etme,

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

1. MATERIAL should be original and not published elsewhere, in whole or in part.

2. LAYOUT should be as follows:

(a) Centred masthead to consist of

Title: informative but concise, without abbreviations and not including the names of new genera or species

Author’s(s’) name(s)

Address(es) of author(s) (institution where work was carried out)

Number of illustrations (figures, enumerated maps and tables, in this order)

(b) Abstract of not more than 200 words, intelligible to the reader without reference to the text

(d) Introduction

(e) Subject-matter of the paper, divided into sections to correspond with those given in table of contents

(f) Summary, if paper is lengthy

(g) Acknowledgements

(h) References

(i) Abbreviations, where these are numerous.

3. MANUSCRIPT, to be submitted in triplicate, should be typewritten and neat, double spaced with

3 cm margins all round. First lines of paragraphs should be indented. Tables and a list of captions for

illustrations should be typed separately, their positions indicated in the text. All pages should be num-

bered consecutively.

Major headings of the paper are centred capitals; first subheadings are shouldered small capitals;

_-~second subheadings, a are shouldered italics; third subheadings are indented, shouldered italics. Further

Subdivisions shoutd:Be avoided, as also enumeration (never roman numerals) of headings and

abbreviations. Fs a

Footnotes should be akoided unless they are short and essential.

Only~generic and specific names should be underlined to indicate italics; all other marking up

should be left to éditor aod pusher:

4: ILLUSTRATIONS Pfould be reducible to a size not exceeding 12x 18cm (19cm including

caption); fhe” reduction or enlargement required should be indicated (and preferably uniform); orig-

inals larger than 35 x 47 cm should not be submiited; photographs should be rectangular in shape and

final size. A metric scale should appear with all illustrations, otherwise magnification or reduction

should be given in the caption; if the latter, then the final reduction or enlargement should be taken

into consideration.

All illustrations, whether line drawings or photographs, should be termed figures (plates are not

printed; half-tones will appear in their proper place in the text) and numbered in a single series. Items

of composite figures should be designated by capital letters; lettering of figures is not set in type and

should be in lower-case letters. If Letraset is used authors are requested to use Helvetica-style letter-

ing, if possible.

The number of the figure should be lightly marked in pencil on the back of each illustration.

5. REFERENCES cited in text and synonymies should all be included in the list at the end of the

paper, using the Harvard System (ibid., idem, loc. cit., op. cit. are not acceptable):

(a) Author’s name and year of publication given in text, e.g.:

‘Smith (1969) describes . . .”

‘Smith (1969: 36, fig. 16) describes . . .”

‘As described (Smith 1969a, 19696; Jones 1971)’

‘As described (Haughton & Broom 1927) .. .”

‘As described (Haughton ef al. 1927)...”

Note: no comma separating name and year

Pagination indicated by colon, not p.

names of joint authors connected by ampersand

et al. in text for more than two joint authors, but names of all authors given in list of references.

(b) Full references at the end of the paper, arranged alphabetically by names, chronologically within

each name, with suffixes a, b, etc., to the year for more than one paper by the same author in

that year, e.g. Smith (1969a, 1969b) and not Smith (1969, 1969a).

For books give title in italics, edition, volume number, place of publication, publisher.

For journal article give title of article, title of journal in italics (according to the World list of scientific periodicals. 4th ed.

London: Butterworths, 1963), series in parentheses, volume number, part number in parentheses, pagination (first and

last pages of article).

Examples (note capitalization and punctuation)

Bu.toucH, W. S. 1960. Practical invertebrate anatomy. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan.

FiscHER, P. H. 1948. Données sur la résistance et de la vitalité des mollusques. Journal de conchyliologie 88 (3): 100-140.

FiscHer, P. H., Duvat, M. & Rarry, A. 1933. Etudes sur les échanges respiratoires des littorines. Archives de zoologie

expérimentale et générale 74 (33): 627-634.

Koun, A. J. 1960a. Ecological notes on Conus (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the Trincomalee region of Ceylon. Annals and

Magazine of Natural History (13) 2 (17): 309-320.

Koun, A. J. 19606. Spawning behaviour, egg masses and larval development in Conus from the Indian Ocean. Bulletin of

the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, Yale University 17 (4): 1-51.

THIELE, J. 1910. Mollusca. B. Polyplacophora, Gastropoda marina, Bivalvia. Jn: ScHuLTZE, L. Zoologische und anthro-

pologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Stid-Afrika ausgefiihrt in den Jahren

1903-1905 4 (15). Denkschriften der medizinisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 16: 269-270.

(continued inside back cover)

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM

Volume 103 +#£4Band

April 1993 April

Part 1 Deel

y Y

TRUSS

CoS AS

YR / Wy

DQ <>

avin nq NOS

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM THE

CONTINENTAL MARGIN OFF

SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA.

PART I. MINOR TAXA

R. V. DINGLE

Cape Town Kaapstad

The ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

are issued in parts at irregular intervals as material

becomes available

Obtainable from the South African Museum, P.O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000

Die ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM

word uitgegee in dele op ongereelde tye na gelang van die

beskikbaarheid van stof

Verkrygbaar van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum, Posbus 61, Kaapstad 8000

OUT OF PRINT/UIT DRUK

1, 21-3, 5-8), 3(1-2, 4—5, 8, t—p.i.), 51-3, 5, 7-9),

6(1, t—p.i.), 71-4), 8, 9(1-2, 7), 1011-3), 11(1-2, 5, 7, t—p.i.),

14(1-3), 15(4—5), 24(2, 5), 27, 31(1-3), 32(5), 33,

36(2), 43(1), 45(1), 67(5), 84(2)

Kopieregnavrae aan die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum

ISBN 0 86813 143 1

Printed in South Africa by In Suid-Afrika gedruk deur

The Rustica Press, Pty., Ltd., Die Rustica-pers, Edms., Bpk.,

Old Mill Road, Ndabeni, Cape Old Millweg, Ndabeni, Kaap

D1893

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM THE CONTINENTAL MARGIN

OFF SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA.

PART II. MINOR TAXA

R. V. DINGLE

Micropalaeontology Research Unit, South African Museum, Cape Town

(With 87 figs and 4 tables)

[MS accepted 28 May 1991]

ABSTRACT

One hundred and four species belonging to at least forty-two genera comprise 13 per cent by

abundance of the total benthic ostracod fauna from the continental shelf and upper slope between the

Kunene River and Cape Agulhas. The remaining 87 per cent of the fauna (comprising 18 species) have

previously been described in Part I of this report.

Twenty-six new species are described herein: Cytherelloidea compuncta, Australoecia fulleri, Neo-

caudites lordi, Neocaudites osseus, Neocaudites punctatus, Incongruellina venusta, Parakrithella simp-

soni, Cytheropteron whatleyi, Cytheropteron trinodosum, Cytheropteron cuneatum, Cytheropteron

frewinae, Cytheropteron aff. C. frewinae, Cytherura siesseri, Kangarina sola, Kangarina hendeyi, Hemi-

cytherura petheri, Austroaurila rugosa, Mutilus malloryi, Urocythereis arcana, Coquimba birchi, Bun-

tonia namaquaensis, Buntonia rogersi, Buntonia bremneri, Buntonia gibbera, Buntonia deweti, and

Munseyella eggerti.

Twenty of the species have been previously recorded from the area, and fifty-eight species are left

in open nomenclature.

The largest number of species of the minor taxa occurs in water shallower than 300 m, and concen-

trations of upper and lower depth limits of species occur at 200-300 m (outer continental shelf: mixed

layer/Antarctic Intermediate Water boundary) and 500-600 m (upper continental slope: top of AATW

salinity minimum zone). There are important latitudinal range limits (boundaries to faunal assemblages)

at 19,5°S (Walvis Ridge abutment), 22,5°S (Walvis Bay), 29,5—31,5°S (Namaqualand shelf), and 34°S

(Cape Peninsula).

CONTENTS

PAGE

|ST(TOYG 1S (LHL OF Vrenctaes ovate Sretts ces HEN Raley GR CRSA RRS Cael tee PLR MMP Ren stp te Rea erute amen es 1

SY SLCINALIC GESCHIPEIONS ac 2 eta cafava sake ae Wee at eon ee a ct Aen Tosa ewan eyes ake 4

SULATTIAT IN crete he atey arc certol hones Ree ee meegicl ieosesra el ree, oo are ee EAS OE er nes anges cc 156

PACKT OW ICUS EMIENES meme ree vse Stree each ere ere pe iene a eS CVE Arun ge 158

FRELETETICES Hectares en eit rare eee ee arene ee eR eee ee ee ia eee ABC ra elise nese. cv 159

INTRODUCTION

In a survey of 269 sea-floor sediment samples from the continental shelf and upper

slope off south-western Africa, 192 contained ostracod valves. The eighteen dominant

taxa that constitute 87 per cent of the total fauna, were documented in Part I of this report

(Dingle 1992), and in the present contribution the taxonomy and distribution of the

remaining 13 per cent, represented by 104 species, are described. These species were

encountered in 134 samples (Fig. 1).

Ann S. Afr. Mus. 103 (1), 1993: 1-165, 87 figs, 4 tables.

2 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

45° 20°E

KUNENE R.

aia

20° +

++ \

sae ut i

Hoe

+Ht+ ) WALVIS BAY

HHH

Mi \

| a

| oe

Sip See

+"? LODERITZ

- + |,

HI $M,

HH +4 “, ORANGE R.

faaae

=| + 4

+ \

+ }

One| ate \

30 ne 25 \, NAMAQUALAND

mI at ty

aay ap =

<i ae ea

| T+ 4+++i* 6 COLUMBINE

ditt

CAPE TOWN we

A # —_.

al C. AGULHAS

Fig. 1. Ostracod-bearing samples (134) with minor taxa from water

depths less than 950 m along the continental margin off south-western

Africa.

A summary of the bathymetric and oceanographic setting of the continental margin

off south-western Africa, as well as an account of previous ostracod studies from this,

and adjacent regions, can be found in Part I (Dingle 1992).

The 104 minor taxa and their numerical distribution within the sediment samples are

listed in Table 1. Although these species constitute a relatively small proportion of the

total ostracod populations, they vary considerably in their abundance locally. This is

illustrated by considering the depth distribution of the minor taxa expressed as mean

percentages of the total fauna. Figure 2 (which is based on the 134 samples in which these

species occur, and not the total sample set), shows that the minor taxa are relatively more

important (35%) in nearshore areas (< 90 m), and on the outermost shelf and uppermost

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 3)

40 F | \ a

a :

per cent

cal

0) T T ia aie Tae T T

0 0,5

Depth

Fig. 2. Distribution with depth across the continental margin of south-western Africa of the combined

abundances of the minor species (five-point running mean of percentage of total ostracod fauna).

slope (400-800 m). The mid-shelf areas (90-400 m) are populated predominantly by the

eighteen dominant taxa described in Part I.

As discussed in Part I, an assessment has been made of the proportions of modern

(i.e. living or recently dead) and relict valves. In the sections dealing with the distribution

of individual taxa this information is used to identify possible differences in modern and

post-glacial faunas.

The genera of Ostracoda discussed in Part II are given below:

PAGE

CWA AMAIA cho Bee, & Gb an thas eh tans cy Pebe ond theca Saacherd cl DG Perot ear Oe iaiohca einen cemreae 4

ES LU LO PID ILA est ae te TA GaP TE Ue IN oe ea PRE Salen a eee oe ac caiseccitien es ey ae 7

NGLEKDB VARI ca robo 6 6 Mice OM OIG IO BOO PRCA CIO RIO Re OO OS OORT OE 10

NED HARA CORSO OOS IO Sno R OT NOTA ee ER OT OT acc! 1

PAT. OTL OCCA Re ERT op CAT ME OT eRe oe ole ES PRES eon ere 13

EKOPONLOCY DL IS A (ELOPONLOGY DIS) Mae een eee oe RR 14

EOD OMLOCYPFIS (EK DONLOGYDIIS) yee a ene oe ee ere eae re es 18

JPY UOTOS DAN (Naga TO MOGYOAN) sea coco goochadonuavocndeocacgon dooce 18

PAUSTT Ol OCCL UR ae EE Se aL L FSP EM HOR PC AE ASE De HR MES Ee FSS MERE Nee ene 19

VINO GVINEK CAE eee TED ee ES AN ee et ree ae Re i D3

[EGU GIELGS OKO GE Noid Ont 5 RIOD OG BiG ITED CORT HO BL PERI OS EO Ieee once at 23

GA CH OIS PE Ie a EO ee Oe Ree ET ULSI ete encanta at 28

LUAG LA ION (Toate eRe ea es EAA CEPR PEA ETO RATE CORE CHO GS ELIA RTS OO tee 30

(HIS UG WA NARA gS ORO oR OG RO TS CLEA EE Ora Oe Bence Gain ceo beaten ier 30

IS COCTUGAU CSIR he Seen oA BRN Ie eee RH APR Eee MRIS nets BO Tana ae 33

Si OTTALOC VINCE rey eee re ee ee RR IR EN rea oe 42

LETT HWA AN C2 ceva MOI BEE PERC ME SR ELON GPO CRD RICO Once ee 42

LEELA AUATET AR OSE O EM POI ETAG CREA ERO MCLE oe OCU LRG OROR TOS ROTO 43

4 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

BY AGICVAN(BKAGIEVO)) so iruso ais seh see edie a eset PE a eae ee olel ar ae ROE 43

Bradleyan(Quasibradleya)Momns sce sn oe oe ae oe ee OD ee OOO 45

2 OSCIAONAMICUSI Ad an test sok ies ah Ss SOLS EEE Es I OCC 46

WnCONGY MELLIN Cie Sirens sete ee or un esis ek Seon, wie SEL VOTE Orc SOTO EF ate Chee 46

IARI ete Bede RRR CE aN tO ROPE eae eee Cee eee eee Sonn c'cinin baal 6 6 50

RAV ARFUIN COR ter PR vee aun aioe SiS Glee Wa era laire ES TS ARN en ao) 58

DOF ALOCYINET.C errr ern ele eee eA ree cutee er the ee ee OOOO 63

(SN GUARG TER Sot eA One Chere CL ae NR tea ean ee ta. 6 denis 6 0 63

(COMATE TUR atl Ries, bake en eee rant eee een re aE hc 56'S 60 0c 81

AT SOT Ye Sas ke oso ata eye beck ea ois Stel ay ost ake wOSS: Shs s tele A eek cae ST eRe ee 83

SCINIGVENCKUT iat gots oe pce Aes OS Sue a agree ESS east cates ERECT GOS Ae 88

EL CII CV INC UT Dee Nit aie eset al aay salons behseee ue Oe eh ure a 4 oes la dle SR eee 91

RAV AGV TMCV IMCD wl. Bien, ches Ssurseh tats rah oa te aus eey Aah eRe oH aad Seas CO Oe 94

Ambostracon(AmbOSt. acon) hele eh eae ee eee 96

Ambostracon (PatagOnaGyihere) sc seins chase ee oe ee ee 98

PATTI ess stec rs eactin ta borreens er ls cae: tema Shane Rie (au opt ee Fo 98

PALS IF OQUP ELAS ee By 2 005 7s Siseear Dap A TSIeis O00. Se eR IE OL ee 99

IMCr Idi OnaliGVIN@ne 21s ks ccc notes oto eres este eer eh IRC CT Ce 103

Jel ho Cel Fels eae ea Oot eee ART Te EMCEE ices ClO OEE Gab Oso dca 0 ¢ 107

NETTLES ieee ened era aes rE Rae eC TAN crnenne Re. AAs Meh EIA! co BING. n-60 6.4 6-0 0 107

OQUGAKACYINGTE LE kas. SSeS ta, 8 Pdaoaide Sue Mat ee ee 112

WHO GINET EIS witocers hye. eon cs vce Fhe RITE ooae Haat en eRe TS Eo IO 113

COGUIMN DO Aso ie eR a aoe Rata Oe Sk IR BEE UNI ian oe ee 118

COUILCS GE ice S is ee SE ETN HS Co EI 122

Basslerites"(LOGUICONChA) Ea nen 5 oe Re eC Oe 122

OGY To iaaens Caetano rs eo ao aan aS Cicnd Meee Mec Moet chatG Oe gc ou clo bao" 124

Mun Cy Clas ioe oie Way oon ae Remora aes ate eo gore Gir statts oe ENA See ene 142

INOSLOLEDET ISN ' o585 fakes) a oletol ois: ee eeape ers tS SOTTO ER ee 144

Indeterminate taxas vii seek ct he eros scch sieve eo ve Soar ese reer cS) eee 148

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS

The classification used here is based on Moore (1961), with various additions neces-

sitated by subsequent work.

Abbreviations used: AM = anterior margin; ATE = anterior terminal element; C =

carapace; CA = cardinal angle; DM = dorsal margin; LV = left valve; MA = marginal

area; ME = median element; MPC = marginal pore canal; MS = muscle scars; NPC =

normal pore canal; PM = posterior margin; PTE = posterior terminal element; RV = right

valve; SCT = subcentral tubercle; VM = ventral margin.

In the discussion of ostracod distributions, UDL and LDL indicate upper depth limit

and lower depth limit, respectively. Specimen numbers are given as valves, i.e. 1 carapace

= 2 valves.

Type and illustrated specimens are housed at the South African Museum under

catalogue numbers prefixed SAM—PQ-MF-.

Class CRUSTACEA Pennant, 1777

Subclass OSTRACODA Latreille, 1806

Order Popocopipa Miller, 1894

Suborder PLATYCOPINA Sars, 1866

Family Cytherellidae Sars, 1866

Genus Cytherelloidea Alexander, 1929

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 5

Cytherelloidea compuncta sp. nov.

Fig. 3A-B

Derivation of name

Notis compungere—Latin, tattoo; fanciful reference to ornamentation.

Holotype

length height

MF-0691, LV, TBD 344, 73 m 0,49 0,29

Material

One valve.

Diagnosis

Species of Cytherelloidea with fine, delicate punctations in lozenge-shaped groups

on elevated surface features, and coarse, circular intercostal pits.

Description

External features. AM broadly and symmetrically rounded, PM rounded, somewhat

truncated, with more gently sloping posterodorsal outline. The posteroventral and ventro-

lateral parts of the valve are inflated, and there is a continuous ridge in the form of a

concave loop along the crest of the inflated area. This ridge passes ventral to the MS area,

the structure of which is clearly visible in external view. A further low, irregular, elevated

area extends from the anterodorsal part of the loop towards the DM, where it is deflected

posteriorly, so that the MS area is almost encircled by ridges. The AM has a narrow ridge

that extends short distances along the DM and VM. The narrow, elevated areas of the

valve are ornamented with fine puncta arranged in lozenge-shaped clusters, which resem-

ble delicate, tattoo-like patterns. Intercostal areas have larger, circular pits.

Internal features are typical for the genus.

Remarks

The ornamentation of Cytherelloidea compuncta is very distinctive and cannot be

confused with previously described species. Because of this, I feel confident of erecting

a new species on the basis of a single valve. Cytherelloidea lobitoensis Hartmann, 1974,

has a partially developed loop in the central valve area, but lacks an anterior closure.

None of the several Cretaceous species from southern Africa has similar ornamentation.

Distribution

Record of this species is confined to one site (TBD 344) in 73 m, immediately west

of Cape Agulhas. No other specimens of the genus have been recovered from the west-

coast shelf between this locality and Benguela in Angola, where Hartmann (1974)

recorded Cytherelloidea lobitoensis in coarse sand. Keeler (1981) reported a single valve

from TBD 1259 (91 m) on the eastern Agulhas Bank, and referred it to Cytherelloidea

aff. C. keiji McKenzie, 1967 (from south-east Australia). This specimen is not conspecific

with our material.

6 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 3. A-B. Cytherelloidea compuncta sp. nov., holotype, MF—-0691, LV, TBD 344,73 m. A.SEM 3211.

B. Detail of ornamentation, SEM 3213. C-—F. Bairdoppilata simplex (Brady, 1880). C.MF-—0593, LV,

TBD 6824, 90 m, SEM 2747. D.MF-0594, TBD 6846, 95 m, SEM 2735. E-F. MF-0595, RV, TBD 6846.

E. Internal view, SEM 2739. F. MS, SEM 2741. Scales: A, C-D, F = 100 pn, C= 10p, E=1 000.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 7

The excellent state of preservation of the valve suggests that it is modern, and not

reworked from older sediments.

Suborder popocopipa Sars, 1866

Superfamily BAIRDIACEA Sars, 1888

Family Bairdiidae Sars, 1887

Genus Bairdoppilata Coryell, Sample & Jennings, 1935

This genus has a long history in southern Africa. It first appeared in the Santonian

(Dingle 1985), and locally became a dominant element in the Campanian and Maas-

trichtian faunas of Zululand (Dingle 1981). It is abundant at various levels of the Palaeo-

gene in the J(c)—-1 borehole off Natal (Dingle 1976) but, as it was not one of the taxa

studied by Frewin (1987), no data are available on its presence in the Tertiary of the

Agulhas Bank.

Bairdoppilata simplex (Brady, 1880)

Figs 3C—F, 6A—B

Bairdia ovata? Bosquet, 1854. Brady, 1880: 53—S4, pl. 7 (figs 3a—d).

Bairdia simplex Brady, 1880: 51, pl. 7 (figs la—d). Puri & Hulings, 1976: 266, pl. 3 (figs 11-14).

Nesidea labiata Miller, 1908: 99, pl. 14 (figs 1-6).

Bairdia villosa? Brady, 1880. Benson & Maddocks, 1964: 14-15, pl. 1 (figs 3, 6; 8).

Bairdoppilata (Bairdoppilata?) simplex (Brady, 1880) Maddocks, 19696: 77—78, text-fig. 42.

?Bairdoppilata sp. 44 Hartmann, 1974: 253-254, pl. 23 (figs 168-169).

Bairdoppilata sp. aff. B. (B.) villosa (Brady, 1880) Keeler, 1981: 24-26, pl. 1 (figs 1—2).

Bairdia spp. Boomer, 1985: 14-15, pl. 2 (figs 19-20).

Illustrated material

length height

MF-593, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,90 0,50

MF-594, RV, TBD 6846, 95 m 1,10 0,56

MF-595, RV, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,64 0,35

Material

434 valves.

Remarks

This species was originally recorded from the ‘Challenger’ station in False Bay by

Brady (1880) as Bairdia ovata?, whereas Maddocks (19694) recorded four specimens

from False Bay in her monograph on Recent Bairdiidae. Benson & Maddocks (1964)

illustrated a specimen of Bairdoppilata from Knysna Lagoon which they placed in

Bairdia villosa? Brady, 1880.

Bairdoppilata simplex is very similar to B. villosa (Brady, 1880) and, in fact, Brady

(1880) remarked that the main criterion he used in differentiating the two was the larger

size and more elongate outline of B. simplex. Our material is very close to the outline of

the lectotypes of the latter species and contrasts with the strongly arched DM of the

lectotypes of B. villosa (Puri & Hulings 1976). I consider the outline of the specimens

illustrated by Benson & Maddocks (1964) also to be closer to B. simplex.

8 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Hartmann (1974) recovered four species of Bairdoppilata from the coast of Angola,

and one species from a rock pool at Liideritz. The latter (Bairdoppilata sp. 44) has a MS

pattern that is very similar to my material, and a valve outline that falls within its intra-

specific variation. Although Hartmann’s species has a smooth hinge, I suspect that this

species is also B. simplex, because juvenile specimens in my material invariably have

smooth hinges.

Bairdoppilata simplex occurs in the Southern Ocean (Heard Island), the Antarctic

Peninsula, and southern Africa.

Distribution

Bairdoppilata simplex is a relatively abundant species (1,7% of total fauna) that is

confined to areas south of 22°S, and extends to the eastern Agulhas Bank (Keeler 1981)

and Knysna (Benson & Maddocks 1964) (Fig. 4).

Modern populations occur between Namaqualand and Cape Agulhas, where the

UDL and LDL are 15 m and 205 m, respectively (Fig. 5A).

Relict populations extend the range of the species to the Walvis Bay area, but there

is a dearth of sites on the inner shelf north of St Helena Bay (Fig. 4A). Hartmann (1974)

probably recorded the species from a shore site at Liideritz. The depth limits vary from

15° 20°E 18° 19°E

2 | | SSI | 1 Lt = ! | | ! 1 eS ee EE Eee

“N x {

4 A Si

4 3 “ar ST HELENA BAY

\ a )

4 aN tl

20°+ \ 4 al

\ i WS

a \ | \ a

J is xX | x a

=I \ \

7 a \ WALVIS BAY | " \

| Ms XY

7 | : \ \

4 \ \

“I a \ | \ (fh

t LUDERITZ | . ch FALSE BAY

4 \ 34°) = \S = ce

\ NENT E M

| rt 7 z oh Aa sy

4 a \N ta

\ = \ a.

30° » \ | ae ‘

J \ <

\ | Ba

| te | < a

\ ce \ | = BS >

‘ Nix | N

; m \_MBEM | - * a i |

| a KNYSNA ——

SS ES | 35° a

: S

4 ge ey,

= aaa Eg | |

- ~~ mm 5

aD? |

A B

Fig. 4. Distribution of Bairdoppilata simplex (Brady, 1880) on the continental shelf off south-western

Africa (A), and off the south-western Cape (B). Sites with modern specimens are enclosed by dashed

lines. Sites in the vicinity of Knysna (A) are from Keeler (1981); B&M = Benson & Maddock’s

(1964) site; M = Maddock’s (19695) site GIL 615.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA

30°

25°

per cent

Depth 500 m

Fig. 5. A. Latitudinal water-depth distribution of Bairdoppilata simplex (Brady, 1880).

Modern specimens occur at sites with crosses (enclosed by dashed line). B. Abundance

of Bairdoppilata simplex as percentage of ostracod fauna plotted against water depth

(five-point running mean).

10 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

north to south as follows: UDL 172 m (N) to 15 m (S), and LDL 392 m (N) to 545 m

(S).

Across-shelf abundance of B. simplex reaches a maximum inshore of 100 m (20%,

Fig. 5B). There is an abundance low between 100 m and 200 m, and a general increase

in values with increasing water depth on the outer shelf and upper slope.

Superfamily cypRIDACEA Baird, 1845

Family Macrocyprididae Miller, 1912

Genus Macrocypris Brady, 1867

Macrocypris cf. M. metuenda Maddocks, 1990

Fig. 6C, 7

Macrocypris sp. Boomer, 1985: 17-18, pl. 3 (figs 46-47).

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0799, RV, TBD 2472, 201 m 2,91 Le

MF-0800, RV, TBD 2472, 201 m 2,63 1,14

Material

103 valves.

Remarks

In her revision of the Macrocyprididae, Maddocks (1990) distinguished two large

species of the genus off south-western Africa: Macrocypris metuenda sp. nov. and

M. miranda sp. nov. My material is closer to the former by virtue of its more strongly

arched DM, but differs from it on details of MS and in being somewhat smaller in size.

Maddocks (1990) suspected that M. metuenda is the largest living macrocyprid, and

possible podocopid ostracod, and quoted a size range for adults of between 2 800 up and

3 750 u. My largest specimen is 2 910 u, whereas two other complete adults measure

2 630 and 2 500 uw. In addition, Maddocks (1990) reported the species from water depths

of 700-3 800 m, whereas almost all my specimens are from shallower depths. I suspect

that my material represents a shallower-water variant of Maddock’s species or, more

likely, a very closely related but separate species.

Adult valves of my species are fragile (of the 103 valves recovered, only three were

complete) and rare. Instars, which form the bulk of the material available, have generally

more rounded posteroventral areas, although some have a distinct point.

Distribution

With one exception (a valve fragment at TBD 3769, north-west of Walvis Bay), all

records of this species are from south of 28°S (Fig. 8). Adult specimens are particularly

large and fragile, and whole valves were recovered at only two sites, both on the Orange—

Namaqualand shelf. Keeler (1981) did not record this species on the eastern Agulhas

Bank, so its eastern limit must lie somewhere between 20° and 23°E.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 11

1@Grm eos

Fig. 6. A-—B. Bairdoppilata simplex (Brady, 1880), MF—0595, RV, TBD 6846, 95m. A. ATE,

SEM 2743. B.PTE, SEM 2742. C.Macrocypris cf. M.metuenda Maddocks, 1990, MF—0800,

RV, TBD 2472, 201m. Photograph from Boomer 1985, pl.3 (fig. 46). D.Macrocypria sp. 3471,

MF-0766, C, TBD 2222, 155m, right view, SEM 3471. E.Argilloecia sp. 3483, MF—0771, RV,

TBD 3179, 437 m, SEM 3483. F. Propontocypris cf. P. (Propontocypis) subreniformis (Brady, 1880),

MF-0596, RV, TBD 3320, 72 m, SEM 2990. Scales: A-B = 10 yp, C, E-F = 100 uy, D = 500 nu.

12 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

eee ®

a Oy ls

Fig. 7. Muscle scars of Macrocypris cf.

M. metuenda Maddocks, 1990, MF—0799,

RV, TBD 2477, 201 m. Edges of depressed

area are dotted. Scale = 200 u.

Modern juveniles occur at several sites between the Cape Peninsula and Cape Agul-

has, and cluster in the shallow areas, where they have UDL and LDL of 15 m and

133 m, respectively.

Relict specimens have a wider latitudinal distribution, and occur over the depth

range 15—736 m. The UDL north of 31°S is c. 200 m.

Genus Macrocypria Sars, 1923

Macrocypria sp. 3471

Fig. 6D

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0766, C, TBD 2222, 155 m 2,00 0,70

Material

Five valves.

Remarks

This species is placed within Macrocypria on the basis of its elongate shape and

large size (2 000 uw). According to the Cologne Index (Kempf 1986), the only other named

Quaternary species is the type, @. angusta (Sars), from Scandinavian waters, although

Maddocks (1979) mentioned at least three new extant species from the Atlantic. Whatley

& Downing (1984) have reported a further species (M. elegantula) from the Middle

Miocene of south-east Australia. Macrocypria sp. 3471 is closer to Sars’s type than to

the Australian form.

Distribution

This rare species was recovered relict from three sites (TBD 2222: 155 m; TBD 2459:

300 m; TBD 2260: 303 m) from the outer shelf off Liideritz and Namaqualand, and from

the middle shelf west of Saldanha Bay.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 13

15° 20° E

20°

WALVIS BAY

= ee ae | ss

‘ LUDERITZ

4 ‘ oy

@ (ea ~

30° 4 \

S \

| ~ Wy

\ C. AGULHAS

4 —f

i _| ban ) pope TT ml

Fig. 8. Distribution of Macrocypris cf. M. metuenda Maddocks, 1990, on the con-

tinental margin off south-western Africa. Sites with adult specimens are enclosed

by a solid line, and sites with modern specimens are enclosed by a dashed line.

Family Pontocyprididae Miller, 1894

Genus Argilloecia Sars, 1866

Argilloecia sp. 3483

Fig. 6E

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0771, RV, TBD 3179, 437 m 0,74 0,35

Material

Fourteen valves.

14 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Remarks

This fragile, elegant species is characterized by a small compressed lip on the dorsal

part of the AM, and a small, nipple-like projection at the posteroventral corner. It is

probably a new species, but none of my specimens had well-preserved interior features.

Distribution

This relatively rare species was recovered from seven sites on the upper continental

slope, between latitudes 23,4° and 34,7°S. Specimens have the following UDL and LDL,

respectively: 437 m and 900 m (modern), and 450 m and 725 m (relict).

Genus Propontocypris Sylvester-Bradley, 1947

Subgenus Propontocypris (Propontocypris) Sylvester-Bradley, 1947

Propontocypris cf. P. (P.) subreniformis (Brady, 1880)

Figs 6F, 9A, 10

Pontocypris (?) subreniformis Brady, 1880: 38—39, pl. 7 (figs Sa—d). Puri & Hulings, 1976: 259-259,

pl. 3 (fig. 16).

Propontocypris sp. A Keeler, 1981: 37—38, pl. 1 (fig. 18).

Illustrated material

length height

MF-596, RV, TBD 3320, 72 m 0,70 0.33

MF-597, RV, TBD 3320, 72 m 0,70 0,33

MF-598, LV, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,67 0,31

Material

66 valves.

Remarks

In his original account of the ‘Challenger’ collection, Brady (1880) claimed to have

found Pontocypris (?) subreniformis in False Bay (South Africa) and at Port Jackson

(Australia). He illustrated two carapaces—P. subreniformis (pl. 7 (fig. Sa—d)) and P. (?) sub-

triangularis (pl. 15 (fig. 6a—d)) but, in the description, referred to only one illustration,

the nomen nudum P. (?) subtriangularis (Maddocks 1969a). Puri & Hulings (1976)

designated the lectotype of Pontocypris (?) subreniformis as a specimen from Port Jack-

son. Because Brady (1880) did not note the provenance of the two carapaces that he

illustrated, there is no record of the material that he cited from False Bay. Maddocks

(1969a) speculated that the carapace labelled P. (?) subtriangularis could be a specimen

from False Bay, but there is no proof. My material is closest to Brady’s pl. 7 (fig. 5a—d),

which is referred to the lectotype from Port Jackson by Puri & Hulings (1976) (Fig. 10).

Although I have isolated 65 valves, none are well-preserved adults with good inter-

nal views. Most specimens retain a coating of very fine hairs, which give the valves an

opalescent appearance. The dorsal margin is less angular than some of the species placed

in Propontocypris by Maddocks (1969a), but the overall outline of my material is very

similar to the lectotype and has a MS pattern consisting of five scars in three horizontal

rows. Maddocks (1969a: 17) was satisfied that the lectotype of P. (?) subreniformis

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 15

16@rm 6034 19kU 15@e

Fig. 9. A. Propontocypris cf. P. (Propontocypis) subreniformis (Brady, 1880), MF—-0597, LV, TBD 3320,

72 m, internal view, SEM 3000. — B. Propontocypris (?Propontocypris) sp. 3434, MF—-0739, LV, TBD 6836,

80 m, SEM 3434. C. Propontocypris (?Ekpontocypris) sp. 3445, MF-0757, C, TBD 6846, 95 m, left

view, SEM 3445. D. Propontocypris (?Schedopontocypis) sp. 3535, MF—-0747, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m,

SEM 3535. E-F. Australoecia fulleri sp. nov., TBD 6846, 95 m. E. Holotype, MF—0599, LV, SEM 3049.

F. Paratype, MF—0600, RV, SEM 3051. Scales: all 100 p.

16 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

as C'

> | x

® &

Fig. 10. Outlines of species of Propontocypris. .A—B. Propontocypris cf.

