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ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME XXXIII

WSONIAN INS

aN ie lip

APR18 1950 ”

507. ve

ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOL OME XEXXT TY

PRINTED FOR THE

TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

BY NEILL AND CO, LTD., 212 CAUSEWAYSIDE, EDINBURGH,

1939.

TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM.

J. G. VAN DER Horst, Esq.

W. J. THORNE, Esq.

D. F. Bosman, Esq.

Professor M. R. DRenNAN, M.A., M.B., Ch.B.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN

MUSEUM.

EDWIN LEONARD Gitt, D.Sc., Director and Keeper-in-Chief.

KEPPEL Harcourt BaRNARD, M.A., D.Sc., Assistant Director; in Charge of Fish

and Marine Invertebrates.

ALBERT JOHN Hesse, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.E.S., Assistant in Charge of the Ento-

mological Department.

Miss G. J. Lewis, B.A., Assistant in Charge of the Botanical Department.

LIEUWE Dirk Boonstra, D.Sc., Assistant in Charge of the Palaeontological

Department.

Reay H. N. Smiruers, B.Sc., Assistant in Charge of Reptiles and Arachnids.

A. J. H. Goopwin, M.A., Honorary Keeper of the Ethnological and Archaeological

Collections.

Miss E. M. Suaw, B.A., Assistant in Charge of the Ethnological and Coin

Departments.

CONTENTS.

M. CoNnNOLLY.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca.

(With Plates I-XIX and 58 Text-figures.)

DATE OF ISSUE OF THIS VOLUME

December 1939,

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM.

VotumE XXXII.

Owing to the death of Major Connolly in 1947 no Part II of this

volume will be issued.

The proposed supplement to the Monograph (Part I) was intended

to contain a revision of the genus Xerocerastus (p. 366), notes on

introduced species and records of new localities. The late author,

however, left no manuscript in a sufficiently advanced state for

publication.

The anatomical work in connection with the genus Xerocerastus was

entrusted to Mr. Hugh Watson of Cambridge. Mr. Watson is still

engaged on this research, and his results will be published in due

course.

The following corrigenda in the Monograph have been noted, and

the addenda have been compiled from the records in the South

African Museum based on Major Connolly’s identifications.

P. 65, line 9. For i, read v.

P. 125, lime 12. For Arnott, read-Armnot.

David Arnot, a lawyer of Colesberg, who took part in the

territorial disputes between Adam Kok and the Orange River

Republic in the eighteen-sixties, was a keen naturalist, and

contributed many specimens to the South African Museum.

The original spelling of the specific name must be retained

(arnottz), as it is not an obvious typographical error.

P. 266. Helix aspersa Mill.

Three scalariform specimens have been collected in the

neighbourhood of Cape Town.

P. 292. Prestonella bowkeri (Sow.). Additional locality: Oukloof,

Beaufort West District (Dr. Hesse and Dr. Boonstra,

S. Afr. Mus., 1946).

P. 347, line 12 from bottom. For Gould, read Goold.

The Rev. J. E. C. Goold was Principal of Prieska school,

1896-1899.

The original spelling of the specific name must be retained

(gouldz), as it is not an obvious typographical error.

vil

Viii Annals of the South African Museum

P. 376, lme 15. For x, read xi1.

P. 475. Lymnaeidae. Add: Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) columella

Say.

A very variable North American species which has been

collected at the Jonkershoek Fish Hatchery, Stellenbosch

(Dr. Hey), and in the Liesbeck River, Cape Flats (A. C.

Harrison, 1944). Presumably introduced with importations

of aquarium plants or fishes. The shell is liable to be mis-

taken for that of a Succinea.

P. 483. Planorbidae. Add: Lenameria dispar (Sow.) 1873.

Described from Sydney, New South Wales, and known as

the Australian Red Snail. Found in aquaria (A. C. Harrison,

1944). Sinistral.

P. 658. Pl. XIV, fig. 7. For agreatis, read agrestis.

Director and Editor.

May 1948.

Vili

ANNALS

OF THE

- SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME XXXIII.

~ __ PART I, containing :—

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca.

By M. Connotty. (With Plates I-XIX and 58 Text-figures.)

ISSUED DECEMBER 1939. PRICE 35s.

PRINTED FOR THE

TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM, CAPE TOWN

BY NEILL AND CO., LTD., —

NP Te ee or eae ee

212 CAUSEWAYSIDE, EDINBURGH.

TABLE OF

Introduction :

Systematic Account .

Suskincpom MOLLUSC

Crass GASTROPODA .

SuscLass EUTHYNEURA

ORDER Pulmonata

SuBORDER Stylommatophora

Trine AGNATHA

Faminty APERIDAE.

Genus Apera Heynemann

Famity STREPTAXIDAE

Subfamily STREPTAXINAE

Genus Gonazis Taylor.

Subfamily PrycHoTREMATINAE

Genus Streptostele Dhrn.

Gulella Pfr.

Famiry PARYPHANTIDAE

Genus Nata Watson .

Natalina Pilsb. .

Faminry TESTACELLIDAE

Genus Testacella Cuv. .

Trine HOLOGNATHA .

Famity HELICARIONIDAE

Subfamily HELICARIONINAE

Genus Gymnarion Pilsb.

Sheldonia Ancey

Gudeélla Prest. .

Zingis Mts.

Subfamily LEDOULXIINAE

Genus Ledoulxia Bet. .

Trochozonites Pfeffer

Subfamily DURGELLINAE

Genus Sitala H. Ad.

Subfamily KaLieLLinaL.

Genus Kaliella Blid.

Famity UROCYCLIDAE .

Genus Urocyclus Gray .

Famity ZONITIDAE

Subfamily ZoNITINAE

Genus Oxychilus Fitz. .

Vitrea Fitz.

Subfamily GasTRODONTINAE

Genus Zonitoides Lehm.

PAGE

CONTENTS.

Famity LIMACIDAE

Subfamily Limacrinaz

Genus Limax Lin.

Agriolimax Morch

Subfamily PARMACELLINAE

Genus Milax Gray

Famity ARIONIDAE

Subfamily ARIONINAE

Genus Arion Feér.

Subfamily OOPELTINAE .

Genus Oopelia Morch .

Famity ENDODONTIDAE

Subfamily ENDODONTINAE

Genus T'rachycystis Pilsb.

Afropunctum Haas

Afrodonta M. & P.

Subfamily PUNCTINAE

Genus Punctum Morse.

Famity CORILLIDAE

Genus Sculptaria Pfr. .

Famity HELICIDAE

Subfamily HELICINAE

Genus Helix Lin.

Theba Risso

Cochlicella Fér. .

Subfamily BRADYBAENINAE

Genus Bradybaena Beck

Famity ACAVIDAE .

Subfamily DorcASIINAE .

Genus Dorcasia Gray .

Tulbaghinia M. & P. .

Trigonephrus Pilsb.

Famity BULIMULIDAE .

Genus Prestonella Conn.

Famity ACHATINIDAE

Subfamily ACHATININAE

Genus Metachatina Pilsb.

Burtoa Bet.

Achatina Lam. .

Subfamily SUBULININAE .

Genus Pseudoglessula O. Bttg.

Homorus Albers

Subulina Beck .

Subuliniscus Pilsb.

EHuonyma M. & P.

mrp wohynwnwby HPT

Id 1

co © oO oO

wmNre NownhwhWw

294

ll Annals of the South African Museum.

Famity ACHATINIDAE—contd.

Subfamily SUBULININAE— contd,

Genus Opeas Albers

Pseudopeas Putz.

Hypolysia M. & P.

Curvella Chaper

Xerocerastus

Mildff. .

Subfamily CoELIAXINAE .

Genus Coeliazis Ad. & Ang .

Famity FERUSSACIIDAE

Genus Cecilioides Fér. .

Famity CLAUSILIIDAE .

Genus Austrobalea Pilsb.

Faminty VALLONIIDAE

Genus Vallonia Risso .

Famity PUPILLIDAE

Subfamily GASTROCOPTINAE

Genus Gastrocopta Woll.

Fauxulus Schauf.

Subfamily PUPILLINAE

Genus Pupilla Flem.

Pupoides Pfr.

Microstele O. Bttg.

Lauria Gray

Subfamily VERTIGININAE

Genus Vertigo Mill.

Truncatellina Lowe

Subfamily NESOPUPINAE.

Genus Nesopupa Pilsb.

Pupisoma Stol..

Famity ENIDAE

Subfamily PACHNODINAE

Genus Rhachidina Thiele

Rhachistia Conn.

Hdouardia Gude

Rachis Albers

Limicena Conn..

Trine ELASMOGNATHA

Famity SUCCINEIDAE

Genus Succinea Drap. .

SuBORDER Ditremata

Famity VERONICELLIDAE

Genus Veronicella Blainv.

Famity ONCHIDIIDAE

Genus Onchidium Cuv.

Onchidella Gray

Kob. &

PAGE

347

356

358

359

366

368

371

372

374

377

390

391

394

398

399

402

403

407

408

412

414

418

42]

435

438

439

449

452

456

SUBORDER Basommatophora.

TrinE ACTOPHILA

Famity ELLOBITDAE

Subfamily ELLOBUONAE

Genus Auriculastra Mts.

Phytia Gray

Cassidula Fer. .

Subfamily PEDIPEDINAE .

Genus Pedipes Fér.

Marinula King .

Subfamily MELAMPODINAE

Genus Melampus Montf.

Trine HYGROPHILA .

Famity PHYSIDAE

Genus Physa Drap.

Famity LYMNAEIDAE

Genus Lymnaea Lam. .

Famity PLANORBIDAE .

Genus Biomphalaria Prest. .

Planorbis Mill.

Segmentina Flem.

Bulinus Mill.

Famity ANCYLIDAE

Subfamily FERRISSIINAE.

Genus Burnupia Walk.

Ferrissia Walk.

Subfamily ANCYLINAE

Genus Ancylus Mill.

SuBpcLAsSs STREPTONEURA

ORDER Pectinibranchia .

SUBORDER Taenioglossa .

Tris—E PLATYPODA

Famity CYCLOPHORIDAE

Genus Maizania Bet. .

Chondrocyclus Ancey .

Famity POMATIIDAE

Genus T'ropidophora Trosch.

Faminty PILIDAE

Genus Pila Réding

Lanistes Montfé.

Famity VIVIPARIDAE

Genus Viviparus Montf.

Famity THIARIDAE

Subfamily CLEOPATRINAE

Genus Cleopatra Trosch.

Subfamily THraRINnan

Genus T'hiara Roding .

Melanoides Oliv.

Ou or 1

Ou or Or

Hm bo bo

or o1

DADDADS WI on

Or RE OO I

cr Or Or

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca.

Famity TRUNCATELLIDAE

Genus T'runcatella Risso

Famity HYDROBIIDAE .

Genus Tomichia Bs.

Famity ASSIMINEIDAE .

Genus Assiminea Flem.

OrpDeER Aspidobranchia

SUBORDER Rhipidoglossa .

Famity HYDROCENIDAE

Genus Hydrocena Pfr. .

Famity NERITIDAE

Subfamily NERITINAE

Genus Neritina Lam. .

Septaria Fer.

Cirass PELECYPODA

ORDER Eulamellibranchia

SUBORDER Submytilacea .

Famity UNIONIDAE

Genus Unio Retz.

PAGE

568

| Famiry MUTELIDAE

Genus Mutela Scop.

Aspatharia Bgt.

| Famiry CYRENIDAE

Genus Corbicula Meg. .

| Famiry SPHAERITDAE

Genus Sphaerium Scop.

Pisidium C. Pfr.

Bisanodonta Orb.

_ Species Erroneously or Doubtfully

attributedto the South

African List

Taxonomic Names _ intro-

duced in this Volume.

New

| List of Figures in Text

Index

| Explanation of Plates

ili

AON NSA This

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME XXXII.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca.

By M. Conno.ty.

(With Plates I-XIX and 58 Text-figures.)

INTRODUCTION.

THE title of this work signifies that it is not actually a Monograph

in the usually understood sense—that is, it avoids setting forth at

length bald descriptions of every species, frequently mere copies of the

original or other authors’, with entire absence of comparative notes on

their relationship to allied forms, while it is not possible, on account of

expense, to present adequate figures of all the species treated. In

many genera several species are so nearly akin that it has appeared

preferable to divide them into groups, limiting verbiage to description

of their salient features and comparison with their nearest relations,

with figure of at least one typical member of the group.

Thanks to the extreme courtesy of officials concerned, to whom he

expresses his heartfelt thanks, the writer has been honoured with the

inestimable privilege of inspecting authentic examples, usually type

or paratypes, of very nearly all the species under notice, so that the

process adopted has been an easier matter than would have been the

case in the compilation of a similar work on many other faunas.*

* T am particularly indebted in this respect to the Trustees of the British

Museum (Natural History) in the first place, and to the Directors of the Berlin,

Stockholm, Stuttgart, and Vienna Museums, and, furthermore, to Colonel A. J.

