsal stripe on each side much narrower

and the thoracic ochraceous mantle much less developed.

Upper surface (top of head and the whole back to root

of tail) clothed with a fine grizzle of black or dark brown

and dull ochraceous, the general effect being, in the lumbar

region, near mummy-brown. On the top of the muzzle and

towards the root of the tail the ochraceous hair-tips are more

abundant, sensibly brightening the general colour ; in the

neighbourhood of the shoulders and withers they are still

more extensively developed, producing a perfectly distinct

though not a conspicuous dorsal mantle. ‘The lateral stripe

on each side of the back is much narrower and somewhat

shorter than in mossambicus ; where broadest it measures no

more than 5 mm., instead of 9 or 10 mm. as in the southern

form ; the colour of the stripe is white posteriorly, faintly

312 Mr. M. A. C. Hinton on

tinged with yellow anteriorly. Outer surfaces of limbs,

particularly of the fore limbs, greyer and less ochraceous

than in the southern forms. Inner surfaces of limbs and the

underparts pure white. Dorsal surfaces of feet dull ochra-

ceous buff. Tail normal, many ochraceous hairs appearing

on ventral surface ; the terminal hairs rufous.

Collector’s measurements.—Head and body 161 mm.; tail 120; hind

foot 36; ear 18. .

Skull: condylo-incisive length 36 mm. (ca.); dental length 18:5;

zygomatic breadth 23; cranial width 19:1; upper cheek-teeth (crowns)

76; 2-4 in place, about half-worn.

Paraxerus flavivittis ibeanus, subsp. n.

Hab.—Mombasa, British Hast Africa.

Type.—A skin (B.M. 80.11. 30.6) collected and presented

to the British Museum by Dr. (afterwards Sir. J.) Kirk.

Size and general characters as in other subspecies of

flavivittis.

General dorsal colour strong fulvous ochraceous, somewhat

lighter, yellower, and less rich over shoulders and rump.

Shoulder-mantle quite inconspicuous, represented merely by

the lightening in the general hue just mentioned. Lateral

dorsal stripe pale yellow, somewhat broader than in eageanus,

but still shorter ; the band between the light stripe and the

grey flank on each side concolor with mid-dorsum, narrow.

Facial markings inconspicuous. Upper surfaces of hands and

feet buff ; underparts white. Tail normal.

ALIV.— Three new Subspecies of Spalax monticola.

By Martin A. C. Hinton.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

LIKE other strictly fossorial mammals, mole-rats of the genus

Spalax show a well-marked tendency to develop local races

characterized by more or less obvious differences. No doubt,

that form of segregation which must result from a very

limited area of individual distribution and local differences in

soil and food are to be looked upon as constituting together

the mainspring of this variability. The differences between

race and race in such cases are apt to be very small and

trivial ; but, nevertheless, they show frequently a remarkable

constancy in their occurrence.

new Subspecies of Spalax monticola. 313

Though in some ways paralleled in its variation by such

genera as Ctenomys and Tachyoryctes, Spalax is peculiar

in showing in nearly all forms a monotonous uniformity of

external appearance. With the material now available no

satisfactory outward difference can be detected between the

various subspecies of S. monticola described or mentioned

below; and, since much of the material before me is un-

accompanied by collector’s measurements, further reference

to the pelage may be omitted. The differential characters

are to be sought in the skulls and deep down in the alveoli

of the cheek-teeth. They require a great deal of patient

work for their discovery and elucidation ; and we are above

all indebted to Professor Méhely for the provision of such a

wide basis for further work upon this most difficult genus as

is afforded by his monograph.

OF his section Mesospalax Méhely recognizes two species,

viz., S. monticola and 8. hungaricus. In monticola 7,3 has

two re-entrant enamel folds, one from the labial and one from

the lingual side, in young stages of wear; while in hungaricus

ouly the labial fold is present. When, therefore, in adult

stages of wear, the folds are converted into enamel islands,

which are long persistent, two are present upon the surface

of x3 In monticola, but one only in hungaricus. The three

new forms described below agree in this matter with monti-

cola, of which, accordingly, they are treated as subspecies.

1. Spalax monticola thermaicus, subsp. n.

Hab.—The neighbourhood of Salonica.

Type.—An adult male (B.M. 17.11.19. 1; skull, no skin)

from the west bank of the Struma River, 12 miles south of

Serres ; collected and presented to the British Museum by

Captain H. 8S. Hollis, R.A.M.C.

Material examined.—Six, represented by five skulls and

three skins; of the skulls two are old, one adult, and two

young, one of the latter being in fragments.

Description—This is a medium-sized subspecies with a

skull which agrees in most respects with that of S. m. tureicus,

Méhely. S. m. thermaicus differs trom turcicus chiefly by

the more reduced condition of its molar roots, and to a

slighter degree by some features of the molar crowns as well

as by some peculiarities of the skull and mandible.

Skull.—A detailed comparison of the skull with the careful

description of turetcus given by Méhely (op. cit. p. 115) shows

that the skull of thermatcus differs in only two respects from

that of turcicus. In thermaicus at all ages the parietals are

314 Mr. M. A. C. FElinton on

longer and narrower than in turcicus, and the palate does not

extend quite so far backwards. The parietals in thermaicus

have a posterior breadth of 13 mm. in the young and 10 mm.

in the old skulls ; in the young the length of each parietal

exceeds the lambdoid breadth by one-fourth, in the old by

one-third. In tureicus the posterior parietal breadth ranges

in adults between 11:2 and 13:2 mm., and each parietal is

only slightly longer than its lambdoid breadth. The palate

of thermatcus usually does not reach and never extends behind

a line connecting the hinder edges of the alveoli of the last

molars; in tureicus the termination of the palate is always

distinctly behind that line. The posterior median spine of

the palate (‘‘kriftig entwickelt” in young turcicus, reduced

to a “‘ stumpfe Ecke” in adults) is represented at all ages in

thermaicus by a minute process of each palatine bone, the

_ pair being separated by a small median cleft. In all other

respects Méhely’s description of tureitcws may be read as

applying to thermaicus. For measurements see table at

. 320.

é Mandible.—The lower jaw of thermaicus differs from that

of turcicus in having the coronoid process more strongly re-

curved and the angular process a little more reduced. Méhely

says that the coronoid process in turcicus is “ebenso sanft

nach hinten gekriimmt” as in S. ehrenbergt ; in thermaicus

it is more sharply recurved than in the latter species.

Méhely describes the angular process as being most closely

similar to that of S.m. anatolicus, “ deutlich fligelformig und

vom Kérper des Unterkiefers weggespreizt” ; in thermaicus

the “angulus anterior” (to use Tullberg’s nomenclature) is

nearly obsolete, although rather more of it remains than in

S.m. captorum described below ; and the flattened “ angulus

posterior ’’ lies close to the base of the alveolar process of

the incisor. The alveolar process is largely developed, the

alveolar length of the jaw being conspicuously greater than

the condylar length, the difference between these two dimen-

sions becoming more marked with advancing age.

Dentition—Incisors: the upper incisors have the enamel

faintly tinged with yellow in young specimens, but the

staining becomes more intense with age. The anterior sur-

face shows in certain lights a very faint trace of a median

longitudinal concavity, in whieh the yellow stain seems

chiefly to collect. The lower incisors are white or very

feebly and irregularly stained with yellow at all ages; their

anterior surfaces are like those of the upper teeth, but in two

cases they show more definite traces of a narrow mediaa

new Subspecies of Spalax monticola. 315

groove. Of the faint coste found frequently in turcicus by

Méhely I can see no trace in thermaizcus.

Cheek-teeth.—In adult stages of wear the patterns of the

cheek-teeth are exactly similar to those of turcicus. The

anterior sulcus separating the two tubercles of which the

front lobe of ™-! is originally composed (¢/. Méhely, Mamm.

p. 296, fig. 9) is always ephemeral in thermaicus, though

sometimes persistent in turcicus. In thermaicus the young

m-2 ig quite like ™1, having three re-entrant enamel folds on

the labial side instead of the single ‘“‘ zweibuchtige”’ fo'd

found in turcicus; the posterior or third labial fold is very

small, it is quickly reduced to an islet, which, in turn,

speedily disappears: ™:1 and ™? have each to begin with

three lingual re-entrant folds (in addition to the labial fold) ;

but the posterior labial ‘‘ fold” commences as an islet in the

posterior lobe of the tooth ; the two anterior labial folds have

2 common mouth on the side of the tooth and are separated

from each other internally by a small saliency formed by the

posterior horn of the half-moon-shaped anterior moiety of the

young tooth. In the za of my youngest specimen this

saliency appears as a separate tubercle uot yet united with

the main mass of the tooth.

Molar roots and the alveolii—The molar roots tend to be

reduced by fusion in thermaicus, while they remain free and

distinct in ture/eus. In the latter ™1!, according to Méhely,

is always distinctly three-rooted, having two labial roots and

a lingual root, which tends to be forked ; correspondingly

the alveolus has three distinct cells, that for the lingual root

showing two depressions. In thermaicus the anterior labial

root is very short and it is completely fused with the lingual

root, being separated from the latter merely by a faint

crease ; a furrow also divides superficially the large lingual

root into two parts; the posterior labial root is completely

free, though short. The alveolus hasa special cell with com-

plete walls only for the posterior labial root ; its remainder

shows three depressions—a shallow one for the anterior root

and two deeper ones for the lingual root. In thermaicus ™?

is similar to “1 as regards roots and the alveolus; but the

division of the lingual root only becomes perceptible towards

the tip, and in the alveolus the septum dividing the cell for

the posterior labial root from the remainder of the alveolus is

lower and thinner. In ¢urcicus this tooth has three distinet

roots, of which the linguai is always more or less distinetly

forked, while the alveolus is correspondingly four-celled. In

turcicus ™:3 also is provided with three completely free roots,

316 Mr. M. A. C. Hinton on

and it has a three-celled alveolus. In thermaicus “3 has two

roots only, the anterior labial root being in this tooth free

though very short, whilst the posterior labial and the lingual

roots are fused into a single fang ; the alveolus is two-celled,

the cell for the anterior labial root being very shallow. The

lower molars in thermaicus have two roots each, as in turcicus,

but the anterior root is in each tooth shorter and thinner,

while in 73 and 7 it shows far weaker traces of a more

primitive division into an inner and an outer fang. Each

alveolus is divided into two cells by a continuous transverse

septum, but in each case this, on comparison with Méhely’s

illustration (Taf. xxiv. fig. 5), would appear to be lower and

thinner than in ¢urcicus.

2. Spalax monticola corybantium, subsp. n.

Hab.—Murad Dagh; type from a spot 15 miles N.E. of

Eushak, and about 150 miles HE. of Smyrna.

Type.—An adult (?sex) collected and presented to the

British Museum by Mr. A. Buxton (B.M. 8. 11. 21. 1).

No other specimen known.

Description.—Skull : the skull is larger than in anatolicus,

cilicicus, and captorum, about as large as in turcicus and ther-

maicus (condylo-basal length 51°3 mm.). It has two characters

which readily distinguish it from the skulls of any of its

nearest geographical allies; the parietals are very narrow in

the adult and very irregularly overlapped by the frontals and

squamosals, each being conspicuously longer than broad ; the

posterior ends of the short anterior palatal foramina are very

nearly in line with the hinder borders of the maxillary zygo-

matic processes. In other respects it resembles one or other

of the various subspecies mentioned in this paper. Snout

broad and heavy, rather wider at middle than at base ; nasal

with an anterior constriction and reaching back as far as the

level of the hinder margins of the infraorbital foramina or a

little beyond, although barely equal in length to the frontal

and parietal combined ; processus naso-basalis well-developed,

reaching centre of infraorbital foramen ; supraoccipital very

short, much shorter than the fronto-parietal length (height of

skull contained 2°07 times in length lambda to nasal tips) ;

infraorbital foramina relatively large; lachrymal distinctly

visible from above as a large rectangular ossicle measuring

2°6 mm. in length; ascending ramus of maxillary zygomatic

process slender; external auditory meatus wide; anterior

part of palate shorter than hinder part, its length decidedly

new Subspecies of Spalax monticola. 317

greater than the distance between the anterior and thie poste-

rior palatal foramina; posterior border of palate situate

behind level of alveoli of ™-8-~™-5, straight, and without median

spine; postpalatine foramina slightly in advance of the

septum between ”-? and ™2; pterygoid and paroccipital pro-

cesses as in anatolicus.

Mandible—The lower jaw shows a decided tendency to

assume the form characteristic of Macrospalax; it is very

large and robust ; the coronoid process is very powerful and

erect ; the incisura between the coronoid process and the

condyle is very long and flatly rounded ; alveolar process

very large and heavy, the corono-alveolar incisura wider,

though as rounded as in anatolicus; angular process about

as in anatolicus, with well-marked and definitely inflected

angulus anterior; the alveolar and condylar lengths about

equal.

Dentition.—Incisors: upper incisors faintly yellow, the

colour most intense along middle line ; lower incisors nearly

white. Upper and lower incisors with faint traces of median

groove.

Cheek-teeth_—™:1 of normal pattern, anterior labial fold

represented by an islet, the second labial and the lingual fold

still open ; ™* exactly similar; “8 with a single circular

islet. The right and left lower molars show a curious diffe-

rence in their respective states of wear; x7 with labial fold,

simple anterior lingual fold, the posterior lingual fold repre-

sented by a very small islet (L.), already gone (R.); as (R.)

with labial and anterior lingual folds still open, the posterior

lingual fold entirely gone, (L.) similar, but anterior lingual

fold just insulated ; a3 (R.) with an anterior lingual islet,

the labial fold still open and deep, (L.) with merely a central

triangular islet and no other complication.

Molar roots and alveoli.—®1 has merely one root, the large

lingual element being fused throughout with both the labial

elements, the only interval being that left between the two

labial portions ; alveolus very simple, its sole complication

being the vestigial labial septum which fits into the inter-

space between the two labial elements of the single fang;

m2 and ™8 quite similar to “1 in these respects. In the

lower jaw wi has two large roots, and its alveolus is divided

by a complete though thin septum ; in y4 the anterior root

shows traces of a lingual and a labial element, but it is

partially fused on the lingual side with the posterior root, and

in the alveolus therefore the transverse septum is incomplete.

318 Mr. M. A. C. Hinton on

3. Spalax monticola captorum, subsp. n.

Hab.—Kanghri (Changria), Asia Minor.

Type.—A middle-aged female (B.M. 19. 9. 20. 23;

original no. 18; contained “4 fairly well-developed embryos ”’)

collected March 20, 1918, by Captain F. J, Patmore ; pre-

sented to the British Museum by Captain Patmore and

Captain Phillips.

Material examined.—F our from type-locality (2 ¢, 2 ?).

Description.—This subspecies is most nearly allied to

S. m. anatolicus and S. m. cilicicus, presenting some characters

common to the two forms named, others possessed by one or

other of them, besides certain features peculiar to itself.

Skull.—The following characters are common to the skulls

of captorum, anatolicus, and ciltecews:—Medium size; the

form of the rostrum, which is of medium length, rather

narrow, though somewhat stouter than in S. ehrenbergi ; each

frontal with a well-developed processus naso-basalis; naso-

frontal suture more or less concave anteriorly ;_ parictals

remaining broad in advanced age ; supraoccipital measured

from foramen magnum to lambda shorter than the fronto-

parietal length (lambda-nasal length—height.of skull=

2°02-2°05) ; wide meatus auditorius externus (greatest

diameter about 3 mm.); short anterior palatal foramina,

their hinder ends falling considerably short of a line con-

necting the posterior edges of the maxillary zygomatic pro-

cesses ; anterior portion of palate shorter than hinder portion,

the posterior palatal border without a median spine ; post-

palatine foramina placed in advance of the septum between

ne pa MS,

In the following respects captorum agrees with anatolicus

and differs from cilicicus:—Nasals rather narrow anteriorly,

with a more or less evident constriction of the middle part of

the anterior widened portion ; processus naso-basalis reaches

only to middle of the infraorbital foramen ; infraorbital fora-

men of medium size; ascending branch of maxillary zygo-

matic process narrow ; pterygoid and paroccipital processes

relatively slender, as in S. ehrenbergi.

In the following points captorum agrees with cilvc¢eus and

differs from anatolicus :—Nasals do not or scarcely reach a

line connecting the hinder edges of the infraorbital foramina ;

parietals rather long, each being considerably longer than its

breadth at lambda.

In captorum the palate terminates posteriorly in front of

instead of behind a line connecting the hinder edges of the

alveoli of ™2—™-3; the lachrymal is constantly visible from

above as a minute ossicle (in anatolicus this bone was similarly

new Subspecies of Spalax monticola. 319

visible in two out of thirteen skulls examined by Méhely, and _

I have seen it in several of the topotypical skulls in the

British Museum ; not visible in cilécicus).

Mandible.—The angular process is more specialized than in

cilicicus or anatolicus ; in cilicicus it is not reduced, but agrees

in form with that of S. ehrenberg?; in anatolicus it is a little

reduced, although the angulus anterior is still prominent ; in

captorum the angulus anterior is obsolete, the angulus poste-

rior approximated to the alveolar process of the incisor. The

alveolar length of the jaw is about equal to, or rather shorter

than, the condylar length, instead of being somewhat longer

as in anatolicus and cilictcus.

Dentition—Incisors : in the young specimen the incisors

are white, a tinge of faint yellow appearing towards the

alveolus ; they are stained yellow in the adults ; in the upper

incisors dirt collects along the middle of the anterior face,

forming a streak which indicates the presence of a slight

groove ; in the lower incisors there is a distinct median

vestigial groove, but no trace of ribs. In these respects the

new form agrees with celicicus.

Cheek-teeth.—The patterns of the worn molars and their

roots and alveoli are exactly as in anatolicus. Some slight

differences are observable in the youngest stage of wear

available. In this “1 has one lingual fold and two labial

folds, there being no trace at all of the posterior or third labial

fold found in young teeth of anatolicus (cf. Méhely, Taf. viii.

fig. 1) ; the anterior lobe of the tooth is formed by two cusps

—a large inner and a smaller outer,—which are separated

anteriorly by an ephemeral sulcus. Of the three islets

present in the adult tooth, the posterior labial derived from

the second labial fold is the last to close. In ™? the anterior

islet is developed from the deepest part of the lingual fold, as

in S. ehrenberg?, and not from a --shaped labial fold, as in

anatolicus. In the lower jaw the young 777 is closely similar

to Méhely’s fig. 19 of Taf. viil., but the “accessory ”’ islet

stands in more obvious relation with the outer branch of the

anterior lingual fold than in the figure cited; 773 has only one

lingual fold in addition to the labial fold, the posterior lingual

fold seen in the young x3 of anatolicus being absent.

Remarks.—Captain Phillips and Captain Patmore were

among the unfortunate men captured by the Turks at the fall

of Kut. During their captivity they found great solace in

their love for natural history. Devising their own traps and

other apparatus, they managed in the face of great difficulties

and hardships to make a very respectable collection of

mammals, thus proving once again that ability is the only

indispensable equipment. On their return to this country

they presented their collection to the British Museum.

la.

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XXX. Notes on the Asihde: Subsiriao decline: ae Gun: ne

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XLV.—A List of the Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China,

with Descriptions of new Species. By Gitzert J. Arrow,

F.Z.S., F.E.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Amonest the extensive collections of Coleoptera from the

province of Tonkin and the Upper Mekong River sent to me

by Monsieur R, Vitalis de Salvaza, who has so greatly increased

our knowledge of the insect fauna of that region, is an

important series belonging to the beautiful and interesting

fungus-feeding family Endomychide, a very large proportion

of which were previously unknown and are here described.

All the types are in the British Museum, which is greatly

indebted to the collector for this valuable addition to tle

collection. ,

Up to the present time not more than two or three species

of Endomychide in all have been recorded from Indo-China,

although Gorham’s enumeration of those found in Burma,

published in the Annals of the Genoa Museum for 1896

(vol. xxxvi.), amounts to twenty-nine. This number is

exceeded in the list which follows, which includes no less

than seventeen species hitherto entirely unknown.

Spathomeles decoratus, Gerst. This striking insect is

abundant at Luang Prabang on the Upper Mekong.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 22

322 Mr. G. J. Arrow on the

Amphisternus corallifer, Gerst. Found less commonly in

the same locality as the last.

Amphisternus bellicosus, Gerst., var. nov. laotinus. Nam

Mat, Upper Mekong. This variety differs from the typical

form in the red-tipped elevation rising from the middle of

each elytron not being produced to asharp point. A. belli-

cosus was originally recorded from Sumatra and Penang,

but it appears to be a rather wide-ranging species with

numerous local races.

Amphisternus pustulifer, Gorh. Xieng Khouang. Only

the female of this has been described. The male has

much more slender antenne and legs, the front tibia bearing

a very slight tooth in the middle of its inner face, and from

that point to the end being compressed and clothed internally

with close fine pubescence. The last ventral segment is

broadly emarginate.

Engonius gratus, Gorh. Luang Prabang: Paklay. Cam-

bodia: Kompong Kedeh. Gorham gives the range of this

species as from Bengal to Tenasserim.

Exngonius opimus, Gorh. Luang Prabang. Also found in’

Burma.

Engonius similis, sp. n.

Niger, vel nigro-violaceus, elytris utrinque maculis transverse sub-

ovatis duabus lete flavis ornatis, prima post-humerali paulo

obliqua fere ad marginem externum attingenti, secunda ante-

apicali breviori; elongatus, pronoto modice transverso, lateribus

antice convergentibus, postice leviter divergentibus, angulis

anticis prominentibus, posticis acutis; elytris sat crebre et dis-

tincte punctatis, modice .convexis, extus anguste marginatis,

lateribus haud fortiter arcuatis :

g, tibia antica medio fortiter spinosa, intermedia post medium

bene excisa, haud dentata, segmento ultimo abdominali fortiter

haud late exciso.

Long. 10-11 mm.; lat. max. 5 mm.

Siam, Laos: Vientiane (R. Vitalis de Salvaza, June),

Pak Leung (R. V. de Salvaza, Feb.).

Engonius similis is closely similar to EZ. klugi, Gerst., and

indeed almost identical in colour and markings, but it is a

little more elongate, the prothorax less transverse, the elytra

Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China. 323

Jess convex, less rounded at the sides, and with much less

distinct lateral margins. The club of the antenna also is

rather narrower.

In the male the tooth of the front tibia is strong, the

middle tibia is excised at its inner edge, but without a

distinct tooth at the upper limit of the excised part, and the

terminal segment of the abdomen is less broadly bilobed

than in LE, klugi.

Engonius opacicollis, sp. n.

Niger, opacus, elytris eneo-nigris, nitidis, singulo fasciis duabus

pallide flavis ornato, fasciis irregularibus, angustis, anteriori

posthumerali, fere ad-marginem externum attingenti, posteriori

subapicali; oblongus, convexus, pronoto sat lato, subtiliter

punctato, medio longitudinaliter sulcato, lateribus medio paulo

dilatatis, antice et postice leviter convergentibus, angulis anticis

productis, obtusissimis, posticis fere rectis; elytris ubique

crebre punctatis, antennarum articulo tertio quam quarto haud

duplo longiori,-tibiis 4 anterioribus valde arcuatis :

do, tibia antica apice intus excisa, femoribus et tibiis posticis

intus longe ciliatis, segmenti ventralis ultimi spatio mediano

quadrato abrupte elevato et utrinque carinato,

Long. 9 mm.; lat. max. 5 mm.

Xieng Khouang (May, December).

Nearly related to E. signifer, Gorh., and with almost the

. same elytral pattern, the two irregular transverse bars being

merely a little narrower. It differs most markedly from

that species in the opaque pronotum, which is also very

much more finely and sparingly punctured and proportion-

ally broader, with the front angles still more produced and

blunt. The distinctive features of the male are as in H,

siynifer, but the elevated plate upon the last ventral segment

is larger and more quadrate. In both species there is also a

pair of minute accessory tubercles at the posterior margin

of the preceding segment.

Eingonius brevipes, sp. n.

Niger, nitidus, singulo elytro fasciis duabus transversis rufis

ornato, anteriori post-humerali, fere ad marginem externum

attingenti, medio constricta, posteriori anteapicali angusta, un-

dulata; oblongus, modice convexus, pronoto lato, nitidissimo,

medio haud sulcato, antice subtilissime punctulato, lateribus

postice rectis, fere parallelis, antice regulariter arcuatis, angulis

anticis obtusis, posticis fere rectis, foveis basalibus fortiter

impressis, fere ad medium attingentibus; elytris ubique crebre

22*

324 Mr. G. J. Arrow on the

punctatis, lateribus ad post medium parallelis, deinde leviter

arcuatis ; antennis pedibusque brevibus, illarum articulis 4°-8°

transversis :

d, tibiis omnibus latis, apicem versus latioribus et dense sericeo-

vestitis, intermediis postice posticisque antice arcuatis.

Long. 5°5 mm.; lat. max. 3 mm.

Xieng Khouang (April).

I have seen only a single male of this species, the smallest

yet known of its genus. It is of a peculiarly compact

oblong form, with a strongly transverse prothorax, whose

. greatest width is equal to that of the elytra, and narrowing

very little to the shoulders. It is very smooth and shining,

with a deep basal furrow, no longitudinal channel, and

basal fovee strongly impressed and extending almost to the

middle. The elytra scarcely taper behind, and are closely

and evenly punctured, but smootb and shining. The legs

and antennz are short and stout, the third joint of the

latter conical in shape and little longer than it is broad at

the outer end, the succeeding joints all transverse.

The tibiz of the male are not toothed, but broadly dilated

a little beyond the base and clothed with close silky pubes-

cence towards the extremity. The hind tibiz are especially

broad from the middle (where they are strongly curved) to

the extremity. The middle tibiw are incurved just before

the end.

Eumorphus austerus, Gerst. Nam Tiene, Upper Mekong.

This species ranges from Assam to Cambodia.

Eumorphus sanguinipes, Guér. This was found by M. Vi-

talis in the same locality as the last, and has a similar range

northwards, but I have not seen it from farther south.

Eumorphus quadriguttatus, Ulig. Vientiane, Pak Pha;

Annam; Tonkin. ‘This is an extremely common insect

‘hroughout its range, which extends to Java, Sumatra, and

Borneo.

Eumorphus simplex, sp. nu.

Niger, nitidus, elytris violaceo-nigris, singulo maculis 2 flavis

parvis ornato; sat elongatus, pronoto transverso, angulis omnibus

productis, posticis acutis :

¢, tibia antica bisinuata, dente valido armata, postica recta, apice

paulo excisa, abdominis subtus segmento penultimo nudo, ultimo

Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China. 325

lateraliter subtiliter sericeo, medio nudo, apice haud profunde

€Xciso :

2, elytris haud productis, abdominis subtus apice haud exciso.

Long. 11°5 mm.; lat. max. 6 mm.

Inpo-Curna, Laos: Luang Prabang, Lat Ham (R. Vitalis

de Salvaza, March).

This species can only be distinguished from the common

E. quadriguttatus, Ill., by a careful examination of the

secondary sexual characters. In size, shape, and coloration

it agrees exactly with it, but the male has the front tibia a

little bisinuated, with the tooth stouter and more promi-

nent, the abdomen is without the pad of dense erect hairs

occupying the middle of the two terminal segments beneath,

and the last ventral segment is much less deeply emarginate

at the apex. The female has the extremities of the elytra

less produced, and the apex of the abdomen is without the

triangular excision found in that of EL. guadriguttatus. There

is an even closer relationship between this species and the

Malayan H. sybarita, Gerst., but our form is a little smaller,

less glossy above, and decorated with smaller spots, the

posterior ones being separated by an interval about twice

the diameter of each, whereas in L. sybarita it is of about

equal diameter. The male has the front tibia more

slender, the tooth less stout, and not followed by a distinct

emargination.

EHumorphus calcaratus, sp. n.

Niger vel violaceo-niger, nitidus, elytris quadripustulatis, maculis

parvis, flavis, rotundis, prima post-humerali aliaque ante-

apicali; parum elongatus aut convexus, corpore supra minute

punctato; prothorace transyerso, lateribus leviter bisinuatis,

angulis posticis vix acutis, haud productis, foveis basalibus bene

impressis, fere ad medium attingentibus, elytris angustissime

marginatis, haud productis; antennis sat gracilibus, clava

angusta :

3, tibia antica dente tuberculiformi haud acuminato armata, tibia

postica apice lamina ciliata interna instructa, abdominis seg-

mentis subtus medio erecte ciliatis, ultimo apice acute inciso.

Long. 7 mm.; lat.:max. 4 mm,

Inpo-Cu1va: Vien Poukha, Upper Mekong R. (May),

Sala Pang Yok, Luang Prabang (March), Ban Sai, Xieng

Khouang (Feb.).

This species is small and compact in shape, entirely

326 Mr. G. J. Arrow on the

shining above and decorated with four spots a little larger

than those of F. subguttatus, Gerst., and not raised above

the general surface. The anteunz are not very slender, and

the club is narrower than in any other known species of the

genus.

Various features, most of them peculiar to the male

sex, distinguish this species from all others. The front

tibie in that sex are straight and furnished beyond the

middle with a blunt hairy tubercle instead of the usual

sharp spine. The hind tibia is produced inwards at its

extremity as a triangular plate, semi-translucent and closely

fringed at its edges. The terminal ventral segment is

broadly emarginate and acutely notched, and all the seg-

ments bear tu(ts of erect hairs along the middle line, forming

together a longitudinal ventral crest.

In the female the terminal process of the hind tibia is

shorter than in the male, and the hairs upon the abdomen

are distributed over the ventral surface and not massed

along the middle line as in the male.

Eumorphus nanus, sp. 0.

Niger, nitidus, singulo elytro flavo-bimaculato, maculis haud

minutis, rotundatis, anteriori fere ad humerem attingenti;

parvus, oblongus, pedibus gracilibus, femoribus clavatis ; pronoto

transverso, subtiliter parce punctato, lateribus postice paulo

contractis, angulis anticis prominentibus, posticis acutiusculis ;

elytris modice convexis, nitidis, sat fortiter et crebre punctatis,

lateribus anguste marginatis :

3, tibia antica fere recta, medio fortiter spinosa, abdominis seg-

mento ultimo levyiter emarginato.

Long. 5-5°5 mm. ; lat. max. 3 mm.

Tonkin: Hanoi (Feb.).

This is by far the smallest known species of the genus.

It belongs to the quadriguttatus group, but is more shining

and without any purplish tinge. The elytral spots are,

relatively to the size, about as large as in H. quadriguttatus

and larger than in E. calcaratus, but the anterior ones are

situated farther forward. The pronotum is rather broader

than in the former species, rather less so than in the latter,

and the elytra are much more strongly punctured than in

either. In the rather thickened femora, as in general appear-

ance, there is an obvious approximation to J/ndalmus, but

the antennz, which are quite those of Humorphus, will serve

to distinguish it.

Eindomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China. 327

Eumorphus subguttatus, Gerst. Luang Prabang, Ban Silah,

Nam Mat, etc. Taken in abundance together with the

following species, which very closely resembles it. It is

also found in Borneo and Sumatra.

Eumorphus vitalisi, sp. n.

Niger, opacus, singulo elytro maculis parvis duabus pallide flavis

ornato, prima posthumerali, secunda anteapicali; corpore elongato,

pronoto crebre parum perspicue punctato, lateribus antice con-

tractis, angulis acutis, postice fere parallelis, angulis haud

productis; elytris lateraliter leviter arcuatis, angustissime de-

planatis, postice paulo latioribus, apicibus haud productis, humeris

leviter sed haud acute carinatis ; antennis modice robustis :

S, tibiis anticis rectis, post medium acute dentatis, intermediis

apice incurvatis.

Long. 6:5-8°5 mm. ; lat. max. 3-4 mm.

Inpo-Curna, Laos: Ban Nam Mo, near Luang Prabang

(March), Ban Na Gnao (February).

Burma: Karen Hills (Doherty), Tenasserim (EK. 7.

Atkinson).

M. Vitalis de Salvaza has found this species in abundance.

It is very closely related to H. subguttatus, Gerst., which

is found in the same localities, although less abundantly.

It differs from that species in having the pronotum more

closely punctured and its sides regular in outline (and not

ragged as in the other form), contracted in front and parallel

behind. The hind angles are not produced in either sex.

The elytra are not sharply carinate at the shoulders and are

less produced at their extremities. ‘The antenne are rather

shorter and stouter. The front tibiz of the male are straight

and slender (not distorted), the tooth is slighter and more

acute, and arises beyond, instead of before, the middle. ‘The

size is a little smaller on the average than that of the other

species.

Eumorphus ocellatus, sp. 1.

Niger, nitidus, femoribus apicem versus rufis elytroque singulo

punctis tribus elevatis pallide flavis ornate, una posthumerali

prope marginem externum, secunda inter illum et suturam

tertiaque anteapicali; elongatus, pedibus antennisque gracilibus,

pronoto transverso, nitidissimo, lateribus medio leviter angulatis,

antice paulo convergentibus, postice paulo divergentibus, angulis

anticis haud acutis, posticis fere rectis, foveis basalibus profundis,

ultra medium attingentibus; elytris subtiliter sat crebre

328 Mr. G. J. Arrow on the

punctatis, maculis 6 elevatis autem lsvissimis, sicut vitreis, stria

juxtasuturali impressa marginibusque externis anguste depressis ;

clava antennali angusta.

Long. 9 mm.; lat. max. 5 mm.

Tonkin: Chapa.

This species is described from a unique female specimen.

It is remarkable as being, with the exception of H. bipunc-

tatus, Perty, the only known species of this large genus in

which the pattern is not confined to two pale patches upon

each elytron. Here there are three small elevated shining

spots of a translucent yellow colour resembling ocelli, the

two anterior ones rather smaller than the third, the outer

one of the two placed a little behind the humeral callus close

to the external margin and the inner one midway between it

and the suture. The third spot occupies the usual position.

The fine puncturation covering the remaining surface of the

elytra is absent from these spots. The terminal parts of the

femora extending beyond the sides of the body are bright red,

and the anterior angles of the thorax are also red in the

single type-specimen, but this may not be a constant feature.

Eumorphus inflatus, sp. n,

Niger, nitidus, singulo elytro maculis 2 magnis pallide flavis ornato,

maculis transverse ovalibus, prima humerali, paulo post basin

sita, ad marginem externum sed haud in epipleuram producta,

secunda anteapicali, vix ad marginem externum attingenti;

brevis, convexus, pronoto haud lato, punctato, lateribus levissime

bisinuatis, angulis paulo productis, acutis, foveis basalibus ad

medium protractis; elytris distincte sat crebre punctatis, ad

humeros inflatis, obtuse dilatatis, lateribus postice anguste

explanatis, apicibus separatim rotundatis, haud productis :

d, tibia antica post medium haud acute dentata, intermedia

leviter arcuata :

2 , segmento 5° apice arcuatim emarginato.

Long. 9°5 mm.; lat. max. 5°5 mm.

Xienc Knovane ; Ban Sai, Muong Pek (December).

There is no species with which this has any considerable

degree of affinity. By its short and convex shape, as well

as its size and coloration, it resembles E. westwoodi, Guér.,

but the angular dilatation of the elytra at the shoulders is

quite peculiar and makes it the most isolated species in the

genus. This conformation is exactly as in Hucteanus hume-

ralis and related species and, in association with an almost

Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China. 329

identical coloration, produces a marked resemblance to that

genus, although the relationship is remote.

The pronotum is relatively rather narrow, with the sides

approximately parallel, very feebly curved but a little dilated

towards the base, and all the angles slightly produced. The

four pale elytral spots are similar in size and shape to those

of E. westwoodi and alboguttatus, but rather more transverse.

The narrow elytral margins are as in those species, but the

greatest width of the elytra is across the dilated shoulders.

In a single specimen from Pou Bia the pale spots are

reduced to narrow transverse bars.

Indalmus kirbyanus, Latr. Luang Prabang, Pak Lay,

Xieng Khouang, etc. .This is a common species, widely

distributed in India and the Malay Peninsula.

Ancylopus melanocephalus, Oliv. Although M. Vitalis has

only found a single specimen, this is probably the commonest

of all the Endomychide, found almost all over the Old World.

Cymbachus elegans, sp. 0.

Niger, nitidus, elytris violaceis, utroque maculis magnis duabus

flavis ornato, prima humerali aliaque subapicali, his maculis

rotundatis, vix ad margines externos attingentibus; ovalis,

convexus, pronoto subtiliter irregulariter punctulato, lateribus

leviter bisinuatis, angulis productis, anticis haud acutis, posticis

acutis, foveis basalibus subtilibus ; elytris paulo fortius punctatis,

humeris modice prominentibus, lateribus leviter arcuatis, apicibus

paulo attenuatis ; antennis haud gracilibus, clava lata.

Long. 7 mm. ; lat. max. 4 mm.

Inpo-Cuina : Upper Mekong R., Nam Long (R. Vitalis

de Salvaza, April).

Only one specimen of the species has been found.

The body is less short and broad than in either of the two

species of Cymbachus hitherto known. The pronotum is

narrower, with all the angles rather more produced, but the

front ones blunter. The elytra have the shoulders only

moderately prominent and the sides gently and regularly

curved, widest at the middle and tapering behind. The

whole upper surface is very smooth and shining, finely punc-

tured, as in C. pulchellus, less strongly than in C. formosus.

The antenne are not very slender, but all the joints preceding

the club are a little elongate, the 8rd not as long as the 4th

330 Mr. G. J. Arrow on the

and 5th together. The club is short and broad. The elytra

are deep violet in colour and ornamented with four large

rounded yellow patches, which are separated in the longi-

tudinal direction by an interval about half as wide as one of

them, and in the transverse direction by a narrower interval.

Dryadites vitalisi, sp. n.

Niger, pronoti lateribus late elytrorumque disco toto rubris, hujus

parte suturali antice et postice late producto; ovalis, convexus,

pronoto sat angusto, medio modice punctato, marginibus elevatis,

postice parallelis, antice fere abrupte contractis, angulis approxi-

matis, productis, angulis posticis etiam acuminatis; elytris

fortiter irregulariter seriato-punctatis, lateribus anguste reflexis,

antennis modice gracilibus, clava minuta, articulo 9° triangulari,

hand transverso, 10° et 11° valde transversis, connatis.

Long. 7 mm.; lat. max. 5 mm.

Laos : Luang Prabang, Don Khoua (November).

There are two specimens, which I believe to be male and

female, but which are identical externally.

There is a close resemblance to D. borneensis, but the new

species is considerably larger, the red patch upon the elytra

is more extensive, although exactly similar in outline, and

not divided along the line of the suture, the sides of the

pronotum are less regularly curved, the front angles more

abruptly contracted, nearer together and more acute, the

lines of punctures upon the elytra much more irregular and

the antenne more slender, with a less abrupt club, the ninth

joint not broader than long.

Lycoperdina mandarinea, Gerst. This widely-distributed

species has been recorded from Tonkin by Fairmaire, but

I have received no specimens from the region.

Saula fuscicornis, Fairm. Tonkin: Hoabinh. The antenne

of M. Vitalis’s specimens are black except at the base, and

not brown, but this is not a distinction upon which it is safe

to rely, as Cziki has done in his key to the species.

PsEUDINDALMUS, gen. nov.

Corpus oblongum, glabrum, pedibus parum elongatis, femoribus

paulo clavatis. Pronotum transversum, lateribus incrassatis,

foveis basalibus fere parallelis lineaque recta basali profunde

impressum, antice membrana stridulatoria instructum. LElytra

Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China. 331

anguste marginata. Prosternum postice productum, paulo de-

planatum, apice truncatum. Mesosternum leyiter excavatum,

antice angustatum, truncatum. Antenne parum graciles, articulo

2° globoso, 3°-8° subzqualibus, perpaulo decrescentibus, 9°-11°

intus leviter productis, transversis, ultimo truncato. Mandibula

lata, apice minute fissa. Maxille lobus externus latus palpusque

elongatus, acuminatus. Submentum fortiter transversim cari-

natum; palpi labiales brevissimi, articulo ultimo late cupuli-

formi. Maris antennarum articulus 9 quam 10 major,

This genus forms an interesting link between Mycetina

and the apparently very dissimilar Danae, to which it is

evidently related by the peculiar male character mentioned

above, viz. the enlarged 9th joint of the antenna. It has a

superficial resemblance to Indalmus, but is easily distin-

guished by the very differeutly formed antenna, with its

strongly asymmetrical club and non-elongate third joint.

Its nearest relationship is with Mycetina, from which it

differs in the shape of the mesosternum as well as the sexual

feature referred to.

Pseudindalmus tonkinensis, sp. n.

Niger, sat nitidus, utroque elytro bimaculato, maculis sanguineis,

obliquis, anteriori posthumerali, posteriori prope suturam paulo

dilatato; oblongus, pronoto subtiliter punctato, lateribus antice

arcuatis, angulis prominentibus, postice fere parallelis, angulis

acutiusculis, marginibus incrassatis ; elytris ubique crebre haud

fortiter punctatis, lateribus bene arcuatis, marginibus distincte

reflexis :

6, antennarum articulo 9° paulo inflato.

Long. 6°5 mm. ; lat. max. 3°5 mm.

Tonkin (June): Upper Mekong R., Muong Sing (April).

This is entirely black above and beneath, except the four

blood-red elytral spots, which are of rather more irregular

shape than in the previous species, the anterior one just

touching the humeral angle and produced obliquely inwards

and backwards, the posterior one rather quadrate but pro-

duced forward a little parallel with the suture. Itis a little

larger than a second species, which I propose to describe

under the name of P. andamanicus, with the elytra more

distinctly dilated and margined at the sides, less shining, and

rather less strongly but fairly closely punctured.

In the male the ninth joint of the antenna is distinctly

larger than the tenth or eleventh.

332 Mr. G. J. Arrow on the

Encymon cinctipes, Gorh. Laos. Previously recorded

from Burma.

Encymon ferialis Gorh. Muong Sing and Vien Poukha.

This was originally recorded from Borneo. I have not seen

the type.

Stenotarsus fuscicornis, Gorh. Ban Na Gnao. Hitherto

known only from Pegu and Tenasserim.

Cyclotoma indiana, Gorh. Muong Pek, Xieng Khouang,

Nam Mat, Upper Mekong. This species ranges as far as

the Darjeeling district.

Milichius ornatus, sp. 0.

Niger, modice nitidus, ubique crebre punctatus, elytris maculis

duabus magnis pallide flavis ad margines externos fere attingenti-

bus utrinque ornatis, prima basali, puncto parvo nigro humerali

interrupta, secunda anteapicali, subrotundata, postice minute

excisa; modice convexus, subglobosus, pronoto brevi, crebre

punctato, lateribus arcuatis, recurvatis, angulis anticis vix acutis,

posticis rectis, basi utrinque subtiliter lineato-impresso ; elytris

fortiter, minus crebre, punctatis, late marginatis, callis hume-

ralibus haud valde prominentibus, antennis haud longissimis,

articulo 9° paulo elongato, 10° vix longiori quam latiori,

11° elongato-ovali.

Long. 5-6 mm. ; lat. max. 4 mm.

Inpo-Cu1na: Laos, Ban na Lane (R. Vitalis de Salvaza,

Jan.).

In its larger size, coloration and comparatively short

antennz this is an aberrant species showing a transition to

the genus Bolbomorphus. Itis black, with four large roundish

patches upon the elytra, those on each side a little more

widely separated from each other than from those of the

other side, the anterior ones nearly reaching the base and

outer margins, but with a small contained black spot at the

humeral angle. The entire surface is strongly punctured,

the elytra rather less shining and less convex than in the

other species of the genus and with rather more distinctly

reflexed lateral margins. The antennz are about twice the

length of the pronotum. The lower surface, like the upper,

is closely and strongly punctured.

Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China. 333

Beccaria longicornis, sp. 0.

Nigra, nitida, pronoti lateribus vage rufescentibus, elytris irregu-

lariter flavo-bifasciatis, fascia antica basali, ad suturam interrupta,

macula nigra humerali aliaque juxta-scutellari includente, postica

anteapicali, fasciis antice et postice longe bihamatis, inter se

fere connexis; hemispherica, convexa, capite subtiliter punc-

tato, sericeo; pronoto sat fortiter et crebre punctato, lateribus

bene marginatis, leviter arcuatis, angulis omnibus acutis, basi

trisinuato, subtiliter marginato, foveis basalibus profundis, ad

pronoti longitudinis partem tertiam squalibus; elytris ubique

gequaliter fortiter punctatis; antennis gracilibus, quam corporis

dimidium longioribus.

Long. 5 mm.; lat. max. 4 mm.

Invo-Cuina: Upper Mekong R., Houei Sai (R. Vitalis de

Salvaza, May).

I have seen only a single specimen, presented to the

British Museum by its discoverer.

In its markings B. longicornis is not unlike B. cardont,

Gorh., but the orange-coloured fascize are more extensive,

only slightly interrupted at the suture (the posterior one

scarcely at all), and almost connected together by the two

converging finger-like processes emitted by each. The pro-

thorax is much broader than it is represented in the figure

of that species and the whole outline is much more circular.

The puncturation of the upper surface is very closely and

evenly distributed and that of the elytra very deep and

strong, especially upon their median part. The antennz

are very slender and their three terminal joints form about

one-third of the total length.

Beccaria brevicornis, sp. n-

Nigra, nitida, elytris irregulariter flavo-bifasciatis, fascia antica

basali, ad suturam late interrupta, utrinque maculis duabus

nigris includente, exteriori humerali aliaque approximata, fascia

postica anteapicali, antice et postice longe hamata; late ovalis,

convexa, capite crebre punctato; pronoto parum lato, ubique

crebre punctato, lateribus leviter arcuatis, angulis anticis rectis,

posticis acutis, basi trisinuato, foveis basalibus brevibus; elytris

bene punctatis, punctis majoribus et minoribus intermixtis ;

antennis sat brevibus, ad corporis tertiam partem longitudine

equali, articulo tertio elongato, 4°-6° minutis, 7° et 8° ma-

joribus, clava quam partem tertiam multo longiori.

