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ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME XXV

SO reo 7

ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME XXV

por arene

gh ED EDT me,

Cases 2z “|

PRINTED FOR THE

TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

BY NEILL AND OO., LTD., 212 CAUSEWAYSIDE, EDINBURGH.

1927 —1929.

TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM.

Sir THomas Murr, C.M.G., M.A., LL.D., D.Sc., F.RB.S.

The Hon. JoHN WILLIAM JAGGER, F.S.S., M.L.A.

Prof. Witt1am Apam Jouuy, M.B., Ch.B., D.Sc., F.R.S.S.Afr.

Councillor W. F. Fisu, J.P.

Dr. J. G. VAN DER Horst.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM.

Epwin Leonarp Giz, D.Sc., Director and Keeper-in-Chief.

KeEpreL Harcourt Barnarp, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Assistant Director ; in Charge

of Fishes and Marine Invertebrates.

Miss Star GarRsaBEDIAN, B.A., Assistant in Charge of the Botanical Department.

REGINALD FREDERICK LAWRENCE, B.A., Ph.D., Assistant in Charge of Reptiles

and Batrachians, Arachnids and Myriopods.

ALBERT JOHN HeEsseE, B.Sc., Ph.D., Assistant in Charge of the Entomological

Department.

ArTHUR Lewis Hatt, M.A., D.Sc., Honorary Keeper of the Geological and

Mineralogical Collections.

Sipney Henry Haveuton, B.A.. D.Sc., Honorary Keeper of the Paleontological

Collections.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

K. H. Barnarp. PAGE

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South West Africa. VI.

Bryozoa . : 69

South African Neaspeanen Mollusca: oath decorations of Now Guat: ;

and a Note on some Specimens from Tristand’Acunha_ . ; a lly

A. J. HESsE.

Some New Species of Curculionidae from South Africa and South West

AtriGays)- ; 3 4 : : 3 ; : : . 475

G. E. HutcHinson.

Observations on South African Onychophora. : a BBU

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of Stora Neher : 5 ota!)

R. F. LAWRENCE.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South West Africa—

V. Arachnida (Part I.) . F ; : : : : 1

VII. Arachnida (Part II.) . : : , ; : 5 27

A. L. Massy.

The Cephalopoda of the South African Museum . : : Sot

G. O. Sars.

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province (Union of South

Africa)—

III. Copepoda . : : : : : : ‘ SS

J. R. LE B. Toman.

Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African

Museum—

II. Families Abyssochrysidae, O6dcorythidae, Haliotidae, Ton-

nidae ; : : : ; id

III. Revision of the South Atsioan Masnarsitae (olim Nassidae) 313

IV. Families ZVerebridae, Colwmbaritidae, Thaididae, Architec-

tonicidae . j : : : é d : 6 at)

B. P. Uvarov.

Notes on the Types of Orthoptera described by Dr. L. Péringuey . . 3841

INDEX OF NEW FAMILY AND GENERIC NAMES

INTRODUCED IN THIS VOLUME.

PAGE

Abyssochrysidae n. fam. Gastropoda (Mollusca), TomLin . ‘ : 5 au

Abyssochrysos n. gen. Abyssochrysidae (Mollusca), ToMLIN : » | Os)

Afrocyclops n. gen. Cyclopidae (Crustacea), Sars : 5 : ; 5 ll

Anisopini n. tribus Notonectidae (Hemiptera), HutcHrnson ; : . 362

Anisopoides n. subg. Notonectidae (Hemiptera), HuTcHINSON . : sy atte)

Ceresia n. gen. Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera), UvaRov . : ; : . 345

Columbariidae n. fam. Gastropoda (Mollusca), TomLin : ; : . 330

Cryptocyclops n. gen. Cyclopidae (Crustacea), SARs . : : : eel 29

Lisposoma n. gen. Scorpionidae (Arachnida), LAWRENCE. : : 28

Lisposominae n. subfam. Scorpionidae (Arachnida), LAWRENCE . : 5 Palle)

Micranisops n. gen. Notonectidae (Hemiptera), HuTcHINSON ; i a Heel

Notonectini n. tribus Notonectidae (Hemiptera), HutcHiInson . : oO

Palystella n. gen. Clubionidae (Arachnida), LAWRENCE ; : . 250

Paranecta n. subg. Notonectidae (Hemiptera), HutcHINSON , : . 3863

DATES OF ISSUE OF PARTS.

Part 1 (Articles 1-6), May 1927.

Part 2 (Articles 7-10), December 1928.

Part 3 (Articles 11-12), June 1929.

INDEX OF PLATES.

PLATES

I-IV. South West African Arachnida.

V-XVI. South African Fresh-water Copepoda.

XVII-XVIII. South African Cephalopoda.

XIX-XX. South African Nudibranch Mollusca.

XXI-XXIV. South West African Arachnida.

XXV-XXVI. South African Marine Mollusca.

XXVII-XLI. South African Aquatic Hemiptera.

XLII-XLIII. South African Curculionidae.

INDEX OF GENERIC NAMES.

Abyssochrysos .

Acanthoplus

Acanthosepion .

Aeolidiella

Afrocyclops

Agelena

Agraptocorixa .

Ammoxenus

Anisopoides

Anisops

Aphelodoris

Apoderus .

Aponomma

Araneus

Archidoris

Architectonica .

Argas

Argiope

Ariadna

Armina

Aroegas

Arytropteris

Asemesthes

Asteronotus

Bathypolypus

Blossia

Brachycerus

Brotheus .

Bulla

Buthus

Byrsops

Callilepis .

Camillina .

1], 22

Caphaeris

Ceratogyrus

Ceresia

Chaleposa

Columbarium

Conocephalus

Copa

Cratena

Cryptocyclops

Cyclops

Cydrela

Cyllobellus

Cyrtophora

Daesia

Dendrodoris

Derelomus

Diaphractus

Diaptomus

Diaulula .

Diores

Diploglena

Discodoris

Doridigitata

Doriopsilla

Doris

Dresserus .

Echemus .

Encymachus

Enithares

Enyaliopsis

Chiracanthium .

Chromodoridella

Diaphorocellus .

22, 2

be.

Xil

Eudolium

Euplocamus

Euprosthenops

Evippa

Facelina

Festucula

Geitodoris

Glaucus

Glossodoris

Gluviopsis

Graptartia

Gronops

Hadogenes

Haliotis

Harpacticus

Heliacus .

Heliophanus

Hemiblossia

Hersilia

Hersiliola .

Hervia

Hetrodes .

Hexabranchus .

Hippasa

Hirrius

Hyalomma

Hyllus

Hyomora .

Tdaliella

Idiops

Idulia

Inioteuthis

Janolus

Index of Generic Names.

45,

53,

73, 2

58, 2

69, 2

38,

PAGE

194

253

256

205

206

Kalinga

Langona .

Latiaxis

Latrodectus

Leptocyclops

Lisposoma

Loligo

Lophopodella

Lovenula .

Loxosceles

Lycosa

Marionia .

Megalotheca

Melibe

Menemerus

Mesocyclops

Mexcala

Micranisops

Micrommata

Micronecta

Moggridgea

Mogrus

Monoeses .

Moroteuthis

Nassarius .

Neaethea .

Nembrotha

Nephila

Nitocra

Notonecta

Nychia

Ocyale

Olios

Oocorys

PAGE

193

60, 260

332

117

281

154

169

. 85

6, 223

48, 254

198

346

. 207

60, 259

112

261

377

422

219

5 eR

33, 245

152

313

196

30, 243

137

362

408

3 AT

41, 249

Opisthophthalmus

Oxyopedon

Oxyopes .

Palio

Palpimanus

Palystella

Parabomis

Parabuthus

Paradiaptomus .

Paramystaria

Paranecta

Pardosa

Peripatopsis

Peucetia .

Pherecydes

Philodromus

Platycyclops

Platydoris

Platyoides

Plea

Pleurolabus

Plocamopherus

Polycera

Polypus

Prodidomus

Proevippa

Prostalia .

Rhaeboctesis

Rhipicephalus

Rhombosepion .

Rhytirrhinus

Rossia

Runcinia .

Scotopsinus

Scyllaea

Scytodes .

Selenops .

Sepia

Setaphis

Index of Generic Names.

PAGE

73, 273

257

192

250

. 246

72, 269

. 363

50, 256

. 9337

55, 256

37, 247

125

6 del)

10, 226

415

533

195

191

. 165

9, 225

341

252

287

156

514

153

Shortridgea

Sicarius

Sigara

Solpuga

Spartecerus

Sphaerostoma

Stegodyphus

Stiphropus

Synthocus

Terebra 4

Tetragnatha .

Tetragonophthalma

Thalassius

Thecoxiphidion

Theuma

Thomisus .

Thoracistus

Thordisa .

Thyene

Tibellus

Tmarus

Todaropsis

Tonna

Trichothyse

Triopa

Tritonidoxa

Tusitala

Uloborus .

Upagnampa

Uroplectes

Xerophaeus

Xiphidion

Xysticus .

Zelotes

Zeriassa

xill

PAGE

342

221

. 448

66, 261

508

. 199

4, 220

31, 244

504

. 329

27, 248

. Sa

19, 234

36, 246

344

3 1G

63, 260

153

2 2 ei

15, 232

192

200

261

Viel ae ek ee

gen ees to A

cane Pak

A oe VE een

ee By K. aL BaRNarp, De.

. ae Assistant oe . :

Ne ew Gees ane a Ne ote on some Sj ponruae from Tristan

ee a. K act BARNARD, M.A., D.Se., F. LS., Assist-

oe ey |

c y fs:

UED MAY 1927. PRICE 12s. 6d.

ee PRINTED FOR THE ae

OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 3 He

BY NEILL AND CO., TaD,

Z«

f SY

ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME XXV.

1. Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West

Africa.—By R. F. Lawrence, B.A.

V. ARACHNIDA.

(With Plates I-IV.)

Tue following paper deals with the results obtained by the Museum’s

expedition to Ovamboland in 1923. The region covered by collectors

on this occasion was mainly Ovamboland and a small part of Northern

Damaraland ; the expedition started from Tsumeb, and, skirting the

Etosha Pan, cut north-westward through Ovamboland to the Kunene

River; here several points were visited and most of the material

obtained. It is hoped next year to publish the results of an expedition

to the Kaokoveld in 1925, and as the results of successive years follow,

it is hoped that a more or less comprehensive survey of the fauna of

South-West Africa will be obtained.

The Arachnid fauna of the northern parts of South-West Africa

and Ovamboland in particular has been hardly touched by previous

authors, although forms from the more southerly portions have been

dealt with by various authors; it is hardly strange, then, that about

three-quarters of the Araneae are new. With regard to the better-

known and more widely distributed group of Scorpiones, the case is

different.

At this point, and with many important links of evidence missing,

it would be premature to draw conclusions of any value with regard

to distribution ; it can, however, be said that the fauna of Ovambo-

land seems more or less isolated from that of the regions to the south,

VOL. Xv PART I. 1

ATIONAL MY

agin ASTI UTig

YY (

1927 *]

2 Annals of the South African Museum.

which, again, have affinities with the north-western parts of the

Cape Province ; forms found near the Kunene River especially seem

to possess more in common with Rhodesia, and East Africa as far as

Somaliland, than with any other regions excepting perhaps Angola,

of which hardly anything is known.

The following table shows the proportion of new to known species

recorded in this paper :—

Known sp. |

Species. N. sp. N. var. |

Araneae . o | BH) 70 1 24

Solfugae . ann 2 Be 2

Scorpiones . Ee arto) A 1 : 7

In this paper it may be found that overlapping has taken place and

that species have been described which are already known. This in

certain cases is unavoidable owing to the absence of a complete litera-

ture in South Africa and to the obscurity and lack of figuring which

characterises descriptions of some of the known species. The author

has therefore decided rather to err on the side of redescribing and

figuring a certain number of known forms, trusting to authors in pos-

session of a fuller literature to put right synonymies where necessary ;

with this in view, figures have been given as often as possible and

descriptions of immature specimens avoided. The figures have been

drawn free-hand and not to any fixed scale.

Famity AVICULARIIDAE.

Gen. CERATOGYRUS, Pocock.

Ceratogyrus bechuanicus, Purcell.

A large number of both sexes taken from Sandup to Ongandjera

agreeing with the description and measurements of Purcell. The shape

of the horn varies a little in different specimens and is most pronounced

in the males.

Gen. Ipiops, Perty.

Idiops mafae, n. sp.

1 9 (B 5882). Mafa.

Colour.—Cephalothorax and legs reddish yellow, tarsus of palps,

metatarsus, and tarsus I with some brown stripes, metatarsus and

tarsus II lightly infuscated ; sternum and coxae olive-yellow, abdomen

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 3

olive, labium and chelicerae reddish brown ; hair on parts of the legs

and coxae black or blackish brown.

Carapace.—Length slightly exceeding tibia+metatarsus IV, equal

to patella, tibia+slightly less than } metatarsus I.

Eyes.—Ocular area wider than long, its width } less the length of

metatarsus I. Anterior median eyes very little more than a diameter

apart, anterior laterals larger than the medians and less than a diameter

apart; seen from above the laterals are situated on the anterior

sides of tubercles which are roughly creased and converge posteriorly

where they are very close together. The visual axis in a horizontal

plane directed at an angle of about 30° from the median line ; posterior

median eyes 14-2, as far apart as their distance from the laterals ;

the laterals as far from the anterior edge of the carapace as from one

another, posterior row procurved but not strongly so. Hyes otherwise

as in Gorgyrella namaquensis, Purcell, Trans. 8.A. Phil. Soc., vol. xi;

p. 850. The band of purplish pigment in front of the anterior lateral

eyes with a recurved posterior margin and more clearly defined than

in G. namaquensis.

Chelicera.—Dentition consisting of 4 outer and 6 inner teeth, the

outer ones being generally the larger.

Labvum evidently longer than broad and armed with 5 stout teeth

near the anterior margin.

Cozae of the pedipalps spined throughout except on their posterior

edges, those of the legs characterised by a complete absence of spinules

and clothed with fine blackish hairs especially on those of the third leg.

Pedipalps.—As in G. namaquensis.

Legs.—Tibia I subequal to metatarsus+tarsus I, metatarsus IV

equal to distance between anterior median eyes and fovea ; metatarsus

III with a band of about 6 spinules along both anterior and posterior

edges, 3 pairs of setiform spines below, the apical pair much the largest ;

tibia IIT with a pair of similar but broader bands of 16-18 anterior,

17-19 posterior spines; patella III with an anterior row of about

16 spines, 5-6 of these bordering its anterior distal edge, 3-4 similar

spines on its posterior distal edge; metatarsus IV with an irregular

band of 8 infero-anterior spinules ; patella IV with a band of about

47 spinules occupying its whole length anteriorly; tibia IV below

with 2 apical followed by an outer row of 3 long setiform spines, the

apical pair the stoutest, a row of very much weaker setae on the

inner side; 4 small basal spines anteriorly. Legs otherwise as in

G. namaquensis.

Sigilla.—Two pairs of small submarginal sigilla opposite coxae I and

4 Annals of the South African Museum.

II, the posterior larger than the anterior pair; posterior pair about their

own width from, the anterior pair nearer to, the margin of sternum.

Measurements.—Length of cephalothorax, 8-5 mm. ; breadth 7-1 mm.

Total length, 20-5 mm.

Famity ERESIDAE.

Gen. STEGODYPHUS, Simon.

Stegodyphus gregarius, Cambr.

Many immature and a few mature females were taken, but no males.

(B 5918.) Sandup. (B 6141.) Kunene River.

Stegodyphus deserticola, Purcell.

13 99 (B 5908) were taken from one nest at Sandup.

Stegodyphus canus, Purcell.

2 99 (B 6145). Kunene River.

These two specimens agree with Purcell’s description and in the

shape of the vulva. They have, however, more reddish hair on the

face; the markings of the legs, especially those of the fourth, are

more sharply distinct. In the one specimen the coxae and sternum

are much darker in colour than in the type specimen.

Stegodyphus dumicola, Pocock.

5 29, 1 3 (B 6305). Onoolonga.

4 99 (B 5901). Ongandjera.

Vulva.—As in fig. 1.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 4-6mm. Total length, 9-8 mm.

The form of the vulva differs slightly in some specimens, due probably

to contraction of the skin of the abdomen. The four females from

Ongandjera are larger and have slight differences in the shape of the

vulva, but are otherwise conformable to this species.

$.—The palp agrees with Pocock’s figure in A.M.N.H. (7), vol. u,

pl. vi.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2-9 mm. Total length, 7 mm.

Stegodyphus filimaculatus, n. sp.

1 3 (B 6144). Kunene River.

This single specimen is remarkable in differing very strongly in

coloration from any other of the females of Stegodyphus.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 5

Colour.—Carapace with snow-white hairs on and a little way behind

the ocular area, on the broad stripes along the lateral margins of the

carapace as far as the insertion of the pedipalps anteriorly and not

quite meeting posteriorly. The rest of the carapace clothed with deep

velvet-black hairs; the face with a triangular patch of black hairs,

except for a few white ones between the median eyes and a border of

white hairs along the clypeal margin; mandibles entirely covered

with velvet-black hairs.

Abdomen above with a clearly demarcated median leaf-shaped

marking along its entire length clothed with snow-white hairs. The

marking composed of 4 divisions connected by narrow constrictions.

The first division longer than wide, the remaining 3 divisions wider

than long, their width successively decreasing in the third and fourth ;

the first just excluding the first pair of sigilla, the second and third

each just including a pair of sigilla within their posterior borders ;

remainder of dorsal surface of abdomen with deep black hairs, a few

longer black setose hairs among them; ventral surface with white

hairs except on the spinners, a roundish patch above the cribellum,

and the area on and between the spiracles, which are all black. Ster-

num clothed with white hairs, coxae of legs with white hairs and some

small patches of black ones. Femur I wholly infuscated with black

hairs except for a basal ring of white hairs and a few scattered ones

at its apex ; patella covered with white hairs ; tibia infuscated except

at base and apex (a less strongly infuscated median band), covered

entirely with stout blackish hairs except for a few white ones at apex ;

metatarsus with fewer but longer brownish spiniform hairs, some

white ones proximally, especially below; tarsus thickly covered with

brownish spiniform hairs.

Carapace equal to tibia+-3—2 metatarsus I.

Legs I, IV, II, Il; the anterior pair much the longest and

stoutest; metatarsus I with a pair of stout apical spines

below.

Pedipalp.—Palpal organ as in fig. 56. Seen from the inner

side.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-7 mm. Total length,

7-3 mm.

This species is near to the male of S. gregarius, which, according to

Cambridge, P.Z.8., 1889, p. 42, differs markedly in colour from the

female. This specimen does not agree entirely with the male described

by Cambridge, and until both sexes can be taken together I have

described it as a new species.

6 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gen. DRESSERUS, Simon.

Dresserus murinus, n. sp.

1 9 juvenile (B 5892). Mafa.

Colour.—Carapace and legs uniform light brown covered with dark

hairs; mandibles reddish covered with stout black hairs, especially

apically ; abdomen olivaceous, clothed with greenish black hairs ;

coxae and mouth-parts yellowish brown, sternum a little darker.

Carapace.—Cephalic portion but little raised above the fovea ;

from the posterior lateral eyes to the anterior margin of the clypeus

a gentle declivous slope.

Eyes.—Area enclosed by the four laterals slightly wider behind

than in front, its posterior width a little less than 3 times its length.

Posterior medians about 1}—2 their diameter apart and about twice as

large as the anterior medians ; the latter a diameter apart with their

centres below a line touching the anterior margins of the posterior

medians and less than their own radius from the latter; anterior

laterals a little larger than the anterior medians and distant from the

posterior medians a little less than 3 times the diameter of the latter ;

the edge of the clypeus in front of anterior median eyes produced into

a cone-shaped rostrum.

Chelicera with a large blunt granular tooth at the inner apex of the

inferior margin.

Legs IV, I, I, IIL; the fourth pair much stouter than the others,

with the patella and tibia together longer than those of the first pair. .

All tibiae with their inferior distal edges fringed with a ring of long

setiform hairs; metatarsi inferiorly at their apices with I, 0, II, 3,

III, 4-6, IV, 4 spines.

Calamistrum consisting of a line of strong black curved spiniform

hairs on the distal > of the posterior surface of metatarsus IV.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-2 mm.; length of abdomen,

4.4mm. Total length, 7-3 mm.

Famity SICARIIDAE.

Gen. LoxoscreLzs, Lowe.

Loxosceles sumillima, n. sp.

2 29 (B 5925). Andoni.

1 9 (B 6281). Namakunde.

This species agrees very closely with Strand’s description of L.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 7

bergert, Wiesbaden Jahrb. Ver. Natk., vol. lix, p. 26. The colouring

is in general the same, and the main distinction consists in the relative

disposition of the eyes.

Carapace.—As in L. bergert, the thoracic portion differing from the

cephalic portion in being distinctly granular, while the latter is re-

ticulate. The cephalic portion with rows of stout spines from the

bases of the eyes to the fovea ; one row from between the bases of the

medians and a row from each of the bases of the lateral eyes con-

verging slightly towards the middle. These rows consisting of 5-6

long stout spines, their interspaces filled up with double rows of very

much smaller spines.

Eyes.—The medians contiguous, their inner edges straight, giving

them a slightly triquetrous shape; medians distant from anterior

laterals about their own radius ; posterior laterals distant from anterior

laterals by a little less. A line joining the anterior margins of the

anterior laterals passing just in front of the centres of the medians ;

otherwise as in L. bergert.

Sternum with an irregular olivaceous patch in the centre. Abdomen

below uniform yellow, except for the opercula which are white. Claws

of legs as in L. bergeri, the onychia provided with long plumose hairs,

some of which extend beyond the claw.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-4 mm.; breadth, 3-2 mm. ;

length of abdomen, 4:°9 mm.; femur I, 5-9 mm.; patella+tibia I,

6-9 mm.; metatarsus-+tarsus I, 7°75 mm.

Gen. Scytopzgs, Latr.

Scytodes tertra, n. sp.

4 99, 2 $3 (B 6250). Ongandjera.

Colour.—Cephalothorax yellow with markings as in fig. 72, seen

from above.

Clypeus seen from in front with the narrow median stripe passing

through the median eyes and joining a transverse slightly procurved

band just before the clypeal edge; mandibles with irregular black

markings antero-laterally occupying about ? their length. Maxillae

bordered on the distal $ of their external edges by a black stripe,

labium with a basal band sometimes broadly A-shaped and a lighter

spot on each side near the apex; sternum yellowish white, with

roughly wedge-shaped markings at its edges at the base of each coxa,

except the first where it is a little above it ; coxae of legs with incom-

plete apical bands ; trochanters with a round spot near their bases.

8 Annals of the South African Museum.

Legs (seen from below).—All femora with a black subapical band ;

I and II with irregular basal bands, III with incomplete basal band,

IV with a basal spot; IV only with distinct median band; I and II

strongly marked, III lightly marked, IV spotted between the bands.

All patellae with a black apical band ; all tibiae with basal and apical

bands, III and IV with median bands in addition; I and II instead

with a narrow longitudinal stripe above occupying less than 4 in I,

about 4 in II of the median portion. All metatarsi with apical bands

and narrow longitudinal stripes above, stronger in I and II than in

III and IV.

Abdomen dirty white, without pattern, but indistinctly blackish

purple above in the centre shading off towards the sides and rear.

Below there may be some scattered black granules or not.

Vulva.—As in fig. 2.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2°6mm. Total length, 4-6 mm.

Scytodes quarta, n. sp.

1 3 (B 6198). Kunene River.

Colour.—This species is closely related to S. tertva and the markings

of the carapace are in general similar. The markings are lighter,

the central stripe is a little broader but hardly discernible just behind

the eyes, becoming more distinct posteriorly. The lacunae formed

by the markings are throughout much larger, especially the pair

situated in the middle of the carapace bordering the central stripe.

Markings of the sternum less definite than in the preceding species,

those on the mouth-parts absent; coxae and trochanters inferiorly

with apical spots.

Legs (seen from below).—Femora of all legs lacking definite basal

spots or bands, markings below the apical band fewer, anterior and

posterior femora being about equally marked; metatarsi I and II

only, with narrow longitudinal stripes above.

Palpal Organ.—Flagellum is proportionately longer than in S. tertia.

The narrowed distal portion of flagellum is longer in proportion to the

whole than in the above species (fig. 57).

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2mm. Total length, 3-8 mm.

Scytodes quinqua, 0. sp.

1 2 subadult (B 6302). Tsumeb.

Colour.—Carapace as in fig. 73, resembling 8S. bergeri, Strand,

Wiesbaden Jahrb. Ver. Natk., vol. xviii, p. 88, in the scheme of the

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 9

markings and in lacking a central stripe along the back. There is

a short central stripe just behind the eyes which is continued in front

of the eyes to the edge of the clypeus. Mandibles marked as in S.

tertia, maxillae having a faint marking on their internal edges opposite

the apex of the labium; coxae and trochanters without markings,

except the first coxa which has an indistinct apical stripe ; margins

of the sternum with a pair of crescentic markings a little above the

first coxae, with their convex surfaces facing anteriorly ; markings

otherwise absent. Legs seen from below; femora of I and II with

an indistinct basal, a median, and an apical band, III and IV with

irregular spots and blotches throughout ; all patellae with bands on

their distal halves distinct in I and II, indistinct in III and IV; all

tibiae with basal, median, and apical bands, longitudinal stripes above

absent. Abdomen dirty white to grey, without pattern, having only

a few black granules above, in the centre, at the back, and sides.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2mm. Total length, 3°38 mm.

Famity PRODIDOMIDAE.

Gen. Propipomus, Hentz.

Prodidomus reticulatus, n. sp.

2 29 (B 6246). Namakunde.

Colour.—Carapace dark red, with dark reticulate infuscations more

especially towards the lateral margins. Abdomen above purplish

with a transverse dirty-white band just above the spinners, slightly

exceeding the width of the superior spinners ; the latter with a basal

yellow patch laterally. Abdomen below dirty grey in the centre,

light reddish-purple at the sides and towards the spinners ; anterior

legs reddish brown, posterior ones deep orange; first leg with tro-

chanter and patella dark reddish-purple, femur dark red, tibia, meta-

tarsus, and tarsus, with successively lighter shades of red.

Eyes.—Posterior medians their long diameter apart; anterior

medians about ? their own diameter apart and subcontiguous to the

anterior laterals ; median quadrangle wider behind than in front and

longer than broad ; a line joining the anterior borders of the anterior

laterals would pass a little in front of the centres of the anterior

medians ; ocular area wider than long.

Legs comparatively hairless ; trochanter IV longer than its coxa,

shorter than coxa I and about equal to trochanter I; tibiae and

metatarsi of III and IV with a pair of inferior apical spines.

10 Annals of the South African Museum.

Vulva.—As in fig. 3.

Measurement.—Total length, 7 mm.

Prodidomus hirsutus, n. sp.

1 g (B 6266). Ongandjera.

Colour.—Carapace light red, granular, with a few fine white hairs.

Some faint irregular markings and a faint central stripe from behind

the posterior median eyes to the posterior margin. Abdomen light

purple with an indistinct white patch above the spinners. Legs and

sternum light reddish brown; sternum with infuscated margin and

some irregular fuscous markings in the centre, coarsely pitted and

clothed in the centre with a few fine white hairs, with some stronger

fuscous ones on its margins.

Eyes.—As in P. reticulatus, except that the posterior medians are a

little closer together ; sternum proportionately broader than in the

latter.

Legs hairy, with short light hairs on the proximal segments and

longer darker ones on the distal ones ; spined as in P. reticulatus.

Pedipalp.—Palpal organ as in fig. 58.

Measurement.—Total length, 4 mm.

Famity DRASSIDAE.

Gen. PLATYOIDES, Cambr.

Platyoides unidentatus, n. sp.

1 juvenile 2 (B 6622). Ongandjera.

Colour.—Carapace yellow with darkened rim, dark infuscations

behind the eyes; abdomen greyish green above, dirty white below ;

sternum, coxae, and legs yellow, sternum with dark narrow border.

Eyes.—Anterior row equally spaced by a little less than the diameter

of a median eye, laterals a little larger than the medians ; posterior

row wider than the anterior and straight to lightly recurved; the

medians are not visible and are represented by two oblong fuscous

patches which diverge anteriorly.

Carapace a little longer than broad, length siuboquall to tibia+4

patella IT; breadth equal to tibia+about 2 patella I.

Chelicera with 1 tooth on the superior margin.

Legs not spined; claw of fourth leg with 4 small teeth near the

base, apex of tarsus IV with some long plumose hairs as in fig. 55.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 11

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2 mm.; breadth, 1°38 mm.

Total length, 4:9 mm.

Gen. Upognampa, Tucker.

Upognampa ctenipalpis, n. sp.

1 9 (B 6261). Ongandjera.

Colour.—Carapace brown, the margins bordered with black, cephalic

area bordered near the edge of carapace by a dark stripe not reaching

the fovea, the latter short, dark; legs olive-brown ; abdomen above

deep olive, with a pair of parallel longitudinal fuscous stripes anteriorly

followed by a pair of transverse bars, and behind these an indistinct

procurved fuscous marking above the spinners; below uniform deep

olive; sternum and mouth-parts brown, thickly clothed with black

hairs.

Eyes.—Median eyes in both rows smaller than their laterals and

nearer to them than to each other; anterior medians a little more

than a radius apart and subcontiguous to the laterals ; posterior row

wider than the anterior row, straight to slightly procurved, medians

about a diameter apart; laterals smaller than anterior laterals ;

median quadrangle as long as wide, slightly wider behind than in front ;

clypeus a little more than the diameter of an anterior lateral eye.

Legs I and II without spines, clothed with stiff, short black hairs ;

femora [II and IV above with a long spiniform, sub-basal hair, re-

maining segments except the tarsi with very large stout spines, tibiae

and metatarsi also spined below.

Pedipalps.—Tarsus of palp with a sub-basal circle of very large,

blunt, tooth-like spines, which are as long or longer than the tibia ;

seen from above the row of 5 spines near the base is arranged trans-

versely like a comb, while distally to these there are numerous similar

spines.

Vulva.—As in fig. 5.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2°3mm. Total length, 5-8 mm.

Gen. ASEMESTHES, Simon.

Asemesthes lineatus, Purcell.

1 2 (B 6635). Namutoni.

Colour.—Carapace, sternum, and legs yellow, margin of carapace

darkened, fovea dark and narrow, a faint infuscated stripe anteriorly

12 Annals of the South African Museum.

to it not reaching the eyes; the lateral cephalic margins bordered by

wavy lines of dark hairs, which broaden and diverge slightly posteriorly.

Abdomen yellowish grey above, with a pair of light brown spots on

the anterior half, a leaf-like median marking of the same colour bordered

laterally with some white spots on the posterior half, a row of light

brown spots along the sides of the abdomen ; below uniform yellowish

grey.

Carapace.—Length equal to 2 patella+tibia IV, equal to meta-

tarsus IV.

Eyes.—Anterior row from in front straight to slightly procurved,

from above recurved; medians a little less than a diameter apart

and subcontiguous to the laterals, than which they are 14-2 smaller ;

posterior row strongly recurved, medians much smaller than the

laterals and nearer to them than to each other; median quadrangle

longer than wide, and wider in front than behind ; the laterals on each

side about the diameter of an anterior lateral apart; ocular area

distinctly wider than long; clypeus 2-3 times the diameter of an

anterior lateral eye.

Legs irregularly spined, the posterior with more numerous and

longer spines than the anterior ones; apex of metatarsus IV with

a verticillus of 6 spines consisting of 1 superior pair, | lateral pair,

and a smaller inferior pair.

Spinners.—Inferior spinners with 3 apical fusules.

Vulva.—As in fig. 6.

Measurements.—Length of carapace,2-1mm. Total length, 6-2 mm.

Asemesthes kunenensis, 0. sp.

1 2 (B 6172). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace brown with darkened margin, a pair of infuscated

patches behind the fovea; fovea dark and distinct, with some in-

distinct radiate lines not reaching the margin of carapace; femora

of legs dark mahogany brown with some lighter patches anteriorly,

remaining segments brown, the patellae a little lighter; abdomen

cinereous, with an indistinct blackish median marking above ; inferior

spinners dark mahogany brown; sternum brown, with a marginal

border of dark hairs.

Carapace.—Length equal to tibia+-a little more than 4 metatarsus I,

subequal to metatarsus IV.

Eyes.—Anterior row recurved and wider than posterior row, anterior

laterals 14-2 the size of the medians, which are about their own radius

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 13

apart and subcontiguous to the laterals; posterior row strongly

recurved, the medians about their diameter apart and a little less from

the laterals ; median quadrangle considerably longer than wide, and

wider in front than behind; ocular area a little wider than long ; clypeus

2-3 times the diameter of an anterior lateral eye and provided with a

procurved row of long spines.

Legs irregularly spined, all tarsi below with a double row of

small spines, strongest in III, weakest in II, femur IV below with

a row of 6-7 long setiform hairs on its proximal 3.

Spinners.—Inferior spinners with 3 apical fusules.

Vulva.—As in fig. 7.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2°83 mm. Total length, 8-3 mm.

Asemesthes sinister, n. sp.

192 (B 6131). Ongandjera.

Carapace.—Yellowish brown, ocular area except the neighbourhood

of the posterior median eyes infuscated, margin infuscated, giving off

some narrow dark lines towards but not reaching the fovea, cephalic

portion margined by distinct lines which diverge posteriorly forming

irregular sinuous bands not reaching the posterior margin, two straight

fuscous lines diverging posteriorly from the fovea to posterior border

of carapace, carapace clothed with feather-like hairs anteriorly ; legs

light brown, apex of femur and whole of tibia in III and IV a little

darker than the rest, more so in IV than III ; abdomen much rubbed,

clothed with strong spiniform hairs.

Carapace.—Length equal to metatarsus IV, equal to metatarsus+4

tarsus ITT.

Eyes.—Anterior row from in front lightly procurved, from above

both rows recurved, the posterior a little more strongly than the

anterior one, anterior medians about 2% their diameter apart, sub-

contiguous to the laterals and a little smaller than them ;_ posterior

medians considerably smaller than their laterals, oblong, a little less

than their short diameter apart and about the same distant from

the laterals ; posterior laterals smaller than anterior laterals and slightly

nearer to them than are the posterior medians to the anterior medians ;

median quadrangle longer than wide, a little wider in front than

behind; clypeus equal to 3 times the diameter of an anterior

lateral eye.

Legs.—Apex of metatarsus IV with 2 inferior and 2 longer lateral]

spines, whole of tarsus I inferiorly with short club-shaped hairs, tarsus

14 Annals of the South African Museum.

II on its distal 3, III and IV with spiniform hairs only, IV with 3 long

club-shaped hairs extending between the claws.

Vulva.—As in fig. 8.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2-°9mm. Total length, 8-6 mm.

Gen. SETAPHIS, Simon.

Setaphis quadratiwulva, un. sp.

6 9° (B 6213). Oncka.

Colour.—Carapace reddish brown with a broad irregular infuscated

margin, sparsely clothed with white hairs, more numerous near the

margins; legs deeply infuscated, except anterior tarsi and metatarsi,

patella and distal segments of III, and tarsus IV. Abdomen above

fuscous, darker at its anterior apex, a pair of white spots anteriorly,

a second transverse white pair in the middle diverging posteriorly and

joining a pair of roughly parallel elongated spots on the ventral surface ;

sternum reddish brown.

Carapace equal in length to tibia+about # metatarsus IV, and

to patella+tibia+ 3 metatarsus II.

Eyes.—Anterior row slightly procurved, medians black, situated

on a small tubercle, a little less than their diameter apart and sub-

contiguous to the laterals which are white and considerably larger

than the medians ; posterior row slightly procurved, medians white,

oblong, about their long diameter apart and a short diameter or slightly

less from the laterals, than which they are smaller ; median quadrangle

a little longer than wide, and wider behind than in front; clypeus a

little less than the diameter of an anterior lateral eye.

Chelicera.—Superior margin with 4 teeth, inferior margin with

1 apical granule.

Legs.—Anterior legs not spined; tibia III with 3 inferior and 2

lateral pairs, metatarsus III with 1 inferior and 2 lateral pairs of

spines, tarsus IV with long claws, their proximal 3 with 5 teeth.

Vulva.—As in fig. 11. In some specimens the quadrate opening

is more rounded, and the two darkened spheres at its base diverge

anteriorly.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2°3mm. Total length, 6-1 mm.

Setaphis omuramba, n. sp.

2 29 (B 6254). Ongandjera.

Colour.—Carapace reddish with a narrower infuscated border than

in S. quadrativulva, all legs hght yellow, except femur, patella, tibia I,

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 15

and femora and patellae IT and IV which have some dark infuscations ;

abdomen as in S. quadrativulva but a little darker, the white patches

being coalesced in the one specimen.

Eyes.—Anterior medians a diameter apart, contiguous with the

laterals which are much larger; posterior medians oblong, a little

less than a long diameter apart, a little less than a short diameter

from the laterals, than which they are smaller; median quadrangle

as wide as long, and wider behind than in front; posterior laterals

less than their own diameter from the anterior laterals ; clypeus less

than the diameter of an anterior lateral eye.

Chelicera.—Superior margin with 4 teeth, apical one auch smaller

than the others which are about equal; * inferior border with an

apical granule.

Legs.—Anterior legs spineless, tarsi with club-shaped scopular

hairs; distal 3 of metatarsus I and distal 4 of metatarsus II with

similar hairs. “Posterior legs spined, tarsi with sparse bristles.

Spinners.—Inferior spinners with 3 apical fusules.

Vulva.—as in fig. 12.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2-4mm. Totallength, 6-2 mm.

Gen. TricHotHysE, Tucker.

Trichothyse subtropica, n. sp.

2 99 (B 6143).. Kunene River.

This species is very near 7. hortensis, Tucker, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus.,

vol. xix, pt. 2, p. 332, fig. 53.

Colour.—Carapace brown, some fuscous hairs on the sides and

posteriorly, legs light brown, tarsi and metatarsi darker; abdomen

fuscous, covered with fine white ramose and black spiniform hairs ;

sternum and mouth-parts brown, coxae light brown.

Carapace equal in length to patella+tibia+ about $ metatarsus I,

and to tarsus-++ metatarsus- about 2 tibia IV.

Eyes.—Anterior medians about 4 their diameter apart and almost

touching the laterals; posterior medians about equal to posterior

laterals, about 1-14 times their diameter apart, a little less from the

laterals ; clypeus equal to the long diameter of an anterior lateral eye.

Chelicera.—As in generic description.

* Note.—In this paper when the margins of the chelicera are armed with 2 or

more teeth, the one nearest the fang is called, for purposes of discrimination, the

apical tooth, while that furthest from the fang is the basal tooth.

16 Annals of the South African Museum.

Legs.—Femora with 3 rows of spines above as follows :—I, 1, 3,0;

iE 2: 3, O; TIL, 2, 3,2; IV, 1, 3,1. Tibia TD -below, with iemnterc

apical, metatarsus with 2 basal spines. Tibia II below with 1 inner

apical, 1-O inner median, metatarsus with 2 basal spines. Legs

scopulated as in 7. hortensis.

Vulva.—As in fig. 15.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 4-4mm. Total length, 12 mm.

Gen. EcHEMus, Simon.

Echemus erutus, Tucker.

1 2 (B 6180). Oncka.

Gen. ZELOTES, Giste.

Zelotes demonaica, n. sp.

1 2 (B 6197). Ongandjera.

7 99 (B 5886). Mafa.

Colour.—Carapace, mandibles, sternum deep mahogany brown to

black, legs dark olivaceous, abdomen dark slate-grey above, lighter

below, opercula light brown.

Carapace.—Length equal to tibia, metatarsus+about 2 tarsus I,

and to tibia+2-? metatarsus IV, breadth equal to tibia+about 2

metatarsus I, and to metatarsus+ 3-3 tarsus IV.

Eyes (from above).—Anterior row straight to slightly procurved ;

posterior row straight to very slightly recurved; anterior medians -

about 14 diameters apart, smaller than their laterals and nearer to

them than to each other; posterior medians oblique, converging

anteriorly, smaller than their laterals and slightly nearer to them than

to each other; median quadrangle a very little broader than long ;

posterior laterals smaller than the anterior laterals and nearer to them

than are the posterior medians to the anterior medians.

Clypeus equal to or slightly more than the diameter of an anterior

lateral eye.

Chelicera very long, their inner margins oblique, superior border

with 3 large blunt teeth well below the apex and separated from

each other, the distal one the largest, the proximal the smallest ;

lower margin with a blunt tooth-like tubercle opposite the largest

tooth.

Mazillae long and broad, deeply incised above the middle;

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 17

labium almost rectangular, reaching the inner apices of the maxillae ;

depressed at the sides, forming a cone-shaped elevation in the middle ;

sternum not produced.

Legs.—Posterior legs only with large stout irregular spines, I and IT

with club-shaped scopular hairs mixed with spiniform hairs on their

tarsi and distal 4 of metatarsi, III and IV without scopular hairs,

but thicker spiniform hairs ; metatarsus IV with a fine brush of black

hairs fringing its distal inferior border.

Spinners.—Inferior spinners with 5-6 apical fusules.

Vulva.—As in fig. 9.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3°9 mm.; breadth, 3 mm.

Total length, 8-9 mm.

Zelotes ovambensis, n. sp.

1 2 (B 6634). Ongandjera.

Colour.—Carapace and sternum black to blackish brown ; tarsus I

and II brown, posterior surface of femur I light brown below, legs

otherwise blackish brown ; abdomen cinereous above with some black

patches, darker below, the whole clothed with fine black hairs.

Carapace equal to metatarsus+ 3 tarsus IV, and to patella-+ tibia I.

Eyes.—Seen from in front, both rows distinctly and equally pro-

curved, and about equal in width ; from above anterior row recurved ;

medians of both rows not much smaller than their laterals and nearer

to them than to each other, especially those of the posterior row ;

anterior medians situated on a small tubercle and diverging anteriorly,

about 1-14 times their diameter apart. Median quadrangle longer

than wide, and parallel or a little wider behind than in front. Clypeus

equal to or slightly less than the diameter of an anterior lateral eye.

Chelicera.—Superior margin with 4 teeth, inferior margin

muticous.

Legs.—Posterior legs irregularly spined.

Spinners.—Inferior spinners with 4 apical fusules.

Vulva.—As in fig. 4.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2°5mm. Total length, 6-2 mm.

Gen. DrapHractus, Purcell.

Diaphractus muticus, n. sp.

1 2 (B 6264). Ongandjera.

Colour.—Carapace light reddish brown, darker anteriorly, covered

with yellow racemose hairs, mandibles darker reddish brown, legs

VOL. XXV, PART 1. 2

18 Annals of the South African Museum.

yellow, extremities of anterior legs light reddish brown, sternum with

a marginal border of stout filamentous hairs, some racemose hairs in

the centre ; abdomen fuscous, darker above than below.

Carapace subequal to tibia+metatarsus IV, equal to patella+ tibia

-++a little more than + metatarsus I.

Chelicera.—As in D. leipoldti.

Eyes.—From above anterior row recurved, posterior row slightly

procurved; anterior medians $—3 their diameter apart, about 14

times the size of the laterals; posterior medians a little larger than

posterior laterals, a little more than their greatest diameter apart

and twice their diameter from the laterals ; median quadrangle a little

longer than wide and wider in front than behind, laterals on each side

the diameter of an anterior lateral apart ; clypeus equal to the short

diameter of an anterior lateral eye.

Legs.—Metatarsus I scopulate, tibia I with a few scopular hairs

on its inner inferior apex, both muticous ; metatarsus II below with

1 basal inner spine, tibia II below with an apical pair of spines.

Vulva.—As in fig. 13.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-4 mm.; abdomen, 4:2 mm.

This species closely resembles D. assimilis, Tullgren, but differs in

the disposition of the eyes and in having the second tibia spined.

Gen. XEROPHAEUS, Purcell.

Xerophaeus aridus, Purcell.

1 2 (B 6291). Namutoni.

Colour.—Carapace and legs yellow; sternum light brown with a

darkened border, yellowish hairs in the centre and dark fuscous ones

along the margins: abdomen dirty white to grey with some stout

black hairs.

Carapace equal in length to a little more than tibia+patella IT,

subequal to tibia+metatarsus I.

Eyes large, especially the anterior medians; anterior row pro-

curved, the medians a little more than their radius apart, and much

nearer to their laterals, than which they are about 14 times larger ;

posterior row more strongly procurved than the anterior row, medians

oblong, subangular, diverging anteriorly and close together at their

bases ; they are considerably larger than the laterals and less than a

long diameter from them; laterals on each side the diameter of a

posterior lateral apart; clypeus equal to the long diameter of an

anterior lateral eye.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 19

Chelicera.—Inner margins oblique, superior border with 3 medium-

sized teeth, the middle one the largest; inferior border with a

denticle opposite the middle tooth.

Mazxillae fairly short and stout, broader apically than basally,

their outer margins with a regular curve; labium not much longer

than broad, not reaching the inner apices of the maxillae.

Legs.—All tarsi and metatarsi scopulate except metatarsus IV ;

tibiae I and II below with 1 inner median and an apical pair of spines,

metatarsi I and II with a basal pair of spines.

Vulva.—As in fig. 14.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 4:1 mm.; breadth, 2-9 mm.

Total length, 11-1 mm.

Gen. THEUMA, Simon.

Theuma longipes, n. sp.

1 3 (B 6170). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace dark brown edged with black; fovea distinct,

anteriorly to it a faint darkened line reaching the eyes; femora and

patellae of legs olive-brown, remaining segments and sternum brown

abdomen dark olivaceous above, lighter below.

Carapace.—Length subequal to metatarsus I.

Eyes.—¥From above both rows slightly recurved, anterior medians

about a radius apart and less from the laterals which are a little larger ;

posterior medians the largest of the eyes, oblong, pearly white, diverg-

ing anteriorly, less than a short radius apart at their bases and about

a long diameter from their laterals; posterior laterals smaller than

the anterior laterals and further from them than are the posterior

medians from anterior medians ; median quadrangle slightly longer

than wide, and wider behind than in front; clypeus equal to the

diameter of an anterior lateral eye.

Chelicera provided near the base of the fang with two long, plumose

hairs curved inwardly in a semi-circle; the longer of the two stout,

covered with fine filaments and much longer than the fang, the other

is similar but considerably shorter. Superior margin with 4 medium-

sized teeth, inferior border with 3 small indistinct granules.

Legs.—Anterior ones very long, the first leg (including coxa) about

5 times the length of carapace, metatarsus I below with a double row

of small spines, a large submedian and subapical spine, metatarsus II

similar but with smaller spines.

20 } Annals of the South African Museum.

Pedipalp.—tTibia 14-2 the length of patella; tarsus and bulb as

in fig. 59.

Measurements.—Length of carapace 2:7 mm.; first leg, 13:3 mm.

Total length, including spinners, 6:4 mm.

Theuma ovambica, un. sp.

1 2 (B 6639). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace yellow with a patch of greyish hairs between

the fovea and the posterior margin, legs and sternum yellow, abdomen

above light yellow, clothed with flattened grey-green hairs, dirty white

below.

Carapace equal in length to patella+? tibia IV, equal to tibia

+about $ metatarsus I.

Eyes.—Anterior row from above slightly recurved, medians 3-2

their diameter apart, laterals about 1} times the size of the medians ;

posterior row from above slightly recurved, the medians slightly

oblong, about a short diameter apart, subequal to their laterals and

about 1} times their long diameter from them; posterior laterals

smaller than anterior laterals and further from them than are the

posterior medians from the anterior medians; median quadrangle

as long as wide, and wider behind than in front ; clypeus equal to the

long diameter of an anterior lateral eye.

Chelicera.—Superior margin with 4 teeth, the basal one the smallest ;

inferior margin with 3 small teeth.

Legs IV, I, 111, 11; tibia I below with 4 inner and 3 outer spines,

metatarsus I with | basal pair, its distal 3 with club-shaped scopular

hairs, tarsus thickly scopulate ; tibia II as in I with 3 lateral pairs

of spines in addition, metatarsus II with a lateral pair of spines in

addition to inferior pair and sparsely covered with club-shaped hairs,

tarsus scopulate. Legs III and IV with more numerous and stronger

spines, metatarsi with none, tarsi with a few scopular hairs.

Vulva undeveloped.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-4 mm.; fourth leg, 10°8 mm.

Total length, 7-8 mm.

Theuma andonea, un. sp.

1 Q juvenile (B 5929). Andoni.

Colour.—Carapace, legs, and sternum yellow, abdomen cinereous

above, a little lighter below.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 21

Carapace.—Length equal to metatarsus+ 3-2 tarsus IV, and to a

little more than patella+ tibia IT.

Eyes.—Anterior row slightly recurved; medians about a radius

apart and much less from their laterals; posterior row recurved,

medians round, white, a little more than a radius apart and about a

diameter from the posterior laterals; the latter further from the an-

terior laterals than are the posterior medians from the anterior medians ;

median quadrangle as long as wide, and wider behind than in front ;

clypeus equal to or a little less than diameter of an anterior lateral

eye.

Chelicera.—Superior margin with 5 distinct teeth, inferior margin

with 4.

Legs.—Tibiae I and II with 3 pairs of spines below, II with a lateral

pair in addition, metatarsi with 1 basal pair, both metatarsi with

scopular hairs more dense on I| than II, tarsi scopulate ; no scopular

hairs on metatarsus IV, those on the tarsus sparse except at the apex.

Third leg missing.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2°6 mm. Total length, 6-8 mm.

Theuma recta, n. sp.

1 2 (B 6640). Namutoni.

Colour.—Carapace light yellow with some blackish pubescence

between the fovea and posterior margin, sternum and legs light yellow,

abdomen above dirty yellow covered with greenish-grey pubescence

and some darker patches anteriorly.

Carapace slightly exceeding patella+tibia II, equal to meta-

tarsus+ about 2 tarsus IV.

Eyes.—From above anterior row straight, medians about a radius

apart and distinctly smaller than their laterals ; posterior row straight,

medians round, their diameter apart and distant 14 times their dia-

meter from the laterals which they exceed ; laterals about the diameter

of an anterior lateral eye from the latter and much further from them

than are the posterior medians from the anterior medians; median

quadrangle considerably wider than long, and wider behind than

in front; clypeus a little more than the diameter of an anterior

lateral eye.

Chelicera.—Superior border with 4 moderate teeth, the basal one

much smaller than the remainder which are equal in size. Inferior

border with 4 small equally spaced teeth.

Legs.—Tibia I with 3 inferior pairs of spines and 1 basal anterior

22 Annals of the South African Museum.

spine ; metatarsus I with 2 inferior basal pairs ; tibia II with 3 inferior

pairs, 1 inferior apical spine and 3 anterior spines, metatarsus II

similar to I; tarsi with a double row of club-shaped scopular hairs

in I and II, replaced by some sparse bristles in III and IV.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 33mm. Totallength, 7-4 mm.

Famity PALPIMANIDAK.

Gen. DIAPHOROCELLUS, Simon.

Diaphorocellus biplagiata, Simon.

1 subadult g¢ (B 5910). Sandup.

This specimen agrees with Simon’s description, except that the

shape of the posterior median eyes is roughly quadrangular rather than

triquetrous.

Diaphorocellus albooculatus, n. sp.

3 subadult g¢ (B 6641). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace, sternum, and mouth-parts bright red, fovea

darkened ; first pair of legs bright orange, coxae and bases of femora

reddish below, remaining legs yellow; abdomen blackish purple

above, a small whitish spot above the spinners, a large elongate ill-

defined patch anteriorly, dirty white below.

Eyes.—Anterior row from above recurved, medians large, white,

a radius or a little less apart, a little further from the laterals ; posterior

row procurved, medians pearly white, pear-shaped, subcontiguous,

less than 1$ long diameters from the laterals; laterals on each side

contiguous, the posterior ones considerably smaller than the anterior

ones.

Legs.—Tibia I a little shorter than patella I, metatarsus I shorter

than tarsus I but broader; club-shaped scopular hairs on distal > of

femur I thinning off towards the base, on whole of metatarsus I and

proximal half of tarsus 1; metatarsus II with a thick brush of black

hairs on its distal $, similar but sparser hairs on whole of tarsus II ;

metatarsus III with brush on its distal 2, tarsus III similar to

tarsus II.

Epigastric scutum.—As in fig. 54. This differs markedly from that

of D. biplagiata, Simon.

Measurements—Length of carapace, 3:3 mm. Total length,

8 mm.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 23

Gen. Patprmanus, Dufour.

Palpimanus aureus, 0. sp.

1 subadult ¢ (B 6304). Mafa.

Colour.—Carapace, sternum, and mouth-parts red, anterior pair of

legs orange, remaining legs yellow; abdomen dull golden, thickly

covered with fine black hairs.

Eyes.—Anterior row strongly procurved, medians large, golden, a

radius or a little more apart, a little less from the laterals ; posterior

row from above slightly recurved, medians oblong, white, resembling

those of Diaphorocellus, less than a short diameter apart and 14-2 long

diameters from the laterals; median quadrangle much longer than

wide, and wider in front than behind ; clypeus more than the diameter

of an anterior lateral eye.

Legs.—Tibia I seen from below longer, from above shorter, than

patella I and provided with club-shaped scopular hairs thinning off

towards the base; metatarsus and median 4 of tarsus I with club-

shaped scopular hairs; metatarsi of remaining legs with an apical

brush of black hairs below.

Epigastric scutum.—As in fig. 53.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2°5 mm. Total length, 6°3 mm.

Palpimanus sprculosus, n. sp.

1 juvenile 2 (B 6293). Namutoni.

Colour.—Carapace light red with large scattered granules, those

near the margin appearing as sharp spicules, interspaces thickly

covered with smaller granules ; middle of carapace anteriorly clothed

with white hairs, a deeply infuscated patch surrounding the anterior

median eyes; posterior lateral eyes with a small infuscated patch

on their inner sides; abdomen flesh-coloured with long black hairs,

except for a small anterior patch and a larger one above the spinners,

which are clothed with stout white hairs.

Eyes.—Anterior row procurved, medians black, a little more than

half their radius apart, a very little more from the laterals ; posterior

row recurved, the medians white, triquetrous, more than a diameter

apart and 14 diameters from the laterals ; median quadrangle a little

longer than wide, a little wider in front than behind; clypeus more

than the diameter of an anterior lateral eye.

Legs.—As in P. aureus.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 1-4mm. Totallength, 3°6 mm.

24 Annals of the South African Museum.

Famity ZODARIIDAE.

Gen. CAPHAERIS, Simon.

Caphaeris oncka, n. sp.

4 99,2 $3 (B 5903). Oncka.

1 3 (B 6296). Uwuthija.

2 Colour.—Carapace deep red, coriaceous, thinly covered especially

in the median line with fine white hairs, amongst which are some

stouter fuscous ones ; femora dark mahogany brown with some white

hairs, remaining segments reddish brown, clothed with black hairs,

some white hairs intermixed with the black ones, especially superiorly

on patellae and apices of tibiae; sternum reddish, darkened at the

margins and in the centre. Abdomen above thickly covered with

black hairs with some scattered yellow and white ones, anterior apex

with a horseshoe-shaped marking of yellowish hairs, behind it two

rows of brown spots converging slightly posteriorly and enclosing

in their posterior } a leaf-shaped marking of 4 divisions, the last the

smallest ; below two rows of brownish spots on each side converging

slightly posteriorly.

Carapace.—Length equal to tibia+about # metatarsus IV, and to

tibia++metatarsus I; breadth slightly exceeding metatarsus IV.

Hyes.—Anterior laterals not quite touching, anterior medians a

little less than their own radius apart ; posterior medians more than

their radius apart, about 14 times the diameter of a posterior lateral

from the latter ; the centres of an anterior median, a posterior median,

and a posterior lateral on the same side form slightly more than a

right angle.

Legs.—Posterior legs stouter and more strongly spined than anterior

ones ; all metatarsi with apical scopulae of stiff black hairs, strongest

in III, weakest in I; tarsus IV below with an apical pair and double

row of 4 spines, in addition 5 anterior and 3 posterior spines.

Vulva.—as in fig. 16.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 5-7 mm. Total length, 13 mm.

S$ Colour.—Carapace coarsely granular, fovea distinct, legs as in 9,

abdomen above sooty black, a median lanceolate stripe of stout

yellow hairs tapering from anterior apex to just above spinners.

Eyes.—As in 9, except that the posterior laterals are a little closer

to the posterior medians.

Palp.—As in fig. 60.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 25

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 5-4 mm. Total length,

10°6 mm.

Caphaeris kunenensis, n. sp.

2 29 (B 6167). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace black, coriaceous, with some scattered yellowish

hairs ; femora of legs black, remaining segments dark brown, pubes-

cence as in C. oncka but thinner; abdomen black, finely striated,

thinly covered with mixed black and yellow hairs, markings as in

C. oncka, but the double row of brown spots above almost indiscernible.

Carapace equal in length to metatarsus+tarsus IV, subequal to

patella_tibia+ metatarsus IT.

Eyes.—As in C. oncka.

Legs much more slender than in C. oncka, especially the anterior

ones, anterior tarsi relatively longer than in the latter.

Vulva.—As in fig. 17.

Measurements.—Length of carapace,5 mm. Total length, 12-4 mm.

This species differs from the preceding one in the pubescence of

the abdomen and legs, in the slenderness of the legs, and in the shape

and size of the vulva. Hitherto four species of this genus have been

described: C. crassimana, C. haematilis, and C. decorata, all by E. Simon,

and C. transvaalicus by Hewitt; the last-named species, however,

from the Waterberg district, Transvaal, is probably synonymous

with C. decorata from the adjacent district of the Zoutpansberg, judging

from Simon’s description of the latter species in Rev. Suisse de Zool.,

vol. xii, p. 66.

Gen. Diorzs, Simon.

Diores triangulifer, Simon.

4 2° (B 6244), (B 6273). Namakunde.

1 2 (B 5880). Namutoni.

Colour.—Carapace light reddish brown, yellow at the edges, ocular

area, excluding the posterior median eyes, black; legs reddish, sternum

and coxae yellow. Abdomen dark slate-grey above with a median

dorsal marking on its posterior 3, composed of 4-5 small wedge-shaped

whitish spots ending in a large cream-coloured patch above the

spinners ; colulus black; under surface and lower sides of abdomen

dirty white, distinctly demarcated from the upper surface.

Eyes.—Anterior medians comparatively large, a radius or a little

less apart ; posterior medians about 2 their own diameter apart and

1} times their diameter from posterior laterals; the two laterals on

26 Annals of the South African Museum.

the same side less than the diameter of a posterior lateral apart, the

anterior eye distinctly the larger.

Labium slightly longer than broad, reaching 3-? the length of

the maxillae, infuscated laterally at its base.

Legs.—Patellae with short stout spines above as follows :—I, 0;

II, anterior row of 3-5, posterior row of 0-1; III similarly 4-7 and

3; IV, 4-5 and 4-5. Tibiae I and II each with a pair of basal, median

and apical longer spines below.

Vulva.—As in fig. 10.

The female from Namutoni differs slightly from the rest in having

the median dorsal stripe composed of small transverse bars instead

of wedge-shaped markings.

Measurement.—Total length, 5-6 mm.

Famity AMMOXENIDAE.

Gen. AMMOXENUS, Simon.

Ammoxenus fallopius, n. sp.

6 9° (B 6280). Nomtele.

2 99 (B 6230). Ongandjera.

2 $3 (B 5919). Sandup.

2 Colouwr.—Carapace olivaceous, except ocular area which is black,

a broad median stripe of snow-white hairs from behind the eyes not

quite reaching the posterior margin; a few similar hairs on ocular

area, especially between the anterior lateral eyes; abdomen deep.

velvety black above, a median lanceolate stripe of snow-white hairs

bordered with some fiery-red ones tapering from anterior apex towards

a white diamond-shaped patch above the spinners ; sides and ventral

surface white ; coxae clothed with white hairs above; legs brown,

distal segments olivaceous, dorsal surfaces with mixed black and white

hairs.

Hyes.—Anterior row strongly procurved, medians less than a

diameter apart and about half as far from the laterals, than which

they are smaller; posterior row lightly procurved, medians oblong,

slightly oblique, more than a long diameter apart, and less than a

short diameter from the laterals, than which they are much smaller ;

median quadrangle parallel or a little wider in front, longer than wide.

Chelicera from above, tapering towards the apices which are

truncate and provided with 2 stout teeth, the inner one the larger.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 27

Sternum with mixed white and fuscous hairs, the former plumose

at their bases, the latter stout basally, finely tapering.

Legs spined, all tarsi below with a double row of spiniform hairs.

Vulva.—As in fig. 18.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2°6mm. Total length, 5-5 mm.

3 Colour.—Carapace dark brown clothed with mixed fiery-red and

black hairs, the latter predominating towards the margin; median

band white; abdomen above with fiery-red hairs, a short median

white patch in the middle, a second white patch above the spinners.

Eyes.—As in 9, except that the posterior medians are larger.

Sternum.—As in 2, but the white hairs less numerous.

Palp undeveloped, the tarsus spined above.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2 mm. Total length, 4 mm.

In one 9 specimen the black hairs on the dorsal surface of abdomen

are largely replaced by fiery-red ones in the neighbourhood of the

median lanceolate stripe.

Famity ARGIOPIDAE.

Gen. TETRAGNATHA, Latr.

Tetragnatha praedator, Tullgr.

4 33, 2 22 (B 6162), from the Kunene River.

Tetragnatha nitens, Aud.

4 99 (B 5875). Namutoni.

5 $3, 1 2 (B 5876). Namutoni.

3$ Colour.—Cephalothorax with fovea consisting of two deep oval

pits lying in a depression with an anteriorly recurved margin, cephalic

portion defined by lines of silvery-white hairs, ocular area with similar

hairs, denser on the median ocular area ; abdomen cinereous, thickly

covered with dirty-white hairs ; legs reddish brown, mandibles lighter.

Chelicera.—As in fig. 77, about as long as or but little longer than

cephalothorax.

Eyes.—Anterior row distinctly recurved, medians considerably

‘larger than laterals, less than their own diameter apart and much

further from the laterals ; posterior row a little narrower than anterior

row, less recurved, the medians larger than the laterals and further

from them than from each other; median quadrangle about as long

as posteriorly wide, a little wider behind than in front ; clypeus more

than the diameter of an anterior median eye.

28 Annals of the South African Museum.

Legs I, II, IV, 111; I much longer and stouter than the rest; II

distinctly longer than IV. Femur I a little longer than length of

body (abdomen-+cephalothorax) with 6 large interior spines, and

below them a sub-basal row of 3 small spines.

Pedipalp.—As in fig. 61. Left palp viewed laterally. Tarsus a

little longer than tibia, the latter about + longer than patella.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 4°5 iam.; abdomen, 8-3 mm.

Total length, 12-7 mm.

2 Colour.—Cephalothorax with infuscated border, margins of

cephalic area infuscated, the margins uniting at the fovea and con-

tinued to posterior border as a broad median infuscated band ;

abdomen above with four longitudinal infuscated stripes, the outer

broader than the inner ones; below with a blackish median band,

the sides lighter; femora with an apical infuscated band, patellae

with apical ring, tibiae with an indistinct median and distinct apical

broad infuscated band, metatarsi with basal, submedian, and apical

bands, tarsi with distal halves infuscated.

Chelicera.—Inferior margin with a large apical tooth, its axis

parallel with the longitudinal axis of mandible, a much smaller one

below it, then a space followed by 10-11 teeth, their interspaces and

size growing successively less; superior margin with 2 moderate

apical teeth, the second larger than the first, then a considerable space

followed by 9-10 teeth larger than those of the inferior margin, their

interspaces and size successively decreasing, the last one granular.

Eyes.—As in 6.

Legs I, II, IV, I11; I longer and stouter than the rest; femur I

with 5 large interior spines, below them a sub-basal row of 5-6 small

spines.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-4 mm.; abdomen, 8°6 mm.

Total length, 11 mm.

As I have been unable to see any literature dealing with Audouin’s

species, I have had to base my diagnosis on a specimen in the Museum’s

collection identified by Dr. Purcell. I have redescribed the species

in the event of it being new or the diagnosis being incorrect.

Tetragnatha andonea, n. sp.

3 36, 3 22 (B 5926). Andoni.

This species comes under Simon’s group E, Hist. Nat. des Araign,

vol. i, p. 724.

3 Colour.—Cephalothorax yellow, eyes surrounded with black,

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 29

median quadrangle clothed with white hairs, fovea large, rounded,

with strongly recurved anterior border and distinct radiations ;

cephalic area distinctly defined ; abdomen above reticulate, fulvous,

a narrow median luteous band in anterior half with some small trans-

verse and posteriorly oblique radiations from it, below darker fulvous,

not reticulate.

Chelicera.—As in fig. 76.

Eyes (from above).—Anterior row slightly recurved, much wider

than posterior row, medians about their diameter apart and much

further from the laterals, which are 3 times smaller than them ;

posterior row more recurved than anterior row, medians smaller than

anterior medians, twice their own diameter apart and about the same

distance from the laterals; median quadrangle about as long as

posteriorly wide, wider behind than in front; clypeus about equal

to diameter of an anterior median eye.

eqs elie NV. til: ;

Pedipalp.—As in fig. 62. Patella subequal to tibia, patella+tibia

about equal to or slightly less than tarsus, tarsus+tibia+ patella

longer than femur.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-1 mm.; abdomen, 5:6 mm.

Total length, 7-7 mm.

2 Colour.—Cephalothorax yellow, fovea consisting of two crescentic

pits, cephalic portion defined by lines of silvery-white hairs, ocular

area with similar hairs denser on the median ocular area, a median

line of similar hairs from fovea to between posterior median eyes ;

thoracic portion with faint foveal radiations and thin lines of silvery-

white hairs; abdomen above reticulate, fulvous, with narrow, ill-

defined median luteous stripe, posteriorly oblique radiations more

distinct.

Eyes.—As in 4, clypeus more than diameter of anterior median

eye:

Chelicera much shorter than in 3g, fangs normal, inferior margin

with a moderate apical tooth near base of fang, then a space followed

by a large tooth (about twice the size of apical one), then 4 teeth at

short regular intervals growing successively smaller, the last con-

siderably smaller than the penultimate one; superior margin with

a small apical tooth (smaller and further from the base of the fang

than that of the inferior margin), then a considerable space (larger

than that of the inferior margin) followed by 5 teeth (the first much

larger than the apical tooth) growing successively smaller, the last 2

considerably smaller than the preceding one.

30. Annals of the South African Museum.

Legs 1, 11, 1V, 111; II very little longer than IV, with femur, patella

+tibia, and metatarsus+tarsus about equal in length. Femur with

3 interior spines in distal $.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2-8 mm.; abdomen, 7:6 mm.

Total length, 9-8 mm.

Gen. Nepuia, Leach.

Nephila senegalensis, subsp. annulata, Thorell.

1 2 (B 6134). Kunene River.

Gen. ARANEUS, Clerck.

Araneus morelii, Vinson.

2 (B 5924). Andoni.

(B 5878). Namutoni.

5923). Andoni.

3 (B 5931). Andoni.

Araneus eresifrons, Pocock.

5 2° (B 5934). Kunene River.

These specimens agree closely with Pocock’s description and drawing

of the vulva, P.Z.S., 1898, pl. xl, figs. 3a, 36. The anterior row of

eyes is, however, not procurved, but straight, or very slightly re-

curved. They also resemble A. cereola, Simon, of which a drawing |

is not given, and A. cereolella, Strand. The colour of the dorsal

surface of the abdomen is in nature a vivid light green, which in

spirit soon becomes an ivory white.

Famity THERIDIIDAE.

Gen. Lactropectus, Thorell.

Lactrodectus incertus, 0. sp.

1 2 (B 6236). Ongandjera.

2 29 (B 5883). Namutoni.

Colour.—Cephalothorax brown with some narrow darker foveal

radiations and stripes, abdomen marked as in fig. 78, the lighter

stripes red, the rest light brown, below light brown with a lighter

quadrilateral marking between the vulva and spinners.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 31

Eyes.—Anterior row from above recurved, from in front slightly

procurved, medians slightly smaller than the laterals, their diameter

or a very little more apart and distinctly further from the laterals ;

posterior row recurved, medians less than their diameter apart and

further from the laterals, than which they are a little larger ; laterals

on each side further than the diameter of an anterior lateral eye from

each other ; posterior medians larger than anterior medians ; median

quadrangle wider behind than in front, its length more than its

posterior width ; clypeus about the length of the median quadrangle.

Length of carapace equal to metatarsus--tarsus ITI, a little less than

2 metatarsus I.

Legs I, IV, Il, IIL; metatarsus I equal to metatarsus+about 4

tarsus IV.

Vulva.—s in fig. 19.

Measurements.—Length of carapace 3-8 mm.; length of abdomen

about 6-3 mm.

This species resembles L. hystrix, Simon, in having the abdomen

clothed with small spines (fig. 79), but differs in the disposition of the

eyes ; owing to the absence of literature in South Africa, I have been

unable to see descriptions of several species; I have therefore pro-

visionally described this species as new.

Famity THOMISIDAE.

Gen. StrpHROPUS, Gerst.

Stiphropus scutatus, n. sp.

1 $(B 6312). Namakunde.

1 $(B 6157). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace (except the bases of the anterior lateral eyes

which are fiery red) and mandibles black, coarsely granular, sternum

reddish brown; abdomen covered dorsally with a cuirass of minute

rounded tubercles, a pair of indistinctly demarcated rounded de-

pressions just behind the middle line ; ventral surface corrugated.

Eyes.—Anterior row recurved, medians about 2 their diameter

apart ; laterals much larger than the medians and a little less than

3 median diameters from the latter; posterior row more strongly

recurved than the anterior row, medians smaller than the anterior

medians, considerably smaller than the laterals and nearer to each

other than to them; median quadrangle about $ wider than long,

wider behind than in front ; clypeus equal to a little more than the

32 Annals of the South African Museum.

diameter of an anterior median, less than the diameter of an anterior

lateral eye.

Legs short and stout ; tarsus and metatarsus of II together

longer than those of I; metatarsus I not much shorter than tarsus I;

tibia I equal to metatarsus+-about = tarsus 1; tibia III subequal to

metatarsus-+ tarsus III.

Palp.—As in fig. 63, seen from an infero-exterior direction.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2mm. Total length, 4-2 mm.

Gen. PARAMYSTARIA, Lessert.

Paramystaria lata, n. sp.

4 99 (B 6199). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace red to blackish brown, a light triangular patch

between the anterior median eyes, mandibles infuscated apically,

sternum red to blackish brown, coxae and legs light orange, femora

reddish, tibiae and distal segments with an infuscated dorsal stripe,

except on third tarsus, patellae with or without a similar stripe or with

a basal infuscated band; abdomen marked dorsally either as in P.

variabilis, Lessert, Rev. Suisse de Zool., 1919, vol. xxvii, Nos. 5 and 6,

pl. ii, fig. 42, or with a narrow dark median stripe with a broad irregular

dark patch at each side, which is longitudinally produced infero-

laterally ; on the anterior half an oval red spot followed by a trapezium

(broader behind then in front) of 4 smaller round spots, the posterior

larger than the anterior pair ; abdomen cream below.

Eyes.—Anterior row a little more strongly recurved than the

posterior row (a line touching the superior borders of the medians’

passes just below the laterals) ; medians 3 times their diameter apart

and 14 times as far from the laterals as from each other ; posterior

medians distinctly smaller than anterior medians, ,7 times their own

diameter apart and about 3 that distance from the laterals; median

quadrangle considerably wider than long; laterals on each side dis-

tant from each other 14 times the diameter of an anterior lateral

eye; clypeus equal to 3 times the diameter of an anterior median

eye.

" Chelicera.—As in generic description (loc. cit., p. 102).

Legs.—Femur I with 2 anterior apical spines; II and III with 1

superior median spine each. Tibia I with 1 median superior and 2

inferior apical spines.

Abdomen rounded, broader than long.

Vulva.—As in fig. 20.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 33

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 1-6 mm.; length of abdomen,

2:3 mm.; breadth, 3-1mm. Total length, 4-3 mm.

This species closely resembles P. variabilis, Lessert, in the flask-

shaped form of the vulva and in the colouring ; it differs from it in

the disposition of the eyes.

Gen. Monossess, Thorell.

Monoeses quadrituberculatus, n. sp.

1 g, 1 2 (B 6203). Oncka.

1g (B 6255). Ongandjera.

1 2 (B 5898). Mafa.

2 Colour.—Carapace yellow, except tubercles of eyes and edge of

clypeus which are white, and some irregular brown lateral markings

not reaching the margin, except anteriorly at the lateral angles of

the clypeus ; mandibles yellow, tipped with white, their inner margins

provided with spiniform hairs ; legs yellow; abdomen above mottled

white, a double row of spines on its anterior half, remainder with

numerous spines; ventral surface with a narrow grey median band

from epigastric area to spinners, a lateral band of distinct grey spots

on each side. 4

Carapace.—Length subequal to metatarsus I, and also to tibia II.

Hyes.—Anterior tow straight, equally spaced by about 4 median

diameters ; posterior row very slightly recurved, medians smaller

than laterals and nearer to them than to each other ; ‘median quad-

rangle considerably ‘wider behind than long, its length equal to its

anterior width.

Legs.—Anterior metatarsi with 5-5 inferior and 1-1 median lateral

spines ; anterior tibiae with 5-5(6) inferior and 3-3 lateral spines ;

claw of tarsus I with 14 small teeth.

Abdomen.—Anterior dorsal margiw with 3 curved, inwardly directed

spines on each side; below anteriorly to the spinners, except the

ventral median band, longitudinally striated, posteriorly to the spinners

transversely creased and tapering ; distance from spinners to posterior

apex about equal to distance from anterior apex to spinners (excluding

spinners themselves).

Vulva.—s in fig. 21.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2°77 mm. Total length,

10-4 mm.

§ Colour.—Brown lateral markings in the @ replaced by blackish

ones posteriorly; abdomen dorsally with a blackish patch on each

VOL. XXV, PART 1. 3

34 Annals of the South African Museum.

side of the anterior margin, followed more posteriorly by another

smaller pair; spines far less numerous than in the 9, abdomen not

tapering posteriorly to the spinners, but ending abruptly in a blunt

projection above the spinners on which are situated 4 small tubercles

each surmounted with a spine.

Pedipalp.—as in fig. 64.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2 mm. Total length, 5-2 mm.

Gen. TmMarus, Simon.

Tmarus crucifer, v. sp.

l immature 9(B 6151). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace fuscous, mottled, two oblique ill-defined white

lateral stripes extending from the level of the fovea to a transverse

white stripe behind the posterior median eyes ; a white median stripe

from the fovea passing through the transverse stripe ending behind

the anterior median eyes ; on each side a dark fuscous stripe passing

obliquely between the posterior median and lateral eyes intersecting

between the anterior median eyes, forming an angle of about 100°,

and continued as a less distinct stripe to just before the edge of the

clypeus. ‘Two spines on each side of the fovea directed inwardly ;

two long paired spines in the middle of each lateral stripe, the larger

of which is prone and directed forwards; a similar spine at the

junction of the transverse and median stripes; two short spines

behind the anterior median eyes; clypeus with 4 inwardly directed

spines along the margin, a 5th in the median line a little below the

middle of the clypeus directed backwards between the anterior median

eyes.

Abdomen above mottled white with a pair of sinuous grey stripes

converging posteriorly, a double row of paired spines on each side

down its entire length; some blackish streaks at the sides, ventral

surface dirty white with a broad median fuscous band in its entire

length.

Eyes.—Anterior row slightly recurved, medians a little closer to

each other than to the laterals; posterior row recurved, medians a

little closer to each other than to the laterals, and larger than the

anterior medians, laterals smaller than the anterior laterals; median

quadrangle wider than long and considerably wider behind than in

front ; clypeus equal to about twice the diameter of an anterior

lateral eye.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 35

Legs.—All femora spotted, the anterior much more than the

posterior ones.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 1:55 mm. ‘Total length,

4-7 mm.

This species can be recognised by the distinct cross formed by the

intersection of the two fuscous stripes on the carapace.

Gen. PHERECYDES, Cambr.

Pherecydes zebra, u. sp.

1 2 (B 5899). Ongandjera.

Colour.—Carapace chocolate-brown, a narrow white marginal band

posteriorly, a median horseshoe-shaped yellow marking posteriorly,

the arms extending to the posterior eye tubercles and enclosing a

yellowish area marked with symmetrical brown spots ; a white patch

between the median eyes and on the front of the clypeus ; posterior

and anterior median eyes on each side situated on an ill-defined out-

wardly curved ( () ) brown stripe ; lateral tubercles grey. The whole

thickly covered with small spines, some fewer larger spines; 4 large

spines on the transverse portion of horseshoe marking.

Sternum black, coxae white, legs deep brown banded with white

below or mottled grey above ; tarsus of palp white. Abdomen above

mottled grey, a lighter median dumbbell-shaped area ending in a point

above the spinners ; sides black, ventral surface with a broad black

median band, a narrower white stripe on each side.

Carapace raised abruptly and almost vertically posteriorly, then

almost horizontal as far as the anterior lateral eyes.

Eyes.—Anterior row a little more recurved than posterior row,

median eyes a very little larger than posterior medians. Posterior

tubercle facing postero-laterally much larger than anterior tubercle

facing antero-laterally ; posterior laterals smaller than anterior

lateral eyes; median quadrangle considerably wider than long, a

little wider behind than in front. Clypeus concave, sloping, a little

less than the distance between the anterior median eyes.

Legs.—Tibia I with 3 inferior, metatarsus with 5 anterior, 1 inferior,

spines; tibia II with 1-2 inferior, metatarsus with 3 anterior, 1

inferior, spines. Abdomen bluntly polygonal, a little longer than

wide, a small sharp tubercle above the spinners.

Vulva.—As in fig. 22.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 25 mm. Total length, 6-1

mm.

36 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gen. THomisus, Walck.

Thomisus caffer, Simon.

12 (B 6139). Kunene River.

The colouring and form of the vulva agree with Lessert’s description

and figure, Rev. Suisse de Zool., 1923, vol. 30, p. 171, fig. 16. The

height of the clypeus is a little more than the distance between the

anterior median eyes.

Gen. RuncrInia, Simon.

Runcinia cataracta, n. sp.

2 99 (B 6149). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace yellow, except a narrow white margin, two lateral

light brown bands not bordering the margins, and a narrow white

stripe reaching from the posterior eyes to a posterior transverse

strongly recurved white stripe; legs yellow, anterior ones with a

narrow dorsal white stripe from coxa to end of tibia; abdomen

above white, with an indistinct fuscous median band and lateral

fuscous bands; a pair of short black longitudinal bars about the

middle, 2 pairs of transverse slightly curved black bars a little in

front of the spinners, the posterior a little longer than the anterior

pair ; ventral surface uniform white.

Eyes.—Anterior row recurved, medians about 3 times their diameter -

apart, equally or a little more distant from the laterals; posterior

row less recurved than the anterior row, the medians a little further

from each other than from the laterals and smaller than the anterior

medians ; posterior medians about 1} diameters from the carinate

dorsal margin of carapace; the blunt tubercle between the lateral

eyes provided with 3 spines. Anterior margin of clypeus with a

curved row of 7 spines, a stouter spine at the lateral angles of the

clypeus.

Legs.—Aunterior tibiae with 3-3 or 4-4, metatarsi with 5-5 or 6-6

inferior spines. Femur I anteriorly with 3 weak widely separated

spines in its proximal half.

Vulva.—As in fig. 23.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2:1 mm. Total length, 6-4

mm.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 37

Gen. Xysticus, C. Koch.

Xysticus sagittefer, n. sp.

1 2 (B 6274). Namakunde.

Colour.—Carapace marbled brown and yellow, with a narrow brown

margin except posteriorly ; a dark brown spot behind the posterior

lateral eyes; cephalic portion defined by two dark brown lines

converging posteriorly and enclosing in its posterior apex a whitish

arrow-head marking, the barbs directed obliquely antero-laterally ; the

shaft of the arrow formed by two median dark brown lines diverging

between the posterior median eyes, parallel posteriorly, reaching to

about 2 of the arrow-head marking; clypeus yellow, mandibles

yellowish brown with a lateral brown basal stripe. Anterior legs

above brown, tarsi and metatarsi yellowish brown; below femora

and patellae yellowish with some brown spots, remaining segments

as on dorsal surface, except tibiae which are mottled with a yellowish

proximal stripe diminishing distally ; posterior legs white, apices of

femora above, patellae above, tibiae laterally, with brown markings.

Abdomen without markings, except some mixed white and blackish

spots antero-laterally on the dorsum, and similar ones ventrally below

the epigastric fold. The blackish spots on dorsal surface each provided

with a spine in its centre which is a little longer and stouter than the

surrounding spines which cover the whole dorsal area.

Eyes.—Median quadrangle considerably wider than long, a little

narrower in front than behind. Clypeus about 24 times the diameter

of an anterior lateral eye.

Legs.—Anterior metatarsi with 4-4 inferior, 1-1 superior and apical,

2-2 or 3-3 lateral spines ; anterior tibiae with 4-4 inferior spines.

Vulva.—As in fig. 24. The shape is indistinct and below the area

figured is very ill-defined, but seems to be transversely corrugated.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-4 mm. Total length, 7-4

mm.

Gen. PHtLopRomus, Walck.

Philodromus otjimbumbe, n. sp.

1 2 (B 6359). Otjimbumbe, Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace light yellow, with foveal radiations and margin

white, legs and sternum light yellow; abdomen white, with a light

grey median stripe above and below not reaching the spinners.

38 Annals of the South African Museum.

Eyes.—Anterior medians more than twice as far apart as is a

median from a lateral eye; median quadrangle about 4 wider than

long, and wider behind than in front; distance between posterior

and anterior medians a little less than the distance between posterior

and anterior laterals; clypeus less than the length of median quad-

rangle.

Chelicera.—Superior border with | apical tooth, and a curved fringe

of spiniform hairs.

Legs II, I, II, IV; femur I with 2 superior and 1 anterior,

femur II with 2 superior spines. Tibia I with 3 inferior pairs (the

apical pair small) and 2 lateral pairs of spines ; tibia II with 2 inferior

pairs and 1 apical lateral pair; metatarsus 1 with 2 large and 2 small

inferior pairs and 2 lateral pairs; metatarsus II with 4 inferior

spines and 3 lateral pairs, the apical pair small. Tarsus I with 3,

tarsus IT with 2 small inferior pairs of spines.

Vulva.—As in fig. 25.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 1-5 mm. Total length, 4-8 mm.

Gen. Hirrius, Simon.

Hirrivus bidentatus, n. sp.

2 99,4 gd (B 6182), 2 gg (B 6102). Kunene River.

2 Colour.—Carapace dark brown, a broad median roughly parallel

yellow stripe about equal in width to the distance between the

posterior lateral eyes; two light brown or reddish stripes passing

through the posterior median eyes, diminishing and converging

posteriorly, merging anteriorly with the clypeus, which is a lghter

brown than the rest of the carapace ; sternum brown, coxae yellow,

their apical thirds dark brown; legs below dark brown, except the

bases of the femora which are yellow ; legs above yellowish with brown

infuscations on the distal and proximal portions of the femora,

patellae with a brown basal stripe diminishing distally, tibiae with

two brown spots more distinct on posterior than on anterior legs,

tarsi and metatarsi brown; abdomen above dark brown, a black

diamond-shaped marking anteriorly, with or without some chevron

markings posteriorly, sides blackish brown, ventral surface mottled

brown.

Eyes.—Anterior medians a very little smaller than anterior laterals

and more than twice as far from each other as from them ; a posterior

median about the same distance from its lateral as from an anterior

median on the same side; median quadrangle about as long as wide,

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 39

and wider behind than in front; clypeus about 14 times the length

of median quadrangle.

Chelicera.—Superior margin oblique provided a little below the

apex with a stout, conical, almost vertical tooth, followed by a much

weaker tooth just below it.

Joey ML, WY, WO I

Vulva.—As in fig. 26.

Measurements.—Legs: I, 10-6 mm.; I, 13-5 mm.; III, 10-8 mm. ;

IV, 115mm. Length of carapace, 3-5 mm. Total length, 7-7 mm.

$ Colowr.—Median band on carapace, dorsal surface of abdomen

except the anterior diamond-shaped marking, clothed with dirty-

white and some reddish hairs ; otherwise deep black giving the whole

body a much darker appearance than in the 9; some white hairs

dorsally on the metatarsi, legs otherwise black.

Legs much longer than in the @; IV, II, III, 1. Femora strongly

spined.

Pedipalp.—As in fig. 65.

Measurements.—Legs: I, 11:9 mm.; II, 13-2 mm. ; III, 12-1 mm. ;

IV,13-7 mm. Length of carapace, 335mm. Total length, 6-1 mm.

Hurrius arenaceus, 1. sp.

2 99,1 $(B 5914). Sandup.

2 Colour.—Carapace brown, a broad median band and narrow

wavy marginal band yellow; two fairly broad brown stripes from

behind, the posterior median eyes converging posteriorly and not

reaching the fovea ; a whitish transverse band separating the anterior

and posterior rows of eyes, edge of clypeus with a roughly triangular

whitish marking, sternum and coxae yellow, labium infuscated at

its base, abdomen above covered with stout white squamous hairs

plumose at their bases (see fig. 674, Simon, Hist. Nat. des Araign,

vol. 1, p. 42), amongst these some smaller patches of brown ones ;

a number of large white-tipped spines, each spine situated in a patch

of brown or yellowish hairs; abdomen when dry has a cinereous

appearance, in spirit there appears two rows of fuscous oblique mark-

ings in the posterior } which enclose between them a dirty-white

leaf-shaped marking ; sides dotted with small brown patches, below

white. Legs variegated.

Hyes.—Anterior medians about 1} times their diameter apart and

less than their diameter from the laterals which they equal in size ;

a line touching the superior borders of the medians would not touch

40 Annals of the South African Museum.

the laterals ; posterior row very slightly recurved, the medians con-

siderably smaller than the laterals and a little nearer to them than to

each other; median quadrangle longer than broad, but not a third

longer, and broader behind than in front.

Chelicera with 2 teeth on the superior margin a short distance

from each other.

Legs IV, II, 111, I. Anterior tibiae with 3 inferior pairs of spines,

the apical pair smaller than the others, and 1 lateral pair; anterior

metatarsi with 2 inferior pairs of spines.

Vulva.—As in figs. 27 and 28.

Measurements.—Legs: 1, 10-7 mm.; II, 11-3 mm.; III, 11 mm. ;

IV, 11-6 mm. Carapace, 2-9 mm. Total length, 6-9 mm.

3 Colour.—Carapace brown with irregular yellow margin, two

yellow stripes from between the median and lateral eyes of the

posterior row converging posteriorly and joining the marginal band.

Abdomen above cinereous, a black diamond-shaped marking occupy-

ing its anterior half bordered by some white hairs ; below dirty white.

Legs variegated, femora below with a narrow white stripe diminishing

distally.

Legs IV, I, UI, 1; very long and strongly spined.

Pedipalp.—As in fig. 66.

Measurements.—Legs: I, 14-2 mm.; IJ, 16 mm.; III, 15-4 mm. ;

IV, 16-8 mm. Total length, 4:6 mm.

This species shows a fair amount of variation, some specimens

being more deeply coloured than others; the brown stripes behind

the posterior median eyes may be fused to form a broad almost

parallel band; in other specimens the abdomen is almost without

markings ; the vulva shows several degrees of variation from a form

shown in fig. 27 to that seen in fig. 28. The male organ is on the

other hand very constant.

Gen. TIBELLUS, Simon.

Tibellus vossioni, Simon, var. 2.

1 3(B 6151). Kunene River.

This specimen agrees in the form of the palp with the figure given

by Lessert, Rev. Suisse de Zool., 1919, vol. xxvii, p. 164, for Tzbellus

vossiont var. minor. The tibia is, however, a little longer than that

figured for his variety. I have therefore placed this specimen as

belonging to the above species, though Simon’s description and figure

have unfortunately not been seen.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 41

Famity CLUBIONIDAE.

Gen. SELENOpS, Latr.

Selenops radiatus, Latr.

1 2 (B 6221). Ongandjera.

1 2 (B 6184). Kunene River.

1 2 (B 6271). Namakunde.

1 2 (B 6187). Oncka.

Gen. Ouios, Walck.

Olios furcatus, a. sp.

1 juvenile (B 5789). Namutoni.

1 2 (B 6625). Kunene River.

1 2 (B 6262). Namutoni.

2 22 (B 5909). Sandup.

2 Colowr.—Carapace and legs yellowish brown, mandibles reddish

brown, abdomen above testaceous with short stripes and spots of

brown hair at the sides, a narrow median brown stripe from colulus

to anterior apex bifid just anteriorly to the middle; below uniform

testaceous.

Chelicera.—Superior margin with 2 teeth, the apical larger than the

basal; inferior margin with 3 teeth, the basal 1 bituberculate,

much smaller than the other 2, which are subequal.

Eyes.—Anterior row recurved, medians considerably larger than

the laterals, a little less than their own diameter apart and much

nearer to the laterals; posterior row straight to very slightly pro-

curved, the medians much smaller than anterior medians and about

as far from the laterals as from each other; posterior laterals sub-

equal to anterior laterals; median quadrangle as long as wide and

as wide in front as behind (or a very little wider behind).

Length of carapace equal to metatarsus I, and to tibia+2 patella

IV ; width (greatest width between legs IT and ITI) subequal to tibia

I measured above.

Legs.—All tibiae with 2 inferior pairs of long spines, all metatarsi

with 2 inferior pairs of spines in basal 4, tibia IV with 2 lateral

pairs of spines in addition, metatarsus IV with 3 lateral pairs of spines

in addition.

Vulva.—As in fig. 29.

42 Annals of the South African Museum.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 6-2 mm.; breadth, 5-1 mm.

Total length, 18 mm.

3 Colouwr.—Carapace reddish brown, abdomen tawny with some

dark brown hairs; legs brown proximally, distally coloured as in

carapace.

Chelicera.—As in 9.

Eyes.—As in 2; clypeus about equal to diameter of an anterior

median eye.

Length of carapace equal to tibia Il measured above, and to

tibia+-about 4 metatarsus IV.

Legs II, IV, I, I11; all tibiae and metatarsi with 2 pairs of inferior

spines ; tibia I with 2 posterior lateral spines ; III with 2 or 1 anterior,

2, 1, or 0 posterior lateral spines ; IV with 2 lateral pairs of spines ;

metatarsus III with 1 pair, IV with 3 pairs of lateral spines.

Pedipalp.—aAs in fig. 68.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 9-3 mm. Total length, 21 mm.

This species approaches S. croceiceps, Pocock, in the shape of the

vulva, in spination, and in coloration, but differs from it in the

disposition of the eyes and proportions.

Olios tuckeri, n. sp.

1 g (B 7124). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace, sternum, and legs below yellow, abdomen below

uniformly yellow, abdomen above and legs above with brownish hairs.

Eyes.—Anterior row slightly recurved, the medians 14 times the size

of the laterals, less than their own diameter apart and subcontiguous

to the laterals ; posterior row slightly procurved, the medians a little

further from each other than from the laterals, which they equal in

size; median quadrangle as long as wide and as wide in front as

behind ; clypeus less than the diameter of an anterior median eye.

Length of carapace about equal to tibia III.

Chelicera.—Inferior margin with 2 large well-separated teeth followed

shortly by 2 much smaller ones; superior margin with 2 teeth, the

basal one the smaller.

Legs very long, II, IV, I, III; spination as follows: all femora

above with 3, 2, 3 spines, all patellae with a lateral pair; all tibiae

with 2 inferior, 2 lateral pairs, and 1 superior subapical spine ; tibia I

with a basal superior spine in addition ; all metatarsi with 2 inferior

pairs, I and IT with 2, III and IV with 3 lateral pairs.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 43

Pedipalp.—As in fig. 67.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 4:2 mm.; breadth, 3-8 mm.

Total length, 10 mm.

Gen. Micrommata, Latr.

Micrommata ovambiea, nu. sp.

1 9 (B 6752). Mafa.

Colour.—Carapace yellow, a brown stripe along but not bordering

the sides and not meeting posteriorly, a black spot opposite each

coxa of the legs and palp; ocular area darkened ; a broad median

brown stripe from the posterior median eyes but not reaching the

posterior border ; abdomen above with a very clearly defined median

lanceolate reddish-brown stripe from anterior apex tapering towards

the colulus, indistinct brown markings at the sides; below yellow

with a narrow brown median stripe just below the vulva, not reaching

the spinners; legs brown, reddish brown distally, sternum with an

indistinct spot at the sides opposite legs I, I, and III.

Chelicera.—Inferior margin with 2 large teeth followed by a much

smaller basal tooth.

Eyes.—Anterior row recurved, laterals about twice the size of the

medians, which are about ? their own diameter apart and less than

their radius from the laterals; posterior row procurved, wider than

the anterior row, medians equal to the laterals and a little nearer to

them than to each other; median quadrangle longer than wide and

much wider behind than in front.

Length of carapace equal to tibia+about 2 patella IV, a little less

than metatarsus-++tarsus III.

Legs.—I missing ; tibiae IJ, III, IV with 3 inferior and 2 lateral

pairs of spines, metatarsi II, III, IV with 2 inferior pairs; III with

1, IV with 3 lateral pairs in addition.

Vulva.—As in fig. 30.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 5:7 mm. Total length, 17-2

mm.

Gen. CHIRACANTHIUM, C. Koch.

Chiracanthium inornatum, n. sp.

19, 3 $$ (B 6116). Ongandjera.

1 g, 1 9 (B 6156). Kunene River.

2 Colowr.—Carapace yellow, ocular area darkened, mandibles

44 Annals of the South African Museum.

blackish brown, abdomen uniform light yellow without markings,

legs a little darker.

Eyes.—Anterior row straight to slightly recurved, the medians

larger than the laterals, a little more than their own diameter apart

and further from the laterals than from each other; posterior row

procurved, medians larger than the laterals, about twice their own

diameter apart and a little further from the laterals, which are smaller

than the anterior laterals; median quadrangle wider than long, and

wider behind than in front; clypeus about equal to radius, of an

anterior median eye.

Length of carapace subequal to metatarsus I, about equal to tibia I,

subequal to patella+tibia IV.

Legs.—Femora with 2 anterior apical spines, except IV which has

0, III sometimes with 3; tibia I with 2 medians inferior, III with

2 apical lateral, remainder with 0 spines ; all metatarsi with an inferior

basal pair of spines, IV with an inferior submedian spine in addition,

III and IV with basal and median lateral pairs in addition and an

apical verticillus of 5 spines.

Vulva.—As in figs. 31 and 32, the two horseshoe-shaped sections of

the vulva are slightly separated, lightly concave, and rimmed at the

edges.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-7 mm. Total length, 11 mm.

The shape of the vulva is somewhat variable, two forms being

distinguishable.

3 Eyes and Colouring.—As in 2. Length of carapace equal to a

little more than } (2) metatarsus I, and a little more than patella

+tibia ITT.

Legs.—I considerably longer than the rest ; femora I, II, IV with

2 anterior spines, those of II much stouter than the rest ; III with two

irregular rows of 6-10 spines, tibia I with 15-18 irregular spines in-

feriorly ; metatarsus IV with a row of 15 spines inferiorly, 2 lateral

pairs in addition and a verticillus of 5 spines.

Pedipalp.—s in fig. 69.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-6mm. Totallength, 8-5 mm.

Chiracanthium castum, n. sp.

1 3 (B 6279). Namakunde.

Colour.—Carapace yellow, abdomen uniform fulvous, legs yellow,

darker at their extremities.

Chelicera.—With 4 small teeth, the apical 2 smaller than the basal 2.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 45

Eyes.—Seen from in front, anterior row straight, equally spaced by

about the diameter of a median eye; posterior row procurved, the

medians about 14 times their diameter apart, a little more from the

laterals ; median quadrangle slightly wider than long and slightly

wider behind than in front; clypeus + the diameter of an anterior

median eye.

Length of carapace equal to metatarsus III and to about ? meta-

tarsus II.

Legs.—Femora I, II, IV with 2 anterior apical spines, femur III

with 15-16 in two irregular rows, metatarsus IV with a single inferior

row of 20 unequal spines, 2 pairs of lateral spines and an apical verti-

cillus of 5 long spines.

Pedipalp.—s in fig. 70.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 4-1 mm. Total length, 8 mm.

Famity PISAURIDAE.

Gen. EUPHROSTHENOPS, Pocock.

Euphrosthenops australis, Simon.

1 2 subadult (B 6120). Ongandjera.

Gen. TETRAGONOPHTHALMA, Karsch.

Tetragonophthalma symmetrica, n. sp.

1 2 (B 6228). Ongandjera.

Colour.—Cephalothorax yellow, some blackish spots along the

margin, a large, broad, blackish-brown marking not reaching the

posterior margin and including the posterior row of eyes anteriorly ;

a dark line from the anterior lateral eyes to angle of clypeus, a narrow

median yellow line extending to between the posterior median eyes

anteriorly and bisecting the large median blackish-brown marking

into two symmetrical portions. Legs yellowish brown, olive-brown

below. Abdomen yellow above with markings as in fig. 74 and some

indistinct brownish markings laterally towards the posterior apex;

sternum with a blackish marginal spot opposite each coxa.

Eyes.—Anterior medians their own diameter or a little less apart

and about 14 diameters from the anterior laterals, than which they

are larger; posterior medians about 14 times their own diameter

apart and further from the laterals ; anterior medians twice or a little

46 Annals of the South African Museum.

less their diameter from posterior medians, than which they area little

smaller; median quadrangle a little longer than its posterior width,

wider behind than in front by the diameter or a very little less of a

posterior median eye ; clypeus about 14 times diameter of an anterior

lateral eye.

Legs.—Tibia I subequal to tibia II and a little more than } patella

III.

Vulva.—aAs in fig. 33, somewhat indistinct, some indistinct black

markings (between the margin of the epigastrum and inferior rim of

the vulva) which are not shown.

Measurements.—Length of carapace about 2:7 mm. Total length,

8-7 mm.

Gen. THALASsIUs, Simon.

Thalassius cataractus, n. sp.

1 2 (B 6135). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace chocolate-brown, clothed with mixed white and

yellow hairs, some red ones in the median line; a clearly demarcated

marginal band of yellow hairs not meeting posteriorly and ending

abruptly anteriorly on a line running from below the anterior lateral

eye to the lateral angle of the clypeus; abdomen above chocolate-

brown, two indistinct wavy lines of red hairs converging but not

meeting towards posterior apex of abdomen ; a lateral band of yellow

hairs on each side of the abdomen similar to those of cephalothorax,

not meeting anteriorly or posteriorly ; four yellow spots just within

each lateral band situated at equal intervals, the posterior one the

largest ; abdomen below tawny. .

Chelicera.—Superior margin with 2 teeth, 1 large and 1 small,

inferior margin with 3 large teeth.

Eyes.—Anterior medians larger than anterior laterals and nearer

to them than to each other, posterior medians a little smaller than

posterior laterals and nearer to each other than to them; median

quadrangle longer than wide, and equally wide behind as in front ;

clypeus 1-1} times length of median quadrangle.

Length of carapace greater than tibia I and equal to metatarsus-+a

little less } tarsus 1; width about equal to metatarsus III.

Legs IV, I, II, IIT; all tibiae with 4, all metatarsi with 3 pairs

of inferior spines.

Vulva.—s in fig. 34.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 7-3 mm.; breadth, 6-6 mm.

Total length, 16 mm.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 47

This species resembles 7. margaritatus, Pocock in colouring, but

differs from it in proportions.

Famity LYCOSIDAE.

Gen. Hippasa, Simon.

Hippasa australis, n. sp.

3 99, 2 subadult gg (B 6626). Kunene River.

This species is very near to H. decemnotata, Simon, Ann. Mus.

Civ. Genoy., ser. 3, vol. iv, p. 390, recorded from Portuguese Guinea ;

it agrees with Simon’s description in all except a few details. Without

seeing the type I have preferred not to identify it as H. decemnotata,

the distance between the habitats of the two species making it more

likely that H. australis would be a southern and slightly different

representative of Simon’s tropical species. If identical, the species

can be united.

Colour.—In this species the line of white hairs above the anterior

row of eyes (as described in the case of H. decemnotata) is absent ;

abdomen below cinereous, not uniform but with a pair of narrow

fuscous median stripes below the vulva which converge posteriorly,

not reaching the spinners, basal joint of superior spinners with an

apical annulation of white hairs.

Eyes.—Anterior row straight to slightly procurved, medians larger

than the laterals, less than their radius apart and nearer to the laterals ;

medians about their own diameter from posterior medians, which are

their own diameter or a little less apart; dorsal quadrangle wider

behind than in front by about twice the diameter of a posterior

lateral eye, its length about equal to its anterior width.

Length of carapace a very little more than ? metatarsus IV, equal

to metatarsus+about 2 tarsus I.

Legs.—Yellow-brown with fuscous bands successively darker

posteriorly, tarsi uniform.

Vulva.—As in fig. 35, covered with long white hairs directed

posteriorly.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 4:7 mm. Total length, 12-2

mm.

Gen. OcyaLeE, Aud.

Ocyale maculata, Koch.

1 2 (B 6629). Ongandjera.

This specimen being an undeveloped female, it is impossible to

48 Annals of the South African Museum

say with certainty to which species it belongs; as it agrees in other

respects with the above species, I have placed it provisionally under

this heading.

Gen. Lycosa, Latr.

Lycosa kalaharensis, Simon.

3 subadult 2° (B 6163). Kunene River.

2 22 (B 5911). Sandup.

1 2 (B 6196). Kunene River.

This species agrees closely with Simon’s description as regards

colour, the spination of the legs, and in having the apical tooth of

the inferior margin of the chelicerae smaller than the two others.

The vulva is smaller than, though formed on the same plan as that

of L. mafensis (fig. 37), with the hood terminating the septum

anteriorly, less curved in the centre, almost straight.

Lycosa o'neillt, Purcell.

3 22 (B 6289). Namutoni.

2 99 (B 5887). Mafa.

I can see no difference between Purcell’s species and the S.W.

African specimens in the form of the vulva. The line formed by the

lower margins of the anterior eyes 1s slightly recurved, and the posterior

is a ttle wider than the anterior row, but in one of Purcell’s specimens

this is also the case.

Lycosa mafensis, n. sp.

19 (B 5882). Mafa.

Colour.—Carapace dirty white at the margins, two broad lateral

bands of light brown hair, lighter towards the sides, enclosing between

them a roughly lanceolate band of yellowish hairs anteriorly as broad

as the distance between the posterior lateral eyes, narrowing but not

tapering posteriorly, separated from the posterior margin of the

carapace by a patch of blackish brown hair; abdomen above

mottled light brown and white, some transverse sinuous dark brown

bands in the posterior 3, sides dirty white, below and infero-

laterally deep black from sternum to spinners including the latter,

black portion sharply demarcated from the white lateral bands,

coxae a little lighter than sternum, mouth-parts a little lighter than

coxae; mandibles with their basal 3 clothed with mixed yellow

and dirty-white hairs ; legs reddish brown covered with short white

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 49

and some fewer long brown hairs; tibia IV with an inferior apical

and basal blackish brown band ; III with a less strongly marked apical

band.

Chelicera with 3 large equal-sized teeth on inferior margin.

Eyes.—Anterior row decidedly narrower than second row (posterior

medians), anterior medians about 4 larger than anterior laterals,

about their own radius apart and less from the laterals ; posterior

medians a little more than their radius apart and as far from the

anterior medians as these are from each other; dorsal quadrangle

considerably wider than long, its anterior width a little more than

its length ; clypeus equal to a little less than twice the diameter of

an anterior lateral eye.

Length of carapace a little less than tibia+metatarsus I, equal

to metatarsus+about 4 tarsus IV.

Legs.—Patella I and II with an anterior spine; III and IV with a

posterior spine in addition; legs otherwise spined as in L. lindneri,

Simon, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov., ser. 3, vol. iv, p. 391.

Vulva.—As in fig. 36; it is similar to L. entebbensis, Lessert, but

differs from it in having the anterior row of eyes not wider than the

second row but narrower. It is certainly very close to L. lindnert,

Simon, but differs chiefly in its smaller size and the shape of the vulva.

Simon describes the vulvular septum as being “antice abrupte

acuminato.” It is also near L. raffrayi, Simon.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 7-4 mm. Total length, 14:5

mm.

Lycosa parvivulva, n. sp.

3 92 (B 6121). Ongandjera.

Colour.—Carapace blackish brown, a broad interrupted dirty-yellow

marginal band disappearing just in front of the level of the first

leg; a broad similarly coloured median band tapering abruptly

posteriorly and including the dorsal ocular area anteriorly ; sternum

and coxae lightly fuscous, legs irregularly banded, except tarsi and

metatarsi which are a uniform light brown; abdomen macerated

below, a dark fuscous median lanceolate marking from anterior apex

to just before the spinners, a narrow indistinct stripe on each side.

Chelicera with apical tooth of inferior margin the smallest, middle

one the largest.

Eyes.—Anterior row a little narrower than second row, slightly

procurved, medians about a third larger than laterals and a little

nearer to them than to each other; medians about 3} their own

VOL. XXV, PART |. 4

50 Annals of the South African Museum.

diameter from posterior medians, which are a little more than their

own radius apart; dorsal quadrangle wider behind than in front

by a little more than diameter of a posterior lateral eye.

Length of carapace equal to metatarsus+-about 2 tarsus IV.

Legs IV, I, U1, IL; stout and comparatively short; spination as

in L. kalaharensis, Simon, Schultze’s Forschungsreise, Bd. iv,

p. 212.

Vulva.—As in fig. 37, minute but clearly defined and situated in

the middle line of the ventral fuscous stripe.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 6-6 mm.; length of abdomen

about 8-2 mm.

This species is obviously near L. kalaharensis, from which it differs

in the shape and proportionately small size of the vulva.

Gen. Parposa, C. Koch.

Pardosa potamophila, n. sp.

4 99, 2 gg (B 6136). Kunene River.

2 Colour.—Carapace blackish brown, ocular area blackish, a whitish

wavy submarginal band with indistinct radiations towards the fovea ;

a similarly coloured double median line tapering posteriorly and widen-

ing abruptly at the junction of the cephalic and thoracic portions,

forming two horseshoe-shaped arms extending to just within and to

the level of the posterior lateral eyes; abdomen above blackish .

brown with some light brown patches and some white ones at the

anterior apex; a pair of indistinct white limes formed of irregular

white spots roughly parallel anteriorly, but converging slightly

posteriorly ; below dirty white mixed with light brown hairs towards

the spimners and sides; sternum infuscated as in fig. 75; femora

with irregular sinuous, tibiae and metatarsi with regular olivaceous

bands.

Chelicera.—Inferior margin with 3 strong teeth increasing in size

towards the apical one, superior margin with 2, 1 large and 1 small

tooth.

Eyes.—Anterior row slightly procurved and distinctly narrower

than second row, medians less than their diameter apart and nearer

to the laterals than to each other, anterior laterals about twice as far

from edge of clypeus as from the posterior medians ; posterior medians

their own diameter apart and separated from the anterior medians

by the diameter of the latter; eyes of second and third row equal

in size, the quadrangle formed by them much wider than long, its

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 51

posterior width a little more than width of clypeus, its length about

equal to its anterior width.

Length of carapace about equal to tibia II.

Legs IV, III, I, IL; all patellae with a superior apical and basal

spine and a lateral spine at each side, except I where the anterior

lateral spine is missing ; all tibiae with 3 pairs of inferior spines (the

apical pair much the smallest), 2 pairs of lateral, 2 superior spines ;

all metatarsi with 3 pairs of inferior spines (the apical pair much

the smallest), 2 lateral pairs and 1 inferior apical spine.

Vulva.—As in fig. 38.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 4 mm. Total length, 8-7

mm.

3 Colour.—As in 9, except that the legs are lighter in colour and

less distinctly annulated; sternum nearly wholly black, coxae in-

fuscated, abdomen below blackish, some white hairs at the sides.

Eyes.—As in &.

Length of carapace about equal to tibia ITT.

Legs IV, I, II, 111; spination as in 9.

Pedipalp.—As in fig. 71, the extreme apex of tarsus furnished with

2 small equal-sized spines.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-4 mm. Total length, 7 mm.

This species was found on the banks of the Kunene River lurking

under shelving stones in shallow water, when disturbed running

rapidly on the surface of the water.

Pardosa oncka, n. sp.

1 2 (B 6208). Oncka.

Colour.—Carapace black without marginal or submarginal bands, an

ill-defined broad oval median band not reaching the posterior margin

and extending to the level of the posterior lateral eyes in front,

composed of ashy-grey hairs posteriorly, mixed with some brown and

yellow ones anteriorly ; abdomen somewhat rubbed, black above

and at the sides with two lines of light spots appearing to enclose a

lanceolate space, below dirty white sharply demarcated from the

sides; sternum and coxae dark brown clothed with white hairs ;

legs above blackish brown with annulations of white or yellow hairs,

except tarsus and metatarsus IV, metatarsus III faintly annulate.

Chelicera.—Inferior margin with 3 teeth, the basal one very small

and contiguous with the middle one, which is smaller than the apical

one and well separated from it.

52 Annals of the South African Museum.

Eyes.—Anterior row straight to slightly procurved, the medians

about twice the size of the laterals, their own diameter apart and

less than a radius from the laterals ; posterior medians about 14 times

their diameter apart, a little larger than the posterior laterals ; dorsal

quadrangle not much wider than long, its length a little more than its

anterior width, posterior width distinctly less than width of clypeus ;

distance between edge of clypeus and an anterior lateral eye more

than twice the distance between the latter and a posterior median

eye.

Carapace very convex, sloping abruptly at the sides and rear,

its length equal to tibia+-about $ patella IV, and to tibia+about 3

metatarsus I.

Begs Ven Tit:

Vulva.—As in fig. 39. The fossa of the epigynum is filled with a

darkened membranous substance of no definite form, only the distinct

chitinous outlines of the vulva appear in the figure.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-8 mm.; length of abdomen,

6 mm.

Pardosa lycosinella, n. sp.

5 2° (B 6627). Oncka.

2 29 (B 5895). Mafa.

Colour.—Cephalothorax brown, a moderate blackish-brown dentate

marginal band, a broad dentate yellow-brown submarginal band

(broader than in P. lycosina), a well-defined median lanceolate mark-

ing, a little darker than the submarginal band, broadest at the fovea,

tapering posteriorly and anteriorly to the level of the posterior

lateral eyes where it dilates slightly forming a small circular spot;

abdomen blackish above with paired brownish oblique markings which

in the posterior 4 are confluent, forming A-shaped markings or

transverse bars, below light yellow; sternum light yellow, 3 small

marginal intercoxal dots on each side; legs olive-brown, indistinctly

banded.

Chelicera.—Basal tooth of inferior margin the smallest (in one

specimen apical tooth much the smallest), middle and basal teeth

subcontiguous.

Eyes.—Anterior eyes straight, medians about twice the size of the

laterals, less than their own diameter apart and nearer to the laterals

than to each other; posterior medians more than a diameter apart,

about 14 times the size of posterior laterals, dorsal quadrangle much

wider than long, length about equal to anterior width; distance

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 53

between edge of clypeus and an anterior lateral eye more than twice

the distance between the latter and a posterior median eye.

Legs IV, 1, I, 111; metatarsus distinctly longer than patella+ tibia

IV, superior claw of tarsus IV with 4—5 teeth.

Vulva.—As in fig. 40.

Measurement.—Total length, 5-6-5:8 mm.

This species is near P. lycosina, Purcell, but differs principally in

its much smaller size. The labium is much broader than long; there

appear to be fairly wide differences regarding this character among

the species of Pardosa. Of the specimens I have examined in the

collection of the 8.A. Museum, P. clavipalpis, leipoldti, lycosina, crassi-

palpis have the labium much broader than long, in foveolata and

petamophila the labium is distinctly broader than long, in schreineri

and wmtalica, a little broader than long, while in manubriata and oncka

it is a little longer than broad.

Gen. Evrppa, Simon.

Evippa relicta, n. sp.

1 9 (B 6128). Ongandjera.

1 2 (B 6215). Oncka.

3 99 (B 5920). Sandup.

Colour.—Carapace blackish brown, a wide dentate yellowish-brown

marginal band disappearing anteriorly to the first leg, a dark brown

median thoracic band constricted behind the fovea and then widening ;

abdomen above covered with mixed yellow-white and brown hairs,

two yellow patches at anterior apex followed on each side by a row of

about four smaller spots; sides with some stripes and patches of

cinereous hairs, below uniformly cinereous.

Chelicera.—Inferior margin with 2 stout equal-sized teeth.

Eyes.—Anterior row slightly procurved, medians larger than the

laterals, a little more than their own diameter apart and separated

from the laterals by a little less than the diameter of these ; anterior

medians about 14 times their diameter from posterior medians, which

are about 14 times their own diameter apart; dorsal quadrangle

wider behind than in front, its length a little more than its anterior

width ; clypeus with a stout spine in the median line just below the

inferior margin of the anterior median eyes, a row of four stout spines

below this each corresponding to an eye of the anterior row.

Legs below clothed with flattened white lanceolate hairs; tibia I

with 5 pairs of long stout spines, the apical pair shorter than the rest ;

54 Annals of the South African Museum.

tarsus IV covered with longitudinal rows of stout brown spines ;

superior claw with 6 teeth ; legs IT and III missing.

Vulva.—As in fig. 41.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-°3mm. Totallength, 8-3 mm.

The specimens from Oncka and Sandup differ slightly from that

from Ongandjera in the form of the vulva, but in other respects they

are identical.

Gen. PRorEvrippa, Purcell.

Proevippa ovambica, n. sp.

1 3 (B 6363). Ongandjera.

Colour.—Carapace covered with flattened lanceolate hairs, the

cephalic portion with a long, broad, nearly parallel median band of

dirty-white hairs as broad as and including the dorsal ocular area ;

some stout spines between the anterior median eyes ; thoracic portion

with a widened almost circular area of mixed white and yellow hairs,

the yellow ones increasing posteriorly, marginal band broad, clothed

with mixed white and yellow hairs with some patches of pure white

hairs, some submarginal lines and dots, a patch of pure white hairs

at the postero-lateral angles of the cephalothorax, a small patch of

fiery hairs at the base of the posterior lateral eyes, some scattered ones

between the posterior median eyes ; sternum and legs below clothed

with white hairs, except in femur, patella, and tibia I (patella with

a few white hairs at the sides) which are clothed with black hairs ;

abdomen missing.

Chelicera.—Inferior margin with 2 short, stout, equal-sized teeth,

superior margin with 3, the middle one the largest.

Eyes.—Anterior row procurved, the medians larger than the laterals,

about 1} times their own diameter apart and less than their diameter

from the laterals; posterior medians more than twice their own

diameter apart; dorsal quadrangle wider behind than in front, its

length more than its anterior width, posterior laterals smaller than

posterior medians ; distance between edge of clypeus and an anterior

lateral eye a little more than distance between the latter and a posterior

median eye.

Legs.—As in P. lightfooti, Purcell, the first pair stouter than the

others, tibia clothed in its entire length with a comb-like even fringe

of black hairs, above and below, the fringe below about twice the

height of that above ; patella below with a short fringe in the distal

3, above normal.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 55

-Pedipalp.—As in fig. 82 from an extero-lateral direction.

Measurement.—Length of carapace about 2-7 mm,

Famity OXYOPIDAE.

Gen. Prucetia, Thorell.

Peucetia kunenensis, n. sp.

3 99, 1 S$ (B 6233). Kunene River.

2 Colour.—Carapace dirty yellow-green, cephalic portion lightly in

fuscated, thoracic portion with short foveal radiations not reaching

either fovea or margin of cephalothorax, ocular area blackish, clothed

with yellow-white hairs ; clypeus with a brown stripe at each lateral

angle not continued on to the mandible, front of clypeus with a brown

stripe from the exterior side of each anterior median eye to just before

the edge of clypeus and continuing along the anterior surfaces of the

mandibles to } of their length; abdomen light green above with a

pair of slightly converging white lines enclosing between them a

series of 5-6 distinct arrow-head markings, abdomen below with a

similar pair of white lines behind the epigastric area without enclosed

markings ; legs yellow, covered with long spines rising from a basal

blackened area.

Eyes.—Quadrangle formed by anterior eyes 2} times as wide pos-

teriorly as anteriorly, posterior row distinctly procurved, medians

larger than the laterals, less than their own diameter apart and nearer

to each other than to them ; quadrangle formed by posterior medians

and anterior laterals not quite as long as its anterior width ; clypeus

distinctly more than length of ocular area.

Length of carapace equal to tibia IV, equal to about 3 tibia I.

Vulva.—As in fig. 42.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 6 mm. Total length, 15 mm.

3g Colour.—As in 9; the markings on the cephalothorax clearer and

olive-green in colour, abdomen a brighter green.

Length of carapace equal to tibia III, equal to 2 tibia I.

Pedipalp.—As in fig. 80, a and 6; tibia with a long, stout exterior and

interior spine ; interior spine a little above exterior spine. Apophysis

of bulb, fig. 80, b, seen laterally from outer side.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 4-7 mm. Total length, 11 mm.

This species resembles P. fasciwventris m the shape of the vulva,

but differs in the eyes and the form of the male palp. It is also

near P. pulchra, Cambridge, from St. Helena, but differs from it in

coloration.

56 Annals of the South African Museum.

Peucetia crucifer, n. sp.

3 29 (B 6115). Ongandjera.

1 2 (B 6137). Kunene River.

2 34, 3 92 (B 5933). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace yellowish green with some indistinct fuscous

markings, ocular area olive-brown, the eyes surrounded. with black ;

an indistinct stripe on each side of the fovea, 4 spots forming a wide

quadrilateral behind the ocular area ; mandibles and clypeus without

stripes, a group of dots clothed with small weak spines at the lateral

angles of the clypeus above the clypeal spot ; abdomen coloured as

in the preceding species, the two white dorsal lines broader enclosing

anteriorly a median dentate lanceolate stripe, darker green than the

rest of the abdomen, a transverse bar joining two green spots, one

on each side of it, forming a cross marking; below two white lines

from the epigastrum at first converging, then roughly parallel to the

spinners ; legs, especially the two anterior pairs, with 2 inferior rows

of short fuscous longitudinal bars whose basal extremities are furnished

with a spine or spiniform hair ; sternum coloured as in abdomen.

Eyes.—Quadrangle formed by anterior row more than twice (2-24

times) as wide posteriorly as anteriorly ; anterior median eyes more

than their diameter apart and a diameter distant from an anterior

lateral eye ; anterior laterals a little more than 14 times their diameter

apart ; quadrangle formed by posterior medians and anterior laterals,

with its length about equal to its anterior width; clypeus equal to

length of ocular area.

Vulva.—As in fig. 43.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 5-5 mm. Total length, 14-3 mm.

3 Colour.—As in 2; anterior legs with bars absent or weak.

Length of carapace equal to tarsus+a little less than } meta-

tarsus ITT.

Pedipalp.—As in fig. 81; tibia with exterior spine, interior spine

absent.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-7 mm. Total length, 9-3 mm,

Gen. Oxyvopss, Latr.

Oxyopes castanea, 0. sp.

1 ¢ (B 6756). Mafa.

2 $3 (B 6213). Namakunde.

Colour.—Carapace chestnut-brown, a wide yellow-brown marginal

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 57

band with some dark spots anteriorly near the lateral angles of clypeus,

two light brown median longitudinal bands from the posterior portion

of marginal band curved slightly outwards () not reaching the eyes ;

ocular area black, eyes surrounded with some fiery-red squamous hairs ;

cephalothorax covered with squamous lanceolate hairs; abdomen

dark olive-brown above, some cream-coloured squamous hairs at

anterior apex; below light olive-brown, a line of white squamous

hairs down each side, epigastric area chitinous ; legs yellowish brown,

femora below with a tinge of red ; sternum yellowish brown, sparsely

covered with yellow squamous hairs and a few yellow spiniform hairs.

Eyes.—Anterior medians about 14 times their own diameter apart,

anterior laterals about their own diameter apart, and as near to

each other as to the posterior laterals or a little nearer to them

than to each other; quadrangle formed by anterior lateral and

posterior median eyes parallel and longer than wide ; length of latter

13 times length of the clypeus.

Pedipalp.—As in fig. 84; patella about 4 longer than broad, con-

siderably longer than tibia.

Measurement.—Total length, 4-7 mm.

Oxyopes auriculata, n. sp.

2 33 (B 5980). Matfa.

233 (B 6207). Oncka.

Colour.—Carapace yellow, a wide hairless marginal border; in-

ternally to this an irregular band of black lanceolate hairs not meeting

posteriorly and reaching the ocular area anteriorly, a double median

line of red squamous hairs merging behind the fovea, area between

the black and red bands covered. with white lanceolate hairs; dorsal

ocular area with mixed white and red hairs, anterior ocular area with

predominantly white hairs; mandibles with an anterior basal spot ;

abdomen above with some black longitudinal stripes Jaterally, enclosing

a yellowish parallel area in which is situated (at the anterior apex of

abdomen) a lanceolate marking covered with red squamous hairs,

abdomen below with a parallel blackish median band about as wide

as length of coxa III extending from epigastric area to spinners ;

sternum with a black marginal dot in line with the upper border of

each coxa.

Chelicera.—Superior and inferior margins each provided with a

stout triangular equal-sized tooth, inferior margin with a row of 4

inwardly curved hairs at the base of the fang.

58 Annals of the South African Museum.

Eyes.—Anterior medians about 14 times their diameter apart,

anterior laterals a little more than their own diameter apart ; quad-

rangle formed by anterior lateral and posterior median eyes, a very

little wider behind than in front and not much longer than its posterior

width ; its length 1-13 times that of clypeus.

Pedipalp.—tTarsus, as in fig. 85a, seen from behind and above;

femur with 2 short stout apical spines above, patella with 2, tibia

with 3 long stout spines above, below with ear-shaped process (fig. 850).

Measurement.—Total length, 6-4 mm.

One specimen lacks the red colouring of the abdomen and there are

no spots on the sternum, the palp is more developed and darker in

colour.

Famity ATTIDAE.

UNIDENTATI.

Gen. CYLLOBELUS, Simon.

Cyllobelus chionogaster, Simon.

2 99, 1 ¢ (B 6632). Kunene River.

1 2 (B 6303). Mata.

Gen. HrLIoPpHANus, C. Koch.

Heliophanus decoloratus, n. sp.

3 3d (B 6174). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace coriaceous, cephalic portion fairly densely

covered with erect, blackish, spiniform hairs, thoracic portion with

far fewer similar hairs, sides more densely and finely coriaceous with

a few lanceolate flattened reddish-brown hairs, clypeus with some

white squamous hairs ; abdomen above black, some indistinct brown

markings at anterior apex, covered with irridescent scales, below with

some yellowish spiniform hairs ; legs blackish brown, tibia and distal

joints of I reddish, tarsus and metatarsus III yellow-brown, lighter

than corresponding joints of remaining legs.

Chelicera.—Superior margin with 1 large and 1 small tooth, inferior

margin with | large tooth.

Eyes.—Superior borders of anterior eyes forming a straight to

recurved line, median eyes subcontiguous, laterals a little further

from medians ; posterior median eyes a little nearer to the anterior

laterals than to the posterior laterals ; quadrangle formed by anterior

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 59

laterals and posterior laterals a little wider behind than in front, pos-

terior width not much less than width of carapace ; clypeus less than

diameter of an anterior lateral eye.

Legs.—Tibia I with 1 basal and 2 subapical pairs of spines, meta-

tarsus with a submedian and apical pair, all the outer spines much

weaker and smaller than inner ones.

Pedipalp (seen from outer side).—As in fig. 83; femur with curved

process resembling that of H. orchesta, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.,

vol. lxx, p. 54. It differs in the bifurcate process of the tibia, one

prong of which is much broader than the other. It also differs in the

uniformity of its colouring, having no markings as is the case in

H. orchesta.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-1 mm. Total length, 6-2 mm.

Gen. Festucuna, Simon.

Festucula australis, n. sp.

12 (B 6112). Kunene River.

Colour.—Cephalothorax narrowly emarginate with black, blackish

brown, a light brown median band posteriorly disappearing towards

the middle, submarginal band of white hairs, ocular area and behind

it clothed with white, remainder with yellowish-brown hairs ; abdomen

much rubbed, evidently clothed with golden blackish brown and silvery-

white hairs above, below with silvery-white hairs; sternum black

with long white hairs ; legs ight brown, proximal portions of femur I

lighter, remaining legs yellow.

Carapace.—Thoracic slightly wider than cephalic portion ; slightly

indented posteriorly.

Eyes.—Superior margins of anterior row forming a slightly pro-

curved, their centres a recurved, line; medians much larger than

laterals, occupying almost the whole anterior face of cephalothorax,

posterior medians small and slightly nearer to the posterior laterals

than to the anterior laterals, these subequal; ocular quadrangle

slightly wider behind than in front, the posterior width nearly equal

to the width of cephalothorax.

Legs.—I stouter and longer than remaining ones, femur I com-

pressed, clavate, tibia I interiorly with 3 stout subapical spines, the

middle one nearer to the proximal than to the distal one, no exterior

spies ; metatarsus I much shorter than tibia, a little longer than

tarsus I, with two pairs of inferior spines in distal 3.

Vulva.—As in fig. 44; an inverted T-shaped median septum

60 Annals of the South African Museum.

enclosing a rounded fossa on each side, the latter appearing indis-

tinctly dark in spirit; anteriorly covered with white posteriorly

directed hairs.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2-4 mm.; abdomen, 4-7 mm.

Gen. MENEMERUS, Simon.

Menemerus lesserti, n. sp.

1 2 (B 6758). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace with light brown and _ blackish-brown hairs,

marginal band of pure white hairs at the sides but not posteriorly,

tapering anteriorly, edge of clypeus with some long white inferiorly

directed hairs, anterior eyes ringed with white or red hairs, a spot of

white hairs just anterior to fovea and just behind the level of posterior

lateral eyes, a short median stripe of white hairs behind the fovea,

broadening posteriorly but not reaching posterior margin ; abdomen

above with a yellowish median dentate band clothed with white,

golden, and a few blackish hairs, laterally dark sinuous bands clothed

with blackish, golden, and a few white hairs, below yellow with

silvery hairs.

Chelicera.—Superior margin with large apical and small basal tooth,

inferior margin with 1 moderate sharp tooth; labium considerably

longer than wide, parallel, maxillae long, their tips dilated.

Eyes.—Anterior row slightly recurved, medians not touching, a

little further from the laterals; posterior medians nearer to the

posterior than to the anterior laterals; ocular quadrangle much

wider than long, and slightly wider behind than in front, posterior

width less than width of cephalothorax.

Legs.—Femur I compressed, clavate ; tibia I with 2 extero, 3 intero-

inferior spines ; a fourth lateral spine between middle and apical intero-

inferior spines ; metatarsus I with 2 longer inferior pairs of spines.

Vulva.—As in fig. 45; a rounded quadrilateral with its anterior

width less than posterior width, the interior of the quadrilateral is

without regular form and has not been drawn.

Measurement.—Total length, 6-5 mm.

Gen. LANGONA, Simon.

Langona bisecta, n. sp.

1 2 (B 6194). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace with a large median wedge-shaped area covered

with mixed light brown and white hairs, about as wide as ocular

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 61

area anteriorly, tapering sharply posteriorly, its posterior apex white ;

on each side a dark brown lateral band, broad posteriorly, narrowing

abruptly behind posterior lateral eye, including it and posterior

median eye, and continuing to behind anterior lateral eye; a broad

submarginal band of white hairs, some red ones between the anterior

eyes, ocular area behind anterior eyes with red and black bristles

disappearing posteriorly ; abdomen above dark brown, bisected

throughout its entire length by a well-defined, parallel, longitudinal

white stripe, tapering just before reaching the spinners, sides and

ventral portion light yellow, a few brown dots at the sides.

Eyes.—Superior borders of anterior eyes recurved, medians sub-

contiguous, separated from laterals by less than the radius of these ;

ocular area anteriorly as wide as, or a little wider than, posterior width ;

posterior medians nearer to posterior laterals than to anterior laterals ;

clypeus about equal to the radius of an anterior median eye.

Legs.—Anterior pairs short and stout, banded brown and white,

posterior pairs longer and more slender, the femora only banded,

tibia I with 3, metatarsus I with 2 pairs of inferior spines.

Vulva.—As in fig. 46.

Measurement.—Total length, 7-1 mm.

Langona ukualuthensis, n. sp.

2 99 (B 6305). Ukualuthi.

Colour.—Carapace deep brown, much rubbed, a transverse row of

reddish bristles behind the anterior eyes; abdomen deep brown,

much rubbed, with some reddish-brown hairs, wrinkled posteriorly,

below fulvous covered with dirty-white hairs ; sternum black, covered

with long dirty-white hairs.

Eyes.—As in L. bisecta ; clypeus more than the radius of an anterior

median eye.

Legs.—Tibia I with 3, metatarsus I with 2 pairs of inferior spines ;

tibia I longer than metatarsus I, which is a little shorter than tarsus

I; tarsus+metatarsus IV longer than patella+tibia IV.

Vulva.—As in fig. 47.

Measurement.—Total length, 7 mm.

Gen. NEAETHEA, Simon.

Neaethea quadrimaculatas, n. sp.

1 29 (B 6150). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace coarsely and densely coriaceous, with a few

62 Annals of the South African Museum.

blackish spiniform hairs and some lanceolate golden ones; fovea a

small rounded depression on a level with the posterior lateral eyes,

clypeus with white spiniform hairs anteriorly, its edge bordered with

long white spiniform hairs directed inferiorly and covering the proxi-

mal 4 of the mandibles; anterior eyes ringed with fiery hairs ;

abdomen rubbed, above with mixed white and brown cylindrical hairs,

anterior apex with a fringe of white hairs, 4 round white dots

forming a quadrilateral which is longer than wide, anteriorly to this

3 pit-like depressions forming a triangle, the apex directed anteriorly,

below with yellow-brown hairs.

Chelicera.—Inferior margin with a blunt triangular tooth, superior

margin with a large apical and small basal one; maxillae bluntly

polygonal. |

Eyes.—Anterior row recurved, medians subcontiguous, a little

further from the laterals; posterior medians considerably nearer to

the anterior than to the posterior laterals, a small rounded prominence

between and anteriorly to the anterior laterals and posterior medians ;

ocular quadrangle much wider than long, considerably wider behind

than in front, posterior width very nearly equal to greatest width of

carapace, which is just behind the posterior lateral eyes.

Legs.—Tibia I with 3 inferior pairs of spines, the middle pair

slightly nearer to the apical than to the basal pair; metatarsus I with

1 sub-basal and 1 apical pair of stout spines, all patellae muticous ;

metatarsus IV with an inferior apical pair of moderate-sized spines,

otherwise muticous.

Vulva.—As in fig. 48.

Measurement.—Total length, 6 mm.

Gen. Moarus, Simon.

Mogrus macrocephalus, n. sp.

1 2 (B 6297). Ukualuthi.

Colour.—Carapace blackish brown, shiny, some white hairs on the

thoracic portion ; abdomen above blackish brown with some brown

spots, the hairs rubbed ; below white, an oval median blackish brown

band not reaching the spinners; sternum black, coxae, trochanters,

and proximal 3 of femora reddish brown, remainder blackish brown.

Carapace very high, only a little longer than broad, sloping

abruptly posteriorly, ocular area declivous anteriorly ; fovea a small

reniform pit, its anterior border recurved, a little in front of the posterior

lateral eyes.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 63

Chelicera.—Tooth of inferior margin large, triangular, with very

broad base, tooth of superior margin smaller, bluntly — bitu-

berculate.

Eyes.—Superior borders of anterior eyes slightly recurved, medians

not touching and about the diameter of a lateral eye from the latter ;

posterior median eyes as far from the posterior laterals as from the

anterior laterals or a little nearer to the latter; posterior laterals a

little smaller than anterior laterals, ocular quadrangle not much wider

behind than in front, posterior width a little less than greatest width

of cephalothorax ; clypeus equal to or a little less than radius of an

anterior lateral eye.

Legs.—Tibia I with 3, metatarsus I with 2 pairs of inferior spines ;

patella-+-tibia IV longer than tarsus+metatarsus IV.

Vulva.—As in fig. 49.

Measurement.—Total length, 8-5 mm.

Gen. THYENE, Simon.

Thyene damarensts, n. sp.

1 9 (B 6759). Oncka.

5 9° (B 6195). Kunene River.

1 2 (B 6100). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace brownish yellow, ocular area brown with strongly

recurved posterior border, thoracic portion of cephalothorax covered

with white hairs, some strong brown markings from posterior border

and sides converging and diminishing towards the fovea; ocular

area covered with mixed yellow and white hairs; a transverse bar

of white hairs just behind the anterior eyes, a tuft of 3-4 black spini-

form hairs bent in the middle, exterior to and just behind the posterior

median eyes; 3 transverse bars of white hairs on the clypeus,

the first at the middle level of the anterior median eyes by which it

is interrupted, the second just below them, the third along the edge

of the clypeus; long spiniform hairs on clypeus, dorsal ocular area,

and behind ocular area; abdomen above with broad, brown, lateral

bands cut by 3 posteriorly oblique white lines (the first 2 in-

complete) enclosing a fuscous lanceolate patch with an interrupted

dark median stripe, some indefinite brown spots at the sides ; below

dirty yellow, a dark interrupted median stripe, a similar stripe at

each side from epigastric area to just before the base of the

spinners ; sternum with narrow black lateral borders disappearing

posteriorly.

64 Annals of the South African Museum.

Eyes.—Superior borders of anterior eyes forming a straight line,

medians separated from the laterals by about the radius of the latter

and nearer to each other, posterior medians very small, about equi-

distant from the anterior and posterior laterals ; quadrangle formed

by anterior and posterior laterals, wider than long and very slightly

wider behind than in front.

Legs.—Tibia I with 3 pairs of inferior spines equally spaced, 2

interior lateral spines, the distal one nearer to the median than to the

apical inferior pair, the proximal one on a level with the basal

inferior pair; metatarsus I with 2 pairs of stout inferior spines,

tarsus I with 0, patellae I and II with a weak lateral interior spine,

III and IV with exterior and interior lateral spines.

Vulva.—As in fig. 50.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-6 mm. Total length, 10-4

mm.

Thyene bilineata, n. sp.

3 99 (B 6146). Kunene River.

2 99 (B 5938). Kunene River.

1 2 (B 6176). Kunene River.

3 99 (B 6114). Ongandjera.

1 2 (B 6760). Oncka.