Peile for drawings of and notes on many radulae, to H. Watson for kind advice

concerning anatomy, and to the Royal Society of South Africa for permission to

republish certain text-figures which appeared originally in the Transactions of that

Society.

VOLe SOOM. 1

2 Annals of the South African Museum.

With regard to illustrations, the object has been to figure

(a) All species yet unfigured.

(6) Those of importance which have been figured either in-

adequately, or in publications little accessible to the

average collector.

into which others here unfigured are divided.

For small or intricate forms enlarged wash drawings have been

employed, while large or simple forms, devoid of intricate detail, are

illustrated by photography, and my best thanks are due to Miss

Gertrude Woodward and Mr. H. J. Manley for the trouble and interest

they have devoted towards making the plates successful.

The northern geographical boundaries, as in my Reference List, are

the Kunene and Zambesi Rivers, and the minor geographical divisions

remain the same as in that work, except for the addition of Namib

and Kaokoveld to South West Africa and the elimination of the

Northern Transvaal, from which most species, formerly considered to

be practically confined within its limits, are now known to be more

widely dispersed. Though not strictly accurate, Lorenzo Marques is

still employed to embrace the entire Portuguese Territory in Hast

Africa south of the Zambesi.

A reference is given to the original description of every species,

valid or otherwise, but in the case of those included in my Reference

List citation of their reference number in that list renders unnecessary

repetition of all other references therein given; all later references,

however, and a few that were omitted are given in full, as well as all

of slightest importance to species not included in it. Much early

synonymy of old, widely diffused species, of little concern to South

African students, is now omitted. It may be of interest to note that

of the 596 species then included as valid, 68 have since been expunged

or relegated to synonymy; on the other hand, excluding a few that

crept into print, so to speak, still-born, 236 have been added, making

a total of 764 to be treated as valid in the following pages.

A quarter of a century has elapsed since the publication of

my Revised Reference List of South African Non-marine Mollusca,*

during which period a vast amount has been added to our acquaintance

with that fauna, not only from the rather unimportant standpoint of

new species, though their number is considerable, but with regard to

matters of greater scientific interest, the habits and development of

* Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, pt. 3, pp. 59-306, pl. ii, 1912.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 3

many forms hitherto little known and the extent of their distribution.

But although greatly extended, our knowledge of the last is still in its

infancy, which accounts for what may appear needless profusion of

localities in the present volume for many of the less usual forms. It

begins to appear probable that many of these are confined within

a comparatively small geographical area, and only by setting forth all

available records of their established occurrence, and a few, I fear,

that are open to question, owing to misidentification by authors who

were unacquainted with the originals and attributed to most im-

probable localities species they had never seen, may it be possible in

this, which is after all but a pioneer work, to aid future students, on

fuller acquaintance with their range, to correlate into reasonable

compass the mass of data here given.

In order to avoid more confusion than possible, I have adhered

fairly closely to the main systematic arrangement adopted in my

Reference List, but considerable discrepancy will be observed with

regard to the genera and even families in which many species are now

placed. This is due in part to extended knowledge of their anatomy,

and still more to the many changes necessitated by the desire to follow

strict order of priority in accordance with the Laws of Nomenclature,

while a definite stand is made to enforce these laws in regard to the

inadmissibility of authorship being ascribed to pseudo-authors, of

whom Parreyss is perhaps the most flagrant example, who were

accustomed to distribute undescribed species under manuscript names

of their own invention, which were subsequently adopted and wrongly

credited to them by the author actually responsible for their descrip-

tion. I have also reverted, not without regret, to use of the original

spelling of specific names except in cases of obvious misspelling (e.g.

verrauxt for verreauxi) usually where the original author noticed his

own error and corrected it within reasonably short time of its first

publication.

In view of the lengthy bibliography given in my Reference List,

there is no need for another, as the few entirely fresh publications

since that epoch are either well known or cited in full where they

occur in the following pages.

My method of measuring shells is shown in the two subjoined figures

more concisely than by verbal explanation, but so much variation

exists among different authors in this respect, especially as to the

height of heliciform shells and the dimensions of the aperture, that.

comparison of mine with those of some others will doubtless reveal

apparent discrepancies which do not really exist.

4 Annals of the South African Museum.

In conclusion may I explain that I disavow any conceivable claim

to authority on supergeneric and anatomical subjects, and if I may

for convenience in the present work have followed one author rather

than another, or possibly a line of my own, without giving good reason

A : B

Trext-Fic. 1.—Heliciform shell, showing Trxt-Fic. 2.—Turriform shell,

method of measuring. showing method of measuring.

A-B. Diam. maj. A-C. Long. or Alt.

A-C. Alt. A-B. Lat.

I_J. Apert. alt. extern. E-D. Apert. alt.

K-L. Apert. alt. intern. F-G. Apert. lat.

E-F. Apert. lat. extern. H-D. Last whorl.

G-H. Apert. lat. intern.

(Diam. min. is that of the shell from

back to front, at right angles to

diam. maj.)

for it, I trust that my doing so will not be advanced as of the slightest

weight concerning any point which may be, or become at a later date,

a matter of controversy.

Postscript.—Just as the final proofs of this work were going to press,

there appeared two papers, by Haas and Neveu-Lemaire respectively,

which have a more or less important bearing on the present subject.

The last mentioned, “ Traite d’ Helminthologie Medicale et Vétérinaire,”

Paris, 1936, is an impressive volume of 1516 pages, of which pp. 1433-

1477 are devoted to a list of intermediary molluscan hosts of trema-

todes, refiguring all the South African shells previously figured in

the paper by Germain and Neveu-Lemaire in 1926; as these figures,

however, are from the same blocks as those in the earlier paper, it is

unnecessary to refer more fully to them here.

Haas (“‘Binnen-Mollusken aus Inner-Afrika,’’ Abh. Senckenb. Ges.,

No. 431, 1936) not only gives very many fresh South African localities

for a large number of species, but copious notes on many of them,

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 5

particularly the Pelecypoda. In this case I have incorporated all

important references from his paper and all new localities that need

mention, but many of his deductions concerning the bivalves are

much open to controversy, and I regret that I am unable to find

myself in agreement with some of them. Rather, therefore, than

open up such matters at this late stage in the completion of my

own work, I have preferred to let all that I had previously written,

and to which [I still adhere, stand unaltered, the references to his

paper showing to a great extent the chief points in which his views

are at variance with my own.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT.

SuB-Kinepom MOLLUSCA.

Crass GASTROPODA.

Mollusca characterised by their asymmetrical organisation and by

their well-developed head, which bears tentacles. They also nearly

always have a foot adapted to creeping, a well-developed radula, and

usually a shell formed of one piece and, at least in the young, spirally

coiled.

Sus-CLass HUTHYNEURA.

Hermaphrodite Gastropoda specially characterised by the partial

detorsion of their organisation when adult, as is well manifested in

the visceral commissure, which is usually not twisted and shows a

tendency to the concentration of all its elements round the oesophagus.

Pedal centres frequently united by a second “parapedal”’ commissure.

Radula usually having numerous teeth in each transverse row.

OrpDER Pulmonata.

Pallial cavity present, but no ctenidium; pallial aperture a com-

paratively small contracted orifice, the cavity constituting a pulmonary

organ adapted for breathing air. Auricle of heart usually anterior;

kidney usually with ureter; nerve ganglia concentrated round

oesophagus. The hermaphrodite duct usually bifurcates to form

a distinct oviduct and a vas deferens.

6 Annals of the South African Museum.

Susp-OrpER Stylommatophora.

Nearly always two pairs of tentacles, invaginable, with eyes on

summits of upper pair. Male and female genital orifices open into

a common vestibule; suprapedal gland present.

Trine AGNATHA.

No jaw; teeth of radula narrow and pointed; animal carnivorous.

I retain this old-established name, though as a matter of fact it

comprises an unnatural group, as the Testacellidae, though shell-

bearing molluscs without a jaw, have little further connection with

the first three families of the Tribe and would otherwise find a more

natural place considerably lower down the scale.

Famiry APERIDAE.

Characters those of the single genus, found only in South Africa.

Genus Apera Heynemann, 1885

(Jahrb. D. Mal. Ges., xii, p. 20)

(=Chlamydephorus Binney, 1879, non Chlamydophorus “ Harlan,”

Wagler, in Mammalia 1830).

Type C. gibbons: Binney.

Cockerell * has recently pointed out that the name Chlamydophorus,

attributed by many writers to Harlan in 1825, was not employed by

that author, whose generic name for.a small Armadillo was Chlamy-

phorus throughout the two papers which he wrote on the subject in

that year,t but overlooks that Wagler { in 1830 altered Harlan’s

name to Chlamydophorus without giving any reason for his action,

which may be therefore due either to carelessness in copying or desire

to amend Harlan’s originally malformed word. The name Chlamydo-

phorus roust therefore be attributed to Wagler, 1830, but this in no

way affects the question as to whether it invalidates the Chlamy-

dephorus of Binney, 1879, which it appears to me should hold good,

and which I subordinate to Apera only in deference to the views of

those who hold the latter to be a far more suitable name for the

genus, and the names of Harlan and Wagler to be errors in spelling

for Chlamydephorus.

* Nautilus, xlviii, 1935, p. 142.

+ Ann. Lyc. N.H., N.Y., i, 8, 1825, p. 237, and Zool. Journ., p. 25.

t Nat. Syst. Amphib., 1830, pp. 4, 35, 54, 55 (footnote), and 346 (index).

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 7

Animal subcylindrical, tapering gradually towards the head and more abruptly

at the posterior end; two pairs of tentacles, upper retractile and bearing the

eyes, lower small and beneath them a pair of short processes of paler colour.

Back usually rounded, but occasionally with lateral keels. No caudal mucous

pore; pallial organs towards hinder end of back, but both the mantle and the

degenerate cap-shaped shell are sunk beneath the skin, the latter lying in a little

pocket behind and to the left of the respiratory orifice. This forms a conspicuous

opening just to the right of the mid-dorsal line towards the posterior end, and

has dermal grooves radiating from it; the common genital opening is in the right

side of the head. Pedal gland lying free in the body-cavity and exceptionally large;

jaw absent, radula long, of the same general type as in the other carnivorous families

but varying in the different species; reproductive organs comparatively simple.

Watson’s arrangement of the species is here followed.

Apera gibbonsi (Binney).

Ref. List No. 2.

1879. Chlamydephorus gibbonst Binn., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.

iemgard. Vv, p: dol, pl. u,f.¢, 6. D.F.

1915. Apera gibbons: Binn., Wats., Ann. Natal Mus., ui, p. 193,

peewee 1-2; pi. vin, f. 14-15; pl. xvu, f. 91-92; pl. xx, f. 125;

pepe 129: pl. xxi, f. 1438. D.F.A.R.

Animal slender, tapering acutely to the rear, back rounded, skin coarsely

reticulated, dorsal grooves usually about 1 mm. apart, but united in front of

respiratory opening, lateral grooves irregular, radial conspicuous, some being

forked; oblique sublateral grooves also conspicuous and rather numerous. Ground

colour normally orange-yellow mottled with brown, a paler band, very sparingly

mottled, along centre of back. The largest specimen measured by Watson is

Long. 66-5, lat. max. 12-5; alt. 12-5; foot-sole lat. 5-0 mm.

Shell 4x 2-5 mm., usually thick, depressed, with apex in front of

posterior margin; sinus deep.

Radula as much as 21 mm. in length, formula (37 + 1+ 38) x 60.

Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Valley (type, Gibbons); Pietermaritz-

burg (? Burnup, Ponsonby).

ZULULAND. Hlabisa (Burnup).

Type in Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia.

Sub-species rubella Watson.

1915. Apera gibbonsi rubella Wats., Ann. Natal Mus., iu, p. 197,

peewee 3-9; pl. vin, f. 16-17; pl. ix, f. 27; pl. x, f. 32-33; pl. xm,

woe 422, pl. xiv, f. 63-65, 67; pl. xv, f. 70, TT-79; pl. xvu,

feos pl xx, £ 126; pl. xx, f. 130; pl. xxi, f. 138-139, 142;

pl. xxi, f. 144-145, 150. DF.A.R.

Animal broader than type, tapering more abruptly at hinder end, reticulation

of skin very similar but not so coarse, the grooves being more numerous and

8 Annals of the South African Museum.

less deep. Colour reddish brown above, thickly mottled with dark grey, a paler

band along middle of back, sides reddish orange, foot-sole paler. Largest specimen

examined by Watson

Long. 67-0, lat. max. 13-5; alt. 13-25; foot-sole lat. 6-0 mm.

Radula without central tooth, formula (28+0+28)x51 and

(34+0+35)x48; cusps very strongly curved, slightly broader

towards the point.