Long. 6 mm.; lat. max. 4-5 mm.

Inpo-Curwa: Upper Mekong R., Houei Sai (R. Vitalis de

Salvaza, May).

334 Mr. G. J. Arrow on the

Two specimens found by M. Vitalis de Salvaza are all

that are yet known of this species.

It is the largest of the genus known to me and is rather

less hemispherical in shape, with shorter antennz, than its

congeners. It is, however, allied to B. longicornis, and has

closely similar markings. The pale fascize are more dis-

tinctly interrupted at the suture and the inner black basal

spot is nearer to the shoulder than to the scutellum. The

pronotum is relatively longer, more contracted in front, less

distinctly margined at the sides, with feebler basal fovee.

The elytra are less strongly and regularly punctured, and the

punctures are large and small intermixed. The last three

joints of the antenna form more than a third of its total

length and the two preceding joints are distinctly larger

than the three immediately before them.

Endomychus divisus, sp. n.

Fulvus, ecapite, prothorace, scutello, pedibus antennisque nigris ;

sat late ovatus, convexus, pedibus antennisque parum gracilibus,

pronoto breviter transverso, nitidissimo, medio subtilissime

punctulato, lateribus subparallelis, marginibus elevatis, angulis

anticis rotundatis, late excavatis, posticis acutis, basi stria

profunda marginato, foveis basalibus profundis ad medium attin-

gentibus; elytris ubique distincte sat sequaliter punctatis,

convexis, ad humeros latis; antennarum clava laxe articulata,

longitudine ad articulos 5 preecedentes eequali, his moniliformibus.

Long. 45-5 mm.

Inpo-Cuina: Luang Prabang (March), Upper Mekong,

Pou Hai Katoui (R. V. de Salvaza, April).

This has a rather close resemblance to the Japanese

Pheomychus rufipennis, Mots., with which it is identical in size

and coloration, but differs in the absence of a stridulating

apparatus upon the head and of sexual difference in the

front tibiz. In actual relationship it appears to be nearest

to E. (Cenomychus) plagiatus, Gorh., but it is a more stoutly-

formed insect, with less slender legs and antennz and

broader prothorax. The pronotum is exceedingly finely

and scantily punctured, distinctly margined at the sides,

with the front angles rounded and broadly hollowed out,

the hind angles acutely produced and the basal impressions

broad and deep. The elytra are distinctly punctured, a

little broader at the shoulders than the pronotum, and only

very little wider behind the mmddle.

Endomychid Coleoptera of Indo-China. 335

PARARHYMBUS, gen. nov.

Corpus hemisphericum, supra pubescens. Pronotum toto circum-

marginatum, basi medio lobato, foveis basalibus lineiformibus,

ad medium attingentibus. Elytrorum epipleure latissime

apicesque producti. Prosternum angustum, postice productum,

acutum; mesosternum intra coxas quadratum, antice tuber-

culatum ; metasternum antice rotundatum, fortiter marginatum.

Pedes tenues, tarsis longibus, filiformibus, tri-articulatis. Horum

articulus secundus quam primo brevior, tertius quam secundus

duplo longior, Ungues graciles, basi fortiter lobati. Antenne

longs, graciles, articulo primo crasso, 2° elongato, 3° ad 8° tenuis-

simis, 9° ad 11° magnis, laxe articulatis.

Pararhymbus longicornis, sp. n.

Fusco-brunneus, capite, pronoti et elytrorum marginibus corporeque

subtus rufescentibus, vel totus rufescens, pedibus antennisque

flavis, harum articulo ultimo fusco; late hemisphzricus, modice

convexus, supra sat dense griseo-pubescens, capite lato, parce

punctulato et hirsuto, oculis sat magnis, parum grosse granulatis;

pronoto parce et subtilissme punctulato, toto marginato, lateribus

fortiter arcuatis, angulis anticis obtusis, posticis obsoletis,

scutello minuto; elytris fortiter equaliter punctatis, basi quam

pronoto multo latioribus, humeris obsoletis, lateribus regulariter

arcuatis, apicibus productis.

Long. 2°5 mm.; lat. max, 2 mm.

Tonkin: Hoabinh (August).

A series of specimens was found by M. Vitalis.

This is an addition to the very insufficiently known group

of forms allied to the genus Clemmus, in which the tarsi are

filiform and consist of only three joints, apparently through

the complete fusion of the Ist and 2nd. Pararhymbus

differs from the latter genus by the less prominent and less

coarsely granulated eyes, the very slender 11]-jointed antenne,

of which all the joints except the penultimate -one are

elongate, the absence of lateral prothoracic ridges due to the

production of the basal fovez in Clemmus to the front margin,

and the more broadly dilated elytra, with produced apical

angles.

The upper surface is clothed with a fine and not very close

greyish pubescence, which is almost absent from the middle

of the prothorax and the region of the scutellum. The

elytra are everywhere strongly and regularly punctured.

It is very deep brown in colour, with the lower surface,

the front of the head, the legs, and antenne red, but the last

836 On Cicadidee from Indo-China.

joint of the antenna is dark. The sides of the pronotum

and elytra are also tinged with red and some specimens

(probably immature) are entirely red.

The tibiza and tarsi are very slender, as in allied forms,

and the claws also are slender and strongly curved, with

large basal lobes, from the sides of which the claws are

separated only by narrow intervals. The antennz are also

slender, but the two first joints are a little thicker, the 3rd

rather longer than those that follow, and the three forming

the club very loosely attached to one another.

XLVI.—Cicadidee from Indo-China.

By W. L. Distant.

In my last enumeration of the species belonging to the

Homopterous family Cicadide received from Indo-China by

the efforts of Mons. R. Vitalis de Salvaza (Ann. & Mag. Nat.

Hist. (9) iii. p. 43, 1919) no fewer than seventy-six species

had been recorded. I am now enabled, by the continued

assistance of the same entomologist, to add three more species

to the list, thus bringing up the total to seventy-nine.

Mogannia aliena, sp. n.

@. Head and abdomen black; pronotum castaneous,

posterior margin ochraceous ; mesonotum castaneous, with

two central obconical spots on anterior margin and the lateral

margins (more or less) black ; abdomen above black, more or

less ochraceously pilose ; body beneath black; legs more

or less castaneous; lateral areas of pro- and mesonota and

abdomen (especially on lateral areas) ochraceously pilose ;

anterior area of head above thickly longly ochraceously

pilose, eyes dull dark ochraceous ; tegmina pale hyaline, the

venation and costal area pale castaneous ; an oblique dark

castaneous fascia, enclosing a transverse, waved, pale, linear

fascia commencing at upper end of radial area and terminating

on claval area; wings hyaline, the veins pale, castaneous ;

the anterior area of head prominent.

Long., excl. tegm., 2,20; exp. tegm. 44 mm.

Hab. Indo-China; Tonkin (2. V. de Salvaza).

Allied to M. formosana, Mats.

On new or little-known Tipulide. 337

Mogannia distinguenda, sp. n.

Body above bright emerald-green, eyes blackish; body

beneath ochraceous ; face and anterior legs pale castaneous,

intermediate and posterior legs ochraceous; base of face

emerald-green ; tegmina and wings hyaline; tegmina with

the costal area to just beyond apex of radial area sanguineous,

veins on basal half emerald-green, remaining venation more

or less fuscous ; wings pale hyaline, narrowly sanguineous

at base, the venation greenish on about basal half, remainder

fuscous ; head conically produced in front, eyes and ocelli

fuscous ; opercula and lateral areas of sternum with a pale

greenish tint; abdomen beneath with a central longitudinal

carination ; opercula small, not covering the cavities, which

are dark fuscous.

Long., excl. tegm., ¢, 14; exp. tegm. 40 mm.

Hab. Indo-China; Haut Mekong, Muong Sing (2. V.

de Salvaza).

Mogannia obliqua.

Mogannia obliqua, Walk. List Hom., Suppl. p. 39 (1858).

FTab. Indo-China; Haut Mekong, Muong Sing.

A single specimen of this species, not uncommon in India,

Burma, Malay Peninsula, and Java, has now been received

from Indo-China,

XLVII.—New or little-known Tipulidee (Diptera).—II. Ethio-

pian Species. By Cuartes P. Axexanper, Ph.D.,

Urbaua, Illinois, U.S.A.

Tue crane-flies described in this instalment were included

in material sent to me for study by Dr. Hugh Scott of the

University Museum, Cambridge, and Rev. J. A. Reis of

the Cameroun. Dr. Scott has requested that the types

of the new species described from the material submitted by

him be deposited in the British Museum. The other types

are preserved in the collection of the author. I am indebted

to Prof. Lamb, Dr. Scott, and Reverend Reis for the loan

of this material.

Dicranomyia marshalli, sp. nu.

Wings very long and narrow, vein Sc short; general

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 23

338 Dr: C. P3 Alexander on

coloration of the body greyish; halteres long and slender ;

fore femora dark brown, the other femora paler.

Female.—Length 7:8-8'4 mm. ; wing 9-10 mm.

Rostrum rather long for most species of this genus of

flies, about equal to half the length of the head or to the

antennal scape, dark brown, including the palpi. Antenne

dark brown, the flagellar segments long-oval, with a short

white pubescence and a few curved verticils. Head black,

grey-pruinose.

Thorax dark grey, the prescutum with the stripes in-

distinct or lacking. Halteres long and slender, pale, the

knobs brown. Legs with the cox small, dull yellow,

the outer face of the fore coxe infuscated ; trochanters pale

yellowish brown ; fore femora dark brown, with only the

extreme base pale; middle and hind femora yellowish ;

tibie light brownish yellow, the tips narrowly darkened ;

tarsi dark brown. Wings very long and narrow, somewhat

as in the Holarctic Dicranomyia longipennis (Schummel),

pale yellowish grey, the stigma and veins pale. Venation:

Sc short, Sc; ending about opposite or slightly beyond the

origin of Fs, Sc, removed a short distance from the tip of

Sc,, the latter alone being about equal to two-thirds the

basal deflection of Cu,;; basal deflection of R,,, about

one-half the sector; basal deflection of Cu, far before the

fork of M, the fusion of M and the deflection of Cu, being

usually about one-half the length of the latter alone ; cell

2nd anal long and narrow, conforming to the elongate shape

of the wing.

Abdomen dark brown, the ovipositor yellowish horn-

colour. Tergal valves of the ovipositor slender, divergent,

gently upcurved ; sternal valves much higher, compressed,

the tips subacute.

Hab. Rhodesia.

Holotype, ¢ , Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. A. K. Marshall).

Paratopotypes, 3 2.

Type in the collection of the British Museum ; paratypes

in the collections of Cambridge University and the writer.

Dicranomyia fuscopleura, sp. 0.

Size very small (wing of male about 4 mm.) ; antenne

dark brown, the flagellar segments with a short basal

pedicel ; mesothorax dull brownish yellow, the pleura with

a broad, dark brown longitudinal stripe; wings faintly

tinged with grey, the stigma brown; vein Se long, cell

lst M, closed.

new or little-known Tipulide. 339

Male.—Length about 2°8-3 mm. ; wing 3°9-4 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown,

the flagellar segments oval, the intermediate segments with

an indistinct basal pedicel. Head dark brown.

Mesonotum dull brownish yellow, the preescutum without

distinct stripes. Pleura somewhat brighter yellow, with

a broad brown longitudinal stripe extending from the

cervical sclerites to the base of the abdomen, passing

immediately beneath the base of the halteres. Mesosternum

brownish. Halteres long, light brown, the knobs and the

end of the stem darker brown. Legs with the coxe and

trochanters dull testaceous yellow; remainder of the legs

broken. Wings with a faint grey tinge, the stigma rounded. _

oval, brown; veins dark brown. Venation: Se long,

Sc, extending to slightly beyond mid-length of the long

sector, Sc, at the tip of Sc,; r at the tip of R,, bisecting the

stigma; Rs long, more than twice the basal deflection of

R,,5; cell lst M, closed, large, longer than vein M; beyoud

it ; basal deflection of Cu, just beyond the fork of M.

Abdomen dark bfown.

Hab. West Africa.

Holotype, 8 , Lonji, about 50 miles north of Kribi, near

the Ulou River, Cameroun, altitude about 1000 feet,

July 18, 1919.

». Dicranomyia fuscopleura is a tiny fly that is readily told

from related described species by tlie size and conspicuously

striped thoracic pleura.

Dicranomyia recedens, sp. n.

Antennal scape dark brownish black, the basal flagellar

segments yellowish, the remainder of the antenne dark

brown ; thorax and abdomen dark brownish biack ; legs

brown, the tarsi pale; wings hyaline, the caudal half

darkened, the costal margin with six large dark brown

blotches ; Sc long, r some distance from the tip of Le,.

Male.— Length 4°8 mm.; wing 5 mm.

Female.—Length 6 mm.; wing 5°7 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Anteune with the scape

dark brownish black, the basal flagellar segments yellowish,

soon passing into dark brown. Head dark.

Mesothorax dark brownish black, the types mouldy,

without distinct markings on the prescutum. Halteres

black, only the extreme base of the stem paler. Legs with

the coxz and trochanters blackish ; femora brownish, with

an indistinct pale subterminal ring; tibize brown, the tips

23*

340 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

pale brown; tarsi pale brown, only the terminal two or

three segments darker brown and somewhat inflated ; claws

long and slender, with a very long, erect basal tooth and

a shorter appressed tooth beyond mid-length. Wings with

the cephalic half hyaline, fhe caudal cells strongly suffused

with brownish grey, the membrane with a heavy dark brown

pattern including six costal blotches; costal cell largely

darkened ; cell Sc largely pale, traversed by the first, third,

and fourth brown blotches ; the first of these areas occupies

the arculus ; the third at the origin of Rs, almost reaching

vein Jf; the fourth, largest, occupies the end of vein Se

and passes through cell lst R, to beyond the fork of the

sector ; the fifth blotch occupies the end of vein FR, and 7,

and attains vein R,,,; the last bloteh occupies the ends of

cells 2nd R, and R;; slightly paler but broad seams along

the cord and outer end of cell 1st M, and as seams along

veins R,,;, M, and Cu; dark clouds at the ends of veins

Cu,, Cuz, 1st A and 2nd A, and in the anal angle of the

wing; veins dark brown. Venation: Se very long, Sc,

ending just before the fork of Rs, Sc, at the extreme tip of

Sc,, and exceeding it in length; Rs long, strongly arcuated

at origin; 7 retreated back from the tip of R,, so that R,

beyond r is about half again as long as7; cell lst J/, closed ;

basal deflection of Cu, before the fork of MZ.

Abdomen dark brown. Male hypopygium rather large

and complicated in structure for this genus of flies. Ovi-

positor with the valves short, the tergal valves slender,

strongly upcurved ; sternal valves transversely flattened and

connected with one another by a membrane.

Hab. West Africa.

Holotype, 8, Lonji, about 50 miles north of Kribi, near

the Ulou River, Cameroun, altitude about 1C00 feet,

July 17, 1919 (J. A. Reis).

Allotopotype, ¢ .

This handsome fly is undoubtedly related to D. recurvans,

Alex. (Los Islands), but is readily told by the wing-pattern

and venational details. The two species form a distinct

group of the genus, in which 7 is at some distance from

the tip of R,, and the female ovipositor shows a peculiar

specialized structure. The recently described D. trigonia

(Edwards) of Sumatra (Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus.

vol. vill. pt. 3, pp. 15,16; July 1919) is evidently another

member of this peculiar group.

new or little-known Tipulide. 341

Geranomyia (Geranomyia) mashonica, sp. n.

General coloration brown, the thoracic pleura plumbeous;

rostrum yellowish; wings pale subhyaline, the stigma small,

rounded-oval, pale brown, vein Sc long.

Male.—Length (excluding rostrum) 5 mm.; wing 6°5 mm.;

rostrum about 2°3 mm.

Rostrum moderately elongate, light brownish yellow

throughout. Antenne with the scapal segments pale

brown, the flagellum darker brown, oval-cylindrical. Head

light grey, the genz more yellowish.

Mesonotum plumbeous brown, possibly discoloured, as

there is an irregular median yellowish area on the pre-

scutum. Pleura dark plumbeous. Halteres rather short,

pale yellow, the knobs scarcely darker. Legs with the cox

dark plumbeous ; trochanters yellowish brown ; remainder

of the legs broken. Wings pale yellowish subhyaline ;

stigma small, rounded-oval, pale brown; veins pale.

Venation: Sc long, extending to nearly opposite three-

fourths the length of Rs, Sc, not far from the tip of Sc,

Sc, alone being a little shorter than m; r at the tip of R, ;

basal deflection of R,,,; a little less than one-half the long

sector ; r—m short, less than m ; cell 1s¢ M, rather long, the

portion of M,,,. between 7m and m being about equal to or

a little longer than that portion beyond m; basal deflection

of Cu, at the fork of M.

Abdomen reddish yellow, especially the broad posterior

margius of the tergites. Hypopygium reddish, the ventral

pleural appendages long, greatly exceeding the short

pleurites ; dorsal appendages relatively ‘small, the tip

suddenly narrowed and acute.

Hab. Rhodesia.

Holotype, 3 , Salisbury, Mashonaland (G. 4. K. Marshall).

Collector’s No. 28.

Type in the collection of the British Museum.

Geranomyia mashonica requires comparison only with

G. maculistiyma (Enderlein) of Madagascar. The latter

is a differently coloured fly with the stigma dark brown, the

basal deflection of R,,; very short and cell 1s¢ M, small and

subquadrate. ;

Ceratocheilus flavirostris, sp. n.

Rostrum almost as long as the body, light yellow, the

extreme base abruptly blackened ; antennz with the basal

342 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

seymeuts light yellowish, the flagellar segments dark brown;

general coloration of the hody black, the sides of the meso-

notal prescutum reddish brown; halteres black; legs with

the coxz black, the apical tarsal segments pale; wings

subhyaline with a heavy dark brown pattern; vein R,,3

straight, perpendicular to the sector; basal deflection of

Cu, at about mid-length of cell lst Mj.

Male.—Length (excluding rostrum) 68 mm.; wing

4°5 mm. ; rostrum alone 6 mm.

Rostrum elongate, in the male sex at least, nearly as long

as the body, the extreme base brownish black, the remainder

of the organ very pale yellow. Antenne with the enlarged

basal segments conspicuously light yellow, the flagellum

dark brown, the distal segments provided with very long

hairs. Head dark brownish black, possibly discoloured,

paler adjoining the inner margin of the eye.

Mesonotal preescutum dark reddish brown, the lateral

margins very narrowly paler, the dorso-median area darker ;

remainder of the mesonotum black. Pleura black. Halteres

black. Legs with the coxe black; trochanters pale testa-

ceous yellow ; femora brown, paler at the base ; tibiz and

tarsi darker brown, the apical tarsal segments pale whitish

brown, the claws reddish. Wings greyish subhyaline, with

a heavy dark pattern, arranged as follows: the single dark

brown spot is located at Sc., immediately above the origin of

Rs; less intense brown spots on R,,, continued along the

cord to the fork of Cu; a similar but narrower seam at the

outer end of cell ist M,; a very small cloud at the origin of

Rs ; a large blotch at the base of M; large spots in the

cells, as follows: two in cell R, the cutermost much

the larger, subequal in size to the seam on R,,3; four equi-

distant marks in cell M, each of these divided into two

unequal parts by a longitudinal obliterative streak in this’

cell ; two spots in cell R;, the proximal one larger; a large

blotch at the end of vein 2nd A, entirely traversing the cell;

a small blotch in the middle of cell lst A; brown clouds at

the ends of veins M3, Cu,, and Cu, ; the apex of the wing in

cells Az, R;, and M, milky white; the dark areas on the

wing are produced by the concentration of the microscopic

setzee which cover the membrane at these points; vein R,

yellow, the remaining veins dark brown. Venation: Sc

ending just beyond the origin of Rs, Sc, being almost

exactly at this point; Rs evenly and gently arcuate ;

R,,3 perfectly straight and perpendicular to the end of Rs,

so that cell R, is almost a triangle ; cell lst M, closed ;

new or little-known Tipulide. 343

basal deflection of Cu, at about mid-length of the lower side

of cell lst My.

Abdomen black, the penultimate segment brighter.

Hab. West Africa.

Holotype, 3 , Lonji, about 50 miles north of Kribi, near

the Ulou River, Cameroun, altitude about 1000 feet,

July 17, 1919 (J. A. Reis).

Paratype, 3, Grande Bassan, Jonchier, Ivory Coast, 1903

(R. Blanchard), in the Paris Museum.

Ceratucheilus flavirostris is readily told by the dark colour

of the body, the pale yellow rostrum, and the very heavily

spotted wings. The short straight R,,; and the position

of the basal deflection of Cu; is distinctive of this species.

RHAMPHIDINA, subgen. nov.

Rostrum long and slender, longer than the head. An-

tenne with 16 segments. Wings with Sc moderately

elongate, ending about opposite mid-length of As and not

close to R, at the wing-margin; Sc, at the extreme tip of

Sc,; Ry; sinuate, diverging from the almost straight Ry45;

cell 1st M, open by the atrophy of 17; basal deflection of

Cu, before the fork of M.

Type of the subgenus.—Rhamphidia (Rhamphidina) came-

rounensis, sp. n. (Cameroun).

Rhamphidia (Rhamphidina) camerounensis, sp. n.

General coloration dark brown, the thoracic pleura more

yellowish ; halteres brown; wings hyaline, the stigma pale

brown ; cell &, narrowed before its outer end; cell lst M,

open.

Male.—Length about 4°2 mm.; wing 3°8—4 mm.

Rostrum long and slender, longer than the head, dark

brown ; palpi dark brown. Antennz dark brown. Head

dark brown.

Mesonotum brown, the lateral portions and the pleura

dull yellowish testaceous. Halteres dark brown, the stem

pale. Legs with the coxz brownish testaceous; trochanters

testaceous ; femora dark brown; tibiz dark brown, the tip

and all the tarsi broken. Wings hyaline, the stigma pale

brown; veins dark brown. Venation: Se rather short,

Sc, ending just beyond mid-length of Rs, Sc, at the extreme

tip of Sc, and exceeding it in length; Rs long, almost

straight; R,,; long, gently sinuate; cell R, narrowed

344 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

before its outer end ; cell 1st M, open by the atrophy of m;

basal deflection of Cu, a short distance before the fork of M,

this distance usually a little less than the length of the

deflection of Cu, alone.

Abdomen dark brown. Male hypopygium with the

pleurites rather stout, broad at the base, the inner face set

with abundant erect spinous setz ; two pleural appendages,

the outer appendage short, heavily chitinized, the tip in-

distinctly bifid; inner appendage long, broad at the base,

suddenly narrowed to the slender curved tip, which bears

a single long bristle at its apex; along the cephalic or

prone) margin of this appendage at about mid-length

a group of about seven stout erect setz. Gonapophyses

appearing as flattened blades whose posterior lateral angle

is produced into a long acute point; penis-guard curved

at the tip.

Hab. West Africa.

Holotype, 8, Wonji, about 50 miles north of Kribi,

near the Ulou River, altitude about 1000 feet, July 18,

1919 (J. A. Reis).

Paratopotype, 3.

RHAMPHIDIOIDES, subgen. nov.

Rostrum nearly as long as the head. Antenne with

16 segments, the scapal segments enlarged; flagellar seg-

ments slender, with appressed verticils. Legs long and

‘slender; claws simple. Wings with vein Se long, ending

nearly opposite the fork of the long sector, Sc, far before

the tip of Sr;; Sc, and R, close together at the wing-

margin, the space on costa between them about equal to the

basal deflection of Cu,; r lacking; veins R.,; and Ry,5

strongly divergent at their outer ends, cell R; being very

broadly trumpet-shaped outwardly ; cell lst M, closed ;

basal deflection of Cu, far before the fork of M. Male

hypopygium with the pleurites long and slender; two

pleural appendages. Ovipositor with the valves very long

and slender, the tergal valves especially so.

Type of the subgenus.—Rhamphidia (Rhamphidioides)

venustissima, sp. n. (Cameroun).

The habitus of this beautiful little fly is quite unlike

typical Rhamphidia, and it is probable that the similarity

that seems to exist between the two groups will be found to

be superficial only when more material is obtained. The

legs are long and slender ; the wings with Se very long and

close to R, at the wing-margin and with Sc, far back from

new or little-known Tipulidze. 345

its tip, cell R; very wide at the wing-margin, and the basal

deflection of Cu, before the fork of M all indicate a rather

isolated group. Leiponeura alluaudi, Riedel, is very probably

a member of this subgenus. The biological notes by the

collector add another genus and species to the list of spider-

web Tipulide and, curiously enough, this species, like the

others, has white feet.

Rhamphidia (Rhamphidioides) venustissima, sp. n.

Rostrum brown ; antenne with the four basal segments

yellow, the remainder of the flagellum dark brown; meso-

notum dark brown, the sides of the prescutum yellowish ;

pleura yellow, spotted with brown ; legs dark brown, the

tips of the tarsi white; wings subhyaline with a heavy dark

brown and grey pattern; basal deflection of Cu, before the

fork of M; abdomen yellow, the intermediate segments

with two transverse brown bands that produce a close

banded appearance.

Male.—Length about 4°3 mm.; wing 3°5 mm.

Female.—Length about 5°3 mm. ; wing 3°9 mm.

Rostrum moderately elongated, nearly as long as the head,

dark brown; palpi small, yellow basally, the tips brown.

Antennz with the four basal segments bright yellow, the

remainder of the flagellum dark brown. Head dark

brown. .

Pronotum dull yellow. Mesonotal prascutum deep

yellow, dark brown medially ; remainder of the mesonotum

dark brown. Pleura dull yellow, spotted with brown.

Halteres dull yellow, the knobs dark brown, a more or less

distinct dark brown band heyond the base of the stem.

Legs with the fore and middle coxz marked with brown on

their outer faccs, the hind coxe entirely yellow; trochanters

brown ; femora and tibiz dark brown, the extreme base and

tip of the latter pale; tarsi with the metatarsi dark brown,

on the outer half passing into creamy white; remainder of

the tarsi creamy white. Wings subhyaline with a heavy

dark brown pattern, consisting of five large radial blotches ;

a sparse grey clouding in the posterior cells ; cell C yellow,

unmarked except for the narrow seam at 4; subcostal cell

yellow, dark brown at the base and tip, and at Sc,; the five

dark brown areas are as follows: at arculus; at the origin

of Rs, extending completely across cell R; the stigmal

blotch, extending to cell lst M,; a large area at the end of

vein R,,3 extending caudad to vein A,,,; end of cell R,;

the grey seams in the posterior cells include the remainder

346 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

of the cord; cell lst M,; in the ends of the anal cells;

in the end of cell Cu, and very faintly across the posterior

cells in alignment with the fourth and fifth radial blotches

described above; veins C, Sc, and R yellow; remaining

veins dark brown. Venation: Sc, retracted far back from

the tip of Sc,, lying about midway between the origin of Rs

and the tip of Sc,; Rs long, arcuated at origin; cell R; very

wide at the wing-margin ; basal deflection of Cu, some

distance before the fork of M, in some specimens this dis-

tance being greater than the deflection of Cw, in others

less. ,

Abdominal tergites yellow, the intermediate segments

with two broad brown cross-bands, one basal, the other

postmedial, about equal in width to the yellow apices and

much broader than the yellow band between them; the first

segment has only the apical yellow band; the apical seg-

ments are uniformly darkened; sternites similar to the

tergites, but the brown markings less clear-cut. Male

hypopygium with the pleurites very long and _ slender,

narrowed to the tip ; pleural appendages two, the outermost

slender, arcuated, chitinized ; inner appendage longer, stout

at the base, narrowed to the tip which is slightly expanded.

Gonapophyses in the form of flattened yellow curved hooks

that are acutely pointed at their tips. Ovipositor with the

tergal valves exceedingly long and slender, slightly upcurved

at their tips ; stemmal valves long, the tips acutely pointed.

Hab. West Africa.

Holotype, 3, Lonji, about 50 miles north of Kribi,

near the Ulou River, Cameroun, altitude about 1000 feet,

July 17, 1919 (J. A. Reis).

Allotopotype, & .

Paratopotype, 2.

“« Resting on spider-webs in between the roots of trees.”

Paratropeza (Gymnastes) teucholaboides, sp. n.

General coloration black, two spots on the vertex, the

dorso-pleural membranes of the thorax and the apices of

the halteres yellow; femora with the tips swollen, black,

with a narrow subapical yellow ring; wings dark brown, the

base and two narrow cross-bands hyaline.

Male.—Length about 4°7 mm.; wing 5 mm.

Female.—Length 6 mm. ; wing 5°6 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antenne black, the flagellar

segments oval. Head black, the anterior part of the vertex

silvery pruinose and with a large yellowish spot at the inner

new or little-known Tipulide. 347

margin of the eye, these marks but narrowly separated by a

capillary median brown line.

Prothorax black. Mesothorax black, the dorso-thoracic

membranes light sulphur-yellow. Halteres black, the tips

of the knobs conspicuously yellow. Legs with the coxe

and trochanters black; femora dark brown, the tips broadly

swollen and blackened, immediately before the enlargement

with a narrow yellow ring ; tibiz brown, the tips broadly

blackened ; tarsi dark brown, the base of the metatarsus

yellow, this broadest on the hind legs. Wings narrow, dark

brown; base of the wing and two narrow cross-bands pale,

the first of these cross-bands before the cord, the second

just beyond the outer end of cell lst M,. Venation: Se

ending just before mid-length of Rs ; only the extreme base

of R, preserved, and this in alignment with the subatrophied

r so as to appear as a single weak cross-vein ; r—m con-

necting with Rs before its symmetrical fork; cell Ist IG

long and narrow, broadened outwardly, the basal deflection

of Cu, about at the fork of M.

Abdomen black, in the male with the posterior margins

of the tergites very narrowly and indistinctly yellow. Ovi-

positor horn-coloured, the valves rather long and slender.

flab. Rhodesia (Melsetter District).

Holotype, $, Chirinda Forest, October 1905 (G. A. K.

Marshall).

Allotopotype, ?.

Type in the collection of the British Museum.

By means of the existing keys, Paratro,eza teucholubvides

would run to the genus Teucholabis, Osten-Sacken, but a

comparison with certain Oriental species of Paratrcpeza,

such as P. ornatipennis (de Meijere) and P. flavitibia,

Alexander, convinces me that we have here to do with

a highly specialized member of Paratropeza, which gives

us a distinct clue as to the manner in which the reduced

radial venation of Yeucholabis has been evolved. This is

produced by the atrophy of the tip of 2, beyond the radial

cross-vein and the straightening out of the base of R, into

alignment with vr. In the Oriental species of Paratropeza,

including P. pictipennis (Kdwards), in addition to the two

species mentioned above, the tip of R, is preserved, but the

entire branch is small, nearly vertical in position and often

with the radial cross-vein inserted near the middle of its

length. It may become necessary to relegate Paratropeza

to subgeneric rank under Teucholabis, giving us a case

entirely comparable to Gonomyia and its reduced subgenus

Leiponeura.

348 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) fuscoapicalis, sp. n.

General coloration dark brown, the thoracic pleura and

abdominal sternites dull yellow ; tarsi and most of the tibiz

whitish ; wings greyish subhyaline, the wing-tip dark

brown; petiole of cell R; nearly one-half the length of

this cell.

Male.—Length 5°2 mm.; wing 4°8 mm.

Rostrum yellow; palpi dark brown. Antenne dark

brown, unusually long for a member of this genus, if bent

backward extending beyond the wing-base ; verticils long,

especially: a single verticil on each seg nent, arranged in

a single secund row. Head dark brown, brighter on the

occiput.

Mesonotal prescutum dull brownish yellow, dark brown

medially; remainder of the mesonotum dark brown.

Pleura dull brownish yellow. Halteres short, dark brown.

Legs with the coxe and trochanters dull yellow; femora

pale brown; tibiz similar, soon passing into white ; tarsi

white; femora with three short black spines near the base,

these possibly lacking on the posterior femora which are

concealed in the type. Wings greyish subbhyaline, the

wing-tip and narrow seams along the veins dark brown ;

stigma scarcely darker than the wing-tip; costal and sub-

costal cells, the stigma, cell 2nd R,, all of R,, the outer third

of R;, and the tip of R; darkened; narrow brown seams

along all the radial veins, along M,,,, and on Cu and its

branches; veins dark brown. Venation: R.,3; beyond r

a little shorter than r alone, and about one-third to one-

fourth the length of R,.; petiole of cell R; between one-third

and one-half the length of this cell and considerably longer

than the basal deflection of R,,;.

Abdominal tergites uniformly dark brown, the sternites

dull yellowish.

Hub. West Africa.

Holotype, 3, Lonji, about 50 miles north of Kribi,

near the Ulou River, Cameroun, altitude about 1000 feet,

July 17, 1919 (J. A. Reis).

Trentepohlia fuscoapicalis is a small species of the sub-

genus that is apparently closest to 7. curtipennis (Speis.),

likewise from Cameroun. This latter species is rust-yellow

with the abdominal segments narrowly ringed with brown ;

the wings with a large brownish-yellow stigma and with the

apex suffused with yellowish.

new or little-known Tipulide. 349

Tipula mashona, sp. n.

Belongs to the oleracea group; close to TJ. soror,

Wiedemann ; antennal flagellum dark brown; general

coloration grey, the prescutum with three pale stripes that

are margined with dark brown, the median stripe split by

a dark brown line.

Male.—Length about 21 mm.; wing 20 mm.

Rostrum light grey above, the sides brown; nasus with

long yellow hairs. Antenne with the first and second

segments pale brownish yellow, sparsely grey-pruinose,

third segment yellowish brown, darker at the end, remaining

segments dark brown, the basal swelling moderately

prominent. Head light grey.

Mesonotal prescutum grey with three indistinct greyish

stripes that are distinctly margined with dark brown, the

median stripe split by a double capillary brown line; lateral

stripes with the brown margins becoming obliterated on the

lateral side ; scutum grey, the lobes with brown markings

anteriorly ; remainder of the notum light grey. Pleura

pale, light grey-pruinose, the dorso-pleural membranes dul

buffy yellow. Halteres long, the knobs dark brown. Legs

with the coxz yellowish, the mesocoxe and metacoxe

sparsely grey-pruinose ; trochanters dull brownish yellow ;

femora brown, the tips darker; tibiz pale brown, the tips

narrowly darkened ; tarsi long, dark brown, the base of the

‘metatarsi a little paler. Wings pale grey, the costal region

brown, including cells C, Sc, 1st R,, and 2nd R, ; a broad

subhyaline streak, including most of cell R, the anterior

portion of M, the base of R; and almost all of R;; a brown

seam along Cu. Venation: cell R, small, narrow at the

base, R; almost in alignment with R,, 3.

Abdomen discoloured ; the tergites apparently dark brown

with a distinct blackish sublateral mark on either side, the

lateral margins broadly pale. Hypopygium pale. Male

hypopygium with the ninth tergite about as in 7. svror,

broad and flattened; the caudal margin with a broad median

lobe that is feebly notched medially, the lobes roughened

and with the outer angle a little produced, smooth ; viewed

caudally, each of these lobes is seen to be produced ventrally

into a flattened blade whose caudal margin is densely covered

with blackened spinules. The pleural appendages are

almost as in J. soror. Ninth sternite strongly carinate,

the dorsal inner angle with a dense tuft of yellowish hairs

directed inward. Eighth sternite unarmed.

flab. Rhodesia.

350 On new or little-known Tipulide.

Holotype, 3, Salisbury, Mashonaland, March 1905 (G. 4.

K. Marshall).

Type in the collection of the British Museum.

Tipula mashona is very closely allied to TJ. soror,

Wiedemann, but may be distinguished by the dark brown

autennal flagellum, the clear grey coloration of the head and

thorax, and other characters.

Nephrotoma mossambica, sp. n.

Close to N. unicingulata, Alexander ; prescutal stripes

very broad, confluent or nearly so; legs brownish black, the

femoral bases paler; wings with the apical cells sparsely

pubescent, Rs short and straight ; abdominal tergites one to

five with a black median mark, segments six to eight ringed

with black.

Male.—Length about 13 mm.; wing 15 mm.

Female.—Length about 18 mm. ; wing 16 mm.

Frontal prolongation of the head dull yellow ; nasus long

and slender. Palpi pale brown. Antennal scape orange ;

flagellum black; antennze moderately elongate, if bent

- backward, extending about to the base of the abdomen.

Head orange, the occipital mark elongate, dull brown.

Pronotum light yellow. Mesonotal prescutum pale

whitish yellow with three very broad black stripes that are

almost confluent, the humeral angles of the ground-colour ;

scutum black with only a narrow yellowish median line;

scutellum brownish testaceous; postnotum yellow with

about the posterior two-fifths brownish testaceous. Pleura

whitish, indistinctly marked with yellowish. Halteres brown,

the knobs yellowish. Legs with the coxe and trochanters

pale yellowish ; femora dark brownish black with the base

paler, more brownish, this narrowest on the fore legs, more

extensive on the hind legs; remainder of the legs dark

brownish black, less intense on the basal half of the tibiz.

Wings with a strong brownish-yellow tinge, the wing-apex

passing into brown ; cell Sc yellowish brown; stigma dark

brown ; an indistinct brown seam along the cord extending

to cell lst M,; veins dark brown. Apices of cells R;, Rs,

and M, sparsely pubescent. Venation as in N. unicingulata,

-but Rs shorter and straighter, almost in alignment with the

deflection of R,,; ; cell M, more broadly sessile.

Abdominal tergites orange-yellow, the first tergite largely

black ; tergite two with a linear black mark on the basal

half and a similar mark on the apical half ; segments three

On certain British Freshwater Entomostraca. 351

to five each with a similar mark occupying the apical two-

thirds of the segment; segments six to eight with a con-

spicuous black ring as in N. unicingulata, this including all

of segments six to eight excepting the basal half of the sixth

sternite, which is orange; sternites unmarked. Hypo-

pygium reddish orange; ninth tergite with a broad, rounded

posterior notch; outer pleural appendage tapering to a long

point.

The female is generally similar to the male, but the

occipital mark is less distinct, the przscutal stripes con-

fluent, the scutellum and posterior margin of the postnotum

darker brown, the pleural markings darker. ‘The tergal

valves of the ovipositor are long and straight.

Hab. Rhodesia (Melsetter District).

Holotype, 6, Chirinda Forest, October 1905 (G. A. K.

Marshall).

Allotopotype, ¢ .

Type in the collection of the British Museum.

Nephrotoma mossambica is closely related to N. wuni-

cingulata, Alexander (Transvaal to Cape Colony), in the

cingulated abdomen and the apically pubescent wings. It

is readily told by the much more extensive black areas on

the mesonotum, the darker legs, the darker wings with the

sector short and straight, and by the narrow black markings

on abdominal tergites one to six.

XLVIII.—WNotes on certain British Freshwater Entomostraca.

By Rozert Gurney, M.A.

Tue following notes refer to a few species taken during the

past summer, mainly in Norfolk, some of which have net

previously been found in Britain :—

1. Chirocephalus diaphanus (Prevost) *.

On Sept. 12, 1919, I found a number of specimens of

the Fairy Shrimp in a small pool on Bratley Heath by the

* Daday, in his “ Monograph of the Phyllopoda Anostraca” (Ann. Sci.

Nat. xi. 1910, p. 206), adopts the specific name stagnalis, Shaw. Asa

matter of fact, Shaw is antedated by King (1767), but in either case the

name is inadmissible for this species under Article 31 of the Rules of

Nomenclature (see Int. Rev. Hydrob., Suppl. vi. 1914, Heft 2). Had it

not been so, there would be three species in closely-allied genera to all of

which the same specific name might be attached. Fortunately, only one

of them (Tanymastix stagnalis, Linn.) can properly claim that name.

352 Mr. R. Gurney on certain

Lyndhurst-Ringwood road. There are several small ponds

along this road within a short distance of each other, but

this one alone contained the Chirocephalus. All the ponds

have a gravel bottom covered with grassy weed, and the

only respect in which the pond in question differed from the

others was in the presence of a thick growth of Polygonum

hydropiper. None contained Cladocera of any kind, but,

whereas the other ponds examined produced only Diaptomus

castor and Cypris virens, the Chirocephalus was accompanied

by Cyclops agilis and C. vicinus, Diaptomus vulgaris, and

Cyprinotus incongruens.

The first record of the occurrence of Chirocephalus dia-

phanus in Britain is that of King, who found it near

Norwich in 1762. Baird, in 1850, was able to give several

records of its occurrence, and in 1862 it was found by

Mr. A. Brady at Tillmire, near York. From that date till

1891 it was apparently not met with, but since then it has

been seen in about twenty places, nearly all in the South of

England. It is possible that the absence of records of the

occurrence of Chirocephalus (with the exception of that of

1862) from 1850 till 1891 may be due to lack of search for

it, but it seems more probable that it actually disappeared

in the same way as Apus cancriformis became extinct. The

latter appeared again in 1907, but did not establish itself ;

whereas it seems that Chirocephalus diaphanus has not only

re-established itself, but is becoming comparatively common.

Its most northern locality in England corresponds almost

exactly with its northern limit (50° N. lat.) in Europe, and

its range extends South to the maritime regions of Algeria

and Tunisia. It does not, so far as I know, occur in the

Hauts Plateaux of Algeria or at Biskra. Daday quotes my

authority for its occurrence at Biskra, but this is an error

on his part, as the only species found there by me was

Branchipus pisciformis, Schaeffer.

Chirocephalus diaphanus ranges in size from 37 mm. down

to 12 mm., and Simon® states that there are two distinct

races—a large and a small—which do not intermingle. My

specimens from Bratley Heath, though fully mature, mea-

sure only about 16 mm., but much larger specimens occur

in this country. I have a female, taken in Cornwall, of

30 mm., and Mr. Scourfield informs me that he has one

from Christchurch nearly 34 mm. long, though the largest

specimens from Claygate do not exceed 19 mm. _ Both

races are recorded by Simon from North Africa, and I have

* Ann. Soc. Entom. France, ser. 6, vi. 1886, p. 397.

British Freshwater Entomostraca. 353

found the large race (exceeding 20 mm.) the commoner in

Tunisia; but on one occasion the specimens taken in a

small rain-pool near Tunis included both large and small

individuals, and were separable into three groups. Out of

15 males measured, 12 ranged from 24 to 22 mm., two were

intermediate (19 and 16 mm.), and one very small (12 mm.).

The species is found both in muddy temporary pools—such

as cart-tracks at Claygate—and also in clear, weedy water

as on Bratley Heath. Brauer gives it as an example of a

Branchipod of clear water, associated commonly with Lepi-

durus apus, as compared with Branchipus pisciformis, Schaeff.,

which is found in muddy places in company with Apus

cancriformis ; but this distinction does not hold good in my

experience, since in Tunisia it was generally found in muddy

pools, and more than once in company with Apus cancri-

jormis. Brauer has also pointed out that the association

with Apus and Estheria is of direct benefit to the Branchipods,

since Apus and Estheria stir up the mud and so distribute

food. It seems to me that there is no dimorphism in the

case of C. diaphanus, but that the size of the individuals

depends on the conditions of existence, the larger form being

generally found in muddy places rich in food and the smaller

in clear water.

In France, where C. diaphanus is common, it appears first

in March, and commonly disappears in summer owing to the

drying up of the pools. In this country it has been recorded

in almost every month in the year, but Mr. H. J. Wad-

dington’s observations * show that, near Christchurch, it

appears between January and March, disappears in summer,

and reappears again foratime in autumn. The notes which

Mr. Lucas has kindly sent me of its occurrences at Claygate

seem to prove the same kind of cycle, but I do not think

that the history of any colony has ever been completely

followed throughout the year. The eggs of C. diaphanus,

unlike those of most other Phyllopods, do not require to be

dried before developing, though they can, of course, resist

desiccation. Brauer states that, when they remain in water

after being laid, they have a resting period of some mouths;

and the individuals appearing in autumn would, therefore, be

derived from the eggs laid in spring. On the other hand,

Shaw, who gave an interesting account of his observationsf,

states that eggs laid by a female isolated in an aquarium

hatch in about a fortnight; and it seems that further

* Journ. R. Mic. Soc. 1913, pp. 250-254.

+ Trans. Linn. Soe. i, 1791, pp. 103-110.

~ Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 24.

354 Mr. R. Gurney on certain

investigation of the life-history of this, our only remaining

British Phyllopod, are required.

CLADOCERA.

The two species mentioned below were both found during

August and September 1919 on East Ruston Common,

three miles north-west of Stalham, in East Norfolk. At

the spot where I have made my-collections the marsh is

crossed by a road at its narrowest part, and on the south

of the road is a bog which is always under water. There

is a rich vegetation of the usual fen type, with a dense

growth of Hypnum below the water, with which is mingled

Utricularia minor and intermedia. The presence of Chara

in a pool in the marsh indicates a calcareous water. The

Entomostracan fauna is of remarkable richness, and differs

in several respects from that of any waters with which I am

acquainted. Twenty-four species of Cladocera and twenty

of Copepoda have been found in a small space of a few square

yards, besides several Ostracoda ; while some of the species

are extremely rare in other parts of the district, but occur

here in considerable numbers—-for example, Metacypris cor-

data, Cypris fasciata, Candona euplectella, Cyclops nanus,

and Canthocamptus northumbricus. The two species, Cerio-

daphnia setosa and Kurzia latissima, were found only in this

one small spot and not elsewhere in the marsh.

2. Ceriodaphnia setosa, Matile. (Fig. 1.)

A few specimens of this peculiar Ceriodaphnia were found

in a collection made on Aug. 26 in moss under a depth of

about six inches of water. I returned to the spot two days

later with the intention of obtaining more material, but was

again rewarded only by a very few individuals in spite of

exhaustive search, and was not able to ascertain in what

kind of situation it was living. Its almost entire absence

from collections made in the clear open water seems to show

that it lives actually among the moss, whereas C. laticaudata,

which was also present at the same time, was commoner in

the open water. C. setosa is a sluggish swimmer, and is

easily distinguishable from the usual red form of C. lati-

caudata by its whitish colour faintly tinged with rose ; but

this character is not altogether distinctive, since I have

found C. laticaudata in abundance in a similar situation at

Sutton Broad, every individual being of exactly the same

colour as C, setosa. In fact, I supposed at the time that I

had found a new habitat for the latter.