Colour.—Carapace yellow, ocular area not darker than rest of

carapace, a dark band of hair from behind each posterior lateral eye

converging posteriorly and dilating suddenly near posterior border

of carapace; ocular area with some white hairs, each anterior

median eye surrounded by a compact ring of white hairs, long

white spiniform hairs on clypeus and around anterior median eyes, a

tuft of black bristles exterior to and just in front of posterior median

eyes ; sternum with a black sinuous border; abdomen above with

a pair of dark longitudinal bands enclosing a white lanceolate area

finely tapering towards but not reaching the spinners, laterally to

each dark band a parallel white band; the two dark bands clothed

with dark brown or reddish cylindrical hairs, the white bands with

flattened silvery-white hairs; sides with dark spots or broken lines

running postero-inferiorly ; below a dark median stripe with a stronger

lateral stripe at each side, all three not reaching epigastric margin or

spinners.

Eyes.—Anterior medians subcontiguous and separated from the

laterals by more than the radius of the latter, superior border of

anterior eyes forming a recurved line; posterior medians very small

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 65

and nearer to the anterior than to the posterior laterals ; quadrangle

formed by anterior and posterior lateral eyes, wider behind than in

front.

Legs.—Tibia I with an outer row of 3 weak spines, an inner row of 4

strong spines, third spine of inner row (from the base) not in line with

the rest, equidistant from 4 and 2, or nearer 4.

Vulva.—As in fig. 51; the epigyne 1s usually wider posteriorly than

anteriorly, but may take the form of a rectangle.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-6 mm. Total length, 10-5

mm.

Thyene bilineata var. strvatupes, n. var.

1 2° (B 6146). Kunene River.

Colour.—Carapace yellowish brown, bands of dense blackish hairs

behind the posterior lateral eyes converging but not meeting and not

reaching the posterior edge of cephalothorax, a tuft of black bristles

on a level with the posterior median eyes; abdomen and sternum as

im previous species, the brown bands of the abdomen with wavy

light brown hairs.

_ Hyes.—Anterior medians subcontiguous and separated from the

laterals by less than their radius ; posterior medians nearer to anterior

laterals than to posterior laterals.

Legs.—Tibia I with an inner row of 4 spines, 3 a little nearer 2 than 4

and not in a straight line with them; 1, 2, and 4 about equidistant ;

outer row of 3 spines much weaker, not equidistant, 2 nearer to 3

than to 1; patellae and tibiae above with a longitudinal median

and 2 lateral bands of long black hairs; metatarsi and tarsi with 2

median and 2 lateral bands, the bands less distinct in metatarsi and

tarsl.

Vulva is not fully developed, but appears to be very similar to that

of T. bilineata, except that the quadrilateral opening is more anteriorly

placed.

Measurement.—Total length, 8-8 mm.

This specimen differs markedly from T. bilineata in having distinct,

regular bands of hairs on the legs, in the latter the hairs on the legs

are irregularly arranged.

Gen. Hyuuus, C. Koch.

Hyllus treleaven, Peckham.

19,14 (B 6142). Kunene River.

VOM xexVe ee AR Th 5

66 Annals of the South African Museum.

FISSIDENTATI.

Gen. ENcymacuus, Simon.

Encymachus hesperus, 0. sp.

1 2 (B 6190). Oncka.

Colour.—Carapace dark blackish brown, median posterior portion

lighter, some white and golden hairs on the ocular area; clypeus in

front with long white inferiorly directed hairs, some golden ones at

the sides, some long brown spines on a line passing between the

anterior median eyes ; abdomen above with a broad median band of

mixed white and golden hairs, broad lateral bands of greenish brown

with a few white and golden hairs, below with mixed white and golden

brown hairs; legs with long spiniform and some short squamous

white hairs.

Carapace with cephalic portion level, behind the eyes slightly

then abruptly declivous ; fovea short, distinct, situated in a shallow

anteriorly recurved depression, some indistinct oblique radiations

posteriorly to it.

Chelicera.—Inferior margin with a large bituberculate tooth, the

apical tubercle the smaller; superior margin with 2 teeth, the apical

one the larger; maxillae roughly polygonal; labium about as long as

broad.

Eyes.—Anterior row forming a recurved line, medians subcontiguous,

a little further from the laterals ; posterior medians about equidistant

from the anterior and posterior laterals ; ocular quadrangle parallel,

about as wide as long, posterior laterals subequal to anterior laterals.

Legs.—Tibia I with 3 equally spaced inferior pairs of spines.

Vulva.—s in fig, 52.

Measurement.—Total length, 7 mm.

ORDER SOLIFUGAE.

Famity SOLPUGIDAE.

Gen. SOLPUGA.

Solpuga sericea, Pocock.

1 2 (B 4996). Tsumeb.

This specimen agrees with the above species in having a narrow

yellow band on each side of the darkened median band of the abdomen.

That this species occurs in South-West Africa is fairly certain ; three

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 67

males from Haris taken by R. Tucker and one male sent by W. L.

Miller from Windhuk undoubtedly belong to this Species. A male

specimen taken at Shiliowane, Leydsdorp, and recorded as belonging

to this species by Purcell, belongs to S. celeripes, Hirst, which is quite

distinct from S. serzcea in the form of the flagellum; the toothless

terminal portion of the dorsal jaw in Purcell’s specimen is shorter

and more curved, the first of the two intermediate teeth is more

markedly small than the second, and the third (main) tooth is

moderate. The narrow yellow lateral stripe is difficult to see as the

abdomen is somewhat shrunken.

Solpuga bechuanica, Hewitt.

3 6d (B 4987). Etosha Pan.

34d, 12 (B 4986). Etosha Pan.

1 g (B 6388). Andoni.

The shape of the flagellum agrees exactly with Hewitt’s drawing,

Ann. Transv. Mus., vol. iv, p. 161, text-fig. 23.

2 without infuscations on headplate or mandibles, dorsal surface

of abdomen with two lines of black hairs converging and coalescing

in the posterior segments, forming a narrow V-shaped marking ;

tarsus and distal 4 of metatarsus of palp infuscated, less below than

above; leg IV coloured as in 3, densely clothed with long yellow

silky hairs. Dentition as in fig. 88, only one fairly large intermediate

tooth as in S. marshall.

Measurements.—Width of headplate, 6-2 mm.; tibia of palp, 6-1

mm.; tarsus+metatarsus of palp, 7 mm.; tibia of leg IV, 6-7 mm. ;

metatarsus IV, 6-6 mm.; length of trunk about 26 mm.

Gen. Darsta, Karsch.

Daesia ovambica, n. sp.

3 3d (B 4990). Kunene River.

344, 12 (B 4991). Kunene River.

1 g, 12 (B 4992). Kunene River.

2 $g (B 6412). Kunene River.

3 Colour.—Headplate marbled brownish purple except a median

oval portion, a small rounded portion laterally to each eye, and the

posterior margin which are all lighter, anterior margin with a narrow

well-defined purple border; ocular tubercle dark, partly bisected

posteriorly by a faint yellow line ; mandibles with a medial and lateral

longitudinal marbled stripe ; abdomen above with a central marking

68 Annals of the South African Museum.

consisting of a purplish median and two lateral portions in each tergite,

the centre of the median portion darker than the rest, the lateral

portions coalescing with the median one along the anterior and

posterior margins in each segment forming ~—-shaped anterior

and ~*—-shaped posterior margins, especially noticeable in the

anterior tergites ; the whole central marking clothed mainly at the

sides with long silky yellow hairs ; sides and ventral portion greyish

yellow, sharply demarcated from the central dorsal marking ; palp

with femur yellow, its distal $ infuscated, tibia yellow-brown,

metatarsus and tarsus a little darker; legs with apex of femur and

distal segments of I, apex of femur and proximal part of tibiae II

and III, femur and tibia IV infuscated, the rest yellow; malleoli

uniformly yellowish white.

Palp.—Femur with an inner row of 3-4 long setae, tibia with an

outer and an inner row of 3 setae, metatarsus with a double row of

5 spines, the 3 distal pairs short and stout, the 2 proximal ones slenderer

and setiform.

Dentition.—As in fig. 87; flagellum with the inferior margin of

the upper portion of the disc passing directly through the rotatory

centre, rotated anteriorly the tip of flagellum just reaches the fangtip

of the dorsal jaw.

Legs.—Metatarsus II with 2 anterior and 5 posterior spines, in-

cluding an apical pair; metatarsus III with 3 dorsal, 2 anterior, 3

posterior spines, including an apical pair.

Measurements.—Metatarsus+tarsus of palp, 8-3 mm.; tibia, 7-7

mm. Total length (coxa to tarsus), 24-7 mm.; width of headplate,

5:2 mm.; length, 4-6 mm.; length of trunk, 21-5 mm.

2 Colour.—As in 3g, but much less distinct ; in one of the specimens

the stripes on the mandibles and central dorsal marking of abdomen

barely visible.

Palp.—Femur with an inner row of 4 long setae, tibia with a double

row of 3 setae, metatarsus with an inner row of 5 spines, the apical

one short and stout, the rest setiform, an outer row of 5, the 2 proximal

ones setiform, the rest short and stout.

Dentition.—As in fig. 86; the third dorsal tooth replaced in one

specimen by two smaller teeth.

Measurements.—Metatarsus +tarsus of palp, 6-5 mm. ; tibia, 5-7 mm.

Total length, 18-3 mm. ; width of headplate, 6-1 mm. ; length, 5-4 mm. ;

length of trunk, 26-4 mm.

This species resembles D. kolbei in the dentition and spination of the

palp, and differs chiefly in its coloration and considerably larger size.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 69

Gen. Hemrsiossi4, Kraep.

Hemiblossia etosha, n. sp.

2 2° (B 4994). Nomtele.

Colour.—Headplate, mandibles deep uniform blackish purple,

abdomen blackish purple except for a median dorsal and ventral

greyish-white portion, the dorsal one less than 4 as broad as the

darkened lateral marking, the ventral portion broader than the dorsal,

both sharply demarcated from the darkened marking; palps uni-

formly coloured as headplate, the coxae a very little lighter; legs

I yellow, the coxae light purple, II yellow throughout, IIT and IV

with femora entirely purple, a little hghter below, especially apically,

remaining segments yellow, except dorsal surfaces of tarsi which are

faintly purplish in I, in II, III, and IV successively a little darker ;

malleoli narrowly dark edged.

Dentition.—As in fig. 90 ; mandibles with feather bristles interiorly,

long brown setae above; metatarsus of palp with long brown setae

and shorter spines springing from light-coloured spots, tibia with

longer setae, especially below; darkened sides of abdomen with longish

oval, distinctly raised callosities, darker than the surrounding skin,

but with a lighter spot in the centre from which rise blackish-brown

setae of moderate length, their tips bifurcate ; callosities denser in

posterior than in anterior segments.

Legs.—Tarsus IV as in fig. 89, about 24 times as long as high ; there

is no visible division of the joint as in H. o’neilc ; 5 lateral spines, the

4 distal ones approximately equidistant, the proximal one a little

further from the rest. Claws infuscated purple.

Measurements.—Length of headplate+mandibles, 3-3 mm. ; width

of headplate, 1-9 mm. ; total length, 11-4 mm. Total length of larger

specimen, 14-4 mm.

This species can be distinguished from the four described species

by its peculiar colouring and the dentition.

OrDER SCORPIONES.

Famity BUTHIDAE.

Gen. Butuus, Leach.

Buthus conspersus, Thorell, aeratus, var. n.

1 juv. 2 (B 6041). Kunene River.

1 3, 2 292 (B 5424). Kunene River.

70 Annals of the South African Museum.

2 3d juvs. (B 5425). Kunene River.

2 99 (B 5421). Kunene River.

Colour.—Juvenile : trunk olivaceous, legs and tail yellow, tinged

with reddish brown ; cephalothorax with greenish-black markings on

the anterior margin, the anterior ? of the lateral margins, the median

ocular tubercle and the area surrounding it, the anterior lateral keels,

the posterior median and lateral keels (continuations of the abdominal

median and lateral keels); abdomen above with 5 distinct rows of

greenish-black markings, comprising the median and lateral keels and

a submarginal lateral marking in each tergite, the latter further from

the lateral keels than these are from the median ; in the smaller juvenile

all 5 markings are very distinct, in the larger ones much less so,

especially the submarginal ones; in the 7th tergite the median keel

broadly, the lateral ones narrowly infuscated. Tail with segments

successively more strongly infuscated, especially below, segment V

and vesicle reddish brown, all keels darkened (superior keels of I, IJ,

and III only at their posterior apices), segment I with a narrow

distinct black line bisecting the concave upper surface, IT and III

with similar but faint lines ; vesicle with smooth areas reddish brown,

granulated areas darker ; pedipalps infuscated, with brown spots on

the superior, posterior, and anterior surfaces of their joints (humerus

with 4-5 spots superiorly at its base), hand and brachium with

reticulate infuscation and stripes, legs except tarsi with reticulate

infuscation.

Adult: uniform bronze green, the legs, pedipalps, and upper sur-

faces of caudal segments more brownish, vesicle with a reddish-brown

stripe on each lateral surface.

Armature of cephalothorax and abdomen similar to B. conspersus

and B. arenaceus, lateral abdominal keels of first two tergites weak,

represented in I by 2, in II by 4 granules; sternites not granulated

or shagreened, except anterior and lateral surfaces of I, lateral surfaces

and a f\-shaped median area in IV, and the whole of V, which are

granular; IT and III with a transverse row of 4 distinct widely separ-

ated punctures representing the anterior terminations of the 4 keels in

IV and V; I with punctures in the median line forming a rough A.

Keels of sternite V very distinct, especially median keels; these not

reaching the anterior border of sternite, lateral keels short, reach-

ing neither posterior nor anterior border of sternite. Sternite IV

with distinct lateral granular keels and indistinct median keels con-

sisting of 6-7 small, well-separated granules, III, II, and I with no

trace of median keels, III and II with indistinct smooth lateral keels

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 71

(those of II barely discernible), I with no trace of Jateral keels. In

general much resembling the keels of B. arenaceus.

This variety differs from B. conspersus and B. arenaceus chiefly in

the form and proportions of the caudal segments which are as

follows :—

B. c. var. aeratus. B. conspersus, B. arenaceus.

Length. Width. Length. Width. Length. Width.

I 4 4-5 3 3 2-5 2-4

II 4-7 4-25 3°25 2°75 2-9 2-1

Il 5 t 3:5 2:5 3-1 2

IV 6-1 3°9 4 2:5 3:5 2

Vv 8:3 3°8 5 2°5 4-8 2

From these measurements it can be seen that in this variety the

first segment differs from that of the two other forms in being con-

siderably broader than long, also the width of the caudal segments

decreases successively from I to V, while in the other two forms the

last three segments are equal in width ; segment V is more than twice

the length of I, while in the other two forms it is not quite twice as long ;

in the measurements of the cephalothorax it agrees closely with B.

conspersus, in the proportional length of handback to movable finger

it agrees with both B. conspersus and B. arenaceus, the proportions

in the three forms being as follows :—

B. c. aeratus. B. conspersus. B. arenaceus.

Length of handback

0-4620 0-4616 0-4616

Length of movable finger

Pectinal Teeth.—Adult 92 18-2, 18-18, 19-20, g 24-26; juvenile

Movable finger with 13 rows of teeth, consisting of 8-11 teeth, the

basal row about twice as long as the others, consisting of 22 teeth.

Measurements.—Adult 2: length of carapace, 6-9 mm.; anterior

width, 3:8 mm.; posterior width, 8-1 mm.; median eyes from

anterior margin, 3 mm.; from posterior margin, 3-4 mm.; hand-

back, 3-7 mm.; movable finger, 8 mm.; length of vesicle, 8-3 mm. ;

width, 3-8 mm. ; length of trunk, 24:8 mm. Total length, 43-6 mm.

Adult 3: length of trunk, 19-2 mm.; total length, 43-6 mm.

This variety has characters in common with both B. conspersus

72 Annals of the South African Museum.

and B. arenaceus ; it agrees with the former in colour, measurements

(excepting caudal segments), and in having the sternites smooth,

with the latter in having the same number of pectinal teeth ; it differs

from both in the greater proportional width of the anterior caudal

segments. Since B. conspersus is recognised as a distinct species, I

believe the above-described form and B. arenaceus to be varieties of

that species.

Gen. Paraputuus, Pocock.

Parabuthus brevimanus, Thorell.

19, 1 S$ (B 5426). Kunene River.

Pectinal Teeth.—29-30 in the 3, 24-25 in the 9; the latter with the

posterior basal lamella of the scape lobate.

Measurements.—Trunk, 13-3 mm.; total length, 37-3 mm. Trunk,

11-1 mm. ; total length, 32-3 mm.

Gen. Uropiectses, Peters.

Uroplectes planimanus, Karsch.

1 3 (B 60388). Kunene River. Pectinal teeth, 28-28.

1 3 (B 6048). Namakunde. a » 24-26.

2 S$ (B 5423). Kunene River. . » 26-27, 28-29,

1 3 (B 6045). Namutoni. 7 » 26-29.

2 3 (B 6035). Sandup. ce » 26-26, 26-27.

Uroplectes vittatus, Thorell.

1 3 (B 6040). Oncka. Pectinal teeth, 17-17.

Measurements.—Trunk, 13:7 mm. ; tail, 24:4 mm.

Uroplectes otjimbinguensis, Karsch.

1 2 (B 6042). Kunene River.

Tail, seen from the side, with about $ of segment ITI, 4 of IV, and

4 of V, basally infuscated ; vesicle with a small dentiform tubercle

below aculeus.

Pectinal teeth, 15-15.

Measurements.—Trunk, 18-2 mm. ; tail, 21-5 mm.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 73

Uroplectes carvnatus, Pocock, var. ?.

1 juv. (B 6044). Otjimbumbe. Pectinal teeth, 23-24.

1 juv. (B 6036). Sandup. . » 21-28.

1 juv. (B 5431). Kunene River. 3 re 29=29e

3 juvs. (B 6039). Kunene River. af », 20-20, 26-26,

25-27.

Famity SCORPIONIDAE.

SuBFAMILY SCORPIONINAE.

Gen. OPISTHOPHTHALMUS, C. Koch.

Opisthophthalmus carinatus, Peters.

1 g (B 5422). Matfa. Pectinal teeth, 25-26.

19,1 gjuvs. (B 6037). Sandup. i 5 CeIENS 5 S22.6=26.

1 3g juv. (B 6051). Tsumeb. Ks sy A ye ia,

Measurements of adult 3, trunk, 31-6 mm. ; tail, 46-3 mm.

SupFraMity ISCHNURINAE.

Gen. HaDoGENEs, Kraep.

Hadogenes sp. %.

1 2 (B 5420). Kunene River. Pectinal teeth, 18—?

19, 1 g juvs. (B 5428). Kunene River. * a ANT 19%

20-22.

This will probably, on examination of more material, be found to

be a new species, the tail being considerably shorter than in any other

species. Two of the specimens being juveniles and the adult damaged,

T have left them undescribed pending the acquisition of further material

from the northern districts of South-West Africa.

PHAAATP WN EB

10.

jon)

a oo o ol

oo @ aI

Annals of the South African Museum.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Stegodyphus dumicola, Poe.

Scytodes tertia.

Prodidomus reticulatus.

Zelotes ovambensis.

Upognampa ctenipalpis.

Asemesthes lineatus, Purcell.

$5 kunenensis.

Bs sinister.

Zelotes demonaica.

Diores triangulifer, Simon.

. Setaphis quadrativulva.

> omuramba.

. Diaphractus muticus.

. Xerophaeus aridus, Purcell.

Eusparassus furcatus.

Micrommata ovambica.

. Chiracanthium inornatum.

399 93

Tetragonophthalma symmetrica.

. Thalassius cataracta.

5. Hippasa australis.

. Lycosa mafensis.

> parvivulva.

. Pardosa potamophila.

Fr oncka.

BS lycosinella.

. Evippa relicta.

2. Peucetia kunenensis.

Stegodyphus filimaculatus.

. Scytodes quarta.

. Prodidomus hirsutus.

Theuma longipes.

. Caphaeris oncka.

. Tetragnatha nitens, Aud.

andonea.

3. Stiphropus scutatus.

Monoeses quadrituberculatus.

. Hirrius bidentatus.

PLATE I.

FIG.

15. Trichothyse subtropica.

16. Caphaeris oncka.

Wei a kunenensis.

18. Ammoxenus fallopius.

19. Latrodectus incertus.

20. Paramystaria lata.

21. Monoeses quadrituberculatus.

22. Pherecydes zebra.

23. Runcinia cataracta.

24. Xysticus sagittifer.

25. Philodromus otjimbumbe.

26. Hirrius bidentatus.

ills > arenaceus.

28. 99 3

PLATE II.

43. Peucetia crucifer.

44, Festucula australis.

45. Menemerus lesserti.

46. Langona bisecta.

47. 35 ukualuthensis.

48. Naethea quadrimaculata.

49. Mogrus macrocephalus.

Thyene damarensts.

» obilineata.

Encymachus hesperus.

Palpimanus aureus.

Diaphorocellus albooculatus.

Platyoides unidentatus.

Ot Orv Sr St Sr Ct

PLATE III.

66. Hirrius arenaceus.

67. Oltos tuckert.

68. ., furcatus.

69. Chiracanthium inornatum.

5 castum.

Pardosa potamophila.

Scytodes tertia.

bs quingua.

Tetragonophthalma symmetrica.

Pardosa potamophila.

Se ee

I -] -] =I

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa.

FIG.

76.

WUe

78.

TY)

80.

81.

82.

83.

Tetragnatha andonea.

Aa nitens, Aud.

Latrodectus incertus.

99 39

Peucetia kunenensis.

ao) erucifer:

Proevippa ovambica.

Heliophanus decoloratus.

PLATE IV.

FIG.

84. Oxyopes castanea.

85. i auriculata.

86. Daesia ovambica.

87.

88. Solpuga bechuanica, Hewitt.

89. Hemiblossia etosha.

90. 9 99

Plate L

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV.

Newl & Co., Lid.

R. F. Lawrence, del.

Ann. S, A-r. Mus., Vol. XXV. Plate II.

Neill & Co., Lid.

R. F. Lawrence, del.

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV. Plate ILI.

Neill &: Co., Ltd.

R,F Lawrence, del,

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV.

R. F. Lawrence, del.

Plate IV,

Neill & Co., Lid.

(77 )

2. Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South

African Museum.—By J. R. ve B. Tomurn, M.A.

II. Famirtes ABYSSOCHRYSIDAE, OOCORYTHIDAE,

HALIOTIDAE, TONNIDAE.

(With four Text-figures.)

ABYSSOCHRYSIDAE, fam. nov.

Tuts splendid and remarkable mollusc, from a depth of 900 to 1000

fathoms, seems to have a combination of characters which justify

one in creating a new family for its reception.

The shell has the form and ornamentation of a Thiarid of the

Fic. 1.—Abyssochrysos melanioides, gen. and sp. nov.

Melanwides group, resembling especially some of the varieties of

T. variabilis (Benson); the operculum much resembles that of Littorina

and Thiara, but is thinner, and has a more central nucleus; there

is a smooth, glossy periostracum of a rather pale brownish-golden

colour; the radula is taenioglossate in character, but remarkably

asymmetrical in the same specimen as regards the rhachidian cusps,

which seem to follow no law whatever.

78 Annals of the South African Museum.

I propose to call it :

Abyssochrysos melanioides, gen. and sp. nov.

Shell elongately turreted, covered with a pale, brownish-golden

periostracum ; all the specimens are decollate, number of whorls

remaining in the type 13; the shell is furnished longitudinally with

straight, prominent, distant ribs, and probably spirally grooved

throughout, but through the periostracum one only sees about 4

lirae with broader, flat interstices immediately above the suture ;

in the type these lirae are unusually indistinct ; the upper part of

each whorl, some way below the suture, is encircled by a raised line,

which forms rather acute prominences where it crosses the axial ribs ;

Fic. 2.—Abyssochrysos melanioides, I, Il, two aspects of

anterior portion of animal, enlarged; f, foot ; p, penis;

it, tentacles; 0, plane of operculum. III, operculum.

all the spiral sculpture varies much in degree; suture impressed ;

the base of the last whorl appears to be rather irregularly spirally

grooved throughout ; umbilicus none; aperture subcircular; oper-

culum thin, transparent, 4-whorled, less closely coiled than in a

Inttorina, pale reddish-brown in colour.

Long., 41 mm. ; diam. max., 12.

Aperture, long., 9 mm. ; lat., 6-5.

For the following report I am greatly indebted to Lt.-Colonel Peile,

and I give it verbatim. The drawings of the animal and of details

of radula are also his. I am equally indebted to Mr. A. E. Salisbury

for the photograph of the shell with the operculum.

“ The animal has well-developed tentacles but no eyes.

“There is a buccal armature consisting of two lateral lobes, each

of gnat-wing shape; they appear to be composed of crowded conical

processes, which form also a serrated margin on the working edge

of the lobe.

“ The radula is taenioglossate, with formula 2.1.1.1.2. That of the

Marine Mollusca in the Collections of South African Museum. 79

figured specimen has 119 rows (+ nascent), and measures 3-5 mm. in

length. Three specimens were stained with dahlia and mounted in

Canada balsam; they agree as regards one striking peculiarity,

namely, the variation in the number of cusps on the rhachidians.

Cb WW

jelly a

Fic. 3.—Abyssochrysos melanioides. South African Museum,

No. 139/A5116. Radula: approximate magnification x

250. Four successive rhachidians, lateral and marginals.

This appears to follow no law, the side cusps varying in number

from 2 to 4. The arrangement 3.1.3 predominates in the figured

specimen with many 2.1.3 and 3.1.2; in one of the other speci-

mens a combination with 4 on one side or the other occurs more

frequently.

“ Taking two portions of the figured specimen we find :

3.1.2 2.1.2

3.1.2 a8

2.1.3 ae

2.1.3 2.1.4

cae Dal oes’ Mee

418 Mates

AS Snes

ORES 3.1.4

3.1.42 2.1.3

2.1.3 Bulbs

2.1.2 3.1.4

“Where 2 cusps only occur they are broader, and where 4 occur

they are narrower than the average size.”

Hab., Cape Point, N.E.x H.4K., 46 miles, 900 to 1000 fathoms,

several live specimens (S.A. Mus., No. A5116).

Type in South African Museum.

80 Annals of the South African Museum.

OOCORYTHIDAE.

The name of this family should, by its derivation from xépus,

a helmet, be spelt as given by Fischer,* and not Odcoritidae as Dall +

has written.

It was first made known in 1883 from the dredgings of the

“Talisman ” off the Azores, in from 2285 to 5005 metres, and the

same species has been dredged by the ‘‘ Blake” off Guadeloupe, St.

Vincent, and Grenada in the West Indies, at depths varying from

573 to 955 fathoms.

Dall (loc. cit.) says, “In this singular mollusk we have another

instance of the comparatively limited value of the form of the oper-

culum, or even its presence.

“ Tritonwum (t.e. Cymatium), Cassis, Dolium (t.e. Tonna), Odcorys

are all nearly related, yet the operculum is absent in one group, and

in the others assumes most varied forms. By its dentition, its

nucleus, and its thickened reflected lip and body callus it approaches

Cassis more nearly than Doliwm.”

Locard § also gives a very full study of the group, and would be

content to include Oédcorys as a genus of the Cassididae. It seems

better, however, to maintain the Odcorythidae as a separate family

on an equal footing with the Cassididae, Tonnidae, and Cymatiidae.

Two specimens of an Odcorys are amongst the Museum dredgings,

both dead shells from 40 miles off Cape Point, 720 to 900 fathoms.

They obviously belong to the same species as the single ‘‘ Chal-

lenger ”’ example, with which I have been able to compare them,

and which was dredged in mid-Atlantic a little north of the Equator.

In the ‘‘ Challenger * Report Boog Watson identified this specimen

with O. sulcata Fischer, though Fischer himself dissented, and though

Watson acknowledges differences in sculpture; these, however, he

attributes to greater age and worse condition.

Locard (loc. cit.) follows Fischer in discriminating the “ Challenger ”’

shell from that of the “ Talisman,” and proposes to call the former

O. watsoni, recapitulating the differences which also struck Fischer.

I have not seen a specimen of Fischer’s sulcata, but as far as one can

judge by figures and descriptions the discrimination is justified, and

the Cape shell may stand as O. watson Locard.

Man. Conch., p. 769.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard, xviii, p. 228.

Journ. de Conch., xxxi, p. 392.

Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, Moll. I, p. 288.

LP ete <b

Marine Mollusca in the Collections of South African Museum. 8i

Dautzenberg and Locard are inclined to surmise that another

“Challenger” shell which Watson denominates Buccinum? aqui-

larum should be referred likewise to Odcorys. It may, therefore, be

not superfluous to mention that a short time ago I found the unique

type of this species—after considerable search in the British Museum

collections—included in the family of Cancellariidae.

An examination of the specimen convinces me that Smith was

perfectly correct in so assigning it, and that it probably belongs to

the genus Admete.

HALIOTIDAE.

Haliotis alfredensis Bartsch. U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 91, p. 175,

pl. xxiv, figs. 7, 8, 28th July 1915.

Hab., The Kowie (the type locality).

Sowerby, in Proc. Malac. Soc., iv, p. 6, recorded what is evidently

this species from The Kowie as H. pertusa Reeve ; and Smith repeated

Sowerby’s record, op. cit., v, p. 391.

Comparison with the type of pertusa Rve. shows that the Kowie

shell is much more finely and regularly sculptured, as Bartsch points

out, and must be known as H. alfredensis Bartsch.

TONNIDAE.

TONNA GALEA (L.).

Buccinum galea L. Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, p. 734, 1758.

Hab., Algoa Bay, 29 fathoms, one much broken dead shell, which I

refer to this species. It is acommon Mediterranean shell, and occurs

on the American side of the Atlantic from N. Carolina to Brazil.

TONNA LUTEOSTOMA (Kiister).

Dolium luteostomum Kiister. Syst. Conch. Cab. (2), Lief. 158,

p. 66, pl. lviii, fig. 2, 1857.

Hab., two dead shells from 34 fathoms off Cove Rock. The

Kimberley Museum has three which were trawled off Hast London.

D. procellarum EKuthyme (unfigured),* from “ Sainte Elisabeth,”’ is

probably the same.

* Bull. Soc. Malac. France, ii, p. 247, December 1885.

VOL. XXV, PART l. 6

$2 Annals of the South African Museum.

EUDOLIUM CROSSEANUM (Monterosato).

Dolium crosseanum Monterosato. Journ. de Conch., xvii, p. 228,

pl. xii, fig. 1, July 1869.

Hab., Buffalo River, N. 15 miles, 310 fathoms. One dead, some-

what immature shell only was dredged, measuring 33 mm. by 24 mm.,

but I do not think there can be any doubt as to its identity.

Fig. 4. (a) Budolium aulacodes,n. sp. (b) Budolium crosseanum (Monts.).

The species has an enormous range. It was first taken in deep

water off Palermo, has been dredged on the Atlantic coast of the

Marine Mollusca wn the Collections of South African Museum. 83

U.S.A. as far north as Martha’s Vineyard in 89 to 234 fathoms, and

was taken by the “ Blake” at various stations in the West Indies.

The Cape example, of which I give a figure, might almost have

been the original of the figure in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard,

xvii, pl. xv, fig. 5, but the shell depicted by Dall was 2 mm. longer.

Monterosato’s Palermo specimen measured 8156; this seems to

have been a particularly fine one, and Dall mentions that most of

the Antillean shells are smaller though adult.

Eudolium aulacodes,* sp. n.

Shell remarkably solid and heavy, imperforate, pale ochreous in

colour; whorls 54, sculptured with very strongly raised ridges, of

which there are 17 on the body whorl, 6 on the penultimate, and

5 on the antepenultimate—the ridges being very regular and equal

in size except that immediately above the suture, which is weak and

threadlike ; the ridges are separated by wide interstices, and regularly

spaced except two infra-peripheral ones, which are obviously much

closer together (this may prove to be an individual peculiarity when

further specimens turn up); analogously the ridge which I take to

be the periphery is deeply furrowed, and this feature can be traced

back to the antepenultimate whorl; the first 2 whorls are more or

less decorticate, on the third the interstices are crossed very obliquely

by numerous axial threads; otherwise the interstices are smooth ;

canal rather long and broad ; outer lip much thickened and reflected,

the ridges of the body whorl forming blunt raised denticles on the

outer edge, and marked on the inner margin by faint, shallow channel-

ling ; on body whorl and pillar is an extensive auriform callus which

projects over part of the next whorl; aperture elongate piriform.

Long., 43 mm.; diam. max., 29; length of aperture, 21.

Hab., Cape Point, N.E. 40 miles, 560 to 700 fathoms, one dead

but fresh shell (Mus. No. A3529).

Type in South African Museum.

Not unlike E. verrillic Dall, but more elongate both in spire and

canal, and without canaliculation at the suture.

* avAaKkedns, ‘in furrows.”

( 85 )

3. The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province (Union of

South Africa).—By G. O. Sars. Part IIT: Copepoda.

(With Plates V-XVI.)

INTRODUCTION.

In two previous papers I have given an account of the South African

species belonging to the orders Cladocera and Ostracoda as yet examined

by me, most of these species having been observed in the living state

by breeding from dried mud. I now propose to deal with another

- order of Entomostraca, viz. the Copepoda, which is also well repre-

sented in the South African Fauna. Of this order in all twenty-three

species have been subjected to a closer examination ; but of these

only three have been raised from dried mud, all the others are

exclusively derived from gatherings, preserved in alcohol, taken at

different times partly in the neighbourhood of Cape Town by the late

Dr. Purcell, partly in other localities in the Cape Province. Three

new species from South-West Africa are also included.

The species recorded in the present paper belong to the three lead-

ing divisions of free-living Copepoda—Calanoida, Cyclopoida, and Har-

pacticoida ; but of the last-named division only quite solitary speci-

mens of two species have as yet come under my notice, whereas the

two other divisions are rather abundantly represented, although the

species only belong to one family of each, viz. Diaptomidae and

Cyclopidae. Four of the Diaptomid species here recorded have been

previously described by the present author in other Journals, but I

have thought it advisable to redescribe these interesting forms, and

to give new and more carefully drawn figures of each.

Division CALANOIDA.

Fam. DIAPTOMIDAE.

Gen. LOVENULA, Schmeil.

Syn. : Broteas, Lovén.

Remarks.—This genus was established as early as the year 1845 by

Lovén, and was referred by him to the family Cyclopzdae, this family

86 Annals of the South African Museum.

being at that time taken in a much wider sense than at present. As,

however, the name Broteas, given to the genus by Lovén, had proved

to be preoccupied by Koch for a genus of Arachnidae, Dr. Schmeil

proposed in the year 1898 to change it as above. The genus is

apparently allied to Diaptomus, from which it, however, differs

essentially in the powerfully developed posterior maxillipeds, and in

the tail of the female being only composed of 2 segments. From the

succeeding genus, which approaches it rather closely, it differs in the

general shape of the body, as also somewhat in the structure of the

appendages, particularly in that of the maxillae and the posterior

maxillipeds. Two nearly allied species of this genus will be described

in the sequel, one of them being that originally observed by Lovén,

the other having recently been detected by Mr. Barnard in South-

West Africa.

1. LovENULA FALCIFERA (Lovén).

(Plate V; Plate VI, figs. 1-5.)

Broteas faleifer, Lovén. Kgl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handlinger,

1845, p. 436, pl. vi.

Broteas falcifer, G. O. Sars. Arch. f. Mathem. u. Naturvidenskab,

vol. xxi, No. 2, p. 22, pl. iv.

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female reaching to near about

5mm. Body elongate, with well-marked constrictions between the

segments. Front rather contracted. Lateral lobes of last pedigerous

segment broadly triangular and conspicuously asymmetrical. Genital

segment more protuberant on right side than on left, and much

shorter than the anal segment. Anterior antennae about the length

of the anterior division of the body. Posterior maxillipeds with the

terminal spines very coarse, falciform. Right last leg of male with

the distal joint of outer ramus gradually somewhat narrowed, outer-

edge spine well developed, apical claw very strong, flexuous ; terminal

part of left leg imperfectly subdivided, apical lappet and outer-edge

spine not far remote from each other, both deflexed.

Description of the Female.-—The body (see figs. 1 and 2) is rather

robust, though somewhat elongate, with the two chief divisions sharply

marked off from each other. The anterior division is almost cylin-

drical in shape, being scarcely broader in front than behind, and

has the segments defined laterally by well-marked constrictions. The

foremost segment, constituting the head, attains nearly the length

of the 3 succeeding segments combined, and contracts rapidly towards

the end, which in the dorsal view of the animal (fig. 1) appears

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 87

narrowly rounded. In a lateral aspect (fig. 2) the frontal part of the

head is seen to project a little beyond the insertion of the anterior

antennae, terminating below in a short protuberance evidently

replacing the rostrum in other Calanoida. The protuberance is,

however, quite simple, without the slightest trace of any appendages

on the obtuse tip. The last pedigerous segment is imperfectly

defined from the preceding one, though a slight lateral impression

indicates the limit between the 2 segments. It is deeply emarginated

in the middle, and projects to each side of the emargination in a

broadly triangular lobe pointing obliquely behind. On a closer in-

spection these lobes are found to be pronouncedly asymmetrical, the

left lobe being constantly larger and deeper than the right.

The tail scarcely exceeds half the length of the anterior division,

and is more generally turned a little to left side. It is only composed

of 2 segments, the 1st of which (the genital segment) is slightly dilated

in front of the middle, and, seen from above, somewhat asymmetrical

in shape, the right side being conspicuously more protuberant than

the left. The 2nd segment is considerably more prolonged than the

ist, and gradually widens somewhat distally, being transversely

truncated at the end. It exhibits dorsally, in some distance from

the extremity, a short transverse fold or opercle arching over the anal

opening. The caudal rami (see fig. 12) are about twice as long as they

are broad at the base, and somewhat narrowed distally, being scarcely

at all divergent. The marginal setae are present in the usual number,

2 of them being attached to the outer edge, the other 3 to the tip.

They are all comparatively short, but rather thick, and densely

plumose, those on the outer edge considerably curved. In addition

to these setae, a thin bristle is seen attached to the dorsal face of each

ramus near the inner distal corner. The inner edge of the rami is

perfectly straight, and throughout fringed with fine cilia.

The ovisac (see fig. 1) is of moderate size, and almost circular in

outline, containing numerous densely crowded ova.

The anterior antennae (fig. 3) are rather slender, though scarcely

exceeding the length of the anterior division of the body, and gradually

taper distally. They are composed of the usual number of joints,

viz. 25, and are clothed anteriorly with scattered setae of very un-

equal length, some of them being considerably prolonged and curved

in different directions. Of the joints the first 2 are rather larger than

the others, which successively increase in length. The 3 outermost

joints are, however, again somewhat shorter, and the last joint is

the smallest of all.

88 Annals of the South African Museum.

The posterior antennae (fig. 4) are comparatively of rather small

size, with the outer ramus scarcely longer than the inner, and much

thinner. It is composed of 7 joints, the 2nd of which is the largest,

and somewhat swollen, whereas the 4 succeeding joints are extremely

small and combined about the length of the terminal joint.

The mandibles (fig. 5) have the body well developed, with the

masticatory part expanded in the usual manner and coarsely dentate

at the extremity. The palp is, however, poorly developed, though

otherwise of normal appearance.

The maxillae (fig. 6) exhibit all the constituent parts distinctly

developed, and are in particular distinguished by the terminal joint

of the palp being considerably produced and tipped with a number of

very long setae curving outwards. The exopodal lobe is compara-

tively small and narrow oblong in shape.

The anterior maxillipeds (fig. 7) are rather strongly built, each form-

ing a thickish anteriorly curving stem divided into two well-marked

sections, a basal and a terminal. The basal section is almost of equal

width throughout, and exhibits traces of a subdivision in its distal

part. Anteriorly it is provided with 4 short digitiform lobules, each

armed, in addition to the setae, with a coarse curved spine. The first

joint of the terminal section is conspicuously constricted at the base,

but widens gradually towards the end, its distal corner being somewhat

produced and armed with a spine similar to those on the lobules of the

basal part, accompanied by 2 slender setae. The 3 outer joints are

very short and densely crowded, being armed with strong anteriorly

curving spines.

The posterior maxillipeds (fig. 8) are highly distinguished by their

extraordinarily strong development, being almost three times as long

as the anterior ones, and constituting very powerful preying organs,

The 2 basal segments are much prolonged, in particular the distal one,

in which 2 strong muscles are seen joining the terminal part, one of

them (the flexor) being in particular very powerful, and attached with

its extremity to a strong chitinous tendon entering the terminal part

at the flexure between it and the basal part, and continued almost to

the end of the former. The terminal part is comparatively short,

scarcely attaining half the length of the 2nd basal segment, but is

rather thick and highly chitinised, being generally found closely bent

upon the basal part in front. It is only composed of 4 joints, the last

of which is very small, so as easily escaping attention. To the inner

side of this part several curved setae of unequal length are attached,

and from the end project 3 particularly strong and closely juxtaposed

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 89

falciform spines slightly curved in their outer part, and distinctly

denticulated inside. At the first sight all 3 spines appear to issue

from the very apex; but it is easily proved on a closer examination

that in reality only one of the spines is attached to the last joint,

whereas the other two take their origin each from one of the 2 pre-

ceding joints.

The natatory legs (figs. 9 and 10) are on the whole built on the same

type as in Diaptomus, though some minor differences may be found

in their details.

The Ist pair of legs (fig. 9) are considerably smaller than the succeed-

ing ones, and have the inner ramus only composed of 2 joints. The

outer ramus exceeds the inner in length, and is distinctly triarticulate,

with the Ist joint somewhat dilated and armed at the end outside with

a long deflexed spine densely hairy on the inner side. The middle

joint is abruptly much narrower, and without any trace of a spine

outside. The last joint is still narrower and somewhat more elongate,

being provided in its outer part with 2 very small but distinctly

denticulate outer-edge spines. The apical spine of this joint is very

slender, almost setiform, and apparently quite naked.

The 3 succeeding pairs of legs (fig. 10) are all of quite uniform

structure, with both rami distinctly triarticulate. The outer ramus

is considerably more elongate than the inner, and also more strongly

built, with a well-developed denticulated outer-edge spine on each

of the 2 proximal joints. The terminal joint of this ramus is un-

usually narrow, and has only a single comparatively small outer-edge

spine attached close to the tip. The apical spine, however, is very

fully developed, nearly attaining the length of the whole ramus. It is

sabre-shaped, and densely fringed along the outer edge with slender

spinules in a pectinate manner.

The last pair of legs (fig. 11) are very unlike the preceding ones, and

on the whole agree in structure with those legs in Diaptomus, though

being comparatively more robust. The proximal joint of the outer

ramus is rather large and of uniform width throughout. The distal

jomt is, on the other hand, comparatively small, and apparently

terminates in 3 somewhat diverging stout spines. The innermost and

strongest of these spines forms, however, the immediate continuation

of the joint, and evidently answers to the terminal claw in Diaptomus.

The middle spine, too, which generally is abruptly incurved, so as

crossing the base of the claw, is unquestionably identical with the

small apical joint found in most species of the genus Diaptomus.

The inner ramus is poorly developed, forming a simple narrow

90 Annals of the South African Museum.

cylindrical appendage extending alongside the outer ramus and

scarcely reaching as far as the proximal joint of that ramus. It

carries on the tip 2 comparatively short spines, but is otherwise

quite unarmed.

Description of the Male.—In size the male is only slightly inferior

to the female. It is, however, readily recognised by the usual sexual

particularities, which in the present form are rather sharply marked.

The body (see Pl. VI, fig. 1) appears on the whole more slender than

in the female, with the anterior division conspicuously contracted

behind, and the lateral lobes of the last segment very much reduced

in size and scarcely at all asymmetrical.

The tail is very narrow and cylindrical in shape, being also consider-

ably more prolonged than in the female. It is composed of 5 distinctly

defined segments, the Ist of which is quite short and slightly protuber-

ant on the left side, where the genital orifice is situated. To this orifice

leads a rather long and roomy duct passing through the posterior part

of the anterior division, and often containing a fully developed sper-

matophore, easily observed in specimens cleared up by immersion in

glycerin (see fig. 1). The caudal rami (see fig. 5) are conspicuously

asymmetrical, the right being somewhat longer than the left and

bent more outwards. This ramus is, moreover, distinguished by a

peculiar transformation of the 3 outermost setae, which are much

stronger than the others, almost spiniform, and quite destitute of the

usual dense ciliation.

The right anterior antenna (fig. 2) is, as usual, very unlike the

left, being transformed to a powerful prehensile organ. It exhibits

3 well-marked successive sections of almost equal length, but rather

dissimilar in appearance. The proximal section, comprising the first

12 joints, resembles on the whole the corresponding part of the left

antenna, except that the 7th joint is somewhat larger, and that the

penultimate one is produced in front to a coarse spiniform process.

The middle section is, however, considerably swollen, oblong fusiform

in shape, and traversed by a strong transversely striated muscle acting

upon the terminal section. It is composed of 6 well-defined joints

firmly connected with each other, the last 2 joints having each in

front a somewhat spiniform lamella closely appressed to the anterior

edge. The terminal section is a little shorter than the middle one,

and very much narrower, being very mobile, so as allowing to be bent

in front upon the adjacent part of the antenna. It is only composed

of 3 joints successively diminishing in size, the first highly chitinised

and armed in front with an appressed spine, the last produced at the

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 91

end to a short hook-like process, at the base of which several thin

setae are attached (see fig. 3).

The posterior antennae, oral pieces, and natatory legs are exactly

of same structure as in the female.

The last pair of legs (fig. 4), however, are much transformed and

very powerfully developed, being adapted for prehension. They are

conspicuously asymmetrical, the right leg being much larger than the

left and of a very different appearance. On both legs a biarticulate

basal part may be distinguished, and on the right leg also 2 rami, the

inner of which, however, is very small, forming a narrow rod-like

appendage terminated by a minute knob-shaped joint. The outer

ramus of this leg, on the other hand, is very largely developed, and

composed of 2 well-defined thickish joints, the last of which is the

larger, and slightly tapered towards the end, with the inner edge almost

straight, the outer gently curved. Outside this joint, near the apex,

a well-defined though rather short spine is attached, and to the tip

is movably articulated an exceedingly strong, somewhat flexuous claw

finely denticulated in its outer part. The left leg is scarcely more than

half as long as the right, and does not exhibit any trace of an inner

ramus, the basal part being followed by a somewhat flattened and

imperfectly subdivided piece terminated by a narrowly rounded lappet.

Outside the base of this lappet a strong deflexed spine is attached,

issuing from a knob-like prominence and accompanied inside by a

slender seta.

Remarks.—This form, as mentioned above, was described in the

year 1845 by Lovén as the type of his genus Broteas, but as our know-

ledge of the Copepoda at that time was still very imperfect, the descrip-

tion given by Lovén, though rather exhaustive, could not of course

suffice for ascertaining the true systematic relation of this copepod

to the other known forms, and it even appeared somewhat question-

able if it could be classed at all among the fresh-water Copepoda.

In any case, a renewed examination of this form seemed to be highly

desirable. It was therefore of great interest to me to receive in the

year 1898 from Dr. Purcell several well-preserved specimens of a

large-sized Calanoid, in which I very soon recognised the form origin-

ally described by Lovén. The specimens were at once submitted to

a careful anatomical examination, and a detailed description accom-

panied by figures given in the above-quoted Journal. I was thereby

enabled to ascertain the near relationship of this form to the genus

Diaptomus, and at the same time to point out some apparently

essential differences sufficient to support the genus proposed by

92 Annals of the South African Museum.

Lovén. The present form is one of the largest known fresh-water

Copepoda, and is in this respect scarcely rivalled by any other, except

perhaps the huge Diaptomus superbus, Schmeil.

Occurrence.—The specimens originally examined by Lovén were

collected by J. Wahlberg from a so-called salt-pan or small saline

marsh in the neighbourhood of Port Natal. Those in my possession

were taken by the late Dr. Purcell in two different places on Green

Point Common, near Cape Town, and apparently in pure fresh water.

The colour of the living animal is bluish, the antennae and tail red.

2. LOoVENULA BARNARDI, N. sp.

(Plate VI, figs. 6-9.)

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female scarcely exceeding 4:40

mm. Body less elongate than in the type species, with no obvious

constrictions between the segments. Frontal part less contracted.

Lateral lobes of last pedigerous segment less prominent and only

slightly asymmetrical, each terminating in a sharp point. Genital

segment more protuberant on left side than on right, and not at all

shorter than the anal segment. Anterior antennae exceeding some-

what in length the anterior division of the body. Posterior maxillipeds

with the terminal spines less strong and scarcely falciform. Right last

leg in male with the distal joint of outer ramus conspicuously bulging

inside, outer-edge spine rudimentary, apical claw evenly curved ;

terminal part of left leg distinctly subdivided, distal joint transverse,

with the apical lappet turned inwards and the outer-edge spine

exceedingly large and extant.

Description of the Female.—The body (see figs. 6 and 7) appears

comparatively shorter and more compact than in the type species,

with the anterior division rather more dilated, and not exhibiting

any conspicuous constrictions between the segments. The cephalic

segment is more evenly contracted anteriorly, with the frontal part,

seen laterally, less narrow. The last pedigerous segment is almost

completely confluent with the preceding one, and has the lateral lobes

comparatively shorter than in the type species, and only slightly

asymmetrical, each terminating in a somewhat extant sharp point.

The tail is comparatively short, only slightly exceeding in length

2 of the anterior division, and differs conspicuously from that in the

type species in the shape and mutual relation of its 2 segments. The

genital segment, as in that species, is pronouncedly asymmetrical,

but the asymmetry is the opposite of that found in L. falczfera, the

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 93

left side, and not the right, being the more protuberant. The distal,

or anal segment is comparatively much shorter than in the said

species, scarcely attaining the length of the genital segment, its

greatest width being about equal to half the length. The caudal

rami resemble in shape those in the type species, but the marginal

setae are considerably more produced.

The ovisac (see fig. 6) is rather large, rounded oval in outline, and

projecting beyond the tips of the caudal rami.

The anterior antennae (see figs. 6 and 7) are comparatively more

prolonged than in the type species, exceeding somewhat in length the

anterior division of the body. In structure, however, they perfectly

agree with those in the said species.

The succeeding appendages also are so very like those in L. falcifera,

that I think I may dispense myself from giving any detailed descrip-

tion of them. I only will note that the 3 terminal spines on the

posterior maxillipeds are less coarsely developed, so as not properly

to be called falciform.

The last pair of legs (fig. 8), though built upon the very same type

as in the preceding species, appear somewhat less robust, with the

proximal joint of the outer ramus conspicuously narrower, and the

outer-edge spine of the distal joint more extant.

The male differs from the female in a very similar manner to that

of the type species.

Yet the last pair of legs (fig. 9) exhibit some well-marked differences

in their details, both as regards the right and the left leg. In the

former the distal joint of the outer ramus is comparatively shorter

and scarcely at all narrowed, its inner edge being considerably bulged.

The outer-edge spine of this joint seems at first sight to be wholly

wanting, and it is only on a very careful examination that an extremely

small rudiment of this spine is detected close to the apex. The apical

claw is less strong than in the type species, and evenly curved in its

outer part. The left leg has the terminal part divided into 2 sharply

defined joints, the distal one short and broad, transverse, or somewhat

securiform in shape, with the inner corner produced to an inward-

pointing digitiform lappet, the outer passing gradually over into an

exceedingly coarse and extant spine curved downward and, as in the

male of L. falcifera, exhibiting at the base a well-marked transverse

suture. In the middle between this spine and the inner digitiform

lappet a thin seta is seen, springing off from a small knob-like pro-

minence.

Remarks.—The above-described form is closely allied to L. falcvfera,

94 Annals of the South African Museum.

so closely, indeed, that at first I took it to be the very same species.

A closer examination of the specimens has, however, proved it to be

in reality a well-defined new species, to which the name of its collector

may properly be applied.

Occurrence.—Numerous specimens of this form, all perfectly agreeing

with each other, were collected by Mr. Barnard at six different places

in Ovamboland, South-West Africa. According to the notes given by

the collector, the colour of the living animal was bluish, the tail being,

however, tinged with red.

GEN. PARADIAPTOMUS, G. O. Sars.

Syn.: Broteas, G. O. Sars (in part).

Remarks.—This genus was proposed in the year 1895 by the present

author to include a peculiar South African Diaptomid raised by him

from dried mud. The genus was, however, subsequently (in the year

1898) withdrawn, as I believed, at that time, that the said Diaptomid

should more properly be referred to the genus Broteas of Lovén.

Yet at present I have come to the conclusion that the genus Para-

diaptomus in reality ought to be supported, as it exhibits some rather

striking differences from both of the two species of Lovén’s genus

described above.

The chief characters distinguishing the present genus refer to the

peculiar appearance of the tail in the female and to the structure of

some of the appendages, in particular that of the maxillae and the

posterior maxillipeds.

3. PARADIAPTOMUS LAMELLATUS, G. O. Sars.

(Plate VII.)

Paradiaptomus lamellatus, G. O. Sars. Chr. Vid. Selsk. Skrifter,

1895, No. 3, p. 46, pls. vil, vu.

Broteas lamellatus, G. O. Sars. Arch. f. Mathem. u. Naturv., vol.

xxi, No. 2, p. 24.

Description of the Female.—The length of the body scarcely exceeds

3-90 mm., and this form accordingly does not by far grow to such

a large size as the two above-described species of the genus Lovénula.

In the living animal the body is semipellucid, of a light bluish grey

colour, with the hind edges of the segments somewhat darker, and

the outer part of the tail almost colourless.

The general shape of the body (see figs. 1 and 2) looks rather unlike

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 95

that in the species of the preceding genus, being unusually short and

stout, with the anterior division considerably inflated in its anterior

part and gradually contracted behind. The cephalic segment is

highly vaulted dorsally, with the frontal part evenly rounded off

anteriorly and terminating below in a small simple rostral protuber-

ance. The last pedigerous segment, as in Lovenula, is almost entirely

confluent with the preceding segment, and has the lateral lobes rather

prominent, narrow lanceolate in shape, and perfectly symmetrical.

The tail is about half the length of the anterior division and, as in

Lovenula, only composed of 2 segments ; but the shape of these seg-

ments is rather unlike that in the said genus. The genital segment

is somewhat produced, and does not exhibit any obvious asymmetry,

being quite uniformly dilated in its anterior part and rather pro-

tuberant below. It tapers somewhat towards the extremity, which

forms a very movable articulation with the anal segment. The latter

is a little shorter than the genital segment and of a very dissimilar

appearance, being pronouncedly flattened and greatly expanded

towards the end, so as exhibiting, seen dorsally, the form of an equi-

lateral triangle. It is transversely truncated behind, and provided

dorsally, at some distance from the end, with a well-marked anal

opercle. The caudal rami also exhibit a very strange appearance,

unlike that met with in any of the other known Diaptomidae. They

are of comparatively large size, fully equalling in length the anal

segment, and have the form of 2 closely juxtaposed, broadly oval

lamellae, with the inner edge perfectly straight, the outer gently

curved. The marginal setae are present in the usual number, viz.

5 on each ramus, one of them attached to a well-marked ledge of the

outer margin. All the setae are finely ciliated, but remarkably short,

with the base bulbously dilated and the extremity drawn out to a very

thin lash. The innermost but one is, as usual, the longest, though

scarcely attaining the length of the corresponding ramus. The dorsal

bristle, attached near the inner corner, is very small.

The ovisac 1s in most cases not very large, scarcely extending

beyond the anal segment, and is almost circular in outline.

The eye is very small and, as in the species of Diaptomus, situated

somewhat ventrally, at some distance behind the rostral protuberance.

The anterior antennae (fig. 3) are comparatively short, not nearly

attaining the length of the anterior division of the body. They are,

however, composed of the usual number of joints (25), and are rather

densely setiferous ; but none of the setae are, as in Lovenula, partic-

ularly prolonged.

96 Annals of the South African Museum.

The posterior antennae (fig. 4) are far less reduced in size than in

Lovenula, though exhibiting a rather similar structure. The terminal

joint of the outer ramus is, however, much shorter than in either of the

two species of that genus.

The mandibles (fig. 5) do not differ from those in Lovenula, except

by the palp being more fully developed.

The maxillae (fig. 6), however, are prominently distinguished by

the rudimentary condition of the terminal joint on the palp, this

joint being, unlike what is the case in Lovenula, very small, nodiform,

and only clothed with quite short setae. The exopodal lobe also is

rather different in shape, being comparatively larger and somewhat

expanded distally.

The anterior maxillipeds (fig. 7) are less robust than in Lovenula,

but otherwise of a very similar appearance.

The posterior maxillipeds (fig. 8), however, look very different,

being far less powerfully developed, and more resembling in structure

those appendages in Diaptomus. Yet the terminal part is compara-

tively shorter and thicker than in that genus, with the setae partly

converted to spines, one of these, projecting from the tip, being in

particular rather strong and distinctly denticulate, though scarcely

at all curved. The number of joints in this part is also reduced,

only 4 joints being counted, the last extremely small.

The natatory legs (figs. 9 and 10), though having a similar jointing

to those in Lovenula, exhibit a rather unlike appearance, being much

shorter and stouter, with the rami comparatively broader and less

unequalinlength. The outer ramus in particular looks very dissimilar

to that in Lovenula, its terminal joint being not at all narrowed, and

the apical spine much shorter and of the very same structure as the

other spines on this ramus.

The last pair of legs (fig. 11) resemble in general those in Lovenula,

but are comparatively shorter and stouter, and differ, moreover, in the

stronger development of the terminal claw, as also in the comparatively

smaller size of the inner ramus.

The male (fig. 12) is not much inferior in size to the female, but is

easily recognisable by the rather strongly marked sexual differences.

The anterior division of the body is, as in the female, considerably

inflated, with the dorsal face evenly vaulted throughout. The lateral

lobes of the last segment are, however, so much reduced as to be

almost quite obsolete.

The tail looks very different from that in the female, being narrowly

cylindrical in shape, and composed of 5 well-defined segments, none

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 97

of them exhibiting any obvious particularity in their structure. The

caudal rami (fig. 14) also are very unlike those in the female, being

much narrower and scarcely at all lamelliform. On a closer examina-

tion they are found to be somewhat asymmetrical, the right ramus

being a little smaller than the left and more extant, with the outer-

most seta conspicuously thickened and spiniform. The other mar-

ginal setae are of quite normal appearance, and considerably more

prolonged than in the female.

The right anterior antenna (see fig. 12) has the middle section con-

siderably tumified, more so than in either of the two species of Loven-

ula described above. The terminal section 1s, however, comparatively

short, and without any hook-like projection at the tip.

The last pair of legs (fig. 13), though at first sight rather like

those in Lovenula, are found, on a closer examination, to exhibit some

well-marked differences in their details. The right leg is rather

strongly built, with the distal joint of the outer ramus comparatively

large and broad at the base, being armed outside near the end with

a rather strong spine. The apical claw is of moderate size and quite

evenly curved throughout. The left leg is in particular distinguished

from that in Lovenula by the presence of a distinctly defined inner

ramus of simple conical shape, attached to the basal part in the

usual place. The outer ramus of this leg, answering to the terminal

part in Lovenula, is imperfectly subdivided, with the distal joint

abruptly inflexed and somewhat boot-shaped, being armed outside

with a thin deflexed spine. Another much coarser spine is seen

originating from the outer side of the proximal joint, somewhat inside

the edge, and abruptly bent at the base.

Remarks.—As above mentioned, this form was described as early

as the year 1895 by the present author as the type of his genus Para-

diaptomus, but was subsequently, in 1898, briefly characterised under

another name, viz. Broteas lamellatus, owing to the author’s opinion

at that time that it was referable to Lovén’s genus. It is an easily

recognisable form, being in particular highly distinguished by the

peculiar structure of the tail in the female, this character having

indeed given rise to the specific name proposed. As it is the only

as yet known species of the genus, any precise distinctive diagnosis

cannot of course be given.

Occurrence.—The specimens originally examined by the present

author were raised from dried mud taken by Mr. Thesen at Knysna

on the south coast of the Cape Province. Several years afterwards

I received from Dr. Purcell numerous well-preserved specimens of the

VOL. XXv, PART I. 7

98 Annals of the South African Museum.

same interesting Diaptomid collected from ponds on Green Point

Common, near Cape Town, and a few specimens were also raised from

a parcel of mud derived from the same locality.

Gen. DIAPTOMUS, Westwood.

Remarks.—This genus comprises a vast number of species from

nearly all parts of the world. As, however, some of these species

apparently diverge more or less conspicuously from the usual type,

it is most likely to believe that a subdivision of the genus will be

found to be requisite in future. Of the four South African species

described in the sequel, only the last (D. congruens) shows itself as a

genuine member of the genus. The other three diverge in some

particulars rather conspicuously, as seen from the descriptions here

given.

4, DIAPTOMUS CAPENSIS, G. O. Sars.

(Plate VIII, figs. 1-12.)

Diaptomus capensis, G. O. Sars. Arch. f. Mathem. u. Natur-

videnskab, vol. xxvii, No. 8, p. 4, pl.1; pl. u, figs. 1 and 2.

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 1:90 mm. Body com-

paratively short, with the frontal part of head remarkably vaulted

dorsally. Lateral lobes of last pedigerous segment obtusely tri-

angular and scarcely extant. Genital segment remarkably asymmetri-

eal and scarcely longer than the 2 succeeding segments combined.

Ovisac oblong oval. Anterior antenna much shorter than the anterior

division of body. Last pair of legs rather narrow, with the inner

ramus attenuated and tipped with 2 slender setae. Right last leg in

male much produced, with the 2nd basal segment remarkably ex-

panded inside; proximal joint of outer ramus provided at the end

inside with a well-marked spiniform process, distal joint large, with

the outer edge evenly curved and quite unarmed, inner ramus bi-

articulate. Left leg without any inner ramus, distal part compara-

tively small, terminating in a triangular-pointed lappet, outside which

a digitiform appendage is attached.

Description of the Female.—In general appearance this form looks

rather unlike most other known species of the present genus, the body

(see figs. 1 and 2) being rather short and stout, with the anterior division

of almost uniform width throughout and somewhat compressed. The

cephalic segment is about the length of the 2 succeeding segments

combined, and, seen dorsally (fig. 1), obtusely rounded at the extre-

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 99

mity. It is remarkably vaulted dorsally, in such a manner that the

head, seen laterally (fig. 2), appears almost transversely truncated in

front. Below it is produced to a well-marked rostral protuberance

tipped with 2 very small recurved tentacular appendages. The last

segment is completely coalesced with the preceding one, no trace of

any defining suture or lateral impression between them being visible.

It is deeply emarginated in the middle, and projects on each side of

the emargination in the form of an obtusely-pointed triangular lobe

extending straight behind. The 2 lobes are slightly asymmetrical,

the left lobe being a little larger than the right.

The tail is comparatively short, scarcely exceeding in length 4} of

the anterior division, but is divided into 3 well-defined segments.

The first of these segments, the genital one, is the largest, though

scarcely exceeding in length the other two combined. It is highly

distinguished by its very strongly marked asymmetry, exhibiting in

the dorsal aspect a rather oblique suboval shape, with the right side

strongly bulged in its whole extent, whereas the left side is somewhat

flattened and only close to the base a little protuberant. The caudal

rami are comparatively short, suboval in shape, and scarcely at all

divergent. On a closer examination they are found to be slightly

asymmetrical, the right ramus being constantly somewhat broader

than the left. The marginal setae are of moderate length, one of them

being attached to the outer edge, the other four to the obtusely rounded

extremity.

The ovisac is oblong oval in outline, and extends considerably

beyond the caudal rami.

The colour of the living animal, as ascertained in some specimens

reared from dried mud, is clear yellow tending to light chestnut.

The eye is rather small and situated a little inside the rostral

protuberance.

The anterior antennae (fig. 3) are comparatively short, not nearly

attaining the length of the anterior division of the body. They are

composed of the usual number of joints (25) densely clothed with

rather strong subequal setae.

The posterior antennae (fig. 4) have the outer ramus well developed

and considerably longer than the inner, being composed of 7 joints,

the 3rd to 6th quite short, the last rather prolonged, exceeding in

length those joints combined.

The mandibles (fig. 5) exhibit the usual structure, the masticatory

part being defined by a well-marked collar and securiform expanded

at the end, with the outermost dent of the cutting edge very large

100 Annals of the South African Museum.

and separated from the others by a deep sinus. The palp is about

the length of the body of the mandible, and likewise of quite normal

appearance.

The maxillae (fig. 6) have all the constituent parts distinctly defined,

the outer part of the palp being faintly divided into 3 successive joints,

gradually diminishing in size and densely fringed with finely ciliated

setae of about equal length. The exopodal lobe is of moderate size,

and provided with 7 more densely ciliated setae.

The anterior maxillipeds (fig. 7) are of comparatively small size,

and have none of the setae pronouncedly spiniform, those of the

terminal part being rather slender and densely crowded.

The posterior maxillipeds (fig. 8) are considerably more prolonged,

but of rather feeble structure. The proximal segment of the basal

part is about of same length as the distal one, but considerably broader

and somewhat lamellar. It is provided anteriorly with several slender

setae, and projects at the end to a narrow lobe finely ciliated on the

tip. The terminal part is very narrow and composed of 5 well-defined

joints clothed with weak setae, those issuing from the extremity more

or less recurved and finely ciliated.

The natatory legs (figs. 9 and 10) resemble in their general structure

those in the genus Lovenula, though being somewhat less elongate,

with the apical spine of the outer ramus much shorter and less coarsely

spinulose outside.

The last pair of legs (fig. 11) are of comparatively feeble structure,

with the proximal joint of the outer ramus narrow cylindrical in

shape, and the distal joint produced to a rather slender claw. Out-

side this claw the small apical joint is attached, pointing straight

downwards, and immediately in front of it a still smaller thin spinule

occurs. The inner ramus is very slender and attenuated, extending

to the end of the proximal joint of the outer ramus, and is tipped

with 2 rather long setae diverging by their outer parts.

The male is rather inferior in size to the female and of more slender

shape, with the cephalic segment less vaulted dorsally, and the

lateral lobes of the last pedigerous segment almost obsolete. The

tail is, moreover, as usual, much narrower, and composed of 5 seg-

ments not much different in length. The caudal rami do not exhibit

any obvious asymmetry, and have all the marginal setae of uniform

structure. |

The right anterior antennae is transformed in the usual manner,

and has the terminal section comparatively short, though apparently

composed of 4 joints.

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 101

The last pair of legs (fig. 12) are largely developed, and exhibit

a rather characteristic appearance, in particular as regards the right

leg. This leg is almost twice as long as the left, and is generally

strongly curved inwards. The distal segment of the basal part has

a very unusual shape, forming inside a large, somewhat lamellar ex-

pansion, narrowly truncated at the end, and causing this segment to

be almost twice as broad as it is long. The proximal joint of the

outer ramus forms with this segment an extremely movable articula-

tion, and gradually widens towards the end, which is armed inside

with a strong deflexed spine. The distal joint is rather large and some-

what fusiform in shape, with the inner edge perfectly straight, the

outer well curved and quite unarmed. The apical claw is rather

strong and evenly curved throughout. The inner ramus of this leg

is quite simple, though composed of 2 well-defined joints.

The left leg has no inner ramus, its place being only occupied by

a slight angular projection. The terminal part is of inconsiderable

size and produced at the end to a triangular lappet, to the outer

side of which a peculiar digitiform appendage is attached accom-

panied by a thin bristle. Otherwise this part is quite unarmed.

Remarks.—This form was described and figured in the year 1899

by the present author from specimens forwarded to me by Dr.

Purcell. It is a rather anomalous species, differing conspicuously

from the typical members of the genus Diaptomus, both as to the

outward appearance and to the structure of some of the appendages,

so as perhaps more properly to be regarded as the type of a particular

genus.

Occurrence.—The specimens originally examined by me were

collected by Dr. Purcell at five different places near Cape Town.

In some of the samples it occurred very abundantly. <A few speci-

mens were also found in samples more recently collected on the Cape

Flats by Mr. Barnard. As above mentioned, I also succeeded in

rearing some specimens of this form from dried mud kindly sent

to me by Dr. Purcell.

5. DIAPTOMUS RIGIDUS, N. sp.

(Plate VIII, figs. 13-18.)

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 2-10 mm. Anterior

division of body somewhat similar to that of D. capensis, tail,

however, differing conspicuously in the shape of the genital segment,

which is much more prolonged and perfectly symmetrical. Last pair

102 Annals of the South African Museum

of legs in male likewise rather dissimilar. Right leg with the distal

segment of the basal part only slightly expanded inside, proximal joint

of outer ramus with only a slight rudiment of a spine, distal joint with

a well-developed outer-edge spine near the end. Left leg with the

terminal part much larger than in D. capensis, and armed on the

posterior face, close to the base, with a strong deflexed spine, apical

lappet obtusely rounded off.

Description of the Female.—The general shape of the body (see

figs. 13 and 14) somewhat resembles that of the preceding species,

though the anterior division appears less compressed and, seen dorsally,

more contracted in front. The dorsal face of this division is also more

flattened, giving to the animal a peculiar rigid appearance ; hence

the specific name proposed. The frontal part of the head exhibits,

seen laterally (fig. 15), a much similar shape to that in D. capensis.

The lateral lobes of the last segment are comparatively a little shorter

than in that species and more extant, as also more distinctly asym-

metrical, the left lobe being conspicuously larger than the right.

The tail is rather more prolonged than in the preceding species, and

pronouncedly distinguished by the very different appearance of the

genital segment, this segment being considerably prolonged, so as

occupying fully half the length of the tail. It is, moreover, not at

all, as in D. capensis, asymmetrical, but quite uniformly protuberant

on each side at the base, its posterior part being regularly cylindrical

in shape. The caudal rami (see fig. 18) exhibit quite a normal appear-

ance, no asymmetry being detected. They are slightly divergent,

and have the marginal setae moderately prolonged.

The ovisac (see fig. 13) is rather large and almost circular in outline.

The several appendages of the body agree so closely in their structure

with those in the preceding species, that I do not find it necessary to

describe them in detail.

I only give for comparison on the accompanying plate a figure of

a leg of the last pair (fig. 16), showing it to be a little more robust

than in D. capensis (fig. 11).

The male is of very small size, as compared with the female, being

scarcely larger than the male of the preceding species. The sexual

differences are the usual ones.

Yet the last pair of legs (fig. 17) merit to be described more closely,

as they differ in some points rather conspicuously from those in

D. capensis. The right leg is comparatively less prolonged, and has

the 2nd segment of the basal part far less expanded, its inner edge

being only somewhat angularly produced in the middle. The lst

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 103

joint of the outer ramus is scarcely constricted at the base, and has

only a slight rudiment of the spine found in D. capensis at the inner

distal corner. The 2nd joint, too, is of a rather different shape,

being of uniform width throughout, and is armed with a well-defined,

though rather short, outer-edge spine near the end. The apical claw

is strongly incurved and somewhat flexuous. The left leg has the

terminal part comparatively much larger than in the preceding species,

being almost twice as long as the basal one. It is armed on the pos-

terior face near the base with a very strong deflexed spine, and has,

moreover, about in the middle of the outer edge a small spinule, and

farther below a minute nodiform prominence. The apical lappet is

rounded off at the extremity and finely denticulate on the edge.

Remarks.—The above-described form is nearly allied to D. capensis,

but of considerably larger size, and is, moreover, easily distinguished

by the very different shape of-the genital segment in the female.

The structure of the last pair of legs in the male is also rather different,

as shown by the description given above.

Occurrence.—Several specimens of this form, most of them of

the female sex, were collected by Mr. J. H. Power from a vley at

Kimberley.

6. DiAPTOMUS PURCELLI, G. O. Sars.

(Plate IX, figs. 1-8.)

Diaptomus purcel, G. O. Sars. Arch. f. Mathem. u. Naturv.,

vol. xxvili, No. 8, p. 12, pl. u, figs. 3-10.

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 1-20 mm. Body moder-

ately slender, with the frontal part of head only slightly vaulted

dorsally. Lateral lobes of last pedigerous segment terminating each

in a very sharp point. Genital segment conspicuously protuberant

at the base on left side; last caudal segment with the anal opercle

remarkably prominent. Ovisac cordiform. Anterior antennae con-

siderably prolonged, with a remarkably strong seta at the end of the

proximal joint. Last pair of legs with the terminal claw coarsely

serrate inside, inner ramus extending to the end of the proximal

joint of the outer. Right last leg of male with a peculiar twisted

spiniform process inside the Ist joint of outer ramus, 2nd joint

with a short outer-edge spine near the end. Left leg with the terminal

part rather large and armed outside with a remarkably strong claw-

like spine, inner edge angularly produced below, apical lappet straight

and narrow linguiform.

104 Annals of the South African Museum

Description of the Female.—The body (see figs. 1 and 2) is consider-

ably more slender than in the two preceding species, with the anterior

division narrow oblong in shape and rather contracted in front. The

cephalic segment is about the length of the 3 succeeding segments

combined, and has the frontal part only slightly vaulted dorsally, so

as looking, seen laterally, much narrower than in the two preceding

species. The rostral protuberance is very small, though tipped with

the usual recurved tentacular appendages. The last segment is

completely coalesced with the preceding one, and has the lateral lobes

comparatively short, but each terminating in a very sharp point.

The right lobe is somewhat broader than the left, and has inside

the point a slight lamellar expansion.

The tail is about half the length of the anterior division, and

is composed of 3 well-defined segments rather movably articulated

together. The Ist or genital segment is of moderate size and some-

what asymmetrical, exhibiting near the base on the left side a rather

prominent rounded protuberance, genital area terminating in a short

recurved projection. The last segment is distinguished by the anal

opercle being quite unusually prominent, so as giving to this segment,

seen laterally, a peculiar clavate shape (see fig. 2). The caudal rami

are comparatively small but of quite normal structure.

The ovisac (see fig. 1) is of a somewhat unusual appearance, being

broadly cordiform in shape, with the posterior edge distinctly emar-

ginated in the middle. The enclosed ova are comparatively large and

few in number.

The anterior antennae (fig. 3) are much more prolonged than in the

two preceding species, extending, when reflexed, somewhat beyond

the middle caudal segment. They are, as usual, composed of 25

joints rather densely clothed with setae. One of these setae, issuing

from the end of the proximal joint, is highly distinguished by its

extraordinary development, equalling in length about 4 of the antenna.

It may, however, easily escape attention, as it in most cases lies in

close approximation to the anterior edge, only projecting with its

somewhat procurved extremity.

The posterior antennae and the oral pieces do not exhibit any

noticeable particularities in their structure.

The natatory legs (fig. 4) also look rather similar to those in the

two preceding species, though having the rami comparatively narrower

and more produced.

The last pair of legs (fig. 5) are of moderate size, and in particular

distinguished by the shape and armature of the terminal claw, which

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 105

is comparatively short, but rather broad, knite-shaped, and coarsely

serrate at the inner sharpened edge. The inner ramus does not fully

extend to the end of the proximal joint of the outer, and is tipped

with 2 small spines.

The male (fig. 6) is not much inferior in size, to the female, but is

easily recognised by the usual sexual differences.

The caudal rami (see fig. 8), too, are distinctly asymmetrical, the

right ramus being somewhat larger than the left, and having the

outermost seta transformed to a coarse spine.

The last pair of legs (fig. 7), though built on the very same type as

in the two preceding species, exhibit some well-marked differences in

their details from either of them. The right leg has the 2nd basal

segment only slightly expanded, with the inner edge evenly bowed

and partly fringed with small denticles. The proximal joint of the

outer ramus is armed at the end inside with a peculiar twisted spini-

form process continued at the base in a short hyaline rim. The

distal joint is narrow oblong in shape, and, as in D. rigidus, armed with

a short outer-edge spine close to the end. The apical claw is well

developed and gently curved. The inner ramus is quite simple uni-

articulate. The left leg, as in the two preceding species, does not

exhibit any trace of an innerramus. The terminal part is rather large

and of a somewhat irregular oblong shape, terminating in a well-

defined narrow linguiform lappet, and having the inner edge produced

below to a rather prominent angle. From the posterior face of this

part, about in the middle, a very strong claw-like process originates,

extending beyond the outer edge and curving downwards. This

process seems to some extent to be movable, as several muscles

are seen joining its base. Immediately below it a small outward-

pointing prominence occurs tipped with fine cilia.

Remarks.—This form was originally described by the present author

in the same paper in which D. capensis was dealt with, and the specific

characters of these two species demonstrated. Although some points

of agreement with the two preceding species may be found, the present

form is prominently distinguished from either of them, both as to the

outward appearance and to the structure of some of the appendages,

in particular that of the last pair of legs in the two sexes. As quite

unique characters of the species may be named the extraordinary

development of one of the setae attached to the anterior antennae,

and the peculiar shape of the ovisac. It is by far the smallest of the

four species here recorded.

Occurrence.—Several specimens of this small Diaptomid were picked

106 Annals of the South African Museum.

up from samples taken by Dr. Purcell, some at Bergvliet, Oape

Peninsula, some in the Cape Flats.

7. DIAPTOMUS CONGRUENS, 0. Sp.

(Plate IX, figs. 9-13.)

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 1:90 mm. Body very

slender, with the anterior division almost cylindrical in shape, frontal

part of head slightly prominent anteriorly. Last pedigerous segment

faintly defined from the preceding one; lateral lobes short and

slightly extant, each terminating in a very sharp point. Genital

segment much prolonged, subcylindrical in shape, with a small pro-

tuberance on each side of the base tipped with a short spike. The

last 2 caudal segments very small and somewhat imperfectly defined.

Anterior antennae much produced, exceeding in length the body.

Last pair of legs rather clumsy, with the inner ramus very short.

Right anterior antenna of male with the 2nd joint of the terminal

section produced at the end to a strong spiniform projection. Right

last leg with the distal joint of the outer ramus inflexed and armed

outside, above the middle, with a very coarse spine. Left leg with

the 2nd basal segment produced at the end inside to a conical process

carrying the inner ramus, terminal part poorly developed, consisting

of 2 digitiform lobules, the outer biarticulate, the inner uniarticulate.

Description of the Female.—The body (see figs. 9 and 10) is consider-

ably more slender than in the three preceding species, with the anterior

division narrow oblong or almost cylindrical in shape, though slightly

contracted in front. The cephalic segment is about the length of the

3 succeeding segments combined, and is, seen dorsally, narrowly

rounded at the extremity. Seen laterally (fig. 10), it appears

gradually contracted, with the frontal part slightly projected. The

rostral protuberance is short, and provided with the usual tentacular

appendages. The last segment is dorsally confluent with the preced-

ing segment, but the limit between them is well observed on each

side. The lateral lobes of this segment are comparatively short, but

somewhat extant, each terminating in a very sharp point. The left

lobe is a little larger and more prominent than the right.

The tail scarcely exceeds in length 4 of the anterior division, and

is composed of 3 segments, the last 2 being, however, very small and

less perfectly defined from each other. The genital segment is well

developed, occupying rather more than half the length of the tail, and

is of narrow cylindrical form, with a slight protuberance on each side

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 107

close to the base and tipped with a small spike. The ventral face of

the segment exhibits in front a well-defined rounded genital pro-

tuberance, and appears also slightly expanded at the end. The 2nd

caudal segment is extremely small and, as it were, sunk within the

end of the genital segment, with which it has a very movable articula-

tion. It is partly confluent with the last segment dorsally ; but

laterally the 2 segments appear pretty well defined from each other.

The caudal rami are of quite normal structure, and about the length

of the anal segment.

The ovisac is rather large and broadly rounded off at the extremity.

The anterior antennae (see figs. 9 and 10) are considerably prolonged,

attaining the length of the whole body, and when reflexed even

extending somewhat beyond the tips of the caudal rami. They are,

as usual, composed of 25 joints somewhat sparingly clothed with setae,

none of which are distinguished by any extraordinary length.

The posterior antennae, the oral pieces, and the natatory legs are

of quite normal structure.

The last pair of legs (fig. 11), however, look somewhat unlike those

in the preceding species, being of a rather clumsy appearance, with

the proximal joint of the outer ramus much thickened, and the

terminal claw comparatively short and stout. The inner ramus is,

moreover, unusually poorly developed, not even extending to the

middle of the proximal joint of the outer ramus.

The male is of rather smaller size than the female, and differs from

it in the usual manner.

The right anterior antennae (fig. 12) have the middle section

somewhat less tumified than in the three preceding species, and are,

moreover, distinguished by the 2nd joint of the terminal section

being produced at the end anteriorly to a strong spiniform process.

The 2 outer joints of this section are rather small and of com-

paratively simple structure.

The last pair of legs (fig. 13) differ in some respects rather pro-

nouncedly from those in the three preceding species, their structure

agreeing on the whole with that found in the more typical species of

the present genus. The right leg is rather powerfully developed, and

has the 2nd basal segment gradually somewhat widening distally,

carrying at the end inside the rather small and simple inner ramus.

The proximal joint of the outer ramus is comparatively short, being

slightly protuberant inside and produced at the end outside to an

acute corner. The distal joint is rather large, obpyriform in shape,

and conspicuously bent inwards, with the outer edge considerably

108 Annals of the South African Museum.

bowed and armed, somewhat above the middle, with a very coarse

defiexed spine. The apical claw is well developed and somewhat un-

equally curved. The left leg is scarcely more than half as long as

the right, and has the 2nd basal segment produced at the end inside

to a conical deflexed process, to which a small digitiform appendage

is attached, evidently representing the inner ramus. The terminal

part of this leg is very much reduced, being replaced by 2 small

digitiform lobules partly confluent at the base, the outer one the

larger and biarticulate, the inner quite simple and uniarticulate.

Remarks.—This is a quite genuine member of the genus Diaptomus,

agreeing rather closely with some of the well-known northern species,

though apparently distinct from any of them. The specific name

proposed alludes to this near relationship.

Occurrence.—Numerous specimens of this form were found in one

of the samples taken by Mr. Barnard at Ongka, Ovamboland, South-

West Africa. The preserved specimens were extremely pellucid and

quite colourless.

Division CYCLOPOIDA.

Fam. CYCLOPIDAE.

Gen. CYCLOPS, O. F. Miiller (sens. strict.).

8. CYCLOPS TENUISACCUS, 0. sp.

(Plate X, figs. 1-13.)

Distinctive Characters—Length of female, 156 mm. Body mod-

erately slender, with the anterior division somewhat tumefied in front.

Last pedigerous segment slightly produced laterally. Genital seg-

ment rather dilated in front. Caudal rami considerably produced,

occupying more than half the length of the tail, innermost apical seta

about twice the length of the outermost, bristle of outer edge some-

what remote from the apex. Ovisacs unusually narrow and greatly

divergent. Anterior antennae of moderate length, 17-articulate.

Natatory legs with 2 outer-edge spines on the terminal joint of the

outer ramus in all the pairs ; apical spines on inner ramus of 4th pair

rather unequal. Last pair of legs with the distal joint slightly longer

than the proximal, apical seta much shorter than the lateral.

Description of the Female-—The body (see fig. 1) is moderately

slender, and of the usual, somewhat pyriform shape, the anterior

division being rather tumefied, with the greatest width somewhat in

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 109

front of the middle and slightly exceeding half the length. The

head, as in all known Cyclopoida, is completely confluent with the

lst pedigerous segment, both together constituting the large anterior

body-segment, to which generally the name cephalic segment is

applied. It occupies rather more than the half of the anterior

division, and is evenly rounded off in front, being, however, continued

ventrally in an obtuse recurved rostral protuberance. The 3 succeed-

ing free segments diminish gradually in size, and have the lateral parts

closely crowded and rounded off at the posterior corner. The last

segment is still smaller, and, as usual, is sharply defined from the

preceding segment, with which it has a very movable articulation,

whereas behind it is firmly connected to the genital segment, so as

looking to form more properly part of the tail. It is about twice as

broad as it is long, and has the lateral parts slightly expanded.

The tail somewhat exceeds half the length of the anterior division,

and is composed of 4 well-defined segments in addition to the caudal

rami. The Ist of these segments, the genital one, is rather large and

conspicuously dilated at the base. The seminal receptacle, as far as

I could make it out in the preserved specimens, is quite simple,

without the large posterior expansion characteristic of the succeeding

genus. The remaining caudal segments successively diminish in size,

and combined they scarcely exceed the genital segment in length.

The caudal rami (fig. 15) are considerably produced, occupying

rather more than half the length of the tail, and fully five times as long

as they are broad. They are narrow linear in shape, and scarcely at

all divergent, with the inner edge finely ciliated, the outer provided,

at some distance from the end, with a short bristle. To the obtusely

truncated end of each ramus 4 setae of very unequal length are

attached, the 2 middle ones being considerably produced and distinctly

jointed at the base, the inner of them about the length of the whole

tail. Of the 2 remaining setae, that attached to the inner corner is

about twice as long as that on the outer. In addition to the above-

mentioned setae, as in most other Cyclopoida, a very small bristle is

seen issuing dorsally close to the tip of each ramus.

The ovisacs (see fig. 1) are greatly divergent, and distinguished by

their extremely narrow shape, this particularity having indeed given

rise to the specific name proposed.

The eye is only faintly traced within the frontal part of the head,

its pigment being, as usual, almost wholly destroyed by the action

of the preserving fluid.

The anterior antennae (fig. 2) are of moderate length, extending,

110 — Annals of the South African Museum.

when reflexed, not fully to the end of the Ist free pedigerous segment,

and gradually taper towards the end. They are, as in most other

species of this genus, composed of 17 joints, clothed with rather

strong and somewhat unequal setae pointing in different directions.

The joints are of rather unequal size, the 1st being by far the largest

of all, the 4th and 7th also conspicuously larger than the next pre-

ceding and succeeding ones. The 7th joint is followed by a row

of 8 remarkably short and uniform joints arranged in 2 successive,

though not very sharply defined, sets, with 4 joints in each set. The

2 outermost joints are again considerably prolonged, and in the pre-

sent species of uniform size, both provided with a well-marked longi-

tudinal keel.

The posterior antennae (fig. 3) are of comparatively feeble structure,

each forming a rather narrow stem curving behind and composed

of 4 joimts. The first 2 of these joints may together represent the

basal part, the other 2 the inner ramus, the outer ramus being re-

placed by a single very large and prolonged seta attached to the hind

distal corner of the 1st basal joint and pointing straight behind. The

2nd basal joint is scarcely more than half as large as the Ist, and has

only a single small bristle on the anterior edge, whereas 2 such bristles

are present on the Ist joint. The penultimate joint is conspicuously

contracted at the base, and gradually widens somewhat distally,

being fringed along the anterior edge with a row of about 8 procurved

bristles successively increasing in length distally. The terminal joint

is of narrow linear shape and rather longer than the penultimate one,

carrying at the tip 4-5 strong anteriorly curving setae.

The anterior lip (fig. 4) terminates behind in a sharpened edge,

defined on each side by a somewhat projecting corner and fringed in

the middle with densely crowded minute denticles.

The mandibles (fig. 5) have the masticatory part rather narrowly

produced and only slightly expanded at the end, though well armed

in the usual manner. The palp is reduced to an insignificant nodule,

which, however, is tipped by 2 rather long and finely plumose setae

accompanied by a rudimentary bristle.

The maxillae (fig. 6) are of comparatively simple structure, exhibit-

ing a rather massive basal part filled with strong muscles, but without

any trace of a vibratory (epipodal) lamina. It is continued in a some-

what compressed triangular masticatory lobe, curving inwards and

armed with several short spines, 3 of which originate close together

from the tip. The palp has the form of a thin lamella attached out-

side the basal part, and armed at the narrowly truncated extremity

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 1H

with a short spine accompanied by 2 likewise short setae. Moreover,

at some distance from the base, 3 somewhat diverging finely ciliated

setae are attached to a slight expansion of the outer edge, and im-

mediately above this expansion another somewhat similar seta issues.

The anterior maxillipeds (fig. 7) are rather more fully developed,

with the basal part composed of 2 comparatively large and somewhat

flattened segments, the lst of which is provided near the end with

a small bisetose lamella. The 2nd segment is somewhat larger, and

provided with a single seta issuing from the middle of the somewhat

projecting anterior edge. Between the basal and terminal parts a

narrow lobe is seen projecting anteriorly tipped with 2 unequal setae.

The terminal part is very movably articulated with the basal one,

and, as the latter, composed of 2 joints; but these joints are of a

very dissimilar appearance, the Ist being considerably produced at

the end and terminating in a strong claw-like process, at the base of

which is attached a coarse seta extending alongside the claw, both

together forming thus a kind of scissors. The last joint is very small

and tipped with 2 curved spines, accompanied by 2 or 3 thin bristles.

The posterior maxillipeds (fig. 8) are much smaller than the anterior,

though composed of the same chief parts. The 2 segments of the

basal part are far less expanded, and each provided with 2 unequal

setae. The terminal part has its 2 joints quite simple, each armed

with a slender anteriorly curving spine, the last joint, moreover, with

2 small setae.

The natatory legs (figs. 9-11) are built on the usual Cyclopoid type,

being comparatively short and stout, with the basal part broad and

somewhat lemellar, and both rami distinctly triarticulate, the inner

one slightly longer than the outer, the terminal joint of which has

only 2 outer-edge spines.

The Ist pair of legs (fig. 9) are somewhat smaller than the succeed-

ing ones, and are distinguished by the presence of a slender spine

attached to the inner distal corner of the basal part. Moreover, the

terminal joint of the outer ramus is much shorter than in the other

pairs, and wants the strong apical spine, this spine being replaced

by an ordinary seta.

The 4th pair of legs (fig. 11) are comparatively more slender than

the preceding ones, with the inner ramus narrower and more produced,

and only provided with 2 setae of the inner edge. On the tip this

ramus is armed with 2 spines of somewhat unequal length, the inner

one being scarcely more than half as long as the outer.

The last pair of legs (fig. 12), as in other Cyclopozda, are extremely

112 Annals of the South African Museum.

small and of very simple structure, each leg being only composed of

2 joints, the proximal one carrying outside a slender bristle attached

to a slight expansion of the joint, the distal one rather narrower and

provided with 2 strong setae of unequal length, the shorter one attached

to the tip, the longer one to a well-marked ledge of the inner edge

close to the apex.

The male is of much smaller size than the female, and easily recog-

nisable by the usual sexual differences in the structure of the tail

and of the anterior antennae.

Remarks.—This is the largest of the South African Cyclopidae as

yet examined by me. Although the structure of the several append-

ages agrees rather closely with that in the succeeding genus, I think

that it cannot be adduced to that genus, but that it more properly

may be referred to the genus Cyclops, in the restriction now generally

accepted, in particular on account of the simple ‘structure of the

seminal receptacle and the greatly produced caudal rami.

Occurrence.—Some specimens, most of them of the female sex, were

found in a sample taken by Dr. Purcell at Salt River, in the neigh-

bourhood of Cape Town.

Gen. MESOCYCLOPS, G. O. Sars.

9. MEsSocyCLOPS OBSOLETUS (Koch).

(Plate X, figs. 14-18.)

Cyclops obsoleius, Koch. Deutschlands Crustaceen, etc., Heft 21,

pl. v.

Syn. : Cyclops leuckarte, Claus.

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female amounting to 1:10 mm.

Cephalic segment conspicuously dilated anteriorly, with the front

narrowly rounded. Last pedigerous segment very small. Genital

segment only slightly dilated in front ; seminal receptacle produced

behind to a linguiform lappet. Caudal rami about twice as long as

broad, innermost apical seta fully three times as long as the outermost,

bristle of outer edge rather remote from the apex. Ovisacs narrow

oblong and rather divergent. Anterior antennae considerably pro-

duced and densely setiferous. Fourth pair of legs with the apical

spines of inner ramus only slightly unequal. Last pair of legs with

the proximal joint very short, setae of distal joint much produced,

and of equal length.

Remarks.—This widely distributed species has generally been

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 113

recorded under the name of Cyclops leuckarti, Claus, but its identity

with C. obsoletus, Koch, was stated by the present author in the year

1914, and as the specific name proposed by Koch is of much earlier

date than that given to the species by Claus, it must of course be

retained for thisform. The species is easily recognisable by the shape

of the anterior division of the body, the comparatively long and densely

setiferous anterior antennae, as also by the narrow and divergent

ovisacs. For comparison with the three other species here recorded, I

give on the accompanying plate a figure of an ovigerous female

together with some details. Any detailed description of this well-

known form [| do not think is requisite.

Occurrence.—Some few female specimens, exactly agreeing with the

northern form, though of slightly larger size, were found in a sample

taken by Dr. Purcell from a pond in the Cape Flats.

10. MrsocycLors NEGLEcTUS, G. O. Sars.

(Plate X, figs. 19-22.)

Mesocyclops neglectus, G. O. Sars. Proceed. Zool. Soc. London,

OM Sp ols pl. xiv, figs. VIS-117.

Syn. : Cyclops hyalinus, Richard (not Rehberg).

Syn.: Cyclops oithonoides, Mrazek (not G. O. Sars).

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 0-80 mm. Body com-

paratively short, with the anterior division somewhat tumefied, but

regularly ovalin outline. Genital segment asin M. obsoletus. Caudal

rami, however, much shorter, with the innermost apical seta scarcely

more than twice as long as the outermost, and the bristle of outer

edge not far remote from the apex. Ovisacs somewhat appressed to

the tail. Anterior antennae comparatively less prolonged. Fourth

pair of legs with the inner ramus narrowly produced, outer apical

spine very small. Last pair of legs with the distal joint somewhat

clavate in shape, its 2 setae very unequal in length.

Description of the Female-—The general shape of the body (see

fig. 19), as compared with that in the preceding species, appears on

the whole rather shorter and stouter, with the anterior division con-

siderably tumefied and, seen dorsally, rather regularly oval in outline,

the greatest width occurring about in the middle. The frontal part

of the cephalic segment is also more obtusely blunted than in M.

obsoletus. The last pedigerous segment is still smaller than in that

species, with the lateral parts scarcely at all expanded.

The tail scarcely exceeds half the length of the anterior division,

ViO Lien PART. 8

114 Annals of the South African Museum.

and has the genital segment very narrow, though rather similar in

structure to that in the preceding species, with the seminal receptacle

of the same characteristic shape. The caudal rami (fig. 20) are,

however, comparatively shorter and stouter, with the outer-edge

bristle attached much nearer to the tip. The mutual relation of the

apical setae is also somewhat different, the innermost one being

scarcely more than twice as long as the outermost.

The ovisacs (see fig. 19) are comparatively small and somewhat

appressed to the sides of the tail.

The anterior antennae are scarcely as long as in M. obsoletus, but

of a very similar structure, being, as in all the other species of this

genus, composed of 17 joints.

The natatory legs are on the whole less robust than in the preceding

species, and in particular is the 4th pair distinguished by the slender

form of the rami, the terminal joint of the inner one being quite

unusually narrowed, with the outer apical spine much reduced in

size.

The last pair of legs (fig. 21) are comparatively shorter and stouter

than in M. obsoletus, and the setae of the distal, somewhat claviform

joint are very unequal in length.

Remarks.—This species was described by the present author in the

year 1909 from specimens obtained in the great Central African lakes.

It is closely allied to M. crassus, Fischer (hyalinus, Rehberg), with

which it indeed has formerly been confounded, but differs in the

less robust shape of the body, and more particularly in the rather

dissimilar mutual relation of the caudal setae.

Occurrence.—Some few female specimens of this form were picked

up from a sample taken by Dr. Purcell from a brick-pond at Berg-

vliet, Cape Peninsula, May 1896.

11. MESOCYCLOPS OBLONGATUS, nN. sp.

(Plate XI, figs. 1-15.)

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 0-90 mm. Body more

slender than in the other species, with the anterior division oblong

oval in shape. Last pedigerous segment slightly produced laterally.

Genital segment somewhat dilated in front. Caudal rami more pro-

duced than in M. obsoletus, innermost apical seta about three times as

long as the outermost, bristle of outer edge not far remote from the

apex. Ovisacs oval and closely appressed to the tail. Natatory legs

resembling in structure those in M. neglectus. Last pair of legs with

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 115

the setae of the distal joint very unequal. Anterior antennae of male

rather slender, but transformed in the usual manner.

Description of the Female.—The body (see figs. 1, 2) is comparatively

more slender than in any of the other known species of the present

genus, the anterior division being, seen dorsally, regularly oblong

oval in shape, with the greatest width in the middle and about equal

to half the length. Seen laterally (fig. 2), this division appears also far

less vaulted dorsally than in the two preceding species. The cephalic

segment is rather large and quite evenly rounded off in front. The

last segment is, as usual, rather small, but fully twice as broad as long.

The tail considerably exceeds in length half the anterior division,

and gradually tapers behind. The genital segment is conspicuously

dilated in front, and has the seminal receptacle produced behind as

in the other species (see fig. 4). The caudal rami (see fig. 5) are

considerably more produced than in the two preceding species, attain-

ing the length of the last 2 segments combined, and fully three times

as long as they are broad. The bristle of the outer edge is very small,

and not far remote from the apex. The mutual relation of the apical

setae is about as in M. obsoletus.

The ovisacs (see fig. 1) are very unlike those in the said species,

both as to shape and to attitude. They are of rounded oval form,

and are always found closely appressed to the sides of the tail.

The anterior antennae (fig. 6) are comparatively less produced than

in the two preceding species, extending, when reflexed, scarcely beyond

the limits of the 1st free pedigerous segment, being, however, other-

wise of quite normal structure.

The same may also be said of the posterior antennae and the oral

pieces (figs. 7-9), and a detailed description of these appendages I do

not therefore regard as requisite.

The natatory legs (figs. 10-12) also are built on the very same type

as in the other species, and in particular is the similarity of the 4th

pair (fig. 12) with that in M. neglectus rather perplexing.

The last pair of legs (fig. 13) agree with those in the said species in

the great inequality of the 2 setae on the distal joint, the apical one

being scarcely half as long as the lateral.

The male (fig. 14) is of somewhat smaller size than the female, and

has the body rather more slender, with the anterior division conspic-

uously narrower and more blunted in front.

The tail is considerably more produced and, as usual, composed

of 5 well-defined segments, the 1st of which is much the largest, and

generally contains on each side an oval, dark-coloured spermatophore.

116 Annals of the South African Museum.

The anterior antennae are considerably more prolonged than in

the female, and are, as usual, both transformed to powerful grasping

organs, being in preserved specimens generally abruptly bent forwards

(see fig. 14). Their closer structure is shown by fig. 15.

The last pair of legs, on the other hand, do not exhibit any obvious

difference in their appearance from those in the female.

Remarks.—The above-described form, though rather nearly related

to the two preceding ones, is unquestionably specifically distinct from

either of them, being easily recognised by the rather different shape

of the body, as also by the attitude of the ovisacs. In the structure

of the several appendages it seems to come nearer to M. neglectus

than to WM. obsoletus.

Occurrence.—Numerous specimens of this form occurred in a sample

taken by Dr. Purcell, April 1896, from a small duck-pond at Salt

River, in the neighbourhood of Cape Town. It also occurred occa-

sionally in gatherings taken on the Cape Flats.

12. MESOCYCLOPS MAJOR, 0. sp.

(Plate XI, figs. 16-20.)

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 1:52 mm. Body robust,

with the anterior division much tumefied. Last pedigerous segment

slightly expanded laterally. Genital segment conspicuously dilated

in front. Caudal rami more produced than in WM. obsoletus, mutual

relation of the setae about as in that species. Anterior antennae

comparatively less produced. Natatory legs with the rami broader ;

apical spines on inner ramus of 4th pair nearly equal. Last pair of

legs with the distal joint tapered and the setae somewhat unequal.

Description of the Female-—The general shape of the body (see

fig. 16) appears rather robust, the anterior division being considerably

tumefied, with the greatest width somewhat in front of the middle.

The last segment is slightly expanded laterally, and more than twice

as broad as long.

The tail about equals half the length of the anterior division

and gradually tapers distally. The genital segment is conspicuously

dilated in front, its greatest width fully equalling the length. The

seminal receptacle appears to be somewhat shorter than in the three

preceding species, but otherwise of a very similar structure. The

caudal rami (fig. 20) are rather produced, being more than three times

as long as broad, and fully attaining the length of the 2 preceding seg-

ments combined. The mutual relation of the apical setae is nearly

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. LIL

as in M. obsoletus; but the outer-edge bristle occupies a somewhat

different place, being attached at about the posterior third part of the

ramus, whereas in M. obsoletus it occurs almost in the middle.

The ovisacs were not present in any of the specimens examined

by me.

The anterior antennae (see fig. 16) are rather produced, though

scarcely so much as in M. obsoletus, nor is their setous clothing so

dense as in that species.

The natatory legs (figs. 17 and 18) are comparatively more strongly

built than in any of the preceding species, with the rami considerably

broader. Those of the 4th pair (fig. 18) are, however, as usual, some-

what more slender than the others, with the inner ramus more pro-

duced. The 2 apical spines on this ramus are only slightly unequal.

The last pair of legs (fig. 19) are in particular distinguished by the

shape of the distal joint, which is conspicuously contracted towards

the tip. Its 2 setae are rather unequal in length.

Remarks.—The present form bears a rather close resemblance to

M. obsoletus, so as perhaps, on a superficial examination, easily to

be adduced to that species. It is, however, of much larger size,

and, as it also exhibits some slight differences in the structural details,

its specific distinctness appears to me to be indubitable.

Occurrence.—Only a few female specimens of this form have as yet

come under my notice. They were found in a sample taken by Dr.

Purcell from a brick-pond at Bergvliet, Cape Peninsula, May 1896.

Gen. LEPTOCYCLOPS, G. O. Sars.

13. LEPTOCYCLOPS SUBLAEVIS, N. Sp.

(Plate XII, figs. 1-10.)

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 1-20 mm. Body very

slender, with the anterior division only slightly vaulted dorsally.

Last pedigerous segment narrowly produced laterally. Genital seg-

ment rather broad at the base, seminal receptacle simple. Caudal

rami considerably produced, without any distinct serration of the

outer edge, innermost apical seta only slightly longer than the

outermost. Ovisacs somewhat divergent. Anterior antennae mod-

erately slender, 12-articulate, outer joints rather elongated. Posterior

antennae with the terminal joint shorter than the preceding one.

The 3 anterior pairs of legs with 3 outer-edge spines on the terminal

joint of outer ramus. Fourth pair with only 2 such spines, inner

118 Annals of the South African Museum.

ramus longer than outer, and the apical spines normally developed.

Last pair of legs with the spine of inner edge exceedingly strong.

Description of the Female.-—The body (see fig. 1) is very slender,

with the anterior division only slightly dilated, and, seen dorsally,

oblong oval in shape, with the greatest width somewhat in front

of the middle, and scarcely attaining half the length. The lateral

corners of the segments are somewhat projecting behind, in particular

those of the penultimate segment. The last pedigerous segment is

short and broad, with the lateral parts produced to narrow, somewhat

recurved lappets tipped with fine hairs.

The tail is very slender and attenuated, equalling about in length

2 of the anterior division. The genital segment does not exceed in

length the 2 succeeding segments combined, but is rather dilated at

the base, its width here somewhat exceeding the length. The seminal

receptacle is of quite simple structure. The caudal rami (see fig. 10)

are very narrow and prolonged, attaining nearly the length of the

3 preceding segments combined. They are only very slightly diver-

gent, and have the outer edge in most cases perfectly smooth, without

the small denticles flanking this edge in most other species of the

present genus. Only in a single case a slight indication of such

denticles was observed immediately in front of the outer-edge bristle.

This bristle is very small, and attached at a short distance from the

tip of the ramus. The 2 middle apical setae are rather produced,

though somewhat unequal in length, the inner one being, as usual,

much the longer. The innermost seta is rather small, only slightly

exceeding in length the outermost, which, however, is much coarser,

almost spiniform.

The ovisacs (see fig. 1) are of oblong or somewhat fusiform shape,

and rather divergent. As in all other known species of the present

genus, their outer coating is very sharply marked and everywhere

quite even.

The anterior antennae (fig. 2) are rather slender and attenuated,

extending, when reflexed, about to the end of the 2nd free pedigerous

segment. They are, as in the other species of this genus, only com-

posed of 12 joints, this reduction being apparently due to a con-

crescence of some of the short joints following the 7th one in the

17-articulate antennae of the 2 preceding genera. In the present

species the 3 last joints are remarkably narrow and prolonged.

The posterior antennae (fig. 3) are scarcely half as long as the

anterior, and have the terminal joint unusually short, scarcely attain-

ing the length of the preceding joint.

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 119

The oral pieces do not exhibit any more noticeable particularity in

their structure.

The 3 anterior pairs of legs (figs. 4 and 5) differ, however, essentially

from those in the preceding genus in the armature of the terminal joint

of the outer ramus, this joint having 3, instead of 2, spines on the outer

edge. In the Ist pair (fig. 4) these spines are rather thin, but in the

2 succeeding pairs (fig. 5) they are well developed and, like the strong

apical spine, distinctly denticulate. The 4th pair of legs (fig. 6) are

more in accordance with those in Mesocyclops, having only 2 outer-

edge spines on the terminal joint of the outer ramus. In the present

species these legs are rather strongly built, with the inner ramus

distinctly projecting beyond the outer, and having the 2 apical spines

well developed, though of somewhat unequal length.

The last pair of legs (fig. 7) are very unlike those in the 2 preceding

genera, each leg being only composed of a single short and somewhat

flattened joint, which terminates in a conical lappet tipped by a thin

bristle. A similar, but rather shorter, bristle issues from a knob-like

prominence outside the joint, and opposite this bristle a very strong

spine is attached to the inner edge, curving downwards and coarsely

denticulated throughout.

The male (fig. 8) is much smaller than the female, and of a quite

particularly slender form of the body, the anterior division being only

very slightly dilated and the tail extremely narrow and prolonged.

The anterior antennae (fig. 9) are transformed in the usual manner,

but appear comparatively shorter and stouter than in the species of

the preceding genus.

Remarks.—This is a quite genuine member of the present genus,

though apparently lacking on the caudal rami the usual serration of

the outer edge. In so far it somewhat resembles the European species

L. speratus (Lilljeb.), from which it, however, in some other respects

differs decidedly.

Occurrence.—Several specimens of this form were found in samples

taken by Dr. Purcell from ponds in the Cape Flats. Most of the

preserved specimens showed a well-marked light corneous colour of

the body.

14. LEPTOCYCLOPS PRASINUS (Fischer).

(Plate XII, figs. 11-20.)

Cyclops prasinus, Fischer. Beitr. zur Kennt. der Entomostraceen,

p. 652, pl. xx, figs. 19-26.

Syn. : Cyclops pentagonus, Vosseler.

120 Annals of the South African Museum.

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 0-70 mm. Body com-

paratively short, with the anterior division rather tumefied. Last

pedigerous segment very small. Genital segment only slightly dilated

in front, but rather protuberant below, seminal receptacle of complicate

structure. Caudal rami very short, with the innermost apical seta

rudimentary. Ovisacs appressed to the tail. Anterior antennae not

much produced, 12-articulate. Posterior antennae with the terminal

joint rather prolonged. The 2 anterior pairs of legs with 3 outer-

edge spines on the terminal joint of outer ramus, the 2 succeeding

pairs with only 2 such spines; 4th pair rather feeble, with both

rami narrow attenuated and of about equal length, apical spines of

the inner one thin and very unequal. Last pair of legs with the spine

of inner edge narrow, almost setiform.

Description of the Female.—The body (see figs. 11, 12) is on the whole

of a much shorter and stouter appearance than in the preceding species,

with the anterior division somewhat tumefied and, seen dorsally, rather

regularly oval in shape. Seen laterally (fig. 12), the dorsal face of this

division appears considerably vaulted throughout. The lateral corners

of the segments are obtusely rounded off and not at all projecting.

The last segment is very small, with the lateral parts not expanded.

The tail does not attain half the length of the anterior division,

and has the genital segment only slightly dilated in front, but rather

protuberant below (see fig. 12). The seminal receptacle I have not

been enabled to trace distinctly in the preserved specimens, but,

according to the statement of Dr. Schmeil, it is of a rather complicate

structure. The caudal rami (fig. 20) are very short, being not nearly

twice as long as broad, and scarcely exceeding the anal segment in

length. Their outer edge does not exhibit any traces of denticles,

but has the usual short bristle at some distance from the tip. The

innermost apical seta is very small, scarcely attaining half the length

of the outermost.

The ovisacs (see fig. 11) are of a similar shape to that in the preced-

ing species, but are far less divergent, being generally rather closely

appressed to the sides of the tail. The enclosed ova are few in number

and appear somewhat angular by mutual pressure, only 2 rows being

visible in the dorsal aspect of the animal.

The anterior antennae (fig. 15) are comparatively somewhat shorter

and thinner than in the preceding species, but, as in that species,

composed of 12 joints, the mutual relation of which, however, is a

little different, the outermost joints being far less prolonged.

The posterior antennae (fig. 14), on the other hand, are considerably

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 121

more slender than in the said species, with the terminal joint much

produced, far exceeding the preceding joint in length.

The 2 anterior pairs of legs (figs. 15 and 16) agree on the whole in

structure with those in the preceding species, having 3 outer-edge

spines on the terminal joint of the outer ramus. In the 2 succeeding

pairs (figs. 17 and 18), however, only 2 such spines are present. The

4th pair of legs (fig. 18) are, moreover, rather feebly developed, both

_ rami being remarkably narrow and attenuated and of uniform size.

The apical spines on the inner ramus are very thin and exceedingly

unequal in length, and also the spines of the outer ramus appear

more feebly developed than usual.

The last pair of legs (fig. 19) are extremely small, but agree on the

whole in structure with those in the preceding species, except that

the spine of the inner edge is far less strong, being almost setiform

In appearance.

Remarks.—This is a rather anomalous species, and indeed at first

I felt some doubt about its real systematic position. After a careful

anatomical examination I have, however, arrived at the conclusion

that it ought to be included in the genus Leptocyclops, in spite of some

rather puzzling divergences from the usual type.

Occurrence.—Some few female specimens of this small Cyclopid

were picked up from samples taken by Dr. Purcell, partly from a dam

at Bergvliet, Cape Peninsula, partly from ponds on the Cape Flats.

The species seems to be widely distributed, being recorded from many

distant parts of the continents.

AFROCYCLOPS, n. ¢.

Remarks.—This new genus is proposed to include the species origin-

ally described by Brady under the name of Cyclops gibsoni. Al-

though this form in several respects bears a close resemblance to the

typical species of the genus Leptocyclops, I have, on a closer examina-

tion, found that it in reality exhibits in the structural details some

points of divergence sufficiently important to remove it from that

genus. The chief differences refer to the structure of the legs and

to the mutual relation of the 2 sexes.

15. ArrocycLors GiBsoni (Brady).

(Plate XHI.)

Cyclops gibsoni, Brady. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1904, vol. ii,

p. 123, pl. 6, figs. 1-10.

122 Annals of the South African Museum

Syn. : Cyclops longistylis, Brady.

Description of the Female.—The length of fully adult specimens

amounts to 1-20 mm., and this form is accordingly of middle size.

In shape the body appears rather robust, with the anterior division,

seen dorsally (fig. 1), oblong oval in outline, its greatest width occurring

about in the middle and equal to half the length. Seen laterally

(fig. 2), the cephalic segment appears remarkably deep and gently

vaulted dorsally, whereas the remaining part of the anterior division

is somewhat depressed, with the lateral lobes of the segments slightly

expanded. The last segment is rather broad and somewhat flattened,

with the lateral parts distinctly lamellar, and clothed at the tip with

a number of fine hair-like bristles.

The tail is comparatively less attenuated than in the Cyclopidae

described in the preceding pages, and in particular, seen laterally,

exhibits a rather clumsy appearance (see fig. 2). The genital seg-

ment is rather large, being fully as long as the 3 succeeding segments

combined, and tapers only slightly behind. The seminal receptacle

is comparatively of simple structure and inconsiderable size. The

caudal rami are considerably produced, attaining nearly the length of

the 3 preceding segments combined, and are narrow linear in shape.

They are slightly divergent, and have the edges perfectly smooth.

The 2 middle apical setae are well developed and of the usual appear-

ance, whereas the other 2 setae are very small and subequal in length,

that attached to the inner corner being, however, much thinner than

that on the outer. The outer-edge bristle is extremely minute and

attached near the tip of the ramus.

The ovisacs (see fig. 1) are comparatively small and oval in shape,

being only shghtly divergent. :

The anterior antennae (fig. 3) are built on the very same type as

in the genus Leptocyclops, being only composed of 12 joints. They

are, however, comparatively less produced, extending, when reflexed,

scarcely beyond the limits of the cephalic segment. Of the joints,

the last is distinctly longer than the next preceding ones.

The posterior antennae (fig. 4) are comparatively short and stout,

with the terminal joint of about same length as the penultimate

one.

The mandibles (fig. 5) and maxillae (fig. 6) are of quite normal

structure.

The 2 pairs of maxillipeds (figs. 7 and 8) are, however, comparatively

shorter and stouter than in the preceding Cyclopids, the anterior

ones (fig. 7) being in particular distinguished by the shortness of the

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 123

unguiform process issuing from the proximal joint of the terminal

part.

The natatory legs (figs. 9-12) are very powerfully developed, and

differ very essentially from those in Leptocyclops by the terminal

joint of the outer ramus being in all the pairs only armed with 2

spines of the outer edge.

The Ist pair of legs (fig. 9) are, as usual, somewhat smaller than the

succeeding ones, and have the inner ramus conspicuously broader than

the outer, but scarcely longer. These legs, moreover, differ from the

others in the presence of a well-marked spine at the inner distal

corner of the basal part, and in the apical spine of the outer ramus

being replaced by an ordinary seta.

The 2 succeeding pairs of legs (figs. 10 and 11) are of quite uniform

structure, with both rami very strong and of about equal size. The

spines of the outer ramus are very coarse, and successively increase

somewhat in length distally, all being distinctly denticulated on the

edges.

The 4th pair of legs (fig. 12) have, as usual, the rami somewhat

narrower and more unequal, the inner one projecting distinctly

beyond the outer. The terminal joint of this ramus has, moreover,

only 2 setae inside, but is armed on the tip with 2 coarse spines of

unequal length, flanked on each side by a dentiform projection of the

joint.

The last pair of legs (fig. 13), as in the preceding genus, are un -

articulate, but the joint differs somewhat in shape, being compara-

tively longer and narrower, with the base conspicuously contracted.

The spine of the inner edge is rather strong and coarsely denticulated

on the outer edge, being slightly curved inwards, not, as in Lepto-

cyclops, outwards.

The male (fig. 15), unlike what is generally the case, is of about

same size as the female, and exhibits a similar robust shape of the

body, the anterior division being scarcely narrower, though differing

somewhat in the more extant lateral corners of the segments. The

last pedigerous segment has the lateral lobes more evenly rounded

off than in the female, and fringed throughout with a regular row of

densely crowded short bristles (see fig. 18).

The tail (cbid.) appears somewhat more attenuated than in the

female, and is, as usual, composed of 5 well-defined segments, the

1st of which is rather large and considerably dilated in front, exhibit-

ing very distinctly the 2 chambers for lodging the spermatophores.

The spine attached to the end of this segment on each side is much

124 Annals of the South African Museum.

prolonged, extending almost as far as the 3rd segment, and is coarsely

denticulate. The caudal rami are exactly of same appearance as in

the female.

The anterior antennae (fig. 16) are very powerfully developed, and

in the preserved specimens are generally bent forwards, being curved

in a hamiform manner (see fig. 15). They exhibit the 3 usual succes-

sive sections well defined from each other. The proximal section

is nearly of equal width throughout, and has the number of joints

rather reduced, some of them being only faintly indicated. Three

of the setae attached to this section are exceedingly strong and pro-

duced, pointing in different directions. The middle section is con-

siderably tumefied in its proximal part, and is traversed by a very

strong muscle acting upon the terminal section. It is divided into

4 joints, the 2 middle ones shorter than the other 2, and is armed with

a few spines of different size. The terminal section is much narrower

and somewhat shorter than the middle one, with which it is very

movably articulated. It is only composed of 2 joints, the proximal

one somewhat curved and highly chitinised, the distal one of about

same length but rather narrower, and terminating in a somewhat

claw-shaped point.

The natatory legs are still more powerfully built than in the female,

and in particular are the 2 middle pairs (fig. 17) in this respect highly

distinguished. The proximal spine on the outer ramus is about as

in the female, but the 4 other spines on this ramus, as also the

apical spine on the inner ramus, exhibit a rather different appear-

ance, being quite extraordinarily strong, dagger-like, with the edges

perfectly smooth. The last pair of legs (see fig. 18) are exactly of

same structure as in the female.

Remarks.—This form was originally described by Brady in the

year 1904 from specimens collected at Greytown, Natal, and the same

species was subsequently (1912) also recorded from Steinkopf, Bush-

manland, and Berseba, South-West Africa, by C. van Douwe, who

gives some additional notes on it, accompanied by a few figures.

One of these figures, representing an ovigerous female, is, however,

quite misleading, having apparently been drawn from a specimen

deformed by action of the preserving fluid, all the segments being

drawn out from each other in quite an unnatural manner, so as to

give to the body a very narrow and elongated shape. Yet the other

3 detail-figures do not leave any doubt on the identity observed

by him with Brady’s species. In a more recent paper Brady has

reproduced a number of drawings, made by Dr. Graham, of diverse

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 125

Cyclopids from living specimens, and has tried to identify these forms.

One of them, to which the specific name longistylis, n. sp. has been

given, looks so very like the form here treated of, that I cannot but

believe it to be the very same species.

Occurrence.—A rather considerable number of specimens of this

Cyclopid have been secured. They were found in several samples

taken by Dr. Purcell from ponds in the neighbourhood of Cape Town.

Unlike what is generally the case, male specimens were much more

frequent than females.

Gen. PLATYCYCLOPS, G. O. Sars.

16. PLATYCYCLOPS PHALERATUS (Koch).

(Plate XIV, figs. 1-4.)

Cyclops phaleratus, Koch. Deutschlands Crustaceen, etc., Heft 21,

olen ix.

Syn. : Cyclops canthocarpoides, Fischer.

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 0-80 mm. Body robust,

with the anterior division rather broad and expanded. Last pedi-

gerous segment almost three times as broad as long. Tail strongly

built, with the segments partly spinulose. Genital segment short and

broad. Caudal rami scarcely twice as long as broad, each with

3 oblique rows of small spinules across the dorsal face, outermost

apical seta spiniform and about the length of the innermost, the 2

middle setae rather produced and distinctly spinulose. . Ovisacs

closely appressed to the tail. Anterior antennae comparatively feeble,

10-articulate, posterior ones, however, very strongly built. Last pair

of legs imperfectly developed, each replaced by a slight rim armed

with 3 sub-equal spiniform setae.

Remarks.—The present form is so well known and of such a char-

acteristic appearance, that I think I may dispense with giving any

detailed description of it. Yet, for comparison with the succeeding

species, the above short diagnosis 1s given, and, on the accompanying

plate, a figure of an ovigerous female together with a few detail-figures.

Occurrence.—Only some few female specimens of this easily recognis-

able form have been found in the material forwarded to me from the

South African Museum. They were picked up from some samples

taken by Dr. Purcell on the Cape Flats. The species has a very wide

geographical distribution, being recorded from all of the five chief

continents.

126 Annals of the South African Museum.

17. PLatycycLops Poppe! (Rehberg).

(Plate XIV, figs. 5-17.)

Cyclops poppet, Rehberg. Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. freilebenden Suss-

wasser Copepoden, Abh. d. nat. Verein zu Brehmen, p. 550, pl. vi,

figs. 9-11.

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 0-76 mm. Body less

robust than in the preceding species, with the anterior division compara-

tively narrower. Tail slightly attenuated, with the genital segment

more prolonged. Caudal rami fully three times as long as broad, each

with a single oblique row of small spinules across the dorsal face,

outermost apical seta shorter than the innermost. Ovisacs slightly

divergent. Anterior antennae short, and remarkably broad at the

base, 8-articulate, the posterior ones less strongly built than in

P. phaleratus. Last pair of legs well defined, resembling in structure

those in Leptocyclops. Anterior antennae in male remarkably short

and stout.

Description of the Female.—The general shape of the body (see fig. 5)

appears comparatively less robust than in the preceding species, the

anterior division being far less expanded and, seen dorsally, rather

regularly oval in outline, with the greatest width about in the middle.

The cephalic segment is comparatively large, occupying rather more

than half the length of the anterior division, and is gradually con-

tracted anteriorly, with the front narrowly rounded. The lateral

corners of the 3 succeeding segments are somewhat projecting behind.

The last segment is comparatively short but rather broad, with the

lateral parts somewhat produced and clothed at the tips with fine

spinules.

The tail about equals in length 2 of the anterior division, and appears

somewhat less strongly built than in P. phaleratus, tapering gradually

behind. The genital segment is somewhat dilated at the base, and

considerably exceeds the length of the 2 succeeding segments com-

bined. The seminal receptacle (see fig. 14) is comparatively of simple

structure and transversely oval in shape. The caudal rami (see

fig. 15) are much more produced than in the preceding species, being

nearly as long as the 2 last caudal segments combined, and fully three

times as long as broad. They are of linear shape and scarcely

at all divergent, each ramus having across the dorsal face a single

oblique row of small spinules. The apical setae are rather unequal

in length, the 2 middle ones being, as usual, much longer than the

other 2, the inner of them attaining the length of the tail. The

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 127

innermost apical seta is a little longer than the outermost, but much

thinner. The bristle of the outer edge is very small and attached at

a short distance from the tip.

The ovisacs (see fig. 5) are of oval shape, and less closely appressed

to the sides of the tail than in the preceding species. They contain

only a limited number of ova.

The anterior antennae (fig. 6) are very short and stout, scarcely

exceeding half the length of the cephalic segment, and are remark-

ably expanded at the base. They are only composed of 8 joints rather

densely clothed with setae, some of which are distinctly ciliated. Of

the joints the first 2 are somewhat lamellar, and less sharply defined

from each other than the succeeding joints, which are of rather

unequal size, the 4th joint being much the largest.

The posterior antennae (fig. 7) are comparatively less strongly built

than in P. phaleratus, but of a very similar structure, the terminal

joint being much shorter than the preceding one.

The 2 pairs of maxillipeds (figs. 8 and 9) appear somewhat poorly

developed, in particular the posterior ones (fig. 9), on which the setae

are very much reduced.

The natatory legs (figs. 10-12) have the basal part rather broad,

and fringed outside with small denticles. The rami are, however,

comparatively narrow, though well chitinised, and somewhat un-

equal in length, the inner one projecting distinctly beyond the outer.

The 2 proximal joints of the latter ramus are, like the basal part,

fringed with small spinules on the outer edge, and the terminal joint

is in the 3 anterior pairs armed with 3 outer-edge spines. The inner

ramus of these pairs is distinguished by the last 2 joints being produced

at the outer corner to a sharp spiniform process.

The 1st pair of legs (fig. 10) are, as usual, somewhat smaller than

the others, and have a rather strong deflexed spine at the inner distal

corner of the basal part, wanting, moreover, an apical spine on the

outer ramus. The inner ramus is remarkably slender, with the

terminal joint comparatively narrower than on the other pairs and

the apical spine more produced.

The 4th pair of legs (fig. 12) differ from the others by the want of

one of the outer-edge spines on the terminal joint of the outer ramus,

as also by the last 2 joints of the inner ramus not being remarkably

produced at the outer corners. The terminal joint of this ramus has,

moreover, as usual, only 2 setae inside, whereas at the tip 2 spines

of unequal length are attached, flanked by 2 dentiform processes.

The last pair of legs (fig. 13) are very small, but pretty well defined

128 Annals of the South African Museum.

from the segment, and on the whole rather similar in structure to

those in the genus Leptocyclops, each leg having the form of a some-

what trigonal lamella tipped with a thin bristle, and, moreover,

provided outside with a similar bristle, inside with a strong deflexed

spine coarsely denticulated along the outer edge.

The male (fig. 16) is of somewhat smaller size than the female, but

of a rather similar shape of the body, the tail being, however, some-

what more produced in relation to the anterior division, and, as

usual, composed of 5 well-defined segments.

The anterior antennae (fig. 17) are very strongly built, though, as

compared with those in the preceding genera, of a rather short and

clumsy appearance. The proximal section is composed of 6 well-

defined joints, the lst of which is much the largest, and provided

about in the middle of the anterior edge with a peculiarly trans-

formed, somewhat lamellar spine, obtuse at the tip, and fringed with

coarse cilia. The remaining joints of this section are all of them

very short and somewhat projecting behind in the form of small

rounded lobules. The middle section is considerably tumefied and

oval in shape, containing a very strong muscle, which joins the

terminal section by a highly chitinised tendon. It is, as usual, com-

posed of 4 joints, the 2nd somewhat cup-shaped, the 4th obtusely

blunted at the end and larger than the others. Anteriorly this

section exhibits several irregular rounded lobes, and is armed with

3 coarse more or less curved spines. The terminal section has the

appearance of a short curved claw, but is in reality, as in the other

Cyclopide, composed of 2 joints, the distal of which, however, is

very small and spiniform.

The other appendages are exactly of same structure as in the

female.

Remarks.—In the outward appearance the present form looks

rather like the European species, P. affinis, G. O. Sars. It is, however,

essentially distinguished both from this and the preceding species by

the very different structure of the anterior antennae, which on the

other hand is almost precisely as in P. fimbriatus (Fischer). On this

cause it has indeed been considered by Dr. Schmeil as only a variety

of that species. Yet its specific distinctness appears to me to be

evident, as the shape of the caudal rami is very conspicuously different

in these two forms.

Occurrence.—Several specimens of this form, almost all of the male

sex, occurred in a sample taken by Dr. Purcell from a pond at Fishhoek,

Cape Peninsula. In addition to the occurrence of this species in

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province, 129

Europe and South Africa, I have recorded it from another widely

distant locality, viz. from one of the Pacific isles (Hawaii).

CRYPTOCYCLOPS, n. g.

Remarks.—This new genus is proposed to include those species of

the old genus Cyclops in which the rami of all the natatory legs are

only composed of 2 joints by the complete fusion of the 2 outer ones.

True, in some few species still retained in the genus Cyclops (sens.

strict.), a somewhat similar reduction of the rami is observed in one

or other of the foremost pairs of legs; but in none of these species

the reduction extends to the 2 posterior pairs, which in all of them

are normally developed, with distinctly 3-articulate rami. Another

character distinguishing the present genus is the extremely rudimentary

condition of the last pair of legs, which have the form of insignificant

rod-like appendages, easily escaping attention by their small size. In

all the species, moreover, a very conspicuous slender, somewhat re-

curved seta is found attached to the lateral corners of the last pedi-

gerous segment. ‘The genus seems to be rich in species. In addition

to the 2 first-described species, C. varicans and bicolor, the Cyclops

gracilis of Lilljeborg ought to be adduced to this genus, and not, as

formerly opined by me, to the genus Mesocyclops. Of the several

Cyclopids recorded by the present author from the great Central

African lakes, no less than five species are quite certainly referable

to this genus, viz. C. attenuatus, varicans, exiguus, Cunningtoni, and

pachycomus, and in the present account are added four apparently

new species from South Africa.

18. CRYPTOCYCLOPS ASSIMILIS, n. sp.

(Plate XV, figs. 1-8.)

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 1:10 mm. Body elongate,

pyriform in shape, with the cephalic segment considerably dilated

in front; lateral corners of the 3 succeeding segments rounded off.

Last segment rather broad, with the seta of the outer corners well

developed. Genital segment comparatively large, with the anterior

half conspicuously dilated. Caudal rami rather produced, exceeding

in length the last 2 segments combined, seta of inner corner shorter

than that of the outer, bristle of outer edge somewhat remote from

the apex. Anterior antennae 12-articulate, Ist, 3rd, and 7th joints

the largest. Natatory legs with the distal joint of inner ramus much

VOL. XXV, PART 1. 9

130 Annals of the South African Museum.

broader than in C. varicans; apical spine of this ramus in Ist pair

moderately strong and slightly procurved ; 4th pair almost as strongly

built as the preceding pairs, apical spines of inner ramus unequal in

length. Last pair of legs rod-like, with a minute spinule inside the

apical bristle.

Description of the Female.—The body (see fig. 1) is somewhat elongate

and pronouncedly pyriform in shape, being rather broad in front and

gradually tapered behind. The cephalic segment is considerably

tumefied and broadly rounded off anteriorly, occupying a little more

than half the length of the anterior division. The lateral lobes of the

3 succeeding segments are scarcely at all projecting and obtusely

rounded off at the tips. The last segment is rather broad, with the

lateral corners somewhat produced and each tipped with a slender

gently recurved seta.

The tail somewhat exceeds half the length of the anterior division,

and has the genital segment comparatively large, being conspicuously

expanded in its anterior half. The caudal rami (see fig. 8) are narrow

linear in shape and rather produced, being fully four times as broad

as long and considerably exceeding in length the last 2 segments

combined. ‘The apical setae are very unequal in length, the 2 middle

ones being, as usual, well developed and distinctly jointed at the

base, whereas the other 2 are much shorter, that attached to the inner

corner being in particular very small, and nearly attaining the length

of that on the outer corner. The bristle of the outer edge is rather

remote from the apex, being attached at about the posterior 3rd

part of the ramus.

The ovisacs were wanting in all the specimens examined.

The anterior antennae (fig. 2) are comparatively short, scarcely

attaining the length of the cephalic segment, and gradually taper

distally. They are only composed of 12 joints clothed in front with

scattered setae. The mutual relation of the joints is somewhat

different from that observed in C. varicans, the type of the genus.

In the present species the Ist, 3rd, and 7th joimts are much the largest.

The posterior antennae (fig. 3) do not exhibit any noticeable partic-

ularity in their structure, and the same is also the case with the

oral pieces.

The natatory legs (figs. 4 and 5), on the other hand, are highly dis-

tinguished by their unusually short and clumsy appearance, both rami

in all of them being only composed of 2 joints, the proximal one quite

short, the distal one more than twice as large and in reality answer-

ing to the 2 outer joints in other Cyclopidae combined. In so far

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 131

the structure of the legs in the present genus agrees with that found

in still immature specimens of other Cyclopidae. The rami are in

all the pairs of about equal size, the outer one differing, as usual, from

the inner by its armature of spines outside. In the 3 anterior pairs

4 such spines are counted, one of them being attached to the proximal

joint, the other 3 to the distal joint. The inner ramus of these pairs

has only a single spine attached to the tip and accompanied inside

by a seta.

The 1st pair of legs (fig. 4) are, as usual, somewhat smaller than the

others, and differ, moreover, from them in a quite similar manner to

that mentioned in the preceding Cyclopids, viz. by the presence of

a deflexed spine on the inner corner of the basal part, and by the want

of a true apical spine on the outer ramus. The inner ramus is distin-

guished by the comparatively strong development of the apical spine,

which is considerably produced and somewhat procurved at the end.

The 4th pair of legs (fig. 6) are almost as strongly built as the next

preceding ones, but differ in the want of one of the outer-edge spines

on the distal joint of the outer ramus, as also of the seta inside the

proximal joint. The inner ramus, too, has only 3 setae inside the

distal joint, but 2 well-defined spines of unequal length on the tip.

The shape of this joint is in all the pairs conspicuously different from

that in the type species, being considerably broader, with the outer-

edge seta more remote from the apex.

The last pair of legs (see fig. 7) are extremely small and rudimentary,

each consisting of a thin rod-like joint attached to the hind edge of the

corresponding segment and tipped with a small bristle accompanied

inside by a minute spinule.

Remarks.—The present form is apparently nearly allied to the

typical species, C. varicans, G. O. Sars, but is of considerably larger

size, differing, moreover, somewhat in the general shape of the body, in

the more produced caudal rami, and in the shape of the natatory legs.

Occurrence.—Some specimens of this form, all of the female sex,

were found in a sample taken by Dr. Purcell from a pond on the

Cape Flats.

19. CRYPTOCYCLOPS CRASSIPES, Nn. Sp.

(Plate XV, figs. 9-14.)

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 0:80 mm. Body shorter

and stouter than in the preceding species, with the cephalic segment

less tumefied. Lateral corners of the 3 succeeding segments some-

132 Annals of the South African Museum.

what projecting behind. Genital segment gradually tapered distally.

Caudal rami less produced than in the preceding species, with the

innermost apical seta longer than the outermost, bristle of outer

edge not far remote from the apex. Anterior antennae 11-articulate,

lst and 4th joints the largest. First pair of legs with the apical

spine of inner ramus remarkably strong and distinctly procurved.

Fourth pair of legs less strong than the others, with the distal joint

of inner ramus attenuated, apical spines well developed.

Description of the Female-—The body (see fig. 9) appears on the

whole rather shorter and stouter than in the preceding species, with

the anterior division, seen dorsally, more regularly oval in outline.

The cephalic segment is rather large, being almost twice as long as

the remaining part of this division, but appears less tumefied than

in the said species. The 3 succeeding segments are very short and

densely crowded, with the lateral corners somewhat projecting

behind. The last segment is about twice as broad as long, and

carries on each side the slender curved seta characteristic of the

genus.

The tail scarcely exceeds half the length of the anterior division

and gradually tapers distally. The genital segment is less expanded

in its anterior part than in the preceding species, and more evenly

tapered behind. The caudal rami (fig. 14) are less produced, not

nearly attaining the length of the 2 preceding segments combined,

and scarcely more than twice as long as broad. The mutual relation

of the apical setae is also somewhat different, that attached to the

inner corner being more than twice as long as that on the outer.

The bristle of the outer edge is rather small and not far remote from

the apex.

The ovisacs (see fig. 9) are comparatively small and oval in shape,

being only slightly divergent.

The anterior antennae (fig. 10) are comparatively shorter than in the

preceding species, and apparently only composed of 11 joints. The

mutual relation of the joints differs conspicuously from that in the

said species, and more agrees with that in C. varicans.

The natatory legs (figs. 11-13) are on the whole built on the same

type as in the preceding species, yet exhibiting, on a closer com-

parison, some well-marked differences in their details.

The Ist pair of legs (fig. 11) are in particular distinguished by the

extraordinary coarse development of the apical spine on the inner

ramus, this spine being, moreover, of a dark corneous colour, so as

to be easily perceived even in the intact animal projecting below.

peu)

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 13:

The 2 succeeding pairs of legs (fig. 12) are remarkably strongly

built, with the spines of the outer ramus unusually coarse.

The 4th pair of legs (fig. 13), however, are conspicuously more

feeble in structure, with the rami comparatively rather narrower

than in the other pairs, the distal joint of the inner ramus being in

particular much contracted towards the end. The apical spines of

this joint are well developed, though, as usual, somewhat unequal

in length.

The last pair of legs are still more rudimentary than in the pre-

ceding species, but apparently of a similar structure.