P. (Propontocypis) subreniformis (Brady, 1880). A. MF-0597, LV, TBD 3320,

72m. B.MEF—0598, RV, TBD 6846, 95m. C. Propontocypris (Propon-

tocypris) subreniformis (Brady, 1880), lectotype, RV, BM 81.5.5 (Puri &

Hulings 1976, pl. 3 (fig. 16)), Port Jackson, Australia. D.Pontocypris

subreniformis sp. nov. Brady, 1880, pl. 7 (fig. 5a), LV, locality unknown.

E. Pontocypris ‘subtriangularis’ sp. nov. Brady, 1880, pl. 15 (fig. 6a), LV,

locality unknown. PF. Propontocypris cf. P. (Propontocypis subreniformis

(Brady, 1880), MF—0598, RV, TBD 6846, 95 m, MS. Scales: all 100 wu.

belonged to this genus, and consequently there is no justification for placing Brady’s

(1880) material in Ekpontocypris as she suggested. The only hesitation that I have in

suggesting that my material is conspecific with Propontocypris (P.) subreniformis is the

slightly more elongate shape of the adults from southern Africa (length : height ratio

>2,0) compared to the lectotype (1,96).

Distribution

Propontocypris cf. P. (P.) subreniformis (Brady) occurs at several sites around the

Cape Peninsula (including False Bay), and at a small number of sites along the west-coast

shelf, as far north as 19,7°S (Fig. 11). Keeler (1981) recorded the species from the eastern

Agulhas Bank.

Modern specimens were recovered from all areas except the northernmost site on the

Walvis Ridge abutment shelf (TBD 3940), and have UDL and LDL of 18 m to 120 m.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA s17/

152, 20°E

WALVIS BAY

Fig. 11. Distribution of Propontocypris cf. P. (Propontocypis) subreni-

formis (Brady, 1880) on the continental shelf off south-western Africa.

Relict specimens are less abundant, and have UDL and LDL of 72 m and 184 m,

respectively.

Propontocypris (?Propontocypris) sp. 3434

Fig. 9B

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0739, RV, TBD 6836, 80 m 0,80 iu

Material

One valve.

18 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Remarks

This large, probably new species was represented by one broken valve.

Distribution

Propontocypris (?P.) sp. 3434 was recovered from one site only (TBD 6836: 80 m)

west of the Cape Peninsula.

Subgenus Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) Maddocks, 1969a

Propontocypris (?Ekpontocypris) sp. 3445

Fics 9

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0757, C, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,63 0,26

Material

Two valves.

Remarks

Confident generic assignment of this species is not possible until internal features

can be investigated.

Distribution

One modern carapace was recovered from site TBD 6846 (95 m), west of the Cape

Peninsula.

Subgenus Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris) Maddocks, 1969a

Propontocypris (?Schedopontocypris) sp. 3535

Fig. 9D

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0747, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,70 0,30

Material

One valve.

Remarks

This species is less compressed than the original diagnosis allowed, but the inner

lamella, MS and lateral outline appear to conform to what was considered by Maddocks

(1969a: 37) to be a less-coherent group than the other subgenera of Propontocypris.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 19

Distribution

This very rare species occurred as a modern valve at one site only (TBD 6824:

90 m), west of the Cape Peninsula.

Genus Australoecia McKenzie, 1967

This genus has a long history in the area of the Southern Ocean (Upper Cretaceous

to Recent), whence most of the species recorded in the Marine Ostracoda Index have been

reported (Kempf 1986—four referred to the synonymous Abyssocypris occur in the

Northern Hemisphere).

Four species of Australoecia are known from south-western and southern Africa, two

of which fall into the group with evenly rounded PM (A. richardsbayensis (Dingle, 1980),

Upper Cretaceous of south-east Africa; A. fulleri sp. nov., Quaternary continental mar-

gin), with the other two having distinct posteroventral corners (A. abyssophilia Maddocks,

1969a, Quaternary Mozambique Channel; Australoecia sp. (= Argilloecia) (Van den Bold

1966), Lower Miocene of Gabon). In the modern faunas, Maddocks (1977a) considered

these two categories to represent ‘shallow’ and ‘deep’ water taxa, respectively.

Australoecia fulleri sp. nov.

Figs 9E-F, 12A-C, 13

Derivation of name

This species is named for Professor A. O. Fuller (University of Cape Town), who

undertook the first marine geological sampling surveys off southern Africa.

Holotype

length height

MF-599, LV, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,80 0,45

Paratypes

length height width

MF-600, RV, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,79 0,37

MF-601, LV, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,90 0,50

MF-602, RV, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,80 0,40

MF-603, C, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,83 0,40

Material

96 valves.

Diagnosis

Species of Australoecia with elongate ovate outline, in which there is a subtle but

distinct VM concavity in both valves at about one-quarter length. In internal view, the

RV DM is straight, with postero- and anterodorsal angles.

Description

External features. Elongate ovate outline. Robust, thick shelled. Valves are a creamy

colour with a glossy surface that is prone to flaking and rapid deterioration. RV more

20 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

16@kYV x*200

ees43s

Fig. 12. A-C. Australoecia fulleri sp. nov., paratypes. A. MF—0601, LV, TBD 6846, 95 m, internal

view, SEM 3053. B.MF—0602, RV, TBD 6847, 94m, internal view, SEM 3153. C.MF-—0603, C,

TBD 6847, 94 m, dorsal view, SEM 3158. D. ?Australoecia sp. 3550, MF—0775, RV, TBD 1689,

182 m, SEM 3550. E-F. Bythocythere sp. 3349, MF-0740, LV, TBD 6824, 90m. E.SEM 3349. F. Detail

of posteroventral area, SEM 3438. Scales: all 100 wu.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA

Fig. 13. Australoecia fulleri sp. nov.,

MF-0602, RV, TBD 6847, 94 m, internal

view, MS, SEM 3156. Scale: 50 nu.

45° 20°F

——_1__t—t_

Fig. 14. Distribution of Australoecia fulleri sp. nov. on the continental

shelf off south-western Africa.

251\

Wy, ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

elongate that LV, with the latter conspicuously larger and more ovate. AM and PM

broadly rounded. DM broadly convex, more so in LV. VM almost straight, with gentle

convexity in posterior half, and slight concavity at one-quarter length.

Internal features. There is a conspicuous brown chitinous lining to the shells. LV

DM is gently convex, with a relatively high posterodorsal outline, in contrast to the

posteriorly sloping, straight RV DM with distinct antero- and posterodorsal angles. The

outline of the AM inner lamella is bulbous, with a narrow central neck and large antero-

dorsal and anteroventral lobes. Vestibulae are small, but RPC could not be seen. There

are five large, ovate MS.

Remarks

The type species is Australoecia victoriensis McKenzie, 1967, from the Recent of

coastal Victoria, southern Australia. It differs from A. fu//eri in being more elongate, and

having relatively much larger MS (of a slightly different pattern). A species closer to

A. fulleri is A. mckenziei Maddocks, 1969a, also from coastal southern Australia. How-

ever, the latter is a significantly larger species that lacks the straight interior LV DM

outline of A. fulleri and, in consequence, has a more broadly round PM. The MS of

A. mckenziei are larger than those of the new species.

Australoecia fuller sp. nov. and A. richardsbayensis (Dingle, 1980), originally

referred to Bythocypris richardsbayensis, are remarkably close, given the known strati-

graphic range of the latter (Coniacian to Maastrichtian). The main differences are in size

(A. richardsbayensis 1s significantly smaller), in the more drawn out PM LV outline, and

more broadly rounded PM RV outline of 4. richardsbayensis. It would be remarkable if

A. fulleri is not a direct descendant of A. richardsbayensis, although no evidence to

support this was available from the Palaeogene fauna from Natal (Dingle 1976).

In his ecological assessment of the Upper Cretaceous of Zululand, Dingle (1981)

used the presence of A. richardsbayensis as an indicator of moderate to deep-water

environments (mid-shelf to upper slope).

Distribution

Australoecia fulleri is confined to areas south of 29,6°S, and was not recorded by

Keeler (1981) from the Agulhas Bank (Fig. 14).

Modern specimens are confined to three sites west of the Cape Peninsula (80—95 m).

Relict specimens off the south-western Cape have UDL and LDL of 80 m and

545 m, respectively, whereas north of Cape Columbine they have a more restricted depth

range (170-350 m).

Although A. fulleri is a relatively rare species (0,38% of total fauna), it locally

becomes more abundant in the outer-shelf and upper-slope populations (>1% in water

>220 m).

?Australoecia sp. 3550

Fig. 12D

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0775, RV, TBD 1689, 182 m 0,53 0,24

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 23

Material

One valve.

Remarks

A relict valve of a cylindrically-shaped species. The internal features are poorly

preserved and the generic status is uncertain.

Distribution

This very rare species was recovered from one site only (TBD 1689: 182 m) on the

outer shelf south of Cape Hangklip.

Superfamily CyTHERACEA Baird, 1845

Family Bythocytheridae Sars, 1926

Genus Bythocythere Sars, 1866

Bythocythere sp. 3349

Figs 12E-F, 15A—B

Illustrated material

length height

MF-—0740, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,90 0,45

Material

Seven valves.

Remarks

This new species is thin shelled and fragile, and all the specimens are relict and

poorly preserved. In particular, the outer valve surface corrodes easily. In valve outline,

Bythocythere sp. 3349 is similar to B. robinsoni Athersuch, Horne & Whittaker, 1983,

from the Quaternary of the British Isles, but differs in the shape of the alar expansion and

in having a more elongate AM outline. No satisfactory views of the hinge were obtained,

but the MS show the typical curved row of five adductors.

Distribution

Bythocythere sp. 3349 is confined to three sites in the extreme south of the survey

area: TBD 6824 (90 m) and TBD 6847 (94 m), west of the Cape Peninsula, and TBD 1690

(172 m), south-west of Danger Point.

Family Paradoxostomatidae Brady & Norman, 1889

Genus Paradoxostoma Fischer, 1855

This genus is well represented in coastal sites around south-western Africa, with

13 species recorded between the Walvis Bay area (Swakopmund) and Knysna (Table 2)

(Klie 1940; Hartmann 1974; McKenzie 1972). The disproportionately high concentration

24 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

——

1ie@kY *%15e 1S96rm eess5sis

Fig. 15. A-B. Bythocythere sp. 3349, MF—0740, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m, internal views. A. SEM 3508.

B. MS, SEM 3509. C. Paradoxostoma aff. P. luederitzensis Hartmann, 1974, MF—0698, LV, TBD 6846,

95m, SEM 3511. D-E. Paradoxostoma griseum Klie, 1940, TBD 6821, 15m. D.MF-—0700, LV,

SEM 3514. E. MF—0701, RV, SEM 3517. F. Paradoxostoma aff. P. auritum Klie, 1940, RV, TBD 6821,

15 m, SEM 3513. Scales: A, C-F = 100 py; B = 10.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 25

TABLE 2

Distribution of Paradoxostoma species around south-western Africa.

oy = Gj <

Sat ae

. a = cS

5 = S) g

Paradoxostoma weberi Hartmann *

Paradoxostoma auritum Klie ba oy

Paradoxostoma aff. auritum*

Paradoxostoma griseum Klie* *

Paradoxostoma reflexum Klie is

Paradoxostoma fluctusbenguelensis Hartmann =

Paradoxostoma phaeophycicola Hartmann -

Paradoxostoma luederitzensis Hartmann

Paradoxostoma aff. luederitzensis* *

Paradoxostoma caeruleum Klie *

Paradoxostoma angustissimum Klie =

Paradoxostoma semilunae Klie *

Paradoxostoma kensleyi McKenzie *

#_this paper

of records around Liideritz probably reflects the greater amount of attention paid to the

coastal fauna in this area. From the continental shelf, I have recorded the genus only off

the Cape Peninsula (Fig. 16).

Paradoxostoma aff. P. luederitzensis Hartmann, 1974

Figs 15C, 17A

Paradoxostoma luederitzensis Hartmann, 1974: 340, pl. 121 (figs 848-849).

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0698, LV, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,90 0,35

Material

Sixteen valves.

Remarks

My material differs from Hartmann’s topotypes in having a slightly different PM

outline (being more broadly rounded and slightly upturned) and in the course followed

by the inner margin. In my specimens, there is a prominently narrow sector, with an

antero-adjacent bulge at about one-third length. In Hartmann’s species the vestibule

26 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

widens progressively towards the anterior. They probably represent two different but

closely related species.

Distribution

Hartmann (1974) recorded P. luederitzensis only from inshore localities at Liideritz.

In my study, this rare species (16 valves) was recovered from three sites to the west of

the Cape Peninsula (Fig. 16), where both modern and relict specimens occur over the

depth range 90-95 m.

Paradoxostoma aff. P. auritum Klie, 1940

Figs 15F, 17B

Paradoxostoma auritum Klie, 1940: 443-444, text-figs 82-85. Hartmann, 1974: 337, pl. 117 (figs 823-824).

Illustrated material

length height

MF-—0699, RV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,72 0,40

Material

23 valves.

Remarks

My material agrees well in valve outline and MS pattern with that illustrated by both

Klie (1940) and Hartmann (1974), but the poor quality of preservation and sparsity of

adults precluded a comparison of the marginal areas.

Distribution

Klie (1940) and Hartmann (1974) recovered P. auritum from coastal sites at Luderitz

and Knysna (outer entrance to the lagoon). In my study, this rare species (23 valves)

occurred at three sites west of the Cape Peninsula, one of which (TBD 6821) lay in Hout

Bay (Fig. 16).

Modern specimens occur at two sites, with a depth range 15-42 m, and a relict

population of mostly poorly preserved material was found at one site (90 m).

Paradoxostoma griseum Klie, 1940

Fig. 1SD—-E

Paradoxostoma griseum Klie, 1940: 441-442, text-figs 75-77. Hartmann, 1974: 337-338.

Illustrated material

length height

MF-—0700, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,76 0,41

MF-0701, RV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,72 0.44

Material

Four valves.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 2)

18,2° 18S oe

34° 4

34,25°

Fig. 16. Distribution of species of Paradoxostoma on the continental

shelf off the Cape Peninsula. 9 = Paradoxostoma aff. P. auritum Klie, 1940;

crosses and dashed line = Paradoxostoma aff. P. luederitzensis Hartmann,

1974; O =P. griseum Klie, 1940.

Remarks

SEM photographs of this rounded and distinctively shaped species are presented for

the first time.

Distribution

Klie (1940) and Hartmann (1974) had previously recovered this species from several

coastal sites: Liideritz, Langebaan Lagoon, and Kommetjie (mid-way down the western

side of the Cape Peninsula). I found it only at one site, in Hout Bay (15 m, 4 modern

valves), suggesting that it is restricted to the coastal zone, and does not inhabit the

continental shelf.

28 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 17. A. Paradoxostoma cf. P. luederitzensis Hartmann,

1974, MF—0698, LV, TBD 6846, 95 m, internal view, mar-

ginal areas. B.Paradoxostoma cf. P. auritum Klie, 1940,

MF-0797, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m, internal view; MS.

Scales: 100 u.

Genus Cytherois Miller, 1884

?Cytherois sp. 3538

Fig. 18A

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0748, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,73 0,26

Material

Seven valves.

Remarks

None of the specimens available had complete inner lamellae; nor could the MS be

seen clearly. This is a distinctive, elongate, cylindrical species with rounded AM and PM,

with a slight dorsal deflection of the AM.

Distribution

This species was recovered as modern valves from three sites off the western Cape

Peninsula, with a depth range of 90-95 m.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 29

Fig. 18. A. ?Cytherois sp. 3538, MF-0748, LV, TBD 6824, 90m, SEM 3538. B. ?Kuiperiana

sp. 3320, MF-0713, RV, TBD 3089, 18m, SEM 3320. C-—F. Chrysocythere craticula (Brady, 1880).

C. MF-0604, LV, TBD 270, 131 m, SEM 2359. D. MF-0605, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m, SEM 2376.

E. MF-0606, RV, TBD 2973, 173 m, internal view, SEM 2365. F.MF-0607, LV, TBD 2472, 201 m,

internal view, SEM 2361. Scales: all 100 p.

30 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Family Loxoconchidae Sars, 1925

Genus Kuiperiana Bassiouni, 1962

?Kuiperiana sp. 3320

Fig. 18B

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0713, RV, TBD 3089, 18 m 0,46 0,22

Material

Two valves.

Remarks

This species is most similar to Kuiperiana angulata Dingle, 1992, but differs in

being more elongate and having a less-angular alation.

Distribution

A very rare species, found only at two sites: in St Helena Bay (TBD 3089: 18 m)

and on the inner shelf mid-way between Liideritz and Walvis Bay (TBD 3219: 75 m).

Family Trachyleberididae Sylvester-Bradley, 1948

Subfamily Trachyleberidinae Sylvester-Bradley, 1948

Genus Chrysocythere Ruggieri, 1962

This genus has been widely reported in Tertiary to Recent sediments from southern

and western Africa (Fig. 19).

The earliest records are from the Eocene of the Agulhas Bank (possibly as old as

Upper Palaeocene), where Frewin (1987) noted C. craticula and Chrysocythere sp. A096,

and off Natal (Chrysocythere sp. as ?Costa cf. C. dahomeyi (Apostolescu, 1961)—Dingle

1976). It is possible that Apostolescu’s (1961) species Anticythereis dahomeyi from the

Lower Eocene of Dahomey and Togo belongs in Chrysocythere. Van den Bold (1966)

recorded three species from the Lower Miocene to Lower Pliocene of Gabon, including

the type from the Upper Miocene of Sicily and southern Italy: C. cataphracta Ruggieri,

1962; C. hexastriata van den Bold, 1966; and C. foveostriata (Brady, 1870).

At least six species are extant on the continental shelves off western Africa:

C. craticula (Brady, 1880) from southern Africa; C. ornata Hartmann, 1974, from Angola

to the Congo estuary; and Chrysocythere sp. 13536 Rosenfeld & Bein, 1978, C. astero-

spinosus (Omatsola, 1969), C. boldi and Chrysocythere aff. C. boldi (Omatsola, 1972),

and C. ivemojai (Omatsola, 1972) from west and north-west Africa.

Chrysocythere craticula (Brady, 1880)

Fig. 18C—F

Cythere craticula Brady, 1880: 89, pl. 21 (figs 7a—d). Puri & Hulings, 1976: 271, pl. 14 (figs 9-12).

Costa craticula (Brady) Keeler, 1981: 159-162, pl. 9 (figs 10-13).

Cativella sp. Boomer, 1985: 28-29, pl. 2 (figs 22—23).

Chrysocythere sp. A105 Frewin, 1987: 71-72, pls 23C, 24C—D, text-fig. 2.19C.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 31

Quaternary

Miocene

Oligocene

Eocene

Palaeocene Gaus

Fig. 19. Stratigraphic distribution of the genus Chrysocythere in west and south-western Africa, based

on references cited in the text. A. ?Chrysocythere dahomeyi (Apostolescu, 1961). B. Chrysocythere

sp. A096 Frewin, 1987. C. C. craticula (Brady, 1880). D.Chrysocythere sp. (Dingle, 1976). E. C. hexa-

striata van den Bold, 1966. F.C. cataphracta Ruggieri, 1962. G.C. foveostriata (Brady, 1870).

H. C. ornata Hartmann, 1974. I. Chrysocythere sp. 13536 Rosenfeld & Bein, 1978. J. C. asterospinosus

(Omatsola, 1969). K. Chrysocythere aff. C. boldi (Omatsola, 1972). L. C. iyemojai (Omatsola, 1972).

M-N. Comparison of the ornamentation of two species. M. C. iyemojai (Omatsola, 1972), holotype,

western Niger delta. N.C. craticula (Brady, 1880), MF—0605, TBD 6823, 120m. Scales: 100 pL.

Illustrated material

length height

MF-604, LV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,68 0,36

MF-605, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,74 0339

MF-606, RV, TBD 2973, 173 m 0,69 0,36

MF-607, LV, TBD 2472, 201 m O73 0,40

37) ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Material

366 valves.

Remarks

The pattern of lateral ribs on this distinctive species is similar to that of the type

species C. cataphracta Ruggieri, 1962 (e.g. see Sylvester-Bradley & Ruggieri 1973) but,

overall, the valve outline of C. craticula is squatter and the posteroventral area more

drawn out. Hartmann’s (1974) species C. ornata can be distinguished from C. craticula

by the former’s more strongly curved median and dorsal ribs, which impart a gibbous

aspect in lateral view, particularly in the RV (see also Babinot & Kouyoumontzakis 1986,

pl. 3 Gigs 1—2)).

Ve 20°E

20° \

= \

‘| vt 4 \ ORANGE R.

4 ++ OY

ane \

30° + + ac Ny

S == + \

4 Jai ;

Spiel a

FALSE BAY a)

] +4 7) Be |

= it =f

Fig. 20. Distribution of Chrysocythere craticula (Brady, 1880) on the

continental shelf off south-western Africa.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 33

Chrysocythere ivemojai (Omatsola, 1972), from Recent inshore areas off the Ivory

Coast, is the closest species to C. craticula. The two species can be distinguished by

differences in details of surface rib patterns. For example, the course of the dorsolateral

rib at its anterior end, and the posterior end of the median rib (see Fig. 19).

Frewin (1987) recorded Chrysocythere craticula (as Chrysocythere sp. A105) from

two Palaeogene sea-floor samples from the Agulhas Bank, and there are no significant

morphological differences between her ?Palaeocene—Eocene specimens and my Quater-

nary material. A second Eocene species noted by Frewin (1987: Chrysocythere sp. A096)

from the same area has an outline more similar (but not identical) to C. ornata Hartmann.

Distribution

Brady (1880) recorded this species from ‘Challenger’ station 140 at 15—20 fms

(27-37 m) in False Bay. My data show that it occurs as far north as 28°S (just north of

the Orange River) and extends on to the eastern Agulhas Bank (Keeler 1981) (Fig. 20).

Modern specimens occur at two sites only, both in the vicinity of the Cape Peninsula

(TBD 5254: 40 m in False Bay; and TBD 6823: 120 m south-west of Cape Town).

Relict faunas on the Orange—Namaqualand shelf (28—31,5°S) occur between 135 m

and 300 m water depth, whereas in the south (Cape Peninsula to Agulhas Bank) the UDL

is 40 m (False Bay) and the LDL 220 m.

Genus Neocaudites Puri, 1960

Species of this genus have been widely reported from both coasts of North America,

and Omatsola (1972) has recorded two species from the Niger Delta area. Although there

are no records from the intervening shelf region between west and southern Africa, the

genus is well represented, albeit in small numbers, in south-western Africa south of the

Kunene River (17°S).

Three new Quaternary species have been recognized in the present study (Neo-

caudites osseus, N. lordi, and N. punctatus), and Frewin (1987) described a further new

species from the Upper Eocene of the Agulhas Bank (recorded as Parvacythereis sp. A053).

Neocaudites lordi sp. nov.

Figs 21A-F, 22A, G

?Neocythereis sp. Boomer, 1985, text-fig. 5.

Derivation of name

This species is named for Prof. A. R. Lord (University College London), in acknowI-

edgement of his assistance during my studies on south-west African ostracods.

Holotype

length height

MF-608, C, TBD 2257, 100 m 0,78 0,46

Paratypes

length height

MF-609, C, TBD 6823, 120 m 1,00 0,50

MF-610, LV, TBD 2257, 100 m 0,80 0,46

MF-611, RV, TBD 2257, 100 m 0,80 0,42

34 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

* See . —

2S5ku x15e 1@@4%m 883162 . *25kuU “1586 19@84m 2883161

Fig. 21. A-—F. Neocaudites lordi sp. nov. A.MF-—0608, holotype, C, TBD 2257, 100 m, SEM 2748.

B. MF-0609, paratype, C, TBD 6823, 120m, SEM 2751. C—D.MF-0610, TBD 2257, 100 m.

C. Internal view, SEM 2752. D.MS, SEM 2754. E-F. MF-0611, TBD 2257, 100m. E. Dorsal view,

SEM 3162. F. Internal view, SEM 3161. Scales: all 100 u.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 35

Material

32 valves.

Diagnosis

Relatively large, plump species of Neocaudites with a prominent post-ocular depres-

sion, an entire AM to PM ridge, and a diffuse ventral longitudinal rib.

Description

External features. Relatively large, heavily calcified valves, with an overall plump

aspect. AM broadly rounded, PM narrowly rounded, asymmetrically so in the LV, both

C2 @

~~ \.

Fig. 22. A-F. Sketch outlines of various species of Neocaudites. A. WN. lordi sp. nov.,

holotype, LV, MF—0608, TBD 2257, 100m. B.N. osseus sp. nov., holotype, LV, MF—

0612, TBD 6836, 80m. C.N. punctatus sp. nov., holotype, LV, TBD 3890, 115 m.

D. N. triplistriatus (Edwards, 1944) (from Hazel 1977, fig. 7d). E. Neocaudites sp. A3260

(Frewin, 1987, pl.29A). F. N. terryi Holden, 1967, holotype, USNM 648756 (fig. 33a).

G. MS of N. lordi sp nov., MF-0610, TBD 2257, 100 m. Scales: A-F = 200 p; G = 100 up.

36 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

margins strongly denticulate. DM straight, VM slightly convex: they converge somewhat

posteriorly. Surface ornamentation consists of an entire, broad AM to PM ridge, which

commences at the weak eye spot. There is a low DM rib that broadly recurves at the PCA

into a diagonal longitudinal rib. The connection between these two ribs is low and weak.

The diagonal rib crosses a low weak SCT, and is joined by two weak curved elevations

to the eye spot and the anterior end of the DM rib. Between these two sub-vertical ridges

there is a low but prominent post-ocular depression. A short, weak, diffuse rib in a median

position lies close to the VM. Overall the valve surface is smooth, with numerous promi-

nent NPC openings.

Internal features. MA moderately wide, with numerous straight MPC. The hinge is

holamphidont, with a stepped RV ATE. The PTA is squared. There is a large ocular sinus.

The MS consist of a hook-shaped anterior scar and four adductors, the middle two being

round and small.

Remarks

This is the largest and least prominently sculptured of the four local species of the

genus (Fig. 22). Its closest relative is the contemporaneous N. osseus sp. nov., but the two

can be distinguished by the difference in size and the plumper aspect and more diffuse

ornamentation of N. Jordi. Other details include the weak loop that joins the diagonal and

DM longitudinal ribs and possession of a post-ocular depression. The weakness in orna-

mentation is similar to that of N. terryi Holden, 1967, from the Neogene of the Hawaiian

Islands, but the latter species is overall compressed and considerably smaller (holotype is

550 u in length).

Distribution

Neocaudites lordi is relatively widespread (19,7°-34°S—Fig. 23A) and locally rela-

tively abundant, particularly north of Lideritz (3% ).

Modern valves were recovered over the whole latitudinal range and most of the

depth range of the species: 100-295 m. Off the south-western Cape, the modern sites are

also the shallowest (100—120 m), whereas farther north modern valves were recovered

from 184 m to 295 m.

Off the south-western Cape, the relict fauna of this species occurs at depth ranges of

100-160 m, whereas farther north it occurs at 169-379 m. The deeper locations north of

Liideritz are also those at which N. /ordi attains relatively high abundances.

Neocaudites osseus sp. nov.

Figs 22B, 24A—D

Munseyella sp. Keeler, 1981: 158-159, pl. 9 (figs 8—9).

Occultocythereis sp. 2 Boomer, 1985: 30-31, pl. 2 (fig. 32).

Derivation of name

Osseus—Latin, bony; fanciful reference to emaciated aspect of valve surface.

Holotype

length height

MF—0612, C, TBD 6836, 80 m 0,62 0,35

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 37

15° 20°F 152 20°E

5 \a_ § WALVIS BAY WALVIS BAY

7] Ere ORANGE R.

4 +

30° 4 #

: \

4 ~

SW CAPE

\ \

= \ag ‘a Ne |

| Ses aol gs a

A B

Fig. 23. Distribution of Neocaudites species on the continental margin off south-western Africa.

A.N. lordi sp.nov. Dashed lines enclose modern sites. B. WN. osseus sp. nov. (crosses, modern sites

inside dashed line), and N. punctatus sp. nov. (diamonds, north of 24°S).

Paratypes

length height

MF-0613, C, TBD 6836, 80 m 0,61 0,37

MF-0614, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,56 0,31

MF-0615, LV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,62 0,37

Material

142 valves.

Diagnosis

Small species of Neocaudites with a large eye spot, short prominent surface ribs, and

a prominent, almost bullate posterodorsal process.

Description

External features. Small valves with prominent ribbing which gives an emaciated,

bony appearance from which the species name is derived. AM broadly rounded, PM

narrowly rounded, both margins are strongly denticulate, with prominent quadrate pro-

cesses. DM and VM almost straight, converging strongly posteriorly. Ornamentation

consists of an entire AM to PM rib, which commences as a small but round, prominent

eye spot. There is a short but prominent DM rib that recurves to a short diagonal rib at

38 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

235kYU x1S50

Fig. 24. A-—D. Neocaudites osseus sp. nov. A.MF-0612, holotype, C, TBD 6836, 80 m, SEM 2776.

B. ME-0613, paratype, C, TBD 6836, 80 m, SEM 2779. C. MF-0614, paratype, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m,

SEM 2780. D.ME-0615, paratype, LV, TBD 270, 131 m, SEM 2783. E-F. Neocaudites punctatus sp. nov.,

MF-0616, holotype, LV, TBD 3890, 115m. E. External view, SEM 2785. F. Internal view, SEM 3165.

Scales: all 100 u.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 39

the PCA; here the loop is strongly elevated, almost bullate. The diagonal rib extends a

short distance anteriorly beyond the weak SCT. There is a very short, prominent ventro-

lateral rib. Overall the valve surface is smooth, except for occasional pustules with NPC

openings.

Internal features. The RV has a quasi-triangular outline in internal view. MA of

moderate width, with numerous straight simple MPC. MS not seen clearly. Hinge

holamphidont.

Remarks

Although N. osseus sp. nov. is similar in general architecture to N. lordi sp. nov.,

there are numerous points of difference (see Remarks for N. /ordi and Fig. 22). In detail,

N. osseus 1s closest to Neocaudites sp. A3260 Frewin, 1987, from the local Eocene. The

main differences are the much thicker marginal rim of the Eocene taxon (which is not

entire—there is a posteroventral break) and its inverted ‘T’-shaped ventrolateral rib. The

closeness of morphology and similarity of geographical distribution strongly suggests that

N. osseus is descended from Neocaudites sp. A3260. Both these species bear considerable

similarity in overall rib disposition to the local Quaternary species N. punctatus sp. nov.,

from the northern part of the west-coast margin, and N. ¢triplistriatus (Edwards, 1944),

which has a range Pliocene—Pleistocene in south-eastern USA (e.g. Cronin & Hazel

1979). However, the latter two species are both punctate, and have a prominent dorsal

deflection of the VM ridge at about mid-length.

Neocaudites sp. Holden, 1976, from the Lower Miocene of Midway Island (Pacific

Ocean), has a similarly stark rib pattern to N. osseus but differs in possessing a relatively

long ventrolateral rib, which is linked by a short rib to the SCT, where there is a star-

shaped disposition of ribs.

Distribution

Neocaudites osseus sp. noy. is confined to the area south of the Orange River

(29,7°S to 34,6°S) (Fig. 23B) and is most abundant off the south-western Cape. Keeler

(1981) recorded four valves from the eastern Agulhas Bank.

Modern specimens are restricted to areas off the south-western Cape (off Saldanha

and the Cape Peninsula), where they are found only at the shallowest sites, with UDL and

LDL of 58 m and 120 m, respectively.

Relict populations range northwards to the southern Orange shelf, and have a total

depth range of 58-201 m.

Neocaudites punctatus sp. nov.

Figs 22C, 24E-F, 25A-—C

Derivation of name

Puncta—Latin, punctation; reference to punctate ornamentation.

Holotype

length height

MF-0616, LV, TBD 3890, 115 m 0,62 0,30

40 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

25kU x15e : 1 8Grm Besi

"10kYU x150 120m @OS479

Fig. 25. A-C. Neocaudites punctatus sp. nov. A.MF-0616, holotype, LV, TBD 3890, 115 m, MS,

SEM 3166. B-—C. MF-0617, paratype, C, TBD 3359, 385m. B.SEM 3167. C. Detail of anterodorsal

area, SEM 3169. D. Stigmatocythere sp. 3479, MF—0769, RV, TBD 2260, 303m, SEM 3479.

E-F. Bathycythere vanstraateni Sissingh, 1971, MF—0618, TBD 3109, 900 m._ E. Internal view, SEM 3061.

F. External view, SEM 3171. Scales: A = 10 yu; B, D-F = 100 yn; C= 50 un.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 41

Paratype

length height

MEF-0617, C, TBD 3359, 385 m 0,66 0,31

Material

Three valves.

Diagnosis

A punctate species of Neocaudites, with a ventrolateral longitudinal rib that is joined

to the AM rib.

Description

External features. Elongate in lateral view with broadly rounded AM that has large

quadrate denticles. PM more narrowly rounded, also with prominent processes that are

more spinose than on the AM. DM and VM almost straight, converging only slightly

posteriorly. Surface ornamented with several prominent ribs. A thick AM rib commences

at a large rounded eye spot and ends at the anteroventral corner, where it connects to a

prominent ventrolateral rib that extends to about two-thirds valve length. The PM has a

thick prominent rib that commences at a posterodorsal node and ends at about mid-length

on the VM. The DM nib is thin and is joined to the thick prominent median diagonal rib

via a posterior retroflexion. The median rib crosses the SCT and extends almost to the

AM. The SCT is linked by a series of small riblets to the eye spot, the anterior end of the

DM rib, and the ventrolateral rib. Intercostal areas are finely reticulate or punctate.

No clear internal views were visible (see Fig. 24F).

Remarks

The closest previously described species to Neocaudites punctatus is N. triplistriatus

(Edwards, 1944) from the Plio—Pleistocene of south-eastern USA. Both are punctate/

reticulate, and have a ventrolateral longitudinal rib that is linked to the marginal ribs.

However, they differ in that N. triplistriatus has a prominent anterodorsally directed riblet

on the ventrolateral rib, a feature that is lacking in N. punctatus (see SEM illustrations in

Hazel 1977, fig. 7D; Cronin & Hazel 1979, fig. 8G). This inverted ‘T’ is a characteristic

of the smooth-surfaced Neocaudites sp. A053 Frewin, 1987.