British Freshwater Entomostraca. aoe

C. setosa is characterized by the presence of small spines

all over the body, these spines springing from every node

of the conspicuous reticulations of the shell and head.

Lilljeborg states that, in the male, they do not arise from

the nodes only, but I have not found any difference between

the sexes in this respect. Similar spines are described in

C. echinata, Moniez, and in C. acanthina, Ross, but in the

former the postabdomen is even broader than that of

Fig, I.

Ceriodaphnia setosa.

A. Ephippial female.

B. Head of male.

C. Fornix and margin of ephippium of female.

D. Postabdomen of female.

C. laticaudata, and in the latter the front of the head is

said to be smooth, while the postabdominal claws are denti-

culate.

The ephippium is marked off from the valves by a

broad, clear space which is free from reticulations, and

the ephippium itself is covered with small reticulations,

each with a small knob or boss in the centre, but with

no spines.

24%

356 Mr. R. Gurney on certain

The first pair of antennz of the female are longer and

more slender than in C. laticaudata, and the postabdomen

is not so broad. The male is readily distinguished by the

protuberance of the rostral region of the head.

So far as I am aware, C. setosa, which was first described

in 1890 from specimens taken in the neighbourhood of

Moscow, has since that time only been recorded from

Sweden and from Plén,in Holstein. Prof. Lilljeborg states

that it is very rare in Sweden, though widely distributed,

being found in places with rich vegetation, particularly

Lemna, in company with C. laticaudata and C. rotunda.

The latter has never been found in this country since 1850,

when Baird described it in his ‘ Natural History of British

Entomostraca,’ and it is very probable that his description

refers to C. laticaudata.

3. Kurzia latissima, Kurz.

This species-was found for the first time on Aug. 26,

and was common on that day in a small patch of Hypnum,

which reached to the surface of the water. This patch was

little more than a yard in diameter, and the Kurzia were

almost confined to it, since none were found in the sur-

rounding marsh. On subsequent days occasional specimens

were taken in the neighbourhood of this spot, but the species

rapidly decreased in numbers, and only two individuals were

found on Oct. 7 in spite of assiduous search.

Kurzia latissima is a rare species, but has an extremely

wide range, being recorded from Sweden, Bohemia, Russia,

Switzerland, Brandenburg, Central Asia, United States,

Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina. It is readily distin-

guishable by its broad outline and its very narrow post-

abdomen. The ephippial area is not marked off from the

rest of the shell by a “line of weakness,” but is dark

brown in colour and marked with fine brown dots. The

male differs little from the female either in shape of shell or

of postabdomen.

CopEPopDaA.

4. Nitocra simplex, Schmeil. (Fig. 2.)

Syn. NV. mudlert, Van Douwe, Zool. Anz. xxviii. 1905, p. 434.

Nitocra hibernica (Brady) is widely distributed in the

Norfolk Broads, both in those which are quite fresh and

also in the rather brackish waters of the Hickling region ;

and N. spinipes, Boeck, is also found, though rarely, in the

British Freshwater Entomostraca. 357

estuarine region of the rivers and near the coast. This year

1 have found N. simplex, Schmeil, also in Horsey Mere and

Fig. 2.

NN) ae

\ .

FOP IT IDA:

u Sn

Ryser 777

SS ate

Nitocra simplex.

1. First antenna of male, last two joints.

2. First leg of male.

3. Third leg of female, last joint of external branch.

4, Furea and operculum of male.

5. Fifth foot of male.

6. Fifth foot of female.

Hickling Broad, but I have only met with it in decayed

stems of Typha angustifolia when searching for Horsielia

358 Mr. R. Gurney on certain

brevicornis (Van Douwe). It occurs in these stems in fair

numbers, and can generally be distinguished from N. hider-

nica, with which it is associated, by its smaller size and

absence of brown markings. ‘his distinction in colour

does not always hold good, since, on the one hand, Van

Douwe notes strong pigmentation in his examples, and,

on the other hand, N. hibernica may sometimes be quite

colourless. Structurally N. simplex is most closely allied to

N. spinipes, Boeck *, but differs from it in the structure of

the first and fifth feet and of the prehensile antenna of the

male. The penultimate joint of the latter in N. simplex has

a series of small knobs along its inner edge, which are not

found in any other species of the genus. In some males

of N. hibernica this joint has a few cuticular ridges, which

indicate an approach to the condition found in N. simplex.

Nitocra simplex appears to be confined to waters in which

there is an appreciable quantity of salt present. Schmeil

found it in Holstein, in water having a salinity of °5°/,,

while Thienemann + records its occurrence in water with a

salt content of about 2°5 grm. per litre. In Hickling andin

Horsey Mere the salinity varies between 40 and 70 grains

per gallon. I have found specimens in a collection made in

1899 at Cley, in Norfolk, in a ditch close to the sea in which

the water was probably slightly brackish, though it contained

otherwise only freshwater Entomostraca.

The genus Nitocra seems to be characteristically marine,

and N. simplex holds an intermediate position between such

species as N. spinipes which is found only in water of high

salinity and N. hibernica which is a genuine freshwater

species.

5. Mesochra rapiens (Schmeil).

Apsteinia rapiens, Schmeil, Zeits. Naturw. Ixvii. 1894, p. 348.

Canthocamptus hirticornis, Scott, 18th Ann. Rep. Scottish F. B. 1895,

p- 261.

Canthocamptus megalops, Lilljeborg, K. Sy.-Ak. Handl. xxxvi. 1902,

. 30,

Apsteinia rapiens, Van Douwe, Deutsch. Susswasserfauna, 1909, p. 61.

Mesochra hirticornis, Sars, Crust. of Norway, v. 1911, p. 210.

The identity of C. megalops, Lillj., with Mesochra hirticornis °*

has already been pointed out by Dr. Scott and accepted by

Prof. Sars, but a comparison of the description of Schmeil

and the figures given by Van Douwe of Apsteinia rapiens

* T refer to N. spinipes, as described by Sars (Crust. of Norway, v.

p. 218). With this species NV. palustris (Brady) is synonymous.

+ Verh. Deutsch. Zool. Ges, Vers, xxiii. 1913,

British Freshwater Entomostraca. 359

with Dr. Scott’s description and figures of C. hirticornis

leaves no doubt that both were dealing with the same

species. As Schmeil’s name has priority, it is unfortunate

that the specific name of hirticornis must give way to that

of rapiens. Prof. Sars is undoubtedly right in including

the species in the genus Mesochra.

Mesochra rapiens is fairly common’ in the Norfolk Broads,

where the salinity is high (e. g., Hickling and Horsey), and

I have also found it at Flordon Common, near Norwich.

The water there is perfectly “‘ fresh,” but is highly calcareous,

and my specimens were found in greyish calcareous mud,

covered only by a mere film of water. It occurs also in

Oulton Broad, in Suffolk, since a slide in Dr. Brady’s

collection, labelled ‘‘ Canthocamptus palustris, Oulton Broad,”

contains, besides several C. palustris, also two specimens of

Mesochra rapiens and one of Tachidius littoralis, Poppe.

This slide was probably made before the year 1880.

M. rapiens has been found by Dr. Scott in various parts

of Scotland (Outer Hebrides, Loch Tarbert, Forth District,

Loch Lomond, and R. Ythan, Aberdeenshire), often in

brackish water and always not far from the sea. In the

Baltic it has been recorded from Colberg by Schmeil in water

of a salinity of *5 °/., and by Lilljeborg from the Baltic coast

and from the Ekoln branch of Lake Malaren in fresh water.

Prof. Lilljeborg suggests that it may be regarded as a relict

in Lake Malaren of a former extension of the Baltic. The

Ekoln is known to contain other Crustacea which are supposed

to be relicts of such former extensions*. In Norway the

species has only been taken in a brackish pool in the South.

6. Tachidius brevicornis, Lillj., in fresh water.

Mr. Scourfield { has drawn attention to the small pools

of water which collect at the roots and in holes in trees as

the habitat of Entomostraca, and has described a new

species, Moraria arboricola, which inhabits such pools in

Epping Forest. In Epping Forest the pollarding of the

oaks has provided innumerable water-holes, but I found,

during a visit to the New Forest in August 1919, that the

only collections of water there were in beech-trees, either at

the roots or in the hollow in the fork between two main

branches, though there were other holes which had at one

time contained water, but were then dry. Moraria arboricola

proved to be common, occurring in the majority of the pools,

* Ekman, Zool. Stud. tillign. T. Tullberg, 1907.

t Journ. Quelett Mic. Club, (2) xii, 1915, p. 4381.

360 Mr. O. Thomas on

but my experience was that Entomostraca seldom occurred

in those pools in which the water was foul from decaying

leaves. Generally, however, the water is very pure, and a

kind of fine peat is deposited by slow decay of the leaves, as

has been described by Picado*. Contrary to Mr. Scourfield’s

experience, I found other species, both of Cladocera and of

Copepoda, in these holes, though J. arboricola was the only

species met with as a rule. For instance, in one hole the

following species were found, in addition to M. arboricola:—

Alona affinis, Chydorus ovals, Chydorus sphericus, and

Canthocamptus pygmeus, while another large hole contained

only C. pygmeus in abundance. On one occasion a few

specimens of Candona pratensis, Hartw., were met with in

a hole near Burley f. ’

The most remarkable discovery, however, was made in a

pool at the root of a beech-tree at Burley. In this pool

were a number of JZ. arboricola, and among them were three

specimens of Tachidius brevicornis, Lill]j—two young and an

egg-bearing female. ‘The occurrence of this littoral and

brackish-water species in such a situation 1s extraordinary

and unaccountable, since the water in these holes must be

pure rain water, and Burley is over six miles from the sea.

In the East Norfolk rivers, where there is a mingling of

marine forms with those from fresh water, 7. brevicornis has

never been found beyond the reach of salt water, though

T. littoralis, Poppe, penetrates sometimes into quite fresh

‘water. No chemical analysis of the water in these tree-holes

has been made, but it is possible that it may become rather

highly concentrated by evaporation without drainage. That

is a question which might be worth investigation.

XLIX.—-On Neotropical Bats of the Genus Eptesicus.

By OLDFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

‘THE Neotropical species of the widely-spread genus Eptesicus

are almost all members of the group of which “ EZ. hilazrei”

(using for the moment the name best known for it) is typical

—small delicately built bats quite different from the large

heavily built H. fuseus of North America. The group repre-

sented by the latter, however, not only goes into Central

* Bull. Sci. France Belgique, (7) xlvii. 1913, pp. 215-860,

+ KE. Simon, Ann. Soc, Entom. France, (6) vi. 1886, p. 415, alludes to

the occurrence of Tanymastiu stagnalis, Linn., in hollows in tree-roots.

a er

—_s-- © ei

Neotropical Bats of the Genus Eptesicus. 361

America in the form known as E. f. miradorensis, but I am

now able to record its presence as far into 8. America as

Merida, Venezuela, whence comes a bat which I may com-

mence by describing.

Eptesicus fuscus pelliceus, subsp. n.

General characters very much as in E. f. miradorensis,

All., of Mexico and Central America, but fur decidedly longer.

Colour quite as in Guatemalan miradorensis, the dorsal hairs

blackish for four-fifths their length, theirends glossy cinnamon;

underneath paler, the ends dull buffy whitish. Hairs of back

about 9 mm. in length.

Skull about as in miradorensis.

Dimensions of- the type (measured on skin) :—

Forearm 54 mm.

‘Third finger, metacarpus 50, first phalanx 19°5.

Skull: palato-sinual length 8°6 ; interorbital breadth 4:3 ;

front of canine to back of m* 7:5 ; front of p* to back of m? 5:2.

Hab. Heights near Merida, Venezuela. Type from La

Culata. Alt. 4000 m.

Type. Old female. B.M. no. 98. 7. 1. 28. Collected

20th June, 1897, by S. Bricefio. One specimen only.

Turning now to the true lightly built S.-American species,

there is a considerably larger number of names to be reckoned

with than has hitherto appeared, as I find no less than fourteen

described from different parts of the continent, some of these

having been wholly neglected by modern writers, Indeed,

the earliest one of all, bras‘lensis, Desm., 1819, seems never

to have been used, but should evidently supersede Azlari,

I. Geoffr., 1824, for the comparatively large dark-coloured

Brazilian species, with which it is probable that derasus,

Burm., 1854, arctoides and nitens, Wagn., 1855, and arge,

Cope, 1889, are all synonymous. ‘Then it seems evident that

dorianus, Dobs., 1885 (Misiones), is synonymous with furi-

nalis, D’Orb., 1847 (Corrientes), with forearm 37-38 mm.,

while for the pale Ecuadorean and N. Peruvian coast-species

I fear that innoxius, Gerv., 1841 (Amotape, Piura), will have

to supersede espud@, Cabrera, 1901 (Babahoyo). 4. melano-

pterus, Jent., 1904, would be the name for the Guianan species

(forearm 37-40 mm.), to which chapmani, Allen, 1915, is

likely to be nearly related. Then andinus, Allen, 1915,

would be the highly suitable name for a dark-coloured species

which ranges down the Andean chain from N. Colombia to

Peru, our most southern examples coming from Chanchamayo.

362 ‘Mr. O. Thomas on

To this the following new Central- American form would seem

to be most nearly related :—

Eptesicus chiriquinus, sp. 0.

Allied to EH. andinus, but with longer forearm and legs

and fluffer fur.

Size, as gauged by skull, not exceeding that of H. andinus,

but the forearm and legs are materially longer and the length

of the trunk, as given by collector, is greater. Fur long,

soft, fine and rather woolly, more so than in the rather

straight-haired andinus ; hairs of back about 8 mm. in length.

General colour blackish brown, the lighter ends to the hairs

of the posterior back short and little conspicuous. Under

surface practically as dark as upper, therefore darker than in

andinus. Membranes black throughout.

Skull about as in andinus, though the suMreantiea edges

are more sharply angular. Canines of normal slenderness,

while in andinus they seem to be always comparatively short

and broadly conical; but how far the difference may be an

effect of wear I cannot be sure.

Dimensions of the type (the italicized measurements taken

in flesh by collector) :—

Forearm 46°5 mm.

Head and body 70; tail 50; ear 14. Third finger, meta-

carpus 43; first phalanx 16°5; lower leg and hind foot

(c. u.) 28.

Skull, greatest length 16°2; zygomatic breadth 11:1;

intertemporal breadth 4; breadth of brain-case 7°83; palato-

sinual length 7 ; front of canine to back of m? 6:3; front of

p to back of m? 4:2.

Hab. Chiriqui. Type from Boquete. Alt. 4000’.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 3. 3. 3. 1. Original

number 90. Collected 6th April, 1902, by H. J. Watson.

Presented by Oldfield Thomas.

This species is recognizable by its long forearm and legs as

compared with H. andinus of Colombia. ££. propinquus,

Peters, with which Mr. Osgood has shown . gaumert,

Allen, to be synonymous, is also characterized by its much

paler under surface and smaller teeth. The only other

Central-American Lptesicus is KE. fuscus miradorensis, a

member of the quite different serotenus group.

Next we may take two closely allied species characterized

by their large rounded and swollen skulls, very different from

the rather low flattened skulls of the $.-American species

hitherto known :—

Neotropical Bats of the Genus Eptesicus. 363

Eptesicus montosus, sp. n.

A small Eptesicus with swollen and rounded skull.

Size about as in #. brasiliensis, Fur very long and fine,

hairs of back about 9 mm. in length. General colour blackish

brown, lightened on the posterior back by the Prout’s brown

of the tips of the hairs. Under surface also brown, the tips of

the hairs paler brown. Lars and tragus apparently as in

brasiliensis.

Skull, as compared with that of brasiliensis, conspicuously

more swollen, higher in the brain-case, with much broader

and quite unridged interorbital region, the whole skull less

flattened and less ridged.

Molars apparently rather narrower transversely than in

brasiliensis, their longitudinal diameter about the same.

Dimensions of the type:—

Forearm 43 mm.

Head and body 55; tail 43; third finger, metacarpus 40 ;

first phalanx 13; lower leg and hind foot (c. u.) 26.

Skull: greatest length 15°6; condylo-basal length 15:2 ;

basi-sinual length 12; zygomatic breadth 10°3; interorbital

breadth ,4°2 ; breadth of brain-case 8; vertical height, in-

cluding bullae, 7°6 ; palato-sinual length 6:2 ; front of canine

to back of m® 6; front of p? to back of m? 4.

Hab. (of type). Choro, north of Cochabamba, Highlands

of Bolivia, on the upper waters of the R. Mamoré. Alt.

3600 m.

Type. Adult male skin and skull. B.M. no. 2.1.1.1.

Original number 1433. Collected 8th May, 1901, by P. O.

Simons. Presented by Oldfield Thomas.

“ Native name Chini.”—P. O. S.

All the hitherto described South-American species of

Eptesicus lave a characteristicaliy flattened skull with widely

spread zygomata and narrow interorbital region, while this

highland torm differs by its much higher and more rounded

skull. Attention is especially drawn to the great interorbital

_ breadth and the vertical height of the brain-case.

This is the “Vespertilio sp.—hilatrei group ”’ of my paper

on Mr. Simons’s Bolivian collection *,

An allied species is a

Eptesicus inca, sp. n.

Near E. montosus, but larger. Skull more heavily ridged.

General characters of montosus, with similarly large inflated

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) ix. p. 126 (1902).

364 Mr. O. Thomas on

skull and long soft fur. Colour, so far as can be judged on

a spirit-specimen, much as in that species. Sides of muzzle

much swollen, tumid, the edges of the nostrils not projecting.

Ears rather large, their outer margin with a rounded basal

lobule. ‘Tragus large, straight, not bowed inwards, with low

basal lobule. Wings to base of fifth toe. Last vertebra of

tail exserted.

Skull larger than that of montosus and rather more normal

in general shape, less rounded and swollen. Brain-case with

well-defined sagittal ridge. Intertemporal breadth equally

exceeding that of the ordinary species of the genus. ‘Teeth

rather larger throughout. )

Dimensions of the type (measured on the spirit-speci-

men) :—

Forearm 46 mm.

Head and body 55; tail 44; ear 16; tragus on inner

edge 6; third finger, metacarpus 39, first phalanx 16.

Skull: greatest length 16°2; condylo-basal length 15:9 ;

basi-sinual length 13; zygomatic breadth 10°8; inter-

temporal breadth 4°5; breadth of brain-case 8 ; palato-sinual

length 6°8; front of canine to back of m* 6:3; front of p* to

back of m? 4:2. e

Hab. Chanchamayo, Cuzco, Peru.

Type. Adult male in alcohol. B.M. no. 94. 8.6.1. Col-

lected by J. Kalinowski. One specimen.

Along the coastal regions of Keuador and N. Peru the

members of this genus are brownish, approximating to Prout’s

brown, cinnamon-brown, &c.—in marked contrast to the more

or less blackish H. andinus of Colombia and the higher

grounds of the Andes, Specimens from Piura, Peru, are

topotypical of innowius, Gerv., while quite similar forms are

in the collection from Eten, Peru, to the south, and Santa

Rosa, Ecuador, further north, the Museum containing thirteen

specimens in all. In these the forearm is about 37-38 mm.

in length, and the skull 14°9 to 15-5 mm. £. espade, Cabrera,

from Babahoyo, with forearm 38 and skull 15°4 mm. in

length, must no doubt be considered the same form, as it is

expressly stated to be very pale in colour.

But among our specimens are two from the island of Puna

so much smaller than the others as to demand distinction :—

Jiptesicus punicus, sp. n.

Colour as in £. innowius, but size, and especially skull,

markedly smaller.

Neotropical Bats of the Genus Eptesicus. 365

Upper surface Prout’s brown, the bases of the hairs darker

brown but not blackish. Hairs of under surface brown

basally, broadly light drab terminally.

Skull in shape like that of #. énnowius, but much smaller.

Dimensions of the type (the italicized measurements taken

in the flesh) :— ;

Forearm 35 mm.

Head and body 42; tail 35; ear 13. Third finger, meta-

carpus 32:5, first phalanx 12:7; lower leg and hind foot 21°2.

Skull: greatest length 14:1; condylo-basal length 13:8 ;

zygomatic breadth 9 ; intertemporal breadth 3°8 ; breadth of

brain-case 7°1; mastoid breadth 7°6 ; palato-sinual length 11 ;

front of canine to back of m® 4:9 ; front of p* to back of m?3°7..

In the paratype the forearm is longer—37 mm.,—but the

skull is of quite the same small size.

Hab. Puna Island, Gulf of Guayaquil. ‘Type from Puna.

Alt. 10 m.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 99. 8.1.1. Original num-

ber 1. Collected Ist November, 1899, by Perry O. Simons.

Two specimens,

The type was the first mammal obtained by Mr. Simons

on his historic collecting-trip down the Andean region of

S. America.

Although in other respects quite similar to the neighbouring

Ei. innoxius, the Puna bat is distinguishable by the small

size of its skull and teeth.

Passing now further to the south, we have F. furinalis as

the smaller species of Paraguay and the Argentine (Corri-

entes, Misiones, &c.), but the larger would seem to need a

name :—

Eiptesicus argentinus, sp. n.

Lhe pale open-country representative of H. brasiliensis,

Size large, even larger on the average than in brasiliensis.

Fur rather short, hairs of back about 5 mm. in length ; the

narrow naked area often running along the edges of the back

and rump unusually wide and well marked. General colour

above quite pale, the light ends to the dorsal hairs near buffy

brown, therefore much paler than in the dark Brazilian forms.

Under surface dull whitish, the hairs slaty with whitish tips,

inguinal region white. Kars and membranes brown, not

black.

Skull robust, flattened, well-ridged, the zygomata broadly

expanded. ‘Teeth large and heavy.

566 On Neotropical Bats of the Genus Eptesicus.

Dimensions of the type (the italicized measurements taken

in the flesh) :—

Forearm 45°5 mm. (range in adults from about 43).

Head and body 67 ; tail 44; ear 18. Third finger, meta-

carpal 42, first phalanx 15 ; lower leg and hind foot (c. u.) 25.

Skull: greatest length 17:3; basi-sinual length 13°6 ;

zyzomatie breadth 12: 5; intertemporal breadth 3°9; breadth

of brain-case es palato-sinual leneth of front of canine to

back of m® 6°7 ; ‘front of p* to back of m? 4°5.

Hab. Corrientes. Type from Goya, on the Parana. Alt.

600'.

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 98. 3.4.6. Original

number 18. Collected 16th December, 1895, by R. Perrens.

Presented by Oldfield Thomas. Hight specimens.

The combination of large size ‘and comparatively pale

colour will at once distinguish this species from any other in

S. America.

Also in the Argentine, just to the south of Goya, there is

another species which in size is at the opposite pole from

E. argentinus, being about the smallest species in 8.

America :—

Lptesicus fidelis, sp. n.

Size very small, slightly smaller even than EZ. diminutus

and punicus. Fur ‘fairly long, hairs of back about 7 mm. in

length ; edges of wing- -membranes hairy for about half a

centimetre out from the body, in contrast to LE. argentinus,

where there is even a naked edging on the body itself; inter-

femoral membrane and base of tail also hairy for about a

quarter its length. Tail very short, even relatively to the

small size of the animal; its extreme tip only exserted. ars

and tragus small, the inner edge of the latter slightly con-

cave. General colour, so far as can be seen ina spirit-

specimen, brown, not black, the ends of the hairs a little

paler ; under surface brown, with whitish tips to the hairs ;

membranes brown throughout.

Skull low, smooth, unridged, with comparatively broad

intertemporal region and scarcely perceptible sagittal and

Jambdoid crests. Canines proportionally rather short.

Dimensions of the type (measured on the spirit-speci-

men) :—

Forearm 34 mm.

Head and body 50; tail 32; ear 12°5.; tragus on inner

edge 4:2; third finger, metatragus 29, first phalanx 11;

lower leg and hind foot (c. u.) 19°5.

On some African Zorils. 367

Skull: greatest length 13:9; basi-sinual length 10°7 ;

zygomatic breadth 9°8; intertemporal breadth 4; breadth of

brain-case 7°3 ; mastoid breadth 8:1; palato-sinual length 5°5 ;

maxillary tooth-row 5; front of p* to back of m’ 3:2.

Hab, Santa Fé Province, Argentine. Type from Esperanza.

Type. Adult male in alcohol. B.M. no. 1.2.4.1. Col-

lected by E. Lindner. One specimen.

Just a shade smaller than the two smallest species known—

E, diminutus, Osg., of Bahia, and EZ. punicus, of Puna,—and

distinguishable from both, apart from geographical considera-

tions, by its comparatively broad intertemporal region, which

forms a much less well-marked waist to the skull. All other

described species are decidedly larger.

Lastly, in Brazil we have the large dark E. brasiliensis,

Desm., found from the Amazon to Rio Grande do Sul, while

the little #. diminutus, Osg., is as yet only known from the

Rio Preto, Bahia.

L.—On the Group of African Zorils represented by Ictonyx

libyca. By OxtpFieLD THoMAS and Martin A. C.

HINTON.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

In connection with the determination of a Western specimen

of this group we have noticed not only that the group itself

contains a larger number of species than has been recognized,

but also that its characters—as contrasted with the capensis

vroup—are so much weightier than has been previously

observed that it clearly ought to be separated as a distinct

geuus from the ordinary Zorils, to which all the previously

existing names are referable. Consequently a new name is

needed for the libyca group.

PQCILICTIS, gen. nov.

Genotype, P. libyca (Ictonyax libyca, Hempr. & Ehr.).

Skull shortened; greatly expanded across the mastoid

region. Bulle hypertrophied.

Palms and soles hairy except on the actual pads, the region

between the pads naked in Jctonyz; pads themselves smaller,

more sharply defined and separate than in that genus.

Pattern of coloration about as in Ictonya, except that the

368 On some African Zorils.

median black dorsal stripe is broadly split on the posterior

back, with a white area within it, this having generally again

a truly median black line, so that at this point there are five

longitudinal bands instead of three. Ears with but little

white on them.

Range. North Africa, from Algeria to the Heyptian Soudan;

partly overlapping the range of Jetonya.

The species of Peerlictis appear to be as follows :—

1. P. vaillanti, Loche.

Size largest. A» male skull 59:2 * mm. long by 36°2 mm.

in mastoid breadth.

Colour-pattern of medium distinctness. Ends of terminal

tail-hairs black,

Hab. Algeria and Tunis.

2. P. libyca, Hempr. & Ehr.

Size smaller. A male skull 49°3 x 26:9 mm.

Uolour-pattern very irregular and indistinct. Tip of tail

black.

Hab. Lower Egypt.

3. P. multivittata, Wagn.

Schreb. Saéiug. Supp. ii. p. 221, pl. exxxiii. B (1840).

Syn. Ictonyx frenata, Sund., 1842.

Size smallest. Male skull 47:2 x 24°6 mm.

Colour-pattern rather more defined than in libyea. Tail-

tip white.

Hab. Egyptian Soudan.

There cannot be the slightest doubt that Wagner’s mu/ti-

vittata is the same as Sundevall’s frenata, although the

former’s artist has erroneously given the animal a broadly

white-ended ear, such as is found in true Lctonye.

4. P. oralis, sp. n.

Size rather smaller than in vatllant?, larger than in Lébyea,

an adult male skull 55 x 32°6 mm. Uolour-pattern very ill-

defined, about as in “ébyea. White frontal band narrow ;

chin-band scarcely developed. Upper lips and a small bit of

the edge of the ear white as usual. Long hairs of tail white,

those at the end with black tips for the terminal 3 inches

below ; wool-hairs of tail white basally, blackish terminally.

* Condylo-basal length.

On some undescribed Ethiopian Cicadide. 369

Skull and teeth intermediate in size between those of the

large P. vaillanti and the smaller P. libyca.

Dimensions of the type (measured on the spirit-speci-

men) :—

Head and body 245 mm.; tail 168; hind foot 38;

ear 19. .

Skull: condylo-basal length 55; zygomatic breadth 35;

interorbital breadth 14:8; intertemporal breadth 12°5;

mastoid breadth 32°6 ; palatal lenzth 26°4; length of p* on

outer edge 6°7 ; transverse diameter of m! 6°9.

Hab, Suakin.

- Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 3.12. 8.35. From the

late Dr. John Anderson’s Collection. Presented by Mrs. An-

derson. One specimen and a separate skull.

No doubt most nearly allied to the Egyptian P. libyca,

bit larger.

LI.—Some undescribed Ethiopian Cicadidee,

By W. L. Disrant.

THE following descriptions refer to genera and_ species

recently received from various sections of the Ethiopian

region, and the types of which are contained in the British

Museum :—

MAROBODUUS, gen. nov.

?. Head with the front subconically produced and cen-

trally longitudinally depressed, about as long as_ space

between eyes, which are large and prominent; pronotum

narrowed anteriorly, the lateral margins concavely excavate ;

mesonotum (including cruciform elevation) a little shorter

than head and pronotum together ; abdomen in ? longer

than the space between the apex of head and base of cruci-

form elevation ; tegmina and wings hyaline; tegmina with

eight apical areas, of which the uppermost is smallest, the

fourth broadly convex at base, thus narrowing the apical half

of the second upper ulnar area; radial. area with the lower

vein strongly angulated and produced beneath, the ulnar area

immediately beneath it being very wide and apically upwardly

recurved ; wings with six apical areas, the uppermost of which

is subglobose.

The peculiar venation of the tegmina, especially of the

radial area, and the upwardly turned apex of the ulnar area

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 25

370 Mr. W. L. Distant on some

immediately behind it are the principal characteristics of this

genus, which (in the absence of the @) I place in the division

Psithyristriaria in the subfam. Geanine.

Maroboduus fractus, sp. n.

?. Body and legs virescent, the tibiae and tarsi more

ochraceous; eyes castaneous ; ocelli pale shining sanguineous;

narrow posterior abdominal margins above black ; tegmina

and wings hyaline, the venation of both dull virescent ; head

with the front longitudinally linearly depressed, the lateral

areas obliquely transversely striate, the basal antenniferous

tubercles very robust and prominent; pronotum centrally

broadly longitudinally striate, two oblique striations on each

lateral area, the lateral margins broadly concavely sinuate,

the basal lateral angles convexly subprominent ; rostrum

reaching the intermediate coxe ; other structural characters

as in generic diagnosis.

?. Long., excl. tegm., 20; exp. tegm. 60 mm.

Hab. W. Africa; Sierra Leone (Jas. J. Simpson).

Lemuriana consobrina, sp. n.°

3. Body above, abdomen beneath, and face pale casta-

neous ; sternum and legs paler and more ochraceous; tegmina

and wings pale hyaline, costal membrane to the first, and the

whole of the venation to both ochraceous ; pronotum with

two oblique incisures on both sides of disk; eyes black ;

rostrum ochraceous, its apex black and about reaching the

posterior coxee; face globose, strongly laterally striate ;

opercula short, laterally rounded, transverse, their apices

roundly angulate, not extending beyond the base of the first

abdominal segment.

@?. Abdomen beneath with a central longitudinal piceous

fascia.

Long., excl. tegm., ¢ 15, 2 16; exp. tegm., g 46,

? 56 mm.

Hab. Uganda (R. Dummer); Nile Prov. (Dr. R. E£.

McConnell).

Allied to L. flavocostata, Dist., but differing by the shorter

and more anteriorly rounded head, less prominent eyes, &e.

Panka umbrosa, sp. n.

Body and legs ochraceous or brownish ochraceous; basal

area of head (more or less), pronotal incisures, two short

obconical central spots to anterior margin, a long sublateral

undescribed Ethiopian Cicadide. 371

spot on each side subacutely narrowed posteriorly, and two

small basal spots before cruciform elevation to mesonotum,

black ; anterior basal segmental margins to abdomen above

more or less black ; apex of rostrum more or less black ;

tegmina and wings hyaline, venation black or blackish,

tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous; apical margin

of the claval area to wings black; segmental margins to

abdomen beneath sometimes black; front of head centrally

longitudinally excavate; opercula in ¢ short, broad, roundly

oblique; anterior femora with three blackish spines beneath ;

rostrum just passing the intermediate coxe; basal cell to

tegmina long and somewhat narrow.

Long., excl. tegm., 10-11; exp. tegm. 30-31 mm.

Hab. N.E. Rhodesia; W. of Medona (D. MacDonald).

Nyassaland ; Mt. Mlanje (S. A. Weave). Kindu (urgeon).

S. Leone, Gbonkopillar (A. Pearse).

Psilotympana varicolor, sp. n. |

?. Head and pronotum ochraceous ; head between eyes,

a large suberuciform central fascia, and lateral margins to

pronotum black ; mesonotum black, with two central, sinuate,

longitudinal fascie, and narrow lateral margins ochraceous ;

basal cruciform elevation ochraceous; abdomen above black,

the segmental margins narrowly ochraceous ; body beneath

greyishly pilose; legs ochraceous; disk of sternum maculately

black ; face ochraceous, more or less transversely blackly

striate ; tegmina and wings pale tale-like, venation and

costal membrane to tegmina ochraceous, the latter with the

transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas

narrowly, palely infuscate ; rostrum ochraceous, about

reaching the intermediate coxe.

Long., excl. tegm., 9,14; exp. tegm. 36 mm.

Hab. South Africa (no precise locality).

Taipinga rhodesi, sp. n.

@?. Head and pronotum black ; a marginal spot on each

side near base of face and posterior margin and lateral angles

of pronotum, pale ochraceous; mesonotum greyish white,

with a large central cruciform spot and a large sublateral

obconical spot on each side black; abdomen above dark

ochraceous, posterior segmental margins pale ochraceous, and

a central longitudinal more or less continuous fascia black ;

body beneath pale ochraceous; rostrum and legs dark

ochraceous, the former reaching the intermediate coxa;

anterior femora strongly spined beneath ; tegmina and wings

372 Mr. W. L. Distant on some

hyaline, venation and costal membrane to the former ochra-

ceous, upper apical area, and the inner margins of the second,

third, and fourth apical areas pale shining purplish.

Long., excl. tegm., 2,12; exp. tegm. 26 mm.

Hab. South Atrica ; Kimberley.

Stagira ruficostata, sp. n.

?. Body above virescent; eyes dull ochraceous; body

beneath and legs virescent, tibia and tarsi and posterior

margins of the abdominal segments testaceous ; tegmina and

wings hyaline, extreme bases of both, costal membrane and

costal area of tegmina sanguineous, venation of both tegmina

and wings pale testaceous, darker on basal areas ; pronotum

with a central, discal, longitudinal sulcation, the oblique

incisions very distinct ; mesonotum with two short obconical

spots at base, only denoted by their darker margins; abdo-

men narrowly elevated on basal half ; rostrum reaching the

posterior coxee; anterior femora prominently thickened and

compressed with a few strong spines beneath.

Long., excl. tegm., 9,13; exp. tegm. 37 mm.

Hab, 8S. Africa ; Grahamstown.

Stagira consobrina, sp. n.

3. Allied to the preceding species, S. ruficostata, Dist.,

but with the head (including eyes) distinctly narrower; tle

coloration of the body paler, and the abdominal segmental

margins above broader, paler, and very narrowly darkly

margined ; the upper apical area to the tegmina much

longer and more sinuate, the basal cell longer and narrower ;

the face strongly centrally carinate; the tegmina and wings

not prominently testaceous at bases, Ke.

Long., excl. tegm., ¢,14; exp. tegm. 37 mm.

Hab. 8. Africa ; Transvaal (Junod).

Stagira sanguinea, sp. n.

3. Body above and beneath sanguineous, the abdominal

segmental margins distinctly darker in hue ; basal abdominal

segment beneath with a central foveate black spot on its

anterior margin; antenne black ; oblique furrows to pro-

notum dull ochraceous; mesonotum with two somewhat

obscure, blackly margined, obconical spots on anterior

margin; tegmina and wings hyaline, costal area and

membrane and the venation sanguineous; rostrum reaching

the posterior coxe ; femora and trochanters ochraceous,

undescribed Ethiopian Cicadidee. 373

anterior femora with three prominent spines beneath ;

opercula short and rounded; face distinctly transversely

striate.

Long., excl. tegm., g,19; exp. tegm. 45 mm.

fab. “ Caffraria.”

DECEBALUS, gen. nov.

&. Head short, depressed anteriorly, eyes large and

prominent ; pronotum scarcely longer than total length of

head, the moderately dilated lateral margins not quite reaching

apices ; mesonotum about as long as pronotum; opercula

prominent and exposed ; abdomen somewhat short, about as

long as head and thorax together; rostrum about- reaching

the posterior coxse; face somewhat elongate, centrally longi-

tudinally sulcate ; tegmina elongate, more than twice as long

as broad, basal cell longer than broad, ulnar areas short and

broad, especially the discal ones, apical areas eight, much

longer than broad, wings with the apical areas narrow and

elongate.

Allied to Akamba, Dist., but differing by the shorter and

broader discal ulnar areas to the tegmina.

Decebalus ugandanus, sp. n.

Body above pale virescent with pale ochraceous suffusions ;

head above with prominent dark fuscous spots—two at inner

margins of eyes and another at bases of antenne; pronotum

with the anterior and posterior margins and a central narrow

longitudinal fascia virescent, each lateral area witi: about five

prominent but irregular black spots ; mesonotum with two

obconical spots on anterior margin, followed by two strongly

curved and irregularly shaped spots and a large submarginal

fascia on each side, more or less castaneous brown; abdomen

above with the segmental margin castaneous brown, becoming

broader and more confluent on apical half; body beneath

paler than above; anterior femora with three prominent dark

spines beneath; tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation

dull virescent, the costal area to the first distinctly paler and

ore virescent,

Long., excl. tegm., ¢,12; exp. tegm. 38 mm,

Hab. Uganda Protect., Southern Toro, Mbarara (S. A.

Neave).

Zouga festiva, sp. n.

Body above black, more or less longly pilose ; eyes, ocelli,

basal margin of pronotum, tympanal coverings, lateral

374 Mr. W. L. Distant on some

margins and posterior segmental margins to abdomen, rostrum,

and abdomen beneath ochraceous; legs brownish ochraceous,

base of abdomen beneath narrowly black ; tegmina and wings

hyaline, the venation to both and costal membrane to tegmina

ochraceous ; head, pronotum, sternum, and legs longly pilose ;

rostrum reaching the intermediate coxz; opercula short,

oblique, somewhat widely separated internally ; posterior

tibie centrally and on apical area longly spinose.

Long., excl. tegm., ¢, 22; exp. tegm. 48 mm.

Hab. 8. Africa (no precise locality).

The largest and most distinctly coloured species of this

genus as yet described.

NEOMUDA, gen. nov.

Body moderately short and robust ; head about as long as

breadth between eyes, the apex somewhat broadly rounded,

ocelli about as wide apart from eyes as from each other ;

pronotum with the lateral margins irregularly convex, the

posterior angles broadly prominent; face prominently globose,

transversely striate, and centrally longitudinally sulcate ;

anterior femora very strongly incrassate and strongly spined ;

abdomen beneath longly subovate, the lateral margins lami-

nately recurved ; tympanal coverings absent ; tegmina about

three times as long as greatest breadth, apical areas eight in

number ; wings with six apical areas.

Type, WV. peringuey?, Dist.

Neomuda peringueyi, sp. n.

Head and thorax above dull ochraceous, with a more or

less greenish tint, especially on the pronotum; head above

with the basal area castaneous, surrounding the ocelli, which

are pale sanguineous ; pronotum with two central longi-

tudinal fascia (not extending beyond the anterior confines of

the basal marginal area) and two curved fasciz on the lateral

areas, castaneous ; mesonotum with two central obconical

spots at middle of anterior margin and a somewhat larger,

more indistinct, elongate spot (denoted by their margins only)

on each lateral area castaneous ; abdomen above ochraceous,

with four longitudinal segmental series of transverse casta-

neous spots, the apical segment more completely castaneous ;

abdomen beneath more uniformly ochraceous ; legs greenish

ochraceous, more or less annulated with castaneous; apices

of tarsi castaneous; face pale greenish, with the striations

undescribed Ethiopian Cicadide. 375

castaneous ; tegmina and wings hyaline ; tegmina with the

costal membrane greenish ochraceous, the venation more

ochraceous, linearly and distinctly spotted with black, espe-

cially the apices of the ulnar areas ; wings with the veins

blackish, a few pale greenish ; structural characters as in

generic diagnosis.

Long., excl. tegm., 21; exp. tegm. 56 mm.

Hab. South Africa (no precise locality).

Neomuda abdominalis, sp. n.

Allied to the preceding species, IV. peringuey?, but

differing in the following characters :—The abdomen above

has only three longitudinal segmental series of transverse

castaneous spots, the central series being longest ; tezgmina

and wings distinctly ochraceous, the venation uniformly of

the same hue. Structurally distinct in the abdomen beneath,

in which the lateral margins are considerably more broadly

and roundly recurved.

Long., excl. tegm., 21 ; exp. tegm. 57 mm.

flab. Cape Colony.

Neomuda triment, sp. n.

Q?. Allied to the two preceding species, but with the

tegmina practically unspotted, the costal membrane and the

bases of both tegmina and wings sanguineous ; body beneath

and legs dull sanguineous or dark ochraceous ; venation to

tegmina and wings brownish ochraceous, the bases and apices

of the apical areas to tegmina sometimes lightly or faintly

palely infuscate; pronotum with two central, longitudinal,

moderate carinations continued on basal area of head, ocelli

in distinct depressions; lateral areas of the pronotum with

distinct dark vittee; mesonotum with four distinct darker

obconical spots, the outermost longest and subacute ; rostrum

with its apex black and reaching the intermediate coxe ;

face centrally broadly excavate, the lateral areas transversely

striate ; anterior femora with two robust spines beneath.

Long., excl. tegm., 2 , 19-22 ; exp. tegm. 43-55 mm.

Hab. 8. Africa; Wynberg, Oudebosch (Brit. and 8. Afr.

Muss.).

OUDEBOSCHIA, gen. nov.

Allied to the preceding genus, Neomuda, but wings with

seven apical areas.

376 On some undescribed Ethiopian Cicadidee.

Lateral margins of pronotum a little convexly sinuate,

posterior angles more or less strongly ampliate; head with

front roundly triangularly produced, about as long as breadth

between eyes; abdomen beneath with the lateral margins

strongly inwardly roundly recurved.

By the venation of the wings and the recurved margins of

the abdomen beneath, this genus is also allied to Nablistes,

Karsch, but from which the venation of the tegmina is

altogether dissimilar.

Oudeboschia festiva, sp. n.

@. Head virescent, blackly pilose, inner margins of eyes

and two central longitudinal lines black, ocelli ochraceous ;

pronotum ochraceous, a large central anterior and a central

subbasal spot and the posterior marginal area virescent, the

lateral areas with black suffusions ; mesonotum greenish

ochraceous, with four longitudinal black fascie, of which

the two central are sinuate and the outer ones shorter and

posteriorly acute ; abdomen above ochraceous, the posterior

segmental margins paler in hue; head beneath, sternum,

and legs virescent, irregularly marked with black ; abdomen

beneath ochraceous, the base and two small central spots on

posterior segmental margins black, the roundly incurved

lateral margins virescent, with heir segmental margins

dark ochraceous, apical segment centrally black; tegmina

dark ochraceous, the costal ‘membrane virescent, the venation

fuscous, the longitudinal veins defining the ulnar areas broken,

the radial area and basal cell paler in hue; wings pale

ochraceons ; structural characters as in generic diagnosis.

Long., excl. tegm., 25; exp. tegm. 69 mm.

Hab. 8. Africa ; Oudebosch, Calydon.

STELLENBOSCHIA, gen. nov.

Differs from Pauropsalta by the dilated tegmina.

Type, S. rotundata, Dist.

Melampsalta rotundata, Dist. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) ix. p. 324

(1892).

Differs from Pauropsalta by the shorter and broader

tegmina, which at their greatest breadth are half as broad as

their greatest length ; they are also strongly roundly arcuated

from near base. As in Pauropsalta, the wing possesses only

five apical areas, and in the tegmina the radial area is at its

greatest breadth about half as broad as long.

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LIL.—Notes on the Asilidze: Sub-division Asilinee.

By Gerrroupe Ricarpo.

[Continued from p. 241. }

Dysmachus tibialis, Macq.

Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 245 (1838).

This species was described by Macquart from the Cape

as follows :—

“‘ Yellow-haired. Moustache yellow. Legs black ; tibiz

red. Wings with the fourth posterior cell oblique.

Face and forehead with yellow tomentum. Beard yellow.

Antenne wanting. Thorax and abdomen black with green

reflections, tomeutum and pubescence greyish yellow. Legs

with yellow and black bristles, apices of tibiz black. Wings

yellowish, the longitudinal veins bordered with light brown.

Sea ome

The specimens noted below seem to answer to this de-

scription, but till the type can be examined the question

must remain doubtful. The following description will serve,

at any rate, to identify my specimens :—

Males and females from Stellenbosch, in Cape Museum

Coll.

Distinguished by the wholly yellow beard and by the

yellowish-red tibize and yellow pubescence on scutellum.

Length, ¢ 22-23, 2 24 mm.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 26

378 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

Male.—Face with fairly thick yellow or orange moustache

reaching theantennze. Palpi blackish with chiefly black hairs.

Antenne blackish brown, the first two joints with black hairs

and at least one yellow one on underside, the arista long and

stout. Forehead covered with hairs a little lighter in colour

than those of moustache. The curled bristles yellow, not

stout, difficult to distinguish from the many yellow hairs

round them, continued round head. Thorax bronze-coloured

with greyish tomentum and short black pubescence, a few

yellow hairs interspersed ; the mane consists of black hairs,

some longer than others, but outstanding bristles are absent,

the four preesutural bristles are yellow with shorter ones

round them, the supra-alar and postalar are black and

yellow and more numerous than usual. Scutellum covered

with thick long yellow or orange hairs, and the same-coloured

bristles on posterior margin. Abdomen appears blackish

brown with soft reddish-yellow pubescence and the same

below; there are traces of yellowish tomentum on dorsum.