Hab. NATAL. Equeefa (type); Durban (Burnup).

Type in Natal Museum.

Sub-species gracilis Watson.

1915. Apera gibbonsi gracilis Wats., Ann. Natal Mus., i, p. 199,

plow, f.6; pl xii, £45 ole xa a OD Ae.

Animal more slender than type, tapering to a very acute angle at hinder end,

reticulation of skin coarse, as in type, body rather sparsely mottled with brown,

but the patches of colour extend across the back, so that there is no paler dorsal

band. Shell rather longer, and narrower behind than in the other forms; radula

with no central tooth and fewer laterals ; formula (19+0-+20) x 34.

Hab. NATAL. Equeefa (Burnup).

Type in Natal Museum.

Sub-species lupata Watson.

1915. Apera gibbonsi lupata Wats., Ann. Natal Mus., iii, p. 200,

pl. vin, f. 18-19; pl. xi, f. 58; pl. xvu, £99; pl. xix) f: 124 eee

Animal intermediate between rubella and the typical form both in shape and

reticulation, being generally a little broader and less coarsely reticulate than the

latter and a little narrower and less finely reticulate than the former; colour

variable, sometimes dark like rubella, sometimes light as in gibbonsi s.s. Normally

the mottling is inconspicuous and there is only slight trace of the paler dorsal band.

Long. 46-0, lat. max. 7:5; alt. 7-0; foot-sole lat. 4-0 mm.

Shell much depressed; radula with a comparatively small number

of very large teeth, central typically absent, cusps somewhat curved

and conspicuously barbed on lower side; formula (20 +0 + 20) x 44

and (21 +04 21) x 38.

Hab. NATAL. Port Shepstone (Burnup).

Type in Natal Museum.

var. duplex Watson.

1915. Apera gibbonsi lupata var. duplex Wats., ibid., p. 201. D.R.

Animal coloured very similarly to gibbonsi s.s. Cusps of teeth rather longer

than in lwpata typica and having an additional barb on the upper side near the

point of the larger teeth; formula (22 +1 +22) x 42.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Mrs. Warren).

Type in Natal Museum.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 9

Apera parva Watson.

1915. Apera parva Wats., ibid., p. 202, pl. viii, f. 22-23; pl. ix,

epee, ft 44-45, 53: pl. xvii, f. 100-102; pl. xx, £. 131:

pl. xxi, f.146. D.F.A.R.

Animal very slender, tapering to an acute angle at hind end, back rounded,

skin coarsely reticulate, dorsal grooves about 4rd mm. apart, but united in front

of respiratory opening, lateral grooves near dorsal and extending forwards to

the head, the right one ending in the genital opening, radial grooves well marked

but fewer than usual, only three on each side in addition to the two median;

oblique sublateral grooves less numerous than in gibbonsi and absent from the

anterior third of animal.

Length in life 35 mm. and colour fawn, dark above and lighter

below; dimensions in spirit: Long. 25.0, lat. max. 3-0; alt. 3-0;

foot-sole lat. 1-9 mm.

Shell 1:6x0-9 mm., thick, depressed, apex in front of posterior

margin. Radula 8 mm. long, central tooth very small, absent

from some rows; other teeth much alike in shape, gradually

imcreasing in size and becoming very large towards the edges of

the radula; cusps simple, very slightly curved, bases broader than

in gibbonst.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Fern Kloof, Grahamstown (Farquhar).

Type in Natal Museum.

Apera dimidia Watson.

1915. Apera dimidia Wats., ibid., p. 204, pl. vu, f. 7-9; pl. viii,

oe 20 24> pl. ix, 1. 295 pl. x, f. 34-35; pl. xu, f. 36-39; pl. xin,

f. 40, 46, 54, 59-62; pl. xiv, f. 66, 68-69; pl. xv, f. 71, 73, 75; pl. xvi,

peee-coce-90; pl. xvu;, f. 103-107; pl. xvi, f. 115-122; pl. xx,

iol pl. xxi, f. 132; pl. xxn, f. 136-137, 140-141; pl. xxi, f. 147,

iSite DF AR.

Animal sometimes swollen towards the middle, tapering to a blunt point at

hind end, back rounded, skin covered with a network of grooves, dorsal about

1 mm. apart, usually separated by a double row of rugae but united in front of

respiratory opening, lateral rather near dorsal, irregular; oblique sublateral also

irregular, less numerous than in gibbonsi, usually absent from anterior third of

animal; radial fairly well marked dorsally. Body yellowish white, conspicuously

mottled with greyish brown, which chiefly forms a somewhat discontinuous dark

band along each side, with a much paler, only slightly mottled dorsal area between

them.

Long. 33-5, lat. 7-5; alt. 6-5; foot-sole lat. 4-25 mm.

Shell 3x 1-8 mm., thin and translucent, convex, apex round, quite

at posterior end. Radula 4-8 mm. long, central tooth absent, about

13 laterals on each side, with very short curved cusps, and same

10 Annals of the South African Museum.

number of marginals, with longer, narrower cusps; formula

(25 +0 +26) x 61.

Hab. NATAL. Port Shepstone (type); Equeefa (Burnup);

Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg (Mrs. Warren).

Type in British Museum.

Apera purcelli Clige.

Ref. List No. 4.

1901. Apera purcells Clige., Ann. §.A. Mus., 1, p. 230, pl. xiv,

t,t. Duk.

1915. Apera purcella Clige., Wats., Ann. Natal Mus., i, pp. 112,

207, pl. vi, f. 25; pl. xin, f. 47-48, 55. N.D.F.A.R.

Animal rather broad anteriorly, tapering to a blunt point at hind end, back

rounded; skin with well-marked reticulation, rugae rather large for size of slug.

Dorsal grooves less than } mm. apart, separated throughout by a single row of

rugae, radial well developed, extending down to the single peripodial groove;

practically no trace of lateral grooves, but irregular oblique grooves in front of

the radial correspond to the sublaterals of other species. Body dark grey or

bluish black, an obscure slightly darker band along each side, dorsal area less

dark and lower portion much paler. The type was said to be 25 mm. long, foot-

sole 4 mm. broad.

Shell very convex, apex rounded, overhanging posterior margin

to a considerable extent. Teeth of radula less numerous than in

most species, central small, 3 or 4 laterals on each side with very

short cusps and about four times as many marginals with longer,

narrower cusps; formula of immature specimen (18+1+18) x 41.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Table Mountain (Lightfoot; Barnard).

Type in South African Museum.

Apera burnupi Smith.

Ref. List Nos. 1 and 3.

1892. Apera burnupi Smith, A.M.N.H., x, p. 466. D.

1900. Apera natalensis Clige., Ann. S.A. Mus., ui, p. 3, pl. i, f. 3-4;

pl. u, £. 14-15. DPA.

1901. Apera natalensis Cllge., Srth., Naturw. Wochenschr., xvii,

jo Pang A ce ee

1909. Apera natalensis Cllge., Srth., Tierreich, iti, pp. 148, 611

(1912), pl. iv, f. 9-10. A.

1915. Apera burnupi Smith (=natalensis Clige.), Wats., Ann. Natal

Mus., i pp. 110, 111, 210, "pl vin, t. 20-11; pl. vin, £25 eee

f. 30; plo xm, f 49,56; pl. xvu; f. 108-109; pl. xx1,-£)133; pl mea

€) 0485 ae eal ee

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 11

Animal broad and flattened towards hind end, tapering anteriorly, with two

longitudinal keels on each side, upper blunt but prominent especially posteriorly,

meeting in an obtuse angle above posterior end of foot, lower less prominent,

not very far from edges of foot and not extending to hind end. Skin coarsely

reticulate, dorsal grooves conspicuous, about | mm. apart, separated throughout

by a row of rugae which is usually double in the middle of the body, lateral deep

but rather irregular, and below each of them another groove branches from the

anterior radial, running forward above the lower keel until uniting with lateral

on the side of head; two or three sublateral and three or four supralateral grooves

on each side; radial grooves rather numerous and very conspicuous, while there

is an obscure longitudinal groove on the foot-fringe.

Body orange-red, darker above and mottled with patches of greyish brown,

chiefly emphasised between the keels. The largest example in the South African

Museum measures

Long. 77-0, greatest breadth between upper keels 17-0, alt. max. 14:0; foot-sole

lat. 11-5 mm.

Shell 5-5 x 3-2 mm., convex, with conical apex projecting slightly

beyond posterior margin. Radula 6 mm. long, central tooth with

very short single cusp, 11 laterals on each side with short double

cusps and more than twice as many marginals with long, narrow,

nearly straight cusps, transition between laterals and marginals

abrupt; formula (25+11+1+11+25) x77.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (burnupi, Burnup); Richmond

(natalensis, Ward, Warren).

Type of burnwpi in British, natalensis in South African Museum.

Apera sexangula Watson.

(PL sayat, 4)

1897. Apera burnupi Smith, Clige., A.M.N.H., xx, p. 221, pl. v,

ti=6. A.

1898. Apera burnupi Smith, Pilsb., Nautilus, xu, p.12. JN.

i) ae f o. pwetlice., Ann, S.A..Mus.,; 15) p24,- pla.

{.5-6. N.F.

1901. Apera burnupi Smith, Clige., J. of Mal., vin, p. 71,f.1. A.

02. 5; E = be si Ix pls Wise 665 A:

HSEOL ,, # Al ,» Ann. Natal Mus., un, p. 166. D.

3 ae i. we Porth ‘Lrerreich, ms op) oli ppl av

ees t At. A.

1915. Apera sexangula Wats., Ann. Natal Mus., i, pp. 114, 213,

Geis t2—13> pl. ix, f. 31; pl. xu, f. 50-51, 57; pl. xv, £. 72, 74,

feel xvi, £. 87; pl. xvii, f. 110-114; pl. xxi, f. 134; pl. xxu,

itso pl xxi, £.149.;, N.D.P ARK.

Animal rather slender, roughly hexagonal in section owing to presence of 2

prominent longitudinal keels on each side, the upper apart about three-fifths the

total breadth and nearly parallel, uniting in an acute angle at the hind end; body

12 Annals of the South African Museum.

tapering to an acute angle posteriorly, rugae minutely subdivided; dorsal grooves

well marked, about 1 mm. apart, separated throughout by a row of rugae which

often becomes irregularly double towards the middle, lateral grooves conspicuous,

the right ending in the genital opening, sublateral few and irregular, only 2 or 3

on each side, radial well marked, terminating below, as do the sublaterals, in

a longitudinal groove, parallel to the peripodial, but separated from it by a narrow

row of rugae. Colour chestnut or reddish brown, paler on keels and foot, mottled

with greyish brown, more concentrated towards the rear, and usually with numerous

reddish-brown specks on body and foot-sole. A large example in the Natal

Museum measures

Long. 77-0, lat. max. 16:0; alt. 15-5; foot-sole lat. 10-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Shepstone; Hilton Road (Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown (Farquhar; French).

Type in British Museum.

Shell convex, laterally compressed, with conical apex projecting

considerably beyond posterior margin. Radula 4 or 5 mm. long,

central tooth with a short, broad, single cusp, 8 or 9 laterals on each

side with short double cusps and more than twice as many marginals

with longer, narrower ones, the transition being rather abrupt;

formula (23+9+1-+49 +23) x 63.

Easily distinguishable from burnupi, with which it was for long

confused, through the upper keels meeting in an acute angle instead

of a curve, and the lower extending to the hind end of the animal

instead of only #ths the length.

Famity STREPTAXIDAKE.

Agnathous snails of elongate or helicoid form, frequently with

aperture more or less obstructed by tooth-like processes, shell uni-

coloured and except in exceedingly rare instances, when in fresh

condition, hyaline, glossy or slightly silky, colourless or palest

olivaceous. Animal red, green, or yellow.

The arrangement which follows is that adopted by Pilsbry (Bull.

Amer. Mus., xl, 1919).

Sub-Family STREPTAXINAE.

Streptaxidae with distorted axis, or, if not distorted, with broad

dome-shaped summit; little or no apertural dentition.

Genus Gonaxis Taylor, 1877

(Ord. Of:C. a, pe. 22).

Type G. gibbonsi Tayl.

Shell asymmetrical; in early stages heliciform, after which the

axis becomes more or less strongly deflexed, so that the summit is

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 13

thrown backwards to the left in frontal aspect; aperture seldom

with more than one (parietal) tooth.