None of the local species of Neocaudites can be confused with N. punctatus, because

of its punctate ornamentation and details of the lateral rib patterns.

Distribution

The distribution of this rare species is limited to the northern part of the survey area,

with one site off Walvis Bay (162 m), and the other just south of the Kunene River

(115 m) (Fig. 23B). No modern specimens were found.

Summary of the distribution of Neocaudites on the continental margin

Modern populations of Neocaudites are restricted to the south-western Cape

(N. osseus and N. lordi), and the area between the Walvis Ridge abutment and just north

of Liideritz (N. lordi). |

Relict faunas are more widespread and fall into three well-defined categories:

N. punctatus is confined to areas north of Walvis Bay; N. osseus is a southern species

42 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

that is most abundant off the south-western Cape, but extends as far north as 30°S and

eastward to 24°E; and N. Jordi occurs over the whole of the central west-coast margin,

but is absent from the extreme north and south, and is most abundant between the Walvis

Ridge abutment and Lideritz. .

Genus Stigmatocythere Siddiqui, 1971

Stigmatocythere sp. 3479

Fig. 25D

Stigmatocythere cf. S. obliqua Siddiqui, 1971. Dingle, 1976: 47, fig. 11 (28).

Stigmatocythere sp. A141 Frewin, 1987: 91—93, pls 34A—D, 35A-F, text-fig. 2.22.

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0769, LV, TBD 2260, 303 m 0,77 0,41

Material

Two valves. A further five valves are possibly juveniles of this species.

Remarks

This species has been recorded by Dingle (1976) and Frewin (1987) from Eocene

strata on the continental shelf off Natal, and the Agulhas Bank, respectively. Although

my material is relict, the state of preservation and matrix do not suggest that it has been

reworked from Tertiary strata. Consequently, it is a strong possibility that this species was

extant on the local continental shelf until early Holocene times.

Stigmatocythere sp. 3479 is very similar to the type S. obliqua Siddiqui, 1971, from

the Eocene of Pakistan, and to S. bornhardti Ahmad, Neale & Siddiqui, 1991, from the

Miocene of Tanzania. It differs from both in details of ornamentation.

Distribution

This rare species was recovered from two sites (TBD 2260: 303 m; and TBD 2861:

165 m) on the northern and southern ends of the Orange-Namaqualand shelf, respec-

tively. Two further sites (TBD 270: 131 m; and TBD 3587: 140 m) off the south-western

Cape yielded possible juveniles.

Genus Bathycythere Sissingh, 1971

Bathycythere vanstraateni Sissingh, 1971

Fig. 25E—-F

‘Xandarosina’ Benson & Sylvester-Bradley, 1971: 76, fig. 6 (3A—B). Boomer, 1985, pl. 3 (fig. 50).

Bathycythere vanstraateni Sissingh, 1971: 410, pls 1-2, text-figs 2-4; 1974: 133-140. Bremen, 1975:

213, pl. 4 (fig. 20).

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0618, RV, TBD 3109, 900 m TIL 7/ O75

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 43

Material

One valve.

Remarks

The single specimen recovered during the survey is a juvenile, which accounts for

the lack of stout sharp spines that are characteristic of adults of the species.

Distribution

Although this species is found in Plio—Pleistocene sediments from the Indian Ocean

to the Mediterranean (Bremen 1975), it was recorded at one site only off south-western

Africa (TBD 3109, north-west of Cape Columbine), at 900 m on the upper continental

slope.

Genus Trachyleberis Brady, 1898

Trachyleberis sp. 3586

Fig. 26A

Illustrated material

length height *

MEF-0793, RV, TBD 3359, 385 m 1,10 0,60

Material

One valve.

Remarks

This large, somewhat squat species carries numerous lance-like spines, the most

prominent of which lies at the anterodorsal corner.

Distribution

This very rare species was recovered from one site only (TBD 3359: 385 m), on the

outer continental shelf west of Liideritz.

Subfamily Thaerocytherinae Hazel, 1967

Genus Bradleya Hornibrook, 1952

Bradleya cf. B. dictyon (Brady, 1880)

Fig. 26B—C

Cythere dictyon Brady, 1880: 99, pl. 24 (figs 1 h-1, 1, o—p, s—u (non a-g, j-k, m—n, q-r, v—y). Puri &

Hulings, 1976: 273-274, pl. 16 (figs 6-8), text-fig. 6.

Bradleya dictyon (Brady) Benson, 1972: 34-38, pl. 9 (figs 1-12), pl. 11 (fig. 18), text-figs 13B, 15-17;

1978: pl. 1 (fig. 4). Ducasse & Peypouquet, 1979, pl. 3 (fig. 9). Whatley et al., 1984: 274-275,

pl. 1 (figs 1-3).

* excluding spines

44 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

1BkY x10e8 18erm eesse6

Sesse6s

. ager x. sae " 2,

Be IES

1@kV x15¢ 188rAa SessSeé1

Fig. 26. A. Trachyleberis sp. 3586, MF—0793, RV, TBD 3359, 385 m, SEM 3586. B-C. Bradleya cf.

B. dictyon (Brady, 1880), MF—0774, LV, TBD 1698, 502m. B.SEM 3488. C. Detail of ornamenta-

tion in medio-posterior region, SEM 3490. D-E. Bradleya (?Quasibradleya) sp. 3563, C, TBD 2840,

205m. D.MEF-0782, left view, SEM 3563. E.MF-0781, right view, SEM 3561. F. Incongruellina

venusta sp. nov., MF—0619, holotype, RV, TBD 3943, 373 m, SEM 3036. Scales: A-B, D-F = 100 yp;

C—O

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 45

Illustrated material

length height

ME-0774, LV, TBD 1698, 502 m 0,85 0,50

Material

One valve.

Remarks

This specimen is identical to those illustrated by Benson (1972) from the Mozam-

bigue Channel and Whatley ef a/. (1984) from the south-western Pacific, with the excep-

tion that the muri of its ornamentation are slightly thicker. It displays the delicate

foveolation that Benson recorded (1972, pl. 9 (figs 8—9)). Previous authors (e.g. Benson

1972; Whatley et al. 1984; Whatley 1985) have considered B. dictvon to be predomi-

nantly an abyssal taxon, but bathyal populations are known in Oligocene to Quaternary

sediments from eastern Australia. Whatley ef a/. (1984) accounted for this by postulating

that it was in this area that the species originated as a shallow-water taxon.

Benson (1972) found the species in the nearby Mozambique Channel at 2 005 m,

and the present record from 502 m would appear to be the shallowest so far, outside the

south-western Pacific. Curiously, the species does not occur in deeper waters off the

south-western Cape (Dingle et al. 1990), although Peypouquet & Benson (1980) found

Bradleya spp. below 2 000 m off Walvis Bay and in the Angola Basin.

Bradleya antarctica Hartmann, 1989, from the vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula,

has a coarser reticulation and denser foveolation. This species also inhabits relatively

shallow-water environments (184-233 m) (Hartmann 1989).

Distribution

This very rare species was recorded relict at one site only (TBD 1698: 502 m), on

the upper continental slope south of Cape Point.

Subgenus Bradleya (Quasibradleya) Benson, 1972

Bradleya (?Quasibradleya) sp. 3563

Fig. 26D—-E

Bradleya sp. Boomer, 1985, pl. 4 (fig. 57).

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0781, C, TBD 2840, 205 m 0,76 0,36

MF-0782, C, TBD 2840, 205 m 0,73 0,39

Material

Eight valves.

Remarks

I suspect that all four carapaces of this species, which were collected from one

sample, are re-worked from older strata, but cannot substantiate this. Also, I hesitate to

46 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

assign this species to B. (Quasibradleya), because it has a more prominent arrangement

of longitudinal median ribs than in previously described species. However, the essential

features of the Bradleya morphology occur, and the upper rib of the bridge is strength-

ened and continues over the MS node into a longitudinal median ridge, as diagnosed far

the genus Quasibradleya.

Distribution

This rare species occurs at one site only (TBD 2840: 205 m), on the mid-Orange—

Namaqualand shelf.

Genus Poseidonamicus Benson, 1972

Two species of this genus occur off south-western Africa: P. major Benson, 1972,

is a cosmopolitan abyssal taxon that is confined below c. 2 000 m within the North

Atlantic Deep Water (Dingle ef al. 1989, 1990; Dingle & Lord 1990); and P. panopsus

Whatley & Dingle, 1989, which occurs on the continental shelf and slope to depths

of c. 500 m.

Poseidonamicus panopsus Whatley & Dingle, 1989

Fig. 31A—B

Bradleya? sp. Boomer, 1985: 42-43, pl. 3 (figs 35-36).

Poseidonamicus panopsus Whatley & Dingle, 1989: 442-447, figs 2, 3, 4A—E, 5C.

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0503, LV, TBD 2719, 240 m 0,89 0,52

MF-0506, C, TBD 2840, 205 m 0,85 0,47

Material

119 valves.

Distribution

Poseidonamicus panopsus occurs in three widely separated locations on the west-

coast continental margin: a single valve north-west of Walvis Bay (22,25°S: 223 m);

numerous sites on the Orange-Namaqualand shelf; and a small cluster west and south of

the Cape Peninsula (Fig. 27).

Modern valves are restricted to two sites on the Orange-Namaqualand shelf, with a

depth range of 205-241 m.

The UDL of relict populations is 120 m, but the maximum LDL is either 545 m (off

the Cape Peninsula), or 350 m on the Orange-Namaqualand shelf, depending on the

degree of allochthonism in the two areas (Whatley & Dingle 1989).

Subfamily Pterygocytherinae Puri, 1957

Genus /ncongruellina Ruggieri, 1958

Three species of this genus have been recorded from the south-eastern Atlantic

Ocean, two of which are from Tertiary strata: Jncongruellina sp. A500 Frewin, 1987,

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 47

45° 20°E

WALVIS BAY

RANGE R.

a SO

Fig. 27. Distribution of Poseidonamicus panopsus Whatley & Dingle, 1989, on the conti-

nental margin off south-western Africa. Modern sites indicated by black diamonds.

Eocene, Agulhas Bank; /ncongruellina marginatostriata (Seguenza) (Van den Bold

1966), Mio—Pliocene, Gabon; and /ncongruellina venusta sp. nov., Quaternary, south-

western African offshore.

Two other Eocene species were also referred to Incongruellina by Frewin (1987),

but their taxonomic status is uncertain.

Incongruellina venusta sp. nov.

Figs 26F, 28A-F, 29

Incongruellina cf. I. semispinescens Ruggieri, 1958. Boomer, 1985: 21—23, pl. 2 (figs 24-26).

Derivation of name

Venustus—Latin, graceful; reference to its graceful outline.

48 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Holotype

length height

MF-0619, RV, TBD 3943, 373 m 0,70 0,38

Paratypes

length height width

MF-0620, LV, TBD 3523, 295 m 0,61 0,46

MF-0621, RV, TBD 3577, 453 m 0,64 0,37

MF-0622, LV, TBD 3577, 453 m 0,60 0,40

MF-0623, C, TBD 3523, 295 m 0,70 0,55

MF-0624, RV, TBD 3577, 453 m 0,70 0,46

Material

93 valves.

Diagnosis

Species of Jncongruellina with a rounded DM in LV and small anterior vestibules.

Description

External features. LV and RV differ considerably in lateral outline. In both valves,

AM is broadly and asymmetrically rounded and spinose. In LV, the DM is rounded, with

an weak rim, PM is caudate, and the VM is hidden by a broadly rounded ala that has a

thick, curved rim. In RV, the DM is short and straight, with distinct anterior and posterior

cardinal angles, the PM is caudate, and the VM is convex, partly obscured by the ala that

has a thick, almost straight rim. Both valves carry a sharp spine on the PM at the line of

greatest length, but that on the RV is usually larger and both have a posteriorly directed

spine at the trailing tip of the ala. There is a small prominent eye spot and ocular sinus.

The valve surface is smooth.

Internal features. MA are moderately wide. Vestibules are small, V-shaped and lie

in the anteroventral corner with eight long, thin RPC dorsally. Hinge amphidont, rela-

tively short and robust. RV ATE has a massive base, surmounted by a sharp tooth, PTE

is a thick, rectangular tooth. The ME is coarsely crenulate. MS consist of a lobate

V-shaped anterior scar and four adductors, the dorsal-most is inclined at an angle to the

others, which are smaller.

Remarks

Incongruellina venusta sp. nov. 1s very similar to the type species, /. semispinescens

Ruggieri, 1958, from the Neogene of Italy. They differ in the strongly rounded LV DM

of J. venusta, and in the significantly larger anterior vestibule of /. semispinescens, which

has a larger PM spine.

The new species is probably closest to Incongruellina sp. A500 Frewin, 1987 (see

pl. 1A—G), but the two have subtle differences in shape: the AM outline of J. venusta is

more broadly rounded, and its LV DM significantly more rounded. In addition, the ala

spine in Frewin’s species is ventrally deflected, and its hinge is longer, less robust and

apparently has a smooth ME.

Van den Bold (1966) allocated a species to Bosquetina marginatostriata? (Seguenza).

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 49

Fig. 28. A-F. Incongruellina venusta sp. nov., paratypes. A.MF-0620, LV, TBD 3523, SEM 2735.

B-C. MF-0621, RV, TBD 3577, 453m. B. Internal view, SEM 2733. C.MS, SEM 2725. D.MF-—

0622, LV, TBD 3577, 453 m, internal view, SEM 2728. E-F. MF—0623, C, TBD 3523, 295 m.

E. Dorsal view, SEM 2719. F. Detail of anterodorsal area in dorsal view, SEM 2720. Scales: A—B,

D-E = 100 yp; C, F= 10.

50 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

It is so similar in shape to the two southern Africa species of /ncongruellina that I suggest

that it also belongs to this genus. The major difference between Van den Bold’s species

and /. venusta sp. nov. is the former’s more acuminate PM outline.

Incongruellina tonsa Ahmad, Neale & Siddiqui, 1991, from the Lower Miocene of

Tanzania is a more elongate species that lacks a long posteroventral spine.

Distribution

Incongruellina venusta sp. nov. is widely distributed in two main areas along the

middle to outer shelf off the west coast. The largest area stretches from 19°S (Walvis

Ridge abutment shelf) to 31,5°S (Namaqualand shelf), and it has been recorded from

three sites between False Bay and Cape Agulhas (34,5°-35,5°S) (Fig. 30).

Modern specimens occur between Walvis Bay and the Walvis Ridge abutment, and

at three sites off Namaqualand; they have a depth range of 150-453 m.

Relict populations are more extensive, and occur as far south as the Cape Penin-

sula. Their depth range is at least 131-453 m, with two bathymetrically isolated sites

(TBD 3555: 590 m; and TBD 3458: 725 m) of uncertain status.

Fig. 29. Incongruellina venusta sp. nov., MF-0624,

paratype, LV, TBD 3577, 453 m, internal features.

Scale = 100 u.

Family Krithidae Mandelstam, 1960

Genus Krithe Brady, Crosskey & Robertson, 1874

Nine species of Krithe were recorded by Dingle ef al. (1990) from the continental

margin off south-western Africa. Four of these occur in water shallower than 950 m,

although only one (K. capensis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990) has a significant presence

on the continental shelf.

The genus is well represented in the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary of southern

Africa (e.g. Dingle 1981, 1976; Frewin 1987), where at least five species have been

differentiated. Van den Bold (1966) recorded two species from the Mio—Pliocene of

Gabon.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 51

Walvis Ridge Abutment

20°F

x ‘ \

\ \

NE AK

WALVIS BAY

- wy

; a

| +

(

1 t

+ ee

j “\ ORANGE R.

5 + i ‘

++ ‘

30° 4 \

S : a \

\ 4

38 a5 x

il \

Fig. 30. Distribution of Incongruellina venusta sp. nov. on the continental

margin off south-western Africa. Modern sites enclosed by dashed line.

Krithe capensis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990

Fig. 31C-—D

Krithe spp. Boomer, 1985: 57-58, pl. 4 (fig. 63).

Krithe capensis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990: 269-272, figs 16A—C, 17A, 18D.

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0429, LV, TBD 2879, 530 m 0,91 0,50

MF—0430, RV, TBD 3577, 435 m 0,95 0,50

Material

144 valves.

52 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

18Cvrm 8@3172

Fig. 31. A-—B. Poseidonamicus panopsus Whatley & Dingle, 1989. A.MF-—0503, LV, TBD 2719,

240m, SEM 2872. B.MF-—0506, C, TBD 2840, 205m, SEM 2873. C-—D. Krithe capensis Dingle,

Lord & Boomer, 1990. C.MF-—0429, holotype, LV, TBD 2879, 530 m, SEM 2708. D.MF-—0430, RV,

TBD 3577, 435 m, SEM 2714. E-F. Krithe spatularis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990. E. MF—0433,

RV, TBD 2978, 736 m, SEM 2704. F. MF—0625, LV, TBD 2879, 530 m, SEM 3172. Scales: all 100

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 53

Distribution

Krithe capensis has the shallowest UDL (238 m) and the greatest latitudinal range

(17,6-35,4°S: 1 900 km) of the nine Quaternary species of Krithe recorded off south-

western Africa (Figs 32A, 33A). It is the only species present on the middle shelf and, to

water depths of c. 800 m (upper slope), K. capensis is the overwhelmingly dominant

Krithe species. Its LDL is either 1 071 m or 1 430 m; Dingle ef a/. (1990) suspected that

the latter is an allochthonous record.

The main populations of K. capensis occur in a continuous swathe along the outer

shelf—upper slope between Liideritz and south-west of Cape Agulhas. Two smaller

centres lie off Walvis Bay and on the upper slope to the north of the Walvis Ridge.

Krithe spatularis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990

Figs 31E-F, 34A

Krithe spatularis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990: 272-276, figs 16D—F, 17B, 18E.

Illustrated material

length height

MF-—0433, RV, TBD 2978, 736 m 1,02 0,50

ME—0625, LV, TBD 2879, 530 m 0,99 0,50

15° 20°E 15° 20°E

= py eH aa ea ae a

ah 4 |

gw | KUNENE R.

20° + “ 290° -| +

= i | + &

1 \

4 as ¥ WALVIS BAY | F ; WALVIS BAY

| ‘

7 a \ 5 (

4 \ |

| ? LUDERITZ LUDERITZ

4 an \\ 4 fy

= S| ar SN

a * ar Ss

: ~ \

30° + 30° 4

; 7 \

1 = | rr it ;

4 toms \ 4 +4 ;

7 fe

4 = ns ml +

1 Ce ae | eae

a B a | dt

= ©. AGULHAS C. AGULHAS

A B

Fig. 32. Distribution of Krithe capensis Dingle, Lord & Boomer 1990 (A) and Krithe spatularis Dingle,

Lord & Boomer, 1990 (B) on the continental margin off south-western Africa.

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

——___H+_—_——. K. sp.8

A ye PP Se

K. sp. 9 ;

K. spatularis

= SS a K. capensis

per cent

0,5 1,0

B Depth 1,5 km

Fig. 33. A. Depth ranges (bars) of various species of Krithe that occur in water depths

<950m. The graphs show percentage of total ostracod fauna of each species: EI= K. capensis:

A= Krithe sp. 8, + = K. spatularis, X = Krithe sp.9. Vertical dashed line represents the

edge of the continental shelf (400m). B. Krithe component as percentage of total

ostracod fauna (below 1 km, this includes deep-water Krithe species).

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 5)

Material

Twelve valves.

Distribution

The UDL and LDL of Krithe spatularis (392 m and 1 662 m) is the largest depth

range of the four species of Krithe that occur in relatively shallow water (upper to middle

continental slope—Fig. 33A). The species is found in sites scattered along the continental

margin between 20°S and 35°S, but only south-west of Liideritz and off Namaqualand do

these cluster into extensive population centres (Fig. 32B).

Krithe spatularis is never an abundant species, and supplants K. capensis within the

Krithe fauna only near the latter’s LDL.

Krithe sp. 8 Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990

Fig. 34B—C

Krithe sp. 8 Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990: 281-282, figs 17C, 18C, 22B-—C.

Illustrated material

length height

MF-—0626, RV, TBD 2978, 736 m 1,00 0,48

Material

Eleven valves.

Distribution

Krithe sp. 8 is restricted to the upper continental slope (530—1 353 m, Fig. 33A),

where it occurs at isolated sites between 20°S and 34°S (Fig. 35A). Although Krithe sp. 8

is generally subordinate to other species within the genus, it is the most abundant over a

narrow depth ‘window’ at about 1 000 m, at the base of the Antarctic Intermediate Water

salinity minimum zone.

Krithe sp. 9 Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990

Fig. 34D

Krithe sp. 9 Dingle, Lord & Boomer: 282, figs 17N, 18A, 23C.

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0627, RV, TBD 3524, 475 m 0,86 0,46

Material

Twelve valves.

Distribution

Krithe sp. 9 occurs at scattered sites along the continental margin between 23°S and

35°S, and has the most restricted geographic distribution of the four shelf—upper slope

taxa of the genus (Fig. 35B). It also has the narrowest depth range (430-900 m—Fig. 334A).

56 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 34. A. Krithe spatularis Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990, LV, MF—0625, TBD 2879, 530 m, external

view of MS, SEM 3174. B-C. Krithe sp. 8, MF-0626, RV, TBD 2978, 736m. B.SEM 3176.

C. External view of MS, SEM 3177. D. Krithe sp. 9, MF—0627, RV, TBD 3524, 475 m, SEM 2632/27.

E-F. Parakrithella simpsoni sp. nov., holotype, MF—0696, RV, TBD 6846, 95m. E. Internal view,

SEM 3240. F. PTE, SEM 3248. Scales: A, C, F = 50; B, D, E = 100

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA Syi/

too 20°F 152 20°E

WALVIS BAY

G Oe ee | 4 ——~__/

eos ae

4 |

C. AGULHAS C. AGULHAS

A B

Fig. 35. Distribution of Krithe sp. 8 (A) and Krithe sp. 9 (B) on the continental margin off south-western

Africa.

Distribution of the genus Krithe on the continental shelf and upper slope off south-

western Africa

The four shallow-water taxa of Krithe are distributed in a narrow zone between

Walvis Bay and south-west of Cape Agulhas, with a short zone, mid-way between Walvis

Bay and Lideritz, that is barren of all species. Farther north, there are isolated sites of all

taxa except Krithe sp. 9.

There are large variations in the abundance of Krithe across the continental margin

(Fig. 33B). On the shelf (<400 m), the genus is of minor importance but there is a rapid

increase in abundance on the uppermost slope, where Krithe accounts for >20 per cent of

the total ostracod fauna. The slope abundance peak is bimodal, with a major low at

600 m that coincides approximately with the upper limit of the Antarctic Intermediate

Water (AAIW) salinity minimum zone. A further low occurs at the base of the AATW

salinity minimum zone (c. 950 m), which marks the faunal boundary between the bathyal

(deep-water) and lower neritic (shallow-water) faunas. Below this level, deep-water

species of Krithe rapidly increase in importance and the genus becomes the dominant

taxon in the ostracod faunas.

The distribution of individual species changes in sympathy with alterations in overall

abundance of Krithe at 950 m and 400 m (compare Fig. 33A, B). Above 950 m, the Krithe

component of the ostracod fauna is dominated by K. capensis, with only minor repre-

sentation by the three other species. On the shelf (<400 m) only K. capensis occurs but,

58 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

just below the shelf break, the major increase in Arithe abundance coincides with the

downslope appearance (i.e. the UDL) of K. spatularis, Krithe sp. 9, and Krithe sp. 8.

Krithe sp. 9 does not extend below the upper slope environment.

Below 950 m, the rapid decline of K. capensis 1s accompanied by the progressive

increase in importance of Krithe sp. 8 (c. | 000 m) and K. spatularis (c. 1 400 m). None

of the four upper slope Krithe taxa extend far below 1 500 m, which is the Antarctic

Intermediate Water/North Atlantic Deep Water boundary (Dingle ef al. 1989, 1990).

Genus Parakrithella Hanai, 1961

This is the first record of the genus from southern Africa, although it has been widely

reported from the Far East and Australia.

Parakrithella simpsoni sp. nov.

Figs 34E-F, 36A-F, 37A, 38

Derivation of name

This species is named for the late Professor E. S. W. Simpson (ex University of Cape

Town), for his far-sighted contributions to the geological exploration of the sea-floor

around southern Africa.

Holotype

length height

MF-0696, RV, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,70 0,34

Paratypes

length height

MF-0692, RV, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,66 0,33

MF-—0693, C, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,66 0,32

MF-0694, LV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,75 0,35

MF-—0695, C, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,76 0,35

MF-0697, RV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,69 0,33

MF-0798, LV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,70 0,35

Material

67 valves.

Diagnosis

A small, elegant species of Parakrithella with parallel DM and VM, an asymmetri-

cally rounded PM, and nine short simple AM RPC.

Description

External features. Overall shape is compact and elegant. Small elongate valves with

markedly parallel, straight DM and VM. AM broadly rounded, with a slight anteroventral

upswing, PM asymmetrically rounded with a slight angle at the PC corner. The pos-

teroventral outline is rounded. In dorsal view, the carapace is almost parallel sided, with

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 59

19@9%m 9832 25kU «150

pee na

1@@r-m e63240a

Fig. 36. Parakrithella simpsoni sp. nov. A.MF-0696, holotype, RV, TBD 6846, 95m, ATE,

SEM 3249. B.MF-0692, paratype, RV, TBD 6846, 95 m, MS, SEM 3233. C. MF-0693, paratype, C,

TBD 6846, 95 m, right view, SEM 3237. D-F. MF-0694, paratype, LV, TBD 270, 131m. _D. Internal

view, SEM 3240. E. PTE, SEM 3241. F. ATE, SEM 3242. Scales: A-B, E-F = 50 yu; C-D = 100 un.

60 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

SOum 863468 __

1@ky *15e ; 1ee6em ee63564

Fig. 37. A. Parakrithella simpsoni sp. nov., MF—0695, paratype, C, TBD 6846, 95 m, left view,

SEM 3244. B. Parakrithella sp. 3468, MF-0765, LV, TBD 3007, 147m, SEM 3468. C. Dorato-

cythere sp. 3584, MF—0792, RV, TBD 2459, 300 m, SEM 3584. D-F. Cytheropteron whatleyi sp. nov.,

TBD 2974, 186m. D.MF-0628, holotype, RV, SEM 2899. E.MF-—0628, paratype, LV, SEM 2895.

F. MF—0630, paratype, RV, internal view, SEM 2898. Scales: A, C-F = 100 u; B = 50 un.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 61

Fig. 38. Anterior marginal area of Para-

krithella simpsoni sp. nov., MF—0798, para-

type, LV, TBD 6823, 120 m.

only a gentle anterior convergence; the anterior and posterior extremities are slightly

acuminate.

Internal features. Typical of the genus. The teeth in the right valve hinge are set at

the posterior end, immediately anterior to the slight PCA. The vestibulae are moderately

wide, anteriorly slightly asymmetric, being widest above mid-height. Nine short, simple,

straight anterior RPC; eight posterior RPC. The MS are relatively small, consisting of four

adductors (the dorsal one is subdivided) and two anterior scars, the posterior of which is

irregular, elongate and lies at right angles to the adductors, and the anterior of which is

very small and ellipsoidal.

Remarks

Parakrithella simpsoni sp. nov. 1s easily distinguished from the type species P. pseuda-

donta (Hanai) (Recent, Japan) by the strongly curved DM of the latter. Parakrithella

australis McKenzie, 1967 (Recent, south Australia), is more similar in outline, but has

numerous and complex AM RPC. The closest known species is P. posterotunda Whatley

& Quanhong, 1987 (Recent, Malacca Straits), but this species has a more broadly rounded

PM outline and considerably wider anterior MA.

Distribution

Parakrithella simpsoni is confined to sites west of the Cape Peninsula and one site

south of False Bay (Fig. 39), where it generally constitutes 1-2 per cent of the ostracod

population.

Modern specimens were recovered from all the sites, except the deepest, giving a

modern depth range of 80-131 m.

Relict specimens occur over the depth range 80-160 m.

?Parakrithella sp. 3468

Fig. 37B

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0765, C, TBD 3007, 147 m 0,35 0,16

62 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

18,5° 19°E

34°

~ HOUT BAY

FALSE BAY

34,5°

Fig. 39. Distribution of Parakrithella simpsoni sp. nov. Only the western-

most sample does not contain modern specimens.

Material

Two valves.

Remarks

A modern carapace. Lack of internal views precludes a confident generic assignment.

Distribution

This rare species was recovered from one site only (TBD 3007: 147 m) from the

mid-shelf between Lideritz and the Orange River.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 63

Family Campylocytherididae Puri, 1960

Subfamily Campylocytheridinae Puri, 1960

Genus Doratocythere McKenzie, 1967

Doratocythere sp. 3584

Fig 37€

Illustrated material

length height

ME-0792, RV, TBD 2459, 300 m 0,86 0,32

Material

One valve.

Remarks

This species is similar to Doratocythere exilis (Brady), which occurs abundantly on

the continental shelf off south-western Africa in water depths between 40 m and 305 m

(Dingle 1992). Doratocythere sp. 3584 differs from D. exilis in being significantly more

elongate, being more laterally compressed, and having straighter DM and VM. Clearly

the two species are closely related, and modern specimens of neither have been found.

A similar elongate species of Doratocythere occurs in west-coast Miocene sediments

(unpublished personal data).

Distribution

This rare species has been found relict at one site only (TBD 2459: 300 m) on the

outer shelf off Namaqualand.

Family Cytheruridae Miiller, 1894

This family is represented by 29 species on the continental shelf of the south-eastern

Atlantic, which compares with 34 recorded by Whatley et al. (1988) from the margins of

the south-western Atlantic.

Genus Cytheropteron Sars, 1866

Fourteen species of Cytheropteron are known from the continental margin off south-

western Africa (Dingle et al. 1990), making it the most diverse of the Quaternary ostracod

genera. Nine of these species occur on the continental shelf (<400 m), of which seven are

confined to it, whereas five species occur on the upper continental slope but do not extend

into water depths greater than 950 m. Three species, which have previously been

described by Dingle et al. (1990), are confined to water deeper than 950 m (Cythero-

pteron sp. 2909, Cytheropteron sp. 2914, and C. cronini Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990).

Despite its relatively large diversity, Cytheropteron is not an abundant element in

the overall ostracod fauna off south-western Africa, constituting a mere 0,8 per cent.

Locally, individual species are relatively more important but combined they seldom

exceed 10 per cent.

64 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

In the south-western Atlantic, the genus is also relatively diverse, with the six spe-

cies recorded by Whatley ef a/. (1988) from Argentina, the Falkland Islands, and various

Antarctic and Subantarctic locations. None of the previous surveys around south-western

Africa (e.g. Brady 1880; Khe 1940; Hartmann 1974) recorded the genus, mainly because

they did not sample extensively on the continental shelf.

The fossil record of Cytheropteron is relatively good in southern Africa, with two

species from the Upper Cretaceous (Dingle 1981) and at least twelve in the Palaeogene

(Dingle 1976; Frewin 1987). Van den Bold (1966) recorded two species in the Mio—

Pliocene of Gabon, one of which (Cytheropteron sp. A van den Bold, 1966) has sub-

sequently been recovered in Quaternary sediments off the Congo estuary (Babinot &

Kouyoumontzakis 1986).

Cytheropteron whatleyi sp. nov.

Fig. 37D-F, 40A—D

Cytheropteron sp. 1 Boomer, 1985: 53—54, pl. 4 (figs 59-60).

Derivation of name

This species is named for Professor R. C. Whatley (University College, Aberys-

twyth), for his important comparative studies on Cytheropteron of the south-western

Atlantic.

Holotype

length height

MF-—0628, RV, TBD 2974, 186 m 0,60 0,38

Paratypes

length height

MF-0629, LV, TBD 2974, 186 m 0,55 0,33

MF—0630, RV, TBD 2974, 186 m 0555 0,32

MF-0631, LV, TBD 3863, 150 m 0,58 0,35

Material

109 valves.

Diagnosis

An elegant and delicately reticulate species of Cytheropteron with three narrow

longitudinal ala ribs.

Description

External features. AM asymmetrically rounded, ventrally directed, PM caudate,

slightly upturned in RV. DM strongly convex, particularly so in RV. VM almost straight,

but in lateral view hidden by a broad ala with no distinct apex. Overall the surface is

ornamented with fine reticulation that has no preferred orientation. There are several

narrow, delicately drawn ribs: three lie along the ala keel, the ventral of which is continu-

ous from the MA to the centre of the PM caudal process; the AM rib lies at the valve

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 65

235kVU x28e 188m Se8siz7s

Fig. 40. A—D. Cytheropteron whatleyi sp. nov., MF—0631, paratype, LV, TBD 3863, 150 m.

A. Internal view, SEM 3179. B.MS, SEM 3180. C. PTE, SEM 3181. D. ATE, SEM 3182.

E-F. Cytheropteron trinodosum sp. nov., MF—0632, holotype, TBD 6824, 90m. E. SEM 2888.

F. Detail of ala, SEM 2890. Scales: A, E-F = 100 u; B—D = 10 un.

66 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

edge and continues along the DM; a further dorsolateral rib lies sub-parallel to the DM

following a sinuous course behind mid-length.

Internal features. Typical for the genus. The hinge is robust, antimerodont, with

relatively short TE. MA moderately wide. There are four adductor MS, the first and third

of which are subdivided, and an elongate anterior scar.

Remarks

Cytheropteron whatleyi sp. nov. bears a strong resemblance to C. testudo Sars, 1869,

but they differ with the latter being posteriorly more acuminate, particularly in the LV,

and the former having a more complex rib pattern on, and adjacent to, the DM. Whatley

15° 20°

a i Walvis Ridge Abutment

, a

WALVIS BAY

—

KNYSNA

SW CAPE \

Fig. 41. Distribution of Cytheropteron trinodosum sp. nov. (black

squares), and C. whatleyi sp. nov., (crosses, with dashed lines indicating

northern and eastern limits) on the continental margin off south-western

Africa. Sites near Knysna are after Keeler (1981).

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 67

& Coles (1987) and Whatley & Ayress (1988) have shown that C. testudo is a cosmo-

politan taxon that occurs in Miocene—Quaternary sediments in all the worlds major

oceans. Sars (e.g. 1928) originally recorded the species from c. 240 m water depth off

northern Norway, whereas Whatley & Coles (1987) have found it in Quaternary sedi-

ments at DSDP site 607 at 3 427 m in the North Atlantic, Benson (1977) recorded the

species from Pleistocene sediments at DSDP site 22 in the South Atlantic, and Whatley

& Downing (1984) have reported it in the Middle Miocene of south Australia.