Genitalia black, shining, stout, the upper pincers large with

two points widely separated, the upper one club-shaped,

obtuse, and short; the lower one slender and much longer,

with yellow and black hairs, also below, but a tuft of orange

hairs appears on the black under-plate in the centre. Legs

blackish, the femora with fairly long yellowish pubescence

and stout black bristles on the middle and hind pair ; tibiz

almost honey-yellow, the apices of middle and hind pair

black, the fore tibiz with long yellow hairs and many long

yellow bristies, the middle pair with black bristles but many

weak yellow ones, the hind pair with black bristles and two

or more yellow ones, the yellow hairs present but not so

thick on the two hind pairs ; tarsi with black bristles. Wings

clear, the middle transverse vein very oblique, situated on

about two-thirds of the length of the discal cell.

Female identical. Abdomen covered with greyish-yellow

tomentum and yellowish pubescence, the ovipositor short,

black.

Dysmachus leoninus, Schiner.

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvii. p. 402, 106 [Zephonotus] (1867).

The type was described from the Cape, measuring

12-13 mm.

One ? from Caledon, Cape Colony (K. H. Barnard),

1916, in Cape collection. It measures 21 mm.

Easily distinguished by the short fox-red pubescence on

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidex. 379

the thorax, becoming longer posteriorly, also present on the

scutellum with bristles of the same colonr, and on the first

five abdominal segments where it is fairly long, especially at

the sides, but not very thick. Zegs with the same-coloured

pubescence, the tibiz bright yellow-red with many bristles

of the same colour. Aloustache reddish yellow, with black

hairs at sides in this specimen.

Dysmachus porcellus, Speiser.

Schwed. Zool. Exp. Ost-Afrik. p. 102 (1910).

A series of males and females from S. and E. slopes of

Kenya, 6000-7000 ft., and on edge of Forest, Brit. E. Atrica,

This species belongs to the group represented by D. chal-

coyaster, Wied., also containing D. suillus, to which Speis:r

suggests itisrelated. Itis distinguished from D. chalcogaster

by the genitalia of the male, which are short and stout.

Wings largely brown at the apex.

Length, ¢ 18-22, 2? 18-21 mm.

Speiser gives the length as 17 mm., and gives the localities

as Kibonoto, near Kilimandjaro, at 2000-3000 m., and

Meru, 3000 m. high.

He gives the yellow colour of the hairs or bristles in the

middle of the hind border of head, and the middle of the

thorax with not very long bristles, as distinguishing it from

D. suillus. The moustache is yellowish, but surrounded

above and at sides by black bristles; in these specimens the

black predominate over the yellow bristly hairs, and the long

curved over bristles of head are black, but yellow bristly

hairs are present between them. Scuted/um with bristly black

hairs and on outer border witlylong yellow bristles, in the

female these latter are often black. For further particulars,

see Speiser’s description.

Dysmachus orientalis, sp. n.

One male (type) from Mombasa, EK. Africa (A. J. Cholmeley),

1906, 225.

One male from Narok, Masai Reserve, E. Africa, 27. iii.

1914 (Captain A. O. Luckman), in I. EK. EK. Coll,

A small pubescent species allied to Dysmachus tarsalis,

sp. n., but distinguished from it by the tibiz which are

reddish yellow for two-thirds of their length, the hind pair

only reddish yellow at the base and the tarsi are black,

Abdomen more pubescent. Genitalia shortcr.

26*

380 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidze.

Length 15 and 16 mm.:

Face covered with silky yellowish tomentum. Moustache

reaching to the autennze, composed of snow-white soft hairs,

surrounded by black bristly hairs. Palpi with black hairs.

Beard snowy-white. Antenne black, the first two joints with

very long black bristly hairs below and shorter ones on their

upper sides. Forehead with usually long black hairs. Hind

head with weak white hairs at vertex curling over and black

stout bristles also curling over, beyond these the hairs round

head are soft and pale-coloured. Thorax bronze-coloured

with whitish tomentum and short whitish pubescence, the

mane thick and composed of long black hairs with which

are intermingled short white hairs, becoming longer pos-

teriorly but still leaving the centre with black hairs, the

usual stout bristles on sides of dorsum are weak, chiefly

whitish, some very long. Scutellum covered with long

white hairs becoming more bristly on the border, these hairs

are not disposed as white tufts. Abdomen bronze-coloured,

with thick rather bushy white hairs on the first three

segments, less bushy beyond, but still present as short

white pubescence, and hairs at sides are pale-coloured; the

usual dark spots are present on each segment, with greyish

tomentum at sides; under side with soft whitish hairs.

Genitalia black, shining, with white hairs, below disposed as

snowy-white tufts; forceps short but stout and wide, two-

pronged with obtuse teeth. Leys bronze-coloured with white

hairs ; the fore and middle tibize honey-yellow above for two-

thirds of their length, and black underneath, the hind pair

chiefly yellow at their base only ; the two anterior pairs of

femora and tibiz with long white hairs on each side, the

hind legs with fewer but with stouter longer black bristles ;

the fore tibiz with three white bristles at their apices and

the middle pair with three on their outer side, fore and

middle tarsi with some white bristles, the hind pair with.

only black ones. Wings greyish, with yellow veins, the

small transverse vein beyond the middle of the discal cell.

Dysmachus tarsalis, sp. un.

Type (male) and other males from Willow Grange, Natal

(R. C. Wroughton), in I. E. KE, Coll.

A small species, to be recognized by the dull reddish or in

some specimens reddish-yellow tibiz, which have a black

stripe on the inside, and by the wholly light-coloured tarsi.

Abdomen with a dark large spot on each segment.

Scutellum with yellow hairs only.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 381

Length 12-15 mm.

Male.—Face with yellowish tomentum. Moustache black

above and bright yellow below, composed of long rather

weak hairs, reaching the antenne. Beard white. Antenne

blackish brown, the first two joints with black and yellow

hairs; the arista long and stout, not quite so long as the

third joint. ' Forehead with straggling long black hairs.

The curled bristles at back of head are chiefly yellow, about

two black ones are to be seen below on each side, all rather

weak and not very long. Thorax metallic, greenish brown,

shining, with well-marked brown stripes; the mane not

very thick, composed of long weak black hairs, some longer

than others, those on the posterior half are largely yellow,

‘as are also the two presutural bristles; pubescence on

dorsum not thick, all short black hairs, and some grey

tomentum is visible. Scutel/um same colour as thorax, with

weak yellow hairs not very numerous; on the posterior

border are two very long weak bristly hairs on each side,

yellow or white. Abdomen bronze-coloured, but covered

with grey tomentum ; the large blackish spots form an

irregular median stripe ; pubescence on dorsum consists of

some short black hairs and longer yellowish hairs at sides,

also present on the underside, but no bristles appear on the

abdomen. Genitalia long, black, and shining, with yellowish

pubescence, the pincers club-shaped, the upper tooth very

small; underside with a thick tuft of yellow hairs. Legs

bronze-coloured ; the tibiz and tarsi vary in colour some-

what, the hind pair rather darker; the pubescence on

femora long and yellow but not thick, yellow and black

bristles are present on the hind pairs ; the tibie with long

yellow hairs and black bristles, the anterior pair with some

black hairs; all the tarsi armed with long and short black

bristles. Wings clear, the small transverse vein just beyond

the middle of discal cell.

Dysmachus rhodesii, sp. n.

Type (male), type (female), and other males and females

from Salisbury, Rhodesia (R. W. Tucker), in the Cape

Museum Coll.

A small bronze-coloured species. Moustache black with a

few yellow hairs below. Mane chiefly black. Legs bronze-

black, the tibize at extreme base red, bristles black, but long

yellowish-white hairs ou fore and middle legs.

Length, g 11-12, ? 10-11 mm.

Male.—Face greyish. Moustache very large with long

382 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

black hairs, a few yellow ones near the oral opening. Beard

yellowish. Antenne blackish with long black hairs and a

very few white ones on upper side, the third joint is wanting.

Forehead with black hairs. The bristles on hind part of

head are black and white, not so stout as usual, but long.

Mane black with a few white bristly hairs at sides, becoming

more reddish yellow posteriorly ; the large bristles at sides

are reddish yellow; pubescence on dorsum black, sparse ;

tomentum greyish on the bronze ground-colour. Scutellum

with long weak yellowish bristles and usually a few black

ones on the posterior edge. Abdomen covered with yellowish-

erey tomentum and a black spot on each segment; pubes-

cence appears chiefly whitish, with no bristles present ;

underside with pale reddish-yellow hairs. Genitalia long, °

covered with greyish tomentum, weak yellow hairs, and

short black bristly hairs ; a reddish curled filament is

present between the upper pair of oblong forceps and also

between the lower pair. Legs blackish, all tibize reddish at

base only, the fore femora with long white hairs below,

present in a less degree on the others; tibie with the

same; bristles chiefly black, some reddish-yellow ones on

the fore tibize and on the hind femora. Wéings clear, the

small transverse vein before the middle of wing.

Female identical, the white hairs in the mane not dis-

cernible. Ovipositor black, nearly as long as the last two

segments.

Dysmachus hirtipes, sp. n.

Type (male) from Ceres Div., Matroosberg, 3500 ft., type

(female) from same locality and another male from same

locality at 4000 ft.

This rather striking-looking species has apparently not

been described before. Bronze-coloured with thick pubes-

cence, though not very long, on thorax and abdomen and on

legs. Scutellum entirely covered with yellowish soft hairs.

Length, ¢ 144-15, 2 14 mm. Bie

Male.—Face with glittering yellowish tomentum. Mous-

tache white bordered with black hairs, all soft and fine,

extending to the antenne. Beard white. Antenne blackish,

the first two joints with a few black hairs, the third joint

with a stout fairly long arista. Forehead with white hairs

in the middle and at the sides, intermixed with black hairs

at sides. The curled bristles at back of head all yellow,

intermixed with yellowish-white hairs. Thorax bronze-

coloured, shining with fairly thick yellow pubescence, the

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 383

side-bristles also yellow; mane composed of black hairs

bordered with shorter yellowish hairs ; there are no long

outstanding bristles; all the bristles are yellow on posterior

part of thorax. Scutellum covered entirely with thick

yellowish-orange and whitish-yellow long hairs. Abdomen

bronze-coloured with grey tomentum at sides and at apex,

covered with whitish and yellowish hairs ; on the underside

they appear chiefly white. Genitalia elongated, the upper

forceps deeply indented, the lower fork being the longest,

the upper one short, obtuse, same colour as abdomen with

yellow and white pubescence, below with chiefly black hairs.

Legs bronze-coloured, shining with thick yellow pubescence

on both sides of the two anterior pairs of tibize ; femora with

long whitish pubescence, the hind pair armed beiow with a

row of short, stout, black bristles, the hind tibiz with long

fine yellowish hairs and five or more very stout red bristles

above and shorter black ones below near apices ; fore tarsi

with long yellow bristly hairs and a few black bristles

below, the middle ones the same, the hind tarsi with fewer

yellowish-red bristles. Wings clear, small transverse vein

very oblique and situated about two-thirds of length of

discoidal cell from the base.

Female identical. Moustache darker. Abdomen with grey

tomentum at sides of segments, more noticeable towards the

apex ; pubescence does not appear so thick as in the male.

Ovipositor black, shining, short, not much longer than the

last segment.

Loew’s Division Il.

Abdomen with bristles before the segments.

Ti:

No bristles on the underside of abdomen.

Dysmachus congoensis, sp. 0.

Type (male) from Lualaba River, Congo, 15.5.07, 2500—

4000 ft., type (female) from same locality (Neave Coll.),

1907, 230. Other males and one female from same locality.

A species with no apparent bristles on the underside of

abdomen, and the strong white ones above are not numerous.

Moustache black above and yellowish white below. Legs

blackish, metallic with rather long pale yellow pubescence

and black and yellow bristles. Scutellum with yellow hairs

384 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

and bristles only; the posterior border of thorax also with

weak yellowish bristles each side of the median stripe.

Mane of not very long black hairs with few outstanding

bristles.

Length, ¢ 15-17, 2? 15 mm.

Male.—Face covered with glistening yellowish tomentum.

Moustache composed of long yellowish hairs, bordered with

black ones, reaching the antenne. Beard white. Antenne

with the first two jomts blackish, the third wanting. Fore-

head with long stout black bristly hairs, the curled bristles

behind long and black; below them in the centre are

numerous yellowish hairs. Zhorax blackish covered with

yellowish-brown tomentum and a well-marked median stripe

and short side-stripes; pubescence very scanty, blackish,

the three supra-alar bristles are yellow. Scutellum with long

weak yellow bristles and shorter hairs. Abdomen blackish

with a large dark brownish spot on each segment, sides with

grey tomentum ; pubescence on dorsum is short but rather

thick, yellow in colour; underside with straggling long

whitish hairs. Genitalia large, stout, black, and shining, the

under pair of pincers proceeding immediately from the

under black plate are short, obtuse, testaceous, these and

the-upper pair with long yellow pubescence, a few black

hairs intermixed. Legs with the posterior femora thickly

covered with short whitish-yellow pubescence, and longer

hairs below, strong yellow bristles on underside, and a few

black ones above ; middle and anterior pair with less pubes-

cence ; tibiz with long and short yellow hairs and black

bristles, those on the fore pair chiefly long, yellow, and weak ;

fore tarsi with some yellow bristles. W2ngs clear, shaded at

apex and on posterior border, the small transverse vein below

the middle of the discal cell.

Female identical. Hind tibiz with some yellow bristles.

Dysmachus flavopilosus, sp. 1.

Type (male), type (female) from Willow Grange, Natal

(W. C. Wroughton), in 1, E. E. Coll.

Other males and females from Howick, Natal (J. P. Cregve),

1904, 46, in Brit. Mus. Coll.

One male and one female from Mfongosi, Zululand

(W. E. Jones), and Krantzkopf, Natal, in the Cape Coll.

Males and female from Pretoria, 28.12.1912 (H. K.

Munroe), 1914, 263.

There are bristles on the abdomen, but none below; in

Miss G Ricardo on the Asilide, 385

general characters this species is allied to the group repre-

sented by D. auribarbis ; it differs very much in size, but I

can find no character to distinguish the small specimens

from the larger ones.

A species distinguished by the yellow beard in the males,

with some black hairs above in the females, by the usually

honey-yellow basal half of the tibie, which in the two fore

pairs have long yellow pubescence, by the yellow bristles and

hairs on the posterior part of the thorax, and by yellow hairs

and bristles on the scutellum. Oviposjtor in male long,

black, with some bright yellow pubescence.

Length, ¢ type 154, 2 type 154 mm.; other males 12-

22, other females 12-20 mm.

Male.—Face bronze-green with some white tomentum,

convex, carrying a fairly thick moustache composed of long

weak yellow hairs with three or four black ones below

the antenne. Beard yellow. Antenne bronze-green, the

third joint dark brown, the first two joints with chiefly

black bristly pubescence ; the arista nearly half as long as

the third joint. Forehead with black bristly pubescence.

The curved bristles at back of head not very long, all

yellowish, as are the hairs round head. Thorax bronze-black

with brownish-grey tomentum and very well-marked double

median stripe and side-stripes. Mane not very thick, com-

posed of short black hairs on the anterior half with three or

four very long stout outstanding bristles ; beyond these the

few hairs are yellow surrounded by many stout yellow

bristles ; all the bristles at sides and at base of wings are

yellow ; pubescence on dorsum sparse, of short black hairs.

Scutellum with long weak yellowish-white bristles on the

posterior border and weak yellow hairs on the dorsum.

Abdomen blackish, covered with grey tomentum and with

short yellow pubescence, the bristles at sides yellow, weak,

the tomentum often thicker at sides and on posterior

borders of segments ; underside with weak fairly long

whitish hairs. Legs black, shining, the tibie honey-yellow

on the basal half, on the fore pair extending almost two-

thirds of-the length; the femora with a little short yellow

pubescence and with longer yellowish hairs above and

below, the hind pair with white bristles below ; the fore

tibiz with long yellow hairs and yellow pubescence, the

mid-pair the same; the hind pair with shorter yellow

hairs, the bristles on this latter chiefly yellow, on the others

mostly black ; the tarsi with long yellow bristles and

shorter black ones. Wings clear, veins yellowish, the small

386 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

transverse vein below the middle of the discal cell. Geni-

talia of male black, Jong, the upper forceps simple, large,

with short white pubescence on the upper sides and long

bristly yellow hairs below; the basal plate below with

a fringe of hairs, usually yellowish white or orange-yellow,

the lower forceps short, with yellow hairs. The male from

Zululand has rather darker pubescence on the genitalia

and on thorax.

Female identical. Moustache with more black hairs above.

Ovipositor hlack, shining, about as long as the last two

segments,

Loew’s Division 11 *4.

Bristles on underside of abdumen. Mane extending

the whole length of thorax.

Dysmachus molitor, Wied.

Ausszweifl. Ins, i. p. 450 [Asilus], 1828, etc.

One male from 8. Africa (Dr. Smith), 446, in Brit. Mus.

Coll.

One specimen from Dunbrody (Rev. O'Neil), 1900, in

Cape Museum Coll.

An easily distinguished small species, the abdomen being

thickly covered with whitish hairs. Mane white posteriorly.

Moustache thick, white. Legs covered with white pubes-

cence and with white bristles. Scutellum with three thick

tufts of white hairs and two or more black bristles on the

posterior border.

Length 12-14 mm.

Dysmachus parvus, sp. 0.

Type (male) and type (female) from Mababe, 100 miles

N.E. of Lake Ngami, 3000 ft., Bechuanaland Protectorate,

9. vill. 1909 (R. B. Woosnam), 1910, and another ? female.

A small pretty little species allied to D. molitor, Wied.,

but distinguished from it by the black and white moustache

and black bristles on the legs. D. incisuralis, Macgq., is

said to be allied to D. molitor, but Macquart says the geni-

talia are short, whereas in this species they are very long

and slender; the white bristles on the abdomen are very

noticeable.

Length 10 mm.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 387

Male.—Face covered with glistening white tomentum.

Moustache large and thick, composed of black and white

hairs intermixed. Beard white. Antenne black, the first

two joints with stout black bristly hairs; the arista long.

Forehead with white hairs. The curved bristles are weak,

black, but fairly long. Thora# bronze-coloured with lighter

tomentum and some short white pubescence ; the mane is

large, composed of fairly thick short black hairs and many

long outstanding bristles; a few longer white hairs are

visible on the posterior part of thorax at the sides and also

intermixed with the mane, but not forming a noticeable

white stripe. Scutellum with a double row of black

bristles, about four in each, and with long white hairs

each side and in centre; hardly tuft-like. Abdomen black

covered with brownish-grey tomentum and with fairly

thick short white pubescence; the bristles chiefly white in

a double row, one on the top of the other; underside with

longer thick white pubescence and weaker white bristles.

Genitalia almost equal in length to the last two segments,

stout at base, tapering to a point, covered with white pubes-

cence; the lower pair of forceps very short. Legs bronze-

coloured, with white pubescence and longer white hairs on

femora and tibiz ; middle and hind femora with white bristles,

otherwise all bristles are black. Wings clear, the small

transverse vein on the last third of the discal cell towards

apex.

Female identical. Abdomen better preserved, shows a

large brownish-black spot on each segment, the white

bristles longer and three-deep. Ovipositor short.

Dysmachus transvaalensis, 3, sp. 0.

Type (male) and another male from Bloksberg, Johannes-

berg (C. H. Pead), 1907, 250, in Brit. Mus. Coll.

A small species with short white pubescence on the body

and legs and many white bristles on the abdomen both above

and below; distinguished from D. spiniventris, Loew, by the

reddish colour of the tibize and tarsi. Scutellum with white

hairs and bristles. Mane white posteriorly. Moustache

whitish.

Length 9 mm.

Face with silvery-white tomentum at sides. Moustache

large, extending the whole length of face, yellowish white

with only a very few black hairs intermixed. Antenne black,

with thick black bristly pubescence on lower side of the first

two joints. Forehead with yellowish tomentum, a bunch of

388 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

white hairs on each side and long black hairs beyond, the

curled-over bristles black and long, a bunch of white hairs

at vertex between them, and hairs round head white.

Thorax bronze-coloured with sparse white pubescence; the

mane of long outstanding bristles and thick black hairs

inside, posteriorly these hairs are white; bristles at sides

whitish, long, the dorsal bristles on posterior part of thorax

chiefly black, and longer white hairs are present here.

Scutellum with tufts of white hairs on its black dorsum and

long yellowish-white bristles on the posterior border. Adbdo-

men with grey tomentum and thick whitish pubescence, the

yellowish-white bristles on dorsum are about four deep on

each segment; underside bristles with them and has short

white pubescence. Genitalia short, stout, chestnut-brown,

club-shaped with square ends, deeply notched below, lower

surface with thick whitish hairs and above with shorter

white pubescence ; under lamelle short with long whitish

hairs. Legs blackish with the bristles largely white, the

anterior and middle tibiz and tarsi of an obscure reddish

colour, the hind pair only so at their extreme base ; the fore

femora with stout black bristles below and some whitish

hairs and one or more white bristles on their upper surface,

the middle pair with chiefly white bristles above and black

ones below, the hind pair with white and black bristles; the

tibize with long yellowish hairs below and long stout yellow

bristles, the fore pair with some black bristles on their upper

surface ; tarsi all reddish, armed with chiefly white bristles ;

pubescence on legs thick, white. Wings clear, veins yellow.

Dysmachus albofasciatus, Ricardo.

Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. (7) vi. p. 178 (1900).

Type (male) and another male from Pretoria (W. L.

Distant), and males and females from Estcourt, Natal, Sept.

and Oct. 1896 (G. A. K. Marshall), 1906-17, and one

female from Ulundi, Natal, 5000-6500 feet, by the same

collector.

A species measuring 15} mm.

Dysmachus leucotenia, Bezzi,

Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. xxxvii. p. 286 (1906) [Lophonotus].

Two males from Victoria Falls, Zambesi, July 1914

(Miss J. Brincker), 1915, 125, and one female; one male

from Mfongosi, Zululand (W. #. James), in Cape Coll.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidze. 389

Museum ; one female from Salisbury, S. Rhodesia (R. W.

Tucker), i Cape Coll. Museum; one female from Pretoria

(Miss J. Brincker), 1915, 125; and females from Estcourt,

Natal, Sept. and Oct. 1896 (G. A. K. Marshall), 1908, 17 ;

all in Brit. Mus. Coll., except where otherwise specified.

These specimens from a rather wide range of localities

appear to be all identical, and agree with the description of

Bezzi’s species. He gives the size as 15-18 mm., describing

one or more males from Somaliland. These range in size from

14 to 20 mm. in the males and in the females from 15 to

17 mm.

A species distinguished by the white short pubescence on

abdomen and legs, aud by the median black stripe and white

bristles on the abdomen. The moustache white with black

hairs intermixed varies somewhat—in the females chiefly

white, in the males the black hairs preponderate. The

farehead with black and white bristly hairs, and the curled-

over bristles black and white. Mane with long outstanding

bristles and shorter black hairs, posteriorly forming a white

mane continued on to the scutellum, which is armed with

six black bristles. The fore and middle tibie are black

with a red stripe, occasionally present on the hind pair,

bristles on legs are chiefly white. Genitalia of male stout,

long, club-shaped, with a fine yellow process produced

below, reaching the under lamelle which are stout and

short ; all a chestnut colour covered with white pubescence.

Ovipositor of females short, black.

Bezzi speaks of it as a fine distinct species, distinct from

the three Loew species, viz., spiniventris, ustulatus, and

pulcher, and from my species albofasciatus. From this

latter it is distinguished by the much longer genitalia and

by the white bristles on the legs.

Dysmachus natalensis, sp. n.

Type (male), type (female), and one other male, all from

Willow Grange, Natal (W. C. Wroughton).

One male from 8. Africa (Distant Coll.).

A small greyish species in the same group as Dysmachus

wroughtoni, sp.n. The black mane has a few long white

bristly hairs on each side on the posterior half of thorax.

' Moustache black above, yellow below. Legs blackish, only

the extreme base of tibie red. Genitalia of male large,

stout.

390 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

Length, ¢ 12-18, 2? 12 mm.

Male.—Face yellowish, the moustache reaching the an-

tennze, black above, yellow or white below. Beard yellowish

white. Antenne blackish, the first and second joints with

long black hairs on each side. Forehead with black hairs,

those on hind part of head long, black, bristly, with yellowish-

white hairs round head. Thorax bronze, with greyish-brown

tomentum, the mane thick with outstanding long black

bristles and the white ones each side ; pubescence on dorsum

appears to be absent, bristles at sides are all yellow.

Scutellum with a double row of white bristles and with a

few white hairs. Abdomen greyish, with a large black spot

on each segment and short white pubesence, the bristles on

upper side are not very numerous, yellow in colour, the

underside appears devoid of any, but has pale weak hairs.

Genitalia black, shining, with white pubescence, the under-

plate is black, the forceps short, simple at apex but not

produced to a point, being club-shaped, broad at the base

with an obtuse tooth. Legs black with white tomentum,

and all bristles white, except those on the underside of

tarsi; the fore femora and tibiz with long white hairs also

present on the middle ones, but less apparent on the hind

airs. Wings clear, the small transverse vein about the

middle of the discal cell.

Female identical, the ovipositor black, shining, almost as

long as the two preceding segments.

Dysmachus rapax, sp. i.

Type (male) and type (female) and a long series of each

sex from Nyasaland (S. 4. Neave), in I. KE, E. Coll., evi-

dently a rapacious species ; all caught with some victim,

usually of the same family.

A species dark in colouring, with wholly bronze-coloured

legs, with a black and yellow moustache, some yellow hairs

on legs, and scutellum with wholly yellowish hairs and

bristles. Genitalia short and small. It bears resemblance

to D. aibopilosus and D. nigripes, sp. n., as regards its

mane, which is scanty, but distinctly begins from the

anterior border of thorax, hence its place in the above.

division.

Length, ¢ 19-20, ¢ 19-21 mm.

Male.—Face brownish, with grey tomentum. Moustache

composed of yellow bristly hairs, bordered by black ones.

Palpi with numerous strong black bristles. Antenne black-

ish, the first two joints covered with grey tomentum, and

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 391

with strong black bristles on their underside and black

hairs above, the third joint nearly as long as the first two

joints together, the arista barely half as long as the third

joint. Forehead with black bristly hairs, rather numerous.

The curved bristles black and strong, the hairs continued

round head and the beard yellowish white. Thorax bronze-

green covered with yellowish tomentum, the median stripe

split in middle and the side ones distinct ; pubescence on

dorsum short and black. Mane thin, composed of scanty

black hairs, becoming longer posteriorly, surrounded from

just before the suture by powerful black bristles, those at

the side of the same nature ; some weak yellowish-white

hairs are present below the two postalar bristles and also

on sides. Scutellum with weak but long yellowish-white

bristles on its posterior border and weak yellowish hairs on

its dorsum, some black hairs in centre are present as con-

tinuation of the mane, which posteriorly has some weak

yellow hairs beyond the black bristles. Abdomen covered

with glistening yellow tomentum, thickest at sides and on

the segmentations, leaving a large dark blackish spot visible

on each segment, the pubescence black on these spots,

yellow at sides and also in the centre of the first two

segments, the bristles long yellow, two or three deep;

underside with long soft yellow hairs and a few yellow

bristles only. Genitalia short, black, the upper forceps

swollen with short point, the under pair nearly as long; all

with chiefly black hairs and a few shorter yellow ones.

Legs bronze-coloured, with close whitish pubescence ; the

fore femora with long pale yellow hairs below, the middle

pair the same, the hind pair with shorter black and white

hairs ; fore tibiz with black hairs below, and appressed

orange hairs and long yellowish hairs on their outer edges,

the middle pair the same, the hind pair with the long hairs

black and white; the tarsi with whitish hairs, the bristles

on legs chiefly black, a few reddish-yellow ones present.

Wings greyish, the small transverse vein beyond the middle

of discal cell oblique, curved.

Female identical. Ovipositor short, about the length of

the last segment, ending in a curved point, on which the

pubescence is short, orange-red, elsewhere a few black hairs ;

on the underside on the posterior border of the last segment

are four black weak bristles, not present in the male; in

other females they are more than four and scattered on

dorsum.

392 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilides.

Dysmachus wroughtoni, sp. n.

Type (male), type (female), and other males and females

from Willow Grange, Natal (R. C. Wroughton), in I. E. E.

Coll.; and one male from Ulundi, Natal, 5000-6000 feet,

Sept. 1896 (G. A. K. Marshall), 1903, 17.

A small greyish species. Abdomen with a black central

stripe. Mane all black with the exception of an admixture

of pale reddish hairs on the anterior half, but with a fine

side-stripe of white tomentum on the posterior half and

white tufts of hairs on the scutellum. Legs blackish; tibize

partly reddish. Moustache black with a mixture of reddish-

yellow and white hairs. Genitalia of male long.

Length, g 15, 9 12-13 mm. .

Male.—Face glistening white, the moustache very large,

reaching to the antennz; in the type the hairs are largely

reddish yellow and white at their apices, with the black

hairs in the centre. Beard white. Antenne blackish, the

arista short, the first and second joints with very long, stout,

black, erect hairs on their under sides and shorter reddish

hairs on their upper sides. Forehead darker than face, with

many erect black hairs. The black curved bristles on hind

part of head are long, with white hairs behind them and

round head. Thorax armed with a very distinct mane, from

which numerous long black bristles proceed in the whole

length, the reddish hairs intermixed with the black are not

very noticeable ; dorsum with chiefly short, fine, dirty white

or yellow pubescence, the sides with grey tomentum; the

three presutural bristles are yellow, the two supra-alar and

two postalar bristles black, the narrow white stripes of

tomentum are only visible in certain lights. Scutellum

same colour as thorax, with reddish-yellow fine hairs and a

double row of stout black bristles on its border, besides the

white tuft of hairs on each side. Abdomen with greyish-

yellow tomentum, with a well-marked narrow black central

stripe and traces of dark spots on the sides, the first

segment with thick white hairs, the dorsum with short

yellowish sparse pubescence and stout yellow bristles on

posterior borders and sides of segments, the underside with

long white hairs, only a few of the yellow bristles are

visible here. Genitalia bronze, shining, with fairly long

yellowish-white pubescence ; the forceps are long, simple,

their apices simple ending in an obtuse point with black

hairs. Legs bronze, shining, with whitish short pubescence ;

the femora stout with some long yellowish hairs and with

On some Eastern Xylophilids. 393

black bristles; the tibiz obscurely reddish brown at their

base, more widely so on the anterior and middle pair, which

have long yellowish or white bristles and some long fine

white hairs, the hind pair with black bristles only ; the tarsi

with black bristles. Wings hyaline, the small transverse

vein beyond the discal cell. .

Female identical, the ovipositor short, only a little longer

than the preceding segment, black, shining.

The male from Ulundi only measures 10 mm.

{To be continued. ]

LIII.—On some Eastern Xylophilids [ Coleoptera].

By G. C. CHAmpPion, F.Z.S.

Mr. C. F. Baker, of the Agricultural College, Los Baftos,

Philippines, has recently sent to the British Museum an

interesting series of Hastern Xylophilids, mainly from the

island of Basilan, to the west of Mindanao, and Sandakan in

N.E. Borneo, These insects are enumerated or described in

the present paper, which is a continuation of others on the

same subject written by myself in 1915, 1916, and 1917

[ef. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvi.; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1916; and Ent. Mo. Mag. li., liii.]. A few additional

Indian forms, given to the Museum by Mr. E. A. Butler, or

sent by my son, H. G.C., from Almora during the past year,

are included in the present contribution. Three Xylophilids

have already been recorded from the Philippines by Pic

(ylophilus baert, bakeri, and sulcithorax), but the Museum

has not hitherto possessed any material from these islands,

whence ten are now enumerated. On account of the humid

climate, Mr. Baker’s insects have been mounted with shellac,

which is not easily removed without damage to the specimens,

hence several of them must be left undetermined till further

material is obtained.

HYLOBANUS, Pic.

Aylobenus fasciatus.

Hylobenus fasciatus, Pic, Ann, Soc. Ent, Fr. 1912, p. 272; Champ.

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvi. p. 215 (1915); and Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond. 1916, p. 3, t. 1. fig. 1.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol, v. 27

394 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Fab. CryLon, Galle [type]; TENASSERIM; PENANG (C. F.

Baker) ; Borneo, Sandakan (C. F. Baker).

Four rather worn specimens sent by Mr. Baker agree with

those recorded by me in 1916. The inseet may be of littoral

habits ? ;

Hylobenus varicornis.

Hylobenus varicornis, Champ. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1916, p. 4.

Hab. StsM; TENASSERIM; PHILIPPINES, Basilan Island

(C. F. Baker).

One specimen from Basilan, not differing from the types.

PHYTOBANUS, Sahlb.

Phytobeenus gibbiventris, sp. n.

?. Elongate, narrow, robust, convex beneath, shinin

(when denuded) ; nigro-piceous, the front of the head reddish,

the prothorax with the anterior margin, the elytra with a

large oblique patch on the disc below the base (nearly reaching

the suture), and a common, broad, arcuate, outwardly-

narrowed subapical fascia, the palpi, and legs (the slightly

infuscate posterior femora excepted) testaceous, the antennz

piceous ; pruinose and very finely pubescent ; closely, finely

punctured. Head a little wider than the prothorax ; eyes

extremely large, almost contiguous, deeply emarginate; an-

tenn rather elongate, stout, joints 2-6 subcylindrical, 3 as

long as 4, 8-10 transverse, 11 acuminate-ovate. Prothorax

longer than broad, convex, rounded at the sides, unimpressed.

Elytra moderately long, a little wider than the head, sub-

parallel in their basal half, broadly depressed on the dise

below the base. Posterior legs comparatively short, the

femora moderately clavate towards the apex. The fused

ventral segments 1 and 2 convex, together as long as 3-5

united.

Length 24 mm.

Hab. StnGAporeE (C. F. Baker).

One specimen. Narrower and more elongate than P. ama-

bilis, Sahlb., a Palearctic insect extending to Japan, the

antennee longer, the elytral markings different. The present

species forms an intermediate link between Phytobenus,

Sahlb., and Hylobenus, Pic.

some Kastern Xylophilids. 395

XYLOPHILUS, Latr.

Malayan forms.

Xylophilus glaucescens, sp. n.

3d. Elongate, robust, convex, opaque (till denuded) ;

piceous, the elytra with a common, broad, transverse, post-

median blackish fascia, preceded laterally by an oblong,

reddish, indeterminate patch extending downward from the

shoulder, the antennz black, with joints 1 and 2 and the tip

of 11 rufescent, the palpi and legs testaceous, the posterior

femora and tibiz slightly infuseate ; pruinose and very finely

pubescent, the vestiture fuscous on the elytral fascia and

bluish grey or glaucous on the rest of their disc ; the entire

upper surface densely, very finely punctured. Head, with

the eyes, broader than the prothorax, truncate at the base ;

eyes very large, occupying the whole of the sides of the head,

feebly emarginate, separated by about one-half their own

width as seen from in front; antenne long, moderately stout,

pilose, joint 3 slightly longer than 2, 11 stout, obliquely

acuminate, much longer than 10. Prothorax longer than

broad, rounded at the sides, unimpressed, about equal in

width at the base and apex. HElytra long, wider than the

prothorax, slightly rounded at the sides, flattened on the disc

anteriorly. Legs long, rather stout ; joint 1 of anterior tarsi

broadly dilated, as long as 2-5 united; posterior femora

simple, feebly incrassate, the tibiz widened, the tarsi with

joint 1 curved and about three times the length of 2-4 united.

Aedeagus long, slender, acuminate.

Length 23 mm.

flab, PuiLipPiInes, Basilan Island (C. F. Baker).

One male, in perfect condition. In general facies this

species approaches the Indian X. armipes, Fairm. ; the basal

joint of the anterior tarsi (¢) is greatly dilated, as in the

Bornean X. latimanus, Champ., g (1917) ; the pruinosity of

the non-fasciate portions of the elytra is bluish.

Xylophilus complanatus, sp. n.

Elongate, depressed, shining ; black, the apical joint of the

antennee rufescent, the palpi and tarsi, and in one specimen

the anterior femora and tibiz and the bases of the other

femora, testaceous ; pruinose and very finely pubescent; the

elytra closely and very finely, the head and prothorax sparsely,

. 27*

396 . Mr. G. C. Champion on

punctured. Head transverse, broader than the prothorax,

convex, rapidly narrowed behind the eyes, the latter very large

and separated by about half their own width ; antenne long in

36, shorter in 2, feebly serrate from joint 4 onward, 3 about

as long as 4, 11 acuminate-ovate. Prothorax transversely

quadrate, abruptly narrowed in front, grooved across the disc

anteriorly and with a deep horseshoe-shaped impression before

the base. Elytra much broader than the head, long, flattened

and subparallel in their basal half, the dise with an oblique

shallow depréssion extending downward from the humeri,

the suture also depressed at the base. Legs long. 5

3S. Anterior tibie feebly curved, mucronate at tip; ante-

rior tarsi dilated ; posterior femora simple, slightly thickened.

Aedeagus (so far as visible) rather broad, abruptly acuminate

at tip.

Length 23-31 mm. (¢ 2.)

Hab. Borneo, Sandakan (C. F. Baker).

Three males and one female, the latter immature, the males

varying in the colour of the anterior femora and tibie.

Larger and more elongate than X. planipennis, Motsch., from

Ceylon, the head simply convex posteriorly, the g with the

antennee longer, stouter, and distinctly serrate (as in the

Bornean X. melanosoma, Champ., 1915), the anterior tibiz

mucronate at the tip, the anterior tarsi stouter. ;

Xylophilus strangulatus, sp. n.

g. Elongate, narrow, shining, pruinose ; testaceous, the

eyes black, the elytra (except at the base) and joints 3-10 of

the antenne more or less infuscate, the posterior femora and

tibiee a little darker than the tarsi; sparsely, minutely, the

elytral depressions rather coarsely, punctured. Head broad,

transverse, well developed behind the eyes, the latter large,

distant ; antennze long, rather slender, joint 3 as long as 4,

11 stout, obliquely acuminate. Prothorax small, transversely

quadrate, narrowed in front, with a deep arcuate excavation

before the base and a strongly defined sulcus extending across

the disc before the middle. LElytra long, slightly wider than

the head, subparallel in their basal half, blunt at the tip,

deeply excavate on the disc anteriorly. Anterior tibiz feebly

curved, unarmed; posterior legs not very elongate, thie

femora moderately thickened, simple. Aedeagus slender,

eurved upward at the tip.

Length 24 mm.

Hab. Borneo, Sandakan (C. F. Baker).

One male, somewhat abraded, owing to the difficulty of

some Eastern Xylophilids. 397

removing the shellac used in mounting it. A narrow elon-

gate form, with the general facies of an Anthicus; the

prothorax small, transversely sulcate anteriorly, and deeply

excavate before the base ; the elytra long, excavate and more

coarsely punctured anteriorly. Near X. claviger, Champ.

(1916), from Siam, the antennee (¢) much longer and with

differently shaped terminal joint, the prothorax not angulate

at the sides. X.malaccanus, Pic, is also another allied form.

Xylophilus fimbriatus..

Xylophilus fimbriatus, Champ. Ent. Mo, Mag. li. p. 279 (Oct. 1915).

Hab, Borneo, W. Sarawak [type, ¢] (G. E. Bryant),

Sandakan (C. F. Baker: 9).

One example, differing from the type (¢) in having the

elytra paler laterally, the antennz shorter and not so stout,

and the posterior femora simple. An allied unnamed form

from Sandakan (now without antennze) has a rougher head

and prothorax, and the latter less angulate at the sides

anteriorly.

Xylophilus castaneus, sp. n.

Oblong, robust, somewhat convex, shining, clothed with

rather long pallid hairs; rufo-castaneous, the eyes, antenne

(the reddish joints 1 and 2 and tip of 11 excepted), posterior

femora and tibize, the other femora at the tip and the corre-

sponding tibize in great part, piceous or black, the rest of the

legs (the infuscate basal joint of the posterior tarsi excepted)

and the palpi testaceous; closely, finely, the elytra rather

coarsely, punctured. Head broad, truncate posteriorly, nar-

rowly, subangularly extended on each side behind the eyes, the

latter large, deeply emarginate, somewhat distant ; antennze

long, stout, joints 3 and 4 subequal, 3 much longer than 2,

11 sharply, obliquely acuminate. Prothorax convex, trans-

versely subquadrate, narrowed in front, unimpressed. Elytra

oblong, much wider than the head, depressed on the disc

below the base. Legs rather elongate ; posterior femora

stout, clavate, the tibize slightly bowed inward.

Length 22 mm. (2? ?.) t

Hab. Borneo, Sandakan (C. F. Baker).

One specimen. Very like X. pulvinatus, Champ. (1916),

from Siam and Tenasserim, the posterior femora more strongly

clavate and the puncturing of the elytra coarser. The ¢ of

X. pulvinatus has longer autenne, differently formed legs, &c.,

the 2 of the latter resembling the present insect. From

398 Mr. G. C. Champion on

X. cylindricornis, Champ., from Assam, the red head and less

thickened antenne, and the less excavate and stronger punc-

turing of the basal portion of the elytra will serve to distin-

guish X. castaneus.

Xylophilus holocinctus, sp. n.

Rather short, robust, shining, somewhat coarsely pubescent ;

the head, prothorax, a common very broad median fascia

on the elytra (occupying more than one-third of their length), a

space across the under surface in line with it, the intermediate

and posterior femora broadly at the apex, and the posterior

tibize to near the tip black or piceous, the rest of the elytra,

legs, and under surface (that of the head excepted) testaceous

or rufo-testaceous, the antennee obscure ferruginous ; closely,

finely, the elytra a little more coarsely, punctured. Head

very broad, short, truncate posteriorly, narrowly extended

and subangulate on each side behind the eyes, the latter very

large and somewhat distant; antenne rather short and stout,

joint 3 as long as 4, 5-10 transverse [11 missing]. Pro-

thorax subquadrate, feebly canaliculate at the base. EHlytra

wider than the head, oblong, the post-basal depression deep,

extending obliquely’ forward to within the humeri and along

the suture to the base. Legs rather stout; posterior femora

moderately clavate, the tibize almost straight and distinctly

widened.

Length 2,4, mm. (? ?.)

Hab. BORNEO, Sandakan (C. F. Baker).

One specimen. N ar X. latericius, Champ. (1916), from

Siam. The broad nigro-piceous elytral fascia is continued

across the under surface in the present insect. X. bryantz,

Pic, from Ceylon, is somewhat similarly coloured. _X. tavoy-

anus, Champ., from Tenasserim, has a narrower prothorax

and longer, less thickened antenne,

Xylophilus basilanus, sp. n.

3. Rather short, somewhat convex, shining, finely pubes-

cent; testaceous, the eyes black, the head and posterior

femora slightly infuseate, the elytra in one specimen with a

small common transverse patch at the middle of the suture

and a spot on the outer margin in line with it piceous ;

closely, finely, the elytra a little more coarsely, punctate.

Head broad, truncate at the base, very narrowly extended

and subangular on each side behind the eyes, the latter ex-

tremely large and subapproximate ; antennze about as long

as the elytra, rather stout, joint 3 as long as 4, 11 stout,

some Eastern Xylophilids. 399

obliquely acuminate. Prothorax transversely subquadrate,

narrowed in front, unimpressed. Elytra wider than the head,

comparatively short, narrowing from about the middle, without

depressions on the dise. Anterior and intermediate tibiae

feebly curved, sinuate within, the latter subangulate near the

base ; posterior femora curved, very stout, hollowed along

their lower face, the lower edge shortly ciliate and also angu-

late at the apex as seen from above; posterior tibie flat-

tened, curved inward, slender at the base; basal joint of

posterior tarsi almost straight, long.

Length 2 mm.

flab. PHILIPPINES, Basilan Island (C. F. Baker).

‘wo males in good condition. Larger than X. ephippiatus,

Champ. (1916), from Tenasserim, the elytra differently

marked, the head testaceous, the ¢ characters different, the

posterior femora, however, somewhat similarly formed in this

sex. The Bornean X. immaculipennis is also not unlike the

present species.

Xylophilus bakeri.

Hylophilus bakeri and var. sericeopubens, Pic, ‘L’Echange,’ xxxi.

pp: 7, 8 (Feb. 1915).

3. Moderately elongate, rather broad, shining (when

denuded) ; rufo-testaceous above, the eyes black, the pro-

thorax slightly infuscate along the sides and on the middle of

the disc, the elytra with a large transverse scutellar patch,

a broad, common, sharply angulate, submedian fascia, and a

space along the sides, the under surface of the body, and the

posterior femora and tibize, nigro-piceous or black ; pruinose

and very finely pubescent, the vestiture fuscous on the elytral

fascia and cinereous on the other parts of the surtace ;

closely, finely, the elytra a little more distinctly, punctured.

Head broad, narrowly extended behind the eyes, the latter

large, somewhat distant ; antennze moderately long, not very

slender, serrate from joint 4 onward, 3 small, not longer than

2, 11 stout, acuminate. Prothorax subquadrate, narrowed

in front, arcuately impressed on the disc before the base.

Elytra oblong, much wider than the head, moderately elon-

gate, depressed on the dise below the base. Anterior tibize

armed with a sharp triangular tooth towards the apex.

Posterior femora moderately clavate, simple, the tibiz stout.

Aedeagus (so far as visible in the dried specimen) very slender,

pointed at tip.

Length 2} mm.

Hab. PuitiePines, Los Bafios (P. L. Baker).