Between 1876 and 1881 Kobelt published a treatise under the

title of Illustriertes Conchylenbuch, in which he dealt briefly and

systematically with the accepted genera of that period, and in many

cases gave what would seem at first glance to be very definite designa-

tions of their genotype, one being the section Odontartemon Pfr.,*

with “Typus Streptaxis distortus Jonas,” and H. B. Bakery has

claimed that by reason of this designation Pfeiffer’s unwieldy name

should take priority of Gonaxis. Kobelt states in his preface, how-

ever, that his work is intended “fiir die Bediirfnisse des Sammlers

und fiir Schulbibliotheken,” and it seems to be almost universally

accepted that the word Typus, as applied by him in this treatise, is

not intended to designate the actual type, but rather a typical

example of the genus implicated. This is certainly the view held

by most of Kobelt’s compatriots, and neither Thiele nor Pilsbry

have taken the types of Ill. Conch.-Buch into account in their recent

writings, while Kobelt himself stultified his earlier designation in

1910, in his Kat. Agnatha (Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk, lxiu, p. 149),

when he omitted S. distortus entirely from his lst of Odontartemon,

of which he designated eburneus Pfr. as type and restricted its distri-

bution to south and eastern Asia. If, however, the types of the

Ill. Conch.-Buch are eventually recognised and the practically lost

species distortus Jonas definitely determined, Odontartemon will prob-

ably have to replace the name of the genus or sub-genus to which

distortus is proved to belong.

Group 1. Shell strongly sculptured.

Gonaxis kirki (Dhrn.).

1865. Streptaxis kirki Dhrn., P.Z.8., p. 232. D.

1905. xa (Gonaxis) kirkit Dhrn., Kob., Conch. Cab., p. 8,

pl. xln, f. 14-15. D.F.

1925. Gonaxis kirki Dhrn., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8S. Africa, xii,

PealtO. NV.

Shell small, subrhomboid, umbilicate, dull and silky. Spire distorted, apex,

which is obtusely convex, inclined so far backward as to be just obscured from

frontal view. Whorls 6, moderately convex, first 4 rapidly, last 2 gradually

increasing, extreme apex, 1 whorl, smooth and glossy, remainder covered with

fine, close, regular, curved, slightly oblique costulae, which become more or less

weak on front of last whorl, the intervals between them cut by microscopic spiral

* Mal. Blatt., ii, 1856, p. 172. + Nautilus, xli, 1928, p. 127.

14 Annals of the South African Museum.

lines; suture simple, well defined. Aperture oblique, roundly quadrate, peristome

white, glossy, narrowly expanded, labrum sharply receding, columella concave,

margin narrowly reflexed, half concealing the narrow umbilicus, which extends

to the apex, dentition none. A typical example from Mtisherra measures

Long. 8-0, lat. 6-4; apert. alt. 3-2, lat. 2-7; last whorl, obliquely from centre

of upper suture to centre of base 6-7, vertically from centre of base to upper

suture 5-7 mm., these last two figures giving some idea of the extreme axial distor-

tion: a shorter example of the same series is 7-6, and a longer one from Chimoio

district 9-0 mm. in length, though all are equal in breadth.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mtisherra R. Valley; Chimoio

District (Cressy).

Type in British Museum. ,

A well-sculptured shell of moderate size, with extremely distorted

axis; it was described from Mumba I., Lake Nyasa, and is con-

sidered by Germain as probably identical with the Kenyan species

woodhousei and perciwalt Preston, all of which are certainly nearly

akin.

Group 2. Shell nearly smooth.

Gonaxis gwandaensis (Prest.).

Ref. List No. 6.

1912. Streptaxis gwandaensis Prest., A.M.N.H., ix, p.69,f.1. DF.

1925. Gonaxis a A Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

aio yalLOn. wae

Shell comparatively large, subrhomboid, umbilicate, thin, nearly smooth,

glossy, transparent, pale olivaceous. Spire distorted, the axis being inclined to

the right, and both sides to the left; apex depressedly conical. Whorls 6, 4th and

5th convex, remainder flattened, the first 4, forming the apex, small, 5th large,

inflated on the left, 6th also large, flattened in front; first 3 smoothly punctate,

remainder sculptured with fine, close, regular, straight, oblique transverse striae,

evanescent below the periphery and most prominent in the narrow crenulate

suture. Aperture quadrate, base not much rounded, making almost a right

angle at its junction with the columella; peristome white, glossy, and reflexed,

labrum advancing slightly for 2 mm. below the suture and then sharply receding;

columella erect, margin broadly reflexed, half covering the rather narrow umbilicus;

callus white and rather thick. Shell described, from Wanetsi R. in Natal Museum,

measures

Long. 16-1, lat. 11:2; apert. alt. 4-7, lat. 5-5; last whorl 13-4 mm.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Near Geelong Mine, Gwanda District (type,

Si da ons)

LORENZO MARQUES. Wanetsi River, Majude District (Bell

Marley).

Type in Tervueren Museum.

Perfectly figured by Preston and only known as yet from the above-

mentioned localities.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 15

Gonaxis cressyi Conn.

1922. Gonazis cressys Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 113. D.

1925. » ¥ - Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu, p. 110,

pl.iv,f.1. NF.

1936. Gonazis cressyi Conn., Beq. and Clench, J. of C., xx, p. 266. N.

Shell very small, narrowly rimate, oval, smooth, glossy, transparent. Spire

short, sides parallel, axis almost straight, slightly bent back at the bluntly pointed

apex, which is only just visible from the front. Whorls 6, moderately convex,

the last less rounded than its predecessor, almost flat in front; first 24 engraved

to apex with fine, close, regular, microscopic spiral lines, which are present on

the base of immature shells, and faintly so on the later whorls, which are practically

smooth except for strong, regular crenulation just below the sutures. Aperture

quadrate, rounded at base, peristome white and shining, narrowly reflexed, labrum

slightly receding, dentition none.

Long. 6-2, lat. 3-8; apert. alt. 2-2, lat. 2-0; last whorl 4:5 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mtisherra River Valley (type);

Dondo; Zangwe Basin (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

Nearest to the Central African G. gibbonsi Taylor, but in that

species the apex is almost concealed from frontal view owing to the

backward distortion of the volution. Bequaert and Clench suggest

identity with G. mozambicensis (Smith), which has a far more oblique,

less vertical spire.

Sub-genus Afristreptaxis Thiele, 1932.

(Arch. f. Moll.-K., lxiv, p. 12).

Type Streptaxis vosseleri Thiele.

Created for the African species formerly ranged under Hustreptaxis

Pfr., which has been shown, by reason of Kobelt’s designation of

contusus Fér. as type in 1910, to become a synonym of Streptazis s.s.

Large, usually smooth shells, with sides almost regular and very

httle axial distortion.

Gonazxis elongatus (Fulton).

1899. Streptaxis elongatus Fulton, Proc. Mal. Soc., ii, p. 302. D.F.

1925. Gonazis (Eustreptaxis) elongatus Fulton, Conn., Trans. R. Soc.

Sees at, p. 112, pl. v,f.1-3. NAR.

1936. Gonazxis elongatus Fulton, Beq. and Clench, J. of C., xx,

pp. 266, 272. DP.

Shell comparatively large, rimate, rounded oblong, smooth, glossy and trans-

parent. Spire produced, sides parallel, apex deflected backwards to the right.

Whorls 7, rapidly increasing, first 2} engraved with moderately close, regular,

microscopic spiral lines, remainder covered all over with close, regular, nearly

straight, rather oblique transverse costulae, fainter on front of body whorl and

16 Annals of the South African Museum.

cut throughout by a continuation of the early spiral sculpture; suture simple,

well defined. Aperture nearly square, peristome moderately reflexed, dentition

consisting of a small, acute, straight parietal tooth 1-8 mm. in length, and an

inconspicuous columellar fold, encircling the rima, well within the aperture. The

specimen described measures

Long. 25-1, lat. 14:6; apert. alt. 10-6, lat. 7-0; last whorl 17-8 mm., but the

length varies from 23 to 28 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. District north of Macequece

(Cressy).

S. RHODESIA. Vumbu (or Vumba) Mts., Umtali (Arnold); Mt.

Silinda (Sandground).

Type, described from an unknown locality, in British Museum.

The parietal tooth appears to be formed after maturity; young

shells are clearly perforate to the apex.

The foot-sole is undivided and there are no peripodial grooves;

hind end of foot bluntly pointed, no keel, but a median posterior

groove present; lower tentacles apparently bifid; radula (of im-

mature animal) 8-4x1-4 mm., teeth all unicuspid, of aculeate form,

fairly uniform in shape, gradually increasing in size from 1-6 and

decreasing from 10th tooth to margin; no central tooth; formula

(24 +0 + 24) x 86.

Gonaxis vengoensis Conn.

(Text-fig. 3.)

1922. Gonaais (Hustreptaxis) vengoensis Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 114.

TEXT-FIG. 3.—Gonaxis vengoensis Conn., Macequcce.

Representative teeth from the radula; x 100.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 17

1925. Gonaxis (Hustreptaxis) vengoensis Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8.

petted, p: 115, pl.iv,f.2. D.F.A.R.

Shell comparatively large, oval, smooth and glossy on front, less so on back.

Spire produced, left side convex, right nearly straight, apex roundly conoid.

Whorls 64, rather flat, first 24 microscopically malleate and engraved with strong,

close, regular, spiral lines, remainder covered with close, regular, straight, rather

oblique costulae, the intervals between which are divided by the spiral lineation

into rows of microscopic tubercles, and which become very weak on front of body

whorl. Aperture quadrate, peristome slightly thickened, dentition none.

Long. 25-2, lat. 14-6; apert. alt. 8-8, lat. 8-6; last whorl 19-5 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. District 15 miles north of

Macequece (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

Kasily distinguished from the last species by absence of the parietal

tooth; the animals are very similar and radulae remarkably alike,

the increase in size being from | to 6 and decrease from No. 13 out-

wards; formula (26 +0 +26) x about 80.

Sub-Family PrycHoTREMATINAE

(= Enneidae and Enneinae Auctt.).

More or less elongate shells with straight axis and undistorted spire;

usually with apertural dentition.

Genus Streptostele Dhrn., 1866

(Mal. Blatt., xiii, p. 128).

Slender shells with more or less regularly tapering spire and,

typically, practically no dentition.

Sub-genus Raffraya Bet., 1883

(Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., xv, p. 66)

(=Ischnostele C. Bttg., 1915).

Type Raffraya milne-edwardsi Bet.

Outer lip obtusely toothed or thickened within above the middle;

a small angular tubercle.

Streptostele herma Conn.

Ref. List No. 111.

1912. Streptostele herma Conn., Ann. S§.A. Mus., xii, p. 89, pl. uy,

ig nw ON Oe

Shell very small, elongate, narrowly rimate, slightly glossy, translucent, milky

olivaceous. Spire produced, tapering, very narrow, apex rounded. Whorls 7,

VOL. XXXIII. 2

18 Annals of the South African Museum.

gradually increasing, little convex, but impressed at the suture, first 2 smooth,

remainder sculptured with rather coarse, irregular, nearly straight striae; suture

deep. Aperture short, piriform, virtually edentate, the two processes being an

almost imperceptible parietal callosity and an incurvation of outer lip about one-

third of its length below the suture; peristome not thickened, thinly reflexed.

Long. 4:5, lat. 1-3; apert. alt. 0-9, lat. 0-8; last whorl 1-5 mm.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

The only known S. African member of a tropical genus which

extends to Abyssinia and over the Mascarene Islands; S. unidentata

Conn., likewise described from the Victoria Falls, has only been

collected on the north bank of the Zambesi.

Genus Gulella Pfr., 1856

(Mal. Blatt., iii, p. 173)

(=Ennea auctt., non H. & A. Adams).

Type Pupa menkeana Pir.

As shown by Pilsbry in 1919, the type of Hnnea, elegantula Pir.,

is a Ptychotrema, a genus not yet recorded from South Africa, with

one or more long grooves round the outer surface of the last whorl;

Ennea therefore becomes a sub-genus of Ptychotrema, and Gulella

must be adopted for the widespread circumtropical genus to which

most of the South African Streptaxidae belong. '

The shell is usually rather small, elongate, cylindrical or ovate,

timate, thin, transparent, pale olivaceous, the aperture in South

African species bearing at least one lamella on the paries, and usually

a varying number of plaits or denticles on peristome and columella,

which on base and labrum frequently correspond to a small pit or

depression on the outer wall of the shell, but do not enter deeply in

the form of a thread, causing an external spiral furrow on the body

whorl, as in the tropical genus Ptychotrema.

Although recent knowledge proves that certain species are liable

to extraordinary variation in size and form, apertural dentition,

for the most part, is fairly constant and offers the most reliable

basis for dividing the otherwise unwieldy medley of material into

more or less homogeneous groups, which can be further simplified

by separating those species with normally well-defined striation

from those that are practically smooth; while, in spite of variation

in individual size, I find it convenient for purpose of speedy deter-

mination to segregate the minutiae, roughly up to about 3} mm. in

length, from those of average greater size. Of utmost importance,

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 19

too, is the scheme, single or duplex, of the columellar dentition. It

is on these principles, therefore, that I offer the subjoined arrange-

ment, in hope that it may facilitate the study of this intricate genus.