A further similar species, within the group related to C. testudo, is C. parawellmani

Whatley & Downing, 1984, from the Middle Miocene of south Australia. The latter

differs from C. whatleyi in the course and shape of the dorsal margin and surface of the

ala, and the more dorsally directed outline of the PM caudal process.

Cytheropteron whatleyi also resembles C. litwini Blaszyk, 1987, from the Oligocene

of King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula, but Blaszyk’s species has a prominent, con-

tinuous rib subparallel to the DM and a ventrally directed PM caudal process.

Instars of C. gaussi Miller, 1908, from Antarctica have a similar ornamentation to

C. whatleyi, but possess a more complex ornamentation of ribs and nodes on the upper

ala surface, and a more pointed and dorsally directed PM outline (e.g. see illustrations in

Hartmann 1989).

Distribution

Cytheropteron whatleyi sp. nov. is the most widely distributed and abundant species

of the genus on the continental shelf off south-western Africa, with a latitudinal range of

19,9° to 35°S (Fig. 41). Keeler (1981) did not record it on the eastern Agulhas Bank,

which suggests that it is a cold-water taxon.

It is known only from relict specimens, which have regional UDL and LDL of

131 m and 475 m, respectively. The LDL increases northwards from the south-western

Cape, where it lies at 220 m. A single valve at TBD 3458 off Walvis Bay in 725 m is

probably allochthonous.

Cytheropteron trinodosum sp. nov.

Figs 40E—-F, 42A-—E, 43, 44A

Cytheropteron sp. B Keeler, 1981: 58-59, pl. 3 (figs 1—2).

Cytheropteron spp. Boomer, 1985: 51, pl. 1 (figs 11-12).

Derivation of name

tri, nodosa—Latin; reference to three nodes at the tip of the ala.

Holotype

length height

MF—-0632, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m Orsi 0,28

Paratypes

length height

MF-—0633, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m O52 0:27

MF-0634, RV, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,48 0,30

MF-0635, LV, TBD 6847, 94 m O55. 0,25

68 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 42. A—E. Cytheropteron trinodosum sp. nov. A.MF-0633, paratype, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m,

SEM 2892. B-C. MF-0634, paratype, RV, TBD 6847, 94m. _B. Internal view, SEM 3187. C. Detail of

ala, SEM 3188. D-—E. MF-0635, paratype, LV, TBD 6847, 94m. D. Internal view, SEM 3184. E. MS,

SEM 3185. F. Cytheropteron cuneatum sp. nov., MF-0638, holotype, LV, TBD 6836, 80 m, SEM 2887.

Scales: A-B, D, F = 100 p; C, E = 10 p.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 69

Fig. 43. Muscle scars of Cytheropteron

trinodosum sp. nov., paratype, MF—0635,

LV, TBD 6847, 94 m.

Material

75 valves.

Diagnosis

Species of Cytheropteron with three small nodes on the posterior side of the ala

apex.

Description

External features. Ovate outline dominated by strongly caudate PM, and lance-like

ala. AM asymmetrically rounded, more drawn out and ventrally directed in RV. PM

caudal process is dorsally deflected. DM strongly convex in RV, with a prominent

anterodorsal notch, somewhat straighter in LV. VM gently convex. There is a prominent,

lance-like ala with two flap-like processes on the trailing edge. Overall the valve surface

is smooth, but there are several distinct features associated with the ala. There is a

cord-like rib along the leading edge and three small nodes on the posterior side of the

apex. These are only seen in well-preserved specimens and, in some examples, there is a

tendency for the most distal node to extend and deflect dorsally and posteriorly, forming

almost a hook. There are other small nodes proximal to the apex nodes and these give a

serrated aspect to the ala. In addition, there are lines of fine puncta along the dorsal

surface of the ala trailing edge and along the dorsal side of the leading edge cord-like rib,

where it abuts the main lateral surface. These details are important for defining the

species.

Internal features. MS consist of five vertical scars, the central of which is elongate

and angled. The marginal areas are moderately wide, with small anterior vestibules and

seven RPC. The two RPC at the AM apex diverge strongly in a V-arrangement, and the

third RPC from the anterodorsal corner has a short, ‘false’ canal ventrally adjacent to it.

Remarks

There are several species of Cytheropteron that possess a large pointed lance-like

ala, typical of which is C. alatum Sars, 1866. In general outline and overall ornamen-

70 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 44. Sketches of external lateral views of alae of ‘Cytheropteron alatum’ group of species. Modem

species. A.C. frinodosum sp. nov., LV. B.C. alatum Sars, 1866, LV. C. C. vespertilio (Reuss, 1850),

LV. D.C. branchium Whatley, Ayress & Downing, 1986, LV. E. C. pherozigzag Whatley & Masson,

1979, LV. F.C. volantium Whatley & Masson, 1979, RV. G. Cytheropteron sp. V Cronin, 1983,

LV. H. Cytheropteron sp. D Cronin, 1983, LV. I. C. excavoalatum Whatley & Masson, 1979,

LV. J.C. pulcinella Bonaduce, Masoli & Pugliese, 1978, LV. K.C. aff. C. alatum Sars, 1866

(in Bonaduce ef al. 1988), RV. L.C. inornatum Brady & Robertson, 1872, RV. Fossil species.

M. C. brenneri Dingle, 1981, RV, Maastrichtian. N. C. cf. C. brenneri (in Frewin 1987, Palaeogene).

O. C. aff. C. brenneri (in Frewin 1987, Palaeogene).

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA Wl

tation, these species are close but, under scanning electron microscopy, the details of

frills, ridges, denticles and puncta on the ala allow the various species to be easily

discerned. Whatley & Masson (1979) have revised the taxonomy and re-illustrated

Cytheropteron species from around Great Britain, including C. alatum, and Figure 44

shows sketches of this and other species that are similar to C. trinodosum. Cytheropteron

vespertilio (Reuss, 1850), from the Miocene to Recent of north-western Europe and the

Mediterranean, is particularly close to C. trinodosum sp. nov., but differs in having a

somewhat shorter ala, which is less deflected ventrally, as well as having subtle differ-

ences in ornamentation. According to Whatley & Masson, C. vespertilio occurs in water

depths that range 30-700 m (Breman 1976), with greatest abundances at 200-500 m.

Of particular interest are two pandemic species of Cytheropteron that fall within the

‘Cytheropteron alatum’ group: C. branchium Whatley & Ayress, 1986, and C. phero-

zigzag Whatley & Ayress, 1986. Whatley & Ayress (1988) recorded these species in deep

water in all three major oceans and, although neither is particularly close to C. trinodosum

in details of ala morphology, they form a world-wide link between the more endemic

species of the ‘C. alatum’ group that are confined to shallower waters.

Fossil species of the ‘C. alatum’ group have been reported in southern Africa by

Dingle (1981) and Frewin (1987). From the Maastrichtian of Zululand C. brenneri

Dingle, 1981, has a shorter and straighter ala, whereas from the Eocene of the Agulhas

Bank, Cytheropteron cf. C. brenneri Frewin, 1987, and Cytheropteron aff. C. brenneri

Frewin, 1987, differ from C. trinodosum in being punctate, and lacking a leading edge

rib, respectively. The fragmented valve recorded by Dingle (1976), from the middle

Eocene offshore Natal as Cytheropteron sp. 3, is probably conspecific with Frewin’s

(1987) Cytheropteron aff. C. brenneri.

Distribution

Cytheropteron trinodosum sp. nov. is the second-most abundant and widespread

species of the genus on the continental shelf and upper slope off south-western Africa. It

occurs sporadically along the length of the margin from 19,9°S (Walvis Ridge abutment

shelf) to 34,5°S (south of False Bay), and on to the eastern Agulhas Bank (Keeler 1981;

herein Fig. 41).

Modern and relict specimens occur over the entire latitudinal range of sites and both

have similar UDL and LDL: modern, 90 m and 437 m; relict, 80 m and 453 m, respec-

tively. In both cases there is a large increase in UDL and LDL from south to north.

Cytheropteron cuneatum sp. nov.

Figs 42F, 45A—B

Derivation of name

Cuneus—Latin, wedge; reference to wedge-shape of alae.

Holotype

length height

MF-0638, LV, TBD 6836, 80 m 0,50 O27

WZ ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

25sfu x75e 194m e@863198

Fig. 45. A-B. Cytheropteron cuneatum sp. nov., TBD 6836, 80m. A. MF-0638, holotype, LV, internal

view, SEM 3193. B.MF-0639, paratype, RV, SEM 2884. C-—F. Cytheropteron frewinae sp. nov., MF—

0640, holotype, C, TBD 6823, 120m. C. Right view, SEM 2894. D. Left view, SEM 3196. E. Detail

of left ala, SEM 3198. F. Ventral view, SEM 3215. Scales: A-D, F = 100u, E= 10 un.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA WB)

Paratype

length height

MF-0639, RV, TBD 6836, 80 m 0,50 0,30

Material

Four valves.

Diagnosis

Species of Cytheropteron with a broad, wedge-shape ala, and ornamented overall

with a lace-like pattern of fine ribs and punctae.

Description

External features. Asymmetrically rounded AM, caudate PM, upturned dorsally. DM

in LV is straight, sloping posteriorly, with a high ACA; in LV DM is broadly convex, the

sweep of the arc incorporating the AM and dorsal part of the PM. VM is straight, but

mainly hidden by broad, wedge-shape ala terminating in a blunt apex that is deflected

only slightly posteriorly and ventrally. Overall the valve surface is covered in fine ribs

and intercostal riblets that create a lace-like pattern. The ribs are particularly prominent

on the posterior side of the ala. Intercostal areas are finely punctate. There are two

indistinct ribs running along the ala leading edge.

Internal features. Poorly known. The hinge is typical of the genus but relatively

weak, with a finely crenulate ME. MS not seen. MA moderately wide, with few RPC.

Remarks

Although C. cuneatum is morphologically typical of the genus, none of the other

local species of Cytheropteron is particularly close it. The same is true for the north-

western European shelf species (e.g. Whatley & Masson 1979) and those illustrated by

Neale (1967) and Whatley et al. (1988) from the south-western Atlantic and Antarctica,

although the wedge-shaped ala of C. gaussi Miller, 1908, is reminiscent of C. cuneatum.

However, the ornamentation and valve outline of the two species differ on many points.

Cytheropteron gaussi is a deep-water taxon (990—2 370 m) in Antarctica and the Subant-

arctic islands of the south-western Atlantic (Muller 1908; Neale 1967; Hartmann 1987;

Whatley ef al. 1988).

Distribution

This rare species was recorded at one site only (TBD 6836; 80 m), west of the Cape

Peninsula (Fig. 46). Both modern and relict specimens were present in this sample.

Cytheropteron frewinae sp. nov.

Fig. 45C—F

Cytheropteron (Aversovalva) sp. A524 Frewin, 1987: 33-34, pl. 9E-G, text-figs 2.7, 2.8.

Derivation of name

This species is named for Joanna Frewin (formerly at the University of the Western

Cape), who first reported this species.

74 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

19° 20°

cuneatum

34° HOUT BAY

eae

[ FALSE BAY

“

sp. 2878

sp. 2881

sp. 2882

= frewinae C. AGULHAS

35° sp. 2902

Fig. 46. Distribution of various species of Cytheropteron on the conti-

nental margin between Cape Agulhas and the Cape Peninsula.

Holotype

length height

MF-0640, C, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,45 0,28

Material

Five valves.

Diagnosis

Species of Cytheropteron with a prominent straight ridge running from the apex of

the ala to the PCA, and with three small conchoidally-shaped depressions on the dorsal

surface of the ala apex.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA iS

Description

External features. Asymmetrically rounded AM, PM with caudal process situated

well above mid-height. DM broadly convex, VM short convex. Overall lateral outline is

elliptical. Ala is short, ventrally deflected, with an angular, quadrate apex, and does not

extend below line of VM. A prominent straight ridge runs from the ala apex to the PCA.

A ridge runs thence to the ACA parallel to the DM. Immediately anterior to the PCA, the

dorsal ridge is broken and a further very fine ridge, which has the appearance of a crack

on the valve surface, runs diagonally forward across the central part of the valve. At the

ala apex there are three conchoidal-like depressions that give the ala the aspect of a

chipped flint artefact. Several short, sub-vertical ribs enhance this ‘fractured’ aspect in the

triangular-shaped posterior area. A narrow sinuous rib runs from the ala apex along the

ala leading edge.

Internal views. These are not available from my material. Frewin (1987) illustrated

the species and her plate 9F-G shows a modified hemimerodont hinge, in which the

smooth LV ME bar has enlarged and dentate posterior and anterior ends.

Remarks

This species was first recorded by Frewin (1987) from Eocene strata on the eastern

Agulhas Bank. My material appears to be identical with hers. Cytheropteron frewinae

resembles Cytheropteron inornatum Brady & Robertson, 1872, in their joint possession

of a ridge running from the ala apex to the PCA, and a small diagonal ridge from the PCA

across the central valve area. They differ in valve outline, which is more elongate in

C. inornatum, and in the small concave depressions on the ala apex in C. frewinae.

Cytheropteron inornatum occurs in relatively shallow waters (30-50 m) between 50° and

58°N around the British Isles, and to depths greater than 150 m in the Adriatic Sea

(Whatley & Masson 1979).

Another similar species (Cytheropteron sp. S) has been reported from water depths

of 105-1 029 m on the continental margin of the south-eastern USA (Cronin 1983).

Cronin’s species lacks the diagonal PCA to valve-centre ridge of C. frewinae, but has a

very similar overall shape and angular aspect. None of the species of Cytheropteron from

the south-western Atlantic illustrated by Whatley et al. (1988) is similar to C. frewinae.

Distribution

This rare species was recovered from two sites west of Hout Bay (Fig. 46), with

UDL and LDL of 120 m and 140 m, respectively. Relict valves occur at both sites, and

modern valves at the shallower site.

Cytheropteron aff. C. frewinae

Fig. 47A

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0637, RV, TBD 3921, 738 m 0,53 0,30

Material

One valve.

76 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Remarks

A single valve belonging to the ‘C. alatum’ group that is probably a new species. It

has affinities with C. frewinae; in particular, it possesses a fine ridge that is directed from

the PCA to the valve centre, and two narrow slits along the trailing edge of the ala. In

contrast, Cytheropteron aff. C. frewinae lacks the sharp ridge that joins the PCA and the

ala apex. Overall, the valve has an elongate dolphin shape and, in this respects, it is

similar to Cytheropteron sp. 2914 Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990, from site TBD 3355 at

2 070 m.

Distribution

Found only at site TBD 3921 (19,1°S) on the Walvis Ridge abutment shelf, at a

water depth of 738 m.

Indeterminate species of Cytheropteron

The following species are left in open nomenclature because the quantity and/or

quality of material precludes the erection of new species.

Cytheropteron sp. 2878

Fig. 47B

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0642, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,33 0,20

Material

Seven valves.

Remarks

This is a small species with a broadly rounded ala, on the dorsal surface of which

there faint longitudinal ribs. It may be conspecific with the Cytheropteron (Aversovalva)

sp. A530, illustrated by Frewin (1987) from the Eocene of the eastern Agulhas Bank, but

my material is not sufficiently well preserved to make a satisfactory comparison.

Distribution

This rare species has been encountered at three sites off the south-western Cape: in

the entrance to Hout Bay (TBD 6824: 90 m), in False Bay (TBD 5254: 40 m), and

immediately west of Cape Agulhas (TBD 344: 73 m) (Fig. 46). Modern valves were

recovered from the two shallower sites, whereas relict specimens occurred in False Bay

and Hout Bay.

Cytheropteron sp. 2881

Fig. 47C

Illustrated material

length height

MF—0643, RV, TBD 344, 73 m 0,35 0,23

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA Uy

Sextiss

Fig. 47. A. Cytheropteron aff. C. frewinae sp. nov., MF—-0637, RV, TBD 3921, 738m, SEM 3189.

B. Cytheropteron sp. 2878, MF—0642, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m, SEM 2878. C. Cytheropteron sp. 2881,

MF-0643, TBD 344, 73 m, SEM 2881. D. Cytheropteron sp. 2882, MF—-0644, RV, TBD 344, 73 m,

SEM 2882. E. Cytheropteron sp. 2902, MF—0645, LV, TBD 3587, 140m, SEM 2902. F. Cytheroperon

sp. 3408, MF-0731, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m, SEM 3408. Scales: all 100 u.

78 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Material

One valve.

Remarks

I am not aware of any species of Cytheropteron that closely resembles Cythero-

pteron sp. 2881. It is small and has a relatively large ala with a thick leading edge ridge.

The dorsal and posteroventral areas of the valve are strongly compressed, and there are

numerous small pits on the valve surface.

Distribution

One modern valve was recovered from site TBD 344 (73 m), immediately west of

Cape Agulhas.

Cytheropteron sp. 2882

Fig. 47D

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0644, RV, TBD 344, 73 m 20,34 0,20

Material

One valve.

Remarks

This is a very distinctive, small species of Cytheropteron, in the ala of which is a

massive ridge that dominates the lateral view. It has a flattened lateral surface, and several

irregular depressions and pits on its dorsal surface. The dorsal half of the valve has

distinctive, vertically elongate pits that impart a cuneiform appearance to the ornamentation.

Distribution

One, probably modern, valve was recovered from site TBD 344 (73 m), immediately

west of Cape Agulhas.

Cytheropteron sp. 2902

Fig. 47E

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0645, LV, TBD 3587, 140 m 0,49 0,30

Material

One valve.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 79

Remarks

This species has a relatively small, acuminate ala, and an overall valve surface that

is finely reticulate and punctate. It is similar to other punctate/finely reticulate species

such as C. punctatum Brady, 1868, and C. miurense Hanai, 1957, but differs in details

of outline, ala shape and ornamentation. None of the Eocene species recorded by Frewin

(1987) from the Agulhas Bank is similar to Cytheropteron sp. 2902.

Distribution

One relict valve was recovered from site TBD 3587 (140 m), west of Hout Bay.

Cytheropteron sp. 3408

Fig. 47F

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0731, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,37 0,19

Material

One valve.

Remarks

This species has a distinctively sculptured surface with fine, widely spaced reticu-

lation. Intercostal areas are strongly punctate in the central part of the valve. The ala is

broad and blunt, and has three widely spaced ribs along its leading edge.

Distribution

One, probably modern, valve was recovered from site TBD 5254 in False Bay

(40 m).

Summary of the distribution of the genus Cytheropteron on the continental shelf

The latitudinal distribution of the 10 species of Cytheropteron that occur in water

shallower than 945 m is shown in Figures 41 and 46, whereas the abundance variations

of the main species are shown in Figure 48. Despite being the most diverse genus on the

margin off south-western Africa, Cytheropteron accounts for only 0,85 per cent of the

total ostracod populations (<945 m).

With the exception of a single valve of Cytheropteron aff. C. frewinae on the Walvis

Ridge abutment, the shelf north of the Cape Peninsula is populated by only two species—

C. trinodosum and C. whatleyi. Two areas, north-west of Liideritz, and between the

northern Cape Peninsula and the southern Namaqualand shelf, are barren of the genus. In

contrast, the shelf around the Cape Peninsula contains six species, and the area off Cape

Agulhas five.

There are large variations in diversity and abundance of Cytheropteron with water

depth. Greatest diversity is found on the inner shelf, with six species in depths less than

100 m (all from the south-western Cape), and four species between 100 m and 200 m.

Diversity declines in deeper water, with only C. trinodosum and C. whatleyi populating

80 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

dl] =

| =

H oe

G =

D- ) ;

C- ite all Cytheropteron

ees p

ae ae

} | =

| i Sai

J * j

qc i } 3 i

= w —— a .

8 ae

8 ; ;

7% ! P : C. whatleyi

* H ; a

| ; mt \ C. trinodosum A

\ ) A

0 ! A ; — ee

0 500 1000 m

Depth

Fig. 48. Depth ranges (bars) of various species of Cytheropteron that occur in water depths < 950 m.

Graphs show the percentage of the total ostracod fauna for C. whatleyi, C. trinodosum, and all

Cytheropteron. Note that the single valve of C. aff. C. frewinae (J) within a small sample distorts

the smoothed ‘all Cytheropteron’ curve significantly. The dotted line represents this curve with

no distortion for this sample. A = Cytheropteron sp. 3408, B = Cytheropteron sp. 2878, C = Cythero-

pteron sp. 2881, D = Cytheropteron sp. 2882, E = C. cuneatum, F = C. trinodosum, G = C. frewinae,

H=C. whatleyi, |= Cytheropteron sp. 2902, and J= C. aff. C. frewinae.

the outer shelf and upper slope, except for a single valve of Cytheropteron aff. C. frewi-

nae on the Walvis Ridge abutment.

The abundance of Cytheropteron primarily reflects the combined abundances of

C. trinodosum and C. whatleyi, and only shallower than 100 m do the minor species affect

the values. Cytheropteron whatleyi has two abundance peaks: at 150 m and 300 m,

whereas C. trinodosum has its greatest abundance at c. 400 m. There is a low in Cythero-

pteron values in the vicinity of 200 m, and it may be significant that none of the minor

species (except Cytheropteron aff. C. frewinae) occur below this depth.

Below 220 m there is an increase in abundance of the genus (to 7% of the ostracod

fauna), rising to 10 per cent at 500 m. Values steadily decline in deeper water, and reach

a low near the base of the AAIW salinity minimum zone on the middle continental slope

(c. 1 000 m) (see Dingle er al. 1990, fig. 8).

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 81

Genus Cytherura Sars, 1866

Cytherura siesseri sp. nov.

Fig. 49A—E

Derivation of name

This species is named for Professor W. G. Siesser (Vanderbilt University, Nash-

ville), for his contributions to Southern African Cenozoic stratigraphy.

Holotype

length height

MF-0745, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,56 0,25

Paratypes

length height

ME-0744, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,69 0,30

MF-0746, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,64 0,30

Material

Seven valves.

Diagnosis

Elongate species of Cytherura ornamented with faint longitudinal depressions in the

anterior area, and a distinctive chevron arrangement of small punctae posteromedially.

Description

External features. Elongate ovate outline. Asymmetrically curved AM, ventrally

directed. PM caudate, with dorsally directed process. DM broadly convex, VM weakly

concave in central portion with distinct inflation posteriorly. Maximum valve height is at

about three-quarter valve length. Valve surface smooth, except for faint longitudinal

depressions that are most prominent anteriorly. There is a distinctive chevron pattern of

four lines of small punctae on the crest of the posteromedian valve inflation.

Internal features. MA narrow, although details thereof were not seen. Hinge mero-

dont (probably hemimerodont). MS consist of a line of four rounded adductors with two

anterior scars in line with the dorsal-most adductor.

Remarks

This species is placed in Cytherura because it has narrow marginal areas. Otherwise,

its overall shape is similar to two previously described species belonging to Semi-

cytherura, viz: S. clandestina Whatley, Chadwick, Coxill & Toy, 1988, from the conti-

nental shelf and coast of northern Argentina, and ?S. dimorpha Hartmann, 1974, from the

Luanda coastal area in Angola. Cytherura siesseri differs from both these species in

details of outline (it is more elongate) and ornamentation (presence of the posteromedian

chevrons of pits). It is not especially close to other cytherurids from southern Africa.

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

————

1804m. SB63SS3i

Fig. 49.

B. Detail of ornamentation in posteroventral region, SEM 353

D. Internal view, SEM 3

525:

D—-E. MF—0744, LV, paratype.

mucronata (Brady, 1880), MF—0686, RV, TBD

Scale: A, C—-D, F = 100 u, B, E

C. MF-0746, paratype, LV, SEM 3534.

E. MS, SEM 3529. F. Kangarina

6847, 94m, SEM 3199.

10 u.

A-E. Cytherura siesseri sp. nov. TBD 6824, 90 m. A-B. MF-0745, holotype, RV. A. SEM 3531.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 83

Distribution

This species is recorded at one site (TBD 6824: 90 m) west of the Cape Peninsula,

where six modern and one relict valve were collected.

Genus Kangarina Coryell & Fields, 1937

Three species of this genus are known from the continental shelf off south-western

Africa. In contrast, Whatley e¢ a/. (1988) did not record the genus from the south-western

Atlantic.

Kangarina mucronata (Brady, 1880)

Figs 49F, 50A—B

Cytherura mucronata Brady, 1880: 133-134, pl. 32 (figs 9a—d). Puri & Hulings, 1976: 305, pl. 21

(figs 11-12).

Illustrated material

length height

ME—0686, C, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,48 0,25

MEF-0687, C, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,46 0,25

ME—0688, C, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,45 0,25

MEF-0689, C, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,45 0,24

Material

36 valves.

Remarks

This species is placed in the genus Kangarina because the ventral margin is strongly

concave anterior to mid-length. The illustrations herein are the first to show details of the

ornamentation, MA and hinge of Brady’s species.

Distribution

Brady (1880) recorded Kangarina mucronata from the ‘Challenger’ station in False

Bay (Simon’s Bay). The present specimens were recovered from one site in False Bay

(TBD 5254) and three sites west of the Cape Peninsula (TBD 6836, 6824, 6847). The

UDL and LDL are 40 m and 90 m, respectively.

Kangarina sola sp. nov.

Figs 50C-F, 51A

Kangarina sp. Keeler, 1981: 68-69, pl. 3 (fig. 12).

Derivation of name

sol—Latin, sun; fanciful reference to sun-shaped ornamentation pattern in the central

dorsal part of the valve.

Holotype

length height

MF-0734, RV, TBD 344, 73 m O35 0,20

84 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Serm @e3418

Sorm Sexss59e

Fig. 50. A-B. Kangarina mucronata (Brady, 1880), TBD 6847, 94m. A.MF—0686, RV, internal

view, SEM 3221. B.MF-—-0687, LV, SEM 3201. C—F. Kangarina sola sp. nov. MF—0734, holotype,

RV, TBD 344, 73m. C.SEM 3418. D. Detail of anterior ornamentation, SEM 3420. E. Detail of

posterior ornamentation, SEM 3421. F. Interior view, SEM 3590. Scales: A-B = 100 u, C, F = 50 yu,

D-E = 10 u.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 85

Material

One valve.

Diagnosis

Species of Kangarina with large sun-shaped ornament (central boss with fine radial

ribs) in a central location dorsal to the main longitudinal median ridge.

Description

External features. A small, globular species with a narrow, acutely rounded AM that

is ventrally deflected. PM somewhat truncated with a small, sharp caudal process at about

mid-height. DM broadly rounded, VM strongly convex at about mid-length, with a con-

cavity anterior to mid-length. Surface ornamentation very strong, with a massive longitu-

dinal median ridge that commences near the posterodorsal margin and proceeds via the

SCT to the vicinity of the AM. The dorso- and ventrolateral areas are also raised and,

together with the median ridge and the AM area, are ornamented with fine punctae and

narrow imbricating riblets. The main intercostal areas are relatively deeply sunken, and

filled with a coarse reticulation and very fine, irregular inter-mural nblets. In a central

position, dorsal to the median ridge, a large sun-shaped or cartwheel pattern dominates

the valve.

Internal features. Wide anterior MA. Curved, robust antimerodont hinge with small

subdivided TE and strongly crenulate ME, with larger anterior and posterior sectors.

Ovate cluster of four adductor MS and a small crescentic anterior scar.

Remarks

The ornamentation of Kangarina sola is very distinctive and cannot be confused

with any other known species. It bears some resemblance to an unnamed species illus-

trated by McKenzie (1974, pl. 3 (fig. 8)) and formally described by Whatley & Downing

(1984) as K. macropus, from the Tertiary of southern Australia; however, K. sola can be

distinguished by its intricate secondary ornamentation and its sun-pattern motif.

Distribution

This rare species was recorded at one site (TBD 344: 73 m) west of Cape Agulhas,

and by Keeler (1981) at TBD 1259 (91 m) on the eastern Agulhas Bank.

Kangarina hendeyi sp. nov.

Fig. 51B—E

Derivation of name

This species is named for Dr Q. B. Hendey, Durban Natural Science Museum (for-

merly of the South African Museum), for his comradeship during collaborative studies on

the Cenozoic sediments of the Western Cape.

Holotype

length height

MF-0726, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,63 0,38

86 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

19kU x35e Sovm 883389

Se3594

Fig. 51. A. Kangarina sola sp. nov., MF—0734, holotype, RV, TBD 344, 73 m, MS, SEM 3593.

B-E. Kangarina hendeyi sp. nov., MF—0726, holotype, LV, TBD 5254, 40m. B.SEM 3389. C. Inter-

nal view, SEM 3594. __D. Detail of anterior area, SEM 3390. E. Detail of posterior area, SEM 3391.

F. ?Kangarina sp. 3439, MF—0755, C, TBD 6846, 95 m, SEM 3439.

Scales: A, D-E = 10, B-C = 50p, F= 100 p.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 87

Material

One valve.

Diagnosis

Species of Kangarina with a very broadly rounded DM, subdued, finely punctate

ornamentation, and rounded, upturned caudal process.

Description

External features. Relatively elongate, somewhat ovate outline. AM _ broadly

rounded, ventrally directed; PM rounded, with a blunt, upturned caudal process that is

truncated and finely punctate at its tip. DM very broadly and evenly rounded; VM convex

in posterior half and concave in anterior half. Overall, the ornamentation is subdued for

the genus. A broad, poorly defined longitudinal median rib merges with a broad, flat

central area that is connected to the posterodorsal corner by a sharper rib. The ventral part

of the valve is quasi-alate, with a broad keel-like longitudinal ventral ridge. The valve

surface is reticulate, with the coarsest pattern in the central area of the valve.

Internal features. Narrow MA, weak merodont hinge. MS not clearly seen, strong

fulchral point.

Remarks

The elongate outline and subdued ornamentation of Kangarina hendeyi make this

species distinctive. It is similar to a species illustrated from the Pliocene of the Dominican

Republic by Van den Bold (1988) as ‘Kangarina’ aff. ‘K.’ abyssicola (Miller), but differs

in possessing a less well-developed ventral keel, in having a less strongly arched DM,

and in details of PM outline. Van den Bold (1988: 59) remarked that species such as

these, with curved DM outlines probably belong in a new genus.

Hemicytherura sanmatiasensis Echevarria, 1988, from the Pliocene of Argentina,

differs in VM outline, and in having coarser ornamentation. No similar species have been

recorded from Australia, although the genus is well represented there.

Distribution

This rare species was recorded at one site (TBD 5254: 40 m) on the west side of

False Bay.

Kangarina? sp. 3439

Fig. 51F

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0755, C, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,65 0,39

Material

Two valves.

88 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Remarks

This globular species has a smooth surface ornamented with small punctae. Although

its general outline is typical for the genus, the lack of characteristic ornamentation makes

the generic assignment tentative.

Distribution

This rare species was recorded at site TBD 6846 (95 m) west of the Cape Peninsula.

Genus Semicytherura Wagner, 1957

Semicytherura clausi (Brady, 1880)

Fig. 52A—B

Cytherura clausi Brady, 1880: 134, pl. 32 (fig. 8a—d). Puri & Hulings, 1976: 303, pl. 21 (figs 9-10).

non Cytherura clausi Brady, 1880. Hornibrook, 1952: 51, pl. 15 (figs 242-244).

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0690, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,44 0,22

Material

One valve.

Remarks

The outer surface of the single available valve is slightly abraded, but is conspecific

with the lectotype illustrated by Puri & Hulings (1976). An internal view shows a very

wide inner lamella, the posterior portion of which extends anteriorly as far as the MS,

although these themselves were not clearly visible.

This species belongs to a closely related group within Semicytherura that is charac-

terized by very similar external ornamentation and shell morphology, particularly the

slightly bulbous posterior area. In addition to S. clausi, five species have been reported

from the Southern Hemisphere: Semicytherura sp. 3379 (this study), also from False Bay;

Keeler (1981: 65) recorded one species (as Cytherura aff. C. clausi) from the Agulhas

Bank; Hartmann (1974) a further species (as ?Hemicytherura kazmaierae) from Lideritz

Bay; and Semicytherura aff. S. costellata (Brady, 1880) from Antarctic and Subantarctic

localities (Benson 1964; Hartmann 1989, 1990). Neale’s (1975) species Semicytherura

augusta from the Santonian of Western Australia also belongs here, as does the species

recorded as Cytherura clausi Brady by Hornibrook (1952) from the Lower Miocene to

Recent of New Zealand.

Distribution

This rare species has been recorded only from False Bay—Brady’s (1880) ‘Chal-

lenger’ site (15—20 fm), and TBD 5254 (40 m).

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 89

Fig. 52. A-B. Semicytherura clausi (Brady, 1880), MF—0690, LV, TBD 5254, 40m. A. SEM 3208.

B. Internal view, SEM 3216. C. Semicytherura sp. 3385, MF—0725, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m, SEM 3385.

D. Semicytherura sp. 3382, MF-0724, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m, SEM 3382. E. Semicytherura sp. 3414,

MF-0733, LV, TBD 344, 73 m, SEM 3414. F. Semicytherura sp. 3379, MF—0723, LV, TBD 5254,

40 m, SEM 3379. Scales: all 100 nu.

90 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Semicytherura sp. 3379

Fig. 52F

Illustrated material

length height

MEF-0723, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,39 0,13

Material

One valve.

Remarks

This species is very similar to, but not conspecific with, Semicytherura clausi

(Brady). It differs from Brady’s species in the shape and ornamentation of the postero-

ventral bulge, which has an angular, concave surface. In addition, a narrow rib that runs

from the posteroventral angle to the posterodorsal area is more or less straight in Semi-

cytherura sp. 3379, but strongly curved and less complete in S. clausi. Clearly the two

species are very closely related.

Distribution

A rare species was recorded only at site TBD 5254 (40 m) in False Bay.

Semicytherura sp. 3414

Fig, 52E

Semicytherura sp. Keeler, 1981: 76-77, pl. 3 (figs 19-20).

Illustrated material

length height

ME-0733. LV. TBD! 344. 73 m 0,36 0,19

Material

Four valves.

Remarks

This species has an alate posteroventral projection, fine reticulation, and a small,

sharp rib that runs parallel and close to the anterodorsal and dorsal margins. Semi-

cytherura sp. 3414 is very similar to a species recorded by Van den Bold (1988) as

Cytherura sp. C from the Mio—Pliocene of the Dominican Republic, from which it differs

mainly in the shape of the posteroventral area. Its closest relative in local waters is

Semicytherura sp. 3382 from False Bay.