400 Mr. G. C. Champion on

One male, in good condition. This insect seems to be a

variety of X. bakeri, Pic (1915), from the same locality, with

the elytral markings partly confluent, the type having two

oblong nigro-piceous patches on the dise and the sutural region

infuscate, and the var. sericeopubens, Pic, the elytra black,

with a long humeral patch and about the apical third testa-

ceous. The armature of the ¢ anterior tibiz is similar to

that of the Indian X. armipes, Fairm., except that the tooth

is placed nearer the tip. Not unlike X. furcatémanus,

Champ. (1916), from Tenasserim, but with the elytral

markings more strongly angulate in front and behind and

the ¢ characters very different. The sexual marks of

distinction of X. bakert were not noted by its describer.

Xylophilus cephalicus, sp. n.

Short, broad, convex, opaque (till denuded) ; piceous, the

head, palpi, antennee (the testaceous third joint excepted),

and prothorax rufescent or ferruginous, the tarsi, and the

anterior and intermediate femora and tibie in great part,

testaceous ; bluisl-grey pruinose and also very finely pubes-

cent; closely, minutely, the elytra more distinctly, punctured.

Head large, subquadrate, greatly developed behind the eyes,

rounded on each side at the base; eyes convex, moderately

large, distant ; antennee short, stout, joint 3 very small, 5-10

strongly transverse, 11 thickened, acuminate. Prothorax

narrow, subquadrate, rounded at the sides anteriorly. Elytra

broad, short, rounded at the sides posteriorly, unimpressed,

Legs rather short; posterior femora thickened, the tibie

moderately stout.

L ngth 12, breadth nearly 1 mm. ( ? ?.)

Hab. Puivierines, Basilan Island (C. F. Baker).

One specimen, in perfect condition. Extremely like the

Bornean X, cesius, Champ. (1915), type probably ?, but

with the head larger, and the antenne terruginous and almost

as stout as in X. laticornis, Pic, from Ceylon, &e., and shorter

than in X. annulicornis, Champ. (1916), from Tenasserim.

The post-ocular portion of the head is longer than in X. date-

cornis and the eyes are more prominent. The sexes of this

latter insect have not been certainly identified by me, and

further material of all of them is required.

AXylophilus sexguttatus, sp. n.

g. Rather short, robust, shining, finely pubescent ; testa-

ceous, the head and prothorax reddish, theeyes black, the elytra

some Eastern Xylophilids. 401

each with three small fuscous spots—one on the disc below

the base and two placed transversely at about the apical third ;

closely, finely, the prothorax densely, the elytra rather

coarsely, punctured. Head very broad, truncate at the base,

narrowly extended on each side behind the eyes, the latter

large, distant ; antennae comparatively short, rather stout,

joint 3 about as long as 4, 11 stout, obliquely acuminate.

Prothorax transverse, rounded at the sides anteriorly, canali-

culate down the middle of the dise. Elytra rather short,

wider than: the head, with a shallow oblique post-humeral

depression. Anterior tibiee feebly curved ; posterior legs

comparatively short, the femora stout, clavate, the tibice

slightly widened, the basal joint of the posterior tarsi curved,

thickened.

Length 2 mm.

Hab, Putctertnes, Mt. Makiling in Luzon (C. F. Baker).

One specimen, assumed to be g on account of the curved

anterior tibia. More elongate than the Bornean X. immacul/-

pennis, Champ. (1915), the antenne and legs stouter, the

elytra each with three small fuscous spots. Less elongate

than X. undulatus, Champ. (1915), from Penang, the head

rufescent, the elytra shorter and differently marked. X. sulcd-

thorax, Pic (1914), also from the Philippines, is said to have

a similarly canaliculate prothorax, but it differs in other

respects.

Xylophilus philippinus, sp. n.

3. Moderately elongate, shining (when denuded), pruinose;

testaceous, the eyes black ; closely, finely punctate. Head

broad, transverse, much developed behind the eyes, the post-

ocular portion (as seen from above) about equalling them in

lengtli; eyes moderately large, distant ; antenne slender,

long, joint 3 small, not longer than 2, 11 obliquely acuminate.

Prothorax transversely quadrate, narrowed in front. Elytra

moderately long, about twice as wide as the prothorax, sub-

parallel in their basal half, flittened on the disc anteriorly.

Legs long; anterior tibize curved, angularly dilated at about

their outer third (appearing strongly sinuate within) ; poste-

rior femora thickened, hollowed along their lower face; basal

joint of posterior tarsi very elongate, slender.

Length 2} mm.

Hab. PuiurerPinEs, Basilan Island (C. /. Baker).

One male, perhaps slightly immature. The broad post-

ocular portion of the head, rather small eyes, slender antenne,

with small third joint, long legs, peculiarly shaped @ anterior

402 Mr. G.:C. Champion on

tibiz, and pallid coloration are the chief characters of this

insect. X. philippinus can be placed near X. parvicollis,

Champ. (1916), from Assam.

Xylophilus stratus, sp. n.

Oblong, rather convex, shining (when denuded); rufo-

testaceous, the eyes and a sharply defined, outwardly-widened,

post-median fascia on the elytra (the fascia narrowly inter-

rupted at the suture) black; clothed with a very fine silky

pubescence ; closely, finely punctured, the puncturing of the

prothorax dense. Head very broad, truncate at the base,

narrowly extended and subangulate on each side behind the

eyes, the latter large and somewhat distant; antenne short,

not very slender, joint 3 as long as 4, 9 and 10 transverse,

11 stout, acuminate. Prothorax transversely subquadrate,

narrowed in front, obliquely bi-impressed before the base.

Elytra oblong, wider than the head, obliquely depressed on

the disc anteriorly. Posterior legs comparatively short, the

femora moderately thickened, the tibize also rather stout.

Length 14 mm.

Hab. SINGAPORE.

One specimen, sex not ascertained. A small, oblong, rufo-

testaceous insect, with the elytra sharply nigro-fasciate

towards the apex, the antennz short, the posterior legs com-

paratively short and moderately thickened, the surface

appearing opaque till the vestiture is removed. The black

elytral fascia is placed nearer the tip than in most of the

similarly coloured Xylophit known to me.

Xylophilus biguttatus, sp.

Oblong-oval, convex, shining, eae Rte testa-

ceous, the eyes black, the elytra each with a ies large

oblique piceous spot at the middle of the dise not quite reaching

the suture; closely, not very finely, the elytra more coarsely,

punctured. Head short, broad, truncate posteriorly, narrowly

extended on each side behind the eyes, the latter large, some-

what distant ; antenne rather long, not very slender, joint 3

longer than 2 or 4, 7-9 about as long as broad, 10 transverse,

11 acuminate-ovate. Prothorax as wide as the head, short,

transversely subquadrate, the hind angles rectangular, the

disc unimpressed. lytra much wider than the head or

prothorax, subparallel in their basal half, slightly depressed

at the base within the humeri, for the rest convex. Legs

rather elongate ; posterior femora moderately clavate, the

tibice a little widened.

some Eastern Xylophilids. 403

Length 2;'5 mm.

flab. PHttipPINnEs, Basilan Island (C. F. Baker).

One specimen, possibly g, the anterior tibize being percep-

tibly curved. A small, oblong, convex, shining, testaceous

insect, the elytra piceo-biguttate and rather coarsely punc-

tured, the puncturing of the prothorax also strong. The first

ventral suture is just traceable across the middle. Not unlike

X. meranganus, Champ. (1916), from Sumatra. The red

head, broader prothorax, and differently coloured elytra

separate X. biguttatus from X. trinotatus, Champ., from

Tenasserim.

Xylophilus breviculus, sp. u.

Oval, rather convex, robust, shining, finely pubescent ;

testaceous, the eyes and a spot on the dise of the prothorax

(possibly due to discoloration) black; closely, finely, the

elytra more coarsely, punctured. Head broad, truncate

posteriorly, narrowly extended on each side behind the eyes,

the latter large, distant ; antennze short, rather stout, joint 3

a little longer than 2, 5-10 transverse, 11 oval. Prothorax

convex, short, as broad as the head, rounded at the sides

anteriorly. Hlytra oval, short, wider than the prothorax,

unimpressed. Legs short; posterior femora stout, clavate,

the tibie widened.

Length 13 mm.

Hab. PHILIPPINES, Basilan Island (C. F. Baker).

One specimen, A very small, oval, convex, shining testa-

ceous insect, much smaller than X. biguttatus, the antennze

short and rather stout, the legs short, the posterior femora

relatively thicker.

Xylophilus sandakane, sp. n.

Oblong-oval, shining, finely cinereo-pubescent ; nigro-

piceous, the palpi, joints 4-11 of the antenne, the coxe,

bases of the femora, knees, tibiz (the median third of the

posterior pair excepted), and tarsi testaceous; densely,

finely, the elytra a little more coarsely, punctured. Head

broad, truncate behind; eyes very large, occupying nearly

the whole of the sides of the head, somewhat distant ; an-

tenng rather long, slender, slightly thickened towards the tip,

joint 3 as long as 4, 11 stout, acuminate-ovate. Prothorax

transverse, rounded at the sides anteriorly, shallowly, ob-

liquely bi-impressed before the base. Hlytra much wider

than the head, oblong, obsoletely depressed below the base.

AOL Mr. G. C. Champion on

Posterior legs comparatively short, the femora clavate, the

basal joint of the tarsi rather stout, long, almost straight.

Length 13 mm. ( ??.)

flab. Borneo, Sandakan (C. F. Baker).

One specimen, in perfect condition. A small oblong-oval

insect, with the body uniformly piceous, the antenne rather

slender, testaceous, with joints 1-3 infuscate, and the legs

partly testaceous, the posterior pair somewhat feebly deve-

loped. This species can be placed near X. curtus, Champ.

(1916), from Assam, the latter having shorter and stouter

antennae.

Xylophilus microphthalnus, sp. n.

Oblong-oval, rather convex, shining (when denuded), very

finely sericeo-pubescent ; rufo-testaceous, the legs paler, the

eyes black, the antennz obscure ferruginous, paler at the base

and tip ; closely, finely, the elytra more distinctly, punctured.

Head a little wider than the prothorax, truncate posteriorly,

rather broadly extended on each: side behind the eyes, the

latter comparatively small, convex; antenne thickened,

joint 3 as long as 4, 5-10 transverse, 11 acuminate-ovate.

Prothorax transversely subquadrate, depressed on the disc

before the base. Elytra oval, almost unimpressed. Posterior

femora moderately clavate.

Length 13 mm.

Hab. Puitiprines, Los Baftos (P. L. Baker).

One example only of this convex ruto-testaceous form

has been sent. ‘The small, prominent eyes, oval, unim-

pressed elytra, rather stout antenne, and silky pubescence

are its chief characters. Smaller than X. sandakane, the

antennee stouter, the head broadly extended behind the eyes,

the body differently coloured.

Indian forms.

Xylophilus albolineatus, sp. n.

Moderately elongate, rather broad, shining; black, the

palpi, tarsi (except the basal joint of the intermediate and

posterior pairs), and the cox and bases of the femora to a

variable extent, testaceous; clothed with rather long, ad-

pressed, fuscous and whitish hairs, the latter condensed on

the elytra into a posteriorly-abbreviated sutural streak, an

oblique line on the disc exterior to it, and a common, arcuate

subapical fascia, the hairs along the sides of the elytra,

and on the under surface, antenne, and legs, also whitish ;

some Eastern Xylophilids. 405

densely, finely, the elytra more coarsely, punctured. Head

a little wider than the prothorax, truncate at the base, ex-

tended on each side behind the eyes, the latter large, distant ;

antenne moderately long, somewhat thickened, joint 3 about

as long as 4, 11 obliquely acuminate. Prothorax trans-

versely subquadrate, narrowed anteriorly, depressed laterally

towards the apex. LElytra oblong, broad, not very long, with

a common, deep, arcuate exeavation below the base extending

forward to the humeri. Tarsi slender. Posterior femora

stout, clavate.

Length 24 mm.

Hab. 8. India, Kodaikanal (7. V. Campbell).

Two specimens, ?g\ and @, one of them in good condition,

the other imperfect, both presented to the Museum by Mr. H, A.

Butler. An isolated form, with a shining black body, the

tarsi in part and the palpi flavescent, the long elytral pubes-

cence partly whitish, and arranged into irregular lines and a

subapical fascia, the post-basal depressions deep and oblique.

X. melanotus, Champ. (1916), from Assam, is perhaps tlie

nearest ally known to me.

Xylophilus brunneomaculatus.

? Hylophilus brinneomaculatus, Pic, ‘ L’Echange,’ xxiii. p. 182 (1907).

oe brunneomaculatus, Champ. Trans. Ent, Soc, Lond. 1916,

p- 20.

Hab. InpDi1A, Himalaya.

T'wo imperfect specimens recently received from my son

(H. G. C.) from W. Almora differ from the two recorded by

me from Kasauli and Simla in their much darker coloration :

the head and a common, broad, indeterminate median fascia

on the elytra are black, and the legs, prothorax, and posterior

portion of the elytra infuscate or piceous. The antenne are

entirely testaceous and formed as in the examples described

by me in 1916. The angularly dilated sides of the prothorax

separate the present species trom X. rosti, Pic, from Kulu,

an insect compared with X, neglectus, Duval, and at present

unknown to me.

Xylophilus himalaicus, sp. n.

@. Elongate, rather broad, robust, shining, finely, some-

what sparsely pubescent ; black, the tarsi (the infuscate

basal joint of the posterior pair excepted) and palpi testaceous,

the elytra (a space along the sides extending from a little

below the humeri to near the tip and the apical margin

excepted) reddish brown ; closely, strongly, the elytra more

406 On some Eastern Xylophilids.

coarsely, punctured. Head broad, truncate at the base, nar-

rowly, subangularly extended on each side behind tie eyes,

the latter large, distant ; antenne stout, moderately long,

joint 3 as long as 4, 8-10 transverse, 11 obliquely acuminate.

Prothorax transversely subquadrate, narrowed in front,

distinctly canaliculate towards the base. Elytra rather long,

much wider than the head, narrowed from about the middle,

obliquely depressed on the disc anteriorly. Posterior femora

moderately clavate.

Length 24-23 mm.

Hab, Inp1A, W. Almora in Kumaon (17. G. Champion :

x. 1919): .

Two specimens. Very like X. crassipes, Champ., from

Ceylon (1915, type ¢), but larger, broader, and nore robust ;

the antennee stouter and wholly black (except at the extreme

tip); the puncturing of the head stronger; the elytra bordered

with black at the apex, the post-basal depressions shallow.

Xylophilus varus, sp. n.

3. Moderately elongate, rather broad, shining, finely

pubescent ; testaceous, the head nigro-piceous; closely,

finely, the elytra a little more coarsely, punctate. Head

broader than the prothorax, narrowly extended and subangular

behind the eyes, the latter large and separated by a rather

narrow space ; antenne very long, about the length of the

elytra, not very slender, the joints subcylindrical, 3 about

as long as 4 [11 wanting]. Prothorax convex, transverse,

narrowed anteriorly, without definite impressions. Elytra

moderately long, comparatively broad, subparallel in their

basal half, slightly depressed within the humeri. Legs long

[posterior pair wanting] ; intermediate tibize abruptly bowed

inward from a little beyond the middle.

Length 24 mm.

Hab. 8. InpiA, Kodaikanal (7. V. Campbell).

One male, presented to the Museum by Mr. E. A. Butler.

Larger than the Cingalese X. ertbricollis, Pic (= mucronatus,

Pic), the antennee and legs much elongated, the intermediate

(instead of the anterior) tibie abruptly bowedin g. Judging

from the structure of its allies, the posterior femora in the

present species should be clavate and more or less infuscate

in the same sex. A smaller g, from the Nilgiri Hills (4. Z.

Andrewes), now wanting the antennee and the anterior and

posterior legs, may belong to the same species: the elytra,

however, have the suture in part and a spot at the sides

beyond the middle infuscate. X. nigropictus, Champ. (1915),

from Kandy, has similar intermediate tibiz in ¢.

A Key for Identifying the Species of Cephalodiscus. 407

LIV.—A Key for the Ready Identification of the Species of

Cephalodiscus. By W.G. Ripewoop, D.Sc.

In the Report on the specimens of Cephalodiscus obtained by

the ‘Terra Nova’ on the British Antarctic Expedition of

1910-1913, published in 1918 by the British Museum (Nat.

Hist.), there is given a synopsis of the species at present

known, and a list of all recorded specimens (pp. 66-77).

The particulars therein set forth were derived mainly from

an examination of actual specimens, but in the case of five

species that were not available for personal study they were

taken from the published descriptions. ‘The list records the

latitude and longitude of the locality from which each specimen

was obtained, and is supplemented by two maps showing

the geographical distribution of the various species.

It has been pointed out that the synopsis and list would

have been of greater service if there had been appended a

key or table such as would enable those who have not made

a special study of the genus to identify readily the species of

any material that might come into their hands. ° It is with a

view to supplying this deficiency that the present key has

been drawn up. Seeing that it 1s only intended as a supple-

ment to the Report, to be used in conjunction with the

synopsis, only a few explanatory notes need be given here.

Three subgenera of Cephalodiscus are at present recog-

nized, the first two—Deméothecia and Idiothecia—being intro-

duced in 1907 in the Report on the Pterobranchia of the

National Antarctic Expedition (‘ Discovery’), and the third

— Orthoecus—added by Andersson later in the same year in

his report on the Pterobranchia obtained on the Swedish

South-Polar Expedition of 1901-1903. The differences

between Orthoecus and Idiothecta are much less pronounced

than are those between Jdiothecita and Demiothecia, and on

p. 19 of the ‘ Terra Nova’ report are given the reasons for

transferring Schepotieff’s species, ¢ndicus, from the subgenus

Idiothecia, in which he placed it, into the subgenus Orthoecus.

The reasons for regarding Andersson’s ¢nequatus as

synonymous with hodgsoni are published in the report on

the Pterobranchia of the Scottish National Antarctic Expe-

ditiod (1902-1904, ‘ Scotia’), 1913, pp. 559-563. Cephalo-

discus cequatus is not easily separated from C. hodgsoni, but

the evidence is not sufficiently strong for regarding the two

as synonymous—see ‘ Terra Nova’ Report, pp. 59 and 69.

Since the characters that distinguish the species hodgsoni,

equatus, and dodecalophus cannot be expressed in a few

408 Dr. W. G. Ridewood—A Key for the Ready

words, the synopsis itself should be consulted by those wishing

to discriminate between these species. As regards the two

diminutive species of the subgenus Demiothecia, Harmer

writes (‘ Pterobranchia of the ‘‘ Siboga ” Expedition of 1899-

1900,’ Leiden, 1905, p. 4) :—“ The possibility is not excluded

that C. siboge is the male form of C. gracilis.”

A study of the large and varied collection of C. densus

obtained by the ‘Terra Nova’ leads to the conclusion that

what Andersson described as C. rarus is but an early colony

of C. densus, with the tubes of the ccencecium lax, straggling,

and irregular, instead of closely set and more or less parallel

—see ‘Terra Nova’ Report; pp. 39-40.

Gravier’s species—C. anderssoni—is with difficulty distin-

guishable from C. densus; his description of the zooids is

incomplete, and the principal feature that distinguishes the

ccencecium of his species is the aggregation of the tubes into

clumps or clusters which stand out more or less distinctly

from the other clumps—see ‘Terra Nova’ Report, pp. 40

and 76.

The present key is so drawn up as to bring the species

nigrescens and solidus together. Although belonging to

different subgenera, they have many points in common, and

I was for some time uncertain whether the cone-shaped

colonies obtained.on the Australasian Antarctic Expedition

of 1911-1914 were small, short-tubed colonies of C. solidus or

unbranched colonies of C. nigrescens—see report on the

Pterobranchia of the expedition, Sydney, 1918, pp. 19-20.

The arms of well-preserved zooids of C. nigrescens show a

characteristic double black band on the axis, but the bands

are lost in badly preserved material. On the other hand,

it is not definitely known that the zooids of C. solidus do not

possess such bands ; Andersson does not mention them, and

the zooids of one of his specimens that I had an opportunity

of studying do not show them ; the material, however, is not

well preserved, and there are evident signs of the colour of

the zooids having become diffused and reduced in intensity.

The key is also arranged so as to bring together the two

specially arenaceous species agglutinans and evansi; thie

former has black zooids and the latter white. Although

C. agglutinans differs from the other species of /diothecia in

the tubes not ending blindly in the middle of the branch, the

character is not readily determined, owing to the transparency

and thinness of the tubes and the confusing effect of the

numerous particles of shell embedded in the ccencecial

substance.

Identification of the Species of Cephalodiscus, 409

The only species outside the subgenus Deméothecia that

has spines on the coencecium is C, gilehr iste,

The length of the zooids given in the key is that from the

free ends of the arms to the end of the trunk, not including

the stalk.

I. Cavities of the ccencecium in the form of tubes.

Hach tubular space with a single orifice, and

occupied by one zooid and ita” buds. Arms

without end-swellings and refractive beads.

A. Coencecium in the form of a branching

system, with the newest tubes at the apices

ofthis, branches ses ss 8 Sk A ee ee

a. Internal ends of the tubes communicating

by a labyrinthie system.

1. Branches massive, fragile, with abun-

dant fragments of shell embedded ;

each ostium with a short, blunt lip,

but no peristomial tube. Zooids

45 mm., blackish; arms 8 or 9 pairs. agy/utinans.

6. Internal ends of the tubes blind.

2.. Branches massive, fragile, with abun-

dant fragments of shell embedded ;

each ostium with a short peristomial

tube. Zooids 3°56 mm., white; arms

Belally: EPA As 53, ihe ae 6 wane Aen nn), CDARSE

5. Branches fairly long, slender, not fragile,

with numerous long s spines; brownish ;

ostia with or without peristomial tubes.

Zooids 1°6 to 1°8 mm., blackish when

alive, brown in preserved material,

with blackish margin to anterior edge

of shield ; arms usually 6 pairs ..., gélchristi.

4, Branches medium or slender, orange-

coloured, nospines ; each ostium witha

single-lipped peristomial tube. Zooids

2°5 mni., whitish; arms 6 pairs .... levinseni.

—

5. Branches massive, rarely slender, greyish

or brownish, no spines; each ostium

with a short, single-lipped peristomial

tube. Zooids 4:0 to 60 mun., blackish ;

arms usually 7 pairs, each with two

black bands along the axis.......... magrescens,

B. Coeneecium in the form of a hemisphere,

cone, or cake, with the newest tubes at the

edges ; basal ends of the tubes blind . Orthoecus.

6. Cclony bulky and massive, tubes as

common ccenccial substance firm ;

each ostium with a single thick lip,

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v.

410 Mr. H. A. Baylis on

edge of ostium thick. Zooids 4:0 to

5:0 mm., blackish, fading to pale

brown ; arms usually 8 pairs ...... solidus.

7. Colony bulky and massive, or small

and lax if young (rarus), tubes long,

common ccencecial substance soft and

spongy ; ostium without a definite lip,

transverse or oblique, edge of ostium

thin. Zooids 4:0 to 7-0 mm., brownish

or greyish ; arms usually 8 pairs.... densus (including ra-

(7ws and (?) anderssont).

8. Colony diminutive, orange when fresh,

pale in alcohol; ostia without definite

lip. Zooids 2°2 mm., pale; arms 3

PHES ne ees Rete sale tice Sigls opie: LICE

II. Cavity of the ccencecium continuous, and occu-

pied in common by the zooids and their buds.

Coencecium branching, with numerous spines.

Arms of zooids commonly with end-swellings

beset with refractive beads ............ .. Demiothecia.

a. Colony up to 200 or 250 mm, in height,

coencecium amber-coloured or pale.

9,10, 11. Colony much branched. Zooids :

2-0 to 3:2 mm., erimson, brown, violet,

or pale; arms 5 or 6 pairs. Species

not easily distinguished, but hodgsunt is

somewhat more robust, and with larger

zovids, than dodecalophus ........+: .. dodecalophus, hodg-

[sont, (tnequatus =

[hodgsont), equatus.

b. Colony diminutive and delicate, coencecium

orange-coloured.

12. Zooids 1:3 mm., orange-coloured, with a

few tracts of black pigment; arms 5

pairs, with end-swellings in buds. No

males known ...... d Hee eae sdae pinn egraciha.:

18. Zooids blackish; neuter zooids ]*3 mm.,

arms 4 pairs, no end-swellings; male

zooids with one pair of arms only, with-

out tentacles, numerous refractive beads.

No females known....... ii tweeb eps siboge.

LV.— Observations on the Genus Crassicauda.

By H. A. Bay.is, M.A.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Two sets of specimens from Deception Island, South

Shetlands, kindly sent to the Museum recently by Mr. A. G.

Bennett, throw interesting further liglit on this little-known

genus of Nematodes. The host, in both these cases, was the

Eee

the Genus Crassicauda. 411

blue whale (Balenoptera musculus), and the worms were

found with their caudal ends hanging freely into the urinary

passage. In one case portions of the host’s tissues (penis)

were forwarded, and show the head-ends of the worms still

deeply embedded. ‘The tissue being very firm and muscular,

and having been hardened in formalin, it has proved im-

possible, as is usually the case, to extract the worms intact.

They pursue a very tortuous course in the tissues, and are

easily broken in the attempt to remove them. The present

account, therefore, will necessarily be confined to the cha-

racters of the posterior end.

In a former paper (1916) the writer described what was

believed to be the head of an example of Crassicauda crassi-

cauda (Crepl.). Up to that time there was no definite ground

for believing that the genus included more than one specics.

In view, however, of certain considerations now to be set

forth, there seems to be good reason for suspecting that two,

and perhaps three, species of Crass¢cauda occur in whales.

The original worms described by Creplin (1829) as Filaria

crassicauda were comparatively small, 64 inches being given

as the length of a complete male, 12 to 13 inches as that of a

complete female. Creplin describes and figures a single

spicule in the male. The greatest thickness (and this in one

exceptionally thick female) was about 1 line [=about 2 mm.].

Leiper and Atkinson’ (1915), reporting on material con-

tained in the ‘Terra Nova’ collection, which they had

previously (1914) referred to C. er assicauda (inaking this the

type of the new genus), remark that they were unable to find

any spicules in the males, and conclude that they are absent.

They also state that the material (which consisted only

headless fragments) ineluded portions of both males and

females of a length of 16 inches.

A re-examination of the ‘ Terra Nova’ material, now in the

British Museum, and its comparison with the new material

from the South Shetlands, lead me to believe that the latter

represents the true C. crassicauda, while Leiper and Atkinson’s

determination of the former as belonging to Creplin’s species

was erroneous. It is proposed, therefore, to regard the

‘Terra Nova’ specimens as representing a new and larger

species, which may be named Crassicauda boopis. It attains

a thickness of between 3 and 4mm. Leiper and Atkinson

unfortunately gave no figures of the worm. Figures of both

forms are therefore given here for comparison.

The material sent by Mr. Bennett includes fragments

measuring up to about 16°56 cm. [=6$ inches] in length

and not more than 2 mm. in thickness, ‘Tlie males have a

28"

412 Mr. ft. A. Baylis on

strongly coiled tail, and are provided with two spicules,

which, though small, are easily seen in cleared specimens.

These spicules (figs. 1 and 2 B) are unequal in length,

measuring 0°62 mm. (left) and 0°3 mm. (right) respectively.

They are completely covered externally with small rough

granulations. _ Hach spicule is considerably expanded at its

proximal end and blunt distally. .

The tails of both sexes show a very marked difference in

size between the ‘ Terra Nova’ and Mr. Bennett’s specimens.

In the male (fig. 2) the distance from the cloacal aperture

Big,

Crassicauda crassicauda. The two spicules of the male, seen from the

left side.

to the tip of the tail is about three times as great in the

former as in the latter. In the female (figs. 3 and 4), in all

cases and in both species, the curious constriction in the region —

of the vulva, described and figured by Creplin, is well-marked.

The vulva (figs. 3 A and 4, v.) lies. towards the anterior end

of the constriction, and the caudal end assumes the shape of a

rounded or oval knob. ‘he anus (figs. 3 A and 4, a.) lies

in a depression at the posterior end of the latter. According

to Creplin’s figures, the terminal knob would measure 5 mm.

in length in an exceptionally large specimen. Leiper and

the Genus Crassicauda. 413

Atkinson place the constriction at 3mm. from the extremity,

but this is clearly an understatement, as in some of the ‘ Terra

Nova’ females it is over 5 mm. from the tip of the tail. In

the South Shetlands specimens the terminal knob measures

only 1 mm. to 2°5 mm. in length,

Fig. 2.

Nearly ventral views of the tail of the male, (A) of C. boopis, (B) of

CU. crassicauda, drawn to the same scale of magnification.

The writer has failed, as did Leiper and Atkinson, to

discover any spicules in the ‘Terra Nova’ males. . The

remote possibility that they might have been left in the

vagina of the females after copulation was thought of, but

414 Mr. H. A. Baylis on

examination of several females did not lead to the confirmation

of this idea.

x A

(A). C. boopis ; tail of female, seen from the left side. a., anus; v., vulva;

va., vagina. }

(B).. C. erassicauda ; outline of tail of female, drawn to the same scale

of magnification as (A).

As regards the caudal papille of the male, Leiper and

Atkinson state that there are on either side eight in the

the Genus Crassicauda. 415

‘Terra Nova’ material. On re-examination, however, the

writer has not found less than nine on either side in any

individual, while in one case (fig. 2 A) there were as many as

Fig. 4.

"WU O.}

a., anus; v., vulya;

C. crassicauda ; tail of female, nearly ventral view.

va., vagina,

twelve on the left side and eleven on the right. It is not

easy to count the papillee accurately, owing to an infolding

of the sides of the tail towards the mid-ventral line, so as to

416 Mr. H. A. Baylis on

form a groove extending from the cloaca to the tip of the

tail. Some of the papillz are not infrequently carried over

so as to lie on the inside of this groove, and are thus only

seen with some difficulty. In any case, however, the number

on each side does not seem to be constant.

The same remarks apply, on the whole, to the material

from the South Shetlands, the infolding of the sides of the

tail (fig. 2B) being often very marked. In this case the

Jargest number of papillee counted was eleven on the right

side and eight on the left. The tail is laterally compressed

in both forms, and slightly asymmetrical, the right side

tending to be a little longer than the left. This is probably

Fig. 5.

C. crassicauda ; views of the caudal ends of two pairs of individuals, to

show the position during copulation.

a peculiarity connected with the mode of copulation, which is

well seen in the material sent by Mr. Bennett. Several pairs

of individuals have remained, on fixation, in the position

indicated in fig. 5. The manner in which the tail of the

male is coiled round the constricted portion of the female is

apparently constant. The tail makes two or three turns in

the direction of a right-handed screw, but the last turn is

reversed, so that the tip of the tail comes to lie in front of,

instead of behind, the previous coil. This seems to offer an

explanation of the slight asymmetry of the tail. Though

Creplin noted the constriction in the region of the vulva,

and speculated as to the probability of its being a natural

the Genus Crassicauda. 417

structure or artificially produced by the pressure of the male,

he does not appear to lave seen specimens in the position of

copulation, nor did the ‘Terra Nova’ material throw any

light on this point. From the constancy with which the

constriction appears in females of all sizes, it seems probable

that it is a preformed structure, and not merely due to the

act of copulation itself.

The vagina (figs. 3 A and 4, va.), in both species, is very

short and muscular, and gives off, almost immediately in front

of the caudal constriction, two uteri, which are thick-walled

and have a narrow lumen. ‘These, after forming one or two

coils, run, parallel to each other and nearly straight, in the

Vie. 6.

O-/ mm.

Ova, (A) of C. boopis, (B) and (C) of Crassicauda sp. (?) from Hyperoodon,

belt of chitin.

direction of the head. The ova (fig. 6, A) have a very thick

shell, and in both forms measure about 50 4x35. They

contain a coiled embryo when laid.

As regards the anterior end previously described by the

writer (1916) as that of C. crasstcaudu, it is not at present

possible to decide to which of the two species here distin-

guished it belongs. From its size alone it appears more

probable thatit is C. boopis than C.crassicauda. ‘The various

records of the occurrence of the supposed C. erasstcauda were

collected in the same paper, and a list of hosts was given.

This, in view of the fact that the species of Crassicauda

cannot now be regarded as one, will require some revision ;

418 On the Genus Crassicauda.

but it is impossible to settle definitely at present which

records refer to which species, except as regards those dealt

with in the present paper.

There seems to be reason for believing that yet a third

species of Crassicauda may exist, differing from the two

already considered in the size and structure of its eggs, and

probably in other particulars. In 1916 Mr. Bennett sent to

the Museum some fragments, in poor condition, of what

appeared to be a species of this genus, from the kidney of a

Hyperoodon, from the South Orkneys. The fragments

contain immense numbers of ova (fig. 6, B, C) of a larger size

(66 wx 33 w) than those of C. crassicauda and C. boopis, and

of characteristic structure, in that the shell, in the fully-

formed condition, has a thickened belt of chitin round the

middle region, the ends being comparatively thin-shelled.

The following brief generic diagnosis may now be given

(it being borne in mind that no complete account yet exists

of any species) :—

CrASSICAUDA, Leiper and Atkinson, 1914.

Filariide (?): Mouth without lips, but with one small

papilla and three larger, more lateral papillee on either side * ;

cuticle thick, transversely striated, sometimes raised into a

swelling which appears to act as a “holdfast.” Male with

laterally compressed and spirally coiled tail, with a ventral

groove behind the cloaca; at either side of the groove a

somewhat irregular row of genital papille ; two small unequal

spicules present, or spicules absent. emale with vulva near

the posterior end of the body, in a constriction just in front

of the knob-like caudal extremity ; vagina very short ; uteri

two, parallel; anus terminal ; ova with thick shell, con-

taining a coiled embryo at the time of laying.

Hab. Various parts of the urinogenital system (or, excep-

tionally, other parts of the body) of Cetacea.

Genotype: C. crassicauda (Creplin, 1829) [nee C. crassi-

cauda (Crepl.) of Leiper and Atkinson, 1914 & 1915).

Two species may at present be distinguished with some

certainty, though their characters are as yet incompletely

worked out, and the determination must depend upon measure-

ments when male tails are absent :—

1. Crassicauda crassicauda (Crepl.).

Two unequal spicules present in the male. Thickness of

* See Baylis, 1916.

On Freshwater Fishes from Madagascar. 419

either sex not exceeding 2mm, _ Distance of cloacal aperture

of male from tip of tail about05 mm. _ Distance of vulva

from tip of tail about 1°5-3 mm.

a Balenoptera physalus, B. musculus, and (?) other

whales.

2. Crassicauda boopis, sp. n.

[=C. crassicauda (Crepl.) of Leiper and Atkinson,

1914 & 1915.]

Spicules absent. Thickness of either sex may reach 3 mm.

or more. Distance of cloacal aperture of male from tip of

tail about 1°5 mm. Distance of vulva from tip of tail about

o-7 mm.

Only certain host: Alegaptera nodosa.

REFERENCES.

Bayuis, H. A. 1916. “On Crassicauda erassicauda (Crepl.) [ Nema-

toda] and its Hosts,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvii. pp. 144-148,

CrEPLIN, F.C. H. 1829. [Descriptions of new species of Filaria and

Monostomum found in “ Balena rostrata” |, Verh. d. K. Leop.-

Carol. Ak. d. Naturf. (Bonn), xiv. 2 Abth. pp. 871-882, pl. lii.

Lerprr, R. T., and Atkinson, E. L. 1914. “Helminthes of the

British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-1913,” Proc. Zool. Soc.

. 222-226.

—. 1915. Parasitic Worms: British Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’)

Exp. 1910, Natural History Report, Zoology, ii. 3, pp. 19-60,

pls. i—v. [British Museum (Nat. Hist.).]

LVI.—Freshwater Fishes from Madagascar.

By C. Tate Recan, F.R.S.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

I, A COLLECTION MADE BY THE Hon. P. A. METHUEN,

A COLLECTION of fishes made in Madagascar in 1911 by the

Hon. P. A. Methuen has been sent to me for determination

by the Director of the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. The

list is as follows :—

Anguillide.

Anguilla mossambica, Peters.

Lake Alaotra and Ambatoharanana, E. Madagascar.

420 Mr. C. T. Regan on

Syngnathide.

Doryichthys millepunctatus, Kaup.

Folohy, E. Madagascar.

Centropomide.

Ambassis commersonii, Cuv. & Val.

Folohy and Ambilo, E. Madagascar.

Liognathide.

Gerres filamentosus, Cuv. & Val.

Ambilo (lagoons).

Gerres methuent, sp. n.

Depth of body 23 in the length, length of head 3 to 3}.

Snout as long as or a little shorter than diameter of eye,

which is 8 to 34 in the length of head and nearly equal to

the interorbital width. Maxillary extending to below anterior

1 of eye; 3 or 4 series of scales on cheek ; 7 or 8 gill-rakers

on lower part of anterior arch. 44 scales in a longitudinal

series, 5 beteen lateral line and scaly sheath at base of spinous

dorsal, 12 or 13 below lateral line, 7 or 8 from base of pectoral

to middle of chest. Dorsal X 9; third spine nearly as long

as or a little longer than second, 4 to 2 length of head.

Anal III 7; second spine a little longer than third, ? to $

length of head. Pectoral longer than head, nearly or quite

reaching origin of anal. Caudal widely forked. Caudal

peduncle as long as or a little longer than deep. Dark

longitudinal stripes along the series of scales.

Three specimens, 100 to 140 mm. in total length, from

Folohy-and lagoons at Ambilo, H. Madagascar.

This species is distinguished from Gerres lineolatus, Giinth.,

by the deeper form and the shorter second dorsal spine.

Liognathus dussumieri, Cuv. & Val.

Ambilo (lagoons) and Folohy.

Monodactylide.

Monodactylus argenteus, Linn.

Ambilo (lagoons).

Freshwater Fishes from Madagascar. 421

Cichlide.

Paratilapia polleni, Bleek.

Lakes Alaotra and Rasoabé, E. Madagascar; Andranolalio,

S.W. Madagascar,

In seventeen specimens I count X-—XITI 9-12 dorsal and

III 8-11 anal rays, 28 to 30 scales in a longitudinal series

and 8 or 9 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch.

Ptychochromis oligacanthus, Steind.

Ambilo (brackish lagoons) ; Folohy ; Lake Rasoabé.

In nine specimens I count XITI-XIV 11-13 dorsal and

III 7-8 anal rays.

Paretroplus polyactis, Bleek.

Ambilo (brackish lagoons) ; Folohy ; Lake Rasoabé.

In nine specimens I count XVI-XVII 16-19 dorsal and

VII-VIIL 14-16 anal rays.

Carangide.

Caranx melampygus, Cuv. & Val.

Ambilo.

Mugilide.

Mugil robustus, Giinth.

Folohy.

Atherinide.

Atherina alaoirensis, Pellegr.

Lake Alaotra, Lake Rasoabé, and Ambatoharanana,

HE. Madagascar.

Bedotia madagascariensis, Regan.

Lake Rasoabé.

422 | Mr. C. T. Regan on

Eleotrida.

Eleotris fusca, Bloch.

Ambilo and Lake Rasoabé, E. Madagascar; Andranolaho,

S.W. Madagascar.

Eleotris legendrei, Pellegr.

Ambilo, Lake Alaotra, Ambohidratrimo and Ambato-

haranana, KE. Madagascar.

Eleotris tohizone, Steind.

Lake Alaotra.

Gobiide.

Gobius eneofuscus, Peters.

Ambatoharanana, E. Madagascar; Maroamalona, S.W.

Madagascar.

Gobius giuris, Ham. Buchan.

Ambilo, E. Madagascar ; Andranolaho and Maroamalona,

S.W. Madagascar.

II. THe MADAGASCAR CICHLIDA.

The Cichlid fishes of Madagascar belong to three endemic

genera, which are defined below.

1, ParativariA, Bleek., 1868 (type P. pollent, Bleck.).

Dorsal X-XIJI- 9-12. Anai III 8-11. Scales cycloid or

feebly denticulate, large (28-30) ; two lateral lines. Mouth

terminal ; end of maxillary exposed ; teeth in jaws conical,

in 3 to 5 series, outermost enlarged. Lower pharyngeals

united by a straight suture to form a triangular plate; ante-

rior teeth conical, posterior somewhat compressed and indis-

tinctly bicuspid, hooked. Occipital and parietal crests ending

above middle of orbits ; a broad.nedian depression in anterior

part of frontals. Posterior part of parasphenoid forming a

strong apophysis, compressed antero-posteriorly, ending in

a pair of transverse oval facets for articulation of the upper

pharyngeals. Vertebre 27 (13414); third with paired

inferior apophyses ; preecaudals with parapoplyses from the

fourth ; ribs subsessile.

Madagascar ; a single species.

Freshwater Fishes from Madagascar. 423

This genus is closely related to Pelmatochromis, Steind.,

from the Congo and West Africa ; as now restricted, Pelmato-

chromis includes only species with few vertebra (25 to 27),

short lower lateral line, and cycloid-scales (species 4 to 21 of

Boulenger’s synopsis, with the addition of 5 placed in Para-

tilapia, viz. P. cerasogaster, P. dorsalis, P. luebberti, P.

corbali and P. thomasi). In Pelmatochromis the pharyngeal

apophysis of the parasphenoid is not so strong as in Para-

tz/apia and the inferior apophyses of the third vertebra unite

to form a median spine, but other differences from Paratilapéa

are unimportant,

2. PTYCHOCHROMIS, Steind., 1880 (type Ti/apia oligacanthus,

Bleek.).

Dorsal XIJI-XV 10-14. Anal III 7-12. Scales finely

denticulate, large (32-36) ; two lateral lines. Mouth ter-

minal; end of maxillary exposed ; teeth in jaws compressed,

bicuspid, in 3 to 5 series, outermost enlarged, inner small.

Lower pharyngeals united by a sinuous suture to form a

triangular plate, with large rounded blunt teeth in the middle

posteriorly and slender bicuspid teeth elsewhere. Occipital

and parietal crests extending forwards to above middle of

orbits ; former high, ending behind a median depression on

frontals. Posterior part of parasphenoid forming a strong

apophysis with flattish heart-shaped articular surface for

upper pharyngeals. Vertebre 28 (14414); third with

inferior apophyses which unite below to form a median spine ;

precaudals with parapophyses from the fourth ; ribs, except

the first, on parapophyses.

Madagascar ; two species.

Related to Tylochromis, Regan, differing especially in

having the teeth bicuspid instead of conical. Tylochromis

occurs in West Africa, the Congo, and Tanganyika.

3. Parerrop.us, Bleek., 1868 (type P. damii, Bleek.).

Dorsal XVI-XX 11-18. Anal VII-X 9-14. A scaly

sheath at base of dorsal and anal fins. Scales cycloid, large

(32-37) ; two lateral lines. Mouth terminal ; end of max-

illary exposed ; teeth in jaws uniserial, compressed aid some-

what spatulate; one or two median pairs enlarged. Lower

pharyngeals united by a sinuous suture to form a strong

triangular plate ; most of the teeth stout, rounded, with flat

surfaces. Occipital crest strong, extending forward to ante-

rior end of frontals; parietal crests weak, ending above

middle of orbits. Pharyngeal apophysis strong, formed by

424 On Freshwater Fishes from Madagascar.

parasphenoid only; articular surface broadly ovate, almost

heart-shaped. Vertebree 34 (17+17); fourth with a pair of

very small inferior apophyses ; precaudals with parapophyses

from the fourth; ribs subsessile.

Madagascar ; two species.

This genus is quite distinct from any of the African genera,

but is closely related to the Indian Etroplus, which differs

from Paretrop/us in its more generalized dentition, the jaws

with 2 or 3 series of tricuspid teeth, those of the outermost

series enlarged, in the adult truncate, often without lateral

cusps, and the lower pharyngeal with most of the teeth

slender, uni- or bicuspid, only the two middle rows being

formed of large blunt teeth.

The Madagascar Cichlidze belong to three endemic genera,

two of which appear to be related to West-African genera,

whilst the third is closely related to, but more specialized

than, the only Indian genus of the family. Kxcept the

Cichlids, none of the families of fishes characteristic of the

fresh waters of Africa occurs in Madagasear, which is popu-

lated chiefly by freshwater genera or species of marine

families (Kuhliide, Atheiinide, Hleotride). The Ostario-

physi, which are dominant in the freshwater fauna of all

other parts of the world except the Anstralian Region, are

absent from Madagascar, except for two species of tle endemic

genus Ancharius, which belongs to the Ariide, one of the

two families of Siluroids that form an exception to the rule

that the Ostariophysi are strictly freshwater fishes.

The presence of Cichlidee in Madagascar is probably due to

the fact that some fishes of this family are found in waters of

fairly high salinity. Species of each of the three Madagascar

genera have been found in brackish lagoons on the coast,

whilst Htroplus suratensis of India and Ceylon is charac-

teristically an estuarine fish, and, according to Day, “ extends

its range into brackish or even saline water.” It is evident

that Madagascar has not been connected during the Tertiary

with either Africa or India to an extent that sufficed for the

passage of true freshwater fishes, but it may have received its

Cichlid from Africa at a time when it was only narrowly sepa-

rated from or even temporarily connected with that continent,

and perhaps from India when the islands of the Indian Ocean

were more extensive and a brackish-water fish might pass

from one to another; this time can hardly have been later

than the beginning of the Miocene.

On the Anatomy of Paludestrina jenkinsi. 425

LVII.—On the Anatomy of Paludestrina jenkinsi.

By G. C. Rosson, B.A.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

[Plate XV.]

THE Gastropod Paludestrina jenkinsi, first described by

K. A. Smith (13) in 1889, has been for the last thirty years

an object of interest for British malacologists on account of

its rapid spread through the inland waterways of Kngland,

Wales, and Ireland. It has recently attracted fresh attention

owing to the discovery made by Boycott (2), and confirmed

by Quick (10) and Gatenby and Robson (MS8.), that it is

parthenogenetic. The precise nature of this parthenogenesis,

whether absolute or periodic, has yet to be determined ; but

since the animal has been under close observation no trace

of a male has been discovered.

The following account of part of the anatomy of this mollusc

is based upon material obligingly presented to the British

Museum by numerous collectors. It is hoped to publish in

the present year an account of the reproduction of this form.