Remarks.—This form is perhaps still more closely related to

C. varicans than the preceding one, but its specific distinctness from

either of them cannot in my opinion be questioned. The most

characteristic feature of the species refers to the extraordinary

development of the apical spine on the inner ramus of the Ist pair

of legs, and indeed the specific name is proposed in allusion to this

particularity.

Occurrence—Some specimens of this form were picked up from

samples taken by Dr. Purcell in ponds on the Cape Flats.

20. CRYPTOCYCLOPS CAUDATUS, DN. sp.

(Plate XV, figs. 15-20.)

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 0-67 mm. Body slender

and attenuated, with the anterior division only slightly dilated and

the lateral corners of the segments rounded off. Last pedigerous

segment comparatively small. Tail considerably produced, with the

genital segment conspicuously contracted at the base, but immediately

behind the contraction considerably bulging on each side. Caudal

rami not much produced, innermost apical seta very small. Anterior

antennae 10-articulate. Fourth pair of legs rather feeble, with only

a single apical spine on the inner ramus.

Description of the Female.—In general appearance the body (see

fig. 15) differs conspicuously from that in the two preceding species,

being much more slender and attenuated, with the anterior division

only slightly dilated. The cephalic segment somewhat exceeds in

length the remaining part of this division, and is narrowly rounded

in front. The 3 succeeding segments gradually diminish both in

length and width, and have the lateral corners rounded off. The

last segment is comparatively small, with the lateral parts only

slightly produced, but tipped with the usual curved seta.

134 Annals of the South African Museum.

The tail is unusually slender and produced, attaining about 2 of

the length of the anterior division. The genital segment is of a very

characteristic shape, being remarkably contracted at its origin, but

immediately behind this contraction bulging considerably on each

side ; its ventral face appears also in this region rather protuberant.

The caudal rami (fig. 20) are a little more than twice as long as broad,

and are distinguished by the rudimentary condition of the innermost

apical seta, which scarcely exceeds in length 4 of the outermost.

Ovisacs were not present in any of the specimens examined.

The anterior antennae (fig. 16) are rather short and apparently only

composed of 10 joints, though a slight indication to a subdivision

of the 5th joint may be traced.

The natatory legs (figs. 17-19) agree in structure rather closely

with those in the European species, C. bicolor, G. O. Sars. As in that

species, the 4th pair (fig. 19) is much feebler than the others, with

both rami remarkably narrow, and the spines of the outer one much

reduced in size. The inner ramus has, moreover, only a single spine

on the tip, and the basal part is blunted at the inner corner, with the

edge minutely spinulose.

The last pair of legs are extremely small, each only provided with -

a single short bristle on the tip.

Remarks.—The present form seems to be rather closely related to

C. bicolor, the structure of the several limbs being almost exactly as

in that species. It is, however, at once distinguished by the much

more slender form of the body, as also by the different shape of the

genital segment and of the caudal rami. Another species may also

here be mentioned, viz. that recorded by the present author from the

Lake Tanganyika under the name of Cyclops exiquus, this form ex-

hibiting a rather similar slender shape of the body to that here

described. It is, however, of much smaller size, and, moreover, differs

conspicuously in the structure of the genital segment.

Occurrence.—Only some few female specimens of this form have

as yet come under my notice. They were picked up from a sample

taken by Dr. Purcell from a pond on the Cape Flats.

21. CRYPTOCYCLOPS INOPINATUS, 0. sp.

(Plate XV, figs. 21-25.)

Distinctive Characters —Length of female, 0-70 mm. Body moder-

ately slender, with the anterior division oblong oval in shape. Last

pedigerous segment more than twice as broad as long. Genital

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 135

segment gradually contracted behind. Caudal rami about the length

of the last 2 segments combined, innermost apical seta very small,

outer-edge bristle remote from the apex. Ovisacs large, appressed

to the tail. Anterior antennae Il-articulate. Natatory legs com-

paratively less strong than in the other species, 4th pair with only

a single apical spine on the inner ramus.

Description of the Female-—The body (see fig. 21) is not nearly so

slender and elongated as in C. caudatus, but comparatively narrower

than in the other 2 species here recorded, the anterior division, seen

dorsally, being of a rather regular oblong oval shape, with the greatest

width nearly in the middle. The cephalic segment is about twice as

long as the 3 succeeding segments combined, and has the frontal

part somewhat protruding. The succeeding segments are densely

crowded, with the lateral corners scarcely projecting, except those

of the penultimate segment. The last segment is of moderate size,

with the lateral corners slightly produced and tipped with the usual

curved seta.

The tail about equals in length % of the anterior division, and

gradually tapers distally. The genital segment is rather broad at

the base, but contracts evenly behind, being about the length of the

3 succeeding segments combined. The caudal rami (see fig. 21) are of

the usual narrow linear shape, and do not fully attain the length of the

last 2 segments combined. The mutual relation of the apical setae

is about as in C. caudatus, that attached to the inner corner being

extremely small and rudimentary. The bristle of the outer edge is

rather remote from the apex.

The ovisacs (see fig. 21) are comparatively large, of oblong oval

shape, and closely appressed to the sides of the tail, each containing

a somewhat limited number of ova.

The colour of the living animal is whitish pellucid, with a very

faint yellowish tinge. The ovarial tubes with their several ramifica-

tions are easily traced through the transparent integuments, and the

eye 1s very conspicuous by its bright red pigment and glistening

lateral facets.

The anterior antennae (fig. 22) are composed of 11 distinctly defined

joints clothed with rather coarse and somewhat unequal setae. Of

the joints, the 1st, 3rd, and 7th are distinctly larger than the

others.

The natatory legs (figs. 23-25) are comparatively of somewhat

smaller size than in the other species, but built on the very same

type. The 4th pair (fig. 25) appear, however, less reduced than in

136 Annals of the South African Museum.

C. caudatus, though, as in that species, having only a single slender

apical spine on the inner ramus.

The last pair of legs exhibit a quite similar rudimentary condition

as in the said species.

The male is of rather smaller size than the female, and has the

body considerably more slender. It is, moreover, easily recognised

by the transformed anterior antennae and by the tail being composed

of 5 segments.

Remarks.—The present form is apparently nearly allied to

C. caudatus, yet differing conspicuously in the general shape of the

body, as also in that of the genital segment. It is also of somewhat

larger size.

Occurrence.—The present form developed rather plentifully in a

small aquarium prepared with mud kindly forwarded to me from

the South African Museum, and taken by Mr. Barnard from a swamp

in South-West Africa. The mud was not very productive, but yet

yielded a few things of particular interest, among them the present

Cyclopid. At first only a solitary nearly fully-grown specimen

appeared in my aquarium. The specimen was left for further

observation and was carefully watched every day. After some time

it became laden with large ovisacs filled with the usual kind of thin-

skinned ova, from which the Naupli soon escaped, rapidly growing

to mature specimens of both sexes. These, propagating in the usual

manner, gave rise in their turn to succeeding generations, the result

being that my aquarium at last abounded with specimens of this

Cyclopid in different stages of development.

This is the first instance that I have succeeded in breeding Cyclopidae

from dried mud. Indeed, I had formerly regarded such a breeding

to be quite impossible, because no true resting ova, like those not

unfrequently met with in the Diaptomidae, are produced at all by

any form of the present group of Copepoda. Of course I was not

a little puzzled by the development of the present Cyclopid in my

aquarium. However, after having read the interesting observations

made by Mr. Youday on North American Cyclopidae, I find a quite

satisfactory explanation of the present case. According to the said

distinguished author, in shallow swamps which have become com-

pletely dried up, specimens of Cyclops are occasionally found enclosed

within a tight envelope or cyst, evidently formed to protect the

animal against exsiccation, and thus to ensure its Jife in a latent or

resting condition, until the swamps are again filled with water.

Now, it is very likely that the specimen at first observed in my

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 137

aquarium was in reality such an encysted individual, which happened

to be included in the mud, and which revived in the aquarium,

afterwards accomplishing its further development and multiplying

in the usual manner. It may be assumed that in every case the

encysted specimens are nearly fully-grown females, which have

previously been fecundated, and thus are adapted to produce new

generations of specimens, to ensure the continued existence of the

species.

Division HARPACTICOIDA.

Fam. CANTHOCAMPTIDAE.

GEN. NITOCRA, Boeck.

22. NiTocRA DUBIA, 0. sp.

(Plate XVI, figs. 1-10.)

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 0-50 mm. Body not

very slender, subcylindrical in shape. Rostre very small. Anal

opercle and posterior edge of last caudal segment coarsely dentate.

Caudal rami short, quadrangular. Anterior antennae 8-articulate,

clothed with long curved setae, terminal part almost as long as the

basal one. First pair of legs scarcely prehensile, the inner ramus

being almost straight, with the outer 2 joints simple and, combined,

longer than the Ist. Last pair of legs with the distal jomt conically

produced, inner expansion of proximal joint short, truncated at the

end.

Description of the Female.—The body (see figs. 1 and 2) is compara-

tively less elongate than in most other species of the present genus,

and of short cylindrical shape, with the anterior division only slightly

broader than the posterior, and not very sharply marked off from

it. The cephalic segment about equals in length the 3 succeeding

segments combined, and appears, in the dorsal view of the animal,

obtusely rounded anteriorly, exhibiting, however, in the middle a

very small narrow conical rostrum, which projects between the

insertions of the anterior antennae. The lower edges of this seg-

ment are remarkably inflexed in the middle and broadly rounded

off behind (see fig. 2). The 3 succeeding segments are almost of

equal size, and have the lateral lobes closely appressed to the sides

of the body, each terminating behind in an obtuse corner. The last

segment is rather short, but nearly as broad as the preceding one.

The tail only slightly exceeds half the length of the anterior division,

138 Annals of the South African Museum.

and is of almost uniform width throughout. It is composed of the

usual number of segments, all armed at the end laterally with rows

of small denticles. The genital segment is about the length of the

2 succeeding ones combined, and shows slight trace of a subdivision

in the middle. The last segment (see fig. 10) is shghtly incised in

the middle and somewhat obliquely truncated laterally, being armed

on each side with a curved transverse row of coarse spinules. The

anal opercle is likewise fringed with spinules of a similar kind. The

caudal rami are short and rather widely apart, subquadrangular in

shape, and armed with several small spinules, both dorsally and

laterally. The 2 middle apical setae are well developed, though

rather unequal in length, the inner one being fully twice as long as

the outer. The other setae are very thin, hair-lke.

The anterior antennae (fig. 3) do not attain the length of the cephalic

segment, and taper gradually towards the end. They are each com-

posed of 8 joints richly clothed with rather long and curved setae,

and grouping themselves into 2 well-marked sections, a basal and

a terminal, each comprising 4 joints. The 2nd basal joint is much

the largest and considerably dilated, whereas the 3rd joint is com-

paratively small. The 4th joint is more than twice as long, and

projects at the end anteriorly to a short prominence carrying a

slender sensory filament accompanied by 2 unequal setae. The

joints of the terminal section are not very different in size and rather

narrow, the last carrying, in addition to the setae, a short sensory

filament.

The posterior antennae (fig. 4) are comparatively small, though

built on the usual type, the inner ramus being abruptly curved and

armed on the distal joint with a number of strong spines and with

3 or 4 geniculated setae. The outer ramus, as in the other species

of the present genus, is very small, and only consisting of a single

somewhat lamelliform joint edged with 3 subequal setae.

The mandibles and maxillae were not sufficiently made out, but

their structure seems to be that usually met with.

The anterior maxillipeds (fig. 5) are rather poorly developed, being

only provided with a single small bisetose lobe inside the claw-like

terminal joint.

The posterior maxillipeds (fig. 6) are also comparatively small, but

of quite normal structure, terminating, as in most other Harpacticoida,

in a subcheliform hand.

The Ist pair of legs (fig. 7) differ conspicuously in their structure

from those in the other known species, in particular as regards the

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 139

inner ramus, which is far less strongly built and scarcely at all pre-

hensile. The proximal joint of this ramus is only slightly produced

and of oblong oval shape, being, like the 2 succeeding joints, provided

inside near the end with a plumose seta. The outer part of the

ramus, comprising the last 2 joints, is not, as in the other species,

abruptly bent upon the proximal joint, but extends in about same

line with it, and the strong apical claw found in those species is

replaced by a quite ordinary spine, accompanied inside with a slender

geniculated seta. The outer ramus is a little shorter than the inner,

and on the whole built on the same type as in the other species.

The 3 succeeding pairs of legs (fig. 8) are very slender, with the

rami narrow and rather unequal in length, the outer one being

much the longer. All the 3 joints of this ramus are fringed outside

with small spinules in addition to the usual spines, 4 of which belong

to the terminal joint. The setae of the inner edge are rather reduced,

one of them, however, attached near the tip being in the 4th pair

rather strong and excessively prolonged, with the edges densely

spinulose (see fig. 8). The inner ramus is of much feebler structure

than the outer, and has the setae of the inner edge more uniformly

developed, being, moreover, armed on the tip outside with a short

spine.

The last pair of legs (fig. 9) are, as usual, pronouncedly lamellar

in shape, and are each composed of 2 very dissimilar joints. The

proximal joint sends off outside from a quite short base a narrow

digitiform process tipped with a slender bristle, whereas inside it

expands to a broad lamella extending to about the middle of the

distal joint. The lamella is fringed outside with fine cilia, and carries

on the obtusely truncated extremity 5 setae of somewhat unequal

length. The distal joint is rather produced, extending to the end

of the genital segment (see fig. 2), and is narrow oblong or somewhat

lanceolate in outline, tapering to an obtuse point. Its inner edge is

somewhat bulging near the base, and is here densely ciliated, whereas

the outer edge is nearly straight. The joint is provided with 6 thin,

more or less prolonged setae, 4 of which are attached to the outer

edge, one particularly slender seta to the tip, and another, at a short

distance from the latter, to the inner edge.

Remarks.—The above-described form is unquestionably referable

to the genus Nitocra of Boeck, though it differs conspicuously from

the usual type in the structure of the Ist and last pairs of legs. It

may easily be recognised from the other species by its less slender

shape of the body.

140 Annals of the South African Museum.

Occurrence.—A solitary female specimen of this form was found in

a sample taken by Dr. Purcell from a pond on the Cape Flats.

Fam. HARPACTICIDAE.

GEN. HARPACTICUS, M. Edwards.

25. HARPACTICUS MERIDIONALIS, n. sp.

(Plate XVI, figs. 11-22.)

Distinctive Characters.—Length of female, 0-8 mm. General form

of body resembling that in H. litoralis, though somewhat less robust.

Anterior antennae less slender, with the basal part gradually tapered

and the terminal part very short. Posterior maxillipeds scarcely as

powerful as in the said species. First pair of legs almost precisely

as in H. littoralis; last pair, however, distinctly differing in shape,

distal joint much narrower and tapering to an obtuse point, inner

expansion of proximal joint obliquely rounded at the end, and pro-

vided with 5 somewhat unequal setae. Male differing from female in

the usual manner.

Description of the Female.—The body (see figs. 11 and 12) is moder-

ately slender, with the anterior division slightly depressed and, seen

dorsally, regularly oblong oval in outline. The cephalic segment

about equals in length the 3 succeeding segments combined, and

has the posterior edge somewhat projecting dorsally (see fig. 12). It

is quite evenly contracted in front and provided with a somewhat

lamellar rostrum obtusely rounded off at the tip. This rostrum is

sharply defined from the segment by a well-marked transverse

suture, and appears to be to some extent mobile, being generally

somewhat bent downwards, so as to be nearly hidden in the dorsal

view of the animal (see fig. 11). The 3 succeeding segments are

evenly vaulted dorsally, and have the lateral lobes rounded off at

the tip. The last segment is rather broad, with the sides blunted.

The tail scarcely attains half the length of the anterior division,

and is somewhat flattened, with the hind edges of the segments finely

spinulose laterally. The genital segment occupies about half the

length of the tail, and is, seen dorsally, almost quadrate in shape,

with trace of an imperfect subdivision in the middle. The 3 succeed-

ing segments rapidly diminish in size, the last one being very small,

with the anal opercle unarmed. The caudal rami are extremely short,

so as not easily to be perceived. The 2 middle apical setae are, how-

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 141

ever, considerably prolonged, in particular the inner one, which attaing

more than half the length of the body.

The anterior antennae (fig. 15) are comparatively less slender than

in most of the other known species, scarcely exceeding half the length

of the cephalic segment. They are, however, composed of the same

number of joints, viz. 9, 4 of them belonging to the basal part, the

other 5 to the terminal part. The former joints gradually taper

distally, and are clothed at the end with bunches of densely crowded

setae, the last of them being somewhat shorter than the preceding

one, and carrying at the end the usual slender sensory filament

together with some ordinary setae. The terminal part is com-

paratively short, not nearly attaining half the length of the basal

one, and has the outer joints extremely small. The setae attached

to this part form together a dense penicillate apical fascicle.

The posterior antennae (fig. 14) are rather largely developed, and

apparently only consist of 2 segments very movably connected, and

generally forming together an abrupt geniculate bend. The proxi-

mal segment, which in reality is formed by the complete fusion of

the Ist joint of the inner ramus with the basal part, is rather ex-

panded, and provided anteriorly with a curved seta. Opposite this

seta is attached to the outer face of the segment a narrow biarticulate

appendage, constituting the outer ramus and provided with 5 or 6

partly ciliated setae. The distal segment is rather constricted at the

base, but gradually widens distally, and is armed outside with 3 coarse

spines, followed at the inner corner by 3 geniculate, procurved setae.

The mandibles, maxillae, and anterior maxillipeds are of exactly

same structure as in the other species, and need not therefore be

described in detail.

The posterior maxillipeds (fig. 15) are moderately strong and, as

usual, each composed of a rather slender basal part, to the end

of which is very movably articulated a well-developed subcheliform

hand. The propodus of the latter is somewhat swollen and of oval

shape, with the palm defined in front by a well-marked projecting

angle armed with densely crowded denticles. The apical claw, or

dactylus, is very strong, falciform, and generally closely bent upon

the propodus.

The Ist pair of legs (fig. 16) exhibit the peculiar structure char-

acteristic of the present genus, being very unlike the succeeding pairs,

and transformed to well-marked prehensile or preying organs. They

are rather slender, projecting more or less to each side of the body.

The basal part is somewhat lamellar, and composed of 2 well-defined

142 Annals of the South African Museum.

segments, the proximal of which has the outer edge densely fringed

with slender spinules. The distal segment exhibits outside a well-

marked ledge, to which a strong, closely denticulated spine is attached,

and has at the inner corner another much thinner spine. The rami

are very unequal in length, the outer one being almost twice as long

as the inner and more or less bent outwards. It is composed of 3

joints, the first 2 narrow linear in shape and about of equal length,

with the outer edge densely spinulose and, moreover, provided near

the end with a short spine. The last joint of this ramus is very

small, but armed with 4 highly chitinised hooked claws accompanied

inside by a curved-bristle. The inner ramus is only composed of 2

joints, the proximal one narrow linear and ciliated on both edges,

the distal one quite short and armed with a strong curved claw

accompanied by a thin bristle.

The 3 succeeding pairs of legs are natatory, and of quite normal

structure.

The last pair of legs (fig. 17) are comparatively small, scarcely

extending beyond the middle of the genital segment, but of the usual

lamellar appearance. The distal joint is oblong or somewhat conical

in shape, tapering gradually to an obtuse point, and is provided with

5 not very slender setae, that issuing from the tip being, however,

rather thin and prolonged. The inner expansion of the proximal

joint is comparatively broad and obliquely rounded at the end, being

likewise provided with 5 setae.

The male (fig. 18) is about of same size as the female, but differs

somewhat in the shape of the body, the anterior division being com-

paratively narrower and almost of equal width throughout, with the

epimeral lobes more expanded laterally. The tail is, moreover; as

usual, composed of 5 well-defined segments, and is comparatively

narrower than in the female, with the 2 middle apical setae still

more prolonged.

The anterior antennae (fig. 19) are powerfully developed and some-

what clavate in shape, being terminated by a much inflated, nearly

globular part, sharply marked off from the preceding joints. In the

interior of this part an exceedingly strong, transversely striated

muscle is seen, acting upon a short hooked piece generally found

closely bent upon the globular part, thus manifesting the pronouncedly

prehensile nature of these appendages.

The posterior maxillipeds do not, as in some of the other species,

exhibit any obvious difference in their structure from those in the

female, and the Ist pair of legs also are of the very same appearance.

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province. 143

The 2 middle pairs of legs (figs. 20 and 21), on the other hand, are

conspicuously transformed, and on the whole considerably more

strongly built than in the female.

The 2nd pair of legs (fig. 20) have the outer ramus perfectly straight,

with all the joints, but in particular the last, comparatively more

robust than in the female. The inner ramus is somewhat narrower,

and has the Ist joint remarkably prolonged, fully attaining the length

of the other 2 combined. The 2nd joint, too, is distinguished by the

outer corner being produced in the form of a mucroniform process

running alongside the terminal joint. In the present species this

process scarcely extends beyond the tip of the ramus, whereas in

most of the other species it is very much longer.

The 3rd pair of legs (fig. 21) are exceedingly powerfully developed,

with the outer ramus remarkably thickened and somewhat curved

inwards. All the joints on this ramus are conspicuously expanded

and highly chitinised, with the spines much coarser than in the female,

whereas the setae of the inner edge are much reduced. It is very

probable that these legs may assist the anterior antennae in getting

hold on the female during copulation.

The last pair of legs (see fig. 22) are rather unlike those in the

female and of much smaller size, with the proximal joint not at all

expanded inside. The distal joint is somewhat spatulate in shape,

and is armed at the end with 3 coarse spines, followed at the inner

corner by 2 thin bristles.

Remarks.—The present form is apparently closely allied to the

European species, H. littoralis, G. O. Sars, but is rather inferior in

size, and, moreover, differs conspicuously in the structure of the

anterior antennae and of the last pair of legs in the female.

Occurrence.—Some few specimens of this form were found in a small

tube sent to me, together with other samples from the South African

Museum. I am, however, unable to indicate the locality where the

specimens were taken, as the writing on the label in the tube had

been quite effaced by the action of the preserving fluid (formol).

Most probably the specimens were taken from some brackish pool.

It should, however, be here noted that a true fresh-water species

of this otherwise marine genus has been recorded by the present

author from the great Siberian lake Baikal.

144 Annals of the South African Museum.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate V.

Lovenula falcifera (Lovén). @

1. Adult ovigerous female, viewed dorsally.

2. Same, without the ovisac, but with a spermatophore adhering to the genital

segment ; seen from left side.

3. Anterior antenna.

4, Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible, with palp.

6. Maxilla.

7. Anterior maxilliped.

8. Posterior maxilliped.

9. Leg of Ist pair.

10. Leg of 3rd pair.

11. Leg of last pair.

12. Extremity of tail, with the caudal rami, dorsal view.

Puate VI.

Lovenula falcifera (continued). ¢

1. Adult male, dorsal view.

2. Same, right anterior antenna.

3. Extremity of same antenna, more highly magnified.

4. Same, last pair of legs.

5. Same, extremity of tail, with the caudal rami, dorsal view.

Lovenula barnardi, n. sp.

6. Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

7. Same, without the ovisac, seen from left side.

8. Same, leg of last pair.

9. Last pair of legs of male.

Puate VII.

Paradiaptomus lamellatus, G. O. Sars.

1. Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

2. Same, without the ovisac, seen from left side.

3. Anterior antenna.

4, Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible, with palp.

6. Maxilla.

7. Anterior maxilliped.

8. Posterior maxilliped.

9. Leg of Ist pair.

FIG.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

eo)

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

ole MS or OC ON

PARDO wh

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province.

Leg of 3rd pair.

Leg of last pair.

Adult male, seen from right side.

Same, last pair of legs.

Same, extremity of tail, with the caudal rami, dorsal view.

Prate VIII.

Diaptomus capensis, G. O. Sars.

. Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

. Same, without the ovisac, seen from left side.

Anterior antenna.

. Posterior antenna.

Mandible, with palp.

. Maxilla.

Anterior maxilliped.

. Posterior maxilliped.

. Leg of Ist pair.

. Leg of 3rd pair.

. Leg of last pair.

. Last pair of legs of male.

Diaptomus rigidus, nu. sp.

Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

Same, without the ovisac, seen from left side.

Frontal part of head, more highly magnified, lateral view.

Leg of last pair.

Last pair of legs of male.

Extremity of tail, with the caudal rami, dorsal view.

Prats IX.

Diaptomus purcelli, G. O. Sars.

. Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

. Same, without ovisac, seen from left side.

Anterior antenna.

. Leg of 3rd pair.

. Leg of last pair.

. Adult male, Seen from right side.

. Same, last pair of legs.

. Same, extremity of tail, with the caudal rami, dorsal view.

Diaptomus congruens, 1. sp.

. Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

. Same, without the ovisac, seen from left side.

. Leg of last pair.

. Distal part of right anterior antenna of male.

. Last pair of legs of same.

Wiles Seq, Te 1G 10

145

146 Annals of the South African Museum.

PuatTE X.

Cyclops tenwisaccus, n. sp.

. Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

. Anterior antenna.

. Posterior antenna.

Lip.

Mandible.

Maxilla.

. Anterior maxilliped.

. Posterior maxilliped.

. Leg of Ist pair.

. Leg of 3rd pair.

. Leg of 4th pair.

. Leg of last pair, more highly magnified.

. Extremity of tail, with the caudal rami.

a Hel

FH SoDmNOMmrwWwnNes

ww bo

Mesocyclops obsoletus (Koch).

14. Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

15. Leg of Ist pair.

16. Leg of 4th pair.

17. Leg of last pair.

18. Extremity of tail, with the caudal rami,

Mesocyclops neglectus, G. O. Sars.

19. Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

20. Leg of 4th pair.

21. Leg of last pair.

22. Extremity of tail, with the caudal rami.

Puate XI.

Mesocyclops oblongatus, n. sp.

—

. Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

. Same, without the ovisacs, seen from left side.

. Frontal part of head, seen from the ventral face.

. Genital segment, together with the adjoining part of the anterior division of

body, ventral view.

5. Distal part of tail, with the caudal rami, dorsal view.

6. Anterior antenna.

7. Posterior antenna.

. Anterior maxilliped.

. Posterior maxilliped.

10. Leg of Ist pair.

11. Leg of 3rd pair.

12. Leg of 4th pair.

13. Leg of last pair.

14. Adult male, dorsal view.

15. Same, anterior antenna.

He CS bo

FIG.

16.

Wee

18.

19.

20.

O OND OP wD

—

f=)

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

18.

ILS),

20.

ISD oR wb

—

S ©

12.

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province.

Mesocyclops major, n. sp.

Adult female, dorsal view.

Leg of Ist pair.

Leg of 4th pair.

Leg of last pair. :

Extremity of tail, with the caudal rami.

Puate XII.

Leptocyclops sublaevis, n. sp.

. Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

. Anterior antenna.

. Posterior antenna.

. Leg of Ist pair.

. Leg of 3rd pair.

. Leg of 4th pair.

Leg of last pair.

. Adult male, dorsal view.

. Same, anterior antenna.

. Extremity of tail (female), with the caudal rami.

Leptocyclops prasinus (Fischer).

Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

Same, without the ovisacs, seen from left side.

Anterior antenna.

Posterior antenna.

Leg of Ist pair.

Leg of 2nd pair.

Leg of 3rd pair.

Leg of 4th pair.

Leg of last pair.

Extremity of tail, with the caudal rami.

Puate XIII.

Afrocyclops gibsont (Brady).

. Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

. Same, without the ovisacs, seen from left side.

Anterior antenna.

. Posterior antenna.

. Mandible.

. Maxilla.

. Anterior maxilliped.

. Posterior maxilliped.

. Leg of Ist pair.

Leg of 2nd pair.

Leg of 3rd pair.

Leg of 4th pair.

147

148 Annals of the South African Museum.

FIG.

13. Leg of last pair.

14. Genital segment, together with the last pedigerous segment, viewed from the

ventral face.

15. Adult male, dorsal view.

16. Same, anterior antenna,

17. Same, leg of 2nd pair.

18. Same, tail together with last pedigerous segment, viewed from the ventral face.

Pruate XIV.

Platycyclops phaleratus (Koch).

1. Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

. Anterior antenna.

3. Lateral part of last pedigerous segment, with the corresponding rudimentary

leg.

4. Extremity of tail, with the caudal rami, dorsal view.

Platycyclops poppet (Rehberg).

5, Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

6. Anterior antenna.

7. Posterior antenna.

8. Anterior maxilliped.

9. Posterior maxilliped.

10. Leg of Ist pair.

11. Leg of 3rd pair.

12. Leg of 4th pair.

13. Leg of last pair.

14. Genital and last pedigerous segments, ventral view.

15. Extremity of tail, with the caudal rami, dorsal view.

16. Adult male, dorsal view.

17. Anterior antenna of same.

PLATE XV.

Cryptocyclops assimilis, n. sp.

1. Adult female, dorsal view.

2. Anterior antenna.

3. Posterior antenna.

4, Leg of Ist pair.

5. Leg of 3rd pair.

6. Leg of 4th pair.

7. Lateral part of last pedigerous segment, with the corresponding rudimentary

leg and the lateral seta.

8. Extremity of tail, with the caudal rami.

Cryptocyclops crassipes, N. sp.

9, Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view.

10. Anterior antenna.

11. Leg of Ist pair.

fC I OR 8 DO

—

f—)

11.

12.

13.

14,

15.

16.

18.

U8).

20.

21.

22.

The Fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province.

: Leg of 3rd pair.

. Leg of 4th pair.

. Caudal ramus.

Cryptocyclops caudatus, n. sp.

. Adult female, dorsal view.

. Anterior antenna.

. Leg of Ist pair.

. Leg of 3rd pair.

. Leg of 4th pair.

. Extremity of tail, with the caudal rami.

Cryptocyclops inopinatus, n. sp.

. Adult ovigerous female, dorsal view (drawn from life).

. Anterior antenna.

. Leg of Ist pair.

. Leg of 3rd pair.

. Leg of 4th pair.

Pratt XVI.

Nitocra dubia, n. sp.

. Adult female, dorsal view.

. Same, seen from left side.

. Anterior antenna and rostrum, lateral view.

Posterior antenna.

Anterior maxilliped.

Posterior maxilliped.

. Leg of Ist pair.

. Leg of 4th pair.

. Leg of last pair.

. Extremity of tail, with the caudal rami, dorsal view.

Harpacticus meridionalis, n. sp.

Adult female, dorsal view.

Same, seen from left side.

Anterior antenna.

Posterior antenna.

Posterior maxilliped.

Leg of Ist pair.

Leg of last pair.

Adult male, dorsal view.

Same, anterior antenna.

Same, leg of 2nd pair.

Same, leg of 3rd pair.

149

Same, lateral part of last pedigerous segment, with the corresponding leg, and

adjoining part of genital segment, with enclosed spermatophore.

Plate V.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV.

Neill & Co., Lid.

- Sars, del.

SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA,

Plate VI.

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXYV.

Neill d& Co., Lid.

G. O. Sars, del

SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA.

Plate VII.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV.

SEE wr ee

eer ace

SS ey

ae Paxs

Neill & Co., Ltd.

G. O. Sars, del.

SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA.

Plate VILL.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV.

Neill & Co., Lid.

G, O. Sars, del.

SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA.

Plate IX.

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV.

EEE a

j . he a

Neill & Co., Lid.

G. O. Sars, del.

SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA.,

Plate X.

Ann. S. Afr, Mus., Vol. X XV.

Neill & Co., Lid.

SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA,

G, O. Sars, del.

Plate XI.

SA 9 pow Kea

, a SoG gO

BE ESI OCR

Neill & Co., Ltd.

Ann. 8S. Afr. Mus., Vol. X XV.

G. O. Sars, del.

SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA,

Plate XII.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. X XV.

Neill & Co., Lid.

ENTOMOSTRACA

SOUTH AFRICAN

G, O. Sars, del.

Plate XIII.

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV.

Neill d& Co., Lid.

G. O. Sars, del.

SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA,

Plate XIV.

Vol. XXYV.

Ann. 8S. Afr. Mus..

A ep

Zp yy

yy hip)

Ae Se

Neill & Co., Lid.

G. O. Sars, del.

SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA,

Plate XV.

Ann. §. Afr. Mus., Vol. X XV.

Neill & Co., Lid.

SOUTH AFRICAN ENTOMOSTRACA.

G. O. Sars, del,

Plate XVI.

Ann. 8S. Afr. Mus., Vel. X XV.

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fe Pee © WY AAAS 2 See laa

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as POR aks SE A |

bee 2 Bi SNe oe oe Sd > Hoe aor

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Neill & Co., Lid.

G. O. Sars, dea.

ENTOMOSTRACA,

SOUTH AFRICAN

( 151 )

4. The Cephalopoda of the South African Museum.—By ANNE

L. Massy, Department of Fisheries, Dublin.

(With Plates XVII and XVIII.)

Epiror’s Nore.

[THe collection which forms the basis of this report was made by the

Cape Government trawler, s.s. “ Pieter Faure.’ When the “ Pieter

Faure ”’ collections came into the possession of the South African

Museum, the Cephalopods were despatched to Dr. Hoyle in 1910 for

report. Owing to pressure of other work, Dr. Hoyle was continually

prevented from undertaking the examination of the material, and in

1925 handed it over to Dr. Simpson.

Dr. Robson of the British Museum then suggested that Miss Massy,

who was then at work on other collections from South African waters,

should undertake to write the report on our material, and with Dr.

Simpson’s concurrence this has been done.

A condition attached to this suggestion was that a first set should

be presented to the British Museum. In view of the long time that

had elapsed since the collection was made and the desirability of

avoiding further delay, and also possibly further transport of the

material to another specialist, this condition was accepted. The

types of the new species and a set of the specimens are therefore in

the British Museum.

A few specimens derived from other sources have been added to the

“ Pieter Faure” collection and are reported upon in the following

pages.—EDIToR. |

Tuts collection consists of 95 specimens belonging to 11 genera and

16 species.

There are also a few examples which are in too bad condition or

too juvenile to be specifically assigned. Two new species of Sepia

and another of somewhat peculiar form which is provisionally dis-

tinguished by a letter occur.

The area explored extends from Hout Bay, near Cape Town, on the

south-west coast to Delagoa Bay on the south-east. Twenty-three

152 Annals of the South African Museum.

hauls were made in shallow water to about 50 fathoms and resulted

in catches of Loligo, Inioteuthis, and Sepia. Hight deep-water hauls

from 84-600 fathoms caught Bathypolypus, Rossia, and Sepia.

The examples of Inioteuwthis are referred to I. japonica, Verrill, a species

which has not previously been recorded, except from India and Japan.

Another eastern species is Loligo indica, Pfeffer. Polypus granulatus

(Lam.), which ranges from the Indian Ocean round the Cape to the

Azores, is represented by two specimens. A very young example

of Todaropsis eblanae (Ball) occurred in the Cape Town area. The

remaining 11 species appear to be peculiar to South Africa.

I am indebted to the Director of the South African Museum for per-

mission to work out the collection.

The drawings have been done by Miss E. Barnes of the Dublin

Museum.

List of Species obtained.

Moroteuthis sp. A, Robson.

Todaropsis eblanae (Ball).

Rossia enigmatica, Robson.

Inioteuthis japonica, Verrill.

Inioteuthis sp.

Loligo indica, Pfeffer.

Loligo reynaudi, V Orb.

Loligo B, Robson.

Acanthosepion vermiculata (Q. et G.).

Rhombosepion australis (Q. et G.).

. hieronis, Robson.

3 robsoni, Sp. NOV.

Rhombosepion sp. A.

Doratosepion joubini, sp. Nov.

Sepia sp.

Hemisepius typicus, Stn.

Bathypolypus valdiviae (Chun).

Polypus granulatus (Lam.).

Polypus sp.

Famity ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE.

Moroteuthis sp. A.

W. of Dassen Island, 250 f. One.

Photographs of a cast of the actual specimen have been sent to me.

As in the specimen recorded from Cape Town (Robson, 1924, p. 595),

the mantle is 5 times as long as its breadth, and the posterior end of

fin is much attenuated. The length of the fin in proportion to the

The Cephalopoda of the South African Museum. 153

mantle-length is about 58 per cent. The breadth of the fin expressed

as a percentage of the mantle-length is about 45 per cent.

The peculiar elevations covering the mantle are clearly shown in

the photograph.

Distribution.—Cape Town, 135 f., one adult (2) (Robson, 1924).

Division OEGOPSIDA.

Famity OMMATOSTREPHIDAE.

Subfamily Tnuicrnae.

Todaropsis eblanae (Ball), 1841.

P.F. 466. Lat. 34° 43’ 15” 8. Long. 18° 30’ 00” E., shrimp trawl,

123 f., green mud. One.

This is a very young example with a mantle-length of 40 mm., and

the skin of the head is not yet developed so as to cover a considerable

portion of the eyes as in larger examples. In an Itish specimen with

mantle-length of 82 mm., the eye has a diameter of 19 mm., and is so

sheathed by the skin that only an opening of 7x9 mm. is left, instead

of the eye being quite free and uncovered as in the present individual.

Distribution.—North Sea, Ireland, Plymouth, Spain, Portugal,

Mediterranean, South Africa (Robson, 1924).

MYOPSIDA.

Famity SEPIOLIDAE.

Rossia enigmatica, Robson, 1924.

P.F. 16,644. Cape Point Lighthouse, N.E. 3? E., 29 m., shrimp

trawl, 470 f., greensand. One 9.

This specimen has a dorsal mantle-length of 30 mm., and the

nidamental glands measure 7 mm. in length. Some suckers of the

2nd pair of arms are the largest and measure about 2 mm. in diameter,

and their ring is about 4 the diameter of a whole sucker. The

tentacular suckers have 5 rows of plates. The fins commence at

7 mm. from the anterior margin of the mantle and are 20 mm. in

length by about 15 mm. in width.

Distribution.—Cape Town, 220 f., and Cape, 151 f. (Robson, 1924).

Inioteuthis japonica, Verrill, 1881.

P.F. 2255. Lion’s Head, N. 78 E., 12 m., shrimp trawl, 60 f., sand

and small black specks. One 6.

154 Annals of the South African Museum.

P.F. 7063. Sebastian Bluff, N.W. 2 W., 84 m., shrimp trawl, 34 f.,

mud. One ¢.

P.F. 7054. Sebastian Bluff, N.W. by W. + W., 84 m., shrimp

trawl, 34{., mud. One Q.

P.F. 15,343. Struys Point, N. by W. 4 W., 74 m., shrimp trawl,

42 {., green mud. One 9.

In both the males the chromatophores are much larger and more

abundant and resemble those of J. maculosa, Goodrich. The width

of the nuchal commissure is, however, less than the length of the fin

at insertion. In specimens of J. maculosa from the Orissa coast and

from Burma which IJ have examined, these measurements are about

equal. The specimen No. 32 (dorsal mantle, 10 mm.) has the spermato-

phore filled with amber-coloured sperms, each of which measures

about 3 mm. in length.

Distribution.—Japan (type), Andaman Islands (Massy, 1916).

Inioteuthis sp.

P.F. 6068. Outside Sebastian Bay, Cape Infanta, N.E. ? N., 44 m.,

shrimp trawl, 37 f., mud. (?.) Two juv., mantle 2-50 mm.

P.F. 10,506. Cape St. Blaize, N.E. $ N., 84 m., tow net. Two

juv., mantle, 1-2 mm.

Famity LOLIGINIDAE.

Loligo indica, Pieffer, 1884.

P.F. 10,403. Gericke Point, N. by E. } E., 5 m., shrimp trawl,

35 f., fine sand. Four 4, one 9.

P.F. 7062. Sebastian Bluff, N.W. 2? W., 84 m., shrimp trawl,

34f., mud. Two 3g, two @.

P.F. 2283. Mouth of Hout Bay, shrimp trawl, 40-50 f., fine sand.

One &.

P.F. 10,269. Sebastian Bluff, N.W. by W. 4+ W., 84 m., shrimp

trawl, 34 f., mud. One 9.

P.F. 2273. Hout Bay, shrimp trawl, 9-20 f., fine sand and brackish

shingle. One 9.

Agulhas Bank, July 1922. Two 4, one 2 (K. H. Barnard).

The specimens from Agulhas Bank are the largest of the above,

the males having a mantle-length of 83-90 mm. and the female 114 mm.

Goodrich (1896, pl. 11, figs. 20 and 26) found that in the specimens which

he referred to this species, the teeth surrounded the rings of the arm

The Cephalopoda of the South African Museum. 155

suckers in the male, but were more clearly defined on the distal border,

and in the female they were limited to the distal $, the rest of the

ring being smooth.

The Agulhas Bank specimens agree in this as far as examined. In

both sexes the teeth are present on half the ring in the small tentacular

suckers as found by Goodrich (op. cit., pl. i, fig. 24). The examples

from the 5 other stations are all smooth, the largest having a mantle-

length of 88 mm. They have clusters of dark chromatophores on the

back of the head which bear a superficial resemblance to eyes.

This species has not previously been recorded from the Cape Town

area.

Distribution. Java (type), South of Papua (‘‘ Challenger ’’), India,

South Africa (Robson, 1924; Massy, 1925).

Loligo reynaudi, d’Orb, 1845.

P.F. 529. Algoa Bay. Lat. 33° 52’ 8. Long. 25° 48’ E., shrimp

trawl, 22 f. One @.

P.F. 104. Off Sebastian Bay, Cape Infanta, E. by N. ? N., 42 m.,

shrimp trawl, 35 f., mud. (?.) Two young.

The specimens to which a query is affixed measure 17-27 mm. in

mantle-length and are not in good condition. Both have the median

suckers of the club much larger than the rest, but all the suckers have

teeth on the rings, whereas in the largest specimen (P.F. 529) the largest

rings are smooth. The largest of the young specimens have 2 large

red dots on the back of the head just where clusters of chromatophores

are present in young Loligo indica, Pfeffer.

Distribution.—South Africa.

Loligo B, Robson, 1924.

P.F. 11,741. Tugela River mouth, N.W. by N.?N., 15} m., shrimp

trawl, 36-42 f., mud. (?.) One 9.

This has a mantle-length of 32 mm. and is evidently a different

species from Loligo indica, Pfeffer, having relatively smaller suckers and

paler colouring, and the arm rings instead of having broad square teeth

have narrow-pointed teeth, sometimes with small teeth in between as

in Robson’s species (1924, text-fig. 29, 2, p. 653). The tentacle rings

have long pointed teeth. There are no clusters of dark chromato-

phores on the back of the head. The mantle is not narrower in pro-

portion than that of L. indica.

Distribution.—Natal Coast.

156 Annals of the South African Museum.

Famity SEPIIDAK.

Acanthosepion vermiculata (Q. et G., 1832.)

East London shore. Wood, April 14, 1900. One 9. [63.]

Zwart Kops. April 4, 1897. One 3. [64.]

Delagoa Bay. October 1912. Collector, K. H. Barnard. One 9,

one 6.

The specimens measure 30-130 mm. in dorsal mantle-length. The

Zwart Kops example has lost the horny rings of the arms and tentacles.

It is narrower than the other specimens and has some tubercles on the

ventral surface. No. 63 has a mantle-length of 30 mm., the arm

suckers are in 4 regular rows of about equal size; most of the rings

are smooth, but some have 5-8 teeth on the distal border as found by

Robson (1924, p. 640). The large rings of the club have about 18 teeth,

and there are about 6 on the small rings. The male from Delagoa Bay

(mantle, 68 mm.) also has teeth on the large tentacle rings, whilst in

the female with mantle of 130 mm.theyaresmooth. It will probably be

found that as in S. singalensis, Goodrich (Massy, 1916, p. 227), youthful

specimens usually have the large tentacle rings denticulate, and that

they lose this character when more grown. All the specimens have

2 suckers twice the size of their neighbours at the tip of club. As

regards the size and position of the large suckers, they follow closely

Robson’s op. cit., text-figure 25. The largest example alone shows the

distinctive colour of light transverse bars on a darker background,

but the other Delagoa Bay specimen has pink spots in transverse

lines. No. 64 is faded and No. 63 has a much-abraded skin. The

shells are all in bad condition. The last loculus, when examined

microscopically, shows a delicate, coral-like, intersected pattern.

Distribution.—South Africa.

Rhombosepion australis (Quoy et Gaimard, 1832).

Sepia capense, d’ Orb, 1834.

Sepia australis, E. A. Smith, 1917.

Rhombosepion capense, Robson, 1924.

P.F. 51. Cape St. Blaize, N. 42° E., mag. 11 m., shrimp trawl,

1-34 f., sand shells. One 9.

P.F. 2284. Mouth of Hout Bay, shrimp trawl, 40-50 f., fine sand.

(?.) Two 9.

P.F. 8046. Cape Infanta, N.E. by N., 19 m., shrimp trawl, 46 f.,

sand and shingle. Two dg, one 9.

The Cephalopoda of the South African Museum. 157

P.F. 99. Off Mossel Bay. Lat. 34° 14’ 8. Long. 22° 23’ E.,

shrimp trawl, 36 f., mud. One d.

P.F. 6051. Off Sebastian Bay, Cape Infanta, E. by N. 32 N., 42 m.,

shrimp trawl, 35 f., mud. One 3, one 9.

P.F. 2255. Lion’s Head, N. 78 E., 12 m., shrimp trawl, 60 f., sand

and small black specks. Two @.

P.F. 10,404. Gericke Point, N. by E. } E., 5 m., shrimp trawl,

35 f., fine sand. One 4, one 9.

P.F. 7053. Sebastian Bluff, N.W. by W. + W., 83 m., shrimp trawl,

S44 mud. One ¢-

P.F. 15,577. Cape Point Lighthouse, W. } 8., 94 m., shrimp trawl,

32 f., fine sand. Three 4, two 9, 3 juv.

P.F. 2273. Hout Bay, shrimp trawl, 9-20 f., fine sand and brackish

shingle. Two 4, three 9.

P.F. 1866. Cape St. Blaize, N., 36 m., shrimp trawl, 54 f., sand

and shingle. Four 9, two 3.

P.F. 529. Algoa Bay. Lat. 33° 52’ 8. Long. 25° 48’ E., shrimp

trawl. One @.

P.F. 18,054. False Bay, near Roman Rock, shrimp trawl, 17-19 f.,

fine sand. One Q.

This little species was given the name of australis or “‘ Southern ”

by the old French naturalists who first found it in the far south

latitude of the Agulhas Bank, off Cape Agulhas. Later writers were

led by the name into regarding it as an Australian species, and speci-

mens of a Sepia from Victoria and New South Wales have been named

S. australis, Q.et G. Robson (1924, p. 643), with regard to this, says:

“... from an examination of an undoubted example from New

South Wales (British Museum), I cannot have any doubt that the

Australian form is very distinct from the South African, although

there are certain features in common.” Robson, op. cit., taking the

view that S. australis, Q. et G. is an Australian species, gives the South

African form the name of R. capense, and stresses the differences

between the figures of Quoy and Gaimard and d’Orbigny and Férussac.

That these figures, wonderful as they are, cannot be too closely relied

upon is, I think, clear, particularly from the figure of the club of

S. australis given by d’Orbigny (pl. xi).

In the present collection of 16 males and 16 females and 3 young,

with dorsal mantle-length of 12-47 mm., considerable variation

exists. A striking character by which the male can be picked out at

once is the presence of an orange or purple streak which adorns either

side of the dorsal mantle at the base of the fins. It seldom extends

158 Annals of the South African Museum.

farther than about half-way to the anterior margin. It is noteworthy

that this is one of the characters given by Pfeffer for S. venusta.

The same streak is generally, but not invariably, absent in the

female, and when present it is always less distinct than in the male.

In small females it is faintly indicated by oval orange spots, but never

forms a distinct line or band. The hectocotylus is well defined and

affects the proximal three-fourths of the 4th left arm.

The proximal 4 or 5 suckers are normal and are succeeded by about

10 rows of very minute suckers. A sperm pad is moderately developed

inthefemale. The dorsal mantle measures 36-39 mm. in the 6 largest

males and 40-47 in the 6 largest females. The females are frequently

a little broader in the centre than the male and sometimes have the

fins approximated apically. In one haul of 4 females and 2 males

all have the fins widely separated apically. In another haul con-

sisting of | large female, 2 males, and 2 young (apparently female), all

have the fins widely separated apically and are widest at centre of

body. As regards the suckers, those of the arms agree with the

description of d’Orbigny in being “ tres inégale en grosseur; celles

du milieu plus grosses.” Several specimens show a quite smooth

ring, as found by Robson. Usually about 12 pointed teeth are present

on the distal border. All the specimens which are in sufficiently

good condition show about 12 long close-set, square-topped teeth on

the distal margin of the large rings of the tentacular club, and about

8 similar shaped teeth placed wide apart are present on the small rings.

All the examples have the purple ventral bands pointed out by Robson

more or less clearly defined. The fins are usually broad and thin

and without spots. The specimens Nos. 59 * and 62 + have narrower

and thicker fins. The sculpture on the last loculus of the shell consists

of fine undulating lines which are placed closer together than in

Doratosepion joubint sp. nov. No. 62 has straighter lines in the last

loculus than the other shells examined and fewer teeth on the arms

and tentacle rings, but in its general appearance and the shape of club

and the clear fins, it seems to be in close agreement with the other

examples referred here to R. australis.

Distribution.—South Africa.

Rhombosepion hieronis, Robson, 1924.

P.F. 14,981. Lion’s Head, 8.E. 4 E., 47 m., shrimp trawl, 175 f.,

green sand. One g. [19.]

*Cape St. Bla‘ze. + False Bay.

The Cephalopoda of the South African Museum. 159

1261, No. 24. Lion’s Head, 8.H. } E., 50 m., shrimp trawl, 230 f.,

green sand. Two 9 and two young g.

P.F. 15,057. Lion’s Head, 8.H. 4 S., 50 m., shrimp trawl, 230 f.,

green sand. One g and two young. ([58.]

These have a mantle-length of 6-29 mm. All have the ventral

surface and fins almost entirely clear, the colour being condensed

into a band of freckles on either side of fin base. The upper surface

is uniformly reddish with a number of warts on the head and mantle.

A large central tubercle surrounded by smaller ones is frequently

present. The web extends about 4 of the arms on the upper pairs.

The buccal membrane is unusually high and much folded. It is

without suckers. All the specimens have only 2 rows of suckers on

the dorsal arms. Robson (1924, p. 646) notes this character only

in the female. In the other arms the arrangement of the suckers is

almost always in the following order, reading proximally to distally,

second and third pairs, 2—3—2 ; fourth, 2—4—2. Ina young specimen

with mantle of 6 mm., the fourth arms read 2—4—2, and all the other

arms 2. As observed by Robson, op. cit., patches of much enlarged

suckers occur on the second and third arms, as well as on the hecto-

cotylised arm inthe male. In the two largest males (Nos. 19 and 58)

teeth are present on the distal border of the enlarged suckers wherever

these occur. In the small males, mantle 11-12 mm., the hectocotylus

is but little indicated, but the enlarged suckers of the lateral arms

are very marked and their rings agree with the other suckers of the

sessile arms in being smooth.

Distribution.—Cape Town, 112-150 f. (Type.)

Rhombosepion robsont, sp. nov.

(Plate XVII.)

P.F. 2273. Hout Bay, shrimp trawl, 9-20 f., fine sand and shingle.

One 2.

This little creature bears a general resemblance to R. hieronis, Robson,

but is distinguished from it by having grooved suckers (smooth rings)

which are placed in 2 rows on all the arms, and none is enlarged in the

male. They are very regular and relatively large, except distally

where they are much reduced in size. The hectocotylus begins prox-

imally and extends 3? of the length of arm. A small sucker is on

either margin with grooves between. As regards the club, about

53 stalked suckers are present and about 3 median rows have larger

suckers than the rest. They are placed 4-6 in a row in the median

160 Annals of the South African Museum.

part. A papillary area is much developed, but teeth appear to be also

present on part at least of the ring. The suckers are all much smaller

than those of the arms, the largest equals in diameter a ring of a large

arm sucker. The swimming membrane is large, and there are no

chromatophores on it or on any other part of the club. In the speci-

mens of all sizes referred in this paper to R. hieronis there are small

chromatophores on the back of the club, and still smaller and darker

ones usually form lines in the grooves on the back of the swimming

membrane. Another colour difference between the two species is

that the ventral surface has only a few freckles along the fin base instead

of the mass of dark colour forming bands in this part in R. heronis.

Elsewhere the specimen is flesh-colour to pale brown and the surface

is almost smooth. There are a few tubercles along the outline of the

shell and on the head. The chromatophores are minute dark specks

which extend partly on to the fins. The inner lip is papillose, the

outer lip thin and smooth.

The buccal membrane is without suckers. The fins commence

3 mm. from the mantle-margin, and are wide and thin and separated

by a space of 2mm. The dorsal mantle-border is very slightly pro-

duced inthecentre. Ventrally the mantle is deeply indented to receive

the siphon. A very remarkable feature exists in the dorsal arms.

The distal portions are thickened and end in rounded knobs without

suckers. When observed laterally the surface is seen to be folded

as if suckers might be in course of formation. The appearance may

therefore be due to accident. In species of Polypus I have frequently

seen arms in course of regeneration, but they were always much thinner

and ended in curved points. The calcareous portion of the shell

has unfortunately been totally dissolved, only the membranous part

remaining.

Principal Measurements.

Dorsal mantle-length, 17 mm.

Dorsal mantle breadth at centre of body, including fins, 15 mm.

Breadth of head, 10 mm.

Club, 3 mm. x2 mm.

mm. mm,

Ist right arm, 10 Ist left arm, 11

Hd ce. aubalil Qnd ,, 3, 12

ST Oem B- 11 Bk oy | | Sy 12

4th yr) 2? 13 4th oy) 29 13

———

The Cephalopoda of the South African Museum. 161

Rhombosepion sp. A.

P.F. 10,715. Cape Natal, W. by N., 64 m., shrimp trawl, 54 f., .

fine sand and algae. One @.

This resembles R. hieronis, Robson, very closely in general appear-

ance, but the suckers of the arms have teeth on the distal border,

and though a few suckers on the second and third right arms appear

to be enlarged, this feature is not at all so marked as in almost similar

sized males of that species, in which the suckers of all sizes as far as

examined have smooth rings. The suckers are not grooved as in

R. robsone.

The order of suckers on the various arms reading proximally-distally

is as follows :—First right, 2; second and third right, 2 (some en-

larged) ; fourth right, 4—2 (obviously injured). First and second left

arms, 2; third left, 2—3—2; fourth left, 2—0. The hectocotylus

commences proximally and continues for ? of the arm, a minute

sucker being placed on either margin with grooves between. Dis-

tally there are no suckers. The ventral bands of colour which are

so distinct in R. hreronis are not present in this specimen. The

colour of the dorsal mantle is reddish and there are many tubercles.

The anterior mantle-margin is but little produced. The shell is,

unfortunately, almost dissolved.

The principal measurements are as follows :—

mm. mm,

Dorsal mantle . als) Ist right arm 5

Breadth . : 5 AO) 2nd and 3rd right 7

Breadth of head auton: 4th right 8

Sepia (Doratosepion) joubint, sp. nov.

(Plate XVIII.)

P.F.11,741. Tugela River mouth, N.W. by N. 2? N., 154 m., shrimp

trawl, 36-42 {., mud. One 9.

P.F. 10,715. Cape Natal, W. by N., 64 m., shrimp trawl, 54 f.,

fine sand and algae. Two 4, one 9.

The most remarkable feature of this species is that the lateral arms

of the female, and to a lesser extent those of the male, are extremely

narrow and terminate in stiff lash-like ends. The arms are semi-equal,

the dorsal the shortest, and the lateral perhaps the longest, but the

measurements given must be regarded as only approximate. All

have protective membranes with transverse strengthening bands.

VOL. XXV, PART 1. 11

162 Amnals of the South African Museum.

The dorsal arms of the large female have the suckers on long stalks

and in 4 irregular rows, except proximally where there are fewer in

atow. The distal 4 of arm has a median canal with the suckers

arranged in pairs on either side. The lateral arms have the suckers

placed 2 in a row for about 6 proximal rows, they are then placed 4 in

a row with a space in the centre, and distally for almost $ of the arm

they are suddenly reduced in size and are placed 2 in a row, one on

either side of arm with a deep canal between. These minute suckers

are pale in colour and resemble seed pearls. The suckers of all the

arms are smooth as far as examined. ‘The web is carried to the point

where the arms are suddenly reduced in size and number. The fourth

pair of arms are mutilated. The proximal suckers are scattered thinly

and are succeeded by suckers placed 4in a row. In the other female

these arms possess suckers placed 4 in a row to the tip, but on the

distal 4 they are very small and placed in pairs on either side of a

deep groove.

The tentacular club has 4 suckers much enlarged and with teeth

or irregular notches all round the ring. The smaller rings sometimes

have teeth all round the ring and often only about 8 are present.

In the largest male the dorsal arms have the suckers placed 4 in a

row to the tip where they are very minute. The lateral pairs have the

suckers 4 in a row, except distally where they are placed 2 in a row

and are very minute, but without the canal which is so marked in the

female, and the arms are not so narrow and lash-like. The fourth

right arm has large irregular proximal suckers succeeded by 4 in a row

of much smaller size, and distally the suckers become very minute,

but appear to be in 4 rows to the tip of arm. The hectocotylus on the

fourth left arm is rather obscure.* It is situated on the distal $ of

arm where the suckers on the dorsal border become more minute and

are separated considerably from the ventral suckers which are reduced

to a single row. This arrangement persists for about 6 rows. The

distal portion has minute suckers placed 4in a row. The males have

a mantle-length of 33-40 mm., and the same measurement in the

females is 36-47 mm. The width of the largest female at the centre

of the body, including fins, is 23 mm. The fins commence in this

specimen at 3 mm. from the mantle-margin and are widest posteriorly.

They are clear above and below. All the specimens are flesh-colour

to cinnamon and have an almost smooth surface. A few tubercles are

present on the dorsal mantle and head and along the fin margin.

Some oblong red markings are present on the dorsal mantle and

* In the other male many suckers are missing on this arm.

The Cephalopoda of the South African Museum. 163

reddish patches occur between the eyes. There 1s also a slight sprink-

ling of minute dark chromatophores on the mantle. The inner lip

is thick and papillose, and the outer lip is thinner and smooth. There

are no suckers on the buccal membrane and in the female a sperm

pad is not developed, the space between the ventral arms being merely

a little deeper. In the largest female the nidamental glands measure

8x5 mm., and in the smaller example they measure 6 x 3 mm. and are

placed much farther from the arms. The shells of all the specimens are

unfortunately in very soft condition. Those of a male and female were

examined and proved to be of the usual Doratosepion type with a spine.

The ventral surface of both shows a rounded outline of the striated

area, and on the last loculus a beautiful pattern of wavy lines becomes

apparent when examined microscopically. The chitinous margin is

pale horn colour.

Principal Measurements.

P.F. 11,7412 P.F.10, 7159 B 3

mm. mm. mm, mm.

Dorsal mantle-length . ead 36 40 33

Dorsal mantle breadth, in-

cluding fins. : 5 5} 18 16 15

Breadth of head . : ral 1 12 Ne

Istrightarm ‘ Saal 14 16 mutil.

2nd ,, - : , aa ee 15 Ba

Ste, ri . ; oo RS Wy, 16 13

4th ,, i , : . mutil. 14 18 1)

Tentacle. ‘ : 5) 85 46 mutil. 40

Club . ‘ : : ; 6 5 i 4

Sepia sp.

P.F. 10,440. Cape St. Blaize, N. 74 m., large dredge, 37 f., fine

sand. One juv.

This is a hard dried-up specimen with mantle-length of 10 mm.

The arm suckers are in 2 rows and the suckers of the club are all

small.

Sepia sp.

P.F. 754. Buffalo River, 2 miles above jetty, small shrimp nets,

mud. One juv.

This is in very bad condition. The dorsal mantle-length measures

12mm. The arm suckers are in 4 rows and appear to have smooth

rings, but they are very minute. The tentacle club measured 3 mm.

in length, and had some suckers larger than the rest, apparently with

164 Annals of the South African Museum.

smooth rings. The shell has dissolved, but its impression shows that

it had a spine and a rounded striated area.

Sepia sp.

P.F. 7072. Cape Infanta, N.N.W., 4 m., tow net. Three.

These appear to be different stages of the same species and have a

mantle-length measuring from 2-50-7 mm. All have large dark-red

chromatophores which are larger and rounder on the ventral surface.

The fins, which commence at about 1-50 mm. from mantle-margin

in the largest specimen, are clear, as is also the siphon in the youngest.

The next largest has chromatophores on the sides of siphon, and in

the most developed specimen they cover its visible surface.

The arm suckers appear to be in 2 rows, and the tentacular clubs

have 2 or 3 suckers much larger than the others.

Hemiseprus typicus, Stn., 1875.

P.F. 3046. False Bay, Roman Rock, N.W. 3? N., ? m., large dredge,

18 f., sand and rough shingle. One gd.

P.F. 2273. Hout Bay, shrimp trawl, 9-20 f., fine sand and brackish

shingle. Two 3.

Steenstrup got the type from Table Bay, Cape Town (Capt. Andréa).

It was next taken by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition

(Hoyle, 1904) at Saldanha Bay, Cape Colony, two females being

trawled at 8-10 fathoms. The Valdivia Expedition procured the first

male, of which the hectocotylus on the fourth left arm was figured by

Chun (1915, p. 412, fig. 34). A small female was caught at the same

place, namely, the shallow water of Francis Bay, a north part of. the

Aculhas Bank. Chun remarked that from this it would appear that

the genus is tolerably restricted in its distribution. The present

examples do not extend the distribution materially, but show that the

species is evidently present in shallow water all along the coast from

Saldanha Bay to Cape Agulhas. The principal measurements of the

specimen from False Bay, are given below.

mm, mm,

Dorsal mantle-length 21 Breadth of mantle and fins 22

Breadth of head sue

Ist right arm . a ele? Ist left arm. : 2 nl

Shits Fea 248 sf als} PATROL) noe : = ales

Srdy 5 i : gia aiwel 3h eg. s ; 5 Pe

Atihoge 5 ee gS) AGS Wha. ; ; Meese |:

The Cephalopoda of the South African Museum. 165

OCTOPODA.

Famity POLYPODIDAE.

Subfamily OcropoDINAE.

Bathypolypus valdiviae (Chun, 1915).

P.F. 18,162. Cape Point, N.E. by HE. 2? E., 28 m., shrimp

trawl, 300 f., fine sand. One 4.

This fine specimen, which is preserved in alcohol, is reddish brown

above and paler below. The web is very delicate and almost trans-

parent. It extends about 4 up the arms and is slightly higher

laterally than dorsally and lowest ventrally. The body is of very

soft consistency. The dorsal surface of the head, body, and web is

densely covered with large and small tubercles. The end of the body

appears to be smooth, but small tubercles become visible on examina-

tion with a lens. A peripheral keel is present. The suckers of the

arms are very minute and average | mm. in diameter. The modified

portion of the hectocotylised arm measures 8 x 5 mm. and has a pointed

tip and 5 transverse ridges.

Principal Measurements.

mm. mm.

Head across eyes 30 Ist right arm . OZ:

Breadth of body St ae ZING TAN G0)

Ventral mantle-length 27 Sry is oy ((neetes) )

Athte Re ra eee oe 5 BY)

Distribution.—500 m., Agulhas Bank, 35° 10-5’ S., 23° 2° E., type.

(Chun, 1915.)

Polypus granulatus (Lam., 1799).

P.F. 16,022. Seal Island, S.8.W., 4 m. False Bay, dredge, 11 f.,

brackish shingle. (?.) One young.

P.F. 871. About 23 m. HE. of Hast London. Lat. 32° 48’ 30” S.

Long. 28° 14’ 30” E., large trawl, 24-27 f., mud and sand. One 9.

Board of Agriculture, Cape Colony. One Q. [1511 D.]

The young specimen has a mantle-length of only 11 mm. and is

paler than older specimens of P. granulatus. It is very rough skinned

and has a large cirrus inside each eye and at the end of body. The

lateral arms are the largest and measure about 24 times the length

of the body. The web is lowest dorsally.

166 Annals of the South African Museum.

The principal measurements of the example 1311 D are given below.

mm. mm

Ventral mantle . 19 Breadth of body . . 24

End of body to eye 28 Diameter largest sucker 3

Ist right arm LOO lst left arm : 5 OH)

PANGL 5 + . muti. Pil! so ag : . mutil.

SIRO! 155 B Sp Ty) BIRCh 55 2p : he Lou

dba Me . mutil. Athens é . mutil.

Distribution.—Azores to Cape, Indian Ocean, Pacific.

Polypus sp.

P.F. 16,022. Seal Island, 8.8.W., $ m. False Bay, dredge, 11 f.,

brackish shingle. One.

The above is a small rough-skinned specimen with a ventral mantle-

length of 11 mm. The lateral arms are the largest and the web is

lowest dorsally. There is a very prominent tubercle at the end of

the body and cirri about the eyes. It is perhaps a young example of

P. granulatus (Lam.), but is paler than older specimens.

Polypus sp.

P.F. 858. Off E. of Cape Morgan. Lat. 32° 45’ 45” S. Long.

2°. One young.

This has a ventral mantle measuring 2-50 mm. in length, the general

colour is pale greenish with minute dark specks, and large dark chro-

matophores occur on the back of the arms. These measure about

3 times the length of the body and are longest laterally. Surface

smooth, except in the neighbourhood of the eyes where there are

numerous granules.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Cuun, C., 1915.—Deutsche Teifsee Exped., xviii, Th. 2.

Férussac, A., and D’Orptany, A., 1835-48.—Hist. nat. . . . céphalopodes

acétab. Paris.

GoopricH, E. S., 1896.—Trans. Linn. Soc., vii.

Hoye, W. E., 1904.—Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., xlviii, Part 2, No. 14.

Massy, A. L., 1916.—Rec. Ind. Mus., xii, Part 5.

3 5 1925.—Ann. Natal Mus., v, Part 2.

Rogson, G. C., 1924.—Proec. Zool. Soe. London, Part 2.

STEENSTRUP, J., 1875.—Vid. Selsk. Skr., (5), vii.

OAD FR wWN RS

CoIAaePFwWhy

—)

The Cephalopoda of the South African Museum. 167

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Puate XVII.

Rhombosepion robsoni, sp. nov. 6.

Dorsal aspect. 2.

. Ventral aspect. x2.

Club of tentacle. x8.

A club sucker. x 24.

. Mandibles. x4.

A lateralarm. x4.

An arm sucker. x8

. Radula (much enlarged).

Prate XVIII.

Doratosepion joubini, sp. nov. Q.

. Dorsal aspect. x2.

. Ventral aspect... x2.

A club sucker. x16.

. Club of tentacle. x4:

. Alateralarm. x4.

Anarm sucker. X16.

Mandibles. x4.

. Radula (much enlarged).

. Shell, ventral aspect. x2.

. Sculpture of shell on unstriated area, much enlarged.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV. Plate XVII.

Eileen E. Barnes, del. Neill & Co., Ltd.

RHOMBOSEPION ROBSONI.

Ann, S. Afr. Mus., Vol. X XV. Plate XVIIL.

Eileen E. Barnes, del. Neill & Co., Ltd.

DORATOSEPION JOUBINI.

( 169 )

5. Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa.

No. 6. ON THE OcCURRENCE OF THE FRESHWATER BRYOZOAN

Lophopedella thomast Rouss. IN OVvAMBOLAND.—By K. H.

BaRNaARD, D.Sc., F.L.S., Assistant Director.

AtrHouGH Kraepelin has already reported on the Freshwater Bryozoa

collected by Michaelsen (Beitr. Kennt. Land. u. Siissw. Fauna

Siidwestafr., 1, p. 57, 1914), it may be thought useful to report the

occurrence of a further species from the northern part of the territory

which was not traversed by Michaelsen.

Kraepelin’s paper forms a handy compendium of the species of

Bryozoa inhabiting Africa as a whole, with illustrations of their

statoblasts, and a bibliography up to 1914. Since that date the

only paper dealing with the African species is Cunnington’s discussion

on the fauna of the African lakes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., xi, p. 538,

1920).

Freshwater Bryozoa are readily distributed by means of the resting

eggs or statoblasts, which may be contained in the mud adhering

to the feet of water birds, or dispersed by wind agency. It is not

surprising, therefore, that of the eleven species found in Africa, four

may be termed cosmopolitan, being distributed over Europe, Asia,

and America, and two Afro-Indian.

Three of the four species hitherto recorded from South-West Africa

are cosmopolitan species, namely, Plumatella repens (Linn.), P. emar-

ginata Allm., and P. punctata Hanc. The fourth form is a variety

of a species originally described from the Cape Flats, near Cape Town,

Lophopodella capensis (Sollas). Up to the present it has only been

recorded from the Cape and South-West Africa, but it will probably

be discovered in other parts of South Africa.

Particular interest attaches to the few endemic African species.

Possible causes for their localised distribution, as opposed to the wide

distribution of the cosmopolitans, have not yet been investigated.

Such may be the inability of the zoaria to withstand a considerable

range of temperature, or of the statoblasts to withstand prolonged

desiccation. Compare the difference in behaviour of the resting eggs

170 Annals of the South African Museum.

of Apus and Lepidurus (Brauer. SB. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien., lxxv, pt. 1,

p- 583, 1877).

Lake Tanganyika alone possesses three endemic species (Cunnington,

loc. cit., p.539). The only other two are L. capensis, already mentioned,

and Lophopodella thomast Rouss. The latter species was described

from Hunyani River, Salisbury, in Rhodesia, and is now recorded

from Ovamboland. It does not seem to be common. Numerous

vleis were searched, but it was only found in a large temporary vlei

situate in the old watercourse or “‘ omuramba”’ at Tamansu, about

50 miles west of Ondongua. This omuramba is known to have been

at one time a regular channel for the overflow waters of the Kunene

River in the wet season, though of late years this overflow seldom

happens. Water from the Kunene River came down in 1925.

It would perhaps be premature to attempt an interpretation of the

distribution of L. thomasi, seeing that it is only known from two

localities, albeit these localities are relatively widely separated.

Nevertheless, it may be noted that they are situated in the drainage

systems of two rivers which are considered to have been more or less

intimately connected in times past.

If it were proved by experiment that the statoblasts of this species

were unable to withstand desiccation, we might rule out of account

dispersal by means of the mud sticking to the feet of aquatic birds,

and regard this species as evidence that the river systems of the

Kunene and Zambesi were once connected.

These remarks are made to show that the investigation of the

freshwater fauna of South-West Africa may prove important from

a geographical, as well as from a zoological, point of view.

(alia)

6. South African Nudibranch Mollusca, with Descriptions of New

Species, and a Note on some Specimens from Tristan @ Acunha.

—By K. H. Barnarp, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Assistant Director.

(With Plates XIX, XX and six Text-figures.)

Tue following paper is intended as a starting-point for the study

of the Nudibranch Mollusca of South Africa, by bringing together all

the records to date, giving brief diagnoses of the families and genera,

and coloured figures of some of the commoner species.

Nudibranchs, on account of their brilliant colours and variety of

form, are one of the most fascinating groups of Mollusca to collect,

but possess the great drawback that after death and preservation both

colour and form to a very large extent disappear. Perhaps it is for

this reason that so little has been done to investigate the South

African fauna. Practically the only collectors have been Mr. Burnup

in Natal, Dr. Gilchrist during the course of the Marine Investigations

under the Cape Government, and the present writer.

Mr. Burnup’s collections were reported on by Sir Charles Eliot, and

comprised ten species. Dr. Gilchrist and the s.s. “ Pieter Faure”

accumulated a moderately large collection, which was sent to Bergh

for examination. The result was the addition of some twenty-nine

species to the fauna list, of which twenty-six were considered to be

novelties.

The present author has had the advantage of being able to observe

the living animals, making coloured drawings, and examining the

specimens in a fresh state immediately after death. Four species

not hitherto recorded from South Africa are here added to the fauna

list, and nine are described as new, all of the latter but one having

been collected by the author along the littoral of False Bay.

Thus there is evidently a wide scope for collectors to add further

species. It should be borne in mind, however, that preserved speci-

mens without coloured sketches of the living animals, or at least

detailed notes of the coloration, are of comparatively little use. On

account of the lack of such data, and the unsatisfactory condition of

172 Annals of the South African Museum.

the material, many of Bergh’s species are almost or quite unrecog-

nisable even by specialists.

Moreover, owing to their great contractility, specimens which have

been put direct into preserving fluids are frequently impossible to

dissect and identify satisfactorily. These animals should always be

anaesthetised. The writer has used menthol crystals, scattered over

the surface of the sea-water in the bowl containing the animals, with

very satisfactory results. Other anaesthetics are 70 per cent. alcohol,

cocaine, and, according to information given me by Dr. Gill, Epsom

salts, added drop by drop to the sea-water. Care must be taken to

leave the animals long enough to allow the anaesthetic to destroy all

power of contractility, but not long enough for decomposition to

set in.

As permanent preservatives, formalin, formol-alcohol, or 70 per cent.

alcohol to which a drop or two of glycerine has been added, can be

recommended.

It is certain that many of the smaller forms still await discovery

in these waters. The best means of collecting these is to gather care-

fully handfuls of seaweeds, hydroids, encrusting sponges, etc., which

grow on the rocks and boulders at low tide, and leave them in a bowl

of fresh sea-water overnight. The next morning the Nudibranchs

will be found crawling on the sides of the bowl or floating on the sur-

face of the water.

In the Northern Hemisphere there is a marked seasonal migration,

the animals coming inshore in the spring and summer months to

spawn. In South Africa such a seasonal migration does not seem

so marked; at least that is the writer’s experience as regards shore-

collecting in False Bay and the western coast of the Cape Peninsula.

During a short collecting trip in December and January in Natal, at

the localities where previously Mr. Burnup had collected in, the writer

obtained no Nudibranchs. These observations are mentioned to show

how little we know of the biology of the marine life around our shores.

The classification and nomenclature of the Nudibranchiata is still

sub judice. The classification here adopted is mainly that of Bergh,

with the removal of the Duvaucelidae (Tritonudae) from the

Kladohepatica in accordance with Eliot’s pertinent remarks (1903,

Fauna Geogr. Mald. Lacc., vol. 11), and the adoption of Iredale and

O’Donoghue’s group Zonobranchiata. The nomenclature is a greater

problem, but it is clear that the laws of priority must be applied,

even though this means the disappearance of many names long

in use.

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 173

A. HOLOHEPATICA.

1881. Bergh, Verh. k. k. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien, xxx, p. 236.

1890. Bergh, Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst., v.

1892. Id., Das System der Nudibranchiaten Gasteropoden, p. 79.

1924. O’Donoghue, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., xxxv, p. 542.

Gills usually few in number, situate medio-dorsally behind the

middle of the body. Mandibles absent. Liver forming a compact

mass, never branched. ‘Two vesiculae seminales.

In this group are comprised the numerous and varied forms known

collectively as “‘ Dorids.”” They are found in all parts of the world,

being especially numerous, large, and brilliantly coloured in the

tropics.

Three divisions are represented in South Africa, the Cryptobranchiata,

the Porostomata, and the Phanerobranchiata, though these terms are

not very satisfactory, and are being discarded by modern writers.

1. CRYPTOBRANCHIATA.

1879. Bergh, Arch. Naturg., xxxv, l, p. 341.

1891. Id., Zool. Jabrb. Abt. Syst., vi, p. 103.

1892. Id., Das System, p. 83.

Gills contiguous at their bases, retractile (almost always) into a

common cavity (except in Hexabranchus). Rhinophores always with

perfoliate club. Pharynx never suctorial. Radula with the lateral

teeth not differentiated.

For purposes of grouping South African representatives it may be

noted that :

(i) The gills are retractile into separate cavities in the Hezxa-

branchidae.

(ii) A labial armature is present only in the Discodoridae and the

genus Glossodoris.

(ii) The form is elongate slug-like in the Glossodoridae, very

depressed in the Platydoridae.

(iv) The gills are simply pinnate only in the genera Doridigitata,

Glossodoris, and Diaulula (?) morosa Bgh.

Famiry HEXABRANCHIDAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 99.

1924. O'Donoghue, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., xxxv, p. 545.

174 Annals of the South African Museum.

Body elongate-oval, soft, depressed, smooth, margin wide, un-

dulate. Tentacles large, foliaceous, margin crenulate. Gills 6 to 8,

arborescent, retractile into separate cavities, or more strictly speaking

contractile. Foot broad. Labial armature strong, composed of

minute hooks. Radula without central tooth, laterals numerous,

hamate without accessory denticles. Penis very long, unarmed.

Gen. HExaBRANCHUS EKhrenbg.

1828. Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys.

1892. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 99.

1905. Id., Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p. 89.

1908. Ehot, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxxi, p. 97.

With the characters of the family.

* Hexabranchus adamsi Ad.

Hexabranchus adamsi. Gray MSS.

1858. 55 H. and A. Adams, Gen. Moll., ii

POs pl OS tion 9)

1905. - us Eliot, Proc. Mal. Soc., vi, p. 235.

1905. a punctatus. Bergh, Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p.

92, pl. xi, fig. 27 (radula tooth).

1908. ae adamst. Eliot, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxxi, p. 97.

1910. Ae = Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., i, p. 180

(listed).

Locality. —Scottburgh, Natal.

Distribution.—Kast Indies and Pacific Ocean.

Khot in 1908 thinks that the Natal specimen should be referred to

Bergh’s species, which is described as being dirty-yellow with scattered

black specks on the back. Whether it is the same as that figured by

Adams remains uncertain.

Famitry ARCHIDORIDAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 100.

1923. Iredale and O’Donoghue, Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 226 (Doro-

digitatidae).

1924. O'Donoghue, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., xxxv, p. 547 (Archi-

dorididae).

* Not represented in 8.A. Mus. Collections.

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 175

Body not hard, somewhat depressed, margin not narrow. Back

tuberculate or granulate. Tentacles small. Gills nearly always 3- or

4 pinnate. Foot rather broad. No labial armature. Radula with-

out central tooth, laterals numerous, hamate. Penis usually un-

armed.

Gen. ARCHIDORIS Bgh.

1878. Archidoris. Bergh, Malac. Unters, xiv, p. 616.

1892. 4 Id., Das System, p. 100.

1923. A Iredale and O'Donoghue, Proc. Mal. Soc., xv,

p. 228.

Tentacles stout, longitudinally grooved. Gills not numerous,

3 to 4 pinnate. Vagina unarmed.

* Archidoris capensis Beh.

1907. Archidoris capensis. Bergh, Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 42.

1910. a a Smithy Annem Natsa Musi payne

(listed).

Back shagreened.

Locality.— Off Cape Point.

* Archidorts granosa Beh.

1907. Archidoris granosa. Bergh, Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 43, pl. v,

figs. 16-18 (nodules of back, radula).

1910. es i Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 176 (listed).

Back nodulose.

Locality.—Oft Tongaati River, Natal, 36 fathoms; Woodstock

Beach, Table Bay.

*Archidoris * scripta Beh.

1907. Archidoris ? scripta. Bergh, Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 44,

pl. xi, figs. 19-25 (animals, radula,

$ reprod. organ).

1910. a i Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., u1, p. 176

(listed).

Back smooth. White, back with irregularly scattered black points

and lines, margin yellow.

Locality.—Itongazi River, Natal.

Systematic position very doubtful.

176 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gen. Doripicirata D’Orb.

1839. Doridigitata. D’Orbigny in Webb and Berthelot, Ile Canar.,

ith, Ay IOI, oy GS:

1878. Staurodoris. Bergh, Malac. Unters., xiii, p. 578.

1892. HS Id., Das System, p. 101.

1923. Doridigitata. Iredale and O'Donoghue, Proc. Mal. Soc., xv,

p. 229.

Back tuberculate. Margins of the rhinophoral and _ branchial

cavities protected with elevated valve-like tubercles. Tentacles short,

stout, externally grooved. Gills rather numerous, simply pinnate.

Penis and vagina unarmed.

Doridigitata verrucosa (Cuv. emend. Bgh.).

1878. Staurodoris verrucosa. Cuv. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 578 (non verru-

cosa Linn.).

1907. = - Bergh, Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 46,

pl. xi, figs. 26, 27 (radula).

Greyish or yellowish-brown, simulating a sponge and barnacle shells

which grow on the rocks between tide marks.

Locality.—_St. James, False Bay ; Saldanha Bay ; low tide.

Distribution.—Mediterranean and east and west sides of Atlantic.

Famity DISCODORIDAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 102.

1905. Id., Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p. 98.

Body not hard, depressed, margin rather wide. Back minutely

granulate. Tentacles digitiform. Gills nearly always 3 or 4 pinnate.

Foot rather broad. Labial armature formed of minute rods. Radula

without central tooth, laterals numerous, hamate. Penis nearly

always unarmed,

Gen. Discoporis Bgh.

1888. Discodoris. Bergh, Malac. Unters., xvi, p. 805.

1892. a Id., Das System, p. 102.

1906. ie Eliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., u1, p. 651.

1910. be Id., Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiii, p. 421.

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 177

Body soft, round or oval. Branchial aperture slightly crenulate,

stellate, or bilabiate. Upper lip of the anterior margin of foot more

or less incised. Large prostate gland.

*Discodoris coerulescens Bgh.

1888. Discodoris coerulescens. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 805, pl. Ixxxi,

figs. 6-12.

1910. -f - (?)juv. Ehot, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii,

p- 222.

_ Back rough, whitish mottled with irregular darker patches com-

posed of black lines of varying length, thickness, and direction ;

foot whitish.

Locality.—Natal coast.

Distribution.—Mauritius.

Gen. GrIToporis Beh.

1892. Geitodoris. Bergh, Das System, p. 103.

1894. * Id., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxv, 10, p. 162.

1907. s2 Id., Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 47.

Body oval, depressed, back minutely granulate or smooth. Upper

lip of the anterior margin of foot incised with prominent lobes.

Inner laterals strong, outer feeble, thin, not hamate. No prostate

gland.

*Geitodoris capensis Beh.

1907. Gettodoris capensis. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 47, pl. xu, figs. 2-5

(labial armature and radula).

ONO ig ke Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., u1, p. 176 (listed).

Colour when alive yellow.

Locality.—Ofi Glendower Beacon (Port Alfred).

Famity DIAULULIDAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 105.

Body not hard, or rather soft, more or less depressed. Back

usually minutely villous, often velvety. Tentacles digitiform.

Branchial aperture round, crenulate, gills tripinnate. Foot anteriorly

WO, ZOay, IAEA 12

178 Annals of the South African Museum.

bilabiate, the upper lip medianly incised. No labial armature.

Radula without central tooth, laterals numerous, hamate. Penis as

a rule unarmed.

Gen. DiauLua Beh.

1880. Diaulula. Bergh, Sc. Res. Explor. Alaska, pt. 1, p. 189.

1892. a Ids loc: cus, ps 105:

1905. - Id., Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p. 118.

1907. be Id., Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 48.

Back velvety. All the lateral teeth hamate. Prostate large.

“Diaulula capensis Bgh.

1907. Diaulula capensis. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 48, pl. v, figs. 19-22

(skin and radula).

1910. ‘, » + Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 177 (listed).

Gills tripinnate. Colour when alive light brown.

Locality.—Mossel Bay, 11 fathoms. In the original description

Seal Island is mentioned in brackets after Mossel Bay, which seems

to indicate that the label was erroneous, and that False Bay was

intended.

*Diaulula ? morosa Beh.

1907. Diaulula ? morosa. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 50, pl. v, figs. 23-26

(skin and radula).

1910. ie in Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 177.

The systematic position of this species is uncertain. The gills are

simply pinnate, which is quite unique in the family. Back dark

greenish-gray, foot white.

Locality.—Mossel Bay, shore.

Gen. THorp1sa Beh.

1884. Thordisa. Bergh, “ Challenger’ Rep., x, p. 106.

1892. bi Id., Das System, p. 106.

1905. me Id., Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p. 121.

1906. 2 Eliot, Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 654.

1907. 7 Bergh, Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 50.

Tentacles tuberculiform. Outermost lateral teeth pectinate.

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 179

*Thordisa burnupt Hliot.

1910. Thordisa burnupr. Eliot, Ann. Nat. Mus., 11, p. 223.

Orange, closely sprinkled with lighter orange or yellow spots, with

numerous black and yellow bristles. Rhinophores white with a

reddish line on inner side. Foot yellow with black spots around its

upper side. Only 17 hamate lateral teeth.

Locality.—Natal coast.

*Thordisa punctulifera Bgh.

1907. Thordisa punctulifera. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 50, pl. vi, figs. 1-4

(skin and radula).

1910. Ne ss Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 177

(listed).

Uniform white with small black roundish and irregular spots on

back, sometimes also on foot-brim. About 100 hamate lateral teeth.

Locality.—False Bay, 23 fathoms.

Famity PLATYDORIDAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 109.

1924. O’Donoghue, J. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool., xxxv, p. 550 (Platy-

dorididae).

Body firm, coriaceous, deplanate, oval or round. Back smooth

or minutely granulate, margin wide. Tentacles digitiform. Foot

anteriorly with the upper lip deeply fissured. Labial armature

absent. Radula without central tooth, laterals numerous, hamate.

Prostate large.

Gen. PLatyporis Bgh.

1888. Platydoris. Bergh, Malac. Unters., xvi, p. 801.

1892. As Bergh, Das System, p. 109.

1903. se Eliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 374.

1905. Hs Id., J. Conchol., 1, p. 252.

OOD: ‘ Bergh, Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p. 135.

1906. Eliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 645.

1910. - Id., Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond., xi, p. 425.

Back granulate. Penis armed internally with large spines, vagina

similar, or at least with strong cuticle.

180 Annals of the South African Museum.

Platydoris scabra (Cuv.).

1806. Doris scabra. Cuvier, Ann. Mus. Paris, iv, p. 466.

1877. ,, corracea. Abraham, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 247, pl.

xxvu, figs. 1-4 (whole animal).

1888. Platydoris eurychlamys. Bergh, Malac. Unters., xvi, p. 802,

pl. Ixxxill, figs. 30-32.

NOS, , corvacea. Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc., v, p. 357.

ILO) », scabra. Hliot, loc. cit., p. 426 (synonymy).

Locality.—South Africa.

A young specimen, 28 mm. long by 19 mm. wide, which appears to

belong to this species, was taken at Durban (H. W. Bell-Marley, July

1918). In colour it is light grey and mottled with subcircular darker

patches.

Distribution.—Seychelles, East Indies, Sir C. Hardy’s Islands

(Queensland).

Famity GLOSSODORIDAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 111 (Chromodorididae).

1924. O’Donoghue, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool]., xxxv, p. 552

(Glossodorididae).

Body elongate, compressed, rather soft, brightly coloured, usually

with stripes or spots. Margin rather broad anteriorly and more

especially posteriorly, but narrow laterally. Back almost always

smooth. Tentacles small, conical, usually reversible. Gills usually

simply pinnate. Labial armature, when present, strong, formed of

minute hooks. Radula sometimes with spurious minute central tooth,

laterals numerous, hamate, and usually with secondary denticles, the

Ist lateral with denticles on both sides. No proper ventricle. Penis

unarmed.

Gen. GLossoporis Ehrenb.

1831. Glossodoris. Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys.

1855. Chromodoris. Alder and Hancock, Br. Nudibr. Moll., pt. 7,

p- XVii.

1879. a Thering, Malak. Bl., 1, p. 5.

1892. is Bergh, Das System, p. 112.

1904. Ms Eliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., I, ii, p. 382.

1905. Pr Bergh, Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p. 142.

1905. g Farran in Herdman’s Ceyl. Pearl Fish. Suppl.

Rep., xxi, p. 341.

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 18]

1906. Chromodoris. Eliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., u, p. 640.

1906. x MacFarland, Bull. Bur. Fish., xxv, p. 128

(references).

1907. Pe Bergh, Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 55.

1924. Glossodoris. | O’Donoghue, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., xxxv,

p- 553 (synonymy).

Body elongate or elongate-oval, smooth (with few exceptions),

margin simple. Gills, 5 to nearly 30 in number, typically simply

pinnate, but sometimes some are bifid or even multifid. Labial

armature strong.

A very large genus, the species of which are mostly brightly coloured.

The colours and pattern are often variable, and many of the species

are merely synonyms, though in many cases it is almost impossible

to determine accurately some of the earlier described species.

Synopsis of the South African Species.

1. Radula teeth simply bifid.

a. Gills simply pinnate . § ; ‘ ; i , . euelpis.

6. Gills bipinnate : :

; : é . capensis.

2. Radula teeth with denticulations under the two prongs.

a. Glandular knobs under mantle-edge : : : : runcinata.

6. No glandular knobs. : : ; . annulata, carnea, lineata.

3. Radula teeth denticulate . ‘ : : : . albolimbata, porcata

Glossodoris capensis n. sp.

(Plate XIX, figs. 3, 4.)

Translucent white with a fuscous tinge dorsally ; mantle edge, except

in front of rhinophores, whitish-purple, with a series of irregular

blotches of similar colour each with a chocolate-purple centre ; these

blotches extend round in front of the rhinophores and behind the

gills; the back with some irregularly scattered chocolate spots, and

3 or 5 longitudinal white lines, the outermost of which is continued

round in front of the rhinophores and behind the gills ; sides of foot

unspotted ; tail with purplish and chocolate blotches; clubs of

rhinophores and axes of gills orange.

Labial armature composed of slender, straight, conical rods. All

the teeth of the radula simply bifid, the 1st lateral as usual trifid.

sills about 10, all bipinnate.

Length up to 60 mm. ; breadth and height about 8 mm.

Locality.St. James, False Bay, low tide (April 1912, K.H.B.

Not common).

182 Annals of the South African Museum.

The general scheme of coloration is comparable with that of the

specimens from Zanzibar identified by Eliot as a variety of magnifica

Q. and G. (1904, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 397), but lack the yellow border

to the mantle and the violet and chocolate markings along side of

foot. The bipinnate gills and simply bifid teeth constitute a clear

specific difference.

*Glossodoris euelpis (Bgh.).

1907. Chromodoris euelpis. Bergh, Mar. Invest. S.A., v, p. 56,

pl. vi, figs. 14-17 (labial armature

and radula).

1910. “ - Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 178

(listed).

Yellowish, back and sides very finely punctuated with black dots.

Locality.— Off Umvoti River, Natal, 45 fathoms.

*Glossodoris albolimbata (Bgh.).

1907. Chromodoris albolimbata. Bergh, Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 55,

pl. vi, figs. 18-24 (gill, labial

armature, and radula).

1910. aS cs Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 178

(listed).

1923. s ui Odhner, Goteb. Vet. Handl., xxvi.

1926. - rs Tomlin, Ann. Nat. Mus., v, p. 286.

Reddish-white, margin of back chalk-white.

Locality.—Agulhas Bank, 20 fathoms.

*Glossodoris carnea (Beh.).

1888. Chromodoris carnea. Bergh, Malac. Unters., xvi, 2, p. 836,

pl. Ixxxii, figs. 20-29.

1910. ks 2 Eliot, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 225.

Back whitish with a few longitudinal white lines, sparsely and

irregularly spotted with crimson and orange, margin with an inter-

rupted band of plum colour, extreme edge white, head, tip of tail,

and gills white with orange lines, rhinophores white with an orange

spiral line, under surface white.

Locality.— Natal coast.

Distribution.—Mauritius.

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 183

*Glossodoris annulata (Eliot).

1904. Chromodoris annulata. Eliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., i, p. 389,

pl. xxiv, figs. 1-3 (coloured fig.,

gills, radula).

ie Id., Proc. Malac. Soc., vi, p. 233.

ie m Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., u, p. 179

(listed).

Dirty grey with white spots, a large purple blotch occupying nearly

the whole back behind rhinophores. Gills 9 to 16, with a dark stripe

down inner and another down outer edge. Teeth with 8 to 10 denticles.

The original description and the coloured figure show the coloration

as follows: translucent white with yellow spots, a deep purple border

round the margin, two rings of the same colour around the rhinophoral

and branchial areas, underside and sides of foot white, yellow spots

on tail, rhinophores and a stripe down inner and outer margins of

gills deep purple. Hlhot notes that the preserved specimens became

reddish-purple with white spots, with no trace of the border and rings

of purple.

Locality.—Scottburgh, Natal.

Distribution.—Zanzibar.

1905. +

1910.

*Glossodoris lineata (Soul.).

1852. Doris lineata. Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, ii, p. 453, pl. xxv, figs.

5-9 (coloured fig. of animal, gills).

1904. Ae Cree Eliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., i, p. 396, pl.

ORV Oe

1905. Rr ew Id., Proc. Malac. Soc., vi, p. 233.

1910. te Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 179 (listed).

Bluish-white with 5 raised lines along back. Gills, 11. Rhino-

phores and gills probably red in life. Teeth bifid with 4 to 5 denticles.

Souleyet describes the colour as being pale yellow with longitudinal

violaceous lines, rhinophores and gills orange.

Locality.—Scottburgh, Natal.

Distribution.—Sandwich Islands.

*Glossodoris porcata (Bgh.).

1888. Chromodoris porcata. Bergh, Malac. Unters., xvi, 2, p. 831,

pl. Ixxxu, figs. 1-8.

1910. ee ca Eliot, Ann. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 224.

184 Annals of the South African Museum.

Back whitish, irregularly mottled with yellowish-brown, with a few

irregular plum-coloured blotches all round near the margin. Rhino-

phores brown with white spiral lines. Gills and under surface white.

Bergh describes the colour as milky or greenish-white, with violet

points everywhere except on sole, back lemon-yellow, rhinophores

citron with the branches colourless or yellowish. In one case the two

posterior gills were bifid.

Locality.—Natal Coast.

Distribution.—Mauritius.

*Glossodoris runcinata (Bgh.).

1877. Chromodoris runcinata. Bergh, Semper’s Reise, xii, p. 479,

pl. li, figs; 325-33, pli uiias:

5-12 (Philippines).

1904. . Fs Eliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., i,

p- 393.

1905. xd 2 Id., Proc. Malac. Soe., vi, p. 232.

1910. x ss Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., x, p. 178

(listed).

Bluish-white marked with yellow or orange and dark blue, both

colours forming a reticulate mottling as well as isolated spots. Grills

12 to 13, grey, red, or yellowish. Rhinophores red. Teeth with very

fine, often obscure, denticles under the two prongs. About 8 gland-

ular knobs under the mantle-margin posteriorly.

Locality.—Scottburgh, Natal.

Distribution.—Philippines, east coast of Africa.

*Glossodoris sp.

1907. Chromodoris sp. Bergh, Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 57, pl. vi,

figs. 25, 26 (labial armature and radula).

1910. . Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 178 (listed).

Whitish, gills grey. Back covered with small round tubercles.

Locality.—False Bay, 23 fathoms.

Gen. APHELODORIS Bgh.

1879. Aphelodoris. Bergh, Malakozool. Blatt., n.f. I, p. 107.

1892 ” Td 0G. Git spt 20)

19 Ks Id., Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 58.

1924. 8 O’Donoghue, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., xxxv,

p. 556.

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 185

Body similar in form to Glossodoris, but (pallial) margin and foot

narrower. Tentaclestruncate. Gillstripinnate. No labial armature.

Aphelodoris brunnea Bgh.

(Plate XIX, figs. 5, 6.)

1907. ? Aphelodoris brunnea. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 58, pl. xi, figs.

28, 29, pl. xu, fig. 1 (radula and

gen. organs).

In life the tail does extend a short way beyond the back. The

species is rather variable in the extent of the brown markings on the

back. The animal swims energetically in water by rapid contortions

like a detached lizard’s tail.

Length.—Up to 60 mm.

Colour.—White or creamy with irregular chestnut-brown markings,

variable in extent on the back, a few similarly coloured spots on the

sides, gills veined with same colour, rhinophore club brown or white.

Locality.—St. James and Kalk Bay (False Bay), low-tide (May

and August, K.H.B.).

Gen. CHROMODORIDELLA Eliot.

1905. Chromodoridella. Eliot, Proc. Malac. Soc., vi, p. 235.

A Chromodorid [Glossodoris| with the branchial pocket not on the

dorsal surface, but on underside of body, pointing downward. Perhaps

a monstrosity, but there is no sign of injury (Eliot).

*Chromodoridella mirabilis Eliot.

1905. Chromodoridella mirabilis. Eliot, loc. cit., p. 233.

1910. 55 5 Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., i, p. 179

(listed).

Very like C. semperi in shape, colour, radula, and labial armature

(cf. Bergh, Malac. Unters., xi, p. 482), 21 mm. Dirty white with

numerous deep yellow spots and fewer scattered green-blue spots,

both arranged quite irregularly, but fewer at sides. Sole colourless.

Outer margin of foot thickened but not grooved.

Mantel margin thin, distinct. Rhinophores yellow, stout, mace-

like, and ca. 15 perfoliate. Twelve simply pinnate branchiae. Radula

teeth bifid, innermost teeth with an accessory denticle, and the outer-

most, which are fairly tall and straight, have 2 to 3. Fifty-eight

rows. Maximum number of teeth on each side is ca. 80 (Eliot).

Locality.—Scottburgh, Natal.

186 Annals of the South African Museum.

2. POROSTOMATA.

1876. Bergh, Malac. Unters, x.

1892. Id., Das System, p. 121.

1905. Id., Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p. 168.

Mouth-opening pore-like. Pharynx suctorial. No mandibles or

radula.

Famity DENDRODORIDAKE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 122 (Doriopsidae).

1924. O'Donoghue, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., xxxv, p. 560

(Dendrodorididae).

Body nearly always soft and similar in shape to the true Dorids.

Tentacles very short. Rhinophores and gills as in true Dorids. Back

smooth or tuberculate, margin usually wide and undulate. Foot

broad. Oral tube not glandular. Posterior extremity of liver deeply

incised. Penis armed with hooks.

Although at first sight extremely like an ordinary “ Doris,” these

forms are at once distinguished by the pore-like mouth and the very

small tentacles, and a glance at the internal anatomy will show the

characteristic incision at the end of the liver (which distinguishes this

family from the Phyllidiidae), and the absence of the projecting radula

sac.

Gen. DenprRoporIS Ehrenb.

831. Dendrodoris. Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys.

860. Doriopsis. Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 32.

1864. Doridopsis. Alder and Hancock, Tr. Zool. Soc., v, p. 124.

1865. oe Id:, Ws: Ihinn Soc. xsavel 25 paso:

1871. Doriopsis. Pease, Amer. J. Conch., vi, p. 299.

1875. ne Bergh, J. Mus. Godefiray, vii, p. 82.

1876. - Id., Malac. Unters, x, p. 384.

1890. “d Id., 1bid., xvu, p. 963.

1892. s Id., Das System, p. 126.

1906. Doridopsis. Eliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., u, p. 661.

1924. Dendrodoris. O'Donoghue, loc. cit., p. 560 (synonymy).

Back soft, smooth. Buccal ganglia situated in the posterior part

of the bulbus pharyngeus.

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 187

Synopsis of the South African Species.

Whitish, margin of back with roundish black patches. Gills 5. capensis.

Whitish, margin and front part of back blackish, also a few black patches over

rest of back. Skin full of spicula. Gills6. . é é . callosa.

Bluish. Gills 8. ‘ : k : : : : : : caesia.

Greyish. Gills 6 p : : é j f ‘ ; : D, sp.

Black. Gills 8-10 : 4 5 : : i ; : : nigra.

*Dendrodoris capensis (Bgh.).

1907. Doriopsis capensis. Bergh, Mar. Invest.8.A., v, p. 60, pl. xiv,

fig. 4 (hooks on penis).

1910. e 33 Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 179 (listed).

Yellowish-white, margin with black patches. Gulls 5, their tips grey.

Locality —Off Umhlanga River, Natal.

*Dendrodoris callosa (Bgh.).

1907. Doriopsis callosa. Bergh, Mar. Invest. §.A., v, p. 61, pl. viii,

figs. 1-4 (armature of penis, spicula,

bulbus pharyngeus).

1910. ee sp Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 179 (listed).

Whitish, margin and fore part of back and a few patches on the

back blackish. Skin with numerous long spicules. Gills 6.

Locality.—False Bay, 17 to 27 fathoms.

*“Dendrodoris caesia (Bgh.).

1907. Doriopsis caesia. Bergh, Mar. Invest. §.A., v, p. 62.

1910. xf 3 Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 180 (listed).

Bluish when alive. Gills 8.

Locality.—F alse Bay, 10 fathoms.

*Dendrodoris sp.

1907. Doriopsis sp. Bergh, Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 63, pl. viii, figs.

5, 6 (penis and armature).

1910. Me Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 180 (listed).

Whitish, sides and back with grey patches. Gills 6.

Locality.—F alse Bay, 10 fathoms.

188 Annals of the South African Museum

Dendrodoris nigra (Stimps.).

1855. Doris nigra. Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., vu,

p. 380.

1864. __,, es Alder and Hancock, Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond., v,

p. 128, pl. xxxi, figs. 13-16.

1881. Doriopsis nigra var. coerulea. Bergh, Jap. Nudibr. Verh.

Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, xxx,

p. 181.

1888. if ,, var. ngerruma. Id., Mal. Unters., xvi, p. 842.

1903. _ ,, Eliot, Fauna Mald. Lace. Archipel., 1, p. 560.

1905. si , and var. luteopunctata. Bergh, Siboga Exp.,

Monogr. 50, p. 169,

pl. u, fig. 18, and

p. 170, pl. ii, fig. 14.

1924. Dendrodoris nigra. O'Donoghue, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxxv,

p. 561.

Gills 8 to 10. Black, with or without yellowish specks, and a more

or less distinct yellowish margin, tips of the rhinophores yellow or

whitish.

Locality—Mozambique, low tide (November 1912, K.H.B.).

Distribution.—Indo-Pacific to Japan and W. Australia.

Gen. Doriopsitia Beh.

1880. Doriopsilla. Bergh, Jahrb. d. Malakozool. Ges., vii, p. 316.

1892. < Id., Das System, p. 131.

1906. x Eliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 663.

Back somewhat hard, granulate. Buccal ganglia situated in the

front part of the bulbus pharyngeus.

Doriopsilla capensis Bgh.

1907. Doriopsilla capensis. Bergh, Mar. Invest. S.A., v, p. 64,

pl. vin, fig. 7 (penis).

1910. es \; Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., uu, p. 180

(listed).

Whitish, nodules of the back white.

Locality.—Agulhas Bank, and off Saldanha Bay, 190 fathoms.

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 189

INCERTAE SEDIS.

* Doris natalensis Krss.

1848. Doris natalensis. Krauss, Siidafrik. Moll., p. 35.

NQOSR= ss PF Smith, Proc. Mal. Soc., v, p. 357 (listed).

“TD. corpore ovato, crasso, molli, supra maculis nigris picto, verrucis

magnis, inaequalibus, saepius granulatis, medio punctatis obtecto ;

pallio dilatato, postice emarginato ; lobis branchialibus 5 ramosis.”’

—/(Krauss).

Locality.—Natal.

*Doris (?) pseudida Beh.

1907. Doris? pseudida. Bergh, Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 52, pl. vi,

figs. 7 to 8 (radula).

OKO: 55 u Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 177 (listed).

Gills 6, tripinnate. Whitish, a white line along margin. No

labial armature.

Locality.— Table Bay, 154 fathoms.

Doris ? perplexa Beh.

1907. Doris ? perplexa. Bergh, Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 53, pl. vi,

figs. 5, 6 (radula).

OO. ,, - Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 177 (listed).

Whitish, grey in front. Gills 6, simply pinnate. No labial

armature.

Locality Agulhas Bank, 39 fathoms.

*Doris (%) glabella Bgh.

1907. Doris ? glabella. Bergh, Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 54, pl. vi,

figs. 9-13 (gill, labial armature, radula).

UOTE 55 - Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., ii, p. 177 (listed).

Yellowish-white, gills yellowish, rhinophores brownish. Gills 10,

simply pinnate. Labial armature present.

Locality.—False Bay, 30 fathoms.

*Doris (2) kalkensis n. sp.

(Plate XIX, fig. 9.)

A single specimen of a large Dorid was found at low tide at St.

James, False Bay (February 1912, K.H.B.). A coloured drawing

190 Annals of the South African Museum.

was made from the living animal, which is here reproduced, but the

specimen was accidentally destroyed while being preserved before

any morphological notes were taken. No further specimens have

since come to hand. Nevertheless 1t seems worth while publishing

the coloured figure, as from it living specimens can be easily

identified.

The general colour of the back is red, fading to white towards the

mantle edges, where there is a blue border composed of numerous

small dots and specks; the tail is pale with orange and blue dots ;

the rhinophores red with brown clubs ; the gills orange with numerous

blue specks.

There is a strong likeness in the scheme of coloration to Kelaarts’

“ Doris’ elizabethina, figured by Eliot (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1906,

pl. xlii, fig. 3), and which has not yet been recognised and placed in

its true genus.

The specific name is from Kalk Bay, a locality near St. James in

False Bay.

3. PHANEROBRANCHIATA.

1879. Bergh, Arch. Naturg. Abr. Syst., xxxv, 1, p. 341.

1879. Id., Verh. k. k. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien, xxix, p. 599.

SSO; id bids xxx O29!

1883: Vids voids, xxxa, p. 135:

1892. Id., Das System, p. 137.

Gills not retractile into a common hollow. Rhinophores usually

with perfoliate club. Pharynx sometimes with suctorial apparatus.

Radula with lateral teeth differentiated into strong inner ones and

feebler outer ones.

Famity EUPHURIDAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 142 (Polyceridae).

1923. Iredale and O’Donoghue, Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 229

(Euphuridae).

1924. O’Donoghue, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., xxxv, p. 964

(Euphuridae).

Body more or less elongate, dorso-lateral margin more or less

prominent. Gills usually few. Foot usually narrow. No suctorial

apparatus.

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. ON

Key to South African Genera.

I. Dorso-lateral margin of body with processes.

A. Tail not crested.

1. Frontal margin only with processes.

a. Processes simple, digitate. Mandibles with wings . Polycera.

6. Frontal margin crenulate. Mandibles without wings. Palio.

2. Frontal and dorso-lateral margins with processes.

a. Processes clavate . : : : : : - Lriopa.

b. Processes arborescent :

i. Body depressed. P : : : Kalinga.

ii. Body not area ; : : . Huplocamus.

B. Tail crested : : : . Plocamopherus

Il. Dorso-lateral margin of body nat conspicuous, without processes Nembrotha.

Gen. PoLycrerRa Cuv.

1817. Polycera. Cuvier, Regne Anim, ii, p. 390.

1879. im Bergh, Verh. k. k. Zool. bot. Ges., xxix, p. 599.

1892. x Id., Das System, p. 150.

1906. =i MacFarland, Bull. Bur. Fish., xxv, p. 141.

Body not depressed, more or less tuberculate. Frontal margin with

digitiform processes. Rhinophores scarcely retractile, club perfoliate.

Branchiae few (7 to 9), simply pinnate, flanked on either side by a large

digitiform process. Tentacles short, lobe-like.

Mandibles with a wing-like process above. Radula not very narrow,

no central, laterals consisting of 2 large unequal hamate teeth within,

and 4 simple plate-like teeth on outer side. Penis armed.

Polycera nigrocrocea n. sp.

(Plate XIX, figs. 7, 8.)

Form similar to P. quadrilineata (O. F. Miller). Body smooth, not

tuberculate. Frontal margin with 6 processes, of which the hinder-

most is bifid. Gills 9 (or 10). Mandibles normal. Radula very

similar to that of the northern species, but the two hamate laterals

are stouter, the distal limb of the hook shorter, than in quadrilineata

as figured by Alder and Hancock (1864) and Bergh (1879).

Length.—Reaching 60 mm. or even occasionally 70 mm.

Colour.—White, rather dirty, with 3 longitudinal black stripes, one

medio-dorsal from between the rhinophores to the gills, continued

for a short distance posterior to the gills, and one on each side from

below the posterior frontal process to behind the gills, where it breaks

up into a number of irregular black or grey spots. Rhinophores and

192 Annals of the South African Museum.

bases of gills black. Frontal processes, apices of gills and flanking

processes clear yellow. Sometimes also a posterior medio-dorsal

yellow stripe on the tail.

Locality.—False Bay and Table Bay, low tide (St. James and Kalk

Bay, February, March, May, October 1912, K.H.B.; March 1901,

W. F. Purcell ; Cape Town Docks, March 1922).

This species is clearly distinct from the northern Atlantic and

Mediterranean species, P. quadrilineata, and the Californian P. atra, in

the bifid posterior frontal process, the smooth body, and the coloration.

With regard to the latter feature, qguadrilineata varies considerably,

and it is to be expected that specimens of the Cape species will be

found differing more or less markedly from the normal as here

described and figured.

Gen. Pauto Gray.

1857. Palio. Gray, Guide Brit. Moll. Br. Mus., i, p. 213.

1879. 2 Bergh, Verh. k.k. Zool. bot. Ges., xxix, p. 601.

1892. a Bergh, Das System, p. 150.

Body not depressed, more or less tuberculate. Frontal margin

crenulate or with short digitiform processes. Rhinophores scarcely

retractile, club perfoliate. Branchiae few, bi- or tri-pinnate, flanked

by one or more processes. Dorso-lateral margins crenulate.

Mandibles without wing-like expansion. Radula resembling that

of Polycera.

* Palio capensis (Q. and G.).

1824. Polycera capensis. Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de l’Ur. Zool.,

p. 417, pl. Ixvi, fig. 4 (Cape seas). -

1892. Palio a Bergh, loc. cit., p. 150 (species dubia).

1903. Palio (2) ,, Smith, Tr. Malac. Soc., v, p. 357.

This species has not yet been rediscovered.

Gen. TrrioPpa Johnston.

1838. Triopa. Johnston, Zool. Miscell., 1, p. 123.

1880. Bergh, Verh. k.k. bot. Zool. Ges., xxx, p. 638.

1892. i Id., Das System, 147.

1907. As Id., Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 65.

Body not very depressed. Frontal and dorso-lateral margins set

with clavate processes. Rhinophores retractile, claws perfoliate.

Branchiae 3 or 5, tripinnate. Tentacles short, canaliculate.

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 193

Mandibles absent. Radula narrow, no central tooth, first two

laterals large (the outer larger than inner) and hamate, the rest small

and quadrangular. Penis armed with a series of hooks.

Triopa lucida Stimpson.

(Plate XIX, fig. 2.)

1856. Triopa lucida. Stimpson, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., vu, p. 388

(Simon’s Bay).

1907. ie an Bergh, loc. cit., p. 66, pl. xii, figs. 6-7 (dorsal

process and radula), off Tugela River.

A single dried specimen (Kalk Bay, 3/2/04) appears to be this

species. It has, however, 5 distinct branchiae, whereas the specimen

examined by Bergh had only 3. Unfortunately the specimen seems

to have been mutilated about the mouth, for the bulbus pharyngeus,

and consequently the radula, could not be found.

Two specimens from Gordon’s Bay (24/9/22, K.H.B.) both have

5 gills, which seems to show that this is the normal number in this

species, and that either Bergh miscounted the gills in his Natal

specimen or that it should have been referred to another species.

Length.—Up to 16-17 mm.

Colour.—White, an irregular series of orange spots along each side

and down the middle of the back from the rhinophores to the gills,

tips of clavate processes, the clavus of the rhinophores and the gills

also orange.

Bergh states that his specimen was procured off the mouth of the

Tugela River, but that it was found (so his words would seem to

unply) together with Idzalzella amoenula, which was found at Gordon’s

Bay. In view of the fact that Stimpson’s specimen was from Simon’s

Bay, the above-mentioned dry specimen from Kalk Bay, and my

specimens from Gordon’s Bay—all three localities in False Bay—the

Natal locality must be looked upon as doubtful, unless Bergh’s

specimen should be referred to another species.

Gen. Katinea Ald. and Hance.

1864. Kalinga. Alder and Hancock, Tr. Zool. Soc., v, p. 134.

1892. a Bergh, Das System, p. 134.

1907. i Id., Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 74.

Body large, oval, depressed. Frontal margin with numerous

papilligerous processes, dorso-lateral margins with similar but fewer

VOL. XXV, PART 1. 13

194 Annals of the South African Museum.

processes. Rhinophores retractile, club perfoliate. Branchiae few

(5), large, separate, quadripinnate. Foot broader than back. Sides

and back tuberculate.

Mandibles absent. Radula with a large number of uniform, small,

tricuspid teeth. Penis armed.

*Kalinga ornata A. and H.

1864. Kalinga ornata. Alderand Hancock, loc. cit., p. 135, pl. xxxu,

figs. 7-10 (coloured figures).

1905. ie a Farran in Herdman’s Ceylon Pearl Fish.

Suppl. Rep., xxi, p. 347, pl. i, figs. 23, 24

(radula).

1906. 3; KS Eliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 670,

pl. xlvu, fig. 2 (animal).

1907. i i Bergh, loc. cit., p. 75, pl. xii, figs. 1-5

(anatomy and radula).

A large ornate species. Light flesh or light brown when alive,

tubercles, rhinophores, tips of gills crimson.

Locality. — Zululand coast.

Distribution.—Indian seas.

Gen. Eupitocamus Phil.

1836. Euplocamus. Philippi., Enum. Moll. 8ci., i, p. 103.

1879. a Bergh, Verh. k. k. bot. Zool. Ges., xxix, p. 623.

1892 = Bergh, Das System, p. 153.

1907. * Id., Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 70.

Body somewhat elongate. Frontal and dorso-lateral margins with

arborescent processes. Rhinophores retractile, club elongate, per-

foliate. Branchiae few (5), tripinnate. Tentacles auriform. Foot

broad.

Mandibles strong. Radula rather broad, no central tooth, 2 or 3

inner laterals large and strongly hamate, outer laterals (5 to 35) simple,

quadrangular. Penis armed.

*Huplocamus croceus Phil.

1836. Euplocamus croceus. Philippi, loc. cit., p. 103.

1879. i a Bergh, loc. cit., p. 625, pl. xi, figs. 9-12,

pl. xu, figs. 7-17, pl. xin, figs. 1-16,

pl. xiv, figs. 1, 2 (anatomy, radula).

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 195.

1907. Huplocamus croceus, var. capensis. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 71, pl.

xii, figs. 18-24 (head,

anatomy, radula).

1923. 5 Odhner, Goteb. Vet. Handl., xxvi.

1926. 5 Me Tomlin, Ann. Nat. Mus., v, p. 286.

Yellowish or greenish, with small red spots.

Locality.—Agulhas Bank.

Distribution.—Mediterranean.

Gen. PLocaMoPHERUS Leuck.

1828. Plocamopherus. Leuckart, Riippel’s Ak. Reise N. Afrika,

pevlite

1866. te Alder and Hancock, Tr. Zool. Soc., v, p. 132.

1879. . Bergh, Verh. k. k. Zool. bot. Ges., xxix, p.639.

1883. * Id., vbid., xxxii, p. 144.

1892. A Id., Das System, p. 154.

Body elongate. Frontal margin well-developed with ramose

appendages. Lateral margin marked by ramose, usually apically

tuberculate, processes. Rhinophores retractile, club perfoliate.

Tentacles large, lamellate. Branchiae few (5) tripinnate. Foot not

very narrow, grooved anteriorly. Tail crested.

Mandibles fairly strong. Radula rather broad, no central but a

wide striated “‘ false plate,’’ laterals numerous, the inner ones hamate,

the outer simple, plate-like. Prostate large, penis armed.

Plocamopherus apheles n. sp.

(Text-fig. 1.)

Form as usual. The frontal margin with very small and feebly

branched (or unbranched) processes. The 3 lateral processes in the

Fic. 1.—Plocamopherus apheles n. sp. Nat. size.

positions described by Bergh for P. imperialis, v.e. shortly behind the

rhinophores, in front of and behind the gills, the Ist and 2nd sub-

equal, finely granulate, the 3rd with a conical tuberculate “‘ head.’

196 Annals of the South African Museum.

Appendages on the sides almost obsolete. Tail crenulate but appar-

ently without processes. Rhinophore sheaths low, stalk scarcely

higher than sheath (in the preserved specimen), club set obliquely

on stalk projecting in front as well as behind (somewhat like a mush-

room).

Radula as usual, about 7 hamate and 10 simple plate-like laterals.

Length.—60 mm., height about 15 mm.

Colour.—The specimen as preserved is dirty greyish, but still shows

faint green speckles on the upper and lower surfaces of the frontal veil.

Locality.—Nahoon Estuary, East London (31/5/01, Dr. Gilchrist).

This form may prove, when more specimens have been collected

and their colours in life noted, to be only a smooth variety of one

of the already described species.

Gen. NemBrotua Beh.

1877. Bergh, Malac. Unters., xi, p. 450.

1881. Jd., Beitr., 1, p. 658.

1892. Id., Das System, p. 152.

1904. Eliot, P.Z.S., II, i, p. 89.

1905. Bergh, Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p. 193.

1907. Jd., Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 67.

1908. Hhot, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxxi, p. 98.

1924. O’Donoghue, zhid., xxxv, p. 567.

Body lmaciform, almost smooth. Rhinophores retractile, clavus

perfoliate. Branchiae nearly in the middle of the back, paucifoliate

(3 to 5), bi- or tri-pinnate. Tentacles short, lobate. Foot narrow.

Mandibles, none, or very feeble. Radula narrow, median tooth

quadrangular, laterals falciform, the outermost simple and quad-

rangular. Penis armed with hooks.

Nembrotha capensis Bgh.

(Plate XIX, fig. 10.)

1907. Nembrotha capensis. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 68, pl. xii, figs. 8-17

(anatomy and radula).

Brownish-black, with two thin light green lines along the back,

joining (anteriorly) in front of the rhinophores, and (posteriorly) in

a sharp angle halfway between gills and end of tail, a small triangular

space outlined by similar lines near the end of tail. Foot sole bluish.

Gills with the axes black, the finer branches blue.

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. LGM

Locality.—St. James and Kalk Bay, low tide (False Bay).

This species may be the same as morosa Bgh. (1877, Malac. Unters.,

p. 457, pl. xxv, fig. 9, coloured fig. of animal as Trevelyana morosa,

and pl. xxxiii, fig. 7, gills) from the Philippine Islands.

Famity OKENIIDAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 155 (Gonzodorididae).

1923. Iredale and O’Donoghue, Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 217.

Body more or less depressed, with strong margin separating back

and sides. Gills usually many. Foot usually broad. A suctorial

apparatus in addition to labial armature and radula.

Gen. IpaLreLia Beh.

1881. Bergh, Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturg., xlvi, p. 145.

1883. Id., Verh. k. k. bot. Zool. Ges. Wien, xxxiii, p. 174.

1892. Id., Das System, p. 164.

1907. Jd., Mar. Invest. 8.A., p. 80.

Body not depressed. Dorso-lateral margin continuous all round,

cirrigerous. Back without cirri. Rhinophores not retractile, club

perfoliate. Gills simply pinnate, distinct from one another. Foot

large, with short tail. Mandibles present. Radula narrow, no

central, 1st lateral strong, hooked, outer lateral a simple plate.

Penis armed.

Idaliella differs from Okenia Menke (syn.: Idalia Leuck., non-

Hiibner) in not having cirri on the back, and in having mandibles

instead of series of small hooks.

*Tdaliella amoenula Beh.

1907. Idaliella amoenula. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 80, pl. xiii, figs. 6-11

(coloured fig., radula, and anatomy).

Locality.—Gordon’s Bay, low tide (False Bay).

B. ZONABRANCHIATA.

1923. Iredale and O’Donoghue, Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 229 (Zona-

branchiatae).

Body quadrangular in cross section. Frontal velum more or less

bilobed, bearing papilliform or digitiform processes, the external

198 Annals of the South African Museum.

angle developed into a spoon-like tentacle. Rhinophores, sheath

tubular with reverted margin, club simple surrounded by pinnae,

retractile into the sheath. Dorso-lateral margin with (or without

Tritonidoxa) more or less ramose branchial tufts. Vent lateral.

Foot broad. Mandibles strong, radula multiseriate, median tooth

tridentate, first lateral blunt, others hamate. Liver compact, not

ramose.

In certain characters somewhat intermediate between the Holo-

hepatica and Kladohepatica.

Sluggish animals, feeding on Alcyonarians, etc., and distributed over

nearly the whole world, except perhaps the tropics. Spawn a long,

much convoluted, gelatinous cord.

Famity DUVAUCELIIDAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 74 (Tvztonzadae).

1906. Vayssiérre, Bull. Mus. Paris, xu, p. 148.

1907. Bergh, Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 82 (Lritonidae).

1907. Eliot, Nat. Antarct. Exp., 1, p. 3.

1912. Thiele, Deutsche Siidpol. Exp., xii.

1923. Iredale and O'Donoghue, loc. cit., p. 229 (Duvaucelidae).

With the characters given above.

Gen. Marronra Vayss.

1877. Vayssierre, C.R., Ixxxv, p. 299.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 77.

19048 Blot eZ: Seetl ipa: .

Frontal veil, with usually numerous digitiform processes. Ventricle

armed with spines. With branchial tufts.

* Marionia arborescens Bergh.

1890. Marionia arborescens. Bergh, Malac. Unters., xvu, p. 891,

pl. Ixxxvii, figs. 31-39 (anatomy).

1910. i. eo Khot, Ann. Nat. Mus., 11, p. 222.

Locality.—Port Shepstone, Natal.

Distribution — Philippines, East Indies, Red Sea, and east coast

of Africa.

Ehot (1908, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxxi, p. 122) mentions the

possibility of this species being synonymous with the Red Sea species,

Cyanobranchiata Riipp. and Leuck., 1828.

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 199

Gen. SPHAEROSTOMA MacG.

1798. Tritonva. Cuvier, Table, Elem. Hist. Nat., p. 387 (no species

mentioned).

1803. is Id., Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, i, p. 483.

1843. Sphaerostoma. MacGillivray, Hist. Moll. Anim. Aberd.,

p. 330.

1892. Tritonia. Bergh, Das System, p. 76.

1894. so Id., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxv, p. 146.

1905. a Id., Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p. 203.

1907. MA Id., Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 82.

1923. Sphaerostoma. Iredale and O’Donoghue, Proc. Mal. Soc., xv,

p. 229.

The name Tritonia has been discarded because Cuvier, in his

diagnosis of the genus in 1798, mentioned no particular species, and

although in 1803 he specified 7. hombergi, Meigen had in the mean-

time (1800) used the name Tritonia for a genus of Diptera.

Ventricle unarmed. Frontal veil papilligerous. Radula with

numerous laterals. With branchial tufts.

Sphaerostoma aurantiacum n. sp.

(Plate XIX, fig. 1.)

Frontal veil with 3 digitiform processes on either side. Six gills

along each side of back. Deep orange, the gills rather paler. 25 mm.

Locality.—Strandfontein, False Bay, on Melitodes coral, with

spawn (22/2/12, K.H.B.).

Sphaerostoma pallidum (Stimpson).

1854. Tritona pallida. Stimpson, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., vu,

p. 388.

1905. Be Bs Ehot, Tr. Roy. Soc. Edin., xli, 3, p. 528,

figs. 11-14 (veil and radula), (the text-

figs. are labelled Trztonza antarctica).

1907. He se Bergh, Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 83, pl. x1,

figs. 12-15, pl. xiv, fig. 1 (mandible and

radula).

1909. th “ Eliot, Scott. Nat. Ant. Exp., v, p. 20, figs.

11-14 (a reprint of the 1905 paper).

“One inch long, of transparent white colour, with a few flake-

white spots on the back, the filaments around the truncated extremity

200 Annals of the South African Museum.

of the sheaths of the tentacles of a dark brownish colour; a white

line extends below and parallel to the branchiae on the sides of the

body ” (Stimpson).

Frontal veil with 4 digitiform processes on either side. 12 to 17 gills

along each side of back.

Locality.—Cape Morgan to Saldanha Bay, 30 to 40 fathoms.

*Sphaerostoma indecorum (Bgh.).

1907. Tritonia indecora. Bergh, Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 85, pl. xiii,

fig. 16, pl. xiv, figs. 2, 3 (radula).

Pinkish. Frontal veil with 11 to 12 processes on either side. 5 to8

gills along each side of back.

Locality.— Off Cape Point.

Gen. Trrronrpoxa Beh.

1907. Tritonidoxa. Bergh, Mar. Invest. §.A., v, p. 86.

1906. x Id., Zool. Jahrb., xxiii, 6, p. 740.

In all respects like Sphaerostoma, but without branchial tufts.

*Tritonidoxa capensis Bgh.

1907. Tritonidoxa capensis. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 87, pl. viii, figs. 8 to

13 (frontal veil, mandible, radula,

and penis).

Uniform white.

Locality.—Offt Glendower Beacon, 66 fathoms.

C. KLADOHEPATICA.

1881. Bergh, Verh. k. k. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien, xxx, p. 236.

1890. Id., Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst., v.

1892. Id., Das System, p. 7.

Gills more or less numerous, in the form of elongate-conical, arbor-

escent or foliaceous processes (papillae cerata) of the skin, situate

dorsally or dorso-laterally, rarely laterally. Mandibles present.

Liver sending off branches into the gills. A single vesicula seminalis.

The forms in this group are known collectively as “‘ Aeolids.”” They

are found in all parts of the world, but, contrary to the Dorids, they

are more numerous in the extra-tropical regions.

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 201

Representatives of six families are found in South Africa: Aeoli-

didae (comprising several subfamilies), Tethymelibidae, Iduliadae,

Scyllaevdae, and Arminidae, which may be distinguished by means

of the following synopsis :—

Limaciform. Papillae usually in several dorsal series . . 5 Aeolidiidae.

Head developed into a large cowl. : : : 6 . Tethymelibidae.

Limaciform. Papillae in a single series, nodose . : E : Dotonidae.

Compressed. Two pairs of dorsal processes with gill tufts on inner surfaces

Scyllaeidae.

Gill lamellae lateral . : : j : é é : 5 Arminidae.

Famity AEOLIDIIDAE.

Susp-FAMILY AEOLIDIINAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 26.

Body depressed or subdepressed. Papillae more or less compressed.

Margin of mandibles smooth, radula uniseriate, broad, pectinate.

Penis unarmed.

Gen. AEOLIDIELLA Beh.

1874. Aeolhdiella. Bergh, Beitr., 1, p. 396.

1881. x Trinchese, Aelididae, i, p. 23.

1888. & Bergh, Malac. Unters., p. 781.

1892. 2 Id., Das System, p. 27.

1905. ue Id., Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p. 222.

1913. En Eliot, J. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, xxxv.

Rhinophores simple with a spiral groove. Teeth emarginate in the

middle.

Aeolidiella saldanhensis n. sp.

(Text-figs. 2 and 3.)

Saldanha Bay, low tide (s.s. “ Pieter Faure” coll.). Largest

specimen 20 mm. in length.

Fic. 2.—Aeolidiella saldanhensis n. sp. 1}.

Colour in life 2.

Radula: ca. 24 teeth, widely emarginate, with prominent central

cusp (text-fig. 3). Antero-lateral angles of foot rounded.

202 Annals of the South San Museum.

Fic. 3.—Aeolidiella saldanhensis n. sp. Radula tooth. x 150.

Sus-FAMILY CRATENINAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 29.

Body slender. Rhinophores simple. Papillae subcylindrical.

Mandible with one or more series of denticles. Radula uniseriate,

teeth angular, with a strong central cusp flanked with denticles.

Penis unarmed.

Gen. Hervia Beh.

1875. Hervia. Bergh, Beitr. Aeoliden, u, p. 409.

1879. Rezzolia. Trinchese, Rend. Acc. Bologn, p. 1.

1881]. ts Bergh, Verh. k. k. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien, xxx1, P- 156.

1884. si Id., “ Challenger ’”’ Rep., x, p. 27.

1888. Hervia. ith, Beitr. Aeoliden, ix, p. 676.

1892. a Td loc: cits, peal

1904. He Eliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, 2, p. 286 (Rezzolia,

a synonym).

1905. 35 Farran in Herdman’s Ceylon Pearl Fish. Suppl.

Rep., xxi, p. 331.

1905. us Bergh, Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p. 231 (Rizzoha

queried as a synonym).

1906. VY Eliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 1007.

Antero-lateral angles of foot produced, tentaculiform. Margin of

mandible with a single series of denticles.

If Rizzolia be a synonym of Hervia, the genus will contain two

species with the name “ modesta Bgh.”

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 203

Hervia quadricolor n. sp.

(Plate XX, figs. 9, 10.)

Body slender with long tapering tail, which is dorsally keeled.

Tentacles long and slender. Rhinophores also slender, simple in

life, but wrinkled and seemingly annulate in the preserved specimen.

Papillae fusiform in 5 groups, about 30 to 40 in the first, 50 in the

second, 25 in the third, 20 in the fourth, and 12 to 15 in the fifth, the

outer ones short, the innermost longest (5 to 6 mm. in the preserved

state). Genital orifice immediately below the first, and the anal papilla

in the middle of the second group on the right side. Antero-lateral

angles of foot produced, tentaculiform.

Mandibles with about 45 denticulations on the masticatory edge,

some of them bifid, and with secondary denticles. Radula with 26

teeth, angularly horseshoe-shaped, with strong central cusp flanked

with 3 (occasionally 4) denticles.

Length.—3-5 cm., of which the tail measures 1-5 cm.

Colour.—Head pale orange above, with 2 white streaks from the

tentacles to the bases of the rhinophores ; tentacles and rhinophores

same colour as head, with the tips sulphur yellow. Rest of body

translucent white, the tail with a narrow median stripe of orange

bordered by opaque (faintly blue) white, stomach and intestines

showing through the skin a dull blue. Papillae dark brown with

a purplish tinge, towards the end a band of bright orange and one of

ultramarine blue separated by a narrow band of dark brown, apex

sulphur yellow, the ground colour is also sprinkled lightly with sulphur-

yellow dots just below the orange band.

Locality. St. James, False Bay (20/6/12, K.H.B.).

When the animal is disturbed the tentacles and rhinophores are

contracted, and simultaneously the papillae are extended and pointed

in all directions like a bristling porcupine. Alder and Hancock

(Brit. Nudibr. Moll.) describe a similar action in the case of a Facelina

coronata (Forbes) about to attack and devour one of its fellows.

The agreement in the mandibles and radula between this species

and Rizzolia australis Bgh. (“ Challenger”? Rep., x, p. 27, pl. ix, figs.

1-5) from Australia is very close. Bergh thinks that perhaps the

bifid nature of the denticles on the mandible may be of specific value

in recognising this species, but similar bifid denticles have been noted

in H. militaris by Eliot (1906, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 1008), and

in H. rosea Beh.

Since, however, the colours of the living animal of R. australis were

204 Annals of the South African Museum.

not noted, and the species has not been again found, it seems prefer-

able to give the Cape species a distinctive name.

Gen. CRaTENA Beh.

1885. Cratena. Bergh, Beitr. Aeolid, vit (Verh. Zool. bot. Ges.,

XXXV), p. 27.

1892. i Id., Das System, p. 30.

1905. 5 Id., Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p. 230.

1916. Cuthona. Eliot, Mem. Ind. Mus., v, 4, p. 378. Cratena

regarded as syn. with Cuthona, which is older.

See also 1906, Eliot, p. 129.

Antero-lateral angles of foot slightly produced, anterior margin

gently arcuate.

Margin of mandible with a single series of denticles.

Cratena capensis n. sp.

(Plate XX, fig. 8.)

Body slender, tail moderately long, tapering. Tentacles and

thinophores moderately long, the latter simple. Papillae fusiform,

in 8 to 9 groups, about 12 in Ist, 7 in 2nd and 3rd, 5 in 4th and 5th,

4 in 6th, and 2 in 7th and 8th. Genital immediately below Ist

group on right side, anal papilla behind 2nd right-hand group. Antero-

lateral angles of foot very slightly produced, rounded.

Mandibles with numerous (50 or more) fine denticulations on the

masticatory edge. Radula with about 15 teeth, the teeth horseshoe-

shaped, with a very strong and prominent central cusp flanked by

6 (5 to 7) slender denticles.

Length.—12 to 15 mm.

Colour.—Body translucent white, a faint orange tint between the

bases of the rhinophores and tentacles, due to the mandibles showing

through ; rhinophores and tentacles white, the black eyes showing

through at the base of the former; papillae indian red with white apices.

Locality. St. James, and other places on east shore of Cape

Peninsula; Sea Point, Table Bay; low tide (March, April, May,

July, November, 1912-13, K.H.B.).

SuB-FAMILY FACELININAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 39.

Body slender. Rhinophores perfoliate or annulate. Tentacles

elongate. Antero-lateral angles of foot produced in a tentaculiform

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 205

process. Mandible with margin denticulate. Radula uniseriate, a

strong central tooth flanked by smaller denticles. Penis armed with

numerous spines arranged around the margin of a foliaceous ex-

pansion.

Gen. Facentina A. and H.

1855. Alder and Hancock, Brit. Nudibr. Moll., vii, App., p. xxii.

1881. Trinchese, Aeolididae, ui, p. 31.

1892. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 40.

1904. Eliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, 2, p. 288.

1923. Iredale and O’Donoghue, Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 205.

Facelina fauret n. sp.

(Text-figs. 4 and 5.)

Locality.—Off Saldanha Bay, 33 fathoms; Dassen Island, 6/4/98,

low tide (s.s. “ Pieter Faure ”’ coll.).

Fic. 4.—Facelina faurei n. sp. Nat. size.

Length.—Up to 25 mm.

Papillae thickly bunched on anterior third of body, behind which

is very large penial lamina.

Papillae on hinder part not distinctly grouped.

eee

Fic. 5.—Facelina faurei n. sp. Radula tooth. x 150.

Radula with 8 to 9 denticles on either side of the promineat

central cusp. 20 to 24 denticles on mandible.

Rhinophores annulate. Colour not noted.

206 Annals of the South African Museum.

Sup-ramity GLAUCINAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 43.

Body stout. Elongate papillae arising in 3 bunches along sides

of body. Rhinophores simple, short. Foot truncated in front.

Mandibles strong, radula uniseriate. Pelagic.

Gen. GuAucus Forster.

1892. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 43.

With the characters of the family.

Glaucus atlanticus Forster.

(Plate XX, fig. 2.)

1890. Bergh, Malac. Unters., Hft. xvii, p. 876.

1899. Id., Res. Sci. Camp. Monaco., fasc. 14, p. 4, pl. ii, figs.

11, 12 (coloured fig. and spawn).

1907. IJd., Mar. Invest. 8.A., v, p. 94.

Frequently thrown up on the beach in False Bay and Table Bay,

chiefly after south-east winds in summer.

Widely distributed. Floats back downwards on the surface of the

sea, and feeds on the pelagic Gastropod Janthina.

Spawn: a number of hyalin tubes, 4 to 6 mm. long and 0:1 mm.

wide, containing 20 to 25 eggs (Bergh, 1899, loc. cit.).