Distribution

A rare species recorded from the inner shelf west of Cape Agulhas (TBD 344: 73 m)

and from the eastern Agulhas Bank (TBD 1103: 64 m) (Keeler 1981).

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 91

Semicytherura sp. 3382

Fig. 52D

Illustrated material

length height

MEF-0724, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,37 0,18

Material

Four valves.

Remarks

This species is closest to Semicytherura sp. 3414, but differs in having a more ovate

outline, a less well-developed posteroventral alation, and a finer rib and puncta ornamen-

tation. It is very similar in outline and ornamentation to S. rugosoreticulata Whatley,

Chadwick, Coxill & Toy, 1988, from the south-western Atlantic continental margin, but

the latter has coarser ribs, particularly anteriorly.

Distribution

All modern specimens, recorded from site TBD 5254 in False Bay (40 m).

Semicytherura sp. 3385

Fic. 52€

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0725, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,43 0,23

Material

Five valves.

Remarks

This plump, ovate species is ornamented with very fine longitudinal ribs, parallel to

which are aligned fine punctae. A weak reticulation is developed in the posterior and

anterior areas. Semicytherura sp. 3385 is similar in shape and ornamentation to Cytherura

arenicola Hartmann, 1974, from the Benguela-Mocamedes coast of Angola. In Hart-

mann’s species, the caudal process lies below mid-height and, overall, the valve outline

is more elongate. In addition, the two differ in size and shape of the inner lamella.

Distribution

All modern specimens, recorded from site TBD 5254 in False Bay (40 m).

Genus Hemicytherura Elofson, 1941

Hemicytherura petheri sp. nov.

Fig. 53A—B

Cytherura sp. Keeler, 1981: 67-68, pl. 3 (figs 10-11).

92 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Derivation of name

This species 1s named for J. Pether (South African Museum), for his work on the

Neogene sediments of the coast of south-western Africa.

Holotype

length height

MF-0715, RV, TBD 1341, 53 m 0,40 022

Paratype

MF-0716, RV, TBD 344, 73 m 0,35 0,21

Material

Three valves.

Diagnosis

Species of Hemicytherura with a bold longitudinal median ridge that posteroventrally

forms a wide tear-shaped loop to rejoin itself anterior to mid-length.

Description

External features. Asymmetrically curved, finely scalloped AM, truncated PM with

dorsally directed caudal process lying above mid-height. DM straight, VM straight, but

partly obscured in lateral view by posteroventral overhang. Ornamentation consists of a

few bold ridges, with deep, curved intercostal depressions. The main ridge is median,

longitudinal, running from the AM to the posterior area, where it recurves ventrally in a

wide loop, to rejoin itself just in front of mid-length. There is a further strong ridge

subparallel to the DM, which is linked to the median ridge by a short, strong postero-

dorsal bar. Intercostal areas are finely punctate.

Internal features. Not clearly seen. Hinge 1s straight, robust, with prominent elongate

TE and crenulate ME.

Remarks

The bold and distinctive ornamentation of Hemicytherura petheri cannot be con-

fused with previously described species of the genus.

Distribution

This rare species was recovered from three inner-shelf sites: west of Cape Agulhas

(TBD 1341: 53 m; and TBD 344: 73 m), and west of the Cape Peninsula (TBD 6824:

90 m). Keeler (1981) recorded it at one site on the eastern Agulhas Bank (TBD 1259:

91 m).

Hemicytherura sp. 3393

Fig, 53€

Illustrated material

length height

ME-0727, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,33 0,18

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 93

1@kY x3Se SOrm Se3s395

Fig. 53. A-—B. Hemicytherura petheri sp. nov., MF—0715, holotype, RV, TBD 1341, 53 m.

A. SEM 3325. B. Internal view, SEM 3599. C. Hemicytherura sp. 3393, MF—-0727, RV,

TBD 5254, 40m, SEM 3393. D. ?Hemicytherura sp. 3404, MF—0730, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m,

SEM 3404. E-F. Paracytheridea sp. 3339, MF—0722, RV, TBD 5254, 40m. E. SEM 3339.

F. Internal view, SEM 3519. Scales: A—-B, D-F = 100 yu, C = 50 u.

94 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Material

One valve.

Remarks

The most prominent features of this species are the strongly compressed region

adjacent to the AM, and the curved ventral ridge. No closely related species have been

reported from the local geological record.

Distribution

This rare species was recorded only at site TBD 5254 in False Bay (40 m).

?Hemicytherura sp. 3404

Fis. 3D

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0730, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,40 0,21

Material

One valve.

Remarks

The most prominent features of this species are celation along the dorsal margin, and

the sharp posteroventral ala.

Distribution

This rare species was recorded only at site TBD 5254 in False Bay (40 m).

Genus Paracytheridea Miller, 1894

Paracytheridea sp. 3339

Fig. 53E-F

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0722, RV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0,42 0,21

Material

One valve.

Remarks

This small, very compressed species is characterized by coarse, deeply incised lat-

eral ridges. The RV hinge consists of an ATE with three lobes, a crenulate ME grove,

and a short quadrate PTE. Hartmann (1974) described one species of the genus from

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 95

Angola (Paracytheridea luandensis), but this has distinct alation and a prominent caudal

process.

Distribution

This rare species was recorded relict only at one site (TBD 5254: 40 m) in False

Bay.

Family Hemicytheridae Puri, 1953

The revision by Whatley ef a/. (1987) of various hemicytherid taxa from the south-

western Atlantic area allows a taxonomic reassignment of some previously described

species from the south-eastern Atlantic.

Thirty species in 11 hemicytherid genera have been recorded from Quaternary

marine sediments around southern and south-western Africa (Table 3). All 11 genera and

26 of these species extend into the present area of interest, although only 18 species in

10 genera are found on the continental shelf (in contrast to the coastal and inshore zone).

TABLE 3

Species of the family Hemicytheridae recorded from around southern Africa.

Ambostracon levetzovi (Klie, 1940), coastal to inner shelf, Liideritz-St Helena Bay

Ambostracon flabellicostata (Brady, 1880), shelf, Walvis Ridge-Knysna

Ambostracon keeleri Dingle, 1992, shelf, Walvis Ridge-Knysna

Ambostracon sp. 3553, mid-Orange shelf

Ambostracon sp. 3571, mid-Orange shelf

Ambostracon (Patagonacythere) sp. 3556, mid-outer Orange-Namaqualand shelf

Aurila dayii Benson & Maddocks, 1964, coastal, Liideritz—Knysna

Aurila kliei Hartmann, 1974, coastal to mid-shelf, Liideritz—-Knysna

Austroaurila rugosa sp. nov., inner to mid-shelf Orange River-Knysna

Caudites knysnaensis Hartmann, 1974, coastal, Knysna

Caudites dacunhai Hartmann, 1974, coastal, Mozambique

Caudites algicola Hartmann, 1974, coastal, Natal-Mozambique

Caudites sp. 3329, inner shelf, Saldanha Bay

Coquimba birchi sp. noy., inner to mid-shelf, south-western Cape

?Falklandia sp. 3546, inshore to inner shelf, Cape Peninsula~Knysna

Meridionalicythere petricola (Hartmann, 1974), inner shelf, Ltideritz—Knysna

Meridionalicythere foveata (Hartmann, 1974), Knysna

Meridionalicythere sp. 3581, outer Namaqualand shelf

Mutilus bensonmaddocksorum Hartmann, 1974, coastal to nearshore, Liideritz—Knysna

Mutilus spendideornatus Hartmann, 1974, coastal, Mozambique

Mutilus malloryi sp. nov. inner shelf, Cape Peninsula

Procythereis major Klie, 1940, coastal, Liideritz

Procythereis minor Klie, 1940, coastal, Liideritz—-Kommetje

Procythereis serrata Klie, 1940, coastal, Liideritz

?Quadracythere sp. 3333, inner to mid-shelf, Orange River-south-western Cape

Urocythereis arcana sp. nov., shelf, Walvis Ridge-Knysna

?Urocythereis sp. 3310, nearshore, Hout Bay

?Urocythereis sp. 3570, outer shelf, Walvis Bay

?Urocythereis sp. 3472, shelf, False Bay-Agulhas Bank

?Urocythereis sp. 3567, outer shelf, Walvis Bay-Agulhas Bank

96 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Genus Ambostracon Hazel, 1962

Subgenus Ambostracon (Ambostracon) Hazel, 1962

Ambostracon (Ambostracon) sp. 3553

Fig. 54A

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0777, RV, TBD 2736, 205 m 0,70 0,40

Material

One valve.

Remarks

This species is very close to A. (A.) flabellicostata (Brady) and Ambostracon (A.)

sp. 3571, but differs in the coarseness of the ornamentation and the disposition of ribs

along the dorsolateral area.

Distribution

This rare species was recorded relict at site TBD 2736 (205 m) on the mid-Orange

shelf.

Ambostracon (Ambostracon) sp. 3571

Fig. 54B

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0786, C, TBD 2485, 227 m 0,66 0:37

Material

Two valves.

Remarks

This species is very close to A. (4.) flabellicostata (Brady) and Ambostracon (A.)

sp. 3553. It differs from the latter principally in the relative fineness of its ornamentation,

and from the former in the straightness of the ocular ridge (this is curved sub-parallel to

the AM in 4. (4.) flabellicostata). There is also an additional short curved rib immediately

post-adjacent to the ocular ridge in Ambostracon (A.) sp. 3571.

Distribution

This rare species was recorded relict at site TBD 2485 (227 m) on the mid-Orange—

Namaqualand shelf.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 97

@@3571

is@ky x1586 SesssEé

19kV x1S5e 188rm SesSs52

Fig. 54. A.Ambostracon (Ambostracon) sp. 3553, MF-0777, RV, TBD 2736, 205m, SEM 3553.

B. Ambostracon (Ambostracon) sp. 3571, MF-—0786, C, TBD 2485, 227 m, right view, SEM 3571.

C-E. Ambostracon (Patagonacythere) sp. 3556. C. MF-0778, RV, TBD 2719, 240m, SEM 3556.

D. MF-0776, C, TBD 2369, 188m, right view, SEM 3552. E. MF—-0779, RV, TBD 2361, 241 m,

SEM 3557. F. Aurila kliei Hartmann, 1974, MF—-0646, C, TBD 6822, 42 m, SEM 3289. Scales: all 100 u.

98 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Subgenus Ambostracon (Patagonacythere) Hartmann, 1962

Ambostracon (Patagonacythere) sp. 3556

Fig. 544C—-E

Illustrated material

length height

MEF-0778, RV, TBD 2719, 240 m 0,80 0,40

MEF-0776, C, TBD 2369, 188 m 0,77 0,40

MF-0779, RV, TBD 2361, 241 m 0,78 0,39

Material

Fourteen valves.

Remarks

This species is characterized by posteriorly directed elevations in the postero-

dorsal and posteroventral areas. The latter continues anteriorly as a ridge that terminates

before reaching the AM. The eye and SCT are well developed, and ornamentation

is strongly reticulate. Outline and ornamentation are reminiscent of Ambostracon (A.)

flabellicostata (Brady), but the species lacks an ocular ridge and consequently belongs

in A. (Patagonacythere).

Distribution

This species was recovered from seven sites in a relatively small area on the mid to

outer Orange—Namaqualand shelf, with UDL and LDL of 188 m and 265 m, respectively.

The poor state of preservation suggests that some of the specimens have been reworked.

Genus Aurila Pokorny, 1955

Jn addition to the two modern species of Aurila from southern and south-western

Africa (Table 3), Van den Bold (1966) recorded A. punctata (von Minster, 1830) from

the Mio—Pliocene of Gabon.

Aurila kliei Hartmann, 1974

Figs 54F, 5SA—D, 56A

Hemicythere? sp. Benson & Maddocks, 1964: 27-29, pl. 5 (figs 3-4, 6, 8-9), text-fig. 16.

Aurila kliei Hartmann, 1974: 286-288, pl. 54 (figs 402-411), pl. 55 (figs 412-416), pl. 149 (fig. 10).

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0646, LV, TBD 6822, 42 m 0,73 0,40

MF-0647, RV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,64 0,38

MF-—0649, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,68 0,39

Material

44 valves.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 99

Remarks

Benson & Maddocks (1964) recognized two varieties of the species that they allo-

cated to Hemicythere? sp.: a larger punctate form and a smaller, more coarsely orna-

mented form. I suspect that these represent adults and juveniles, since in my material the

more coarsely ornamented specimens are juveniles.

Distribution

Hartmann (1974) recorded Aurila kliei from Liideritz Bay and Kommetjie (Cape

Peninsula), and suggested that it was a cold-water species confined to the west coast.

However, Benson & Maddocks (1964) had previously noted it at Leisure Island in

Knysna Lagoon, on the south coast.

Aurila kliei occurs offshore in two areas—immediately north of Ltderitz, and

between Saldanha Bay and Cape Point (Fig. 57).

Modern specimens were collected only off the south-western Cape with UDL and

LDL of 15 m and 58 m, respectively. Two of these sites are in the vicinity of Hout Bay

(TBD 6821 and 6822), close to Hartmann’s (1974) coastal site at Kommetijie.

The relict fauna is more widely dispersed. Off Ltideritz, UDL and LDL are 31 m

and 51 m, respectively, whereas off the Cape Peninsula the UDL is 15 m (Hout Bay) and

the LDL is 160 m. The latter value is based on a single, abraded valve that might be

allochthonous, in which case the LDL is 90 m.

Genus Austroaurila Whatley, Chadwick, Coxill & Toy, 1987

This genus was originally described from the southern part of South America (Chile

and Argentina) and from the Falkland Islands (Whatley et al. 1987), where it had been

recorded under various names by Brady (1880), Skogsberg (1928), Hartmann (1962),

Rossi de Garcia (1970), and Kaesler et al. (1979). Three species are known from this area,

and all occur in littoral or mid-shelf habitats (to 150 m) (Whatley et al. 1987).

Austroaurila rugosa sp. nov.

Figs 55E-F, 56B, 58A—C

Nereina? sp. B Benson & Maddocks, 1964: 30-31, pl. 5 (figs 13-14), text-fig. 18.

Species 75 Boomer, 1985, text-fig. 5.

Derivation of name

Rugosa—Latin, rough, uneven; reference to lateral surface ornamentation.

Holotype

length height

MF—0650, C, TBD 6835, 100 m 0,60 0,41

Paratypes

length height

MF-0651, LV, TBD 2975, 180 m 0,60 0,39

MF-0652, LV, TBD 6822, 42 m 0,62 0,40

MF-0653, RV, TBD 2975, 180 m 0,60 0,37

MF-0655, LV, juv. TBD 2975, 180 m 02 032

100 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

—1884m_

Fig. 55. A-—D. Aurila kliei Hartmann, 1974. TBD 6821, 15 m. A-B. MF—0647, RV. A. Internal view,

SEM 3295. B. SEM 3035. C—D.MF-0649, LV. C.SEM 3293. D.Internal view, SEM 2993.

E-F. Austroaurila rugosa sp.nov. E.MF-—0650, holotype, C, TBD 6835, 100m, right view, SEM 2994.

F. MF—0651, paratype, LV, TBD 2975, 180 m, SEM 3038. Scales: all 100 pu.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 101

Material

90 valves.

Diagnosis

Species of Austroaurila with a thick longitudinal median ridge and two large,

rounded tubercles on the dorsal part of the lateral surface, the anterior of which incor-

porates the eye spot.

Description

External features. Heavily calcified, with a rough, coarsely-hewn appearance. Ovate

(RV) to sub-quadrate (LV) in lateral outline. AM broadly and asymmetrically rounded,

PM sub-caudate, slightly upturned in RV. DM strongly convex in RV, straighter in LV.

VM almost straight, but partly obscured by ventrolateral overhang. Ornamentation is

dominated by a massive longitudinal ridge that crosses a wide prominent SCT. It has a

tendency, both anteriorly and posteriorly, to split into three narrow ribs, which anteriorly

extend to the AM. There is a thick, curved ventrolateral keel and a short prominent

io ae

04%.

®. @

. a

B a

ee a

Fig. 56. A. Muscle scars of Aurila kliei Hartmann,

1974, MF—-0648, RV, TBD 6821, 15 m, internal view.

B. Muscle scars of Austroaurila rugosa sp. Nov.,

MF-0654, LV, TBD 2975, 180 m, internal view.

Scales: 100 u.

102 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

inclined posterodorsal rib that narrows and runs along the DM to the eye spot. The latter

feature is incorporated in a large rough tubercle. A second, more prominent tubercle lies

just behind mid-length, immediately below the DM rib. These two elevations lie either

side of the SCT. Intercostal areas are coarsely reticulate.

Internal features. MA relatively narrow with 20-25 fine hair-like RPC anteriorly.

The hinge is robust, holamphidont, with a small swelling at the posterior end of the ME.

The terminal elements are particularly large, with only a slight auriline notch in the PTE.

MS consist of three anterior scars and four adductors.

Remarks

Austroaurila rugosa was first recorded by Benson & Maddocks (1964) from Leisure

Island, Knysna Lagoon. The RPC were reported as simple and not numerous. This con-

flicts with my assessment but, from the external morphology of this distinctive species,

there is no doubt that we are both dealing with the same taxon.

No other species of the genus occurs off southern Africa. Comparing the African

material with that illustrated by Whatley ef a/. (1987), the closest of the South American

species is A. recurvirostrata (Skogsberg, 1928). The two species differ in the possession

by A. rugosa of the massive median ridge, but are similar in overall shape and the

15° 20°E 152 20°E

ee ee l

20°

| il

=} ) |

{eooearz | z

4 ~ \

\ | y

: i 7 + \ORANGER.

4 \ | ar x

30° + \ 30° 4 \

Ss | iN Ss | \

5 \ = +t

} i me

7 SALDANHA BAY KNYSNA | CRSA AND EN IKNYSHE

| \ as | es C.AGULHAS 1]

pa ——S viet Vey \ pee

C. POINT Ae | | \

A B

Fig. 57. Distribution on the continental margin of Aurila kliei Hartmann, 1974 (A) and Austroaurila

rugosa Sp. nov. (B). A. Hartmann’s (1974) specimens were collected from sites at Liideritz Bay and

Kommetjie (just north of Cape Point, on the Atlantic side of the Cape Peninsula). Benson & Maddocks

(1964) recorded the species from Knysna Lagoon. B. The dashed line encloses modern sites. Benson

& Maddocks (1964) first recorded the species from Knysna Lagoon.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 103

somewhat tumid appearance of 4. recurvirostrata. Of the three species noted by Whatley

et al. (1987) from the south-western Atlantic, 4. recurvirostrata has the deepest water

habitat. Skogsberg (1928) recovered it at 137-150 m on Burwood Bank, south of the

Falkland Islands.

Distribution

Austroaurila rugosa sp. nov. is a relatively rare species (mean = 2,3% in samples in

which it occurs) that is restricted to latitudes south of 28°S (Orange shelf to Knysna

Lagoon—Fig. 57).

Modern shelf populations occur only off the south-western Cape and have UDL and

LDL 15 m and 90 m, respectively.

Relict faunas are more extensive, with UDL and LDL of 80 m and 205 m, respec-

tively, extending to a small suite of sites on the Orange shelf.

Genus Meridionalicythere Whatley, Chadwick, Coxill & Toy, 1987

Meridionalicythere petricola (Hartmann, 1974)

Figs 58D-F, 59A

Aurila petricola Hartmann, 1974: 285-286, pl. 56 (figs 417-427), pl. 57 (figs 428-432), pl. 149 (fig. 8).

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0711, RV, TBD 6822, 42 m 0,62 0,35

MF-0712, LV, TBD 6822, 42 m 0,62 0,35

MF-0718, C, TBD 2224, 58 m OS 0,39

Material

Thirteen valves.

Remarks

This species was originally referred to Aurila by Hartmann (1974) but its valve

outline is atypical for the genus. Whatley et al.’s 1987) subsequent erection of Meridion-

alicythere for species in the south-western Atlantic allows a more satisfactory allocation.

Ornamentation in the posterior part of the valves is somewhat bolder than in Hartmann’s

(1974) original illustrations, but otherwise the specimens from the inshore and coastal

areas are the same.

Distribution

Hartmann (1974) recorded M. petricola from rocky coastal substrates between

Liideritz and Knysna. In the present survey, this geographical range has not been

extended (Fig. 60) but the species has been shown to have a depth range of 15 m to

58 m.

Modern specimens were recovered from the sites off the south-western Cape,

whereas a relict assemblage occurs at TBD 3265, inshore just north of Liideritz (31 m).

104 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 58. A-C. Austroaurila rugosa sp. nov. A.MF-0652, paratype, LV, TBD 6822, 42 m, SEM 2986.

B. MF-0653, RV, TBD 2975, 180m, internal view, SEM 3040. C.MF-0655, LV, TBD 2975,

180 m, juvenile, SEM 2997. D-F. Meridionalicythere petricola (Hartmann, 1974), TBD 6822, 42 m.

D-E. MF-0711, RV. D. SEM 3312. E. Detail of posteroventral area, SEM 3314. F. MF —0712, LV,

SEM 3316. Scales: A-D, F = 100 u, E = 50 nu.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 105

1@kV x15e@ 19@rm . BeSSB1i

i@kyv x*1S5e. 198rKm 883331

% ———— ie FF

19ePpm 6835

Fig. 59. A. Meridionalicythere petricola (Hartmann, 1974), MF—0718, C, TBD 2224, 58m, SEM 3331.

B. ?Meridionalicythere sp. 3581, MF-0791, C, TBD 2361, 241 m, SEM 3581. C-—D. ?Falklandia sp. 3546,

TBD 6847, 94m. C. MF-0752, RV, SEM 3546. D.MF—0753, RV, SEM 3547. E-F. Mutilus benson-

maddocksorum Hartmann, 1974, MF—-0706, RV, TBD 6821, 15m. E.SEM 3284. F. Internal view,

SEM 3298. Scales: all 100 w.

106 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

1 5° 20° E

25°

‘ LUDERITZ

30°

| \ SWCAPE

\ 2.

Si if

—=

~, a

Sra

Fig. 60. Distribution of Meridionalicythere petricola (Hartmann, 1974)

on the continental margin off south-western Africa. Modern sites are

enclosed by the dashed line.

?Meridionalicythere sp. 3581

Fig. 59B

Illustrated material

length height

ME-0791, €, TBD 2361241 m 0,83 0,50

Material

Four valves.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 107

Remarks

Two poorly preserved carapaces of a species characterized by a prominent ventro-

lateral keel and a small, triangular posterodorsal protuberance.

Distribution

This species was recorded only at site TBD 2361 (241 m) on the outer Namaqualand

shelf.

Genus Falklandia Whatley, Chadwick, Coxill & Toy, 1987

?Falklandia sp. 3546

Fig. 59C_D

Nereina? sp. A Benson & Maddocks, 1964: 29-30, pl. 5 (figs 1-2, 5, 7), text-fig. 17.

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0752, RV, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,65 0,35

MF-0753, RV, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,64 0,34

Material

Two valves.

Remarks

This species is provisionally placed in Falklandia. Celation is well developed in

some specimens, including all those illustrated by Benson & Maddocks (1964), and gives

rise to a smooth lateral surface, in contrast to the well-developed ribs and reticulation of

one specimen (Fig. 59D).

Distribution

This species was recorded only at site TBD 6847 (94 m), west of the Cape Peninsula

(relict and modern). Benson & Maddocks (1964) recovered five relict specimens from

Leisure Island in Knysna Lagoon.

Genus Mutilus Neviani, 1928

Mutilus bensonmaddocksorum Hartmann, 1974

Figs 59E-F, 61A—B

Mutilus sp. Benson & Maddocks, 1964: 34-35, pl. 6 (figs 7-11), text-fig. 21.

Mutilus bensonmaddocksorum Hartmann, 1974: 280-281, pl. 48 (figs 365-374).

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0706, RV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,72 OB

MF-0707, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,66 033

108 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Material

Two valves.

Remarks

One valve is identical to the material illustrated by Benson & Maddocks (1964) and

Hartmann (1974), but the other (Fig. S9E—F) is considerably more elongate and does not

have the high anterodorsal outline of the male LV shown by Hartmann, although it has

the same ornamentation. I assume this is a male RV, which previously has not been

illustrated.

Distribution

Hartmann (1974) recorded M. bensonmaddocksorum from a coastal site at Liideritz,

as well as from Knysna Lagoon, where Benson & Maddocks (1964) found it at Leisure

Island. In the present survey, this rare species was recovered from one site in Hout Bay

(TBD 6821: 15 m, modern and relict).

Mutilus bensonmaddocksorum is a coastal and nearshore species, in contrast to

M. malloryi sp. nov., which occurs in slightly deeper inshore areas.

Mutilus malloryi sp. nov.

Fig. 61C-—F, 62A, 63E

Derivation of name

This species is named for Emeritus Professor John Mallory, who, as Professor of

Oceanography at the University of Cape Town, played a leading role in encouraging early

marine geological activities on the southern African continental shelf.

Holotype

length height

MF-0703, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0355 0,30

Paratypes

length height

MF-0702, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,56 0,30

MF-0704, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,57 0,32

MF-—0705, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,54 0,31

Material

Seventeen valves.

Diagnosis

Species of Mutilus with a prominent rib that runs sub-parallel to the AM, from the

eye spot to the anteroventral corner.

Description

External features. A strongly ornamented species with a sub-quadrate lateral outline.

RV and LV differ considerably in shape. Broadly rounded AM, somewhat angular

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 109

a ¥

———— 1e@ku “290

19ku x2ee - 198@4m e@83272 ers,

_ RRR

16Grm eesz269

Fig. 61. A—B. Mutilus bensonmaddocksorum Hartmann, 1974, MF-0707, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m.

A. SEM 3286. B. Internal view, SEM 3302. C-—F. Mutilus malloryi sp.nov. TBD 6824, 90 m.

C. MF-0703, holotype, RV, SEM 3272. D-E. MF-0704, paratype, LV. D. Internal view, SEM 3273.

E. MS, SEM 3277. F.MF-0702, paratype, LV, SEM 3269. Scales: A-D, F= 100p, E = 10n.

110 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

16kV e208 1896rm S6e3s279

A. Mutilus malloryi sp. nov., MF-—0705, paratype, RV, TBD 6824, 90m, SEM 3279.

3333, MF-0719, RV, TBD 6835, 100m. B. SEM 3333. C. Internal view,

D. MF-0656, holotype, RV, TBD 6836 80m,

E. MF—0657, paratype, LV, TBD 6836, 80m, SEM 2863. F.MF-—0658, paratype, LV,

TBD 2973, 173 m, internal view, SEM 2857. Scales: all 100 p.

Fig. 62.

B-C. ?Quadracythere sp. 3333,

SEM 3496. D-F. Urocythereis arcana sp. nov.

SEM 2861.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 111

@ooe

Fig. 63. A—D. Sketches of ornamentation of possibly related species of Mutilus.

A. M. bensonmaddocksorum Hartmann, 1974, MF—0707, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m.

B. M. malloryi sp. nov. MF—0702, paratype, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m.

C. M. splendidornatus Hartmann, 1974 (pl. 150 (fig. 9)--Mozambique).

D. M. pumila (Brady, 1866) (from Hartmann 1979, pl. 6 (fig. 8)—-Australia).

E. MS of Mutilus malloryi sp. nov. holotype, MF—0703, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m,

SEM 3277. Open features are normal pores, and the dotted line marks the

limit of the sub-central depression. Scales: A-D = 100 u, E = 10 u.

anteroventrally: LV radius of curvature is broader than RV. PM caudate, upturned dor-

sally. DM in RV straight, concave in LV with prominent anterior hinge ear. VM sinuous,

with two prominent, small, stubby posteroventral spines. There is a prominent postero-

dorsal elevation that marks the convergence of four ribs. Overall, the valve surface is

coarsely reticulate with numerous sharply defined ribs. The main ribs are: sub-parallel to

the AM from the eye spot to the anteroventral corner; sub-parallel to the VM from the

caudal process to the anteroventral corner; along the DM; and four ribs that emanate from

the posterodorsal process. In the latter category, ribs lie below the DM, terminating

posterior to the eye spot; along the DM to the posterior hinge ear; in a sweeping curve

towards the posteroventral margin; in a longitudinal median position that dorsally skirts

a sub-central knot of ribs.

1, ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Internal features. Hinge hemimerodont, with relatively small TE in RV. MA narrow,

no details of which were clearly seen. MS not clear but, in the holotype, they consist

of a cluster of five rounded scars set in a depression, with at least two further scars

posteriorly on the periphery of the depression (Fig. 63E).

Remarks

Mutilus malloryi differs from M. bensonmaddocksorum in having a more broadly

rounded AM and overall less elongate outline. There are also differences in details of rib

patterns, the most obvious of which are along the AM (see Fig. 63), and the three

sub-parallel ribs that project anteriorly from the SCT of M. bensonmaddocksorum.

A related species from Mozambique (M. splendidornatus Hartmann, 1974) differs

from M. malloryi in possessing a rib that follows a continuous sweeping line from the

SCT, via the posterodorsal process to the VM and almost to the AM rib.

A similarly ornamented species, VM. pumila (Brady, 1866), is widely recorded from

coastal locations in southern Australia (e.g. McKenzie 1967; Hartmann 1979). This dif-

fers from the three southern African species by lacking an ocular rib in the AM area.

Distribution

Mutilus malloryi was recovered from only two sites south-west of Hout Bay. Site

TBD 6822 (42 m) contained one modern valve, and site TBD 6824 (90 m) had a larger

population of relict valves.

Genus Quadracythere Hornibrook, 1952

?Quadracythere sp. 3333

Figs 62B-C, 64

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0719, RV, TBD 6835, 100 m 0,90 0,54

MF-0721, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,89 0,53

Material

Twelve valves.

Fig. 64. Muscle scars of ?Quadracythere sp. 3333,

MF-0721, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m. Scale: 100 p.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 113

Remarks

This robust, strongly ornamented species has a prominent ventrolateral ridge, and

prominent posterodorsal and posteroventral protuberances. Primary muri are delicately

ornamented with secondary reticulation. The hinge is typical for the genus Quadracythere

s.l., with a crenulate ME, and the MS pattern is hemicytherid (MF—0721) (Fig. 64).

On the grounds of external morphology alone, I would place this species in Her-

manites but its non-trachyleberid MS suggest that it belongs in Quadracythere. It is

similar to ?Quadracythere sp. Uffenorde, 1981 (pl. 7 (figs 19-20)), from the Upper

Miocene of north-western Germany.

Distribution

With the possible exception of a modern juvenile at site TBD 5254 (40 m), all

specimens of ?Quadracythere sp. 3333 were relict. All sites, except TBD 2472 (201 m,

Orange—Namaqualand shelf), lie adjacent to the Cape Peninsula, with a depth range of

58-131 m.

Genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950

The only published record of this genus in the South Atlantic area, outside southern

Africa, is by Dias-Brito et al. (1988) from Sepetiba Bay near Rio de Janeiro (Urocythereis

sp.). Hartmann (1974) did not find it in his studies of coastal Angola.

In southern Africa, Urocythereis 1s moderately diverse but numerically rare: Frewin

(1987) illustrated, under two specific names, what is probably a single species from the

Eocene of the Agulhas Bank, and eight species are known from the Quaternary of the

continental shelf: U. arcana sp. nov. (west coast and Agulhas Bank); Urocythereis sp.

Benson & Maddocks, 1964 (Knysna Lagoon); Urocythereis sp. A Keeler, 1981 (Agulhas

Bank); four species of uncertain taxonomic status from the west coast and Agulhas Bank

(this paper), and a further specimen of uncertain status illustrated by Sylvester-Bradley &

Benson (1971, fig. 7) from False Bay.

Urocythereis arcana sp. nov.

Figs 62D-F, 65A—B

Urocythereis sp. B Keeler, 1981: 101-103, pl. 5 (figs 11-13).

Urocythereis sp. Boomer, 1985: pl. 4 (fig. 56), fig. 7.

Derivation of name

Arca—Latin, box; reference to box-like shape.

Holotype

length height

MF-0656, RV, TBD 6836, 80 m 1,00 0,50

Paratypes

length height

MF-0657, LV, TBD 6836, 80 m 0,89 0,42

MF-0658, LV, TBD 2973, 173 m 0,95 0,50

MF-0659, RV, TBD 2973, 173 m 0,80 0,40

114 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Material

169 valves.

Diagnosis

Species of Urocythereis with SCT, and a square posterior aspect that imparts a

box-like shape to the valves in lateral view.

Description

External features. Quadrate lateral outline with broadly rounded AM, straight sub-

parallel DM and VM, and truncated PM outline with prominent posteroventral and dorsal

angles. Overall, the posterior outline has a squared aspect, with elevated ventral regions.

In RV, the dorsal side of the PM is somewhat concave, whereas in the LV the PM outline

is more pointed. The valve surface adjacent to the VM is elevated, with an angular carina

and, overall, the general valve outline is box-like. The SCT is low, but prominent, and

the eye spot is subdued and set away from the valve margin. Ornamentation is coarsely

reticulate, with more-elongate fossae near the valve margins.

Internal features. Typical for the genus. MS pattern consists of six adductor scars

and three anterior scars. The marginal areas are avestibulate, with numerous fine straight

anterior MPC.

Remarks

Although its ornamentation and overall shape are typical for the genus, the box-like

valve shape serves to distinguish U. arcana sp. nov. from the type species (U. favosa

(Roemer)), and other European species (see Athersuch 1977). The species recorded by

Dias-Brito et al. (1988) from Brazil has distinctive, elongate fossae and a posteriorly

sloping DM.

In southern Africa, the closest species is that illustrated as two separate species by

Frewin (1987) — Urocythereis sp. A1460 and Urocythereis sp. 272—but which are prob-

ably LV and RV of the same taxon. These appear to have a more rounded posterior

outline and less elongate fossae than generally observed in U. arcana.

In comparison to my new species, Urocythereis sp. Benson & Maddocks, 1964, from

Knysna Lagoon is smaller, has a more bulbous AM outline, rounded posterior regions, a

distinctly radiating reticulation based on the SCT, and an eye spot that lies close to the

valve margin. This is probably an estuarine taxon, because Keeler (1981) did not record

it on the continental shelf adjacent to Knysna.

The species recorded by Keeler (1981) as Urocythereis sp. A has a rounded posterior

outline, and does not penetrate farther west than the Agulhas Bank.

Distribution

Urocythereis arcana occurs on the continental shelf around southern Africa from

approximately 20°S on the west coast to 23°E on the eastern Agulhas Bank (Fig. 66A).