Few of the South African Gulellae can be allotted to any particular

section that has already received a distinguishing name, and I see

no necessity for creating more; my suggested arrangement is as

follows :—

A. Columellar process single, only one plait or tooth on columella.

Group 1 (Uniplicaria Pfr.). Aperture large and open, with a single

lamella on right of paries.

plant Pfr.

Group 2 (Paucidentina Mts.). Aperture large and open, little

obstructed by weak denticles; shell usually smooth and fusiform.

natalensis Cryn. queketts M. & P.

zuluensis Conn. triglochis M. & P.

pondoensis Conn.

Group 3 (including Huttonella Pfr.). Aperture in this and all

subsequent groups comparatively smaller, dental processes thus

appearing more prominent; dentition 3- or 4-fold, one process on

paries, one on labrum, one on columella, and occasionally one on

base, which is not always present in shells of the same species.

(i) More or less strongly striate :

infans Crvn., 3 teeth. johannesburgensis M. & P.,

tristioensis Conn., 3 teeth. 3-4 teeth.

rogerst M. & P., 3 teeth. miniata Krs., 4 teeth.

candidula Morel., 3 teeth. rhodesiana Conn., 4 teeth.

hickeyana M. & P., 3 teeth. sibasana Conn., 4—5 teeth.

praelonga Conn., 3 teeth. drakensbergensis M. & P., 4

crassilabris Crvn., 3 teeth. teeth.

(ii) Practically smooth, except in some cases for a short way

below the suture:

perspicua M. & P., 3 teeth. digitalis Conn., 4 teeth.

kraussi Pfir., 4 teeth. nepia Conn., 3 teeth.

subkraussi Conn., 4 teeth. magnolia Conn., 3 teeth.

juatidens M. & P., 4 teeth.

20 Annals of the South African Museum.

(ii, @) Minutiae:

inhluzaniensis Bnp., 3 teeth. pentheri Stur., 3 teeth.

perspicuaefornmis Stur., 3 teeth. bowkerae M. & P., 4

teeth.

Group 4 (Gulella s.s.). Dentition 5-fold, one tooth each on paries;

base, and columella, and two on labrum.

(1) More or less strongly striate:

menkeana Pir. delicatula Pfr.

albersi Pfr. aperostoma M. & P.

calopasa M. & P. pferfferr Kiist.

consobrina Ancey. caryatis M. & P. |

orientalis Conn. premnodes Stur., labral tooth hardly

framesi Bup. bifid.

subframesi Conn. minuta Morel.

(i, a) Minutiae:

isvprngoénsis Stur.

(ii) Practically smooth:

enstabilis Stur. lissophanes M. & P.

kosiensis M. & P. maritzburgensis M. & P.

obovata Pir. polita M. & P.

ingens Stur. burnupi M. & P. (contour fusiform)

planidens Mts.

barbarae Conn. (columellar process occasionally duplex).

(ii, a) Minutiae:

columnella M. & P. bushmanensis Bup.

moovensis Bunp. fraudator Conn.

Group 5. Dentition more or less 6-fold, there being three teeth on

labrum, either separate (gouldz) or the two upper more or less closely

united (pretoriana).

(i) More or less strongly striate:

gouldy Pfr. pretoriana Conn.

crossleyana M. & P. tridens Conn.

(i, a) Minutiae, in which all labral teeth are united in a single

large process:

arnoldi Stur. phyllisae Bup.

claustralis Conn.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 21

(11) Practically smooth:

xysila M. & P. (sculptured below sutures).

sexdentata Mts. aliciae M. & P.

alutacea Conn.

Group 6. Dentition 6-fold, but only two central teeth on labrum,

and a minute denticle near top of labral sinulus.

(1) More or less strongly striate:

warren M. & P. cairns, M. & P.

pulchella M. & P. genmalis M. & P.

distincta M. & P. vallaris M. & P.

(11) Practically smooth:

penningtoni Bnp.

Group 7. As above, but no denticle in sinus, and a minute tubercle

on centre of paries.

perplexa Conn.

Group 8. Dentition 7-fold, five teeth as in Group 4, plus denticles

on sinus and centre of paries.

(i) More or less strongly striate:

separata Stur.

(11) Practically smooth:

zelota M. & P.

Group 9. Dentition irregular, owing to presence of additional

denticles.

(1) More or less strongly striate:

enneodon Conn. perissodonta Stur.

Group 10 (Molarella Conn.). Columellar lamella strongly bifid.

darglensis M. & P. (smooth or striate).

Group 11 (Plicigulella Pilsb.). Columeilar lamella strongly tri-

plicate.

vicina Smith. aprosdoketa Conn.

B. Columellar process duplex, there being a superficial slab,

denticle, or tubercle, usually in addition to the basal process, more

or less high on the columellar margin, as well as the more deeply

immersed columellar lamella.

22 Annals of the South African Museum.

Group 12. Dentition 6-fold; asin Group 4, plus the extra columellar

process.

(1) More or less strongly striate:

pentodon Morel. phragma M. & P.

euthymia M. & P. godfreyi Bup.

falconi Bup. swaziensis Conn.

tripodvum Conn.

linguidens Conn. (only one tooth on labrum).

(i, a) Minutiae:

connollys M. & P. (columellar process sometimes single).

ponsonbyi Bup. bassettt Bup.

viae Bnp.

(11) Practically smooth:

himerothales M. & P. umzimvubuensis Bup. (beaded

multidentata Stur. (with addi- suture).

tional minute denticles).

(ii, a) Minutiae:

mariae M. & P. sylvia M. & P.

melvilli Bup.

Group 13. Minute, with 4-5 teeth, 1 or 2 superficial tubercles on

columellar lip.

elliptica M. & P.

Group 14. Dentition 7-fold, three more or less distinct labral

denticles.

leucocion Conn.

Group 15. Dentition roughly 6-fold, the two upper labral teeth

forming a large polymorphic slab, bearing occasionally one or more

small cusps; lowest labral present.

(1) More or less strongly striate:

adamsiana Pfr. wahlbergi Krs.

auris-leporis M. & P.

(ii) Practically smooth:

formosa M. & P. (beaded suture). daedalea M. & P.

infrendens Mts.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 23

Group 16. With two distinct denticles on labrum and one in sinulus

(1) More or less strongly striate:

regularis M. & P. dunkerz Pfr.

Group 17. With process on centre of paries.

(i) Strongly striate:

mfongosiensis Bnp. (tubercle on paries).

(ii) Practically smooth:

puzeyr Conn. (horizontal bar on paries).

Group 18. Labral process a single, very large polymorphic slab;

other processes variable.

(1) More or less strongly striate:

crassidens Pfr. harriest Bup.

craterodon M.& P.(nobasal munta M. & P.

denticle) tharfieldensis M. & P. (normally

contingens Bup. with parietal denticle).

(11) Practically smooth:

rumpiana Conn.

(ui, a) Minutiae:

farquhari M. & P. cht Bup.

Group 19. With additional slab immersed beneath that on labrum.

contrarva Conn.

A. Columellar process single.

Group l.

Section Uniplicaria Pfr., 1856

(Mal. Blatt., ii, p. 173).

Type Ennea cerea Dkr.

Gulella planti (Pfr.).

Ref. List No. 87.

1855. Ennea planti Pfr., Mal. Blatt., u, p. 173. D.

1904. Me #i piikob. Couch. Cabisp: 178, pls xa, i. 23—

24. D.F.

1914. Ennea planti Pir., Dautz. & Germ., Rev. Zool. Afr., iv,

pel. Lb:

1920. Ennea (Uniplicaria) planti Pir., Germ., Voy. Babault,

pe oo..- D.

24 Annals of the South African Museum.

Shell large, acuminate oval or cylindriform, rimate, transparent, with silky gloss,

pale olivaceous. Spire produced, summit broadly rounded. Whorls 83, nearly

flat, gradually increasing, first 24 smooth, remainder sculptured with close, regular,

nearly straight oblique striae and, under very high magnification, extremely fine,

close microspiral lines, so weak as to be negligible; suture simple, shallow. Aper-

ture trigonal, rounded at base, peristome white, glossy, narrowly expanded, sinus

varying in prominence, but usually forming a slight swelling, almost a tubercle,

atits base; there is a small, shortly entering angular fold, but none on the columella,

which is deflected to the right half-way up, to form a deep-set oblique ridge at its

upper angle. Specimens measured run from 16-0 to 21-0 in length and 8-5 to 10-0

in breadth, apert. alt. (intern.) about 2-6, lat. 3-2; last whorl from 8-4 to 10 mm.

Hab. NATAL (type, Plant). Widely distributed over the southern

districts.

CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (?) (Babault, fide Germain).

Type in Stettin Museum.

GROUP 2.

Paucidentina Mts.,* as restricted by Pilsbry + to shells of more or

less oval form with small teeth, little obstructing the aperture; type

Ennea ovalis Thiele.

Gulella natalensis (Crvn.).

Ref. List No. 74.

1880. Ennea natalensis Crvn., P.Z.S., p. 619, pl. lvu, f. 7. DP.

1932. Gulella \ , Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu, p. 80.

N.F.

Shell of fair size, acuminate oval, nearly smooth. Sides convex, tapering from

the penultimate whorl to a blunt apex. Whorls 83, flat, first 2 smooth, remainder

sculptured with weak, oblique, nearly straight, sub-distant striolae, strongest just

below the suture and behind the labrum; suture shallow. Aperture quadrate,

rounded at base, dentition irregular, with 4 main processes, which are seldom

absent: a short, nearly vertical parietal lamella, scarcely connected with the

labrum; a fairly prominent denticle low on labrum; a smaller one on extreme

left of base and a small, low tubercle at top of columellar margin; in addition to

these, there is frequently a minute denticle just above the lower labral, and very

seldom another in centre of base, which has only been observed to occur when all

the other dental processes are present. There is no dentition in the young, which

have a narrow umbilicus that becomes closed, forming a rima, when the shell

attains maturity; the animal is green in colour and arboreal in habit. An average

example measures

Long. 9-2, lat. 4:4; apert. alt. (intern.) 2-1, lat. 2:2; last whorl 4:8 mm., the

length varying from about 8-0 to 11-0 and breadth from 4-2 to 4:9 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Durban Harbour (type, Craven); frequent about

the south coast; Clansthal; Alexandra Junction (Burnup).

-YDIOCA,, p. LG: + Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., xl (1919), p. 223.

}

a ee

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 25

ZULULAND. Dukuduku Forest (Toppin).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella zuluensis Conn.

1932. Gulella zuluensis Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii, p. 81, pl. iv,

pels. DF.

Similar in nearly all respects to natalensis, from which it differs mainly in

dentition, which is confined to three processes only; a strong, incurved, pointed

angular lamella; a mid-labral tubercle, corresponding to a shallow, rather broad

external depression, and a flat shelf deep-set in the columellar angle. There are

8 nearly flat whorls, sculptured as in natalensis, the type measuring

Long. 10-8, lat. 5-0; apert. alt. 2-3, lat. 1-9; last whorl 6-1 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Sinkwazi (type, Pennington); St. Lucia and

False Bay (Bell Marley).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella pondoensis sp. n.

(Biju pts 2.)

Bears close resemblance to natalensis in all details except dentition, which in

the only two mature examples to hand is regular and 5-fold, a strong angular

lamella, 2 distinct labral denticles, lower the longer, with a single external pit;

another, short and acute, on left of base and a strong, nearly horizontal, triangular

lamella a little more than half-way up the columella.

Long. 11-5, lat. 5-0; apert. alt. (intern.) 2-1, lat. 1-7; last whorl 5-4 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

The second specimen is smaller, 9-3x 4:3 mm., and an immature

example is narrowly umbilicate.

Gulella queketts (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 91.

1896. Ennea queketti M. & P., A.M.N.H., xvii, p. 315, pl. xvi,

lisa IDB Oe

Shell large, subcylindriform, nearly smooth, glossy. Sides of spire very

slightly convex, summit, 4 whorls, a broad, low cone. Whorls 8, nearly flat,

last 4 gradually increasing, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with very fine,

close, regular, nearly straight, oblique striolae. Aperture quadrate, rounded at

base, peristome white, glossy, rather narrowly reflexed, dentition 3-fold: a rather

short, incurved lamella on the right of the paries, but quite unconnected with the

labrum, a small mid-labral denticle with a shallow external depression, and a low,

broad, blunt columellar lamella.

Long. 13-3, lat. 6-8; apert. alt. (intern.) 2-8, lat. 3-1; last whorl 6-4 mm.

26 Annals of the South African Museum.

An Equeefa specimen is considerably shorter, 11-2 x 6-1 mm.

Hab. NATAL (type, Quekett); Umzinto (Pennington); Isipingo

(Penther); Equeefa; Lower Umkomaas; Durban; Port Shepstone

(Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Puzey).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella triglochis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 102.