SuB-FAMILY ZEPHYRININAKE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 44 (Janidae).

1907. Id., Mar Invest. 8.A., v, p. 88 (Janidae).

1923. Iredale and O'Donoghue, Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 213

(Zephyrinidae).

Body not depressed, dorsal margin with thickly set papillae. Vent

medio-dorsal (except Madrella) far back. Rhinophores usually per-

foliate. Antero-lateral angles of foot not prominent. Mandibles

very strong, radula multiseriate (except Madrella), median and lateral

teeth elongate, not denticulate.

Gen. JANoLUS Bgh.

1884. Bergh, “Challenger ” Rep., x, p. 18.

1904. Id., Malac. Unters., vi, 1, p. 6.

1923. Iredale and O'Donoghue, loc. cit., p. 213 (synonymy).

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 207

Rhinophores perfoliate, with inter-rhinophoral crest. Anal papilla

medio-dorsal. Margin of mandibles not dentate.

Janolus capensis Bgh.

(Plate XX, figs. 6, 7.)

1907. Janolus capensis. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 90, pl. vii, figs. 6-21

(anatomy), False Bay, 17-30 fins.

Common at St. James and other localities on the east coast of Cape

Peninsula at low tide, reaching 40 mm. in length.

The colour varies. As arule the cerata are indian (brick) red,

but occasionally they are slate-grey; the rest of the animal white.

Another specimen (Buffels Bay, 1/3/15) was pale blue, the cerata

tipped with white, tail edged with pale blue, and a darker blue

median stripe.

Famity TETHYMELIBIDAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 47.

Dorsal papillae exceedingly large. Head produced forwards, cowl-

like, its margin cirriferous. Rhinophores with contractile sheath and

perfoliate club. Radula and often also mandibles wanting. With

or without gills at base of papillae.

Locality. — Warm and tropical seas.

Gen. MELIBE Rang.

1829. Melibe. Rang, Man. des Moll., p. 129, pl. iui, fig. 3.

1907. is Bergh, Mar. Invest. §.A., v, p. 95 (references).

Foot narrow, body somewhat compressed. Mandibles present.

No gills.

Melibe rosea Rang.

(Plate XX, fig. 1.)

1829. Melibe rosea. Rang, loc. cit., p. 129, pl. ui, fig. 3.

1907. i » —Bergh, loc. cit., p. 96, pl. ix, figs. 1-12 (ana-

tomical details).

Locality.—Very common along the shores of the Peninsula in Table

Bay and False Bay, reaching a length of 40 mm.

Spawns in August; a spirally-coiled, flat, upstanding ribbon,

salmon in colour, attached to rocks, weed, etc.

208 Annals of the South African Museum.

Famity IDULIIDAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 52 (Dotonidae).

1923. Iredale and O’Donoghue, Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 210.

Body similar to that of the Aeolididae. Rhinophores consisting

of a simple club inserted on a retractile, apically repandate sheath.

Papillae in a single row on each side, very caducous, inflated, tuber-

culate, or nodose. Mandibles with smooth margin. Radula uni-

seriate (as arule). Penis unarmed.

Gen. Iputia Leach.

1815. Doto. Oken, Lehrbuch d. Zool., i, p. 278 (not Doto Oken,

1807).

1852. Idulia. Leach, Syn. Moll. Brit., p. 25.

1879. Doto. Bergh, Beitr. Aeolid, vi, p. 574.

IGS Trinchese, Aeolididae, ii, p. 89.

NSS Same. Bergh, zbid., 1x, p. 693.

S92 sass Id., loc. cit., p. 54.

INOS a5 Id., Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p. 221.

1918. Dotona. Iredale, Proc. Mal. Soc., xiii, p. 30.

1923. Idulia. Iredale and O’Donoghue, zbid., xv, p. 210.

Radula uniseriate. Papillae typical (tuberculate or nodose).

Idulia cinerea Trinchese.

(Plate XX, fig. 5.)

1881. Doto cinerea. Trinchese, loc. cit., p. 92, pl. Iv, fe 1

(coloured fig.).

Six papillae (occasionally a small seventh one) along each side, set

with rounded tubercles.

Length.—Up to 14 mm.

Colour.—Lower part of body dirty white, upper parts speckled and -

marbled with grey-brown, posterior margin of rhinophores (sheath

and club) similarly speckled, papillae grey-brown with the tubercles

white-tipped.

Locality.—St. James, False Bay ; April 1912, spawning on Hydroids

(K.H.B.) ; common.

These specimens seem to be assignable to cinerea Trin., with the

coloured figure of which they agree. Trinchese’s figure shows only

5 papillae on the right and 6 on the left, but the number of papillae

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 209

cannot be regarded as constant enough for specific distinctions, since

the Cape specimens frequently possess a seventh pair of small papillae

at the tail end in addition to the normal six pairs.

Distribution.—Mediterranean, Great Britain.

Idulia splendida Trinch.

(Plate XX, fig. 4.)

1881. Doto splendida. Trinchese, lec. cit., p. 93, pl. lvi (coloured fig.).

A specimen of another species was found at Sea Point, Table Bay

(29/11/13, K.H.B., low tide). It resembles the preceding specimens

except that the papillae are plumper, and the tips of the tubercles are

black with a faint white ring. There are 7 papillae on the left side,

6 on the right.

It agrees well with Trinchese’s figure of splendida from the

Mediterranean.

Bergh (1892, loc. cit., p. 55) makes pinnatifida Mtg. synonymous

with splendida, but with a query. If this should prove to be the

case, then pinnatifida has precedence.

Famity SCYLLAEIDAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 62.

1902. KHliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., i, p. 64.

1906. Id., cbid., 1, p..674.

1908: Id., J. lann. Soc. Lond., xxxi, p. 90:

Body compressed. The back with one or two lobe-like projections

bearing small ramose branchial tufts on their inner surfaces. Vent

lateral, about the middle of the body. Frontal velum small or

absent. Rhinophores large, lobe-like, with small perfoliate clubs in

the cup-like apices of the stalks. Tail short, more or less crest-like.

Foot narrow. Mandibles strong, radula multiseriate, with denticulate

median and lateral teeth.

Cosmopolitan in tropical and sub-tropical waters, crawling on sea-

weeds and floating Sargassum, and feeding chiefly on Hydroids.

Eliot (loc. cit., 1902 and 1908) discusses the question whether

Crosslandia should be kept distinct from Scyllaea, and is of opinion

that the differences are of doubtful generic value.

In support of the view that they should be kept distinct, I may

draw attention to the difference in the shape of the spawn, which in

Crosslandia is said to resemble a string of beads. The spawn of the

VOI) XXvV, PART) 1: 14

210 Annals of the South African Museum.

South African specimens of Scyllaea shows no trace of a moniliform

arrangement (see wfra).

Gen. ScyLLaAgEa Linn.

1758. Scyllaea. Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 656.

1864. as Alder and Hancock, Tr. Zool. Soc., v, p. 186.

1875. i Bergh, Malac. Unters., viii, p. 315.

1892. 4. Id., Das System, p. 64.

1893. a Id., Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco, fase. 4, p. 8.

1905. rs Id., Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p. 216.

1905. & Farran in Herdman’s Ceylon Pearl Fish. Suppl.

Rep., xxi, p. 333.

1909. Hliot, Spol. Zeylan., vi, pt. 23, p. 81.

Body compressed: foot very narrow. Two pairs of large lobes

dorso-laterally, bearing on their inner surfaces small ramose branchiae.

Rhinophores large, lobe-like, bearing a small perfoliate club tentacle

in the hollowed cup-like apex. Vent lateral, between the two dorsal

lobes. Tail more or less raised into a crest. Mandibles strong,

radula multiseriate, the teeth minutely denticulate.

Scyllaea pelagica Linn.

(Plate XX, fig. 3.)

1758. Linné, loc. cit., p. 656.

1875. Bergh, loc. ci, p. 319, pl. xl) figs) pla sdiaspleeediim

pl. xliv, figs. 1-20, pl. xlv, figs. 6-18.

1923. Iredale and O’Donoghue, Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 214.

A species of this genus is common at St. James, Sea Point, and

elsewhere along both shores of the Peninsula, and the “ Pieter Faure ”

took some in St. Francis Bay. It clings to brown seaweeds, and can

be found throughout the year, spawning in August and October. It

reaches a length of 55 mm., or even 60 mm., but is highly contractile.

Colour.—Brown with fairly numerous, irregularly disposed emerald

green spots along the sides.

The specimens are similar in general shape and structure to some

specimens of S. pelagica taken in the Atlantic which I have examined.

The upper parts of the body, however, are rather strongly verrucose

(see Farran, 1905). The branchial tufts measure 5 mm. in length on

a specimen 50 mm. long. The tail is not truncate, and the crest is

moderately high.

The rhinophores are considerably stouter than in the specimens

South African Nudibranch Mollusca. 211

of S. pelagica, more cylindrical, and less lobate and compressed. The

posterior margin is more or less crested, the apex is groved through-

out, and forms a flat saucer when expanded, the margin of which is

crenulate.

Anal papilla nearer the hind lobe.

As Bergh, 1905, is inclined to think, there seems to be only one

widely distributed species with several colour variations. Farran,

1905, suggests that marmorata A. and H. is not distinct from pelagica.

Spawn, a long string arranged in a coil with upstanding loops, the top

of each loop bending over towards the centre, pale yellowish in colour.

Other localities—Ofi von Staden’s River (St. Francis Bay), 32

fathoms.

Famity ARMINIDAE.

1892. Bergh, Das System, p. 68 (Plewrophyllididae).

1906. Eliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 676 (Pleurophyllidiidae).

Body elongate or elongate-oval, somewhat depressed. Head large,

with a lamella which is free behind and forms ear-like lobes laterally.

Neck usually with a caruncle, behind which are the short retractile

thinophores. Back projecting laterally over the sides of the body,

with raised longitudinal lines or pustules, and furnished with numbers

of cnidocysts. Gills on the sides in front, followed by a series of

lamellae, which reaches usually to the tail, but sometimes not so far.

Genital pore under the right-hand gill, anal papilla further back on

the same side.

Mandibles strong. Radula short and broad, with numerous laterals

flanking the median tooth.

Mostly fairly large animals, brightly coloured.

Gen. ARMINA Raf.

(Text-fig. 6.)

1814. Armina. ‘-Rafinesque Schmaltz, Préc. découv. trav. Somiol.,

p. 30.

1816. Pleurophyllidia. Meckel in Hammer, Dis. Obs. Anat. Comp.

1866. os Bergh, Naturh. Tidsskr., 3 R., 4 Bd., p. 207.

1880. bs Id., Verh. k. k. Zool. bot. Ges., xxx, p. 172.

1890. e Id., Weitere Beitr. Pheuroph., Verh. k. k.

Zool. bot. Ges., xl.

1892. ) Td oe Nett on (ll.

1905. i Id., Siboga Exp., Monogr. 50, p. 213.

1907. a Id., Mar. Invest. §.A., v, p. 99.

212 Annals of the South African Museum.

1923. Armina. Iredale and O’Donoghue, Proc. Mal. Soc., xy,

[Os ALT

Body elongate. Caruncle distinct. Rhinophores contiguous.

Fic. 6.—Armina sp. to show general shape, gills, and lamellae.

Key to the South African Species.

I. Masticatory margin of mandibles perfectly smooth. (Median plate with 10

denticles flanking central cusp) . : . capensis,

II. Masticatory margin of mandibles with rinute oonieal centile

1. Lateral teeth (except Ist) without denticles.

a. Median tooth greatly broader than long. : . natalensis.

b. Median tooth not greatly broader than long . : . euchroa.

2. Lateral teeth with denticles, except some of the outermost ones.

a. Central tooth flanked with 4 denticles : : gilchristi.

6. Central tooth flanked with 8-10 denticles : : microdonta.

Armina capensis (Bgh.).

1907. Pleurophyllidia capensis. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 99, pl. viii, figs.

23, 24 (radula).

1910. - es Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 182

(listed).

Locality.—Ofi East London, 37 to 39 fathoms.

Armina gilchristi (Bgh.).

1907. Pleurophyllidia gilchristi. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 101, pl. viii, figs.

14-18 (mandible and radula).

1910. a ne Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., i, p. 182

(listed).

Locality —Agulhas Bank and Cape Point, 35 to 40 fathoms.

*Armina euchroa (Bgh.).

1907. Pleurophyllidia euchroa. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 102, pl. vii, figs.

1-5, pl. vin, fig. 25 (penis and

radula).

1910. . % Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., i, p. 182

(listed).

Locality.— False Bay, 16 to 50 fathoms.

South. African Nudibranch Mollusca. 213

Armina microdonta (Bgh.).

1907. Plewrophyllidia microdonta. Bergh, loc. cit., p. 103, pl. viii,

figs. 19-22 (radula).

HOLO! i Be Smith, Ann. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 182

(listed).

Locality.— Off Saldanha Bay, 33 fathoms.

*Armina natalensis (Bgh.).

1848. Diphyllidia lineata. Krauss, Siidafrik. Moll., p. 35 (non

Otto).

1866. Pleurophyllidia natalensis. Bergh, Naturh. Tidsskr., (5), iv,

p. 34, pl. vib.

1903. 4s Ms Smith, Proc. Mal. Soc., v, p. 357

(listed).

Locality.—Natal coast.

NUDIBRANCHS FROM TRISTAN D’ACUNHA.

There are five specimens (collected by P. C. Keytel, 1909) moderately

well preserved though considerably shrunken, owing, no doubt, to

their having been placed direct in the preserving fluid without previous

anaesthetising. No data as to coloration were made, and the speci-

mens were presumably collected on the littoral at low tide.

Two specimens, about 16 mm. long, represent, perhaps, a species

of Discodorid. The labial armature consists of very minute straight

rods, and the radula teeth are hamate with a series of minute denticula-

tions. The back appears to be quite smooth, the tentacles stout,

conical, and grooved externally. The gills are about 6 to 7, tripinnate.

In shape resembling a Glossodoris. __

Another specimen, about 20 mm. long, is a “ Doris,” but to what

genus or species it should be assigned is doubtful. A rather distinct,

though thin, transparent, and structureless, labial cuticle is present.

The radula teeth are strongly hamate, without thickened bases. The

mantle a good deal overlapping the foot, and densely covered with

fine papillae. The rhinophore and branchial openings with even,

though papillate, margins. Gills tripinnate. Tentacles apparently

absent.

The other two specimens are large, about 65 mm. long by 45 mm.

wide by 25 mm. high. The mantle is thick and fleshy, soft, and without

214 Annals of the South African Museum.

spicules. Itis covered with a number of papillae of various sizes, mostly

rounded, but around the branchial and rhinophoral openings they

become columnar and completely close in these openings. Rhinophores

perfoliate. Gills 6, tripinnate. Tentacles large, thick, flat, externally

grooved. No labial armature. Radula teeth hamate, strong, with

thickened bases.

These specimens correspond well with Abraham’s figures and

description of Asteronotus mabilla (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 249,

pl. xxviii, figs. 1-4). I can find, however, no trace of the dart in the

reproductive organs, which is characteristic of this genus. Also there

are no spicules in the skin of the present specimens.

The Nudibranch fauna of Tristan d’Acunha seems never to have

been investigated, and it is therefore all the more regrettable that

the present specimens are in such poor condition, and lack all data

as to colour.

The nearest locality from which Nudibranchs have been recorded

is Gough Island, where the “Scotia” obtained Tritoniopsis brucer

Eliot, 1905.

bet

ome

oom oF Wh ee

South African Nudibranch Mollusca.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Pirate XIX.

Sphaerostoma aurantiacum, n. sp. X 2.

Triopa lucida Stmpon. X83.

and 8. Polycera nigrocrocea n. sp. Nat. size. Side and dorsal views.

Doris (?) kalkensis n. sp. Nat. size.

Nembrotha capensis Bgh. Nat. size.

PLATE XX.

. Melibe rosea Rang. Nat. size.

. Glaucus atlanticus Forst. Nat. size.

. Scyllaea pelagica Linn. Nat. size.

. Idulia splendida Trinch. x3.

. Idulia cinerea Trinch. x3.

and 7. Janolus capensis Bgh. Nat. size. Two colour varieties.

. Cratena capensisn. sp. X23.

and 10. Hervia quadricolor n. sp. 1}. With one papilla enlarged.

and 4. Glossodoris capensis n. sp. Nat. size. Side view and dorsal views.

and 6. Aphelodoris brunnea Bgh. Nat. size. Two pattern variations.

215

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. vol. XXV. : ‘Plate XIX.

Bee . cseepaetanene ast

Saw =

K. H. B. ad nat. pinx.

SOUTH AFRICAN NUDIBRANCH MOLLUSCA.

. Afr. Mus. vol. XXV., Plate XX.

K. HH. B. ad nat. pinx.

SOUTH AFRICAN NUDIBRANCH MOLLUSCA.

Gite, 11a

=) ©

OF THE :

ae Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of Soca: West

_ Africa. VIL. ARacunipa. (Part 2.) By R. F. Lawrence,

B.A., Assistant. (With J Plates XXI-XXIV and 1 Text-

figure. ie

ae. Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the

South African Musewm. ILL. By J. R. te B. Tomiin,

M.A. (With Plates XXV, XXVIL)

a Observations on South A frocan Onychophora. ioe G. E.

_ Hutcurnson, late of the Department of Zoology, Uni-

eee of the Witwatersrand, J So (With - 1

es oe F

ees oy Bune. ey eee vere of

Entomology. (With 11 Text- ee

ee a

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‘ISSUED DECEMBER 1928. PRICE 10s.

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PRINTED FOR THE

‘TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

BY NEILL AND CO., LTD.,

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( oi)

7. Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa.

VII. Aracunipa. (Part 2.) By R. F. Lawrence, B.A., Assistant.

(With Plates XXI-XXIV and 1 Text-figure.)

Tuts second contribution to the study of South-West African Arachnids

comprises the work done on material collected on the third and fourth

expeditions of the staff of the South African Museum during the

years 1925 and 1926 respectively. Both expeditions traversed the

region called the Kaokoveld situated in the northern part of South-

West Africa between Ovamboland and the coastal belt or Namib ; the

first section of the route taken was the same in both years, the

earlier expedition, however, branching off to the north-westward and

ending at Sesfontein, the second pursuing a more or less direct course

northwards and reaching the Hoarusib River seventy miles south of

the Kunene River. All the sites where the expedition halted and made

collections are marked in the accompanying map (p. 218).

Following on the systematic portion of this paper is a brief account

of the ecology and distribution of the Arachnids of this portion of

South-West Africa, based on the results of the present paper and on

the previous one dealing with the fauna of Ovamboland (Ann. 8.A.M.,

Wo PXOXV; pt. 1; p. 1, 1927).

The False Scorpions have been entrusted to Mr. Hewitt, Director

of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, who is working on the whole

group in the South African region ; to him also I am indebted for

assistance and advice in the difficulties of systematising the new

subfamily of Scorpionidae. The following table shows the propor-

tion of new to known species :—

Known spp. | New spp. | Spp. taken.

Araneae s ; : : 46 34 80

Solifugae 0 5 12

Scorpiones . 5 : ‘ 10 4 14

Acari . s . : , v 0 7

§ Totaly: : 70 43 aS

VOL. XXV, PART 2. 15

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Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 219

OrpER ARANEAE.

Famity AVICULARIIDAE.

Gen. CERATOGYRUS, Pocock.

Ceratogyrus bechuanicus, Purcell.

Examples of both sexes from Okerosave, Koabendus, Outjo,

Otjitondua.

Gen. MoaeripGEa, Cambr.

Moggridgea purpurea, n. sp.

1 2 (6686). Caimaeis.

Colour.—Carapace olivaceous, region of the fovea and radiations

therefrom mahogany brown, appendages mahogany brown, legs III

and IV below olivaceous ; abdomen above deep purple anteriorly.

Carapace considerably longer than broad, greatest breadth (between

coxae I and II) equal to distance between the posterior margin of

carapace and hind margin of posterior median eyes ; length equal to

patella+tibia+about } metatarsus I. A long seta on a slight pro-

tuberance between and just anterior to the anterior median eyes, a

row of setae behind the ocular area at right angles to and bisecting

a line joining the posterior median eyes, the most anterior of these

situated just anterior to the centres of the posterior medians with a

seta on each side of it mesially to, and at the level of, the anterior

margins of the posterior median eyes, the three setae forming a

procurved line.

Eyes.—Width of ocular area slightly more than ? length of meta-

tarsus I, distance between anterior margin of carapace and anterior

median eyes +4 width of ocular area; anterior margins of anterior

row of eyes forming a fairly strongly procurved line, posterior margins

of posterior row of eyes forming a little less strongly recurved line ;

anterior row wider than posterior row by the long diameter (or a

little less) of an anterior lateral eye; anterior medians their own

diameter apart and 14 diameters from their laterals which are 24-3

times as large; posterior medians 5 times as far from each other

as from their laterals, and less than their greatest diameter from the

latter ; greatest diameter of the medians less than the long diameter

of the laterals.

Pedipalps.—Coxae of pedipalps with 9-10 teeth, labium with

220 Annals of the South African Museum.

5 teeth ; sternum long, narrowing anteriorly, with one pair of sigilla

opposite coxa II forming with each other an angle of less than 90°.

Legs.—All coxae without spinules or stout setae below. Patella I

(right leg) with a curved spine at its postero-inferior apex, left leg

with 2 long curved setae instead ; patella III with 1 spine near its

antero-superior margin ; tibia III with 1 spine near its postero-inferior

margin ; metatarsus III with an inferior subapical row of 6 spiniform

setae ; metatarsus IV with an anterior (longitudinal) row of 4-5 long

spiniform setae, the apical one the stoutest, a posterior, apical (trans-

verse) tuft of 3 similar setae.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 10 mm.; breadth, 8-1 mm.

Total length, 22 mm.

This spider had made its burrow in a cleft 3 feet from the base of

an almost vertical wall of limestone rock. <A juvenile female was

obtained at Anabib (6692) and another at Sesfontein (6642); in the

latter the labium had 16 teeth, the coxae of the pedipalps about 22.

Famity ULOBORIDAE.

Gen. ULosorus, Latr.

Uloborus plumipes, Lucas.

10 92 (6660). Sesfontem. In the crevices of the wild fig-tree,

Ficus damarensis.

Famity ERESIDAE.

Gen. STEGODYPHUS, Simon.

Stegodyphus canus, Purcell.

2 92 (6693). Anabib.

2 99 (6961). Kaoko Otavi.

2 22 (7060). Outjo

1 2 (6727). Outjo

Stegodyphus dumicola, Pocock.

8 29, 1 § (6700). Kamanyab.

1 2 (7089). Ombombo.

Stegodyphus filimaculatus, Lawrence.

1 3 (6954). Kaoko Otavi.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 221

Gen. DrEessERuS, Simon.

Dresserus fontensis, n. sp.

2 92 (6938). Kaoko Otavi.

1 2 (6707). Otjikondo.

Colour.—Carapace anterior to fovea, palps, and anterior legs dull

red, posterior legs reddish brown, abdomen mouse brown.

Carapace.—Length equal to patella, tibia, metatarsus+ + tarsus I,

and to patella, tibia+ 3 metatarsus IV; breadth equal to tibia,

metatarsus-+4 tarsus I, a little less than patella-+tibia IV.

Eyes.—Area formed by the laterals a little wider behind than in

front, a little less than 24 times as wide behind as long ; posterior

medians 14-2 their diameter apart, at least 4 diameters from the

anterior laterals, 35-4 times the area of the anterior medians ; anterior

medians their own diameter apart and that distance from the posterior

medians, a line joining their superior borders passing a little below

the inferior borders of the posterior medians; median quadrangle

twice as wide behind as long and about 24 times as wide behind as in

front.

Legs spineless.

Vulva as in fig. 1.

Measurements of largest 9.—Length of carapace, 6-3 mm. ; breadth,

4-6 mm. Total length, 12-8 mm.

Famity SICARIIDAE.

Gen. Stcarius, Walck.

Sicarvus damarensis, 0. sp.

1 2 (7057). Outjo.

Colour.—Cephalic area reddish brown, thoracic area a little lighter,

legs and abdomen yellowish brown.

Carapace considerably wider than long, width equal to tibia I and

to metatarsus+4 tarsus I, provided with swollen, blunt, infuscated

hairs arranged on the cephalic area in a row behind each lateral

group of eyes, between them about 5 much less distinct rows con-

verging towards a posterior convexity where there are two longitudinal

strips of hairs; on the thoracic area three sinuous rows radiating

from the centre toward the margin which is bordered with similar

hairs more numerous at the posterior angles and lateral angles of the

clypeus.

222 Annals of the South African Museum.

Eyes.—Anterior medians separated by 4$-% their diameter, laterals

separated by + the diameter of an anterior lateral which is a little

larger than a posterior lateral.

Abdomen with a double series of 4 crescentic strips of pion swollen

hairs divided by a narrow median strip devoid of these hairs, the

first strip almost circular, the fourth meeting in the middle line

forming a ——-shaped transverse line; at the posterior apex of

abdomen a similar shorter line can be seen from above.

Legs.—Femora above with a posterior row of about 4 cream-

coloured oblanceolate spines (more oblanceolate than in S. albospinosus,

Purce., but less so than in S. testaceus, Pure.) interspaced by some

slenderer and shorter infuscated spines below a double row of shorter

infuscated spines, the area between them naked, anterior surfaces

irregularly, posterior surfaces not spined or with some small ones at

their distal apices.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, measured in the median line,

5 mm.; breadth, 5:4 mm. Total length, 12-1 mm.

Sicarius dolichocephalus, n. sp.

1 2 (6943). Kaoko Otavi.

5 99 (6937). Kaoko Otavi.

Colour darker than in S. damarensis, cephalic area dull red, thoracic

area a little lighter; abdomen light mouse brown; legs reddish

brown.

Carapace about as wide as long, length measured in the middle

line equal to tibia IV, a little less than metatarsus+ 4 tarsus III.

Eyes.—Median eyes separated by a little more than their radius,

laterals separated by diameter of an anterior lateral which is a little

larger than a posterior lateral.

Arrangement of hairs on the carapace similar to that of S.damarensis.

On the abdomen they do not form crescentic strips but appear as a

double median row of four patches of hairs and four indistinct lateral

patches which merge with the hairs at the sides and below.

Legs with a dorsal posterior row of 4-8 oblanceolate spines, similar

in shape to those of S. damarensis; legs otherwise similar to that

species.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 5-5 mm.; breadth, 5-6 mm.

Total length, 12 mm.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 223

Gen. LoxoscELes, Lowe.

Loxosceles sumillama, Lawrence.

(6684). Caimaeis.

4 09 (6746). Kaross.

3 92 (7028). Kaoko Otavi.

5 99 (6647). Sesfontein.

Gen. Scytopss, Latr.

Scytodes tertia, Lawrence.

1 9 (7134). Kaoko Otavi.

2 29 (7063). Outjo.

2 99 (6749). Sesfontein.

2 29 (6950). Kaoko Otavi.

Scytodes kaokoensis, n. sp.

2 92 (6680). Kaross.

4 9° (6737). Caimaeis.

Colour.—Carapace with markings as in fig. 2; anterior surface of

mandibles with lateral markings on their proximal 3; labium with a

narrow transverse band at its base, a spot at each of the superior

angles, maxillae narrowly bordered externally; sternum with a

marginal marking opposite each coxa, the two anterior ones crescentic

and inwardly curved ( { | ), the two posterior ones consisting of an

irregular dot ; coxae marked anteriorly and apically, more so in the

anterior than in the posterior ones.

Legs.—All femora with a distinct basal annulated band, connected

in I and II with a median band by a pair of infero-lateral irregular

stripes, basal and median bands in III and IV not connected; all

femora with a subapical band; all patellae with a complete band

im the apical half; all tibiae with basal, median, and apical bands ;

median band longest in I, then IV, II, and III; median band in IV

more clearly defined than in I; all metatarsi with a faint apical

band most distinct in IV.

Abdomen irregularly infuscate above or with ill-defined markings.

Vulva as in fig. 3; the anterior transverse bar sometimes regularly

curved in the form of an arc.

Measurements.—Total length, 4-6 mm.

224 Annals of the South African Museum.

This species is related to S. tertia from Ovamboland, but differs

markedly in at least the abbreviated median cephalic stripe.

Famitry DYSDERIDAE.

Gen. Artapna, Aud.

Ariadna masculina, n. sp.

4 33 (7083). Ombombo.

Colour.—Carapace yellowish brown, finely granular, sparsely

covered with short, fine, fuscous hairs; legs coloured as in carapace,

distal segments lighter covered with similar hairs ; these hairs are so

fine that when these specimens are compared with other species of

Ariadna, e.g. the 3 of A. karrooica, they appear to the naked eye

comparatively hairless; abdomen above dark slate grey.

Carapace equal in length to metatarsus+ 4 tarsus IV, a little shorter

than tibia IT.

Eyes.—Medians touching, one diameter distant from the posterior

laterals and less from the anterior laterals; clypeus equal to a little

more than the diameter of an anterior lateral eye.

Chelicerae muticous.

Legs.—Metatarsus I distinctly shorter than tibia I; tarsus I short

and curved downwards. Femora: I with | anterior, 3 (4) superior,

1 (0) posterior spines ; II similarly with 2, 4 (5), 1 spines; III with 1, 3

(4), 2 (3) spines; IV with 0, 8 (10), 2 spines; all patellae muticous.

Tibiae: I below with a subapical spime at each side, above with

6 spines along the exterior, 3 along the interior surface; II below

with 5 exterior, 2 interior spines near the apex, above with 5 exterior,

3 interior spmes; III below with 5 exterior, 1 interior apical spines,

above with 5 exterior, 2 interior spines; IV below with 2 exterior,

1 interior ; above with 0 exterior, 3 interior spines. Metatarsi: I with

its distal apex swollen, unspined except for | stout spine at exterior

apex, and two rounded club-shaped teeth, one situated at the interior

apex, the other a little below it, fig. 4; II below with 2 exterior,

0 interior, above with 3 exterior, 3 interior spines; III below with

3 exterior, | interior, above with 3 exterior, 5 interior spines ; IV below

on exterior side with a row of 5 spines, also 2 apical spines, inner side

with 0 except for an apical group of 4 stout setiform spines.

Pedipalp as in fig. 5.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-4 mm. Total length, 6-5 mm.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 225

This species cannot be compared with other forms as in the great

majority of these only the females have been described. The palp

resembles that of A. karrooica, Purcell (Trans. S.A. Phil. Soc., vol. xv,

p. 159), though there are minor differences; in spination and the

peculiar shape of the first metatarsus it differs markedly. A. karrootca

is also much more thickly clothed with hair and has the first metatarsus

distinctly longer than the tibia.

Famity CAPONIIDAE.

Gen. DipLoGLEeNna, Purcell.

Diploglena capensis var. major, n. var.

1 adult 9 (6736). Kaross.

Colour.—Carapace, sternum, and mouth-parts reddish ; legs a little

lighter; abdomen yellowish brown; legs and coxae below with

golden-brown hairs; sternum with fine hairs in the centre bordered

at the sides with stouter, blunter ones.

Carapace a trifle longer than tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus I, equal

to tibia, metatarsus+about 4 tarsus IV.

Otherwise as in Diploglena capensis, Purcell (Trans. 8.A. Phil. Soc.,

vol. xv, p. 170).

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-7 mm. Total length, 9-3 mm.

This variety differs from D. capensis only in its proportions and

larger size.

Famity PRODIDOMIDAE.

Gen. Propipomus, Hentz.

Prodidomus reticulatus, Lawrence.

Syn. Prodidomus hirsutus, Lawrence.

13 (7155). Sesfontein.

1 3,12 (7051). Okorosave.

The 2 from Okorosave agrees with P. reticulatus (Ann. 8.A.M.,

Vol. XXV, p. 9), which is based on two 99 from Namakunde, while the

335 from Okorosave and Sesfontein agree with P. hirsutus (ad., p. 10),

described from a single $ found at Ongandjera. These two species

are therefore united under P. reticulatus.

226 Annals of the South African Museum.

Famity DRASSIDAE.

Gen. PLatyorpEs, Cambr.

Platyoides aipha, n. sp.

1 3 (6952). Kaoko Otavi.

1 3 (6645). Sesfontein.

Colour.—Carapace brownish red narrowly edged with black, finely

granular; the demarcations of the cephalic area distinct; foveal

cleft continued on to the cephalic area almost to the eyes as a narrow

median suture; legs pale salmon pink; abdomen slate blue with

markings as in Cambridges’ figure of P. s¢monz (P.Z.S., 1907, pl. 50,

fig. 17).

Carapace equal in length to tibia++ patella I.

Hyes.—Anterior medians a little more than their radius apart,

equal to and about as far from their laterals as from each other ;

posterior medians slightly more than their long diameter apart,

13-2 their long diameter from the laterals; laterals on each side a

little less than the diameter of an anterior lateral apart; median

quadrangle broader behind than long, as broad in front as long.

Chelicerae.—Inferior border with 1 long pointed tooth, a little

nearer the base of the fang than to the base of chelicera.

Legs without spines ; metatarsi I and II with a few spatulate hairs

apically below; metatarsi III and IV without spatulate hairs but

with a double row of strong setiform bristles below.

Palp as in fig. 6.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2-8 mm.; breadth, 2-6 mm.

Total length, 6 mm.

This species differs from other known forms in at least the shape

and length of the tibial apophysis of the palp.

Platyoides beta, n. sp.

1 2 (6720). Outjo.

Colour as in P. alpha, the abdomen without definite markings,

lighter in the centre than at the sides.

Carapace equal in length to femur III measured above, and to

tibia+-a little less than $ patella 1; breadth equal to tibia II.

Eyes.—Anterior medians a diameter apart, the same distance from

the laterals which are a little larger; posterior medians 13-2 their

long diameter apart and 2-23 their long diameter from the laterals ;

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 227

laterals on each side about the diameter of an anterior lateral apart ;

median quadrangle 14 times as broad behind as long, broader behind

than in front, and broader in front than long.

Chelicerae as in P. alpha.

Legs.—I with distal 2 of tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus bearing

spatulate hairs inferiorly ; II with spatulate hairs lacking in tibia,

metatarsus with some apical ones, tarsus with spatulate hairs in its

distal half inferiorly ; III and IV without spatulate hairs.

Vulva as in fig. 7; the length of the anterior quadrate portion a

little less in proportion to its width than is shown in the figure.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3 mm.; breadth, 2°38 mm.

Total length, 8 mm.

This species resembles P. alpha, with which it may prove to be

synonymous, but until the two sexes have been taken together I have

described it as a separate species.

Gen. CALLILEPIS, Westr.

Callilepis varius, Tucker.

3 92 (6732), 3 99 (7137). Outjo.

2 0° (7068). Otjitondua.

1 2 (7092). Ombombo.

1 2 (7036), 1 2 (7031), 1 2 (6936), 1 2 (7041). Kaoko Otavi.

These specimens agree in the shape of the vulva with Tucker’s

figure (Ann. 8.A.M., Vol. XIX, pl. 8, fig. 7), the central darkened por-

tion is, however, very indistinct. The anterior median eyes sometimes

appear slightly larger, at other times slightly smaller, than the laterals

when seen in spirit ; when measured dry with a micrometer eyepiece,

they are slightly smaller than the laterals and these are a little more

than their own diameter from the edge of the clypeus.

Colour.—Carapace as in the description of type; as regards the

colouring of the abdomen there appear to be two forms, the one

as in the cotype 3726 (from the N.-W. Transvaal) is “dark and

olivaceous in colour and flecked with testaceous spots which become

very numerous posteriorly,’ the other form is as in the cotype 5504

(from Windhoek). The colouring of the specimens from the Kaokoveld

is very constant and agrees in every detail with the latter form. In

these specimens there are three pairs of black dots dorsally in the

anterior half, each composed of a brown sigillum surrounded by a

fuscous ring, the first two pairs of sigilla are subrotund, the third large

228 Annals of the South African Museum.

and oval, the second pair nearer to the first than to the third, and

the area enclosed by the two rows fuscous; behind the third pair

of sigilla are four distinct fuscous chevron markings followed by a

well-defined black dot above each median spinner; ventrally there

is a short chitinous transverse bar just anterior to the spinners ;

sides with irregular reticulate fuscous markings.

This species is near to C. frenata, Purcell, in the eyes and markings

though differmg somewhat in the shape of the vulva.

Gen. ASEMESTHES, Simon.

Asemesthes lineatus, Purcell.

2 (6960). Kaoko Otavi.

2 (6719). Outjo.

le ft

Asemesthes purcellr, Tucker.

1 2 (6939). Kaoko Otavi.

2 22 (7090). Ombombo.

Asemesthes windhukensis, Tucker.

2 99 (7125). Otjikondo.

Asemesthes alternata, n. sp.

1 2 (7126). Kaoko Otavi.

Colour.—Carapace with a median longitudinal band of white hairs

a little broader than the area occupied by the median eyes, on each

side a dark brown band a little broader than the median band, well

defined, including the lateral eyes and reaching the posterior margin ;

between this band and the narrow black margined border of the

carapace a submarginal white band about the same width as the

median band. Abdomen above with two fuscous lateral bands

connected across the anterior apex of abdomen (where a shorter

median band is given off) but not connected posteriorly ; some

fuscous spots posteriorly at the sides and some indistinct chevron

markings above the spinners.

Carapace equal in length to metatarsus IV.

Eyes.—Both rows from above equally and strongly recurved,

posterior row a little wider than anterior row; anterior row with

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 229

their lower margins forming a straight line, medians their radius

apart and nearly touching the laterals which are not quite twice as

large ; posterior row with medians much smaller than laterals, white,

diverging behind, about a short radius apart and a little less from the

laterals, posterior medians distinctly smaller than anterior medians ;

median quadrangle much longer than wide, as wide in front as behind,

posterior lateral subequal to an anterior lateral and about its own

diameter from it; clypeus 2-25 times the diameter of an anterior

lateral eye.

Spinners.—Inferior spinners with 3 fusules.

Vulva as in fig. 8.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2:2 mm. Total length, 6:3

mm.

Gen. SETAPHIS, Simon.

Setaphis kaokoensts, n. sp.

4 99,1 3 (6945). Kaoko Otavi.

3 29 (7046). Okorosave.

2 Colour.—Carapace brown, apex of femur, patella, and tibia of

first leg infuscated, remaining segments yellowish brown ; legs IJ, III,

and IV more or less infuscated at the sides ; abdomen above with the

anterior pair of white markings small and subrotund, the posterior

pair long, cuneiform, forming a large white patch on each side ventrally,

these divided (ventrally) by a median infuscated band much broader

anteriorly than posteriorly.

Carapace.—Length equal to tibia, metatarsus+tarsus III, and to

metatarsus, tibia+-a little more than } patella I.

Eyes.—Anterior row procurved, medians slightly less than their

diameter apart, touching the laterals; posterior row procurved,

medians about 14 diameters apart, less than a diameter from the

laterals ; median quadrangle a very little longer than wide behind,

wider behind than in front ; laterals on each side less than the diameter

of a posterior lateral apart; an anterior lateral eye about its radius

from the edge of the clypeus.

Chelicerae.—Superior margin with 4 teeth, inferior margin with

1 granule.

Leqs.—Metatarsus I below with 1 subbasal anterior spine (none on

the left leg); metatarsus II below with a pair of subbasal spines ;

legs III and IV with numerous spines.

Vulva as in fig. 9.

230 Annals of the South African Museum.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2-2 mm. Total length, 7-3

mm.

3 Colour.—Carapace and legs lighter, abdomen above with the

posterior pair of white markings smaller, subrotund, joining the

ventral white patches which are not completely divided by a median

band.

Carapace.—Length equal to tibia, metatarsus+about $ tarsus I.

Eyes as in 9.

Chelicerae.—Superior margin with 3 teeth, inferior margin muticous.

Palp as in fig. 10.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2:3 mm. Total length, 5-4

mm.

Setaphis lapidarva, nu. sp.

3 3d, 6 92 (6723). Outjo.

2 Colour.—Carapace and sternum brown; coxae yellow brown ;

abdomen above deeply infuscated, with two pairs of white oblique

markings in its anterior half, below with a white band posterior to

the epigastric region, divided longitudinally in the centre by one

broad or two narrow infuscated stripes joining the dark area anterior

to the spimners; inferior spinners black; legs with apex of femur,

patella, and tibia of I dark infuscated, remaining segments light brown ;

II, II, and IV with infuscated lateral stripes on patellae and remaining

distal segments, otherwise hight brown.

Carapace.—Length equal to metatarsus+-tibia++ patella I, and to

metatarsus-—tarsus IV.

Eyes.—Auterior row procurved, medians black, smaller than the

laterals, about a diameter apart and touching the laterals ; posterior

row slightly procurved, medians about a diameter apart and nearer

to the laterals; posterior laterals smaller than the anterior laterals

and nearer to them (less than the diameter of a posterior lateral) than

are the posterior medians to the anterior medians; an anterior

lateral eye a little less than its diameter from the edge of the

clypeus.

Chelicerae.—Superior margin with 4 teeth, inferior margin with

2 granules.

Legs.—I\ without spines, metatarsus II below with 1 anterior

subbasal spine, III and IV with numerous spines.

Vulva as in fig. 11.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2-3 mm. Total length, 6-5

mm.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 231

3 Colouwr.—Carapace light brown, sparsely clothed with slender

white hairs, finely coriaceous, fovea with olivaceous infuscation,

remainder of carapace with minute olivaceous flecks and _ stripes ;

abdomen above blackish with the usual 4 white spots, below the

white patches coalescing to form a continuous transverse band in the

middle; legs light brown, tibiae of I and II clothed with whitish

hairs.

Eyes as in &.

Chelicerae.—Superior margin with 3 teeth, inferior margin muticous

or with a small apical granule.

Legs as in 9.

Pedipalp as in fig. 12, viewed from the outer side. The style at

the tip of the bulb passes downwards and under the tarsus which is

transparent.

Measurements.—Total length, 4-8 mm.

Setaphis hesset, n. sp.

1 2 (6674). Warmbad.

Coldur.—Carapace and sternum reddish brown ; femur except inner

surface, patella, and tibia of leg I dark infuscated, remaining segments

yellowish brown ; legs II, III, and IV more or less infuscated, femora

less so; abdomen above as in S. lapidaria, the white spots on each

side further apart, ventral surface dark with two white oval patches

on each side divided by a dark median band which is a little lighter

than the area anterior to the spinners.

Eyes.—Anterior medians about their diameter apart, subcontiguous

to the laterals than which they are smaller ; posterior row slightly

procurved, medians more than a diameter apart, less than a diameter

from the laterals; median quadrangle as wide behind as long and

wider behind than in front, laterals on each side a little less than the

diameter of a posterior lateral apart; an anterior lateral less than

its diameter from the edge of the clypeus.

Chelicerae.—Superior border with 4 teeth, the apical one (nearest

the fang) minute ; inferior border with 1 indistinct granule.

Legs spined as in S. lapidaria.

Vulva as in fig. 13.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2-4 mm. Total length, 5-9

mm.

232 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gen. TricHoTHyse, Tucker.

Trichothyse fontensis, n. sp.

1 3 (7136). Sesfontein.

Colour.—Carapace olivaceous, covered with white plumose hairs

except a median longitudinal band reaching to the eyes which is

hairless (these may have been rubbed off), all femora olivaceous,

remaining segments light brown with an olive tinge, except tibia and

distal segments of IV which are a little darker; abdomen dark

olivaceous above with a blackish transverse band at anterior apex,

lighter below.

Carapace equal in length to metatarsus+tarsus II, and to patella,

tibia+about 4 metatarsus IT.

Eyes.—Anterior medians 3 their own diameter apart and consider-

ably larger than the laterals with which they are subcontiguous,

posterior medians a little more than their diameter apart and as far

from the laterals as from each other; laterals 14 times as large as

the medians, a little larger than the anterior laterals and less than

their own diameter from them; median quadrangle longer than

wide, a little wider in front than behind ; clypeus equal to the diameter

of an anterior lateral eye.

Chelicerae.—Superior margin with 1 tooth at its apex, inferior

margin muticous.

Legs.—Femur I above with 1 (0) anterior, 3 superior, 0 posterior

spines ; remaining femora similarly: II with 2,3 0, III with 2, 3, 2,

IV with 1, 3, 1 spimes; tibiae I and IL below with 1 median anterior

spine, | pair of apical spines; metatarsi I and II below with 1 pair

of subbasal spines; tibia III below with 1 anterior subbasal spine,

1 median pair, | apical pair, 2 lateral pairs; metatarsus III below

with a median and apical pair, and 2 lateral pairs.

Pedipalp as in fig. 14.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-1 mm. Total length, 7-7

mm.

Gen. CamMILLINna, Berland.

Camillina corrugata, Purcell.

1 2 (6750), 1 2 (6662). Sesfontein.

1 2 (7093). Ombombo.

2 22 (6687). Caimaeis.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 233

Gen. ZELOTES, Gistl.

Zelotes radiata, n. sp.

2 99 (6675). Sesfontein.

3 92 (7099). Kowares.

Colour.—Carapace reddish brown with some dark radiations from

the fovea, legs a little ighter, abdomen testaceous.

Carapace equal in length to tibia+metatarsus I, and to patella+

tibia IV.

Eyes.—Anterior row from in front procurved, medians much smaller

than the laterals, about a diameter apart and subcontiguous to the

laterals ; posterior row from above straight to slightly procurved,

medians subangular, a little smaller than the laterals, about their

short diameter apart and twice as far from the laterals; posterior

laterals much smaller than the anterior laterals and less than their

own diameter from them; median quadrangle longer than wide and

a little wider behind than in front; an anterior lateral less than its

diameter from the edge of the clypeus.

Chelicerae.—Superior margin with 4 teeth, inferior margin with 2-3

granules.

Legs.—Metatarsus I with a subbasal pair of spines below; meta-

tarsus II below with a subbasal pair, a median pair, and an apical

pair, the last weaker than the others. Legs III and IV with numerous

spines.

Vulva as in fig. 15.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2°8 mm. Total length, 8-7

Gen, XEROPHAEUS, Purcell.

Aerophaeus aridus, Purcell.

(6743). Kaross.

_ 7 99 (6963). Kaoko Otavi.

6 99 (7043), 2 29 (7049). Okorosave.

1 3 (7062). Outjo.

1 9 (7078). Otjingerese.

2 99 (7085). Ombombo.

19 (7094). Kamanyab.

2 99 (7097). Ombombo.

VOL. XXV, PART 2. 16

234 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gen. THEUMA, Simon.

Theuma longipes, Lawrence.

Ann. 8.A.M., Vol. XXYV, p. 19.

1 § (6670). Warmbad.

2 99 (7045), 1d, 2 92 (7047). Okorosave.

2 92 (6953). Kaoko Otavi.

The type was described from a ¢, the following is a description

of the 9.

? Colour.—Carapace seen in spirit, brown with a pair of parallel

infuscated stripes on each side converging from behind the lateral

eyes towards the fovea, the space between them with reticulate

infuscation ; some similar infuscations between fovea and lateral

margins of carapace which is clothed with silver-grey pubescence ;

abdomen dark testaceous; femora olivaceous, remaining segments

brown.

Carapace equal in length to metatarsus IV, and to metatarsus+

about 3 tarsus I.

Eyes.—Anterior row slightly recurved, medians smaller than

laterals, a little more than their own radius apart, and nearly touching

the laterals; posterior row from above slightly recurved, medians

large subangular, quadrate, at least equal to the laterals, less than

their short diameter apart and a little more than their long diameter

from the laterals; median quadrangle longer than posteriorly wide

and a little wider behind than in front ; an anterior lateral more than

its diameter from the edge of the clypeus.

Chelicerae.—Superior margin with 4-5 teeth (the fifth, if present,

minute), inferior margin with 3 smaller teeth.

Legs.—Tibia I with 2 anterior and 2 posterior spines below ; tibia IT

with 2 anterior, 3 posterior spines below ; metatarsi and tarsi I and II

sparsely, ITI and IV not scopulate below.

Vulva as in fig. 16.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-5 mm. Total length, 8-5

mm.

Theuma recta, Lawrence.

1 2 (6724). Outjo.

Theuma micropthalma, n. sp.

1 2 (7138). Warmbad.

Colour.—Carapace yellow, clothed with yellowish hairs; legs yellow;

abdomen silver-grey.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 235

Carapace equal in length to tibia+about 2 metatarsus I, and to

metatarsus-—a little less than } tarsus IV.

Eyes.—Small, anterior row from in front straight to slightly pro-

curved, laterals nearly twice the size of the medians which are their

own radius apart and as far from the laterals; posterior row from

above straight to very slightly recurved, medians a little less than

twice their diameter apart and twice their diameter from the laterals

which are 14 times as large; posterior laterals subequal to anterior

laterals, a little more than the diameter of a posterior lateral from

them and further from the posterior medians; median quadrangle

considerably wider behind than long; clypeus equal to a little more

than the diameter of an anterior lateral eye.

Chelocerae.—Superior margin with 4, inferior margin with 3 teeth.

Legs.—Tibia I with 3 pairs of spines below and a median spine -

between the two basal spines; metatarsus I with 2 pairs of spines

below ; second leg similar except that the tibia has 3 anterior lateral

spines in addition; metatarsi and tarsi of I and II with very few

and short scopular hairs.

Vulva as in fig. 17.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2°83 mm. Total length, 6

mm.

Theuma funerea, 0. sp.

1 9 (6681). Caimaeis.

1 2 (6738), 3 99 (6742). Kaross.

Colour.—Carapace and legs uniform yellowish, abdomen testaceous.

Carapace.—Length equal to tibia--a little less than } metatarsus I,

and to metatarsus-+a little less than $ tarsus IV.

Eyes.—Anterior row from in front slightly procurved, medians

smaller than the laterals about 3 their own diameter apart and nearly

touching the laterals; posterior row from above slightly recurved,

medians subrotund, subequal to the laterals, half their greatest

diameter apart and a little more than their diameter from the laterals,

medians a little nearer the anterior than the posterior laterals ;

posterior laterals smaller than anterior laterals and less than the

' diameter of a posterior lateral from them; median quadrangle with

its posterior width a little more than its length. Clypeus less than

the diameter of an anterior lateral eye.

Chelicerae.—Superior margin with 4, inferior margin with 4 teeth.

Legs.—Tibia I with 4 anterior (the fourth, apical spine smaller than

the others), 3 posterior spines; metatarsus I with a pair of basal

spines ; second leg similar except for the addition of 2 lateral anterior

236 Annals of the South African Museum.

spines in the distal half of tibia; tarsi and metatarsi of I and II

scopulate.

Vulva as in fig. 18.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-1 mm. Total length, 8 mm.

Famity PALPIMANIDAE.

Gen. DIAPHOROCELLUS, Simon.

Diaphorocellus biplagiatus, Simon.

1 g,3 29 (6696). Kamanyab.

2 99 (6643). Sesfontein.

1 2 (6672). Warmbad.

3 3d; 5 99 (6934). Kaoko Otavi.

1 3, 5 99 (6725). Outjo.

1 2 (6685). Caimaeis.

Diaphorocellus albooculatus, Lawrence.

2 99 (7139). Kaoko Otavi.

1 3, 2 99 (6654). Warmbad.

Famity ZODARIIDAE.

Gen. CypRELA, Thorell.

Cydrela otavensis, n. sp.

1 9 (6935). Kaoko Otavi.

Colour.—Carapace black with a few white hairs, ocular area with

some long brown setae, a row of forwardly directed slender fuscous

setae down the middle line behind the eyes reaching the fovea ;

legs lighter than carapace; abdomen greyish black, clothed with

mixed white and black hairs, a pair of small, oval, posteriorly diverging

yellow spots just behind the middle, a median row of about 4 yellowish

spots above the spinners, the last one much more distinct than the

remainder.

Carapace equal in length to tibia, metatarsus+ 2 tarsus I, and to

metatarsus+tarsus IV.

Eyes.—Anterior laterals 2} times their diameter apart, less than a

diameter from the medians which are about } their diameter apart

and larger than the laterals; posterior row recurved, medians about

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 237

their diameter apart and 3 times their diameter from the laterals

which they exceed in size, a little more than their diameter from the

anterior medians; median quadrangle longer than wide, a little

wider behind than in front ; clypeus about twice the distance between

the anterior lateral eyes.

Legs.—Metatarsus I without, metatarsus II with, apical scopular

brush.

Vulva as in fig. 19. The epigynal fossa is a shallowly concave

depression with the sides sloping up towards the rim and not very

sharply defined from it.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 45 mm. Total length, 10-2

mm.

Gen. CAPHAERIS, Simon.

Caphaeris cordiwulva, n. sp.

3 92 (6715). Sesfontein.

12 (7069). Otjitondua.

Colour.—Carapace, femora, and palps deep reddish brown ; patellae

and distal segments of legs light reddish brown ; carapace coriaceous,

sparsely clothed with long white hairs, some long fuscous curved

spines just behind and between the eyes; legs clothed with mixed

white and blackish brown hairs; abdomen above fuscous clothed

with mixed white and fuscous hairs, two pairs of indistinct whitish

spots in posterior half followed by a median row of 3 whitish spots

above the spinners; below with the post-epigynal area blackish

ornamented with two rows of light brown spots converging slightly

towards the spinners.

Carapace equal in length to tibia+metatarsus I, and to patella

+tibia--about 2 metatarsus IV.

Eyes.—Anterior row with medians 4 their diameter apart, laterals

subcontiguous to each other, medians twice as large as the laterals, a

little more than their own diameter from them; quadrangle formed

by the anterior eyes longer than posteriorly wide and twice as long as

anteriorly wide; posterior row straight to very slightly recurved,

medians # their diameter apart and 14 diameters from the laterals

which are a little larger; median quadrangle longer than wide and a

little wider in front than behind; clypeus 14 times the length of

quadrangle formed by the four anterior eyes.

Legs.—Metatarsi I and II scopulate in their apical third ; metatarsus

II shorter and stouter than metatarsus I; tarsi I and II scopulate.

238 Annals of the South African Museum.

Vulva as in fig. 20.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 5:1 mm. Total length, 12:3

mm. (excluding spinners).

Caphaeris apophysalis, 1. sp.

1 § (6661). Sesfontein.

Colour.—Carapace black, coriaceous, fairly sparsely clothed with

white, cylindrical, pointed hairs ; palps, femora of legs black, patellae

and distal segments of legs successively lighter, anterior legs clothed

above with white, posterior legs with dirty yellow hairs; mandibles

reddish brown; abdomen above clothed with yellow hairs from anterior

apex to just above the spinners, below sooty black.

Carapace equal in length to tibia+? metatarsus I, and subequal to

metatarsus-+tarsus IV.

Eyes.—Anterior medians a little less than + their diameter apart,

about their diameter from and twice as large as the laterals which

are subcontiguous with each other; posterior row straight, medians

their own diameter apart and about 14 diameters from the laterals

which are a little larger; median quadrangle wider than long, a

little wider in front than behind, clypeus a little less than 1} times

the length of quadrangle formed by the anterior eyes.

Legs.—Tibia I with 6 anterior, 4 posterior spines below; metatarsus I

with 7-8 anterior, 5-6 posterior unequal spines below, 1 anterior apical

lateral spine ; tarsus I below with about 4 short spines on each side.

Pedipalp as in figs. 21, 22. Fig. 21 from exterior side showing the

large, blunt, very prominent tibial apophysis directed at an angle of

about 50° from the horizontal plane of the tibia. In C. oncka this

process is a low and blunt tubercle ; the junction of tibia and tarsus

is not shown in this figure, beimg very indistinct. Fig. 22, tarsus

as seen from below.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 5:4 mm. Total length,

10-6 mm.

Gen. Diores, Simon.

Diores sp.

1 9 (6697). Kamanyab.

This single specimen agrees remarkably with D. radulifer, Simon

(from Little Namaqualand and the Kalahari) in the colouring and

structure of the eyes, but differs somewhat in the spination; the

vulva is unfortunately damaged and is difficult to define.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 239

Famity HERSILIIDAE.

Gen. Hersiuia, Aud.

Hersilia arborea, n. sp.

2 3d, 4 99 (6941). Kaoko Otavi.

1 3 (7141). Warmbad.

346. 1 (6944). Kaoko Otavi.

1 3, 1 2 (6726). Outjo.

2 Colour.—Carapace yellow, thoracic portion speckled with fuscous

dots, some fuscous radiations from the fovea, ocular area black ;

clypeus yellow with an oblique stripe composed of reddish hairs

from below each anterior median eye to edge of clypeus; abdomen

yellow with a fuscous or blackish median band in the anterior half ;

tibiae I, IT, and IV with apical fuscous bands, second joint of metatarsi

of same legs with apical fuscous bands; all tarsi in their distal 2,

tarsus of palp in distal half, infuscated.

Carapace with length about equal to breadth which is equal to the

second segment of metatarsus IV.

Eyes.—Anterior medians less than a diameter apart (about 2) and

nearly twice as large as the posterior medians which are about 14 times

their diameter apart, equidistant from the posterior laterals, posterior

medians their own diameter from anterior medians, median quadrangle

a little wider in front than long and wider in front than behind ;

clypeus about twice the length of median quadrangle.

Legs.—Femora above with white spines; tibiae I and II with 2

anterior, 3 superior, 2 posterior black spines.

Vulva as in fig. 23, with semicircular corrugations at the sides

meeting in the middle line.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3 mm. Total length, 7-°9 mm.

3 Colour.—Carapace dark olivaceous except for a light spot behind

the ocular area; clypeus light except for an oblique fuscous stripe

laterally to each anterior median eye and a wedge-shaped marking

below them ; abdomen dark olivaceous with a few light spots at the

sides; femora light with irregular olivaceous annulations ; remaining

segments of legs I, II, and IV olivaceous except for a subbasal and

subapical annulation in tibiae, and a basal annulation in first segment

of metatarsi which are light; basal segments of inferior spinners

hight with an apical olivaceous marking; apical segment olivaceous

except for a lighter annulation before the middle.

Hyes.—Anterior medians almost 3 times the size of posterior

240 ; Annals of the South African Museum.

medians, 3 their diameter apart; posterior medians about their

diameter apart and equidistant from the posterior laterals ; posterior

medians less than their diameter from the anterior medians ; median

quadrangle a little longer than posteriorly wide, much wider in front

than behind; clypeus a little less than twice the length of median

quadrangle.

Palp as in fig. 24. When viewed from below the tarsus is twisted

outwards, showing in profile the large outwardly projecting conductor

which is characteristic of this group; tibia above with 2, patella

with 4, black setae; tibia with a group of white setae on its exterior

distal edge.

Measurements.—Length of carapace (equal to breadth), 2-4 mm.

Total length, 5-6 mm.

This species falls under the group represented by Hersiha

alluaudi, Berland, in which the median ocular quadrangle is

much wider anteriorly than posteriorly and the anterior median eyes

are more than twice as large (at least in the males) as the posterior

medians. H. arborea resembles H. alluaudi in the eyes, but differs

in the male sexual organ from that figured by Berland (Voy. de

Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique Orientale, iv, 2° partie, p. 124,

fig. 145).

Note.—Males from the same or different localities differ largely

in colouring ; some are coloured as is described in the female which

is an almost uniform yellow save for a dark median band on the

dorsum of abdomen; other females conversely are coloured as in

the male described above, 7.e. almost entirely deep olivaceous ; while

specimens of Hersiliola were taken under stones, Hersilia was captured

only on the bark of trees, and in these spiders remarkable differences

of colour were observed, ranging from reddish yellow to deep olivaceous

according to the colour of the bark of the tree on which they happened

to be resting; it thus appears that in individuals of Hersila there

occur responses in the pigment cells of the skin to external changes

of colour; those found on the bark of the native tree Commiphora

olivert, which has a bright-coloured reddish yellow bark, were yellow

to red in colour; others were noticed on the wild fig-trees Ficus

guerichiana and F. damarensis, which have a fawn-coloured bark,

while those found on the greyish surface »of the baobab tree,

Adansonia digitata, were olivaceous.

The proportions of light-coloured to melanic individuals are as

follows: light, 3 99, 2 dd; melanic, 4 99, 6 dd. 16,19 from the

Waterberg Mountains, R. W. E. Tucker, come under this species.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa, 241

Hersilia setifrons, n. sp.

5 99, | 5 (6665). Sesfontein.

1 g (7140). Kaoko Otavi.

2 92 (6653). Warmbad.

2 Colour.—Carapace with well-defined blackish marginal band

along the sides reaching the lateral angles behind and continued to

the lateral angles of the clypeus anteriorly; carapace otherwise

clothed with yellowish hairs except for two indistinct markings

below and at the exterior side of each anterior median eye which

are composed of reddish brown hairs; femora I and II with a short

basal infuscated stripe antero-inferiorly ; patellae in basal half,

tibiae apically, metatarsi at junction of first and second segment,

second segment apically, tarsi wholly (except for a faint yellow

annulation) infuscated in legs I, II, and IV; legs otherwise yellow

mottled with brown, anterior and posterior spines of femora white,

superior spines black ; abdomen mottled yellowish brown with a red

or black stripe at the sides disappearing posteriorly, and a median

blackish marking above ; spinners not infuscated except very faintly

at the tips and near the middle above in the apical segment.

Carapace a little longer than wide, length subequal to second

segments of metatarsi I and II which are equal ; longer than the same

segment in leg IV.

Eyes.—Posterior medians a little smaller than anterior medians,

which are about their diameter apart, posterior medians a little less

than their diameter apart and the same distance from the anterior

medians as from each other ; posterior medians equal to the posterior

laterals and 14 as far from them as from each other; median quad-

rangle almost a square, as long as posteriorly wide, slightly wider in

front than behind ; clypeus 14 the length of median quadrangle. A

pair of black curved setae behind the posterior median eyes in the

middle line, a pair of very long, white, sinuously curved white setae

between the median eyes projecting forwards in a horizontal plane

beyond the edge of the clypeus.

Vulva as in fig. 25, resembling both H. sericea, Pocock, and H.

bicornis, Tucker, in general form, but differing from them in the

greater width of the median portion.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 3-5 mm. Total length, 8 mm.

36 Colour as in @.

Hyes.—Anterior medians distinctly larger than posterior medians,

2 their own diameter apart and less from the anterior medians ;

242 Annals of the South African Museum.

length of median quadrangle equal to posterior width, a little wider

in front than behind; clypeus 1-14 times the length of median

quadrangle.

Palpal organ resembling that of H. bicornis, Tucker (Ann. 8.A.M.,

Vol. XVII, pl. 29, fig. 108). The curved process is stouter and much

shorter and not drawn out in a narrow point; patella with a small

basal and large apical spine above, tibia with 1 subbasal exterior

spine and a smaller subapical interior spine.

Measurements.—Length of carapace (greater than breadth), 2-8

mm. Total length, 7 mm.

Further records are 1 2 (6202) (Oncka), Ovamboland ; 1 2 (5208),

Tsumeb; 1 2 (5170), Windhoek. The latter two collected by

R. W. E. Tucker.

Gen. Hersitioia, Thorell.

Hersiliola fragilis, n. sp.

2 $2 (7059), 1 2 (6729). Outjo.

1 2 (6745). Kaross.

1 9 (6663). Sesfontein.

Colour in liquid: carapace yellow, ocular area and sides of clypeus

infuscated ; infuscation continued behind the ocular area mesially

to the fovea as a star-shaped patch bearing a round white dot in the

centre, lateral margins broadly ornamented with fuscous markings,

clypeus in the middle yellow; abdomen with the usual black crenu-

lated line separating the dorsal yellowish mottled portion from the

darker fuscous sides, this dorsal yellowish portion bearing anteriorly

the usual black doubly constricted median marking followed by

some transverse fuscous bars; sides with fuscous stripes becoming

attenuated and disappearing towards the ventral surface; femora

yellow with irregular annular infuscations, patella and distal segments

of legs I and II olivaceous, tibia Il with a narrow longitudinal light

stripe superiorly, tibia IV dark olivaceous with 2 distinct yellow

bands, metatarsus IV with a distinct subbasal yellow band which

can be barely seen in the remaining legs; basal segment of superior

spinners with a brown dot laterally at its base, apical segment with a

similar basal dot at the sides and above. Seen dry, the abdomen is

covered with mixed white and golden plumose hairs and numerous

setiform spines, predominantly black, in a few cases white; ocular

area with plumose golden hairs among the median eyes, some scattered

ones on the clypeus, a group of three long black setae between the

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 243

median eyes, two white ones on each side at the edge of the clypeus,

carapace with mixed white and golden hairs.

Carapace wider than long, length subequal to metatarsus-+ tarsus ITI,

breadth equal to tibia I.

Eyes.—Anterior median eyes almost twice the size of posterior

medians, 2 their own diameter apart and less than { their diameter

from the posterior medians, these $ their own diameter apart and

twice as far from the posterior laterals which are a little smaller

than the anterior medians; anterior laterals the smallest of the

eyes and nearer to the posterior laterals than to the anterior medians ;

median quadrangle wider in front than long and much wider in

front than behind; clypeus not quite twice the length of median

quadrangle.

Legs.—Tarsus I more than 3 the length of metatarsus I.

Vulva as in fig. 26. It is clearly defined by a chitinous rim with a

short lateral projection on each side; the fossa enclosed by the

chitinous rim forms a shallowly concave depression.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2-7 mm.; breadth, 2-9 mm.

Total length, 8 mm.

Famity ARGIOPIDAE.

Gen. TETRAGNATHA, Latr.

Tetragnatha nitens, Aud.

3 gd, 1 2 (6655). Warmbad.

Gen. Nepuina, Leach.

Nephila senegalensis windhukensis, Strand.

2 99 (7054). Okorosave.

3 33, 4 92 (7040). Kaoko Otavi.

2 99 (7074). Otjingerese.

1 9 (7086). Ombombo.

1 adult 2 taken at the Kunene River, Ovamboland, in 1922, and

recorded as subspecies annulata (ante, p. 30) is now recorded as sub-

species windhukensis.

Gen. ArciopsE, Aud.

Argiope nigrovittata, Thorell.

12(7109). Otjingerese.

12 (6713). Otjikondo.

244 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gen. ARANEUS, Clerck.

Araneus morelii, Vinson.

1 $ (7107). Hoarusib River.

Araneus eresifrons, Pocock.

2 99 (6676). Warmbad.

19 (7079). Otjingerese.

2 99 (6678). Warmbad.

Gen. CyrToPHoRA, Simon.

Cyrtophora citricola, Forskal.

1 2 (6658). Sesfontein.

; 2 (7076). Otjingerese.

2 (6949). Kaoko Otavi.

2 (6708). Otjikondo.

Famity THOMISIDAE.

Gen. StrpHROPUS, Gerst.

Stiphropus scutatus, Lawrence.

Ann. 8.A.M., Vol. XXV, pt. 1, p. 31.

1 9,1 3 (6717). Outjo.

3 99, 4 dd (6942). Kaoko Otavi.

1 2 (7095). Kaoko Otavi.

The above species was described from a male, the following is a

description of the female.

Colour as in 3, loc. cit.

Carapace equal in length to tibia+-metatarsus+about $ tarsus Mw

and to tibia+ metatarsus-+tarsus IV.

Eyes.—Anterior medians a little more than twice their own diameter

apart, about 4 diameters from the laterals which are much larger;

posterior medians larger than anterior medians, + further from their

laterals than from each other; median quadrangle with length equal

to anterior width, posterior width 14 times anterior width ; anterior

lateral eye its own diameter from edge of clypeus.

Legs.—Metatarsi I and II shorter than their respective tarsi.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 245

Vulva as in fig. 27. There is some variation in form among the 99

from Kaoko Otavi; in one specimen the chitinous arms forming

the anterior border of the epigynal fossa meet, forming a continuous

transverse arc ; in another they join in the middle line, coming down-

wards to form a median septum.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2°77 mm. Total length,

5-4 mm.

Gen. Monozses, Thorell.

Monoeses debilispina, n. sp.

1 2 (7030). Kaoko Otavi.

Colour.—Carapace mottled white at the sides, greyish above in the

middle, with fairly broad fuscous submarginal bands; clypeus with a

distinct white stripe from the tubercle of the posterior lateral eye

to the edge of clypeus and continued along the side of the mandibles ;

edge of clypeus with 4 spines ; a few black spots on the carapace each

bearing a black spine; sternum lightly infuscated posteriorly, coxae

and mouth parts yellowish white; abdomen greyish above with

yellow patches in each of which is a spine, the area immediately

surrounding its base being black; sides with a narrow white stripe

broadening somewhat posteriorly ; in anterior half of abdomen two

black markings situated just within this white stripe on each side,

the anterior one considerably larger than the posterior one ; spines

on abdomen becoming progressively more numerous posteriorly,

most numerous on caudal process which is much creased, abbreviated

and pointed (length of caudal process about } remainder of abdomen) ;

ventral surface with a median light fuscous longitudinal band reaching

from epigastric area to, and including, the spinners. Legs irregularly

marked with fuscous dots, metatarsi I and II only with a distinct

blackish apical annulation.

Carapace equal in length to about # tibia I.

Eyes.—Anterior medians a very little nearer to each other than to

the laterals, than which they are about 3 times smaller; posterior

medians larger than anterior medians and further from each other

than from the laterals; posterior laterals smaller than anterior

laterals; median quadrangle wider behind than long, and nearly

twice as broad behind as in front; clypeus about equal to length of

median quadrangle.

Legs covered with hairs and some weak spines not arranged in a

regular series.

246 Annals of the South African Museum.

Vulva as in fig. 28.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 1:7 mm. Total length,

5:9 mm.

This species may prove to be the same as MW. griseus, Pavesi.

Gen. Parasomis, Kulczynski.

Parabomis anabensis, nu. sp.

1 2 (7035). Kaoko Otavi.

1 2 (6690). Anabib.

Colour.—Mandibles, mouth parts, sternum, carapace above, and

clypeus yellow ; carapace yellowish brown at the sides, a blackish

marking at the posterior lateral angles of the carapace, granular

border of the oblique posterior face of the carapace lined with short

and stout white hairs; legs yellow, sparsely clothed with similar

hairs ; femora II and III blackish in the middle ; abdomen above with

lateral and transverse folds bordered with rows of white spines ;

inferior spinners with a small blackish dot interiorly at their base.

Eyes.—Anterior medians 14 times their own diameter apart, a

little less than twice their diameter from tne laterals and 3 times

their diameter from the posterior medians; median quadrangle a

little wider behind than in front and 3 times as wide behind as long ;

clypeus twice the length of median quadrangle.

Abdomen in both specimens rounded and subglobular, without

the three small keels mentioned in the description of P. martini,

Lessert (Rev. Suisse de Zool., vol. xxvu, Nos. 5 and 6, p. 116);

abdomen as wide as long. ;

Vulva as in fig. 29.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 1-3 mm.; length of abdomen,

3 mm.; breadth, 3 mm.

Found on the native tree Grewia monticola, Kaoko Otavi, whose

flowers they closely resemble.

1 2 (5065), Grootfontein, R. W. E. Tucker, also falls under this

species.

Gen. THomisus, Walck.

Thomisus schultzer, Simon.

1 9 (6644). Sesfontein.

1 2 (6689). Anabib.

1 2 (6730). Outjo.

1 2 (7037). Kaoko Otavi.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa, 247

Gen. Xysticus, C. Koch.

Xysticus sagittifer, Lawrence.

Ann. §.A.M., Vol. XXV, pt. i, p. 37.

3 36,192 (7071). Otjitondua.

1 3 (7088). Ombombo.

12 (6955). Kaoko Otavi.

The above species was described from a female example; the

following is a description of the male.

Colour.—Carapace uniform dark mahogany brown without a white

marginal band or white markings except for a white recurved stripe

anteriorly including the anterior row of eyes and the posterior lateral

eyes; abdomen and Jegs coloured as in female; sternum brown,

variegated with a few white spots.

Eyes.—Distance between anterior medians 14 times that between

an anterior median and lateral, anterior laterals 24 times the size

of the medians: posterior-medians a little nearer to each other than

to the laterals, median quadrangle as wide in front as behind and

wider than long; an anterior median about the same distance (or

a very little less) from an anterior lateral as from the edge of the

clypeus.

Legs.—Tibie I and II below with 4 pairs of long spines, above

with 3 pairs of short spines; metatarsi with 3 inferior pairs and

3 lateral pairs of spines.

Pedipalp as in fig. 30.

Measurements.—Total length, 4-2 mm.

This species is near to X. jugalis, Koch (Aegypt. u. Abyss. Arach.,

p. 63, pl. 6, figs. 4, 4a), from Abyssinia ; it resembles it in the colouring,

eyes, and the general form of the palpal organ (cf. loc. cit., fig. 4a).

The similarity of forms from the northern parts of 8.-W. Africa to

those of the north-eastern corner of Africa is remarkable, especially

among Thomiside. These specimens were taken under the bark

of the wild fig-tree, Ficus guerichi, and under stones.

Gen. PHtLopRomus, Walck.

Philodromus bigibba, Cambr.

1 2 (6739). Kaross.

Colour.—This agrees very closely with the description given by

Cambridge (P.Z.S., 1876, p. 590). There is in this specimen a narrow

248 Annals of the South African Museum.

V-shaped brownish marking between the posterior median eyes.

The edge of the clypeus in front is defined by a narrow white stripe ;

patellae and tibiae of legs with a white apical ring or dot ; abdomen

above anterior to the tubercles with a black lateral oblique stripe,

posteriorly to the tubercles two pairs of // \-shaped black stripes,

the first pair starting from the bases of the tubercles and not, though

nearly, meeting in the middle line, the posterior pair not so near each

other in the middle but extending farther inferiorly behind the

tubercles ; abdomen below dirty white with a broad median luteous

band.

Eyes in general as in specific description; the medians of both

rows 1? as far from each other as from the laterals, anterior medians

about 1? the size of the laterals, posterior laterals subequal to the

posterior medians which are smaller than anterior medians ; median

quadrangle broader than long, nearly twice as broad behind as in

front ; clypeus a little less than anterior width of median quad-

rangle.

Legs.—Femora and patellae with white plumose hairs; femur I

with 2 anterior white spines and 3 black superior spines; femur II

with 2 anterior black spines and 3 superior spines; tibia I and II

with 2 long pairs of spines below in proximal half, 3 lateral shorter

pairs of spines; metatarsi I and II with 2 long pairs of spimes in

proximal half,.2 pairs of shorter lateral spines ; tibiae I and II thickly

clothed at their sides and sparsely below with plumose hairs ; metatarsi _

and tarsi provided along their whole length with a scopula of club-

shaped hairs.

Abdomen with a few thickened, dark, club-shaped hairs posteriorly,

2-3 on the summits of the tubercles, a few smaller ones above the

spinners, a large one at the posterior termination of each of the two

hind oblique stripes.

Vulva as in fig. 31.

Measurements.—Total length, 5-5 mm.

This will probably prove to be a variety of the species described

by Cambridge in view of the distance between the habitats of the

two records. As it is impossible to state definitely without having

seen the type that the above specimen does not actually belong to

this widespread species of Philodromus, I have left it provisionally

under this heading. Should it prove to be a variety of P. bigibba,

I propose for it the name P. bigibba var. australis. The type of

P. bigibba is described from Egypt.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 249

Gen. Hirrius, Simon.

Hirrius arenaceus, Lawrence.

Ann. 8.A.M., Vol. XXV, pt. 1, p. 39.

4 9° (6722), 2 gd, 2 92 (6718). Outjo.

14,1 2 (6714). Otjikondo.

3 99 (7048). Okorosave.

1 g (6701). Kamanyab.

' 2 99 (7100). Kowares.

7 92 (6933). Kaoko Otavi.

3 29 (7070). Otjitondua.

Famity CLUBIONIDAE.

Gen. Oxtos, Walck.

Olios furcatus, Lawrence.

Ann. 8.A.M., Vol. XXV, pt. 1, p. 41.

3 99 (6748). Kaross.

2 5d, 1 9 (7052). Kaoko Otavi.

1 2 (7058). Outjo.

Olivos correvoni var. nigrifrons, var. n.

1 2 (6703). Kamanyab.

Colour as in O. correvoni, Lessert (Rev. Suisse de Zool., vol xxviii,

p. 388), with the following differences : carapace bordered anteriorly

by a transverse fuscous stripe including the clypeus and anterior

row of eyes, chelicerae black, maxillae yellow, infuscated exteriorly

at their apices, an olivaceous dot interiorly opposite the upper edge

of the labium, the latter yellow with an olivaceous apical dot at the

sides.

Carapace considerably longer than wide (about 2), subparallel,

length a little greater than metatarsus II, breadth equal to tibia IV.

Eyes.—Anterior row straight, medians less than their diameter

apart and distinctly ‘larger than the laterals, posterior row slightly

procurved, medians more than twice their diameter apart ; posterior

medians distinctly smaller than anterior medians ; median quadrangle

wider behind than long, and wider behind than in front; anterior

medians about their radius from the edge of the clypeus.

VOL. XXV, PART 2. 17

250 Annals of the South African Museum.

Chelicerae.—Inferior margin with a row of 5 bristles at the base

of the fang, armed with 4 teeth, the 2 apical ones large and subequal,

the third considerably smaller, the fourth smallest of the 4 and

considerably smaller than the third.

Legs spined as in O. correvont. Femur I with 3 anterior, 4 posterior

spines; II and III similarly with 3, 2, 3 spines; IV with 3, 2, 1.

A dense slate-grey scopula occupying tarsi and metatarsi of I, I], and

III, IV with proximal half of metatarsus not scopulate.

Vulva as in fig. 32. A tongue-like shiny convex lobe filling up

the anterior triangular septum between the lobes, these not meeting

posteriorly.

Measurements—Length of carapace, 6-4 mm. Total length,

13-4 mm. x

Gen. PALYSTELLA, gen. n.

2 Considerably smaller than Palystes.

Carapace longer than wide, convex anteriorly, lightly and regularly

arched above, cephalic portion higher than in Palystes, eyes occupying

more than half of the anterior width of carapace, and more prominent

than in the latter. Anterior eyes recurved, laterals much larger than

the medians ; posterior eyes straight, equidistant ; laterals decidedly

larger than the medians and equal to the anterior laterals; median

quadrangle much longer than wide, clypeus wider than an anterior

lateral eye.

Mandibles stout, the anterior surfaces convex, inferior margin with

3 robust teeth, the apical the largest, the basal the smallest ; labium

very short, shorter than in Palystes, truncated apically, reaching to

about a fourth the length of maxillae; maxillae not vertical as in

Palystes but diverging outwards (especially the mner margins), the

apices not rounded and swollen but much more pointed distally than

in Palystes ; pubescence of the mouth parts as in Palystes ; sternum

as wide as long, almost circular. Legs II, IV, IiI, I more or less

equal, and spined as in Palystes.

Palystella sexmaculatus, n. sp.

3 92 (7056). Outjo.

5 99 (6734). Outjo.

Colour.—Carapace with cephalic portion reddish brown, ocular

area darker, 4 parallel longitudinal brown bars on posterior part of

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 251

cephalic area; thoracic portion yellow-brown with a blackish wavy

~~--shaped marking posteriorly, sides irregularly spotted with black,

an indistinct black marginal dot between the legs; clypeus blackish

except for a yellowish spot between the anterior median and lateral

eyes and laterally to the anterior lateral eyes; mandibles black,

sternum and coxae uniform yellow ; abdomen above blackish brown,

darker anteriorly in the middle, bearing anteriorly 3 pairs of white

dots, the last pair smaller than the others; below dark brown with

a darker median band below the vulva. Legs a little lighter than the

sternum (tarsi and metatarsi darker), without spots or annulations

except the femora which are provided with some irregular fuscous

markings above and bear fuscous spots at the bases of the

spines. ;

Carapace equal in length to tibia+about + metatarsus I, and to

metatarsus+4 tarsus IV.

Eyes.—Anterior row decidedly recurved, medians less than their

diameter apart and less than a radius from the laterals which are

twice as large; posterior row straight, equally spaced, the distance

between them exceeding the diameter of a median eye; posterior

laterals as large as or very slightly larger than anterior laterals,

1} times the size of the posterior medians which are larger than the

anterior medians; median quadrangle longer than posteriorly wide,

and much wider behind than in front.

Chelicerae as in generic description.

Legs.—All femora with 3 anterior, 2 superior, 3 posterior spines,

except IV which has 3, 2, 2 (1) spines; all tibiae with 3 inferior pairs

of spines, 2 anterior, 2 posterior, and 2 superior spines; all patellae

muticous, all metatarsi with 2 inferior pairs of spines, 3 anterior and

3 posterior spines.

Vulva as in fig. 33. The anterior portion is covered with posteriorly

directed hairs and appears to be a low depression from the floor of

which arises the median tongue-like septum which is shiny and

convexly rounded in its posterior portion ; the sclerites on each side

of the septum bear a sinuous longitudinal shallow impression.

Carapace.—Length, 8 mm.; breadth, 6-9 mm. Total length,

17-3 mm.

The Museum has also an immature ¢ of this species from Sesfontein ;

other examples, collected by R. W. H. Tucker, are recorded from

Nauchas, Areb, Choaberib, and Gurumanas in Great Namaqualand.

252 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gen. RHAEBOCTESIS, Simon.

Rhaeboctesis denotatus, n. sp.

1 2 (6716). Outjo.

1 2 (6699). Kamanyab.

3 92 (6947), 1 9 (6956). Kaoko Otavi.

Colour.—Carapace reddish brown, legs brown, abdomen ashy

brown, a little lighter below, without markings of any kind.

Carapace with length equal to metatarsus IV, and to tibia+2

patella I.

Eyes.—Anterior row seen from in front with their inferior borders

slightly procurved, medians their own diameter apart, less than a

radius from their laterals which are about 1} times as large ; posterior

row straight to slightly recurved, medians about § their own diameter

apart and 1? diameters from the laterals ; median quadrangle longer |

than wide behind, a little wider behind than in front ; anterior laterals

less than their own diameter from the edge of the clypeus.

Chelicerae.—Inferior border with 2 low, blunt, well-separated teeth,

superior margin with 3 low, blunt teeth, the middle one the largest,

the apical one nearer to it than the basal one.

Legs.—Femur I with 2 anterior, 1 superior (subbasal), 0 posterior

spines ; remaining femora similarly, II with 4, 1, 0, III with 4 (8),

3, 3, IV with 0 (1), 2, 3 spines ; tibia I below with 1 subbasal anterior

spine, | median anterior spine; metatarsus I below with a pair of

subbasal spines; tibia II with 1 subbasal anterior spine, a pair of

median spines, | apical anterior spine; metatarsus II with a pair of

subbasal spines, | anterior median spine; legs III and IV with

numerous spines.

Vulva as in fig. 34.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 4-3 mm. Total length, 10-5 mm.

Gen. GRAPTARTIA, Simon.

Graptartia granulosa, Simon.

1 2 (7064). Outjo.

The Museum has a $ specimen from Salisbury and a juvenile 2 from

Portuguese East Africa.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 253

Gen. Copa, Simon.

Copa benina, Strand.

19 (7110). Hoarusib River.

This @ agrees closely with the description and figure of the vulva

given by Lessert (Rev. Suisse de Zool., vol. xxvii, No. 17, p. 429).

The colour of the abdomen in the Kaokoveld specimen is, however,

predominantly blackish brown above, relieved by a few yellowish

transverse bars or chevrons in the middle and at the sides. There is

no trace of a triangular scutum anteriorly. The Museum has 3 99 ot

this species from Inhambane, Portuguese East Africa.

Famity PISAURIDAE.

Gen. EupROSTHENOPS, Pocock.

Euprosthenops australis, Simon.

2 99 (7055). Outjo.

These 99 differ from #. bayoanianus, Br. Cap., of which the Museum

has specimens from Inhambane, Portuguese East Africa, in the

colouring of the abdomen which is white, while in bayoanzanus it is

ocraceous. The median carina of the vulva is considerably broader,

and the first leg is more than five times as long as the carapace (in

bayoanianus it is just five times as long). The $3 from Inhambane

agree with the figure of the palpal organ given by Simon (Hist. Nat.

d. Araign., vol. i, fig. 299, p. 286).

Famity AGELENIDAE.

Gen. AGELENA, Walck.

Agelena australis, Simon.

3 99 (6652). Warmbad.

1 9 (6744). Kaross.

1 9 (7067). Otjitondua.

Famity LYCOSIDAE.

Gen. CHALEPOSA, Simon.

Chaleposa coccineo-plumosum, Simon.

1 2 (6733). Outjo.

1 g (7039). Kaoko Otavi.

254 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gen. Lycosa, Latr.

Lycosa furvescens, Simon.

1 9, 1 3 (6673). Warmbad.

Lycosa kalaharensis, Simon.

1 2 (6728), 2 99 (7061). Outjo.

2 29 (6957), 1 2 (6958), 2 99 (6959). Kaoko Otavi.

2 29 (7072). Otjitondua.

1 9 (7044). Okorosave.

2 92 (7102). Kowares.

Lycosa subpersonata, Simon.

2 99 (7101). Kowares.

Lycosa obturata, n. sp.

2 22 (7096). Ombombo.

Colour seen dry: median band in the cephalic area of carapace

not much lighter than the broad brown lateral bands except at its

edges, its greatest width a little more than the distance between the

posterior lateral eyes, slightly constricted behind these eyes, then

widening a little; posterior portion of median band behind the

fovea much lighter than anterior portion, resembling the dirty white

submarginal band with which it is contimuous posteriorly ; sub-

marginal band fairly narrow, dentate, ill-defined anteriorly ; dorsal

ocular area covered with brown hairs, posterior median eyes with

rings of yellowish hairs, spaces between the anterior eyes with cream-

coloured hairs, a spot of similarly coloured hairs at each side of the

anterior row of eyes; mandibles in their upper half and at the sides

with yellow hairs, their lower half shiny, sparsely clothed with black

bristles ; sternum thickly covered with yellow hairs, anterior coxae

sparsely, posterior coxae thickly covered with black hairs, giving

the latter, especially III, a blackish tinge; femora above mottled

brown, patellae with blackish anterior and superior longitudinal

stripes more distinct in posterior legs, remaining segments without

distinct markings; legs above clothed with mixed black and white

hairs and some long, irregularly disposed black setae, below uniformly

covered with whitish hairs; abdomen olive brown above, two black

spots at anterior apex, then a trapezoidal figure bordered with black,

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 255

a black projection at each of the posterior angles ; posteriorly about

5 faint transverse arcuate stripes, lighter than the rest of the dorsal

area; spinners surrounded by yellow hairs at their base, ventral

surface entirely yellow, a few faint spots at each side .and a faint

indication of a narrow fuscous stripe in the middle.

Carapace equal in length to metatarsus-+-j tarsus IV.

Eyes of anterior row procurved, not strongly so, narrower than the

second row by about + the diameter of a posterior median on each

side; medians about 2 their diameter apart, less than a radius from

the laterals, their diameter from the edge of the clypeus; posterior

medians very large, their radius or a little more apart; posterior

laterals not much smaller than posterior medians (their diameter

about ~ of these) ; dorsal quadrangle a little longer than anteriorly

wide, distance between a median and a lateral about equal to the

diameter of a lateral eye.

Chelicerae.—Inferior margin with 3 large equal-sized teeth.

Legs stout and fairly long, especially IV; anterior metatarsi and

tarsi short and stout, posterior ones long and slender; metatarsus IV

equal to patella+tibia IV; tibiae I and II with 3 inferior pairs,

2 inner lateral spines; metatarsi I and II with 2 inferior pairs, 3

inferior apical, 2 inner lateral spines; anterior tarsi and metatarsi

scopulate, posterior tarsi with mostly black setae.

Vulva as in fig. 35.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 8-7 mm. Total length,

19-7 mm.

These specimens were found on the flat plains lying between the

hills at Ombombo where the soil is hard and firm. They resemble

L. cunicularia, Simon, from the plateaux of Algeria (Etude sur les

Arach., rec. en Tunisie, 1883-1884, p. 7), both in general appearance

and in making a tubular retreat with a cork-like door. The structure

of the nest differs from that described by Simon in the cork-like stopper

being almost as deep as wide (about 1 cm. each way) and in not being

attached by a hinge to the mouth of the burrow. The trap-door tapers

slightly towards its lower extremity much as in the cork of a small

bottle, and when the spider is absent from the nest is placed about

1 cm. away from the mouth of the tube in an inverted position.

In most of the nests seen this was the case, the width of the nests

ranging from about 4 mm. to a little more than 10 mm.

256 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gen. Parposa, C. Koch.

Pardosa manubriata, Simon.

3 92 (7087). Ombombo.

2 99 (7133), 2 29, 1 3 (6948). Kaoko Otavi.

The South African Museum contains in its collection numerous

examples of this widespread species; in the Cape Province it is

recorded from Ceres, Tulbagh, Ashton, Swellendam, Montagu, Calvinia,

Hanover, Laingsberg, Beaufort West, and Uitenhage; in Natal from

the Umhlatuzi River, in the Transvaal from Acornhoek and Kaap-

muiden, in Rhodesia from Umtali, and in South-West Africa from

the Kunene River. The vulva, fig. 36, in a specimen taken at Kaoko

Otavi agrees in almost every detail with those of specimens captured

at Dunbrody, Uitenhage.

Gen. Evippa, EK. Simm.

Evippa relicta, Lawrence.

Ann. 8.A.M., Vol. XXV, pt. 1, p. 53.

Syn. Proevippa ovambica, Lawrence (loc. cit., p. 54).

1 g (7098), 1 2 (7084). Ombombo.

The 3 from Ongandjera named as Proevippa ovambica was wrongly

identified and certainly does not belong to Purcell’s genus. It agrees

with the ¢ from Ombombo and must come under this heading. The

tibial fringe of hairs in Hvippa and Proevippa are very much alike

and at first sight the genera seem identical, but are in reality very

dissimilar, especially in the structure of the hairs which in Hvippa are

flattened and scale-like, while in Proevippa they are plumose.

Famity OXYOPIDAE.

Gen. Peucetia, Thorell.

Peucetia crucifer, Lawrence.

Ann. 8.A.M., Vol. XXV, pt. 1, p. 55.

3 99 (7108). Hoarusib River.

3 3d (7065). Outjo.

ie “(6735). Kaross.

1 2 (6679). Caimaeis.

2 $3 (6656). Sesfontein.

3 29 (6667). Warmbad.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 257

Gen. OxvorEDON, Cambridge.

Oxyopedon rufocaligata, Simon.

1 2 (6706). Otjikondo.

Oxyopedon rostrifrons, n. sp.

19 (7081). Otjingerese.

Colour.—Carapace dark reddish brown, clypeus lighter; abdomen

above dark reddish brown, some brown markings in the centre, below

with a longitudinal whitish band at the sides speckled with black ;

sternum white in the centre, with black margin ; labium and maxillae

dirty white at their apices; legs black except for a subapical band in

tibiae I and II, a subapical band in metatarsi I and II (in metatarsus

ITI this band occupying median 2), and the whole of the tarsi which

are yellow.

Carapace—Eyes of posterior row each provided with a tuft of

hairs behind it, projecting forwards and upwards and overhanging

the eyes ; anterior lateral eyes with a less noticeable tuft behind each

eye; edge of clypeus in the middle with a blunt, cone-shaped rostrum

formed by a tuft of mixed, predominantly brown hairs.

Hyes.—Quadrangle formed by anterior row 2? times as broad

behind as in front, laterals 3-4 times as large as medians; medians

more than their own diameter apart, their diameter from the laterals,

these a little less than twice their own diameter apart ; posterior row

fairly strongly procurved, the distance between the medians 1} times

as great as that between a median and lateral eye; quadrangle formed

by the posterior medians and anterior laterals slightly longer than

posteriorly wide, a little wider behind than in front. Clypeus concave,

equal to the posterior width of the quadrangle formed by the anterior

eyes.

Vulva as in fig. 37.

Measurements.—Carapace, 4-1 mm. Total length, 8-7 mm.

This species differs from O. kulczynskii, Lessert (Rev. Suisse de

Zool., vol xxii, No. 11, p. 485), in the form of the vulva, the eyes

(distance between the posterior median eyes is only 1} times as

great as that between a median and lateral), the tufts behind the eyes

and on the clypeus. — It differs markedly from O. rufocaligata in the

shorter clypeus, the shape of the abdomen, which resembles that of

O. kulezynskii in colouring, and the legs which are much more slender,

258 Annals of the South African Museum.

especially the tarsi and metatarsi. It differs markedly from O. strandt,

Lessert (Rev. Suisse de Zool., vol. xxx, No. 6, p. 209), in at least the

eyes and vulva.

Famity ATTIDAE.

UNIDENTATI.

Gen. HELIOPHANUS, C. Koch.

Heliophanus semirasus, 0. sp.

2 3 (7130). Kaoko Otavi.

Colour.—Carapace blackish brown, ocular area covered with

black forward and upwardly projecting bristles ; clypeus below the

eyes and at the sides of the head moderately clothed with white scale-

like hairs, lower half of anterior median eyes encircled by white scale-

like hairs, upper half by pointed cylindrical hairs; coxa. I blackish

brown, IT, III, and IV successively lighter, whole of first leg and

femora of remaining legs dark brown, remaining segments reddish

brown ; mouth parts a little darker than coxa I; sternum blackish,

sparsely clothed with long white filamentous hairs and a few flattened

white lanceolate hairs; abdomen blackish, entirely covered above

with yellow hairs, some white ones anteriorly at the sides, a few

similar ones below.

Eyes.—Upper margins of anterior eyes forming a straight line,

medians subcontiguous, laterals a little farther from the medians ;

dorsal quadrangle a little wider behind than in front; posterior median

eyes a little nearer to the anterior than to the posterior lateral eyes ;

anterior medians very close to the edge of the clypeus.

Legs.—Tibia I with 3 pairs of inferior spines, those on the exterior

side much shorter and weaker than the interior ones, 1 stout lateral

spine interiorly at the apex ; metatarsus I with an apical and sub-

median pair of spines, the exterior much weaker than the interior

ones; tibia and metatarsus II similarly spined but the exterior

spines not weaker than the interior ones.

Pedipalp as seen from the outer side, fig. 38 ; the apophysis of the

femur arises from the outer side of that segment, interiorly to the

apophysis the lower surface of femur is corrugated; palpal organ

seen from below, fig. 39.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 277 mm. Total length, 6 mm.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 259

Gen. MENEMERUS, Simon.

Menemerus hypenetes, n. sp.

1 3 (7075). Otjingerese.

1 g (7033). Kaoko Otavi.

Colour.—Carapace with a marginal band of white hairs, edge of

clypeus with long white setiform hairs, sides of carapace with deep

black, middle with mixed white and brown hairs; ocular area, especi-

ally anteriorly and between the anterior eyes with reddish brown

hairs ; sternum with yellowish, silky, filamentous hairs in the middle,

some stout white ones at the sides; abdomen dorsally clothed in

central portion with mixed brown and white hairs, the brown ones

more numerous towards the sides; two lateral bands composed of

deep bluish-black hairs with a few deep brown ones intermixed, the

exterior side of each lateral band wavy and sharply demarcated from

the adjacent white portion; ventral surface white at the sides, a

broad median cinereous band tapering towards the spinners clothed

with yellowish hairs; legs with mixed white and brown hairs and a

large number of irregularly disposed black setiform hairs (femur I

entirely clothed with black hairs except for an apical patch of brown

and white hairs above); tibiae and metatarsi with apical and basal

infuscated bands most distinct in tarsus IV.

Eyes.—Supetior margin of anterior row forming a lightly recurved

line, medians subcontiguous, laterals a little further from the medians,

ocular quadrangle parallel, posterior medians a little nearer to the

posterior than to the anterior laterals.

Legs.—Tibia I with 5 inferior pairs of spines, the outer much shorter

than the inner ones; tibia II with 1 subbasal and 1 apical pair of

spines; metatarsi I and II with a submedian and subapical pair of

spines ; stouter than the tibial spines; tibia IV below with 2 subapical

spines; metatarsus IV with an apical verticillus of 5 (6) spines.

Pedipalp.—Bulb as in fig. 40; distal half of femur above with

white hairs, patella with white and reddish-brown hairs, tibia with a

few reddish-brown hairs and a tuft of long white bristles in proximal

half on its inner side, tarsus above with cinereous hairs and long

blackish setae.

Measurements.—Carapace, 3 mm. Total length, 6-7 mm.

Menemerus rubicundus, n. sp.

1 9 (6683). Caimaeis.

Colour.—Carapace black, covered with well-mixed white and red

260 Annals of the South African Museum.

cylindrical-pointed hairs, the red ones slightly predominating ; dorsal

quadrangle with scattered erect black bristles more numerous towards

the anterior row of eyes; margin of clypeus with long white hairs ;

abdomen above thickly covered with hairs similar to those on the

carapace, forming confused patches and stripes but with distinct

patches towards the sides composed of chiefly reddish hairs, giving

the abdomen a mottled appearance; these hairs interspersed with

scattered black setae, especially in the middle line; abdomen below

covered with white hairs, those posteriorly at the sides longer ; sternum

in the centre with very slender long silky hairs, at the sides with

long white stout hairs; legs yellow without annulations, sparsely

clothed with mixed white and red hairs similar to those on the

abdomen and carapace, and some long black setae.

Eyes.—Anterior row with their superior margins forming a lightly

recurved line, medians subcontiguous, laterals distant about their

own radius from the medians; dorsal quadrangle wider behind than

in front, the posterior median eyes a little nearer to the posterior

than to the anterior laterals.

Legs.—All femora with 3 superior spines, all except IV with an

anterior apical spine; tibia I below with 3 inner, 2 outer spines,

1 lateral spine between the apical and median inner spines; tibia II

below with 1 subbasal outer, 1 subapical inner, and 1| inner lateral

spine below the subapical inner spine; metatarsi I and II with

2 inferior pairs of spines stouter than the tibial spines ; tibia IV below

with 1 subbasal, 1 (2) subapical spines; metatarsus IV below with

2 subbasal, 3 subapical spines.

Vulva as in fig. 41.

Measurements.—Leneth of carapace, 3 mm. Total length, 6-2 mm.

Gen. Lancona, Simon.

Langona bisecta, Lawrence.

Ann. §.A.M., Vol. X XV, pt. 1, p. 60.

1 2 (6668). Warmbad.

Gen. THYENE, Simon.

Thyene damarense, Lawrence.

Ann. 8.A.M., Vol. XXV, pt. 1, p. 63.

1 2 (7106). Hoarusib River.

3 92 (6688). Caimaeis.

4 99 (6649). Warmbad.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 261

Gen. Mexcaua, Peckham.

Mexcala agilis, n. sp.

1 3 (6962). Kaoko Otavi.

Colour.—Carapace black with flattened yellowish scale-like hairs

in the middle line, similar blackish-brown hairs at the sides ; abdomen

above covered with flattened yellow hairs, a black transverse band

anteriorly and another just anterior to the middle line, but no band

just anterior to the spinners; abdomen below with iridescent scale-

like hairs mixed with normal-pointed hairs; sternum with white

flattened hairs at its margins, yellowish-pointed hairs in the middle ;

legs with femora black, distal segments lighter, femur I with a snow-

white patch of hairs anteriorly at its apex, tarsus I clothed with

similar hairs except basally, remaining femora with some white hairs

above.

Eyes.—Anterior row recurved, equally spaced, subcontiguous ;

second row very small, a little nearer to the third than to the first

row; quadrangle formed by the laterals a little wider in front than

behind. gre

Pedipalp as in fig. 42.

Measurements.—Carapace, 3-2 mm. Total length, 7-8 mm.

FISSIDENTATI.

Gen. TusiraLa, Peckham.

Tusitala barbata, Peckham.

1 § (6951). Kaoko Otavi.

1 g (7029). Kaoko Otavi.

OrDER SOLIFUGAE.

Famity SOLPUGIDAE.

Gen. Soupuaa, Licht.

Solpuga sericea, Pocock.

19 3g and 2 99 were taken at Kaoko Otavi and 5 gd at Outjo.

This species is common in the northern parts of South-West Africa,

appearing most abundantly between the hours of 11 a.m. and | p.m.,

the hottest time of the day. The males are much more frequently

262 Annals of the South African Museum.

seen than the females, and the erect mane of the hind legs together

with their erratic gait gives them a striking resemblance to a fluffy

wind-blown seed. They were always found in the neighbourhood of

blue dolomitic rock.

Solpuga monteiroz, Pocock.

1 3 (6407). Sesfontein.

Solpuga lethalis var. rectus, Hewitt.

1 g (6817). Outjo.

1 $ (6822), 1 2 (6824). Kowares.

Solpuga browni, nu. sp.

1 g (6413). Otjiwarongo.

Colour.—Uniform yellow, mandibles without dark longitudinal

stripes, headplate a little darker at the sides; femur IV except at

base, tibia, and distal apex of femur of palp, a little darker than the

remaining segments.

Dentition as in fig. 43. Third tooth of dorsal jaw small but quite

distinct, outer series of cheek teeth four m number, well separated

from the large terminal tooth of the fang series, the first and third

larger than the second and fourth; inner series also consisting of

four teeth, the first large, the second minute. Seen from above, the

dorsal jaw is provided with a blunt tooth on its mesial side, nearer to

the first tooth than to the fang-tip.

Flagellum as in fig. 43, seen from the outer side; resembling

S. alcicornis, Kraepelin, in general appearance, especially when

viewed from in front; the distal portion is, however, not so much

flattened but rounded, and not bent backwards on itself; the curve

of the flagellum is a regular one, and its main axis is approximately

perpendicular to the axis of dorsal mandible; the outer prong is not

curved backwards in a vertical plane as in alcicorms but is more or

less straight, the inner prong is armed with small serrations on its

distal downward curving portion, fig. 44. Seen from above, fig. 45,

the inner and outer prongs are widely divergent.

Spination—Mandibles with some fairly long but not very stout

setae above; metatarsus of palp below with a narrow scopulated

strip in the proximal half, except at the base.

Measurements.—Length of mandible, 7 mm.; width of headplate,

5 mm.; tibia+metatarsus+tarsus, 21-5 mm. Total length, 24 mm.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 263

This species is allied to S. alcicorms, Kraepelin (Land u. Siiss-

wasserfauna Deutsch-Siidwestafrikas, Lief. 1, p. 125), from Keetmans-

hoop, but differs therefrom in the flagellum, the two intermediate

teeth between the main teeth of the dorsal jaw, and the inner series

consisting of four, not three, teeth ; S. browni comes under the colliniia,

cervina, alcicornis group, characterised by the anteriorly trifurcate

flagellum. It is named after its discoverer, Mr. J. 8. Brown, Govern-

ment Boring Engineer, who over a period of several years has made

important contributions of new and little-known Arachnids to the

collections of the South African Museum.

Solpuga furcifera var. kaokoensis, var. n.

1 g (6406). Kaross.

Colour.—Mandibles with a faint median and lateral stripe ; headplate

with a pale violet patch on each side of the ocular tubercle ; abdomen

above ashy grey, median portion with numerous brown bristles,

latera] portions muticous, ventral surface similar to dorsal surface in

colour, covered with yellowish silky hairs; leg IV with whole of

femur and tibia, metatarsus basally, pale violet, remaining legs

with whole of femur, tibia except at the apex, similarly coloured ;

palp with distal half of femur, whole of tibia, metatarsus except at

apex, pale violet ; tarsus yellowish brown.

Flagellum when seen from the outer side, fig. 46, differs from S. furci-

fera in its posterior portion, being straight and not sinuate except for

the slight bend at the apex formed by the lateral fork which is first

bent downwards and then upwards, not subparallel as in furcifera; the

median fork is not quite so long as the lateral one and is provided with

afew microscopic teeth. The flagellum is not so long as in furcifera,

reaching back to only a little beyond the middle point between the

basal enlargement and the eye tubercle.

Dentition in general appearance resembling furcifera, fig. 46; the

saddle-shaped depression in front of the flagellar enlargement of the

dorsal jaw is very much more pronounced.

Palp.—Metatarsus with scopula consisting of a narrow strip

occupying the middle half of segment.

Headplate broader than long, breadth more than half the length of

tibia or metatarsus+tarsus of pedipalp.

Measurements.—Breadth of headplate, 4-9 mm.; length, 4-1 mm.

Total length, 25-5 mm.

264 Annals of the South African Museum.

Solpuga glabricornis, n. sp.

2 33 (6813). Okorosave.

In general appearance resembling S. serraticornis, Purcell, and also

S. schlechteri, Purcell.

Flagellum, fig. 47, seen from the outer side, reaching to about half the

length of the mandible, subparallel or directed upwards at an angle of

about 30°; it arises at the level of the first tooth, the procurrent portion

short, then fairly sharply bent backwards ; the middle portion straight

_ or very slightly sinuate, the tip shghtly curved downwards ; flagellum

slender, its anterior two-thirds of uniform thickness, then narrowing

gradually to a slender point ; except for the anterior portion, which

is slightly flattened, it is cylindrical and smooth throughout, without

teeth or serrations. Seen from above, the flagellum les parallel to

the inner surfaces of the mandible, its anterior portion is only a

little wider than the rest and not to any extent as stout as in

S. serraticornis or S. schlechtert.

Dentition.—Teeth large and distinct; terminal fang-tip of dorsal

jaw fairly long, not bluntly rounded at the tip, bent downwards and

very slightly outwards ; the outer series consists of 2 large anterior

teeth followed by a space, then a small tooth which adjoins a third

main tooth which is about as long but wider than the 2 anterior

teeth ; posteriorly to the third main tooth is another space provided

with a granule, then 4 teeth, the last of which is small and in-

conspicuous, the rest moderate ; seen from above, the terminal fang

is poited, rounded above, not flattened, a very slight dilation on the

inner side ends in a hardly noticeable granule; the inner series is

represented by 4 teeth, the first, third, and fourth in a straight line,

the second nearer to the outer series, the first large, the third moderate,

the two others small.

Palp.—Scopula of metatarsus represented by an elliptical patch

occupying the whole of under surface except the basal sixth, and a

little more than the apical sixth, darker than the prevailing colour

of the segment and distinctly demarcated from it ; metatarsus—-tarsus

equal to tibia.

Colour as in 8. serraticornis, spination as in the latter but weaker.

Measurements.—Length of headplate, 7-5 mm.; width, 8-5 mm. ;

length of mandible, 12-3 mm. ; width, 4:1 mm. ; flagellum, 5-7 mm. ;

tibia and metatarsus-+tarsus, each 15-4 mm. Total length, 42-5 mm.

This species resembles S. serratecornis in the dentition except that

there is only one small tooth between the second and third main

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 265

teeth ; it differs in the shape of the flagellum, which is not so curved

or so high above the mandible, lacks serrations and is much more

slender and tapering. It also resembles S. schlechteri in the general

curvature of the flagellum, but differs markedly from it in the more

highly developed dentition and anterior portion of flagellum being

narrow.

Gen. ZERIASSA, Pocock.

Zeriassa, sp.

1 2 (6823). Kowares.

This specimen agrees with Z. purcelli, Hewitt, in the dentition ; in

the palp, however, it differs markedly, for while this in pwrcelli is

stout, short, and the metatarsus provided with some stout spines

and setae, that of the female from Kowares is long, slender, and

entirely without spines or setae; in colouring it also agrees more or

less with purcelli, while in the slenderness of the palp it approaches

cuneicornis; on the acquisition of more material from the same

sources it will probably be found to differ from both species.

Gen. Darsta, Karsch.

Daesia ovambica, Lawrence.

Ann. §.A.M., Vol. XXV, pt. 1, p. 67.

2 9° (6833), 1 2 (6830). Warmbad.

2 92 (6814). Okorosave.

1 2 (6821). Kowares.

1 3 (6808), 1 g (6809). Kaoko Otavi.

Both sexes were distinctly smaller than those of the types from

Ovamboland.

Daesia striata, n. sp.

23d, 12 (7225). Otjikondo.

1 9 (7224). Otjikondo.

1 9 (7227). Kamanyab.

g Colour.—Mandibles above with a median and lateral violet

stripe, the median stripe about half the length of the lateral one ;

headplate with a quadratiform violet marking on each side of the eye

tubercle, elongate and bifurcate posteriorly enclosing a median pear-

shaped yellow patch; between quadratiform markings and eye

tubercle a small triangular light spot and laterally to the quadratiform

VOL. XXV, PART 2. 18

266 Annals of the South African Museum.

marking a short light stripe running obliquely from the anterior

margin and cutting off the rather pointed anterior corner of the

headplate ; thorax yellow; abdomen above ashy grey in the centre

with three rows of violet spots, sides lighter than the median portion

bearing a number of small longish-oval pigmented callosities (more

numerous in the posterior segments) from which spring stout setae

cleft at their tips; fourth leg with femur violet, paler towards the

base; tibia and proximal half of metatarsus violet except inferior

surface; III with femur and tibia violet except inferior surfaces ;

segments of I and II faintly infuscated violet; palps with distal

half of femur and remaining distal segments violet, less so below

than above.

Flagellum as in fig. 48, seen from the inner side ; when rotated for-

wards the tip falls distinctly short of the fang-tip of the dorsal jaw ;

rotatable axis appears as an ill-defined longish triangular marking

which in spirit is a bright orange colour ; there is a narrow slit-like

opening reaching from the rotatable axis to near the apex, and above

it some oblique curved striations are visible.

Dentition.—Outer row of teeth as in fig. 48. Inner row separated

from outer row by a considerable space consisting of 4 teeth, the first

and third of which are large, the others minute. Inner side of both

jaws with a compact row of feather bristles which partly obscure

the dentition when viewed from the inner side, those towards the

base of the jaw strongly bent (almost at right angles), those nearer

to the apex only sinuate; point of origin of the feather bristles of

upper jaw extending a little beyond the third small tooth, those of the

lower jaw reaching to about half-way between the first large and

second small tooth. ;

Palps.—Tibia with a double row of setae below, the inner much

longer than the outer ones ; metatarsus with 5 pairs of curved spines

below, the proximal pair or two proximal pairs long and setiform.

Measurements—Metatarsus+tarsus of palp, 5:7 mm.;_ tibia,

5 mm.: width of headplate, 3-2 mm.; length, 3:2 mm. Total

length, 17 mm.

2 Colour as in the 3 except that the dorsal markings of the abdomen

are obsolete.

Dentition— Upper jaw with 2 large basally broad anterior teeth,

the second a little larger than the first, then a small tooth followed

by a third main tooth equal to the second tooth in size, then 2

small teeth followed by 2 moderate ones, the second a little smaller

than the first ; lower jaw with first tooth comparatively larger than

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 267

in the male, not so far from the anterior apex of the fang and nearer

to the two other teeth ; both jaws provided with a fringe of feather

bristles.

Palp.—Metatarsus below with an internal row of 5 spines, the

apical one short and stout, the rest long, pointed, setiform; an

external row of 5 spines, the 2 proximal ones setiform, the rest short

and stout ; tibia with two rows of 3 long setae below

Measurements —Metatarsus+tarsus of palp, 4:4 mm.;_ tibia,

3°7 mm.; width of headplate, 3-8 mm.; length, 2-7 mm. Total

length, 16 mm.

Gen Buossta, Simon.

Blossia spinicornis, n. sp.

2 $3 (6404). Outjo.

Colour.—Headplate and mandibles chocolate-brown, thoracic seg-

ments pale yellow, blackish at the sides; abdominal tergites lightly

infuscated mesially (the last five segments successively darker

posteriorly, the last two uniformly blackish), blackish at the sides ;

femur IV with a little more than the distal half chocolate-brown,

remainder yellow, distal segments infuscated at the sides ; femur III

except for the proximal third infuscated, remaining segments lightly

infuscated at the sides; whole of pedipalp except proximal half of

femur infuscated ; tarsus, base and apex of metatarsus a little darker

than the rest.

Mandibles above well provided with spines and bristles, those

situated posteriorly larger than the anterior ones; upper surface

with an oblique, transverse, slightly curved row of 6 stout spines

near the base of mandible, 2 or 3 similar ones situated more anteriorly

on the outer side, these all provided with blunt tips, remaining ones

shorter and pointed; the main distal dorsal bristle springing from a

little behind the rotatory axis and parallel to the upper surface of

the dorsal jaw, not reaching the fang-tip.

Headplate with a number of upwardly directed blunt spines on

the eye tubercle, remainder of headplate uniformly covered with

short triangular, tooth-like spicules.

Flagellum as in figs. 49, 50; seen from the inner side (fig 50), the

edges fold over, meeting in the proximal third, enclosing a longish

oval space; a median slightly sinuate rib can be seen from both

inner and outer sides; the apex of the flagellum is produced into

a curved spine-like point, which when the structure is rotated

268 Annals of the South African Museum.

forwards reaches, or passes a very little beyond, the apex of the

fang-tip.

Dentition as in fig 49, seen from the outer side.

Pedipalp.—Tibia with two rows of 5 spines and some irregular

shorter spines below; metatarsus with numerous truncated bristles,

the inner side with 3 short, stout spines.

Measurements.—Width of headplate, 1-9 mm.; tibia of palp,

4-2mm.; metatarsus-+tarsus of palp, 3-5 mm. Total length, 9-6 mm.

Gen. HemrpiossiA, Kraepelin.

Hemablossia etosha, Lawrence.

Ann. 8.A.M., Vol. XXV, pt. 1, p. 69.

1 2 (6832). Outjo.

1 2 (7223). Caimaeis.

2 92 (6396). Warmbad.

5 92 (6806). Kaoko Otavi.

3 92 (6402). Otjikondo.

Hemublossia pleroceras, 1. sp.

1 g (6398). Anabib.

Colour.—Headplate light brown, a darker patch on each side of

the eye tubercle which is black ; mandibles chocolate-brown ; tergites

of abdomen and thorax white, bordered with a deep blackish-purple

band, sharply demarcated from the rest ; legs yellow, femur IV with

a light violet infuscated patch exteriorly in the middle, tarsus infus-

cated above at the tip, malleoli with their edges broadly infuscated

purple, maxillary process below with dark purple spines and bristles.

Mandibles with 8 or 9 long setae, one very long one behind and

mesially to the flagellum, almost as long as the mandible, no true

spines ; inner sides of both jaws with feather bristles, 6-7 stridulatory

ridges.

Abdomen with numerous yellow bristles above, a few weak blackish

ones; third postgenital sternite with some long thickened yellowish

hairs.

Legs.—Tarsus IV with5 pairs of spines below, increasing successively

in length distally, clothed with numerous other spines and bristles,

the shorter ones cleft at their apices. First leg and palp missing.

Flagellum and dentition viewed from the outer side as in fig. 51,

flagellum resembling H. idioceras, Hewitt, in general appearance, the

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 269

spicules at the dorsal apex smaller than in figure; seen from the

inner side, there is a folding in of the lamina to form a pouch-like

sac near the ventral border of the flagellum ; this has a fairly wide

slit-like opening.

Measurement.—Total length, 6-6 mm.

This species, though probably the male of H. etosha, differs so much

from the female types of that species in the dentition that until both

sexes have been taken together it has been described as a new species.

Gen. GLuviopsis, Kraepelin.

Gluviopsis australis, Purcell.

2 (6812). Okorosave.

Q (7221). Kowares.

2 (7220). Kaoko Otavi.

; 2 (6834). Otjikondo.

These specimens resemble a female identified by Purcell as the

above species in the dentition, colour, and spination. Purcell’s

female is recorded from Livingstone, Rhodesia.

OrpER SCORPIONES.

Famity BUTHIDAE.

Gen. Butuus, Leach.

Buthus conspersus var. aeratus, Lawrence.

Ann. 8.A.M., Vol. XXV, pt. 1, p. 69.

Examples of both sexes taken at Caimaeis, Sesfontein, Kaoko

Otavi, Hoarusib River, Otjitondua, Okorosave. A female taken at

Kaoko Otavi with young possessed the markings and type of

coloration as described in the juveniles (loc. cit., p. 70). None of the

Kaokoveld specimens were as large as those from the Kunene River.

Gen. ParaButuus, Pocock.

Parabuthus brevimanus, Thorell.

Examples of both sexes taken at Sesfontein, Kamanyab, Outjo,

Okorosave, Ombombo, Kaoko Otavi.

270 Annals of the South African Museum.

Parabuthus granulatus, Hempr. and Ehrenb.

Examples of both sexes taken at Warmbad, Sesfontein, Kamanyab.

Parabuthus kraepelini, Werner.

A subadult female from Koabendus. The pectines carry a rounded

basal lobe and 32 teeth.

Parabuthus brachystylus, n. sp.

1 9, 3 3d, 9 juvs. (6794). Kaoko Otavi.

2 juvs. (6989). Kaoko Otavi.

1 9 (6087). Kamanyab.

2 juvs. (6072). Kamanyab.

In general characters related to P. transvaalicus and P. villosus.

2 Colour.—Blackish bronze-green, the fingers yellow, the distal

segments of the legs brown; ventral surface of abdomen deep olive

brown, the last sternite darker; third sternite sometimes with a

wide triangular pallid marking, more distinct in the males.

Carapace broader than long, coarsely but not densely granular in

the posterior half, anterior half with weak granulation, the granules

low and rounded; ocular tubercle low and flattened, the area im-

mediately surrounding it and the interocular groove with a few

small indistinct granules; superciliary ridges smooth and _ shiny,

the eyes small (actually smaller than in transvaalicus), the distance

between them 34 times their diameter.

Tergites I-VI with anterior half of segment smooth excont at the

sides and a patch on each side of the median keel which bear small

scattered granules, posterior half with coarse granules (much larger

than those in transvaalicus) as large, at least in segment VI, as the

granules of the carapace; segment VII shagreened between the

median keels which are well defined, and whereas in transvaalicus

these keels disappear posteriorly, they here curve outwards,. almost

meeting the lateral keels anteriorly near the lateral borders of the

segment.

Sternites as in transvaalicus, the lateral keels of V a little stronger.

Tail stout, moderately pilose, segments I-V decreasing successively

in width, I very little wider than II but decidedly wider than IV,

which is again decidedly wider than V, I narrowing posteriorly but

II-V almost parallel-sided ; segments I-IV about equal in height. V

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 271

distinctly lower; vesicle very large, its width equal to or slightly

less than that of V.

Segments keeled as in transvaalicus, but infero-median keels in IV

only occupying anterior half of segment (in transvaalicus anterior

two-thirds), superior keels in II-IV with the posterior terminal tooth

not spiniform and only slightly enlarged in IV, superior crests in V

distinct throughout, more strongly curved than in transvaalicus, the

accessory crests conspicuous, consisting of 3 teeth not as large or

pointed as in the latter, infero-median keel present but not very

distinct being more or less doubled. Median grooves in upper surfaces

of segments I-IV growing successively deeper; shagreened areas in

segments [ and II composed entirely of granules, that of I broader

than in IJ, II with a narrow band of minute granules, [V with none

at all, the shagreened areas more clearly defined than in transvaalicus,

the areas between them and the superior crests free of granules,

shiny, reticularly punctate; shagreened area in I with its greatest

width equal to half the distance between the superior crests and to

more than half its own length, anterior edge of segment descending

perpendicularly in the middle and not sloping; shagreened area in

II flask-shaped, reaching the posterior margin, narrowing posteriorly

but not broadening again just before the posterior margin, its width

less than a third the width of the segment, its length 2-3 times its

greatest width, anterior edge of segment descending almost, if not

quite, perpendicularly. Lateral and ventral surfaces of all segments,

especially posterior ones, coarsely granular, less so between the superior

and supero-lateral keels and between the supero-lateral and medio-

lateral keels of segments II-IV.

Vesicle, with rows of coarse granules below, only shallowly excavated

superiorly at its base.

Pedipalps.—Femur and tibia finely granular above, anterior tibial

crest terminated proximally by an enlarged tooth, length of tibia

along its upper side 2—24 times its width, width of hand slightly less

than that of tibia ; movable finger about 2: times length of handback,

with 15 rows of teeth.

Pectines, with a large rounded lobe at their base, 35-37 teeth.

Measurements of tail segments as follows :—

[ TABLE.

272 Annals of the South African Museum.

Length. Width. Height.

1 oe i ; Ue 8-7 1

10g 5 : : 8-7 8-5 7-1

ie ; ; 9-] 8-25 Pell

IY ) ; 9-8 7-9 i

Wie E ‘ 11 7:3 6-7

Vesicle ; J 12°3 7:2 5:8

Measurements of larger Q: length of carapace, 12 mm.; breadth,

13-6 mm.; immovable finger, 11-5 mm.; handback, 4:8 mm. Total

length, 116 mm. Measurements of smaller 2: length of trunk, 48

mm.; tail, 65 mm. Total length, 113 mm.

3.—The males are smaller and differ from the females in the

following :—The wide triangular pallid marking of the third sternite

is quite distinct, the carapace is fairly densely granular, the anterior

half of the tergites are finely granular, not smooth, not sharply

differentiated from the larger granules of the posterior half; superior

accessory crest of fifth tail segment with 4 teeth. Pectinal teeth,

40-45 ; basal lobe absent.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 9 mm.; breadth, 10-3 mm. ;

immovable finger, 9 mm.; handback, 4-6 mm.; trunk, 30 mm. ; tail,

50 mm. Total length, 80 mm.

This species differs from transvaalicus in the granulation of the

carapace and tergites, the smaller eyes, the first caudal segment

being wider than the fourth and its anterior edge perpendicular, the

larger and broader vesicle, darker colouring and larger size.

It differs from villosus, and can be at once distinguished from it

by the much sparser pubescence ; the dense pubescence on the hind

margins of the abdominal tergites of villosus is here either weak or

entirely absent ; the granulation of the posterior half of the tergites

is more differentiated from that of the anterior half; the tail is

shorter in proportion to the trunk and the segments are shorter and

broader, giving it a more robust appearance ; the first caudal segment

is more narrowed posteriorly, is shorter in proportion to the second

segment, and the shagreened area is not so flat; the most apparent

difference, however, is the shagreened area of the second segment

which in villosus is oval, deeply and very distinctly excavated, and

never reaches the posterior margin, while in brachystylus it is shallowly

excavated, parallel-sided, and always reaches the posterior margin ;

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 273

the vesicle is larger and deeper. In short this species is a connecting

link between transvaalicus and villosus, for it resembles the former in

the shagreened areas of the first two caudal segments and is related

to the latter in the successively narrowing caudal segments and the

breadth of the vesicle. The inferior median keel of caudal segment V

is distinct in transvaalicus, indistinct in vwillosus, while that of

brachystylus represents an intermediate stage ; the same can be said

of the flattening of the eye-tubercle in these three forms.

The two large female specimens of villosus from Gt. Namaqualand

mentioned by Purcell (Ann. 8.A.M., Vol. IT, p. 162) represent a variety

connecting villosus with brachystylus ; in these the shagreened area

of the second segment is deeper and more rounded than in brachystylus

though not nearly so deep or defined as in willosus ; it reaches to

about half-way between that reached by villosus and the posterior

margin of the segment; the infero-median keel of segment V is

fairly definite and the pubescence of the tail is sparse and absent on

the abdominal tergites.

The evidence of Pocock that villosus occurs in Benguella and the

Congo must be looked upon as very improbable ; it is unlikely that

it would pass over the northern parts of South-West Africa to reappear

in the Congo.

Gen. UROPLECTES, Peters.

Uroplectes planimanus, Karsch.

Examples of both sexes from Warmbad, Kaoko Otavi, Ombombo,

Kaross, Outjo.

Uroplectes carinatus, Pocock.

Examples of both sexes from Outjo and Warmbad.

Uroplectes otjimbinguensis, Karsch.

Examples of both sexes from Warmbad, Okorosave, Kaoko Otavi.

Famity SCORPIONIDAE.

SuBFAMILY SCORPIONINAE.

Gen. OPISTHOPHTHALMUS, C. Koch.

Opisthophthalmus carinatus, Peters.

Numerous examples of both sexes from Outjo, Kaoko Otavi,

Okorosave. In the males the V tergite is always, I-IV sometimes

more, sometimes less wrinkled. Pectinal teeth, 99 14-18, go 18-24.

274 Annals of the South African Museum.

Opisthophthalmus wahlbergi, Thorell.

1 3 (6086). Otjikondo.

Colowr.—Palps, legs, and vesicle yellow, remainder olive-brown ;

fifth caudal segment a little darker than the other caudal segments

below. There are large terminal teeth on the superior crests of

caudal segments II-IV; carapace with very small fine granules

not much larger than those of the tergites, a roughly quadrate area in

front of the median and between the lateral eyes quite smooth ;

tergites finely granular; hand with posterior and upper surfaces

practically at right angles to each other, flat and almost smooth ;

handback narrow and fairly long, hand and fingers comparatively

longer than those of specimens in the Museum’s collection. Pectinal

teeth, 25. This specimen, which differs in coloration from all the

forms of wahlbergi, is evidently a northern race of the typical form

which probably came from Damaraland. There are a large number

of both sexes in the Museum’s collection from Otjiwarongo (J. 8.

Brown) agreeing with Thorell’s description of the typical form; in

these the palps, legs, and vesicle are a light reddish brown, trunk and

tail olive brown without blackish infuscations.

Opisthophihalmus cavimanus, VQ. sp.

3 3d (6094, 6095). Sesfontein.

Colour.—Carapace, caudal segments, and legs yellow or yellowish

brown, vesicle above and below with a light brown stripe ; posterior

border of carapace, anterior border except in the middle, a spot

behind each lateral eye, ocular tubercle between and behind the

eyes, with lhght olivaceous infuscations; tergites dark olivaceous

except at the sides and posterior half of segment VII; sternites light

olivaceous.

Carapace uniformly but not densely granular throughout, except

near the posterior border where the granules are finer and more

numerous (at the sides), or almost absent (in the middle); granules

(except posteriorly) moderate, round and shiny; the anterior

Y-shaped fork can be seen, but it is indistinct, wide and short ; anterior

margin weakly incised in the middle line.

Abdomen.—Tergites with fine dust-like granulation, VII coarsely

granular at the sides ; sternites II-V wrinkled, less so in their anterior

half at the sides, I smooth and shiny.

Tail.—Segments I-III wrinkled below, becoming successively less

so in posterior segments, IV only faintly so; I-III with only superior

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 275

and supero-lateral keels, IV with indications of infero-lateral keels as

well; segments J-III with a few granules between the superior

and supero-lateral keels, becoming successively fewer in the posterior

segments, IV with none; terminal teeth of superior keels in II-IV

enlarged and often bifid, superior keels of V almost obsolete, repre-

sented by a row of small granules, inferior median keel represented

by an irregular row of pointed teeth, infero-lateral keels of V with

sharp, jagged, backwardly projecting teeth, alternating with smaller

teeth to which they may be subjoined ; vesicle flattened above and

below, compressed, with some rows of punctures below and at the

sides, and a few very small scattered granules below at its base.

Pedipalp.—Inner edge of hand slightly convex, finger-keel well

defined, smooth ; upper surface of hand smooth, shiny, flat to shghtly

concave (especially near the finger-keel and inner edge of hand),

secondary keels obsolete; hind and upper surfaces, fingers of hand

with numerous yellow-brown setiform hairs, those of the hind surface

of hand and inferior surface of movable finger shorter than those

on the upper surface and immovable finger ; supero-anterior crest of

tibia composed of serrate, bluntly pointed teeth.

Legs.—Tarsal lobes of ITI and IV with 5 inner, 4 outer spines ;

tarsi III and IV below with 6-7 inner and 3-4 outer spines.

Pectinal lamellae with 23-23, 23-24, 25-26 teeth.

Length of handback to breadth of handback in proportion of 1-5—

1:6 to 1; length of movable finger to length of handback as 1-5 to 1.

Measurements of largest specimen: length of trunk, 31 mm. ; tail,

37-5 mm. ; handback, 9 mm.; immovable finger, 13-4 mm. Of other

specimens: trunk, 31 and 31 mm.,; tail, 37 and 35 mm. respectively.

This species belongs to Kraepelin’s schultzei, undulatus group ; it

differs specifically from the latter species in the greater number of

tarsal spines and pectinal teeth, proportions of the hand, and less so

in the granulation of the carapace, while agreeing with it in the

wrinkling of the sternites and caudal segments.

Opisthophthalmus brevicauda, n. sp.

1 3 (6090). Sesfontein.

Colour.—Carapace, humerus, and brachium reddish brown ; hands

and legs orange, fingers reddish ; tergites, as in carapace, variegated

with olivaceous markings ; sternites yellow-brown, the fifth with an

olivaceous tinge posteriorly ; caudal segments and vesicle brown,

variegated with deep olive markings, more so below and at the sides.

276 Annals of the South African Museum.

Carapace.—Hyes 13 as far from the anterior border of carapace

as from the posterior border ; the median furrow forming a lanceolate

depression in front of the eyes, not forked anteriorly but forming a

deep V-shaped excavation at the anterior margin, the sides of which

are inclined towards each other; carapace except the interocular

area granular, the sides with coarse rounded granules, those behind

the posterior transverse depressions much smaller ; interocular area

for the most part not granular, faintly rugose but shiny, frontal

lobes with a few wart-like granules anteriorly, especially along the

anterior margin and behind the lateral eyes; some small scattered

granules anteriorly on each side of the median incision.

Abdomen.—Tergites with very fine and dense granulation in the

anterior half, that of the posterior half less dense; anterior tergites

almost smooth, shiny, the last one with some larger granules at

the sides; sternites quite smooth and shiny, V without trace

of keels.

Tail very short, only 2% times the length of carapace; segments

I-III smooth below, the infero-median keels of I and II obsolete,

of III smooth, of IV crenulate ; infero-median keel of V strong, com-

posed of pointed tooth-like granules, an irregular row of granules on

each side between it and the infero-lateral keels which are well defined

but not so strong as the median keel ; infero-lateral keels obsolete or

indistinct in I-III, distinct in IV; superior keels present in all

segments except V, those of I only present in the posterior half of

segment, consisting of 4 blunt granules, terminal teeth in segments

II-IV larger than the remaining teeth but not large; supero-lateral

keels present in I-IV, crenulate ; segments, with the exception of a

few minute scattered granules at the sides, smooth ; vesicle entirely

smooth, it and the posterior part of segment V below with some

bristles ; caudal segments decreasing successively in width, vesicle

broader than segment V, segment I broader than its length measured

at the side.

Pedipalp.—Superior surface of humerus with some large but not

numerous granules, the anterior and posterior crests strong and

distinct, the anterior surface with 7-10 strong, poimted granules, the

inferior crest distinct; anterior surface much narrower than the

superior surface ; brachium with its greatest width greater than width

of humerus ; hand with posterior surface forming more than a right

angle with upper surface, slightly convex above, covered but not

densely with low tubercles, those in the centre elongated, anastomos-

ing, finger-keel distinct but not strong, accessory keels absent ; length

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 277

of handback greater than its width (about 14), movable finger 14

times the length of handback.

Legs.—Tarsi below with 6 internal spines decreasing successively

in size proximally, the sixth minute, 3 external spines ; tarsal lobes

with 5 internal, 4 external spines ; inner side of protarsi in legs I-III

with 3 short spines, IV with an apical one only.

Pectines.—Basal lobe of lamellae rectangular behind; pectinal

teeth, 26-27.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 15 mm.; posterior width,

12-8 mm.; length of handback, 10 mm.; width, 8-2 mm. ; movable

finger, 15 mm.; tail, 39 mm. Total length, 89 mm.

SuBramMity ISCHNURINAE.

Gen. HapocEnsEs, Kraepelin.

Hadogenes taeniurus, Thorell.

One adult female from Kowares (6967), juveniles from Kowares,

Otjitondua, Kamanyab, Kaoko Otavi, Warmbad.

The adult specimen agrees with the description of Thorell (Actes

Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., vol. xix, p. 254, 1877), except in the proportions

of the third caudal segment as given by him. In his description this

segment is stated to be 23 times as long as posteriorly wide ; without

doubt this should have read 24 times as long as posteriorly high, for

in the description of his variety phyllodes the measurements given

for this segment are “lg. 114, lat. 2, alt. 3,” which would mean that

the length was almost 6 times the width, not “almost 34 times” as

stated in the first part of the description, while the length would be

actually 34 times the height.

In the case of taenturus Thorell does not give the measurements of

segment III, but it is pretty certain that the same error was made

here as in the case of phyllodes. This is borne out by the fact that in

the Kaokoveld specimens the length of segment III is 24 times the

posterior height but about 4 times the posterior width. In all their

measurements the Kaokoveld specimens agree substantially with

those of taentwrus with the exception of the width of the vesicle

which is given by Thorell as equal to its total length, aculeus included,

and is therefore obviously incorrect.

For comparison the measurements of Thorell are given, and next

to them those of the adult female from Kowares.

278 Annals of the South African Museum.

No. No.

Ht. | 6967. Ht. | 6967,

Total length ; . | 1233 | 120° | Length of vesicle ; 8? 8-7

Length of tail. : 61 60 Width ,, Ms : 82? 2-6

Length, carapace. : 162 16-6] Height ,, e i 32 3:3

Breadth, ,; A F 17 17 Length of humerus . | 16 16-4

Eyes from ant. marg. Width ,, 3 ; 64 6

carapace . . 8 8-1] Length of brachium . | 142 | 14-2

Eyes from post. marg. Width (max.) ,, 5 9 9

carapace . : 7k 7-6} Width (min.) ,, 3 6 6

Length, Ist caud. seg. . 7h 7-41 Length of handback . | 20 18-7

Waditihssa ee) es 6 33 3:74 Width ,, 55 gee UL 10-4

leicht ss ‘ 3 3 Height ,, = : 5 5:3

Length, 5th caud. seg. : 124 | 11-5§ Movable finger . 5 Ue) 5

Width, x5 = 2 2 | Immovable finger 2 | 10s 10:8

Height, ,, 3 3

Measurements of caudal segment HI: length, 10-2 mm. ; height,

4-1 mm. ; posterior width, 2-7 mm.

Pectinal teeth in adult, 17-17; in the juvenile specimens, 14-18,

with the exception of one which has 21—22

These specimens differ markedly from the specimens of phyllodes

in the Museum’s collection; the anterior margin of the carapace is

more lightly excavated and the vesicle above is flat to slightly convex

and not concave as in phyllodes. In the adults at least the two

posterior depressions of the last sternite are pitlike and deeply sunk

in taenvurus, while in phyllodes the sternite is quite flat or with only

a slight depression posteriorly at the sides.

The specimens recorded from Ovamboland (see Ann. S.A.M.,

Vol. XXV, pt. 1, p. 73) come under this heading.

SupramMity LISPOSOMINAKE, n. subfamily.

A new subfamily, for which I propose the above name, seems

necessary to receive a species of small scorpion from the Kaokoveld.