Modern valves have been recovered from two inshore sites, both in the south-western

Cape (TBD 5254: 40 m, False Bay; and TBD 6821: 15 m, Hout Bay).

Relict populations occur in two areas, where they have similar LDL, but different

UDL (Fig. 66B). Between 20° and 28°S, U. arcana occupies a relatively narrow depth

range (154-223 m) on the middle continental shelf, whereas off the south-western Cape,

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 115

18Srem SS3s31e

Fig. 65. A-—B. Urocythereis arcana sp. nov., MF—0659, paratype, RV, TBD 2973, 173 m.

A. SEM 3257. B.MS, SEM 3260. C. ?Urocythereis sp. 3310, MF-0710, LV, TBD 6821,

15m, SEM 3310. D. ?Urocythereis sp. 3570, MF-0785, LV, TBD 3769, 223 m,

SEM 3570. E. ?Urocythereis sp. 3472, MF—-0767, RV, TBD 1690, 172m, SEM 3472.

F. ?Urocythereis sp. 3567, MF-0784, C, TBD 3769, 223 m, SEM 3567. Scales: A, C-F = 100 p,

B= S0\e

116 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

159 20°

20°

WALVIS BAY

—t

)

i \

zi N

= an ~~

+++ “~ ORANGE R.

7 tae Ss

30° ++ |

= \

| |

7 re KNYSNA

J \FALSEBAY- | >

nail ae eee

inl "8 3F is aE ot “

a4 Ae ae + ef

a modern sites

8025 + a

=a + +

+ +4 +4

| ~

=| -

0° a lS Se a

B 100 200 m

Fig. 66. Distribution of Urocythereis arcana sp. nov.

gin off south-western Africa.

A. On the continental mar-

B. Latitude versus water depth. Modern sites (off

south-western Cape) lie within dashed line.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 7,

the UDL occurs at 15 m (Hout Bay) and the LDL is 227 m. A further site occurs on the

eastern Agulhas Bank, and a single valve at site TBD 3002 (1 180 m), north-west of the

Orange River, is considered allochthonous.

Species of uncertain taxonomic status, provisionally placed in ?Urocythereis

Four species have been recorded during the present study from south and south-

western Africa that have various attributes of the genus Urocythereis, but some of these

probably belong to new genera. These include the species cf. Urocythereis illustrated by

Sylvester-Bradley & Benson (1971), from False Bay, which was referred to by Athersuch

(1977: 247).

?Urocythereis sp. 3310

Fig. 65C

Illustrated material

length height

MEF-0710, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,76 0,35

Material

Two valves.

Remarks

The specimens are possibly juveniles of a large species similar to Urocythereis

arcana sp. noy., but have different ornamentation adjacent to the AM and possess a PM

rim.

Distribution

This species was recovered modern only at site TBD 6821 (15 m) in Hout Bay.

?Urocythereis sp. 3570

Fig. 65D

Coquimba sp. A Keeler, 1981: 110-112, pl. 6 (fig. 5).

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0785, LV, TBD 3769, 223 m 0,80 0,40

Material

One valve

Remarks

A species characterized by large deep fossae and a strongly compressed PM area.

Distribution

This species was recovered relict only from site TBD 3769 (223 m) on the outer shelf off

Walvis Bay. Keeler (1981) also found it on the eastern Agulhas Bank (TBD 1259: 91 m).

118 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

?Urocythereis sp. 3472

Fig. 65E

Coquimba rugosa Keeler, 1981: 106-108, pl. 5 (figs 18-20) (invalid name—unpublished MS).

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0767, RV, TBD 1690, 172 m 0,80 0,40

Material

One valve.

Remarks

A distinctive strongly reticulate species, with a large, circular, turret-like SCT, a

concave VM, and a prominent vertical ridge that divides the posterior and median areas

of the valve surface.

Distribution

This species was recovered relict from site TBD 1690 (172 m) south of False Bay.

Keeler (1981) found it on the eastern Agulhas Bank, where it has UDL and LDL of

91 m and 127 m, respectively.

?Urocythereis sp. 3567

Fig. 65F

Urocythereis sp. A Keeler, 1981: 100-101, pl. 5 (figs 8-10).

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0784, C, TBD 3769, 223 m 0,84 0,42

Material

Two valves.

Remarks

A reticulate species, similar to, but not conspecific with, that illustrated by Sylvester-

Bradley & Benson (1971).

Distribution

This species was recovered relict from site TBD 3769 (223 m) off Walvis Bay.

Keeler (1981) also found it on the eastern Agulhas Bank.

Genus Coquimba Ohmert, 1968

This genus was first reported from the Pliocene of Chile (Ohmert 1968), and has

since been recorded from the Caribbean (Van den Bold 1971), Far East (Whatley &

Watson 1988), and the South Atlantic (Brazil—Dias-Brito et al. 1988). No species of

Coquimba have previously been noted from southern Africa.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 119

Coquimba birchi sp. nov.

Fig. 67A—E

Derivation of name

This species is named for Dr G. F. Birch (University of Sydney), a colleague on

many geological cruises off southern Africa, and for his contribution to knowledge of

sediments of the west-coast continental shelf.

Holotype

length height

MF-0660, LV, TBD 270, 131 m Of55 0,34

Paratypes

length height

MF-0661, RV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,56 0,31

MF-0662, RV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,61 0,32

MF-0663, LV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,60 0,32

Material

86 valves.

Diagnosis

A heavily calcified species of Coquimba with a deeply etched ornamentation of short

irregular riblets and nodes, which form a semi-circular pattern posterior to the SCT. A

thick ventrolateral rib runs from just below mid-height at three-quarters valve length to

the anteroventral corner.

Description

External features. Robust, heavily calcified valves. Quadrate in outline with broadly

rounded AM and PM. Posterior half of valve is somewhat inflated. VM is almost straight,

with a slight concavity at one-third length. DM straight but hidden behind DM rib.

Ornamentation consists of short, irregular ribs and nodes with a flat outer surface, the

overall appearance being of deeply etched features. Posterior to a low sub-central feature,

the ribs form a coarse, semi-circular reticulation. Prominent linear features are: a thick

rim parallel to and set back slightly from the AM that commences at a prominent, low

eye spot; an anteroventrally inclined longitudinal rib that runs in the ventrolateral region

from about three-quarters valve length to just behind the AM rim; and an irregular,

varicose DM rib that is deflected ventrally at the PCA. Valve surface immediately poste-

rior to AM rim is strongly depressed.

Internal features. MA relatively narrow. There is a prominent flange groove around

the RV. Hinge is amphidont. No unequivocal view of the MS was obtained, but they

appear to consist of a large V-shaped anterior scar, four adductors—the second being

elongate, and with two further scars lying dorsal to the main group.

Remarks

Coquimba birchi sp. nov. bears a strong resemblance to C. labyrinthica Ohmert,

1968, from the Upper Pliocene of Chile, particularly in their similarly curious, irregular

120 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

i@kyY x2e8 iserm Se3s329

Fig. 67. A-E. Coquimba birchi sp. nov., TBD 270, 131m. A.MF-—0660, holotype, LV, SEM 2978.

B. MF-0661, RV, SEM 2980. C—D.MF-—0662, paratype, RV. C-. Internal view, SEM 2981. D. MS,

SEM 2983. E.MF-—0663, paratype, LV, internal view, SEM 2975. F. Caudites sp. 3329, MF-0717, C,

TBD 2224, 58 m, right view, SEM 3329. Scales: all 100 p.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 121

ornamentation. They differ principally in PM outline (C. birchi is rounder), the lack of

an inclined ventrolateral mb in C. labyrinthica, and in the MS pattern, which, in the

Chilean species, lacks the well-developed V-shape anterior scar of C. birchi. Dias-Brito

et al. (1988, pl. 2 (fig. 23)) recorded a Recent species as Coquimba cf. C. labyrinthica

from a bay near Rio de Janeiro; their illustration depicts a specimen somewhat more

elongate and with a less tortuous rib pattern than Ohmert’s types, although the PM outline

is more like the Chilean species than my material.

Distribution

Coquimba birchi was encountered only off the south-western Cape (Fig. 68), where

it is relatively abundant (2,2% of the fauna in the samples in which it occurs).

18/52 19° 19,5°E

Fig. 68. Distribution of Coqguimba birchi sp. nov. on the continental

shelf off south-western Africa.

122 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Modern valves were recovered only from site TBD 346 (133 m) south-west of Cape

Agulhas.

Relict specimens all lie farther west and the UDL and LDL are 80 m and 140 m,

respectively.

Genus Caudites Coryell & Fields, 1937

Caudites sp. 3329

Fig. 67F

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0717, C, TBD 2224, 58 m 0,59 0,29

Material

Two valves.

Remarks

Caudites sp. 3329 is very similar externally to C. africana Omatsola, 1972, from the

nearshore shelf (20 m) off Lagos Lagoon. The main difference between the two species

is the presence, in Caudites sp. 3329, of a fine rib parallel to the AM.

Distribution

This species was recovered only at site TBD 2224 (58 m) off Saldanha Bay.

Genus Basslerites Howe, 1937 (in Coryell & Fields, 1937)

Subgenus Loculiconcha Omatsola, 1970

?Basslerites (Loculiconcha) sp. 3444

Fig. 69A

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0756, C, TBD 6846, 95 m 0,47 0,24

Material

Two valves.

Remarks

This species is tentatively placed in B. (Loculiconcha) on overall shape, smooth

omamentation, and the distinctly punctate/loculate posterior area. It is sumilar to B. (L.) punc-

tatus Omatsola, 1972, from the western Niger Delta (depth range 20-30 m). ?Basslerites

(L.) sp. 3444 is the only record of the genus from southern Africa.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 123

is@Oum ees4

ieku x1ee _ 18@4m 8635764

iexu x2ee

1@kY x1iS@ 198m @Ee3266

Fig. 69. A. ?Basslerites (Loculiconcha) sp. 3444, MF-0756, C, TBD 6846, 95 m, left view, SEM 3444.

B-E. Buntonia rosenfeldi Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990. B-—C. MF—-0664, RV, TBD 3109, 900 m.

B. SEM 3264. C. Detail of posterior area, SEM 3268. D—-E. MF—0665, LV, TBD 3462, 430 m,

juvenile. D. Detail of posterior area, SEM 3267. E.SEM 3266. F. Buntonia namaquaensis sp. nov.,

MF0666, holotype, LV, TBD 2446, 310 m, SEM 2843. Scales: A-C, E-F = 100 py, D = 50 un.

124 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Distribution

This species was recovered only from site TBD 6846 (95 m) off the western Cape

Peninsula.

Family Buntoniidae Apostolescu, 1961

Genus Buntonia Howe, 1935 (in Howe & Chambers, 1935)

Buntonia s.\. is a diverse genus in the Tertiary of West Africa, where Reyment (1960,

1963) and Apostolescu (1961) recorded twelve species in Eocene—Palaeocene strata,

and Van den Bold (1966) described three species from Mio—Pliocene strata of Gabon.

Rosenfeld & Bein (1978) did not note the genus on the continental shelf off north-western

Africa, but recorded two species in deeper water: B. pyriformis (Brady, 1880: 400-830 m),

and B. rosenfeldi Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1989 (as B. sulcifera? (Brady): 2 093-2 859 m).

There is no analogous temporal distribution in southern Africa, with a poor fossil

record contrasting with a relatively diverse and moderately abundant Quaternary pres-

ence. The total record for pre-Neogene time currently amounts to one carapace (Bun-

tonia? sp.) from Upper Cretaceous strata of south-east Africa (Dingle 1981), and one

broken carapace from the Upper Eocene of offshore Natal (Dingle 1976). Mio—Pliocene

faunas are undescribed.

Seven species of Buntonia occur in Quaternary sediments on the continental margin

off south-western Africa. The northward extent of these modern populations is unknown

because, although neither Hartmann (1974) nor Babinot & Kouyoumontzakis (1986)

recorded the genus from Angola and the Congo estuary, respectively, it is possible that

their surveys were too shallow to have encountered the taxa. Peypouquet & Benson

(1980) found the genus in deep water off Angola but again did not sample the continental

shelf. Buntonia does not, apparently, extend far eastward on to the Agulhas Bank, because

Keeler (1981) did not record it along a traverse at 23°E.

Although all six of the extant species of Buntonia occur on the inner shelf off

south-western Africa, only two extend beyond the shelf break on to the continental slope,

and the sole representative in deep water is B. rosenfeldi, which is the species that occurs

in similar depths off north-western Africa. No modern specimens of B. deweti were

recovered.

Buntonia rosenfeldi Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990

Fig. 69B-E

Buntonia sulcifera? (Brady, 1887) Rosenfeld & Bein, 1978: 18, pl. 1 (fig. 21).

Buntonia sp. 1 Boomer, 1985: 34-35, pl. 2 (figs 27-28).

Buntonia sp. 2 Boomer, 1985: 35-36, pl. 2 (figs 33-34).

Buntonia rosenfeldi Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990: 289-293, figs 23E-F, 27A—D.

Illustrated material

length height

MF-—0664, RV, TBD 3109, 900 m 0,99 0,58

MEF-—0665, LV, TBD 3462, 430 m 0,73 0,47

50 +

per cent

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA

20° 4

15° 20°E

Qo 4

| WALVIS BAY

o \

=a \ SW CAPE

a | — irs

as poe

QO aval

Fig. 70. Distribution of Buntonia rosenfeldi Dingle, Lord & Boomer, 1990. A. On

the continental shelf off south-western Africa. Modern sites shown as black squares.

B. Abundance as percentage of ostracod fauna plotted against water depth (five-

point running mean). Maximum values lie c. 1 500 m in the vicinity of the Antarctic

Intermediate Water—North Atlantic Deep Water boundary (see Dingle et al. 1990).

Depth

125.

126 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Material

47 valves (<950 m).

Distribution

Buntonia rosenfeldi occurs on the continental shelf between 21° and 36°S, in two

areas separated by a barren zone north-west of Lideritz (Fig. 70A), and has an UDL of

186 m and a LDL of 2 619 m (the latter is from an unpublished site not included in the

present survey: TBD 7180). It is the only species of the genus that has a deep-water

presence.

Modern populations have a relatively wide distribution between Lideritz and the

Cape Peninsula, in water depths that range from outermost shelf to upper slope (430—

1 610 m). A further site lies north of 27°S.

Relict populations occur from the middle shelf to the middle continental slope in a

depth range 186 m to 2 619 m. The cross-margin abundance of B. rosenfeldi rises steadily

to the vicinity of 900 m, below which it fluctuates, before becoming a major component

of the fauna at about 1 500 m. Below this depth it rapidly becomes less abundant, with

my deepest record at 2 619 m.

Buntonia namaquaensis sp. nov.

Figs 69F, 71A—D

Derivation of name

The main population centre lies off the Namaqualand coast.

Holotype

length height

MF—0666, LV, TBD 2446, 310 m 0,94 0,64

Paratypes

length height

MF-0667, RV, TBD 2446, 310 m 1,00 0,60

MF—0668, LV, TBD 2879, 530 m 1,00 0,68

Material

37 valves.

Diagnosis

Reticulate species of Buntonia with strong ribbing sub-parallel to the AM and VM,

and a small, flat, ovate sub-central feature.

Description

External features. Typical buntonid outline, with strongly inflated AM and upturned

PM outlines in LV, and a quasi-triangular shaped RV. In both valves, the highest point

lies just anterior of the sub-central feature. Surface ornamentation consists of two strong

ribs sub-parallel to the AM and four short, straight ribs parallel to the VM; the ventral-

most two are continuous with the anterior ribs. Overall, the lateral surface is coarsely

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 127

Fig. 71. A-—D. Buntonia namaquaensis sp. nov., paratypes. A-—B. MF—0667, RV, TBD 2446,

310m. A. SEM 2846. B. Detail of ornamentation in central area, SEM 2847. C—D. MF-0668, LV,

TBD 2879, 530m. C. Internal view, SEM 2848. D.MS, SEM 2850. E-F. Buntonia rogersi sp. nov.

E. MF—-0669, holotype, LV, TBD 270, 131 m, SEM 2816. F. MF—0670, paratype, RV, TBD 3523, 295 m,

SEM 2825. Scale: all 100 wu.

20°

128 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

reticulate, with rather elongated fossae. Sub-centrally there is a small, ovate flat area over

the MS from which short ribs radiate in the central valve area.

Internal features. The hinge is characterized by a particularly straight, narrow,

smooth ME bar in LV. MS consist of an elliptical cluster of four adductors and a ‘fish

hook’-shaped anterior scar.

Remarks

The closest relative to B. namaquaensis sp. nov. is the Miocene species B. radia-

topora (Seguenza, 1880), which has been recorded from the Mediterranean (e.g. Cola-

longo 1966), and Gabon (Van den Bold 1966, pl. 1 (fig. 3)). The two species can be

distinguished by the ornamentation in the posterior half: in B. radiatopora ribs parallel to

the VM and DM converge posteriorly, whereas in B. namaquaensis the median and

posterodorsal part of the valve is reticulate. In this respect, B. radiatopora is very similar

to B. sulcifera (Brady), but both B. radiatopora and B. sulcifera lack the flat, ovate

sub-central feature on the exterior surface of B. namaquaensis.

Distribution

Buntonia namaquaensis sp. nov. occurs in a relatively narrow zone along the mid-

to outer shelf between 20°S and 35°S (Fig. 72A).

Modern specimens were collected only at site TBD 2446 (310 m) on the

Namaqualand shelf.

30°

45° 20°E 152 20°E

4 4 ' . ' . 2] 1 | | | | l it |

7 aah

| Abe

Nb aiess <

4 \ 7 \

| \ \

4 x \ 20° 4 ONG

| \ | a

\ a] \

| N =I \

\ \

4 x » WALVIS BAY - ++ # WALVIS BAY

| x § ++ {

] ) | —

1 \ Noo a

: +

=| } =

| ‘ |

| ) a

7 \

| ¢ | ?

1 4 te

7 “\. ORANGE R. |

+ 30° 5 NAMAQUALAND

| 3 Ss :

| *« 4

) : A

| a \ ail |

}

| t | <

\, SW CAPE ‘. C. AGULHAS

tf ral }

4 e eo - x oo

t ant ————o Ms 4k, ————

+ art N = a

A B

Fig. 72. Distribution of Buntonia on the continental margin off south-western Africa. A. B. nama-

quaensis sp. noy. (modem site = black square). B. B. rogersi sp. nov. (modem sites enclosed by dashed line).

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 129

Relict populations in the south have UDL and LDL of 218 m and 530 m, respect-

ively, whereas north of 28°S, with the exception of the northernmost site (150 m), the

UDL is >400 m, and the LDL is 590 m.

Buntonia rogersi sp. nov.

Figs 71E—-F, 73A-F, 74A

Derivation of name

This species is named for Dr J. Rogers (University of Cape Town), a colleague on

many marine geological cruises off southern Africa, and for his contribution to knowl-

edge of sediments on the Orange Shelf.

Holotype

length height

ME-0669, LV, TBD 270, 131 m 0,54 0,35

Paratypes

length height

MF-0670, RV, TBD 3523, 295 m 0,57 0,38

MF-0671, LV, TBD 3523, 295 m 0,52 0,36

MF-0672, RV, TBD 3587, 140 m 0,51 0,32

Material

47 valves.

Diagnosis

Inflated ovate species of Buntonia with a small, prominent, blunt spine on the

exterior surface near the central PM. There is an elongate extension of the DM surface

over the PTE in the RV.

Description

External features. Inflated, elliptical valve outline, with a more quadrate aspect in

the LV. AM broadly rounded, PM somewhat truncated in LV, narrowly rounded in LV.

VM straight in LV, slightly convex in RV. The DM varies considerably: in LV it is fairly

straight, with a slight, typically buntonid inflexion posterodorsally; in RV the DM is

convex, with a slight concavity anterodorsally that results from a cutaway of the DM

above the ATE of the hinge. Lateral surface ornamentation consists of weak ribbing

sub-parallel to the AM and PM, with areas of weak, small-scale reticulation over the

valve surface. There is a small, blunt spine near the PM just above the line of greatest

length.

Internal features. AM area moderately wide. Hinge is modified merodont. In LV the

PTE consists of a large, elongate smooth socket, the ME is a crenulate bar, and the ATE

is a an elongate socket that has small denticles on its posterior portion and terminates

anteriorly in a smooth conical depression. The ATE lies beneath a hood-like extension of

the DM. This complex ATE structure produces a convex feature in the LV seen in

internal lateral view, but in RV it results in a cut-away outline that isolates the conical

130 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 73. A-F. Buntonia rogersi sp. nov., paratypes. A—D. MF—0671, LV, TBD 3523, 295m. A. Inter-

nal view, SEM 2827. B.MS, SEM 2829. C. PTE, SEM 2830. D. ATE, SEM 2831. E-F. MF-0672,

’, TBD 3587, 140m. _ E. Internal view, SEM 2821. F. ATE, SEM 2823. Scales: all 100 pu.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 131

ATE tooth above the DM. The MS consist of four rounded adductors and a V- or ‘fish

hook’-shaped anterior scar. There is prominent fulchral point dorsal to the adductors.

Remarks

Buntonia rogersi sp. nov. is similar in outline and ornamentation to B. subulata

subulata Ruggieri, 1954, from the Miocene of Italy. The two species have a similar ATE

hinge structure, but can be distinguished by the more elongate valve outline and less

convex VM of B. s. subulata. In addition, apart from the single stubby PM spine, B. rogersi

has no spinose ornamentation in the posterior part of its valves, whereas Ruggieri (1954)

illustrates numerous small spines on the types B. s. subulata.

Distribution

Buntonia rogersi occurs at isolated sites along margin between 20°S and 35°S

(Fig. 72B).

Modern specimens were recovered between the Cape Peninsula and Cape Agulhas,

where the UDL and LDL are 95 m and 140 m, respectively.

Relict populations extend from south of False Bay to Walvis Bay, and have UDL

and LDL of 150 m and 590 m, respectively.

Within the overall ostracod population, B. rogersi is most abundant in the depth

range 300-400 m (outer shelf).

Buntonia bremneri sp. nov.

Fig. 74B—F

Derivation of name

This species is named for Dr J. M. Bremner (Geological Survey of South Africa),

for his contributions to our understanding of the relationships between oceanic upwelling

and sedimentation on the south-west African margin.

Holotype

length height

MF-0673, RV, TBD 6825, 160 m 0,52 0,36

Paratypes

length height

MF-0674, LV, TBD 1690, 172 m 0,50 0,38

MF-0675, LV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,50 0,38

MF-0676, RV, TBD 1690, 172 m 0,50 0,32

Material

79 valves (<950 m).

Diagnosis

A species of Buntonia with a prominent ocular sinus and delicate reticulation in the

anterior and posterior areas.

12} ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 74. A. Buntonia rogersi sp. nov., MF—0672, paratype, RV, TBD 3587, 140m, SEM 2824.

B-F. Buntonia bremneri sp. nov. B-—C. MF—0673, holotype, RV, TBD 6825, 160m. B.SEM 2803.

C. Detail of ornamentation in central area, SEM 2805. D.MF-—0674, paratype, LV, TBD 1690, 172 m,

SEM 2806. E.MEF-—0675, paratype, LV, TBD 6823, 120 m, internal view, SEM 2812. F. MF—0676,

paratype, RV, TBD 1690, 172 m, internal view, SEM 2809. Scales: A-B, D-F = 100 p, C = 10 p.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 133

Description

External features. Ovate, inflated valves with broadly rounded AM and narrow PM.

In the RV, the PM is rounded but in LV it is quadrate and dorsally upturned. Both valves

have a convex DM in the vicinity of a prominent ocular sinus. The central valve area is

ornamented with three subdued and irregular, short, longitudinal ribs with poorly defined

intercostal reticulation. The broad, depressed anterior and the narrow posterior areas have

fine, delicate reticulation.

Internal features. Typical for the genus: wide AM areas and a short holamphidont

hinge with denticulate ME.

Remarks

The closest relative of Buntonia bremneri is B. sublatissima dertonensis Ruggieri,

1954, from the Miocene of Italy, and subsequently recorded from the Lower Miocene of

Gabon (Van den Bold 1966). Buntonia bremneri differs in possessing a prominent ocular

sinus, in having more prominent longitudinal ribs and intercostal reticulation, and a more

convex DM.

The new species is similar to Buntonia sp. Dingle, 1976, from the Eocene of the Jc—1

borehole, offshore Natal, but the latter has a more drawn out posterior outline and is less

inflated in the central part of the valve.

15° 20°E 15° 20°F

ih Ae

}

| 4

> | KUNENE R.

ail \

| NS

cos \

|) Coane

4 s 5 WALVIS BAY |

4 } 4

I \ 4

| y | \

| By \ \,

4 ae “oR ANGE R. 7 ee ‘ ORANGE R.

7 > ‘ 1| Yama ‘

| Ee > \ \ res oN \

30° - > x \ 30°74 Nee, \ x

Ss \ \ 9° NSE

a - SS \

nee | B. gibbera Bos ae \

1 > \ swcaPe | .

\ _-\ SW CAPE

x a — 4 a ee,

1 ae Cee Se B. deweti — \'N_L Page

a eA Pes

A B

Fig. 75. Distribution of Buntonia on the continental margin off south-western Africa. A. B. bremneri

sp. nov. (modern site shown by black triangle). B.B. gibbera (diamonds, modern site in black), and

B. deweti (crosses).

134 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Distribution

This is the most northerly occurring of the six Buntonia species off the west coast

(17,5°S to 34,8°S) (Fig. 75A) and, with the exception of B. rosenfeldi, has the greatest

depth range (120—1 050 m).

Only one modern valve was recovered during the survey from TBD 6825 (160 m)

off the Cape Peninsula.

Relict populations occur in two areas. Between the Kunene River and south of

Walvis Bay they have UDL and LDL of 725 m and 1 003 m, respectively, whereas

between Lideritz and south of False Bay UDL and LDL are 120 m and LDL 1 050 m,

respectively.

Buntonia gibbera sp. nov.

Fig. 76A—E

Derivation of name

Gibbus—Latin, hunched; reference to its hunched shape.

Holotype

length height

MF-0677, LV, TBD 2361, 241 m 0,55 0,38

Paratypes

length height

MF-0678, RV, TBD 2361, 241 m 0,52 0,34

MF-0679, LV, TBD 2884, 252 m 0,52 0,36

MF-—0680, RV, TBD 2361, 241 m Osi 0,30

Material

39 valves.

Diagnosis

A squat species of Buntonia with a quasi-alate VM overhang, and a truncated PM

outline.

Description

External features. Rather an ungainly shape that is dominated by the inflated pos-

teroventral part of the valve. The lateral surface rises steadily from the anterior area and

the DM, producing an quasi-alate overhang along the VM. This is particularly pro-

nounced in the RV. The AM is asymmetrically rounded, more so in the RV; the PM is

quadrate and in the RV truncated. In both valves, the DM is slightly convex. The valve

surface is smooth, except for three ill-defined ridges that run sub-parallel to the AM and

several small depressions along the dorsal surface.

Internal features. In LV the hinge consists of a smooth quadrate PTE socket that lies

at the extreme posterodorsal corner and projects above the DM. The ME is a short

crenulate bar deflected at its anterior end, where it underlies a projection of the DM. ATE

is a rounded socket set in an elongate depression. RV structures are conjugate but the ME

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 185

18kYV K1iS5@ 10BKm Se3s4a9

Fig. 76. A-—E. Buntonia gibbera sp. nov. A. MF-0677, holotype, LV, TBD 2361, 241 m, SEM 2839.

B. MF-0678, paratype, RV, TBD 2361, 241 m, SEM 2842. C—D. MF-0679, paratype, LV, TBD 2884,

252m. C. Internal view, SEM 2832. D.MS, SEM 2834. E.MF-—0680, paratype, RV, TBD 2361,

241 m, internal view, SEM 2835. F. Buntonia deweti sp. nov., MF—0759, holotype, RV, TBD 6823,

120 m, 3449. Scales: all 100 u.

136 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

lies under an overhang of the DM, which fits above the RV ME. Anterior MA are

moderately wide, and the MS consist of four rounded/ovate adductors and a fish-hook

anterior scar.

Remarks

The closest relative of Buntonia gibbera is Buntonia subulata rectangularis Ruggieri,

1954, from the lower Calabrian (early Pleistocene) of Italy. The interior LV of the two

species is very similar, although externally B. gibbera is more inflated and has a different

ventral outline.

Distribution

Buntonia gibbera occurs only on the Orange Shelf between 28,4°S and 31,3°S

(Fig. 75B).

Two modern valves were recovered from site TBD 2361 (241 m) at the southern

limit of the species’ distribution.

Relict populations occur on the middle shelf in a narrow depth range of 170-272 m.

Buntonia deweti sp. nov.

Figs 76F, 77A—F, 78A—C

Derivation of name

This species is named for Professor J. S. de Wet, former Dean of the Faculty of

Science at the University of Cape Town, for his enthusiastic support of marine research

off southern Africa.

Holotype

length height

MF-0759, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,80 0,40

Paratypes

length height

MF-0760, LV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,70 0,40

MF-0761, RV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,75 0,40

MF-0762, LV, TBD 6823, 120 m 0,72 0,40

Material

Eight valves.

Diagnosis

Elongate, quadrate species of Buntonia with smooth valve surface, except at posterior

and anterior ends, where it is reticulate and finely punctate.

Description

External features. Elongate, quadrate valve outline. AM and PM broadly rounded,

the latter somewhat truncated, more prominently in RV. DM slightly convex, VM straight

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 137

19kU z ees4s1

Bes455

Fig. 77. A-—F. Buntonia deweti sp. nov., paratypes, TBD 6823, 120m. A-—B.MF-0760, LV.

A. SEM 3451. B. Detail of posteroventral area, SEM 3453. C—F. MF-0761, RV. C. Internal view,

SEM 3455. D.MS, SEM 3458. E. ATE, SEM 3456. F. PTE, 3457. Scales: A, C = 100 p, B, E-F= 50 un,

D=10u.

138 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

in LV, slightly concave in RV. Valve surface smooth except at posterior and anterior ends

where there are low ribs parallel to the margins and weak reticulation. Intercostal areas

are finely punctate.

Internal features. AM area moderately wide, PM area narrow. RV hinge: elongate

ATE consists of a narrow double tooth, PTE is a narrow denticulate elevation. The LV

ME forms a long crenulate narrow bar with denticulation at the posterior end and three

small denticles at the anterior end. The LV ATE is a long wide, anteriorly opening socket.

MS consist of a hook-shaped anterior scar, which has a rounded ventral extension, and

four closely spaced adductors, the centre two of which are elongate, and the dorsal and

ventral ones are rounded. There is a prominent, triangular fulchral point.

Remarks

Buntonia deweti has many similarities to B. gibbera sp. nov. in overall shape, but

the former is more elongate and has a different ventral outline. Buntonia subulata rect-

angularis Ruggieri, 1954 (early Pleistocene of Italy), is also less elongate than B. deweti,

but has similar posterior ornamentation and hinge structure. These two species differ

primarily in DM outlines.

Distribution

This has the most restricted distribution of all the Buntonia species off south-western

Africa and was recorded at only three localities to the south and west of the Cape

Peninsula (Fig. 75B). Only relict specimens were recovered, having UDL and LDL of

120 m and 140 m, respectively.

Buntonia sp. 3486

Fig. 78D

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0773, RV, TBD 3524, 475 m ? 0,40

Material

One broken valve.

Remarks

A new species with fine-scale, star-shaped reticulation in the fossae of the primary

reticulation. There is a small, narrow, V-shaped median sulcus. The most closely related

local species is Buntonia bremneri sp. nov. The two species differ in details of ormamen-

tation, curvature of the AM outline, and morphology of the anterodorsal area.

Distribution

This species was recovered, as a broken, modern valve, at site TBD 3524 (475 m),

on the outer shelf west of Walvis Bay. It occurs well inshore of B. bremneri in this region

(725—1 003 m).

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 139

16@kVU x1is5e 1868rKm Bes459

Fig. 78. A-—C. Buntonia deweti sp. nov., MF—0762, paratype, LV, TBD 6823, 120m. A. Internal view,

SEM 3459. B. PTE, SEM 3462. C. ATE, SEM 3461. D. Buntonia sp. 3486, MF-0773, RV,

TBD 3524, 475m, SEM 3486. E-F. Munseyella eggerti sp. nov., TBD 2840, 205m. E. MF—0681,

holotype, C, left view, SEM 2763. F.MF—0682, paratype, C, right view, SEM 2766. Scales: A, D,

E-F = 100 p, B-C = 50 pn.

140 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

RELICT MODERN

WALVIS BAY

ORANGE R.

——r © gibbera

+ —- + V Nnamaquaensis

g bremneri

rosenteldi

rogersi

Fig. 79. Combined distributions of various species of Buntonia on the continental

margin off south-western Africa. Shaded area off the south-western Cape is the area

occupied by B. deweti.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 141

Distribution of the genus Buntonia off south-western Africa

Figures 79 and 80 summarize the distribution of Buntonia, as well as its constituent

species.

With the exception of B. rosenfeldi, modern populations of all species are restricted

to areas south of 31°S (southern Namaqualand). Only B. rosenfeldi and B. rogersi occur

relatively extensively.

In contrast, relict populations are more widely distributed, but a one degree sector

north-west of Lideritz is barren of the genus. Diversity is greatest in the area south of

Lideritz, to which Buntonia gibbera and B. deweti are restricted, and only one species,

B. bremneri, occurs north of the Walvis Ridge abutment shelf.

The genus reaches its greatest abundance in deep water (c. 1 500 m), but at this

depth only one species is present (B. rosenfeldi) (Fig. 80). At shallower depths, Buntonia

is a relatively important component of the fauna at various levels on the continental shelf

and upper slope above 650 m (e.g. c. 300 m, 450 m, 550 m). Below 650 m only two

species of the genus occur (B. bremneri and B. rosenfeldi) and there is a progressive

increase in abundance to about | 000 m, at which depth B. bremneri reaches its LDL.

On the continental shelf, where six species are present, B. rogersi, B. bremneri and,

G =

Fig. 80. Depth ranges (bars) of various species of Buntonia that occur in water depths < 950 m.

Graph shows the percentage of the total ostracod fauna for the combined species of Buntonia.

A = B. rogersi, B = B. deweti, C = B. bremneri, D = B. gibbera, E= B. rosenfeldi, F = B. namaquaensis,

G = Buntonia sp. 3486.