1903. Ennea triglochis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 600, pl. xxx1,

viel AG

1903. Ennea virgo M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 600, pl. xxxi, f. 10.

dO BS she

Similar to queketti in form, gloss, and sculpture, but considerably smaller, while

there is a small, flat tubercle to left of the base and the parietal lamella is usually

connected with the labrum; the type has slightly convex sides and 74 flattish

whorls, first 34 forming a conical summit, remainder regularly increasing; it

measures

Long. 8-1, lat. 4-2; apert. alt. 1-8, lat. 1-8; last whorl 4-2 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Botha’s Hill (triglochis, Burnup).

ZULULAND. Kosi Bay; Dukuduku Forest (Toppin); Lower

Umiolosi Drift (virgo, Burnup); Melmoth (Miss Hickey); St. Lucia

Bay (Bell Marley).

Type in British Museum.

Although the sides in the type are slightly convex they are usually

straight and parallel; a specimen from Kosi Bay measures 8-5 x 4-2,

and two from St. Lucia Bay 11:8 x 5-7 and 9-5 x 4:9 mm. respectively.

Group 3. Dentition 3- or 4-fold.

(i, a). More or less strongly striate, fairly small and narrow.

Gulella infans (Crvn.).

(Ele EG.)

Ref. List Nos. 53 and 108.

1880. Ennea infans Crvn., P.Z.S., p. 616, pl. lvii, f.6. DF.

1893. », ,colkers M. & P., A.M.N.H., xi, p. 23,. pl ieee

Dok;

1895. Ennea wotton M. & P., A.M.N.H., xvi, p. 479, pl. xvii,

f.3G;., ce

1925. Gulella infans Crvn., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu,

p. Lier aNR

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. = 27

Shell small, rimate, cylindrical, silky, transparent, pale olivaceous. Spire

produced, sides usually straight and parallel, but in short examples sometimes

slightly convex. Whorls 7-8, little convex, slowly increasing, first 2 smooth,

remainder sculptured all over with close, regular, nearly straight and vertical

costulae; suture simple. Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, peristome narrowly

reflexed, white and glossy, labrum straight and erect in profile, dentition 3-fold:

a strong, rather short angular lamella; a short, rather blunt denticle about half-

way down the labrum, corresponding to a minute external pit, and an oblique,

immersed shelf, rather than fold, at upper angle of columella. A typical example

from Pretoria measures

Long. 5-7, lat. 2-7; apert. alt. (intern.) 1-2, lat. 1-2; last whorl 2-8 mm., but

another of the same set is only 4:8 mm. long.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Lydenburg (infans, Craven); Pretoria Dis-

trict (infans and colliert, plentiful); Johannesburg (Gould); Pieters-

burg (Farquhar); Zoutpansberg (in South African Museum); Warm-

baths (small race, Connolly).

NATAL. Mont aux Sources (Falcon).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown (wotton:, Farquhar); Middel-

burg (small race, Connolly); Albany District (Penther).

S. RHODESIA. Matopos (smooth form, per Farquhar).

LORENZO MARQUES. Masiene (smooth form, Lawrence).

All types in British Museum.

As I proved in 1912 that colliert is identical with infans, it only

remains to add that I can find no possible means of distinction,

except geographically, between Craven’s species and wottoni, which

agrees in every detail with the typical form of the former; it is useless

to give measurements or go into further details, because all are in

perfect agreement with one another, in contrast to some of the local

races treated hereunder.

Despite its apparently wide distribution, G. infans is usually very

constant in form, sculpture, and dentition; the Warmbaths race is

unusually narrow for its length, thus approximating to rogersi, and

that from Middelburg, C.P., is also narrow, with a broad tubercle,

rather than tooth, on labrum. Mfongosi examples are variable in

strength of sculpture, and range in size from 4:0 x 2-5 up to 6-8 x 2-9

mm.

In the series from Matopos and Masiene the striation is weaker,

sinulus more pronounced, and labral tooth a little nearer the paries

than in type, but these slight discrepancies, and still slighter ones

in the radula, scarcely justify varietal separation.

In the radula of a Pietersburg specimen the teeth are of the usual

aculeate type; formula (21+1+21) x89.

28 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gulella tristaoensis Conn.

1922. Gulella tristdoensis Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 115. OD.

1925. 3 4 » trans: R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu, paves

play, t. 6: Varn.

Very similar to the foregoing, but differing materially in the appearance of the

last whorl, which considerably exceeds half, whereas in infans it averages about

one-half the total length of the shell; the radula, too, gives ground for specific

distinction. ‘The type measures

Long. 5-3, lat. 2-3; last whorl 2-8 mm., but typical examples range from 4-6 to

5-4 mm. long, although the last whorl always exceeds half the total length.

A few specimens distributed sparingly among the type series are

longer and broader, with the appearance of weaker sculpture and

dentition, though these features are really normal, the apparent

weakness being due to the superior size of the shells. Two specimens

measure 6:7 x 2-9, last whorl 3:4 and 6:3 x 2-6, last whorl 3:0 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. District north of Macequece (type,

Cressy).

S. RHODESIA. Six miles from Penhalonga (Miss Grey).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella rogers: (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 94.

1898. Ennea rogersi M. & P., A.M.N.H., i, p. 26, pl. vii, £.6. DF.

A long, cylindrical, straight-sided shell, similar to infans in all other details,

but far narrower in proportion. A paratype with 8 convex whorls measures

Long. 5-3, lat. 1-9; apert. alt. 1-0, lat. 0-8; last whorl 2-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Cradock Commonage (Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

The Teafontein locality given in my Ref. List refers to wottont.

Gulella candidula (Morel.).

Ref. List No. 19.

1889. Ennea candidula Morel., J. de C., xxxviu, p. 12, pl. u, f. 2.

UBS dite

1890. Ennea layardi Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mal. Fr., vi, p. 159. D.

Another cylindrical shell, resembling infans in nearly all respects, but much

larger, while the labral process is more often a mere tubercle than a denticle. A

paratype with 73 nearly flat whorls measures

Long. 6:4, lat. 2:75; apert. alt. 1-2, lat. 1-2; last whorl 3-4 mm.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 29

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth, South End (type), and

Kragga Kamma, 17 miles west of Port Elizabeth (Crawford); Port

Elizabeth (layardi, Layard).

NATAL. Upper Tugela? (Quekett).

Type of candidula in British Museum.

This species is probably confined to the Port Elizabeth District;

I have not been able to verify the Natal reference, while that from

Grahamstown, given in my Ref. List, proves to refer to wottoni.

Gulella hickeyana (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 50.

1900; Ennea lickeyana M. & P., A.M.N.H., vii, p. 317, pl. u,

mes DE.

The type is a weathered shell apparently sculptured like infans and resembling

it in dentition, but as long as candidula and markedly more obese, containing 7

whorls and measuring 6-3 x 3-0 mm. in length and breadth.

Hab. NATAL. Biggarsberg (Miss Hickey).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella praelonga Conn.

1922. Gulella praelonga Conn., A.M.N.H., x., p. 115. D.

L925. i ‘; Po dranse ih) Soc.e) Airica” xu. WNT,

pom o. NE.

Yet another silky, cylindrical shell, with nearly parallel sides and 74 flattish

whorls, striate rather than costulate, the sculpture being just visible without a

lens; dentition as in infans, but the processes are not stronger in proportion to

the increased size of shell.

Long. 8°8, lat. 3-5; apert. alt. 2-0, lat. 2-0; last whorl 4-1 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mount Vengo (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

The narrow elongate form calls to mind the Mascarene genus

Gonidomus Swainson, but differs from it, as well as from the Kenyan

Gibbulina expatriata Preston, in the presence of a labral tooth. The

Albany Museum contains a single specimen from Hopevale, Coma-

dagga, C.P., which much resembles it, but has much stronger denti-

tion; I have also collected a somewhat similar shell, but with far

weaker dentition, at Pienaars Poort, Pretoria District, facts which

suggest the possibility that all these scattered forms may be but

individual giants of a smaller species.

(i, 6) Dentition normally 4-fold, but basal process sometimes

lacking.

30 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Gulella johannesburgensis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 58.

1907. Ennea johannesburgensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 95,

plvie i: 2a" ear

1932. Gulella johannesburgensis M. & P., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus.,

Vil, p: 0 Ly plane 3-5 a Der

This widely diffused species is distinguishable from infans mainly by the presence

of a small, but prominent columellar lamella instead of a mere shelf and, normally,

of a basal denticle, which is, however, sometimes very weak or absent; a rather

strongly sculptured but otherwise typical example from Standers Kop is rather

small, cylindrical, with silky sheen. Spire produced, sides straight and parallel,

summit bluntly rounded. Whorls 8, rather flat, first 24 smooth, remainder sculp-

tured with strong, close, regular, nearly straight and vertical costulae. Aperture

quadrate, rounded at base, dentition normally 4-fold: a strong oblique angular

lamella; a long narrow denticle half-way down the labrum, with a well-defined

external pit; a small one on left centre of base and a small, bluntly rounded colu-

mellar lamella.

Long. 6-0, lat. 2-0; apert. alt. 1-0, lat. 1-0; last whorl 2-75 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Johannesburg (type, Johnson; McBean);

Potchefstroom (Miss Cachet); Standerton (Connolly); Pepiti Falls

(Harries).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Bloemfontein (Connolly).

NATAL. Weenen District (Burnup); Mkolombe (Thomasset).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

Type in British Museum.

While showing considerable variation in size, though not in form,

the sculpture is so diverse that extremes in this respect may possibly

represent different species. The type, 6x2 mm. in size, has rather

weaker striation than that described above, being almost smooth on

front of body whorl, and the Bloemfontein race, 5x2 mm., is

similar; in part of a large series from Standers Kop both labral and

basal denticles are very weak, and the striae, weak on the upper

whorls, are absent from the last two except for short lines immediately

below the suture, finally, the race at Pepiti Falls is almost void

of striation except just below the sutures, the base of labral denticle

is broader, columellar lamella less prominent, and basal process a

mere tubercle, situate low down the columella.

Gulella drakensbergensis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 39.

1893. Ennea drakensbergensis M. «&: PP. A.M.NcEy 2m, pee

pling ies OK

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 31

Founded on a single specimen, which is small, widely cylindrical, with a bluntly

rounded summit of 24 whorls. There are 64 whorls, not very convex, last 4 almost

equal, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured all over with strong, rather coarse,

regular, straight, slightly oblique costulae; suture simple. Aperture quadrate,

with prominent sinus, dentition exactly as in the last species, except that the

labral tooth is bluntly triangular, and thus broader at the base than in the other.

Long. 4:5, lat. 2:0; last whorl 2-75 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type, fide M. & P.).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

Type in British Museum.

The type is remarkable for its strong, coarse sculpture, but the

generality of examples from Maritzburg and Zululand are very much

smoother, their striation only visible under a lens, and in some cases

practically absent except in the suture. The species is extremely near

allied to yohannesburgensis, of which, if conspecific, it has priority.

Gulella minata (Krs.).

Ref. List No. 85 (pars).

1848. Pupa pferfferi, var. miniata Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 79. D.

1932. Gulella mimata Krs., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii, p. 72,

pleawet1. DLP.

Extremely near to the well-sculptured form of johannesburgensis described above,

but in the latter the labral denticle is equally narrow from base to apex, whereas in

miniata it arises from a broadish base and tapers to a point. The type contains

8 whorls, and measures

Long. 5:3, lat. 2-2; apert. alt. 1-3, lat. 1-1; last whorl 3-0 mm.; it differs slightly

from all others of the original lot in that the labral tooth has a broader, almost

bicuspid edge, the lower cusp a little the longer.

Hab. BECHUANALAND. Mt. Mohapani (Mopani, 8.W. of

Palapwe, Wahlberg).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

Gulella rhodesiana (Conn.).

Ref. List No. 93.

1912. Ennea rhodesiana Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., x1, p. 85, pl. u,

teeice DUE

A small, shortly cylindrical, rather glossy shell with rounded summit. Whorls 5,

convex, first two smooth, remainder sculptured with regular, nearly straight,

oblique striae. Aperture subquadrate, dentition 4-fold: a strong oblique angular

lamella; a well-defined labral tooth; a small denticle on left centre of base and a

thick, blunt columellar lamella.

Long. 3-7, lat. 1-8; apert. alt. 0-9, lat. 1-0; last whorl 2-0 mm.

32 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (type, Connolly).

TRANSVAAL. Blaauwberg, 90 miles north of Pietersburg (M.

Ziervogel).

Type in South African Museum.

The species inhabits both banks of the Zambesi at the Victoria

Falls; the labral process varies in strength from a pointed denticle

to a squarer tooth, the lower edge longer, with almost the appearance

of bifidity.