The new subfamily falls under the Scorpionidae in view of the two

main characters given by Kraepelin in his key (Das Tierreich, Lief. 8,

p. 5), namely the decidedly pentagonal sternum and the single anterior

pedal spur at the junction of the tarsus and protarsus. On cursory

examination the evidence for the last-named character is not so good

as that of the first, for in all genera of Scorpionidae, both in adult

and juvenile forms, this spur, as is well known, is a very distinctive

character, being a stout, bluntly-pointed structure embedded in the

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 279

membranous tissue connecting the tarsus and protarsus. In adults

it is often blackened at the tip and is generally thickened near the

base, being in some cases conical ; it is easily distinguished from the

stoutest spines which may be found in its proximity. In the case of

Iisposoma this character (figs. 54 (a), 55 (a)) is not so readily dis-

tinguished on account of the small size of the animal; it is here

roughly parallel-sided, more slender and colourless except at the tip ;

it is not so strongly differentiated from a thickened spine as in typical

Scorpionids, while at the same time being quite distinct from the other

spine-like structures of the tarsus and protarsus which here take the

form of either setiform spines or small spicules, while in most of the

Scorpionid genera there is a double inferior row of stout spines. Thus

the spur in Lisposoma, occupying as it does the same position on the

anterior side of the leg at the junction of the tarsal segments, is

undoubtedly homologous with the pedal spur of the Scorpionidae.

The sternum is very clearly pentagonal and does not differ in any

way from that characteristic structure in Scorpionidae (fig. 52 (a)) ; it

will be discussed in greater detail later.

The structure of the chelicerae when seen from below (fig. 53)

reveals typical Scorpionid characters in their simplest form, such

as is found in Opisthopthalmus ; the tooth next to the distal tooth

of the movable finger is not large or fang-like, nor are there accessory

teeth on the inferior margin of the immovable finger ; further evidence

of Scorpionid affinity is to be found in the complete absence of keels

on the tergites and carapace, while the stigmata are narrow and

elongated, though not so much so as in typical Scorpionids.

Kraepelin in his key attaches family importance to the character

of a modified median pectinal lamella, and it is necessary to mention

that here the median lamella is divided into 8 or 9 “ peari-like ” lobes

(fig. 52 (c)), a character which would seem to connect it with the

Bothriuridae and Vejovidae. It would, however, hardly be a

character of far-reaching importance, but rather one which would be

subject to exceptions in any family ; in the Scorpionidae, Hemiscorpius

has the same modification. A character which it does not possess

in common with most Scorpiomdae is the median groove and Y-shaped

fork of the carapace ; in the Scorpionidae if the Y-shaped fork is not

present there are at least indications of a median groove terminating

in a triangular incision in the anterior border of the carapace. All

this is entirely absent in Lisposoma.*

* In this respect Lisposoma approaches more nearly the condition of newly-born

young of Scorpionids.

280 Annals of the South African Museum.

The distinguishing characters which can be said to be peculiar to

this scorpion are few ; it is remarkable rather in the characters which

it embodies from all the other groups of the Scorpionidae. In the

sternum being wider than long and parallel-sided, it resembles the

Ischnurinae rather than the other subfamilies ; the median eyes are

placed anterior to the middle of the carapace, resembling the

Diplocentrinae and Hemiscorpinae; the teeth of the chelicerae

being simple with the penultimate tooth of the movable finger not

fang-like, resemble Scorpioninae (Opisthophthalmus), Ischnurinae

(Cheloctonus), and the Urodacinae; the tarsi have truncated not

rounded end lobes, no stout inferior spines, and in this resemble

Ischnurinae (Lomachus) and Hemiscorpioninae, there being a further

resemblance to the latter in the short superior lobes; the tail is

stout and not compressed, and in this resembles the Scorpioninae ;

the vesicle being unspined below is a character shared by all the

other subfamilies except the Diplocentrinae; the fingers of the

hand are without basal lobes, agreeing with the Scorpioninae,

Cheloctonus, and perhaps Diplocentrus ; in the absence of a median

groove on the carapace it approaches the Scorpioninae with the

exception of Opisthophthalmus, and in the modification of the median

pectinal lamella, Hemiscorpius.

The most favoured in relationship of these subfamilies would be

the Ischnurinae on account of the important characters of the sternum,

chelicerae (Cheloctonus), and the presence of sharply-truncated end

lobes in the tarsus; the spination of the tarsus is also Ischnurine

and the absence of basal lobes in the fingers of the hand is found in

one genus, Cheloctonus ; next to the Ischnurinae in order of relation-

ship would come the Hemiscorpinae on account of the forward position

of the eyes, tarsal lobes, spination of tarsus, and pectines; then

would come the Scorpioninae on account of the chelicerae, dentition

of the fingers of the hand, and non-compressed, fairly powerful tail ;

last would stand the Diplocentrinae and Urodacinae.

The characters of the subfamily Lisposominae would be as

follows :—

No median furrow or fork on the carapace, median eyes placed

anterior to middle of carapace, 3 lateral eyes ; tarsus with truncated

end lobes (figs. 54, 56), without true spines below, but with setae

and a median row of spicules; sternum wider than long, parallel-

sided ; chelicerae without enlarged penultimate tooth on movable

finger; tail stout, not laterally compressed, vesicle without a spine

below aculeus; fingers of hand without basal lobes, cutting edges

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 281

not angularly notched; pectines with median lamella broken up

into 8 or 9 rounded lobes.

Kraepelin’s key to the subfamilies would be adapted to include the

Lisposominae as follows :—

1. A spine or tubercle below aculeus . ; F . A. Diplocentrinae

No spine below aculeus : : : : : : : : a eo

2. Tarsus with rounded end lobes. : : oa)

Tarsus with truncated end lobes, forming a eas unale sain Ane superior lobes 4

3. Tail in all segments with only 1 inferior median keel, cutting edge of fingers

of the hand with many compressed, irregular granules, 2 lateral eyes.

B. Urodacinae

Tail with 2 inferior median keels except in segment 5 which has | regular or

irregular keel; cutting edge of fingers of hand with a single or indistinctly

doubled row of granules ; 3 lateraleyes . : ‘ C. Scorpioninae

4, Carapace with a median groove pepe in a Y-shaped fork at the anterior

border of carapace . : : ‘ ‘ : : : Si

Carapace without median groove or Y-shaped fork

D. Lisposominae, n. subfamily

5. A single inferior median keel in all caudal segments; tarsus below with a

double row of 6 setae; vesicle of ¢ elongate, provided with a short round

dilation on each side of the aculeus . : : E. Hemiscorpioninae

Two inferior median keels in segments 1-4, segment 5 with 1 regular or

irregular keel ; vesicle in gf and 9 of the usualform . F, Ischnurinae

Gen. LisposoMa, n. gen.

Body small, not flattened ; tarsi with sharply truncated end lobes,

superior lobes small, inferior claw (“ gehstachel ’’) large and prominent

(figs. 55, 56), with irregularly disposed setae, a median row of 11-13

short spicules inferiorly; keels or rows of granules absent from

carapace and tergites, tail not laterally compressed, inferior surface

entirely without keels; brachium with rounded anterior surface,

without angular or prominent lobe, hand rounded and _ polished

above, without finger-keel, length of handback greater than its width,

movable finger with a single row of granules divided into 5 or 6 shorter

rows and flanked anteriorly by 6 larger teeth (fig. 57).

Insposoma elegans, 1. sp.

Twenty-two specimens from Outjo, Kaoko Otavi, Sesfontein.

2 Colour.—Markings as in fig. 58, the dark pattern chocolate-

brown, the rest yellow.

Carapace as long as broad, anterior margin ——-shaped without

triangular incision, median depression in front of median eyes ill-

VOL. XXV, PART 2. UY)

282 Annals of the South African Museum.

defined, shallow, the sides rounded, forming superciliary ridges

between the eyes, widening behind to enclose a longish oval shallow

depression; on each side of this, commencing near the posterior

margin of carapace, an oblique, slightly-curved groove disappearing

before reaching the sides; laterally to each median eye a roundish

depression ; whole of carapace with exceedingly fine granules, a few

larger scattered granules in the posterior half, frontal lobes smooth

and shiny ; distance of median eyes from the anterior border $ that

from the posterior border of carapace, less than their own diameter

apart.

Tergites with a median impression wider in front than behind, in

the middle of which is a rounded prominence, the median impression

except the prominence finely granular, remainder of tergites smooth

except tergite V, in which the obsolete median keels are represented by

3 granules near the posterior border of the segment, the lateral keels by

a large tuberculiform granule ; there are also some scattered granules.

Sternites entirely devoid of granules, polished ; sternite V with two

median rows of 2 punctures each, a lateral row of 2 punctures further

apart than those of the median rows, remaining segments with similar

rows of punctures but less distinct; the punctures may or may not

carry a bristle.

Tal.—Segments I and II concave above, III less so, IV slightly

concave, V flat, I-III with a median groove, more marked in II than

in I; the whole upper surface of segments I-III finely granular with

some larger scattered granules, the median grooves seen under low

power present a series of fine transverse ridges resembling those of

some species of Parabuthus, segments IV and V smooth above, V

polished and shiny; all segments smooth and polished inferiorly,

sides without granules except in a strip occupying a depression

below and anterior to the supero-lateral keels in segments I-III; all

keels obsolete represented at most by a few granules at their commence-

ment or termination, superior keel in segment I represented by a

sinuous irregular row of about 12 granules, the last 2 enlarged and

conical, supero-lateral keel represented anteriorly by 2 small granules,

posteriorly by 1 enlarged black tubercle ; segment II with superior

keels represented by a sinuous irregular row of about 11 granules,

the last 1-3 enlarged and conical, the granules well separated but

the row occupying whole length of segment, supero-lateral keels

consisting of 2 or 3 granules in anterior third, the last one enlarged ;

segment IIT with superior keels consisting of a hardly distinguishable

row of small separated granules and punctures, the last or two last

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 283

granules large and rounded, supero-lateral keel represented by a

single enlarged terminal granule; segment IV with superior keels

represented by 1 or 2 minute granules at its commencement and a

small rounded terminal granule, between these some punctures,

supero-lateral keel represented by a terminal puncture; segment V

perfectly smooth above without punctures.

Inferior surfaces of all segments with keels entirely absent, these

represented by punctures usually provided with bristles; segment [I

with 2 median rows of 3 punctures commencing a little anterior to

the middle, the last one bordering the posterior edge of the segment,

lateral punctures similar; segment II similar to I, but median rows

consisting of 4 punctures occupying anterior 2 of segment, lateral

rows with 3 punctures ; segment III as in II, but median rows con-

sisting of 5 punctures occupying whole length of segment, lateral

rows of 3 punctures, 1 at each end of segment and 1 in the middle ;

segment V with some irregular rows of punctures, the anterior third

with scattered granules; vesicle below with 2 median and a lateral

row of punctures armed with bristles, posterior third or half with

scattered granules and bristles.

Pedipalps.—Brachium smooth with a rounded anterior prominence,

without keels or tooth-like granules, but with a postero-superior and

postero-inferior row of 4 punctures bearing long bristles, upper

surface smooth with a few punctures; hand smooth and _ polished

with a few punctures above, handback longer than wide, a little

longer than movable finger (in some specimens, presumably males,

movable finger a little longer than handback) ; movable finger with 5

rows each except the last consisting of 7-9 teeth, the proximal tooth

enlarged, the last (proximal) row consisting of 13 teeth, an anterior

flanking row of 6 larger teeth (fig. 57).

Legs.—Tarsi (fig. 56) with 3 inferior pairs of spiniform setae, the

2 distal pairs close together near the apex, these setae very weak in the

anterior legs being bristle-like and colourless, a median inferior row of

10-13 spicules; tibia below with a long spine-like seta at its apex.

Pectines.—Pectinal lamella well provided with bristles, 13 un-

modified pectinal teeth.

The sexes are difficult to discriminate from external characters,

one specimen from Outjo seems to be a male; the pectinal teeth

are distinctly longer than in the others, the halves of the genital

operculum are slightly more divergent, a pair of minute stylets are

visible ; pectinal teeth, 14.

In the Sesfontein specimens the colouring is in general lighter ;

284 Annals of the South African Museum.

there is an unbroken median light stripe on the tergites, the fifth

segment is light in its anterior half or third ; pectinal teeth, 15-17.

Measurements.—Length of carapace, 2°3 mm.; width, 2:3 mm. ;

width of hand, 1-1 mm.; handback, 1-6 mm.; length of segment

V, 2-9 mm.; width, 1-4 mm.; length of segment I, 1 mm.; width,

1:3 mm.; trunk, 9-9 mm.; tail, 10-1 mm. Total length, 20 mm.

In order to find whether these scorpions were adult or not, one

of the largest specimens was dissected; the oviducts were found

embedded in the digestive gland and bore numerous ova and ovules,

the ova being large in proportion to the size of the scorpion and

containing a considerable amount of yolk; they were attached to

the walls of the oviduct, but in the process of dissection most of them

broke loose; between the large ova were many intermediate stages

of ova varying in size from quite small nucleated cells to the largest

or apparently ripe ova which were all of a standard size; no ova

were observed in the ducts. The oviducts terminated in a large

muscular sac or swelling,just before uniting to form the genital

aperture ; this specimen which was not larger than most of the others

was the only one dissected, and from this data it was concluded that

the animal was subadult if not fully adult ; those that were regarded

as juveniles were smaller, with the genital operculum smaller and

much wider than long; the number of pectinal teeth was not so

constant, being as high as 16 and 17.

The Lisposominae, judging from the many and diverse characters

of several of the subfamilies which it combines in itself while at

the same time retaining the more primitive characters of the family,

would seem to have been an offshoot from the immigrating Scorpionid

stock when or even before this stock had given rise to the other

natural groups of the family. In his noteworthy paper, “ Facts and

Theories on the Distribution of Scorpions in South Africa ” (Trans. Roy.

Soc. 8. Africa, Vol. XII, pt. 4, p. 249), Hewitt has dealt with the various

primitive and specialised characters in the light of distribution ;

according to this authority the primitive characters in Lisposoma

would be, (1) the sternum, (2) the simple chelicerae, (3) the anterior

position of the eyes, (4) the simplicity of the digits of the hand and

their dentition; minor characters would be the smoothness of the

tergites, carapace, and sternites, and the absence of an anterior

prominence in the brachium; the lung-books are also of a primitive

type; they are here in general appearance similar to the primitive

Scorpionid type as defined by Laurie in his classification of scorpions

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 285

on the structure of the lamellae (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6, vol. xvii,

pp. 190-193); in Lisposoma the free edges of the lung lamellae are

of the spinous type found in Scorpionids, though the spines themselves

are much reduced, and they may possibly be of a more primitive

character than the latter; there is no sign of the reticulate structure

characteristic of Buthids. The absence of a median groove and

anterior notch is a completely negative character and may here be

looked upon as primitive ; in Lisposoma there is no trace of a groove,

and the anterior margin of the carapace, so far from being notched,

forms a slight protuberance in the middle; in Opisthophthalmus the

median groove and notch is always present even if in some species

there is a very small degree of development, and the partial dis-

appearance of a character which is more or less general throughout

the group can be called a specialisation away from the more primitive

form ; even in newly-born young of O. granulatus the anterior median

notch is quite distinguishable although the grooves are absent.

Modificational characters which, though not necessarily secondary,

may prove to be such, are: (1) the absence of a finger-keel, (2) the

fairly numerous pectinal teeth, (3) the stout and long tail, and perhaps

the shortening of the superior tarsal lobes. The disappearance of the

keels of the tail must be taken as a specialisation; here there are

various stages of development, the superior keels in general being

stronger than those of the inferior surface, where they are indeed

quite obsolete ; the fact that some keels are represented by granules,

in others some of the granules are replaced by punctures, while the

inferior keels are represented by bristle-bearing punctures only,

suggest that the keels have ceased to play any functional role; this

seems to be the case in various small types of scorpions, and is found

in several species of the genus Uvroplectes.

On the whole, Lisposoma is evidently simpler than Opisthophthalmus

which Hewitt regards as the most primitive of South African

Scorpionid genera; it combines the three primitive characters of

sternum, chelicerae, and lung-books, with its anteriorly-placed eyes,

simplicity of the digits of the hand, and absence of grooves on the

carapace ; at the same time it seems specialised in the disappearance

of the keels of the tail and possibly also in the smooth hands without

a finger-keel, but this is by no means certain in view of the characters

of some Carboniferous scorpions; it perhaps represents a group

of a very primitive nature overlaid with a few peculiar specialisations,

a position which points to an early sundering of the group from the

parent stock and to an isolating habitat; the small size of this

286 Annals of the South African Museum.

scorpion, the shortness and simplicity of the fingers, and the lack of

full development of many characters such as the pedal spur may

perhaps be ascribed to inbreeding within a circumscribed habitat,

while specialisations such as those of the hands and tail are due

to the localised environment itself; on the other hand the apparent

simplicity and small size of this scorpion may be due to the fact that

it is in a state of arrested development, the mechanical consequence

of its small size, this again being due to a cramping environment ;

South-West Africa has several such faunistic outliers, and the Buthid

genus Karasbergia with a limited distribution in the southern parts

of South-West Africa is an almost parallel case ; for here the animal

is again small with exceptionally primitive characters, though here

we have also a highly-specialised character in the granulation of the

first three caudal segments. Lisposoma represents the most primitive

form of Scorpionidae yet discovered in South Africa, as Karasbergia

is the most primitive member of South African Buthids.

Distribution.—All specimens were found living under porous

limestone rocks in a strip of territory about 200 miles long and 50

broad along a route which forms a more or less straight line between

Kaoko Otavi and Outjo, the farthest locality to the west of this line

being Sesfontein. A previous expedition through Ovamboland in

1925 failed to bring any specimens to light although the same forma-

tions exist at Tsumeb and Namutoni as at Outjo. It is thus im-

probable that the family occurs in the sandy, grassy flats of Ovambo-

land ; it would hardly be found in the sand dunes of the Namib to

the west of the Kaokoveld which has distinct topographical features

of its own with such unique examples of a specialised fauna as the

sand-living lizard Pelmatogecko. It is therefore very probable that

the distribution of Lisposoma, limited by the sandy regions to the

east and west of it, will be found to be confined to the narrow strip

formed by the hilly and mountainous regions of the Kaokoveld; it

will probably be found to extend northwards as far as the Kunene

River and perhaps also to the south of the Outjo district, though in

the latter case the territory has been investigated by several workers.

Mr. R. W. E. Tucker, who conducted a search for Arachnid material

in the Waterberg mountains and the Otjiwarongo district generally,

did not include a specimen in his collections.

Habits.—It is regrettable to have to state that owing to specimens

having been mistaken for the juveniles of Opisthophthalmus carinatus,

no notice was taken of their habits during the process of collecting.

It is presumably not a burrower but a dweller in small rock crevices.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 287

OrpER ACARI.

Famity IXODIDAE.

Section Argatine.

Gen. Araas, Latr.

Argas persicus, Fisch._Waldh.

9 O° from Caimaeis, free living under flakes of limestone rock of

escarpment containing the nests of Agapornis roseicollis and starlings.

Argas aequalis, Neum.

1 2 under a stone at Outjo.

SuBFAMILY IXODINAE.

Gen. RHIPICEPHALUS, C. Koch.

Rhipicephalus evertsi, Neum.

3 33 from Lepus capensis at Kaoko Otavi.

Rhipicephalus bursa, Can. et Fanz.

2 from Bucorax cafer at Onoolongo, Ovamboland.

Gen. Hyatomma, C. Koch.

Hyalomma aegyptium, Linn.

1 3 from Kowares.

Gen. Aponomma, Neum.

Aponomma exornatum, C. Koch.

2 33,1 9 from Varanus albogularis, Kamanyab.

Aponomma laeve laeve, Neum.

13 from Nata nigricollis at Kowares.

288 Annals of the South African Museum.

Observations on Distribution and Ecology based on a Study of

the Arachnid Fauna of South-West Africa.

The region in which an attempt is now made to throw light on the

problems of distribution and ecology is to a student of the Arthropoda

one of the most interesting as well as the least known of the regions

of Southern Africa.

The province dealt with comprises the two northern districts of

South-West Africa, the Kaokoveld and Ovamboland. The Kaokoveld

embraces a tract of rugged broken country with an average width of

95 miles bordering the Namib on its western flank, between the

Kunene and Ugab Rivers. The outstanding feature of this tract is a

great chain of table-topped mountains and plateaux capped with

volcanic rocks, ranging in elevation from 2600 to 4200 feet, and

forming a mighty terrace between the Namib and the South African

plateau; from the western rim of this plateau several rivers take

their rise, and flow through the Namib to the sea. EHastwards of the

Kaokoveld the rugged nature of the country merges by gradations

through smaller ranges of hills into the undulating grass-grown

steppes of Ovamboland.

In a study of distribution so many factors such as physiography,

humidity, and temperature, and following from these, plant geography,

impinge upon the problem that it will be well to give a short account

of the region dealt with from this point of view.

It may seem a paradox to state that one of the most important

factors in dealing with the fauna of this region is the presence of the

cold Benguella Current, but there is no doubting the importance of

the role which it plays in the climate and physiography of the Namib.

This cold current, originating in the Antarctic, sweeps along the west

coast of Southern Africa and robs the winds blowing towards the land

of most of their moisture ; it does this in the first place by lowering

the temperature of the air to such an extent that the bulk of the

water vapour which it contains is condensed into particles which

give rise to the fogs which so frequently enshroud this part of the

African coast ; secondly, the water is so cold that very little evapora-

tion actually takes place near the coast. The littoral, moreover,

possesses a hot climate and low relief, so that the air blowing over it,

instead of being forced to precipitate such moisture as it does contain,

in actual fact becomes warmer and loses this moisture. The current

also plays a very important part in transporting sand along the coast

and depositing the sand dunes which are such a feature of the Namib.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 289

The Namib is therefore a region barren and desolate beyond de-

scription, swept for the greater part of the year by powerful south-

western winds; it is without doubt subjected to the most severe

desert conditions in Southern Africa and is characterised by the

destitution of its vegetation, which is represented by a few Xerophytes

such as Bushman’s food (Ganna), Salsola, some peculiar species of

Mesembryanthemum and the remarkable Welwitschia mirabilis.

There is naturally no definite natural boundary between the Namib

and the two regions with which this paper deals—the Kaokoveld

and Ovamboland—which lie to the west of it; the Kaokoveld and

to a lesser extent Ovamboland are much influenced by the physical

and climatic conditions of the Namib, though this influence tends

gradually to disappear progressively eastwards. The Kaokoveld,

though provided with a very limited rainfall, is more benefited in this

respect than the Namib; here, owing to the broken and dissected

nature of the country, most of the rain which falls finds its way directly

into the rivers, some of which come down two or three times during

the rainy season, so that while the mountains and plateaux present a

most barren and unfertile appearance, the valleys and level pans lying

between the hills support a fairly rich flora containing a large number

of flowering plants. The portions of the Kaokoveld bordering the

Namib favour a desert succulent flora such as Euphorbia, Hoodia,

Mesembryanthemum, and drought-resisting trees as Acacia giraffae,

while to the west it is characterised by bush-steppe. In Ovamboland

there is an infiltration of tropical vegetation, for here the climatic

influence of the western coastline is partly counteracted by the

normal tropical conditions prevailing in Central and East Africa so

that the rainfall is fairly plentiful though subject to violent fluctua-

tions ; the aspect of Ovamboland is almost entirely tropical, consisting

of vast grass and tree covered steppes unbroken by definite mountain

ranges, and the rainfall tends to collect in low-lying pans and slow-

flowing rivers (omuramba). The vegetation of Ovamboland is

predominantly tropical, characterised by an abundance of palms,

baobab trees, and the widespread mopane tree (Copaifera mopane).

Thus the rainfall and vegetation of these regions tends to change

from the Namib to Ovamboland as follows :—

[ TABLE.

290 Annals of the South African Museum.

Rainfall. Character of Vegetation.

Namib. 5 |) coxa" Xerophytie.

Kaokoveld . | 3” and upwards | Xerophytic in the west, bush-

steppe mixed with tropical

vegetation in the east.

Ovamboland. | 10” and upwards | Tropical — grass and forest-

steppe.

Distribution.

Araneids.—Of the 41 families of spiders differentiated by Simon in

his Histoire Naturelle des Araignées, 22 occur in the region dealt with,

and for purposes of distribution can be divided into groups according

to the mode of living or method which determines dispersal. The one

family which differs from all the rest in the mechanism of dispersal

is that of the Argiopidae or orb-web weavers, a family which is by

far the largest and the most differentiated among its own members.

This family differs so largely in its various subdivisions in colour,

size, structure, and general appearance that two individuals might

easily suggest to the passing observer differences of at least family

importance. All members of the family are, however, characterised

by the universal habit of building snares in the form of a logarithmic

spiral with radiating spokes from the centre, and in the method of

dispersal of the young ; these, on leaving the egg cocoon of the parent,

spin parachutes and may be carried long distances to fresh fields by

favourable winds, the process being repeated in the next generation,

which may be carried still farther afield. That this means of dis-

persal should ensure the offspring being carried to regions far distant

from the original centre is apparent, and young Argiopidae have

been observed at sea 300 miles from the nearest land. Such a group

tends to have a cosmopolitan distribution, and the family of orb-

weavers is in fact common throughout the world with the exception

of the polar regions. Several species recorded in South-West Africa

occur throughout Africa (Araneus eresifrons and Nephila senegalensis),

another (Araneus morelzi) is found in Madagascar as well, while

Tetragnatha nitens reaches the northern shores of the Mediterranean.

Thus, in a family with such a specialised method for widespread

dispersal, no definite lines of migration are indicated, individuals

being found wherever suitable conditions for building snares occur.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 291

The only factors which in any way militate against the establishment

of such a group are desert barriers, these being incapable of supporting

bush or small scrub vegetation, between the branches of which the

snares can be spun; in such conditions there is also a marked

deficiency of flowering plants on which Argiopids, being stationary

and not active predatory spiders, are dependent for their food supply

of winged insects ; such factors come into play in regions like the

more easterly desert portions of the Kaokoveld, where a marked

decrease in the number of Argiopid species is noticeable, as also

in the number of individuals of a given species as compared with

Ovamboland and still more markedly the east coast of Africa. The

Argiopidae are incapable of either using other means of dispersal

than that of the parachute or of accommodating themselves to other

methods of obtaining food than that of the circular snare. Such a

method of dispersal has its inconveniences, the animal making use

of it being subject to the control of physical forces which may react

on it with unfavourable consequences ; these, in the case of violent

storms, may mean its destruction, or, in the absence of any wind at all,

confine it to regions already over-populated ; on the other hand this

family undoubtedly owes its world-wide distribution to its command

of this very effective means of dispersal.

Though very many individuals are dispersed every year, it is in all

probability only those that alight in or near the more fertile valleys

and along river banks that survive, and these valleys and river banks

form new centres or reservoirs for fresh migrations under favourable

environmental conditions; this must especially occur in Southern

Africa, where the diversified character of the surface of the country

and the difference in the distribution and in the amount of the rainfall

are so considerable as to have caused corresponding important

differences both in the aspect and systematic constituents of the

vegetable landscape ; in a certain sense, then, the rivers and valleys

clothed with a rich vegetation may be looked upon as the incoming

routes of migration and the chief lines along which propagation of

fresh fauna has been conducted.

The family of Thomisid spiders, characterised by their sluggish

latigrade movements, are second only to the Argiopidae in their

geographical range, and resemble them in that they also are indirectly

dependent on flowering vegetation for food and dispersal; in this

family there is no mechanism for the aerial distribution of the young,

and the egg-bag is fastened to the underside of a dried leaf, the juvenile

spiders usually emerging from it after the death of the parent ;

292 Annals of the South African Museum.

members of this family are, however, often dispersed by wind in

seeds, withered leaves, or fowers. The adults are highly specialised

in form and colouring, and usually resemble the calyces, bracts, or

leaves of plants, on which they lie motionless until the prey (pre-

dominantly anthophilous hymenoptera) is within easy reach ; one or

two abnormal forms found in the south-western extremity of Africa

do not live on vegetation at all, but have adopted a cryptic habitat

and are almost decolorous.

In this family most of the individuals found in South-West Africa

are specifically distinct, but are not in any other way differentiated

from related species which occur in the Hast African region ; all

the genera, 11 in number, occur also in the latter region ; one South-

West African species, Tvbellus voissoni, is found in Hgypt, while

another, Xysticus sagittifer, is closely allied to X. gugalis, occurring in

Abyssinia. The relationship of the arachnid fauna of the north-east

corner of Africa to that of South-West Africa is indeed strikingly

displayed in this family, revealing an even greater similarity between

these regions than is found between the south-eastern coast belt and

South-West Africa; this similarity has also been commented on by

de Dalmas with regard to certain Drassidae (Ann. Ent. de France,

vol. lxxxix, p. 233), but it may be due to the greater knowledge of

the first-named region, while that of East Africa is a vast and

comparatively unexplored one.

In a study of distribution it is impossible to include in the same

group animals which differ widely in their method of living, diet,

habitat, etc. ; it has therefore been necessary to arrange the numerous

families of Araneids with these ecological considerations in -view,

and they have been here divided into four subdivisions. The families

Argiopidae and Thomisidae are here treated as the first natural

group, being both directly or indirectly dependent on vegetation

for their existence ; they are here called the PHYTOPHILOUS group.

In order to show the relationship of the fauna of South-West Africa

with other regions, the genera recorded in the paper dealt with are

tabulated and are also recorded under columns denoting other regions

in Africa when occurring in these. The regions dealt with are (1)

Africa, under which are recorded genera widespread in Africa or beyond

it; (2) South Africa, z.e. the extreme south of Africa; (3) Northern

Transvaal and Rhodesia ; (4) East Africa, 7.e. Portuguese Hast Africa

to Lake Victoria Nyanza; (5) West Africa, z.e. Congo and the

Cameroons ; (6) North Africa, 1.e. Egypt, Abyssinia, and Somaliland.

In these tables, genera are recorded rather than species, for the reason

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 293

that in such a heterogeneous group as the Araneids many of the

larger and unexplored territories are better known with regard to

generic than specific distribution.

The genera of the Phytophilous group are tabulated as follows :—

TaBLe 1.—Phytophilous Group.

Genus. Africa. S. Transv.- Be W. N.

: Africa. Rhod. Africa. Africa. Africa.

Tetragnatha x 4 x x x

Asati \ Nephila . x Xx Xx Xx x

d Araneus . < x< x x x

ee | Araiore : x x Xx x x

Cyrtophora Xx x x x x

Stiphropus 4 Xx

Paramystaria . Xx

Monoeses. x< < x x x

Tmarus . ~ < x

: Pherecydes : x x

eee Thomisus : x x >< x x

: Runcinia. : x x x >< x

Xysticus . — . x x x x x

Philodromus . < x x x ><

Hirrius : x

Tibellus . ‘ x < x xx x

Of the above 16 phytophilous genera recorded in South-West Africa

it is seen that 11, or 69 per cent., are widely distributed in Africa or

beyond it, and of the remaining more circumscribed genera, 80 per cent.

are found in Hast Africa, 60 per cent. in the extreme south of Africa,

and 40 per cent. in both North and West Africa.

A second natural group is formed by four families of so-called

wandering spiders which do not attempt to make a web for snaring

their prey—the Lycosidae, Pisauridae, Clubionidae, and Attidae ;

here in most cases the egg-bag is carried by the female spider attached

to the spinnerets at the posterior ventral surface of the abdomen.

These four families are here treated as a group—the Nomapic group.

In this division, dispersal is carried out by the natural wanderings of

the spiders, which are powerful and extremely active ; some of them,

like the Attidae, have formed the habit of leaping on their prey instead

ofrunning it down. Among the Pisauridae some of the larger members

such as Thalassius are hydrophilous in habit, haunting the banks of

rivers and feeding upon tadpoles and small fish ; they are often carried

long distances upon floating detritus. The genus Pardosa of the

Lycosidae has somewhat similar habits, lurking near pools and river

294 Annals of the South African Museum.

banks, its lightness and the tufted hairs of the tarsi allowing it to

run with great speed over the surface of water without breaking the

surface film; in these two genera, at least, rivers play a large

part in distribution, while most of the remaining genera are dispersed

in the natural wanderings of the spiders in search of prey. Taking

the first three families and omitting the Attidae, which are at present

very insufficiently known as compared with the Clubionidae, Pisauridae

and Lycosidae, we find that these are represented by 16 genera in the

region under consideration; the geographical distribution of these

genera is set down in Table IT below.

TaBLeE II.—Nomadic Group.

: s. SV.- ; 5

CRS Auten Africa. TRhod. Eon Ie, Nebo,

Selenops . ; x x< x Xx Xx x

Olios , C x x x x x x

| Micrommata . S x x

Clubio- Chiracanthium . >< x x Xx x Xx

nidae. | Palystella

Copa ; i >< x

Graptartia ; x x

Rhaeboctesis <

Pisa ( Thalassius , x x x x Xx x

aT \ Euphrosthenops Xx x Xx Xx x x

Y _Tetragnatha . x x

Ocyale . : x x < x< x Xx

vec Lycosa. ; x x Xx x Xx x

eae Pardosa : ; x x x x Xx Xx

eee Evippa : x x

Hippasa . : x x x

On glancing at this table we find that half these genera are widely

spread throughout Africa, and most of them, such as Lycosa, Pardosa,

Selenops, Olios, Chiracanthium, extend through Arabia and the

Mediterranean region to Europe and the Orient. Disregarding these

widespread genera we find that of the remaining eight genera, South-

West Africa shares 63 per cent. with the East African region and

hence also with the Transvaal and Rhodesia, 50 per cent. with the

north-east corner of Africa, 25 per cent. with West Africa, and only

124 per cent. with the southern extremity of Africa ; in other words,

the arachnid fauna of this group has most in common with Hast

Africa, closely followed by North-East Africa, considerably less with

West Africa, and very little with the southern extremity of Africa.

In the case of genera which are found both in South-West Africa and

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 295

in West Africa (Congo, Cameroons), it must be pointed out that

these genera are represented in the Hast African region as well. The

single genus Rhaeboctesis, which South-West Africa possesses in

common with the southern extremity of Africa, is a peculiarly modified

one, bearing characters similar in many respects to certain cryptozoic

Drassid spiders; it is, moreover, represented in the region we are

dealing with by a distinct species, R. denotata; the eight genera

widespread in Africa are, of course, common both in South-West

Africa and the southern extremity of Africa, but the South-West

African species show a more noticeable resemblance to those of the

east and south-eastern region than to the south-western or Cape

region. One genus, Palystella, is peculiar to South-West Africa alone.

For purposes of distribution it is again convenient to group together

a number of families which on account of their mode of life must

undoubtedly possess affinities in the method and acceleration of their

dispersal. Under this heading I place the Drassidae, Prodidomidae,

Zodaridae, Palpimanidae, Hersiliidae, and Hresidae, and these I pro-

pose to call PseupocryProzoic fauna ; this group cannot be called

entirely cryptozoic on account of the fact that genera among the same

family may differ from each other, some being genuinely cryptozoic

while others as in the Drassidae may live an active life among damp

humus, decaying leaves, etc., and spending a certain portion of their

lives in the open. Asan example in the cribellate family of Eresidae,

Stegodyphus, a common social spider, makes a large labyrinthine

nest in acacia trees, the communal nest supporting a population of

three or four hundred individuals; on the other hand Dresserus, of

the same family, is eryptozoic and solitary, living under stones against

which it builds a flat, sheet-like nest. Among the Hersiliidae, Hersilia

lives entirely on and in the crevices of bark of trees, while Herszliola,

a closely-related genus, is definitely cryptozoic. Further, seasonal

and climatic fluctuations bring about alterations in the conditions

of life, so that individuals which in other regions are free living or

phytophilous temporarily adopt a rupicolous life.

This group shows no reduction in the usual number of eight eyes.

The most important family of this group is that of the Drassidae,

itself far larger numerically than any of the other families, some of

which closely resemble it in structure ; it is represented in South-West

Africa by 12 genera and 31 species. The rupicolous habits of most of

this group render it less likely that any members of these families

should have such a wide distribution as is found, for instance, in

296 Annals of the South African Museum.

Argiope of the phytophilous group or Lycosa of the nomadic group.

The distribution of the genera of this group is as follows :—

TaBLE II].—Pseudocryptozore Group.

Genus, Attica. | africa, | “Bhod || afvtea, | arsoual nas

Platoides . Xx x Xx

U pognampa

Callilepis . x >< x x

Asemesthes x x Xx

Xerophaeus Xx x x

Dras- < Setaphis . x Xx

sidae. Trichothyse

Lchemus . x Xx x

Camillina x x< x x

Diaphractus x

Zelotes x x x Xx

Theuma . . Xx x

Palpima- { Diaphorocellus . x x

nidae. | Palpimanus . x x x x x x

Caphaeris x x

foe: , Diores x x Xx

tiidae. | Cydrela x ~< Xx

Ere- — f Dresserus. : x x x x

sidae. | Stegodyphus . x x < x x x

Hersi- f Hersiliola x x

liidae. \ Hersilia . x x x x

sane { Prodidomus Xx Xx Xx Xx

As seen from this table, only two genera, Palpimanus and Stegodyphus,

can be called widespread ; of the remainder, 90 per cent. are held in

common with the southern extremity of Africa, 60 per cent. with

Transvaal and Rhodesia, 50 per cent. with Hast Africa, 45 per cent.

with North Africa, and 15 per cent. with West Africa, while two

genera are peculiar to South-West Africa alone. Two or three of

these genera (Prodidomus, Diaphorocellus, Zelotes) occur or are nearly

related to genera found on the east coast of South America.

In this group the greatest similarity is with the extreme south,

then with Transvaal and Rhodesia, then East Africa, North Africa,

and lastly West Africa; or it can be said that along a strip of the

west coast from the south of Angola to the Cape the members of this

group show a close similarity among themselves ; it is also noticeable

that the relationship with the Transvaal-Rhodesian region and the

East African region is not an equal one, as is the case in both the

phytophilous and nomadic groups, but is distinctly in favour of the

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 297

Transvaal-Rhodesian region, members of this group appearing to

become more restricted in distribution from west to east.

It seems reasonable to suppose that with only 10 per cent. of the

pseudocryptozoic group having at all a wide distribution as compared

with 50 per cent. of the nomadic group and 69 per cent. of the phyto-

philous group, the method of life of the two latter is more successful

than that of the former; the methods employed by the first two

groups for snaring their prey and the dispersal of the young are more

specialised and far more complex than is the case in the pseudo-

cryptic families; the Argiopidae in the instance of the phytophilous

group build a complex snare and employ a special mechanism for the

dispersal of the young; the nomadic group, though in the main they

make no webs, build trap-doors sometimes closing with a lid (Lycosa),

and also carry the egg-bag attached to their bodies in their wander-

ings; their comparatively wide distribution, however, must be chiefly

attributed to their activity and their association with an aquatic

environment ; the pseudocryptozoic group have no special provision

either for dispersal or for acquiring food and are far more localised

in habitat ; their methods of feeding are more simple, their chelicerae

are weaker and they are limited in their choice of diet to other cryptic

arthropods of small size and the eggs and larvae of these.

All the families of this group except the Drassidae retain the third

inferior tarsal claw, a fundamental possession of Araneids which is

thrown off by members of the nomadic group, where it is only present

on the tarsi of the newly-hatched spiders in the cocoon. The pseudo-

eryptozoic group seems, in some respects then, simpler and _ less

specialised than the two first-named ones.

The fourth and last group to be considered is represented by three

ancient families—the Dysderidae, Capontidae, and Sicarudae—and

though these families occur in other parts of the world they are

represented here by genera having a limited distribution in Africa,

most of them being confined to the west coastal region ; five genera

are found in South-West Africa, and these are all truly cryptic in

habit, being found under stones and nowhere else; they are here

termed the Cryprozoic group. With these families are associated

certain structural peculiarities common to them all; these are in

connection with the respiratory system whereby the posterior stigmata

are placed at the sides of the ventral surface of the abdomen instead

of in the middle ; in Diploglena (Caponiidae), the pulmonary sacs are

wholly replaced by tracheae. In all these groups a reduction has

VOL. XXV, PART 2. 20

298 Annals of the South African Museum.

taken place in the number of eyes, which are six instead of eight, and

these are all of the nocturnal type; the third or inferior tarsal claw

persists ; lastly, the reproductive organs of both sexes are characterised

by extreme simplicity. The members of this well-defined group of

families are the most primitive of all spiders found in Africa, and are

most comparable with the tracheate araneid Liphistius which, with its

segmented abdomen, lies in the most direct line to the hypothetical

arche-araneid. The distribution of the genera of this group is set out

in the table below :

TABLE 1V.—Cryptozoic Group.

5 s. SV.- 0 3 N.

Genus. Autalea Africa. TRhod. Ate, ee Nee,

Dysderidae. Ariadna x x Xx Xx

Caponiidae. Diploglena . ><

Loxosceles . x x x Xx

Sicariidae. {Stearns x

Scytodes x x Xx x x

As will be seen from the above table, none of these genera have a

wide distribution in Africa, but all belong, strictly speaking, to the south-

western coast region ; though a few species of the genus Scytodes reach

East and North Africa, these are few in comparison with those found in

the south-western region. Another peculiarity not found in the other

groups, respecting genera with a limited distribution in Africa, is that

all these cryptozoic forms occur along the east coast of South America,

though they do not spread farther inland on the American continent.

The cryptozoic group appears to be the most primitive one in

Southern Africa, the pseudocryptozoic group being also primitive but

less so, while the two other groups are more or less specialised. From

a glance at the table below, which combines the results of the four pre-

vious tables, it will be seen that the phytophilous fauna possesses the

largest number of widely-spread genera, while the crypto-fauna has

none at all.

TaBLE V.—Combined Groups.

Aree é Transv.- E. W. N.

CRON: AEN, | Sp Sant, Rhod. Africa, | Africa. | Africa.

Phytophilous. | 69 0 20 80 40 40

Nomadic : 50 123 63 63 25 50

Pseudocryptic 10 90 60 50 20 45

Cryptic 3 0 100 60 60 40 40

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 299

As has been pointed out, the simple cryptic group stands nearest in

relationship to the most primitive groups represented among living

spiders by the segmented Liphistius ; the fossil spiders of the Upper

Carboniferous, where they are first met with, are all characterised by

having a segmented abdomen; no true spiders have been met with

after the Carboniferous throughout the whole of the Secondary deposits,

but in the Tertiary nearly all the forms are related to living families,

and the abdomen is unsegmented as in modern spiders ; fossil forms

from the Upper Miocene (Thomisus, Oeningensis) and Lower Oligocene

(Mizalia rostrata) belong to families comprising the phytophilous and

nomadic groups of this paper and do not differ except in detail from

present-day genera; it is very probable that all the phytophilous

group and most of the nomadic group became differentiated only in

Tertiary times, their arrival presumably synchronising with that of

most of the flying orders of insects, and following on the rise of

angiosperm vegetation in the Cretaceous. From this we conclude that

the primitive cryptic fauna were the first to arrive and populated the

whole continent of Africa, when they were probably far more numerous

than they are to-day ; the later and more specialised families followed

later, and to a large extent replaced them, especially along the east

coast and in Central Africa. Where the original centre of the crypto-

fauna was is difficult to say, but from the presence of all the genera

on the east coast of South America it seems likely that when this

group was being dispersed in space the west coastline of Africa did not

constitute the limit to progressive migrations westwards that it does

now ; it is otherwise difficult to explain how these primitive families,

which are to-day more geographically restricted than any other

Araneid groups, reached the now remote continent of South America.

With regard to the more recent and specialised groups which

arrived later, it will be seen from looking at Tables I, II, and V that

the fauna of South-West Africa has more affinities with that of the

eastern region than with that of the North African one, while it has

little relationship to West Africa and hardly any to the extreme south’

of Africa. The relationship of South-West Africa with North Africa

(Egypt, Abyssinia, Somaliland) is a striking one considering the

distances separating them, and, as has been pointed out, is specific

as well as generic, while there is but little relationship with the north-

west corner (Morocco, Algiers). Many of these genera occur again

in Arabia, Asia Minor, and also in Europe and Asia, while some of

them are replaced by closely-allied forms. It seems fairly certain

that the fauna of these groups entered Africa from the north and

300 ' Annals of the South African Museum.

north-eastern coasts; though the arid region of the Sahara would

form a strong natural barrier separating the Mediterranean from the

Ethiopian region, a gap formed by the Nile would admit the incoming

stream of migration which, proceeding up the watershed of the Nile,

would follow the course of the Great Rift Valley until the region of

the Hast African lakes was reached; this fertile and well-watered

region would constitute a natural reservoir from which a fresh impetus

would be given to further migrations ; a small branch would here be

given off which, travelling along the tributaries of the Congo, would

arrive at the west coast of Africa, but the main stream would continue

southwards to meet with the Zambesi; from thence travelling

eastwards these stocks would travel along the upward course of

this river and easily reach the Kunene via Lake Ngami and the

Okavango River, spreading through southern Angola and the northern

regions of South-West Africa (Ovamboland, the Kaokoveld, and

Damaraland). In the South-West African region they do not seem

to have been able to penetrate farther southwards across the wide

desert barriers formed by Namaqualand and the Kalahari, but at the

same time the fauna of Hast Africa would have progressed farther

southward through Portuguese East Africa and Natal, and travelling

westwards a few stragglers would eventually reach the south-west

extremity ; this is without doubt the reason for the only slight

similarity between the fauna of South-West Africa and the Cape

region in this group. This is also illustrated by the distribution of

certain tree- or grass-living Colubrid snakes for which a certain amount

of humidity is essential to existence; the common mamba,

Dendraspis, is not found in South-West Africa at all except in the

extreme north, whereas in the Transvaal, Rhodesia, and East Africa

it is well known and is found as far south as Natal.

That the phytophilous fauna in Africa must have followed roughly

the courses of the great rivers is borne out by the fact that the whole

of the east coast has an almost similar fauna as far south as Natal,

‘that of the latter being a tropical one with many relationships to the

Great Lakes region, which again agrees with both the northern parts

of South-West Africa and the north-east corner of Africa. The east

coast region is well watered in comparison with the south-western

coastline, and, possessing a far higher summer rainfall, supports a

tropical forest and savannah vegetation which is favourable to the

mode of life adopted by the phytophilous forms of spiders. On

comparing the fauna of Portuguese Hast Africa, based on a collection

made there in 1923, with that of South-West Africa, it has been

Contributions to.a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 301

found that among the Argiopidae the numerical proportion of eastern

to western genera is almost 2 to | and the proportion of species

almost 3 to 1. Although some of the Arachnida can withstand more

or less severe conditions of drought as is the case in the Scorpions,

yet all of them require a certain minimum of moisture; in certain

parts of the very arid rocky regions of the Kaokoveld, no Arachnids

can be found over large areas. In the case of such phytophilous

Arachnids as the Argiopidae, while they are not directly dependent

on water, a good supply of it is favourable to their rapid dispersal

as a means of providing abundance of food of flying orders of insects.

Distribution of Scorpions.

The scorpions, with which may be grouped the Pseudoscorpions

and Pedipalpi, can be placed with the fourth natural group as being

definitely cryptic in habit. The distribution of the scorpions, which

is a far better known and more homogeneous group than that of the

Araneids, has been discussed by Hewitt in his paper “ Facts and

Theories on the Distribution of Scorpions in South Africa” (Trans.

Roy. Soc. 8. Africa, Vol. XII, p. 249). The conclusions he comes to are

mainly that the most primitive forms of scorpions are found in the

west or south-west of Africa, while the more recent or specialised

ones are found in the east. Certain primitive genera, such as

Opisthophthalmus and Scorpio, belonging to the family Scorpionidae,

were at first spread over the continent of Africa and were later replaced

by other more specialised genera of the family entering from the

east or north-east, and in certain areas by the more advanced family

Buthidae. He thinks the evidence of distribution definitely against

an African origin for the families found in it and attributes the

immediate source of our scorpion fauna to EKurasia as being also the

centre from which Australia and perhaps the new world received

their respective faunas.

The most common genus in South Africa, Opisthophthalmus, closely

alhed to the North African Scorpio, followed, according to Hewitt, a

line of migration which came south down the east coast and curved

westwards towards the Cape region, a few species again turning

north in the direction of Namaqualand; other species such as

O. carinatus took a more direct route across the continent, reaching

South-West Africa via Rhodesia and the Kalahari. The great

majority of the species collected in South-West Africa are well

known and have a fairly wide distribution; these were taken into

302 Annals of the South African Museum.

account in Hewitt’s paper and do not throw any fresh light on the

question of distribution, being in accord with the general lines of

his hypothesis.

A discovery of considerable importance made in the Kaokoveld,

which has a bearing on distribution, is that of a new scorpion revealing

features differing from those of any other member of the South African

or even African fauna. This scorpion, Lisposoma, possesses characters

which approach most nearly those of the family Scorpionidae, and has

been placed with it, but in a separate subfamily. The characters

which distinguish the Scorpionidae from the other African family,

Buthidae, are a pentagonal sternum and a single tarsal spur; the

pentagonal sternum, as shown by Petrunkevitch in the American

Naturalist, vol. 1, is a character possessed by most of the families of

Paleozoic scorpions, and is regarded by him as primitive. This

feature, together with the possession of eyes placed far forward on the

carapace, which is agreed upon by authorities such as Pocock and

Hewitt as being primitive, and its small size (the adults are 22 mm.

in length), point to a general simplicity of structure which is greater

than in any other species of the family, and probably greater than

in any other scorpion living in Africa.

The most striking features, then, of Lisposoma are its complete

dissimilarity from other South African scorpions and a general

tendency towards reduction and simplification of the characters ; it

lends further evidence for the almost invariable occurrence of primi-

tive forms in the west. Its distribution is evidently very localised,

Lisposoma having been hitherto found only in a restricted area of the

Kaokoveld ; in the structure of the pectinal lamellae it shows affinity

with the South American families Bothriuridae and Vejovidae.

Another small primitive scorpion with a very restricted distribu-

tion has been found in South-West Africa in the Karas Mountains,

near the Orange River; this scorpion, Karasbergia, also shows

reduction of characters and represents the most primitive form of the

Buthidae. Lisposoma represents the most primitive form of the

Scorpionidae.

Distribution of Solifugae.

The Solifugae are in habit most nearly allied to the nomadic group

of Araneids, most of them being quick-moving, active creatures with

bodies well provided with sensory hairs, bristles, and spines; some

are nocturnal, others diurnal, in habit. Two species, at least, have

a distributional relationship with Rhodesia and the Kalahari (S.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 303

sericea, S. monteirot), while others such as S. furcifera have a local

distribution in South-West Africa; they show a fair amount of

affinity with the extreme southern region.

Ecology.

Structure.—Most peculiarities of structure occur among the deserti-

colous Araneids of the cryptozoic group ; they are characterised by a

partial replacement of the lung-books by tracheae in most of the genera,

while in Diploglena the pulmonary organs are entirely tracheate.

The eyes are reduced to six, or two in the case of Diploglena, all

others being of the nocturnal type without a retinal pigmentary

layer, as compared with the pseudocryptic group in which there are

both nocturnal and diurnal types, while the phytophilous group have

mainly diurnal eyes ; other peculiarities, as in Szcardus, are a general

flattening of the body which recalls some of the Pedipalpi, and a com-

parative absence of sensory hair structures which may be represented

by modified claviform hairs (Szcarius) ; another important structure

presenting analogies with certain scorpions is the presence of a

stridulatory apparatus ; this in Sicarius consists of a finely striated

lamella on the external side of the chelicera, which when rubbed

against the internal surface of the femur, provided with a row of

small denticles, gives rise to a faint humming sound ; a slight variation

of this mode of stridulation is found in the scorpion Opisthophthalmus.

The sexual organs of the cryptic spiders are all extremely simple

and show great uniformity among themselves; the reproductive

organ in the male is in all cases a simple bulb drawn out in a long

slender style by means of which the seminal fluid is communicated

to the vulva of the female which in this group is a simple pit.

The nomadic group show a greater development in regard to

sight than is found in any other group, the Attidae being the most

far-sighted of the Araneids; they are also provided with a thick

covering of hairs which are often flattened, resembling the wing-

scales of Lepidoptera.

The phytophilous group have poorly-developed eyes of the diurnal

type, which however are little used, the direction, size, etc., of the

prev being located by means of sensitive perceptory hairs; the

reproductive organs, at any rate in the males, are in striking contrast to

those of the cryptic group, showing great complexity and differentiation

among themselves. (Text-fig. 1, p. 304.)

Among the scorpions of the Kaokoveld the members of the genus

——=

304 Annals of the South African Museum.

Parabuthus are provided with the well-known stridulating organ

consisting of a granulated area on the upper surface of the first and

second caudal segments, the point of the sting being brought over

and down and rasped along these areas, giving rise to a hissing sound ;

this stridulating organ has a certain range of variation among the

1 Po Te

Scytodes. Sicarius. Diploglena. Ariadna (after Purcell and

Simon).

B. Tetragnatha. Linyphia. Araneus. Metargiope (after

Tullgren).

TeExt-ric. 1.—A. The male reproductive organs of four genera of the cryptic

group. B. The same of the phytophilous group (Argiopidae).

different species of the genus, being most weakly developed in

P. granulatus and strongly so in P. flavidus. It is also well developed

in P. brachystylus, found in the northern Kaokoveld, the sound

being evoked by the irritating stimuli of light and touch. Pocock

described the stridulating organ in Parabuthus as having been evolved

for a warning or intimidating purpose and thought that its ravson

d’étre was solely to strike fear into its enemies ; this seems a hypothesis

based on psychological premises which we have no means of verifying ;

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 305

in the Kaokoveld it was observed on many occasions with regard to

P. brachystylus that while stridulation was proceeding large drops of

poison were exuded from the tip of the sting so that very soon the

segments on which the sting was being operated were covered with

it; thus it may be a purely mechanical method of stimulating rapid

and continuous contraction of the muscles surrounding the poison-

sac and so ensuring a liberal secretion of poison.

In Opisthopthalmus the stridulating mechanism is very different ;

it is here situated on the upper surface of the chelicerae, consisting

of a granular patch which rubs against the overhanging chitinous

wall of the carapace.

The structure of Lisposoma elegans, a peculiar and primitive

scorpion belonging to the family Scorpionidae with a very localised

distribution in the Kaokoveld, is a puzzling one ; it possesses several

characters which are not in agreement with some of those commonly

met with in all members of the family Scorpionidae. In the first

place it is the smallest member of the family, and though only 22 mm.

in length revealed on dissection well-developed ova attached to the

oviduct and a large seminal receptacle; these ova were simply

attached to the wall of the oviduct as is the case in the family Buthidae,

the ova in most Scorpionidae being contained in long diverticula

which open into the oviduct ; small animals are generally simpler in

structure than large ones of the same family, and several characters of

Lisposoma are undeveloped and extremely simple; there is a general

absence of the armature of keels and granules which are a feature

of most scorpions, the chelicerae are simple in their dentition, while

the hands are reduced and feeble; this dwarfing of the develop-

ment suggests a case of cretinism or infantilism due to a patho-

genic condition of the endocrine organs ; no other scorpion in South

Africa shows anything like the same extent of simplicity. The

weakened condition of the hands would not admit of burrowing

habits, and this scorpion is always found hiding in the cavities formed

in porous limestone rock.

Habitat and Climate.—A rainfall such as that of South-West Africa,

which in the Kaokoveld is subject to great fluctuations, brings about

seasons of severe drought, and in one or two cases a mode of life

different to the one usually adopted has resulted. The family

Thomisidae, which in the great majority of its members is a phyto-

philous one, provides two instances of forms having adopted a cryptic

habitat which may have been permanent or only a temporary

measure in times of unusual drought. Xysticus, though not in other

306 Annals of the South African Museum.

regions cryptic, is in the Kaokoveld only found beneath the bark of

trees (Ficus damarensis), while Hirrius is invariably found beneath

stones.

The Clubionidae, a family of the nomadic group of spiders, is most

frequently represented in the Cape Peninsula by the familar large

brown spider, Palystes castaneus; the genus Palystes is not found

in the south-west region at all, but is replaced by an allied form,

Palystella, which is entirely rupicolous in habitat ; Palystes lives in

small trees and shrubs, while Palystella carries the egg-bag attached

posteriorly to the abdomen.

The nest of Lycosa obturata, found in the Kaokoveld, differs from

the usual tubular retreat with an open turret of interwoven grass

at the entrance adopted by most species of Lycosa; the mouth of

the tube built by L. obturata is provided with a tightly fitting cork-like

trap-door made of silk and mud, and this is completely removed when

the spider leaves the burrow; very similar burrows are built by

L. cunicularia in Algeria, and L. domicola living in the Karroo of

South Africa. This trap-door habit may have been adopted for

obviating the danger of flooding, which must occur very regularly

in arid regions subject to sudden downpours of rain on a flat, sun-

hardened surface and where there is no even distribution of vegetation

to absorb the water. Such deviations from the usual habits of these

genera apparently occur only in the Kaokoveld, and not in the adjacent

territory of Ovamboland where the rainfall is a more regular one.

Habitat and Rock Formation—The habitat of a large part of the

fauna of South-West Africa, as has been pointed out, is rupicolous ;

as In many arid regions where surface evaporation is excessive a

crust of superficial limestone covers a great part of this region,

forming an ideal hiding-place for numbers of different orders of

Arachnids and insects. This stone is not hard, and contains small

cavities in which the nests are often made ; the porosity of the lime-

stone boulders also enables a minimum of moisture to be retained

when the surrounding soil has been desiccated by a season of extreme

drought. Most limestones contain more water than igneous rocks,

and this may account for the prevalence of cryptic fauna wherever

limestone outcrops are encountered in South-West Africa. Adult

specimens of the common fowl tick, Argas persicus, were found in

the Kaokoveld under thin flakes of marble at the foot of an escarp-

ment in which parrots (Agapornis roseicollis) had built their nests ;

it was also noticed that the Solifugid, Solpuga sericea, was only

found in conjunction with outcrops of blue dolomitic rocks. On the

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 307

other hand, Hadogenes taeniurus, a scorpion which is marked by

flattening of the whole body and tail, was found to live only in narrow

crevices of gneissic rock.

In Ovamboland, where no rocks occur except in the extreme north,

and sandy plains take the place of the Kaokoveld rock formations,

Ammoxenus, a small spider peculiar to Southern Africa, burrows

with great rapidity in the soft sand, recalling the habits of the larvae

of Myrmeleonidae ; the chelicerae in this spider are modified, being

provided with a rastellum composed of strong conical spines.

Habitat and Colour.—In South-West Africa the ground-living

Araneids, 2.e. the cryptic and pseudocryptic groups, are characterised

by their uniformity and sobriety of colouring; among the large

family of Drassidae there is only one genus, Setaphis, which possesses

contrasting colours, all the remainder tending toward earthy brown

shades. The nomadic group also are for the most part decolorous ;

the colouring of Graptartia granulosa is a good imitation of that of a

female Mutillid wasp * which is common in these regions.

Among the phytophilous Thomisidae, Parabomis is found living in

the flowers of native trees whose colouring it closely resembles. In one

case adaptive pigmentary variations in the skin among individuals of

the same species were observed. Hersilia arborea, which lives between

the crevices and on the bark of trees, was often found on the native

tree Commiphora olivert, which has a bright yellow wrinkled bark ;

individuals resting on this tree were of a yellowish colour, in contrast

with others of the same species found on the smooth bark of the baobab,

which is a dark slate-grey in colour ; these latter were all melanic.

A Comparison of the Fauna of South-West Africa with that

of Portuguese East Africa.

The ecology of the fauna of the northern part of South-West Africa

dealt with in this paper is best illustrated by a comparison with the

east coast region, where a collection of Arachnids was made in 1923

by the writer.

Portuguese Hast Africa is a low-lying country of mixed grass,

woodland, and savannah with a high summer rainfall; it is covered

in many parts with tropical vegetation composed of large perennial

trees such as the maroola, Sclerocarya caffra, interlaced with numbers

of creepers and lianes such as the wild grape, Rhoicissus capensis, and

* Dolichomutilla guineensis.

308 Annals of the South African Museum.

monkey ropes which in some parts form a dense tangle of forest.

The cryptic forms are found for the most part in the rich humid

mould to which these forests give rise.

In general there is from east to west an increasing total rainfall

and an increasing predominance of summer rainfall over that of the

winter months. South-West Africa has, in addition to other rock

formations, a large superficial limestone deposit which, owing to

excessive evaporation, tends to encrust the surface soil; Portuguese

East Africa, on the other hand, is almost without any outcrops of

rock, at any rate in the southern part, but is covered with a superficial

sandy soil.

As has been shown, the fauna of the western region is predominantly

eryptic, while that of the east is predominantly phytophilous. Among

the Drassidae, which are a typical ground-living or rupicolous family,

31 species were found living in South-West Africa, while but three

species were recorded in Portuguese East Africa. On the other hand,

while 22 species of Argiopidae were taken in Portuguese Hast Africa,

only 8 were found in South-West Africa; both the Drassids in the

west and the Argiopids in the east show a great differentiation into

species.

A survey of the respective faunas of these two regions shows that

the phytophilous Arachnids increase in genera and species from the

west coast of South-West Africa across the Kalahari and Transvaal to

East Africa ; not only are there a greater number of distinctly differing

genera, but the number of species for each genus increases and the

numerical proportions of individuals for most species are still greater.

Taking the combined genera of Thomisidae and Argiopidae, there

occur in the Kaokoveld (western extreme) 12 genera and 14 species,

in Ovamboland 16 genera and 20 species, in Portuguese East Africa

23 genera and 43 species. In the nomadic group, Pisauridae,

Clubionidae, Lycosidae, the respective numbers of genera for these

same regions are :

K’ veld. Ovwld. P.E.A.

Pisauridae. Shiba 3 5

Clubionidae . : ee 7 11

Lycosidae 3 5 i

or 9:15:20 for the group as a whole. The nomadic group is

therefore also better represented on the east than the west coasts.

Among the pseudocryptic fauna the numerical relationship of genera

is the reverse of that found in the phytophilous group, the larger

number of genera being found in the west, viz. 22 in the Kaokoveld

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa. 309

and Ovamboland, and 13 in Portuguese Hast Africa; in the true

cryptic group the proportion is still greater, 5 being found in South-

West Africa and only 1 in Portuguese Hast Africa.

Thus the rupicolous and cryptic fauna in the west tends to be

replaced by a phytophilous fauna in increasing measure eastwards ;

also the distribution of the cryptic fauna is considerably more restricted

than that of the phytophilous fauna of Hast Africa, many genera and

species of which have a wide range. While many of the phytophilous

members of the Hast African fauna are found in the west, com-

paratively few, if any, cryptozoic individuals become established in

the eastern region; genera that are found in both regions have

different habitats in their respective regions, e.g. Platyoides, a rupi-

colous Drassid spider, is found beneath the bark of trees in Portuguese

Hast Africa. Among the Zodariidae, which is a predominantly

cryptic family, the genera Hermippus and probably also Patiscus and

Casaetius live among shrubs in the Eastern region, these being replaced

in South-West Africa by the cryptic genera Cydrela, Diores, and

Caphaeris.

Among the Myriopods the Geophilomorphous forms live under

stones in South-West Africa but beneath the bark of trees in

Portuguese East Africa; the same can be said of Cormocephalus, one

of the smaller Scolopendrids. Portuguese East Africa is poor in

scorpions, a very typical cryptozoic group ; it is here represented by

2 genera and 2 species in contrast with the 6 genera and 15 species

taken in South-West Africa; none of the genera occurring in either

region are common to the other.

The difference in general appearance between the fauna of the

west and eastern regions is a striking one. Inthe former the ground-

living forms are characterised by their sombre colouring and general

uniformity of appearance in contrast to the vividly contrasting

colours of such eastern plant-living forms as Thomisops, Camarico-

proctus, and Platythomisus, in which a lavish display of greens, whites,

reds, and blacks form striking colour effects; this is also the case

among Argiopid spiders in the genera Argyroepeira and Gasteracantha.

In the eryptozoic forms of South-West Africa there is in general a

uniformity of colour and size with very slight sexual dimorphism in

contrast with the phytophilous forms of the east, where both these

differences are marked ; in the latter region great differentiations of

form and colour occur in closely related species, while the males are

in most cases smaller and less brilliantly coloured than is the case

in the females (Gasteracantha).

310 Annals of the South African Museum.

Conclusions.

The arachnid fauna of South-West Africa, from an ecological

viewpoint, can be roughly divided into two groups: (a) a cryptic

group not dependent on vegetation but associated entirely with a

rupicolous environment; (b) a phytophilous group directly or in-

directly dependent on plant life. The distribution of these two

groups is as different as their environment.

The cryptic group, which is the more predominant and typical in

South-West Africa, appears to have the more primitive and older

fauna. In distribution it is restricted to a region along the west

coast of Africa from Angola to the Cape, and does not in general

show a disposition to spread to the east coast. In structure the

most typical members are characterised by reduction in the number

of eyes, replacement of the pulmonary sacs by tracheae, and simplicity

of the reproductive organs.

The phytophilous group is poorly represented in South-West

Africa, the forms found there being in general those which have a

wide distribution in Africa. This group, in contrast to the cryptic

group, is dominant in the east, from whence the south-west region

receives its fauna; it includes all the species which have a wide

distribution in Africa, showing a disposition to establish itself wherever

environmental conditions permit. It reveals a far greater differentia-

tion of form, size, and colouring among its members in the east

than is found among the cryptic fauna in the west ; furthermore its

individuals are more complex in structure and more specialised in

habits than is the case among individuals of the cryptic fauna.

With regard to the geological history of the arachnid fauna of

South-West Africa the cryptic group appear to be the oldest members ;

in earlier geological time they probably occupied a larger geo-

graphical area in Africa than they do to-day, but the centre of their

original dispersal remains obscure. The phytophilous group is more

recent in origin than the cryptic group, and judging from their

relationships in the various regions of Africa entered the continent

from the north or north-east, and being dependent on vegetation

followed the courses of the great rivers and valleys of Africa ; to-day

they are widespread throughout Africa, being abundant in the well-

watered parts but restricted in arid regions such as South-West Africa.

The adverse climatic conditions of an arid region such as South-West

Africa are best countered by a cryptic rupicolous environment ;

several Arachnids, which in other regions are phytophilous in habit,

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fauna of South-West Africa, 311

are here found adopting—temporarily or permanently—a rupicolous

habitat; in other cases, however, phytophilous Arachnids are

represented in this region by distinct but closely allied forms which are

themselves genuinely rupicolous in habit.

LITERATURE.

Sim on.—Histoire Naturelle des Araignées, i, ii.

LawRENCE.—“‘ Contributions to Knowledge of the Arachnid Fauna of South-West

Africa,’ Ann, 8.A.M,, Vol. XXV, p. 1.

ScuuttzE.—Forschungsreise im D. 8.-W. Afrika, Band iv.

Hewitrr.— Facts and Theories on the Distribution of Scorpions in South Africa,”

Trans. Roy. Soc. 8.A., Vol. X XI, pt. 4, p. 249.

Bo.us, H.—Sketch of the Floral Regions of South Africa.

Matuew, W. D.—Climate and Evolution.

Savory, T. H.—‘‘ Evolution in Spiders,’ Science Progress, No. 79, 1926.

Dr Datmas.—* Monographie des Araignées de la section des Pterotricha,’”’ Ann.

Soc. Ent. France, lxxxix, p. 233, 1920.

Prerrunkevitcu, A.—‘‘ A Monograph of the Terrestrial Palaeozoic Arachnids of

N. America,’ Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., vol. xviii, 1913.

von ZitreL, K. A.—Grundziige der Palaontologie. Invertebrata.

TULLGREN, A.—Sjéstedt’s Kilimanjaro-Meru Exp., Band iii, Abt. 20, 1905-1906.

312 .

bey

SOEMNAMUAARWNEE

COMO a=!

14.

. Hemiblossia

. Lisposoma elegans, 9°.

Annals of the South African Museum.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE XXI.

. Dresserus fontensis, 2.

Scytodes kaokoensis, @.

29 ”

Ariadna masculina, ¢.

Platyoides alpha, 3.

beta, Q.

. Asemesthes alternata, °.

. Setaphis kaokoensis, ©.

” ” 3.

cs lapidaria, 2.

2 Ge

ce hessei, 9.

Trichothyse fontensis, 3.

PLATE

. Monoeses debilispina, &.

. Parabomis anabensis, 9.

. Aysticus sagittifer, Lawrence, 3.

. Philodromus bigibba, Cambr., 9.

. Olios correvoni nigrifrons, 9.

. Palystella sex-maculatus, 2.

. Rhaeboctesis denotata, 2.

. Lycosa obturata, 2.

. Pardosa manubriata, Simon, 9.

. Oxyopedon rostrifrons, ®.

PLATE

. Daésia striata, 3.

. Blossia spinicornis, &.

33 3:

pteroceras, g.

a, sternum ;

b, genital operculum ; c, pectinal

lamella.

. Lisposoma elegans,2. Chelicera.

. Tarsus and

tibia of leg I (seen from below) ;

PLATE XXIV.

58. Lisposoma elegans, 9.

FIG.

15. Zelotes radiata, 9.

16. Theuma longipes, Lawrence, .

ze, + microphthalma, 9.

IgE » funerea, 8.

19. Cydrela otavensis, 9.

20. Caphaeris cordivulva, 9.

21. 3 apophysalis, ¢.

22. o op 6:

23. Hersilia arborea, 2.

24. 55 Lane

25. » setifrons, Q.

26. Hersiliola fragilis, 9.

. Stiphropus scutatus, Lawrence, Q.

XXII.

38. Heliophanus semirasus, 3.

a), 2 3.

40.

41.

42.

Menemerus hypenetes, 9.

o rubicundus, 2.

Mexcala agilis, 3.

43. Solpuga brownt, ¢.

AAs pie, eae

45. 5 Sree en

46. » furcifera kaokoensis, 3.

47. glabricornis, &.

XXIII.

a, pedal spur; 6b, median row of

spicules.

55. Lisposoma elegans, 2. Tarsus and

tibia of leg III (seen laterally) ;

a, pedal spur; 6, “ gehstachel.”

56. Lisposoma elegans, Q. Tarsus of

leg IT.

57. Lisposoma elegans, 9. Dentition of

movable finger of pedipalp.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV. Plate X XI.

6 13 20 27

R. FE. Lawrence

+L. Lawrence, del. eee

1G. Neill & Co., Lt

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. X XV. Plate X XII.

R. F. Lawrence, del. Neili & Co., Lid.

Plate X XIII.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol XXYV.

Neill d& Co., Lid.

R. F. Lawrence, del.

Plate XXIV.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. X XV.

Ltd.

Neili & Co.,

fi. F. Lawrence, del.

Graig)

8. Reports on the Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South

African Museum.—By J. R. te B. Tomutn, M.A.

(With Plates XXV, X XVI.)

III. Revision of the South African NASSARIIDAE (olim

NASSIDAE).

Now that it has been found that Nassa Bolten (1798)—applied to the

group of Thaididae more generally known as Iopas H. and A. Adams—

anticipates Lamarck’s usage by a year, we have no option but to dis-

card Nassa Lam. The next available name appears to be Nassarius

Dumeril (1806), and this, together with Nassariidae for the family,

has been in use in literature for some eight or nine years. The matter

is very fully set forth in Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. xii, p. 82.

I have not attempted to distribute the species into subgenera.

The limits of those in use seem to be rather artificial. For convenience

of reference the species are placed in alphabetical order, and there is

also a complete index at the end, as well as a short bibliography.

As regards geographical range much, I might almost say everything,

remains to be done. The fauna of a few favourite and accessible

strands is adequately known, mainly of course from dead and more

or less beach-worn material. When “live” examples, dredged or

otherwise, do turn up, it is frequently a matter of the greatest difficulty

to appraise their relationship with the worn types or battered series

which constitute all that is hitherto available.

In the ensuing list I have tried to gather together all the published

localities, and have added a few which I can vouch for from various

sources.

Gen. Nassarius Dumeril.

Nassarius algidus (Reeve).

Nassa algida Reeve. Conch. Icon., viii, pl. xxu, figs. 145a, 6, Dec.

1853. Moreton Bay (Strange).

F, p.5. Natal.

op : i G, p. 368. Natal.

” 2p e J, p. 111, pl. i, fig. 17... Durban (Burnup).

VOL. XXV, PART 2. 21

314 Annals of the South African Museum.

Types (3) in British Museum.

Smith (J.) discusses the variation in size, colouring and sculpture,

of Durban specimens. The South African Museum has a very fresh

beach example from Durban (S.A.M., No. 14039) measuring 22 mm.

in length, and fine live specimens, from 24-27 mm., dredged in 12-14

fathoms off the Tugela R. (S.A.M., No. 46398). The opercula are not

very perfect but closely resemble that of N. arcularia figured by

Quoy and Gaimard in the “ Voyage of the Astrolabe,’ Atlas Moll.,

pl. xxxu, fig. 4. Their periostracum is either black or very dark

chestnut-brown.

Nassarius arcularius (L.).

Buccinum arcularia L. Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 737, 1758. Loe.

unknown.

Me » A, p.122. Very common in Natal Bay.

Nassa arcularia L. EK, p. 148. Rarely found at the Cape.

nF 4, » , p.12. Port Elizabeth, seldom.

There are three from Durban in the British Museum, and M‘Clelland

has shown me specimens collected in Durban harbour. <A very wide-

spread species in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In the South

African Museum there are specimens from Natal, Delagoa Bay and

Mozambique Island.

Nassarius babylonicus (Watson).

Nassa babylonica Watson. J. Linn. Soc., Zool., xvi, p. 366.

a4 Hy Es “Challenger ’” Rep., xv, p. 185, pl. xi,

fig. 8, 1886, Philippines, 375/.

4 ,, von Martens. K, pp. 100, 167, fig., Hast Africa,

1134-1644 metres.

A dead shell, in good condition, was dredged by the s.s. “‘ Pieter

Faure’ 24 miles N. by EH. of Cape Natal in 440 fathoms (S.A.M.,

No. A3445).

Nassarius bicallosus (Smith).

Nassa bicallosa Smith. J. Linn. Soc., Zool., xii, p. 548, pl. xxx,

fig. 1, Sept. 19, 1876. W. Australia

(Brazier); Swan River; Cape Natal.

Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. 315

Nassa laevigata Marrat. On Some Proposed New Forms in the

Genus Nassa, p. 3, pl. i, fig. 7, 1877.

Hab.?

» glabella Marrat (non Sow.). Loc. cit.

The tablet of three Cape Natal shells in the British Museum is

marked underneath by Smith himself as his types, and it may there-

fore be well formally to declare Natal as the type locality.

The South African Museum has one fresh but dead shell dredged off

the Tugela River in 24 fathoms (S.A.M., No. A6399). This species is

very close to algidus (Rve.) and seems to be mainly differentiated by

a regular series of blunt tubercles along the top of the last two whorls.

In algidus this feature is absent or very nearly so. N. bicallosus, in the

specimens I have seen, is unicolorous and narrower in proportion to

length. WN. algidus has red streaks and blotches.

Nassarius capensis (Dunker).

Buccinum capense Dunker. Zeitschr. f. Malakozool., i, p. 110,

July 1846. Cape of Good Hope.

* ‘ at A, p. 122. Cape coast, common.

Nassa (Alectrion) pulchella A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 108,

Dec.7,1852. Cape of Good Hope(Mus. Cuming).

i a serotina A. Adams. Loc. cit. Australia (Mus.

Cuming).

Buccinum (Nassa) capense Dunker. C, p. 138. Algoa Bay.

Nassa cerotina Reeve. Conch. Icon., vii, pl. xvi, fig. 107, Dec.

1853 (error for serotina).

,, pulchella A. Adams. D, p. 4. Port Elizabeth.

, cerotina (“ A. Adams ’’) Reeve. D, p. 4. Port Elizabeth.

,, capensis Dunker. F, p.12. Cape of Good Hope.

, serotina A. Adams. F, p.12. Simon’s Bay, Port Elizabeth.

a ie - N, p. 23. Port Alfred.

Alectrion capensis Dunker. P, p. 51. Algoa Bay, Port Alfred,

Albany.

3 cerotuna (“ A. Adams’) Reeve. P, p.52. Port Alfred.

Types of capensis (2), pulchella (3) and serotina (4) are in the British

Museum.

The British Museum has a series of 15 received without any name

from Krauss, in 1840.

316 Annals of the South African Museum.

- Also seen from East London (Kimberley Museum and. British

Museum), Jeffreys Bay (Grahamstown Museum), Kalk Bay (Kimberley

Museum), Coffee Bay (Grahamstown Museum). The South African

Museum has specimens from False Bay, Sandown Bay, Mossel Bay,

Algoa Bay, and a very small form which was collected at the mouth

of the Tongaat River.

The name serotina was applied to the brown and red forms which are

unicolorous, but for a light zone at the base of the body whorl. These

are certainly colour phases of capensis.

Nassarius circumtextus (Martens).

Nassa (Amycla) circumtexta Martens. K, p. 27, pl. iu, fig. 18, 1903.

Francis Bay, Algoa Bay,

Agulhas Bank and Simon’s

Bay at various depths

from 70 to 117 metres.

(Tritia) trifasciata A. Adams. Proce. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 118,

Apr. 29, 1853. Vigo Bay

(M‘Andrew).

trifasciata A. Adams. F, p. 13. Port Elizabeth.

L, p. 228, pl. iv, fig. 2. Off Nanquas

Peak, 114 m., in 58 f.

analogica Sowerby. L; p. 219; pl iv, figs 3 Ota Cape

Infanta, 64 m., 40 f. mud.

trifasciata A. Adams. Q,p.6. Off Cape Infanta, 3 m., 34f. ;

off Cape Barracouta, 10 m., 40 f.

99 be) 93

Types of trifasciata (3) and of analogica (1) in British Museum.

Sowerby (loc. cit.) queries the Crag fossil, Nassa labiosa J. Sow., as

conspecific.

The name N. trifasciata is preoccupied by a species of Gmelin.

Smith * was undoubtedly right in considering Sowerby’s analogica

a synonym.

Martens queried the identity of his circumtexta with trifasciata.

Probably the Vigo Bay locality is an error.

I have a dead shell given me by Connolly from Camps Bay. The

South African Museum has a long series from the Saldanha Bay,

False Bay, Agulhas Bank and Algoa Bay areas, 22 to 80 fathoms.

* Ann. Natal Govt. Mus., i, pt. 1, p. 36.

Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. 317

Nassarvus coronatus Bruguiére.

Buccinum coronatum Brug. Encycl. Méth., Vers, i, p. 277, 1789.

Madagascar and Indian Ocean.

es 7 a A, p. 123. Natal coast, rare.

Nassa coronata Brug. F, p.12. Natal coast (Krauss).

The British Museum received Natal specimens from Krauss in

1840, and also has specimens from Durban. M(‘Clelland also has

shown me Durban examples.

This species has a very wide range throughout the Indian Ocean

and as far as the Philippines.

The South African Museum has specimens from the Natal coast,

14 to 24 fathoms.

Nassarius desmoulioides (Sowerby).

Nassa desmoulioides Sow. LL, p. 219, pl. iv, fig. 1, July 8, 1903.

Umbhloti River-mouth bearing N.W.

4 W., 154 m., 100 f.

5s fA ue OF p36. 9 Loci cit.

The South African Museum has examples from the Agulhas Bank,

Algoa Bay and Natal coast, 40 to 124 fathoms, including cotypes from

the original locality. Type in British Museum.

Nassarius eusulcatus (Sowerby).

Nassa eusulcata Sow. Marine Invest. 8. Africa, 1, p. 94, pl. u,

fig. 8, Sept. 25, 1902. Mouth of Tugela

River, N. by W., 18 m., 46 f. mud.

M, p. 373. Loe. cit.

99 99 99

Natal coast, 40 to 55 fathoms, including cotypes from the original

locality (South African Museum). Type in British Museum.

Nassarius fenestratus (Marrat).

Nassa fenistrata Marrat. On some Proposed New Forms in the

Genus Nassa, p. 10,1877. Philippines,

Moreton Bay, Mozambique. (M. refers

to Reeve’s monograph of Nassa, pl. vii,

fig. 47.)

», jenestrata Marrat. H, p.5. Natal (Gibbons).

318 Annals of the South African Museum.

In the South African Museum, labelled Natal.

Durban specimens are in the British Museum. See under WN.

margunulatus Lam.

Nassarius filmerae (Sowerby).

Nassa filmerae Sow. I, p. 2, pl. i, fig. 5, Apr. 2, 1900. Pondoland.

5 As Se M, p. 373. Pondoland.

The single example in the British Museum, received from Sowerby,

may be the type, but is not so marked.

Specimens marked cotypes, ex coll. Becker, are in the South African

Museum.

Nassarius gaudiosus (Hinds).

Nassa gaudiosa Hinds. Voy. “Sulphur,” Zool., u, p. 36, pl. ix,

figs. 16, 17, 1844. Straits of Malacca.

a ms aE. M, p. 8738. Umkomaas (Burnup).

Specimens are in the British Museum labelled Natal (Burnup).

A series of five in the British Museum marked Str. of Macassar

(Belcher) and bearing a label in Hinds’ writing beneath the tablet

may probably be accounted types.

Very widely distributed in the east and in the Pacific.

Nassarius gemmulatus (Lamarck).

Buceinum gemmulatum Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vil, p. 271, Aug.

1822. Hab. 2.

Nassa clathrata Lam. Tableau Encycl. Méth., Vers., i, pl. 394,

fig. 5a, b, 1827.

» gemmulata Lam. M, p. 373. Durban.

A common Indian Ocean species.

Nassarius horridus (Dunker).

Buccinum horridum Dunker. Zeitschr. f. Malakozool. iv, p. 59,

Apr. 1847.

scabrum Dunker (non Anton, 1839). Op. cit., 11, p. 171,

Nov. 1846. Patria ignota.

Nassa horrida Dunker. H, p.5. Natal.

Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. 319

Durban (British Museum and H. M‘Clelland). The shells are

exactly like New Caledonian examples.

Nassarius kochianus (Dunker).

Buccinum kochianum Dkr. Zeitschr. f. Malakozool., mi, p. 111,

July 1846. Cape of Good Hope.

A signatum Dkr. Op. cit., iv, p. 61, Apr. 1847. East

Indies.

Bf kochianum Dkr. A, p. 122. Cape coast.

b regulare Kiister. Syst. Conch. Cab. (2), Lief. 164, p. 68,

pl. xu, figs. 23, 24, 1858. Cape of

Good Hope (Krauss).

Nassa quantula Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist., vu, p. 331,

Sept. 21, 1860. 8S. Simon’s Bay (Stimp-

son).

» spurca Gould. Op. cit., p. 332, Sept. 21, 1860. 8S. Simon’s

Bay.

Buccinum (Nassa) kochianum Dkr. C, p. 138. False Bay and

Algoa Bay.

Nassa quantula Gould. C, p. 139. False Bay.

» spurca Gould. C, p. 139. False Bay.

,, coccinea (A. Ad. MS.) Sow. D, p.4. Port Elizabeth.

Bp. l2aand VE pp. 5.5 Cape

coast generally.

, crawford: Sow. F, p. 13, pl. iv, fig. 86, 1892. Port Hliza-

beth.

» kochiana Dkr. H, p.5. Table Bay (Tryon).

» eoccinella Sow. (non Lam.). H, p.5. Algoa Bay (Gibbons).

» tncerassata Sow (non Miiller). I, p.3. Pondoland.

» (Hima) crawford Sow. K, p. 28. Francis Bay.

, crawfordi Sow. N, p. 23. Port Alfred (Turton).

» poecilosticta Smith. N, pp. 23, 33, pl. u, fig. 16, July 11,

1904. Port Alfred (Turton).

,, coccinea (A. Ad.) Sow. N, pp. 23, 33, as a synonym of

poecilosticta.

Alectrion quantula Gould. P, p.51. Port Alfred (Turton).

», poecilosticta Smith. P, p. 51, as a synonym of quantula.

i crawfordi Sow. P,p.51. Port Alfred (Turton).

kochiana Dkr. P,p.51. Algoa Bay; Port Alfred (Turton).

be) 399 be) 9

320 Annals of the South African Museum.

I do not think there can be any doubt about this extensive sy-

nonymy ; aspecies so variable in size, coloration and build is sure to

be described many times over. The earliest name for it is Dunker’s

Buccinum kochianum, and Krauss correctly called it so two years

later.

Gould’s spurca is the colour phase with a single dark peripheral

band ; coccinea Sow. is the unicolorous orange or pinkish phase ;

crawfordi Sow. has a varying number of brown spiral bands—the types

have lost almost all trace of spiral sculpture through beach abrasion ;

incrassata was one of Sowerby’s numerous misidentifications with

European molluscs—he recants it in H, p. 5; coccinella Lam. (=in-

crassata Mill.) was also a misidentification ; B. signatum was described

as new under the idea that it came from the E. Indies. The error of

locality is corrected by Tryon in Man. Conch., iv, p. 57.

The types of poecilosticta Smith (4) and of crawfordi Sow. (3) are in

the British Museum, which also has a specimen of this species received

from Krauss, unnamed, in 1840.

It is common apparently on the whole coast.

The South African Museum has examples from False Bay to Algoa

Bay and Pondoland.

Nassarwus kraussianus (Dunker).

Buccinum kraussianum Dkr. Zeitschr. f. Malakozool., ii, p. 111,

July 1846. Cape of Good Hope.

a 3 A, p. 123. Cape and Natal coasts.

Nassa kiistert Krauss in lit. A, p. 123, quoted in synonymy.

Nassa (Etone) orbiculata A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 102,

Dec. 7, 1852. Hab. ¢ (Mus.

Cuming).

Buccinum (Nassa) kraussianum Dkr. C, p. 139.

Nassa kraussiana Dkr. D, p.4. Port Elizabeth.

z F, p. 12. Common at Port Elizabeth.

a se Ms N, p. 23. Port Alfred (Turton).

Alectrion kraussiana Dkr. P, p. 52. Albany, Port Elizabeth,

Port Alfred.

The type of orbiculata is in the British Museum, which also has one

(Port Natal) received without name from Krauss in 1840, and series

from Delagoa Bay, Algoa Bay, Buffalo River. I have seen it also

from Jeffreys Bay and Coffee Bay (Grahamstown Museum).

The South African Museum has it from Algoa Bay, off East London,

Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. 321

45 fathoms, Natal coast and Delagoa Bay ; and a specimen said to

have been picked up in Table Bay.

Nassarvus lentiginosus (A. Adams).

Nassa (Alectrion) lentiginosa A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 105,

Dec. 7, 1852. Masbate, 7 f.

(Mus. Cuming).

A 3 i, me M, p. 373. Durban (Burnup).

Types (3) in British Museum (Mus. Cuming), which also has examples

from Natal.

Indian Ocean to Philippines.

Nassarius margariifer (Dunker).

Buceinum margaritiferum Dkr. Zeitschr. f. Malakozool., iv, p. 60,

Apr. 1847. Patria agnota.

Nassa (Tritia) costellifera A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 113,

Apr. 29, 1853. Curimas (Mus.

Cuming).

margaritifera Dkr. M, p. 873. Durban.

Types (3) of costellifera in British Museum.

Indian Ocean to Philippines.

Nassarius marginulatus (Lamarck).

Buccinum marginulatum Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vu, p. 278, Aug.

1822. Mediterranean, on coasts

of Barbary and Naples.

This species is claimed as South African by Krauss. There is,

however, no reason to doubt the localities of Lamarck, and Kobelt is

probably correct in placing it in the synonymy of N. reticulatus (L.).

Sowerby (F, p. 12) quotes Krauss’ record and speaks of N. marginu-

lata as a common Indian Ocean shell. One can only surmise what

species Sowerby was thinking of: Krauss quotes Kiener’s figure of

Buccinum marginulatum (Coq. Viv., Buccinum, pl. xxix, fig. 117) and

adds the Sunda Islands to Lamarck’s Mediterranean localities. This

figure is certainly a non-European shell and Kobelt (Iconogr. Europ.

Meeresconch., i, p. 136) remarks that he has never seen a Mediterranean

shell like it.

322 Annals of the South African Museum.

From Krauss’ short description of his Natal shell I have little doubt

that it was fenestratus (Marrat).

Nassarius mucronatus (A. Adams).

Nassa mucronata A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 105, Dec. 7,

1852. Dumaguete, Island of Negros,

11 f. (Mus. Cuming).

Types (2) in British Museum.

Collected by M‘Clelland at Durban.

Indian Ocean to Philippines, and New Caledonia.

Nassarius myristicatus (Hinds).

Nassa myristicata Hinds. Voy. “Sulphur,” i, p. 36, pl. ix, figs.

10, 11, 1844. Cape of Good Hope.

35 ie a A, p. 123 (quoting Hinds).

» Jjuscaia A. Ad: Proc: Zool. Soc., 18515 p. 1125 Deemipelen2e

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming).

» myristica Sowerby. F, p. 12 (by error).

Types of myristicata and fuscata in British Museum, the former

marked as received from Belcher.

Nothing further has ever transpired as to this species and its habitat.

Tryon makes one of his grotesquely bad shots in suggesting its identity

with the W. African tritoniformis Kiener.

It is much more evidently akin to a small Panama group which

includes stimpsoniana C. B. Adams and dentifera Powis, and it was

very satisfactory, after some search at the British Museum, to find a

tablet of three from the Mus. Cuming labelled ““ Panama, H.C.”

(v.e. Hugh Cuming). There is, therefore, evidence that the Cape

locality originated with the notoriously unreliable Belcher, and that

the South African list need no longer be cumbered with this name.

Nassarius natalensis (Smith).

Nassa natalensis Smith. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, v, p. 373, pl.

xv, fig: 6, Oct. 31, 1903 Natal

(Ponsonby).

sturmi Rve. (non Phil.). Conch. Icon., vii, pl. xxu, figs.

148a, 6, Dec. 1853.

Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. 323

Types (2) in British Museum, which also has three specimens of

Reeve’s sturmii (Mus. Cuming).

Nassarius pictus (Dunker).

Buccinum pictum Dkr. Zeitschr. f. Malakozool., i, p. 172, Nov.

1846. Indiae orientales ?

Nassa filosa (Gray MS.) Reeve, Conch. Icon., viii, pl. vi, figs.

SDA Oe Dec mllsaa. acagayanwn 25) ot

(Mus. Cuming).

picta Dkr. H, p.5. Natal (Gibbons).

filosa Rve. M, p. 373. Durban (Burnup).

Types of pictus (1) and of filosa (2) in British Museum.

Durban examples are in the British Museum and I have seen others

in M‘Clelland’s collection from the same locality.

Indian Ocean to Philippines, and in Polynesia.

Nassarius plebeculus (Gould).

Nassa plebecula Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vii, p. 352,

Sept. 1860. Ousima (Stimpson).

producta Sow. H, p. 6, pl. viii, fig. 4, 5, 1897. Durban.

be)

Type of producta in British Museum. It is a poor, discoloured

specimen which never ought to have been used for the foundation of

a new species, and looks as if it might have been derived from ballast.

N. plebeculus was described from Japan and seems to have a very

wide Polynesian range. I have also seen live specimens from Mau-

ritius. Probably balteatus Pease is the same.

Nassarius plicatellus (A. Adams).

Nassa (Alectrion) plicatella A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 111,

Dec. 7, 1852. Wallwich [szc]

Bay (Mus. Cuming).

plicatella A. Ad. ©, p. 138. Walfisch Bay: rather wide-

spread northwards on the west coast.

F, p.12. Natal.

3) bi 99 29

Types (2) in British Museum labelled “ Walwich Bay” (Mus.

Cuming).

Table Bay, dead (South African Museum).

324 Annals of the South African Museum.

Nassarius plicosus (Dunker).

Buccinum plicosum Dkr. Zeitschr. f. Malakozool., ii, p. 111, July

1846. Cape of Good Hope.

i Bi 3) AS ps 122) Cape:

Nassa speciosa A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 100, Dec. 7, 1852.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming).

, plicosa Dkr. D, p. 4. Port Elizabeth.

a n is F, p. 12. Port Elizabeth.

,, (Arcularia) plicosa Dkr. K, p. 26. Francis Bay, Algoa

Bay, Simon’s Bay, 70 to 100

metres.

» speciosa A. Ad. N, p. 23. Port Alfred (Turton).

Alectrion plicosa Dkr. P, p. 52. Simon’s Bay (Stimpson); Port

Alfred (Turton).

Nassa (Alectrion) plicosa Dkr. Q, p. 6. Off Cape Barracouta,

Cape Infanta and Sebastian Bay,

in deep water.

Types (5) of spectosa in British Museum (Mus. Cuming).

There are specimens from Port Elizabeth in the British Museum

and from Simon’s Bay—dredged in 1847 by the “ Rattlesnake.”

Off Cape St. Blaize, 40 fathoms (S.A. Mus.)

The South African Museum has a long series from the Saldanha

Bay, Table Bay, False Bay, Agulhas Bank, Algoa Bay, Pondoland

and Natal areas, low-tide to 100 fathoms.

Nassarius pullus (L.).

Buccinum pullus L. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 737, 1758.

Nassa sulerfera A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 98, Dec. 7, 1852.

Algoa Bay (Mus. Cuming).

Type of sulcifera in British Museum.

N. sulcifera has remained unique ever since it was first described,

and the records in C, p. 138, and in F, p. 13, are copied from A. Adams.

I have carefully studied the type; it is obviously a monstrosity

due to early damage ; the first five whorls are those of a young pullus

with a shght tendency to scalariformity ; the last two are abnormally

expanded and have a shallow channelling round the upper part. The

sculpture of the last two whorls is mainly spiral, the longitudinals

which are familiar on a normal pullus being obsolete at intervals.

Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. 325

I have shown the shell to several other conchologists and all are

unanimous in referring it to pullus. It is curious that this should be

the only record of pullus from the Cape. It and arcularius have an

equally wide eastern and Polynesian range.

Nassarius pyramidalis (A. Adams).

Nassa (Desmoulea) pyramidalis A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p.

113, Apr. 29, 1853. Hab. ? (Mus.

Cuming).

Desmoulea pyramidalis A. Ad. D, p. 4. Port Elizabeth.

Demoulia pyramidalis A. Ad. F, p. 13. Port Elizabeth.

Nassa pyramidalis A. Ad. N, p. 23. Port Alfred (Turton).

Alectrion pyramidalis A. Ad. P, p.52. Port Alfred (Turton).

The single type specimen in the British Museum was subsequently

labelled “ Japan ’’—a locality which we know now to be erroneous.

It is not obvious why it has been so persistently assigned to Demoulia

Gray. Its nearest relation is filmerae Sow., which no one has ever

thought of putting in Demoulva.

There are examples in the South African Museum from Agulhas

Bank and Algoa Bay, 10 to 27 fathoms.

Nassarius rufulus (Kiener).

Buccinum rufulum Kiener. Coq. Viv., Buccinum, p. 89, pl. xxiv,

fig. 95, 1834. Mediterranean ?

Nassa rufula Kiener. H, p.5. Natal.

There is now no means of ascertaining what Sowerby’s shells really

were, but it is in the highest degree improbable that they were this

W. Australian species unless derived from ballast. Without further

evidence it cannot be admitted to the South African list.

Nassarvus suturalis (Lamarck).

Bucecinum suturale Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vii, p. 269, Aug. 1822.

Hab. ?

The South African Museum has a very fresh specimen of this from

Durban (No. 4741).

A widely distributed shell and recorded from Mauritius.

326 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gen. DEMOULIA Gray.

Demoulia Gray. Ann. Nat. Hist., i, p. 29, March 1838, as a new

genus of Buccinidae, the type species being

D. pulchra Gray from Sierra Leone.

In 1847 Gray altered the spelling of his name to Desmoulea (Proc.

Zool. Soc., 1847, p. 140), but this was ultra vires under the Interna-

tional Rules and the first name must stand.

This is a small genus represented by half a dozen species all told, of

which two are South African.

Demoulia abbreviata (Gmelin).

Buccinum abbreviatum Gmelin. Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 3478, 1791.

Indian Ocean.

Gen. Rec. and Foss. Shells, pt. 25, pl. ecxlv,

fig. 6, 1825. (No locality.)

Desmoulea abbreviata Chem. C, p. 139. Cape.

5S es Wood. D,p.4. Port Elizabeth.

Nassa globosa Sow.

Demoulia RA a F, p. 13. Port Elizabeth.

Nassa (Desmoulea) abbreviata Chem. K, p. 28. Francis Bay, 80

to 100 m.

», (Demoulia) abbreviata Gmel. N,p.23. Port Alfred (Turton)

Desmoulea abbreviata Gmel. P, p.52. Port Alfred (Turton).

I have also seen it from Gordon’s Bay (Kimberley Museum).

There is a series from False Bay to Algoa Bay and Natal, 18 to 52

fathoms, in the South African Museum.

Demoulia retusa (Lamarck).

Buccinum rvetusum Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vil, p. 270, Aug. 1822.

Hab. ?

Nassa ventricosa Lam. Tableau Encycl. Méth., Vers, ui, pil.

ecexciy, figs. 3a, b, 1827. (No locality.)

Desmoulea retusa Lam. C, p. 139. Cape.

3 D, p. 4. Port Elizabeth.

Demoulia F

B , p. 18. Port Elizabeth.

Nassa s % N, p. 23. Port Alfred (Turton).

Desmoulea _., = P, p. 52. Algoa Bay, Port Alfred, Port

Natal

Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. 327

Tryon (Man. Conch., iv, p. 245) erroneously assigns V. ventricosa

Lam. to NV. mutabilis L. He evidently looked at fig. 4 on pl. 394,

instead of fig. 3.

The South African Museum has it from False Bay, Mossel Bay,

Agulhas Bank and the Zululand coast, 5 to 55 fathoms.

The following species from Tertiary and recent deposits have been

recorded or are in the South African Museum collections :

Nassarius arculartus. 375 feet above sea-level at Umgeni, Durban.

Hs coronatus. Durban.

5 kochianus. Raised beach between mouths of Sunday’s

and Koega Rivers.

é kraussianus. Same locality as kochianus; near Red-

house Station, 7 miles from mouth of

Zwartkops River ; Pleistocene deposits

at Port Elizabeth (Tr. Geol. Soc. S.

Afr., 1909, xii, p. 112); raised beaches

at mouths of Keurbooms and Little

Brak River, and deposits at mouth of

Knysna River (Rep. Geol. Comm.,

C: Ga 1399s pe Ol and 1905).97293))-

excavations for grain elevator and

bridges at Durban and Congella.

» plicatellus. Raised beach at Geelbek, Saldanha Bay.

» plicosus. Tertiary limestone at Hoetjes Bay (Saldanha

Bay).

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(A) Krauss, Dr. F., 1848.—Die Siidafrikanischen Mollusken.

(B) es ss 1852.—Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, xviii, Bd. 1.

(D) Sownrey, Jan. 1886.—Journal of Conchology, v.

(E) bs Oct. 1889.—Journal of Conchology, vi.

(F) SS 1892.—** Marine Shells of South Africa.”

(G) 55 Apr. 1894.—Journal of Conchology, vii.

(H) 5 1897.—Appendix to ‘‘ Marine Shells of South Africa.”’

Fe 2nd Apr. 1900.—Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv.

)

) Surry, Oct. 1901.—Journal of Conchology, x.

(K) Marrens, 1903.—Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Tiefsee-Expedition, vii, 1° Lief.

)

328 Annals of the South African Museum.

(N) Smrra, 11th July 1904.—Journal of Malacology, xi.

(O) , June 1906.—Ann. Natal Govt. Museum, i, Part 1.

(P) Bartscu, 28th July 1915.—U.S. Nat. Museum Bulletin 91 (Rept. on the

Turton Collection of South African Marine Mollusks, etc.).

(Q) ODHNER, 1923.—Goteborgs K. Vet. Handlingar, xxvi, No. 7 (Meddel. Géte-

borgs Mus. Zool., Avdelning 23).

INDEX OF SPECIFIC NAMES.

Those regarded as synonyms or as erroneously included in the 8. African

fauna are in italics, and as regards termination are left as quoted.

abbreviata (Gmel.)

algidus (Rve.)

analogica Sow.

arcularius (L.)

babylonicus (Watson)

bicallosus (Smith)

capensis (Dkr.) .

cerotina Rve. 3

circumtextus (Mts.)

clathrata Lam.

coccinea Sow.

caccinella Sow. (non. Lam.)

coronatus (Brug.)

costellifera A. Ad.

crawfordi Sow.

desmoulioides (Sow.) .

eusulcatus (Sow.)

fenistratus (Marrat) (err. typ. for

fenestratus)

filmerae (Sow.) .

filosa Reve.

fuscata A, Ad.

gaudiosus (Hinds)

gemmulatus (Lam.)

glabella Marrat

globosa Sow.

horridus (Dkx.) .

PAGE

326

313

316

314

incrassata Sow. (non Miller)

kochianus (Dkr. )

kraussianus (Dkr.)

kiistert Krauss

labiosa J. Sow. .

laevigata Marrat

lentiginosus (A. Ad.) .

margaritifer (Dkr.)

marginulata Lam.

mucronatus (A. Ad.) .

myristica Sow.

myristicata Hinds

natalensis (Smith)

orbiculata A. Ad.

pictus (Dkr.)

plebeculus (Gould)

plicatellus (A. Ad.)

plicosus (Dkv.) .

| poecilosticta Smith

producta Sow.

pulchella A. Ad.

pullus (L.)

pyramidalis (A. ‘Ad.)

quantula Gould .

PAGE

319

320

316

315

321

322

320

319

Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. 329

R PAGE

PAGE | sturmii Rve. (non Phil.) ; 5 BPP

regulare Kuster . : : . oal9 suleifera A. Ad. ; i . 324

retusa (Lam.) . ¢ : - 326 | suturalis (Lam.) ; ; 2 325

vufula Kiener . : : . 9325

S ae

scabrum Dkr. . : c . 318 | trifasciata A. Ad. 5 : sol

serotina A. Ad. . : é . 315

signatum Dkr. . : ‘ oly

speciosa A, Ad. . : : . 3824 Vi

spurca Gould. : 5 . 319 | ventricosa Lam. 6 7 . 326

IV. Famitirs TEREBRIDAE, COLUMBARIIDAE,

THAIDIDAE, ARCHITECTONICIDAE.

TEREBRIDAE.

There is nothing of very special interest to record in this family. All

the species mentioned have been reported from South Africa before,

but our records of Terebra are so scanty that any additional informa-

tion is worth chronicling.

Terebra affinis Gray.

T. affinis Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 60 (25th Nov. 1834).

Natal: previously known from Durban (Burnup).

T. evoluta Deshayes.

T. evoluta Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 292 (Oct. 1859).

Umbhloti River, N. by E., 2 miles, 27 fathoms: Durban, where it was

previously found by Burnup.

T. fictilis Hinds.

im fics timnds:” Thess yp. 183) pl. xiv fies) 109, 110

(Jan. 15, 1845).

Durban, whence it is also recorded by Sowerby : the South African

Museum also has a series of “live ” shells labelled Natal.

T. longiscata Deshayes.

T. longiscata Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 294 (Oct. 1859).

O’Neil Peak, N.W.iW., 9 miles, 95 fathoms. Dur..an (Sowerby).

VOL. XXV, PART 2. 22

330 Annals of the South African Museum.

T. laevigata Gray.

T. laevigata Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 61 (25th Nov. 1834).

Natal, whence Sowerby also records it.

T. nebulosa Sowerby.

T. nebulosa Sow. Tankerville Cat., App., p. xxv, 1825.

Natal. Durban (Sowerby).

COLUMBARIIDAE nov. fam.

The group-name Columbarium, when described by Martens in

Conchol. Mittheilungen u, Hefte i and 1, p. 105, 1881, was assigned as

a subgenus to Pleurotoma, and we find it in the same family in his

paper on the Gastropods * of the Tiefsee-Expedition, published in

1903.

Much more recently Dall adopts the same classification in his

synopsis f of the recent and fossil groups of the Twurridae.

In 1921, however, Peile was able to examine complete radulae of

C. pagoda (Lesson), and reported that its true position was near the

Muricidae.t Previously in 1881, Schacko § had figured two teeth

supposed to come from Martens’ new species spinicincta, but Peile

is surely right in supposing these figures to represent something

crustacean.

The protoconch of Columbarium is smooth, bulbous and two-

whorled, remarkably similar to that of Neptunea despecta (L.)

The operculum has an apical nucleus, not subapical as in the

typical group of the Murzeidae, and herein suggests comparison with

the Fusinidae or with the genus Colus and others in the Buccinidae.

The Columbarium operculum, however, is not unguiform in shape,

but pear-shaped, narrowing very regularly and rapidly on either side

to an acute point.

I venture to suggest that under the circumstances it will be better

to establish a family Columbarudae with near relationship on one side

to the Muricidae; a more remote one possibly on the other side to

the Buccinidae.

* Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Tiefsee-Exp., vii, Lief. i, p. 92.

+ Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., liv, p. 324, 1918.

~ Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., xv, p. 13, fig. 1.

§ Conchol. Mitth., tom. cit., pl. xxiv, figs. 1-2.

Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. 331

Columbarium formosissimum n. sp.

(Plate X XV, fig. 1.)

Shell with the usual bulbous, smooth protoconch of 2 whorls,

and 8 others all white: whorls with an extremely acute infra-median

keel with obtuse triangular projections at right angles to the axis,

there being 10 to 11 of these on each of the last 2 whorls: a second

keel appears on the lower part of the body-whorl at the insertion of

the peristome, and about two-thirds of the way down between upper

and lower keel is a third, which has more the character of a raised

spiral thread, with traces of less conspicuous threads both above and

below ; shell imperforate ; canal perfectly straight, 21 mm. long,

encircled by a series of regular, oblique spiral threads; the area on

the whorls between suture and infra-median keel is smooth except for

a close succession of wavy growth-lines. Aperture small, rather

irregularly piriform. Operculum broadly piriform, tapering sharply

to an acute nuclear apex.

Long., 47 mm.; diam. max., 11 mm.

Hab., Cape St. Blaize, N. by E.4E., 65 miles, 90 fathoms, living

(Type: S.A.M., No. A3501); Cape Seal, N. by W.4W., 55 miles, 87

fathoms, dead (S.A.M., No. A3499) ; Cape St. Francis, N.E., 29 miles,

75 fathoms, living (S.A.M., No. A3500); Glendower Beacon (near Port

Alfred), N.4W., 16 miles, 66 fathoms, dead (S8.A.M., No. A3498).

Columbarium natalense n. sp.

(Plate XXV, fig. 2.)

This shell bears considerable resemblance to C. canaliculatum

Martens,* but is not canaliculate at the suture. There are 12 up-

turned spines on the shoulder keel on each of the last 2 whorls ;

between the suture and this keel are 3 broad, equally spaced spiral

cords and 4 spiral threads, the latter being closer together and crossing

the bases of the spines; a second less prominent keel encircles the

lower part of the body-whorl, starting from the insertion of the

peristome ; between this and the row of spines are 4 spiral cords, and

below this the shell is regularly ornamented with spirals to the base

of the canal ; a scaly effect is given to most of the shell by a series of

fine axial raised threads; these, however, are very easily abraded

and therefore appear irregular. The bulbous protoconch is smooth

and white, the rest of the shell brownish. Aperture almost circular.

* Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Tiefsee-Exp. vii, Lief. 1, p. 92, pl. ii, fig. 7.

332 Annals of the South African Museum.

Long., 37 mm.; diam. max., 11 mm.

Hab., Cape Natal, W.2N., 12 miles, 85 fathoms, one dead shell

(S.A.M., No. A3497).

The specimen is not quite perfect, hence the gap below the aperture.

THAIDIDAE.

Latiaxis capensis n. sp.

(Plate XXVI, fig. 3.)

A beautiful white shell of the deburghiae type, but smaller, more

compact, with the laminated processes of the coronet pointing up-

wards and gradually recurved over the subsutural area. The shell

is turreted, with a protoconch of about 2 whorls, and 6 other whorls.

There is a series of triangular laminae—as mentioned above—round

the shoulder of each whorl, some 10 in number on the last and last

but one, leaving a sort of parapet between these and the suture.

The laminae continue downwards across the whorl as obtuse, irregular,

rather inconspicuous ridges. The whole shell is spirally ridged from

the periphery upwards ; below the periphery the spirals become very

much broader and flatter.

Shell with a funnel-shaped umbilicus, the columella being prolonged

round it on the side away from the aperture in an arcuate series of

imbricated scales. Canal narrow, recurved, 3 mm. long. Aperture

rather small, measuring 8 mm. by 5 mm.

Long., 21 mm.; diam. max., 13 mm.

Hab., Sandy Point, N.4E., 10 miles, 95 fathoms, one specimen

(S.A.M., No. A3522).

ARCHITECTONICIDAE.

Architectonica perspectiva (L.).

Trochus perspectivus L. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 757, 1758.

A common Indian and Pacific Ocean species which just reaches the

Cape. Has been recorded for Natal. Dredged by the “ Pieter

Faure ”’ as follows :

Umvoti River, N. by W.3W., 4 miles, 27 fathoms.

Cape Natal, W. by N., 4 miles, 47 fathoms.

Cape Vidal, 9 miles, 90 fathoms.

The South African Museum also has this species from Delagoa Bay.

Bats |

Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. 333

A. reevei (Hanley).

Solarvum reevei Hanley. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1862, p. 204, 1862.

Gt. Fish Point, 100 fathoms.

New to the South African list.

Heliacus Orbigny, 1842.

Gray in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1847, p. 151, gives his own genus Torinia

precedence, quoting it as of 1840 and 1842. These two references are

to different editions of the “Synopsis of the Contents of the British

Museum,” and are fully explained by Iredale in Proc. Malac. Soc.

(london), x, pp. 294-3809. The 1840 usage of Torinia is a nomen

nudum ; the 1842 edition gives a short comparative account of oper-

culum only, quoted on p. 308. It hardly seems a sufficient diagnosis

on which to found a genus, and the reasons for rejection given by

Tredale on p. 301 may well be applied to this case at any rate.

Heliacus hybridus (U.)

Trochus hybridus L. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 757, 1758.

Tongaat.

H. variegatus (Gmelin).

Turbo variegatus Gm. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, p. 3608, 1791.

Tongaat.

H. asper (Hinds).

Solarium asperum Hds. Proce. Zool. Soc., 1844, p. 23, 1844.

This species was dredged dead in the Straits of Makassar. Two

have been taken by the “ Pieter Faure,’ both dead, in fairly deep

water, Viz. :

Cape Natal, W. by N., 6 miles, 54 fathoms, a perfect specimen.

Umbhloti River, N.N.W., 3 miles, 27 fathoms, a broken shell.

These have both been compared with Hinds’ type specimen in the

British Museum.

H. africanus Bartsch.

Hehacus africanus Bch. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 91, p. 128, pl. xxiv.

figs. 1, 3, 5, 28th July 1915.

This is the Heliacus that has been frequently recorded as dorsuosus

334 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hinds and seems widely distributed in South Africa. It is unques-

tionably very closely related but can, I think, be discriminated. The

two peripheral keels in dorswosus are more nearly of a size and between

them runs a distinct spiral line, varying in degree from a raised thread

to quite a strong beaded cord. In africanus the lower keel is generally

the smaller and stands out less, and there is no intercarinal line.

The beading in dorsuosus is throughout very regular in size and

shape, the beads or tubercles being mainly elongate-oblong; in

africanus they are elongate, but rounded elongate, and by no means so

regular in size.

The form mentioned by Bartsch on p. 124 with “an umbilicus

fully twice as wide”’ as the type of africanus is puzzling, but seems

to grade into the type. Much more material is needed. It is very

flat and has the beading, at any rate, on the body-whorl, even more

narrowly elongate than dorsuosus, but the beads are rounded at the

narrow ends and not rectangular, as already noted in typical afrzcanus.

The South African Museum has specimens of the type form from

Tongaat.

Heliacus sp.

A very minute specimen was dredged in 22 fathoms off Gt. Fish

Point.

Heliacus petasus * n. sp.

(Plate XXVI, fig. 4.)

Shell thin, discoidal, very flat, pale cream-coloured, semi-trans-

parent ; protoconch white, smooth, two-whorled ; there are six other

whorls, the last acutely carinate, all ornamented with irregularly

spaced, raised tubercled spirals, both tubercles and spirals varying

much in degree; there is a partial arrangement of one fine thread

between each pair of tubercled spirals, but it is frequently varied ;

there are seven of the larger spirals on the last whorl. Umbilicus

large and crenulate throughout, with a maximum diameter of 7 mm.

The base of the shell is slightly concave towards the periphery and

more regularly sculptured; outside the umbilical crenulation is a

strongly tubercled spiral ridge, and next to this two more threadlike

tubercled spirals ; the rest of the base is marked with plain or almost

plain spirals, which become finer and closer together as they approach

* A broad-brimmed hat.

Marine Mollusca in the Collections of the South African Museum. 335

the periphery ; in the type there are twelve of these altogether, the

first two being particularly broad and flat.

Aperture shaped very much like the section of a valve of Hemi-

cardium cardissa in miniature.

Alt., 5 mm.; diam. max., 16 mm.

Hab., Scottburgh, dredged in 92 fathoms, one dead (S.A.M.,

No. A3579).

The only recent species that bears any resemblance to this is

dilectus Deshayes, described in “Cat. Moll. Ile de Réunion,” p. 68,

pl. ix, figs. 3-6, but the two species differ in size, proportions and

details of sculpture.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. X XV. Plate XXV.

Fic. 1.—Columbarium formosissimum n. sp.

Fic. 2.—Columbarium natalense n. sp.

A. L. Salisbury, photo. Neill & Co., Lid.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXYV. Plate X XVI.

Fig. 3.—Latiaxis capensis n. sp.

Fic. 4.—Heliacus petasus n. sp.

A. £. Sali

sbury, photo. Neill & Co., Ltd.

(e337 0)

9. Observations on South African Onychophora.—By G. E. Hurcury-

son, late of the Department of Zoology, University of the

Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

(With | Text-figure.)

THE following notes are based on material from two sources :

1. A collection made in various parts of the Cape Province in

December 1926 and January 1927 (G. E. H.).

2. The hitherto unexamined material in the South African Museum

(S.A.M.).

For the loan of the latter specimens and for help with literature J

am much indebted to Dr. KE. L. Gill, Dr. K. H. Barnard, and Mr.

Lawrence. In addition to a description of a new species, notes of

new localities and on variation and distribution are given.

(1) Peripatopsis sedgwicki Pure.

Coldstream (Humansdorp dist.), 1. 1921 (S.A.M., R. W. Tucker

coll. B 752).

Witte Els Bosch (Humansdorp dist.), 11, 1. 1927 (G. E. H.).

(2) Peripatopsis intermedia n. sp.

Green, basal part of antenna unpigmented, some of the larger

papillae on the dorsal surface paler; below largely pale, especially

at the bases of the legs; posterior part of ventral surface fairly well

pigmented.

About twelve irregwar annuli per segment.

Large papilli obtusely subconical.

Eighteen pairs of pregenital legs and a much reduced genital pair ;

the right-hand genital leg clawed but apparently without a foot, as

claws cannot be made out on the left-hand genital leg (in the type).

First sixteen pairs of legs with well-developed coxal vesicles ; these

structures are rudimentary and slit-like in the last two pairs of

pregenital legs (fig. 1). Median pad of foot just under twice as wide

as the proximal (7: 4).

338 Annals of the South African Museum.

No crural gland papillae enlarged (presumably &).

External lamina of mandible with one accessory denticle, internal

lamina with five accessory denticles.

Length (in alcohol, contracted and curved) ca. 33 mm.

Seven miles EK. of Montagu, xi. 1919 (S.A.M., R. W. Tucker coll.

B 748. Type).

The single specimen described above represents a species super-

ficially resembling P. balfourt Sedgw. both in the number of legs and

in the armature of the genital pair (in part), but differmg notably in

the large coxal vesicles on the first sixteen pairs of legs. In this

character it forms a link between those species in which coxal vesicles

ASP aS

Fia. 1.—Peripatopsis intermedia n. sp. Sixteenth and seventeenth left legs,

showing fully developed and rudimentary coxal vesicles.

are rudimentary or absent (capensis Grube, clavigera Purc., leonina

Pure., and balfouri Sedgw.) and the more eastern and primitive group

in which they are well developed (sedgwicki Pure., and moseleyi

W.-M.). P. intermedia also differs from balfourt in its rather more

deeply pigmented ventral surface.

Unfortunately the single, presumably female, specimen is in such a

poor state of preservation that nothing can be made out of its internal

anatomy. Its position in the genus is of sufficient interest to warrant

this preliminary account, pending the discovery of better material.

(5) Pertpatopsis clavigera Pure.

George. In a wooded bank about 2 miles along the Knysna road.

19, xii. 1926 (G. E. HL).

Observations on South African Onychophora. 339

(4) Peripatopsis balfourt Sedgw.

Stellenbosch, Jonkers Hoek Valley, 22, 1. 1914 (S.A.M., K. H.

Barnard coll. B 743).

R. Zonde Ende, 1919 (S.A.M., K. H. Barnard coll.).

Wilderness (George dist.), 19, xu. 1926 (G. E. H.).

(5) Peripatopsis capensis Grube.

R. Zonde Ende, 1919 (S.A.M., K. H. Barnard coll.).

In 1901 Purcell (Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., II, p. 99) described a series of

specimens from Swellendam in which there were individuals with

18 as well as the normal 17 pairs of pregenital legs. We obtained

near Swellendam five specimens of which two were of the 18-legged

form, and I have examined yet another taken at the same place by

Lawrence and Hesse. In the complete series from Swellendam

(S.A.M., including Purcell and G. E. H.) there are eighteen specimens,

and of these nine belong to the 18-legged variety. So far as I am

aware, P. capensis has not been recorded east of Swellendam nor has

the 18-legged form been noted elsewhere. It would be most inter-

esting should the latter replace the type in the extreme eastern part

of the range of capensis; the species should be searched for, e.g. at

Riversdale. Purcell’s specimens are unfortunately now somewhat

faded, but when the series as a whole is considered, it 1s evident that

the brown forms at Swellendam tend to be of the 18-legged variety,

the black of the 17-legged type form.

17-legged. 18-legged.

Brown with dark bands—

Purcell types 2 to 3 ; 5 Be 6

Intermediate—

Purcell types 3 to 4 : 1 3

Greenish-black—

Purcell type 4 ; : : 8

Zoogeographical Remarks.

The primitive element in the Cape fauna has been the subject of

innumerable comments since the discovery of Peripatopsis capensis,

but its exact nature is not entirely clear, nor can it be so till greater

unanimity is reached as to the geological history of the Southern

340 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hemisphere. Meanwhile certain tentative inferences may be drawn.

There is a primitive element in the fauna presumably comparable to

the Bushman and Hottentot peoples, z.e. early invaders from the

North, and in the northern and eastern parts of South Africa replaced

by newer forms. This element is ably discussed by Hewitt in a recent

publication (8S. Afr. Journ. Sci., xx, 1923, p. 96), in which it is

shown that, as we proceed southward and westward from northern

centres of distribution, we meet more primitive forms. Most zoo-

geographers, however, have believed that certain groups, and the

Pertpatopsidae are a conspicuous example, represent the remains of

an ancient fauna formerly inhabiting an antarctic or subantarctic

land-mass. Such groups would have been distributed from the

South, and we find that they show their greatest abundance of species

in the Cape Peninsula and adjacent mainland. By analogy with

the groups distributed from the North, we might expect these relict

groups to have their most primitive representatives in the north-

eastern part of their range, and this seems actually to be the case with

Peripatopsis. P. moseleyt and P. sedqwicki are regarded by Bouvier

as the most primitive species of the genus and are the most eastern,

while the most specialised P. capensis is one of the western group.

The other species are distributed in various parts of the West Province

and obey no rule, but it should be noted that the Cape Peninsula has

three species (capensis, balfouri, leonina), more than any other locality

so far examined (balfouri, sedgwicki, and clavigera may all occur in

Knysna forest). P. capensis again seems to obey a similar law in its

variation, for the more primitive 18-legged form is found only at the

eastern extremity of its range. A somewhat similar case in the

acanthodriline earthworms has recently been noted by Pickford

(Rec. Albany Mus., ii, p. 452, 1927). Other animal groups with a

like distribution are hardly big enough to show the phenomenon, and

I am not aware that it has so far been found among plants.

( eyil ))

10. Notes on the Types of Orthoptera described by Dr. L. Périnquey.—

By B. P. Uvarov, Imperial Bureau of Entomology.

(With 11 Text-figures.)

Styce the late Dr. L. Péringuey was not a specialist in Orthoptera,

it is not surprising that the species of this group published by him *

as new were not all described in such a way that they may be easily

recognised. It is, therefore, quite necessary to study his types, and

this was made possible to me through the kind co-operation of Dr.

K. L. Gill, Director of the South African Museum, and Dr. A. J. Hesse,

who sent me all Péringuey’s types for examination. The present

paper embodies the results of my studies on all species by Péringuey,

except those belonging to the subfamily Stenopelmatinae which will

be communicated for examination to Dr. H. Karny who is mono-

graphing the group.

Paratypes of several species are now deposited in the British

Museum, while the types are returned to the South African Museum.

Famity ACRIDIDAE.

Bulla boschimana (Péring.).

1916. Cystocoelia boschimana, Péringuey, loc. cit., p. 411.

The structure of the head and pronotum in the type, a female,

leave no doubt that the species must be referred to Bulla, not to

Cystocoelia.

Prostalia granulata (St.).

1873. Pneumora granulata, Stal, Ofv. Vet. Akad. Forh., 30 (4),

p. 93.

1873. Pompholyx granulata, Stal, Rec. Orth., i, p. 144.

1916. Bulla subalata, Péringuey, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., 15, p. 409,

fig. 1. (Syn. nov.)

* “ Descriptions of New or Little-known Orthoptera in the Collection of the

South African Museum,” Ann. 8S. Afr. Mus., xv, 1916, pp. 401-452, 1 pl., 8 figs.

342 Annals of the South African Museum.

There is in the British Museum a male of P. granulata, from Natal,

which agrees in all details with the original description of the species,

and Péringuey’s type of Bulla subalata, also from Natal, is undoubtedly

another sex of the same species, the structure of head and pronotum

being practically identical with that in the male. Péringuey labelled

his type “ Bulla semialata,” but in the published description he

called the species “ subalata.”

Shortridgea miranda Péring.

Péringuey described this genus and species from several specimens

which belong to different species and even genera, but it is clear from

his description and the figure that the male from Port St. Johns must

be considered as the holotype. Female from the same locality is

also the same species, while two more males from Eshowé, Zululand,

though undoubtedly congeneric with miranda, seem to differ from it

specifically ; the material at hand, however, does not permit a

definite conclusion. One more male, also from Eshowé and another

from Umkomaas (not mentioned by Péringuey, but sent to me as a

co-type) belong to Bulla longicornis St.

In the British Museum there is a damaged female specimen of

Shortridgea miranda, also from Port St. Johns, Nov. 1923 (R. E.

Turner).

The genus Shortridgea is readily distinguishable from Cystocoelia by

the sharp humeral keels of the pronotum. Apart from miranda (and

the, apparently, distinct species from Zululand mentioned above) to

this genus must be referred also Cystocoelia absidata Karsch, from Hast

Africa, which also has well-developed humeral keels.

Famity TETTIGONIIDAE.

SuBFAMILY DECTICINAE.

Gen. ARYTROPTERIS Herm.

1916. Umtata, Péringuey, Ann. 8S. Afr. Mus., xv, p. 444 (syn. nov.).

Péringuey could not distinguish Arytroptercs from Thoracistus

Pictet, but I have pointed out their differences in another paper

(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1924, p. 507). He described seven new

species, but four of them were based on the female sex only, while

in none were the genitalia of either sex mentioned in the descriptions.

Only two of these seven species can be referred to Arytropteris, while

one belongs to my genus Anarytropteris, one represents a new genus,

Notes on the Types of Orthoptera described by L. Péringuey. 343

and the remaining three must be included in Thoracistus. On the

other hand, the genus Umtata is a pure synonym of Arytropteris,

the genotype (U. musicus) being even conspecific with one of

Péringuey’s own species of Arytropteris (A. granulithoraz, see below).

Arytropteris granulithorax Péring.

1916. Arytropteris granulithorax, Péringuey, Ann. 8. Afr. Museum,

xv, p. 441.

1916. Umtata musicus, Péringuey, loc. cit., p. 444, pl. xlu, fig. 6

(syn. nov.).

I received one male and one female labelled as types of A. granu-

lithorax, but the male is clearly immature and without a locality

label, and I select here the female as the single type of the species.

It is from Port St. John’s in the Cape Province, taken by G. C. Short-

ridge, and so is the single male type on which Umtata musicus is based.

Apart from the sexual differences in the pronotum, as usual in the

genus Arytropteris, the male of U. musicus differs from the female of

A. granulithorax only in the absence of the blackish markings, but the

general condition of the male type shows that it has been preserved

in alcohol (or other liquid) which may have destroyed the markings ;

moreover, the degree of development of dark spots alone cannot be

considered of specific value in this genus. I do not hesitate, therefore,

in establishing the above synonymy.

A. granulithoraz is very closely allied to A. semiaenea Serv., differing

from it mainly in the larger size, pronotum more strongly granulose

and more extended and flattened behind. Male genitalia in both

species are identical, but the female subgenital plate in granulithorax

is broader and more broadly triangularly excised behind than in

semiaened.

Arytropteris excisa Péring.

Represented by the single female type. Differs from A. granu-

lithorax mainly by the pronotum excised behind ; ovipositor is also

slightly longer and the subgenital plate more narrow apically, as in

A. semiaenea.

Anarytropteris vrrorata (Péring.).

1916. Arytropteris wrrorata, Péringuey, loc. cit., p. 441.

The structure of the fastigium in the single female type does not

permit retaining this species in Arytropteris, while it agrees exactly

344 Annals of the South African Museum.

with the condition observed in Anarytropteris. This latter genus

was founded by me for a single species,

fallax Uv., from Nyasaland, and only the

male sex of the genotype is known. A

direct. comparison of irrorata and fallax

is, therefore, impossible, but Péringuey’s

species differs from fallax already in the

striking black pattern, not even slightly

indicated in fallax. Ovipositor of wrorata

is relatively not long, stout, almost

Fic. 1.—Anarytropteris irrorata straight in the basal half and distinctly

(Bee). Subgenital plate of pecurved in the apical half. Subgenital

ne female. 2 :

plate is elongate, convex, with a narrow

triangular projection behind (fig. 1).

Gen. THoraActistus Pictet.

The genus was founded on Th. peringueyi Pict., which has an

enormously long and inflated pronotum in the male sex. Another

species, viridifer Wlk., has been also included by me (Trans. Ent. Soc.

London, 1924, p. 508) in this genus, but its pronotum is less strikingly

modified. Amongst the three species of Péringuey, which I refer to

Thoracistus, in two only are the males described, and the pronotum

in them, though rounded as it should be in Thoracistus, is relatively

not long. In the width and shape of the fastigium, however, all

Péringuey’s species agree with Thoracistus. It is not impossible that

further studies of the group will make it necessary to restrict the

genus Thoracistus to the species with inflated pronotum, but it would

be premature to do so at the present stage, when our knowledge of the

South African Decticinae is of the most fragmentary character.

Two of Péringuey’s species are synonymous, so that only three

remain, as follows :

Thoracistus modestus (Péring.).

1916. Arytropteris modesta, Péringuey, loc. cit., p. 442.

Represented by one male (selected here as the single type) and one

female. The genitalia are as follows :

3 (fig. 2). Last tergite transverse, with a fairly deep and not very

broad emargination; the lobes triangular. Cerci rather long,

conical, unarmed, but with the apex incurved.

Notes on the Types of Orthoptera described by L. Péringuey. 345

Q. Ovipositor moderately long, stout, practically straight basally,

Fic. 2.—Thoracistus modestus (Pér.). Male genitalia.

recurved and narrowed apically. Subgenital plate broadly triangular,

with a minute apical emargination.

Thoracistus intricatus (Péring.).

1916. Arytropteris intricata, Péringuey, loc. cit., p. 443.

1916. Arytropteris plebeia, Péringuey, loc. cit., p. 443 (syn. nov.).

Both these species were described from females and the author

himself could not find any difference between them, except in the

number of spinules on the hind femora. This character, however, is

subject to strong individual variation in all Decticinae and has no

specific value.

Ovipositor in this species is practically straight throughout, but

somewhat suddenly recurved near the apex.

Ceresia, gen. nov.

A member of the group Arytropteres, differing from other known

genera by the front tibiae armed above with only one spine.

Fastigium of vertex narrower than the first antennal joint, contiguous

with the fastigium of frons. Pronotum of the male long and narrow,

but not covering the abdomen ; lateral

lobes forming scarcely perceptible angles

with the convex disc; their margin with

a very feeble humeral sinus. Elytra

partly visible from underneath the pro-

notum in the male.

Genotype: <Arytropteris pulchripes

Péring, 1s Bis Oa Tie

(Pér.). Male genitalia.

While A. pulchripes approaches in its

general appearance the two species of Thoracistus discussed above,

it differs from them in some characters, the armature of the front

VOL. XXV, PART 2, 23

346 Annals of the South African Museum.

tibiae being, in my opinion, especially important and necessitating

the description of a new genus.

Male genitalia of Ceresia pulchripes are very characteristic, as will

be seen from the figure (fig. 3).

Aroegas ngroornaius Péring.

This is a very curious insect and [ am not even absolutely certain

that it really belongs to Decticinae, the tarsal plantulae being very

short and thick, while the tympanal organ of the front tibiae is very

widely open. This latter character is present only in one other genus

of Decticinae, viz. Aprosphylus Pictet (also from South Africa), which

in my opinion may also belong not to this subfamily, but, perhaps,

to Mecopodinae.

Anterior tibiae of Aroegas nigroornatus are entirely unarmed above.

SuBFamMiIty CONOCEPHALINAE.

Péringuey described five species belonging to this subfamily and he

referred all of them to the genus Xiphidion Serv., or Conocephalus

Thnbg. as it should be correctly called. A study of the types shows,

however, that only two of his species belong to Conocephalus, while

three are members of the genus Megalotheca Karny. This latter

genus has been established by Karny (Abhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,

iv, 3, 1907, p. 79) for one species from South Africa, and one from

Madagascar. Karny included the genus in the subfamily Agroeciinae,

but it lacks the essential characters of the latter, while there is nothing

against its being referred to Conocephalinae, in the immediate vidinity

of Conocephalus.

Megalotheca vaginalis Karny.

1907. Megalotheca vaginalis, Karny, Abhandl. zool.-bot. Ges.

Wien, iv, 3, p. 79.

1916. Xiphidion restiorum, Péringuey, loc. cit., p. 447 (syn. nov.).

I received three specimens under the name X. resteorum. One is a

male from Cape Town (J. C. Bridwell), bearing a type label, and I

designate it as the single type. Another is a female from Hottentot’s

Holland (K. H. Barnard) and it agrees exactly with the description

and the figure of Megalotheca vaginalis Karny ; although it was not

taken actually together with the male, there is no reason to doubt

their being conspecific, and this leads to the above synonymy. Third

Notes on the Types of Orthoptera described by L. Péringuey. 347

specimen is a male labelled French Hoek, Cape Colony, Jan. 1917

(K. Barnard), and it belongs to a new species of Conocephalus described

below as C. peringueyi; as the specimen was collected after the

publication of Péringuey’s paper, it cannot possibly be one of the

typical series.

M egalotheca parvula (Péring.).

1916. Xiphidion parvulum, Péringuey, loc. cit., p. 449.

Péringuey’s description and the figures of the

male genitalia are not accurate, and I think it

useful to figure a cercus dissected out (fig. 4).

The male subgenital plate is represented by

Peringuey as deeply excised, while in fact it is

truncate.

Apart from the two males from Cape Town LN

(type and co-type), I received one male from pie 4. Megalotheca

the Ceres Division, which was identified as parvula(Peér.). Left

parvula, but proved to be an entirely different eae ior

and undescribed species. Its description is as

follows :

Megalotheca montana, sp. n.

S$. Slightly larger than M. parvula and less slender. Fastigium

of vertex strongly compressed, lamellate, acute. Pronotum a little

< d

Fic. 5.—Megalotheca montana, sp. n., g. a, lateral pronotal lobe; 6, ¢, d,

isolated right cercus viewed from different sides.

348 Annals of the South African Museum.

longer than the head, very slightly selliform ; front and hind margin

truncate ; lateral lobes (fig. 5, a) much longer than deep, regularly

rounded below. Elytra reaching the middle of the abdomen. Last

tergite large, rounded, prominent in the middle behind. Cercus

(fig. 5, b, c, d) consisting of a triangular foliaceous part and a curved

spine-like inner appendage, the basal part of which is also foliaceous ;

there is a small tooth at the base of the triangular part. Subgenital

plate truncate.

Coloration dirty-stramineous ; a brownish fascia runs along the

head and pronotum ; lower margin of pronotal lobes whitish.

Total length 10; pronotum 2-5; elytra 3; hind femur 7 mm.

Described from a single male, taken at Matroosberg, Ceres Division,

4000 ft., Jan. 1917 (Lightfoot).

Megalotheca longiceps (Péring.).

1916. Xiphidion longiceps, Péringuey, loc. cit., p. 450.

This species distinctly differs from the three mentioned above by its

larger size and extremely elongated habitus reminding one of the

subfamily Saginae. It is not impossible that further studies in this

little-known genus will necessitate splitting it up into two genera, but

it would be premature to do so now.

I append two figures (fig. 6) taken from the type which may help

Fic. 6.— Megalotheca longiceps (Pér.). jp, lateral pronotal lobe ; c, right cercus.

to identify this species. It seems to be very near to M. xiphidioides

Karny, from Madagascar, but somewhat larger; the tooth of the

cercl in M. aiphidioides is stated to be beyond the middle of the

cercus.

Conocephalus (Xiphidion) bechuanensis Péring.

The type is not a female, as it stands in the original description

owing to a misprint, but a male. The cercus is described by

Notes on the Types of Orthoptera described by L. Péringuey. 349

Péringuey very inaccurately ; it is fairly long, with a beak-like inner

tooth near the obtuse apex, and another similar, but smaller, tooth at

Fie. 7.—Conocephalus bechuanensis Pér. p, lateral pronotal lobe ; c¢, right

cercus from above.

the base of the first one (fig. 7, c). Subgenital plate is not.‘ deeply

arcuate emarginate,” the emargination being round and shallow.

Conocephalus (Xiphidion) rhodesianus Peéring.

This is a very slender species, resembling somewhat Megalotheca

longiceps in its outward appearance, even the cerci being of the same

type. The structure of the fastigium, however, shows plainly that it

is not a Megalotheca, but a Conocephalus. The figure of the cercus

and of the pronotum may help in recognising the species (fig. 8, p, c).

Fic. 8.—Conocephalus rhodesianus Pér. pp, lateral pronotal

lobe ; c¢, right cercus.

Together with the unique type of this species there was sent to

me another male Conocephalus, which belongs to a new species as

follows:

350 Annals of the South African Museum.

Conocephalus (Xiphidion) peringueyt, sp. 0.