142 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

to a lesser extent, B. namaquaensis are the most abundant taxa, with the former having

the shallowest UDL.

Family Pectocytheridae Hanai, 1957

Genus Munseyella van den Bold, 1957

This genus occurs widely in North America, the Far East, and Australasia. From the

southern South Atlantic records are more sparse but five species have been noted from

Upper Cretaceous to Pleistocene sediments of South America. By contrast, only one

possible species has previously been noted from southern Africa, with none reported in

the inventories of the Cretaceous and Tertiary of western Africa.

Munseyella eggerti sp. nov. :

Figs 78E—-F, 81A—D

Occultocythereis sp. 1 Boomer, 1985: 30—31, pl. 2 (fig. 32).

Derivation of name

This species is named for Captain Walter Eggert, master of the University of Cape

Town research vessel, ‘Thomas B. Davie’, during most of the west-coast sediment sam-

pling cruises.

Holotype

length height

MF-0681, C, TBD 2840, 205 m 0,58 0,35

Paratypes

length height width

MF-—0682, C, TBD 2840, 205 m 0,58 0,35

MF-0683, LV, TBD 2472, 201 m 0,60 0,33

ME—0684, RV, TBD 2840, 205 m 0,54 0,31

MF-—0685, C, TBD 2840, 205 m 0,58 0,25

Material

32 valves.

Diagnosis

A species of Munseyella with prominent PM spines and a massive posterodorsal

process.

Description

External features. Small, squat valves, with a latitudinally compressed carapace. AM

broadly and asymmetrically rounded, PM somewhat angular and truncated. DM and VM

almost straight, converging slightly posteriorly. Broad, flattened AM and PM rims are

continuous via a slender connecting rib along the VM. Immediately posterior to the AM

and PM rims, the valve surface is strongly compressed. PM bears five stout spines. DM

has a thick, flattened nodose rim widening to a massive flattened posterodorsal process.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 143

180m Se3s666

Fig. 81. A—D. Munseyella eggerti sp. nov., paratypes. A. MF—-0683, LV, TBD 2472, 201 m, internal

view, SEM 2774. B-C. MF-0684, RV. B. Internal view, SEM 2768. C.MS, SEM 2770. D.MF-

0685, C, TBD 2840, 205 m, dorsal view, SEM 2772. E-F. Xestoleberis capensis Miiller, 1908, MF-

0795, LV, TBD 6824, 90m. E. SEM 3606. F. Detail of anteroventral area, SEM 3607. Scales: A—B,

D-E = 100 u, C, F= 10 nu.

144 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

It is connected by a thick, vertical ridge that curves anteriorly at its ventral end, at which

point the valve surface is inflated, and thence runs to about one-third valve length parallel

to the VM. There is an ill-defined swelling in the region of the sub-central process.

Overall, the valve surface is coarsely reticulate, with a secondary micro-punctation..

Internal features. Anterior and posterior MA relatively wide. Hinge amphidont. In

RV the TE are large, with the PTE sub-divided. ME is relatively narrow, with prominent

peg-like teeth at both ends (the ‘pentodont’ hinge illustrated in Van Morkhoven (1963:

116)). MS consist of a large V-shaped anterior scar and four relatively smaller adductors.

Remarks

Munseyella eggerti is typical of the genus in general outline and hinge structure but

no other species appears to be especially close to it. The species recorded by Dingle

(1976) as Gen. indet. 5 sp. 1 (middle Eocene, Jc—1 borehole offshore Natal) is similar,

but lacks the coarseness in ribbing and deep indentation on the posterior side of the AM

rim.

Distribution

This species occurs only on the Orange Shelf between latitudes 28,4°S and 30,9°S

(Fig. 82). Four further specimens have been found slightly farther north (27,9°S) in a

reworked Tertiary assemblage (TBD 3004).

Modern valves occur only at site (TBD 2840: 205 m), whereas the relict population

lies along the outer part of the Orange Shelf in a narrow depth range between 186 m and

252 m.

Family Xestoleberidae Sars, 1928

Genus Xestoleberis Sars, 1928

Xestoleberis capensis Miller, 1908

Fig. 81E-F

Xestoleberis capensis Miller, 1908: 127-128; 1912: 300. Stebbing, 1910: 505. Benson & Maddocks,

1964: 26-27, pl. 2 (fig. 12), text-fig. 15.

Xestoleberis ramosa Muller. Hartman, 1974 (part.—Knysna specimens only).

Illustrated material

length height

ME-0795, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m O55 0,32

Material

22 valves.

Remarks

Hartmann (1974) considered Benson & Maddocks’s (1964) identification of this

species to be in error, and the material they recorded from Leisure Island in Knysna

Lagoon to be X. ramosa Miiller, 1908. However, the reasons advanced by Benson &

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 145

15° 20°E

20°

30°

Fig. 82. Distribution of Munseyella eggerti sp. nov. on the continental

margin off south-western Africa. Black diamond = modern occurrence.

Maddocks (1964) appear sound, and my specimens are conspecific with material in the

South African Museum collections from their study.

The relative straightness of the VM (compared to the sinuous outline of X. ramosa),

as well as the more elongate outline of the valve in lateral view and the more acutely

rounded AM, are well displayed by my specimens.

Distribution

Miller (1908) recovered X. capensis from False Bay (Simonstown Harbour), and

Benson & Maddocks (1964) recorded the species from Knysna Lagoon. In the present

study, this species was recorded at two sites west of the Cape Peninsula.

A modern valve was recovered at TBD 6821 (15 m) in Hout Bay, whereas relict

specimens occur at both TBD 6821 and 6824 (90 m).

146 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Xestoleberis ramosa Miller, 1908

Fig. 83A

Xestoleberis ramosa Miiller, 1908: 128-130, text-figs 1-8. Klie, 1940: 428-429. Hartmann, 1974: 324

(part.—non Knysna specimens).

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0794, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,54 0,33

Material

Three valves.

Remarks

Following the original descriptions of Miller (1908), X. ramosa and X. capensis

Miller are distinguished by the former’s more angular DM and PM, and less elongate

AM outline.

Distribution

Previous accounts (Miller 1908; Klie 1940) record X. ramosa from coastal sites at

Liideritz and False Bay (Simonstown Harbour). I encountered this species at site TBD 6821

(15 m) in Hout Bay, where three modern valves were recovered. These records suggest

that XY. ramosa is exclusively an inshore taxon.

Xestoleberis sp. 3398

Fig. 83B

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0729, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m 0.44 O23

Material

Thirteen valves.

Remarks

This small elliptical species is probably new.

Distribution

All the specimens available are probably modern. This species has been recovered

from three localities around the Cape Peninsula, where its depth range is 40-90 m.

Xestoleberis sp. 3524

Fig. 83C

Illustrated material

length height

MF—0743, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,54 0,31

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 147

186rm ee 3s6e4

180%m ee3s524

1S@kYy x28¢68 18Grm Se33e8

Fig. 83. A. Xestoleberis ramosa Miller, 1908, MF—-0794, LV, TBD 6821, 15m, SEM 3604.

B. Xestoleberis sp. 3398, MF—0729, LV, TBD 5254, 40 m, internal view, SEM 3398. C. Xestoleberis

sp. 3524, MF-0743, RV, TBD 6824, 90 m, SEM 3524. D-F. Indeterminate species. D. Indet. sp. 3306,

MF-0708, RV, TBD 4656, 15 m, SEM 3306. E. Indet. sp. 3308, MF—0709, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m,

SEM 3308. F. Indet. sp. 3343, MF—0742, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m, SEM 3343. Scales: all 100 py.

148 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Material

One valve.

Remarks

A single modern valve of a species of similar outline to X. ferax Klie, 1940. The

hinge of Xestoleberis sp. 3524 is relatively weak, and the ‘Xestoleberis’ spot was not

clearly seen.

Distribution

This species was recovered from site TBD 6824 (90 m) west of the Cape Peninsula.

Xestoleberis ferax was found at coastal sites at Luderitz and Kommetjie (Cape Peninsula)

by Klie (1940) and Hartmann (1964).

Indeterminate species

Indet. sp. 3306

Fig. 83D

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0708, RV, TBD 4656, 15 m 0,72 0,35

Material

One valve.

Remarks

A fragile, smooth, laterally compressed species with an adont hinge and four adduc-

tor MS (anterior scars not visible).

Distribution

This species was recovered modern from site TBD 4656 (15 m) inshore in the

vicinity of the Orange River mouth. It was the only ostracod valve in the sample.

Indet. sp. 3308

Fig. 83E

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0709, LV, TBD 6821, 15 m 0,57 0,35

Material

One valve.

Remarks

A modern (?juvenile) valve of an ovate species ornamented with very fine puncta

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 149

arranged in lines separated by low, narrow ribs. The species has a hemimerodont hinge,

narrow inner lamella, and numerous prominent normal pores.

Distribution

This species was recovered from site TBD 6821 (15 m) in Hout Bay.

Indet. sp. 3343

Figs 83F, 84A

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0742, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,65 0,40

Material

One valve.

Remarks

This modern valve is of a species with a strongly convex DM. The surface is

ornamented overall with very fine punctae. There are numerous small normal pores. It

has wide AM vestibules but the nature of the MPC could not be discerned. I suspect that

this is a juvenile valve of a non-marine species that has been transported from the nearby

Cape Peninsula.

Indet. sp. 3412

Fig. 84B

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0732, RV, TBD 3320, 72 m 0,47 0,26

Material

One valve.

Remarks

Probably an immature specimen of an elongate and weakly reticulate species.

Distribution

This species was recovered relict at site TBD 3320 (72 m) from the inner

Namaqualand shelf.

Indet. sp. 3426

Fig. 84C—D

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0735, C, TBD 6836, 80 m 0,48 0,39

150 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

i eeeeemmeeetebiaementiemmentaeementl

1@kU xSee se3s429

Fig. 84. A-—F. Indeterminate species. A. Indet. sp. 3343, MF—0742, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m, SEM 3436.

B. Indet. sp. 3412, MF—0732, RV, TBD 3320, 72 m, SEM 3412. C-—D. Indet. sp. 3426, MF-—0735, C,

TBD 6836, 80m. C. SEM 3426. D. Detail of posteroventral area, SEM 3427. E. Indet. sp. 3429, MF—

0737, RV, TBD 344, 73 m, SEM 3429. F. Indet. sp. 3447, MF-0758, RV, TBD 3928, 117 m,

SEM 3447. Scales: A, E = 50 u, B-C, F = 100 un, D= 10 up.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 151

Material

Eight valves.

Remarks

All the available material is juvenile and none shows clear MS impressions. The

species is probably a trachyleberid, and has a distinctive pair of flattened spines at the

posterodorsal and posteroventral corners. There is a prominent eye and SCT, and the AM

margin is very broadly rounded.

Distribution

This species was recovered from three sites south and west of the Cape Peninsula

(depth range 73-90 m). All the specimens are modern. Unpublished data record it in

intertidal rock pools in the vicinity of Cape Town.

Indet. sp. 3429

Fig. 84E

Illustrated material

length height

MEF-0737, RV, TBD 344, 73 m 0,24 0,15

Material

One valve.

Remarks

A very small (240 u) rotund reticulate species. It is probably a juvenile.

Distribution

This species was recovered from site TBD 344 (73 m) on the inner shelf west of

Cape Agulhas.

Indet. sp. 3447

Fig. 84F

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0758, RV, TBD 3928, 117 m a 0,27

Material

One fragment.

Remarks

A modern specimen of a strongly ornamented species with a hemimerodont hinge.

Distribution

This species was recovered from site TBD 3928 (117 m) from the Walvis Ridge

Abutment shelf.

LS ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Indet. sp. 3481

Fig. 85A

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0770, RV, TBD 2860, 170 m 0,75 0,40

Material

One valve.

Remarks

A stoutly spinose species with a large, domed eye tubercle.

Distribution

This species was recovered from site TBD 2860 (170 m) on the mid-Orange Shelf.

Indet. sp. 3539

Fig. 85B

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0749, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m 0,63 0,32

Material

One valve.

Remarks

A juvenile specimen with a wide anterior inner lamella and vestibule.

Distribution

This species was recovered from site TBD 6824 (90 m) west of the Cape Peninsula.

Indet. sp. 3543

Fig. 85C

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0751, C, TBD 6847, 94 m 0,33 0,21

Material

Two valves.

Remarks

A small rotund, smooth species with a prominent posteroventral swelling and angu-

lar PM outline.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 153

* ws es t cpemammamnad : %

eases _ 180rm-. Bes5s9

eee ei

190"m e8asS576

Fig. 85. AF. Indeterminate species. A. Indet. sp. 3481, MF—0770, RV, TBD 2860, 170 m, SEM 3481.

B. Indet. sp. 3539, MF—0749, LV, TBD 6824, 90 m, SEM 3539. C. Indet. sp. 3543, MF—-0751, C,

TBD 6847, 94m, left view, SEM 3543. D. Indet. sp. 3565, MF—0783, LV, TBD 2717, 218 m, SEM 3565.

E. Indet. sp. 3574, MF-0787, RV, TBD 2719, 240 m, SEM 3574. F. Indet. sp. 3576, MF—0788, LV,

TBD 2719, 240 m, SEM 3576. Scales: A-B, D-F = 100 uy, C = 50 nu.

154 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Distribution

This species was recovered modern from site TBD 6847 (94 m) west of the Cape

Peninsula.

Indet. sp 3565

Fig. 85D

Illustrated material

length height

MEF-0783, LV, TBD 2717, 218 m 0,60 0,32

Material

Two valves.

Remarks

Probably immature specimens of a coarsely reticulate species.

Distribution

This species was recovered relict from site TBD 2717 (218 m) on the outer Orange—

Namaqualand shelf.

Indet. sp. 3574

Fig. 85E

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0787, RV, TBD 2719, 240 m 0,67 0,34

Material

One valve.

Remarks

Probably an immature specimen of a coarsely reticulate species. The posteroventral

margin is drawn out and deflected ventrally.

Distribution

This species was recovered relict from site TBD 2719 (240 m) on the outer Orange—

Namaqualand shelf.

Indet. sp. 3576

Fig. 85F

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0788, LV, TBD 2719, 240 m 0,64 0,35

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 155

Material

One valve.

Remarks

Surface ornamentation is reminiscent of Ambostracon (A.) sp. 3571.

Distribution

I suspect that this valve is reworked from older strata. The species was recorded

from site TBD 2719 (240 m) on the Orange Shelf.

Indet. sp. 3578

Fig. 86

Illustrated material

length height

MF-0789, RV, TBD 2361, 241 m 0,59 0,33

Material

One valve.

18k¥v *x2e8 S@e3s7e

Fig. 86. Indet. sp. 3578, MF-0789, RV,

TBD 2361, 241 m, SEM 3578. Scale: 100 u.

Remarks

Probably a modern juvenile of a species with strongly compressed AM areas, and a

short curved dorsolateral rib.

Distribution

This species was recovered from site TBD 2361 (241 m) on the outer Orange—

Namaqualand shelf.

156 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

SUMMARY

A total of 104 species in at least 42 genera constitute the minor ostracod taxa on the

continental margin off south-western Africa (the arbitrary definition for a minor species

was taken as <2 % of the total assemblage available). In total, these comprise 13 per cent

by abundance of the fauna studied.

Twenty-three species have an abundance of >1 per cent within the minor taxa, and

of these Bairdoppilata simplex (15,0%) and Chrysocythere craticula (12,3%) dominate

(Table 4). The most diverse genera are: Cytheropteron (10 species); Buntonia (7 species);

Semicytherura (5 species); and Urocythereis (5 species).

The distribution of the ostracod assemblages as a whole will be dealt with in Part III

of this report (Dingle in prep.), but it is opportune to present some general remarks on

the minor taxa. These are based on samples that contain at least ten valves.

TABLE 4

Minor taxa: the most abundant species.

No. of Percentage Percentage

SDEcIcs specimens minor taxa total fauna

Bairdoppilata simplex 435 15,0 1,8

Chrysocythere craticula 358 1053 IN)

Urocythereis arcana 166 oi 0,7

Krithe capensis 143 4,9 0,6

Neocaudites osseus 142 49 0,6

Poseidonamicus panopsus 119 4,1 0,5

Cytheropteron whatleyi 109 3)51/ 0,4

Macrocypris ct. M. metuenda 102 S)A5) 0,4

Australoecia fulleri 96 B),5) 0,4

Incongruellina venusta 93 3,2 0,4

Austroaurila rugosa 90 Shall 0,3

Coquimba birchi 86 2,9 0,3

Buntonia bremneri 78 Pa 0,3

Cytheropteron trinodosum 1B 2.5, O83

Parakrithella simpsoni 68 D3 0,2

Propontocypris cf. P. (P.) subreniformis 66 252 0,2

Buntonia rosenfeldi 46 1,6 0,2

Buntonia rogersi 45 eS) 0,2

Aurila kliei 43 1,5 0,1

Buntonia gibbera 39 1e3 0,1

Buntonia namaquaensis 36 1,2 Oot

Kangarina mucronata 36 12 0,1

Munseyella eggerti 35 12 0,1

Variations with water depth

The number of species present in each sample generally declines in an offshore

direction in a transect across the continental margin, but the gradient of the smoothed

curve varies considerably (Fig. 87A). The distribution is subdivided by a zone of low

values straddling 300 m water depth. Inshore of 300 m, the mean value is 10 species per

sample, but diversity declines rapidly seaward from individual highs of 20 species per

sample in water depths <200 m. Beyond the 300 m low, values rise to a peak at 500 m,

before falling gradually across the upper slope. Mean values on the outer shelf and upper

slope are six species per sample.

No. of species/sample

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA

Latitude

Fig. 87. A.Number of minor species/sample (Y-axis) plotted against water depth.

Raw data points are open triangles, smoothed curve (squares) is a five-point running

mean. Horizontal lines are mean values for samples either side of the dashed vertical

line: < 320 m, mean = 9,9; > 320 m, mean = 6,1. B. Number of minor species/sample

(Y-axis) plotted against latitude. Raw data points are open triangles, smoothed curve

(squares) is a five-point running mean. Horizontal lines are mean values for samples.

either side of the dashed vertical line: 17°—27,7°S, mean = 4,9; 27,7°—35°S, mean =

10,7. Vertical arrows indicate high incidences of latitudinal range limits at: 19,5°S

(Walvis Ridge abutment); 22,5°S (Walvis Bay); 29,5°-31,5°S (Namaqualand shelf );

and 34°S (Cape Peninsula). In both data sets, only samples with 10 or more specimens

were included.

157

158 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

The region shallower than 300 m is populated predominantly by endemic species

(75 species are confined to this zone), compared to deeper water, to which only nine are

confined. The relatively large numbers of species of the minor taxa that have their lower

depth limits between 200 m and 300 m (19 species) suggests that the boundary of the

mixed layer and the Antarctic Intermediate Water AAIW) is a major barrier to downslope

migration (see Dingle & Lord 1990). A further high value in incidence of LDL occurs

between 500 m and 600 m water depth (8 species), which is reflected in Figure 87A by

the sharp decline in the mean value of species per sample at 550-650 m, and coincides

with the upper part of the salinity minimum zone of the AATW, a further barrier to

downslope migration (see Dingle et a/. 1989).

Variations with latitude

The number of species in each sample generally increases from north to south along

the continental margin between 17°S and 35°S, but the smoothed curve has several!

gradient changes that correlate with other parameters, in particular alterations in the

number of extant species and latitudinal range limits (Fig. 87B). The latter signify

boundaries between along-shelf faunal assemblages.

A wide zone of low values for number of species per sample occurs between

approximately 25,5°S and 27,5°S (centred on Liideritz), and subdivides the whole

region—to the north the mean value is five species per sample, and to the south 11

species per sample. Peaks on the curve in the northern sector occur at 20°S (Walvis Ridge

abutment) and 23°S (Walvis Bay), and lie immediately south of concentrations of lati-

tudinal range limits (shown by arrows in Fig. 87B). These have been determined using

the total latitudinal range of each species, and the most significant concentration is the

northern range limit (NRL) of ten species on the Walvis Ridge.

Immediately south of the Liideritz species hiatus, there is a wide zone on the

Orange—Namaqualand shelf (27,5°S—31,5°S) of fluctuating and generally high values of

species numbers. This area of the shelf contains many endemic species, as well as coin-

ciding with the southern (4 species/sample) and northern (7 species/sample) latitudinal

range limits of several species.

A narrow sector of the shelf adjacent to Cape Columbine—Saldanha Bay (33°S) has

a low abundance of species per sample, but immediately to the south, off the Cape

Peninsula and the south-western Cape, values are highest for the whole margin, and also

coincide with major incidences of NRL (76 species/sample) and SRL (48 species/sample).

Clearly, this sector is a first order boundary between west-coast and south-coast faunas,

and may contain a high proportion of endemic taxa.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The samples on which this study is based were collected while the author was

Director of the Marine Geoscience Unit, University of Cape Town. All the samples were

collected from the University of Cape Town’s former research vessel ‘Thomas B. Davie’,

whose officers and men are thanked for their dedication over several years. I also express

my gratitude to scientific colleagues at sea, in particular John Rogers, Gavin Birch, Mike

Bremner and Bill Siesser. I gratefully acknowledge funding for sea-time and laboratory

expenses from the Geological Survey, South African National Committee for Oceano-

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 159

graphic Research, Foundation for Research Development, University of Cape Town, and

the South African Museum. | am grateful to Professor R. C. Whatley (University College

Wales, Aberystwyth) and Ian Boomer (University of East Anglia, Norwich) for taxo-

nomic advice. Professors M. Audley-Charles and Alan Lord kindly provided SEM facili-

ties for work undertaken at University College London during 1986 and 1988. Marilyn

Pether (S. A. Museum) is thanked for carefully printing all the SEM photographs and for

making up the plates.

Dr Henri Oertli and Professor Alan Lord are thanked for their constructive criticism

of the manuscript.

REFERENCES

AxMaAD, M., NEALE, J. W. & Smopiqui, Q. A. 1991. Tertiary Ostracoda from the Lindi area, Tanzania.

Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Geology) 46 (2): 175-207.

ALEXANDER, C. I. 1929. Ostracoda of the Cretaceous of North Texas. Bulletin. University of Texas.

Bureau of Economic Geology and Technology 2907: 1-137.

Aposto.escu, V. 1961. Contribution a l’étude paléontologique (Ostracodes) et stratigraphique des bas-

sins Cretacés et Tertiaires de l'Afrique occidentale. Revue de l'Institut frangais du Pétrole et

Annales des Combustibles liquides 16 (7-8): 779-867.

ATHERSUCH, J. 1977. The genus Urocythereis (Crustacea: Ostracoda) in Europe, with particular reference

to Recent Mediterranean species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Zoology) 32

(7): 247-283.

ATHERSUCH, J., Horne, D. J. & Wuittaker, J. E. 1983. Some species of the ostracod genus Bythocythere

Sars from British waters. Journal of Micropalaeontology 2: 71-81.

Basinot, J. F. & KouyoumontTzakis, G. 1986. Premieres données sur les ostracodes des abords de

Vestuaire du fleuve Congo. Revue de micropaléontologie 29 (1): 3-16.

Bairp, W. 1845. Arrangement of British Entomostraca, with a list of species, particularly noticing those

which have as yet been discovered within the bounds of the Club. History of the Berwickshire

Naturalists’ Club 2: 145-148.

Bairp, W. 1850. The natural history of the British Entomostraca. London: Ray Society.

Bassioun!l, M. A. A. 1962. Ostracoden aus dem Mittelmiozén in NW-Deutschland. Roemeriana 3:

1-103.

Benson, R. H. 1964. Recent cytheracean ostracodes from McMurdo Sound and the Ross Sea, Antarc-

tica. Paleontological Contributions. University of Kansas 36 (Arthropoda, Article 6): 1-36.

Benson, R. H. 1972. The Bradleya problem, with descriptions of two new psychrospheric ostracode

genera, Agrenocythere and Poseidonamicus (Ostracoda: Crustacea). Smithsonian Contributions to

Paleobiology 12: 1-138.

Benson, R. H. 1977. The Cenozoic ostracode faunas of the Sao Paulo Plateau and the Rio Grande Rise

(DSDP Leg 39, sites 356 and 357). Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 39: 869-883.

Benson, R. H. 1978. The paleoecology of the ostracodes of DSDP Leg 42A. Initial Reports of the Deep

Sea Drilling Project 42: 777-787.

Benson, R. H. & Mappocks, R. F. 1964. Recent ostracodes of Knysna Estuary, Cape Province, Union

of South Africa. Paleontological Contributions. University of Kansas 34 (Arthropoda, Article 5):

1-39.

Benson, R. H. & SyLvesTER-BRADLEY, P. C. 1971. Deep-sea ostracodes and the transformation of the

ocean in the Tethys. Bulletin du Centre des Recherche Pau-SNPA 5 (supplement): 63-91.

Bertets, A. 1969. Micropaleontologia y estratigrafia del limite Cretacico-Terciario en Huantrai-co

(Provincia de Neuquen). Ostracoda. Parte II: Paracypridinae, Cytherinae, Trachyleberidinae, Pterygo-

cythereidinae, Protocytherinae, Rocaleberidinae, Thaerocytherinae, Cytherideinae, Cytherurinae,

Bythocytherinae. Ameghiniana 6 (4): 253-290.

Bertets, A. 1973. Ostracodes of the type locality of the Lower Rocanian Stage and Roca Formation of

Argentina. Micropaleontology 19 (3): 308-340.

BertTets, A. 1975a. Ostracode ecology during the Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic in Argentina. Bul-

letin of American Paleontology 65 (282): 317-351.

Berters, A. 1975b. Upper Cretaceous (Middle Maastrichtian) ostracodes of Argentina. Micropaleon-

tology 21 (1): 97-130.

Bop, W. A. VAN DEN. 1957. Ostracoda from the Paleocene of Trinidad. Micropaleontology 3 (1): 1-18.

160 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Botp, W. A. VAN DEN. 1966. Les ostracodes du Néogene du Gabon. Revue de l'Institut francais du

Pétrole et Annales des Combustibles liquides 21 (2): 155-188.

Botp, W. A. VAN DEN. 1971. Ostracoda of the coastal group of formations of Jamaica. Transactions of

the Gulf-Coast Association of Geological Societies 21: 325-348.

Bop, W. A. VAN DEN. 1988. Neogene paleontology in the northern Dominican Republic. 7. The subclass

Ostracoda (Arthropoda: Crustacea). Bulletin of American Paleontology 94 (329): 1-105.

Bonabuce, G., Masori, M. & Pua.iese, N. 1978. Ostracoda from the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea).

Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli 40 (2): 372-428.

Bonapuce, G., Masoii, M. & PuGiizse, N. 1988. Remarks on the benthic Ostracoda on the Tunisian

shelf. Jn: Hanal, T., Ikeya, N. & Isuizakt, K. eds. Evolutionary biology of Ostracoda, its fundamen-

tals and applications: 449-466. Tokyo: Kodansha, Elsevier.

Boomer, I. D. 1985. A reconnaissance survey of Recent and Holocene Ostracoda from the continental

shelf of South West Africa. Unpublished M.Sc. Report, University College London.

Bosquet, J. A. H. 1854. Les crustacés fossiles du terrain crétacé du Limbourg. Verhandelingen Uit-

gegeven door de Commissie belast met het Vervaardigen eener Geologische Beschrijving en Kaart

van Nederland 2: 11-138.

Brapy, G. S. 1866. On new or imperfectly known species of marine Ostracoda. Transactions of the

Zoological Society of London 5 (5): 359-393.

Brapy, G. S. 1867. Synopsis of the Recent British Ostracoda. The Intellectual Observer 12: 110-130.

Brapy, G. S. 1868a. Descriptions of Ostracoda. Jn: Foun, A. G. & Perrier, L. eds. 1867-1871. A: Les

Fonds de la Mer, étude internationale sur les particularités nouvelles des régions sous-marines

1 (1) (livraison 4-7) (Chapitre 13-23): 49-112. Paris: Savy.

Brapy, G. S. 18685. A monograph of the Recent British Ostracoda. Transactions of the Linnean Society

of London 26 (2): 353-495.

Brapy, G. S. 1869. Quelques entomostracés de Maurice. /m: Fottn, A. G. & Perrier, L. eds. 1867-1871.

A: Les Fonds de la Mer, étude internationale sur les particularités nouvelles des régions sous-

marines 1 (1) (livraison 8-11) (Chapitre 23-33): 113-176. Paris: Savy.

Brapy, G. S. 1870. Descriptions of Ostracoda. Jn: Foitn, A. G. & Perrier, L. eds. 1867-1871. A: Les

Fonds de la Mer, étude internationale sur les particularités nouvelles des régions sous-marines

1 (2) (livraison 12—16) (Chapitre 1-16): 177-256. Paris: Savy.

Brapy, G. S. 1880. Report on the Ostracoda dredged by ‘HMS Challenger’ during the years 1873-1876.

Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger during the years 1873-76

(Zoology) 1 (3): 1-184.

Brapy, G. S. 1886. Chapitre IV. Les Crustacés-ostracodes des expéditions du Travailleur et du Talis-

man de 1881 a 1883. Jn: Foun, A. G. & Perrier, L. eds. Les Fonds de la Mer, étude internationale

sur les particularités nouvelles des régions sous-marines 4 (livraison 11—13): 164-166. Paris: Savy.

Brapy, G. S. 1887. Chapitre VII. Les Ostracodes nouveaux des explorations du Travailleur et du

Talisman. In: Foun, A. G. & Perrier, L. eds. Les Fonds de la Mer, étude internationale sur les

particularités nouvelles des régions sous-marines 4 (livraison 11—13): 194-200. Paris.

Brapy, G. S. 1898. On new or imperfectly-known species of ostracoda, chiefly from New Zealand.

Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 14: 429-452.

Brapy, G. S., Crosskey, H. W. & RoBertson, D. 1874. A monograph of the Post-Tertiary Entomostraca

of Scotland including species from England and Ireland. London: Palaeontographical Society.

Brapy, G. S. & Norman, A. M. 1896. A monograph of the marine and fresh water Ostracoda of the

North Atlantic and of northwestern Europe. II. Sections I-IV. Myodocopa, Cladocopa and Platy-

copa. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Society of Dublin (Series 2) 5: 621-747.

Brapy, G. S. & Ropertson, D. 1872. Contributions to the study of the Entomostraca. 6: On the

distribution of the British Ostracoda. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4 (9): 48-70.

BreMan, E. 1975. Ostracodes in a bottom core from the deep southeastern basin of the Adriatic Sea.

I. Verhandlingen der Koninklijke nederlandsche akademie van wetenschappen (Series B) 78 (3):

197-218.

BreMAN, E. 1976. The distribution of Ostracodes in the bottom sediments of the Adriatic Sea. Doctorate

thesis (Published): Faculty of Natural Science, University of Amsterdam.

Braszyk, J. 1987. Ostracods from the Oligocene Polonez Cove Formation of King George Island, West

Antarctica. Palaeontologia polonica 49: 63-81.

Compra, J. C. & Pinto DE OrNELLAS, L. 1989. Distribution and ecology of sub-Recent Orionininae

(Ostracoda) in the Brazilian continental shelf. Revista brasileira de Geociéncias 19 (2): 177-186.

CoLaLonco, M. L. 1966. Gli ostracodi della serie de le Castella (Calabria). Giornale di geologia (Seria 2)

33 (1): 83-129.

CoryeLL, H. N. & Fietps, S. 1937. A gatun ostracode fauna from Cativa, Panama. American Museum

Novitates 956: 1-18.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 161

CoryeLL, H. N., Sampte, C. H. & Jennincs, P. H. 1935. Bairdoppilata, a new genus of Ostracoda, with

two new species. American Museum Novitates 777: 1-5.

Cronin, T. M. 1979. Late Pleistocene marginal marine ostracodes from the southeastern Atlantic coastal

plain and their paleoenvironmental implications. Géographie Physique et Quaternaire 33 (2):

121-173.

Cronin, T. M. 1983. Bathyal ostracodes from the Florida-Hatteras slope, the Straits of Florida, and the

Blake Plateau. Marine Micropaleontology 8 (2): 89-119.

Cronin, T. M. & Hazet, J. E. 1979. Ostracode biostratigraphy of Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of

the Cape Fear Arch region, North and South Carolina. Professional Papers. United States Geo-

logical Survey 1125-B: 1-11.

Dias-Brito, D., Moura, J. A. & Wurpic, N. 1988. Relationships between ecological models based on

ostracods and foraminifers from Sepetiba Bay (Rio de Janeiro-Brazil). Jn: Hanat, T., IkeEyA, N. &

IsHIZAKI, K. eds. Evolutionary biology of Ostracoda, its fundamentals and applications: 467-484.

Tokyo: Kodansha/Elsevier.

Dincte, R. V. 1976. Palaeogene ostracods from the continental shelf off Natal, South Africa. Trans-

actions of the Royal Society of South Africa 42 (1): 35-79.

Dincie, R. V. 1980. Marine Santonian and Campanian ostracods from a borehole at Richards Bay,

Zululand. Annals of the South African Museum 82 (1): 1-70.

Dincie, R. V. 1981. The Campanian and Maastrichtian Ostracoda of south-east Africa. Annals of the

South African Museum 85 (1): 1-181.

Dingle, R. VY. 1985. Turonian, Coniacian and Santonian Ostracoda from south-east Africa. Annals of

the South African Museum 96 (5): 123-239.

Dingle, R. V. 1992. Quaternary ostracods from the continental margin off south-western Africa. Part

I. Dominant taxa. Annals of the South African Museum 102 (1): 1-89.

Dincie, R. V. & Lorp, A. R. 1990. Benthic ostracods and deep water-masses in the Atlantic Ocean.

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology & Palaeoecology 80 (3-4): 213-235.

Dincie, R. V., Lorp, A. R. & Boomer, I. D. 1989. Ostracod faunas and water masses across the

continental margin off southwestern Africa. Marine Geology 87 (2-4): 323-328.

Dincie, R. V., Lorp, A. R. & Boomer, I. D. 1990. Deep-water Ostracoda from the continental margin

off south-western Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 99 (9): 245-366.

Ducasse, O. & PEypougueT, J. P. 1979. Cenozoic ostracodes: their importance for bathymetry, hydrol-

ogy and biogeography. /nitial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 48: 343-363.

EcHEvarRIA, A. E. 1988. Ostracodos marinos de le Fomacion Rio Negro (Plioceno), Provincia de Rio

Negro, Argentina. Ameghiniana 25 (4): 321-340.