(i, c) Large, strongly sculptured shells with 3- to 5-fold dentition.

Gulella crassilabris (Crvn.).

Ref. List No. 28.

1880. Ennea crassilabris Crvn., P.Z.S., p. 616, pl. lvn, f.5: De

1909. ,, _ euschemon M. & P., ‘A.M.N.E.., iv, ‘p. 4810 pie

bee OSE

1922. Gulella crassilabris Crvn., Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xv,

Dee uN

1932. Gulella crassilabris Crvn., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu,

ps 82. 7 NE.

A large cylindrical shell with sculpture and 3-fold dentition usually as in

infans, the columellar process, as in that species, being an obscure oblique shelf,

but there is occasionally an extra process in the form of a slight swelling on left of

base; a typical example from Belfast with 84 nearly flat whorls measures

Long. 10-8, lat. 4-4; apert. alt. 1-9, lat. 1-9; last whorl 4-9 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Lydenburg (type, Craven); Pietpotgieters-

rust; Pruizen (euschemon, Connolly); Belfast (per Hewitt); Harte-

beeste Poort, Crocodile River (per Puzey).

Both types in British Museum.

The shell varies in size from 8:0 x 4:3 with 7 whorls, to 13:6 x 4:7

mm. with 9 whorls.

Gulella sibasana Conn.

1922. Gulella sibasana Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 70, pl. ui,

£265.) Dane

Similar to foregoing in most important details, but usually with slightly convex

sides. 9 whorls, almost flat, sculptured as above, aperture subquadrate, dental

processes consisting of a strong angular lamella; a rather small tooth, single in the

type, but occasionally with a smaller denticle above it, half-way up the labrum,

with a small external cavity; a very small tubercle on extreme left of base and

a hardly noticeable columellar shelf. The type measures

Long. 9:8, lat. 5-0; apert. alt. 3-2, lat. 1-8; last whorl 4:5 mm., but the largest

example examined is 12-5 x 6-3 mm. in length and breadth.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 33

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Luvimbi, Sibasa (type, Junod); Pepiti Falls

(Harries).

Type in Kimberley Museum.

Nore.—G. distincta (M. & P.) falls naturally within this group, but

owing to the presence of a sinular denticle must be relegated to

Group 6.

(11) Practically smooth, smallish shells with 3- to 4-fold dentition.

Gulella perspicua (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 83.

1893. Ennea perspicua M. & P., A.M.N.H., xi, p. 23, pl. iii, f. 12.

D.F.

A small, smooth shell with straight parallel sides, identical with infans except for

total lack of sculpture and the occasional presence of a swelling, scarcely a tubercle,

on left of base. A Barberton example with 74 whorls measures

Long. 4:8, lat. 2-4; apert. alt. 0-8, lat. 0-8; last whorl 2-5 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Middelburg (type, Crawford); Barberton

(Déglon).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella kraussi (Pfr.).

Ref. List No. 61.

1855. Ennea kraussi Pir., Mal. Blatt., u, p. 174. D.

1898. », sepuncta Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 24, pl. i, f. 10-12. D.F.

1925, Gulella krauss, Pir., Conn, Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu,

pel20" N.

Shell of fair size, usually cylindrical, smooth and glossy. Spire produced, sides

parallel, usually straight, summit rounded. Whorls 7, nearly flat, sculptured with

almost invisible, straight, slightly oblique, irregular growth striolae of negligible

character. Aperture as in group, with perfectly simple 4-fold dentition: a strong

short angular lamella; a strong triangular tooth half-way down labrum, with a

large external pit; a sharp denticle on left of base and a strong ridge-like triangular

columellar lamella; a typical example from Durban measures

Long. 7-0, lat. 3-0; apert. alt. (intern.) 1-1, lat. 1-1; last whorl 3-7 mm., another

example being only 6 mm. in length.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (type, Plant); Durban (sejuncta,

Penther); generally distributed over Southern Natal.

LORENZO MARQUES. ODelagoa Bay (ex coll. Cuming in

British Museum).

Type of kraussi in Stettin, seywncta in Vienna Museum.

Ole. :Oe-aine 3

34 3 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gulella subkraussi Conn.

1932. Gulella subkraussi Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii, p. 87, pl. iv,

Jip Bega DY

Similar to the foregoing in nearly all respects, but sculptured with close, regular

striae, faint except for a short distance below the sutures and near the outer lip,

while the labral denticle is narrow, of uniform thickness throughout, without basal

broadening as in kraussi. The type contains 8 whorls and measures

Long. 7-0, lat. 3-0; apert. alt. 1-5, lat. 1-4; last whorl 3-1 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Vryheid (type); Paulpietersburg (Puzey).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella juxtidens (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 59.

1899. Ennea juatidens M. & P., A.M.N.H., 1v, p. 195, pl. in, £. 2:

DF.

1914. Ennea juztidens M. & P., Bup., Ann. Natal Mus., i, p. 72,

Dla, fDi =50. aN ae

Far smaller than subkraussi, quite smooth except for short striae immediately

below the sutures; dentition 4-fold, the labral denticle being sharp and simple.

The type contains 63 whorls and measures 4:3 x 1-7 mm. in length and breadth.

Hab. NATAL. Van Reenen (type, Mrs. Quekett); Mont aux

Sources (Puzey).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella nepia Conn.

1925. Gulella nepra Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu, p. 121,

jo esta tice D) Jal

Shell small, cylindrical, rimate, smooth and glossy. Spire produced, sides

straight and parallel, apex obtusely angulate. Whorls 6, nearly flat, gradually

increasing, devoid of sculpture save for a few distant, irregular, oblique growth

lines; suture simple, shallow. Aperture subquadrate, peristome reflexed, dentition

3-fold: a protruding, not far entering, angular lamella, a small blunt tubercle,

without external depression, slightly within the margin half-way up the labrum,

and an exactly similar tubercle half-way up the columella.

Long. 5:3, lat. 2-2; apert. alt. 1-3, lat. 1-1; last whorl 2-75 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Macequece District (type, Cressy).

S. RHODESIA. Salisbury (Sir G. Marshall).

Type in British Museum.

One of the very small group in which the principal columellar

process is situate half-way up the columella, instead of at its upper

angle, and thereby easily recognisable.

A Monograpmc Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 35

The single example from Salisbury differs considerably from type

in having very strong vertical puckers extending from the suture

nearly half-way down the last 34 whorls, while there is but a mere

vestige of the tubercle on columellar margin; it may well prove to

be specifically distinct.

The typical form is also known from Northern Rhodesia.

Gulella digitalis sp. n.

(RIE 25)

Shell rather large, narrow cylindrical, umbilicate, smooth, glossy, transparent,

pale olivaceous. Spire much produced, sides straight and parallel, summit, 3

whorls, rounded. Whaorls 83, nearly flat, last 5 nearly equal, first 24 quite smooth,

remainder sculptured with weak irregular growth striolae, so faint as hardly to be

visible except on the last whorl, including its front; suture shallow. Aperture

short, quadrate, rounded at base, peristome narrowly expanded, dentition 4-fold:

a short, nearly vertical angular lamella, scarcely connected with the labrum; a

very short, broad-based, mid-labral denticle, with horizontal external depression;

a minute tubercle on left of base and a practically negligible low, blunt, deep-set,

columellar lamella. Umbilicus round and very narrow.

Long. 9-4, lat. 3-0; apert. alt. 1-7, lat. 1-3; last whorl 4-1 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Stella Bush, Durban (Puzey).

Type in British Museum.

There is really no other species to which this conspicuous form

can be profitably compared. The extreme weakness of the columellar

lamella precludes its acceptance as a monstrosity of kraussi or its

smooth allies, while the basal tubercle and lack of sculpture separate

it from praelonga and others of the infans group; in general aspect

it somewhat resembles the Kenyan expatriata and rectangularis

Preston, but does not stand close comparison with either.

Gulella magnolia (Conn.).

Ref. List No. 64.

1912. Ennea magnolia Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xi, p. 78, pl. jie

/Dgine

Shell very small, cylindriform, subrimate, smooth and glossy. Spire narrow,

with normally straight and parallel sides, but sometimes crooked, or swollen toward

the apex. Whorls 6, flattish, practically devoid of sculpture. Aperture sub-

quadrate, peristome slightly thickened and reflexed, dentition 3-fold: a short

acute angular lamella; an inconspicuous process, little more than a protuberance

caused by slight straightening, half-way down, of the labrum, which forms an obtuse

angle at this point, and a long, low, hardly noticeable obtuse angled shelf on

columella.

Long. 4-75, lat. 1-4; apert. alt. 0-95, lat. 0-85; last whorl 1:8 mm., but the whorls

vary in number from 6 to 64 and the length from 3-9 to 4:8 mm.

36 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Rain Forest, Victoria Falls (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

(1, a) Minutiae.

Gulella pentheri (Stur.).

Ref. List No. 79.

1898. Ennea pentherr Stur., 8.A. Moll., p. 30, pl. u, f. 32-33. DF.

1926. Gulella _,, dh Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 357,

pla xxi 6-1 DL.

Shell very small, cylindrical, smooth and glossy. Sides straight and nearly

parallel, occasionally tapering slightly upwards, summit, 2 whorls, bluntly rounded.

Whorls 6, not very convex, practically void of sculpture, suture shallow, strongly

margined. Aperture quadrate, dentition 3-fold: a short erect angular lamella; a

blunt denticle half-way down the labrum and a triangular columellar lamella.

Long. 3-1, lat. 1-1; last whorl, 1-4 mm., but length varies from 2-17 to 3-33 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Isipingo (type, Penther); widely distributed over

the southern districts.

CAPE PROVINCE. Bushman R., west of Port Alfred (Hewitt);

Kast London (Kincaid); Kowie (Farquhar).

Type in Vienna Museum.

Burnup states that the smallest known forms come from the coast

and the largest from higher latitudes inland, though there may be

nothing of lasting value in the suggestion; no apertural armature

has been observed in young shells.

var. wschyrion Bunp.

1926. Gulella penthert Stur., var. ischyrion Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus.,

Venp.oolespl) soa, il 2 oes oie

Shell like that of pentheri, but differing in the possession of a minute denticle on

left of base; there are 6 whorls.

Long. 2-5, lat. 0°87; last whorl 1-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Kowie East (type); East London;

Blaauwkrantz, Grahamstown; Trappes Valley, Bathurst (Kincaid

and others); Kowie (Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

Burnup mentions the occasional presence in this variety, as well

as the typical form, of a slight swelling on the columellar lip, too

insignificant to be of importance; the average size is rather less than

type, and average width slightly greater.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 37

var. kowieensis Bup.

1926. Gulella pentheri Stur., var. kowieensis Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus.,

v, p- 962, pl. xxi, f.14-16. DF.

Differs from type in much smaller size, though relatively rather wider; fewer

whorls, forward bend of labrum more abrupt, presence of a denticle on left of base,

and the labral tooth, instead of being round and single, consists of two little cones

arising from a low base, the lower being the longer and more deep-set. Separable

from ischyrion by much smaller size, fewer whorls, the double labral tooth and

position of basal denticle, which is slightly more to the left than in the other variety.

Whorls 5 to 53.

Long. 1-8, lat. 0-65; last whorl 0-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Kowie (Kincaid).

Type in British Museum.

Perhaps the smallest of yet known South African 'ulellae, the only

other to be compared in this respect being columnella, var. vitreola,

which, though occasionally shorter, is invariably wider than the present

form.

Gulella inhluzaniensis (Bup.).

1914. Ennea inhluzamensis Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., iii, p. 71, pl. v,

moa. DOP:

Shell very small, cylindriform, smooth and glossy. Sides of spire straight,

summit, 24 whorls, bluntly rounded. Whorls 64, nearly flat, last 4 with fine,

slightly oblique striolae just below the sutures, occasionally extending further, and

stronger on the last half-whorl, which they cross to the base; suture well defined.

Aperture upright-oblong, dentition 4-fold: a short erect angular lamella; a rather

long, narrow mid-labral denticle; an immersed slightly rounded shelf at upper angle

of columella, and a practically negligible swelling about the centre of the columellar

margin.

Long. 3-25, lat. 1-7; last whorl 1-75 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Inhluzani Hill, Dargle (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

_ Kasily distinguishable from pentherz by the presence of infrasutural

striation.

Gulella perspicuaeformis (Stur.).

Ref. List No. 84.

1898. Ennea perspicuaeformis Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 17, pl. i, f. 2.

D.F.

1925. Gulella perspicuaeformis Stur., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

Siti, 704, 10S ama

Shell minute, cylindriform, smooth and glossy. Sides of spire practically

straight, summit, 3 whorls, bluntly rounded. Whorls 6, nearly flat, smooth but

38 Annals of the South African Museum.

for a few transverse striolae behind the labrum. Aperture quadrate, rounded at

base, dentition 3-fold: a short vertical angular lamella; a small mid-labral denticle

and a weak immersed columellar fold.