3. About the size of C. bechuanense, but more slender. Fastigium

of vertex strongly compressed (though less so than in Megalotheca

spp.) ; seen from the front, its margins are slightly divergent upwards

and the apex rounded; seen in profile the fastigium is somewhat

ascending anteriorly, with the apex acutely angulate, but the im-

mediate angle is rounded. Pronotum cylindrical, truncate in front,

broadly and shallowly emarginate behind ; disc with one fine trans-

verse furrow placed well in front of the middle ; lateral lobes (fig. 9, p)

much longer than deep, their lower margin behind the middle roundly

excised and strongly ascendent, hind margin straight. LElytra a

little shorter than the pronotum. Knee-lobes spined.

Last tergite transverse, hind margin obtusely angulate produced,

with the sides somewhat sinuate. Cercus (fig. 9, c) consists of a broad

conchate basal part, bearing on the concave inner side a chitinous

p e

Fia. 9.—Conocephalus peringueyi, sp. n. p, lateral pronotal lobe ;

c, right cercus.

ridge ending in a double spine, and a spine just below the latter ;

from the lower hind corner of the basal part arises a long recurved

appendage with the apex pointed and curved; the appendage is

directed obliquely upwards and inwards.

Stramineous, with a broad castaneous dorsal stripe, and a more

narrow and less sharply defined lateral stripe of the same colour along

the middle of each pronotal lateral lobe extending also on to the sides

of the head.

Total length 12-5; pronotum 3; elytra 3; hind femur 9-5

mm.

Described from a single male from French Hoek, Cape Colony,

Jan. 1917 (K. Barnard).

I append here a brief description of one more new species of Cono-

cephalus found by me in the British Museum collection in the course

of the above studies on Péringuey’s types.

Notes on the Types of Orthoptera described by L. Péringuey. 351

Conocephalus (Thecoxiphidion) inaequalis, sp. n.

3S. Similar to C. caudalis W1k.,* differing from it in the structure

of the male genitalia, and in the development of the elytra. The

latter are longer than the pronotum, reaching to the middle of the

abdomen, with the apex parabolic; they are greenish in front of

the radial veins which are green, and brownish behind them, with

brown spots along the middle.

Last tergite (fig. 10) produced behind into a paired appendage.

Fie. 10.—Conocephalus inaequalis, sp. n. a, last tergite

and a cercus ; p, lateral pronotal lobe.

Cercus similar to that in C. caudalis, but its inner teeth are very

unequal in size, the one nearer the base being much shorter and

obtuse.

Total length 12; pronotum 3; elytra 4-5; hind femur 13 mm.

Described from a single male from South Africa (apparently

Transvaal, but the exact locality not known). Distant coll.

SupramMity HETRODINAE.

Hetrodes marginatus W1k.

1869. Hetrodes marginatus, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., ii,

p. 226.

1899. Hetrodes marginatus, Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, iii,

pp. 97, 142.

1916. Hetrodes knysna, Péringuey, loc. cit., p. 429 (syn. nov.).

* I take the opportunity to publish the following synonymy of this species

based on the type :

1869. Xiphidium caudale, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., ii, p. 273.

1891. Xiphidium natalensis, Redtenbacher, Verh. z.-bot. Ges. Wien, xli, p. 519

(syn. nov.).

352 Annals of the South African Museum.

Péringuey states that, according to the notes which he took long

ago at the British Museum, H. marginatus=pupus, but my direct

comparison of the types of marginatus and knysna shows that they are

undoubtedly conspecific and well distinct from pupus.

Péringuey put the type labels on two specimens of knysna, a male

and a female from George, Cape Colony, and I select here the male as

the single type; there is another male co-type from the same locality,

and still another from Knysna; it would seem more reasonable to

select the latter as the single type, but I feel bound by the author’s

selection.

Hetrodes namaqua Péring.

Four specimens were sent to me as types, two males and two

females, all from O’okiep, Namaqualand, and I select the largest male

as the single type. Péringuey mentions also specimen (or specimens)

from Uitenhage, Cape Province, but I have not received it.

In the British Museum there is a female of this species from Wind-

hoek, S.W. Africa.

Gen. ACANTHOPLUS St.

Systematists dealing with species of this genus based their taxo-

nomic conclusions entirely on the armature of pronotum, legs, and

abdominal segments, but it is sufficient to study even a few specimens

of any species to see the unreliability of these characters. Armature

of pronotum, consisting of strongly developed spines, is fairly constant,

but it does not offer much variety even when different species are

compared. At the same time, the number of small spinules on the

upperside of tibiae, the underside of femora, as well as the degree of

development of spinules on tergites, are subject to considerable

individual variation, the armature of femora being often different

on the left and the right side of the same specimen.

Péringuey’s key to species is based almost entirely on the armature

of legs and abdomen and is valueless, while two of his species, based

on such characters, must go. Equally unfounded are several species

described by Kirby, the types of which are before me.

My own conclusions on the synonymy of species are based primarily

on the study of the male cerci, which, though not absolutely constant

in shape, present characters much more reliable than the highly

unstable armature of legs and abdomen. Since none of the previous

authors even mentioned genitalia of their species, while some described

them from females and immature specimens, there remain several

Notes on the. Types of Orthoptera described by L. Péringuey. 353

species of doubtful standing, as will be seen from the complete list

of species, which I think useful to publish here.

Acanthoplus longipes (Charp.).

1845. Hetrodes longipes, Charpentier, Orthoptera descr. et depicta,

pl. 45.

1916. Acanthoplus loandae, Péringuey, loc. cit., p. 483 (syn. nov.).

The only difference of loandae from longipes is in the presence of

spinules on tergites, but I find the spinules varying in their develop-

ment individually. Thus, amongst three males in the British Museum

Fic. 11.—Cerci of four species of Acanthoplus. LL, A. longipes (Charp.) ;

D, A. discoidalis (W1k.); 8, A. speisert Brancs. ; A, A. armativentris Per.

from the Angola Coast (R. Hinamangando, south of Cape St. Martha,

F. M. Penney), one has tergites entirely unarmed, another has a

median row of spinules, and the third bears one median spine and two

lateral ones on the third tergite. Equally variable and often different

on the two sides is the number of spinules on the underside of femora ;

as a rule, however, at least the hind femora bear 1-3 spines on each

side underneath.

The male cerci of A. longipes (fig. 11, L) are very thick and inflated ;

their thick apex bears one (sometimes two) very short spinule; the

shape of the basal lobe is not very constant.

354 Annals of the South African Museum.

In its distribution A. longipes must be restricted to S.W. Africa,

extending from the coast into the Kalahari; it seems to be replaced

farther to the east by the next species, but their respective areas of

distribution are not yet sufficiently known.

Acanthoplus discoidalis (W1k.).

1869. Hetrodes discoidalis, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., ii,

p. 230.

1869. Hetrodes pallidus, Walker, loc. cit., p. 231.

1899. Acanthoplus desertorum, Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7,

in, p. 142.

1899. Acanthoplus serratus, Kirby, loc. cit., p. 143.

1899. Acanthoplus germanus, Kirby, loc. cit., p. 143.

1916. Acanthoplus bechuanus, Péringuey, loc. cit., p. 483 (syn. nov.).

The synonymy of the species described by Walker and Kirby has

been correctly established by Péringuey, who, however, distinguished

bechuanus solely on the armature of tergites, a purely individual

character.

This species differs from A. longipes by its smaller size, distinctly

shorter legs, unarmed underside of femora, and the shape of the male

cerci, which are less inflated and bear an acute curved spine at the

apex (fig. 11, D); between the spine and the basal lobe there is an

obtuse projection which varies somewhat in shape, being either round

or conical.

A. discoidalis ranges from Transvaal to Bechuanaland, while

Péringuey records it from the 8.W. coast as well, which records I am

inclined not to accept without verification.

Acanthoplus speisert Brancs.

1896. Acanthoplus speisert, Brancsik, Jahr. Naturw. Vereines

Trenes. Com., xvi—xvui, p. 258, pl. 8, figs. 9a-d.

1916. Acanthoplus varicornis, Péringuey, loc. cit., p. 435 (syn. nov.).

Péringuey’s type of A. varicornis is a male larva which differs from

spetsert only in the antennae and tarsi being blackish, which may

be either an individual or a juvenile character. Cerci, see fig. 11, S.

Acanthoplus jallae Griff.

Not known to me except from the description.

Notes on the. Types of Orthoptera described by L. Péringuey. 355

Acanthoplus armativentris Péring.

Seems to be very close to the preceding species, and may be its

synonym. Péringuey separated them (without seeing A. jallae)

because his species has lateral rows of spinules on the tergites, but

this character is variable in the genus. Cerci, see fig. 11, A.

Acanthoplus stratiotes Brancs.

Not known to me and suspiciously near to A. longipes and A.

discoidalis.

Gen. Enyawiopsts Karsch.

Systematics of species of this genus are in an almost hopeless

condition. Sjéstedt attempted to clear up some of the confusion by

comparing the types of several species, but the key he has drawn up

(Arkiv v. Zool., 8, No. 6, 1913, p. 15) does not include all known

species, refers only to males, and is based on single type-specimens of

each species, the probable individual variation of characters not having

been taken into consideration. Péringuey (loc. cit., p. 437) has published

a key to six South African species (three of them described by himself),

but this did not improve matters, if it did not make them worse. First

of all he divided the genus into two groups on the shape of the female

ovipositor, in which, in the majority of species, the upper and the

lower valvae are divergent, while in two species they are not. After a

study of a large material of various species of Enyaliopsis in the British

Museum, I am able to state definitely that the second type of ovi-

positor may be observed in any species in the immature stages.

Péringuey’s type of female of EF. patruelis is undoubtedly a larva in the

last stage, and it seems highly probable that the female of 2. durandi

Lueas, in which ovipositor is similarly built, was also immature.

Further separation of species by Péringuey’s key depends entirely

and solely on the number of tibial spines. This character is, in fact,

fairly constant, but, of course, not absolutely reliable, specific differ-

ence depending often on a single spine. Moreover, the figures in the

key are often in disagreement with those given in the specific de-

scriptions, owing to misprints, or to carelessness of the author.

It is clear that nothing can be done with species of Enyaliopsis

until a general revision, based on large series of specimens, is under-

taken. In the meantime I can only give some notes on the three

species described by Péringuey.

306 Annals of the South African Museum.

- Enyaliopsis binduranus Péring.

According to Péringuey’s key, this species differs from petersw

Schaum only by having 4 spines on the outer side of the hind tibiae,

the other species having 5 such spines. In the specific description of

binduranus the number of spines on the hind tibiae is given, however,

as 15-16, not 4-17 as in the key (the second figure referring to the

inner row of spines); the type, which I examined, has 4 outer and

15-16 inner spines, the latter being irregular in size and differing in

number on the two sides of the insect.

I have compared the type of binduranus with some specimens in

the British Museum which I refer to E. petersi, as they agree in every

detail with the original description and the figure of the latter.

Pronotum of binduranus is much more narrow than that of petersiz,

Péringuey’s species resembling in that respect FE. ephippiatus Gerst. ;

the pronotal spines are all distinctly shorter in binduranus than in

peters. These characters may be illustrated by the following

measurements of pronotum (of the female sex) :—

petersit. binduranus.

Length . 18 mm. 16 mm.

Width between hind angles of anterior |

projection : Gee ISH 5

Width between apices of median spines Way 10; ees

Width between apices of longest lateral

spines. PA We ek Nf) 56

Width between the two spines of hind

margin . 2 AN Opes Sion

The ovipositor of benduranus has the upper valves more angulately

excised than they are in petersi, and in this respect it resembles very

closely E. matabelensis Sjést. The resemblance between matabelensis

and binduranus in the structure of pronotum is also very close, and the

two species seem to differ mainly in their size (matabelensis being a

smaller insect) and in the number of spines on the middle and hind

tibiae.

There are in the British Museum several specimens from Mashona-

land, Rhodesia, referable to binduranus.

Notes on the Types of Orthoptera described by L. Péringuey. 357

Enyalhopsis transvaalensis Péring.

1916. Enyaliopsis transvaalensis, Péringuey, loc. cit., p. 438.

1916. Enyaliopsis patruelis, Péringuey, loc. cit., p. 439 (syn. nov.).

Péringuey separated patruelis mainly on the structure of the

ovipositor, which has the valves less recurved than in other species.

This is, however, only a larval character, the two female co-types

before me being both immature (in the last larval stage). In the

structure of pronotum there is no difference between the types of

transvaalensis and patruelis, while the apparently different number

of spines on the middle and hind tibiae is due to incorrect count.

Indeed, in the co-types of both species, the middle tibiae bear 3-4

spines on one side and 2-4 on the other, while the number of spines

on the outside of hind tibiae varies in both from 4-5.

Péringuey’s statement that transvaalensis is of a darker bronze

colour than any of the South African species is due to bad preservation

of some of the co-types.

One of the female co-types from Barberton has been marked by

Péringuey with the type label, and I confirm here his selection. As

regards patruelis the selection of the single type is made difficult by

the fact that I received four co-types, all bearing specific label in

Péringuey’s writing. Two of them, a male and female (immature),

bear also red type-labels, but the locality label is “ Barberton, Rev.

Kolbe ” for the male, and “‘ Transvaal, Barberton, Randall ”’ for the

female. Two other specimens are an immature male with the label

“Victoria Falls, Capt. Conolly,’ and an immature female labelled

“ Amatongaland, Jan. 89, J. de Coster.” Since neither Barberton

nor Victoria Falls are mentioned in the original description of

patruelis, I feel right in ignoring Péringuey’s selection of types and

select here as the single type of patruelis the female from Amatonga-

land, this being the first locality mentioned in the specific description.

Selection of one or another of the co-types as the single type does not

affect the above synonymy, since Barberton specimens are obviously

conspecific with the others and with the type of transvaalensis, also

taken at Barberton.

ae A Hohe a ee ‘Nofencetiflas ad Coriaidae of South

Africa. —By G. Evetyn Hurcuinson, M.A. F.LS.,

F. ES. (sometime Senior Lecturer i in Zoology, the Uni-

versity of the Witwatersrand, debennes Pane): (With

3 “1, Sone New Species of inne from South A oa

and South West Africa. —By A. J. HEsse, B.Sc., Ph.D.,

_E.ES., Assistant, South African Museum, a Le

(With Plates EAE XLUL. tae

‘Title Page and Index of Genera xO Volume XXV. Ve

Z \ \ cs

ISSUED JULY 1929. PRICE 10s.

BS Tie aoe : 2

ease ee: FOR THE |

_ TRUSTEES OF THE: SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM —

: BY NEILL AND CO., LTD.,

212 CAUSEWAYSIDE, ‘EDINBURGH.

r 4

Keg

ay,

PTW

- Plates RXVILRER) | EEG

( 359 )

11. A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa.—By

G. Evetyn Hurcuinson, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. (sometime Senior

Lecturer in Zoology, the University of the Witwatersrand,

Johannesburg).

(With Plates XX VII-XLI.)

INDEX.

PAGE PAGE

I, INTRODUCTION ; . 360 Anisops (A.) psyche Hutch. 400

is » praetexta n. sp. 402

II. SYSTEMATIC PART. . 361 ( » jaczewskit

Fam. NOTONECTIDAE . 361 Hutch. 403

Subfam. NoTONECTINAE n.. 362 » (Aoid.) aglaia n. sp. 404

Tribe NOTONECTINI n. . 362 » (M.) apicalis Stal . 406

Notonecia L. . : . 362 Nychia Stal ‘ ; . 408

Subgenus Notonecta L. . 362 N. limpida Stal . . 409

=A Paranecta n. . 363 » ltmpida limpida Stal 409

N. (P.) lactitans Kirk. . 365 i ue Paeetorm

Hnithares Spin. . : . 368 sappho Kirk. . 411

#. v-flavum Reut. . 369 . lLimpida bantu, n.

E. chinai Jacz. . : . 371 subsp. : . 411

E. sobria Stal. : 5 Oe Subfam. PLEINAE . 415

form danae n. ; . 374 Plea Leach : : . 415

Tribe ANISOPINI j . 376 » pullula Stal ‘ . 417

Anisops Spin. . : . 376 » piccanina n. sp. . . 419

Subgenus Anisops Spin. . 378 Fam. CORIXIDAE . . 420

Bh Anisopoidesn. . 378 Subfam. MICcRONECTINAE . 422

= Micranisopsn. . 377 Micronecta Kirk. ‘ . 422

Anisops (A.) sardea H.S. . 381 M. scutellaris Stal. . 424

a » pellucens Gerst. 384 | M. perdita n. sp. ‘ . 426

Hs 5» leita mn. sp. > 38 M. hessei n. sp.. : 5 oy

A » gracilisn. sp. . 386 M. gorogaiqua n. sp. . . 428

ip » powertin. sp. . 389 M. winifredan. sp... . 429

5p » leesoniana n. sp. 390 M. druryanan. sp. . . 430

ae ,, debilis Gerst. . 391 M. dorothea n. sp. : » 435i

ot ,» varia Fieb. . 393 M. butlerianan. sp. . . 432

ae 5) Varta varia M. monomatapae n. sp. . 433

Fieb. . . 396 M. browni n. sp. ; . 434

a , varia scutellata M. quewalepele n. sp. . 435

Fieb. . . 396 M. similliman. sp. . . 436

A » Aypatia n. sp. . 399 M. bleekianan. sp. . . 437

WOE SOOT, ING), 24

360 Annals of the South African Museum.

PAGE PAGE

M. citharistian. sp. . . 438 S. (S.) sjéstedti (Kirk.) . 449

M, uvarovi Jacz. : . 439 >» » meridionalis (Waller.) 451

M. piccaninn. sp. . . 440 » » contortuplicata (Kirk.) 453

form piccaninn. . . 441 sos) CeTeS) Ds Sp» ; . 456

form pardinan. . . 442 IIL ZOOGEOGRAPHY . _ 457

form tigrina n. : . 443

form audax n. 3 . 443 IV. ECOLOGY . : ; 2 all

form variegata n: . . 4S 1. Rainfall and Colonisation 461

form nigroclavata n. . 443 2. Standing and Running

form perversan. . . 444 Water : ; 2 HER

M. youngiana n. sp. . . 444 3. - Temperature 2 408

Subfam, CoRTXINAE . . 445 4. Illumination. 4 © 00

Agraptocoriza Karke |. 2 A 5. Chemical Composition . 467

A. swierstrain. sp... . 446 6.; Vegetation’ = ; > aes

Gitte Weim, _ 448 7. Conclusion . : . 469

Subgenus Sigara Fabr. . 448 V. EXPLANATION OF PLATES 470

I.—INTRODUCTION.

THE present study is based on the following material :—The collections

of the South African Museum (S8.A.M.), Transvaal Museum (T.M.),

and the Albany Museum (A.M.), and unworked African Notonec-

tidae in the British Museum (B.M.); on a large collection made by

Grace E. Pickford (G.E.P.), chiefly in the East Cape Province in 1926,

and in the East Cape Province and Orange Free State, in company

with Miss D. F. Bleek, in 1928; on much material forwarded from

time to time by Letitia M. Starke (L.M.8.), chiefly from the Cape

Peninsula and Flats; and on collections made in various parts of

South Africa by myself (G.E.H.). In addition to these main sources

various South African biologists have forwarded specimens which are

acknowledged in the text. My best thanks are due to the following,

who have entrusted to me collections and specimens in their charge :—

Dr. E. L. Gill, Dr. A. J. Hesse, Dr. C. J. Swierstra, Mr. G. van ‘Son,

Mr. J. Hewitt, Dr. E. Warren, Dr. H. Scott, and Mr. W. E. China.

To the latter I am especially indebted for valuable information on

nomenclature, and for very numerous transcriptions of descrip-

tions not available in South Africa, without which the work

would have been impossible. The systematic work was intended as

a preliminary to a more extended ecological study, which now, un-

fortunately, cannot be completed. Such information as has been

collected on the zoogeography and ecology of these insects is presented

in separate sections after the systematic part. The other groups of

aquatic Heteroptera were collected with the families discussed in this

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 361

paper; the surface bugs will be forwarded to Professor T, Esaki, and

other families worked out as opportunity permits. The large number

of new species hardly calls for an apology seeing that no adequate

investigation of these insects has ever before been made in South

Africa.

The somewhat unsatisfactory definition of South Africa usual in

works on zoogeography is accepted, 7.e. that part of Africa south of the

Zambesi and Kunene Rivers. The present paper therefore attempts

the consideration of the Notonectids and Corixids of the Union of

South Africa, Portuguese East Africa, South Rhodesia, the Bechuana-

land Protectorate and Caprivi Strip, and South-West Africa.

Unfortunately for the naturalist interested in problems other than

pure systematics, the majority of the species are hard to distinguish

except on sexual characters. It is therefore of great importance to

take enough specimens to ensure g ¢ being present from every

locality. The synonymy makes no claim to be exhaustive, only

references of importance being admitted to the lists. The figures are

semi-diagrammatic camera-lucida drawings, in which irrelevant hairs

are omitted.

The types of all new species in my possession, and a first set of all

described ones, will be deposited in the South African Museum; further

sets will be sent where possible to the British Museum, to Dr. T.

Jaczewski, Professor H. B. Hungerford, and Professor T. Esaki.*

II.—SYSTEMATIC PART.

1. Fam. NOTONECTIDAE.

Aquatic Hemiptera modified for swimming with the dorsal surface

below. Deep bodied, convex dorsally, and more or less triangular in

section. Posterior legs natatory and more or less fringed with hairs.

The water boatmen (also known as “ back swimmers” in North

America) may be easily recognised by the deep body, quite unlike the

flattened form of the other families of water bugs, and presumably

developed in relation to their habit of swimming upside down.

Two subfamilies are usually recognised :

1. (2) Hind legs flattened and with a conspicuous fringe of hair.

Larger species over 4 mm. long... . Notonectinae.

2. (1) Hind legs not more flattened shan he other pairs, and but

little more ciliated. Smaller species under 3 mm. long . Pleinae.

* Since this was written Mr. Hutchinson has presented a large part of his private

collection, including the types of the n.spp., to this Museum.—Ep1rTor.

VOL. XXV, PART 3. 24 *

362 Annals of the South African Museum.

Subfam. NoToNECTINAE.

The genera have recently been discussed by Hale (Proc. Linn. Soce.,

N.S.W., xlix, pt. 4, 1924, p. 462), who groups them according to the

number of well-developed antennal joints. Omitting the insufficiently

known genera Martarega B.-Wh. and Signoretiella Berg., stated to

have four antennal joints but in facies more allied to Anisops and

Nychia, we may divide the subfamily into two tribes thus :

1. (2) Intermediate femur with a subapical tooth on its posterior

margin. Antenna with four well-defined joints. Male genitalia

symmetrical ; A : . : : . Notonectini n.

2. (1) Intermediate femur without a subapical tooth. Antenna with

three well-defined joints. Male genitalia asymmetrical Anzsopini n.

A third tribe may have to be instituted for the two neotropical

genera above mentioned.

Tribe NOTONECTINI.

These insects are distinguished from those belonging to the Anv-

sopint by their more robust form, and usually by their larger size, as

well as by the characters given above. But two genera are known,

both occurring within our area.

Pronotum somewhat transverse, anterior angles not foveate

Notonecta L.

Pronotum very transverse, anterior angles each with a fovea in

which lie the antennae : . Enithares Spin.

Noronecta L.

Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., p. 343.

e Kirkaldy, 1897, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 397.

Moderately robust. Pronotum not very transverse, anterior angles

not foveate. (Plate X XVII, fig. 1.)

Wings with Sc well developed and chitinised, marginal for the

greater part of its course, then bending down and fusing with Rs.

R well chitinised, R, very short, not quite meeting Sc. M chitinised

to just beyond r-m, which is short and well chitinised. Cu,, Cu,, and

A, chitinised strongly only at the base, A, barely indicated, m-cu

absent. (Plate X XVII, fig. 3.)

3 genital capsule (9th abdominal sternite) with or without a ventral

digitiform appendage. Parameres symmetrical. Aedeagus with a

short chitinous portion supported on the basal plates, apically mem-

branous and subspherical with a small aperture in a depression just

anterior to the apex. This wide membranous portion is supported

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa. 363

by an internal chitinous stay, which projects up from the inner side

of the wall of the basal part (s). The structure, as shown in Plate

XXVIII, fig. 2, apparently represents the phallosoma of Pruthi (Tr.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 1925, p. 181). It is drawn from a preparation of an

aedeagus taken from a specimen captured im copula, after treatment

with potash, and appears to be more expanded than the aedeagi of

this genus examined by previous authors. The aedeagus of Notonecta

differs from those of the other genera of the family in having neither

paired lateral (hereafter termed “alae”’) nor median anterior or

posterior (“ appendix interna ” and “ externa ’’) dilatations.

The genus Notonecta is chiefly Palaearctic and Nearctic, having its

headquarters in the latter region. It extends into South America, and

is represented by a single species in Australia (Professor Hungerford

tells me he is making this the type of a new subgenus). It is appar-

ently absent from the Oriental part of Asia, and but a single species

is found in the Ethiopian region.

The genus (excluding the Australian NV. handlirschi Kirk.) may be

divided into two groups, which I here give as subgenera.

1. (2) Male genital capsule produced ventrally into a cylindrical digitiform

appendage.

Female usually with the first pair of gonapophyses elongate, well chitinized,

and used for making slits in aquatic plants. Usually larger, more robust

species. . : Notonecta Linn. s. str. (type N. glauca Linn.).

2. (1) Male genital capsule angulate or tuberculate below, but not produced into

a digitiform appendage.

Female with first pair of gonapophyses short and weak. Eggs laid on

aquatic plants, etc., but not in slits. Usually small or slender species

Paranecta subg. n. (type NV. lactitans Kirk.).

Notonecta s. str.includes glauca Linn., furcata Fab.,* viridis Delc., lutea

Mull., maculata Fab., pallidula Poiss., and probably some of the other

Old World species, and wrorata Uhler and borealis Bueno and Hussey

among the North American. Paranecta includes lactitans Kark. from

Ethiopian Africa, the remaining New World species, kiangsis Kirk.

(=bergrothi Ksaki=suenson Hunegfd.) from China, and triguttata Motsch

from Japan (vide Hutchinson, Ent. Month. Mag., Feb. 1928, p. 35).

It will be seen that the single Ethiopian species is more closely

allied to those of North America and the Far East than to its nearest

geographical allies (NV. maculata F., N. furcata meridionalis Poiss.,

* Since the above was written Esaki (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), ii. p. 65) has

corrected the nomenclature of this and the succeeding species to V. obliqua Gallén,

with subspecies NV. 0. obliqua Gallén and N. o. meridionalis Poiss., and N. marmorea

Fabr., with subspecies V. m. marmorea Fabr. (=mediterranea Hutch.) and N. m.

viridis Delc.

364 Annals of the South African Museum.

N. viridis mediterranea Hutch., and N. pallidula Poiss.) in Palae-

arctic Africa. Not only has the subgenus Paranecta a discontinuous

distribution itself, but the same phenomenon is shown to a striking

degree in the African species N. (P.) lactitans, recorded from the

Cape and from parts of West Equatorial Africa, but absent from a large

intervening belt. We may conclude that Paranecta is the older sub-

genus, and in particular that lactitans is a very ancient species. It is

to be noted that the characters of this subgenus are undoubtedly more

primitive than those of Notonecta s. str.

In an interesting study of the chromosomes of Notonecta, Browne

(J. Morph., 27, No. I, 1916, p. 119) finds that in undulata, indica, and

shootert the diploid number is 26, the first spermatocyte division

showing 14 (the sex chromosomes conjugate late), and the second 13.

In glauca and irrorata the diploid number is 24, the first spermatocyte

division showing 15 and the second 12. In insulata the meaning of

this decrease in number is shown, for here though the second sperma-

tocyte division shows 12, in the first there are either 13 or 14. In those

cases where but 13 were clearly indicated the small 14th was “ often

found attached to the longest chromosome.”

We may note that the 26 chromosome forms belong to the primitive

subgenus Paranecta, while the 24 chromosome species are of the more

specialised Notonecta s. str.

In insulata where the notonectoid type of spermatogenesis seems

to be developing, the somatic characters, undoubtedly agreeing with

Paranecta, show a distinct foreshadowing of the notonectoid type.

Thus the gonapophyses of the female are the best developed of those

figured by Hungerford (Kansas Sc. Bull., 1919, xi, pl. xxxi) for

species of this subgenus, and the male genital capsule is curiously

angulate ventrally. Unfortunately no diploid groups which could be

counted were found by Browne.

Poisson in N. (N.) maculata (Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 66, No. 2, 1927,

p. 23) has likewise found 24 chromosomes in diploid groups, con-

jugating to give 15 in the first spermatocyte division, with 12 in the

second. This species differs from its allies in the short weak first

gonapophyses, which are not used for making slits in plants.

The occurrence of the short type is also noted below in Enithares

and Nychia, and was found by Hale in Paranisops, while the long

drilling type occurs in Anisops (Hale, /.c.), Plea, and Buenoa (Hunger-

ford, l.c., pl. xxv and p. 173).

The species described below is the sole member of the genus occur-

ring in Ethiopian Africa.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 365

1. Notonecta lactitans Kirk.

Notonecta lactitans * Kirkaldy, 1897, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xx. p. 58.

var. stygica sa 1897, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 406.

Testaceous, pronotum yellowish-grey ; scutellum, showing through

latter posteriorly, black ; legs testaceous.

Slender and subparallel, just over 3 times as long as broad.

Width of head and eyes about 24 times that of the vertex, which is

13-1% times as wide as the pronotum. Notocephalon slightly longi-

tudinally carinate in its posterior half.

Pronotum with anterior angles obtuse, about 1? or a little more

times as broad as long, sides and posterior margin very slightly

sinuate ; with an indefinite transverse impression before the middle,

slightly longitudinally carinate and somewhat transversely anteriorly.

Scutellum with a sparse golden pubescence, especially laterally,

apically impressed in preserved specimens, about 1} times as long as

the pronotum.

Anterior leg with tibia 21-24 times as long as the first (142) tarsal

joint, which is 14-14 times as long as the third; longer claw rather

longer than the latter.

Intermediate leg with tibia just under 24 times the first (1+-2) tarsal

joint, which is about twice as long as the third or a little more;

longer claw a little longer than the latter, trochanter simple, femur

with a single, straight, slightly forwardly directed, subapical spur in

both sexes.

Outer lobe of membrane slightly longer than inner.

3 (=var. stygica Kirk.). Elytra black with a very short, sparse,

golden pubescence, best developed on the anterior part of the embolio-

corial suture ; the outer edge of the clavus and an elongate spot on the

inner part of the posterior margin of the corium and the outer margin

of the embolium dull yellow ; membrane smoky brown.

Genitalia as figured. (Plate XXVIII, figs. 1, 2, and 3.)

Q (=type Kirkaldy). Elytral pubescence as in 3, black with the

clavus, except for its internal margin, the posterior part of the

embolium and a large area posteriorly on the corium dull yellow,

membrane smoky grey brown. First pair of gonapophyses short.

Length: g, 10-5-11 mm.

®, 11-12 mm.

* One of Kirkaldy’s paratypes (Africa, B.M.) was labelled ‘‘ /actitans Burchell,”

which MS. name Kirkaldy retained. Burchell presumably collected the species in

the Western Cape Province.

366 Annals of the South African Museum.

CAPE.

Table Mountain, Hely-Hutchinson Reservoir, 27, xi, 1925 (G.E.P.).

bog above Window Gorge, 31, i, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Silver Mine Valley, Cape Penin., 7, v, 1927, (L.M.S.).

Schoesters River Valley, Cape Beni 23, vu, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Chapmans Peak Road, near Point, Cape Penin., pond, 24, vi, 1926

(G.E.P.).

Klipfontein Road, Cape Flats, pond, 7n copula, 21, vii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Zeekoe Vlei, Cape Flats, weedy pool near vlei, 24, x, 1926, nymphs

and teneral 3 (L.M.8.).

Frazerdale Vlei, near Mowbray, 7, xi, 1926 (L.M.S.).

Banhoek, near Stellenbosch, c. 3000 ft., 24, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Wellington, pond, 324 ft., 15, v, 1927 (L.M.S.).

Great Winterhoek, Tulbagh dist., c. 3800 ft. and c. 4200 ft., iv, 1916

(R. M. Lightfoot, S.A.M.).

Ceres, kloof on west side of Mitchell’s Pass, pool near top of Pass

and mountains above on west side, 5—7, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Swellendam, pools in streams, Duivelsbosch and above Kolonies-

bosch, 13-14, xu, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Also recorded from the Cape of Good Hope (Paris Mus.) by Kirkaldy

(l.c.). Though known from such widely separated localities as Guinea

(type Kirkaldy), Gaboon (Vienna Mus., Kirkaldy), and the Cape, this

species must have a curiously discontinuous distribution, for it appears

to be entirely absent from collections made in the northern and

eastern parts of South Africa.

Infe-history.—The dates given above indicate that in the Cape

Peninsula, if not elsewhere, there is a migration from mountain pools

in the autumn to low-lying waters on the Cape Flats and elsewhere,

in which situations the insects breed, the newly emerged adults then

ascending and populating the localities left by their parents. No

specimens were found on Table Mountain a few days before the pairs

were taken in copula on 21, vu, 1926, as recorded above.

The eggs are as yet unknown, but are presumably laid on sub-

merged objects without bemg embedded, as in the other species of

the subgenus (Hungerford, 1917, Kans. Univ. Sc. Bull., xi; Bare,

1926, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., xix).

The nymphs described below were taken by Tae a M. Starke in

Frazerdale Vlei near Mowbray, on the Cape Flats, on 7, x1, 1927.

Nymphs. L. 4-5 mm. (? 35rd instar).

Head dilated anteriorly between the eyes, internal borders of eyes

very slightly divergent, the least distance between them being very

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa. 367

little less than the greatest. Pronotum very transverse, about ?

times as long as head, and rather more than 34 times as wide as long,

lateral margins curved, the greatest width being behind the middle,

where it is slightly wider than the head (Plate X XIX, fig. 10). Meso-

notum 1} times as long as head. Anterior leg with tibia 1} times as

long as tarsus, the latter being just under twice as long as longer claw.

Intermediate leg with tibia 14 times as long as tarsus, which is just

over twice the longer claw. Intermediate femur without a subapical

spine.

Length : 6-4 mm. (? 4th instar).

Head dilated anteriorly between eyes, internal borders of eyes

slightly more divergent than in the previous specimen, the greatest

vertical interocular distance being about 1+ times the least ; the latter

has about the same absolute measurements as it has in the adult, 27.e.

the synthlipsis is relatively much wider and the eyes less broad.

Pronotum % times as long as the head, very transverse and trapezi-

form, the sides being straight, widest posteriorly where it is about 14

times as wide as the head, and about 5} times as wide as long. Meso-

notum 14 times as long as the head.

Anterior leg with tibia about 14 times as long as tarsus, which is

just over twice as long as the longer claw. Intermediate leg with

tibia about 14 times as long as tarsus, which is just over twice as long

as the longer claw. Intermediate femur with a short subapical spine.

Length : 8-5 (last instar, ? 5th).

Head more dilated anteriorly than in adult, internal margins of

eyes still more divergent than in the preceding, but the least inter-

ocular distance, which is contained in the greatest about 14 times,

actually exceeds the width of the adult synthlipsis (Plate X XIX, fig.

11). Pronotum shaped much as in the preceding, £ times the length

of the head, and just over 3 times as wide as long. Mesonotum 13

times as long as head.

Anterior leg with tibia just under 1% times as long as tarsus, which

is 24 times as long as the longer claw.

Intermediate femur with a short subapical spine.

The nymphs are dull yellow with maroon-brown eyes. Similar

nymphs to those described above, from 5-9 mm. long, were taken on

24, x, 1926, in a weedy pool near Zeekoe Vlei, Cape Flats. A cast

last nymphal moult from this locality is 9-3 mm. long, giving the size

of the fully grown nymph.

It will be seen that a considerable change in form occurs between

the first and second of the stages described above, particularly in the

368 Annals of the South African Museum.

lateral margins of the pronotum and in the appearance of the femoral

spine on the intermediate leg. Butler (Biology of the British Hemip-

tera-Heteroptera, 1923, p. 560) states of these changes in the European

members of the typical subgenus: “ Notonecta has at least five larval

instars . . . . in the first three, however, the shape of the head and

eyes does not resemble the adult at all, but is more akin to that of

Coriza....° <A very teneral specimen (3 Zeekoe Vlei, 24, x, 1926)

is greyish-yellow, with greenish-grey legs; a 2 taken with it is fully

coloured, but probably was somewhat soft when taken. The adult

coloration would therefore seem to appear quite soon after ecdysis

(cf. Anisops varia, infra).

Enithares Spin.

Enithares Spinola, 1857, Ess. Hemip., p. 60.

- Kirkaldy, 1904, Wien Ent. Zeit., xxi, p. 10.

Me Jaczewski, 1926, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat.. v. p. 78.

Bothronotus, Fieber, 1851, Rhynchotogr., p. 46.

Robust and more depressed than Notonecta. Pronotum very trans-

verse with a fovea in each anterior angle in which the antenna lies.

Wing with Sc well developed and fused apically with Rs; R

running very close to Sc, R, obsolete, Rs fused with M in tke region

where r-m is found in Notonecta; Cu, and Cu, moderately well

marked in the pigmented outer part of the wing, fused marginally,

and m-cu represented by a line of slightly darker colour. A, fairly

well developed, A, indicated basally. The wing of Notonecta is more

primitive in the persistent r-m, but less so in the poor development of

the cubitals, which are probably more apparent in Hnithares owing to

its pigmentation (Plate X XVII, fig. 5).

3S. Genital capsule without a digitiform appendix. Parameres

symmetrical ; aedeagus chitinous basally, centrally, and apically, some-

what thin walled, with two appendices externae, a sac-like one basally

and a more pointed apical one, which forms with the main shaft of

the organ a wide apical portion when fully erected, supported with

thickened hoops. Jaczewski's figure (l.c.) is presumably from a very

partially expanded specimen.

Q. First pair of gonapophyses short and weak.

This is a widespread genus in the Old World occurring throughout

the Ethiopian and Oriental regions, in the Eastern Palaearctic, and

also Australia. In the New World it is known from South America,

but is apparently absent from the Nearctic region as it is from the

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 369

Western Palaearctic. The following species have been described from

Africa :—

sobria Stal, 1855, “‘ Caffraria.”

concta Gerst., 1860, Mombasa.

glauca Bolivar, 1879, Abyssinia.

v-flavum Reuter, 1884, Ashanti.

compacta Gerst., 1892, Zanzibar.

chinar Jacz., 1927, South Africa, Uganda, Sudan.

rhodopis Hutch., 1928, White Nile.

Kirkaldy (l.c.) dismisses compacta as a synonym of blandula

Sign, 1860, from Madagascar, and regards cincta and glauca as not

determinable.

Key to South African Species of Enithares Spin.

1. Smaller, 6-5-9 mm.

a. 6:5-8-5 mm.

Anterior tibia of g darkened on the lower surface. Pronotal fovea

darkened and often with a conspicuous black spot. First anterior

tarsal joint about 14 to twice as long as second. First intermediate

tarsal joint 14 times (or less) as long as second. . sobria Stal.

6. 8-5-9 mm.

Anterior tibia of 4 not darkened below. Pronotal fovea concolorous

with pronotum, pale. First anterior tarsal joint 14 to twice as long

as second. First intermediate tarsal joint 14-1} times as long as

second . é : : ; : : ‘ . chinat Jacz.

2. Larger, 11-11-5 mm.

Pronotal fovea largely blackish or with conspicuous smoky spot. First

anterior tarsal joint from a little under 2-24 times as long as second.

First intermediate tarsal joint 14 to twice as long as second —_-v-flavum Reut.

1. Enthares v-flavum Reut.

Enithares v-flavum Reuter, 1882, Oefv. Finsk. Vet. Fork., xxv,

p. 41.

AB i. Kirkaldy, 1904, Wien Ent. Zeit., xxi, p. 103.

Head and eyes from 22-23 times as wide as vertex, which is 2-23

times as wide as the synthlipsis.

Pronotum very sparsely punctured ; foveae in the anterior angles

pale greyish to black ; 24-3 times as wide as long.

Scutellum very finely and sparsely punctured, from nearly 1} to

more than twice as long as the pronotum.

Anterior tibia about twice as long as the tarsus ; first (1+2) tarsal

joint 2-24 times as long as third, which is shorter than the claw.

370 Annals of the South African Museum.

Intermediate tibia 22-22 as long as the first (1+2) tarsal joint,

which is about twice as long as the third or a little less ; claw subequal

to the latter.

¢$ anterior tibia not darkened below.

Genital capsule 1-5-1-7 mm. long, of characteristic form. (Plate

XOXQVAI fiostSs.9%)

Length: 11-11-5 mm.

I have some hesitation in referring the specimens on which the

description is based to this species, though they agree tolerably well

in structural characters with Kirkaldy’s description. This author

states that the typical form of v-flavuwm has blackish elytra “ die

gelbliche Hinterhalfte der Clavus und Coriums ausgenommen.” In

South African material as well as in a very similar series from Blan-

tyre, Nyasaland (Dr. J. E. 8. Old, 1910; B.M., 1911-13), two colour

forms are recognisable.

a. Predominantly yellowish grey or cinerous, elytra concolorous.

6. Scutellum and metanotum black, the former with two conver-

gent yellow flecks which form a V, incomplete at the apex and rather

indefinite in outline, each fleck being dilated centrally or anteriorly ;

elytra with a black area at the distal end of the corium and base of

the membrane.

The pale coloration in the dark form is situated, therefore, at the

base and not in the posterior half of the elytra, and I cannot help

suspecting some error unless I misunderstand Kirkaldy’s phrase. A

single 3 specimen from Angola (B.M. 76-55) appears from its genitalia

to belong to the same species as those from Nyasaland and South

Africa. It differs, however, in its slightly smaller size, more regularly

defined V on the scutellum, and almost uniformly black elytra, only

the base and a marginal area being pale. It is possible that this

may represent a distinct local race, but it would be unwise to describe

it as such till a better knowledge of the variation of the species is

achieved.

CAPE.

Debe Nek (stream in forest near Mngesha), 27, u, 1926 (G.E.P.).

(a) dand@. (6) 3.

Kentani, Transkei (a) 1899 (S.A.M.).

NatTAL.

Kranz Kloof (6) u, 1915 (Marley, S.A.M.).

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 371

TRANSVAAL.

Witpoortje, Krugersdorp div., 29, ix, 1926 (a), and 2, iv, 1927

(a and b) (G.E.H.).

Haenertsburg, Pietersburg div. (a) 1x, 1927 (Miss M. EK. Blenkiron).

SOUTHERN RHODESIA.

Great Zimbabwe, pool in stream, 6, vil, 1927 (G.E.H.) (a, 6, and

intermediates, probably teneral b).

This species is recorded also by Kirkaldy from Guinea (Addah,

Reuter’s type), Ashanti, Togoland, Gaboon, Abyssinia, Erythraea,

and the Transvaal.

In all the localities for which definite information exists, this species

has occurred in the pools and slower running parts of streams. Some

large Hnithares nymphs noted in a backwater of the river at Wittels-

bosch in the Humansdorp division of the Eastern Cape Province

probably belong here.

2. Enithares chinai Jacz.

Enithares chinai, Jaczewski, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), xx, p. 436.

Dirty yellowish-grey, pronotal foveae not darkened, anterior part of

scutellum darkened, elytra almost unmarked or with a small dark

fleck in the inner angle of the corium along the corio-claval suture,

legs testaceous, wings smoky black, scutellum black with an ir-

regular yellow posterior border of varying width, and distal part of

corium and cuneus more or less black.

Width of head and eyes 24-24 times that of the vertex, which is

about twice as wide as the synthlipsis.

Pronotum very finely and sparsely punctured, with an indefinite

and small transverse depression before the central part of the anterior

margin. 22-2? times as wide as long.

Scutellum transversely wrinkled posteriorly, 1} to nearly twice

as long as the pronotum.

Anterior tibia + or 3 as long again as the tarsus, concolorous in

both sexes; first (1+2) tarsal joint 14 to twice as long as the third,

which is shorter than the longer claw.

Intermediate leg with tibia 22-24 as long as the first (1-2) tarsal

joint, which is 11—14 times as long as the third ; claw slightly shorter

than the latter.

¢ anterior tibia not darkened below.

Genital capsule about 1-5 mm. long, of characteristic form (Plate

372 Annals of the South African Museum.

XXVIII, fig. 4), with the upper margin of the posterior lobe

strongly concave.

Length : 8-5-9 mm.

CAPE.

6 and 2 9 9, Kast London, “ 2nd Creek,’’ 16, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Type and 5 paratypes, East London, 1, v, 1925 (Holden fide

Jaczewski).

TRANSVAAL.

Kaapmuiden, xi, 1918 (S.A.M., R. Tucker).

3, 22, Limpopo River, Main Drift, near Messina, 1927 (G.E.H.).

SouTHERN RHODESIA.

2 Khami River, below ruins near Bulawayo, 27, vi, 1927 (G.E.H.).

2 Makabusi River, near Salisbury, 3, vii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

The only species with which this might be synonymous is compacta

Gerst., but if Kirkaldy is correct in synonymising that species with

blandula Sign, it cannot have concolorous pronotal foveae.

Enithares chinat occurs in the backwaters of rivers and streams,

and in pools in dry river-beds. Jaczewski records it from Nawandala,

Uganda (G. L. R. Hancock), and Tovit, Sudan (T. R. Yardley). It

is just possible that the latter record refers to E. rhodopis Hutch., an

allied species distinguished by the form of the male genital capsule.

The undescribed South African species referred to in the description

of rhodopis (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 157, 1928) is chinaz.

3. Enithares sobria Stal.

Notonecta sobria Stal, 1855, O.V.A.F., xu, p. 89.

Emthares sobria Stal, 1865, Hemip. Afr., 1, p 191.

x » Kirkaldy, 1904, Wien Ent. Zeit., xxii, p. 106.

me ,» Jaczewski, 1926, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat.,

v, pp. 78-81.

» Jaczewski, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), xx, p. 435.

Width of head and eyes 2,2,—-24 times that of vertex, which is 2-24

times as wide as the synthlipsis.

Pronotum with foveae varying from yellowish-grey with a small

smoky spot dorsally to almost uniform smoky black; about 3 times

as wide as long and sparsely punctate.

Scutellum slightly wrinkled posteriorly, from 13-22 times as long

as the pronotum.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa. 373

Anterior leg with tibia just under twice as long as the tarsus, first

(1-+-2) tarsal joint about 13 to twice as long as the third; the latter

about 2 as long as the longer claw.

Intermediate tibia 2—3 times as long as the first (1+2) tarsal joint,

which is slightly longer than the third ; the latter slightly longer than

the longer claw.

$ anterior leg with apical 2 of tibia, dark below. (Plate XXVII,

fig. 6.)

Genital capsule about 1-1 mm. long, of characteristic form. (Plate

XXVIII, fig. 6.)

Length: 3, 7-5-8 mm.

9, 8-8-5 mm.

Kirkaldy gives the dimensions as 7-2-10 mm., probably the speci-

mens before him contained an admixture of Hnithares chinai Jacz.

and allied species.

The coloration of Enithares sobria is very variable, typically it is

greyish-yellow or greenish, with transparent greyish elytra; the

scutellum whitish-yellow or pale greenish-grey, and with a large

black spot on the distal half of the corium and the cuneus. The size

of this spot is very variable, and it may be altogether absent. Many

of the brighter coloured individuals are beautifully opalescent. A

striking rusty variety of the female is described below.

CAPE.

Buffels Bay, Cape Penin., iv, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Alderman’s Farm; Firgrove, Cape Flats, dam, 24, v, 1926

(GeHaP*):

Banhoek, near Stellenbosch, 29, xu, 1925 (G.E.P.).

Swellendam Dam, 17, xii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Knysna, ponds, 21-23, xu, 1927 (G.H.H.).

Assegaibosch, pool in stream, 13, 1, 1927 (G.H.H.).

Grahamstown, dam, 6, 11, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Alice, vlei at Native College Farm and Tyumie River, 23, ii, 1926

(Ga P*):

Debe Nek, Mngesha River, 2, 11, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Pirie Mission, pool in stream bed, 2, 111, 1926 (G.E.P.).

East London, pool in stream bed, 13, u, 1926 (G.E.P.).

“ Caffraria ”’ (type Stal.).

NATAL.

Estcourt, 1897 (B.M., 1926, 40, F. Brown).

874 Annals of the South African Museum.

TRANSVAAL.

_ Witpoortje, Krugersdorp dist., 22, iv, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Plat River, Waterberg dist., 6-18, iv, 1906 (C. Swierstra, T.M.).

Nakapan (sic=? Makapan), c. 11, Nouahlier (fide Kirkaldy, l.c.).

SouTHERN RHODESIA.

Fort Victoria, 5, vii, 1927 (L.M.S.).

Cleveland Dam, near Salisbury, 2, vi, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Makabusi River, near Salisbury, 3, vu, 1927 (G.E.H.).

BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE.

Swamp of Linyanti River, Sailodelo, south of Kabulabula, 17, vu,

ODT (Gekiarle):

PorTUGUESE Hast AFRICA.

Pool near Lake Marramwe, vi, 1928 (Miss E. L. Stephens).

form danae nu.

Q. Basal part of corium and inner margin of cuneus ferruginous red,

scutellum yellow or greenish with an indefinite antero-median tawny

orange patch.

CAPE.

Q, Alice, Tyumie River, 23, 11, 1926 (G.E.P.).

2, Debe Nek, Mngesha River, 2, iu, 1926 (G.E.P.).

2 2 Q (type and paratype), Blaauwkrantz Valley, pools in stream

bed near Kowie Road, 9, 111, 1926 (G.E.P.).

SOUTHERN RHODESIA.

2 Makabusi River, near Salisbury, 3, vii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

This species appears to occur in a greater variety of habitats than

the preceding. It is widely distributed throughout Africa. Kirkaldy

records it from Abyssinia and Somaliland, and Jaczewski from Sierra

Leone, French Senegal, and Uganda. Dr. F. O. Stohr has sent me

this species from Munshiwemba, Ndola, Northern Rhodesia, and I

have taken it in the Sindi River, near Livingstone. Form danae is

apparently limited to the female sex, and occurs sporadically with the

type.

Life-history.— Egg unknown, presumably laid on submerged objects,

but not inserted in a slit.

Nymphs.—L. 4:5 mm. (probably £. sobria, Cleveland Dam, near

Salisbury, 3, vu, 1927).

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 375

Head greyish-yellow, eyes grey, pro- and meso-thorax yellow,

elytral rudiments, metathorax and base of abdomen blackish,

remainder of abdomen greyish.

Head with vertex very slightly swollen anteriorly, internal margins

of eyes fairly divergent, the vertex being just over 1} times as wide

as the synthlipsis.

Pronotum just over 3 as long as head; lateral margins very

shghtly concave, sides of prothorax deeply excavated; widest

posteriorly where it is rather wider than the head and rather over

44 times its length. Mesonotum about 13 times as long as the pro-

notum.

Anterior leg with tibia just under 14 times as long as the tarsus,

which is just over 14 times the longer claw.

Intermediate leg with tibia about 1} times the tarsus, which is about

1? times the longer claw. Intermediate femur with a short subapical

spine.

Length : 6-0 mm. (Grahamstown, 6, 11, 1926 ; last nymphal instar).

Dirty yellowish-grey, margins of elytral rudiments dark brown.

Head with a slight anterior dilatation; vertex 24 times the synth-

lipsis. (Plate X XIX, fig. 12.)

Pronotum just over 4 as long as the head and 44 times as wide as

long; prothorax deeply excavated laterally, the lateral margins of

the pronotum being somewhat concave, particularly on their anterior

part, the general structure being reminiscent of an adult Nychia.

Mesonotum just over 14 times as long as pronotum.

Anterior tibia about 1% times as long as tarsus, which is nearly

twice as long as the longer claw.

Intermediate tibia rather more than 14 times the tarsus, which is

about 24 times the longer claw. Intermediate femur with a small

subapical spine.

The first nymph described may be of the penultimate or ante-

penultimate nymphal instars, in the latter case the femoral spine of

the intermediate leg is acquired earlier than in Notonecta.

The nymphs of Enithares can be distinguished from those of

Notonecta by the more transverse pronotum, which is at least 4 times

as wide as long, and the relatively longer head which, however, is less

swollen anteriorly. The synthlipsis is also relatively narrower than

in Notonecta nymphs of the same size.

376 Annals of the South African Museum.

Tribe ANISOPINI. |

These insects, distinguished from Notonectini by the characters

given above, are slender, and for the most part small insects with

pale coloration. The genera are separated by Hale (Proc. Linn.

Soc. N.S.W., xlix, pt. 4, 1924, p. 462) as follows :—

1. (2) Anterior and intermediate legs short; posterior femora,

tibiae, and tarsi subequal in length. Eyes basally contiguous.

Nychia Stal.

2. (1) Anterior and intermediate legs long ; posterior femora, tibiae,

and tarsi not subequal in length. Hyes rarely basally contiguous.

3. (6) Ventral keel extending to tip of abdomen. Anterior tibiae

of male with a stridulatory comb on a basal spur. Ovipositor of

female with a pair of elongate subspatulate and strongly chitinised

gonapophyses.

4. (5) Anterior tarsi of male single-jointed Anisops Spin.

5. (4) Anterior tarsi of male two-jointed . ; Buenoa Kirk.

6. (3) Ventral keel not extending on to last abdominal segment.

Anterior tibiae of male without stridulatory comb or basal spur.

Ovipositor of female not so modified . : . Paranisops Hale.

Only Nychia and Anisops occur in South Africa. The former may

always be recognisable by the basally contiguous eyes, a condition

known in Anisops only in the Oriental A. breddina Kirk. Buenoa

replaces Anisops in the New World, while Paranisops is a primitive

form known only from New South Wales.

Anisops Spin.

Anisops Spinola, 1837, Ess. Hemip., p. 58.

Stal., 1865, Hemip. Afr., iu, p. 191.

Kirkaldy, 1904, Wien Ent. Zeit., xxii, p. 111.

Hale, 1923, Rec. 8S. Austr., M. u, p. 400.

5 Jaczewski, 1926, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., v, 2, p. 81.

Slender and usually small insects. Eyes large, but not contiguous

posteriorly in any known African species. Anterior and intermediate

legs fairly long. Posterior tarsus distinctly shorter than tibia. Wing

with Sc fusing apically with Rs, R, absent, M meeting Rs, m-cu

indicated, Cu,+Cu, indicated by a broad, ill-defined area, A, well

defined. (Plate XXIX, fig. 9.)

3 anterior leg with a stridulatory comb at the base of the tibia, and

a single-jointed tarsus bearing a pair of stout claws. Genital capsule

boat-shaped. Parameres asymmetrical, the right one being a very

be)

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa. 377

broad, leaf-like lobe, the left deeply excavated behind and hook-shaped

(Jaczewski, l.c.). Aedeagus with a basal fairly well chitinised part,

a wide middle portion which bears two slightly forwardly directed

alae, the right being a little larger than the left, and a well-defined

terminal part (endosoma of Pruthi, J.c.). Jaczewski’s figure is prob-

ably from a preparation that is imperfectly erected. (Plate XX XIII,

figs. 5, 6.)

2 anterior tibia without comb, tarsus with a vestigial basal and two

well-developed distal joints and bearing slender claws. Gonapophyses

elongate, strongly chitinised.

The genitalia of the 3, as Jaczewski has pointed out, are practically

useless for the discrimination of species in this genus, which is the more

to be regretted in view of the great number of closely allied species

involved. The most important characters available are, however,

drawn from the ¢ sex, and identification of 2 specimens is often im-

possible. The following structures are most useful in characterising

species :—

1. The relative proportions of the joints of the anterior leg of the

3, the stridulatory comb, and the armature of the tibia.

2. A tubercle lying on the face just above the labrum in the 32.

In the majority of species and in the 2 Q of all, this is a simple and

often obsolete eminence. In others it is laterally compressed, flat-

tened, or deeply excavate. The figure shows the excavated crateri-

form tubercles of psyche and hancocki (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), i, pp.

159 and 163), the compressed tubercle of jaczewski, and the con-

dition in certain other species discussed under A. sardea.

3. The relative proportions of head, vertex, and synthlipsis.

4. The form of the third rostral joint of the g (Jaczewski, 1.c.),

which in all species but one has a pair of lateral prongs on which the

stridulatory comb is rubbed (Hale, /.c.).

The following key has been drawn up to include all the Ethiopian

species known to me. This seems the wisest course to adopt in view

of the number of species now known from that region.

Key to the Ethiopian Species of Anisops Spin.

1. (2) Posterior tibia over 1? times the length of the tarsus; brachypterous,

elytra with a large, black, subapical patch (subgenus Micranisops n.)

apicalis Stal (S. Rhodesia,

Caprivi Strip, Caffraria, and Central Africa).

2. (1) Posterior tibia less than 1} times as long as the tarsus; macropterous,

elytra if pigmented not hyaline with a large, black, subapical patch.

VOI EXO) PAR Ties: 25

378 Annals of the South African Museum.

30.

31.

(4) Third rostral joint of ¢ simple, without backwardly directed prongs (sub-

genus Anisopoides n.) : : . aglaian. sp. (Cape, Transvaal).

(3) Third joint of rostrum of ¢ with backwardly directed prongs Spee:

Anisops S.s.).

(6) Head of § produced anteriorly into a conspicuous cephalic horn

sardea H.8. (S.W.A., N.W. Cape,

N. Transvaal, Natal, and Central Africa).

5) Head of $ not so produced.

(

. (10) Anterior tarsus of 3 less than twice as long as the longer claw.

) Head not more than 4 times as wide as vertex; stridulatory comb of

12-14 elements a . poweri n. sp. (W. Cape, 8. Transvaal).

(8) Head at least 6 times as mide as vertex ; stridulatory comb of more than

20 elements. : : . leesoniana n. sp. (S. Rhodesia).

(7) Anterior tarsus of ¢ at eae twice as long as the longer claw.

14) Facial tubercle deeply excavate and crateriform.

(

. (13) Larger over 7 mm. long : : : . hancocki Hutch. (Uganda).

(12

12) Smaller under 6 mm. long

psyche Hutch. (N. Transvaal, 8S. Rhodesia and Central Africa).

. (11) Facial tubercle not excavate.

. (18) Facial tubercle laterally compressed.

. (17) Anterior tibia about 1} times as long as tarsus

adonis Hutch. (Central Africa).

. (16) Anterior tibia about twice as long as tarsus

jaczewsktvi Hutch. (N. Transvaal, W. Africa).

. (15) Facial tubercle simple.

. (20) Posterior margin of pronotum convex or at most flattened

letitia n. sp. (E. Cape).

. (19) Posterior margin of pronotum concave centrally.

22) Large, over 9 mm. long pellucens Gerst. (S. Rhodesia, Central Africa).

(22)

. (21) Medium sized and small, under 9 mm. long.

(24)

24) Elongate, slender, and fusiform ; stridulatory comb borne on a ridge which

is transversely striated internally gracilis n. sp. (throughout 8. Africa).

. (23) Less elongate, stridulatory comb on an unstriated ridge or eminence.

. (26) Upper edge of anterior tibia of armed with a row of very stout spinous

hairs. : . debilis Gerst. (E. Cape, N. Transvaal,

S. Rhodesia, P. E. Africa, and Central Africa).

(25) Upper edge of anterior tibia of ¢ with at most fine spinous hairs.

. (28) Stridulatory comb very wide, rectangular, less than twice as long as broad.

Deeply pigmented, greater part of scutellum black when fully coloured

ares Hutch. (Uganda).

. (27) Stridulatory comb narrower, at least twice as long as broad.

. (30) Stridulatory comb subparallel sided of about 25 thin lamellae. Larger,

7 mm. or more long. Well pigmented. Scutellum bright orange and

black when fully coloured

varia Fieb. (general throughout S. and Central Africa).

(29) Stridulatory comb not subparallel sided, of 12 or fewer thicker lamellae.

Smaller species under 7 mm. long. Scutellum less brightly coloured.

(32) Elements of comb seen from above elongate dumb-bell shaped (Plate

XXXII, fig. 9). Anterior border of clavus crimson

amaryllis Hutch. (E. Africa).

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 379

32. (31) Elements of comb seen from above lamelliform.

33. (38) Comb widest internal to middle.

34. (37) Anterior border of clavus whitish.

35. (36) Comb as in Plate XXXII, fig. 11, little narrowed internally

kampalensis Hutch, (Uganda).

36. (35) Comb as in Plate XXXII, fig. 10, considerably narrowed internally

eros Hutch. (Uganda).

37. (34) Anterior border of clavus crimson when fully coloured. Comb as in

Plate XXXII, fig. 4a . praetexta n. sp. (S. Rhodesia, Transvaal).

38. (33) Comb widest external to middle (Plate XXXII, fig. 2a)

hypatia n. sp. (W. Cape).

A. aphrodite Kirk. from West Africa is omitted as it is inadequately

described. It is possible that A. kampalensis is a synonym of this

species.

The natural arrangement of species in this genus, as in any other,

presents considerable difficulties. Since there are certain definite

trends of evolution to be observed in the genus, many slight resem-

blances are of more importance in determining affinity than striking,

single ones. A rather indefinite group of species, viz. adonis, yaczew-

skw, eros, psyche, amaryllis, and praetexta, are characterised by small

size, slight but characteristic pigmentation (the anterior angles of the

scutellum, metanotum, and base of the dorsum abdominis being

blackish, the rest of the scutellum tending to yellow or orange),

fusiform build with a head very little narrower than the pronotum,

fairly wide vertex and synthlipsis, and short anterior claws in the d.

It is not unreasonable to assume that these characters are primitive

in the genus; moreover, in two species, adonis and jaczewskii, the

stridulatory comb is of a very primitive type, consisting merely of a

row of 7-9 short, very thick, peg-lhke hairs. Within this group

certain alliances are obvious, adonis being very close to jaczewskit,

praetecta to amaryllis, while eros is closer to these latter than to the

others.

From a central group of this kind we can easily imagine lines of

evolution which have given rise to various isolated species. Intensi-

fication of pigment has occurred in varia and ares, two rather similar

species that are probably allied in spite of their very different combs.

In the other members of the genus such pigment as is possessed by

these more primitive members of the central group tends to be lost.

The short claws, general body form, and small size are retained by

hypatia, while debilis is not very far removed from them in its form

and coloration. More specialised conditions are found in the isolated

species letitia and the very elongate fusiform gracilis. The two

380 Annals of the South African Museum.

long-clawed species powerz and leesoniana have probably originated

independently ; in the former the vertex and synthlipsis are much

wider than in the latter, which also has a more specialised comb.

In all these species there is clearly a tendency for the eyes to get

larger and closer, the vertex and synthlipsis becoming narrower in

consequence. In no African species of Anisops is contact actually

achieved, but that condition is found in Nychia and the Oriental

A. breddini, as well as in the Neotropical genus Martarega.

Starting from a form like A. psyche again in the central group, we

can see how not only A. hancocki has arisen, but the mode of evolution

of the cephalic horn of sardea and allied Oriental species. Finally,

pellucens has developed in size alone, in which it rivals certain species

of the Notonectinz, but shows no other specialisations of note, the head

with its wide synthlipsis being particularly primitive. The two sub-

genera Micranisops and Anisopoides contain each a single small

species, and are probably early specialisations of the central group ;

the latter particularly in many of its characters is little removed from

A. hypatia, with which it occurs.

The zoogeographical significance of the African species of the genus

' is discussed on p. 460.

The complete identification of species is usually only possible in

the case of 6 G. To assist in the determination of females of certain

South African species the following table may be useful :—

(1) aprcalis Stal.

Very short, subparallel. L. 4-5-5-0 mm.

Short posterior tarsi; brachypterous elytra, with subapical black

spot.

(2) sardea H. 8.

Subparallel and slender. L. 8-0-8-5 mm. Vertex longitudinally

foveate, facial tubercle usually longitudinally impressed.

(5) pellucens Gerst.

Subparallel, robust, and known at once by its very large size.

L. 10-5 mm.

(4) letitea n. sp.

Fusiform, rather robust. L. 8-0-9-0 mm. This species is at once

known by the convex or slightly flattened posterior margin of the

pronotum, which separates it from all known species.

(5) gracilis n. sp.

Very fusiform and slender. L. 7-0-8-0 mm.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa. 381

(6) vara Fieb.

Rather robust. L. 6-5-7-5 mm. When fully mature brightly

coloured, with an orange or orange and black scutellum, black meta-

notum and abdomen, and crimson flecking at the base of the elytra.

The Central African ares resembles varia in these last characters, but

has most of or all the pronotum and all the scutellum, save sometimes

the anterior angles, black, whereas in varia the apex of the latter is

always orange or orange-red.

(7) praetezta.

Fusiform, with a rather wide head. IL. 6-0-6-5 mm. When fully

coloured distinguished by the crimson anterior margins of the elytra,

but cannot be separated without a 3$ from the Central African

amaryllis, which also possesses this character.

Fourteen species of Anisops are described below as inhabiting Africa

south of the Zambesi.

1. Anisops (A.) sardea.

Anisops sardeus Herrich Schaffer, 1849, Wanz. Ins., ix, Tab. 294,

fig. 904.*

Amisops sardea Kirkaldy, 1904, Wien Ent. Zeit., xxii, p. 114.

Hesse, 1925, Ann. 8.Afr. Mus., xxii, p. 137.

Jaczewski, 1926, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist.

Nat., v, 2, p. 83.

Anisops nivea Spinola, 1837, Ess. Hemip., p. 58 (nec. Fabr., etc.).

Anisops productus Fieber, 1847, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. (5) v, p.

16 (nomen nudum).

Fieber, 1852, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. (5), vii,

p. 484.

- i Stal, 1865, Hemip. Afr., i, p. 191.

Amsops producta Poisson, 1926, Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen., 65, p. 181.

Amisops natalensis Stal, 1858, O.V.A.F., xii, p. 89.

be) 92

b)) 29

be) 99

Yellowish or creamy white, scutellum and dorsum abdominis tending

to orange, apex of the latter and abdomen ventrally black, often with

a black line across the base of the scutellum.

* Mr. W. E. China writes: ‘‘ There is some doubt as to the validity of Herrich

Schaffer’s name sardea, which was published in October 1849 . . . since the de-

scription is not quite in the proper style, and is apparently not binomial, sardea

being written in ordinary type. The figure is, however, labelled A. sardeus, and

the description refers to the figure, so that the valid name should be referred to

the Tab. 294, fig. 904, and not to p. 41... .”

382 Annals of the South African Museum.

$. Form subparallel.

Head produced forward in front to form a cephalic horn which,

when viewed from above, is about half as long as the notocephalon

(from the anterior margin of eyes forward and backward respectively),

its sides convergent and bluntly rounded in front, below slightly

excavated, with two longitudinal carinae throughout its length and

two latero-longitudinal from the eyes forward. (Plate XXX, fig. 7.)

Width, head +—} times less than that of pronotum.

Synthlipsis about .5 the width of the head.

Third rostral joint with long, narrow, divergent prongs (Plate XXX,

fig. 9). Pronotum 12 to twice as long as wide, smooth, with a row of

hairs set } of its length forward from the bisinuate posterior margin.

Scutellum 14 to twice as long as pronotum.

Anterior leg with tibia about 13 times as long as tarsus, which is

about 24 times as long as the longer claw. Tibia rather stout, with

about six short spines on its anterior margin, some of which are flattened

and spatulate, and one short spine nearer the stridulatory comb.

The latter, situated on a short ridge-like tubercle, is of 16-18 narrow

plates, broadest at its proximal end and about + of the length of the

tibia (Plate XX XJ, fig. 1). Tarsus with some stout spine-like hairs

basally.

Intermediate tibia about twice as long as the first (1+2) tarsal

joint, which is about twice as long as the third; claws very thin,

almost as long as the latter.

Posterior tibia about 14 times the length of the tarsus.

2. Form subparallel, normally about 4 times as long as wide.

Head without cephalic horn, vertex about }$ of the width of the head

and just over twice to 4 times as wide as the synthlipsis. Facial

tubercle shght, but often distinctly impressed longitudinally (Plate

XXX, fig. 8). Notocephalon longitudinally foveate anteriorly, vertex

very slightly swollen in front of the fovea. Anterior leg with tibia

about twice as long as the first (1 +2) tarsal joint or a little more, the

latter about twice as long as the third or a little less, longer claw

about = of the latter.

Intermediate leg as in 3 but with claws shorter.

Length: g, 8:-5-9:0 mm.

2, 8-0-8-5 mm.

CaPE.

Klober, Setagoli dist., dam, Jan. 1927 (Miss B. Lamb).

Victoria West, 2 29, probably sardea (Albany Museum).

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 383

NATAL.

Durban (Marley, S.A.M.).

TRANSVAAL.

Rietfontein, Boksburg div., large pan, 27, iv, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Brakpan, Boksburg div., small muddy pan, 1 9, 6, v, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Brakpan, large pan, 9, vi, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Plat River, Waterberg dist., 6-18, iv, 1905 (C. Swierstra, T.M.).

Limpopo River, Main Drift and Gorge near Messina, pool and back-

water, 27-29, v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Soutu-West AFRica.

Otjituo, 1 ¢ (S.A.M.).

Onoolonga, 1 9 (S.A.M., vede Hesse, l.c.).

Kuisib region (Stal, /.c.).

Also recorded from South-West Africa by Seiner (vide Hesse, /.c.).

This species has been the subject of an elaborate morphological

monograph by Poisson (l.c.), to which the reader is referred for further

anatomical information. Poisson regards sardea as a maritime

species, and in his distribution map shows it occupying the coast-line

of the greater part of Africa, save the extreme south. I cannot help

suspecting that this distribution is largely due to our ignorance of

the water bugs of Central Africa, just as the coastal distribution of

names in maps of Africa of the early Victorian period bore witness to

the then existing knowledge of the interior of that continent. The

occurrence of the species near Messina, at least 300 miles from the sea,

argues against a maritime distribution.

The cephalic horn, which is shared to a greater or less degree by

the males of certain other species, appears to be a development of the

dorsal region of the facial tubercle. In the Japanese species A. genji

Hutch. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), xix, p. 377) the ventral part of

the tubercle is hollowed out, forming a broad groove which is carinated

in a way very reminiscent of the ventral surface of the horn in sardea.

A prolongation of the head just above this groove would give a con-

dition as in sardea. The condition of genji, moreover, seems to be

derived from the simple tubercle through the flattened tubercles

found in aldabrana Dist. and witrea Sign, and the more advanced

cerateriform state of psyche Hutch. All these conditions are shown in

the figures of facial tubercles (Plate XXX, figs. 2-5). It is noteworthy

that this species is the only one in which the tubercle of the @ is in

any way impressed. An incompletely developed cephalic horn is

found in § nymphs (I. 6-2 mm.) from the Plat River (Plate X XIX,

384 Annals of the South African Museum.

fig. 13). <A. sardea is found outside the Ethiopian region, in the

countries bordering on the Mediterranean, and in the western parts

of Asia. Its wide distribution makes its absence in the extreme south

of Africa all the more remarkable.

2. Anisops (A.) pellucens Gerst.

Anisops pellucens Gerstaecker, 1873, in C. von der Decken’s Reisen

in Ost. Afrika, iii (2), p. 424.

Anisops nivea Kirkaldy, 1904, Wien Ent. Zeit., xxi, p. 111 (part).

fe re Hutchinson, 1928, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), 1,

p. 164.

Yellowish white.

Fusiform, widest about the first quarter of the elytra, z.e. before

the middle of the insect.

3S head slightly narrower than pronotum and about 7 times as

wide as the vertex, which is just over 1} times as wide as the syuth-

lipsis. Anterior 3 of the notocephalon, with fovea between two raised

areas, the fovea spreading out behind the latter.. Facial tubercle

simple. Prongs of third rostral joint broad and moderately long.

(Plate XXX, fig. 10.)

Pronotum just over 1} times as wide as long, with a few long pale

hairs anteriorly and a row of short hairs set about + in from the

posterior margin. Posterior margin markedly concave centrally.

Scutellum subequal in length to pronotum.

Anterior leg with tibia just under 4 as long again as tarsus, which

is about 33 times as long as the longer claw. Tibia with four con-

spicuous bristles on the basal half of its anterior margin and a bristle

row set along the anterior part of the inner surface ; posterior margin

with three elongate hairs basally ; stridulatory comb set rather trans-

versely, of about twenty-four plates arranged regularly and com-

pactly, shghtly widened just distal to its centre. (Plate XX XI, fig. 2.)

Intermediate leg with tibia about 2} times as long as the first

(1-++-2) tarsal joint, which is about 13 times the third ; longer claw just

over 4 the latter.

2 head about + narrower than the pronotum and about 6 times

as wide as the vertex, which is just over 1} times the synthlipsis.

(Plate XXIX, fig. 2.)

Scutellum slightly shorter than the pronotum.

Anterior leg with tibia rather over twice the first (14-2) tarsal joint,

which is from just over 14 times to twice the third; claw rather shorter

than the latter.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 385

Intermediate leg with tibia about 23 times the first (1+2) tarsal

joint, which is about 14 times the third or less; claw just under 4

the latter

Length: 3, 10 mm.

9, 10-5 mm.

SOUTHERN RHODESIA.

1 g, 329, Ngamo, near Gwaai, July 1927 (Miss E. L. Stephens).

A. pellucens Gerst., described from Mombasa, was placed by

Kirkaldy as a synonym of nivea Fabr. Since it is almost certain

that the latter species must be dismembered and many of its synonyms

revived, I have thought best to refer these specimens to pellucens,

with which they appear conspecific.

My single Asiatic example of nivea, from India, is clearly a very

different insect, but as it is unfortunately a 9 no diagnostic characters

can be made out ; its length is but 9 mm.

3. Anisops (A.) letitia n. sp.

Yellowish-white, with apical part of dorsum abdominis and venter

abdominis dark.

Fusiform, less than 4 times as long as wide, broadest before the

middle, at about the first fourth of the elytra ; pronotum narrower

than the greatest width of the body, but slightly wider than that of

the head and eyes.

Head and eyes large; notocephalon with a longitudinal depression

between two slightly swollen areas along its anterior half, not reaching

vertex and spreading out posteriorly before another indefinite raised

area. Facial tubercle well marked and often impressed at the sides.

Vertex about + as wide as head and eyes and 23-34 times as wide as

the synthlipsis. Pronotum smooth with a few pale hairs, less than

twice as wide as long, longer than the scutellum in some specimens

(type) shorter in others, carinated posteriorly, the carina not reaching

the posterior margin and variably produced anteriorly ; posterior

margin convex, or at most slightly flattened, not sinuate or emar-

ginate. (Plate XXIX, fig.3.)

Scutellum fairly rugosely punctured.

S$. Third joint of rostrum with short prongs. (Plate XXX, fig. 11.)

Anterior tibia just over } as long again as the tarsus, which is

about 24 times as long as the longer claw. Tibia rather flattened,

anterior margin with three spinous hairs basally, posterior margin

with two of its basal hairs elongate.

386 - Annals of the South African Museum.

Stridulatory comb very small, about 35 of length of tibia, sub-

parallel sided, of about sixteen lamellae. Tarsus with a spinous hair

and a few very small peg-like hairs basally. (Plate XX XI, fig. 3.)

Intermediate tibia just under 24 times as long as the first (1+2)

tarsal joint, which is about 14-14 times as long as the third; the latter

about twice as long as the longer claw.

Posterior tibia 14 times as long as the tarsus.

2. Eyes slightly less prominent than in the g.

Anterior tibia shorter than in 3, nearly 24 times as long as the

first (1-+-2) tarsal joint, which is about $ as long again as the second

longer claw, rather over 4 as long as the latter.

Intermediate tibia just over twice as long as the first (1+2) tarsal

joint, which is just under 1} times as long as the third, the latter

being about 22 as long as the longer claw.

Posterior tibia about 14 times as long as the tarsus.

Length : 8-9 mm.

CAPE.

Howieson’s Poort, near Grahamstown, pool in stream bed, at

bottom, 13, 11, 1926, 5 2 9, 2 g 3, all slightly tenera! (G.E.P.).

This very distinct species may be recognised at once by the convex

or straight posterior border to the elytra and the small stridulatory

comb. It is evidently very local.

4. Anisops (A.) gracilis n. sp.

Pearly or creamy white, eyes grey or brown, apex of dorsum

abdominis darkened, often with a dorsal orange spot in the darkened

area.

Legs pale, anterior and middle femora darkened at the base.

Fusiform, widest between the first third and middle of the elytra

(i.e. about the middle of the body), generally more than 4 times longer

than wide. Narrowed very slightly from the middle to the pronotum,

which at its widest is about ;4, or less wider than the head.

Notocephalon very slightly and evenly rounded between the eyes,

with little or no indication of a central longitudinal depression ; facial

tubercle moderately developed.

Vertex about + as wide as the head and eyes at their widest and

from 5-5 times as wide as the synthlipsis.

Pronotum with an irregular transverse row of long pale hairs about

+ of its length from the posterior margin; about 13 times as wide as

long, posterior margin slightly bisinuate.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa. 387

Scutellum 14 times as long as the pronotum, or a little more.

$. Third rostral joint with short, thick, somewhat curved prongs.

(Plate XXX, fig. 12.)

Anterior tibia about 1? times as long as the tarsus, which is

about twice as long as the longer claw. Tibia somewhat flattened,

inner margin with a thick spine-like hair apically and three short

peg-like hairs along the shaft, outer margin with four to five long

hairs basally.

Stridulatory comb of about twelve narrow lamellae, situated on a

prominence which is produced forward into a triangular ridge with

transverse striations on its inner side. (Plate XXXI, fig. 4.)

Intermediate tibia a little more than twice as long as the first

(1-+2) tarsal joint ; third tarsal joint } or 2 as long as the first and

about twice or a little more as long as the longer claw.

2. Anterior tibia twice as long as the first (1 +2) tarsal joint, which

is about 1? times as long as the third ; claw about 3 as long as latter.

(Allotype 66:32:19:15.) Intermediate leg much as in male.

Length: 7-0-8-0 mm.

CAPE.

Durbanville, Cape Flats, dam, 1 9, 30, iv, 1927 (L.M.S8.).

Wellington, ponds, 15, v, 1927; 15, v, 1927 (L.MS.).

Swellendam, dams and pond, 12, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Oudtshoorn, dam, 28, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

George, dam, 26, xii, 1926, single dead specimen (L.M.8.).

Knysna, pond at Concordia, 23, xu, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Assegaibosch, pool in stream behind hotel, 12, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Grahamstown, College House, dam, 6, 111, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Alice, vlei at S.A. Native College Farm, 23, ii, 1926; very common

(types) (G.E.P.).

Pirie Mission, pool in stream bed, 3, i, 1926 (G.E.P.).

King Williamstown, backwater of Buffalo River, 12, 11, 1926 (G.E.P.).

East London, pool in stream bed below Native Location, 13, u,

1926 (G.E.P.).

East London, larger pond in park, 15, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

East London (Lightfoot, 8.A.M.).

TRANSVAAL.

Barberspan, 6, iv, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Potchefstroom, 25, ii, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Florida, lake, 12, 1, 1927 (G.H.H.)

388 Annals of the South African Museum.

Yokskei River, dam near Johannesburg-Pretoria Road, 27, i,

1927 (G.E.H.).

Birchleigh, dam, 28, iv, 1928 (G.H.H.).

Louis Trichardt, dam, 24, v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Limpopo River, Main Drift and Gorge near Messina, 27-29, v,

1927 (G.E.H.).

SourHERN RHopesta.

Khami River below ruins, near Bulawayo, 27, vi, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Cleveland Dam near Salisbury, 2, vi, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Banza Halt, Fort Victoria-Gwelo Railway, 5, vii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

LIFE-HISTORY.*

Nymph 6-2 mm. (last nymphal instar, presumably 5th); Alice, 23,

i, 1926)(GabsE,):

Head shghtly narrower than pronotum, just over 4 times as wide

as the vertex, which is 3 times the width of the synthlipsis.

Pronotum 24 times as wide as long and 5 times as long as the

mesothorax, lateral margins convex, posterior margins slightly and

evenly concave, sides of prothorax deeply excavated below, save in

the extreme posterior region. (Plate XXIX, fig. 14.)

Anterior leg with tibia 14 times as long as tarsus, which is almost

43 times as long as claws.

Intermediate leg with tibia 14 times as long as tarsus, which is just

over 54 times as long as claws.

Posterior tibia just under 1} times as long as tarsus.

The nymphs of Anzsops can be distinguished from those of Nychia

by the posterior tarsi, which are distinctly shorter than the tibiae.

It is unlikely that any means of distinguishing the species of the

nymphs of this genus could be elaborated. The gj nymph of sardea,

however, shows a partially developed cephalic horn. The full-grown

nymph of pellucens could presumably be identified by its large size.

It would be interesting to know to what extent the nymphs of A.

(Micranisops) apicalis show the characteristic shortness of the posterior

tarsi.

* The life-history of an Australian species, 4. hyperion Kirk., has been studied

in detail by Hale (Rec. 8. Aust. Mus., vol. ii, p. 405, 1923). Five nymphal instars

occur.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 389

5. Anisops (A.) poweri n. sp.

Ivory white, dorsum abdominis grey, apically grey with traces of

an orange spot.

Fusiform, widest across the first anterior fifth of the elytra, 7.e. in front

of the middle of the body. Pronotum }—1 wider than head and eyes.

3 about 4 times as long as broad.

Vertex a little over + of the breadth of the head and 3-44 times as

wide as synthlipsis.

Notocephalon with a slight fovea between two low carinae ; these

fuse more or less in front and are faintly indicated running down the

face to form the prominent facial tubercle, which shows traces of a

longitudinal impression. Third rostral joint with moderately long

divergent prongs. (Plate XXX, fig. 13.)

Pronotum 14-13 times as wide as long, with irregularly placed

hairs near the posterior margin. Scutellum variable, almost as long

as, or longer than, the pronotum.

Anterior tibia about twice as long as, or a little longer than, the

tarsus ; longer claw 3—® times as long as the latter ; anterior margin

of tibia with a few thickened spinous hairs basally, posterior margin

with two basal hairs elongated ; comb of twelve to fourteen lamellae ;

anterior margin almost straight, posterior widely convex, so that the

comb is narrowed at either end; claws slightly curved. (Plate XX XI,

figs. 6, 6a.)

Intermediate tibia a little more than twice as long as the first (1 +2)

tarsal joint, which is a little less than twice as long as the third, the

latter being about } longer than the claws.

Posterior tibia about 11 times as long as the tarsus.

2 about 34 times as long as broad.

Width of head 34-32 that of the vertex, which is 3-4 times the

synthlipsis ; facial tubercle present but not foveate. Head and pro-

notum slightly shorter and broader than in male, the latter 15-23,

times as wide as long

Scutellum variable, from rather shorter than to 1} times as long as

the pronotum.

Anterior tibia 14 times as long as the tarsus; proximal joints of

latter about 1% times as long as the distal, which is a little longer

than the claws.

Intermediate leg with tibia longer and third tarsal joint and claws

shorter. than in the 3.

Length: 3, 6-3-6-8 mm.

2, 6-3-7-1 mm.

390 Annals of the South African Museum.

CAPE.

(Type, allotype, and paratypes), Kimberley, 1, vi, 1912 (Power,

S.A.M.).

Ceres, pond, one very teneral, 5-6, xu, 1927 (G.H.H.).

Avontuur, duck pond, 6, 1, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Buffelsfontein, Wodehouse dist., 29, iv, 1928 (G.E.P.).

ORANGE FREE STATE.

Aliwal North, small dam on north bank of Orange River, Rouxville

dists, 5, v, 1928 (GlE-P?).

Knoffelspruit, north bank of Orange River, Rouxville dist., pool in

stream, 8, v, 1928 (G.E.P.).

Diep Kloof, north bank of Orange River, Rouxville dist., pool in

SbReaImen onnven LO2Gn (Cabelas)

TRANSVAAL.

Rivonia, near Johannesburg, stream, 10, vi, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Yokskei River, dam on Johannesburg-Pretoria Road, 27, 11, 1927

(G.E.H.).

This species is at once distinguished from all save leesoniana by the

immense development of the anterior claws of the 3.

6. Anisops (A.) leesontana n. sp.

S$. Yellowish white.

Fusiform, widest at about first + of the elytra, z.e. before the middle

of the body.

Head shghtly narrower than pronotum, about 7 times as wide

as the vertex, which is 3 times as wide as the synthlipsis. Noto-

cephalon smooth, facial tubercle obsolete.

Third joint of rostrum with rather short wide prongs. (Plate

XXX, fig. 14.)

Pronotum smooth, just under twice as wide as long; posterior

margin markedly concave centrally.

Scutellum just under 3 as long as the tarsus, which is 12 times

as long as the longer claw; anterior margin of tibia with a row of

very short bristles basally above the stridulatory comb and several

more elongate hairs among very short fine ones distally ; stridulatory

comb on a prominent eminence, narrow, elongate, slightly narrowed

distally, of numerous (23) narrow regularly arranged lamellae ;

claws practically straight. (Plate XX XI, fig. 7.)

Intermediate leg with tibia just over twice as long as the first

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 391

(1+2) tarsal joint, which is just under $ as long again as the third,

the latter about 12 times as long as the longer claw.

Posterior tibia just over 11 times as long as tarsus.

Length : 5-8 mm.

SouTHERN RHODESIA.

1 3 (type), Cleveland Dam near Salisbury, 2, vi, 1927 (G.E.H.).

This distinct species resembles poweri in the very elongate anterior

claws of the 3; they are, however, less curved than in the latter

species. The structure of the head is, moreover, very different in

the two species. I have much pleasure in naming this species in

honour of Mr. H. 8. Leeson, to whom I owe opportunities of examining

this and other important localities in the Salisbury district.

7. Anisops (A.) debilis Gerst.

Anisops debilis Gerstaecker, 1873, in C. von der Decken’s Reisen in

Ost-Afrika, 111 (2), p. 425.

= ,, Jaczewski, 1926, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat.,

Vig AO Or

Ivory white, eyes, venter, apex of abdomen, and often an ill-defined

pronotal area black. Anterior and intermediate femora with a black

longitudinal stripe, middle of abdomen dorsally, base of pronotum

and base of scutellum orange in some specimens.

Subparallel between pronotum and middle of elytra.

Head about 51, narrower than the maximum width of the pronotum.

Notocephalon with slight or no traces of a longitudinal depression,

vertex 1-1 of the width of head and eyes.

Pronotum with a few pale hairs posteriorly, usually about twice

as wide as long.

Scutellum about 14 times as long as pronotum, but both are variable.

3. Vertex 3-4-5 times as wide as synthlipsis. Prongs of third

rostral joint fairly long and divergent. (Plate XXX, fig. 15.)

Anterior tibia 14-12 times as long as the tarsus, the latter about

23 times as long as the longer claw. Posterior margin of tibia with

three elongate basal hairs, anterior margin with a row of about six

thick spinous hairs, the second from the base being more internal than

the others. Comb narrow, slightly curved, of about twenty lamellae,

situated on a well-marked eminence. (Plate XXXI, fig. 5.)

Intermediate tibia about twice, or a little more, as long as the first

(1+2) tarsal joint, which is about 1? times as long as the third, the

latter 22 times as long as the longer claw.

392 Annals of the South African Museum.

Posterior tibia 1} times as long as tarsus.

2 usually larger, with rather shorter eyes.

Vertex 24-4 times as wide as synthlipsis.

Anterior tibia about twice as long as the first (1+2) tarsal joint,

which is rather less than twice as long as the third, claw about 2

as long as the latter.

Intermediate leg much as in 3.

Length: 3, 6-5-6-8 mm.

2, 6-8 mm.

CAPE.

East London, pool in stream bed and pond in park, 13-15, ii, 1926

(GanAPS):

Pirie Bush, 1 3 (A. N. Stenning, B.M., 98, 191).

TRANSVAAL.

Louis Trichardt, dams, 24-26, v, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Limpopo River, “ gorge’ and Main Drift near Messina, 27--29, v,

1927 (G.H.H.).

SouUTHERN RHODESIA.

Khami River, below ruins, near Bulawayo, 27, vi, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Balla-Balla (Mrs. 8. Jones, B.M., 1914, 476).

Great Zimbabwe, 1 3, 7, vu, 1927 (G.E.H.).

BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE.

Kazungula, junction of Zambesi and Linyanti Rivers, | 9, 14, vii,

1927, probably A. debilis (G.H.H.).

PorTUGUESE Hast AFRICA.

Magude (C. J. Swierstra, T.M.).

This species is evidently very widespread in Central Africa. I have

received a long series from Kampala, Uganda, taken by Mr. G. L. R.

Hancock. Jaczewski describes what is clearly an identical insect

from Dakar, French Senegal, and it is on his authority that I adopt

the name debilis Gerst. The original description of debilis, based on

a single 29 from Mombasa, is unsatisfactory but contains nothing

inconsistent with Jaczewski’s identification.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 393

8. Anisops (A.) varia Fieb.

Anisops varius Fieber, 1852, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. (5), 7,

p. 483.

| CFG) Kirkaldy, 1899, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., Ixvii,

p. 106.

i ie Kirkaldy, 1904, Wien Ent. Zeit., xxi, p. 119.

ss A Lindberg, 1922, Not. Ent., 1, p. 47.

i A Jaczewski, 1926, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat.,

Wey SAG, 10 HO:

» perpulcher Stal, 1858, Oefr. Vet. Ak. Fork., xx, p. 89.

- a Stal, 1865, Hemip. Afric., ii, p. 192.

Ps i Kirkaldy, 1899, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., Ixvu,

p. 106.

Ep Ae Schumacher, 1913, Jenaische Denkschriften,

XV, p. 83.

i 8 Hesse, 1925, Ann. S.Afr. Mus., xxiii, p. 136.

var. sugillata Fieber, 1852, 2bid. (varius).

var. scutellata Fieber, 1852, bed. (varius).

var. kalahariensis Schumacher, 1913, abid. (perpulcher).

var. plumbeus Schumacher, 1913, ebed. (perpulcher).

Subparallel or very slightly fusiform, 3-3} times as long as broad,

the 2 being more robust than the d.

Head about + narrower than the greatest width of the pronotum.

Notocephalon in its central part with a narrow longitudinal fovea,

often ill defined, between two longitudinal slightly raised areas

passing over the vertex but not reaching the synthlipsis.

Vertex 1—2 as wide as head and eyes and 2-8-3-7 times as wide as

synthlipsis. Facial tubercle moderately developed.

Pronotum 1-5—1-8 times as wide as long ; smooth and shining, with

a longitudinal fovea in its central region, variably developed, but

certainly present in the living insect and not due to shrinkage posi

mortem ; with a sparse hair row about + of the length of the pronotum

from the posterior margin; the latter slightly but widely concave

centrally.

Scutellum smooth and shining, variable in length, sometimes

shorter and never more than $ as long again as pronotum.

$. Third rostral joint with fairly long divergent prongs. (Plate

AOE ‘fig: 17)

Anterior tibia 14-14 times as long as tarsus, which is 3-3} times as

long as the longer claw; anterior margin of tibia with a row of fine

VOL. XXV, PART 3. 26

394 Annals of the South African Museum.

spinous hairs which are longer in the proximal portion; posterior

margin with three basal hairs, elongate, stridulatory comb sub-

parallel-sided, more than twice as long as wide, of about twenty or

more lamellae, of which the apical ones are the widest. (Plate

XXXII, fig. 1.)

Intermediate tibia rather more than twice as long as the first (1+-2)

tarsal joint, which is 1} times as long as the third, the latter being

rather more than twice as long as the longer claw.

Posterior tibia about 1} times as long as the tarsus.

2 normally slightly longer and more robust than the 3, with a some-

what shorter head.

Anterior tibia twice as long as the first (14-2) tarsal joint, which is

tas long again as the third; claw rather more than } as long as

the latter.

Intermediate leg much as in g.

Length: 3, 6-7-0 mm.

9, 6°5-7-5 mm.

The above description is based on South African material from the

Cape and Transvaal, referred below to A. varia scutellata Fieb. This

species has been the source of much confusion. Fieber described two

varieties of his A. varius without distinguishing a typeform. Through

the kindness of Mr. W. E. China I am able to give a transcription of

the descriptions of these two colour forms (Abh. k. Bohm. Ges. Wiss.,

(v), 7, p. 483, 1852).

“a sugillata.

*Pronotum vorn mit rothem Fleck. Schild schwarz, Ende und

Rander réthlich. Riickenschienen gelblich, 2-3 am Grunde, schwarz.

Schildrand réthlich gelb. Linge, 33 Lin. Anisops sugillatus Mus.

Berol.

“ Aus Afrika, Ambukhol (Ehrenberg).

‘ 6 scutellata.

“Pronotum gelblichweiss. Schild schwarz, der Rand und Spitze

gelblich. Riicken schwarz. Schildrand gelblich. Spitz der Ober-

lippe gerothet.

“ * Schild zuweilen ockergelb.

“ Anisops scutellatus Mus. Berol. Lange, 3 Lin. Aus Asien in der

Umgegend des Sinai, von Ehrenberg gesammelt.”’

The first locality and form must presumably be taken as the type

locality, and form respectively, there being nothing in the rest of the

description to invalidate such a course.

In 1858 Stal described A. perpulcher from “ Cafiraria.”

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 395

The description given in the Hemiptera Africana (ii, p. 192) is as

follows :

“ Anguste oblongus, stramineo-albidus ; scutello pallide rufescente-

testaceo ; metanoto, macula transversa segmentorum dorsi abdo-

minis, maculis pectoris ventreque nigris; thorace impressione

longitudinale media, anterius abbreviata, instructo. Long. 7, Lat.

Zemin”

Kirkaldy (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., lxviii, p. 106, 1899) states that per-

pulcher Stal is a synonym of varius Fieber. The former name has,

however, been used for material from South-West Africa in the more

recent works of Schumacher and Hesse. The former describes two

varieties of the species as new. Dr. A. J. Hesse has very kindly

transcribed these descriptions for me, which are abridged and trans-

lated below.

var. kalahariensis. As perpulcher but the red colour lacking.

Lobatsi, Oct. 1904 (L. Schultze).

var. plumbeus. As perpulcher but with head, pronotum, scutellum,

and elytra lead-grey. Kamaggas, July 1904 (L. Schultze).

These two varieties may for the present be disregarded, for, as will

be shown below, they are almost certainly based on series of teneral

specimens.

I have examined a large number of individuals from many African

localities and summarise the variation as regards size and colour as

follows :

1. Egyptian Sudan. Darfur, El Fasher (B.M.).

Length : 7-5-8-0 mm.

Pronotum in nearly every specimen with a conspicuous red fleck

on its anterior margin.

This form, both in its perfect agreement in size and colour as well

as in its occurrence in the Sudan, may be referred to the typical form

(i.e. sugillata Fieb.).

2. Kenya Colony (B.M.).

Length : 6-0-8-0 mm.

Pronotum in at least the larger specimens with a red fleck. Many

individuals are teneral, so it is not certain exactly how they vary in

colour.

3. Nyasaland. Blantyre (B.M.).

Length : 7-0 mm.

No fleck.

4. Southern Rhodesia (G.E.H.).

Length : 6-8-2 mm.

396 Annals of the South African Museum.

Three very large 3 specimens (7-:2-8-2 mm.) from the Khami River

have the red fleck.

5. Transvaal and Cape Province.

Length : 6-0-7-5 mm.

All fleckless.

It is clear that as we proceed from the Sudan southwards we pass

from an area inhabited by a large form with a conspicuous red fleck

on the pronotum (typical varia=sugillata Fieb.) to one inhabited by

a smaller fleckless insect (perpulcher Stal). In the intermediate

region, comprising a large part of Central Africa (e.g. Kenya, Southern

Rhodesia), large and small, flecked and fleckless individuals occur

side by side.

The problem is, however, complicated by the conditions north of the

Sudan. From the Sinai region Fieber had specimens (scutellata) which

were small (54 lin.=7-3 mm.) and in general correspond with Stal’s

description of perpulcher, though probably slightly teneral. Un-

fortunately I have not seen any specimens from the Sinai Peninsula,

but a single example marked Sidi Jaber (which Mr. China tells me is

undoubtedly Sidi Gaber, a suburb of Alexandria) is exceedingly like

South African material and very different from the Sudanese series.

It seems, therefore, that in the extreme cases we may recognise two

subspecies.

A. varia varia Fieber =var. sugillata Fieber.

Length : 7-5-8-5 mm.

Red fleck on the anterior margin of the pronotum nearly always

well developed and probably always indicated in fully coloured

specimens. Sudan.

A. varia scutellata Fieber =A. perpulcher Stal.

Length : 6-7-5 mm.

Red fleck always absent.

Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, South Africa.

The intermixture of the two forms to the south is clearly shown in

the series from Kenya and Khami; size and development of the

fleck are evidently correlated in such mixed populations, and the latter

is apparently caused by a fluid containing dissolved pigment in the

living insect.

To the north no material is available to show the intergradation.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa. 397

It would be interesting to know'if the two areas occupied by scutellata

are entirely discontinuous.

In South Africa alone A. varia scutellata shows considerable vari-

ability, which is complicated by the very slow development of adult

coloration. The white colour of the freshly emerged adult is

retained for many days after the last ecdysis, though the chitin is

entirely hardened. A white specimen taken at Mowbray, Cape Flats,

on 21, 1, 1927, and kept by Miss L. M. Starke, did not obtain its full

adult coloration till 10, 1, 1927. It is probable that the varieties

described by Schumacher were based on series of specimens which,

apparently fully mature, had not yet completed the slow changes

necessary in the assumption of adult coloration ; plumbeus probably

represents an early white stage not well preserved ; kalahariensis a

comparatively late condition. J have examined a number of specimens

which would agree exactly with the descriptions, but which are un-

doubtedly merely teneral. :

This slow development of colour has precluded any consideration

of geographical variation within South Africa, but it is quite clear

that no definite raciation occurs. There is, however, a definite

correlation between amount of black, e.g. on the scutellum, and sex ;

female specimens nearly always having more black pigment than

males. The following data from one series may be given as an example

as they are all particularly fuli coloured (Table Mt., 31,1, 1926).

Scutellum orange, 3 5 g, 19.

Scutellum orange, black anteriorly, 2 3 3, 229.

Scutellum black with orange border, 12 9 9.

CAPE.

Table Mountain, pool above Window Gorge, 31, i, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Silvermine Valley, Cape Penin., 7, v, 1927 (L.M.S8.).

Constantia Nek, Cape Penin., 15, xi, 1927 (L.MS.).

Roxana Vlei, Mowbray, Cape Flats (v. supra), 21, 1, 1927 (L.M.S.).

Crawford Vlei, Cape Flats, 2, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Mulders Vlei, Cape Flats, 12, vi, 1927 (L.M.S.).

Durbanville, Cape Flats, 30, vi, 1927 (L.M.S.).

Du Toit’s Kloof, 16, iv, 1927 (L.M.S.).

Wolseley, teneral (white), 10, xu, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Matroosberg, 3500 ft., Ceres div., Jan. 1917 (Lightfoot, S.A.M.).

Swellendam, dams, 16-17, xu, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Oudtshoorn-Montagu Pass Road, drift, 24, xi, 1925 (G.E.P.).

Cango Caves, pool in stream bed, 29, x1, 1926 (G.E.H.).

398 Annals of the South African Museum.

Groenkop, Wilderness, near George, pond, 9, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Concordia, near Knysna, pond, 23, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Prince Albert Road, 1916 (Haughton, 8.A.M.).

Kimberley, 1, vi, 1912 (Power, 8.A.M.).

Riemvastmak, Gordonia, vii, 1925 (Barnard, 8.A.M.).

Kamaggas, Namaqualand (type plumbeus), vii, 1904 (Schultze, fide

Schumacher).

Avontuur, duck pond, 6, i, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Assegaibosch, dam, 13, 1, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Wittelsbosch, pool, in boggy streams, teneral (white, legs blackish),

9, i, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Grahamstown, dam, 6, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Blaauwkrantz Valley, 9, ii, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Lushington Valley, Pt. Alfred Road, 11, i, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Alice, Tyumie River and vlei, 23, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Pirie Mission, pond and pools in stream bed, 3, i, 1926 (G.H.P.).

East London, pools, 13-14, ii, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Aliwal North, radio baths, 6, v, 1928 (G.E.P.).

Avoca Farm, Witteberg Mountains, Barkley East dist., pool in

stream, 3, v, 1928 (G.E.P.).

ORANGE FREE STATE.

Aliwal North, dam on north bank of Orange River, Rouxville dist.,

5evenlO28) (Gabiae.):

Knoffelspruit, Rouxville dist., pool in stream, 8, v, 1928 (G.E.P.).

TRANSVAAL.

Witpoortjie, Krugersdorp dist., poolsin stream, 11, xi, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Fontaineblaauw, Klein Yokskei River, 1, vili, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Fount Grove, 27, viii, 1905 (T.M., Swierstra).

Woodbush Villa, iv, 1915 (T.M.).

Louwscreek, ui, 1920 (T.M., G. v. D., and A.R.).

Plat River, Waterberg dist., 6-18, iv, 1905 (T.M., Swierstra).

Wemmer Pan, Johannesburg, 10, v, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Rietfontein Pan, Boksburg dist., 51, 11, 1928, etc. (G.E.H.).

Avenue Pan, Benoni, 6, v, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Brakpan, Small Pan, 6, v, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Blaauwwater Pans, Lake Chrissie, 27, 11, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Acorn Hoek (S8.A.M.).

Waterval Boven, pools near river, 15-16, iv, 1927 (G.H.H.).

Louis Trichard, dam, 24, v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Limpopo River, main drift, near Messina, 28, v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 399

BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE.

Lobatsi (type kalahariensis), 6, x, 1904 (Schultze, fide Schumacher).

Mookane, x, 1904 (Schultze, fide Schumacher).

Ku Gudie (between Phitsane and Kooa), i, 1905 (Schultze, fide

Schumacher, l.c.).

SoUTHERN RHODESIA.

Khami River, below ruins near Bulawayo (3 ¢ g form varia; 3 3d,

1 2 form scutellata *), 27, vi, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Bulawayo (S.A.M.).

101 Mile Halt, Gwelo-Fort Victoria Railway, 5, vii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Great Zimbabwe, 7, vii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Morgenster Mission near Great Zimbabwe, 7, vil, 1927 (G.H.H.).

Makabusi River, near Salisbury, 3, vi, 1927 (G.E.H.).

NATAL.

Tfafa, 26, x, 1926 (C. Ackerman, Natal Museum).

Soutu-West AFRICA.

“Namaqualand, Great Karasberg (Schultze), Chamis, Berseba

(Schultze), Damaraland, Otjituo (M. Exp.),” Hesse (J.c., p. 137).

9. Anisops (A.) hypatia n. sp.

Ivory white, dorsum abdominis greyish, apically with indications

of a subapical orange spot.

Fusiform, but rather wide anteriorly ; a little less than 34 times as

long as wide.

Greatest width between the first } and first 1 of the elytra, 7.e.

in front of the middle of the body.

3S head as wide as, or a little wider than, the pronotum, 4-5 times

as wide as the vertex which is 33-4 times the synthlipsis. Noto-

cephalon with a very slight longitudinal fovea; facial tubercle

moderately developed. Third rostral joint with long thin prongs.

(Plate XXX, fig. 16.)

Pronotum about twice as wide as long, posterior margin concave

centrally, with a few hairs about % of its length from the latter.

Scutellum 1;’9-1/ times as long as pronotum.

Anterior tibia just over 14 times as long as the tarsus, which is

23-4 times as long as the longer claw. Tibia with a row of slightly

* There seems no valid reason why the varietal names used to designate sub-

species or geographical races in the extreme parts of the range of a species should

not be used to indicate the two forms where they are found together in an inter-

vening region.

400 Annals of the South African Museum.

thickened short hairs along its inner margin and three long basal

and a row of short hairs along the outer margin, stridulatory comb

well developed on a low ridge-lke eminence, of about thirteen

elements, dilated externo-basally. (Plate XXXII, figs. 2, 2a.)

Intermediate tibia twice or more as long as the first (1+2) tarsal

joint, which is 14-12 as long as the third, the latter twice as long

as the longer claw.

Q@ head slightly narrower than the pronotum, about 4% times as

wide as the vertex, which is about 3 times as wide as the synthlipsis.

Notocephalon with a longitudinal fovea between low carinae more

clearly marked than in the ¢.

Anterior tibia rather more than twice as long as the first (1-+-2)

tarsal joint, which is about 13 times as long as the third, the latter

twice as long as the claw, or rather less.

Intermediate leg with tibia twice as long as the first (1+-2) tarsal

joint, which is 14 times as long as the third, the latter twice as long as

the longer claw.

Length: g, 5-2-6-0 mm.

9, 6-0-6:5 mm.

CAPE.

Kirstenbosch, Cape Penin., 16, ix, 1926 (L.M.S8.).

Crawford Vlei, Cape Flats, 26, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Aldermans Farm, Fir Grove, Cape Flats, 24, v, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Banhoek Stellenbosch, pond at Bloem Erf., 22, xu, 1925 (G.H.P.).

Brink’s Farm, between Wellington and du Toit’s Kloof, 15, iv,

1927 (L.M.S8.).

George, large dam, 26, xu, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Knysna, duckpond at Veldschoens Drift, 21, xu, 1926 (G.E.H. types).

Concordia, near Knysna, pond, 23, xu, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Brackenhill Sta., near Knysna, pond, 22, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Alice, vlei on Native College Farm, 1 ¢, 23, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

10. Anisops (A.) psyche Hutch.

Anisops psyche Hutchinson, 1928, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), 1, p. 159.

Notocephalon and legs greyish-yellow, scutellum dull orange, fading

to yellowish posteriorly and with two black spots partially covered

by the pronotum just within the anterior angles.

Subfusiform, widest at about the first 4 of the elytra, 7.e. about

the middle of the insect, but very little, if at all, narrower across the

posterior part of the pronotum.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 401

3S pronotum about + wider than the head, which is just over 4

times as wide as the vertex, the latter about twice the synthlipsis.

Notocephalon with a central longitudinal line of a few punctures.

Facial tubercle deeply excavated from below, leaving a pair of oblique

ridges bounding the upper margin of a cup-shaped depression, and

bent upwards towards the vertex anteriorly. Third rostral joint

with moderately long prongs. (Plate XXX, fig. 20.)

Pronotum about twice as wide as long or a little less, smooth,

finely punctured, and with pale hairs posteriorly ; posterior margin

shghtly concave centrally. Scutellum about 14 times as long as

pronotum.

Anterior leg with tibia just under $ as long again as tarsus, which

is about 3 times the longer claw, or rather less; anterior margin

of tibia with two spinous hairs basally and two widely separated

peg-like hairs centrally ; posterior margin with three basal hairs

elongated ; stridulatory comb ovoid, of eleven rather thick lamellae.

(Plate XX XIT, fig. 3.)

Intermediate leg with tibia as long as the first (1-++2) tarsal joint

or rather more, the latter $ as long again as the third, or slightly

more, the latter rather under twice the longer claw.

Posterior tibia just under 14 times the tarsus.

2 shghtly more robust posteriorly than the ¢.

Facial tubercle obsolete.

Anterior leg with tibia rather more than twice as long as the first

(1+ 2) tarsal joint, which is rather under twice the third ; longer claw

a little shorter than the latter.

Intermediate leg with tibia rather more than twice the first (1+2)

tarsal joint, which is twice as long as the third, or slightly more ;

claw about 4 as long as the latter.

Length : 5-5 mm.

TRANSVAAL.

Louis Trichardt, dam, 1 ¢, 26, v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

SouTHERN RHODESIA.

Khami River, below ruins, near Bulawayo, 27, vi, 1927 (G.E.H.).

101 Mile Halt, Fort Victoria-Gwelo Railway, 5, vii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Makabusi River, near Salisbury, 3, vu, 1927 (G.E.H.).

This species was originally described from specimens taken by

Mr. G. L. R. Hancock at Kampala, Uganda; Dr. F. O. Stohr has also

sent me A. psyche from Munshiwemba, Ndola, Northern Rhodesia. It

is therefore probably a widespread and common Central African species.

402 Annals of the South African Museum.

ll. Anisops (A.) praetexta n. sp.

Head, pronotum, and scutellum greyish-white; metanotum and

dorsum abdominis black; elytra hyaline, anterior margin and pos-

terior part of sutural margin of clavus lined with crimson.

3 fusiform but little narrowed anteriorly, widest at about the first

4 of the elytra, z.e. before the middle of the body. Head about =

narrower than the pronotum and about 7 times as wide as the vertex,

which is 3-3} times as wide as the synthlipsis. Facial tubercle slight,

simple, notocephalon with a very slight fovea anteriorly. Third joint

of rostrum with relatively long divergent prongs, slightly swollen

basally. (Plate XXX, fig. 19.)

Pronotum just over twice as wide as long ; smooth, with scattered

pale hairs at about + of its length from the posterior margin, which is

concave centrally.

Scutellum about 4 as long again as pronotum or rather less.

Anterior leg with tibia about 14 times as long as tarsus, which is about

3 times as long as the longer claw; anterior margin with a row of

six strong spinous hairs with very small spines set between them ;

posterior margin with three basal hairs elongated ; stridulatory comb

of twelve lamellae, the distal six transversely elongate, particularly

the 8th, 9th, and 10th. (Plate XXXII, figs. 4, 4a.)

Intermediate leg with tibia rather over twice as long as the first

(1+ 2) tarsal joint, which is rather under $ as long as the third, the

latter about twice as long as the longer claw.

bole

Posterior tibia 14-14 times as long as tarsus.

@ head 1—! narrower than the pronotum, about 6 times as wide

as the vertex, which is 2-24 times as wide as the synthlipsis. Facial

tubercle slight, simple.

Scutellum about $ as long again as the pronotum or rather more.

Anterior leg with tibia rather over twice as long as first (1+2)

tarsal joint, which is about $ as long as the third; longer claw

rather more than $ the latter.

Intermediate leg with tibia about twice as long as the first (1+-2)

tarsal joint, which is about $ as long again as the third ; claw about $

the latter.

Length: 3, 5-5-6-0 mm.

©, 6:0-6-5 mm.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa. 403

TRANSVAAL.

3 3,2, Louis Trichardt, 24-26, v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

1 3, Messina, pool in sandy bed of Limpopo, near Main Drift,

Wh, Ni IAG (Eide isl.)

SOUTHERN RHODESIA.

3; 2 (type and allotype), Morgenster Mission near Great Zimbabwe,

epwalletal2;700(G,-Ki EL):

9, Great Zimbabwe, 7, vil, 1927 (G,E.H.).

3, °, Khami River, below ruins, near Bulawayo, 27, vi, 1927

(G.E.H.).

This series from Louis Trichardt are all teneral, lacking even the

crimson anterior border to the elytra; they are, however, firm and

well chitinised, so that probably in this species as in varia (vide supra)

the full coloration takes some days or even weeks to develop.

A. praetexta is clearly very close to A. amaryllis from East Africa

(Hutchinson, l.c.), differing chiefly in the wider comb. From A. eros

it may be distinguished, as may amaryllis, by the comb as well as

by the crimson anterior border to the elytra, possessed by both prae-

tezta and amaryllis. Teneral specimens, such as those from Louis

Trichardt, closely resemble hypatea externally ; in that species, how-

ever, the comb is widest antero-basally instead of postero-apically.

12. Anisops (A.) jaczewskit Hutch.

A. jaczewskw Hutchinson, 1928, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), i. p. 304.

A. vitrea Jaczewski, 1926, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., v,

p- 88 (nec Signoret).

Notocephalon dark yellowish-grey, pronotum grey, scutellum

tawny orange, paler posteriorly and with two large black spots just

within the anterior angles (showing through the posterior part of the

pronotum), black; metanotum and abdomen, showing through the

hyaline elytra, black. Subfusiform, widest between the first + and

first 4 of the elytra, 7.e. before the middle of the body.

3S head about § narrower than pronotum and just 54 times as wide

as the vertex, which is 23 times as wide as the synthlipsis.

Anterior part of notocephalon with slight traces of a longitudinal

groove. Facial tubercle laterally compressed and somewhat ridge-

like. Third rostral joint with short, stout, widely divergent prongs.

(Plate XXX, fig. 18.)

Pronotum just over twice as wide as long; smooth, posterior

margin bisinuate. Scutellum about $ as long again as pronotum.

404 Annals of the South African Museum.

Anterior leg with tibia about twice as long as tarsus (27: 14),

which is just over twice as long as the longer claw ; anterior margin

of tibia with three stout spines, the most distal just beyond the middle,

finer ones lie proximal to them and one stout one apically ; posterior

margin with three basal hairs elongate; stridulatory comb of nine

to ten peg-like slightly transverse elements. (Plate XXXII, figs.

5, 8.)

Intermediate leg with tibia twice as long as first (1-+2) tarsal joint,

or a little more, the latter about 14 times the third, which is just under

twice as long as the longer claw.

Posterior tibia 14 times as long as the tarsus. i

2 head about $ narrower than the pronotum and 43-54 times the

vertex, which is about 24 times as wide as the synthlipsis.

Anterior leg with tibia about 24 times the first (1+2) tarsal joint,

which is rather more than 1} times to rather less than twice the third ;

claw about % of the latter.

Intermediate leg with tibia 23 times as long as the first (1-2)

tarsal joint, which is about 14 times the third; claw $ the latter.

Length: 3, 5-0 mm.

2, 5-6 mm.

TRANSVAAL.

Limpopo River, Main Drift, near Messina, pool in sand of flood-bed,

under shadow of a rock with A. sardea and A. debilis, 28-9, v, 1927

(G.H.H.).

A. jaczewskwi is exceedingly close to A. adonis Hutch., but differs

in the shorter anterior tarsus of the 3, the tibia being about twice as

long as that joint in the former species and 14 times in the latter.

In adonis, moreover, the synthlipsis is rather wider and the spines

are situated on the distal rather than the proximal 3 of the anterior

margin of the tibia.

My specimens from the Limpopo, as I have pointed out elsewhere

(l.c.), are apparently conspecific with a series taken by Jaczewski at

Dakar, French Senegal, and referred by him to vitrea Sign. So far

the species has not been taken in the intervening region, which in-

cludes the localities for adonis (Nigeria and Uganda).

15. Amsops (Anisopoides) aglaia n. sp.

Yellowish- or greyish-white, apex of abdomen darker, especially in 9.

Scutellum orange basally in some specimens from Grahamstown and

the Lake Chrissie area.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 405

3 fusiform, rather more than 3} times as long as wide; greatest

width between first + and first 4 of the elytra (7.e. before the middle

of the body).

Head about ;1, narrower than the pronotum and rather over 4

times as wide as the vertex, which is 5 to just under 4 times as wide

as the synthlipsis. Notocephalon with a slight longitudinal fovea,

not reaching the vertex or synthlipsis, between two slightly raised

longitudinal carinae.

Facial tubercle moderately developed and simple. Third rostral

joint simple, without prongs. (Plate X XIX, fig. 4.)

Pronotum about 1? times as wide as long, and but little shorter

than the scutellum, posterior margin bisinuate.

Anterior tibia 14-14 times as long as the first tarsal joint, which

is over 3 times as long as the longer claw. The upper part of the

inner surface of the tibia flattened to form a slightly concave ellip-

tical area, bounded below by the ridge which in other species bears

the stridulatory comb and covered with minute spine-like spatulate

hairs; stridulatory comb within this area of seven to nine peg-like

elements. (Plate XXXII, figs. 7, 7a.)

Intermediate tibia about twice as long as the first (1+2) tarsal

joint, which is just over $ as long again as the third; the latter

just under twice as long as the longer claw (type 38:17-5:11: 6).

@ larger and more parallel-sided than the 3, with a shorter head

and smaller eyes. Head 4 to nearly 5 times as wide as the vertex,

which is about 3 times as wide as the synthlipsis.

Anterior tibia about twice as long as the first (1+2) tarsal joint,

which is more than 14 times as long as the third; longer claw } as

long as the latter or a little more (allotype 37: 18:10: 6).

Intermediate tibia about twice as long as the first (1+2) tarsal

joint, which is almost twice as long as the third; longer claw over 14

times as long as the latter.

Length: g, 6-5 mm.

OF Oammn:

CAPE.

Wynberg Reservoir, Table Mountain, very abundant, 16, x, 1926

(L.M.S8.).

Mowbray, Cape Flats, vlei at Roxana, very abundant (type, allotype,

and paratypes), 21,1, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Crawford Vlei, Cape Flats, 1 g among A. hypatia, 26, i, 1926

(CanEP.):

406 Annals of the South African Museum.

Alderman’s Farm, Firgrove, Cape Flats, 1 g among A. hypatia, 24,

v, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Stormberg, Albert dist., dam, 28, iv, 1928 (G.E.P.).

Dordrecht, dam 2 miles east of ; Wodehouse dist., 30, iv, 1928

(G.E.P.).

Grahamstown, College House Dam, 6, iii, 1926 (G.E.P.).

TRANSVAAL.

Randfontein, dam, 1 g, 8, v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Rietfontein, pans Boksburg dist., large pan, 27, iv, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Lake Chrissie, in Potamogeton, in 5-10 ft. of water, 26, u, 1928

(G.E.H.).

Blaauwwater, pans near Lake Chrissie, 27, 11, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Breyten, Bothasrust pan, 27, 11, 1928 (G.H.H.).

This species is distinguished from all known species of Anisops by

the simple third rostral joint of the 3, which lacks the basal extensions

so characteristic of this genus and Buenoa. Perhaps in correlation

with this the form of the anterior tibia of the dis also peculiar, with

its small stridulatory comb reminiscent of that of jgaczewskw and

adonis, set at the side of a large ovate flattened area. On account

of the simple third rostral joint it seems advisable to remove aglaia

to a separate subgenus Anisopoides n. Superficially this insect is

exceedingly like A. (A.) hypatia.

14. Anisops (Micranisops) apicalis Stal.

Anisops apicalis Stal, 1855, O.V.A.F., xxii, p. 89.

1 5 Stal, 1865, Hemip. Afric., p. 192.

- _ Kirkaldy, 1904, Wien Ent. Zeit., xxiii.

* -. Jaczewski, 1926, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat.,

We 25 JO Sik

Greyish- or yellowish-white, abdomen in life red latero-ventrally,

posterior legs tinged with reddish, elytra hyaline with a large subapical

black patch. (Plate X XIX, fig. 5.)

3 fusiform, short and broad, widest between first + and 4

of the elytra, z.e. before the middle of the body. Head shghtly

narrower than the pronotum, 4-64 times as wide as the vertex, which

is 3-3} times as wide as the synthlipsis. Facial tubercle very slight.

Notocephalon with a longitudinal fovea in its anterior portion, ending

in front and behind in a very slight swelling on the vertex. Third

rostral joint with rather short prongs. (Plate XXX, fig. 21.)

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 407

Pronotum 23-34 times as wide as long, markedly produced between

the eyes anteriorly, smooth with a line of pale hairs in the posterior

region; posterior margin almost straight, very slightly concave

centrally.

Scutellum about $ as long again as the pronotum.

Anterior leg with tibia just under 14 times as long as tarsus, which

is 24-44 times the longer claw. Tibia with three basal hairs on the

posterior margin, elongate, and with a row of very short, slightly

thickened hairs along the anterior margin; comb subelongate,

slightly narrowed proximally, of eleven very well-marked lamellae.

Tarsus with four very fine hairs in a row on the proximal 4 of the

inner surface. (Plate XXXII, fig. 6.)

Intermediate leg with tibia just over twice as long as the first (1+-2)

tarsal joint, which is about $ as long again as the third, the latter

twice as long as the longer claw. Posterior tibia nearly twice as long

as the tarsus (24 : 13).

Brachypterous, membrane of the elytra very small, wings reduced,

reaching to about the level of the centre of the black elytral spot.

2 larger and more robust than ¢.

Pronotum about 24-2? times as broad as long.

Scutellum from slightly longer to 13 times as long as the pronotum.

Anterior leg with tibia about twice as long as first (1+2) tarsal

jot, which is $ as long again as the third, the latter 4 as long

again as the longer claw, or a little less.

Intermediate leg with tibia rather under 2} times as long as the

first (1+2) tarsal joint, which is slightly longer than the third ; claw

rather less than $ the latter.

Posterior leg as in d.

Length: 3, 4:0 mm.

9, 4:.5-5-0 mm.

SOUTHERN RHODESIA.

Cleveland Dam near Salisbury, 2, vil. 1927 (G.E.H.).

Fort Victoria, 5, vi, 1927 (L.M.S.).

CAPRIVI STRIP.

Kabulabula, vlei near Linyanti River, 16, vii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

“ Caffraria ” (Stal type).

This species is apparently very widely spread in Central Africa,

being recorded by Jaczewski from Dakar, French Senegal, while Mr.

G. L. R. Hancock has sent me specimens from Kampala, Uganda.

Jaczewski (I.c., p. 93) says, “ This species differs so strongly from

408 Annals of the South African Museum.

the other representatives of the genus that it could be even placed

with some certainty in a separate subgenus; the genital armature

does not show, however, greater differences.”” I had written my key

placing apicalis in a new subgenus Micranisops before Dr. Jaczewski’s

paper came into my hands, and in spite of his diffidence I have

adhered to this separation. The genus Buenoa, which may stand

with good reason, has very similar genitalia to Anzsops, thus these

structures do not offer even generic characters in the Anisopini,

save in the genus Nychia. The short posterior tarsi, the brachyp-

terous wings and elytra, and the black spot on the latter are so unlike

what is found in any other species of the genus that I believe this

course is entirely justifiable.

Nychia Stal.

Nychia Stal, 1858, EHugenie’s Resa, p. 268 (type limpida).

Stal, 1868, Hemip. Afric., iii, p. 190.

53 Kirkaldy, 1904, Wien Ent. Zeit., xxi, p. 124.

Antipalocoris Scott, 1872, in Marshall, Ent. Month. Mag., vii,

p. 244 (type marshall).

be)

Eyes meeting internally along at least ¢ of their length, and with

two emarginations in their posterior border viewed laterally ; face

produced very slightly between the eyes dorsally and slightly depressed

between them just above the labrum.

Prothorax widely excavated laterally.

Anterior and intermediate legs short, tarsi trimerous in the g, the

basal joint minute, apparently monomerous in the Q, posterior legs

long, tarsus hardly shorter than tibia, two-jointed and with a single

claw. Anterior tibia and two distal tarsal joints with apical combs

of bristles. (Plate XXXII, fig. 13.)

Wing with venation greatly reduced, Sc and R unbranched, almost

contiguous, M apparently represented only by a small basal portion,

Cu, moderately developed basally, Cu, well developed, but not

chitinised basally, A, well developed. (Plate XXIX, fig. 8.)

3 genital capsule boat-shaped with a small ventral knob, slightly

asymmetrical along its dorsal border. Parameres asymmetrical, the

right-hand one styliform, the left a simple lobe. Aedeagus well chitin-

ised basally, with a central membranous part which bears two asym-

metrical alae basally, simulating long parameres, and sac-like appendix

external apically, on the left side of which the apical part of the

aedeagus (? endosoma) lies spirally coiled. (Plate XX XIII, figs. 1-4).

2 gonapophyses feebly chitinised and short.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa. 409

1. Nychia linpida Stal.

Nychia limpida Stal, 1858, Hugenie’s Resa, p. 268.

he Ms ' Horvath, 1918, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung.,

p. 148.

Antipalocoris marshalli Scott, 1872, in Marshall, Ent. Month. Mag.,

vill, p. 244.

Nychia marshalla Kirkaldy, 1901, Ann. Mus. Genova, xl, p. 809.

iy th Kirkaldy, 1904, Wien Ent. Zeit., xxii,

p. 125.

Bs var. sappho, Kirkaldy, 1901, Ann. Mus.

| Genova, xl, p. 809.

. 33 var. atavia, Hale, 1925, Ark. for Zoologi.,

UGS IIs A. 10%, UT

% Nychia infuscata, Paiva, 1918, Rec. Ind. Mus., p. 282.

N. limpida lmpida (Stal).

White, eyes dark red-brown, pronotum somewhat browner than the

rest of the body insome specimens. Notocephalon often with a double

row of darker mottlings, or in fluid-preserved specimens reddish-brown.

Greatest breadth of the head and eyes 34-32 times the vertex ;

eyes meeting across the notocephalon.

Pronotum very transverse, about 34 times as long as wide, trans-

versely wrinkled, with a few pale hairs posteriorly.

3S. Anterior legs with tibia 2-24 times as long as the first (1+-2) tarsal

joint, which is about twice as long as the third; longer claw about 4

as long again as the latter.

Intermediate leg with tibia 2-24 times as long as the first (1+2)

tarsal joint, which is 14 to twice as long as the third; longer claw

about 12 times as long as the latter.

2. Anterior legs with tibia about 12 as long as the monomerous

tarsus, which is rather more than 14 times as long as the longer claw.

Intermediate leg with the tibia 1% times as long as the monomerous

tarsus, which is about 14 times as long as the longer claw.

Macropterous form.—Scutellum very large, somewhat raised, and

in one male specimen with a pair of smoky brown patches just within

the anterior angles.

Elytra dirty yellowish-white, with an indefinite line inside the costa,

continued almost to the base. and widest at its basal end, and another

inside subcosta spreading out basally, smoky.

VOL. XXV, PART 3. 27

410 Annals of the South African Museum.

Apex of elytra, and in one female specimen the corial margin of the

clavus, also of this colour.

Brachypterous form.—Pronotum much as in the preceding.

Scutellum reduced with concave latero-posterior margins.

Elytra with the corium, clavus, and membrane not distinguishable,

with a straight internal edge, not overlapping apically ; translucent

white with a very narrow smoky band along the costa and a smoky

tip. Wings shred-like.

Length: 3,5 mm

2,6 mm.

Macropterous form.

CAPE.

1 3, Swellendam, dam, 16, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

2 2 9, Pirie Mission, stream, 3, i1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

1 3, East London, Second Creek, Buffalo River, 17, ii, 1926 (G.E.P.).

TRANSVAAL.

3 3 3,32 9, Limpopo River, at gorge near Messina, 27, v, 1927

(G.E.H.).

SouTHERN RHODESIA.

2 3 3, Khami River, below ruins near Bulawayo, 27, vu, 1927

(Gabaiie))

Brachypterous form.

CAPE.

Oudtshoorn, dam, 28, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Cango Caves, pond in stream-bed, 29, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Lushington Valley, Kowie Road, 11, iii, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Debe Nek, stream in forest, 27, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

East London, pond in park, Second Creek, 15-16, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

TRANSVAAL.

Randfontein, dam, 8, v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Rivonia, near Johannesburg, 5, vi, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Waterval Boven, river, 15-16, iv, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Plat River, Waterberg dist., 6-14, 1v, 1905 (C. Swierstra, T.M.).

Louis Trichardt, dam, 26, v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Limpopo River, at gorge near Messina, 27, v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

SouTHERN RHODESIA.

Khami River, below ruins near Bulawayo, 27, vi, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Makabusi River, near Salisbury, 3, vu, 1927 (G.E.H.).

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 411

NcrTHERN RHODESIA.

Maramba River, near Livingstone, 12, vu, 1927 (G.E.H.).

form sappho Kirkaldy.

Elytra with a black spot just within the internal margin. (Plate

XXIX, fig. 6.)

CAPE.

2 2, Oudtshoorn, dam, 28, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

2 2, Lushington Valley, Kowie Road, 11, iii, 1926 (G.E.P.).

2 2, Debe Nek, Mngesha River, 1-2, iui, 1926 (G.E.P.).

2 2, Pirie Mission, 3, it, 1926 (G.E.P.).

2 9, East London, Second Creek, 16, 11, 1926 (G.E.P.).

TRANSVAAL.

2 2 2, Potchefstroom, dam, 25, ili, 1928 (G.E.H.).

SOUTHERN RHODESIA.

®, Makabusi River, near Salisbury, 3, xu, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Nychia limpida bantu n. subsp.

Macropterous form.—Prothorax behind the eyes, mottling on the

scutellum, anterior margin of the clavus, corium save for fine

veins, and embolium except the anterior part of the internal margin,

greyish-black, membrane in type greyish-black, in paratype milky

anteriorly.

Brachypterous form.—Corium with a greyish-black longitudinal band

on its outer margin and in one specimen with a band from the base

on to the disc of the corium greyish (this band is opaque white in

other 2 specimens of Nychia and probably represents an area just

outside the clavo-corial suture), embolium greyish-black, anteriorly

and internally yellowish.

Macropterous form.

CaPRIvI STRIP.

2 2 9 (type and paratype), Kabulabula, vlei near Linyanti River,

16, vu, 1927 (G.H.H.).

Brachypterous form.

BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE AND CAPRIVI STRIP.

2, Kazungula, junction of Linyanti and Zambesi, 14, vii, 1927.

3, 2, Linyanti River, four hours above Kasane, 15, vii, 1927.

2 22 (paratypes), Kabulabula, vlei near Linyanti River, 16, vu,

1927 (G.E.H.).

412 Annals of the South African Museum.

NorTHERN RHODESIA.

1 9, Zambesi, between Katombora and Kazungula, 14, vu, 1927

(G.E.H.).

Variation and Distribution of Nychia impida.

The genus Nychia was founded by Stal in 1858 to contain a single

species NV. limpida from China. This species is (fide Horvath, l.c.,

1918) synonymous with Antipalocoris marshalli Scott (=N. marshalla

Kirk.). N. limpida has been recorded under one or other of these

specific names from Corsica, Abyssinia, Congo, Ceylon, New Guinea,

and China. In 1918 Paiva described a second species, infuscata, from

the marginal zone of the Inle Lake, Shan States, Burma. No differ-

ences in structure are described by which the species can be differ-

entiated, and infuscata is probably but a subspecies of BS its

colour characters are discussed below.

The first macropterous specimen of this widespread species was

recorded by Kirkaldy in 1901 from New Guinea, a single individual

occurring with a series of eighteen brachypterous specimens of his form

sappho. In 1925 Hale described the macropterous form as var. atavia,

from a pair taken in the Kimberley district of North-West Australia by

Mjoberg. Of the structural characters given to distinguish atavia from

the type the facial fovea is illusionary, being due to shrinkage in drying

and shown by a number of brachypterous specimens in my collection.

For the rest, my macropterous specimens agree structurally with his

description and figures, save that the inner margin of the embolium

runs rather more parallel with the costa than in the latter.

No other macropterous specimens appear to be known, though the

data recorded above show that this form is not very rare in South

Africa, particularly in the Northern Transvaal and Rhodesia. Form

sappho was described as above stated from eighteen brachypterous

specimens taken in New Guinea, Kirkaldy at the same time recording

a single individual among a series of the typical form from Lake

Dembel, Abyssinia. Unfortunately the sex of none of the specimens

isrecorded. A series of eighteen suggests that both sexes were present,

but it is possible that the smaller j 3 had been rejected as nymphs.

All my South African specimens are brachypterous females. While

in many localities in the Cape it is exceedingly common, this variety

is practically absent from collections made outside that province.

Among Transvaal specimens two, the only adults taken, from

Potchefstroom belong to it, and so does a single one from Rhodesia,

in which the spot is very poorly developed. In the Cape specimens

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 413

there is considerable variation in the size of the Jatter ; the specimen

figured (Plate X XIX, fig. 6) illustrates its maximum development.

The following figures show the relative abundance of type and variety

in two localities, where adequate series were taken.

3. 2 type. 2 sappho.

Oudtshoorn, 28, xii, 1926 . ! 6 1 5

Lushington Valley, 11, i, 1926 . 7 9 10

Paiva records a sappho form in his description of N. infuscata. “In

some specimens there is a small black spot near the middle of the

inner margin of each elytron.”’

N. lumpida bantu appears to be a local race that has developed in

the Upper Zambesi and Linyanti River systems. It may extend south

in suitable localities along the eastern edge of the Kalahari, for speci-

mens from Randfontein show a considerable amount of black on the

outer part of the corium, and are really intermediates between the

bantu and typical limpida. Rhodesian specimens also show a little

darkening in this region in some specimens; curiously enough this is

practically absent in two from the Maramba River near Livingstone.

Forty miles further west the black-banded bantu occurs.

The macropterous specimens of bantu are evidently very similar

to atavia, the coloration of which is described thus: ‘‘ Clavus shining

transparent, narrowly margined with smoky brown, and with a patch

of the same colour at outer anterior angle; claval suture pale ;

corium smoky brown, paler towards posterior margin, and with a

shining whitish longitudinal vein arising at the anterior angle, ex-

tending for whole length of corium and posteriorly meeting the mem-

branal suture ; embolium streaked with smoky brown, almost as long

as the corlum; membrane dull milky white, laterally smoky brown ;

suture dark brown.” Similarly, brachypterous specimens of N. l.

bantu are extremely similar in coloration to infuscata Paiva, in which

the elytra are described as “‘ whitish transparent ; corium white, next

to embolium a broad longitudinal band extending the whole length

and a short discal one (sometimes almost absent) united with the other

at the base, extending to a little before the middle of the corium

fuscous; the latter apically dull white. Embolium yellowish-white,

the outer margin dark fuscous.”” These forms differ from bantu in

the dark markings being brownish rather than blackish-grey, but I

have had some doubt as to the advisability of establishing a new

name; the apparent difference in tint, the geographical discontinuity,

and the racial status of bantw finally led me to take such a course.

414 Annals of the South African Museum.

The following is a schematic classification of these forms ; it is to be

taken as provisional and somewhat speculative.

A. Macropterous forms.

1. Corium white with an indefinite smoky line inside its outer

margin, and another inside the corio-claval suture.

N. limpida limpida, Africa, etc.

2. Corium chiefly smoky brown.

N. 1. infuscata (=atavia Hale), Australia.

. Corium chiefly greyish-black.

N. 1. bantu, North-West part of South Africa.

(au)

B. Brachypterous forms.

1. Corium almost entirely white.

N. 1. impida, Africa, Corsica, China, ete.

2. Corium with a brown marginal and a brown discal stripe.

N. 1. infuscata, Burma.

3. Corium with a blackish marginal and, rarely, a greyish discal

stripe . . N.1. bantu, North-West part of South Africa.

4. Elytra with a black spot near the middle of the inner margin,

otherwise lor2 . . Nl. limpida or 1. infuscata, form sappho.

It will be noted that the brachypterous forms are always less

pigmented than the macropterous, save that form sappho is only

known among the former.

Life-history.—F rom the structure of the female genitalia we may

conclude that the eggs are attached to submerged surfaces, but: not

inserted in the stems of aquatic plants as is the case in Anisops.