Epwarps, R. A. 1944. Ostracoda from the Duplin Marl (Upper Miocene) of North Carolina. Journal

of Paleontology 18 (6): 505-528.

FiscHeR, S. 1855. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Ostracoden. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikali-

schen Classe der Koniglich-Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 7 (3): 635-666.

Frewin, J. 1987. Palaeogene ostracods from the South African continental shelf. Unpublished M.Sc.

thesis, University of Cape Town.

Hanal, T. 1957. Studies on the Ostracoda from Japan: 3. Subfamilies Cytherurinae, G. W. Miiller

(Emend. G. O. Sars, 1925) and Cytheropterinae n. subfam. Journal of the Faculty of Science Uni-

versity of Tokyo (section 2) 11 (1): 11-36.

Hanat, T. 1961. Systematic descriptions: Parakrithella, Howeina, Kobayashiina, Pectocythere. In:

Moore, R. C. ed. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part Q, Arthropoda 3: 289. Lawrence:

University of Kansas Press.

HarTMANN, G. 1962. Ostracoden des Eulitorals. Jn: HarRTMANN-SCHRODER, G. & HARTMANN, G. Zur

Kenntnis des Eulitorals der chilenischen Pazifikktiste und der argentinischen Kiiste Siidpatagoniens

unter besonder Beriicksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Mitteilungen aus dem Hambur-

gischen zoologischen Museum und Institut 69: 169-270.

HarTMANN, G. 1974. Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der afrikanischen Westkiiste zwischen Angola und

Kap der Guten Hoffnung und der afrikanischen Ostktiste von Siidafrika und Mocgambique, unter

besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Teil III. Die Ostracoden des Unter-

suchungsgebiets. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut 69:

229-520.

HarTMann, G. 1979. Teil 3. Die Ostracoden der Ordnung Podocopida G. W. Miiller, 1894 der warm-

temperierten (antiborealen) West- und Siidwestktiste Autraliens (zwischen Perth im Norden und

Eucla in Siiden). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut 76:

219-301.

162 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

HarTMANN, G. 1980. Teil 5. Die Ostracoden der Ordnung Podocopida G. W. Miller, 1894, der warm-

temperierten und subtropisch-tropischen Kiistenabschnitte der Stid- und Siidostkiiste Australiens

(zwischen Ceduna im Westen und Lakes Entrance im Osten). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen

zoologischen Museum und Institut 77: 111—204.

HarTMANN, G. 1987. Antarktische benthische Ostracoden. II. Auswertung der Fahrten der ‘Polarstern’

Ant. III/2 und der Reisen der ‘Walter Herwig’ 68/1 und 2.2. Teil: Elephant Island und Bransfield

Strasse. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut 84: 115-156.

HarTMANN, G. 1989. Antarktische benthische Ostracoden. V. Auswertung der Siidwinterreise von

FS ‘Polarstern’ (Ps 9/V—1) im Bereich Elephant Island und der Antarktischen Halbinsel. Mitteilun-

gen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 86: 231-288.

HarTMANN, G. 1990. Antarktische benthische Ostracoden. VI. Auswertung der Reise der ‘Polarstern’

Ant. VI-2 (1. Teil, Meiofauna und Zehnerserien) sowie Versuch einer vorlaéufigen Auswertung aller

bislang vorliegenden Daten). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und

Institut 87: 191-245.

HazeL, J. E. 1962. Two new hemicytherid ostracods from the lower Pleistocene of California. Journal

of Paleontology 36 (4): 822-826.

Haze, J. E. 1977. Distribution of some biostratigraphically diagnostic ostracodes in the Pliocene and

Lower Pleistocene of Virginia and northern North Carolina. Journal of Research of the United

States Geological Survey 5 (3): 373-388.

Hotpen, J. C. 1967. Late Cenozoic ostracodes from the drowned terraces in the Hawauan Islands.

Pacific Science 21 (1): 1—S0.

Ho.peENn, J. C. 1976. Late Cenozoic Ostracoda from Midway Island drill holes. Professional Papers.

United States Geological Survey 680-F: 1-43.

Horniprook, N. dE B. 1952. Tertiary and Recent Ostracoda of New Zealand. Palaeontological Bulletin.

Geological Survey, Wellington, New Zealand 18: 1-82.

Jones, T. R. 1849. A monograph of the Entomostraca of the Cretaceous formations of England. London:

Palaeontological Society.

Kaeser, R. L., SmitH, S. & WuatLey, R. C. 1979. Ostracoda and petroleum pollution in the Strait of

Magellan. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ostracoda: 237-242. Beograd: Ser-

bian Geological Society.

KeeEcer, N. P. 1981. Recent Podocopid Ostracoda from Agulhas Bank, South African continental margin

and Reunion Island, southern Indian Ocean. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University College Aberystwyth,

University of Wales.

Kempr, E. K. 1986. Index and bibliography of marine Ostracoda. 1. Index A. Sonderverdffentlichungen

des Geologischen Institutes der Universitat zu Kéln 50: 1-762.

Kempr, E. K. 1988. Index and bibliography of marine Ostracoda. 4. Bibliography A. Sonderveréffent-

lichungen des Geologischen Institutes der Universitat zu Koln 53: 1-454.

Kur, W. 1940. Ostracoden von der Ktiste Deutsch-Stidwest-Afrikas. Kieler Meeresforschungen 3 (2):

404-448.

LATREILLE, P. A. 1806. Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum 1: 1-303. Paris.

Mappocks, R. F. 1969a. Recent ostracodes of the family Pontocyprididae chiefly from the Indian

Ocean. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 7: 1-57.

Mappocks, R. F. 19695. Revision of Recent Bairdiidae (Ostracoda). Bulletin. United States National

Museum 295: 1-126.

Mappocks, R. F. 1977a. Anatomy of Australoecia (Pontocyprididae, Ostracoda). Micropaleontology 23

(2): 206-215.

Mappocks, R. F. 1977b. Zoogeography of Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda). Jn: LOEFFLER, H. &

DanteLopoL, D. L. eds. Aspects of ecology and zoogeography of Recent and fossil Ostracoda: 147—

157. The Hague: Junk.

Mappocks, R. F. 1979. The ‘dentiform corner’ of Macrocypria, and some other peculiar and pathologi-

cal structures observed in Macrocyprididae. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on

Ostracodes: 247-248. Beograd: Serbian Geological Society.

Mappocks, R. F. 1990. Living and fossil Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda). Monographs. University of

Kansas Paleontological Contributions 2: 1404.

Matz, H. 1987. Tiefsee-Ostracoden aus dem Golf van Aden. Natur und Museum, Frankfurt am Main

M17 C2): 397-399:

McKenzie, K. G. 1967. Recent Ostracoda from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal

Society of Victoria 80 (1): 61-106.

McKenzie, K. G. 1972. A new species of Paradoxostoma (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from South Africa.

Annals of the South African Museum 59 (7): 133-137.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 163

McKenziz, K. G. 1974. Cenozoic Ostracoda of southeastern Australia, with the description of

Hanaiceratina new genus. Geoscience and Man, School of Geoscience, Louisiana State University

6: 153-182.

McKenzigr, K. G., REYMENT, R. A. & ReyMENT, E. R. 1990. Pleistocene and Recent Ostracoda from

Goose Lagoon Drain, Victoria and Kingston, Australia. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the

University of Uppsala (n.s.) 16: 146.

Moor, R. C. (ed.) 1961. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part @Q, Arthropoda 3. Lawrence:

University of Kansas Press.

Mutter, G. W. 1908. Die Ostracoden der Deutschen Siidpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. Wissen-

schafiliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Stidpolarexpedition 10 (Zoologie, 2): 51-181.

Mutter, G. W. 1912. Ostracoda. Das Tierreich 31: 1-434.

Monster, G. G. von. 1830. Uber enige fossile Arten Cypris (Miiller, Lamk.) und Cythere (Miiller,

Latreille, Desmarest). Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde 1:

60-67.

Neate, J. W. 1967. An ostracod fauna from Halley Bay, Coats Land, British Antarctic Territory.

Scientific Reports. British Antarctic Geological Survey 58: 1—S0.

Neate, J. W. 1975. The ostracod fauna from the Santonian chalk (Upper Cretaceous) of Gingin,

Western Australia. Special Papers in Palaeontology. Palaeontological Association, London 16

(1S): 1=125.

Neviani, A. 1928. Ostracodi fossili d’Italia. I. Vallebiaja (Calabriano). Memorie dell’Accademia pon-

tificia dei Nuovi Lincei (series 2) 11: 1—120.

OxmeERT, W. 1968. Die Coquimbinae, eine neue Unterfamilie der Hemicytheridae (Ostracoda) aus dem

Pliozan von Chile. Mitteilungen der Bayverischen Staatssammlung fiir Paldontologie und Historische

Geologie 11: 87-116.

OmatsoLa, M. E. 1969. Notes on three Nigerian species of Ostracoda from the Niger Delta, Nigeria.

Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University Uppsala (n.s.) 2: 97-102.

OmatsoLa, A. E. 1970. Podocopid Ostracoda from the Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria. Micropaleontology 16

(4): 407-445.

OmartsoLa, M. E. 1972. Recent and subrecent Trachyleberididae and Hemicytheridae (Ostracoda, Crus-

tacea) from the western Niger Delta, Nigeria. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University

Uppsala (n.s.) 3 (5): 79-162.

PeypouqueT, J. P. & Benson, R. H. 1980. Les ostracodes actuels des bassins du Cap et d’ Angola:

distribution bathymétrique en fonction de l’hydrologie. Bulletin de l'Institut Géologique du Bassin

d’Aquitaine, Bordeaux 28: 5—12.

Poxorny, V. 1955. Contribution to the morphology and taxonomy of the subfamily Hemicytherinae

Puri, 1953 (Crustacea, Ostracoda). Acta Universitatis Carolinae (Geologica) 1955 (3): 1-35.

Puri, H. S. 1953. The ostracode genus Hemicythere and its allies. Journal of the Washington Academy

of Sciences 43 (6): 169-179.

Puri, H. S. 1960. Recent Ostracoda from the west coast of Florida. Transactions of the Gulf Coast-

Association of Geological Societies 10: 107-149.

Puri, H. S. & Huinas, N. C. 1976. Designation of lectotypes of some ostracods from the Challenger

expedition. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Zoology) 29 (5): 251-315.

Reuss, A. E. 1850. Die fossilen Entomostraceen des Oesterreichischen Tertiaerbeckens. Naturwissen-

schaftliche Abhandlungen 3 (1): 41-92.

REYMENT, R. A. 1960. Studies on Nigerian Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary Ostracoda. Part 1:

Senonian and Maestrichtian Ostracoda. Stockholm Contributions in Geology 7: 1-238.

REYMENT, R. A. 1963. Studies on Nigerian Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary Ostracoda. Part 2:

Danian, Paleocene and Eocene Ostracoda. Stockholm Contributions in Geology 10: 1-286.

ROSENFELD, A. & Bein, A. 1978. A preliminary note on recent ostracodes from shelf to rise off North-

west Africa. ‘Meteor’ Forschungsergebnisse (C, Geologie und Geophysik) 29: 14—20.

Rossi DE Garcia, E. 1970. Un nouveau genre d’ostracodes des cétes de Patagonie, République Argen-

tine. Proceedings of the 4th Colloquium of African Micropalaeontology: 379-386.

Rucaieri, G. 1950. Gli ostracodi delle sabbie grigie Quaternarie (Milazziano) di Imola, Parte 1. Gior-

nale di Geologia, Bologna (serie 2) 21: 1-58.

Rucaieri, G. 1954. Iconografia degli ostracodi marini del Pliocene e del Pleistocene Italiani. Parte 2.

Atti della Societa italiana di scienze naturali, e del Museo civico di storia naturale 93: 561-575.

Ruaaieri, G. 1958. Alcuni ostracodi del Neogene Italiano. Atti della Societa italiana di scienze naturali,

e del Museo civico di storia naturale 97 (2): 127-146.

Rucaieri, G. 1962. Gli ostracodi marini del Tortoniano (Miocene medio-superiore) di Enna, nella Sicilia

centrale. Palaeontographia Italica, Memorie di Palaeontologia (n.s. 26) 56 (Memoria 2): 1—74.

164 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

SANGUINETTI, Y. T. 1979. Miocene ostracodes of the Pelotas Basin, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

Pesquisas 12: 119-187.

Sars, G. O. 1866. Oversigt af Norges marine ostracoder. Forhandlinger i Videnskabsselskabet i Khris-

tiania 7: 1-130.

Sars, G. O. 1869. Nye dybvands crustaceer fra Lofoten. Forhanglinger i Videnskabsselskabet i Khris-

tiania 10: 147-174.

Sars, G. O. 1887. Nye Bidrag til Kundskaken om Midlehavets Invertebrat fauna. 4. Ostracoda medi-

terranea (Sydeuropaeiske Ostracoder). Archiv for Matematik, og Naturvidenskab 12: 173-324.

Sars, G. O. 1923. An account of the Crustacea of Norway with short descriptions and figures of all the

species 9 (Ostracoda, Parts 3-4): 33-72. Bergen: Bergen Museum.

Sars, G. O. 1925. An account of the Crustacea of Norway with short descriptions and figures of all the

species 9 (Ostracoda, Parts 5—12): 73-208. Bergen: Bergen Museum.

Sars, G. O. 1928. An account of the Crustacea of Norway with short descriptions and figures of all the

species 9 (Ostracoda, Parts 15—16): 241-277. Bergen: Bergen Museum.

SEGUENZA, G. 1880. Le Formazioni Terziarie nella Provincia di Reggio (Calabria). Atti R. Accademia

nazionale dei Lincei (serie 3) 6: 3-446.

Sippieul, Q. A. 1971. Early Tertiary Ostracoda of the family Trachyleberididae from West Pakistan.

Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Geology) Supplement 9: 1-98.

SissincH, W. 1971. Bathycythere, a new genus of Ostracoda from the deep southeastern Adriatic Sea.

Verhandlingen der koninklijke nederlandsche akademie van wetenschappen (series B) 74 (4):

408-416.

SissincH, W. 1974. On Bathycythere vanstraateni Sissingh. A stereo-atlas of ostracod shells 2:

133-240. Leicester: University of Leicester.

SKOGSBERG, T. 1928. Studies on marine ostracods. Part I. External morphology of the genus Cythereis

with descriptions of twenty-one new species. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of

Sciences 15: 1-155.

STEBBING, T. R. R. 1910. General catalogue of South African Crustacea. Annals of the South African

Museum 6 (5): 281-593.

SYLVESTER-BRADLEY, P. C. 1947. Some ostracod genotypes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History

(11) 13 (99): 192-199.

SYLVESTER-BRADLEY, P. C. & BENSON, R. H. 1971. Terminology for surface features in ornate ostracodes.

Lethaia 4 (3): 249-286.

SYLVESTER-BRADLEY, P. C. & RuGaieri, G. 1973. On Chrysocythere cataphracta Ruggieri. Stereo-atlas

of ostracod shells 1 (4): 31-34.

Urrenorbe, H. 1981. Ostracoden aus dem Oberoligozaén und Miozan des unteren Elbe-Gebietes (Nie-

dersachsen und Hamburg, NW-Deutsches Tertiarbecken). Palaeontographica (A) 172: 103-198.

Waaner, C. W. 1957. Sur les ostracodes du Quaternaire Récent des Pays-Bas et leur utilisation dans

l'étude géologique des dépots Holocénes. S’Gravenhage: Mouton & Co.

WuarLey, R. C. 1985. Evolution of the ostracods Bradleya and Poseidonamicus in the deep-sea Cain-

zoic of the south-west Pacific. Special Papers in Palaeontology 33: 103-116.

Wuat_Ley, R. C. & Ayress, M. 1986. Two unusual new species of the ostracod genus Cytheropteron

from the deep sea. Journal of Micropalaeontology 5: 3\—36.

Wuat_ey, R. C. & Ayress, M. 1988. Pandemic and endemic distribution patterns in Quaternary deep-

sea Ostracoda. /n: Hanal, T., IkEyA, N. & ISHIZAKI, K. eds. Evolutionary biology of Ostracoda, its

fundamentals and applications: 739-755. Tokyo: Kodansha/Elsevier.

Wuat.ey, R. C., Ayress, M. & Downinc, S. 1986. Two unusual species of the ostracod genus Cythero-

pteron from the deep sea. Journal of Micropalaeontology 5 (1): 31-36.

Wuat_ey, R. C., CHapwick, J., Coxitt, D. & Toy, N. 1987. New genera and species of cytheracean

Ostracoda from the S.W. Atlantic. Journal of Micropalaeontology 6 (2): 1-12.

Wat _ey, R. C., CHApwick, J., CoxitL, D. & Toy, N. 1988. The ostracod family Cytheruridae from the

Antarctic and south-west Atlantic. Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia 20 (2): 171-203.

Wuat_ey, R. C. & Cotes, G. 1987. The late Miocene to Quaternary Ostracoda of Leg 94, Deep Sea

Drilling Project. Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia 19 (1): 33-97.

Wuar.ey, R. C. & Dincie, R. V. 1989. First record of an extant, sighted, shallow-water species of the

genus Poseidonamicus Benson (Ostracoda) from the continental margin of south-western Africa.

Annals of the South African Museum 98 (11): 437-457.

Wuat_Ley, R. C. & Downina, S. 1984. Middle Miocene Ostracoda from Victoria, Australia. Revista

Espanola de Micropaleontologia 15: 347-407.

Wuat_ey, R. C., Downina, S. E., KESLER, K. & Hartow, C. J. 1984. New species of the ostracod genus

Bradleya from the Tertiary and Quaternary of D.S.D.P. sites in the Southwest Pacific. Revista

Espanola de Micropaleontologia 16: 265-298.

QUATERNARY OSTRACODS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA 165

Wuat ey, R. C. & Masson, D. G. 1979. The ostracod genus Cytheropteron from the Quaternary and

Recent of Great Britain. Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia 11 (2): 223-277.

Wuat ey, R. C. & QuANHONG, Z. 1987. Recent Ostracoda of the Malacca Straits. Part I. Revista

Espanola de Micropaleontologia 19: 327-366.

Wuat.ey, R. C. & Watson, K. 1988. A preliminary account of the distribution of Ostracoda in Recent

- reef and reef associated environments in the Pulau Seribu of Thousand Island Group, Java Sea. In:

Hanal, T., IkEyA, N. & Isuizaki, K. eds. Evolutionary biology of Ostracoda, its fundamentals and

applications: 399-411. Tokyo: Kodansha/Elsevier.

TABLE |

Number and distribution of minor species of Qualemary ostracods from the continental margin off south-westem Africa.

syuauitey) 2)eusUU>!9pH,

RUSE “ds "PUL

use “ds “repay

ist “ds iepuy

sage “ds "epur

frst “ds opuy

ESE “ds POL

tre “ds apo

Lyre “48 “1epu1

zee “ds 2pU)

9zet ‘ds "opUl

Zire ‘ds por

epee “de TepUL (itt

wore “ds epUL Hitt 11

goce “ds pur Itt With

ese ds SUPqrIONON a

BEE ‘ds ruageyOIsAX, Hit

DOU SAHONFEX, Vit

syoundoo suoqe}0rex Wt

oust “ds evapo id

cast ds enavaynooun i

Tere “ds depesaynooun, tt

ier “ds soayiooun, 1

pupun spauryiKoou/)

‘ast ‘ds naga yon4y

bare ds axynborowiys

pire ds counayi opus

eee “ds sumayrioquios

rece ‘ds mumayroyuirs.

exee 'ds eumsayroqus | |

pomp mmaconuos | |

cece ds yarynoeupon| | | |

stse ds u('s) udoomodug) | | ||| | 1

sree ds e(a) mdGomodag) | 1) 111) 11111

suuofpiasgns 'd 2 ('d) sudomodag) | 17 | |-= | | 11 l

gore de eoyeymrng | |) || | ||

pwosdugs oyoyneyeurg | | | | | 1 | |

umyune “{ ye ouonvropeg| || | 1) 17) 111

Geer "ds mopuryong | V1 IPP I-11 111

smasso FaNIpRODOIN Htttt

mao} sonpmooooy Wit

Msojpous smumyy itt

lmuoxpoppouuoruN Sm]HN itt

posta mprcuy) JIL IIL) i iit

tase 'ds uayOyouopuo} |) 111) 11

ppoouiad aayQypouoppuay | |

Ppumniou ‘Wy “jo muda | | > |

tare ‘ds eudGos20yy Virttt

oxee ‘ds Lounuadliny, Hittt

6 ds ayy Tittt

gods oye titi

uvmimds aynuy rire

spruadoa ayn Vitti

etre ‘ds pduDsuny THEOL i}

jor puyoduoy Pritt !

ormpuausmu PUUDSUDY ihist |

[muy owuDsuny 11-1 i

nysnuas pupjanuYwoouy Hiitt (

pore ds coumaynopuay OU th |

fore ds umaonwy | 11111 Im )i ttt

uayrad runyonuoyy Httit

Witt

‘it

pst ds zempuonyey

BSE “ds fasayiOormog

assays muruoysk

sore ds wavrrdasysKo,

2067 ‘ds wavardauayi

392 ‘ds wnuandorryiK ttt

faaz rds uavrrdoroyn| | 1111111

8187 ds woradouryiKD

Mayroyss wosoidasayiK

umopowut woreda

pounds 2 ")9 vosadosyiKa

aoujwauf wassidas2yiio

monyoouna wousndossyiK

BESE “ds cea

zundwos oapjojiKo,

eaig equals

pynoyrou2 asayoosksyy

zee “ds ByPMMD,

Gree ‘ds ays Goyikg

are ‘ds pruonung

Ippefuases oruonung it

rakes pjuonmng

ynwonboumy ojuonmg

muegg!s Djwolung

yatep opuonsng

panouasg opuonang

E9SE ‘ds (DXaypeuqison) oXoyporg

wokorp "a 39 oXorpos

aronumuny sui Kyroq

weve ds) eauayesog

dus oroyiddopuroq

prod eyunoaurmy

Hhhrt

Mitte

LRT

Vit

vain op2oqourmy

Pinu! |= |p] ory jr} |

Save “de moo) | || | | | |

Esse ('y) woomusoquy | | |) \ | | |

Viberdee

SEB osFaony

SUNN PSTN =a

Vhttdttiyias

HHLHtt titties

TARE -paRrHgMer

SAA aAAAAAm

eISSN TE TUN VT oie

{ Perret i

| Hirrtret I

| pibatiy |

| rain l

Pitesti periniet a

FOUN ee DO i

Hit CO a a

tit Hi ist Co

=I Piiitt Hitt

STO Hitt

= piel ryt

im iti rtrd

Wt rie hibrat

Hl tt phtryae

im Hiri eons

TO oat tO OO

1 tenet petit iI

I iii Pebiied i

ih (ibid Me V1

a) Hier Wititt a)

11 bhrnn Hite \-

TO brptiyt 1

MU TRUISSUTAY A hart VMLEL NECN D tees |ieecencas=d LWA Lento

PEPE EE PEPE Ltr eerie nt

reel IO TM tit

pyre perry Wit

Hirt ered an)

pitt ribet a)

Pebirirtient Weriin Wil

PEPPbebibrbin a Vl

Phim eer etree ether

iti reer Wi

Ly Ee a EL Hitt

Prep bties tyre HELIN Hitt

eiiesee2 rere ie Hitt

a) Pititretrie trite I-11

1 p1ttit Tice OOO

{ aici rites Hii

ti Priel reerdu wii

(WES S TA reetiu ri

CTS et rete net wi

PPP PL EPP Ht

i TOR at OOO OD

Plzr (err iseer0t rut Hittie

i Isai tii lier

es bitiied Witt

V1 Prin NN Hid

Wii iit phere hiv

POU EEE Erbe b bbb

Witte Hirt Hit

Ea Wit navi =

Hi tiinie tii

en Hitt Wii

Viste Hilt tl

ein third Wit

weir rev tit

POO eee eed

| Titi thirteen a

| Pit HALT Li

Hiiieee rir i itt Hittin Vit

ne Perit pitt im)

Hl fit itl =

it Hiei i VI

COURT tN OOo) OO V1

1-1 Wit VW

Hitt Wi iW

Writs Wt i

iin a

Hit V1

Wit VW

a n a}

titi

Hitt

im]

Htttd

Prrit

Hitt

Tala

Peete d rtrd

1th

Prttrd tthe im

Writ II

san tt

ie !|327) ase

Hrydd Hhith i}

INT Tass tirtri a!

Hhitt Prt th ir bi ad |

britl Hiitt |

pjar-

frtitit

VAP LISE UE

Sit

1211

ia TTT aT at |

Mehr eretett Witt |

FOU ETE TALE AL HAVE |

Piri tieniy

Vin iaes= |

Width

lla

SUNN

Vhitde

Vhiitt

Vrittit

Pytdit

trite

Vtrtt

tiity

PANNA

titi

INAUO ESS

Peete

Vibtty

Mrivtres

hind

thhit

1566

ie a ee a SERSERCEOpaRn=geesRaGeRe farses

Toor aoe cies

il rere LLL

Herr eerr rte Tryp eerie

Tri bitin

Mii Witt

Vi Mii ATA)

a) ti fit

Hurt petit

hry peter

hi pitt

Mit point

Hiri bibl

Wiel petit

Hhiitt H1ttt

Wnty Wytit

Hirt rritt

PEPE Een t bert errr er erie

a} print Ts a

a) pitti tiv [eallu lel

1 tei Lititt rtd

nit rial retyt riritl

ian) hide itl pitti

lig ees Weal Sai

CO a OO vii

11 Hitt Hiiitl brit

V1 weit iit tiie

1 Vint Miia Hid

a) iii Wii bint

I Hitt tiie byt

i itt bil Hitt

COO OO

iW Hien Wii Hitt

V1 Hitt Witt triiil

VI iid Witt Hite

i eal Hii MA)

| riod MMe iteesiis

CO OO

iI Hert Wii trite

iW bid Wii rit

i Perrin Wii ried

1 titi Hit tain

im thie Hil Hit

a Ca

im Hilde ici anna

VI | tii tii

a | Wiis id

i | Wii Wit

a) | ie ie

Hrebtiretind iit iit

It | Ce Ls

I | Her =o

WW Wii Hirt tii

i Wien Wisi Hil

ti tried aii titi

tit Hitt Hitt tii

Vit Hitt biti rei

a a a Witt tii

a) Wii Peisyebrr dn

tl Hitt iit biti

Wi Hirt iit ti

in) iit i

Hlos=] =H 1 In}

Hitt thin Wi

Wii iii Wt

Hit Hitt

Hin itt

ttt Hhibdd

Wi eltttl

iin iid

Wit tit

Cs ss

1 iit Phd

(litt tit Witt

Wetter lh eal al}

Hrttt

WALI E THA)

Wht

Whit

trbttbiit

Hitt ! thiii

Hritt I Hitt

Hitt I Pit

lame (Sens Sori)

ai | WTA

Hii | Pht

Hii ae

itt { Wt

Witt

Vit

Sil

Pritt

(ATS TET)

Woda

Hitt

Witt

(ee Pe 12)

htt

tii

Sis

Hihi

TE EMO eT

Vtthd

Hritt

Hitt

chp [rim

mal

isl

Tht 1st

tit

Whytit

Hrittd

IEE)

Hhitt

(iit

hit

fel

Hitt

itt

REEE]

ioe

ELT ie Uo id

1 With) 11

| Hit 1

PIstddd ttt im

i) Hrtiirt tI

i) trtitrt im

1 Vhhddid im}

11 Phbidad V1

VT Hrtitt im}

11 Lt

Prttbtt abt it

a} Pride ia}

i Whitby ia

a) ILE TA ia

i) a i

aL Hl) tttt ib

til Pritt i]

tt thttiit i)

Ih) Chibi tbdbitint

| Hhidbbbddriet

i} Piitie i}

| Vbddd |

Hitt

ttt

Hhtt

Hitt

tit

tii

Hitt

ftir

(tht

Hitt

Vit

Vii)

tht

Hitt

Vit

ttt

Hhbdtttrrel

tii

Pttt

tht

ICT

Hit

Prtdtrt

pitti

trtit

(ttt

Witt

wit

Vii

titre

Hitt

ier

Wii

rit

Wit

tritit

Phtttte

IRATE

Hriitt

Piitdt

<= |aa--j>

Hiiitt

Phittt

Hi k==

bhrdtt

Phrtid

tht titttt Hitt tt

iit Hhhitt Hhittt

WIS THO PST UUUTE AOE

1th

Hitt

TSiit

eet

ttt

litt

ttit

thidt

1ittt

tite

titi

itt

Whitt

htt

Hid

iii

Hitt

Whi

Itt

HANI

Tit

Itt

tit

Itt

Hit

aul

ERs

Aine

Vihitd

UTA 1

Noah TeLE Tesi

eR Yee Kets oi

(tii td

Pritt

IESUTP ETS

itt

Hitt

Wit

Itt

(Mh SN

eae

Hitt

trial

Hilti

Pibat

thbitt

Pritt

TAU

Pettit

Hitt

tit

WSUS

ia)

ia]

ill

ols

—

ttt

Hhittttiret

Hitt

Hil

Itt

fittttt

tit

ttit

Hirt

tit

Hitt

PEEP P PEP EEP PtP

TSS UT Te) a0

Prtrdt EN tlbitt

Hitt bre tbiidel triidt

Hlitt SIS DiS

a HEH HAITI (tiett

1171 Saye Ne Ih

NISSEN MIN VS Sessa [ese

Witt tip tbtre birt itt

Hid (EAE AEE

hit pry tide trite

litt Ppp dite fhtdid

tt) fer littl SHI

ttt frp ttiti thitdt

Pebddettyyy dirs Vitti

Hitt TT i OO

Hitt Preppy rtd Hittite

Hitt friy tiie Viiit

fit 1 titttt

itt frp tiie Hibtit

Phbtidd frpy Lire COTE

trtti triiditt tirttt

MOAT AAT) titittt tli

INU ET tiit

Wirt

Wii

Hitt

writ

wit

Hitt

biti

Hirt

Witt

tit

wert

Hitt

wit

riitti

HSA =aIsss= (=)

Phbtiid

Hitt

Hritdt

tiirit

bi-tstiiit

rete

frytit

Bltttt

Hhtitt

AIS P=

beard

Hitt

Htitt

thd

Herbert

hae ae ne teaeia PORE UBEC ei bec alo Spee Lie Ses. oeciisetraet ict aie hechee och s Scat:

nulebtd ee 8

eS) 10 I

WALA

Phittd

Pritt

IU)

Hhitd

Hrbttd

Pritt

Hitt

Hiitt

Hitt

tit

Phitd

Witt

Hitt

Phi td

Phdtd

Pitt

Hiitt

Hittite

Hit

Tila

tii

iit

Hit

Hitt

Hittt

Hitt

titi

1iitt

Hhitt

iit

1iitt

iit

Hitt

Wek

Witt

itl

Hrittt

Hittit

Hhbrede

thitett

1ititt

Witttd

Hitt |

Hittd

Hrtith |

Thiet

Hitt

Hite

1s 48 96

TABLE |

Number and distribution of minor species of Quaternary ostracods

from the continental margin of south-western Africa.

(see enclosed)

Annals of the South African Museum 103 (1)

6. SYSTEMATIC papers must conform to the International code of zoological nomenclature (particu-

larly Articles 22 and 51).

Names of new taxa, combinations, synonyms, etc., when used for the first time, must be followed

by the appropriate Latin (not English) abbreviation, e.g. gen. nov., sp. nov., comb. nov., syn. nov.,

ete.

An author’s name when cited must follow the name of the taxon without intervening punctuation

and not be abbreviated; if the year is added, a comma must separate author’s name and year. The

author’s name (and date, if cited) must be placed in parentheses if a species or subspecies is trans-

ferred from its original genus. The name of a subsequent user of a scientific name must be separated

from the scientific name by a colon.

Synonymy arrangement should be according to chronology of names, i.e. all published scientific

names by which the species previously has been designated are listed in chronological order, with all

references to that name following in chronological order, e.g.:

Family Nuculanidae

Nuculana (Lembulus) bicuspidata (Gould, 1845)

Figs 14-15A

Nucula (Leda) bicuspidata Gould, 1845: 37.

Leda plicifera A. Adams, 1856: 50.

Laeda bicuspidata Hanley, 1859: 118, pl. 228 (fig. 73). Sowerby, 1871: pl. 2 (fig. 8a—b).

Nucula largillierti Philippi, 1861: 87.

Leda bicuspidata: Nicklés, 1950: 163, fig. 301; 1955: 110. Barnard, 1964: 234, figs 8-9.

Note punctuation in the above example:

comma separates author’s name and year

semicolon separates more than one reference by the same author

full stop separates references by different authors

figures of plates are enclosed in parentheses to distinguish them from text-figures

dash, not comma, separates consecutive numbers.

Synonymy arrangement according to chronology of bibliographic references, whereby the year is

placed in front of each entry, and the synonym repeated in full for each entry, is not acceptable.

In describing new species, one specimen must be designated as the holotype; other specimens

mentioned in the original description are to be designated paratypes; additional material not regarded

as paratypes should be listed separately. The complete data (registration number, depository, descrip-

tion of specimen, locality, collector, date) of the holotype and paratypes must be recorded, e.g.:

Holotype

SAM-—A13535 in the South African Museum, Cape Town. Adult female from mid-tide region, King’s Beach, Port Eliza-

beth (33°51’S 25°39’E), collected by A. Smith, 15 January 1973.

Note standard form of writing South African Museum registration numbers and date.

7. SPECIAL HOUSE RULES

Capital initial letters

(a) The Figures, Maps and Tables of the paper when referred to in the text

e.g. «.. . the Figure depicting C. namacolus ...’: ‘. . . in C. namacolus (Fig. 10). . .’

(b) The prefixes of prefixed surnames in all languages, when used in the text, if not preceded by

initials or full names

e.g. DuToit but A.L. du Toit; Von Huene but F. von Huene

e.g. Therocephalia, but therocephalian

Punctuation should be loose, omitting all not strictly necessary

Reference to the author should preferably be expressed in the third person

Roman numerals should be converted to arabic, except when forming part of the title of a book or

article, such as

“Revision of the Crustacea. Part VIII. The Amphipoda.’

Specific name must not stand alone, but be preceded by the generic name or its abbreviation to initial

capital letter, provided the same generic name is used consecutively. The generic name should

not be abbreviated at the beginning of a sentence or paragraph.

Name of new genus or species is not to be included in the title; it should be included in the abstract,

counter to Recommendation 23 of the Code, to meet the requirements of Biological Abstracts.