Great difficulty was eneountered in the preparation of

material for study owing to the animal’s contractility, small

size, and power of resistance to anesthetics. It was hence

practically impossible to get satisfactory expansion of thie

anterior part of the body. Small shreds of tobacco and

alcohol gave the most satisfactory results for this purpose ;

but it usually happened that after slow and careful narcoti-

zation extending over four or five days the animals would

suddenly contract, or, when at last properly expanded and

insensitive to touch, they were found to be dead and already

showing signs of maceration. The best results for general

purposes were obtained by eliminating narcotization, and,

after very carefully cracking away the shell, placing the

animals directly in Bouin’s solution (picro-formalin with

a small quantity of glacial acetic acid), in which they

were left for not less than ten hours, after which they were

washed in 70 °/, alcohol and proceeded with as usual.

EXTERNAL FEATURES AND BEHAVIOUR.

The shell and external features have been described by

Smith (13) and others; but the following additions and

corrections may be made.

The animal when in captivity crawls about fairly actively

with a continuous movement of the foot like a Planarian,

waving its long slender tentacles and moving the head from

side to side in an inquisitive manner. As Smith points out,

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 29

426 Mr. G. C. Robson on the

the head is usually not very much protruded beyond the shell,

though one can generally see the eyes. The buccal mass can

be seen working backwards and forwards if the animal is

browsing. ‘The colorationis variable. Specimens have been

found almost colourless, with two narrow bands of black

pigment running backwards from the base of the tentacles.

More usually this pigment is very dense on the head, muzzle,

and upper and anterior parts of the foot, while on the sides

and back of the foot it is less well developed. The foot-sole

is invariably colourless except for the stripes referred to by

Smith,

Contrary to Smith’s statement, the animal is frequently

seen floating on the surface-film (v. anon under “ Pedal

Glands’’), and on one occasion it was observed to make use

of this faculty in a peculiar fashion. If it is turned over on

to the back of its shell it usually rights itself by rolling the

front of its foot backwards over its head, getting a foothold,

and pulling itself over by a leverage of the foot on the right-

hand side of the shell-aperture. One was being prevented

from doing this * when it suddenly stretched its foot upwards

to the surface of the water and drew itself away from the

detaining needle by this method.

INTERNAL ANATOMY.

The only substantial account of the anatomy of this genus

of which the author is aware is by Henking (5) upon Hydrobia

[=Paludestrina] ulve, Pennant. Henking’s paper and the

present account do not cover the same ground, but, where

possible, full comparison is made between the two forms,

The Alimentary Canal.

The mouth, when viewed transversely, presents the same

general featuresas H. ulve. ‘The oral cuticle is not developed

to the same thickness, however, while the vertical depth is

greater in P. jenkinsi. The oral musculature does not corre-

spond with that figured by Henking, the small dilators (ms)

shown by him being absent in P. jenkinst. Separate elements

corresponding with Henking’s lip-protractors are found.

‘The jaws are situated much as in P. ulve. Henking does

not describe them in detail. In P. jenkinsi they consist

of about ten to twelve rather irregular columnar pieces of

specialized cuticle, of which the median are the largest

(Pl. AVe fied);

Behind these the mouth expands laterally and is flattened

dorso-ventrally over the lingual cartilages. Owing to the

thick investment of muscle and the consequent difficulty in

* In a watch-glass full of water.

Anatomy of Paludestrina jenkinsi. 427

dissecting out the two cartilages it is rather difficult to be

certain as to the exact position the latter occupy. They

are rather irregular, thick, flattish plates, the ventral

edges of which are flanged outwards both anteriorly and

laterally. They are loosely united in the median line ante-

riorly and dorsally, and diverge ventrally and posteriorly.

When separated out they appear to be rather asymmetrical.

The finer structure is as described by Henking, except that it

is doubtful whether the dark pigment referred to for ulve is

present in jenkins?.

The radula has been figured and described by Woodward

(14), and that of P. ulve by Lehmann (6) and Meyer and

Mobius (7).

The anterior part of the cesophagus is very much folded

dorsally. This folded condition is found in ulve, but it is very

much more marked in the present species, the roof of the

cesophagus being divided into three main divisions, each of

which again exhibits lateral diverticula (Pl. XV. fig. 2).

The stomach is a fairly large organ of irregular size,

situated mainly in the body-whorl. For the most part it is

thin-walled. It is lined with a relatively thick cuticle, which

is apparently confined to the stomach and does not extend

down. the intestine as it does in some other forms.

On the average, the cells giving rise to this cuticle approxi-

mate in size to those figured for Valvata piscinalis by

Bernard (5), though they do not appear to be so regular

(Pl. XV. fig. 4). It is interesting to compare the stomach-

epithelia of these two forms with that figured by Randles

(11) for Zrochus. It may be pointed out, however, that in

certain areas just below tie cuticle a layer of (sc.) pigment-

granules was found (cf. Randles, J. ¢.).

Anteriorly the stomach gives off a large sac for the reception

of the crystalline style, and parallel to this and opening into

the stomach in the same plane is a well-marked pylorus, from

the anterior extremity of which the intestine is given off.

The pylorus and style-sac are in communication with each

other by a narrow slit extending down nearly the whole of

their length. This arrangement appears to be rather un-

common, and the author has not succeeded in finding any

cases exactly analogous among other Tenioglossa. The

internal (right-hand) wall of the posterior chamber of the

stomach shows a well-marked ridge such as is found in other

Teenioglossa, and the aperture of the style-sac and pylorus is

marked by a strong annular development of cuticle. <A

localized patch of ridges is found in the neighbourhood of

the entrance of the hepatic duct. Possibly these may be

compared to the “ bosselures et sillons’’ described by Garnault

428 Mr. G. C. Robson on the

for Cyclostoma (4). These ridges are sometimes of consider-

able length.

‘The crystalline style (Pl. XV. fig. 3) fits closely into its

sac and is a relatively large cylindrical body of hyaline

appearance, usually with rounded ends. No attachment to

the cuticular lining of the sac could be found. After ex-

traction it invariably disperses in the fluid into which it is

placed.

The hepatopancreas, which extends from the apex down

to the penultimate whorl, opens into the posterior chamber of

the stomach by a single broad and short duct near to and

on the same side as the opening of the cesophagus.

The ¢ntestine leaves the pylorus and curls round the end

of the style-sac to its anterior face, runs backwards along-

side the sac till it reaches the face of the posterior chamber

of the stomach, when it turns vertically and then runs

forwards to the anus. ‘he intestinal wall is folded into a

well-defined ty phlosole, which extends almost up.to the pylorus.

Pedal Gland.

A well-developed pedal gland is present. It is possible

that it is by the aid of the secretion from this gland that the

animal adheres to surface-films. Among other freshwater

‘Teenioglossa such a gland has been described for Valvata (12).

The Respiratory and Circulatory System.

There is a single monopectinate gill (PI. XV. fig. 5) lying

somewhat diagonally in the mantle-cavity, with its anterior

extremity between the tentacles and its posterior extremity

rather to the left; it therefore lies roughly parallel to the

rectum. Its filaments * diminish gradually in size anteriorly

and posteriorly, those of about the median third being much

Jarger than the rest.

It is almost impossible in sections of a whole animal

to make certain that the gill-filaments are cut exactly

transversely ; but from examination of a large number of

preparations it would seem that in P. jenkinsi they are more

lanceolate in section than in P. ulve. The supporting

membranes of the filaments are very long and thin.

There is evident no modification of the gill or mantle-

cavity, although the animal is able to live out of water for at

least several hours. No positive trace of a hypobranchial

gland could be found.

The heart lies in a capacious pericardium, which is situated

in the usual position. The auricle lies in front of the

ventricle and is smaller than the latter; its walls, as usual,

* Twenty-seven to thirty in number,

Anatomy of Paludestrina jenkinsi. 429

aré thinner than those of the ventricle, and there is a capacious

efferent branchial vessel. No very satisfactory sections of

the auriculo-ventricular orifice were obtained. In the best,

however, distinct traces of modifications of a valvular nature

were found (Pl. XV. fig. 6), comparable in general to tie

condition figured by Moore (8) for Zyphobia. At the posterior

apex of the ventricle the anterior and posterior aorte are given

off quite close together. The first runs forward across the roof

of the pericardium for a good distance, and then, following

the cesophagus, passes into a large lacuna. The posterior

aorta passes backwards into a similar lacuna situated between

the stomach and intestine. Branches of an artery were found

ramifying in the ovary and uniting to form a single trunk at

about’ the same level as the commencement of the oviduct.

The two run parallel for a long distance down the columellar

region. ‘This genital artery appears to run into the abdo-

minal lacuna referred to above [¢f. distribution of the poste-

rior aorta in Cyclostoma elegans (Garnault, l. ¢.)].

The Excretory System.

A single kidney is found bounded by the posterior wall of

the pallial cavity, the pericardium, and the body-wall; it

opens into the first-named cavity by a short, narrow, ciliated

canal. Making all due allowance for contraction, there is no

trace of a ureter such as is found in Paludina and Valvata.

The kidney is rather triangular in section over most of its

area, and its walls are slightly folded. Its distribution and

relationships are as yet uncertain, but it appears to give off

a posterior thin-walled prolongation which ramifies among the

other organs.

The Reproductive System.

The animal is apparently parthenogenetic (v. supra).

The ovary is situated as usual in the apical whorls, though it

does not appear to extend to the actual summit. It is closely

applied to the liver, and can usually be seen contrasting in

colour with the dark hue of the latter. It lies on the rigiit of

the liver in each whorl, and extends downwards and inwards

on the columellar (right-hand) side. It consists of a number

of anastomosing tubules which finally unite in the oviduct.

‘The contents of these tubules vary with age and condition,

but, save in the very smallest specimens, one usually finds a

certain number of developing odcytes of various sizes. A

quantity of yolk-globules is almost always seen in one or two

of the largest tubules. This yolk is sometimes the only

contents of the latter. It would seem that there is a special

localization and concentration of yolk, though it is also found

430 On the Anatomy of Paludestrina jenkinsi.

in the same tubules as ripening odcytes and also in the lining

epithelia of such tubules (Pl. XV. figs. 7A & B).

The oviduct, which passes down the columella area in

company with the genital artery, is exceedingly slender and

usually thin-walled. At its distal end it becomes rather con-

voluted and thicker. It opens into the vagina very close to

and probably in association with the spermatheca. ‘The latter

is an organ corresponding in shape and position with the

spermatheca of normal female gastropods, and there can be

little doubt that it represents that organ. In the present

instance, of course, it is functionless. The persistence of

such an organ ina parthenogenetic female is very interesting,

and not without importance in relation to the general question

of pepe lag A spermatheca is found in a few other

Teenioglossa, e. g., Cyclostoma (4) and Paludina (3). In other

genera riatalipuowidened close to Paludestrina there is noacces-

sory organ in the female genital complex ; but there appears to

be some evidence for its presence in P. ulve (see below).

The albumen-gland is a large organ readily observable in

the living animal lying at about the junction between the

fifth and sixth whorls, It opens into the brood-pouch by a

vertical slit-like aperture adjacent to the commencement of

the vagina.

The vagina is very difficult to locate exactly, owing to

contraction ; it appears to be a tube passing forwards beneath

the brood-pouch on the right-hand side, and opening into the

mantle-cavity near the anus. The communication between

the vagina and brood-pouch would appear to be a fairly wide

aperture rather anterior to the openings of the albumen-

gland and oviduct (Pl. XV. fig. 8).

The brood-pouch is a very capacious cavity when fully

extended, It is excavated in the pallial integument of the

right-hand side. On the left it is bounded by the rectum.

When functional it occupies the whole right-hand side of the

last whorl and almost reaches the penultimate whorl. In

this condition it is capable of holding well over forty young.

Lehmann (6) has described the male and female genitalia of

- H. balthica (=P. ulve), but neither his description nor his

illustrations are very satisfactory. If his account is to be

followed, the brood-pouch leads on into the vagina, which is

not the condition seen in jenkinsé. On the other hand, he

says: “ (die Scheide)... von welcher ein kurzer Blasenstiel

nuit rundlicher Blase ausgeht,” which seems to agree with the

spermatleca described above for yenkinst. He also figures

and describes an apparently distinct and well-marked

albumen-gland.

It should be pointed out that among other Tenioglossa

On a new Trichocera from Siberia. 431

that have been described—Paludina (3), Bithinia (9), Tan-

ganyikia and Melania (8)—the brood-pouch opens directly to

the exterior by a terminal (vaginal) pore. On the other

hand, in Cyclostoma elegans (4) the vaginal aperture is

apparently not at the extremity of the brood-pouch, as the

latter “est un organe tubulaire terminé inférieurement en

cul-de-sac et présentant latéralement une large fente, la vulve.”

WORKS REFERRED TO.

(1) Bernarp, F. Bull. Sci. France et Belgique, xxii. (1890).

(2) Boycorr, A. KE. Journal of Conchology, xvi. no. 2 (1919).

(3) Bronn, H. Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs.

(4) GaRnavxT, P. Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xli. (1887).

(5) Henxrne, H. Berichte Naturf. Ges. Freiburg, vii. (1894).

(6) Leumann, R. Schnecken und Muscheln.... Stettins, (Cassel,

1878).

_ (7) Meyer, H., and Mosrus, K. Fauna der Kieler Bucht, ii. (1872).

(8) Moorr, J. E.S. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xli. (1898).

(9) Moqurn Tanpon, A. Moll. de France (Paris, 1855).

(10) Quick, H. EK. Journal vf Conchology, xvi. no. 3 (1920).

(11) Ranpuxs, W. B. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlviii. (1905),

(12) Srwrorn, H. Zool. Anz. Jahrg. iv. no. 94.

(13) Smiru, E. A. Journal of Conchology, vi. (1889),

(14) Woopwarp, B. B. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. (1892).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

Fig. 1. Paludestrina jenkinsi. Transverse section of mouth, showing

cuticle (c.) and mandibles (m.), [Cam. 4 oc. x6 obj. Reich.]

Fig. 2. Ditto. Diagrammatic transverse section through cesophagus.

[4 oc. x6 obj. Reich. ]

Fig. 3. Ditto. Crystalline style. [Cam. 4 oc. 3 obj. Reich.]

Fig. 4. Ditto. Section through stomach-wall. c.=cuticle. [Cam. 40c.

x 6 obj. Reich. ]

Fig. 5, Ditto. Section through gill-filaments and supporting lamella.

[Cam. comp. 6 oc. x 6 obj. Reich. ]

Fig. 6. Ditto. Heart: section through auricle (a.) and ventricle (v.).

[Cam. 4 oc. x 6 obj. Reich. |

Fig. 7. Ditto. Sections through (A) junction of oviduct with yolk-bearing

ovarian tubule; (B) ovarian tubule, showing odcytes and yolk

in epithelium. y.=yolk; od.=oviduct.

Fig. 8. Ditto. Section through junction (av.) between spermatheca and

vagina, and connection of albumen-gland (ag.) and vagina (v.)

with brood-pouch (dp.). od.=oviduct. [Cam. 4 oc. x6 obj. |

LVIUI.—A new Trichocera from Siberia (Diptera Polyneura).

By F. W. Epwarps.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

AMONG a collection of mosquitoes recently sent me for deter-

mination by Prof. Yngve Sjéstedt, of Stockholm, was a single

male specimen of a Trichocera which, though differing little

432 On a new Trichocera from Siberia.

in coloration from the common European species, is yet

strikingly distinct in its genital characters. It may be named

Trichocera sibirica, sp. n.

Colour almost uniform dark brownish. Wings slightly

infuscated, a very faint cloud over the r-m cross-vein, First

flagellar joint of antennze about six times as long as broad,

somewhat thickened on its basal half ; second and third each,

about half as long as the first, very slightly thickened in the™

middle. Venation: R,,3 slightly shorter than the basal

section of R,; otherwise as in 7. regelationis. Genitalia:

ventral junction of side-pieces forming a strong median

Trichocera sibirica; male genitalia, from beneath.

process; clasper on its inner side with two strong processes,

the basal one thumb-like, the apical one conical, two rather

long hairs close together at the tip. Adminiculum small,

ending in two points ; parameres not evident (the points on

the body of the adminiculum may represent fused parameres).

Siperi1aA: Verschininsk, Yenisei River, 69° 5’ N. Type

male (unique) in Stockholm Museum.

All the European species of the genus, as far as I know

them, have the clasper almost cylindrical, with or without a

minute process at the base, and most of them have also a pair

of long curved parameres to the adminiculum. The venation

of the new species is the same as in 7. fuscata, Mg., as

determined by Verrall.

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No. 80. JUNE 1920.

LIX.—Notes on the Asilide: Sub-division Asilinze.

By Gerrrupe Ricarpo.

[Concluded from p. 393. ] \ YUN AL 192

“

Lysmachus hirsutus, 3, sp. 0. Ngee Musee a

Type (male) and another male from Ulundi, Natal, 5000-

6000 feet, Sept. 1896 (G. A. K. Marshall),_ 1903, Ve

A female from Willow Grange, Natal (W. C. Wr oughton) ,

in I. E. E. Coll., appears to be identical with these males.

A very hirsute black species with a large moustache and

mane. Legs almost wholly black. Moustache black with a

few white hairs only. Genitalia very long and_ slender.

Scutellum with very long stout black bristles.

Length 17-18 mm.

Male.—Face with greyish tomentum, almost entirely

covered by the thick black moustache which extends to the

antenne and is composed of black bristly hairs, the few

white hairs are chiefly on the upper part. ‘Antenne blackish,

the third joint wanting, the first two joints with black-

bristly hairs below. Forehead with long black hairs. The

curled-over bristles long and black, a bunch of white hairs

at vertex between them. MHairs round head black and then

white. Thorax blackish with yellowish tomentum, the mane

composed of some outstanding black bristles and thick black

hairs between, the bristles on posterior part of thorax black

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 30

434 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

and long,-a few weak whitish hairs appear among them and

also at sides of mane. Scutellum black with a bunch of

whitish hairs in the middle and long strong black bristles on

dorsum and on posterior border. Abdomen with a large

black spot on each segment and greyish tomentum at sides

and on dorsum; bristles at the segmentations black and

about three deep ; the pubescence short, white; underneath

with long weak whitish hairs and black bristles. Genitaha

shining black, long ; the upper forceps slender, drawn out to

a long point, stout on their basal half, and with a curved

lower edge thickly covered with white hairs ; under lamellz

short, stout, with short black pubescence. Legs blackish or

bronze-coloured, the tibize very obscurely reddish at their

base, with long black and white hairs and short white

pubescence and stout black bristles ; the femora with long

weak black and white hairs and black bristles, and some

short white pubescence on their upper edges ; tarsi blackish

or obscurely reddish with white pubescence and black hairs

and bristles. Wings clear, veins blackish, the small trans-

verse vein beyond the middle of the discal cell.

Dysmachus montanus, sp. 0.

Type (male), type (female), both from Mt. Mlanje,

Nyassaland, 19. ix. 1913 (S. A. Neave), in I. H. E. Coll.

A small dark species with a well-marked black mane and

black and white moustache. Pubescence on abdomen and

legs chiefly white, and some white bristles on the legs.

Length, ¢ 138, 2? 14 mm.

Male.—Face with glistening white tomentum. Moustache

composed of stout black and white bristly hairs, the white

hairs chiefly on upper part intermixed with black. Antenne

blackish brown with chiefly white hairs on the first two

joints, the third with rather a long arista. Beard white.

Forehead with white hairs near antenne and black bristles

beyond. The curled bristles at back of head black and very

long and stout, round the head with white hairs, Thorax

metallic brown with two well-marked dark stripes and with

some grey tomentum; the mane consists of black hairs and

numerous longer outstanding black bristles ; the presutural,

supra- and postalar bristles all two in number and black ;

pubescence on dorsum short, white. Scutellum with a bunch

of white hairs on each side and two in the centre, two stout

black bristles on posterior margin, and another row of three

or four in front of them. Abdomen blackish brown with

white tomentose segmentations, most noticeable at the sides ;

— - --

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 435

the posterior borders of the second and third appear reddish ;

each segment is armed with very stout black bristles at the

sides ; the pubescence on dorsum is chiefly white, longer and

thicker on the first two segments ; short white bristles are

present on the sides of abdomen and a few below on thie

underside, which is also covered with white pubescence.

Genitalia blackish, stout, with chiefly. white hairs, club-

shaped. Legs blackish, only the knees and base of fore

tibize dull testaceous, the white pubescence is long on the

coxe, short but fairly thick elsewhere, long on the underside

of the femora and tibiz ; white bristles are visible on the

middle of hind femora, two or three in number, on the

middle tibiz, and especially on the anterior pair w here they

are long and stout, and are contifucd on to the tarsi in both

pairs, elsewhere the bristles are black. Wings clear, uni-

formly greyish.

Female identical. Moustache is yellower on the upper part

and largely predominates, not being bordered by black hairs.

Abdomen not so strongly armed with bristles, the white ones

predominate. Ovipositor black and shining, short with a

few yellowish hairs at apex. Legs with many more white

bristles on the hind femora and middle pair, but none on

the tarsi. Wings with the small transverse vein beyond the

middle of the discal cell as in the male.

Dysmachus similis, sp. nu.

Type (male), type (female), from Bloksberg, Johannesburg

(C. H. Pead), 1907, 250 ; and another female from Bar-

berton, Transvaal (H. Kdwards), April 1911, in Cape Coll.

Very similar to D. wroughtoni, sp. u., but distinguished

from it by the shorter genitalia of male and by the ‘bristles

on the legs in the female being chiefly white.

Distinguished from D. natalensis, sp. n., likewise by the

genitalia and by the long numerous black bristles on the

scutellum.

It is very nearly allied to D. montanus, sp. n., from which

it differs in the following particulars :—

Male.—Moustache is large, composed of black and white

bristles intermingled, a few yellowish hairs are also visible.

The front two joints of antenne are armed with very strong

black bristly hairs on the underside, with a few short white

ones on the upperside. The curved bristles are very long,

black and yellow. The mane has dull yellowish. hairs

bordering the thick black short ones, and there are many

30*

436 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

outstanding long bristles, a few red ones appear on posterior

part of thorax and all the side-bristles are reddish. Seutellum

with many very stout, long, black bristles in the centre, a

dozen or more, and tufts of white hairs on each side.

Abdomen denuded, the bristles are white, pubescence whitish.

Genitalia simple, the upper forceps long but tapering to a

point, which is, however, rather obtuse, covered with short

white pubescence, the under pair short black with some

long white hairs. Legs with white pubescence, the hind

femora with yellowish bristles, the fore and mid tibiz with

long yellowish hairs below, the hind ones with black hairs ;

the bristles chiefly black, but long yellowish ones are present

on the fore and middle pairs; the tarsi with almost wholly

black bristles.

Female identical, the white bristles on tibiz rather more

numerous, also present on the hind pair. Oviposiior short,

not much longer than the last segment.

Length, J 18, ¢ 17 mm.

Dysmachus nigricans, sp. n.

Type (male) from Piet Retief, 4100 feet, Transvaal, 23.

viii. 1908 (Capt. R. Crawshay).

Type (female) and another from same locality and same

collector ; all in Brit. Mus. Coll., 1904, 43.

A small dark species with black mane, almost wholly

dark legs and abdomen. Moustache black and white.

Distinguished from Dysmachus montanus by the absence

of white tomentum, white bristles on the abdomen, and of

white bristles on the legs.

Length, 3 133, 2 13 mm.

Male.—Face black (denuded). Moustache large, extending

to the antennz, composed of black bristly hairs with only a

few stray white hairs. Antenne wanting. Forehead with

many long bristly hairs. The curled bristles at back of head

very long and stout, extending as weaker black bristles a

little way round head, and followed by white hairs. Beard

white. Thorax blackish, covered with brownish tomentum ;

the median stripe is dark and distinct; the mane, wholly of

black hairs and longer black outstanding bristles, is large .

for such a small fiy and extends thickly to the scutellum,

the pubescence on dorsum is scanty, of black and some white

hairs. Scutellum armed with very Jong black bristles on its

posterior margin and others inside, nine or ten in all, and

some black hairs intermixed. Abdomen, somewhat denuded,

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 437

appears black with brownish tomentum, with some long

black bristles and with rather thick black pubescence on the

dorsum ; underside thickly clothed with black bristles and

hairs. Genitalia short and stout, testaceous at apex, other-

wise black with some white hairs above and black hairs

below arranged in tufts. Legs black, the knees and base of

anterior tibiz dull testaceous, all bristles black and the

pubescence black, longer on undersides of femora and tibiee.

Wings clear, a little tinged with yellow along the veins.

Female identical. Moustache with more white hairs.

Abdomen with traces of white hairs on the second segment

and with long ones on the underside. Legs have some short

white pubescence on underside of fore tibize and on under-

side of hind femora.

Note by collector as follows: ‘Taken on the bare wind-

swept mountain-top, almost the only living insect.—R. C.”

Loew’s Division II”.

Mane not extending the whole length of thorax.

Dysmachus albopilosus, sp. n.

Type (male) from Howick, Natal (J. P. Cregoe), 1903,

212; and other males in Brit. Mus. Coll.

Type (female) from Willow Grange, Natal (2. C.Wroughton),

in I. K. E. Coll., and other females from same locality ; also

from Howick and from Estcourt, Natal, Sept., Oct., 1896

(G. A. K. Marshall), 1903, 17, in B.M. Coll.

A species distinguished by the short genitalia of males

and the short ovipositor of females. Mane white posteriorly,

all hairs and bristles on scutellum white and most of the

bristles on the legs white or yellow, and on the abdomen

the same eolour. Legs almost wholly metallic bronze-

coloured. Distinguished from Loew’s species, D. setiventris,

by the absence of black bristles on the seutellum and the

tibize are not brown.

Length, ¢ 13-16, 2 13-18 mm.

Male.— Face covered with pale yellowish tomentum.,

Moustache composed of chiefly yellow hairs, with black hairs

at the sides, but none near the oral aperture, fairly thick,

reaching the antennz. eard white. Antenne with the

first two joints blackish with black bristles, the third wanting.

Forehead with some black hairs and bristles. .The curled

438 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

bristles at back of head are black, on each side of the vertex.

Mane apparently does not begin till the middle, although

a row of very short hairs are visible in most of the specimens

anteriorly on the median line, becoming longer below the

collar; the mane proper begins at the suture in the form of

long black bristles on each side, enclosing short black hairs

which are replaced by long dirty yellow hairs reaching the

posterior border; most of the bristles on each side of thorax

are yellowish and long. Scutellum almost bare, with long

yellow bristles on its posterior border, six or more in number,

interspersed with a few weak yellow hairs. Thorax and

scutellum bronze-green with greyish-yellow tomentum.

Abdomen the same colour, the tomentum thickest at sides

and on segmentations, having a large brownish spot on each

segment ; bristles on sides yellow, two deep ; pubescence on

dorsum very short, pale yellowish; underside identical.

Leys wholly bronze-green with whitish pubescence and longer

pale yellow hairs below femora and tibize, all the bristles

yellow. Wings greyish, the small transverse vein at about

the middle of the discal cell. emale identical, some black

hairs present near the oral opening, third joint of antennz

with arista a little more than half its length. Ovipositor

short, about the length of the last segment, black shining

with some dirty yellow pubescence at tip.

Dysmachus nigripes, sp. n.

Type (male) from Willbrook, Natal, 17. ii. 1914.

Type (female) from Willow Grange, Natal (R. C. Wrough-

ton), other males from same localities ; two from Mfongosi,

Zululand (W. EH. Jones), and another female from Willbrook ;

all in I, EH. E. Coll.

A species nearly allied to Dysmachus albopilosus, sp. u., but

differing from it in the shape of the genitalia, which are

here a fair length and slender, the moustache is also wholly

yellow, and the legs entirely blackish.

Length, ¢ 16-18, ? 17-18 mm.

Male.—Face covered with glistening yellowish tomentum.

Beard not very thick, composed of fairly long yellow bristly

hairs, not reaching the antennz, the space between being

occupied by long black bristles, which in some specimens

continue a short way alongside of yellow hairs. Palpi with

long yellow hairs. Antenne blackish, the first two joints

with black bristly hairs below and a very few white ones

on upperside, arista more than half the length of the third

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee. 439

joint. Forehead with chiefly black bristly hairs. The curled

bristles are black and strong, with a few white bristles each

side, the hairs continued round head are white. Beard white.

Thorax bronze-green, covered with greyish-yellow tomeutum

and with well-marked median and side stripes. Mane very

meagre, hardly typical of this genus, composed of scanty

short yellow hairs beginning from the middle only, sur-

rounded by very short black bristles ; all the side-bristles are

also stout but yellowish; the pubescence on dorsum black,

short; a row of these hairs in place of a mane can be seen on

the anterior part on the middle line. Scwtellum with stout

yellowish-white bristles on its posterior border and weak

hairs of the same colour on its dorsum. 4ddomen covered

with yellowish tomentum, thickest at the sides and on the

segmentations, leaving a large dark spot discernible on each

segment ; dorsum covered with short yellow pubescence, the

bristles are whitish and long ; underside with a few and also

long yellowish hairs. Genitalia large, black, the upper

forceps long, stout, and swollen at base, continued in a long

curved point, the points meeting each other, leaving a large

circular space between them; they are covered with rather

thick yellowish-white pubescence ; under-forceps short with

long yellowish-white hairs. Legs wholly bronze-coloured,

covered with thick short white pubescence and stout yellow

bristles, the middle and posterior femora heavily armed with

them; only a few black bristles are present, two at apices of

fore femora, and a group of short ones on the dorsum of the

fore tibiz, or they are extended along the edge in some

specimens, and a few black bristles are present on the tarsi.

Wings clear, veins brown, the small transverse vein beyond

the middle of the discal cell.

Female is identical ; the black bristles above moustache

are fewer in number. The curved bristles are all yellow.

Thorax has some short yellow pubescence. Ovipositor short,

the upper part covered with dense greyish tomentum on its

basal half, the apical half narrower, black and shining,

ending in a curved point, the lower part almost all black.

Wings clear, greyish.

One of the specimens from Zululand is much larger, and

has one black bristle on the scutellum. .

Dys¢éiytus, Loew.

Ofvers, Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Férhandl, xiv, 1857, pp. 361 & 368 (1858).

This genus was formed by Loew for one species, D. spurcus,

440 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

from the Cape, evidently identical with Walker’s species.

The genus is distinguished from Dysmachus by the absence

of a tubercle on the face, no curved bristles at back of head,

and the moustache is thick with coarse bristles, but not wall-

like as in Dysmachus, and it is much less pubescent on the

body.

No other species has as yet been recorded.

Dysclytus firmatus, Walker.

Trans. Ent. Soc. London, n. ser. iy. p. 180 (1857) [-Astlus].

[ Dysclytus spurcus, Loew. ]

Walker’s type, a male, is from Port Natal.

A female from Stellenbosch, Durban, 21.xi.1916 (C. N.

Durham); in Cape Coll. Museum.

A large species, blackish, with greyish-yellow tomentum.

Moustache black above, yellow below. Legs reddish, the

femora largely black, chiefly below. Scutellum with two or

more black bristles. Ovipositor in female black, very long,

composed of the seventh and eighth segments. Genitalia of

male long, black ; under lamelle very short. Wings large,

clear, shaded grey at apex and on posterior border.

The male measures 24 mm., the female 25 mm. Loew

gives 20-24 mm.

: NEODASOPHRYS, gen. Nov.

This genus is nearly allied to Dasophrys, but is distinguished

from it primarily by the absence of the dilation of wing on

fore-border in the male.

The three species placed here are all characterized by the

long hairs on the legs, thickest on the fore femora and tibie.

The tubercle on face is as in Dasophrys, with a fine-haired

moustache. The hairs on thorax form a thin mane, but few

bristles are present, and then only on the posterior part.

Neodasophrys natalensis, sp. n.

Type (male) from Karkloof, Natal, Feb. 1897.

Type (female) (G. A. K. Marshall), 1903, 17, and two

other females from the same locality.

A large blackish species with brick-red tibiz and long

yellowish hairs on them, and long black hairs on the femora.

Moustache black and yellow. Genitalia of male very long.

Length, ¢ 25, 9 24-28 mm.

Male. — Face covered with yellowish-white tomentum.

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 441

Moustache of fine long black hairs and yellow one§ below,

placed on an indistinct tubercle which extends to the

antenne. Beard of long yellow hairs. Palpi with black

bristly hairs. Antenne blackish, the third joint long with a

long arista, the first two joints with black hairs. Forehead

with long black hairs. Curved bristles all black and hairs

round head; halfway round, yellow hairs take their place.

Thorax blackish with narrow grey tomentum stripes ; dorsum

with black pubescence, which forms a very thin mane in the

centre, anteriorly of short hairs and posteriorly of longer

ones ; presutural bristles two, supra-alar two, postalar two

very long ones, all black and interspersed with long, fine,

black hairs; the posterior part of dorsum with thick, fine,

black, long hairs, a few black bristles interspersed. Scutellum

with some black hairs and a row of black bristles on the

posterior borders. Abdomen blackish with yellowish tomen-

tum, which predominateson the last twosegments; pubescence

whitish, yellower on the first segment at sides; underside

with rather thick whitish pubescence, no bristles present.

Genitalia very large and longer than the last three segments

together, club-shaped but flattened at the ends; under

lamellz triangular, proceeding from beneath the last segment,

ending in a blunt point, clothed with black hairs ; a fringe

of black hairs are very evident, proceeding from below the

border of last segment ; pubescence on the upper forceps

black and fairly long above and below, a few yellowish hairs

are visible above. Legs black, the fore and middle tibize

brick-red, only black at their apices, the hind pair red for

two-thirds of their length only, the fore and middle femora

with long black and yellow hairs below and shorter black

ones above, the hind pair with only black hairs and with

black bristles; the fore tibiz with long silky yellow hairs

below and long black hairs above at sides, and shorter black

pubescence on dorsum, one large black bristle at top, the

middle pair the same, the hind pair with long not thick

black hairs and very few yellow ones, also armed with very

strong black bristles ; all tar-i with black pubescence and

strong black bristles; pulvilli large, orange-yellow, some

yellow hairs present on the tarsi. Wings longer than the

abdomen, with blackish veins, tinged brown; the second

posterior cell bulges a little into the first one, the second

submarginal cell nearly as long as the second posterior cell,

the small transverse vein beyond the middle of the discal

cell.

Female identical. Abdomen rather lighter in colour.

442 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide.

Oviposttor loug, black, including the seventh and eighth

segments; end-lamelle free, the seventh segment forming

the base with some black hairs, the rest of ovipositor com-

pressed, bare.

Neodasophrys hirsutus, sp. v.

Type (male) from Bluff, Durban, 2. v.1917 (C. N. Barker),

No. 2074 in Durban Museum Coll., and two females;

another female the same, 30. vi. 1918, No. 2262.

Type (female), Port Shepstone, Natal, May 1897 (G. A.

KK. Marshall), 1908, 17.

A species more pubescent than Neodasophrys natalensis,

distinguished by the shaded transverse veins of wings and by

the pale base of tibiz, which are reddish with long reddish-

brown hairs.

Length, ¢ 21, ? 18-21 mm.

Male.—Face bronze-coloured with yellowish tomentum.

Moustache reaching the antennz, composed of long fine

black hairs and a few yellow ones below. Palpi with black

hairs. Antenne almost jet-black, the first two joints with

short black hairs, the third long with an arista equal in

length to it. Forehead with long black pubescence. Curved

bristles black, the hairs round head yellowish, becoming very

thick and noticeable on the lower half, as in NV. natalensis

species. Thorax with a broad median black stripe and short

side-stripes, rest of dorsum covered with yellowish tomentum

and with short black pubescence ; the thin mane composed

of black hairs becoming longer and thicker posteriorly and

with a bunch of yellow hairs in the centre on posterior

border. Presutural bristles two, supra-alar one, postalar

three, but all very long and not very stout, and interspersed

with long black hairs. Scutellum covered with yellowish

tomenutum and with very thick yellow long hairs, the posterior

border with black bristles. Abdomen with a deep black spot

on each segment, bordered with yellowish tomentum, pubes-

cence on dorsum short, black, on the first segment and at

sides are long yellowish and reddish hairs, a few black ones

above; underside with long, silky, yellowish-red hairs.

Genitalia large, club-shaped, flattened at the ends, identical

with those of N. natalensis but not so long; pubescence

black. JZegs with femora black, shining, extreme bases of

tibiz pale yellow, merging into a pale reddish colour, tarsi

the same, the last joint blackish ; the pubescence on femora

Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilide. 443

consists of long fine black hairs; fore coxe with thick

yellowish hairs, the cthers with black hairs; the tibiz with

long reddish hairs below and at sides, on the fore and hind

pairs agood many black hairs appear ; hind tibie with black

bristles; tarsi with black hairs and bristles. Wings shaded

brown on fore border, at apex, and in the centre of cells,

transverse veins shaded brown, venation as in N. natalensis.

Female identical, but the hairs on /egs not so long or thick,

and chiefly black, in the type those on the fore and middle

tibie are yellowish, and the fore tibie have a fringe of

appressed orange hairs below; the hind femora with some

shorter white hairs above, in another female the hairs on

fore tibiz are wholly black. Ovipositor as in N. natalensis,

but barely as long as the three preceding segments.

Neodasophrys androclea, Walker.

Type (male), in, bad condition, from S. Africa (Dr. Smith),

44,6. Malefrom Umbilo(d. Z. Bevis), 1916. Female from

Megwavuma, Zululind, March 1917 (#.W. Baxter), both in

Durban Museum Coll.

A species nearly allied to Neodasophrys hirsutus, but

smaller and with clear wings.

Length, g 17, 9 21 mm.

Male.—Scutellum with long yellowish-red bristles on its

posterior border. In all other respects similar to Neo-

dasophrys hirsutus.

Female.—Tibiee with chiefly long yellowish hairs on each

side on the middle pair, and black and yellow on the others.

Ovipositor about as long as the three preceding segments.

Murcaprituvs, Bigot.

Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser, 3, v. p. 545 (1857).

This genus is only distinguished from Dysmachus by the

first posterior cell of wing being closed.

Megadrillus brevipennis, g 3 , Macq.

Dipt. Exot. i. p. 180 (1838) [Zophonotus].

Dysmachus elachipterus, Loew, Dipt. Siid-Afrik. i. p. 163 (1860) ;

Schiner, Novara Reise, Diptera, p. 186 (1868).

One male from Ceres Div., Matroosberg, 2500 feet, in

Cape Museum Coll.

444 Miss G. Ricardo on the Asilidee.

This species was described by Macquart from an unknown

locality. Loew’s species from the Cape is evidently the same.

This specimen in the Cape Museum Coll. answers to

Macquart’s description, which is as follows :—

‘** Black, white-haired. Wings short, the first posterior

cell closed. Length 7 lines, 3.

“‘ Face, moustache, and beard white. Abdomen cylindrical,

with a black triangular spot on each segment. Legs with

black bristles. Wing a little brownish.”

A pretty little species with a snow-white moustache, mane

posteriorly white, with short black hairs anteriorly and out-

standing black bristles along its whole length. Scutellum

with the white mane continued in the centre and a tuft of

white hairs on each side, the posterior border armed with

four stout, long, black bristles. Genitalia small, black with

white pubescence.

Length 13 mm. ;

Lophonotus heteroneurus, Macq., now in this genus, is

described as having a large brown spot on wings with a

black mane, and is from the Cape.

Dasorurys, Loew.

Ofvers. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Firhandl. xiv. 1857, pp. 362 & 366, 29

(18658).

This genus was formed by Loew for his species D. longi-

barbis from Kaffraria. The genus is near Dysmachus, but

distinguished from it by the long Jéamus-like ovipositor in

the female, and by the widening of the wing on fore-border

of the male. The face has an indistinct tubercle reaching

the antenne. Schiner described another species, Dasophrys

personatus, from the Cape, and Asilus nigricans, Wied., has

been placed in this genus, also from the Cape; neither of

these species is known to me.

Dasophrys paron, Walker.

List Dipt. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 450 [Asius], 1849, et vii. Suppl. 3, p. 714

[Lophonotus] (1855); Loew, Dipt. Siid-Afrik. i. p. 146 (1860)

[ Lophonotus |.

Dasophrys longibarbus, Loew, Dipt. Siid-Afrik. i. p. 166 (1860).

Walker’s type (male) from 8. Africa (Dr. A. Smith), 44-6.

Two males and five females from Junction Blaaw Krantz

and Tugela River, Natal, Oct. 1896 (G. A. K. Marshall),

1903, 17.

Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide. 445

A large species, characterized by the widening of the wings

in the male and by the long ovipositor in the female, by the

tubercle on face reaching the antenne covered with the

thick moustache, black above with some white hairs below.

Legs are black, the tibize dull reddish or reddish yellow at

their base, femora and tibiz with long fine chiefly whitish

hairs. Scutellum with white hairs and black bristles.

Loew gives 14-18 mm.

These measure, f 18-22, ? 21 mm.

LX.—Papers on Ortental Carabidee.—IV.

By H. E. ANDREWEs.

DRIMOSTOMINI,

Genus Cosmopiscus, SI.

This genus was described by Mr. T. G. Sloane in 1907

(Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxii. p. 371) for a unique specimen,

€. rubripictus, Sl., taken by Mr. Dodd at Kuranda, Queens-

land. Mr. Sloane kindly sent me a second example of the

genus from the Kei Is., which he thought was probably a

small form of his own species : I quite concur, as, apart from

its smaller size and the fact that the ferruginous pattern on

the elytra is reduced, it agrees with the description,

In 1873 (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 283) Bates described

Ceelostomus (Stomonaaus) platynotus tor a single ¢ ex. taken

by Mr. Geo. Lewis at Nagasaki, in Japan: he was struck at

the time by the unusual form of this insect, but left it in the

genus Stomonazus. Mr. H. Stevens has lately sent me five

examples of this species from Gopaldhara, British Sikkim,

which I have compared with Bates’s type; the localities are

comparatively remote from each other, and I anticipate the

discovery of further specimens in the intervening Southern

Provinces of China. ‘T'wo out of the five specimens are of

the same size as the Japanese insect, but tle other three,

which I cannot separate from them, are a good deal smaller.

Yet another species, with testaceous markings, as in the

genotype, has been found in different parts of Central India

by Dr. Annandale and Mr. E. A. D’Abreu. Before de-

scribing this and giving a few further notes on Bates’s species,

I think it desirable to reproduce Mr. Sloane’s description of

the genus, with such modifications as are necessitated by the

446 Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabidae.

inclusion of the two additional species. I also give a table

differentiating the species.

Ligula short, wide, truncate at apex, bisetose: paraglosse

very narrow, adnate to near apex of ligula and projecting

only a little beyond it. Mentwm moderately excised, sinus

oblique at sides, with a short wide triangular tooth : epilobes

rather pointed at apex and extending a little in advance of

lobes. Palpi stout: labial with penultimate joint bisetose ;

apical joint short, hardly longer than penultimate, compressed,

truncate: maail/ary with apical joint short, hardly longer

than penultimate, obtuse at apex. Labrum shagreened,

truncate, sex-setose. MJandibles short, without seta in scrobe,

pointed at apex, serrate along lower half of internal margin,

right one with a small median tooth. Clypeus bisetose.

Head small; front deeply and shortly bi-impressed ; eyes

hemispherical, narrowly separated from buccal fissure beneath.

Antenne short, moniliform, lightly incrassate ; joints 1-3

glabrous, 6-11 compressed, first large, about as long as

second and third together, second shortest. Prothorax widely

transverse, considerably wider at base than apex ; basal

angles obtuse ; margins more or less bordered ; two marginal

setee on each side, anterior just before middle, posterior at

basal angle. lytra with bordered base ; apex sinuate and

with margin interrupted on each side by an internal plica;

no scutellary striole, interval 3 impunctate. Prosternum

smooth ; intercoxal process more or less bordered. Metepi-

sterna much longer than wide, punctate. Ventral surface

more or less punctate along sides. Legs short: anterior

tibiee with wide apex, rounded and spinose externally : tarsi

short, glabrous on upper surface, joint 5 glabrous beneath,

claws simple: anterior tarsi (¢) with joints 1-3 moderately

dilated and biseriately squamose beneath, 1-2 triangular, 3

rather more quadrate, 1 shorter than 243, 4 very small:

anterior tarsi (2?) with joint 1=2+4+3+4, first two joints

with apex produced internally into a spiniform process:

posterior tarsi slender, joint 1=2+3+44: posterior tro-

chanters with a setiferous pore near base.

The genus is allied to Celostomus (Stomonazus), but the

antenne are more slender, tle thorax wider, nearly as wide

as elytra, flatter, hardly contracted behind, median line and

basal sulci much fainter, border less reflexed, elytra flatter,

hardly contracted towards base, strie impunctate.

Table of Species. —

1 (4). Prothorax with front and side margins

bordered throughout, basal margin un-

bordered, surface smooth.

Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabidae. 447

2 (8). Black, unicolorous; shoulders of elytra

dentate; Simian ne - eae ee o's gee ore Emon « platynotus, Bates.

3 (2). Black, with ferruginous pattern on elytra ;

shoulders of elytra not dentate ........ rubropietus, Sloane.

4 (1). Prothorax bordered throughout, except over

middle third of front margin, and between

the basal sulci; surface punctate at sides

of base, elytra black, with testaceous

pattern, shoulders not dentate.......... picluratus m.

Cosmodiscus platynotus, Bates.

Length 6-8 mm.

Prothorax much more narrowed in front than the descrip-

tion indicates. There is a border along both front and side

margins, but none along basal margin. As in the other

species the surface is a little flattened out near hind angles.

There are a few punctures in the basal fovese, and the mar-

ginal channel at sides is also irregularly punctate, but the

surface is otherwise quite smooth. ‘The elytra are very short,

hardly wider than the prothorax; the basal border is pro-

duced at the shoulder and forms a small but distinct tooth.

On the underside, the prothoracic epipleures are very wide,

and the intercoxal process is unbordered or bordered at

extremity only; the mesepisterna, sides of metasternum,

metepisterna, and sides of ventral surface are all coarsely

punctate,

Cosmodiscus picturatus, sp. n.