Nymphs.—L. 3 mm. Backwater of Buffalo River, Kingwilliams-

town, 21, 11, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Eyes not contiguous on the notocephalon ; width of head and eyes

about 4 times the vertex, which is 44 times as wide as the synthlipsis.

Pronotum slightly broader than head and eyes, 34 times as wide as

long ; obtusely produced forward between the large eyes, which con-

siderably encroach on the anterior margin on either side. Prothorax

deeply excavated laterally. Mesothorax about 1} times as long as

prothorax.

Anterior tibia 14 times as long as the tarsus, which is 12 times as

long as the longer claw.

Intermediate tibia 14 times as long as the tarsus, which is 14 times

as long as the longer claw.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 415

Posterior tarsus slightly longer than tibia.

L. 4:8 mm. (@, last instar), Waterval Boven, 15, iv, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Eyes not contiguous on the notocephalon ; width of head and eyes

4 times the vertex, which is 8 times the synthlipsis. Pronotum 3

times as wide as long, somewhat wider than the head; the large

eyes encroaching on its anterior margin more than in the previous

specimen (Plate X XIX, fig. 15). Mesonotum just over } as long again

as the pronotum.

Anterior leg with tibia 1} times as long as the tarsus, which is 1}

times as long as the longer claw.

Intermediate leg with the tibia just under 1} times as long as the

tarsus, which is 12 times as long as the longer claw.

Posterior tibia and tarsus subequal.

The nymphs of Nychia, though not showing the characteristic con-

tiguity of the eyes on the notocephalon so conspicuous in the adult,

may always be distinguished from those of Anisops by the form of the

pronotum, in particular of its anterior margin, and by the posterior

tarsi, which areas long as, or longer than, the tibiae. The ratio of the

vertex to the synthlipsis is rather variable in mature nymphs. Ina

second specimen from Waterval Boven (1. 4-2 mm., ? mature § nymph)

itis 4:1; in one from Potchefstroom, 25, vii, 1928 (I. 4:0 mm.), about

8:15 in one from the Lushington Valley (1. 4-8 mm.), 4: 1.

Subfam. PLEINAE.

A single genus is now included in this subfamily, Helotrephes Stal,

formerly grouped with Plea, having been removed by Esaki and

China (Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1928) and placed along with two remark-

able new genera, [diocorts and Paskia from Lake Tanganyika, in a

separate family, the Helotrephidae.

Plea Leach.

Plea Leach, 1817, Trans. Linn. Soc., xii, p. 11.

» Kirkaldy, 1904, Wien Ent. Zeit., xxii, p. 126.

» Hale, 1923, Rec. 8. Aust. Mus., 11, 3, p. 421.

Ploa Stephens, 1829, Cat. Brit. Ins., u, p. 354.

Ploea Douglas and Scott, 1876, Cat. Brit. Hemip., p. 61.

Very short, broad, and deep. Head transverse; pronotum sub-

hexagonal, transverse. Pronotum and elytra reticulo-punctate ;

wings reticulate.

416 Annals of the South African Museum.

Antennae three-jointed. All femora simple. Anterior and inter-

mediate tarsi with a minute proximal and two longer distal joints ; *

posterior tarsi with a minute proximal and two long, subequal, distal

joints. Posterior legs not markedly flattened and but moderately

more hairy than the other two pairs.

Elytra subtriangular, with clavus and corium alone well defined ;

membrane flange-like, that of the right elytron fitting over that of

the left, forming a closing mechanism (Hungerford, Kans. Univ. Sci.

Bull., x1, Dec. 1919, pl. xxv), while apically the left elytron overlaps

the right. Wing dilated apically along the anterior border. All

veins colourless; Sc, Rs, M,,., and A, well chitinised; R lying

just below Sc; R, obsolete; Rs bent down and then gradually up

again, not meeting Sc; M,,. lying close below Rs, distally bent

down and branching; M;,, apparently indicated near the base of

the wing fusing with Cu,, below which lies the feebly indicated Cu, ;

A, much as in other members of the family; A, obsolete; no r-m.

The homologies of the lower median and cubital region are not clear,

but might be investigated in more pigmented specimens than I have

at my disposal. (Plate XX XIII, fig. 9.)

3 genital capsule elongate boat-shaped, with a conspicuous knob at

the posterior end of the ventral surface; anterior part of dorsal border

slightly asymmetrical. Parameres twisted and asymmetrical, the

right being bent over capsule, the left somewhat spirally twisted away

from it. Aedeagus with a pair of asymmetrical alae; apex directed

to the right and bearing a strongly chitinised knob and spine (Plate

XXXITI, figs. 13, 14).

2 gonapophyses elongate and well chitinised.

Plea may always be recognised by its short broad form and iriell

size. The posterior legs, though not such efficiently constructed

swimming organs as those of the Notonectinae, nevertheless are used

in the same way.

The asymmetrical genitalia of the 3g, the three-jointed antennae,

the tendency to reduction in the number of tarsal joints in the anterior

and intermediate legs, and the simple femora, all indicate a closer

alliance with the Anzsopinz than with the Notonectine.

The genus Plea contains fifteen to twenty very closely allied species,

the adequate separation of which is a matter of the greatest difficulty.

Kirkaldy (Wien Ent. Zeit., xxiii, p. 126, 1904) is the only author

* This statement is incorrect, as Mr. W. E. China has pointed out to me that

the number of tarsa] joints differs in different species (vide a forthcoming paper

by China and Esaki).

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 417

who has attempted to give a key to the genus, but the attempt

is most unsatisfactory. After taking off liturata Fieb. and the New

World species the remaining Old World species are grouped according

to whether they have a distinct or indistinct longitudinal stripe on

the vertex. Since pale specimens, perhaps passing through a pro-

longed teneral period, perhaps slightly pigmented varieties, of both

pullula Stal and leach McGr. and Kirk., species in the “ distinct’ group,

may show no sign of the head stripe, the character is only applicable

to deeply pigmented specimens, though undoubtedly useful. The

whole genus is in need of a thorough revision, in which the g genitalia

would have to be considered, though these organs do not show the

striking interspecific differences found in some genera. Two species

occur in South Africa which may be separated thus :

1. (2) Smaller, not exceeding 2 mm. in length. . pullula Stal.

2. (1) Larger, 2-2-2-3 mm.in length . ; precanina 0. sp.

Plea pullula Stal.

Plea pullula Stal, 1855, Oefv. Vet. Ak. Foérk., p. 89.

i ,, tal, 1865, Hemip. Afr., ii, p. 192.

s » Kirkaldy, 1904, Wien Ent. Zeit., xxiii, p. 128.

Head dirty yellowish-white, with a tawny or dark brown longi-

tudinal stripe on the vertex, often obsolete or absent in the paler

specimens, in the darkest broad, well-defined, extending back about

half of the length of the head posteriorly ; punctate, the punctures

of the posterior part of the head in the darkest specimens dark brown ;

central portion of vertex bearing stripe smooth and slightly raised ;

eyes deep violet-brown ; least interocular width of notocephalon a

little more than half the greatest width of head and eyes.

Pronotum irregularly reticulo-punctate save for two partially fused

areas just inside the anterior margin; cinereous with a narrowly

piceous anterior border and a row of black punctures within it, discal

punctures often brown; or whole pronotum greyish-white; 13-13

times as wide as long.

Scutellum greyish or yellowish-white, widely and _ irregularly

punctate, the punctures brown in dark specimens; slightly wider

basally than long, and 3—? as long as the pronotum.

Elytra reticulo-punctate save for a subcostal line, greyish-white

with brown punctures posteriorly varying to cinereous, with basal

part of claval margin, apical part of corio-claval suture, most of

the posterior part of the corium, and most of the corial punctation

dark brown. Elytral angle in profile as figured. (Plate XX XIII, fig. 9.)

418 Annals of the South African Museum.

Legs testaceous or testaceous brown, apex of tibiae and tarsi slightly

darker.

Anterior tibia just over twice as long as tarsus, which is about

twice as long as claws.

Intermediate tibia under twice as long as tarsus, which is about

twice as long as claws.

Posterior tibia rather over 24 times as long as the first tarsal joint,

which is subequal in length to the second; the latter twice as long

as the claws.

S$. Right clasper dilated apically in some specimens. Left clasper

broad and somewhat sickle-shaped. (Plate X XXIII, fig. 13.)

Length : 1-5-2-0 mm.

CAPE.

Swellendam, dam, 17, xu, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Knysna, pond at Belvedere, 24, xii, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Alice, vlei, 23, u, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Kingwilliamstown, backwater of Buffalo River, 21, u, 1926

(GEES):

TRANSVAAL.

Witpoortje, Krugersdorp div., pools, 12, ix, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Florida, lake, 31, x, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Birchleigh, in Potamogeton, in dam, 28, iv, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Brakpan, weeds in pan, 14, iv, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Goedeverwachting near Lake Chrissie, reed pan, 17, v, 1928

(G.E.H.).

Louis Trichardt, dam, 24, v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

This species is easily distinguished from the next by its smaller

size. It has, moreover, a somewhat less obtuse elytral angle in profile

than have piccanina and leachi McGr. and Kirk. (minutissima auct.),

and the punctuation, especially of the scutellum, is more irregular

and sparse. Stal (Hemip. Afr., m1, p. 192) says: “ P. pullula Stal.

Long. 2, Lat. 1, mill... Patria: Cafiraria (Mus. Holm.). P. minu-

tissimae maxime aflinis minor, minus dense, licet distinctius,

punctata.”’

This brief comparison leads me to suppose that it is the smaller

of the two South African species which is to be referred to pullula ;

piccanina is subequal in size to leachi (i.e. minutissima) and quite as

densely punctate.

Dark specimens of pullula have a thick, well-defined head stripe

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 419

which confirms my identification, for Kirkaldy places this species

along with leachi, hovana Kirk. from Madagascar, and brunni from

Australia, in the section of his key containing Old World species with

a distinct head stripe. He records pullula from Zanzibar, Mada-

gascar, and Mauritius, but in view of the confusion in this genus, too

much reliance should not be placed on these records. It is possible

that ugandana Horv. (Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Nat. Hung., xvi, 1918,

p. 140) is a very dark form of this species.

Plea piccanina x. sp.

Head greyish-white to pale greyish-yellow with a short, broad,

diffuse, tawny stripe extending over the vertex a short way on to both

face and notocephalon. Punctate; central part, at least of tawny

stripe, smooth and slightly raised. Face with traces of two very short

longitudinal carinae below the stripe and in a line with its edges. Hyes

deep violet-brown, narrowest interocular distance half the greatest

width of head and eyes. Pronotum reticulo-punctate, except for two

partly fused, anterior, lightly rugose areas; cinereous brown anteriorly,

with a row of black punctures just within the anterior border ; punc-

tures of disc grey to black; darker posteriorly, or whole pronotum

whitish-grey ; 14-12 times as wide as long.

Scutellum greyish or yellowish-white varying to brown, with the

centre pale ; punctate with an antero-median smooth area ; slightly

wider basally than long, and 3—-? as long as the pronotum.

Elytra reticulo-punctate save a subcostal line; greyish-white with

dark punctures posteriorly, varying to cinereous with blackish

punctures, paler at the base of the corium and centrally on the clavus,

with brown between the punctuation along the basal part of the corio-

claval suture, spreading across the corium to its outer margin, and

posteriorly near the internal angle of the latter. Elytral angle in

profile as figured. (Plate XX XIII, fig. 7.)

Legs testaceous, brown; apex of tarsi slightly darkened.

Anterior tibia twice as long as tarsus, which is about 25 times as

long as claws.

Intermediate tibia rather under twice as long as tarsus, which is

about 23 times as long as claws.

Posterior tibia 24 times as long as the first tarsal joint, which is

subequal in length to the second; claws about half the latter.

3. Right paramere beak-shaped and twisted, little if at all dilated

apically.

420 Annals of the South African Museum.

Left paramere curved and twisted, but not sickle-shaped. (Plate

XXXIII, fig. 12.)

Length : 2-2-2-3 mm.

CAPE.

Table Mountain, Hely Hutchinson Reservoir, 27, xii, 1925 (G.H.H.).

Camps Bay, pool, 29, v, 1927 (L.M.8.).

Princess Vlei, pool, 12, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Crawford Vlei, 26, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Knysna, pond at Veldschoen’s Drift, 21, xu, 1926 (G.E.H.).

TRANSVAAL.

Randfontein, dam, 8, v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Witpoortje, Krugersdorp div., pool, 12, ix, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Florida, lake, 31, x, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Lake Chrissie, pool in stream-bed at north end, 19, v, 1928 (G.E.H.)..

Waterval Boven, river, 16, iv, 1927 (G.E.H.).

This species resembles in size, profile, and general appearance the

Western Palaearctic species P. leachi McGr. and Kirk. so closely that

its specific distinction may perhaps be called in question. The only

structural differences apparent are that in the latter the head is very

slightly more produced between the eyes anteriorly and that the

left paramere is more sickle-shaped, while the right paramere is more

dilated anteriorly in leachi (Plate XX XIII, fig. 14). The great geo-

graphical separation of the two forms finally has led me to consider

them as distinct species.

In Kirkaldy’s grouping piccanina would fall among those Old

World species having a short, indistinct, vertical stripe, leacht having

a distinct one. Many pale (perhaps teneral) specimens of the latter

have little or no indication of this marking, and the difference between

such individuals and pale specimens of piccanina is in this respect

quite unappreciable.

2. Fam. CORIXIDAE.

Aquatic Hemiptera modified for swimming with the ventral surface

below. Somewhat flattened and slightly convex dorsally. Rostrum

very short and hardly distinguishable from the face. Anterior legs

with tarsi 1—or rarely 2—segmented, the proximal joint being

flattened and fringed with bristles (pala). Intermediate legs long

and thin. Posterior legs flattened and fringed with hair.

The Corixidae are very specialised bugs, and are at once distinguished

by the form of the beak. The abdomen of the male is more or less

asymmetrical in all the genera, and usually bears on the 6th tergite

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 421

a curious, multiple, comb-like organ called the strigil. In the very

primitive Australasian genus Deaprepocoris this apparatus is com-

pound, being composed of two elements. The males of this family

stridulate in various ways. In Micronecta minutissima L., a European

species, the movements of the abdomen which accompany the chirping

sound that the species can produce make it practically certain that

the strigil is being used, probably scraping on the edge of the under-

surface of the right elytron. In no other genus have we any direct

evidence that the strigil is concerned with sound production. In

Coriza panzert Fieb. the sound is produced by the rubbing of a

roughened area on the anterior femur against the side of the head.

The same appears to be true of Sigara (S.) germart Fieb. and S. (S.)

praeusta Fieb. In Cymatia coleoptrata F. I believe the sound is pro-

duced by the pala of one of the anterior legs being drawn across the

stridulatory area of the opposite femur. A résumé of all published

information on this question will be found in Butler—A Biology of the

British Hemiptera Heteroptera (London, Witherby, 1923). No

observations of the mechanism of stridulation have been made on

African species, but Mzcronecta scutellaris (Stal) and M. citharistia

n. sp. are known to produce a sound very similar to that of Micro-

necta minutissima.

The ¢ genitalia of the Corizidae have been described recently by

Pruthi (Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1925, p. 185), Jaczewski (Ann. Zool.

Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1924, T. ii, z. 1-2, p. 8), and others, so that a

further account is unnecessary. It may be pointed out, however,

that in the Coriainae the Tth abdominal segment is deeply cleft on

the side remote from the strigil, and that in Micronecta a portion is

cut off on the left-hand side of this tergite and lies as a kind of flap

covering the genitalia. This “free portion” varies much in form in

the different species and is of some systematic importance.

Enderlein (Kungl. Sven. Vet. Ak. Hand., 1912, xlviii, 3) and later

Jaczewski (l.c., p. 3) divide the family into two* subfamilies both of

which occur in South Africa. The latter’s arrangement is here adopted.

1. (2) Antennae three-jointed. Scutellum exposed. Posterior claw

inserted at the apex of the last tarsal joint.

* Tn the light of Hale’s researches a third should almost certainly be instituted

for Diaprepocoris Kirk., which differs from the other Coriaidae in its two-jointed

anterior tarsi, the presence of ocelli, the large scutellum, and the peculiar stridu-

jatory apparatus of the ¢.

[Since the above was written this has been done by Lundblad, Ent. Tid., 1928,

Deon Geb E915 19293

422 Annals of the South African Museum.

3. Sternite of the 9th abdominal segment truncate posteriorly.

Upper clasper not forming a sheath for the aedeagus.

Micronectinae Jacz. (Sigarinae End.).

2. (1) Antennae four-jointed. Scutellum almost or completely

hidden by pronotum. Posterior claw inserted before the end of the

apical joint of the tarsus.

S. Sternite of the 9th abdominal segment produced posteriorly

into a grooved process. Upper clasper (right in South African genera)

forming with the latter process a sheath supporting the aedeagus.

Corizinae End.

Subfam. MIcRONECTINAE.

These are all small water-bugs arranged in two genera, Wicronecta

Kirk. in the Old World, Tenagohia Berg. in the New.

Micronecta Kirk.

Micronecta Kirkaldy, 1897, Entom., p. 260.

a Hale, 1922, R.S., Aust. M., , 2, p. 323.

Sigara Fabricius, 1794, Ent. Syst., iv, p. 59 (part).

Scutellum small, covered by the pronotum only at its anterior

margin. Posterior margin of pronotum convex or straight, never

roundly emarginate or concave. Strigil present in 3, on the right-

hand side of the 6th abdominal tergite.

In the present paper seventeen species of this genus are recorded,

all but two of which appear to be undescribed. Many of the species

can only be separated by the genitalia of the 3, which organs have

hitherto only been described in the few species which Jaczewski has

examined. The followimg key aims at the separation at least in the

S$ 3 of all these forms, but where a sufficient amount of material

exists to justify dissection before a detailed examination of external

characters is made, it will be found quicker to determine these insects

by first mounting the genitalia of a g and comparimg them with the

figures on Plates XXXIV-XXXVI, after which the description of

the species may be consulted. Many species doubtless remain to be

discovered in Central Africa.

Key to the South African Species of Micronecta Kirkaldy.

1. (2) Synthlipsis more than } as wide as head and eyes

dorothea n. sp. (S. Transvaal).

2. (1) Synthlipsis less than $ as wide as head and eyes.

(26) Macropterous forms.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa. 423

34.

(15) Larger, over 2-5 mm. long.

(6) Head and eyes more than 24 times as wide as synthlipsis

hessei n. sp. (S.W.A.).

(5) Head and eyes not more than 24 times as wide as synthlipsis.

(10) Pronotum sparsely and finely pubescent.

(9) Left clasper of 4 with a smooth terminal flange scwtellaris Stal (S. Africa).

(8) Left clasper of 3 with a toothed terminal flange

perdita n. sp. (N. Transvaal).

(7) Pronotum not pubescent on disc.

. (12) Posterior margin of pronotum pubescent

druryana n. sp. (Upper Zambesi and Linyanti Rivers).

. (11) Posterior margin of pronotum not pubescent.

. (14) Pronotum wider than head and eyes . . winifreda n. sp. (W. Cape).

. (13) Pronotum narrower than head and eyes j gorogaiqua n. sp. (Cape).

(4) Smaller, not exceeding 2-5 mm. long.

. (23) Outer setigerous angle of free portion of 7th abdominal tergite of 3 well

developed.

. (18) Pronotum 3-5-4 times as wide as long monomatapae n. sp. (S. Rhodesia).

. (17) Pronotum less than 3-5 times as wide as long.

. (20) Left clasper of g a regular flattened triangular plate (Plate XXXVI,

fig. 2c) : : : - . uvarovi Jacz. (Natal, S. Rhodesia).

. (19) Left clasper not as above.

. (22) Free portion of 7th abdominal tergite of § with a concave posterior border

(Plate XXXYV, fig. 4a)

browni n. sp. (W. Transvaal, S. Rhodesia, S8.W.A.).

. (21) Free portion of 7th abdominal tergite of ¢ gradually narrowed posteriorly,

the inner angle obsolete (Plate XX XV, fig. 7a)

bleckiana n. sp. (Linyanti River, 8. Rhodesia, N. Transvaal).

. (16) Outer setigerous angle of free portion of 7th abdominal tergite of 3 obsolete

or absent.

. (25) Left clasper of ¢ styliform, membranous apically (Plate XXXVI, fig. 3b)

piccanin n. sp. (S. Africa).

. (24) Left clasper of 3 sigmoid, chitinous throughout (Plate XXXVI, fig. 45)

youngiana n. sp. (EK. Transvaal).

(3) Brachypterous forms.

. (34) Outer setigerous angle of free portion of 7th abdominal tergite of ¢ well

developed.

. (31) Smaller species, under 2 mm. long.

. (30) Left clasper of 3 short, denticulate and slightly sigmoid apically (Plate

XXXV, fig. 5b) . quewalepele n. sp. (Linyanti River, Caprivi Strip).

. (29) Left clasper of ¢ sigmoid, not denticulate (Plate XX XV, fig. 60)

simillima n. sp. (Linyanti River, 8. Rhodesia).

. (28) Larger species, 2-0-2:5 mm. long.

. (33) Elytra mottled, dark greyish-brown, and stramineous. Left clasper of

6 styliform, denticulate E j . butleriana n. sp. (E. Cape).

(32) Elytra not mottled. Left clasper of ¢ auriculate

citharistia n. sp. (E. Cape, O.F.S., 8. Transvaal).

(27) Outer setigerous angle of free portion of 7th abdominal tergite of 3 obsolete

orabsent : : : ; . piccanin n. sp. (S. Africa).

424 Annals of the South African Museum.

1. Micronecta scutellaris (Stal).

Sagara scutellaris Stal, 1858, Oefv. Vet. Ak. Forh., p. 319.

Micronecta signoreti Jaczewski, 1926, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist.

Nat., v, p. 102, nec Reut.

thomasett Jaczewski, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9),

xx, p. 443.

Head pale yellow or yellow-brown with a dark or reddish-brown

longitudinal stripe not reaching back to the posterior margin and two

spots on the vertex nearer the eyes than the centre of the latter, all

these markings obsolete in some specimens ; pronotum greyish-brown ;

scutellum light greyish-brown ; elytra greyish ; base of clavus greyish

ochreous, remainder of clavus with traces of a darker inset border ;

corium with very faint confluent longitudinal darker lines; inter-

mediate leg yellow; apex of tarsus concolorous or very slightly

darkened.

Head subequal in width to pronotum, sometimes slightly narrower,

sometimes slightly broader, and from 2} to nearly 23 times as wide

as the synthlipsis. Pronotum rather shorter than head, about 3

times as wide as long, finely and sparingly pubescent throughout,

slightly rugose, posterior border convex.

Scutellum rather more than 3 as long as pronotum.

Macropterous. Line from internal angle of right corilum on to

membrane slightly sigmoid. Subcostal furrow 2 of length of elytron.

Intermediate leg with tarsus about $ as long again as claws,

which are slightly longer than tibia.

3S. Free portion of the 7th abdominal tergite with a prominent outer

setigerous lobe, a well-developed inner lobe, and a concave margin

between them. (Plate XXXIV, fig. 1a.)

Right clasper with a slender shaft slightly dilated basally. (Plate

XXXIV, fig. 16.)

Left clasper flattened, slightly bent, flanged apically, the flange

untoothed save for the base of its outer margin. (Plate XXXIV,

fig. lc.)

Length: 3g, 3-4-3-8 mm.

°, 3-7-4:5 mm

CAPE.

Bergvliet, Cape Flats, 3, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Princess Vlei, Cape Flats, 12, ix, 1926 (L.M.S.).

Lakeside Vlei, Cape Flats, 19, i, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Zeekoe Vlei, Cape Flats, 24, iv, 1927 (L.M.S.).

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 425

Swellendam, 24, xi, 1925 (G.E.P.).

Oudtshoorn and district, 24, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Brackenhill Sta., Knysna Forest, 22, xu, 1926 (G.H.H.).

Prince Albert Road, 1916 (Haughton, 8.A.M.).

Potfontein, 3, iv, 1927 (L.M.S8.).

Kimberley, 1, vi, 1912 (Power, S.A.M.).

Grootfontein (Purcell, S.A.M.).

Riemvastmak, Gordonia, vii, 1925 (Barnard, 8.A.M.).

Avontuur, 6, i, 1927 (G.E.H.),

Assegaibosch, Humansdorp div., 13, i, 1927 (L.M.S.).

Wittelsbosch, Humansdorp div., 9, i, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Port Elizabeth, Baakens River, 18, iii, 1926 (G.E.P.),

Alice, 23-24, ii, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Debe Nek, 2, iii, 1926 (G.E.P.).

East London, 1915 (Lightfoot, 8.A.M.), 13-15, u, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Stormberg, Albert dist., dam, 28, iv, 1928 (G.E.P.).

Dordrecht, Wodehouse dist., dam 2 miles east of, 30, iv, 1928

(G.E.P.).

Buffelstontein, Wodehouse dist., 29, iv, 1928 (G.E.P.).

Aliwal North, Radio Baths (vide infra, p. 465), 5-6, v, 1928

(Galiars):

ORANGE FREE STATE.

Knoffelspruit, Rouxville dist., pool in stream, 8, v, 1928 (G.E.P.).

TRANSVAAL.

Florida, 14, viii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Wemmer Pan, Johannesburg, 31, vii, 1926 (G.H.H.).

Waterval Boven, 15, iv, 1927 (G.E.H.).

NATAL.

Umblali, 1, 1913 (Barnard, 8.A.M.).

Weenen (M. thomaseti Jacz.), xi, 1923 to 1, 1924 (H. P. Thomaset, fide

Jaczewski).

SouTHERN RHODESIA.

| Nyombi on Fort Victoria-Gwelo Railway, 5, vu, 1927 (G.E.H.).

101 Mile Halt on Fort Victoria-Gwelo Railway, 5, vu, 1927 (G.E.H.).

¢ 2 Matopo Dam, 10, vii, 1927 (G.H.H.).

2° 9 Zimbabwe, 7, vu, 1927.

SoutH-West AFRICA.

Kuisip River Territory (Stal type).

VOL. XXV, PART 3. 28

426 Annals of the South African Museum.

Outside our area I have examined specimens from Zomba (Cameron,

25, iv, 1900) in the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, kindly

lent me by Dr. Hugh Scott. These Nyasaland scutellaris are all

rather large (4-44 mm.), while the Rhodesian series lack the larger

specimens found in the Cape in many localities. Jaczewski has

recorded this species under the name of M. thomaseti from Dakar,

French Senegal, so it is probably widely distributed throughout Africa.

The specimens recorded from Grootfontein, 8.W.A., by Hesse (Ann.

S.A.M., xxiii, p. 138) were taken, so Dr. Hesse tells me, at Groot-

fontein in Cape Province by Purcell, who never collected in South-

West Africa. Hesse’s other record is described under M. hessez n. sp.

below.

This species is one of the commonest and most widely distributed

water-bugs in South Africa, Like most species of the genus it is

found chiefly on the muddy bottom of open shallow water either

stagnant or slowly flowing.

This insect is clearly identical with M. signoretc Jacz., later re-

described as M. thomaseti Jacz. In the earlier paper Jaczewski

figures the parameres, which agree with those of the present insect.

I have no hesitation in ascribing the latter to scutellaris Stal on account

of its size and of the three markings on the vertex (vertice saepissime

fusco-trilineato . . . Long. 44 mm.).

2. Micronecta perdita n. sp.

Head dirty yellow with three greyish longitudinal stripes, strongest

anteriorly on the vertex, fading out posteriorly before reaching. the

margin, obsolete im some specimens; pronotum dull grey-brown,

paler along posterior margin; elytra dull grey-brown; clavus with

paler basal border concolorous with scutellum, remainder of clavus

with traces of a darker inset border ; corium with traces of four darker

brown confluent longitudinal lines; intermediate legs pale yellow

throughout.

Head very slightly narrower than the pronotum and not more than

23 times as wide as the synthlipsis. Pronotum $ as long again as

head or longer, more than 2}-22 times as wide as long, with a few

faint transverse wrinkles, very finely pubescent, posterior margin

convex.

Scutellum 4-2 times as long as pronotum. Macropterous; vein

from internal angle of right cortum on to membrane slightly sigmoid.

Subcostal furrow nearly $ of length of elytron. Intermediate leg

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa. 427

with tarsus just over 3 as long again as the tibia; claws rather

longer than the latter.

3. Free portion of 7th abdominal tergite with a prominent outer

setigerous angle, a prominent, though rounded, inner angle, and a con-

cave posterior margin between them. (Plate XXXIV, fig. 2a.)

Right clasper slightly dilated proximal to the middle and before

the apical bend. (Plate XXXIV, fig. 2.)

Left clasper flattened, slightly bent, flanged apically, the flange

bearing scale-like denticulations. (Plate XXXIV, fig. 2c.)

Length: 3, 3-2 mm.

2, 3-5 mm.

TRANSVAAL.

23 35, 72 2 (type, allotype, and paratypes), Limpopo River, Main

Drift, near Messina, pool in sandy bed of river, 28-29, v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Very close to M. scutellaris but slightly smaller and with a toothed

flange to the left clasper.

3. Micronecta hessev un. sp.

Micronecta scutellaris Hesse, 1925, Ann. S.Afr. M., xxii, p. 138

(part).

Head greyish-yellow, with an indefinite longitudinal brown stripe

on the vertex; pronotum grey-brown; elytra greyish ; clavus pale

’ basally, remainder of clavus with a faint irregular brown inset border ;

corium grey with indications of four broken longitudinal brown lines ;

intermediate leg pale throughout. Head very slightly wider than

pronotum and rather more than 23 times as wide as synthlipsis.

Pronotum about 12; times as long as head and rather under 3

times as wide as long, glabrous, very finely and sparsely punctured,

posterior margin convex.

Scutellum rather more than 4 as long as pronotum. Macropterous.

Pale line from internal angle of right cortum on to membrane, curved.

Intermediate leg with tarsus 14 times as long as tibia and just over

13 times as long as claws.

3. Free portion of the 7th abdominal tergite with a prominent outer

setigerous angle, a prominent, though rounded, inner angle, and a con-

cave posterior margin between them. (Plate XXXIV, fig. 3a.)

Right clasper very slightly dilated proximal to the middle of the

shaft. (Plate XXXIV, fig. 30.)

428 Annals of the South African Museum.

Left clasper flattened, slightly bent, flanged apically, the flange

denticulate on the outer edge only. (Plate XXXIV, fig. 3c.)

Length : 3-0 mm.

SoutH-West AFRICA.

3S (type), Kambele Falls, on Kunene River, March 1923 (S.A.M.,

Mus. Exp.). The single specimen on which this species is based is

one of four originally mounted on one card and referred to scutellaris

by Hesse. M. hessei may be at once recognised by its narrow

synthlipsis. This structure is wide in the three 2 specimens with

which it was associated, and they look superficially like small speci-

mens of scutellarzs (1. 3 mm.), with unicolorous elytra. It is possible

that 3 specimens would indicate that they are referable to an un-

described species.

4. Micronecta gorogaiqua n. sp.

Head brownish-yellow, with a central longitudinal stripe of tawny

brown. Pronotum grey-brown, paler posteriorly. Elytra grey-brown,

base of clavus yellowish-brown, remainder of clavus and corium with

obscure darker mottlings. Intermediate leg dark yellow, apex of

tarsus and base of claw dark brown.

Head slightly wider than the pronotum and 24-24 times as wide as

the synthlipsis.

Pronotum slightly longer than the head, about 3-33 times as wide

as long, finely rugose, glabrous ; anterior and posterior margins evenly

and equally convex.

Scutellum about 2 times as long as the pronotum. Macropterous.

Pale line from inner angle of right corium on to membrane nearly

straight. Subcostal furrow 4 of length of elytron.

Intermediate leg with tarsus } as long again as tibia, or slightly

more; claw a little longer than the latter.

3. Free portion of the 7th abdominal tergite with a very prominent

outer setigerous angle, a rounded inner angle, and an emarginate

posterior border between them. (Plate XXXIV, fig. 4a.)

Right clasper strongly curved and somewhat flanged in the region

of the curvature. (Plate XXXIV, fig. 4d.)

Left clasper with a short shaft which is slightly twisted and denti-

culate apically. (Plate XXXIV, fig. 4c.)

Length : 2-7 mm.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa. 429

CAPE.

3, Durbanville, Cape Flats, 30, iv, 1927 (L.M.S8.).

3, Paarl, Mountain Reservoir, 22, x, 1927 (L.M.S.).

3 3, 22 (type, allotype, and paratypes), Oudtshoorn, 28, xu, 1927.

ORANGE FREE STATE.

2, Knoffelspruit, Rouxville div., pool in stream, 8, v, 1928 (G.E.P.).

3 29, Diep Kloof, Rouxville div., pool in stream, 9, v, 1928 (G.H.P.).

The specimens from the Orange Free State are rather dark; no

6 is available, but the identification is fairly certain.

Three specimens from Portuguese Hast Africa (Magude, C. J.

Swierstra, T.M.) belong to a species which might run down to goro-

garqua in the key. The head is as wide as, or a little wider than, the

pronotum, and about 2} times as wide as the rather wide synthlipsis ;

the intermediate legs are entirely yellow. In general facies this

insect is perhaps nearer winifreda or druryana than the present species,

but it is undoubtedly distinct from any Micronecta that I have seen.

The absence of a 3 specimen compels me reluctantly to leave it, the

only member of its genus known from that part of Africa, undescribed.

5. Micronecta winifreda n. sp.

Head yellow with an orange or greyish clouding on the vertex, and

variable indications of orange longitudinal stripes internal to the eyes.

Pronotum grey-brown, scutellum grey-brown, latero-apically paler.

Elytra grey-brown, base of clavus greyish-yellow, remainder of clavus

with traces of darker inset border, corium with traces of three darker

longitudinal lines. Intermediate leg pale or orange yellow, apex of

tarsus and base of claw grey or dark brown.

Head narrower than the pronotum and 24-2! as wide as the synth-

lipsis.

Pronotum 14-1} times as long as head and 23-2? times as wide as

long, glabrous, slightly transversely rugose, posterior margin less

convex than anterior and often flattened centrally.

Scutellum rather more than $ as long as pronotum. Macrop-

terous. Pale line from internal angle of right corium on to membrane

almost straight. Subcostal furrow ; of length of elytron.

Intermediate leg with tibia and claw subequal, and tarsus about 1}

times as long as the latter.

3. Free portion of 7th abdominal tergite with a sub-prominent outer

430 Annals of the South African Museum.

setigerous angle, a fairly well-defined rounded inner angle, and a

slightly concave posterior border between them. (Plate XXXIV,

fig. 5a.)

Right clasper rather broad distally. (Plate XXXIV, fig. 56.)

Left clasper styliform, dilated and membranous apically. (Plate

XXXIV, fig. 5c.)

Length: 2-3-3 mm.

CAPE.

3, 22, Durbanville, Cape Flats, 30, iv, 1927 (L.M.S.).

3 3, QQ (type, allotype, and paratypes), Swellendam, 16, xii, 1926

(G.E.H.).

3 2 9, Doorns River, between Oudtshoorn and Montagu Pass, 24,

xi, 1925 (G-E-P-).

3, Oudtshoorn Dam, 28, xu, 1926 (G.E.H.).

2, River above Schoeman’s Hoek, Oudtshoorn, 29, xi, 1926

(G.E.H.).

6. Muicronecta druryana n. sp.

Head dark greyish-yellow, with a central brown stripe not reaching

back to its posterior margin and two indefinite brown spots on the

vertex, which may be continued up on to the head as tawny stripes ;

in some specimens these markings are very indistinct. Pronotum

pitchy brown, paler marginally ; scutellum and elytra pitchy brown,

basal margin of clavus paler, corium with traces of darker bands.

Intermediate leg yellow, very shghtly and gradually darkened towards

the apex of the tarsus.

Head slightly narrower, or subequal in width to pronotum and just

over twice as wide as synthlipsis (type 74 : 35).

Pronotum rather less than twice as long as head, just over 23 times

as wide as long, faintly and irregularly transversely rastrate, glabrous

save the convex posterior margin, which is finely pubescent. Scutel-

lum 2-3 as long as pronotum.

Macropterous. Pale line from inner angle of right corium on to

membrane very slightly sigmoid ; subcostal furrow about 35, of length

of elytron.

Intermediate leg with the tarsus from just over 14 to nearly twice

as long as tibia, which is rather shorter to rather longer than claws.

S$. Free portion of the 7th abdominal tergite with a prominent seti-

gerous outer angle, a rounded inner angle, and a slightly concave

posterior border between them. (Plate XXXIV, fig. 6a.)

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 431

Right clasper markedly dilated in the basal half of the shaft and

less so apically, with a well-defined narrowing between the dilations.

(Plate XXXIV, fig. 60.)

Left clasper styliform, somewhat dilated, and with scale-like denti-

culations apically. (Plate XXXIV, fig. 6c.)

Length: 3, 3:0 mm.

2, 3-2 mm.

NortTHERN RHODESIA.

3 3; 2 Q (type, allotype, and paratypes), Katombora, backwater of

Zambesi, 14, vii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE.

3 3, 2 &, Kazungula, mouth of Linyanti River, 14, vii, 1927

(G.E.H.).

3 3, 2 2, Sailodelo, above Kabulabula, Linyanti River, 14, vii, 1927

(G.K.H.). ;

This species is probably common throughout the Linyanti and

Upper Zambesi River systems, and is named in honour of Mr. and

Mrs. Drury of Kasane.

7. Micronecta dorothea n. sp.

Head dirty greenish- or greyish-yellow, with a darker spot on the

vertex, which may be obsolete or may be slightly produced backwards

as a stripe ; pronotum very dark greyish-brown, posterior margin and

scutellum paler; elytra dark greyish-brown, base of clavus con-

colorous with scutellum, corium with faint indications of longitudinal

blotches ; intermediate legs greyish or brownish-yellow, femur paler,

tarsus not darkened apically.

Head and eyes wider than pronotum and just over 1? times as wide

as the synthlipsis.

Pronotum rather shorter than the head and just under 35 times

as wide as long, slightly rugose, disc glabrous, posterior border convex

with very short pubescence.

Scutellum rather more than $ as long again as pronotum.

Macropterous, Pale vein from the inner angle of the right corium

on to the membrane sigmoid. Subcostal furrow { of length of

elytron.

Intermediate leg with the claw and tibia subequal, and the tarsus

13-1? times as long as the latter.

$. Free lobe of 7th abdominal segment with definite setigerous and

432 Annals of the South African Museum.

inner angles both slightly rounded, and with a convex posterior border

between them. (Plate XXXV, fig. 1a.)

Right clasper slightly dilated before the middle and gradually

narrowed throughout the bend. (Plate XXXV, fig. 10.)

Left clasper styliform, flattened, somewhat dilated apically on the

outside, and with small denticulations on the distal half. (Plate

XXXV, fig. Ic.)

Length : 3 mm.

TRANSVAAL,

Randfontein (type, allotype, and paratypes), dam, 8, viii, 1926, and

8, v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Florida, near Johannesburg, 14, viii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Birchleigh, dam, in Potamogeton, 28, iv, 1928 (G.E.H.).

“Pan 2,”’ Lake Banagher, near Lake Chrissie, 8, v, 1928 (G.E.H.).

8. Micronecta butleriana n. sp.

Head yellow, irregularly blotched with orange. Pronotum dark

grey-brown, paler centrally. Elytra dark greyish-brown with a broad

band along the basal margin of the clavus, the base of the corium and

an indefinite area on the membrane pale stramineous, covered with

fine hairs, which are in general dark on the dark regions, pale on the

pale. Intermediate leg yellow, apex of tarsus and base of claw

darkened.

Head slightly wider than the pronotum and about 2 times as wide

as the synthlipsis.

Pronotum % or less as long as the head, rather over 43 times as wide

as long, glabrous, slightly rugose longitudinally, posterior margin

slightly thickened, almost straight or very slightly convex.

Scutellum subequal in length to pronotum.

Brachypterous. Wing reaching just beyond middle of the elytra.

Pale line from internal angle of right corium on to membrane, straight,

confluent with margin of reduced membrane basally. Subcostal

furrow 4 of length of elytron.

Intermediate leg with tibia and claw subequal, tarsus just under

> as long again as either.

3. Free portion of the 7th abdominal tergite with a prominent outer

setigerous angle, a rounded inner angle, and an emarginate posterior

border between them. (Plate XXXV, fig. 2a.)

Right clasper a very little dilated and slightly and evenly bent

subapically. (Plate XXXV, fig. 20.)

bole

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 433

Left clasper styliform, somewhat dilated apically, with scale-like

denticulations in the distal half. (Plate XX XV, fig. 2c.)

Length : 2-0-2-5 mm.

CAPE.

Alice, Tyumie River, 24, 111, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Howieson’s Poort, near Grahamstown, 13, ii, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Debe Nek (type, allotype, and paratypes), stream in forest, near

Mngesha, 14, 01, 1926 (G.E.P.).

East London, reservoir, pools “1 and 2,” Westbank (G.E.P.).

This species is distinguished at once superficially by its piebald

appearance, and is nearly always larger than the variegated forms of

M. piccanin. It is named in honour of the late E. A. Butler, my

master in hemipterology.

The specimens from “ pool 1,” East London, are smaller and paler

than any others, and present a curious contrast when compared with

those from “‘ pool 2.” No sharp distinction, however, can be made

out, and the genitalia show that there is but a single species involved.

The two pools appeared to be identical except in size, “ 2” being

larger, and no environmental influences were obvious that might

account for the differences. (Notebook, G.E.P.).

9. Micronecta monomatapae n. sp.

Head yellow, with a faint longitudinal median tawny stripe. Pro-

notum dark grey-brown with paler margins, at least posteriorly.

Elytra grey-brown with pale pubescence, base of clavus paler, corium

with traces of darker mottling. Intermediate leg yellow, apex of

tarsus darkened.

Head slightly wider than the pronotum and just under 2} times

as wide as the synthlipsis.

Pronotum subequal in length to head, 34-4 times as wide as long,

very finely rugose, posterior border slightly convex. Scutellum some-

what shorter than pronotum.

Macropterous. Pale line from the inner angle of the right corium

on to the membrane almost straight. Subcostal furrow just over }

as long as elytron.

Intermediate leg with tarsus } as long again as tibia, claw slightly

shorter than the latter.

$. Free portion of the 7th abdominal tergite with a prominent

outer setigerous angle, a less well-marked inner angle, and a very

434 Annals of the South African Museum.

slightly concave posterior border between them. (Plate XXXV,

fig. 3a.)

Right clasper not conspicuously dilated nor constricted, except

apically. (Plate XXXV, fig. 30.)

Left clasper styliform, straight, with scale-like denticulations

apically. (Plate XXXV, fig. 3c.)

Length : 1-9-2-0 mm.

SOUTHERN RHODESIA.

3.3 3 (type, paratypes), Khami River, below ruins, near Bulawayo,

27, vi, 4927 (G.E.H.).

2 3 5, Makabusi River, near Salisbury, 3, vii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

The Salisbury specimens differ from the typical series described

above in having slightly longer heads.

10. Micronecta browns n. sp.

Pale greyish-brown, head yellowish or yellow with a slight trace of

a darker or orange longitudinal stripe. Elytra with basal margin of

clavus pale, remainder of clavus with a faintly indicated brown inset

border, corium with about three faint brown longitudinal stripes,

tending to coalesce anteriorly, and obsolete in some specimens.

Intermediate leg yellowish, concolorous throughout.

Head and eyes slightly narrower than the pronotum and about 24

times as wide as the synthlipsis.

Pronotum subequal to, to } as long again as head, and from just

over 23-3 times as wide as long, convex, glabrous, posterior margin

as convex as the anterior.

Scutellum slightly more than $ as long as the pronotum.

Macropterous. Pale line from inner angle of right corium on to

membrane straight. Subcostal furrow about ? of length of elytron.

Intermediate leg with tibia and claws subequal, tarsus $ as long

again as either.

3. Free portion of 7th abdominal tergite with a well-marked seti-

gerous outer angle, a less well-marked inner angle, and a slightly

concave posterior border between them. (Plate XXXV, fig. 4a.)

Right clasper narrow, pointed, slightly dilated subapically. (Plate

XXXV, fig. 40.)

Left clasper styliform, with a scoop-like bend subapically, distal end

with fine denticulations. (Plate XXXV, fig. 4c.)

Length : 2-2-5 mm.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 435

TRANSVAAL.

3 3, 2 @, Barberspan, common at edge of pan, 6, iv, 1928

(G.E.H.).

Soutu-West AFRICA.

435,529 (type, allotype, and paratypes), Kalkfontein, Gr. Nama-

qualand, April 1924 (J. 8. Brown, 8.A.M.).

1 3,29 9, Asab, Gr. Namaqualand, 1924 (J. 8. Brown, 8.A.M.).

SouTHERN RHODESIA.

Matopo Dam, near Bulawayo, 10, vii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Khami River, below ruins near Bulawayo, 10, vii, 1927 (G.H.H.).

This species is easily recognised by the sigmoid apical part of the

left clasper, which in sublateral view is often more pronounced than

in the figure. Externally it cannot be separated from macropterous

precanin.

11. Micronecta quewalepele n. sp.

Head dull yellowish, with a central dark elongate spot on the vertex

and faint brown spots just inside each eye. Pronotum grey-brown ;

base of clavus paler, remainder of clavus with traces of a dark inset

border ; corium with faint confluent longitudinal darker lines. Inter-

mediate leg pale yellow with apex of tarsus slightly darkened.

Head very slightly wider than pronotum and 24 times as wide as

the synthlipsis.

Pronotum very slightly longer than head and about 3% times as

wide as long, finely transversely rugose, with scattered pubescence

best marked on the posterior margin, which is convex.

Scutellum rather shorter than pronotum.

Brachypterous. Wings shred-like, reaching to beyond the middle of

the elytra. Pale line from internal angle of right corium on to mem-

brane nearly straight. Subcostal furrow ;%, of length of elytron.

Intermediate leg with tarsus just under twice as long as tibia, which

is rather shorter than claws.

3S. Free portion of 7th abdominal tergite with very rounded angles

and an indefinite concave border between them. (Plate XXXV,

fig. 5a.)

Right clasper narrowed in its middle and somewhat dilated in its

distal part. (Plate XXXV, fig. 50.)

Left clasper substyliform, wide, with scale-like denticulations in the

distal half, tip rather suddenly bent. (Plate XXXV, fig. 5c.)

Length: 1-7 mm.

436 Annals of the South African Museuin.

CapRivi STRIP.

1 g (type), Linyanti River, between Kasane and Kabulabula,. 14,

vu, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Taken with M. simillima and a single 3 of M. bleekiana in the

shallow region at the edge of the river.

12. Micronecta simallima n. sp.

Head dirty yellowish-grey with a darker median, and two fainter

lateral stripes just internal to each eye. Pronotum grey-brown, basal

margin of clavus paler, remainder of clavus with traces of a dark

inset border, corium with irregular indications of dark longitudinal

lines.

Intermediate leg very pale yellow with faint traces of darkening at

the apex of the tarsus.

Head very slightly wider than pronotum and 23 times as wide as

the synthlipsis.

Pronotum slightly longer than head, 23 times as wide as long,

finely transversely rugose, with scattered pubescence, posterior

margin convex.

Scutellum about § as long as pronotum.

Brachypterous. Pale line from internal angle of right corium on to

membrane, short, almost straight. Subcostal furrow about 7 of

length of elytron.

Intermediate leg with tarsus rather less than twice as long as tibia,

the latter rather shorter than claws.

S$. Free portion of 7th abdominal tergite with a prominent setigerous

outer angle, a rounded and rather feeble inner angle, and-a slightly

concave posterior border between them. (Plate XXXYV, fig. 6a.)

Right clasper with a flange-like dilation in the proximal two-thirds.

(Plate XX XV, fig. 6b.)

Left clasper substyliform, apex markedly sigmoid, broad, form of

tip somewhat variable. (Plate XXXYV, fig. 6c.)

Length : 1-7 mm.

Caprivi STRIP.

3 (type), Linyanti River, between Kasane and Kabulabula, 14, vu,

1927 (G.E.H.).

SOUTHERN RHODESIA.

53 ¢ 3, Khami River, below ruins near Bulawayo, 21, vi, 1927

(G.E.H).

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 437

The type was taken with the type of M. quewalepele, a single 3

of M. bleekiana, and four 2 °. The latter, which from their size

might belong to either of the two former, are almost certainly

referable to semallima, with which they agree in the width of the

synthlipsis. The pronota in these specimens are 27—3 times as wide

as long, 7.e. intermediate between the types of simallama and quewale-

pele. Both these characters are probably variable, and it is dangerous

to attempt to name females in mixed series, or to attempt a separa-

tion of such from M. picecanin f. piceanin.

13. Mucronecta bleekiana n. sp.

Head pale greyish-yellow with an indefinite tawny stripe on the

vertex, or with a brown stripe and two tawny patches just within

the eyes; pronotum and elytra light brownish-grey ; the posterior

margin of the former pale, clavus with an anterior pale margin,

remainder with traces of a darker inset border, corium with indications

of four confluent longitudinal darker bands; intermediate leg pale

yellow ; tip of tarsus and base of claw greyish.

Head slightly narrower than the pronotum and rather under 24

times as wide as the synthlipsis (type 51 : 22).

Pronotum about 25 times as wide as long, distinctly longer than

the head, very minutely rugose, slightly and very finely pubescent,

posterior margin convex.

Scutellum about 4 as long as the pronotum.

Macropterous. Pale line from internal angle of right corium on to

membrane almost straight. Subcostal furrow about ;5 of length of

elytron.

Intermediate leg with tarsus $ as long again as tibia or rather

less, claw a little shorter than the latter.

3S. Free portion of 7th abdominal segment gradually narrowed pos-

teriorly towards the setigerous lobe with very little indication of an

internal angle. (Plate XXXV, fig. 7a.)

Right clasper very slightly dilated in the basal part of the shaft.

(Plate XXXV, fig. 7b.)

Left clasper somewhat flattened basally, slightly bent and grooved

apically, the distal half ornamented with small scale-like denticula-

tions. (Plate XX XV, fig. 7c.)

Length : 2-5 mm.

438 Annals of the South African Museum.

CaprRivi STRIP.

3 (type), 29 Q (allotype and 4 paratypes), vlei at Kabulabula, Lin-

yanti River, 16, vii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

3, Linyanti River, between Kasane and Kabulabula, 14, vii, 1927

(G.E.H.).

SouTHERN RHODESIA.

3, 2 2, Drift over Hunyani River, near Salisbury, 3, vi, 1927

(G.E.H.).

3 3,29, Makabusi River, near Salisbury, 3, vii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

NorTHERN TRANSVAAL.

3 3, 2 9, Limpopo River, Main Drift near Messina, 28, vi, 1927

(G.E.H.).

Named in honour of Miss D. F. Bleek, to whom I am indebted for

much valuable information relating to the country of the Upper

Zambesi.

14. Micronecta citharistia nu. sp.

Head yellow with a longitudinal brown stripe, which is somewhat

dilated on the vertex; pronotum grey-brown; elytra grey-brown,

base of clavus paler, remainder of clavus with a faint and irregular

inset darker border, corium with two obsolescent longitudinal lines

anastomosing to form faint blotches basally, centrally, and apically,

and a darker suffusion near the inner angle, all very faint ; inter-

mediate leg pale yellow, hardly, if at all, darker at the apex of the

tarsus.

Head as wide as, or a little wider than, the pronotum and about

2+ times as wide as the synthlipsis.

Pronotum slightly shorter than the head, 3-34 times as wide as

long, glabrous, shghtly irregularly rugose, posterior margin convex.

Scutellum from 14-1? times as long as pronotum.

Brachypterous. Wings reaching to about second third of abdomen ;

pale line from internal angle of right corium on to membrane practically

straight. Subcostal furrow ;°, of length of elytron.

Intermediate leg with tarsus about $ as long again as the tibia

and 14-14 times as long as the claw.

S. Free portion of 7th abdominal tergite with a well-marked

outer setigerous angle, a very rounded inner angle, and no definite

border between them. (Plate XXXVI, fig. la.)

Right clasper very slightly dilated beyond middle and very little

bent. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 1b.)

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 439

Left clasper very broad and flattened, with well-developed basal

lobes, apex minutely denticulate. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 1c.)

ORANGE FREE STATE.

Knoffelspruit, Rouxville dist., pool in stream, 8, v, 1928 (G.H.P.).

Diep Kloof, Rouxville dist., pool in stream, 9, v, 1928 (G.H.P.).

CAPE.

Pool in stream below Cango Caves, Oudtshoorn dist., 29, xu, 1926

(G.E.H.).

Teafontein, near Grahamstown, Sept. 1910 (Nurse A. M. Leppan).

Debe Nek, Mngesha River, 2, iii, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Dordrecht, Wodehouse dist., dam 2 miles east of, 30, iv, 1928

(Gane):

TRANSVAAL.

(Type, allotype, and paratypes), Fonteinblaauw, near Johannesburg,

va, 1926; and 9) iv, 1927 (Gu H.):

Dunswart, Boksburg dist., 15, v, 1927.

The specimens from Teafontein are paler, have slightly longer

heads, and a rather short, broad, external basal lobe on the left

clasper. The occurrence of typical specimens at Debe Nek makes it

unsafe to distinguish their form as a southern race.

My attention was first drawn to this species in the Klein Yokskei

River at Fonteinblaauw by hearing its stridulation, which is similar

to that of Micronecta minutissima.

15. Micronecta uvarovi Jacz.

Micronecta uvarovi Jaczewski, 1926, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), xx,

p. 494 (figs.).

Head yellow, with a central tawny stripe and two faint brownish

spots just internal to each eye; pronotum greyish-brown, paler pos-

teriorly ; scutellum greyish-brown; elytra brownish-grey, anterior

margin of clavus paler, remainder of clavus with traces of an inset

border, corium with very faint linear dark markings; intermediate

leg yellow, slightly darkened at apex of tarsus.

Head very slightly narrower than pronotum, just over 2} times as

wide as synthlipsis.

Pronotum just under 4 as long again as head and just over 24

times as wide as long, slightly flattened centrally, with indications of

a faint longitudinal carina, minutely and irregularly rugose, finely

pubescent, posterior margin convex.

440 Annals of the South African Museum.

Scutellum slightly shorter than head.

Macropterous. Pale line from internal angle of right corium on to

membrane straight. Subcostal furrow 33, of length of elytron.

Intermediate leg with tarsus about 1} times as long as tibia, which

is slightly longer than claws.

S$. Free portion of 7th abdominal tergite with a well-defined rounded

setigerous outer angle, a very rounded inner angle, and a short,

indefinite, concave border between them. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 2a.)

Right clasper much dilated subapically. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 2b.)

Left clasper with shaft flat, subtriangular, apico-externally, with a

few minute spines. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 2c.)

Length :. 2-2 mm. (2-5 mm., fide Jaczewski).

NatTAL.

(Type and paratypes), Weenen, xi, 1923 to i, 1924 (Thomaset, fide

Jaczewski).

SouTHERN RHODESIA.

3, Drift over Hunyani River near Salisbury, 3, vii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

My specimen was associated with three specimens of M. bleekvana,

with which it might easily be confused superficially. The genitalia

are very distinctive, and have allowed me to identify the Salisbury

individual described above with Jaczewski’s species, of which he has

figured these organs.

16. Mucronecta precanin un. sp.

Brachypterous form.—Head pale yellow with a median longitudinal

tawny line; pronotum grey-brown; scutellum yellowish-grey ;

elytra grey-brown, base of clavus yellowish-grey, corio-claval suture

narrowly black, outer margin of membrane often darkened ; inter-

mediate leg pale yellow, apex of tarsus and base of claw slightly

darkened ; abdomen below yellowish-grey in 9, dark except apically

in 6.

Head slightly wider than the pronotum and 2} times as wide as the

synthlipsis.

Pronotum 34-44 times as wide as long and about # as long as the

head, glabrous, slightly transversely wrinkled, posterior border very

slightly convex.

Scutellum almost as long as pronotum.

Wing rudiments reaching to about the second third of the abdomen,

pale line from inner angle of right corium on to membrane sub-

obsolete. Subcostal furrow 2 of length of elytron.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 441

Intermediate leg with tarsus about twice as long as the tibia or a

little less, claws from rather longer than tibia to $4 as long again

(type, 5: 10: 7-5).

$. Free portion of 7th abdominal tergite with the outer setigerous

angle obsolete, the posterior part being formed from the inner angle,

which is rounded. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 3a.)

Right clasper with a flange-like dilation along the shaft, the apical

part of which appears straight. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 30.)

Left clasper styliform, apex membranous. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 3c.)

Lt nom:

Macropterous form.—Head about ? as long as pronotum, the latter

about 23 times as wide aslong. Membrane and wings fully developed ;

pale line from internal angle of right corium on to the former slightly

curved posteriorly. Subcostal furrow 4 of length of elytron.

Length : 2-2 mm.

This species is exceedingly variable in colour. The following names

are proposed for colour forms.

form piccanin. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 5.)

The typical form has been described above—some slight departure

from this coloration occurs in most series of individuals which must

undoubtedly be considered as belonging to this form. Usually some

individuals are found which have two linear spots on the corium more

or less dark. These spots foreshadow the heavier black pigmentation

of the forms audax and perversa described below. They occur in all

the longer series mentioned below, save from Debe Nek. The Pirie

Forest specimens are uniformly rather different from any others ;

the ground colour of the elytra is pale, there are two spots on

the clavus and several on the corium. Examination of material from

Swellendam and Ceres suggests that the black spots tend to be better de-

veloped on the corium of macropterous than brachypterous specimens.

None of these forms is sufficiently well marked to require varietal

names.

The typical form seems to be absent from the Cape Peninsula and

Flats. The most westerly specimen, recorded from Paarl below, has

black on the corium, and is transitional to F. audax, with which it

occurred.

CAPE.

brachypt., Paarl, Mountain Reservoir, 22, xi, 1927 (L.M.S.).

brachypt., Du Toit’s Kloof, 16, iv, 1927 (L.M.S.).

VOL. XXV, PART 3. 29

442 Annals of the South African Museum.

6 macr., 1 brachypt., Wolseley, Ceres Road, stream, 9, xii, 1926

(G.E.H.).

brachypt., Ceres, 9, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

3 macr., 8 brachypt., Swellendam, 16-17, xu, 1926 (G.E.H.).

brachypt., Oudtshoorn River, 28, xu, 1926 (G.E.H.).

brachypt., below Cango Caves, 29, xii, 1926 (G.H.H.).

brachypt., river above Schoeman’s Hoek, 29, xu, 1926 (G.H.H.).

brachypt., Avontuur, 6, 1, 1927 (G.E.H.).

brachypt., Assegaibosch, Kromme River, 8, 1, 1927 (G.E.H.).

brachypt., Alice, 24, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

brachypt. (type, allotype, and paratypes), Debe Nek, stream in

forest,.27, 1, 1927 (G2HP:).

brachypt., Pirie Forest, second drift above dam, 19, 1, 1926

(GaHaPs)s

TRANSVAAL.

brachypt., Randfontein, 8, vin, 1926 (G.H.H.).

brachypt., Witpoortje, Krugersdorp div., 2, iv, 1927 (G.E.H.).

1 macr., Rivonia, near Johannesburg, 7, xi, 1926 (G.E.H.).

2 macr., 3 brachypt., Northumbria, near Johannesburg, 6, 1, 1927.

brachypt., Fonteinblaauw, near Johannesburg, 9, iv, 1927 (G.E.H.).

2 macr., 21 brachypt., Waterval Boven, river, 16, iv, 1927 (G.H.H.).

brachypt., Louis Trichardt, irrigation trench and dam, 21-24, v,

1927 (G.E.H.).

2 macr., Louis Trichardt, drift over stream, 26, v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

NATAL.

1 brachypt., Ifafa, 26, x, 1926 (C. Ackerman, Natal Museum).

SouTHERN RHODESIA.

brachypt., Zimbabwe, stream, 8, vii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

form pardina n. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 6.)

Clavus with small black spots, particularly in its anterior part ;

corium with black spots arranged roughly in four or five irregular

rows, and partially confluent in some specimens.

CAPE.

3 3, 2 2, brachypt., Durbanville Flats, 30, v, 1927 (L.M.S8.).

3, 2Q, brachypt., Cape Flats (S.A.M.).

2, macr. (type), Swellendam, dam near station, 16, xu, 1926

(G.E.H.).

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 443

form tegrina n. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 7.)

Sublateral parts of pronotum, a stripe on clavus along the corio-

claval suture and three stripes on the corium black.

CAPE.

2, brachypt. (type), Alice, Tyumie River, 23, ii, 1926 (G.E.P.).

form audax n. (Plate XXXVII, fig. 1.)

Sublateral parts of pronotum, posterior angle of clavus, corio-claval

suture, an elongate spot in the anterior angle of corium, two confluent

spots on the corium, the outer one more anterior, and the membrane

subapically, black.

CaPE.

3 3, 2 2, brachypt., Kirstenbosch, pool in Nat. Botanic Garden,

5, i, 1927 (L.M.S.).

3, 2, brachypt. (type and allotype), Grabouw, Palmiet River, 7, iv,

1926 (G.E.P.).

1 3,2 2 9, Paarl, Mountain Reservoir, 22, x, 1927 (L.M.S.).

2, brachypt., Ceres, 9, xii, 1926 (G.H.H.).

A single specimen from Zimbabwe has the heavy corial markings of

the succeeding two forms, but the clavus has no basal black spot.

The apical spot, however, is very diffuse, and covers the greater part

of the clavus. The other specimens in the series are piccanin.

form variegata n. (Plate XX XVII, fig. 2.)

As audaz, but with a black blotch at the base of the clavus as well

as in its posterior angles. Corial markings confluent, solid, and

heavier.

CaPE.

3 5,22, brachypt. (type, allotype, and paratypes), Swellendam.

23 3,222, brachypt., George, Zwart River, 19, xii, 1926 (G.H.H.).

The specimens from George show partial confluence of the claval

spots and are therefore transitional to nigroclavata.

form nigroclavata n. (Plate XX XVII, fig. 3.)

As variegata, but with clavus entirely black save a narrow line

along the corio-claval suture.

444 Annals of the South African Museum.

CAPE.

3 3, 2 & (type, allotype, and paratypes), Wittelsbosch, backwater

of a river among Palmiet, 9, 1, 1927 (G.E.H.).

3 3, 2 2, Assegaibosch, Kromme River, 8, 1, 1927 (G.E.H.).

In the Wittelsbosch series three specimens among twenty-two

are macropterous.

form perversa n. (Plate XXXVII, fig 4.)

Spot in posterior angle of clavus, corio-claval suture, a short line

just within the latter on the corium and an irregular inset triangular

border to the remainder of the latter black.

CAPE.

3 3, 2 2 (type, allotype, and paratypes), Assegaibosch, Kromme

River and Stream, 8-12, i, 1927.

A curious and very large brachypterous individual may be mentioned

here. Though 2-5 mm. long it appears to belong to prccanin, its

3 genitalia being quite characteristic. The corio-claval suture is

markedly dark, and there is a black border to the rest of the internal

as well as the external border of the corium; the clavus is unmarked.

Its colour pattern on the whole suggests an intermediate between

perversa and typical piccanin, the markings of the cortum are more

peripheral than in the former (Debe Nek, stream in forest, 27, iii,

1926 (G.E.P.)).

It will be noted from the foregoing that a definite series of forms

audax, variegata, and nigroclavata occur in the coastal region of the

Cape Province along with typical pccanin, and that the darkest

member of the series occurs in the east, while the least dark is found

in the west. The other forms appear to be distributed sporadically,

though pardina is apparently racial on the Cape Flats. This insect

would probably lend itself to genetical research.

17. Muicronecta youngiana n. sp.

Head dull yellow; pronotum greyish-brown, paler marginally ;

elytra grey-brown, base of clavus paler, apical angle of clavus with

a faint darker cloud, external part of corium greyish-yellow with a

dark cloud in the middle of the margin, disc of cortum with two ill-

defined, broad, linear, darker markings; intermediate leg pale

yellowish, apex of tarsus and claw brownish.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa. 445

Head subequal in width to pronotum and just over twice as wide

as the synthlipsis.

Pronotum 34-3? times as wide as long and distinctly longer than head,

glabrous, very faintly rugose, posterior margin very slightly convex.

Scutellum }-2 as long as pronotum.

Macropterous. Pale line from inner angle of right corium on to

membrane slightly sigmoid. Subcostal furrow 2 of length of elytron.

Intermediate leg with tibia subequal to, or a little longer than, the

claws; tarsus twice as long as the latter or a little less.

S. Free portion of 7th abdominal tergite with a very well-developed,

acutely-rounded, internal angle, and an obsolete setigerous angle.

(Plate XXXVI, fig. 4a.)

Right clasper very flattened. (Plate XXXVI, fig. 40.)

Left clasper strongly sigmoid, chitinised throughout. (Plate

XXXVI, fig. 4c.)

TRANSVAAL.

23 35,5292, Waterval Boven, edge of river, 15, iv, 1927.

This species occurred with M. piccanin at one locality between the

hotel and the waterfall. Collections of piccanin made at other spots

along the river show no admixture with youngiana. The latter may be

roughly separated in the field by its sightly more variegated coloration.

I have much pleasure in associating this species with my friend

Mr. R. G. N. Young, who was present at its capture.

Subfam. CorRIXINAE.

This subfamily includes moderate-sized or small species included in

rather more than a dozen genera, of which but two are South African.

1. (2) Pronotum and elytra unicolorous.

Anterior femur with simple pubescence basally in both sexes.

Strigil borne on a posterior projection of the 6th abdominal tergite,

which overlaps the 8th . : : . Agraptocorica Kirk.

2. (1) Pronotum and elytra with leak transverse markings. 3 with

a stridulatory area of modified hairs on the inside of the anterior

femur. Strigil hardly overlapping the 7th abdominal tergite.

Sigara F.

Agraptocoriza Kirk.

Coriza (Agraptocoriza) Kirkaldy, 1898, Ann. Mus. Civ. Sto. Nat.

Genov. (ii), xix, p. 144.

fe - Bs 1899, Entom., xxxii, p. 194.

446 Annals of the South African Museum.

Agraptocorixa Kirkaldy, 1906, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., xxxii, p. 117.

i. Jaczewski, 1926, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat.,

Veulanpalioe

0 - 1926, Lbid., v, u, p. 94.

53 ss 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), xx, p. 439.

Pronotum and elytra unicolorous. Pronotum lightly and irregu-

larly rugose. LElytra neither rastrate nor punctate. Inner boundary

of left membrane well defined. Posterior tarsi pale throughout.

Anterior femur with a simple pubescent basal area in both sexes.

Strigil present on a posterior projection of the right side of the 6th

abdominal segment, overlapping the 8th tergite. Moderate to large

species (6-11 mm. long).

This genus is recorded from Somaliland (gestroc Kirkaldy), Sudan

(dakarica Jacz.), and French Senegal (senegalensis Jacz. and dakarica

Jacz.) in Africa, from Madagascar (impicta Bergr.*), and from India,

Java, and Sumatra in the Oriental Region (hyalinipennis F.). A

single new species is found in Africa south of the Zambesi. For a

further discussion of the genus, see Jaczewski (1926, l.c., p. 94).7

Agraptocoriza swierstrat n. sp.

S. Head yellowish, posterior dorsal margin dark brown. Noto-

cephalon with a row of irregularly placed punctures along the inner

margin of the eye running down into the face, and another row

more central to this, which becomes irregular and obsolete on

the face.

Face with a flattened area below and extending a little up between

the eyes, covered with long, fine, pale hairs. (Plate XX XVII, fig. 5.)

Pronotum nearly twice as wide as long; lateral angles acute, with

a faint, low, longitudinal carina which does not reach the anterior

margin; greyish-yellow, without markings, lightly punctured with a

vestiture of short sparsely-placed hairs, which are longer than the rest.

Scutellum just exposed behind the pronotum between the bases of

the elytra, somewhat pubescent.

* Kirkaldy (Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr., 1899, p. 104) refers to C. impicta Bergroth

in litt., and states that it belongs to Agraptocorixa. I regret I am unable to find

any description of this species, and suspect impicta to be a nomen nudum.

+ Lundblad (Ark. fér Zool., 20a, No. 6, 1928) has recently placed the Australian

Porocoriza Hale as a synonym of Agraptocoriza Kirk. This renders my generic

diagnosis partially invalid, as some of the Australian species do not exhibit the

specialised posterior position of the strigil.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 447

Elytra dark greyish-yellow, without markings, covered with a

vestiture of short and conspicuous hairs.

Wings developed.

Anterior trochanter without a hair pencil; femur with inner

surface pubescent in the proximal half, distal half with small spines

which at the boundary of the pubescence are modified to form a

short comb of about four spines, while two are enlarged at the apical

end; external surface of femur pubescent except apically. Pala over

twice as long as tibia, very flat, wide, and pointed, with a row of

seventeen to twenty pegs; claw serrated basally. (Plate XX XVII,

fig. 8.)

Intermediate legs with short spines, tarsus rather less than $ as

long as tibia and about ? as long as the claw (type 61 : 34: 43).

Posterior femur dorsally with a longitudinal band of spinous hairs

near the inner margin in the distal part (Plate XX XVII, fig. 6) ;

ventrally with proximal pubescent area, and distal non-pubescent

area with short spines enlarged to form a spine row on the outer

margin (Plate XX XVII, fig. 7); inner margin with a group of about

four spines and a tuft of hairs subapically.

Strigil on the right-hand side, borne on a posterior projection of the

6th abdominal tergite, which reaches back and lies over part of the

8th tergite (Plate XX XVII, fig. 9); irregularly ovoid, with nine rows

of plates (Plate XX XVII, fig. 10).

Right clasper broad, rather short, and styliform. (Plate XX XVII,

fig. 12.)

Left clasper large and beak-shaped. (Plate XX XVII, fig. 13.)

2 head as in 3, but with hairy area not flattened.

Pala narrower and without pegs.

Xyphus very small and obtusely rounded (damaged by pinning in

33). (Plate XXXVII, fig. 11.)

Length : 9-10 mm.

PORTUGUESE Hast AFRICA.

233,72 2 (type, allotype, and paratypes), Magude, 16, vii, 1915,

C. J. Swierstra (T.M.).

This species would be determined as A. senegalensis in Jaczewski’s

key. From this species it differs only in the greater number of comb

plates in the strigil (9 instead of 5). Both differ from gestroi Kirkaldy

in having the intermediate claws longer than the tarsus. A. dakarica

Jacz. is a much smaller species (1. 7 mm.) with obtuse lateral pronotal

angles.

448 Annals of the South African Museum.

Sigara Fabr.

Sagara Fabricius, 1775, Systema Entcmologiae, p. 691,

A Schumacher, 1924, D. Ent. Zeit., 1924, p. 337.

Jaczewski, 1927, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., vi, 1,

p- 39.

Arctocorisa Wallengren, 1894, Ent. Tidskv., p. 159.

Callicoriza Jaczewski, 1924, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., T. iu,

Z. 1-2, p. 29.

Pronotum and elytra yellow and black or dark brown, marked in

transverse stripes or irregular guttulations. Pronotum rastrate,

elytra rastrate or smooth, never punctate.

Posterior tarsi usually pale throughout. Strigil, if present, on the

right side of the 6th abdominal tergite of the g, and hardly, if at all,

overlapping the 7th.

Medium-sized species, 5-10 mm. long.

The genus Sigara as now understood (Jaczewski, l.c.) has been

divided into two subgenera by Jaczewski, one the typical Sigara, the

other Anticoriza Jacz. (Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., ii, 1-2, p.

76), containing certain Palaearctic species (sahlbergi Fieb., linnaer

Fieb., moesta Fieb., etc.) which resemble Coriza in a number of char-

acters, particularly the trapezoidal lateral lobes of the prothorax,

and undoubtedly form a natural group. This same author sinks

Callicoriza B.-W.in Sigara Fabr. Such a course is entirely justified by

his discovery of a species, S. jensen-haarupt, from the Argentine (L.c.,

vi, 3, p. 253), in which there is no strigil, but which is clearly, from

the shape of its right paramere, more closely allied to the other Neo-

tropical species than to the group of Palaearctic ones formerly placed

in the separate genus Callicoriza. It is, however, possible that the

latter should be retained as a subgeneric name for S. praeusta Fieb.

and its allies. The same author has also arranged the remaining

Palaearctic species in a number of groups, but none of the Ethiopian

forms known to me belong to any of these. The very broad-toothed

right parameres, moreover, suggest a much closer alliance between

the African forms and those described by Jaczewski from South

America (l.c., vi, 1, p. 3; 11, 3, p. 251). There is a tendency among

these Neotropical and Ethiopian species for the rastration to be

obsolete over part or all of the elytra and pronotum.

Relatively few species of Segara are known from the Ethiopian

region, and but four have occurred in South Africa.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 449

Key to the South African Species of Sigara (s.str.) Fabr.

1. (2) Pubescence on the distal part of the under surface of the posterior femur not

reaching the centre of the latter in the mid-line meridionalis (Wallgr.).

2. (1) Pubescence on distal part of the under surface of the posterior femur reach-

ing at least to the centre in the mid-line. Head not produced forward.

. (4) Larger 6-5-7 mm. long. Pala of the ¢ darkened externally sjdstedti (Kirk.).

ist)

4, (3) Smaller 5-6 mm. long.

5. (6) Pronotum with eight pale transverse lines. Facial impression of the g with

a median tubercle on its upper border . 5 contortuplicata (Kirk.).

6. (5) Pronotum with seven pale transverse lines. Facial impression of g without

a tubercle . : ; : 6 : : 0 . ceres N. Sp.

1. Sugara (S.) sj6stedti (Kirk.).*

Arctocorisa sjéstedti Kirkaldy, 1910, Wiss. Erg. Schwed. Exp. Kili-

mandjaro, etc. II Gerridae, Corixidae, and

Notonectidae, p. 12.

? Corisa pectoralis Fieber, 1851, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss., v, p. 52.

Head yellow or brownish ; pronotum black with about eight pale

transverse lines, some of the first five usually divided, anastomosed,

or broken; elytra black; clavus with entire yellow transverse lines

anteriorly, the rest of its area, the corium, and the right membrane

with very fragmented vermiculate yellow lines which are not arranged

in longitudinal series, cuneus with a little dark marking, left membrane

less strongly marked than right externo-basally, fading to milky interno-

apically ; thorax and abdomen below pale testaceous yellow, some-

times clouded with grey.

Head with vertex anteriorly obtusely rounded, posterior margin

slightly produced backwards in the mid-dorsal line.

Pronotum about 1% times as wide as long, rounded posteriorly,

lateral angles very obtuse, median longitudinal carina traceable

through one-half to the whole of its length, rastrate.

Elytra with a vestiture of sparsely placed hairs; clavus but not

corium rastrate.

Xyphus acute but rounded apically. (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 1b.)

Intermediate leg with the claw about 14 times as long as the tarsus,

which is about 2 as long as the tibia.

Posterior femur dorsally with a well-marked subtransverse row

of hairs basally and a couple of small spines in the distal region ;

anterior margin with about four well-developed spines distally ;

posterior margin with a row of about four spines and long hairs sub-

apically ; ventrally with the pubescent proximal area reaching the

* Since the above was written, Lundblad (Ark. for Zool., 20a, No. 8, 1928) has

published an exhaustive redescription of this species.

450 Annals of the South African Museum.

middle in the mid-line, with a few scattered spines near the posterior

margin in the glabrous distal part. (Plate XX XIX, fig. la and 6.)

3. Facial impression moderate, extending up and slightly narrowed

between the eyes, reaching to about § the length of the interocular

space as seen from below ; anterior margin indefinite, without carina,

tubercle, or thickening. (Plate XX XVIII, fig. la.)

Anterior trochanter without a hair pencil.

Pala somewhat arched, narrowed apically, with a curved row of

about twenty-five teeth, posterior part blackened.

Strigil elongate with four to five rowsofteeth. (Plate X XXVIII, fig. 1c.)

Right clasper with an irregular crest and ventrally toothed apex.

(Plate XX XVIII, fig. 5.)

Length : 6-5-7 mm.

CAPE.

Constantia Nek, 15, xi, 1926 (L.M.S.).

Lakeside Vlei, 19, 1, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Grabouw, Palmiet River, 7, iv, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Wellington, pools, 15, v, 1927 (L.MLS.).

Wolseley, small stream, 5, xu, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Ceres, 5-6, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Swellendam, 12, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Oudtshoorn, river above Schoeman’s Hoek, 29, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Knysna, pond, 21, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Parkers Sta., Knysna Forest, 22, xii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Avontuur, pond, 6, 1, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Wittelsbosch, Humansdorp div., 11, 1, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Blaauwkrantz Valley, near Bathurst, 9, iii, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Pirie Mission, pool in stream bed, 2, ii, 1926 (G.E.P.).

TRANSVAAL.

Randfontein, dam, 8, vii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Witpoortie, Krugersdorp dist., 12, ix, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Waterval Boven, pool near river, 15, iv, 1927 (G.H.H.).

Lake Chrissie, pool in dried stream bed, 9, v, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Moordrift, Waterberg dist., ix, 1924 (G. van Dam, T.M.).

Plat River, Waterberg dist., 6-18, iv, 1905 (C. J. Swierstra, T.M.).

Limpopo River, pool in river bed, Main Drift near Messina, 28,

v, 1927 (G.E.H.).

SOUTHERN RHODESIA.

Khami River, below ruins near Bulawayo, 27, vi, 1927 (G.H.H.).

Nyombi, on Fort Victoria-Gwelo Railway, 5, vi, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Great Zimbabwe, 7, vu, 1927 (G.E.H.).

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 451

South African material appears to be indistinguishable from a series

from Kampala, Uganda, sent to me by Mr. G. L. R. Hancock, which

I have no hesitation in identifying with Szgara (S.) sjéstedta Kirk. The

type came from the Kilimandjaro region. Fieber’s pectoralis is

described from a 3 in the Berlin Museum and is probably conspecific,

in which case the name has priority over sjéstedtt. It is stated to

have the body below an ochreous white with a black centre to the

xyphus. This coloration I have never seen in sjéstedti, but Sigara

is a notoriously variable genus. The palae in pectoralis are described

in these words, “ palis cultratis, basi non productis, dorso arcuatis,

nigrofuscis,’ which answers tolerably well to those of sjdstedtv.

Fieber’s figure of the pala, however, shows an elongate narrow

structure unlike the face of that of any Si:gara known to me, and I

cannot help thinking that the drawing represents the organ edge on.

Fieber’s locality is ‘““Promontorium Bonae Spei,” an indefinite term ;

the type presumably still exists at Berlin,* and its examination would

at once show if my suspected synonymy is correct.

2. Sagara (S.) meridionalis (Wallgr.).

Corisa meridionalis Wallengren, 1875, Defr. Ak. Vet. Foérk., xxxiii,

p. 136.

Head dark brown ; pronotum black with seven to eight pale lines,

the anterior ones tending to divide and anastomose; elytra black

with yellow markings, clavus with yellow transverse markings, entire,

anteriorly fragmented, and sometimes forming three longitudinal series

posteriorly ; corium with very fragmented yellow markings sometimes

broken into four ill-defined longitudinal series, inner angle of corium

black ; suture of membrane narrowly brown, right membrane with .

fragmented vermiculate markings, left membrane paler, fading to

yellowish interno-apically. Greyish-yellow below, base of abdomen

darker. Pronotum 1/ times as wide as long, posteriorly obtusely

rounded ; lateral angles subrectangular ; carina conspicuous on the

anterior fifth or quarter, just traceable posteriorly ; rastrate.

Elytra with a conspicuous vestiture of sparsely placed hairs ;

clavus feebly but distinctly rastrate ; corium not rastrate.

Intermediate tarsus about # as long as the claws, which are slightly

shorter than the tibia. Posterior femur dorsally with a few hairs

* Dr. Lundblad (in iti.) informs me that the type is lost but that the Fieberian

collection contains sjéstedti from the Cape, collected ‘“‘ by Krebs . . . who collected

pectoralis there.” He agrees that the former species should be treated as a synonym

of the latter.

452 Annals of the South African Museum.

basally and a row of about five spines distally near the posterior

border ; anterior border with three spines in its distal half ; posterior

border with a row of about four spines and long hairs subapically ;

ventrally with proximal pubescent area not reaching the middle in

the mid-line, area covered with spines except at its anterior margin.

(Plate XX XIX, fig. 2.)

Xyphus subequilateral, apex obtusely rounded. (Plate XX XVIII,

fig. 2b.)

3. Head produced in front between the eyes as a rounded subacute

prominence, about } as long as the median length of the noto-

cephalon between the eyes ; slightly produced backward in the mid-

dorsal Jine. (Plate XX XIX, fig. 5.)

Facial impression elongate ovoid; extending almost to the anterior

margin of the produced head and fairly deep, particularly in its

anterior half; with two slightly raised elongate areas in its posterior

half; anterior edge definite, but without tubercle or carina. (Plate

XXXVIII, fig. 2a.)

Pala elongate cultrate, slightly bent upwards and downwards on

either side of the mid-line, with a single row of about twenty-three

pegs (Plate XX XIX, fig. 8). Anterior trochanter without a hair pencil.

Strigil ovoid, with four to five tooth rows. (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 2c.)

Right clasper suddenly dilated subapically, gradually and then

suddenly constricted with a large tooth-like angle within the apex.

(Plate XX XVIII, fig. 6.)

Length: 3, 6-6-3 mm.

Q, 7-7-5 mm.

CAPE.

Constantia Nek, 19, xi, 1926 (L.M.S.).

Lakeside Vlei, Cape Flats, 11, 1x, 1926; 9, x, 1926 (L.M.S.) ; 195 1

1927 (G.E.H.)

Princess Vlei, Cape Flats, 12,1, 1927 (G E H.).

Zeekoe Vlei, Cape Flats, weedy pool, 24, x, 1926 (L.M.S.).

Ronde Vlei, Cape Flats, 20, 1, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Athlone, Cape Flats, pools near sewage farm, 9, iv, 1927 (L.M.S.).

Durbanville, Cape Flats, 30, iv, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Swellendam, dams, 16-17, xu, 1927 (G.E.H.).

George, dam, 26, xii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Knysna, pond and slow stream, 20-21, xu, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Assegaibosch, dam, 13, 1, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Kimberley, 1, vi, 1912 (S.A.M., Power).

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 453

Potfontein, 3, vi, 1927 (L.M.S.).

Klober, Setagoli dist., dam, 1, 1927 (Miss B. P. Lamb).

~ Stormberg, Albert dist., dam, 28, iv, 1928 (G.H.P.).

Dordrecht, Wodehouse dist., 30, iv, 1928 (G.E.P.).

Buffelsfontein, Wodehouse dist., 29, iv, 1928 (G.E.P.).

ORANGE FREE STATE.

Orangia, Smithfield, 1910 (S.A.M., Kannemeyer).

TRANSVAAL.

Christiana (Wallengren type).

Avenue, Boksburg dist., pan, 6, v, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Reitfontein, Boksburg dist., large pan, 27, iv, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Breyten, pan at Bothasrust, 27, 1, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Rooiplatt, Pretoria dist., 20-23, 11, 1920 (Dr. Breyer, T.M.).

Lake Chrissie, dead 2 on shore, 25, 11, 1928 (G.E.H.); 1 2, shallow

water, north end, 19, v, 1928 (G.E.P.).

Pan 3, Lake Banagher, near Lake Chrissie, Ermelo dist., 18, v,

1928 (G.E.H.).

This species appears to be confined to the western and central parts

of South Africa. It is found living, as at Rondeviei and Pan 3, Lake

Banagher, in waters far more salt than recorded for any other South

African species. While the specimens from the former locality are

normal, 2¢ ¢ and 299, from the latter pan, which is less salt, are

very small (g, 5-8 mm.; 9, 6-1 mm.).

3. Sigara (S.) contortuplicata (Kirk.).

Coriza contortuplicata Kirkaldy, 1908, Entom., 41, p. 15.

Corisa irrorata Fieber, 1851, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss., v,

p. 52; nec H.S. 1850 (fide Kirkaldy).

Wallengren, 1875, Oefv. Ak. For., xxxiti,

p. 135.

Arctocorisa hieroglyphica Hesse, 1925, Ann. 8.Afr. M., xxi, p. 137.

Head yellow to brown; pronotum black with eight pale lines

slightly split, anastomosing, or broken; elytra with clavus black with

yellow transverse lines, which are entire anteriorly and very frag-

mented posteriorly; corium with yellow fragmented vermiculate

markings, the black breaks forming a longitudinal line near the

internal angle, which is black; membrane suture very narrowly

brownish, right membrane dark with vermiculate yellow markings,

left membrane less dark in its externo-basal half, fading to milky in

its interno-apical half.

454 Annals of the South African Museum.

Head obtusely rounded anteriorly, slightly but definitely produced

backward in the mid-dorsal line.

Pronotum 14 times as wide as long, rounded posteriorly, lateral

angles obtuse, median longitudinal carina well marked in the anterior

third, hardly traceable posteriorly, rastrate.

Elytra with a vestiture of sparsely placed short hairs ; clavus with

faint indications of rastration, which is absent from the corium.

Xyphus subequilateral and somewhat rounded apically. (Plate

- XXXVIII, fig. 35.)

Intermediate leg with tarsus rather shorter than the claws, which

are rather shorter than the tibia.

Posterior femur dorsally with a little pubescence in the anterior part

of its base and with a row of about seven short spines near the posterior

border distally ; anterior border with three spines distally ; posterior

border with a row of about four spines and long hairs subapically ;

ventrally with proximal pubescent area reaching the middle in the

mid-line and with scattered spines distally that tend to form a median

row. (Plate XX XIX, fig. 3.)

$. Facial impression fairly deep, wide, extending up between the

eyes with a small carinate tubercle in the middle of the anterior

margin. (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 3, and Plate XX XIX, fig. 6.)

Pala cultrate, shghtly bent forward about + from the apex, with a

single row of about twenty-two pegs. (Plate XXXIX, fig. 9.)

Anterior trochanter with a small pencil of elongate thickened hairs.

(Plate XX XIX, fig. 11.)

Strigil irregularly subquadrate with four tooth rows. (Plate

XXXVIII, fig. 3c.)

Right clasper irregularly semilunate with a subsidiary tooth within

the apex. (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 7.)

Length : 5-6 mm.

The above description is based on Transvaal specimens. Fieber’s

type of zrrorata must have been much paler, and was probably teneral.

He describes the pronotum as having eight brown lines, and the

general colour as white with brown markings. The only specimen

which approaches this condition in the material before me is one from

Henkries, Bushmanland, but the size, disposition of the markings,

and locality, ““ Promontorium Bonae Spei,” though somewhat vague,

lead me to believe that the species here described is rightly named.

The colour is exceedingly variable. Some of my darkest specimens

are from the Cape Flats. In a series from Crawford Vlei nearly all

have the ground colour deep black and show a considerable reduction

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 455

of the dark yellow markings on the corium, while the yellow lines

of the pronotum are about 4 as wide as the dark intervening ones.

Among several dark specimens from a pool near Princess Vlei is a

single female in which the pale and dark bands of the pronotum are

subequal in width, the ground colour dark brown, and the markings

pale greyish-yellow. Similar though less marked extremes occur in

a series from Swellendam. Variation in black pigmentation is found

in many Kuropean species of Corixidae, and is probably due to en-

vironmental influences (Hutchinson, Hemiptera-Heteroptera, pt. 1,

Fauna of Wicken Fen, i, Cambridge, 1926, pp. 249-251). The

occurrence of extremes in the same series may be due to migration

of certain individuals from one piece of water to another.

The specimen from South-West Africa recorded by Hesse as hiero-

glyphica is a teneral female, but appears to belong to this species.

I know of no evidence that A. hieroglyphica Duf. occurs in Ethiopian

Africa.

CAPE.

Constantia Nek, 15, xi, 1927 (L.M.S.).

Princess Vlei, Cape Flats, 12, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Crawford Vlei, Cape Flats, 26, 1, 1926 (G.H.P.).

Frazerdale, Mowbray, Cape Flats, 19, ix, 1927 (L.M.S.).

Durbanville, Cape Flats, 30, iv, 1927 (L.M.S.).

Du Toit’s Kloof, 16, iv, 1927 (L.M.8.).

Wellington, ponds, 15, v, 1927 (L.MLS8.).

Ceres, pond, 6, xii, 1927 (L.M.S.).

Swellendam, dams, 17, xii, 1927 (G.E.H.).

George, dams, 26, 1, 1927 (G.H.H.).

Knysna, stream and pond, 20-24, xu, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Avontuur, pond, 6, i, 1927 (G.E.H.).

Buffelsfontein, Wodehouse dist., 29, iv, 1928 (G.E.P.).

Alice, vlei at S.A.N.C. farm, 24, 11, 1927 (G.E.P.).

Pirie Mission, pool, 2, 1, 1926 (G.E.P.).

Kimberley, 1, vi, 1912 (S.A.M., Power).

Klober, Setagoli dist., dam, 1, 1927 (Miss B. Lamb).

Henkries, Bushmanland, x, 1911 (S.A.M., Lightfoot).

ORANGE FREE STATE.

Aliwal North, small dam on north bank of Orange River, Roux-

ville dist., 5, v, 1928 (G.E.P.).

456 Annals of the South African Museum.

TRANSVAAL.

Christiana (Wallengren).

Koster, x, 1924 (G. van Dam, T.M.).

Randfontein, 2, 111, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Florida, 14, vii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Wemmer Pan, near Johannesburg, 31, vii, 1926 (G.E.H.).

Rietfontein, Boksburg dist., 27, iv, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Avenue, Boksburg dist., pan, 6, v, 1928 (G.E.H.).

Moordrift, Waterberg dist., 1, x, 1924 (G. van Dam, T.M.).

Limpopo River, pool in bed, Main Drift near Messina, 28, v, 1927

(G.E.H.).

SoutH-West AFRICA.

2, Narelis, Damaraland (Hesse, l.c.).

This species appears to be confined to South Africa, where it is

widely distributed.

4. Sigara (S.) ceres n. sp.

Pronotum brownish-black with seven pale transverse lines, the

posterior one short and inconspicuous, entire, and with little or no

branching or coalescence ; elytra brownish-black, clavus with trans-

verse yellow markings, which are entire in the anterior angle but very

fragmented on the disc and posteriorly; corium with fragmented

transverse pale lines, the dark breaks forming an indefinite longi-

tudinal line near the outer margin and another near the internal

angle, which is itself dark, the fragmentation otherwise irregular ;

cuneus dark with yellow markings, right membrane blackish-brown

with vermiculate fragmented transverse yellow lines, left membrane

in its external part like the right but paler, fading to milky white on

the interno-apical lobe; thorax and abdomen beneath yellowish,

abdomen of the male with greyish-black clouding, save on the margins

of the segments.

Head obtusely rounded in front.

Pronotum about 12 times as broad as long, with the lateral angles

obtusely rounded, the median longitudinal carina conspicuous

anteriorly and just traceable throughout, rastrate.

Elytra not rastrate, with a sparse but conspicuous vestiture of short

hairs.

Xyphus subequilateral, rounded apically. (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 40.)

Intermediate leg with tibia and claws subequal, tarsus just over

= as long as the latter (g, 17: 12-5:17; 9, 17: 13-5: 18).

Posterior femur dorsally, with a subtransverse row of hairs basally

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 457

and two small spines in the distal region ; anterior margin with three

well-developed spines distally ; posterior region with a row of three

spines and long hairs subapically ; ventrally with proximal pubescent

area reaching well beyond the middle in the mid-line and with a few

scattered spines in the glabrous distal region. (Plate XX XIX, fig. 4.)

Facial impression wide but not very deep, reaching up between the

eyes, but without a knob or carina on its anterior margin. (Plate

XXXVIII, fig. 4a.)

$. Pala cultrate and slightly arched, with a single row of twenty-

two pegs. (Plate XX XIX, fig. 10.)

Anterior trochanter without a hair pencil.

Strigil irregularly ovoid with six rows of plates. (Plate XX XVIII,

fig. 4c.)

Right clasper dilated before the apex and with a very large tooth

just below the dilation. (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 8.)

2. Pala cultrate and slightly arched.

Length: 3, 4:5 mm.

2, 5-0 mm.

3, 2 (type and allotype), Laaken Vallei, Matroosberg, 3500 ft., Ceres

div., i, 1917 (S.A.M., Lightfoot).

Superficially this species might be mistaken for contortuplicata, but

beside the secondary sexual differences given above it is recognisable

by its smaller size and seven pronotal lines. It appears to be a very

local insect ; I was unable to find it either at Ceres or in the mountains

west of Mitchell’s Pass.

IJ.—ZOOGEOGRAPHY.

Though the two families which form the subject of this paper are

relatively small and somewhat arbitrarily associated in its title,

certain facts of interest emerge from a study of the distribution of

their component species. For the purpose of such a study we may

group these species as follows :—

1. Pan-Ethopian.

Species occurring throughout the whole of South Africa and also

known and probably widespread in Central Africa.

Enithares sobria Stal.

Ansops (A.) varia Fieb.

VOU XO, PARTIO. 30

458 Annals of the South African Museum.

Plea pullula Stal.

Micronecta scutellaris Stal.

Micronecta piccanin n. sp.*

Sigara (S.) sjéstedti Kirk.

2. Central African.

Species occurring in Central Africa and reaching to various latitudes

in South Africa, but not inhabiting the south-west part of the Cape

Province. The localities give the known limits southward and west-

ward of each species.

Enithares v-flavum Reut., South Transvaal ; Hast Cape.

Enithares chinai Jacz., Hast Transvaal; East Cape. (Plate XL,

map 1.)

Anisops (A.) sardea H.8., South Transvaal; West Cape to Victoria

West ; South-West Africa. (Plate XL, map 2.)

Anisops (A.) pellucens Gerst., Southern Rhodesia.

Anisops (A.) debilis Gerst., North Transvaal; East Cape. (Plate

XL, map 3.)

Anisops (A.) psyche Hutch., North Transvaal.

Anisops (A.) -aczewskw Hutch., North Transvaal.

Anisops (Micranisops) apicalis Stal, Southern Rhodesia ; % Natal.

Nychia limpida Stal, Southern Transvaal; Cape west to Swellen-

dam. (Plate XL, map 4.)

Agraptocoriza swierstrai n. sp., Portuguese East Africa.

3. South African Endemics.

Species recorded only from south of the Limpopo and often with a

restricted range. Some of these may have to be transferred to other

sections as knowledge of their distribution increases.

Anisops (A.) letitia n. sp., Hast Cape.

Anisops (A.) powert n. sp., Cape; South Transvaal. (Plate XL,

map 5.)

Anisops (A.) hypatia n. sp., West Cape. (Plate XL, map 3.)

Anisops (Anisopoides) aglaia n. sp., Cape ; South Transvaal. (Plate

XL, map 5.)

Plea piccanina n. sp., Cape.

Sigara (S.) meridionalis Wallgr., Cape ; Orange Free State ; South

Transvaal. (Plate XL, map 5.)

Sigara (S.) contortuplicata Kirk., Cape; Transvaal; ranges into S.W.A.

* An Abyssinian record of this species will be given in another place.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 459

Sigara (S.) ceres n. sp., West Cape.

Micronecta dorothea nu. sp., South Transvaal.

Micronecta winifreda nu. sp., West Cape.

Micronecta gorogaiqua n. sp., West Cape.

Micronecta butleriana n. sp., Hast Cape.

Micronecta citharistia n. sp., South Transvaal and Hast Cape.

(Plate XL, map 5.)

Micronecta youngiana nu. sp., Hast Transvaal.

4. Generally distributed South African Species not hitherto found

North of the Zambesi.

Anisops (A.) gracilis n. sp., Cape; Transvaal and Southern

Rhodesia.

5. Rhodesian.

Species occurring in Rhodesia, Bechuanaland Protectorate, South-

West Africa, parts of the Transvaal, etc., but not yet recorded from

Central Africa.

Anisops (A.) leesonvana n. sp., Southern Rhodesia.

Anisops (A.) praetexta n. sp., Southern Rhodesia ; North Transvaal.

Micronecta druryiana n. sp., Upper Zambesi and Linyanti Rivers.

Micronecta bleekiana n. sp., Linyanti River; Southern Rhodesia ;

North Transvaal.

Micronecta monomatapae un. sp., Southern Rhodesia.

Micronecta uvarovi Jacz., Southern Rhodesia; Natal.

Micronecta brownt nu. sp., Southern Rhodesia ; West Transvaal; and

South-West Africa.

Micronecta quewalepele n. sp., Linyanti River.

Micronecta similloma n. sp., Southern Rhodesia and Linyanti River.

The South-West African species Micronecta hessei n. sp. belongs to

a similar geographical category.

6. Species occurring in West Tropical Africa and South-West Cape.

Notonecta lactitans Kirk. (Plate XL, map 6.)

An examination of the number of species occurring in circumscribed

and tolerably well-worked areas throughout Africa suggests very

strongly that the genus Anisops has its headquarters in Central

Africa.

460 Annals of the South African Museum.

Kampala.

Uganda. 8. A s

(G. L. R. | Rhodesia.

Hancock.)

Trans- Trans-

E. d

vaal. vaal. Cape. Cape.

A, sardea

A, pellucens

A, letitia

Par

ate

. debilis

. leesoniana

. poweri

A, gracilis

A. hancocki

A, ares .

A, varia

A, hypatia

A. praetexta

A, eros . :

A. kampalensis

A, psyche

A jaczewskit .

A, adonis

A, (Aoid.) aglaia

A. (M.) apicalis

[+1 ++

++ |

b+) ++ 144

+ | |

I+) 1++1 +++!

b++1 |

(ee lietetat ea

Pear

+14) +++ 1

| -+

Ne)

lor)

for)

No. of species

It is, moreover, very doubtful if any other part of the world can

boast as many species as the country round Kampala investigated by

Mr. Hancock.

This Central African assemblage contains a mixture of primitive

and specialised forms and may well be the cradle of the majority of

the modern representatives of the genus. Unfortunately in the case

of the other genera so few species are known, and so little work has

been done on Central African forms, that such an analysis is quite

impossible.

If we consider the species grouped as Central African, we find that

they have reached very different points in a hypothetical dispersal

from the central part of the Continent. An examination, moreover,

of the distributions of some of the better known species indicates

that foremost colonisation has proceeded more rapidly along a coastal

belt than across the interior of the country.* The beginning of such

an invasion is perhaps shown by Agraptocorixa swierstrai, a species

which, though not actually known from Central Africa, belongs to a

typically Central African genus. Later stages in the spread of water-

* Cf. Hewitt, J., “‘ Facts and Theories on the Distribution of Scorpions in South

Africa,” Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr., xii, p. 249, 1924.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 461

bugs into South Africa are illustrated by Hnithares chinar (Plate

XL, map 1); Anisops debilis (Plate XL, map 3); and Nycha

limpida (Plate XL, map 4). In all probability the species grouped

as Pan-African may be regarded as Central African species that have

completed their southward dispersal. The coastal route that the

majority have taken is perhaps determined by the lower rainfall,

perhaps by the lower temperature of the interior (vide infra). On the

whole, the latter explanation seems more probable, for in the tem-

perate South-Eastern Transvaal, which should not be far from the

migration route, are a number of “ pans” containing fairly permanent

water, but possessing an essentially South rather than a Central

African assemblage of water-bugs (A. varia, A. (Aord.) aglaia,

S. meridionalis, and M. scutellaris).

There is some indication that two species are invading South Africa

from the west. These are Anisops sardea (Plate XL, map 2), a

widespread Ethiopian, Mediterranean, and West Asiatic form, and

Micronecta browni, so far known only from South-West Africa, South

Rhodesia, and West Transvaal.

Of the endemic South African species none show any Australasian

affinities, nor are they a markedly primitive assemblage. Only one

quite peculiar form occurs, viz. Anisops (Anisopoides) aglaia. The

most remarkable distribution found among the South-West Cape

forms is undoubtedly that of Notonecta lactitans, the discontinuity of

which has been discussed in detail (p. 366). A. gracilis is perhaps an

endemic South African form now spreading northward ; more prob-

ably it has been overlooked in Central Africa. The Neotropical

affinities of all the Ethiopian species of Sigara have already been

emphasised.

IV.—ECOLOGY.

1. RAINFALL AND COLONISATION.

South Africa is a dry country, more than half of the area under

consideration having a rainfall less than 20 inches per annum. More-

over, nearly the whole country has its rain very unevenly distributed

throughout the year and prolonged droughts are frequent. The life

of any animal inhabiting fresh waters is, therefore, precarious, and

we have no evidence that the water-bugs of the two families under

consideration have any means of withstanding the drying up of their

habitat, save that of taking to their wings when these are fully

developed. The chief natural aquatic habitats of the country are

462 Annals of the South African Museum.

provided by, on the one hand, rivers and streams, and the pools left

in their courses when they dry up in winter; and, on the other, by

vleis and pans. These latter are large depressions temporarily or

permanently filled with water which occur in some areas (Cape Flats,

West Transvaal, and North-West Orange Free State, Hast Transvaal)

and are probably the result of wind erosion.

Four endemic species, viz. Anisops (A.) power, Anisops (Aord.)

aglaia, Sigara (S.) meridionalis, and Mucronecta citharistia, seem

characteristic of the drier central part of South Africa. All occupy

much the same territory, which has for the most part a rainfall of

under 30 inches per annum (Plate XL, fig. 5). MM. citharistia, how-

ever, only occurs in the eastern part of this area. <A. (Aord.) aglara

and S. (S.) meridionalis are essentially pan species (Plate XLI, fig. 4),

also occurring now in dams; the other two naturally occur in pools

in streams. (Plate XLI, fig. 5.)

Since the European colonisation of the country, natural habitats

have been greatly supplemented by dams and reservoirs, so that in

the place of irregular streams and pools we have now large bodies of

standing permanent water. The importance of such constructions

in opening up the country to water-bugs as well as civilised man is

shown by the fact that, of the localities enumerated in this paper, no

less than 38, or 36-2 per cent., are artificial. This proportion would be

greatly increased if more localities in the Karroo and other very dry

areas had been examined. It is not improbable that the distribution

of several species (e.g. Nychia limpida, of which the most westerly

record in the Cape is a single macropterous ¢ from a dam at Swellen-

dam) may have been facilitated in this way, and changes may be ex-

pected to occur in the future. The construction of roads necessitating

drifts ” in rivers (Plate XLI, fig. 8) has also helped to produce many

shallow, less swiftly flowing reaches, very much favoured by Miero-

nectae, especially M. scutellaris.

9. STANDING AND RUNNING WATER.

While the majority of species for which adequate data exists seem

to occur both in standing water and in pools and more slowly moving

parts of streams, two have only been taken in entirely standing

water :

A. (Aoid.) aglaia,

Micronecta dorothea,

and a third, S. (S.) meridionalvs, is almost confined to such.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa. 463

On the whole, standing water appears to offer a better medium

than flowing, but a few species are usually associated with the latter.

In the forefront of these we have the genus Hnithares of which

v-flavum and chinai are usually, and sobria frequently, taken in the

backwaters and slower flowing parts of streams and rivers (Plate XLI,

fig. 7). <A typical habitat of #. v-flavum and E. sobria is also shown

in the photograph of the bank of the stream in Witpoortje Kloof,

near Johannesburg (Plate XLI, fig. 4), where these two species were

associated with Anisops varia scutellata., Nychia lumpida, moreover,

is frequently a denizen of running water. An interesting example

of the partition of species between moving and standing water was

afforded by the Limpopo River and the pools in its flood-bed near

Messina. Two localities were visited. At one of these, known as the

Gorge (Plate XLI, fig. 2), the river passes through a rocky channel

opening out lower down. In the quieter parts of the river in this

channel Nychia |. limpida was common, and quite a number of

rnacropterous specimens were taken. Since this form is very rare in

collections, but three examples being recorded in the literature, one

cannot but suppose that it was unusually abundant here, as in certain

other South African stations (vide swpra). Since the river suffers

immense annual changes and in summer is a raging torrent rising

above the rocky banks seen in the photograph, it is probable that

many of the Nychiae perish, and those which have wings would have,

theoretically at least, a chance of reaching some of the pools found in

the surrounding district in the rainy season. Some such consideration

may perhaps explain the apparently unusual abundance of the very

rare macropterous form in South Africa. Anisops sardea also

occurred in this locality sporadically, and just below where the river

widened somewhat a small colony of A. debilis was discovered much

closer in to the shelter of the bank than the Nychvae.

Some miles lower down, where the river-bed spreads out into a

band of sand half a mile broad (Plate XLI, fig. 1), through which

flows an irregular shallow stream, different conditions obtained.

In parts of the stream itself H. chinai occurred, while in shallow,

recently formed pools Micronecta bleekiana was common. The most

remarkable assemblage of forms, however, was found in a small

pool, not 15 feet across, which had formed round a large boulder.

A small tree growing in the sand not far off indicated that this

part of the flood-bed, though in the very middle, had been un-

disturbed for some months. The following species occurred in

this pool :

464 Annals of the South African Museum.

Emithares china.

Anisops sardea.

Anisops debilis.

Anisops gracilis.

Anisops varia scutellata.

Anisops jaczewskir.

Micronecta perdita.

Micronecta bleekiana.

Ranatra sp.

Belostomid nymphs.

The majority of the specimens of Anzsops were taken under the

shade of the boulder. The Ranatra was taken ona small dead bush

that had been washed into the pool.

The colonisation of new localities is effected with remarkable

rapidity. A large pan at Rietfonteim, which had remained dry for

some years, filled up in December 1927 and January 1928. By April

1928 large numbers of water-bugs, many newly emerged and teneral,

were found, comprising the following :

A. (A.) sardea.

A, (A.) varia.

A. (Aovd.) aglaia.

S. (S.) contortuplicata.

S. (S.) meridionalis.

M. scutellaris.

Of these species Anisops (A.) sardea occurs in pans at Brakpan, and

Amisops (Aoid.) aglaia is otherwise known in the Witwatersrand area

on single specimen. The bugs were swimming mostly in small areas

of clear water between the derelict terrestial plants, in which an

aquatic vegetation is springing up (Plate XLI, fig. 3). Few were

found in the central open pool, where the water is somewhat deeper.

3. TEMPERATURE.

Conditions in Central and South Africa probably differ more in

temperature than in any other way. The surface temperature of

Tanganyika is stated to be about 26° C. (Esaki and China, Tr. Ent.

Soc., 1, 1927, p. 292). Smaller bodies of water in this latitude must

regularly reach higher temperatures. The maximum temperature

reached by the surface water of Florida Lake, a small artificial body

of water near Johannesburg, in the summer 1927-28 was 22-5° (Miss

J. F. M. Schuurman, wnpublished observations), while, according to

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 465

Barnard, the very shallow waters in which Phreatoicus capensis lives

on Table Mountain vary from 7° C. (July) to 20° C. (January).* My

own observations, made sporadically, fall within these limits, but in a

pool near Princess Vlei Plea piccanina and Sigara (S.) contortuplicata

were taken in water at about blood temperature (12, 1, 1926, G.E.P.).

The following observations on the fauna of the baths at the hot

springs at Aliwal North are not without interest in this connection

(30, iv, 1928, G.E.P., notebook).

“There are three hot baths of gradually decreasing temperature

and a fourth small shallow pool for children to paddle in.

““(1) Where spring emerges, surrounded on three sides by reeds,

very deep. Temperature just under 34° C. (said to be 95° F.=35° C.

at source of spring); Ph between 8-4 and 8-6. Much whitish slimy

growth round edges. No apparent life except one small water-beetle.

““(2) Lower rectangular cement-sided bathing-pool with diving

boards, etc. Temperature 32° C.; Ph not taken. Chironomus larvae

in mud and slime, a few Micronecta scutellaris, but no other bugs,

and I was unable to find any beetles.

“ (3) Lowest bathing-pool also rectangular and with diving boards

—on surface numerous large gyrinids, in water Micronecta scutellaris

and Anisops varia, the latter in swarms in a shaded corner by steps, but

alsoin sun. A large water-beetle; I did not catch any smaller ones,

however ; Chironomus larvae. Temperature, 29:5° C.; Ph=C. 8-5°.

“(4) Small shallow paddling pool, Gerrits and gyrinids at surface,

Anisops varia, a small water-beetle, numerous aeschnid dragonfly

larvae, Chironomus larvae. I was unable to catch any Micronecta scutel-

laris, but they doubtless occurred; said to be frogs. Temperature 20° C.”

An analysis of the water has been published (Hahn in South and

East African Year Book and Guide, 1926, p. 541), here converted from

grains per gallon to grams per litre.

Li,CO, : ; ; . 012 grm. per litre.

CacOn ; : : : LOG i x

MgSO, . ‘ 3 P0228 ae A

INE: : : : . 044 : 3

KSCO; 72 : ; : : 5 oS - ;

CAG 6 : : , i 5 SILILG o a

NaCl: ‘ 5 ; 8d 53 BS

SHO, ‘ : , sO 3

NaBr . : t : ; 5 MOOT ie F

CO, : : ; Bn One

* Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr., xiv, p. 203, 1927.

466 Annals of the South African Museum.

The great contrast between the faunae of 2nd and 3rd of the pools

appears to be due to temperature, as they were extremely similar in

every way. It would appear that Anisops varia scutellata is unable

to live permanently in water at 32° C., and Micronecta scutellaris at

34° C. A sample from (3) was found to be -019 N for chloride, the

above analysis giving -017 N, so dilution does not seem to have

occurred.

If these temperatures are really the upper limits in nature of the

species in question, they are remarkably low. Plateau (vide Brues,

Animal Life in Hot Springs, Quart. Rev. Biol., 1, 2, p. 189) states

that at Vichy Notonecta glauca and Nepa cinerea occur at 45° C.,

though in the laboratory the upper limits for the two species were

37-5° C. and 43° C. respectively.

4. ILLUMINATION.

While, in general, species of Anisops are found in shady places,

specimens of Anisops varia scutellata, of which this is certainly true,

were not found to be negatively phototropic in the laboratory. Both

Anisops varia scutellata and Sigara contortuplicata, when illuminated

with a strong electric light, may react by leaving the water and flying

off in the direction of the light. In an experiment with these two

species eight specimens of the latter left the dish and flew directly to

the light in a very short time of each other. The specimens of varia

reacted more slowly, and of the three one failed to leave the water at

all. The reaction is not simply a tropism directing the line of move-

ment of the insect, but a complex reflex involving leaving the water

and spreading the wings. In Anisops, moreover, the whole body has

to be turned over before the insect can emerge dorsal side uppermost.

Large migrations of water-bugs have been frequently recorded, but

this incidence is so far unexplained. The behaviour of the specimens

of Sigara contortuplicata recorded above can only be compared to such

a migration on a small scale, and in all probability unusually intense

sunlight is the stimulus for such migrations. The apparent negative

phototropism of Anisops spp. in nature may perhaps be explained by

movement into cold from warmer water; experimental investigation

of this subject would be interesting.*

* Poisson (C. R. Assoc. Fr. Av. Sci.; Liége, 1924, p. 985), however, states that

increase in temperature is a cause of flight and gives interesting threshold tem-

peratures. He also notes that these insects fly on warm thunderous evenings, and

attributes this to the electrical condition of the atmosphere. In my experiments

practically no increase in temperature occurred.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 467

5. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.

The following data, collected for purposes outside the present work,

may be usefully tabulated here. The extreme range of hydrogen-ion

concentration, roughly determined colorimetrically, and of salinity

determined by titration with AgNOs, is given for all species for which

determinations exist.

Species. Ph Range. Salinity Range (normality).

NV. lactitans . | Table Mt. 4-9, Cape Flats 8-9.

EL. sobria . | Witpoortje 7-0. Witpoortije traces.

EL. v-flavum . | Witpoortje 7:0. : . | Witpoortje traces.

A, sardea . | Rietfontein 7-1. Rietfontein -0004 N.

A, gracilis _. | Birchleigh 7-0, Barberspan 9-2 Birchleigh -000125 N, Barbers-

pan -0106 N.

A. varia scutel- | Wemmer Pan 4-0, Blaauwwater | Rietfontein -0004 N, Blaauw-

lata 9-2 water -021 N.

A, aglaia . | Table Mt. 5-9, Blaauwwater 9-2 | Table Mt. traces, Blaauwwater

021 N.

P. pullula _. | Brakpan 7-1, Goedeverwach-| Brakpan -00175 N, Goedever-

ting 8-2 wachting -0234 N.

M. scutellaris . | Knoffelspruit 6-9, L. Chrissie | Birchleigh -000125 N, L.

9-2 Chrissie -01.

M. dorothea . | Birchleigh 7-0, Grassdale 8-6 . | Birchleigh-000125 N, Grassdale

-010.

M. gorogaiqua | Knoffelspruit 6-9, Diepkloof 8-9

M. citharistia. | Knoffelspruit 6-9, pe eon es 8-9

M. browni _. | Barberspan 9:2. Barberspan -0106 N.

S. sjéstedti . | Poolnear L. Chrissie 7- 0. . | Pool, L. Chrissie -0005 N.

S. meridionalis | Rietfontein 7-1, Pan 3, L. | Rietfontein -0004 N, Rondevlei

Banagher 9-1 -416 N.

S. contortupli- | Wemmer Pan 4-0, Breyten 8-8. | Rietfontein -0004, Breyten

cata ‘001 N.

The wide range of hydrogen-ion concentration tolerated by many

species is most striking. The scanty data forthcoming suggest that

it is on the acid rather than the alkaline side that any restriction

by this factor should be sought for. Several species, however,

N. lactitans, A. varia scutellata, A. aglaia, and S. contortuplicata, occur in

water whose Ph is less than 6-0, and the first and fourth of these occur

at the edge of the Wemmer Pan where Ph=4-0. This body of water

is polluted by mining operations, being rich in sulphate from the

decomposition of sulphides on the mine dumps around. The acidity

is probably due to NaHSO,. The central part of the Pan has the

Ph of 3-4 and is practically devoid of any life; at the edge, where

surface waters dilute those of the Pan, are found these bugs and

dragonfly and dipterous larvae. M. scutellaris formerly occurred,

468 Annals of the South African Museum.

but has now (May 1928) disappeared; unfortunately the Ph was not

determined when this species was found. JN. lactitans must travel in

the Cape from acid water to alkaline, from very fresh to somewhat

more salt. All the Cape vleis are highly alkaline (Professor L. T.

Hogben, private communication) ; unfortunately no data exist for the

localities in which this species breeds. S. meridionalis is the only

species which lives in water of which the chloride content is really high

(L. Banagher, pan 3, -235 N., Ronde Vlei, -416 N.), none of the other

species occurring in water much more than 4, normal. It must be

remembered, however, that many of these alkaline and slightly salt

waters have a high bicarbonate content, so that the osmotic pressure

is higher than the Cl content suggests. A more extended study of

the animal ecology of these localities is in preparation. Poisson* has

shown that S. lugubris Fieb., N. viridis Dele., etc., in Europe occur

in brackish water, because in these species the egg is able to hatch

in fairly high concentrations of salt. Investigation with S. meri-

dionalis might yield similar results.

6. VEGETATION.

The depth of a pond is a matter of considerable importance to the

Corixidae, for being insects which live habitually on a solid sub-

stratum rather than poised in the water as does Anisops, or at

the surface like Notonecta or Enithares, the distance to be traversed

to obtain a new supply of oxygen is a matter of some importance.

As I have pointed out elsewhere (Nat. Hist. Wicken Fen., vol. iu,

p. 248, Cambridge, 1926), the presence of weeds in a pool may provide

a sort of false bottom on which numerous individuals of this family

can live. Lake Chrissie provides a striking example of this. A.

(Aovd.) aglaia and Micronecta scutellaris occurred not at the wind-

swept and exposed shore, nor in the open water in the centre of the

lake, but living in a dense zone of Potamogeton growing in about 5-10

feet of water some distance from the margin. Here these insects

would have an abundant food-supply, shelter in storms, and, for M.

scutellaris, a substratum within easy reach of the atmospheric air.

On the whole, large lakes, unless supplied with quiet inlets or, as in

this case, abundance of vegetation, are unsuitable for water-bugs. It

is interesting to note that the only bugs inhabiting fresh waters which

can be legitimately called ‘‘ oceanic’ are the two genera Idiocoris and

Paskia described by Esaki and China from Tanganyika (l.c.), im

* C. R. Assoc. Fr. Av. Sci.; Liége, 1924, p. 983.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Corixidae of South Africa. 469

which the spiracles are closed and respiration of dissolved oxygen

presumably occurs.

Though the presence of weed may make certain otherwise impos-

sible localities habitable, the South African species of both Noto-

nectidae and Corixidae are most usually found in small pieces of open

water, large masses of water plants impoverishing the fauna. Excep-

tions to this rule are the two species of Plea which, unlike the other

Notonectidae, appear to live climbing on weed and swimming about

among it, and Micronecta dorothea, which at Birchleigh dam (Plate

XLI, fig. 6) was found almost exclusively in dense Potamogeton, while

Micronecta scutellaris here occurred in open water between reeds.

7. CONCLUSION.

While a number of the more important ecological factors which

might determine the existence of any given species in a locality have

been reviewed, none throw very much light on the matter. Possibly

this is because the effect of different organisms, and especially the

members of the water-bug population, on each other has not been

studied. Very little, for instance, is known about the food-cycles

of the Notonectidae and Corizidae. The latter are said to be micro-

phagous by Hungerford, and to eat mosquito larvae, etc., by Hale.

The former are certainly predatory ; I have observed the species of

Amisops found at Rietfontein feeding on a large Ostracod which is

plentiful in shallow water among vegetation. Still less is known about

the animals which feed on these insects. Butler refers to a bittern,

in the stomach of which were found entire specimens of Notonecta

glauca (Biol. Brit. Hemip. Het., London, 1923, p. 562); possibly

N. lactitans is eaten by water-birds at the Cape. M. brown: probably

forms part of the diet of the microphagous flamingoes at Barberspan.

If the present study is of assistance in elucidating such ecological

problems by future students its purpose will have been fulfilled.

470 Annals of the South African Museum.

V.—EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Pirate XXVIII.

. Notonecta (Paranecta) lactitans Kirk. Head and pronotum.

Apex of intermediate femur.

=p a Fs > Wing.

. Enithares chinai Jacz. Head and pronotum.

sobria Stal. Wing.

Anterior leg of ¢.

99 99 29 99

Souk wpe

99 99 99

Puate XXVIII.

1. Notonecta (P.) lactitans Kirk. ¢ genital capsule.

2. 56 5 5 » 6 aedeagus; s. internal stay.

3 = 53 or 5 3 paramere.

4, Enithares chinai Jacz. ¢ genital capsule.

5. ss 3 5 OS paramere.

6. os sobria Stal. 4 genital capsule.

Ue A 35 oA SO paramere.

8. Enithares v-flavum Reut. ¢ genital capsule.

9. 50 5p 3 oS paramere.

Pratt XXIX.

1. Anisops (A.) sardea H.8. ¢ head and pronotum.

o. oe », pellucens Gerst. @ head and pronotum.

By 55 », letitian. sp. G head and pronotum.

4, », (Anisopoides) aglaian. sp. 6 rostrum.

De », (WMicranisops) apicalis Stal. Elytron (right).

6. Nychia limpida limpida, form sappho Kirk. Q elytron (left).

is 53 55 », Stal. Head and pronotum.

8. . 56 BS ee Wang:

9. Anisops (A.) varia scutellata Fieb. Wing.

10. Notonecta lactitans Kirk., Nymph, ?3rd instar ; head and prothorax.

ile oe as +3 a 5th instar; head and prothorax.

12. Enithares sobria Stal, Nymph, ?5th instar ; head and prothorax.

13. Anisops (A.) sardea H.S. ¢ last instar nymph; head and prothorax.

14. s3 » gracilis n.sp. Last instar nymph; head and prothorax.

15. Nychia limpida limpida Stal. Last instar nymph ; head and prothorax.

PLATE XXX.

. Anisops (A.) jaczewskit Hutch. ¢ facial tubercle.

vitrea Sign. 6 facial tubercle.

aldabrana Dist. 6 facial tubercle.

hancocki Hutch. 4 facial tubercle.

2? 2?

Poo bo

29> 23

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa.

FIG.

5. Anisops (A.) psyche Hutch. @ facial tubercle.

», genji Hutch. 6 facial tubercle.

, sardea H.S. 6 facial tubercle.

a Pe 6 facial tubercle.

is a 36 3 3rd rostral joint.

», pellucens Gerst. 4 3rd rostral joint.

», letitian. sp. 4 3rd rostral joint.

» gracilisn. sp. 6 3rd rostral joint.

» powertn. sp. 6 3rd rostral joint.

», leesonianan. sp. 6 3rd rostral joint.

, debilis Gerst. 4 3rd rostral joint.

», Aypatian. sp. 6 8rd rostral joint.

,, varia scutellata Fieb. 4 3rd rostral joint.

» jaczewskit Hutch. ¢ 8rd rostral joint.

» praetextan. sp. G 3rd rostral joint.

» psyche Hutch. 6 3rd rostral joint.

(Micranisops) apicalis. ¢ 3rd rostral joint.

Pratt XXXII.

», pellucens Gerst. 4 anterior leg.

,, letitian. sp. 4 anterior leg.

» gracilisn. sp. 6 anterior leg.

,, debilis Gerst. 4 anterior leg.

5 powert n. sp. g anterior leg. 6a comb.

Puate XXXII.

1. Anisops (A.) varia scutellata Fieb. 6 anterior leg.

1, 45

13. Nychia limpida limpida Stal. 3 apex of anterior leg.

» hypatian. sp. dG anterior leg. 2a comb.

» psyche Hutch. 6 anterior leg.

» praetextan. sp. dG anterior leg. 4a comb.

» jaczewskii Hutch. ¢ anterior leg.

(Micranisops) apicalis Stal. 3 anterior leg.

(Anisopoides) aglaia n. sp. G anterior leg. 7a comb.

(A.) jaczewskit Hutch. Comb.

>» amaryllis Hutch. Comb.

», eros Hutch. Comb.

», kampalensis Hutch. Comb.

» gracilisn. sp. Q apex of anterior leg.

47]

472 Annals of the South African Museum.

PuatE XXXITI.

7.p.=right paramere ; /.p.—left paramere ; 7.a.=right ala; l.a.=left ala ;

a.v. =appendix interna ; a.e.=appendix externa ; g.o.=genital opening.

FIG.

1. Nychia impida limpida Stal. Aedeagus.

Dp. Ke . Sites a3 Genital capsule.

3h ah a Ms A Left paramere.

4. i 3 5 » Right paramere.

5. Anisops (A.) powertn. sp. Genital capsule.

6. 59 op op Aedeagus, antero-lateral aspect.

7. Plea piccanina n. sp. Profile of elytron.

8. ,, pullula Stal. Profile of elytron.

ORs. 5 Wane.

Oe 3 ae », Genital capsule.

Ee S55 A » Aedeagus.

12. ,; piccaninan. sp. Parameres.

13. ,, pullula Stal. Parameres.

14. ,, leachit M‘Gr. and Kirk. Parameres.

PLaTE XXXIV.

a=free portion of 7th abdominal tergite ; b=right paramere ;

c=left paramere.

1. Micronecta scutellaris Stal. ¢ genitalia.

2 > perdita n. sp. 6 genitalia.

3: o hessei n. sp. 6 genitalia.

4, gorogaiqua n. sp. 6 genitalia.

5. oH winifreda n. sp. 6 genitalia.

6. a druryana n. sp. 6 genitalia.

PLratE XXXV.

1. Micronecta dorothea n. sp. 6 genitalia.

2. A butleriana n. sp. 6 genitalia.

4, s brownt n. sp. 6 genitalia.

D. 50 quewalepele n. sp. 6 genitalia.

6. 3 simillima n. sp. ¢ genitalia.

We 3 dleekiana n. sp. 6 genitalia.

PuateE XXXVI.

1. MWicronecta citharistian. sp. ¢ genitalia.

2s ~ uvarovi Jacz. genitalia.

3. 30 piccanin n. sp. 6 genitalia.

4, a youngiana n. sp. 6 genitalia.

5. “6 piccanin, form piccaninn. Right elytron.

6. 3 piccanin, form pardina n. Right elytron.

Uc piccanin, form tigrina n. Right elytron.

A Revision of the Notonectidae and Coriaidae of South Africa.

PSS HN aI kw es

Puate XXXVII.

. Micronecta piccanin, form audaxn. Right elytron.

piccanin, form variegata n. Right elytron.

piccanin, form nigroclavata n. Right elytron.

piccanin, form perversan. Right elytron.

Agraptocoriza swierstrai n. sp. ¢ face.

—

BS)

Doe

OWNS MH

. Sigara (S.) sjéstedti (Kirk.).

5, meridionalis (Wallgr.).

a Posterior femur, dorsal view.

Ap Posterior femur, ventral view.

Ss 3 pala.

Wa 3 portion of abdomen bearing strigil.

ie 6 strigil.

se Xyphus.

53 6 right paramere.

a 6 left paramere.

Puate XXXVIII.

a=face of ¢; b=xyphus; c=strigil.

Sigara (S.) sjéstedti (Kirk.). a, 6, and c.

meridionalis (Wallgr.). a, b, and c.

contortuplicata (Kirk.). a, 6, and c.

ceresn.sp. a,b, and c.

sjéstedtt (Kirk.). Parameres.

meridionalis (Wallgr.). Parameres.

contortuplicata (Kirk.). Parameres.

ceresn. sp. Parameres.

PuatE XXXIX.

aspect.

473

Posterior femur, («@) dorsal, (b) ventral aspect.

Posterior femur, (a) dorsal, (6) ventral

contortuplicata (Kirk.). Posterior femur, (a) dorsal, (b) ventral

aspect.

ceres n. sp. Posterior femur, (a) dorsal, (b) ventral aspect.

meridionalis (Waller.). @ profile of face.

contortuplicata (Kirk.). 4 profile of face.

sjostedti (Kirk.). 4 pala.

meridionalis (Wallgr.). ¢ pala.

contortuplicata (Kirk.). @ pala.

ceresn. sp. 6 pala.

contortuplicata (Kirk.). @ anterior trochanter.

5 DOY,, INT By dl

474

Annals of the South African Museum.

Prate XL.—Distribution Maps.

. Enithares chinai Jacz. In S8. Africa.

. Anisops (A.) sardea H.S. In 8. Africa.

i », debilis Gerst. and Anisops (A.) hypatian. sp. In 8. Africa.

. Nychia limpida Stal. In 8S. Africa.

. Anisops (A.) powert n. sp., Anisops (Anisopoides) aglaia n. sp., Sigara (S.)

meridionalis Waller., and Micronecta citharistia n. sp. In 8. Africa.

. The subgenera Notonecta and Paranecta. In the African continent.

Puate XL.

. Flood-bed of Limpopo River, Main Drift near Messina.

. Limpopo River “‘ Gorge,” near Messina ; locality for Nychia l. impida.

. Rietfontein Pan, Boksburg div., Transvaai; locality for Anisops (A.) sardea,

Anisops (A.) varia, Anisops (Aoid.) aglaia, ete.

. Stream in Witpoortje Kloof, Krugersdorp, Transvaal; locality for Enithares

v-flavum, Enithares sobria, and Anisops (A.) varia scutellata.

. Diep Kloof, Rouxville dist., Orange Free State. Pool in stream; locality

for Anisops poweri and Micronecta citharistia.

. Birchleigh dam, Pretoria dist., Transvaal; locality for Micronecta dorothea in

Potamogeton and Micronecta scutellaris in open water between the reeds.

Makabusi River near Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia; locality for Hnithares

chinai, EL. sobria, Nychia limpida, Micronecta monomatapae, ete.

. Drift in stream below Cango Caves, Oudtshoorn dist.

Ann. S. Afr Mus., Vol. XXV. Plate XXVIL.

SOUTH AFRICAN NOTONECTIDAR.

Plate XXVIII.

' Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV.

SOUTH AFRICAN NOTONECTIDAE.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. X XV. Plate XXIX.

13 14

SOUTH AFRICAN NOTONECTIDAE.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXYV. Plate XXX,

SOUTH AFRICAN NOTONECTIDAE.

“Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV. Plate XXXI.

SOUTH AFRICAN NOTONECTIDAE.

"Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV. Plate XXXII.

SOUTH AFRICAN NOTONECTIDAE.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXYV. Plate XX XIII.

a eee

SOUTH AFRICAN NOTONECTIDAE.

4 Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV. Plate XXXIV.

2 C

bh 3 C

4 C

5 C

6 C

SOUTH AFRICAN CORIXIDAE.

eM)

VOL. XXV, PART 3.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV. Plate XXXYV.

I G

2 C

SOUTH AFRICAN CORIXIDAE.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXYV. Plate XXXVI.

SOUTH AFRICAN CORIXIDAE.

: ,

veal i 1)

ob pi

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV.

Plate XX XVII.

SOUTH AFRICAN CORIXIDAE.

}

SSN

int

woe i

ay ne

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV. Plate XX XVIII.

SOUTH AFRICAN CORIXIDAE.

NERS UUAR use Vole XOXV. Plate XXXIX.

06 ty

99,

2009999000008 %

re Peas

SOUTH AFRICAN CORIXIDAE.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV. : Plate XL.

@ LE. china. @ A. sardea.

e A. debilis.

o A. hypatia.

. A. powert. ///1 Notonecta s.str.

@ A. (Aoid.) aglaia. e Paranecta.

x S. meridionalis.

o M. citharistia.

SOUTH AFRICAN NOTONECTIDAE AND CORIXIDAE: DISTRIBUTION MAPS.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. X XV.

G. E. H. photo.

Plate XLI.

G. E. H. photo.

G. E. H, photo.

olga

Gertrude Moss photo.

VSS Sas

Winifred Simon photo.

SOUTH AFRICAN NOTONECTIDAE AND CORIXIDAE: SOME HABITATS.

( 475 )

12. Some New Species of Curculionidae from South Africa and South

West Africa.—By A. J. Hesse, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.H.S., Assistant,

South African Museum, Cape Town.

(With Plates XLII, XLIII.)

THE following descriptions of new species of Curculionidae are from

material collected in South Africa, Rhodesia, and South West Africa

by collectors in different parts of the country and by members of the

Museum staff, who have also acquired a large number of new and

interesting species on their expeditions to Damaraland, Ovamboland,

and the Kaokoveld between 1916 and 1926, and to Portuguese East

Africa in 1924.

Most of the descriptions of the new species of Brachycerus are from

specimens labelled and designated as types by the late Dr. L. Péringuey,

which he did not himself describe or of which his descriptions in manu-

script form are too fragmentary to publish. The types of all the

Curculionidae described by Dr. Péringuey in the Trans. 8. Afr. Phil.

Soc., vols. 1-iv, 1885-1888 and 1892, and deposited in his private

collection, have subsequently been transferred by the late author

himself to the South African Museum collections.

I wish to express my thanks to the members of the Museum staff

and to the private collectors who have contributed to the material

described in this paper, and also to Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall of the

Imperial Bureau of Entomology, London, for his kind advice in the

description of the new species.

The figures are free-hand drawings by myself. S.A.M.—South

African Museum and M.Exp.=Museum Expedition.

Altogether 27 new species are described in this paper. These are :-—

Brachycerinae, tribe Brachycerini: Brachycerus angustus (Pér. in litt.) sp. nov., Natal.

aS approximans (Pér. in litt.) sp. nov.,

Orange Free State.

ie damarensis sp. nov., S.W. Africa.

i koebergensis (Pér. in litt.) sp. nov.,

Cape.

Fs meracus (Per. in litt.) sp. nov., Cape.

476 Annals of the South African Museum.

Brachycerinae, tribe Brachycerini: Brachycerus rhodesianus (Pér. in litt.) sp. nov.,

Rhodesia, Transvaal.

55 rikatlensis (Pér. in litt.) sp. nov.,

Delagoa Bay.

= verruculosus (Pér. in litt.) sp. nov.,

Cape.

Tribe Brotheini : Synthocus maculipes sp. nov., S.W. Africa.

A tuberculatipennis sp. nov.,S8.W. Africa.

Brotheus carinatus Mshl., 3, Cape.

Byrsopinae Byrsops noordhoekiana sp. nov., Cape.

Rhytirrhininae Spartecerus confragosus sp. nov., S.W. Africa.

55 pallidus sp. nov., 33

mS simulator sp. nov., op

Rhytirrhinus admirandus sp. nov., Cape, Trans-

vaal.

= dolosus sp. nov., Cape.

+3 inopinus sp. nov., Cape.

Gronops capensis sp. nov., Cape.

Hyomora varia sp. nov., Cape, N. Cape, Transvaal.

Erirrhininae Derelomus atratus sp. noy., Natal.

s incognitus sp. nov., Cape.

SS postfasciatus (Mshl. in litt.) sp. nov.,

Cape.

e rhodesianus sp. nov., Rhodesia.

- rugosicollis sp. nov., Zululand.

Attelabinae Scotopsinus bituberculatipennis sp. nov., Zululand,

Transvaal.

Pleurolabus damarensis sp. nov., S.W. Africa.

A poderinae Apoderus spinipes sp. nov., P. EH. Africa,

Rhodesia.

Sus-FAaM. BRACHYCERINAE.

Tribe BRACHYCERINI.

Gen. BRACHYCERUS Oliv.

Brachycerus Olivier, Encycl. Méth., vol. v, p. 181, 1790.

a Bovie, Gen. Ins., Fasc. 99, p. 10, 1910.

Dyerocera Pascoe, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 334, 1887.

Brachycerus angustus (Pér. in litt.) sp. nov.

(Pl. XLII, fig. 4.) 2 Type, S.A.M.

Black, elongate, ovate, densely covered with dull greyish or brownish

scaling above and with dull greyish scaling below, the scales with a

slight silvery or bronzy sheen, especially on the undersurfaces. Head

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 477

with the vertex and forehead densely covered with scaling, paler

laterally, with scattered punctures, each with a short depressed dark

seta, with the lateral and undersurfaces below the eyes also covered

with dull silvery grey scaling, with scattered punctures anteriorly ;

eyes without a supra-orbital ridge; rostrum about as long as pro-

thorax, about 23 times as long as head, slightly curved, with the

incision between it and the head shallow, only slightly evident basally

above, more distinct laterally in front of the eyes, with the sides

gradually widening from base to beyond middle at level of genae,

across the apical margins of which it is the widest, with the upper

surface slightly convex above scrobes, slightly depressed basally and

about at the same level as head, with a slight callus basally on each

side in front of the eyes, converging basally and forming more or less

a (-shaped basal ridge, the callus with scattered punctures and short,

depressed setae, with a distinct wavy, central carina, extending from

base to epistome, with a punctured ridge laterally on each side above

scrobe, the ridges not reaching the apex and extending basally, they

converge slightly, stopping abruptly at about ¢ the length of rostrum

from base, where there is a foveate depression antero-laterally in front

of basal ridges on each side, with the surface densely covered with

dull greyish scaling, the scales having a distinct silvery sheen on the

carina and ridges, with scattered punctures, more or less hidden by

scaling, the ridges and punctures with dark brown, depressed setae ;

epistome large, semicircular, smooth, shining, with the lateral bound-

ing margins carinate, the anterior margin slightly sinuate, with a

deep semicircular depression medially and a tuft of two or three long,

reddish-brown setae on each side at ends of depression, with a few

coarse punctures in a foveate depression externally and apically to

lateral bounding margins, each with a reddish-brown seta, the apical

setae being the longest; genae densely covered with silvery grey

scaling, with large separated punctures, each with a dark brown

depressed seta, the setae on ventral margin towards the apex being

longer and reddish brown, the dorsal margin more or less ridge-like,

with the apex smooth, more or less carinate ; mandibles shear-like,

bidentate, projecting beyond mentum, more or less shining, with the

inner basal part and basal part of teeth finely, rugosely, punctured,

the part external to the basal, prominent, central, carinate elevation

longitudinally rugose and coarsely punctured, the punctures towards

apex with long, reddish-brown setae, a distinct mandibular scar

present ; mentum trapezoidal, with the corners rounded, more or less

depressed in middle (filled in with dirt), with the anterior marginal

VOL. XXV, PART 3. 33

478 Annals of the South African Museum.

part raised, punctured, and with long, reddish-brown setae; sub-

mentum without a peduncle, with a long, reddish-brown seta on each

side near its apical margin; antennae densely covered with dull

greyish scaling, with circlets of dark setae around the apices of

funicular joints, the scape and around the club, absent on joint 1

above and below, with joimt 2 shorter than | (behind) and shorter

than 3, joint 3 slightly shorter than 1 (behind), club elongate, not

ovate, not broader than joint 7 of funicle, equally broad throughout

its length, truncated basally and truncately bevelled apically, with

a small, sharp point nearer the anterior apical margin; prothorax

broader than long, bisinuate anteriorly, with the medial, apical

margin arcuate, with the sides rounded, about as broad apically as

basally, with the basal margin feebly sinuate, slightly sunk below

level of disk, with the upper surface shghtly convex, postero-laterally,

slightly raised on each side, medially, basally, slightly depressed,

centrally, apically, slightly, foveately depressed, set with small,

shining irregular tubercles, those medially, discally being smaller and

more depressed than those laterally and antero-laterally, medial,

central part of disk almost free of tubercles, each tubercle with a

long, flattened, depressed, dark brown seta, directed more or less

towards the centre of prothorax, the tubercles laterally with a distinct

puncture on the dorsal margin, bearing the seta, interstices densely

covered with dull greyish scaling, with a paler, more silvery grey,

central line, more or less subcarinate basally, the inferior lateral

surfaces with paler scaling and with scattered deep punctures ;

elytra elongate, oval, more than 1} times as long as broad, basally

narrower than prothorax, the sides slightly rounded, broadest at

about middle, with the upper surface convex, with rows of foveae,

rows 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, and 9 more or less with regular foveae, those on

1 small, row 9 basally, and row 8 more depressed, with foveae on

rows 3, 4, and 5 more or less irregular, each fovea with a dark brown

seta on its anterior raised margin and projecting over it; interval 1

without any tubercles, but with a row of separated dark brown,

suberect setae; interval 2 with a row of separated, subtubercular

prominences not reaching the base and ceasing at summit of declivity,

each with 2 or 3 long, flattened, dark brown setae; intervals

3 and 5 more or less costate, each with a row of large, separated

tubercles, those in basal half vaginated and more or less depressed,

becoming more conical and closer together in 3 on the declivity, with

the basal ones in both intervals confluent, costate, more so in 3, 5

ceasing just behind summit of declivity, each tubercle with some pale

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 479

setiform scales and a bundle of long setae in the pore, the setae being

dark brown to beyond middle, pale yellowish or reddish brown on

declivity and also on basal ones of 5; interval 4 subcostate, with a

row of separated, small tubercles, not reaching the base and ceasing

just before summit of declivity, each tubercle with 2 or 3 flat,

suberect setae ; interval 6 with a row of rounded, flattened, shining

tubercles, not reaching the base and becoming smaller towards apex,

ceasing at about summit of declivity, each tubercle with some pale,

setiform scales and a short, depressed, brown seta in the pore; in-

terval 7 confluent with 9 basally, with a fairly large, shining, black,

rounded, prominent, humeral tubercle, then with a row of obsolete

tubercles or barely visible prominences and 2 or 3. apical

tubercles, the last one being prominent, conical, situated very close

to those on 3 and continuous with interval 5; interval 8 devoid of

tubercles, but with a row of separated, very short, pale, depressed

setae; interval 9 with 3 or 4 rounded, shining, flattened, basal

tubercles and 2 or 3 apical ones, continuous with 3; interval

10 represented basally only as a row of small, flattened, separated,

obsolete tubercles ; the interstices as well as most of the tubercles

densely covered with dull greyish scaling having a bronzy or silvery

sheen, each individual scale ring-like, with a dark central part, with a

broad, basal, transverse fascia from interval 5 to interval 5 more or less

darker ; undersurface densely covered with dull greyish scaling, with

a distinct silvery or bronzy, metallic sheen; metasternum coarsely

punctured, each with a pale yellowish or reddish-brown seta, with

antecoxal folds present ; abdomen with coarse, separated punctures

on ventrites 1, 2, and the apical segment, each with a pale reddish-

brown seta, those on apical segment with slightly darker setae ;

ventrites 3 and 4 with finer, scattered punctures, each with a pale

yellowish or reddish-brown seta, ventrite 1 feebly sinuate apically,

ventrite 2 slightly raised medially above 3 and 4, broader laterally

than either 3 or 4, about as broad as both together, ventrites 3 and 4

with the apical margins slightly sinuate, ventrite 3 sunk a little below

level of 2 and 4, narrower laterally than 4; legs thick, densely covered

with dull greyish scaling, with a silvery or bronzy sheen, the femora

with scattered punctures, those on the apices coarser, each puncture

with a short, dark, or a longer, pale yellowish-brown seta; tibiae

slightly compressed laterally towards apex, more or less. carinate

dorsally towards the apex, subscabrous ventrally, with separated

punctures and dark or pale brownish setae, the setae on under and

inner surfaces longer, with the inner apical angles produced into a

480 Annals of the South African Museum.

sharp mucro, better developed on anterior ones, with a tuft of orange-

coloured setae in front of it, with the outer apical angles not produced,

obtusely angulated and rounded, with the apical margins covered

with golden-yellow, velvety, sericeous, fine setae; tarsi with dark

and pale setae above, joints 1, 2, and 3 with a broad, conspicuous

pad-like tuft of fine, long, velvety, sericeous or floss-like setae below on

each side, joint 4 with separated orange-yellow or golden setae below,

arranged more or less in longitudinal rows, claws with a long, reddish-

brown seta at the base below. From a single 9.

Length (excl. head), 16 mm.

Breadth, 7 mm.

Hab.—South Africa. No exact locality cited (probabiy Natal *).

Brachycerus approximans (Pér. in litt.) sp. nov.

(Pl. XLII, fig. 2.) 2 Type, S.A.M.

Ovate, black, densely covered with pale brownish ochraceous

scaling, variegated with brownish and white scaling above, with the

undersurface and legs more uniformly pale. Head broad, densely

covered with pale ochraceous scaling, vertex with small distant

punctures more or less arranged transversely in rows, each puncture

with a dark brown seta, forehead deeply excavated, more coarsely

punctured (the punctures often hidden by scaling), each puncture

with a dark brown seta, with a central more or less denuded carina

not reaching the base, but extending to an arcuate, transverse, raised

line joining 2 bosses, one on each side, each composed of an aggregate

of a few small tubercles; eyes with a prominent supra-orbital ridge

and with the dark brown setae near the margin of ridge slightly

longer ; rostrum about as long as prothorax, with the incision between

it and head deep and distinct antero-laterally before eyes, the dorsal

area narrower basally than across the genae at about middle, thence

rapidly narrowed to apices of mandibles, in profile with the part in

front of the epistome almost perpendicular (when mandibles are

apposed) and parallel to basal incision and posterior margin of genae,

- with the mandibles (except part projecting), lower margin of scrobe,

the posterior and ventral genal margins thus almost forming a square,

with the upper surface slightly convex, with indistinct punctures

and fairly long suberect brown setae, covered with dense scaling,

uneven owing to a central, smooth, often undulating carina, extending

* Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall informs me that there are five examples in the British

Museum labelled Natal and one labelled ?Cape.

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 481

from a small tubercular elevation basally to near the epistome, a deep

incision laterally and parallel to the basal incision, separated from

the latter by a prominent, vertical ridge, projecting dorsally as a

denuded tubercle and connected with the small central basal tubercle

by a raised line, with a large tubercle on each side above the scrobe

at about middle and a smaller one dorsally on each side connected

to the former by a ridge and also to the central carina apically, thus

enclosing a deep, foveate depression anteriorly on each side, with

the epistomal margin slightly raised and punctured, each puncture

with a dark suberect seta and separated by carinate margins; the

epistome small, subtriangular, with the lateral bounding margins

raised and carinate, the anterior margin feebly arcuate, with a few

setae laterally on each side ; genae densely covered with pale scaling,

apical part of dorsal margin carinate, with small distant punctures,

each with a forwardly directed dark brown seta; mandibles shear-

like, straight in front, bidentate, well developed, projecting well

beyond mentum, rugose, with dark brown setae antero-laterally to

medial carina, a distinct mandibular scar present; mentum trans-

verse, oblong, more or less transversely depressed in basal half, the

anterior raised part with a few dark brown erect setae and with a faint

raised medial line; submentum with a peduncle and a row of a few

stiff setae near anterior margin; antennae densely squamose, with

a circlet of distant setae on the apex of the scape and each of the

funicular joints except no. 1, with the club large, oval, infuscated

in the middle, with dark brown setae and terminating in a sharp

point, joint 2 of the funicle very slightly shorter than 1 (behind),

subequal to or slightly longer than 3; prothorax broader than long,

broadest across middle, with the upper surface scrobiculately punc-

tured, each puncture with a suberect dark brown seta, and densely

covered with pale brown ochraceous scaling, with the anterior margin

bisinuate, medially slightly sinuate, basal margin truncate, with the

lateral angles obtusely prominent, with the dorsal part raised into

2 longitudinal ridges, composed of denuded rugae and confluent or

separate tubercles, the posterior one of which on each side is connected

with an irregular row of smooth tubercles extending obliquely down-

wards and forwards towards ocular lobes, centrally a raised line of

dense white scaling, laterally with a second row of smooth, round

tubercles, extending obliquely downwards and more or less parallel

to the first row, the second and third tubercles being larger and pro-

jecting more, thus forming the lateral angles of prothorax, with still

a third row of about 4 small black glabrous tubercles laterally along

482. Annals of the South African Museum.

base, and being continuous above coxae as a few small tubercles with

row | in front and with often a row of very small tubercles intra-

marginally antero-laterally, with the lateral angular part covered

with paler scaling, and the upper part with more brownish scaling ;

elytra oval, slightly longer than broad, retuse posteriorly, with the

upper surface convex, reticulately foveate, with a regular row of

foveate punctures on each side of suture, and the foveae on the

inflexed margins more regular, each fovea with a backwardly directed

dark brown seta near anterior margin, those on the disk being larger

and more distinct than those on inflexed margin, the intervals with

rows of shining black tubercles ; interval 1 more or less costate, with

a row of small, compressed, elongate tubercles, each with a long, dark

brown seta, the tubercles becoming more rounded and distant and

often smaller on the declivity, ceasing about half-way down the

declivity ; intervals 2 and 4 with a row of very large vaginated and

fasciculated distant tubercles, with those at the base confluent, more

costate, with those on the declivity towards apex very much smaller

and with pale setae, those on interval 4 being feebly fasciculate and

provided with pale setae from before middle to apex, the row itself

being slightly oblique posteriorly ; interval 3 with an irregular row

of aggregates of 2 or 3 small, sometimes transversely situated small

compressed tubercles, each aggregate with a single long, dark seta,

the tubercles become smaller on declivity, not extending to apex

and not reaching the base; intervals 5, 6, 7, and 8 each with a row

of smooth, shining, round, flat tubercles, each with a small, dark or

pale seta on the sutural side, the setae becoming smaller and more

indistinct from 5 to 8, row 5 more or less oblique, with the tubercles

not reaching the base and extending apically to opposite summit of

declivity, 6 oblique, with the tubercles slightly larger than the others

and beginning in a prominent conical humeral tubercle, continuous

apically with interval 4, row 7 oblique, beginning some distance away

from base and ceasing long before apex, row 8 oblique basally, then

horizontal, being continuous apically with interval 2, row 9 basally

with 2 or 3 large tubercles only, the elytral margin in the apical half

on each side with a row of small tubercles to apex, each with a long,

pale seta; interstices with dense pale, pale brownish ochraceous and

brownish scaling, the basal part, a transverse fascia before middle

and along intervals 2 and 4 between the tubercles brown, a broad

transverse fascia from humeral tubercle to humeral tubercle and some

patches discally on interval 2 and along 3 whitish, the inflexed margins

pale; undersurface densely covered with pale scaling, punctured,

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 483

each puncture with a dark brown seta; metasternum with a feeble

fold in front of posterior coxae; ventrite 1 very feebly sinuate

apically ; ventrite 2 about equally broad laterally to 4; ventrite 3

sunk a little below level of 2 and 4, slightly shorter laterally than

2 or 4; apical ventrite with larger punctures postero-laterally and

apically ; legs densely covered with pale scaling, with scattered

dark brown setae; tibiae with the anterior and intermediate ones

slightly compressed, with the inner apical angles produced into a

long, sharp process, with a tuft of setae above it and with a crest of

stiff, dense setae extending obliquely inwards from the inner apical

process on anterior tibiae, with the outer apical angles produced into

a long process, well developed on anterior ones, but often poorly on

intermediate ones and very poorly or absent on posterior ones, where

the apex is more bevelled along outer edge; tarsi squamose, with

long, dark brown setae dorsally, joints 1,2, and 3 each with a dense

tuft of dark setae apically on each side below and a few small setae

ventrally (especially on 1), apical joint with more or less 2 rows of

distant setae on each side ventrally, claws without a lateral seta.

From 4 99.

Length (excl. rostrum), 83-12 mm.

Breadth, 5-7 mm.

Hab.—Orange Free State—Parys (Alston).

This species belongs to the facietatus, emeritus, and karooensis group.

Brachycerus damarensis sp. nov.

(Pl. XLII, fig. 4.) 2 Type, 8.A.M.

Ovate, black, with the head, basal half of rostrum, antennae, genae,

the basal part of prothorax, the foveae on the elytra, the under-

surfaces and legs with tawny, brown or velvety-brown scaling. Head

broad, convex, coriaceous, with scattered punctures, each puncture

with a dark seta, the punctures on the vertex not visible, densely

covered with dark velvety-brown scaling, more visible and scattered

on forehead, the forehead steep, covered with paler, more squamose

scaling, and with a faint central raised, often denuded line; eyes

without any supr-aorbital ridges ; rostrum broad, very slightly shorter

than prothorax, the basal incision between it and the head very deep

laterally before eyes, the dorsal area increasing in width from base

to level of epistome, where it is about two times as broad across the

genae as the base, with the upper surface slightly convex, slightly

484 Annals of the South African Museum.

depressed basally, with a large prominent conical elevation on each

side basally, with a deep elongate (often irregular) transverse foveate

depression or sulcation laterally and in front of the basal tubercles

more or less parallel to basal incision, with a central more or less un-

dulating carina, distinct basally, indistinct apically where it extends

to a transverse, slightly arcuate, punctured ridge at about middle of

rostrum, which joins a lateral prominent thick ridge on each side

above scrobe, extending from the foveate depression in front of basal

tubercle to near apex, with a distinct central carina on the apical half,

extending from the transverse ridge to epistome and separating a

large foveate depression on each side, with the basal half of rostrum

to transverse ridge densely covered with tawny or brownish scaling,

with some scattered punctures on each side of the central carina and

laterally above scrobes, each puncture with an erect or suberect

dark brown seta, the basal elevations and the lateral ridges with

dark brown setae, those on the ridge being more curved and more

depressed, the basal foveate depressions with scattered, long, erect

dark brown setae, the apical half of rostrum above coriaceous, black,

not covered with scaling, coarsely scrobiculately punctured, the

punctures with dark erect setae, the epistomal margin raised, carinate,

and densely punctured; epistome subtriangular, with the lateral

bounding margins carinate and punctured, basally continuous with

apical central carina on rostrum, with the anterior margin slightly

sinuate, the surface shining and with a few small scattered punctures

(one distinct one on each side apically), each with a small dark brown

seta; genae prominent, with the dorsal margin ridge-like, prominent,

with distant punctures more or less separated by ridges, each puncture

with a dark brown seta, those on the apical half being longer, the

apical half densely covered with fulvous or tawny scaling, with a

slight transverse basal foveate depression, bounded behind by a ridge

forming the ventral margin of scrobe and extending posteriorly

projects behind as a striking lobe-like prominence, very prominent

in some specimens (especially ¢), not so prominent in some 99;

mandibles shear-like, bidentate, the inner tooth larger, with the

central carinate part very prominent basally, with the upper surface

finely punctured on the inner side basally and at base of two teeth,

coarsely, rugosely punctured outwardly, each puncture with a dark

brown seta, the setae in the antero-lateral and intramarginal foveate

part much longer, apices of mandibles projecting much beyond

mentum, a distinct mandibular scar present ; mentum more or less

trapezoidal, with the corners rounded off, the lateral margins carinate,

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 485

less so the basal one, with the surface coriaceous, with a deep or

shallow foveate depression on each side, separated by a central raised

part or carina, with the anterior raised part broad, punctured, the

punctures provided with long, dark setae; submentum with a small

peduncle; antennae densely covered with dark brown scaling, with

dark brown setae arranged in circlets round the apical parts of the

funicular joints and around the club, which is oval and terminates

in a sharp point, with pale sericeous pubescence apically (which

appears pale or whitish only when viewed in profile, otherwise dark

brown velvety), with joint 2 of the funicle very slightly shorter than

1 (behind) subequal to 3 in length, but slightly narrower apically,

3 slightly longer than 4; prothorax more or less hexagonal, broader

than long, bisinuate anteriorly, with the apical margin arcuate

medially, the true basal margin deeply sunk below level of disk and

feebly sinuate, the basal margin of raised part bisinuate, with the

lateral angles tubercularly prominent and a tubercular elevation

basally on each side, with the upper surface more or less plane, with

an anterior raised, laterally lobed, rugosely punctured, sulcated, and

shining callus, each puncture with a depressed, dark seta, with a

central longitudinal shallow groove behind the callus, containing a

short carina anteriorly (often indistinct), set with irregular, separated,

rounded, smooth, and shining tubercles, those bordering the medial

groove and those on the lateral angles and posterior elevations as

well as the sides being larger, each tubercle with a depressed or sub-

erect dark seta near its anterior or upper lateral margin, with the

broad anterior margin and ocular lobes dull opaque-black and free

from tubercles, with some tawny or brownish scaling on the basal

elevations and basal part of medial groove; elytra ovate, narrower

basally than the prothorax, apically retuse, the sides rounded, broadest

at about the middle, with the upper surface convex, coriaceous,

reticulately foveate, the foveae arranged in more regular rows on

inflexed part and along the sutural row, arranged more or less in a

circle round the tubercles on intervals 3, 4, 5, and 6, with row | dis-

appearing or becoming very much compressed apically on the declivity,

each fovea with a short, backwardly directed, dark seta on the anterior

ridge and with traces of tawny or brownish scaling, the intervals with

rows of tubercles and slightly converging basally and apically ;

interval 1 with a more or less regular row of small, flat, rounded, and

often compressed tubercles, those towards the base becoming very

small and indistinct, those just before the declivity often larger and

flatter, interval 1 on the one side not parallel to interval 1 on the

486 Annals of the South African Museum.

other side, but converging basally and apically, thus leaving a distinct,

smooth, and broader, medial, sutural band, each tubercle with 1 or 2

backwardly directed reddish-brown setae ; interval 2 slightly more

elevated, often subcostate, with the tubercles larger, more or less

irregular in the middle, where they are often closer together and more

conical, the tubercles ceasing on the declivity or becoming very

indistinct and confluent with 1 towards apex, each tubercle with

1 or 2 reddish-brown setae; intervals 3 and 5 with fairly large,

conical, more or less irregularly arranged tubercles, more regular

apically on the declivity, each tubercle with a prominent bundle of

long reddish-brown or orange-coloured setae, the tubercles at base of

3 being confluent and prominently costate, those on 5 being slightly

so or not at all, interval 3 extending to apex and 5 ceasing at the

summit of declivity ; interval 4 with an irregular row of conical

tubercles, more or less duplicated, each tubercle with | or 2 long,

reddish or orange-coloured setae, the interval being continuous on

the declivity with 6; interval 6 with a more or less regular row of

conical tubercles, each provided with 1 or 2 long, orange-coloured

setae ; intervals 7, 8, and 9 with rows of regular or (in some specimens)

irregular, smooth, shining, rounded, and slightly flattened tubercles,

often close together and thus more or less duplicated, 8 continuous

apically with 3, the tubercles on 7 ceasing before apex, those on 9

becoming more prominent and costate near apex, where they also

join the apical part of 3, the tubercles with a minute and often absent

seta, the setae towards the apex being longer, reddish brown, and

duplicated ; interval 10 represented in basal half by a regular row

of small, rounded, shining, distant tubercles; the apical part of

suture, as well as the elytral margins, covered with dense tawny or

brownish scaling; undersurface with tawny, greyish or brownish

scaling, more or less rubbed off or darker medially on the abdomen

and apical segment; metasternum coarsely punctured (especially

before coxae), each puncture with a reddish seta, no distinct antecoxal

folds; abdomen with the ventrites coarsely punctured, ventrites

1 and 2 more so, the apical one more rugosely punctured, the punctures

with reddish or tawny setae, ventrite 1 with the apical margin sinuate,

ventrite 2 broader laterally than either 3 or 4, ventrite 3 sunk below

level of 2 and 4, very slightly narrower laterally than 4, the apical

ventrite as well as 3 and 4 comparatively larger in 9, the apical ventrite

slightly depressed medially apically in g; legs with dense tawny,

brownish or velvety-brown scaling, with the tibiae often slightly

darker in colour ; femora with short, dark or reddish-brown scattered

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 487

setae, with the apices more or less punctured ; tibiae more or less

compressed, subcarinate dorsally, more or less subscabrous in apical

half, with scattered, dark brown and reddish setae, which are longer

below, with the inner apical angles bluntly produced into a sub-

prominent process, covered with dense, golden yellow, velvety and

sericeous fine setae, extending round the apex, the outer apical angles

rounded, not produced into a sharp process; tarsi densely covered

with dark, velvety-brown or tawny scaling, with scattered dark setae

above, with joints 1, 2, and 3 provided with a shallow (often indistinct)

groove below, small dark setae and a dense pad-like tuft of fine,

golden yellow, velvety and sericeous setae apically below on each side,

the apical joint with more or less 3 rows of dark setae below and dense

fine, golden setae apically, claws with a long, lateral, basal seta below —

and 2 shorter ones, one on each side near the base above. 1 3 is

slightly smaller than the other and the 99. From 4 99 and 2 39.

Length (excl. rostrum), 19-26 mm.

Breadth, 10-14 mm.

Hab.—8.W. Africa (Damaraland)—Outjo (M. Exp.), N.E. Damara-

land (Eriksson).

(Ovamboland)—Kunene River (M. Exp.).

This species was obtained from the roots of Aloe zebrina, on which

it probably feeds. It is probably allied to cornutus Linn.

Brachycerus koebergensis (Pér. in litt.) sp. nov.

(Pl. XLIII, fig. 7.) 3 Type, S.A.M.

Black, ovate, densely covered with pale ochraceous and whitish

scaling. Head convex, the vertex with scattered punctures, each

with a dark seta, more or less covered with dense pale scaling, forehead

sloping, with a central foveate depression, bounded on each side by a

fairly broad denuded ridge, the surface with coarse punctures, each

puncture with a dark erect seta and covered with pale scaling ; eyes

with a supra-orbital ridge, produced posteriorly into a prominent

conical point, with the dark setae on the ridge and in the punctures

at its base, erect, and much longer than those on the rest of the fore-

head ; rostrum to the apices of the mandibles very slightly longer

than the prothorax, the incision between it and the head distinct,

much deeper antero-laterally in front of the eyes, with the dorsal area

gradually widening from base to beyond middle, broadest across the

genae, thence rapidly narrowed to apices of mandibles, with the upper

488 Annals of the South African Museum.

surface convex, the basal part medially raised into a tubercular pro-

minence higher than level of forehead, with a foveate depression on

each side in front of it, with a more or less wavy denuded central

carina, extending from basal tubercle to epistome, the surface uneven

owing to small foveate depressions on each side of carina, containing

punctures and long, dark, erect setae, surface densely covered with

pale ochraceous scaling ; epistome triangular, with the lateral bound-

ing margins carinate and bearing a row of stiff, dark setae on the

outside, the 2 or 3 at the apex being more prominent and longer,

with the anterior margin slightly sinuate, with a row of stiff, erect,

dark setae in the depression near and more or less parallel to the

anterior margin, the lateral ones on each side being longer; genae

densely covered with pale ochraceous scaling, with some scattered

punctures bearing dark, forwardly directed setae, those on the ventral

margin being stouter and much longer, with a distinct small, denuded,

tubercular prominence on the posterior ventral aspect, the dorsal

margin not carinate anteriorly ; mandibles shear-like, bluntly biden-

tate, straight in front, projecting much beyond mentum, punctured

laterally to the medial carinate ridge, each puncture with a dark seta,

those laterally being thicker and longer, with a tuft of setae closer

together antero-laterally on each side, a distinct mandibular scar

present ; mentum transverse, more or less kidney-shaped, coriaceous,

with a shallow foveate depression on each side, separated by a central

raised part, with the anterior part raised and bearing a few erect, dark

setae, some long ones on each side, the posterior margin slightly elevated

laterally ; submentum without a peduncle, with a row of setae near

its anterior margin, 4 or 5 of which are very long and stout, projecting

downwards some considerable distance; antennae densely covered

with brownish scaling, with dark setae, arranged in circlets round the

apical parts of the funicular joints (except on joint 1, which bears no

setae) and on the club, with joint 2 of the funicle longer than | (behind)

and longer than 3, the club darker, oval, acuminate, produced into a

point, not so bevelled off on one side apically as in many other species ;

prothorax broader than long, about as broad apically as basally,

with the apical margin bisinuate, medially apically slightly sinuate,

with the sides gradually widened to about middle, where it is widest

across the prominent lobe-like and rounded lateral angles, thence

abruptly narrowed and more or less parallel, with the basal margin

arcuate, with the upper surface convex, with a prominent raised ridge

on each side dorsally, connected apically by the medial, elevated,

apical margin and at about middle by a transverse ridge, thus

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 489

enclosing an anterior and a posterior foveate depression, both of which

contain a central carina, the carina in the anterior one with a few

small, black, shining granules, the dorsal ridges with deep foveate

punctures, separated by denuded rugae and bearing dark suberect

setae, the dorsal surface lateral to the ridges pitted or honeycomb-like

with large foveate punctures, each fovea with a short, dark seta

near the margin, the lateral angles composed of 4 or 5 large black

tubercles, extending obliquely downwards and forwards and with a

slight ridge composed of 2 or 3 smaller tubercles just below it,

with a row of 4 or 5 small, rounded, shining, separated tubercles on

each side laterally along the base and a few small ones anteriorly,

arranged more or less round the lateral prominences, with the entire

surface densely covered with pale ochraceous scaling, with the golden-

yellow cilia on the smooth ocular lobes conspicuous ; elytra oval, with

the basal margin sinuate, the sides slightly rounded, broadest at about

middle, and the apical part retuse, with the upper surface convex,

with rows of irregular foveae, each fovea with a short or minute dark,

seta anteriorly ; intervals 1 and 2 with a row of very small, separated,

shining granules, becoming inconspicuous and ceasing beyond middle

and on declivity ; intervals 3 and 5 each with a row of very large

conical tubercles, the basal half of 3 being prominently costate, the

tubercles on 3 vaginated, with their lateral faces smooth, black, and

shining, becoming smaller towards apex on declivity, each tubercle

with a tuft, arranged more or less as 2 bundles, of very long, dark,

stout setae, the setae pale on the declivity, the tubercles on 5 with

only their outer faces smooth, black, and shining, more conical, not

vaginated, each with a bundle of very long, pale setae, the setae

on the 3 basal ones being dark; interval 4 narrow, costate from

before middle to declivity (often continued as a narrow costate line

to apex), with a row of separated, small, shining, rounded tubercles,

ceasing at summit of declivity and becoming smaller anteriorly cease

some distance from base, each tubercle with a short, dark, backwardly

directed seta a little distance behind it ; interval 6 costate from before

middle to opposite summit of declivity, with a row of separated,

small, rounded, shining tubercles (slightly larger than those on 4),

ceasing a good distance away from base; interval 7 with a row of

fairly large tubercles (smaller than those on 5), the first or humeral

tubercle very prominent, conical, with its lower face smooth, black,

and shining, with a tuft of long pale setae above, the second and third

tubercles less prominent, but also projecting, and with their outer

faces glabrous, shining, the rest flattened, black, shining, continuous

490 Annals of the South African Museum.

apically with interval 5; interval 8 with only 3, 4, or 5 separated,

flat tubercles, the first one behind humeral tubercle; interval 9

with a row of larger, shining, black, flattened tubercles, those on

basal half being larger, more elongate and closer together, then 2

widely separated ones and a few more rounded apical ones, the last

of which bears long, pale setae, and is continuous with intervals 4

and 3; interval 10 represented basally as 4 or 5 small, rounded, and

separated tubercles; the upper surface densely covered with pale

ochraceous scaling, brownish along suture from middle to apex, along

intervals 3 and 4 and between intervals 5 and 6; undersurface

densely covered with pale scaling; metasternum without any ante-

coxal folds, with long, scattered, dark setae ; abdomen with scattered,

dark setae, ventrite 1 sinuate apically, ventrite 2 slightly broader

laterally than either 3 or 4 and raised above their level, ventrite 3

very slightly narrower than 4 laterally, the apical ventrite with a

broad, fairly deep, transverse depression on the apical half ing; legs

densely covered with pale scaling (the tibiae more brownish on upper

surfaces), with fairly long, conspicuous, dark, separated setae, more

or less absent on apical half of the ventral surfaces of femora, slightly

denser and longer on ventral surfaces of tibiae ; tibiae with the inner

apical angles produced into a long process, with a crest of dense setae

above anterior ones, but with only a tuft of short setae over the

intermediate and posterior ones, with the outer apical angles rounded,

not produced into a process ; tarsi densely covered with pale brownish

scaling, with long, dark setae above on first 3 joints and also below

on apical joint, with a tuft of long, dark setae apically below on

each side of joints 1, 2, and 3, claws without a lateral, basal seta.

From 2 3¢.

Length (excl. head), 10 mm.

Breadth, 6 mm.

Hab.—Cape Colony—Koeberg, near Cape Town.

This species is related to nordinatus Fhs., but differs by not having

a central carina on the head, the absence of a transverse row of

4 tubercles near the base of the rostrum and by the absence of the

produced outer apical angles on the tibiae, etc.

Brachycerus meracus (Pér. in litt.) sp. nov.

(Pl. XLII, fig. 3.) 2 Type, S.A.M.

Black, oval, densely covered with dull greyish, whitish, and cinnabar-

red scaling. Head with the vertex densely covered with dull greyish

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 491

scaling, more or less hiding some scattered punctures, each with a

dark brown seta, forehead slightly excavate, with a smooth, central

carina, more distinct basally, with the surface covered with dense

cinnabar-red scaling, with a few scattered punctures, each with a

dark, suberect seta ; eyes large, with prominent carinate supra-orbital

ridges, raised above level of forehead, the ridges with small, scattered

punctures and short, suberect, dark setae; rostrum about twice as

long as head, about as long as prothorax, plump, with the incision

between it and the head deep and distinct antero-laterally in front of

eyes, with the anterior margin of incision (basal margins of rostrum)

ridge-like, with the sides gradually widening from base to near apex,

where it is widest across genae and epistome, with the upper surface

slightly convex, basally slightly elevated above level of forehead,

with a distinct, raised, smooth, often shining, central carina, extend-

ing from base to near epistome about opposite the level of anterior

part of scrobes, where it divides into 2 more or less wavy ridges,

enclosing a few large punctures, each ridge continuous apically with

apical margin on each side of epistome, with a depression laterally on

each side in front of basal ridges and above scrobes, and a prominent,

conical, tubercular elevation on each side in front of lateral depressions

and above scrobes at about middle, the tubercle extending back-

wardly and inwardly as a faint ridge, with a slight foveate depression

on each side of central carina and in front of tubercles, with small,

scattered punctures, each with an erect or recurved, short seta, with

the entire surface more or less densely covered with dull greyish

scaling, the scaling dorsally at the base being cinnabar-red ; epistome

small, semicircular to subtriangular, with the lateral bounding

margins thick, smooth, punctured, carinate, the anterior margin almost

straight, feebly arcuate, with a tuft of 2 or 3 dark erect setae laterally

on each side, with the deep foveate impression laterally on each

side of bounding margins punctured and setiferous, the apical setae

being the longest; genae prominent, densely covered with greyish

scaling, with scattered punctures, each with a short, dark seta, with

the apical part of the dorsal margin carinate ; mandibles shear-like,

bidentate, with the apices truncate, with the medial longitudinal

carina sharp, sinuate, and extending to apex of apical tooth, with

the mandibular surfaces external to it punctured, each puncture with

a dark, erect seta, mandibles comparatively short, projecting only

slightly beyond mentum, with a mandibular scar; mentum trape-

zoidal, with the corners rounded, with a shallow foveate depression

on each side, separated by a central raised or carinate part, not

492 Annals of the South African Museum.

reaching the base, with the apical part raised and punctured, each

puncture with a stiff, dark seta; submentum without a peduncle,

with a few setae more or less arranged in a row near its apical margin ;

antennae slightly compressed laterally, covered with dense, dark,

greyish scaling and dark setae arranged in circlets around the apical

parts of joints and club, with joint 2 shorter than | (behind), slightly

shorter than 3, joint 3 slightly shorter than 1 (behind), club rect-

angular, about as broad apically as basally, slightly broader than

joint 7, slightly flattened on anterior surface, with the bevelled apex

terminating in a point; prothorax broader than long, bisinuate

anteriorly, with the dorsal apical margin feebly arcuate, the ocular

lobes well developed, the sides at about the middle produced into an

angular, tubercular prominence, slightly broader basally than apically,

with the basal margin more or less truncate, with the upper surface

convex, with an anterior, central, foveate depression, reduced from

middle to base into a groove containing a central ridge, reaching

neither the apex nor the extreme base, with a tuberculated ridge

bounding the apical fovea on each side and an oblique tuberculated

ridge on each side discally in basal half on each side of central groove,

the tubercles on the ridges smooth, shining, often confluent and more

or less transverse, rugae-like, each with a recurved, dark brown

seta, laterally 2 to 6 shining tubercles more or less arranged in an

irregular, oblique row on a ridge, one of which, situated at about the

middle, is larger and projecting prominently outwards, with a few,

flattened, rounded, shining tubercles laterally in a row along base on

each side and a few shining granules arranged more or less round the

lateral prominence anteriorly, with a glabrous granule on each side

above and slightly behind the large lateral tubercle, with a few

scattered, pit-like, foveate punctures laterally and around lateral

angles, with a few smaller ones in foveate depression and in groove

on each side of medial ridge, the surface densely covered with greyish

scaling, the fovea and the medial posterior ridge as well as the lateral

parts with dense white scaling, the dorsal ridges with dense cinnabar-

red scaling and some orange-red scaling on the posterior oblique ridges

and extending obliquely downwards to the lateral prominences ;

elytra only very slightly longer than broad, slightly narrower basally

than the prothorax, retuse apically, the sides slightly rounded,

broadest at about middle, with the upper surface convex, with rows

of foveae, those along rows 1,7, 8, and 9 more or less regular, those

along rows 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 more irregular, each fovea with a dark

brown, slender, erect seta on its transverse anterior margin, the

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 493

intervals with rows of tubercles; intervals 1, 3, and 5 each with a

row or a few small tubercles, 1 with only 2 or 3 small tubercles or

granules (often entirely absent) beyond middle just before summit of

declivity, each with a backwardly directed dark seta, 3 with often

only 2 or 3 tubercles at summit of declivity or with a row of

small tubercles (smooth and shining externally) beginning at about

middle and extending to near apex, where they become continuous

with those on interval 8, the tubercles being larger and closer together

at summit of declivity, decreasing in size down the declivity, where

they are either small, granular, or entirely absent, each with a fine,

erect, dark seta, 5 without any tubercles or only 2 or 3 small ones

at about middle; intervals 2, 4, and 6 each with a regular row of

large, subconical, separated, compressed tubercles, those on | slightly

larger, the basal ones being confluent, boss-like, costate, and multi-

granular, the rest in the row with their lateral faces smooth and

shining to slightly down the declivity from where they decrease in

size to the apex, each with a number of backwardly directed, dark

setae above, the number of setae decreasing from basal ones to apical

ones, 4 with the basal ones confluent, costate, and prominent, the

rest in the row with only their external faces smooth and shining,

extending to near apex, each with 3 to 5 dark, depressed setae, 6

with the tubercles smooth and shining on their external faces, with

the first or humeral tubercle large, conical, projecting outwards, the

others decreasing in size and ceasing at about level of summit of

declivity, the apical ones closer together, each with 2 to 4 dark,

depressed setae above; intervals 7, 8, and 9 each with a more or less

regular row of rounded, flattened, shining tubercles, 7 with 3 or 4

separated tubercles, not reaching the base and apex, 8 with the

tubercles not reaching the base and decreasing in size towards the

apex is continuous with 3, 9 with the tubercles reaching the base,

where they are larger, with those near apex slightly wider apart,

continuous apically with 2; interval 10 represented. basally only as

a short row of 4 or 5 flattened, shining tubercles; interstices

densely covered with greyish or whitish scaling, with the upper

surfaces of the tubercles on the declivity on interval 2, those on

intervals 4 and 6 with dense chalky-white scaling, the basal confluent

tubercles on intervals 2 and 4 and the spaces between or the bases of

the tubercles along 2, 4, and 6 with dense cinnabar-red scaling, with

an infusion of orange-coloured scaling along the bases of the upper

surfaces of the tubercles along 2, 4, and 6; undersurfaces densely

covered with dull greyish scaling; metasternum with scattered

VOL. XXV, PART 3. 34

494 Annals of the South African Museum.

punctures and dark setae, with slight antecoxal folds ; abdomen with

scattered punctures and dark setae ; ventrite 1 feebly sinuate apically,

ventrites 2, 3, and 4 more or less subequal laterally, ventrite 3 very

slightly sunk below level of 2 and 4, apical ventrite with a slight

foveate depression apically in both 3 and Q, the ventrite is, however,

comparatively smaller, the apical margin more truncate and the

foveate depression more transverse in 3; legs densely covered with

greyish scaling, the femora with a faint subapical annulation slightly

paler, more whitish, with scattered, short, dark brown setae; tibiae

with scattered dark brown setae, the setae being more slender and

slightly longer than those on femora, with the inner apical angles pro-

duced into a sharp mucro, with the outer apical angles on the inter-

mediate and anterior ones produced into a broad, rounded, prominent

process, better developed in 9; tarsi with a circlet of dark, separated

setae apically and dorsally on joints 1, 2, and 3, and a tuft of only a

few, dark, stiff setae on each side apically below, jot 4 with 3 or 4

circlets of dark setae dorsally and 3 setae in a row on each side

below, claws without a basal seta. The $ specimen is slightly smaller

than the $9. From 1 ¢ and 2 99.

Length (excl. head), 6-7 mm.

Breadth, 4-5 mm.

Hab.—Cape Colony—Constantia (Cape Peninsula).

Brachycerus rhodesianus (Per. in litt.) sp. nov.

(Pl. XLIT, fig. 1.) 3 Type, S.A.M.

Black, ovate, densely covered with pale ochraceous, mud-coloured,

earthy to reddish-brown and dark scaling. Head convex, densely

covered with mud-coloured or earthy-brown scaling, with scattered

punctures, more or less hidden by the scaling, each with a short, dark,

depressed seta, with a slight depression laterally above each eye ;

eyes with a slight, smooth, supra-orbital ridge, more visible posteriorly ;

rostrum about as long as or slightly longer than prothorax, separated

from head by a transverse impression, the sides very gradually

widening from base to very near apex, where it is widest across the

genae and epistome, with the upper surface densely covered with

mud-coloured, earthy, or reddish-brown scaling, slightly convex above

scrobes, slightly depressed basally between the basal elevations, with

an angularly rounded, raised basal protuberance or ridge on each side,

raised above level of forehead and eyes, with the lateral margins of

the dorsal area ridge-like, subcarinate, and even carinate (in specimens

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 495

where the indumentum has been removed), more so above scrobes,

extending from basal ridges slightly inwards and then outwards,

forming a slight prominence on each side just above apical end of

scrobe, with a very short central apical carina, often more distinct

in g, joing the posterior angle of epistome, with the lateral parts

above scrobes more or less steep, slightly impressed before eyes, with

the upper surface punctured, the punctures (hidden by scaling) each

with a short, erect, or suberect dark seta ; epistome small, f)-shaped,

subtriangular to triangular (especially in some $9), with the lateral

bounding margins smooth, carinate, the anterior margin sinuate,

with a medial semicircular depression, with 2 or 3 dark, stout

setae at the ends of the depression on each side apically, with an

apical foveate depression, containing a few deep punctures and dark

setae laterally on each side and external to bounding margins, the

apical setae being the longest; genae ovate (rostrum in profile),

convex, not projecting prominently outwards, the dorsal margin

apically feebly carinate, punctured, the punctures with a short, dark

seta and densely covered with mud-coloured or earthy-brown scaling ;

mandibles shear-like, bidentate, projecting beyond mentum, with the

central basal part raised, ridge-like, where the anterior margin of

epistome is slightly raised on each side to cover it, in profile they are

not straight in front, with the lateral, basal parts uneven, owing to

rugae and a few coarse punctures with setae, without a mandibular

scar ; mentum transverse, more or less kidney-shaped, with a foveate

depression on each side, separated by a central, raised, carinate part,

the carina often not well developed or not reaching the base, with

the anterior part raised and punctured, each puncture with a stiff,

long, dark seta; submentum without a peduncle; antennae densely

covered with earthy-brown or mud-coloured scaling, with circlets of

setae around the funicular joints and the club, with joint 2 subequal

to or slightly longer than | (behind) (2) subequal to or slightly shorter

than 1 (behind) in g, with joint 3 slightly shorter than 1 (behind),

and shorter than 4, with joint 4 about as long as 2 in ¢ subequal or

even shorter in 9, club elongate, very gradually widening from base

to apex, where it is broader than joint 7 of funicle, often more club-

like and comparatively wider apically in some specimens, the apex

more bevelled off on dorsal part, thus showing a deep U-shaped

sinuation on dorsal apical margin, enclosing a slight depression, the

apex with sericeous pubescence, the apex of club terminating in a

sharp point opposite the U-shaped sinuation; prothorax broader

than long, bisinuate apically, with the medial, apical margin arcuate,

496 Annals of the South African Museum.

the apical part constricted intramarginally, especially laterally, the

sides roundly amplated, with the basal margin truncate, sunk below

level of disk, with the upper surface convex, with 3 apical, foveate

depressions, one centrally and separated from a lateral one on each

side by a distinct ridge, the lateral ones more or less confluent with

the lateral apical constriction, with a central furrow, extending from

apical fovea to base, where it is deep, distinct, and groove-like, the

medial part of furrow often absent or shallow, with often a shallow

depression laterally on each side at about middle of disk, the surface

more or less uniformly covered with pit-like punctures, each with a

short suberect seta on its margin, densely covered with mud-coloured

or earthy-brown scaling and indumentum, which often hides all signs

of punctures; elytra roundly ovate, with the sides slightly more

rounded in Q, retuse posteriorly, convex above, reticulately foveate

above, the foveae on rows 1, 7, 8, and 9 more regular, those on 2, 3, 4,

5, and 6 more irregular, more or less having the appearance of being

arranged in a circle round the tubercles on intervals 3, 4, 5, and 6,

each fovea on disk with a minute, dark seta on its anterior margin

and projecting over it, the intervals with regular rows of separated,

smooth, rounded, shining tubercles, each with a dark, erect seta

postero-laterally at its base on the sutural side and often closely

pressed to it; interval 1 devoid of tubercles; interval 2 with the

tubercles not reaching the base and stopping on the declivity ; interval

3 with the basal ones confluent, costate, and with a brush-like tuft

of velvety-black or dark-brownish erect setae, with 4 or 5 basal

tubercles before the middle, often larger and closer together than the

rest in the row; interval 4 with the tubercles not reaching the base

and continuous apically with 8 or often with 7 too; interval 5 with

the tubercles reaching the base, the few basal ones more prominent

and costate, continuous apically with 7 or ceasing in angle formed by

7and4; intervals 7, 8, and 9 with the tubercles slightly more flattened

and closer together, with 7 and 9 confluent basally, with those on 9

often becoming smaller, wider apart, even disappearing beyond

middle, but reappearing again at apex, where they are continuous

with interval 3 ; interstices densely covered with black, mud-coloured,

pale ochraceous, earthy-brown and reddish-brown scaling, a broad

sutural band between intervals 3 and 3 on each side on declivity, a

broad basal patch between intervals 3 and 5, often extending beyond

middle, as well as some patches discally and along interval 2 pale

ochraceous or mud-coloured to earthy-brown or reddish-brown, the

rest of the surface with black scaling ; undersurface densely covered

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 497

with mud-coloured or dull earthy-brown scaling ; metasternum with

scattered punctures, each with a dark seta, with a distinct, ridge-like,

antecoxal fold laterally on each side; abdomen punctured, more

coarsely on ventrite 1 and ventrite 5, with dark setae, ventrite 1 with

the apical margin almost straight, feebly sinuate, ventrite 2 medially,

transversely, ridge-like and raised, subequal to 4 laterally, ventrite 3

sunk below level of 1 and 2 and 4 and 5, slightly more so in 3, much

narrower laterally than either 2 or 4, apical ventrite slightly depressed

basally on each side, comparatively larger in 9, apically, centrally,

slightly depressed and apically more truncate in 3; legs densely

covered with mud-coloured or dull earthy-brown scaling, the femora

with the anterior ones slightly thicker than the others, the posterior

ones more curved, flattened (especially basally) on inner surfaces,

with scattered, short, dark setae and a few separated coarse punctures

apically, the setae below slightly longer and more erect ; tibiae with

separated, dark setae, those below longer, with the inner apical

angles produced into a sharp mucro, better developed on anterior

and intermediate ones, with a tuft of dark setae above each and a

crest of dark setae on anterior ones on inner surfaces apically, with

the outer apical angles on anterior and intermediate ones produced

into a broad, rounded, prominent process, better developed and

longer in 9, absent in both sexes on posterior ones ; tarsi with scattered,

dark setae above, joints 1, 2, and 3 with a tuft of dark setae on each

side apically below, joint 4 with a row of 3 dark setae below on

each side and often 2 or 3 subventral ones in a row lateral to

these, claws without a basal seta. From 10 99 and 5 go.

Length (excl. head), 8-114 mm.

Breadth, 42-64 mm.

Hab.—Transvaal—Shiliowane, Zoutpansberg.

Leydsdorp (J. Naughton).

Rhodesia— Bulawayo (Selous).

Matopos (Sheppard). (Type from here.)

This species is related to costatus Ghl., from which it differs by the

more rounded, convex, not tuberculate, less laterally-angulated pro-

thorax, and by the more prominent and larger tubercles on the

elytra, etc.

Brachycerus rekatlensis (Pér. in litt.) sp. nov.

(Pl. XLII, fig. 5.) 9 Type, S.A.M.

Black, ovate, with sparse, separated, pale scaling above, with

concentrated patches of yellow scaling on prothorax, elytra, the

498 Annals of the South African Museum.

legs, and abdomen. Head broad, coriaceous, minutely and densely

punctured on vertex, each puncture with a minute dark seta, the

forehead with some coarse, deep, scattered punctures, each with a

short, erect seta; eyes with a prominent, lobe-like, punctured supra-

orbital ridge anteriorly ; rostrum plump, about as long as prothorax,

a little more than two and a half times as long as head, with the

incision between it and the head deep and sulcate, A-shaped from

a dorsal view and extending down antero-laterally in front of eyes,

the incision is interrupted dorsally at the apex of A by a short central

carina, joining forehead to basal part of rostrum, with the sides

gradually widening from base to beyond middle, opposite the genae,

where it is the widest, thence rapidly narrowed to apices of mandibles,

with the basal margin bounding the basal incision, ridge-like, shghtly

raised, but not above level of forehead, produced basally into an

‘angular or lobe-like part fitting into A-shaped basal incision, with

the upper surface honeycomb-like, scrobiculate, set with deep

punctures, each with a short backwardly directed dark seta, more

or less plane or slightly depressed in basal half, the sides of dorsal area

slightly raised, ridge-like above the scrobes, with a foveate depression

on each side towards the apex, separated by a slightly raised, central,

carinate ridge, extending from about middle to epistome ; epistome

more or less semicircular to subtriangular, with the lateral bounding

margins carinate and punctured, the surface shining, with a few

punctures on the depression, the anterior margin sinuate, with a

deep, sulcate depression on each side laterally of the bounding margins,

often bearing 1 or 2 long, dark setae apically; genae coarsely

punctured, each puncture with a forwardly directed seta, dorsal

margin not carinate apically, only slightly raised ; mandibles shear-like,

bidentate, longitudinally rugose and punctured external to prominent

medial carinate part, projecting beyond mentum, with a vestige of

a terminal mandibular scar; mentum transverse, oblong, with a

foveate depression on each side, separated by a central carina, with

the anterior part raised, punctured, and with a few long setae; sub-

mentum with a short peduncle; antennae with sparse brownish

scaling, with short, dark setae, arranged in circlets around the apical

parts of funicular joints and club, absent on | and scape, with joint

2 shorter than 1 (behind), subequal to 3, the club oval, often more

elongate in 3, terminating in a sharp point; prothorax more or less

hexagonal, broader than long, with the anterior margin bisinuate,

the medial apical part slightly arcuate, with the lateral angles tuber-

cularly prominent, the true basal margin truncate, slightly sunk

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 499

below level of disk, about as broad basally as apically, with the upper

surface convex, honeycomb-like, scrobiculate, pitted, each pit with

a short, suberect seta on its side, with roundish, shining tubercles

laterally on the margins of the pits, those forming the lateral angles

more prominent and larger, each tubercle with a puncture, containing

a short, dark brown seta, discally and apically with 2 costate ridges,

punctured anteriorly and enclosing an elongate, deep, central, foveate

depression, which interrupted medially, is continued in basal half as

a deep, central sulcation, often bounded on each side by some smooth,

elongate or confluent, flattened tubercles, the apical foveate depression

in some with a faint central carinate line, with a patch behind each

eye and one on each side basally in line with it, as well as the inferior

surfaces above the coxae of dense yellow scaling ; elytra oval, the

sides slightly more rounded in 9, apically retuse, with the upper

surface convex, with more or less regular rows of foveae on striae 1, 2,

7, 8, and 9, and more or less irregular rows on striae 3, 4, 5, and 6,

with a small tubercle or granule, bearing a pale seta on anterior

raised margin of each fovea along striae 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, the granules

decreasing in size beyond middle, becoming indistinct or disappearing

on declivity and laterally on inflexed margins, the intervals with

regular, often irregular rows of shining tubercles; interval 1 with a

row of small, separated, shining, smooth tubercles, those in basal

half more elongate and those posteriorly on the declivity to apex

becoming more rounded, smaller, each tubercle with a puncture and

a short depressed seta; intervals 2, 4, and 6 each with a row of

separated, rounded, shining tubercles, each with a puncture and a

depressed seta, those on 2 becoming smaller apically on declivity,

ceasing some way down the declivity or just before apex, 4 often

continuous apically with 8, those on 6 not reaching base and ceasing

in angle formed by junction of 5 and 7 at about level of summit of

declivity, 2 and 4 often with the tubercles arranged irregularly or

with very small tubercles; intervals 3 and 5 more costate, with a

row of large, shining tubercles, larger than the others, those in basal

half larger, more elongate, with the few at the base prominent, more

or less confluent, those beyond middle on declivity becoming smaller,

more conical, 3 continuous apically with 9 and 5 with 7, each tubercle

with 2 or 3 confluent punctures and 2 or 3 dark, depressed, back-

wardly directed setae; interval 7 reaching the base, with often a

few larger tubercles in basal half; intervals 8 and 9 with a row of

smooth, shining, rounded, flattened tubercles ; interval 10 represented

as a row of rounded, flattened tubercles, extending from base to about

500 Annals of the South African Museum.

middle ; interstices bare or with sparse, scattered pale scales, with

dense pale yellowish or yellow scaling along intervals 3 and 5 from

base to middle or beyond middle and often basally along 7; meta-

sternum covered laterally with a patch of dense yellow scaling, coarsely

punctured, each puncture with an orange-red seta, with slight ante-

coxal folds; abdomen with scattered coarse punctures, each with

an orange-red or reddish-brown seta, with ventrite 1 slightly sinuate

apically, ventrites 2, 38, and 4 with a spot laterally and apically on

each side of yellow scaling, ventrite 2 very slightly longer or subequal

to 4 laterally in Q, distinctly longer in g, ventrite 3 sunk below level

of 2 and 4, more so in § and laterally narrower than 4, apical ventrite

comparatively larger in 9, with a slight central, apical, foveate

depression in $, more truncate apically in g; legs with a patch of

yellow scaling and orange-red setae on coxae, the undersurfaces and

a subapical annulation on the femora, the basal two-thirds of the

tibiae (excepting the extreme base) covered with dense yellow scaling ;

femora more or less scabrous, the outer surface of the anterior ones

granulate, with scattered punctures, the apices more coarsely punc-

tured, each puncture with either a dark brown, reddish-brown, or

orange-red seta; tibiae subscabrous, with scattered dark brown or

reddish-brown setae, the anterior and intermediate ones slightly,

laterally compressed in apical half, with a carinate dorsal edge, more

carinate apically, where it is continuous with edge of outer apical

angle, with the inner apical angles produced into a sharp process,

with a tuft of reddish-brown or orange setae external to it and on

anterior ones with a crest of setae above it, with the outer apical

angles on anterior and intermediate pairs produced into a broad,

rounded process, broadly, lobately rounded, better developed on

anterior ones and in Q, in ¢ blunter, more broadly rounded, edge of

the outer apical angles with fine orange-red setae, the posterior tibiae

with the apex bevelled oif, the 2 margins with fine orange-red seta,

the dorsal angle obtusely angulated ; tarsi with scattered setae above,

with a tuft of brownish or orange-red setae apically below on each

side on joints 1, 2, and 3 and a row of setae below on each side on

joint 4, claws without a basal, lateral seta. From 4 92 and 3 gd.

Length (excl. head), 10-14 mm.

Breadth, 6-8} mm.

Hab.—8.E. Africa (Delagoa Bay)—Rikatla.

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 501

Brachycerus verruculosus (Pér. in litt.) sp. nov.

(Pl. XLII, fig. 7.)

Black, ovate, covered with small separated whitish and pale

brownish squamose scales, the scales often almost entirely abraded.

Head with the vertex coarsely, closely punctured, each puncture

with a depressed seta, forehead not depressed, with coarser punctures,

further apart, with the upper surface often covered with sparse white

or pale scaling; eyes without a supra-orbital ridge ; rostrum broad,

head and rostrum together about as long as prothorax, with the

basal transverse incision between it and the head distinct, but not

deep, laterally gradually widening from base to near apex, where it

is broadest across the genae, with the upper surface slightly convex,

raised above level of head, with a prominent, outward and slightly

upward, often backward directed cornu or conical tubercle at the

base on each side, with a faintly raised, carinate, finely punctured

line, extending from the base of each inwardly to the basal incision

from which point there also extends a central, basal carina to between

the tubercles or a little way down in front of them, the sides of this

upper dorsal area more or less parallel or only slightly widening from

base of tubercles to epistomal margin, slightly, transversely depressed

before epistome, with the surface honeycomb-like, scrobiculately

punctured, the punctures with short, stout, dark setae, with often

sparse, whitish or greyish scaling; epistome small, subtriangular,

with the lateral bounding margins carinate and the anterior margin

sinuate, with a few, long, dark setae laterally on each side and a long,

dark seta on the surface of epistome on each side near anterior margin ;

genae scrobiculately punctured, each puncture with a forwardly

directed, short, dark brown seta, covered with sparse greyish scaling,

dorsal margin not carinate apically, only slightly raised ; mandibles

shear-like, bluntly bidentate, more or less shining anteriorly, with the

part outside to medial basal raised line rugosely punctured, apices

projecting beyond mentum, with no visible mandibular scar ;

mentum oblong, transverse, deeply depressed behind, with the

anterior part raised, punctured ; submentum with a short peduncle ;

antennae covered with greyish, separated scales, with dark setae

arranged in circlets around funicular joints and club, absent on joint 1,

with joint 2 shorter than 1 (behind) and very slightly shorter than 3,

club oval, terminating in a very sharp terminal point; prothorax

broader than long, with the anterior margin deeply bisinuate, the

502 Annals of the South African Museum.

medial apical margin more or less truncate, overhanging the head,

with the lateral angles prominent, angularly. rounded, with the basal

margin truncate, with the upper surface convex, with an apical,

foveate depression, bounded on each side by a scrobiculately punctured

ridge, which also bounds an apical, smaller fovea on each side, with

a shallow, central furrow, containing a carina extending from apical

fovea to base, scrobiculately punctured discally, the punctures bearing

short, stout, dark setae, with the lateral angular part and under-

surfaces more or less tubercular, the dorsal surface of the tubercles

with a pit bearing a short, dark, depressed seta, the interstices without

scaling or with sparse whitish or greyish scaling, often concentrated

medially as a central line and laterally on the lateral angles; elytra

ovate, with the sides slightly more rounded (in 2 specimen), the apex

retuse, broadest at about the middle, with the upper surface convex,

minutely and densely punctured (more apparent when scales are

absent), with more or less regular rows of punctures in the striae or

sulci on the disk, each puncture with a small, depressed, dark seta,

the punctures laterally larger, more foveate and not in straight rows ;

intervals 1 and 2 about as broad as the striae, convex or slightly

convex to beyond middle on declivity, with a row of separated

punctures (often absent), each with a dark, depressed seta ; intervals

3 and 5 convex, more or less costate, with a row of large, rounded,

verrucose, separated tubercles, each with a few short setae, the basal

2 or 3 confluent on 3, not so prominent on 5, the apical ones on

declivity on 3 decreasing in size to apex, where they are closer together,

interval 5 ceasing near apex; interval 4 continuous apically with 8,

often wavy, with a row of small, separated, minutely punctured,

subtubercular prominences, ceasing on declivity, each with a puncture

and a dark seta, in the 2 specimen with only a row of separated

punctures, each with a short, dark seta; interval 6 with a row of

minutely punctured tubercles, distinct in 3g, obsolete in 9, joining

8 at about the level of the summit of declivity, each with a short seta ;

interval 7 continuous basally with 9 and behind this with 3 or 4

large tubercles, obsolete in 9, then a few smaller, shining ones or a

shining subtubercular ridge, extending to angle formed by junction

of 6 and 8; interval 8 not reaching base and extending as a shiny

ridge (Q) and more or less as a subtubercular ridge (3), the tubercles

being visible only as separated, small, shining bosses, each with a

short, dark setae (in 2 only as a row of punctures bearing setae) ;

interval 9 as a shiny, subtubercular ridge (3), the tubercles becoming

more obvious and distinct apically, where the interval is continuous

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 503

with 3, in 9 as a ridge with a row of punctures only; interval 10

represented in basal half as a shiny ridge, parallel to margin, ceasing

opposite sinuation in elytral margin at about the middle ; apical part

of elytral margins on each side with a row of small, shining, rounded,

separated tubercles ; interstices bare or covered with small, separated,

whitish scales, concentrated as bands along and between intervals 4

and 5 and 6 and 7, with more brownish scaling along striae 2, 3, 5, 7,

8, and 9; undersurfaces covered with sparse, separated, whitish

scales; metasternum coarsely punctured, each puncture with a

short, dark seta, with a distinct antecoxal fold; abdomen coarsely

punctured, each puncture with a seta, with the ventrites in the same

plane, ventrite 1 almost straight apically, ventrite 2 subequal to or

very slightly longer than 3 laterally, but shorter than 4, apical ventrite

in ¢ with a distinct, central, apical foveate depression; legs more

or less denuded, or densely covered with white or pale scaling, more

concentrated as a subapical annulation on femora; femora with

scattered punctures, coarser, subscabrous apically, each with a short,

dark seta, the anterior femora more or less subgranulate on their outer

surfaces ; tibiae coriaceous, subscabrous (when scales are abraded),

with scattered punctures, each with a dark seta, the anterior and

intermediate ones slightly compressed apically and with a subcarinate

dorsal hue (obsolete in 9), with the inner apical angles produced into

a sharp process, with also a small process bearing a tuft of setae

external to it, thus giving the inner apical angle the appearance of

being bidentate, the outer apical angles on anterior and intermediate

ones produced into a blunt process, broadly, lobately rounded, better

developed in 9, in ¢ blunter, more broadly rounded, rounded but not

produced on posterior ones; tarsi densely covered with whitish

scaling, with dark setae above joints 1, 2, and 3 and also below on 4,

with a tuft of dark setae on each side apically below on joints 1, 2,

and 3, claws without a basal, lateral seta. The 2 specimen of Dr.

H. Brauns is slightly shorter than the gS. From 2 gd and 1 9.

Length (excl. head), 84-10 mm.

Breadth, 5-54 mm.

Hab.—Cape Colony—Touws River (Purcell).

Prince Albert (Purcell).

Willowmore (Dr. H. Brauns).

According to Gyllenhal’s description, B. polyophthalmus Guér. is

very closely related to this species, and seems to differ chiefly by the

absence of a central furrow containing a carina on the prothorax.

504 Annals of the South African Museum.

Tribe BROTHEINI.

Gen. SyntHOcUS Schoen.

Synthocus Schoenherr, Gen. Curc., vi, 2, p. 408, 1842.

fF Marshall, Tr. S. Afr. Ph. Soc., vol. xviii, p. 89, 1907.

Daulaxius Pascoe, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 333, 1887.

Synthocus maculvpes sp. nov.

(Exess) Type, 8.A.M.

Colour black, with ashy grey scaling, with a central basal stripe on

the rostrum, a broad lateral stripe on the prothorax extending on to

the elytra on each side, and a transverse patch at the apex of the

disk white ; elytra with a small or very large more or less quadrate

black patch in the middle, and the scutellar part as well as the space

between intervals 4 and 6 pale brownish.

Prothorax as broad as long or very slightly broader than long,

sides with a very slight subdorsal angulation, broadest near base,

narrowed anteriorly and dorsally compressed towards apex, base

shghtly arcuate, with the upper surface subconvex basally, irregu-

larly punctured and with scattered black setae, with a transverse

apical impression containing 3 shallow foveae, with the margins

of the basal punctures more or less velvety-black, and the sides

obscurely punctured; elytra oblongo-ovate, basal margin as broad

as prothorax, anterior margin feebly sinuate, shoulders rounded,

sides slightly rounded, apical declivity steep and angulated dorsally,

with the upper surface slightly depressed as far as interval 4, then

sloping sharply to interval 6, with irregular rows of large punctures

and with the suture slightly raised; intervals 3 and 5 each with a

short, oblique basal costa, the former of which is velvety-black and

setiferous; interval 4 with a row of 5 or 6 small tubercles more or

less parallel with the suture and ending at the declivity ; interval 6

with a row of conical tubercles ending at the apex; inflexed margins

with rows of foveae; mesosternum with a tubercle; intermediate

coxae contiguous, and the intercoxal part of the abdomen about as

broad as one of the intermediate coxae; legs grey, with conspicuous

brown mottling and scattered dark setae; tibiae not scabrous, the

inner apical angle with a short spine and the outer angle not pro-

duced ; tarsi more or less slender. From two specimens.

Length (excl. head), 64-6 mm.

Breadth, 4 mm.

Hab.—S8.W. Africa—Damaraland, Outjo (M. Exp.).

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 505

This species is related to ovampoensis Mshl., from which it ditters

by the different coloration, the depressed discal part of the elytra, the

absence of a tubercle on the declivity on interval 2, the smaller size,

and the shorter more or less straight spine on the tibiae. Super-

ficially it resembles mashunus Mshl. in coloration.

Synthocus tuberculatipennis sp.nov. Type, S.A.M.

Colour black, with dense grey scaling, upper surface darker, under-

surface lighter, with the T-shaped carina on the head, the central

furrow and lateral margins of the prothorax whitish.

Head with a central T-shaped carina; prothorax about as broad

as long, the sides slightly rounded, with an obtuse subdorsal tubercle

situated just behind the middle on the more or less raised and im-

punctate lateral margins, broadest across the subdorsal tubercles,

slightly narrowed antero-dorsally and constricted at the apex, anterior

margin slightly raised, with the upper surface convex behind, irregu-

larly punctured and sparsely covered with dark setae, with a distinct

narrow central furrow and a broader one on each side becoming

foveate apically, the anterior part transversely impressed, with the

sides obscurely and irregularly punctured; elytra oblongo-ovate,

only very slightly longer than broad, the basal margin truncate and

not broader than the prothorax, shoulders rounded, sides slightly

rounded, the declivity moderately steep and rounded dorsally, with

the upper surface convex, with regular rows of foveate punctures on

the disk; interval 2 costate basally and obtusely tuberculate pos-

teriorly, the tubercles being continued to near the apex, the largest

one being at the summit of the declivity ; intervals 3 and 5 with an

oblique tubercular basal callus, the latter having a row of small,

distant tubercles ; interval 4 with a row of conical tubercles beginning

at the level of the basal callus on interval 3 and ending at the de-

clivity ; interval 6 with a row of conical tubercles from the shoulder

to the apex, where there is also a tubercle on each side between the

last apical tubercle and the suture (though not in line with those on

interval 2); inflexed margins with rows of shallow punctures ; meso-

sternum with a small tubercle; intermediate coxae contiguous and

the intercoxal part of the abdomen a little broader than an inter-

mediate coxa; legs stout, with dense grey scaling and dark setae ;

tibiae subcompressed, not scabrous, the interior apical angle with a

small shghtly curved spur, the outer angle rounded and feebly pro-

duced ; tarsi stout. From a single specimen.

506 Annals of the South African Museum.

Length (excl. head), 74 mm.

Breadth, 44 mm.

Hab.—8.W. Africa—Ovamboland, Onolonga (M. Exp.).

This species belongs to the category of plagosus Pér. and stolatus

Pasc., but differs by its smaller size, more conical tubercles, different

colour, and from its nearest ally stolatus by its non-scabrous and sub-

compressed tibiae, very much smaller size, and more conical tubercles

on interval 6.

Gen. BrotHeus Steph.

Brotheus Stephens, Illustr. Brit. Ent., vol. iv, p. 152, 1831.

Marshall, Tr. S. Afr. Ph. Soc., vol. xviii, p. 106, 1907.

Ixodus Pascoe, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool., vol. xi, p. 448, 1872.

Brotheus carinatus Mshl.

1907. Marshall, Tr. 8. Afr. Ph. Soc., vol. xviii, p. 110; pl. vi, fig. 14:

Description of 3:

Head, prothorax, and colouring like described 2. Elytra short,

broader than long, the basal margin trisinuate and not broader than

base of prothorax, shoulders obtuse and not dilated laterally, sides

subparallel, declivity abrupt forming a pentagon, being bordered on

all sides by an elevated transverse carina, which is sinuated towards

the base, where it crosses the suture at the top of the declivity ; upper

surface with an oblique, curved, elevated carina passing from near the

shoulder and meeting the posterior carina (or basal carinate sides of

pentagonal declivity) a little nearer the suture than to the dorsal

margin; from this point there also passes a crenellated carina parallel

to the suture down the declivity to the apex, the dorsal margin also

with a crenellated carina from the shoulder to the apex of the declivity,

and at the base of each elytron 2 short, oblique calluses, one on

each side of the dorsal carina; the spaces between the carinae are

depressed (especially laterally) and with coarse, irregular punctures

along the carinae both on the upper surface and the declivity. From

a single specimen.

Length of 3, 5 mm.

Breadth of 3, 4 mm.

Allotype of 3 in the private collection of Dr. Andreae, Cape Town.

Hab.—Cape Colony—Cape Town (Dr. Andreae).

This ¢ and a 2 were caught in copulation by Dr. Andreae, who

12)

kindly submitted the specimen to me for description. As the unique

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 507

type of the 2 of carinatus Mshl. is in our collection, there was no

difficulty in the correct identification of the 9. The ¢ differs only

in the shape of the elytra, which possesses an abrupt pentagonal

declivity enclosed by transverse carinae, as in the case of pumilus

Mshl, from which it differs by having a less depressed declivity, by

having a carina on each side on the declivity parallel to the suture,

and by the oblique curved carina from the shoulder not meeting the

posterior carina so near the suture.

Sus-ram. BYRSOPINAE.

Gen. Byrsops Schoen.

Byrsops Schoenherr, Gen. Curc., 11, p. 408, 1834.

, Marshall, Tr. 8S. Afr. Ph. Soc., vol. xvii, p. 60, 1907.

Byrsops noordhoekiana sp. nov.

(PESXIT, fig. 8:) 2 Type, 8.A.M.

Colour black, with earth-brown or grey scaling, the elytra with 2

small, basal patches and a larger quadrangular sutural one before the

middle of velvety-brown scales; sometimes the elytra are deeper in

colour, black, with 2 basal patches and the larger sutura]l one deep

velvety-black.

Head distinctly but sparsely punctuated, with 2 distinct oblique

frontal carinae which unite anteriorly with the ocular ridges, with

the forehead foveate; rostrum feebly convex, with a feeble central

carina, more distinct basally and disappearing apically, with a few

punctuations laterally basally on each side of the carina on the upper

surface ; prothorax as broad as long in 4, slightly broader than long

in 2, sides slightly ampliated about middle, ocular lobes prominent

but not markedly dilated, with the upper surface coarsely punctured,

with a continuous central furrow, bordered by 2 distinct more or

less straight or feebly undulating carinae, the anterior transverse

impression with a distinct fovea on each side of the furrow, with

deep, separated punctures on the sides; elytra ovate, shoulders pro-

minent, more sloping in 4, sides slightly rounded, the posterior

declivity steep, more or less abrapt, with the upper surface with

more or less regular rows of punctures between suture and interval 4

on each side, and with irregular punctures on the surface between

intervals 4 and 6; intervals 2 (beyond middle), 4, and 6 with promi-

nent variable conical or elongate tubercles, those near the summit of

508 Annals of the South African Museum.

the declivity being often larger, especially in $; interval 2 more or

less costate to about middle; interval 3 with a basal callus parallel

with interval 2; interval 4 with rather elongate tubercles in some

specimens, especially in $; interval 5 with a prominent humeral

tubercle ; inflexed margins with regular rows of large, deep punctures

and the intervals subcostate ; legs with dense, grey scaling and short,

dark setae; tibiae with the inner apical angles sharply mucronate ;

posterior tarsi with joint 1 slightly longer than 2; 2 with no anal

tubercle and larger than 3. From several specimens.

Length (excl. head), 5-84 mm.

Breadth, 3-5 mm.

3 allotype in the private collection of Dr. Andreae, Cape Town.

Hab.—Cape Colony—Noordhoek, Cape Peninsula (Dr. Andreae).

This species, although variable, can easily be distinguished from

the very similar sulcicollis Ghl. by the very feeble central carina on

the rostrum, the less rugosely punctured prothorax, the less carinate

ridges bordering the central furrow, by the more or less regular rows

of finer punctures on the elytra (not with the characteristic reticulate

structure of sulcicollis Ghl.), by the more elongate tubercles, the

basal costate part of interval 2, the less oblique basal callus on interval

3, and the absence of an anal tubercle in. According to Dr. Andreae

this species is semiaquatic, found in species of Chara (growing in

brackish swamps), even feeding and crawling under water. The black

variety was found in the neighbourhood, but away from water.

Susp-FamM. RHYTIRRHAININAE.

Gen. SPARTECERUS Schoen.

Spartecerus Schoenherr, Gen. Curc., u, p. 421, 1834.

is Lacordaire, Hist. Nat. Ins. Coleop., vol. vi, p. 298, 1863.

Spartecerus confragosus sp. nov. Type, S.A.M.

Black, covered with uniform earth-brown, dark purplish-brown, or

earth-brown, variegated with dark purplish-brown scaling.

Head strongly convex, densely covered with scales, separated from

rostrum by a deep, transverse incision, forehead and small supra-ocular

elevations with a few scattered, black, suberect setae; rostrum very

thick, the basal part swollen, more or less rounded, elevated above

forehead, more or less parallel-sided in basal half, the genae gradually

dilated, the depth being equal to the median width, with the upper

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 509

surface foveately depressed just before antennal insertions, the lateral

margins of the fovea being often subangularly elevated, with a central

carina on the apical part, extending from the transversely raised

apical margin of the fovea to epistome, and separating the apical

part into 2 foveate depressions, the basal half and the elevated

margins of the foveae set with low granules, each bearing a black

recumbent seta, the genae with scattered, white recumbent setae,

with an oblique furrow subparallel with the scrobe, the epistome

nearly as long as broad, with the carinae sharp and distinct, forming

an acute angle; antennae with joint | of the funicle about as long as

2 and 3 together, 2 slightly longer than 3, joints 4, 5, 6, and 7 trans-

verse and equal, 7 connate with club, club deep ferruginous brown ;

prothorax as broad as long, moderately rounded at sides, broadest

at about middle, shallowly constricted near apex, the base slightly

arcuate, slightly broader than apex, apex roundly produced dorsally,

ocular lobes very prominent, with the upper surface almost plane,

unevenly set with small, rounded, separated tubercles, more or less

aggregated in a boss-like elevation on each side basally, tubercles

absent from a transverse impression near the apex just in front of

the middle, and a transverse more or less arcuate narrow furrow or

sulcus behind middle, as well as from a shallow longitudinal furrow

just behind the eye laterally on each side, sides with only a few

separated tubercles on upper half, interstices covered with over-

lapping earth-brown or dark purplish-brown scaling, the tubercles

often alone being dark purplish-brown, each bearing a small, depressed,

black seta ; elytra oblong, conjointly sinuate at base, sloping obliquely

from base to the distinctly projecting humeral angle, thence parallel-

sided almost to apex, broadly subtruncate apically, with the upper

surface slightly convex, the striae with regular rows of shallow, sub-

quadrate foveolae, stria 2 slightly curved owing to the inward curve

of interval 3, striae 3 to 6 distinctly curved, with the intervals uneven

and curved ; intervals 1, 2, 4, and 6 narrow, only very slightly convex,

interval 1 with a row of small, distant tubercles beyond middle to

apex or about midway down the declivity, the largest being at the

summit of declivity, intervals 4 and 6 with a few small, distant, obscure

granules ; intervals 3, 5, and 7 costate, prominent, 3 and 5 markedly

curved inwards before middle, with a row of small tubercles, often

duplicated (each with a pale or black recumbent seta), increasing in

size beyond middle, those on the former beginning in a prominent,

subtuberculate, basal callus and ending at the summit of declivity

in a large, multituberculate boss, those on the latter ending in a large,

VOL. XXV, PART 3. 35

510 Annals of the South African Museum.

prominent, conical tubercle at the apex of intervals 6 and 7, interval 7

beginning in a prominent, conical, humeral tubercle is more or less

costate to beyond middle, with only a few distant, setiferous granules ;

intervals 8 and 9 on the inflexed margins forming a prominent sub-

apical callus on each side with interval 3 ; interstices densely covered

with overlapping, uniform, earth-brown or dark purplish-brown

scaling, or with the scutellar region, the basal half and tubercles of

intervals 3 and 5, an obscure and irregular transverse band beyond

middle, the basal parts of the inflexed margins, and along the suture

on the declivity of dark purplish-brown scaling; undersurface with

dense, earth-brown or dark scaling, and scattered, white or pale setae ;

legs with dense, earth-brown or dark purplish-brown scaling, with a

paler subapical annulation on the femora, and also with scattered,

white and dark setae. From seven specimens.

Length (excl. head), 103-12 mm.

Breadth, 53-65 mm.

Hab.—S8.W. Africa—(Kaokoveld)—Kamanyab, Warmbad, Kaross.

(M. Exp.).

(Ovamboland)—Kunene R. (M. Exp.).

This species is related to rudis Fahr., nasalis Mshl., and trisulcatus

Hart. From rudis it may at once be distinguished by the inflated

rostrum. From its nearest ally nasalis it may be distinguished by

the less inflated rostrum, the distinctly costate and tuberculate

intervals 3 and 5 which end in very large, prominent, conical bosses,

and by the presence of a distinct, conical, humeral tubercle. Super-

ficially it resembles trzsulcatus, but the latter has no inflated rostrum,

no distinct tubercles on the prothorax, has a larger humeral tubercle

and 2 or 3 distinct conical tubercles on interval 7.

Spartecerus pallidus sp. nov.

(Pl. XLII, fig. 6.) Type, S.A.M.

Black, densely covered with pale ashy-grey to calcareous white

scaling.

Head with the vertex convex, narrow ; forehead with a broad, deep,

central furrow, more foveate anteriorly and shallower posteriorly,

bordered by a prominent, carinate ridge, which is transversely con-

nected by means of a tuberculate ridge at about the middle to the

supra-ocular ridges on each side, thus dividing the lateral parts of fore-

head on each side into 2 foveate depressions, the supra-ocular ridges

prominent, angularly elevated, the entire surface with dense, white

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 511

or greyish overlapping scales, the few granules on transverse ridges,

and the supra-ocular ridges with scattered, dark, recumbent setae ;

rostrum thick, separated from the head by a slight, transverse in-

cision, the sides subparallel, about as broad medially as deep, the genae

only slightly dilated apically (dorsal view), with the upper surface

slightly convex, densely covered with ashy-grey or white overlapping

scales, with a broad, central furrow, without any carina, slightly

narrowed basally and continuous with central frontal furrow, bordered

by an elevated, granular or tuberculated ridge, raised basally to level

of ridges on forehead, beginning basally in a tubercle or small, tuber-

culated boss and ending at apex in a more or less prominent tubercle,

with a central carina on apex, bifurcating basally into 2 transverse

ridges, dividing the apical part into 2 foveae behind epistome, the

small, irregular tubercles on the borders of furrow with short, suberect,

black setae, the epistome nearly as long as broad, with the carinae

sharp, forming an acute angle, the genae with dense, white scaling and

scattered, dark setae, with a short furrow subparallel, with scrobes on

its lower half; antennae with short, dark setae, with joint 1 of the

funicle as long as 2 and 3 together, 2 slightly longer than 3, joints 4,

5, and 6 transverse, 7 connate with club, club black; prothorax

slightly broader than long, constricted apically, the dorsal apical

margin slightly raised, feebly roundly produced, the basal margin

truncate, the ocular lobes well developed, the sides subangularly

rounded, then gradually narrowed to base, broadest just before or at

about middle, with the upper surface slightly convex, densely covered

with white or ashy-grey, overlapping scales, unevenly set with small,

rounded, separated tubercles, each with a short, black seta, more or

less aggregated together on each side near base in a boss-like elevation

or a large tubercle, leaving an indication often obscure of a central

furrow, and a slight transverse impression near apex, as well as an

oblique impression on each side in front of basal tubercles continuous

antero-laterally with the apical constriction free from tubercles,

laterally with small, rounded tubercles only on subangularly, rounded

sides; elytra more or less quadrate, only very slightly longer than

broad, the apical margin subtruncate or feebly sinuate, set with

vibrissae, as broad as base of prothorax, then gradually sloping to

small, humeral tubercle, shoulders subangularly rounded, sides slightly

rounded, very gradually narrowed posteriorly, subtruncately rounded

apically, broadest just before or at about middle, with the upper

surface convex, with regular rows of foveate punctures; interval 1

more convex beyond middle and apically, with a row of small, distant

512 Annals of the South African Museum.

tubercles, becoming larger beyond middle at summit of declivity ;

intervals 2, 4, and 6 very feebly convex, 2 and 4 convex on basal half

and with a few distant granules, 6 with only a few small, distant

tubercles; intervals 3, 5, and 7 very convex, costate, prominent,

with rows of tubercles often irregularly arranged, 3 with a basal,

tuberculated callus, then with a row of small, distant tubercles which

become larger and often closer together beyond middle, the largest

being at summit of declivity, and with 2 or 3 smaller ones to about

midway on the declivity, interval 5 distinctly curved, with a row of

larger tubercles, beginning basally in a multituberculate callus and

often duplicated and irregular beyond middle, ceasing at summit of

declivity, 7 slightly curved, more costate basally, where the tubercles

are more or less aggregated, beginning in a distinct, conical, humeral

tubercle, and with no tubercles beyond middle; intervals 8, 9, and 10

slightly convex, devoid of tubercles ; interstices with dense, dull, or

ashy-grey scaling, with the tubercles often denuded and dark, each

with a dark seta, with often a small spot of velvety-black scales on

each side on interval 3 at about middle; undersurface with dense,

white scaling, and with scattered, white setae, with some scattered,

dark setae on segments 1 and 2 of the abdomen; legs with dense,

white scaling, and with scattered, pale and dark setae, the tibiae more

or less scabrous. From six specimens.

Length (excl. head), 8-93 mm.

Breadth, 5-6 mm.

Hab.—S.W. Africa—(Ovamboland)—Mafa, Namakunde, Ondongua

(M. Exp.).

Spartecerus simulator sp. nov. Type, S.A.M.

Black, with dull greyish scaling above, paler calcareous white below,

with ochraceous scaling on head, rostrum, the central furrow and

lateral basal parts of the prothorax; the base, a transverse band at

middle, another obscure one beyond middle on elytra, with yellowish

scaling, variegated with velvety black; the shoulders and interval 5

beyond middle to the tubercle often reddish or ochraceous. These

colour markings are often obscure and the entire insect is dull greyish.

Head with vertex convex, narrow, the forehead with 4 deep

foveae, the 2 lateral ones and medial anterior one broader than

smaller posterior one, separated by prominent raised ridges, the

entire surface covered with dense, overlapping, ochraceous scales, the

frontal ridges continuous anteriorly with the prominently, elevated,

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 513

supra-ocular ridges, the ridges and supra-ocular ridges with scattered,

depressed, dark setae; rostrum thick, longer than head, shorter than

prothorax, separated from head by a transverse incision, the genae

gradually dilated, with the upper surface convex, more or less elevated

just before antennal insertions to the level of forehead, with a broad,

central furrow continuous basally with the deep, median, frontal fovea,

becoming shallower apically and ceasing above antennal insertions,

with a small foveate depression basally on each side, separated from

central furrow by the basal carinate margins of the furrow, which

become thicker apically, the basal half with dense, ochraceous scaling,

the raised margins of furrow with scattered, dark setae, with the apex

slightly depressed behind epistome, the genae foveately depressed

below scrobes, bordered by a raised ridge below, subcarinate, prominent

and angularly rounded apically where they join the epistomal carinae,

covered with whitish scaling and scattered, dark setae ; antennae with

joint 1 of the funicle about as long as 2 and 3 together, 2 slightly

longer than 3, joints 4, 5, and 6 more or less subequal, slightly shorter

than 7, which is connate with the club, club black; prothorax very

slightly broader than long, as broad as long at apex and base, sides

subangularly dilated anteriorly, broadest before middle, thence

gradually narrowed to base, constricted apically, with the dorsal

apical margin slightly raised and feebly sinuate, the basal margin

slightly arcuate, with the upper surface more or less plane, slightly

transversely impressed apically, rugosely impressed, leaving a central

furrow, the borders of the furrow, the apical margin, and the rugae

with scattered, depressed, dark setae, the interstices as well as the

rugae densely covered with overlapping scales, antero-laterally and

discally with dull grey scales, the furrow and the basal lateral margins

with yellowish or ochraceous scaling, a short sub-basal line laterally

on each side reddish ochraceous, more often the upper surface is dull

grey, with paler scaling in furrow, the undersurface with dense, cal-

careous, white scaling; elytra almost quadrate, only very slightly

longer than broad, anterior margin conjointly sinuate, then obliquely

sloping to the prominent and rounded shoulders, broadest across

shoulders, sides gradually narrowed posteriorly, apically subtruncate

and retuse, with the upper surface slightly convex, more or less plane,

with regular rows of foveate punctures ; interval 1 costate apically on

declivity ; intervals 2, 4, and 6 plane or only very faintly convex ;

intervals 3, 5, and 7 convex, costate, slightly curved, subgranular,

with a row of dark and pale depressed setae, 5 slightly more costate,

and ending in a large, prominent, sharp, conical tubercle, 7 beginning

514 Annals of the South African Museum.

in a humeral blunt tubercle and ceasing subapically; interval 9

basally elevated into a subhumeral boss, and apically continuous with

interval 3 to the apex; interstices with dense grey scaling, with the

basal part of the humeral tubercle and interval 5 with yellowish

scaling, often with reddish ochraceous scaling, with a transverse

basal part from suture to interval 3, a transverse band just before

or at about middle from suture to interval 5, and another narrow

transverse band beyond middle from suture to interval 3 or 5 of

yellowish scaling, variegated or ocellated with velvety-black scaling,

especially along interval 3, with often reddish or ochraceous scaling

along interval 5 beyond middle to near tubercle, the inflexed margins

with white scaling; undersurface with dense white or greyish scal-

ing and scattered white setae, and 2 spots of black scales near the

middle line on each of the segments 2, 3, and 4 on abdomen; legs

with dense white scaling and scattered white and dark setae, with a

spot near the base, a fainter subapical annulation on the femora, and

a median dorsal spot on the tibiae, with dark brownish scaling; tibiae

with dark setae below. From four specimens.

Length (excl. head), 7-74 mm.

Breadth, 43-5 mm.

Hab.—S.W. Africa (Ovamboland)—Mafa, Namakunde, Ondongua

(M. Exp.) ; by Eriksson, 1891.

This species is most nearly related to mendax Pér. and quadratus

Gerst., from both of which it may be distinguished by the absence of

a central carina in the rostral furrow, by the prothorax being angularly

dilated near the apex and not at the middle.

Gen. RHYTIRRHINUS Schoen.

Rhytirrhinus Schoenherr, Disp. Meth., p. 162, 1826.

Lacordaire, Hist. Nat. Ins. Coleop., vol. vi, p. 302,

1863.

be)

Rhytirrhinus admirandus sp. nov.

?g and Q Type, 8.A.M.

Black, covered with leaden grey or pale bluish-grey scaling, with

parts of the prothorax, a broad, medial, sutural band on the elytra,

and the spots on the legs with dark, deep purplish-blue or dark purplish-

brown scaling, with a submetallic sheen. Many specimens are,

however, more sombre, covered with earth-brown indumentum, with

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 515

only the sutural band on the elytra and the spots on the legs dark,

deeper, slightly cuprescent brown.

Head concealed from above by the median anterior prothoracic

lobe, forehead excavated, with dark purplish-brown scaling, with the

supra-ocular lobes or ridges high and angularly pointed, the vertex

with leaden grey or pale bluish scaling, and with the central pointed

triangular part elevated and projecting into excavation; eyes with

the posterior margin almost straight ; rostrum curved, covered dorsally

with dark purplish-brown scaling and laterally with leaden grey

scaling, with the upper surface convex, with a very faint narrow

central furrow, bordered on each side by a row of 3 or 4 ocellate spots

of leaden grey scaling, each with a short, dark seta, the apex with

a few dark setae on the sides, the tip black and shining; antennae

dark ferruginous, with the scape barely touching the eye, gradually

clavate apically, with joint 1 of the funicle the longest, shorter than

club, 1 and 2 together longer than the rest together, 2 longer than 3,

and 3 very slightly longer than 4, joints 4, 5, and 6 bead-like, sub-

equal, 7 transverse, club fuscous, with faint silvery pubescence ;

prothorax about as long as broad, with the anterior part produced

into a rounded lobe concealing the head, with its margins, except for

the apex, strongly raised, with a few scattered dark setae along the

edges, with the lateral parts strongly raised into a rounded lobe or a

tuberculated lobe on each side, with a smaller tubercle behind each,

the tubercles with short dark setae, the basal margin deeply bisinuate,

the medial lobe-like part projecting over scutellum, with the upper

surface deeply transversely impressed apically behind anterior lobe,

more or less convex in basal half, in the middle of base 2 short

ridges meeting posteriorly on the small posterior lobe, each beginning

in a tubercle, with another smaller tubercle in front on each side at

about middle, and a very small one on each side between the ridge

and the lateral margins, the infero-lateral sides with 2 small tubercles

obliquely under lateral lobes, the entire surface with dark purplish-

brown scaling, except for an apical central fascia, the space between

the basal ridges, the lateral lobes and apices of small lateral tubercles

and the prosternum covered with leaden grey or pale bluish-grey

scaling ; elytra oblong, with the basal margin trisinuate, the shoulders

oblique, angularly rounded and prominent, broadest across humeral

angles, the sides gradually narrowed to apex, conjointly rounded

apically, with the upper surface convex, with regular rows of small

indistinct punctures, covered with scaling, and intervals 1, 3, 5, and 7

with rows of tubercles, each bearing a dark seta; interval 1 feebly

516 Annals of the South African Museum.

convex, with a complete row of small granular or conical distant

tubercles, the largest often being at the summit of the declivity ;

intervals 3 and 5 more convex, costate, each with a row of 6 or 7 large

conical or rounded distant tubercles, the first one being a little distance

away from the base ; interval 7 convex, with a large costate lobe-like

triangular humeral tubercle, a smaller one behind it and beyond

middle, with a few small rounded distant ones; interval 2 very

feebly convex, hardly visible, with 2 or 3 granules in basal half ;

interval 4 feebly convex, with a large costate tubercle at base only ;

interval 8 with a subhumeral tubercle at base just below and behind

humeral tubercle, and interval 9 often with a small tubercle near

apex; interval 10 more costate basally, with indications of 2 small

rounded tubercles ; interstices with dense leaden grey or pale bluish-

grey scaling discally from interval 3 to 7 and laterally on inflexed

margins, with a broad sutural band from base to beyond middle, the

posterior faces of the tubercles and the basal parts on the inflexed

margins with deep purplish-blue or dark purplish cuprescent brown

scaling, with a slight submetallic sheen; undersurfaces with more

or less sparse leaden grey scaling ; legs densely covered with leaden

grey or pale bluish-grey scaling ; femora with the intermediate and

posterior ones laterally compressed basally, with the dorsal edges

sharp and carinate, and the inner faces almost flat, with some basal

spots, a subapical and subbasal annulation of dark purplish-brown

scaling, with scattered dark setae, and with sparse longer pale setae

on undersurfaces only ; tibiae uncinate, with 2 dorsal spots or bands

of purplish-brown scaling and scattered dark setae surrounded by

small rings of leaden grey scales, as well as some longer setae below.

? $3 smaller than 99. From thirteen specimens.

Length (excl. head), 3-4} mm.

Breadth, 13-2} mm.

Hab.—Cape Colony.—Cape Town, Constantia (Dr. Purcell). (Lype

from here.) Stellenbosch (Dr. Péringuey).

Transvaal.—Leydenburg (Distant).

This species comes near and superficially resembles lobaticollis Mshl.,

but it is much smaller, is differently coloured, has only a faint central

furrow on the rostrum, the prothorax is not so concave and not so

markedly lobed, and the small tubercles on interval 1 form more or lessa

complete row, there being no markedly large confluent ones on summit

of declivity. Further, joint 1 of the funicle is much shorter than the

club, and there are no parallel ridges on the vertex, as is the case in

lobaticollis.

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 517

Rhytirrhinus dolosus sp. nov. Type, 8.A.M.

Dark piceous or piceous brown, with variable scaling, dark or ashy

grey, often discoloured, often with a paler spot or transverse fascia

on each side at the summit of declivity on interval 3.

Head concealed from above, the vertex convex, rugulose, with a

central spot or fascia of white scales, the forehead with vermicelliform

rugae, depressed, often with ashy-grey scaling, with a deep furrow

above each eye, but no supra-ocular ridges ; rostrum curved, parallel-

sided in the basal half, only slightly dilated at apex, with the upper

surface slightly convex, trisulcate, the lateral sulci slightly wider and

deeper, the borders of the sulci each with a row of pale or dark recum-

bent setae, the prominence at base on each side feeble, not well

developed, with a lateral furrow above scrobe and a less distinct one

below it; antennae ferruginous, the funicle often paler, more

testaceous, with joint 1 of the funicle about as long as 2, 3 and 4

together, 2 about as long as 3 and 4 together, 3 a little longer than

broad, 4, 5, and 6 bead-like, subequal, 7 broadest, transverse, club

about as long as joints 3 to 7; prothorax very slightly broader than

long, with the apex feebly constricted, slightly roundly produced

dorsally, the sides rounded, broadest at about middle, the base slightly

broader than apex, the basal margin truncate, with the upper surface

convex, rugosely punctured, set with small rounded granular separated

tubercles, each with a pale or dark depressed seta, leaving a central

furrow, broader and more foveate apically, and a less distinct one on

each side, distinctly foveately impressed apically, free from tubercles,

the median apical fovea bounded on each side by a high narrow costa

formed of agglomerated setiferous tubercles, the pleurae rugosely

punctured, and with a few small granules and dark or pale setae, the

interstices with obscure greyish or dark scaling, with a spot or short

fascia in the anterior fovea, the ocular lobes and the anterior angles

of the prosternum with white scaling; elytra oblong, conjointly

shghtly sinuate at base, with the basal angles projecting forwards,

feebly curved from basal angles to humeral angles which are sub-

angularly prominent, rounded, from there more or less parallel-sided

as far as the almost vertical declivity, where they are gradually con-

jointly rounded apically, the apices not being produced, broadest

across humeral angles, with the upper surface slightly convex, with

regular rows of foveolate punctures, the rows 3, 4, 5, and 6 being

distinctly curved, with regular rows of short dark or pale depressed

setae, situated on granules or small tubercles on the intervals, intervals

518 Annals of the South African Museum.

1, 5, 5, and 7 being distinctly costate ; interval | less costate than the

others, with a rounded tubercle at base, then a row of small separated

setiferous granules, beyond middle on declivity, with a row of small

rounded tubercles, the largest being at the summit of declivity ;

intervals 2, 4, 6, and 8 plane, with rows of setae only ; interval 3

with a large costate callus of agglomerated tubercles at base, then

with a row of setiferous granules, with a few small tubercles beyond

middle, and a large one at the summit of the declivity, followed by

1, 2, or 3 tubercles behind it ; interval 5 costate only some distance

away from base, distinctly curved basally, with a few distant small

tubercles beyond middle, where it ends at summit of declivity ;

interval 7 more elevated basally than the others, where there is an

elongate curved tuberculated costa, the humeral tubercle being the

largest, then with a row of small tubercles ceasing shghtly beyond

interval 5; interval 9 convex and subcostate (with a few small

rounded tubercles) apically only, where it unites near apex with

interval 3 ; interstices with dark scaling or with dense greyish scaling,

with a transverse spot at the summit of the declivity between intervals

1 and the large tubercle on 3, and some lateral subapical spots often

with paler or white scaling; undersurface closely punctured, with

dark setae and with a spot on the mesosternal tubercle, a spot laterally

on each side of mesosternum, a spot on the under surfaces of the

coxae, and one laterally on each side of the abdominal segments 1 to 4

with white scales ; legs dark piceous or piceous red, tarsi ferruginous,

with dense greyish or white slightly opalescent scaling, often with a

paler subapical ring on femora, with scattered white setae; tibiae

uncinate, with long pale setae below and with 3 annulations or spots

of dark scaling on the dorsal surfaces. From eighteen specimens.

Length (excl. head), 4-6 mm.

Breadth, 24-3 mm.

Two specimens labelled.

Hab.—Cape Colony—Cape Town (Rafiray).

This species is probably the Southern representative of namaquus

Mshl., which it very closely resembles. It is however smaller, is

differently coloured, the rostrum is not strongly dilated apically and

has feeble basal prominences, the prothorax is slightly broader than

long and the anterior part only projects slightly over the head, the

elytra are not abruptly constricted apically and not separately

rounded, the shoulder-slopes are feebly curved, and there is no

distinct and characteristic tubercle at summit on interval 5 giving

the declivity a truncated appearance.

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 519

Rhytirrhinus inopinus sp. nov. Type, 8.A.M.

Black, densely covered with tawny brown or pale brown scaling.

Head convex, with dense tawny and dark scaling, especially towards

forehead, with a central stripe of white scaling, forehead foveately

impressed anteriorly, with a few scattered large brown flat depressed

setae behind impression, supra-ocular ridges absent, with only a few

setae; rostrum gradually narrowed dorsally from base to apex,

genae gradually dilated and distinctly visible from above, with the

upper surface plane, more or less in line with forehead (side view),

densely covered with tawny scaling, trisulcate, the borders of the

sulci with a row of flat depressed white or brown setae, the lateral

borders on each side with a tuberculiform basal prominence, each

with a few white and brown setae, a lateral furrow above the scrobe,

and a less distinct broader one below it, the genae with dense tawny

scaling and scattered flattish and slender setae, those near the apex

being longer, more bristle-like, the undersurface with slender setae

and at least 2 very long and slender bristle-like ones; antennae

with the scape covered with tawny scales and dark setae, the upper

surface darkish in colour, funicle ferruginous, with more slender

setae, the club with brownish pubescence, joints | and 2 elongate,

1 very slightly longer or subequal to 2, 3 slightly longer than 4, joint 4

very slightly longer than 5, joints 5 and 6 subequal, 7 the broadest,

transverse; prothorax subquadrate in outline, broader than long,

with the anterior dorsal margin feebly roundly produced, the sides

with a prominent rounded tubercle just before middle, the anterior

part being suddenly narrowed to apex and the posterior part very

gradually rounded and narrowed to base, broadest across the tubercles,

the basal margin truncate and broader than the apical margin, with

the upper surface flat, densely covered with tawny brown scaling,

set with fulvous or whitish flat depressed setae, which in basal half

are situated more or less on a few indistinct small rounded granular

tubercles, leaving a central furrow, shallow basally and broader more

foveate apically, and a shallow lateral furrow on each side more

foveate apically, the large central apical fovea bounded on each side

by a high prominent subtubercular costa, ending just before the middle

in a rounded tubercle in line with the lateral tubercles, the costa as

well as the lateral tubercles with fulvous or whitish flat setae, slightly

transversely impressed behind lateral tubercles on each side to central

furrow ; elytra more or less conjointly truncate or feebly sinuate

anteriorly, the basal angles projecting shghtly forwards, sloping

520 Annals of the South African Museum.

obliquely from basal to humeral angles, which are obtusely rounded,

and from there parallel-sided as far as summit of the declivity, where

it is gradually rounded and subapically abruptly constricted, with the

apices slightly produced and separately rounded, with the upper

surface slightly convex, densely covered with tawny-brown scaling

arranged rosette-like round the punctures and intermixed with dark

often obscure scales, with regular rows of punctures hidden by the

scales, with the alternate intervals costate, with rows of small granular

indistinct tubercles, each with a pale or fulvous flattened seta, the

setae on intervals 3, 5, and 7 arranged more or less in 2 rows ;

interval 1 with a single row of setae, with a small prominent basal

tubercle and another often larger one at the summit of the declivity,

confluent with its neighbour; intervals 2 and 4 plane and without

setae ; interval 3 with an elongated more elevated basal costa and

a large rounded multisetiferous tubercle at summit of declivity ;

interval 6 plane, with a single row of distant setae ; interval 7 more

costate than the others, with the basal part shghtly broadened, more

elevated and callus-like at the humeral angle; intervals 8 and 9

slightly convex, each with a single row of setae, 9 forming a prominent

elevated callus, with scattered pale setae, near the apex where it

unites with 3; undersurfaces with dense brownish scaling, scattered

white setiform scales and dark setae ; legs with dense tawny scaling,

with scattered white and brown flattened setae, those on the under-

surfaces of the femora and tibiae being pale, longer and more bristle-

like, the tibiae uncinate, with a medial and sub-basal annulation of

brown scaling on the dorsal surfaces. From nine specimens.

Length (excl. head), 74-83 mm.

Breadth, 33-4 mm.

Hab.—Cape Colony

Robertson (F.P.).

This species is related to angulicollis Fahr., but differs from Fahraeus’

description in not having the forehead trisulcate and the slightly

different structure of the prothorax and also in its larger size.

Gen. Gronops Schoen.

Gronops Schoenherr, Disp. Meth., p. 157, 1826.

,, Lacordaire, Hist. Nat. Ins. Coleop., vol. vi, p. 304, 1863.

Gronops capensis sp. Nov. Type, S.A.M.

Black, densely covered with dull blackish-brown scaling on the

basal half of rostrum, head, prothorax above, and the discal two-thirds

of the elytra, with dense white slightly opalescent scaling having a

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 521

bluish tint, on the apical half of the rostrum, the apical one-third of

the elytra, the lateral inflexed margins, the undersurfaces and the

legs, with a transverse band composed of 3 confluent spots at the

summit of the declivity of creamy white scaling, and a large spot on

each side at about the middle on the inflexed margins of greenish

and yellowish iridescent scaling.

Head convex, with dense flat contiguous dark blackish-brown

scales, with a central stripe of paler scaling, forehead with a deep

central fovea, the supra-ocular ridges low, not reaching the hind

margin of the eye, and with a few dark setae; rostrum more or less

parallel-sided from base to antennae, the apical part being slightly

dilated, the dorsal outline not angulated but rounded at antennal

insertions, with the upper surface slightly convex, closely punctured,

the basal part to antennal insertions covered with contiguous dark

brown scaling, with a central shallow furrow extending from fovea

on forehead to beyond antennal insertions, where it is visible as a

stria only, and a punctured furrow on each side, with a row of re-

cumbent dark setae in each lateral furrow and on the borders of the

central one, the apical part with white scaling, the apex punctured

and each puncture with a white seta, the extreme apex black, the

posterior angle of the lower edge of scrobe produced backwards into

a blunt projection, the genae impressed laterally, densely covered

with white scaling, and with a row of white setae on its lower margin ;

antennae more or less dark ferruginous, with whitish pubescence, the

scape with a few dark setae apically, joint 1 of the funicle about as

long as the rest together, club brownish ferruginous; prothorax slightly

broader than long, about as broad basally as long, the sides broadest

in front of middle and there strongly rounded, not angularly dilated,

thence very gradually narrowed to base, being almost straight in

basal half, with the upper surface densely covered with dull blackish-

brown contiguous scales, a little paler along middle near the base,

with separated large punctures more or less arranged in irregular

rows, each with a very fine pale seta, leaving a central furrow and one

on each side laterally, the furrows slightly broadened and more foveate

apically, the undersurface with dense white scaling ; scutellum small,

prominent, with white scaling; elytra oblong, the shoulders sub-

angularly prominent and rounded, thence more or less parallel-sided

to summit of declivity, from where it is attenuated and narrowed to

the conjointly rounded apex, broadest across the shoulders, with the

upper surface slightly convex, densely covered discally in the basal

two-thirds with dull blackish-brown contiguous scales, some of which

522 Annals of the South African Museum.

have a faint pale margin, with some scattered brownish cuprescent

scales along the edge of the disk under the shoulders and along its

apical border at the summit of the declivity, a small spot at about

middle on interval 3, the inflexed margins and the apical part with

white slightly opalescent scaling, having a bluish tint especially

apically, with a transverse band at summit of declivity composed of

a subtriangular spot on each side from intervals 3 to 7 confluent with

a sutural spot, of cream-coloured scales, with a large spot on each

side at about the middle on the inflexed margins of greenish and

yellowish iridescent scales, with regular rows of punctures, the

alternate intervals costate and with regular rows of small depressed

setae, which are dark brown on the black part and white on the

apical part; interval 1 slightly convex basally, costate only beyond

the middle on declivity, with the setae ceasing anteriorly just before

middle ; interval 3 more costate than the others, higher and promi-

nently costate at summit of declivity, thence very slightly convex to

apex, with the seta on the white spot at middle white; interval 5

more costate beyond middle and with a small tuberculous elevation

at the summit of the declivity, and joing interval 9 subapically ;

interval 7 less costate than the others, projecting subangularly at the

shoulder ; intervals on the inflexed margins indistinct and very feebly

convex; undersurface covered with dense white scaling as far as

can be seen in carded specimen; legs with dense white slightly

opalescent scaling with a faint bluish tint, with scattered white setae,

the tibiae with longer and more slender setae below, a sub-basal annu-

lation on the femora and a large spot on the dorsal surfaces of the

tibiae with dark brown scaling. From a single specimen.

Length (excl. head), 4 mm.

Breadth, 2 mm.

Hab.—Cape Colony—Cape Town (Rafiray).

This beautifully marked species is related to oneila Mshl., but it

may be distinguished from the three other known species from

S. Africa by its distinctive coloration.

Gen. Hyomora, Pasce.

Hyomora, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., 11, p. 421, 1865.

Eremnoschema Péringuey, Jenaische Denkschr., xii, p. 418, 1908.

Hyomora varia sp. nov. Type, S.A.M.

Variable in size and colour, densely covered with cuprescent brown,

pale brownish or pale opalescent scaling, variegated with pale pinkish

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 523

or greenish opalescent and iridescent scaling, the elytra often

tesselated.

Head convex, densely covered with brown or pale brownish

cuprescent or opalescent flat contiguous scales, forehead without or

with a few scattered large punctures anteriorly and laterally ; rostrum

very gradually narrowed from base to antennal insertions, thence

very slightly dilated to apex, slightly curved, with the upper surface

convex, densely covered with pale brownish or greenish slightly

opalescent contiguous scales, with large separated punctures laterally,

more or less arranged in 3 rows, each puncture with a brownish

recumbent seta, with often an indistinct central stria or groove, with

the apex beyond antennal insertions more or less bare, shining, black,

and with fine brownish hair-like setae dorsally and longer laterally,

the genae and the undersurface with some long hair-like pale setae

apically, the scrobes lateral, extending to anterior margin of eye;

antennae ferruginous brown, with very fine pale brownish setae, the

scape clavate apically and with a few pale scales, reaching the anterior

margin of eye, joint 1 of the funicle elongate, about as long as the

following 5 joints together, longer than club, joint 2 very slightly

longer or subequal to 3 and 4 together, joints 3, 4, 5, and 6 bead-like,

subequal, 7 the broadest, transverse, connate with club, the club with

golden pubescence ; prothorax broader than long, slightly broader

basally than apically, with the apical margin slightly broadly sinuate,

and the basal margin subtruncate, the sides rounded, gradually

narrowed apically, broadest at about middle, the ocular lobes mode-

rate, with vibrissae, with the upper surface convex, feebly transversely

impressed near apex, and with 3 feeble longitudinal impressions in

basal half, closely set with large round punctures, each with a short

dark depressed seta, the setae on the sides and pleurae being longer

more bristle-like, where the punctures are also smaller, the inter-

stices with dense brownish or pale cuprescent slightly opalescent

and iridescent flat contiguous scales, often with a greenish or bluish

tint, with a silvery metallic sheen on the pleurae, often with the

antero-lateral margins and sides paler in colour; scutellum small but

distinct, triangular; elytra ovate, with the basal margin conjointly

slightly sinuate, shoulders rounded, sides rounded, broadest just

before middle, gradually narrowed and conjointly rounded apically,

with the upper surface convex, with regular rows of small punctures,

ferruginous to dark ferruginous, with the intervals broad, more or

less plane or feebly convex, with a row or often 2 irregular rows of

dark or pale depressed setae on each interval, those on the shoulders

524 Annals of the South African Museum.

and laterally on the inflexed margins being longer, the intervals and

interstices densely covered with cuprescent brown, dark brown, or

pale opalescent and iridescent overlapping flat cycloid scales, varie-

gated or tesselated discally with indistinct paler spots of opalescent

scaling, with a more silvery or cuprescent submetallic sheen on the

inflexed margins; undersurfaces punctured, densely covered with

pale brownish or pale cuprescent contiguous scales, having a shiny

silvery or coppery metallic sheen, with scattered pale setae, the

dividing suture between segments 1 and 2 of the abdomen only

distinctly visible laterally, the apical margins of segments 2, 3, and 4

with long flat cream-coloured scales; legs testaceous to dark ferru-

ginous and the tarsi reddish or testaceous, densely covered with

opalescent flat contiguous scales having a silvery white or cuprescent

shiny metallic sheen ; femora finely punctured dorsally and ventrally,

with a few larger scattered punctures laterally near the apex, the

punctures with pale setae, longer below; tibiae uncinate, with the

apices transversely broadened, and their external apical margins with

5 or 6 testaceous flat dentate spines, the surfaces with scattered

punctures and pale setae, longer below, the anterior and intermediate

tibiae laterally compressed, the dorsal edges being sharp and carinate,

the anterior ones being more outwardly dilated medially and with the

external apical angle more produced; the tarsi not spongy below,

setiferous, with the joints of equal width, joints 1 and 2 subequal, and

each slightly longer than 3. From eleven specimens.

Length (excl. head), 4-63 mm.

Breadth, 2-34 mm.

Hab.—Cape Colony—?Constantia (Dr. F. Purcell).

Van Wyk’s Vlei (Alston).

Hanover (Dr. F. Purcell).

Kimberley (J. Power).

Upington (Fr. R. Solier).

S. Transvaal—Vaal River (Alston). (Zype from here.)

This species resembles ditessima Pér. (Eremnoschema), but can at

once be distinguished by the rostrum not being trisulcate or distinctly

unisulcate, by jomt 2 of the funicle being much shorter and not

subequal to or not very slightly shorter than 1, by the punctures on

the elytra not being so large and foveate, by the intervals being much

broader, by the presence of distinct dentate spines on the apical

margins of all the tibiae, and lastly by joints 1 and 2 of the posterior

tarsus being subequal and distinctly longer than 3 and not subequal

to it, as in ditissima.

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 525

Sus-FamM. ERIRRHININAE.

Gen. DERELOMUS Schoen.

Derelomus Schoenherr, Disp. Meth., p. 235, 1826.

i Lacordaire, Hist. Nat. Ins. Coleop., vol. vu, p. 10, 1866.

Derelomus atratus sp. nov. ¢$ Type, 8.A.M.

Black, more or less shining, covered with silvery white setae; the

head, apex of rostrum, and femora reddish brown; the antennae,

elytra, and tibiae brownish ochraceous; a large subtriangular spot

at base of elytra, the suture, a transverse fascia just behind middle,

the lateral margins, and the apex black or blackish brown.

Head convex, with scattered fine punctuation, forehead with a

central fovea, and more coarsely punctured ; rostrum about as long

as prothorax, very slightly curved, the sides more or less subparallel,

with the upper surface convex, with a narrow central furrow, con-

tinuous basally with frontal fovea and extending to near apex,

its borders shiny and carinate, with 3 shallow sulci with shiny

carinate borders on each side, each with a row of punctures, the

innermost and outermost ones continued to near apex as a few small

separated punctures, the middle one ceasing at level of antennal

insertions, the punctures with a very fine minute suberect white seta,

the apex with a few separated small round punctures ; antennae with

very fine pale setae, the scape about as long as funicle and club

together, reaching the eye, joint | of the funicle broader and longer

than the remaining short subequal joints; prothorax broader than

long, broader basally than long, with the apex shallowly constricted,

the dorsal apical margin truncate and much narrower than the feebly

bisinuate basal margin, the sides abruptly dilated just behind apical

constriction, where it is also carinate, not serrated or denticulated,

thence subparallel to base, with the upper surface convex, set with

small round separated punctures, each with a short silvery-white

depressed seta, denser laterally ; scutellum minute and black; elytra

ovate, with the basal margin feebly conjointly sinuate, broader than

prothorax, the sides with the humeral angles rounded off, thence

subparallel to beyond middle, gradually narrowed and conjointly

rounded apically, with the upper surface convex, gradually declivous

posteriorly, the striae with regular rows of punctures, with the in-

tervals slightly convex, more so apically, and interval 9 more convex

than the others, each with 2 irregular rows of short silvery white

VOL. XXV, PART 3. 36

526 Annals of the South African Museum.

curved setae, brownish ochraceous, with a large subtriangular basal

spot from suture to interval 5 on each side, along the suture and in-

terval 1, a transverse fascia extending across suture from stria 5 to

stria 5, the apical part (margin excepted), and laterally along the

inflexed margins, black or blackish brown; undersurfaces black ;

legs with scattered short silvery white setae, the femora reddish

brown, the bases of the femora, the tibiae, and the tarsi brownish

ochraceous. From a single carded specimen.

Length (excl. head), 24 mm.

Breadth, 1 mm.

Hab.—Natal—Estcourt.

This species is easily distinguishable from the other 8. African

species by its black colour.

Derelomus incognitus sp.nov. %3 Type, S.A.M.

Elytra ochraceous ; the head and prothorax more reddish ochrace-

ous ; the eyes, a fascia on each side of the prothorax, a sutural stripe,

and a small indistinct spot on each side on the elytra black; the

undersurfaces (as far as can be seen in carded specimen) dark.

Head convex, with a few scattered fine punctures on the vertex,

forehead more coarsely punctured, with a slight central foveate im-

pression ; rostrum dark ferruginous, more or less black above scrobes

in front of eyes, comparatively stout, slightly curved, about as long

as head and prothorax together, the sides subparallel to the antennal

insertions, thence very slightly dilated to apex, with the upper

surface convex, with a very faint narrow central furrow, ceasing

opposite antennal insertions, thence smooth to apex, with 3 shallow

punctured sulci on each side, their borders shiny and subcarinate,

the innermost and outermost sulci continued to apex, the middle one

ceasing slightly before antennal insertions; antennae ochraceous,

the club darker, with very fine pale setae, the scape slightly shorter

than the funicle and club together, reaching the eye, joint 1 of

the funicle about as long as the next 3 together, 2 shghtly longer

than 3, joints 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 short, subequal; prothorax broader

than long, with the apex very feebly constricted, the dorsal apical

margin truncate and much narrower than the subtruncate basal

margin, the sides carinate, suddenly dilated behind constriction,

thence almost straight, very feebly rounded to base, with the upper

surface convex, set with comparatively large separated punctures,

with a broad slightly curved black fascia on each side, and a very

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 527

narrow smooth central carinate line in the basal half; scutellum

small and black; elytra ovate, with the basal margin conjointly

sinuate, slightly broader than prothorax basally, the basal angles

feebly produced forwards, the shoulders rounded off, the sides very

gradually widening to about middle, thence narrowed to the con-

jointly rounded apex, with the upper surface convex, gradually

declivous posteriorly, the striae with regular rows of punctures, with

the intervals broader than the striae, slightly convex, more so apically,

interval 9 being more convex than the others and continuous with

the prominent apical margin, each interval with more or less 2 rows

of very minute punctures ; the basal part, the suture along interval 1

to near the apex, and a small spot on each side at the middle on

interval 5, black; legs ochraceous, with very fine scattered pale

setae. From a single carded specimen ?4.

Length (excl. head), about 24 mm.

Breadth, 1 mm.

Hab.—Cape Colony—Cape Town.

This species is easily distinguished from the other S. African species

by its distinct black markings.

Derelomus postfasciatus (Mshl. in litt.) sp. nov.

(Pl. XLIII, fig. 6.) dg and 9 Types, S.A.M.

Brownish ochraceous, the prothorax and head often darker, more

ferruginous brown; a transverse fascia or hour-glass-shaped fascia

or a spot on each side on the elytra beyond the middle, black, blackish

brown to reddish brown, with often the basal part also dark; the

undersurface or often only the mesosternal part castaneous brown.

Head convex, rugosely punctured, forehead rugosely punctured, with

a central foveate depression ; rostrum ferruginous to reddish, slender,

cylindrical and shining in *, about as long as head and prothorax

together, shorter, stouter, and broader in 3*, and only about as long

as prothorax, slightly curved, often more so in 9, the sides very

gradually narrowed in 2 to antennal insertions, thence very slightly

dilated to apex, more or less subparallel in 3, with the upper surface

convex, with 6 shallow sulci, their borders shining and carinate,

the sulci coarsely punctured in g and extending to the antennal

insertions, the central carina in ¢ with a short distinct canalicule

opposite antennal insertions, the apex in 3 very finely punctured,

the sulci with very fine punctuation in 9, often ceasing beyond middle

528 Annals of the South African Museum.

and continued to antennal insertions as a row of very fine punctures,

the carinae more indistinct and the central one only flattened,

smooth or feebly canaliculate opposite antennal insertions, the apical

part smooth and shining centrally, with very fine punctuation later-

ally ; antennae inserted nearer apex in ¢ than in Q, ochraceous to

ferruginous red, covered with very fine minute silvery white setae,

the club dark ferruginous brown, with the scape not reaching the eye,

more slender in 9 than in J, longer than the funicle and club together,

with joint 1 of the funicle about as long as the next 2 together, 2

longer than 3, joints 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 short, subequal but gradually

widening apically ; prothorax broader than long, with the apex

constricted, the constriction shallowly visible dorsally, with the

dorsal apical margin truncate and narrower than the subtruncate or

feebly arcuate basal margin, the lateral margins carinate, the carina

interrupted at the apical constriction, thence strongly carinate,

gradually dilated to about middle, where it projects slightly outwards

as a small rounded prominence, from there almost straight, very

slightly rounded to base, broadest behind middle, with the upper

surface more or less plane, subdepressed, evenly set with separated

punctures throughout, often with a large dark or deep brownish

discal spot, the prosternal part darker, punctuated ; scutellum small

but distinct ; elytra ovate, with the basal margin conjointly broadly

slightly sinuate, the basal angles feebly produced forwards, the

shoulders rounded off, the sides very gradually rounded, gradually

widening from shoulders to beyond middle, thence gradually narrowed

again to the broadly conjointly rounded apex, broadest just behind

middle, with the upper surface more or less plane, very slightly convex,

gradually declivous posteriorly, with a transverse fascia or hour-glass-

shaped fascia across suture behind middle from stria 6 to 6 or a spot

on each side black, blackish brown to reddish brown, and often with

the basal part also dark, with regular rows of punctures, each with a

very minute pale seta, with the intervals broader than the striae, each

with 2 rows of fine very minute pale setae; intervals 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7,

and 8 slightly convex ; interval 5 more convex, often more so in g;

intervals 7 and 8 witha slight basal humeral callus; interval 9 strongly

convex, more costate and continuous with the prominent apical

margin ; undersurface castaneous brown, often only the mesosternal

part, with sparse punctuation and scattered minute pale setae, the

mesosternum with a central fovea or canalicule, the suture between

ventrites 1 and 2 broadly sinuate medially; legs with very fine

minute scattered pale setae. From thirty-four specimens.

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 529

Length (excl. head), $ and 9, 2-22 mm.

Breadth, $ and 9, 1-1} mm.

Hab.—Cape Colony—Kentani (Miss Pegler).

This species is closely related to ephippiger Ghl., but is easily dis-

tinguished by its comparatively smaller size, the absence of a central

dark line on the prothorax, and by the distinct and characteristic

black transverse fascia on the elytra.

Derelomus rhodesianus sp. nov. %3 Type, S.A.M.

Brownish ochraceous, the head, the rostrum and prothorax more

ferruginous ; some small spots along the intervals on the elytra dark

ferruginous brown.

Head convex, rugosely punctured, forehead rugosely punctured,

with a feeble central foveate depression ; eyes black; rostrum com-

paratively stout, about as long as prothorax and vertex of head

together, slightly curved, the sides very gradually narrowed from

base to antennal insertions, thence gradually dilated to apex, with the

upper surface convex, with a few scattered scale-like setae basally,

with a narrow central furrow continuous basally with the fovea on

forehead and becoming wider opposite antennal insertions, from

where it extends to near apex as a low central carina with a few small

punctures on each side, with 3 shallow punctured sulci on each side,

their borders being smooth, shiny, and carinate, the innermost and

outermost sulci continued to near apex as a row of small punctures,

the middle one ceasing abruptly slightly before the antennal insertions,

the apex smooth, with a few small scattered punctures; antennae

with very fine pale setae, the scape about as long as the funicle and

club together, reaching the eye, joint 1 of the funicle broader and

longer than each of the short remaining subequal joints, about as long

as joints 2, 3, and 4 together; prothorax broader than long, with

the apex constricted, the constriction visible dorsally, the dorsal

apical margin truncate and much narrower than the slightly bisinuate

basal margin, the sides carinate, feebly crenellated, abruptly dilated

just behind the apical constriction, where it is also more carinate,

thence subparallel to base, with the upper surface slightly convex,

distinctly rugosely punctured, each with a small flat white seta, denser

laterally ; scutellum small but distinct ; elytra ovate, with the basal

margin feebly conjointly sinuate, broader than the prothorax, the

sides with the humeral angle rounded off, thence subparallel to beyond

middle, where it is gradually narrowed and broadly conjointly rounded

530 Annals of the South African Museum.

apically, with the upper surface convex, gradually declivous posteriorly,

the striae with regular rows of punctures, each with a very minute

pale seta, with the intervals slightly convex, more so apically,

interval 1 apically and interval 9 being more convex than the others,

each interval with 2 rows of minute punctures bearing minute

depressed white setae; intervals 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 each with a small

elongated indistinct dark ferruginous brown spot just behind the

middle; intervals 3, 5, and 7 each with 3 indistinct dark ferruginous

brown spots; undersurface with scattered white flat setae; legs

with scattered short white setae. From a single carded specimen, ?3.

Length (excl. head), 24 mm.

Breadth, 1 mm.

Hab.—Rhodesia—Bulawayo (H. C. Pead).

This species belongs to the signatus Ghl. and atratus sp. nov. group,

where the scape is about as long as the funicle and club together,

and where joint 2 of the funicle is very short, subequal to the re-

maining joints. It is closer to signatus, but is distinguished from both

species by its different colour and by the prothorax being rugosely

punctured.

Derelomus rugosicollis sp. nov.

3 and 2 Types, 8.A.M.

Ochraceous, with the head, rostrum, and prothorax brownish

ochraceous.

Head convex, rugosely punctured, forehead rugosely punctured,

with a deep central fovea; eyes black; rostrum comparatively

stout, broader in g, more slender in Q, about as long as head and

prothorax together, distinctly curved, the sides almost straight, very

gradually narrowed to level of antennal insertions, thence subparallel

to apex in 4, feebly dilated in Q, with the upper surface convex, with

a very narrow central furrow, continuous basally with frontal fovea

and becoming wider opposite antennal insertions, from where it

extends to near apex as a low central carina, indistinct in 2 speci-

men, with a few punctures on each side, with 3 punctured sulci on

each side, their borders being smooth, shiny, and carinate, the inner-

most and outermost ones continued to apex as a row of punctures,

the outermost one being slightly narrower and also more sulcate

beyond antennal insertions, the middle one ceasing abruptly slightly

before antennal insertions, the punctures with a very fine golden seta,

more visible in basal half, the apex with fine punctures and a few

fine slender setae; antennae inserted nearer apex in ¢ than in 9,

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 531

with fine yellowish setae, the scape barely touching the eye, about

as long as funicle and club together, joint 1 of the funicle broader

and longer than the others, about as long as 2, 3, and 4 together,

2 very slightly longer than 3, joints 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 short, more or

less subequal, gradually widening apically ; prothorax broader than

long, with the apical part slightly constricted, the constriction

shallowly visible dorsally, the dorsal apical margin truncate and much

narrower than the subtruncate or very feebly bisinuate basal margin,

the sides carinate, the carina projecting dentately forwards on apical

margin, dilated just behind constriction, where it is also more carinate,

thence feebly rounded to base, with the upper surface slightly con-

vex, with a shallow foveate depression centrally at the base, coarsely

and closely rugosely punctured ; scutellum small, brownish; elytra

ovate, with the basal margin conjointly sinuate, slightly broader than

prothorax, the shoulders angularly rounded off, thence slightly

rounded and narrowed to the conjointly rounded apex, broadest at

middle, with the upper surface convex, gradually declivous posteriorly,

the striae with irregular punctures, more or less arranged in 2

rows, the intervals slightly convex, the alternate ones more convex,

especially beyond middle and apically, interval 9 more convex than

the others, and intervals 7 and 8 forming a raised humeral callus

basally, each interval with more or less 2 rows of very minute

yellowish setae; undersurface punctured, with scattered very fine

yellowish setae; legs with very minute scattered yellowish setae.

From two carded specimens.

Length (excl. head), 22-3 mm.

Breadth, 14-14 mm.

Hab.—Zululand—Mfongosi (W. E. Jones).

This species is very near rhodesianus sp. nov., but is distinguished

by its paler colour, the absence of spots on the elytra, the larger size,

by having the alternate intervals distinctly more convex, and by

having the punctures on the striae arranged irregularly more or less

in two rows.

Sus-Fam. ATTELABINAE.

Tribe ATTELABINI.

Group PHYMATOLABINA.

Gen. Scotopsinus Voss.

Scotopsinus Voss, Ent. Zeit. Stett., Heft 1 and 2, p. 200, 1925.

Attelabus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 619, 1767.

532 Annals of the South African Museum.

Scotopsinus bituberculatipennis sp. nov.

(2b OvINNE, ine, 3s) 2 Type, 8.A.M.

Ferruginous to dark ferruginous ; the head, antennae,* prothorax,

scutellum, circumscutellar margin, under surfaces, and the legs purplish

red or darker, with a brassy metallic lustre; surface with a yellowish

sericeous pubescence.

Head longer than broad, cylindrical, convex, rugosely punctured,

with a posterior central canal extending backwards from a central

fovea, the forehead slightly depressed, centrally basally foveate,

rugosely punctured, medially obsoletely carinate, laterally sub-

carinate, the lateral carinae extending on to raised basal part of

rostrum, where they converge opposite antennal insertions and dis-

appear apically ; eyes semiglobose, prominent ; rostrum short, much

dilated apically, basally slightly elevated between the antennal in-

sertions, rugosely punctured ; antennae inserted at about basal one-

third of rostrum, with the scape and joint | of the funicle the broadest

and longest, the scape slightly longer than joint 1, joint 2 the smallest,

3 longer than the rest, 4, 5, and 6 subequal, bead-like, 7 transverse,

broader than long, the club large, oblong, velvety-black, with joint 1

a little longer but as broad as 2, joint 2 quadrate, 3 short ; prothorax

broader than long, narrowed apically, with the sides slightly rounded,

the apical margin feebly sinuate, and the basal one slightly bisinuate,

with the upper surface convex, transversely and gyrosely rugose,

with 2 posterior slightly tubercular elevations and 2 anterior

obsolete elevations enclosing a central furrow, and with a pit-like

depression on each side at about the middle; scutellum short, broad,

with a small subtuberiform elevation on each side, rugosely punc-

tured ; elytra about one and a half times as broad across the humeral

calli as the prothorax, about two and a quarter times as long as the

prothorax, with the shoulders rotundate and the humeral calli promi-

nent, with their apices rounded, with the upper surface slightly

transversely impressed behind the scutellum, more or less convex

posteriorly, very rugose, with the circumscutellar margin on each side

elevated and ridge-like, with a tubercle on each side of the suture

just behind the transverse impression, with the intervals indistinct,

irregular, and crenellated, interval 5 (?) costate basally and interrup-

tedly costate posteriorly, the lateral ones more or less irregularly

costate; pygidium and undersurface rugosely punctured; femora

unarmed, densely and coarsely punctured, the anterior ones more

* In the specimen from Zululand the antennae and tarsi are black.

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 533

incrassate; tibiae slightly compressed, slightly ampliated towards

the apices, ridged above, scabrous, dentate and setiferous below ;

posterior tarsi with joint 3 broader than 2. From three 99.

Length (excl. head and rostrum), 4 mm.

Breadth, 24-25 mm.

Hab.—Transvaal—Shiliowane (Rev. Junod). (Type 2 from here.)

Zululand—Mfongosi (Misses Jones).

This species differs from the other species in this genus described

from S. Africa by possessing only 2 tubercles on the elytra (those

at the base being merely the raised circumscutellar margins). I can

place this species nowhere else in this group except in the newly

created genus Scotopsinus of Voss.

Group ATTELABINA.

Gen. PLEUROLABUS Jek.

Pleurolabus Jekel, Ins. Saund., ui, p. 197.

Attelabus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xu, p. 619, 1767.

Pleurolabus damarensis sp. nov. 2 Type, S.A.M.

Bluish black, feebly shining, legs with a bluish metallic lustre.

Head subquadrate, slightly longer than broad, cylindrical, very

convex, rugosely punctured, obsoletely canaliculate posteriorly, fore-

head with an indication of an obsolete central carina; eyes semi-

globose, shorter than space between them; rostrum short, about as

long as head, dilated apically, raised basally between the antennal

insertions; antennae inserted at about basal one-third of rostrum,

finely setose, with the scape slightly longer than the globular joint 1

of funicle, jomts 2 and 3 subequal and longer than the others, 4

slightly shorter than 3, 5 and 6 subequal, bead-like, joint 7 transverse,

broader than long, the club ovate, velvety-black, with joint 1 longer

but as broad as joint 2, jot 2 transverse, slightly broader than long,

3 about as long as 1; prothorax broader than long, narrowed apically

and slightly constricted intramarginally, with the sides feebly rounded,

the apical margin truncate and the basal one feebly bisinuate, with

the upper surface slightly convex, densely rugosely punctured ;

scutellum short, broad, rugosely punctured ; elytra about one and a

quarter times as broad across the humeral angles as the prothorax,

about two times as long as the prothorax, with their apices angularly

rounded, the shoulders rotundate, the humeral calli elevated and

534 Annals of the South African Museum.

oblong, with the upper surface feebly transversely impressed behind

the scutellum, convex posteriorly, with the longitudinal sulci in-

distinctly punctured, the intervals slightly elevated and very rugosely

punctured; pygidium short, punctured; undersurfaces rugosely

punctured ; femora unarmed, rugosely punctured ; tibiae subarcuate,

ridged above, scabrous, dentate and setiferous below ; posterior tarsi

with joint 3 broader than 2. From a ¢ and a 9.

Length (excl. head and rostrum), 4-5 mm.

Breadth, 24-22 mm.

Hab.—S.W. Africa— Windhoek.

This species is allied to exaratus Boh., but is at once distinguished

by its duller more black colour, by the obsolete canalicule on the

head, by its rugosely punctured head and prothorax, which are not

transversely strigose, and by the less costate, less regular, and

apparently fewer costae and sulci. The intervals are much more

rugosely punctured.

Sup-FAM. APODERINAE.

Gen. APODERUS Oliv.

Apoderus Olivier, Ent., v, 81, p. 12, 1807.

Apoderus spinipes sp. nov.

(PR), Xan ties) 3 Type, 8.A.M.

Carmine red (one @ is brownish ochraceous), smooth, shining, with

the eyes, the extreme apex of rostrum, the antennae (often not the

scape and joint 1), the tibiae, and the tarsi black (in two specimens

only the front tibiae are dark).

Head large, obconical, longer than broad, convex, smooth, with the

posterior part obsoletely canaliculate, the forehead sloping, bicanali-

culate and finely punctured; eyes large, semiglobose; rostrum

shorter than head, dilated apically, slightly raised basally between

the antennal insertions, where it is canaliculate, with the 2 frontal

furrows extending on to the raised part; antennae inserted slightly

behind the middle of rostrum, with fine pallid setae, the scape much

longer than the first globular joint of funicle, 2, 3, and 4 subequal,

slightly longer than 1, 5, 6, and 7 the shortest, equal in length, but

7 is broader than long, the club with fine golden pubescence, with

joints 1 and 3+4 subequal, 2 only slightly shorter, transverse ;

prothorax slightly broader basally than long, slightly constricted

Species of Curculionidae from South and South West Africa. 535

apically and transversely near the base, with the apical margin

sinuate and the basal one feebly bisinuate, with the upper surface

convex, smooth, and centrally obsoletely canaliculate; scutellum

short, broad, sometimes with a few minute punctures; elytra about

one and a half times as broad across the humeral angles as the pro-

thorax, about two and a quarter times as long as the prothorax,

with the shoulders rotundate, the humeral callus prominent, smooth

and oblong, with the apices rounded, with the upper surface trans-

versely impressed behind the circumscutellar margin, slightly convex

posteriorly, with regular rows of punctures, with the intervals slightly

convex and very minutely punctured, with intervals 3 and 5 more or

less costate basally and uniting apically they become prominently

convex and continuous with 9; pygidium short, densely punctured ;

undersurface punctured ; femora smooth, scabrous apically, with a

prominent dentate spine subapically below ; tibiae subarcuate, ridged

above, scabrous, the posterior ones being medially slightly ampliated ;

posterior tarsi with joint 1 only slightly longer than 2, 3 and 2 sub-

equal or 3 only slightly longer than 2. From three 33 and two 99.

Length (excl. head and rostrum), 4-5 mm.

Breadth, 2-24 mm.

Hab.—Portuguese E. Africa—Nyaka, 20 miles N.W. of Inhambane

(M. Exp.). (3g Type from here.)

Rhodesia—Sebakwe (D. Dods).

536 Annals of the South African Museum.

FIG.

OIRD AP w bo

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Puate XLII.

Brachycerus rhodesianus (Pér. in litt.) sp. nov.

a approximans 5 S

zs meracus 3b as

as angustus ” ”

i rikatlensis oP Es

. Spartecerus pallidus sp. nov.

. Brachycerus verruculosus (Pér. in litt.) sp. nov.

. Byrsops noordhoekiana sp. nov.

Puate XLII.

. Synthocus maculipes sp. nov.

. Apoderus spinipes sp. nov.

. Scotopsinus bituberculatipennis sp. nov.

. Brachycerus damarensis sp. nov.

es scutirostris Germ.

. 6 of Derelomus postfasciatus (Mshl. in litt.) sp. nov.

. Brachycerus koebergensis (Pér. in litt.) sp. nov.

* As scutirostris Germ. was originally labelled as promontorti sp. nov. by

Péringuey and bears some distant resemblance to koebergensts sp. nov. and

approximans sp. nov., I have figured it here.

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV. Plate XLII.

A. J. H., del. Neill & Co., Lid.

SOUTH AFRICAN AND SOUTH WEST AFRICAN CURCULIONIDAE.

Plate XLIIT.

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XXV.

Ts fe iilig GEi,

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