Length 6:0-6°5 mm.; width 2°60-2:75 mm.

Black, shiny; border of prothorax and elytra, under

surface of head, sterna, apex of ventral surface, tibia, tarsi,

and joints 1-3 of antennz ferruginous; rest of legs and an

elytral pattern testaceous. The elytral pattern consists of :

(1) a slightly oblique streak on the shoulder, covering

approximately intervals 5-8 at base, and terminating on

interval 6 about halfway towards apex ; (2) a horseshoe-

shaped mark, commencing at three-fifths from base and

convex towards apex, interrupted on sutural intervals, the

front part on intervals 4-5, the hind part on 2-8, the colour

on these last extending a little towards apex; (3) a short

oblique streak, close to apex, on intervals 7-8. (In the type

and Oxford specimens the elytral pattern is light in colour and

well developed ; in all the others the markings, which are

rather darker, are more or less evanescent, disappearing in

some examples on the shoulder and in others near the apex.)

Head (about 1°30 mm. wide) convex, smooth, shiny,

448 Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabidee.

with deep, short, divergent frontal fovee. Prothorax trans-

verse (about 2°0 mm. wide), shiny, moderately and uni-

formly convex, except that the sides are rather flattened,

especially near hind angles ; base slightly bisinuate at sides,

wider than apex, front margin truncate, angles rounded,

inconspicuous ; sides moderately rounded, hind angles ebtuse

but not much rounded, all margins bordered, except that the

border is obsolete over the middle third of front margin and

between the basal sulci ; median line faint, basal sulci narrow

but well marked, punctate, as is the flattened area at sides.

Elytra ovate, shiny, about half as long again as wide,

shoulders rounded (but the basal border is bent a little

forward towards them), moderately striate, intervals nearly

flat, a little more convex towards apex. Prosternal process

bordered in front, but not at extremity ; mesepisterna and

metasternum smooth.

The species is a little more elongate than the genotype, the

thoracic border interrupted in front, but extending over the

sides of the base, basal sulci wider and deeper, sides punctate

near hind angles, shoulders of elytra less rounded, intervals

flatter, testaceous pattern evidently differing.

‘Central Provinces: Nagpur, 1000’, 27. vili. 1917, “at

light,” 1 ex. (type) (Z. A. D’ Abreu). Orissa: Lake Chilka,

Barkuda and Gopkuda Is., 7 ex., some “at light” (Chilka

Survey and N. Annandale)—Indian Museum. ‘“ India,”

1 ex.— Hope Dept., Oxford Univ. Museum.

Mr. D’Abreu has kindly allowed me to retain the type-

specimen in my collection.

NEBRIINI.

Leistus championt, sp. n.

Length 8°75 mm ; width 3°0 mm.

-Piceous: margin of prothorax, mouth-parts, tibie, tarsi,

and antennee (joint 1 darker) testaceous-red.

Head wide (1°60 mm), elongate, smooth behind, a few fine

punctures on vertex, rugose and punctate at sides; labrum

porrect, only half as wide again as long, mandibles long,

smooth, of same width (in front of lateral projections) to near

apex, antennz and palpi very long and slender; tooth of

mentum bifid, each point and the acute apices of the lobes

with a strong seta; setiferous appendages at sides of max-

illary stipes long and more or less cylindrical, that on the

squama palpigera very long, with two sete, one terminal, the

other a little below it, both directed inwards; at base of

My: Daeeeteweres on Oninial Cavahid 045

mentum 4 sete arising from small tubercles, process at base

of submentum sex-setose.

Prothorax convex, just wider than head, widest a little

before middle, equally contracted at extremities, base trun-

cate, apex slightly emarginate ; sides moderately explanate,

strongly rounded in front, sinuate some little way betore

base, with which they form approximately a right angle,

front angles quite rounded adjoining neck, a simall flat tu-

bercle on each side on the explanate margin, midway between

base and apex, but no seta is visible either there (though

there is an evident pore and the seta is probably abraded)

or at hind angles; median line evident, but not deep, trans-

verse impressions and basal foveee deep, margins lightly and

sparsely, base and apical area strongly punctate, the punctura-

tion extending for some distance from both ends along the

median line, disk very minutely and sparsely punctate.

Elytra (5°0 mm. long) ovate, convex, almost parallel, border

very slightly sinuate both behind shoulders, which though

rounded are well marked, and before apex ; strongly punctate-

striate, both strisa and punctures only a little less deeply

impressed towards apex, intervals moderately convex, 3 with

five punctures, marginal series on 9 consisting of some half-

dozen punctures only. Sterna (except middle of meta-

sternum), episterna, and sides of veutral surface at base

coarsely and more or less confluently punctate ; anal segment

with two setiferous pores on each side.

The species differs from L. indus, Tchiteh., the only other

species described from India, in its pitch-black colour, with-

out blue or green reflections ; form more elongate, head,

Jabrum, and mandibles all longer; prothorax narrower, con-

tracted more abruptly behind, and sinuate at a greater distance

from hind angles, surface more strongly punctate ; strie of

elytra more coarsely punctate, the outer ones not obliterated

towards apex, interval 3 with five punctures instead of three.

The species appears to be allied to L. gracilentus, ‘I'chitch.

United Provinces: W. Alinora Division, Upper Gumti

Valley, April 1919, 1 ex., 9 (H. G. Champion). The type

has been presented by Mr. Champion to the British Museum.

LOROCERINI,

Lorocera stevensi, sp. n.

Length 8:0 mm; width 2°50 mm.

Black with a faint greenish tinge ; mouth-parts, joints 2-11

of antenne, and tarsi reddish; tibiz and front and mid-

trochanters dark red ; joint 1 of antenne piceous.

Ann, & Mag: N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 31

450 Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide.

Head rather wide (about 1:5 mm.), impressions between

eyes deep and confluent behind, with a few fine oblique strize

on sides of front, smooth behind. Antenne long, reaching

very nearly to middle of elytra; joint 1 long and thick,

tapering at both ends, obliquely truncate at extremity, a single

bristle on inner side at widest point, joints 2-4 tuberculate,

a strong bristle arising from each tubercle, joints 5-7 with

some bristles at apex; joint 2=5, 4 a little longer, 3 twice

as long as 2, the remainder a little longer than 3.

Prothorax (about 2‘0 mm. wide) convex, widest at middle,

slightly emarginate at extremities, a little more contracted

behind than in front ; sides regularly rounded, with reflexed

margin, front angles rounded, hind angles obtuse but not

much rounded; median line and hind transverse impression

well marked, the front one and the little pit on sides of disk

in front only faintly indicated ; surface smooth, base punctate.

Elytra elongate-oval, very nearly twice as long as wide,

shoulders very oblique, moderately striate, the striz finely but

not very conspicuously punctate, intervals slightly convex ;

three large punctures on interval 4, at a fourth, a half, and

three-fourths from base, two similar punctures on interval 7

at a third and two-thirds from base. Episterna of meso- and

metasternum, and sides of the latter, also sides of the ventral

surface at base coarsely but not very closely punctate ;

proepisterna punctate at base and apex.

About the same size as L. pilicornis, F., but nearly black,

tibia and tarsi darker, antenve lighter. Antenne much

thicker and with longer bristles, first joint larger and longer ;

prothorax with the little pits near front angles much less

evident ; elytra with more sloping shoulders, less evidently

punctured striz, and with two large punctures on interval 7 ;

proepisterna punctate in front. ‘he position of the punctures

on intervals 4 and 7 is almost exactly as in L. 10-punctata

Kselisch.

Bri ish Sikkim : Tonglu, 10,000’, 7 ex., g 9 (H. Stevens).

Mr. Stevens has kindly allowed me to retain the type in my

collection,

Lorocera aparupa, sp. n.

Length 9:0 mm.; width 3:0 mm.

As the above description applies in great measure to this

species also, I give below the points in which it differs.

Size larger and form rather wider. Black without greenish

tinge. Head with much smaller and shallower frontal fovee.

Protlorax more transverse, hind angles a little rounded, the

Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide. 451

pits on sides of disk in front practically obsolete, base more

closely punctate. Elytra less elongate, shoulders rather less

cut away, intervals more convex, the front punctures on

interval 7 wanting (but in the g specimen it is present

on the right elytron). Front of proepisterna impunctate.

United Provinces: W. Almora Division, Sunderdhunga

Valley, 8000’-12,000’, June 1919, 2 ex., ¢ 2 (H. G. Cham-

pion). The type (3) has been presented by Mr. Champion

to the British Museum. )

ScARITINI.

ZELMA, gen. nov.

Ligula very small, narrow, (apparently) glabrous, concealed

behind the supports of the labial palpi: paraglosse not visible.

Mawille short, apex slender and glabrous, hooked, inner

margin densely ciliate. Palpi very short and, when in situ,

more or less concealed: mawillaries glabrous, apical joint three

times as long as penultimate, tapering almost from base to

extremity: /abeals with last joint a little longer than pen-

ultimate, inflated at base and tapering sharply to apex, which

is finely truncate, penultimate with two sete on inner margin

near base. entum finely rugose, a little wider than long,

moderately excised in front, base of excision straight, (appa-

reutly) without tooth, epilobes very wide, the ridge separating ,

them from the lobes extending to base of mentum, two large

pores near base of central part, which (viewed from below)

is depressed; lobes pointed, more or less bordered, slightly

rounded at sides, apex very obliquely truncate, surface pitted.

Mandibles (appareutiy) without seta in scrobe, short, slightly

curved, sharply pointed, with a rough inner edge. Labrum

very short, front margin arcuate, sex-setose, but with some

additional sete at sides. Antenne arising beneath a frontal

plate, just before the eyes, moniliform, not quite reaching

base of prothorax, joint 1 robust, a little longer than (each of)

2, 3, 4, and 11, which are about equal, remainder about two-

thirds as long, pubescent from joint 2- (inclusive), more

densely so after first third of joint 4. Head flat, semicircular,

widest at base, which is emarginate in the middle to receive

a projection of the prothorax, margin uneven, more or less

serrate, bisinuate at sides, with deep frontal depressions,

clypeal suture invisible; eyes invisible from above, coarsely

facetted, sunk in sides of head, between them and buccal

fissure (which is represented by a tine groove up to the in- -

sertion of antennee) intervene first a deep groove, for the

of 31*

452 Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide.

reception of the first four joints of the antenna, and then a

pitted space of about equal width, corresponding with the

paragene. Prothorax strongly transverse, quadrate, pedun-

culate, central part longitudinally raised, projecting in front

into an indentation of head, with base emarginate and bi-

tuberculate above peduncle: sides explanate and hollowed

out, three or four large, transverse, shallow pits arranged

longitudinally along them, bounded inwardly by a fine ridge:

scutellum very small, situated on the peduncle. lytra

tricarinate, base truncate, emarginate in middle, with small

projections on each side of the emargination, resulting from

extensions of the first carina, shoulders sharply rectangular,

apex slightly truncate, the sutural angles just showing as a

faint projection: outer carina forming the apparent margin,

the real margin, inflexed, and invisible from above, separated

from it by a shallow channel. Underside deeply pitted :

epipleuree of prosternum wide in front, narrowed behind,

undulating in correspondence with the transverse pits on

upper surface: intercoxal process bordered, narrowed between

coxee, and widened out horizontally behind, the border con-

tinued obliquely forward in front across the prosternum, which

is finely carinate down the central line: a deep bordered

channel between epipleure and prosternum for reception of

antenne, episterna shagreened and forming (as seen from

beneatl:) the base of the antennal channel in front, but visible

_ behind, where the channel widens out: mesepimera (appa-

rently) reaching coxal cavities: metasternum channelled, the

episterna long, narrow, and channelled behind: margins of

ventral segments curving backwards at sides, penultimate

and antepenultimate segments each with a deep, pitted trans-

verse sulcus, apical segment with a setiferous pore at margin

on each side. Legs short: front femora dilated, channelled

beneath, tibize with two inconspicuous teeth below terminal

one, tarsi minute, joint 1 as long as the rest together: mid-

femora channelled beneath, with a tooth near base, tibiz

slender, finely spinose, without trace of spur: hind coxe just

meeting; claws minute. ‘There are fully developed wings

beneath the elytra.

The usual setze to be seen on various parts of the body in

the Carabidee are almost entirely wanting, with the exception

of those on the labrum, last segment of ventral surface, and

legs, but the cleansing of the specimens must to some extent

be responsible for this, and fresh material is required for

examination.

The remarkable feature in this new genus is the presence

of antennal grooves on the underside, not only of the head,

Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide. 453

but also of the prothorax. In the Cryptomorphine there is a

groove on the underside of the head for the reception of the

antenne, and in Scarites there is a shallow groove for the

scape only. I know of no other instance in the Carabide of

such a groove on the prothorax as well as the head. Zelma

is evidently related to Solenogenys, described by Westwood

in 1859 (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 170) for S. feda, a species

taken by Bates on the Amazon. Apart from its larger size,

this bears a strong superficial resemblance to Z. miranda,

though in many of its characters it is strikingly different.

In Solenogenys both the eyes and the margins of the elytra

are visible from above, the antennal groove is confined to

the underside of the head, and does not extend to the pro-

thorax ; joint 3 of the antenne is much longer than 2 and 4,

and the pubescence begins at joint 3; the mentum is toothed,

the apical joints of the palpi are less inflated, the median part

of the head is produced into a lobe beneath, the sides into two

elongate processes, bounding the antennal channels; the under

surface is not pitted, and the ventral segments are not trans-

versely channelled.

With regard to the position of the two genera, I think that

the (apparent) absence of a seta in the mandibular scrobe, the

fossorial front tarsi, the pedunculate prothorax, and the

insertion of the antennze under frontal projections all point

to their inclusion among the Scaritini. Putzeys, in his

' “Révision Générale des Clivinides” (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.

x. 1867), includes the genus Solenogenys, but does not

comment on its unusual characters. It is clear to me that

neither genus will fit either into the Scarites-group or the

Clivina-group, and I see nothing for it but to forma new

Solenogenys-group. Whether this can be framed to include

Zelma must remain an open question until further material is

available for study.

Zelma miranda, sp. n.

Length 4:0 mm. ; width 1:0 mm.

Upperside grey: underside dark pitchy-red, legs a little

lighter. Upper surface covered with a minute, sparse, and

almost invisible pubescence.

Head (1:20 mm. long) coarsely sculptured, surface uneven,

two small tubercles on middle of front. Prothorax a little

wider than head, sides almost parallel, with a row of small

tubercles along the margin, front angles porrect, hind angles

obliquely truncate, median line deep and widened out behind

into the basal emargination: surface uneven and minutely

454 Mr. H. E. Andrewes on Oriental Carabide. .

tuberculate. Elytra (2°40 mm. long) slightly convex, pa-

rallel, the carinz minutely tuberculate (more finely so than

the margin of the prothorax), between sutural interval and

first carina, as also between first and second carine, approxi-

mately three irregular rows of shailow punctures, larger

towards. margin, between second and third carine the

punctures are larger and quite irregular.

Burma: Tharrawaddy ( (G. Q. Corbett), 1 ex. (type) in my

collection. Calcutta: Eden Gardens, “at light” (4. 1.

Gravely), 1 ex., Indian Museum. The Calcutta ex. is frag-

mentary, but shows a good many of the characters: it is a

little smaller than the type,

GNAPHON, gen. nov.

Tigula short, truncate, rather hollowed out at apex and

joined to teoth of mentum by a fine ridge: paraglosse rather

longer than ligula, projecting obliquely outwards, narrow at

apex but meeting at base above ligula, densely fringed with

hairs in front. Mawille straight, obtuse at apex, densely

fringed with hairs on inuer margin, Palpi thick: maw/llaries

glabrous, last joint obliquely truncate at apex, a little longer

than preceding one: Jdabia/s with last joint rounded at apex,

slightly shorter than penultimate, which has half a dozen

sete on inner margin. Jentum moderately excised, with a

wide, almost quadrate tooth, very obtusely angled at apex ;

finely carinate along median line, lobes rounded, slightly at

sides, strongly at apex, extending beyond epilobes, rather

concave beneath: paragenee toothed and emarginate. AZan-

dibles moderately curved, about as long as head, smooth, a

ridge on upper surface trom base to middle, each with an

elongate irregular tooth occupying basal half of inner margin,

left mandible with a smaller tooth near apex. Labrum very

small, emarginate, with three setigerous pores. Antenne

moniliform, not reaching base of prothorax, joint 1 as long

as next four joints together, 2 halt as long again as 3,4 a

little shorter than the rest, which are appoximately equal

to 3. Head very large, nearly smooth, longer than prothorax,

frontal impressions wide and shallow, sides deeply longi-

tudinally impressed above eyes, gene strongly dilated. Pro-

thurue cyathiform, very wide and short, dentate at hind angles,

and shortly produced in middle, so that the base appears

to be bidentate on each side. ‘H/ytra short, flat on disk,

shoulders carinate and dentate, interval 7 sharply carinate

throughout, epipleuree very wide at base. Prosternum not

bordered ; metepisterna very small, rather longer than wide ;

On Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum. 455

ventral surface without transverse furrows. Front tibie

with three teeth (including apical tooth) but without denti-

culations ; mid-tibie with one spine. ‘Type of genus :

Scaritoderus loyole, Fairm.,

Scaritoderus loyole, Fairm. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1883, p. 55.

Scaritoderus loyole, Andy. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (9) iii. 1919, p. 469.

Crepidopterus favret, Maindr. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1904, p. 269, fig.

In his ‘ Monographie des Scaritides” (Ann. Soc. Ent.

Belg. xxii. 1879, p. 156) Chaudoir published the genus

Anomoderus for A. costato-granulatas, a species from New

Caledonia. Fauvel, finding the name of Chaudoir’s genus

was preoccupied, changed it to Anomophenus (Rev. d’ Ent. i.

1882, p. 229) ; Atkinson in his Catalogue of Oriental Cara-

bide (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1890, Suppl. i. p. 18) says that

Fauvel’s name is also preoccupied, but I cannot find that this

is the case. When Fairmaire published his Searitoderus

loyole, he too had discovered that Anomoderus was a pre-

occupied name, and he suggested Scaritoderus to replace it ;

he pointed out some differences between the Indian and New

Caledonian species, but left them in the same genus. As

Fauvel’s name is anterior to Fairmaire’s, Anomophenus must

stand for the New Caledonian species, and Scaritoderus

becomes a synonym of it.

It is in these circumstances that I propose the new genus

described above for the Indian species. It differs in some

important points from Anomophenus: the tooth of the

mentum is almost quadrate, a narrow slit on each side

separating it from the lobes, the penultimate joint of the

labial palpi is sex-setose, the first joint of the antennz equal

in length to the four succeeding ones, sides of prothorax

dentate, base only slightly produced, &e.

LXI.—Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum.—Il.

By 'T. D. A. Cockergtx, University of Colorado,

[Plate XVL.]

COLEOPTERA.

Carabide.

Carabites gardneri, sp.n. (Pl. XVI. fig. 10.)

Elytron 16°8 mm. long, 5°5 mm. wide; base truncate,

apex narrowed, but obtuse at tip; the outer margin

strongly concave just before the end. Outer margin with

456 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Fossil Arthropods

a strong sharp sulcus, but no distinct row of punctures

mesad of it; disc with eight strong striz, beset with

small round rather weak punctures throughout, about

7 punctures to a mm. On middle of elytron three striz,

with two intervals, go in 2 mm. transversely. The two

outer discal striz run to the apex, converging near it, as also

do the two inner, but the four middle ones unite in two

pairs, thus terminating, the outer pair 3 mm. and the inner

pair 2 mm., before the apex. There is no basal incomplete

stria, nor any sign of specialised discal punctures. The

strie, with their punctures, resemble those of Morio, but the

fossil is easily separated from that genus by the absence of

specialised submarginal and discal punctures.

Bartonian, Bagshot Beds ; Bournemouth (J. S. Gardner).

British Museum, 19010 with reverse (=type), 19009, 19012,

19011, 19019 with reverse, 19013.

The type of Carabites, Heer, is an elytron 3:5 mm. long,

from the Lower Lias of Switzerland. Our insect is of course

not congeneric, but Scudder used Carabites in a general

sense for Carabide not referable to a known genus, and I

follow him in this usage, to avoid giving a new generic name.

T do not know a living genus to which C. gardneri may be

referred, but I am not familiar with more than a small

fraction of the numerous genera.

Elateride.

Elaterites murchisoni (Giebel).

Elytron as preserved 14 mm. long, the actual length was

probably at least 15 mm.; width 45 mm.; nine longitudinal

lines of small round punctures ; near the apex 10 punctures

in 2 mm. of length, and three rows in 1 mm. transversely ;

on middle of elytron two rowsin 1 mm. The shape of the

elytron is about as in Agriotes, the apex forming a large

angle. The punctures are about as in Pyrophorus, but those

in the apical field are stronger, although the insect is not so

large.

Lower Bagshot Beds, Corfe Clay ; Creech, between Corfe

and Wareham, Dorset (P. B. Brodie). Brit. Museum, 18996.

From W. R. Brodie (No. 17).

This is the type-specimen of Elatertum murchisoni, Giebel,

1856, based on Westwood, Proc. Geol. Soc. London, 1854,

p. 395, plate 16. f. 34. It has quite typical Hlaterid sculp-

ture ; but the type of Elaterium is E.proneus, Westw., from

the Purbeck, which has elongated punctures and, as Hand-

lirsch remarks, is surely not congeneric. Hlaterites, Heer

in the British Museum. 457

(type now designated E. lavateri, Heer, from Oeningen),

seems applicable to the present insect. I include in

Elaterites, however, various Elaterid elytra from the Tertiary,

which cannot be definitely assigned to known genera. Those

described below, if completely known, would very likely be

found to include as many genera as species.

Elaterites perditulus, sp. n. (Pl. XVI. fig. 7.)

Elytron about 10°3 mm. long, width about 2 mm. ; eight

rows of fine punctures, about the middle four rows in 1 mm.

transversely ; punctures in the rows about 130-160 yp apart,

and placed in delicate grooves. The general form is that of

Monocrepidius ; the apex is too pointed for Athous.

Corfe, I. of Purbeck, Dorset (Brodie). Brit. Museum,

10418.

This is labelled “ Ayrilus, Buprestide (W.).” W. probably

stands for Westwood, but in spite of this high authority the

insect must be referred to the Elateride.

Elaterites laconoides, sp.n. (Pl. XVI. fig. 8 ; text-fig, 1.)

Elytron 7 mm. long and 2°5 mm. broad, formed much as

in Lacon, the apex very obtuse. Ten striz, bearing five

round (not elongate) punctures; near the humeral angle

the second stria (counting from without) is deflected toward

the third at its upper end, and in the space thus formed

between the first stria and upper end of second is a little

Fig.

Lea

1eqqa,

Elaterites laconoides (sculpture).

aie

row of four punctures. On the basal half of the elytron the

punctures are very distinct, but on the apical part they are

small and obscure. On the basal part the punctures are

about six in a mm., and there are three strie to a mm.

transversely.

Bartonian, Bagshot Beds ; Bournemouth, near the pier.

Presented by Alfred Bell. Brit. Museum, 18998.

458 Mr. T. D, A. Cockerell on Fossil Arthropods

Elaterites sculptilis, sp. n. (PI. XVI. fig. 9.)

Elytron 7 mm. long and 1°8 mm. wide, the base truncate,

the apex pointed. Nine delicate striz, very finely punctate,

the four inner ones with the punctures subobsolete, the

others with distinct though very delicate punctures. The

outer striz are more closely placed than the four inner ;

the fifth stria (from within) is one mm. from inner margin.

Punctures on outer strie about 95-130 apart. Between

the inner series of striz the surface is extremely finely

rugulose, with lines inclined to be transverse or oblique, but

irregular, as in the living Cardiophorus fenestratus, Lec.

“ Corfe, I. of Purbeck” (Brodie); Brit. Museum, 10420.

“Studland Bay, I. of Purbeck, Dorset” (Brodie) ; Brit.

Museum, 10422. These are the two impressions of the

same specimen.

Elaterites palaophilus, spa, o0P Lx Va es 2.)

Elytron as preserved 6 mm. long, but the ends missing ;

probable total length at least 9 mm. Width 2:4 mm.; dark

brown, with eleven rows of round punctures ; the rows close

together, aud the punctures so placed that often two of one

row and two of the next will mark the four corners of a

square space ; punctures about 6 in a mm. lengthwise, and

five rows trausversely in a mm., but tlie first three rows are

more widely spaced than the others.

Lower Eocene ; Woolwich and Reading Beds, Peckham.

Caleb Evans collection. Brit. Museum, 1467.

Someone had already labelled it “ élater.’ (See also

Smith, ‘ Geologist,’ iv. (1861) p. 40.)

Curculionide.

Curculionites marginatus, Gicbel.

Elytron convex, about 6 mm. long and 3 mm. wide; with

six visible (probably one or two obliterated) longitudinal

rows of very large deep punctures, squarish and somewhat

longer than wide. Hach row contains about 20 punctures,

and there are between 4 and 5 punctures in 2 mm. lonei-

tudinally. Transversely, there are 5 rows in 2 mm. The

intervals between the punctures are not larger, but often

rather smaller, than the punctures themselves.

Bagshot Series, Corfe, Dorset (Brodie). Brit. Museum,

10417. This is the type-specimen of Giebel’s C. marginatus,

in the British Museum. 459

based on Westwood’s figure. The type of Heer’s genus

Curculionites is C. redtenbacheri, Heer, from Radoboj. This

shows only the ventral surface, but looks like one of the

Brachyrhinine (Otiorhynchine). C. marginatus, so far as

anything shows, could go in the genus Brachyrhinus (Otio-

rhynchus). Pierce recognises ten families of Curculionoidea,

and places these insects in a family Psallidiide, on the

ground that Psallidium was the first published genus. This

change does not seem to me to be necessary.

Ceutorhynchus (?) eocenicus, sp.n. (Fig. 2.)

Elytron convex, 3 mm. long and 2 mm. broad ; inner

margin concave, outer strongly convex ; base broad, obtusely

angulate about the middle. There are eight sharp longi-

tudinal striz, and no visible punctures. The strie are

about 190 w apart.

Fig. 2.

Ceutorhynchus (?) eocenicus, Ckll.

Lower Eocene, Woolwich Beds; Peckham. Caleb Evans

collection. Brit. Museum, 14472.

‘The specimen is labelled: ‘‘ C. E., Peckham, 841%. Stro-

phosomus or Cneorhinus.” It appears to have been recorded

by Smith, ‘ Geologist,’ iv. (18361) p. 40. It does not appear

to me to belong to the Brachyrhinine, but rather to have

been an extremely broad-bodied weevil of the Ceutorhynchus

type, very similar to C. degravatus, Scudd., from the Eocene

ot Colorado.

Ophryastites gardneri, sp. n. (Fig. 3.)

Elytron slightly convex, flattened on disc, about 10°6 mm.

long and 5 mm. wide ; eight rows of very distinct but only

moderately large punctures, about 8 in 2 mm., and in addi-

tion a row of small weak punctures next to the outer margin,

and a broken row next to the inner margin. The surface is

irregularly transversely wrinkled,

460 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Fossil Arthropods

Bartonian, Bagshot Beds; Bournemouth (J. S. Gardner).

Brit. Mus. 19000; also 19005, which seems to be the

reverse, or in any event the same species.

Ny} \ ant i

Ophryastites gardneri, Cll.

This represents a large weevil, the whole insect doubtless

15 mm. long in life. It is in all respects very similar to

Ophryastes grandis, Scudd., from the Kocene of Colorado,

but the punctures are not connected by longitudinal striz

as in O. grandis. Ophryastites is used by Scudder for fossil

insects of this affinity, but of uncertain generic position.

Baris (?) paleophilus, sp.n. (Fig. 4.)

Elytron 3°2 mm. long and about 1'7 mm. broad ; shaped

as in B. interstitialis, Say. Convex, with ten rows of closely

placed elongate punctures. The punctures are about 80 yu

long, and the intervals between them are about 50. The

rows are about 110 w apart.

Baris (?) paleophilus, Ckl.

Bartonian, Bagshot Beds, Bournemouth (J. S. Gardner).

Brit. Museum, 19016.

So far as can be seen, this might belong to Baris. There is

a superficial resemblance to Geralophus, from the Florissant

Miocene ; but in Geralophus the small punctures are not

over a third as long as the distance between the rows.

in the British Museum. 461

Chrysomelide.

Chrysomelites allochlamys, sp.n. (Fig. 5.)

Elytron about 75 mm. long and 43 mm. broad ;

moderately convex but flattened on disc, broadly truncate

at base, obtuse at apex; nine lines of round rather large

punctures; one near the inner margin, and four pairs of

parallel lines, two near middle of disc, and two, close together,

not far from outer margin ; between the pairs of lines the

surface is very densely covered with punctures of the same

size as those in the lines. In oneof the lines there are about

seven punctures to a mm.

beet

FS x,

Tae

Been

cc &

nant

otto

Oteg,

Socorre

fs “ee

ipice en

verve

Calg s

ester

ast

See tet:

tana

Chrysomelites allochlamys. 19008.

Bartonian ; Bagshot Beds, Bournemouth (J. S. Gardner).

Brit. Museum, 19008, with reverse.

The type of Chrysomelites is C. prodromus, Heer, from the

Lower Lias of Switzerland, an insect certainly not congeneric

with the present species. But I follow Scudder in treating

the name as applicable to fossil Chrysomelide of unknown

generic position, although it seems probable that our insect

should be made the type of a new genus. It has a curious

resemblance to Smodicoptera liasina (Heer), from the Lower

Lias of Switzerland. Heer considered Smodicoptera to be a

Buprestid (Euchroma), but our species certainly cannot

belong to that family. In ‘ Die Insektenfauna der Tertiar-

gebilde von Oeningen und von Radoboj’ (1847), plate viu.,

Heer undertook to illustrate the primitive or fundamental

pattern of a Coleopterous elytron, and according to this

system C. allochlamys may be considered a primitive form.

Such a pattern persists in the modern Leptinotarsa, but that

typically differs from our fossil in having the rows of

punctures much more irregular and (especially L. undecim-

lineata) double at least in part, while the intervals beween the

462 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Fossil Arthropods

parallel rows are only very sparsely punctured *. The fossil

shows no colour-bands, but they may have existed in life.

There is a group of Leptinotarsa, represented by L. juncta

and its immediate allies, in which the rows of punctures are

single and even, as in C. allochlamys.

Cerambycide.

Leptura (?) bartoniana, sp. n. (Pl. XVI. fig. 12.)

Elytron as preserved 9°5 mm. long, but apex lost, probable

total length about 12 mm.; width 3 mm.; costal margin

thickened ; humeral region with the usual large rounded

prominence ; surface throughout coarsely punctured on the

basal half, the punctures deep, suboval, inclined to be in

longitudinal lines, but not regular, the intervals usually less

than the width of a puncture, about seven punctures in 2 mm.

longitudinally ; on apical half or more of elytron the punc-

tures are fine and well separated ; on the descending outer

face below the humeral angle, the punctures are large and

run more or less in oblique lines.

Bartonian, Lower Bagshot, Corfe Clay ; Creech, between

Corfe and Wareham, Dorset (P. B. Brodie). From W. R.

Brodie. Brit. Museum, 18997.

This agrees with Leptura, so far as can be seen. Com-

pared with the living L. eribripennis, it differs by being much

less coarsely punctured in the apical region, and by the large

punctures not being at all confluent. On the other hand,

the punctures on the basal half are very much larger and

coarser than in L. seamaculata or L. instabilis.

Scarabeide.

Pelidnotites (gen. nov.) atavus, sp.n. (Fig. 6.)

Elytron about 18 mm. long, width uncertain; surface

with rows of fine punctures (6 or 7 in 2 mm.), and widely

scattered irregular similar punctures between. Humeral

region with a well-defined thickened edge. A row of punc-

tures proceeds backward from the obtuse humeral angle,

very slowly diverging from the margin ; the next row of

punctures is about 8 mm. from this on the basal part of the

* The specimen of L. undecimlineata, Stal, before me was collected by

Mrs. Cockerell at Antigua, Guatemala. It kas the pattern of head and

thorax as in Tower's segregate L. diversa (‘The Mechanism of Evolution

in Leptinotarsa, pl. 2. f. 4), but these parts are yellowish, nearly as in

L. panamensis, and the elytral stripes are distinctly metallic green. It

will stand as race guatemalensis, and is,I presume, the L. guatemalensis

which Tower mentions but fails to describe.

in the British Museum. 463

elytron, but beyond the distance decreases to 2 mm.; three

other rows of punctures are visible, the last only 1 mm apart.

Bartonian, Bagshot Beds ; Bournemouth (J. S. Gardner).

Brit. Museum, 19004. An abdomen, nearly 12 mm. broad,

probably belongs to the same species (B. Mus., 19087).

There is also a prothorax, 10 mm. broad, and 5 mm. long

in middle, formed exactly as in Cotalpa lanigera, but im-

punctate, which may well belong here (B. Mus., 19040).

The data for the abdomen and prothorax are the same as for

the elytron.

Fig. 6.

er er

‘©

——

2S wire

. Se

een eo @

Pelidnotites atavus, Ckll.

This is by far the oldest genuine Scarabeid known, but it

seems clearly to belong to the Rutelini in the vicinity of

Pelidnota and Cotalpa. The reference is strongly supported

by the abdomen and prothorax, which show the presence of

such a type in the deposit, or at least indicate a veritable

Scarabezid. As it is impossible to definitely refer the insect

to a living genus, I propose the name Pelidnotites for it.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.

. Elaterites paleophilus, Ckll., x 8. P. 458:

ig. 1

Fig. 2. Megapterites mirabilis, Ckll., type. P. 278.

‘ig. 3. Pycnoscelus gardnert, Ckll., type, X 13. P. 275.

Fig. 4. Hammapteryx anglica, Ckll., type. P. 276.

Fig. 5, Geophylla bartoniana, Ckll., type, x 2. P. 277.

Fig. 6, Allopterites multilineatus, Ckil., type, x 2. P. 275.

Fig. 7. Elaterites perditulus, Ckll.,.x 3, P. 457.

‘ug. 8. Elaterites laconotdes, Ckll., type, X 8. P. 457.

Fig. 9, Elaterites sculptilis, Ckll., x 8. P. 458.

Fig. 10, Carabites gardnert, Ckll., type, X 2. P. 455.

Fig. 11. Formica heteroptera, Ckil., type, x 2. P. 278.

Fig. 12. Leptura bartoniana, Ckll., type. P. 462.

[Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 11 illustrate the paper in the March issue ;

figs. 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12 belong to the present paper.—Ebs. |

464 On the Irish Otter.

LXII.— The Irish Otter, By Martin A. C, Hinton.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Lone ago Ogilby (P. Z. S. 1834, p. 111) described the Irish

otter as a distinct species, Lutra roensis, “on account of the

intensity of its colouring, which approaches nearly to black

both on the upper and under surface ; of the less extent of

the pale colour beneath the throat as compared with the

common otter, L. vulgaris, Linn., as it exists in England ;

and of some difference in the size of the ears and in the

proportions of other parts.’ Ogilby added that he had

“long considered the Irish otter as constituting a distinct

species,”

The type of ZL. roensis was presented to the Zoological

Society by Miss Anna Moody of the Roe Mills, Newtown

Lemavaddy, near Londonderry; later it passed into the

British Museum (reg. no. 57. 12. 14. 4), where it is now

preserved. The nearly black colour described by Ogilby

has become, from exposure, a nearly uniform deep reddish

brown.

The Museum has just received three female otters from

Co. Galway, caught during the last winter. These, as regards

colour, accord perfectly with Ogilby’s description; they are

much darker (practically black above) than any English

specimens examined by me. In my opinion, therefore, the

Irish otter should be regarded as a distinct subspecies, for

which the name Z. J. roensts is available. Such a variation

characterized by colour-saturation is, of course, exactly what

is to be expected in the more humid climate of Ireland.

The following measurements will form a useful supplement

to those given in Miller’s ‘Catalogue of the Mammals of

Western Europe’ :—Females 1 and 2: head and body 710,

635 mm. ; tail 430, 440; hind foot 114, 114; ear 25, 25.

Skulls.

Lutra lutra roensis.

Females, Co. Galway.

Pe ry ca: 2, 3.

Condylo-basal length........ ie Ac 108°3 +.

Zygomatic breadth.......... ae 64:7 65°8 65°3

Mastoid breadth 22 ac4.0% asi. 58°4 60 61:2 60:4

Postorbital constriction...... 14:5 14:2 ra 13°8

Interorbital constriction .... 169 18 19-4 18:7

Breadth of rostrumovercanines. 265°2 24-7 24:7 24-7

Occipital depth ......../,.: she eS 34:7 on

Maxillary tooth-row (canine~m.). 33:1 30'7 332 32°38

bE LG 6) 6 | ERE OR er Sie sche bach 66:6 68 68:2 68

Upper earanssiali. 00 .ihe. 104x7'9 10679 10°5x 79 107X799

Dipper molar iins. seen mak 77 X10'6 77X10 79% 10-7 7EXL0G

Lower carnassial length .... 12°6 12 12-9 11:3.

' On new or little-known Tipulide. 465

LXIII.—New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera), — IIT.

Ethiopian Species. By Cuartres P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D.,

Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.

THIS paper is a continuation of the preceding parts under

this title. ‘he material included herein is based on collections

made in Cameroun by the Rev. J. A. Reis and in Eastern

Transvaal by Mr. H. K. Munro, In addition, a few species

from the Paris Museum sent to me for determination by the

Curator of the Diptera, Mons. Eug. Séguy, have been

included, The holotypes are preserved in tlie collection of

the writer, unless stated otherwise.

AMPHILIMNOBIA, gen. nov.

Head moderately large, the eyes separated both above and

below. Legs long and slender; tibiz unspurred ; claws

small, simple, subterminal, empodia present. Wings with

vein Se very long, Se, ending opposite cross-vein 7 ; Seg far

before the tip of Sce,, the latter vein alone being about equal

to the basal deflection of 24,53 7 present, located far before

the tip of A, this portion of Ay beyond x being a little longer

than the deflection of Ay,5; cell Is¢ Aly open by the atrophy

of the outer deflection of J/;; basal deflection of Cu, at the

fork of A/; anal veins long and straight. Male hypopygium

with the ninth tergite small, the caudal margin feebly con-

cave ; pleurites moderately elongated, the proximal face with

a cushion of numerous short spinules ; pleural appendages

two, the outer appendage shortest, flattened, the apex obtuse ;

inner pleural appendage larger and more elongated, irregu-

larly twisted, the apex with a few setigerous tubercles; no

distinct gonapophyses ; penis-guard a subflattened lobe of

nearly uniform width for its entire length. Ovipositor with

the valves moderately elongate, powerful, the tergal valves

much exceeding the rather weak, acutely pointed sternal

valves.

Genotype.—Amphilimnobia leucopeza, sp. n. (Western

Ethiopian Region).

The curious fly that is made the type of the above new

genus is represented in the writer’s collection by three speci-

mens in poor condition. The fly possesses structural features

that preclude its disposition in any genus known at the

present time. Although the generai appearance of the fly is

much like a Dicranomyia, the details of structure seem to

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. - 32

466 Dr. C. P. Alexander on ’

place it in a position much nearer Dicranoptycha and Rham-

phidia. The principal generic characters are derived from

the claws, the structure of the male and female genitalia, and,

especially, the wing-venation. Unfortunately the tips of the

antennee are broken and the number of segments cannot be

accurately determined.

Amphilimnobia leucopeza, sp. n.

General coloration dark brown ; legs dark brown, the tarsi

white; wings with a strong brownish tinge; Se long, cell

1st My, open.

Male.—Wing 7:8 mm.

Female.—Length about 8 mm. ; wing about 64 mm.

Rostrum, palpi, antenne, and head dark brown.

Thorax dark krown. Head dark brown. Legs brown;

fore tarsi, except the basal two-thirds of the metatarsus, pure

white ; the other legs are all detached ; in some the white of

the metatarsus is much more restricted, occupying only the

narrow apex, in others the entire tarsus is white excepting

only the base of the metatarsus. Wings with a strong

brownish tinge, the wing-tip more suffused ; stigma a little

darker brown than the remainder of the wing, elongate-oval ;

veins dark brown. Venation as described under the generic

characterization ; Rs long, strongly arcuated or even angu-

lated and spurred at origin; 7 on Ry, nearly twice its length

beyond the fork of Rs; +—-m less than one-half the deflection

of L4,5; petiole of cell 2nd M, approximately as long as this

cell ; the abortive vein behind Cw distinct.

~ Abdomen brown, indistinctly bicolorous ; posterior margins

of the segments narrowly darker.

Hab. Cameroun.

Holotype, 8, Olama, altitude 2000 feet, Juiy 24, 1919

(J. A. Reis).

Allotopotype, 2 , in copula with the type.

Paratopotype, a fragment.

The type is mounted in balsam.

Erioptera (Erioptera) carior, sp. n.

Antenne with the scapal segments brownish yellow ;

flagellum dark brown; vertex brownish grey, broadly

whitish adjoining the inner margins of the eyes; mesonotum

shiny dark brown; legs yellow; wings pale brown, the costal

and subcostal cells and a narrow band at the cord light

yellow; male hypopygium with the inner pleural appendage

unbranched (branched in carissima), the head enlarged into

new or little-known Tipulidae. 467

a structure that resembles the head and beak of a crested

bird ; gonapophyses deeply bifid.

Male. —Length about 5 mm. ; wing 4°3 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne short, the seapal

segments brownish yellow; flagellum dark brown, verticils

only moderately elongated. Vertex brownish grey, broadly

whitish adjoining the inner margins of the eyes ; eyes of the

male very large as in this group (péringueyi group) of species,

broadly contiguous beneath.

Mesonotum shiny dark brown, the prescutum with the

three usual stripes confluent, the humeral region and lateral

margins a little paler yellowish brown. Pleura dark brown,

Halteres brown, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxe

and trochanters ‘brown ; remainder of the legs light yellow,

the distal three tarsal segments and the tips of the others

dark brown. Wings pale brown, sparsely marked with dull

yellow ; the costal and subcostal cells are light yellow; the

stigma dark brown, elongate-oval, and very distinct; the

cells proximad of the cord are largely pale brown, those

distad of the cord dull yellow, the veins broadly seamed with

brown ; the cord is narrowly margined with yellow. Vena-

tion as in EZ. carissima, but the deflection of Cw, is more

perpendicular.

Abdomen dark brown. Male hypopygium very distinct

from either EL. péringueyi or HE. carissima ; outer appendage

slender, as in carissima; inner appendage with a short,

twisted stem that is inserted in the elongated, transverse head

near the middle of its length ; this head somewhat resembles

the head and beak of a bird with a long, curved crest ; of

this structure, the compressed, obliquely truncated beak is

directed laterad ; the curved crest is directed proximad and

cephalad, covered with numerous short erect sete. Gona-

pophyses deeply bifid, the proximal arm longest, the tips

acute and blackened, subdecussate with their fellow of the

opposite side; the lateral arm is a little shorter, largely

blackened, suddenly narrowed into the short, acute tip.

Hab. Eastern Transvaal.

Flolotype, 8, “ Lot 80, De Kaap Block B,’ near Kaap-

muiden, October 9, 1919 (Hl. K. Munro).

Erioptera nigrolatera brevipilosa, subsp. n.

Female.x—Wing 5-5'1 mm.

Generally similar to typical negrolater a, Alexander (Nyasa-

land), differing as follows :—

Legs without the conspicuous erect ples eee found in

¢ 39

468 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

nigrolatera ; this may be a sexual character, however, as

only imales of typical nigrolatera and females of the new

variety have been made known. In the present form the

pubescence of the legs is very short, appressed, and not at all

conspicuous. The wings are much paler, greyish sub-

hyaline ; vein Sc considerably shorter, ending far before the

fork of Ry,3; Sc, is closer to the tip of Sce;, Sc, alone being

only about two-thirds &,,3; in typical nigrolatera Sc, 1s

longer than 2,3; anal veins a little more divergent at thie

wing-margin. ‘lhe valves of the ovipositor are short and

fleshy as in the group.

Hab. Eastern Transvaal.

Holotype, 2, ‘‘ Lot 30, De Kaap Block B,” near Kaap-

muiden, October 11, 1919 (HZ. K. Munro).

Paratopotype, 2, a badly injured specimen, October 10,

1919.

Molophilus camerounensis, sp. 0.

Rostrum and palpi black ; antennz of the male elongate,

the basal segments yellowish ; general coloration dark brown,

the mesonotal prescutum brighter brown ; wings greyish,

the veins clothed with long dark-coloured hairs ; male hypo-

pygium with three conspicuous chitinized appendages on

either side.

Male.—Length 4°8 mm.; wing 4°4 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antenne of the male elongated,

almost as in the Nearctic M/. pubipennis, O.-8., the basal

segments light yellow, the distal segments a little more

brownish; flagellar segments elongate-cylindrical, clothed

with long, pale, outspreading hairs. Head dark brown.

Mesonotal preescutum rather light brown, the remainder of

the mesonotum and the pleura dark brown. MHalteres dark

brown. Legs with the coxe and trochanters brown; re-

mainder of the legs dark brown. Wings with a strong grey

tinge, the costal and subcostal cells more brownish ; veins

aud pubescence dark brown, giving a dark colour to the

wings. Venation: £3,4,; long, about one-half longer than

the basal deflection of Cu,; fork of M/ far proximad of the

fork of Rs; inner ends of cells R; and #; in alignment ;

petiole of cell M/; more than three times the basal deflection

of Cu, or about two-fifths of vein Cu, beyond it; basal

deflection of Cu, perpendicular, nearly twice as long as the

basal deflection of 1/3. :

Abdominal segments brown, indistinctly bicolorous. Male

new or little-known Tipulide. 469

hypopygium with the armature unusually developed even for

a member of this genus ; three powerful chitinized appendages

on either side, the longest and most powerful of which is

enlarged apically into a two-edged complicated head.

Hab, Cameroun.

Flolotype, 8, Olama, altitude 2000 feet, July 24, 1919

(J. A. Reis).

CERATOLIMNOBIA, gen. nov.

Vertex behind the antennal bases with a flattened white

lobe or cornicle. ‘Tibize unspurred. Wings with Se long,

Sc close to the tip of Se, ; tip of 2, atrophied or nearly so ;

cell 1sé M/, closed ; basal deflection of Cu, before mid-length

of cell 1st M,. Male hypopygium small, with two pleural

appendages, the longest recurved into a U, at the bend of

which is a cylindrical minutely branched arm.

Genotype.— Ceratolimnobia munrot, sp. n. (Southern Ethio-

pian Region).

By means of all existing keys to the Tipulide this crane-

fly would run to the genus Gnophomyta, to which it is

obviously not closely allied. Gnophomyia is gradually

becoming a receptacle for many diverse Hriopterine elements,

and it seems advisable to remove the present fly from such

an incongruous gathering and erect a separate genus for it.

The presence of a snowy-white corniculus, much as in the

Kthiopian species of the genus Ceratocheilus, Wesché, offers

the most ready means for distinguishing this genus from

similar crane-flies.

Ceratolimnobia munrot, sp. n.

Head light grey, with a snowy-white cornicle on the

vertex ; general coloration dark brown, the mesonotal pre-

scutum narrowly margined laterally with silvery white ; legs

dark brown, the tips of the femora and tibie narrowly white,

the fore tarsi largely white ; wings dusky, the costal region

more yellowish, with six large dark brown blotches; veins

beyond the cord broadly seamed with brown.

Male.—Length about 2°77 mm. ; wing 3°8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antenne with the scapal

segments black ; flagellum broken. Head with a light grey

pubescence, the middle of the vertex and the postgense more

blackish ; on the fore part of the vertex immediately behind

the antennal bases and between the anterior end of the eyes

470 Dr. C. P. Alexander on

is inserted a flattened snowy-white lobe or corniculus that is

directed cephalad, very much as in the African species of

Ceratocheilus. i

Pronotum dark brown. Mesonotum dark brownish black,

the lateral margins of the preescutum narrowly silvery white,

this beginning on the sides of the pronotum, continued back-

ward to the wing-root; tuberculate pits a short distance

behind the anterior margin of the preescutum. Pleura and

sternum dark brownish black. Halteres pale brown basally,

the knobs broken. Legs with the coxe dark brownish black ;

trochanters dark brown; femora dark brown, darkest before

the tips, which are abruptly and narrowly white; tibie

brown, the tips narrowly white; fore tarsi with the basal

two-thirds of the metatarsus brown, the remainder of the

tarsi white; the other legs are detached, but the middle and

hind tarsi are presumably uniform brown, and what are

probably the hind legs lack the white tibial apices. Wings

with a strong brownish tinge, especially on the basal half;

beyond the cord the membrane is subhyaline, with the veins

broadly seamed with brown ; six darker brown costal blotches,

the first at the arculus, the second at the origin of 2s, the

third at Sc,, the fourth at the tip of R,; the fifth and sixth

at the ends of veins R, and 23; costal and subcostal cells

more yellowish ; pale areas occur between the dark costal

areas, at the ends of cells R, M, Cu, 1st A, and 2nd A;

veins dark brown, the pale spaces on veins C, Se, and R

yellow. Venation: Se long, ending about opposite two-

thirds the long Rs, Sc, close to the tip of Sc,, Sc, equal to

about twice Sc, ; tip of A, atrophied ; 7 oblique, inserted at

the fork of Ry,3; Rs longer than A;; Ry,3 a little shorter

than R,; inner ends of cells 3, Rs, and 1st M, in direct

alignment ; 7—-m a little longer than the basal deflection of

R453 cell 1st M, long and comparatively narrow, longer

than vein Cu, beyond it; basal deflection of Cu, just before

mid-length of cell 1st 14.

Abdomen dark brown. Male hypopygium small; pleurites

rather short and stout, covered with microscopic hairs and a

few long sete; two pleural appendages, the longest strongly

recurved into the form of a U, the free end directed outward,

the tip narrowed and acute; on the side at the bend of the U

with a conspicuous cylindrical arm that is minutely branched ;

inner pleural appendage small and flattened, narrowed to the

blunt apex, which bears several long sete ; gonapophyses

small, flattened, triangular, directed proximad.

new or little-known Tipulide. 471

Hab. Eastern Transvaal.

Holotype, 8, “ Lot 30, De Kaap Block B,” near Kaap-

muiden, October 8, 1919 (H. K. Munro).

_ Itis with great pleasure that this interesting new species

is dedicated to its discoverer, Mr. H. K. Munro.

Trentepohha (Trentepohlia) aurantia, sp. n.

Generally similar to 7. spetseri; mesonotal preescutum

light orange-yellow, with a delicate reddish-brown median

line; legs yellow; posterior tibiae with two strong black

bristles before the tip ; abdomen yellowish brown.

Male.—Length 7°6 mm. ; wing 7 mm.

Female.—Length 8°8 mm.

Described from alcoholic specimens.

Rostrum and palpi pale brownish yellow. Antenne with

the scape light brown; flagellum broken. Head brownish.

Mesonotal] preescutum light orange-yellow, with a delicate

reddish-brown median line, the lateral margins behind the

pseudo-satural fovee narrowly infuscated ; scutal lobes

reddish brown, the median area and the scutellum pale ;

postnotum yellowish brown. Pleura brown, darker on the

sternum. Halteres pale, the knobs white. Legs with the

coxe yellow; trochanters dull yellow; femora and tibize

yellow, the tips not darkened ; tarsi broken ; posterior femora

with a series of six or seven short blackened spinules at the

base ; tibive with two widely separated black bristles before

the tip. Wings subhyaline, the costal margin strongly

yellowish, the anal cells dusky grey ; a rather heavy brown

pattern, somewhat as in J. spedseri, but more restricted ;

the blotch at the origin of #s is entirely solid, but compara-

tively small ; the apical mark includes only the veins, the

centre of cell A, yellowish subhyaline; vein Cu seamed with

darker.

Abdomen yellowish brown, the apical segments darkened.

Hab, Reunion.

Holotype, 3, 1903 (Blanchard).

Allotopotype, 2.

Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

This species is, perhaps, closest to J’. speiseri, Edwards,

from which it is told by the bright colour of the mesonotum

and the different wing-pattern.

Tipula ellenbergeri, sp. n.

Head indistinctly reddish ; thorax black; wings with the

472 On new or little-known Vipulidee.

costal margin and apical half brownish black, the basal half

whitish hyaline ; basal abdominal segments reddish, the

posterior margins black.

Sex ? (probably a male).— Wing 14°6 mm.

Described from an alcoholic specimen.

Frontal prolongation of head comparatively short, the sides

eddish brown, the dorsum narrowly darker; nasus’ distinct ;

palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown, the flagellar seg-

ments more reddish basally ; the flagellum is broken, but

detached segments in the vial with the type presumably

belong to this species ; in these the distal flagellar segments

are elongate-oval, slightly constricted basally. Head reddish,

darker-coloured between the eyes.

Thorax uniformly deep black, apparently shiny in dried

specimens. Halteres black. Legs black, the femora and

tibize slightly paler basally ; legs slender, especially the tarsi ;

claws reddish, the distal half blackened, at about mid-length

with a small, acute, ventral tooth. All of the legs are

detached in the vial, and but few still remain. Wings with

the costal region and the apical half of the wings black, the

basal half conspicuously and abruptly whitish hyaline ; the

dark apex includes all of the cells beyond the cord as well as

the outer ends of cells &, MW, Cu, and 1st A; stigma small,

dark brownish black ; veins dark brown. Wings broad.

Abdomen with the first segment black ; second segment

reddish, the caudal margin narrowly blackened ; third segment

reddish basally, the apex of the abdomen broken beyond this

point.

Hab. French Congo.

Holotype, sex $?, Lambaréné, Ogoway R., 1911 (2. Ellen-

berger).

‘l'ype in the collection of the Paris Museum. .

‘This beautiful crane-fly is readily told from all described

African Tipulinee by the beautifully dimidiate wings. The

claws bear a small, acute, ventral tooth that is only visible

when the foot is viewed from the side. The presence of this

tooth would indicate that this fly isa male. This interesting

species is named in honour of its collector.

On new Species of Reithrodon de. from Argentina. 473

- LXIV.—New Species of Reithrodon, Abrocoma, and Scapte-

romys from Argentina. By OLDFIELD ‘l'HOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

A. A FURTHER COLLECTION FROM Sr. BuDIN.

After making the collection in Jujuy, of which an account

was given in February *, Sr. Budin went back to Catamarca,.

and paid further visits to Clumbicha and Otro Cerro, localities

at which he had obtained so many interesting novelties in

1918. Lists of specimens from both places have already

been published fT, and I now only propose to describe two

more novelties from Otro Cerro, additional to the previous

list, together with a couple of other new forms of Reithrodon.

Attention should be again called to the fact that Otro Cerro

is not in Rioja, as erroneously stated in the title to my earlier

paper, but is in Catamarea, about 18 km. N.N.W. of

Chumbicha.

The discovery of a second Argentine species of Abrocoma,

quite different from that of Jujuy, is the most noteworthy

result of the fresh collection.

Reithrodon caurinus, sp. n.

A buffy rabbit-rat with whitish belly and nearly white

tail.

General colour more strongly buffy than usual. Back

clay-coloured heavily lined with the black ends to the longer

hairs. Sides, or at least a band bordering the under colour,

buffy, often ochraceous buff, the rump also more or less of

this colour. Under surface whitish, not sharply defined

laterally, but almost entirely without the buffy or cinnamon

found in all the other species, the sternal region only being

dull buffy ; hairs broadly slaty at base except in the inguinal

region, where they are wholly white. Head and ears with

the piebald markings characteristic of the genus particularly

well developed. A strongly marked buffy supraorbital line,

and distinct patches at the bases of the ears. Proectote

blackish ; metentote buffy. Hands and feet white ; soles

more naked than in the southern species, the hairs ceasing

entirely behind the posterior pads. ‘Vail white, the darker

colour of its upper side reduced to a narrow inconspicuous

line.

. p. 188 (1920),

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) v

489 (1919).

t Op. cit. (9) ili. pp. 115 &

474 Mr. O. Thomas on new

Skull apparently without marked characteristics.

Dimensions of the type :— :

Head and body 139 mm.; tail 99; hind foot 30:5;

ear 25.

Skull: greatest length 36°8 ; condylo-incisive length 33°6 ;

zygomatic breadth 19°7; nasals 16:6; breadth of brain-

case 15°6 ; palatal foramina 9°8 ; upper molar series 6°8,

Hab. Otro Cerro, Catamarca. Alt. 3000 m.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 20. 3.17.23. Original

“number 808. Collected 13th November, 1919, by E. Budin.

Presented by Oldfield Thomas. Seven specimens.

The species of Rethrodon are all exceedingly closely

allied, so far as the characters of their skulls and teeth are

concerned, these being almost the same in all. But the

geographical forms may be distinguished by colour and by

the degree of hairiness of the soles, the southern cuniculoddes,

hatchert, and jflammarum having the plantar hairs coming

forward to the anterior pair of sole-pads, the intermediate

auritus, Desm. (with which my pamparum is probably syno-

nymous), having the main mass of the hairs ceasing at the

posterior pair of pads, but with a certain number of hairs

between the pads. Finally, the more northern forms from

Uruguay, Corrientes, and now that of Catamarca all have the

pad region naked.

In colour all but cawrinus have the belly mostly buffy, but

in auritus of Buenos Ayres Province the thighs are white in

front.

The type-locality of auritus was the Pampas south of

Buenos Ayres, and in this region there seems to be no animal

but a Retthrodon which can be fitted to Azara’s description

of his “ rat oreillard,’’ the basis of Desmarest’s Mus auritus.

My Retthrodon cuniculoides pampanus would therefore be a

synonym of aurdtus, unless a form with less buffy on the

belly proves to occur in the open country just south of

Buenos Ayres itself.

But in the less dry south-eastern corner of Buenos Ayres

Province there isa duller form, due no doubt to more saturate

conditions, which may be distinguished as

Reithrodon auritus marinus, subsp. n.

Essential characters of true auritus, but duller throughout,

less buffy, the ears almost uniformly dark, without bright

buffy metentote, the under surface wholly dull greyish washed

with buffy, the inguinal region and front of thighs not white

as In auritus.

Species of Reithrodon &e. from Argentina. AT5

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 155 mm.; tail 104; hind foot 32;

ear 27.

Skull: greatest length 37°5; condylo-incisive length 35 ;

zygomatic breadth 21; upper molar series 7°2.

Hab. Mar del Plata, on the south-eastern sea-coast of

Buenos Ayres Province. -

Type. Adult female. B.M. no, 12.12.11.1. Brought

home alive by W. A. Smithers, Esq., and presented by the

Zoological Society. Lived about a month at the Zoological

Gardens. Two specimens from Mar del Plata, and another

from ‘ Buenos Ayres” received in 1882 from Mr. A. W.

White.

And an exactly similar colour-modification occurs on the

north side of the La Plata among the more naked-soled forms.

Here the typical 2. typicus from Maldonado is the dull sea-

coast form, and the following the inland one :—

Reithrodon typicus currentium, subsp. n.

General characters of R. typicus, with soles similarly naked

to behind the posterior pads, but colours throughout more

brightly contrasted. Back mixed buffy grey, sides and belly

strongly washed with buffy. Area round eyes reaching back

to ears and bases of proectote buffy, terminal part of proectote

dark brown ; metentote buffy. A well-marked patch on sides

of neck below ears brown, contrasted with the pale areas

round it. Hands and feet white; tail almost white, the

usual darker line along its top quite inconspicuous.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 139 mm.; tail imperfect (another specimen

108 mm.) ; hind foot 31; ear 26.

Skull: greatest length 36°5 ; condylo-incisive length 34 ;

zygomatic breadth 19; upper molar series 7°3.

Hab. Corrientes. Type from Goya.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 98. 12. 3. 4. Original

number 9-1. Collected 23 July, 1895, by Mr. R. Perrens.

Presented by Oldfield Thomas.

The original type of Waterhouse’s 2. typicus, collected at

Maldonado by Darwin, is now much faded, but it evidently

never had the well-contrasted markings of the Corrientes

foria.

Abrocoma budini, sp. n.

A drab-coloured Abrocoma with large feet and tail and

shorter ears than A. cinerea.

476 Mr. O. Thomas on new

Size about as in A. cinerea. Fur similarly soft and fine,

hairs of back about 17 mm. in length. General colour above

near Ridgway’s “ drab,” very uniform everywhere, the back

little darker than the sides. Under surface greyish drab, the

hairs broadly slaty for three-fourths their length, their tips

pale drab ; hairs of sternal gland white to their roots. Chin

greyish white; underside of neck stronger drab. Head

without special markings. Hands and feet pure white, the

latter of more normal length than in the curiously short-footed

A. cinerea. Tail of medium length, iron-grey above, white

below.

Skull agreeing with that of A. cinerea in the normal

minuteness and separation from each other of the posterior

palatal foramina, as in the majority of rodents, while in

A. bennettii and murray? these are of exceptional size and are

fused into a single median foramen. Nasals markedly nar-

rowed and pointed posteriorly. Malars not much expanded,

but differing from others by being so twisted that, instead of

forming a nearly vertical plate, their inner side can be broadly

seen from above, facing upwards and inwards towards the

supraorbital edges. Interorbital region very narrow, more

so than in any other species. Bullee smaller than in either

A. murrayt or cinerea.

Incisors not so reduced as in A. cinerea, about as in

A. bennettiz. Molars of the usual pattern.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 201 mm.; tail 144; hind foot 31;

ear 24°2.

Skull: greatest length 50; condylo-incisive length 47;

zygomatic breadth 24:5; nasals 20°5x5°5; interorbital

breadth 6°4; least breadth across brain-case 20; palatilar

length 22; diagonal length of bulla 16:2; bimeatal breadth

25; upper cheek-tooth series (crowns) 10°2; dental length

26°6.

Hab. Otro Cerro, Catamarea. Alt. 3000 m.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 20. 3.17.62. Original

number 817. Collected 15th November, 1919, by E. Budin.

Four specimens.

“ Caught among.rocks, in the clefts of which it lives.”—

Ei. B.

This fine chinchilla-rat, as Sr. Budin calls it, adds to the

genus Abrocoma a fourth and very distinct species, readily

distinguishable externally by its colour and proportions, and

cranially by its narrow interorbital region, small posterior

palatal foramina, and the other characters above detailed.

Species of Reithrodon &e. from Argentina. 477

I say fourth species, because there is no doubt that Water-

house’s A. cuviert is the same as A. bennettdi—so that with

A. murrayi, Wolffs., there are two in Chili, while Sr. Budin

had previously discovered A. einerea at Casabindo, Jujuy.

I have pleasure in recognizing Sr. Budin’s keenness in his

search for new animals by naming this most interesting

species in his honour.

B. Tue Scarrrrouys OF THE PARANA DELTA.

When giving an account of the mammals obtained on the

islands of the Parana delta by Mr. R. Kemp in 1917%, I

assumed without very close enquiry that the interesting black

and white water-rat of the genus Scapteromys was referable

to S. tomentosus, based on Lichtens‘ein’s Aus tomentosus T

from the Rio Uruguay, collected by Sellow.

But further consideration indicates that this is not the case.

In the first place, the localities would appear to be by no

means so adjacent as I had supposed, for although the Rio

Uruguay runs out close to the Parana delta, Mus tomentosus

was said to have come from the “ waldigen Gegenden” of

that river—in other words, from the Upper Uruguay, where

alone the country is really forested, and where the fauna

would be appreciably different from that of the water-logged

Parana delta f.

Then the delta animal, as suits its locality, is by colour, fhe

texture of its fur, and its known habits distinctly «a water-

animal, while there is no indication of water-characteristics

in the coloration of tomentosus, nor has its tail got the

swimming fringe below that occurs in the delta species.

In size tomentosus would appear to exceed considerably

both tumidus and the delta form, as its hind foot, including

claws, is said to be 2 inches in length.

In consequence, I propose to describe the delta Scap-

teromys as

Scapteromys aquaticus, sp. n.

Size less than in S. tomentosus. Upper surface slaty

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xx. p. 96 (1917).

+ Darst. Saug. pl. xxx. fig. 1 (1830).

t But just as this paper is in the press Prof. Matschie informs me that

Sellow’s collections were made near Maldonado, where S. tumidus was

obtained by Darwin—a region faunally very different from the Parana

delta. He also gives me some measurements of the type which are

confirmatory of the marked inferiority in size of 8S. aquaticus.

478 On new Species of Reithrodon ce. from Argentina.

blackish, little browner on the rump, sides dark slaty grey,

abruptly changing halfway down to the greyish white (some-

times tinged with buffy) which covers the whole of the under

surface and inner sides of the limbs, though the hairs are

everywhere slaty greyish at base. Crown black. Ears

thickly hairy, dark brown, the proectote blackish. Upper

surface of hands and feet whitish, often with darker meta-

podials. Tail heavily haired, the hairs below longer than

those above, so as to form a swimming fringe; blackish

brown above, lighter brown, sometimes even dull whitish

below.

Dimensions of the type:—

Head and body 168 mm.; tail 154 ; hind foot 36 (with

claws 39, therefore barely 14 inch English, and decidedly

less than 14 inch French or German) ; ear 22°5.

Skull: greatest length 39; condylo-incisive length 37:2 ;

zygomatic breadth 19; nasals 15; interorbital breadth 6 ;

breadth of brain-case 16; zygomatic plate 3:7; palatilar

length 17°3; palatal foramina 8°8; upper molar series 674.

Hab. Islands of Parana delta. Type from Isla Ella, other

specimens from Los Cisnes, Rio Carabelas.

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 17.6.1.6. Original num-

ber 2843. Collected 15th February, 1917, by R. Kemp.

Presented by Oldfield Thomas. Fifteen specimens obtained

by Mr. Kemp and eight by Mr. H. E. Box.

Besides its difference in size, Lichtenstein’s animal appears

to have had nothing like the extent of the whitish on the

under surface so prominent in S. aquaticus, where the white

rises nearly halfway up the sides. In tomentosus no white is

shown in the plate, and the description runs “ Mitte der

Bauchseite matt aschgrau.” A casual note of my own on

the type in Berlin says “ belly but little lighter,” so there is

certainly nothing of the striking bicolor coloration charac-

teristic of S. aquaticus.

This is one of the interesting delta animals which, in order

to carry on at all, have either to swim or climb, for their

habitat is completely flooded whenever the waters of the

Ia Plata estuary are banked up by the south-east wind.

On some new Indo-Malayan Sphingide. | 479

LXV.—Preliminary Descriptions of some new Species and

Subspecies of Indo-Malayan Sphingide. By Lord

Roruscuitp, F.R.S.

THESE Sphingide form part of collections sent to the British

Museum by Major F. B. Scott and Mr. C. J. Brooks.

1. Ambulyx liturata obliterata, subsp. n.

3. Differs from /. liturata in its much paler coloration and

the almost complete obliteration of the minor markings of the

fore wings and the great reduction of the markings of the

hind wings. Head, thorax, and abdomen much paler, buffish

not so vinaceous as in J, liturata. Fore wings stramineous

buff, tinged with rosy cinnamon, not vinaceous brown as in

the typical form; the rufous-brown bands on veins 4, 6, and 7

absent and the rest of the nervures much less distinct, the

dark bands running in from costa absent, only the one

crossing vein 6 slightly indicated, the olive patch on vein 1

and the smaller one above vein 2 both very much larger than

in 1, iturata ; subtornal patch larger, better defined vinaceous

mauve, and without the streaks present in J. ’twrata. Hind

wing paler, yellower, less suffused with rufous, the red

freckling and median band much reduced.

Hab. Lebong-Tandai, Benkoelen District, Sumatra, 1912-

1919 (C. f. Brooks) ; 1 &.

2. Oxyambulyx pryert sumatranus, subsp. n.

?. Differs from pryeri pryert in the presence strongly

marked of a crenulate median black band and an ante-median

angled line from cell to inner margin. The black basal

patch and the black transverse bands on hind wing are also

more strongly developed.

Hab. Lebong-Tandai, Benkoelen District, Sumatra, 1912-

1919 (C. J. Brooks); 19.

3. Clanis brooksi, sp. n.

&. Nearest to bilineata, Walk., and stenosma, Rothsch. &

Jord., but apparently much larger; this g having the fore

wing 70 mm., equalling the 2 of stenosma, and as in all the

known species the ? ¢ are larger than the gg, the ? ? of

brooksi will probably prove to be much larger. The pale

area running in from the costa on fore wing much longer

than in bilineata, but not so long as in stenosma, not reaching

second line, first and second lines much straighter, not angled

and crenulated. Black area of hind wing less extended

480 Lord Rothschild on some

towards apex, pale areas of abdominal and distal margins

greyish olivaceous brown. Body and wings above with

whole ground-colour olivaceous, not ochraceous. Below

fawn-olive, broad basal area below median nervure of fore

wing deep blackish brown.

Length of fore wing 70 mm.; expanse 155 mm.

Hab. Lebong-Tandai, Benkoelen District, Sumatra, 1912-

1919 (C.J. Brooks); 13%

4, Marumba cristata titan, subsp. n.

?. Very much larger and darker than er. cristata; the

bands on the fore wing are much broader and the four basal

ones wider apart. Ground-colour deep sooty grey-brown

with a purplish violet suffusion, with no rufous or sandy tinge

whatever. The subtornal spot on fore wings is very large

and broadly ringed with orange. Abdominal area on hind

wings grey.

Length of fore wing, 2 cristata cristata, 60 mm.; expanse

132 mm.

Length of fore wing, 2 cristata titan, 74 mm.; expanse

163 mm.

Hab. Lebong-Tandai, Benkoelen District, Sumatra, 1912-

1919 (C. J. Brooks) ; 1 2.

5. Marumba scott, sp. n.

3. Nearest to sperchius gigas, Butl., but smaller, at once

distinguished by its grey colour, the sandy and buff tints

being entirely absent, and by the presence of an extra oblique

band from costa passing through the stigma and joining

band 4 on vein 1, where they stop short. Band 5 and the

following shadow band are much closer to the stigma than in

sp. gigas. Hind wing deep brown washed with grey, and

nervures chestnut ; margins much less crenulated.

Length of fore wing 43 mm.; expanse 98 mm.

Hab. Shillong, Assam, 1919 (Major F. B. Scott).

“The larvee were common in Shillong (Khasia Hills)

during July and August 1919, feeding on Spanish Chestnut

and a species of Oak. I did not find the egg.

«The larva is coloured as follows :—Head and body green

varying from apple-green to nearly white. A whitish stripe

on either side of front of head ending in two short points.

Head and body dotted with white tubercles, sometimes with

reddish points. A whitish lateral stripe on the first to the

third segments and seven oblique stripes, whitish edged above

with dark green, on the usual segments. ‘The lower portion

of the anterior oblique stripe widens out into an irregular

quadrate spot. A white ventral [? lateral, R.] stripe from

new Indo-Maluyan Sphingidee. 481

the fourth segment to the anal claspers. Horn dark green,

straight and tuberculate. Spiracles blue. Length full-

grown 4 inches=100 mm. Before pupating the larva turns

pink. The pupa has a rough shagreened surface, is brown,

and has two small projections to the head. Two moths

emerged in August 1919, the remainder are still (Feb. 1920)

in the pupal stage.

“This larva is often attacked by small black flies. I

counted as many as ten on a single larva; but apparenily

they do not cause any injury, as this particular larva produced

a perfect moth.”—F. B. 8.

6. Cechenena scott?, sp. n.

3. This very beautiful species is unlike any other of the

genus.

Antenne above milky white shading into pink basad ;

palpi orange-buff, third joint pale olive 3 ; head deep green,

bordered broadly by pinky greyish white ; thorax deep green,

patagia (rectius tegulee) bordered with silver-grey and with

an obsolescent orange streak in the centre, centre of thorax

pale pinkish grey ; abdomen, basal two segments above deep

green, rest of abdomen above slightly paler and more olive,

mixed here and there with bronze; dorsum with two broad

pinkish silver-grey lines, within which are two narrow hair-

lines of same colour and a broad median band dark green on

basal one-third and bronze for rest of its length; anal tuft

olive-green mixed with grey. Fore wing: ground-colour

pinkish buff-grey, basal half below stigma rosy pink ; basal

one-fifth of costa and basal three-fifths of wing above median

nervure dark green, within which is a black stigmatic dot.

Below the green area from inner margin to costa before apex

run two indistinct, partially obliterated, faint olive oblique

lines; from inner margin beyond these to apex isa heavy double

oblique dark green band, and beyond this and between it and

the termen are several ill-defined waved dark green lines and

cloudings. Hind wing: basal half irregularly black, rest of

wing pale pinkish buff suffused with black, which suffusion

forms a broad outer terminal band, leaving tornal half of

disc almost without suffusion.

Length of fore wing 36 mm.; expanse 82 mm.

Hab. Mussoorie, 1918 (jajor F. B. Scott).

‘¢ At Mussoorie in August 1918 I found several eggs on

Virginian Creeper. These egos were green aud spherical.

Before hatching they turned white. The newly hatched larva

was greenish yellow with a very long black horn, and ¢lie

body smooth and cylindrical.

“ After the first moult the head was yellow, the body green,

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. v. 33

482 On some new Indo- Malayan Sphingide.

long and thin, swollen at the fifth segment ; horn long and

straight, brown with tip black and white. Towards the end

of this stage an ocellus appeared on the swollen fifth segment,

green centre ringed with white and black.

“ After the second moult the head and body were green ;

the fifth segment much swollen and coloured pink, with the

ocellus coloured as before. Horn purple,.anal segment and

underside pink. After third moult the head was green, and

body yellowish green; the fifth segment still more swollen

brick-red, with the ocellus blue in front, reddish behind, the

reddish portion dotted with yellow, the whole ringed with

white and black. A lateral stripe on third and fourth

segments brick-red; the dorsal line, the lateral segmental

oblique stripes on segments 6-12, and the subdorsal spots also

brick-red. Legs, prolegs, and underside brick-red.. Horn

curved downwards, yellow closely dotted with black.

“ After fourth moult there were two forms, a green and a

brown. The green form was coloured as follows :—Head and

body to fifth segment green, remaining segments dorsally

white, green laterally and below with dark green strige. A

green dorsal line ; a pale lateral line, edged above on third

and fourth segments with green. An ocellus on the swollen

fifth segment, dark blue in front, green behind, with two

white spots in the green portion, ringed in front with blue,

behind with yellow, the whole outwardly ringed with green,

A light-coloured waved subdorsal line, and light oblique

stripes edged with green on segments 6-12. Legs pink with

white bands, prolegs and claspers green. Spiracles ochreous.

Horn purple and curved down.

“ Length 34 inches=89 mm.

“The brown form was marked identically the same, but

coloured pale and dark brown instead of dark and light green.

** ‘The pupa was contained ina slight cocoon near the surface

of the soil. Head, thorax, and wing-cases dark brown with

paler markings, the wing-cases having rows of raised black

dots. <A black circular flattened sheath in front of head.

Abdomen brown-pink, with a dark dorsal stripe and dark

strige. Spiracles black.

“Length 49 mm.”—F”. B. 8S.

7. Cechenena lineosa subangustata, subsp. n.

3. Differs from lin. lineosa, Walk., in the buff subterminal

band on the hind wings being very much narrower.

Hab. Lebong-Tandai, Benkoelen District, Sumatra, 1912-

1919 (C. J. Brooks); 1g.

I hope later to give detailed accounts of the genitalia and

other structures.

Geological Society. 483

PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

January 7th, 1920.—Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, F.R.S.,

President, in the Chair.

The following communications were read :—

1. ‘On Syringothyris Winchell, and certain Carboniferous

Brachiopoda referred to Spiriferina D’Orbigny.’ By Frederick

John North, B.Se., F.G.S.

This paper is the outcome of a suggestion made in 1913 by

Prof. T. F. Sibly, who pointed out the desirability of an attempt to

remove the uncertainty which had hitherto existed in the naming

of the British species of Syringothyris, and of the Carboniferous

Spiriferids possessing a lamellose surface ornament, which it was

customary to refer to Spirifering because there was no other genus

for their reception, although it had long been recognized that few,

if any of them, really belonged to that genus.

After indicating the exact sense in which certain frequently

oceurring terms are used, and reviewing the history of previous

research, the Author discusses the history in Avonian times of the

genus Syringothyris, and suggests a classitication of its species.

Variations due to time, to environmental conditions, and to

distribution in space, are recognized, and distinctive names are given

to the mutations characteristic of certain horizons.

The syrinx (it is suggested) was a special arrangement called

into existence to control the direction of, and to support the

adductor-muscles, as the area of the shell increased in height. It,

and the transverse plate to which it was attached, originated as a

modification of an apical callosity such as existed in many Spiri-

feroid shells. It was initiated in Middle Devonian times, and

reached its aeme early in the Carboniferous Period.

All known species of Syringothyris have the fold in the brachial

valve, and the sinus in the pedicle-valve, smooth. Species such

as S. distans, in which the fold and sinus are plicated do not

possess a syrinx, and are incorrectly referred to Syringothyris.

The form described by McCoy as Spirifera laminosa is referred

to a new genus, since it has neither the punctate shell-structure of

Spiriferina, nor the internal characters of Syringothyris. The

genus is represented in the Tower Avonian by mutations of the

species Jaminosa McCoy, and in the Upper Avonian by the species

subconica Martin.

Syringothyris and Spiriferina are in no way related, either

morphologically or phylogeneticaily.

The small Carboniferous shells that have hitherto been referred

A84 Geoloyical Society.

to Spiviferina include two types characterized by external diffe-

rences. Of these two types, one, in which there are numerous

ribs and a relatively-large rounded fold and sinus, is relegated to a

new genus; while the members of the other type, which include

shells with a few large angular ribs, are for the present retained in

Spiriferina, although the type-species of that genus was derived

from the Lias. The subdivision here suggested for the Carbonifercus

forms will, it is believed, prove to be applicable to the later species

also.

2. ‘Jurassic Chronology: I—Lias. Supplement 1, West

England Strata.’ By S. S. Buckman, F.G.S. (Read, in the

absence of the Author, by Dr. W. D. Lang, M.A., F.G.S.)

In this communication the following points are discussed :—

(1) The Ammonite and some Brachiopod faunas of the Lias of

Gloucestershire and Worcestershire.

(2) A method of faunal plotting as an aid to faunal analysis.

(3) That in the collection, analysis, and comparison of faunas,

the following causes of failure have to be considered :—Stratal,

Depositional, Faunal, Dispersal, Exposure, Collection, Arrangement,

Nomenclature, Fossilization, Preservation, Extraction, Zonalization,

Publication; but several of these are not applicable to results

derived from the investigation of hmited areas.

(4) The evidence appears not only to support the conclusions of

the Author’s former paper, but to show that in certain cases a

fuller sequence of faunal episodes may be required.

(5) The fauna of small Ammonites in these Liassic beds,

especially that of small Schlotheimie at Gloucester, suggests

comparison with the faunas of Hierlatz and Spezia. The use of

technical terms for different sizes of organisms, especially for small

forms, is briefly illustrated.

(6) It is suggested that the strata and faunas of these Conti-

nental localities are not so exceptional as they appear to be at first

sight ; and that English localities may be studied with advantage,

in comparison with and explanation of the features of these

Continental deposits,

(7) It is found that the preserved strata of the Gloucestershire—

Worcestershire Lias under consideration happen in the main to be

deposits of dates when the living Ammonites were rather small ;

while there is faunal failure and presumably stratal failure of the

times when large Ammonites flourished. The converse phenomena

are mainly illustrated by North-Somerset deposits.

(8) The times when large and small Ammonites lived appear to

follow one another like waves, illustrated even in a short table of

Liassie deposits.

(9) As a result of the investigations connected with this paper

it seems to be advisable, for recording purposes at any rate, to make

further subdivisions in the scheme set forth in the Author’s former

paper.

485

inpix co VOL. V.

ABIA, new species of, 85,

Abrocoma, new species of, 475,

Acropteris, new species of, 293.

Alexander, C. P., on new or little-

known Tipulidee, 53, 337, 465.

Allopterites, new genus and new

species of, 275.

Ambulyx, new species of, 479.

Amnemopsyche, new species of, 292.

Amphilimnobia, description of the

new genus, 465,

Andrewes, H. E., on Oriental Cara-

bide, 445.

Andrews, C. W., on two new species

of fossil tortoises, 145.

Anomis, new species of, 252.

Anthophora, new species of, 114.

Arctiide, new, 286.

Arrow, G. J., on the endomychid

Coleoptera of Indo-China, 321.

Arthropods, fossorial, 278, 455,

Asilide, notes on, 169, 209, 377,

433.

Asota, new name, 289.

Aulonocranus, description of the new

genus, 47.

Babirussa, new species of, 187.

Baris, new species of, 460.

Bather, F. A., on a new “worm”

from Lower Ludlow beds, 124;

on Pholidocidaris anceps, 271.

Batrachia, new, 281.

Baylis, H. A., observations on the

genus Crassicauda, 410.

Beccaria, new species of, 3338.

Beddard, F. E., on a new tentaculate

Cestode, 203.

Beleses, new species of, 88.

Blair, IX. G., on the Fabrician types

of Hetero:.era in the Banks col-

lection, 1d5.

Borradaile, on a new commensal

prawn, 132.

Boulenger, G. A., on two new frogs

from Brazil, 122; on a new gecko

and a new snake from Sumatra,

281.

Brade-Birks, Hilda K., and Rev. S.,

notes on Myriapoda, 1, 198.

Calamaria, new species of, 282.

Calantica, new species of, 259.

Callochromis, description of the new

genus, 46.

Calman, W. T., on a new crab from

Basra, 62.

Carabide, new, 445.

Carabites, new species of, 455.

.Cechenena, new species of, 481.

Cephalodiscus, a key for identifying

the species of, 407.

Ceratocheilus, new species of, 341.

Ceratolimnobia, description of the

new genus, 469.

Cerceris, new species of, 268.

Cerura, new species of, 289,

Cestodes, new, 124, 2038.

Ceutorhynchus, new

459.

Champion, G. C., on some eastern

Xylophilids, 393.

Chaoilia, new species of, 92.

Cheesman, Major R. FE, see

Wrouglhton, R. C.

Chilton, C., on the freshwater Iso-

pods known as Asellus aquaticus,

200.

Chrysomelites, new species of, 461.

Cichlide, classification of, 38.

Clanis, new species of, 479.

Clavellaria, new species of, 84,

Cnides, new species of, 99.

Cockerell, T, D. A., descriptions and

species of,

486

records of bees, 113; fossil Ar-

thropods in the British Museum,

273, 455.

Coleoptera, new, 98, 32], 398.

Colochelyna, new species of, 89.

Copepoda, new, 134.

Cosmodiscus, new species of, 447.

Crabro, new species of, 270.

Crassicauda, observations on, 410,

Cretacea, new, 62, 65, 258.

Crocidura, new species of, 119.

Crocothemis, new species of, 298.

Cryptochilus, new species of, 94,

Cryptosalius, new species of, 97.

Ctenomys, new species of, 193.

Cyathopharynx, description of the

new genus, 42,

Cymbachus, new species of, 329.

Cynomops, description of the new

genus, 189.

Cyphononyx, new species of, 97.

Cyphotilapia, description of the new

geaus, 45.

D’Arcythompsonia, new species of,

158.

Decebalus, description of the new

genus, 373.

Deuteragenia, new species of, 266.

Dicranomyia, new species of, 54,

387.

Dicranoptycha, new species of, 54,

Diptera, new, 53.

Dipus, new species of, 279.

Distant, W. L., on Cicadide from

Indo-China, 3386; on some un-

described Ethiopian Cicadide,

3d0Y.

Dryadites, new species of, 330.

Dyacopterus, new species of, 284,

Dysmachus, new species of, 379,

433.

Edwards, F. W., on a new Tricho-

cera trom Siberia, 431,

Elaterites, new species of, 457.

Ikndomychus, new species of, 334,

Engonius, new species of, 322,

Xntomostraca, notes on, 351.

Eptesicus, new species of, 361.

Epyris, new species of, 276.

Erioptera, new species of, 466,

Eumelea, new species of, 290.

Eumorphus, new species of, 324,

Euryglossa, new species of, 117.

Formica, new species of, 278.

Fossil arthopods, new, 273.

Fossorial Gastropoda, 241.

Fossorial Hymenoptera, new, 265.

IN DEX.

Fossorial Plante, 241.

Fossorial Reptilia, 145.

Garypus, new species of, 274.

Gastropoda, notes on, 241, 425.

Gecko, new species of, 281.

Gelasma, new species of, 292.

Geological Society, proceedings of

the, 207, 483,

Geometridx, new, 290.

Geranumyia, new species of, 341.

Gerres, new species of, 420.

Gnaphon, description of the new

genus, 454.

Gurney, R., on the copepod Cylin-

dropsyllus brevicornis, &c., 134;

on certain British freshwater

Entomostraca, 351.

Hammapteryx, new species of, 276.

Hemibates, description of the new

genus, 49.

Hesperomys, new species of, 190.

Heteromera, notes on, 155.

Hinton, M. A. C., ou the subspecies

of Paraxerus flavivittis, Peters,

308 ; on new subspecies of Spalax

monticola, 812; on some African

zorils, 367; on the Irish otter,

464.

Homoptera, new, 336, 369.

Horsiella, description of the new

genus, 134.

Hyla, new species of, 128.

- Hymenoptera, new, 84, 118, 265.

Hypside, new, 286,

Ichneumonide, notes on, 150,

Insects, new, 479.

Isopods, freshwater, 200.

Jeanne], R., on some Trechine in

the British Museum, 98.

Lecteria, new species of, 59.

Leistus, new species of, 448.

Lemuriana, new species of, 370,

Leptochromis, description of the new

genus, 46.

Leptodactylus, new species of, 123,

Leptura, new species of, 462.

Limnochromis, description of the

new genus, 43; new species of,

152.

Limnotilapia, description of the new

genus, 39.

Lorocera, new species of, 449.

Macrocentrus, new species of, 93.

Mammals, new, 31, 119, 140, 142,

144, 185, 188, 279, 233, 304, 308,

312, 360, 367, 464, 473.

Marmosa, new species of, 195,

INDEX.

Maroboduus, description of the new

genus, 369,

Marumba, new species of, 480.

Medinoschiza, new species of, 91.

Megachile, new species of, 117.

Megapterites, new genus and new

species of, 278.

Megarhogas, new species of, 92.

Mellivora, new species of, 197,

Milichius, new species of, 332.

Mogannia, new species of, 336.

Molophilus, new species of, 468.

Morton, K. J., on Odonata from

Mesopotamia, 293.

Myriapoda, notes on, 1, 198.

Myzine, new species of, 266.

Nematodes, observations on, 410.

Neodasophrys, description of the new

genus, 440,

Neomuda, description of the new

genus, 374,

Neotilapia, description of the new

genus, 38,

Nephrotoma, new species of, 350.

Newton, R. Bullen, on freshwater

fossils from Central South Africa,

241,

Noctuids, new, 250.

Nomada, new species of, 118.

Nyctemera, new species ot, 286.

Ochromys, description of the new

genus, 142,

Odonata, new, 293.

(Ecophylla, new species of, 277,

Ophryastites, new species of, 459,

Oudeboschia, descripiion of the new

genus, 375,

Oxyambulyx, new species of, 479.

Paludestrina jenkinusi, anatomy of,

425.

Pampsilota, new species of, 86.

Panka, new species of, 370.

Pararhymbus, description of the new

genus, 335.

Parasphecodes, new species of, 118.

Paratropeza, new species of, 346,

Paraxerus, new species of, 311.

Pelidnotites, new species of, 462.

Periclimenes, new species of, 132.

Pericopis, new species of, 287.

Phaloé, new species of, 288.

Phytobznus, new species of, 394.

Pingasa, new species of, 290.

Pisces, new, 33, 152, 168, 419.

Plante, fossorial, 241.

Peecilictis, description of the new

genus, 307.

487

Promachus, new species of, 173, 210.

Protoscolex, new species of, 126,

Prout, L. B., on new moths in the

Joicey collection, 286.

Pseudindalmus, description of the

new genus, 330.

Psilotympana, new species of, 371.

Pycnoscelus, new species of, 275.

Regan, C. T., on the classification of

the family Cichlide, 33; on anew

Cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika,

152; on the African Cichlid fishes

of the genus Tylochromis, 163;

on freshwater fishes from Mada-

gascar, 419.

Reithrodon, new species of, 473.

Reptilia, new, 145, 281,

Rhamphidia, new species of, 55.

Rhamphidina, deseriptiun of the

new genus, 349.

Rhamphidioides, description of the

hew genus, 344,

Ricardo, Miss G., notes on the

Asilidze, 169, 209, 377, 433.

Ridewood, W. G., a key for identi-

fying the species of Cephalodiscus,

407

Robson, G. C., on the anatomy of

Paludestrina jenkinsi, 425.

Rothschild, Lord, on some new

Indo-Malayan Sphingidaw, 479.

Scapteromys, new species of, 477.

Sceliphron, new species of, 267.

Sesarma, new species of, 63.

Siobla, new species of, 88,

Sowerby, A. de Carle, on a new

three-toed jerboa from China, 279.

Spalax, new species of, 313.

Sphingide, new, 479.

Spinaria, new species of, 92.

Stagira, new species of, 872.

Stellenboschia, description of the

new genus, 376,

Stizus, new species of, 269,

Stramentide, new name, 69.

Swinhoe, Col. C., on the geogra-

phical distribution of the genus

Anomis, Hiibner, 250.

Sylvilagus, new species of, 81.

Tadarida, new species of, 288.

Taipinga, new species of, 371,

Tamiops, new species of, 304.

Taphozous, new species of, 142.

Taxonus, new species of, 87,

Tenthredella, new species of, 90.

Thallomys, description of the new

genus, 141.

488

Thomas, O., on new species of Sylvi-

lagus from Colombia, 31; on a

new shrew and two new foxes,

119; on the generic positions of

“Mus” nigricauda, Thos., and

woosnami, Schwann, 140; on a

new Taphozous from the Sudan,

142; ona new marmoset from the

Peruvian Amazons, 144; some

notes on Babirussa, 185; on

mammals from Jujuy, 188; on

two new Asiatic bats, 283; on

new squirrels of the genus Ta-

miops, 804; on neotropical bats

of the genus Eptesicus, 360; on

some African zorils, 367 ; on new

species of Reithrodon &c. from

Argentina, 473.

Tipula, new species of, 61, 349, 471.

Tipulidz, new, 53, 337, 465.

Trechus, new species of, 101.

Trentepohlia, new species of, 56,

348, 471,

INDEX.

Trichocera, new species of, 432.

Trigona, new species of, 115.

Turner, R. E., on Indo-Chinese

Hymenoptera, 84 ; on the Ichneu-

monide in the British Museum,

150; on fossorial Hymenoptera,

265.

Tylochromis, description of the new

genus, 37 ; new species of, 165,

Uraniide, new, 293.

Utetheisa, new species of, 286.

Vulpes, new species of, 121.

Withers, T. H., on the cirripede

genus Stramentum, 65; on the

cirripede subgenus Scillelepas,

258.

Wroughton, R. C., and Cheesman,

Major R. E., on a new species of

Mellivora from Somaliland, 197.

Xylophilus, new species of, 395.

Zelma, description of the new genus,

451.

Zonga, new species of, 373.

END OF THE FIFTH VOLUME,

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. V. Pl. J.

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NEWTON. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. V. Pl. VIII.

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Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. V. Pl. XVI.

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LIX. Notes on the <Asilide': Sub-division Asiline. By Ger-

TRUDE NICARDO, .os Cee eee Ne Taehoace «othe We aetale ep As Se tee is

LX.. Papers on Oriental Carabide.—IV. By H. I. ANDREWES . .

LXI. Fossil_Arthropods in the British Museum.—II, By T.D. A.

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