Long. 2-6, lat. 1:3; last whorl 1-27 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Delagoa Bay (Penther).

Type in Vienna Museum.

Gulella bowkerae (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 14.

1892. Ennea bowkerae M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 92, pl. vi, f. 9,

ID) IP.

Shell very small, cylindrical, smooth and glossy. Sides straight and parallel or

very slightly convex, summit, 3 whorls, rounded. Whorls 7, nearly flat, last 4

increasing very slowly, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with extremely faint,

sometimes almost imperceptible, oblique growth striolae; suture shallow. Aper-

ture nearly semicircular, dentition 4-fold: a long, very oblique, crescentic angular

lamella; a strong acute or squarish mid-labral denticle, with a small external pit;

a broad, low, ridge-like tooth on left centre of base and a large, round deep-set

columellar lamella.

Long. 3-5, lat. 1-4; last whorl 1-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. East London (type, Miss Bowker);

Kowie (Farquhar); Hmagusheni (Puzey); Tonti Forest, Pondoland

(Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

The short wide aperture with huge oblique angular lamella and long

flat basal tooth render this little species easily recognisable.

Group 4.

Section Gulella s.s.

(Reference as for genus.)

Type Pupa menkeana Pfr.

Dental processes 5, angular lamella, 2 more or less distinct labral

and 1 basal tooth, and a large, usually immersed columellar lamella.

(i) With strong sculpture.

Gulella menkeana (Pfr.).

(Phi. tele.)

Ref. List No. 68.

1853. Pupa menkeana Pfr., Mon. Hel., iii, p. 551. D.

Shell comparatively large, rimate, subcylindrical, silky. Spire produced, very

slightly broader at the 6th than at the later whorls, sides nearly straight, summit,

4 Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 39

4 whorls, conical. Whorls 8, nearly flat, first two smooth, remainder sculptured

with strong, close, regular, nearly straight, oblique costulae; suture shallow.

Aperture short and wide, peristome slightly expanded, labrum erect in profile,

dentition 5-fold: a strong, oblique angular lamella; 2 labral denticles, the lower the

longer and arising nearer the surface than the upper, springing from a single base

which corresponds to a deep external pit: a small denticle, also corresponding to an

external pit, on left centre of base, and a horizontal lamella on a triangular base near

the top of the columella. The type appears to be lost, and the description and

figure here given are from a paratype from the Albers collection, ex Shuttleworth,

in the Berlin Museum.

Long. 13-0, lat. 6-3; apert. alt. 2-7, lat. (intern.) 3-0; last whorl 6-3 mm.

A second paratype with broken apex is perfectly straight-sided and

6-5 mm. wide; the type was said to measure 11 x5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (coll. Menke).

Gulella albersi (Pir.).

Ref. List No. 8.

1854. Pupa albers: Pfr., P.Z.S., p. 295. D.

1903. Ennea .,, pM te, Biv A MN: E xa; p. 596) DF,

Merely a large edition of menkeana, with which it is probably conspecific. The

type is rather barrel-shaped, but the other two shells in the type set are more evenly

cylindrical; all are about the same size, measuring

Long. 14-8, lat. 6-3; apert. alt. 3-3, lat. 3-0; last whorl 7-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (type, Strangier); Port Shepstone, both

sides of R. Umzimkulu (Burnup); Scottburgh; Port Edward (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

Some of the Port Shepstone examples measure 15-2 x 7-2,

16-6 x 7-1, and 16-9 x 7-8 mm.

15-5 x 7-5,

Gulella calopasa (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 18.

1903. Ennea calopasa M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p.596. DF.

Differs from albersi in smaller size and the labral teeth, of which in that species

the upper is the smaller and the lower arises nearer the peristome, while in calopasa

the lower is the smaller and the upper arises nearer the peristome.

Long. 13-4, lat. 6-0; apert. alt. 3-3, lat. 2-3; last whorl 7-1 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Shepstone, both sides of R. Umzimkulu

(type, Burnup); Port Edward (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

40 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gulella consobrina (Ancey).

Ref. List No. 26.

1892. Ennea consobrina Ancey, Brit. Nat., p. 125. JD.

1914. ns e Eg Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., iu, p. 50,

babe ie lore WD

1926. Gulella consobrina Ancey, Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 386,

[Ole oes Sill PING IIe

Shell of fair size, cylindrical, rimate, silky, with nearly parallel sides and very

obtuse summit. Whorls 8, first 2 bearing extremely close and fine microscopic

transverse striolae, remainder sculptured all over, except on paries, with close,

regular, oblique costulae; suture subcrenulate, rather shallow. Aperture sub-

quadrate, narrowly rounded at base, peristome reflexed, dentition 5-fold: a

prominent angular lamella; a long mound, corresponding to a shorter external

depression, extending nearly the entire length of labrum, bearing 2 distinct

denticles, with a slight protuberance above them; a small acute denticle on left

of base and a prominent triangular fold, strongly ridged along upper surface, at

upper angle of columella.

Long. (type), 7:9, lat. 3:3; apert. alt. 1-7, lat. 2-2; last whorl 4-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Albany (type, Miss Glanville); Martin-

dale (Farquhar); East London (Rattray, Kincaid).

NATAL. Southport (Puzey).

Type in coll. Tomlin.

Gulella orientalis Conn.

1929. Gulella orientalis Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 222, pl. xiv,

1.3. DE.

1932. Gulella orientalis Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii, p. 87, pl. iv,

fee Nr

A silky, cylindriform shell with parallel sides, 7 nearly flat whorls, the later

sculptured with strong, close, regular, oblique costulae; quadrate aperture with

5-fold dentition, the labral process consisting of a large tooth with two cusps,

of which the lower is twice as long as the upper. The type measures

Long. 7:1, lat. 3-4; apert. alt. 1-5, lat. 1-3; last whorl 3:6 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Mfongosi District (type, Jones).

NATAL. Wyebank (Puzey); Sand Spruit, Weenen (Burnup).

Type in South African Museum.

Very closely allied to consobrina, but with slightly coarser sculpture, :

while the labral teeth are unequal in length, instead of being almost

equal; in a large series from Weenen the small upper labral denticle,

though nearly always present, is sometimes represented by a mere

swelling and, in rare instances, absent altogether.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 41

Gulella framesi Bup.

1926. Gulella framesi Bup., Ann. Natal Mus., v. p. 387, pl. xxi,

f. 32-33. D.F.

A rather large cylindriform shell with 7}-8 whorls, similar to consobrina in form,

sculpture, and general dentition, but the labral process is a long base bearing 2 very

distinct, well-defined denticles, the lower the longer, the upper so high as to narrow

the sinulus, while the columellar lamella is rounded, with a deep well on the upper

surface of its base, whereas in consobrina the labral base bears 2 small lower denticles

and a slight angulation, rather than cusp, at its upper end, and the columellar

lamella is pointed, its upper surface strongly ridged. A paratype with 8 whorls

measures

Long. 7-45, lat! 3-2; apert. alt. 1-0, lat. 1-1; last whorl 3-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Hankey, Gamtoos Valley (type,

Rogers); Alicedale (small race, Cruden); Grahamstown (Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

The last two series are smaller and comparatively a little narrower

than type, the labral denticles much smaller, with the lower closer

to the upper, and the well on the rounded columellar lamella is less

conspicuous, but they scarcely merit varietal distinction; an average

example measures

Long. 6-9, lat. 2-5; apert. alt. 0-9, lat. 0-9; last whorl 3-5 mm.

Gulella subframesi Conn.

1929. Gulella subframesi Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 222, pl.

mvs £4. DLP.

A small, rather solid, rugose, cylindrical shell with straight, parallel sides and

bluntly rounded summit. Whorls 6, moderately convex, last 4 almost equal,

sculptured with strong, close, regular, nearly vertical costulae. Aperture quadrate,

dentition 5-fold, the labral process being a small double tooth, of which the lower

prong is larger, half-way down the lip.

Long. 5-0, lat. 2-2; apert. alt. 1-0, lat. 1-0; last whorl 2-5 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Mfongosi District (Jones).

Type in South African Museum.

A model in miniature of framesi Bnp., but with more convex whorls.

Gulella delicatula (Pfr.).

Ref. List Nos. 35, 37, 42, 75.

1856. Ennea delicatula Pir., Mal. Blatt., ii, p. 259. D.

1894. » nonotiensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xiv, p. 95, pl. 1,

prise DH. °

1898. Ennea dokimasta M. & P., A.M.N.H., i, p. 27, pl. vin, f. 7.

PF.

42 Annals of the South African Museum.

1898. Ennea docimasta M. & P., Proc. Mal. Soc., ili, p. 167 (Emend.

Nom.).

1909. Ennea eshowensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 487, pl. viu,

pease eee

1926. Gulella delicatula Pfr. (=nonotiensis, docimasta, and eshow-

ensis M. & P.), Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 367, pl. xxi, f. 19—2e:

DF.

Shell small, cylindrical, silky. Sides straight and parallel or slightly convex,

summit, 34 whorls, obtusely rounded. Whorls 74, nearly flat, first 2 smooth,

remainder sculptured with close, regular, nearly straight, oblique striae, finer and

closer behind the lips of aperture; suture shallow, with false appearance of beading.

Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, dentition 5-fold: a strong, nearly vertical

angular lamella; a low labral base with narrow external pit, bearing at each ex-

tremity a small denticle, lower the stronger, upper sometimes almost deficient; a

small denticle on left of base and a squarish or bluntly pointed columellar lamella.

Long. 5-9, lat. 2-9; apert. alt. (intern.) 0-9, lat. 1-1; last whorl 3-2 mm.; the

number of whorls varies from 64 to 8 and size from 4-9 x 2-6 to 6-85 x 3:05 mm.

Hab. NATAL (docimasta, McKen); Port Natal (delicatula, Plant);

Nonoti, Stanger (nonotiensis); Krantzkop; Tongaat; Table Mountain

(Burnup); Sinkwazi (Pennington); Karkloof (Taynton).

ZULULAND. KEshowe (eshowensis, Lady Saunders); Melmoth

(Miss Hickey).

Probable type of delicatula and types of nonotiensis, documasta, and

eshowensis in British Museum.

Gulella aperostoma (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 10.

1892. Ennea aperostoma M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 93, pl. vi,

Oleg) she

A rather broad, cylindrical shell with 7 flattish whorls, first 3 smooth,

remainder covered with extremely close, fine, regular, slightly curved and oblique

striolae; aperture wide, quadrate, narrowing and rounded at base; dentition as

in group, the 2 labral teeth practically equal in size, comparatively distant,

marked by a long external pit, narrower in the middle; columellar lamella hori-

zontal, little inset.

Long. 8-1, lat. 3-8; apert. alt. (intern.) 1-4, lat. 1-7; last whorl 4-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL (type, Layard).

CAPE PROVINCE. Great Fish River Point, near Port Alfred

(J. B. L. Smith).

Type in British Museum.

Distinguished by its open mouth and delicate sculpture.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 43

Gulella premnodes (Stur.).

Ref. List No. 89.

1902. Ennea premnodes Stur., Ann. Hofmus. Wien, xvi, p. 69,

yo ie

1914. Ennea premnodes Stur., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., iu, p. 73,

pews 56. DEF.

Shell very small, narrow, cylindrical, nearly smooth. Spire elongate, sides

straight and practically parallel, summit rounded. Whorls 7-8, rather flat, slowly

increasing, first 24 smooth, remainder sculptured for a short distance below the

suture with regular, rather coarse and distant costae, which only extend further

down along the 4th, and last half of body whorl; suture well defined. Aperture

quadrate, peristome expanded and reflexed, with a kind of tubercle at extreme top

of outer margin of sinulus, which causes it to project sharply from the suture;

dentition 4- to 5-fold: a short, strong angular lamella; a broad, almost blunt tooth,

corresponding to a small external pit, half-way down the labrum, the lower side

longer than the upper, each bearing occasionally a minute cusp, imparting a 5-fold

appearance to the dentition; a denticle on left centre of base and a blunt inset

columellar lamella; a paratype in my collection measures

Long. 5-5, lat. 1:7; apert. 0-8; last whorl 2-2 mm.; while another paratype is

only 5-0 mm. in length, and Burnup’s specimen is said to be, roughly, 5-9 x 2-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Albany District (type, Penther); Kowie

West (Kincaid).

Type in Vienna Museum.

While very nearly allied to caryatis, the present species appears

separable by its larger size and squarer, comparatively narrower

labral tooth, on which the minute cusps, when apparent, are far

weaker; it ought, perhaps, to be placed in the 4-toothed group,

but that its general aspect is so much that of the mid-Cape species

hereabouts treated.

Gulella pferfferr (Kiist.).

(Pay aie 10:)

Ref. List No. 85.

1841. Pupa pfeifferr Krs., Kiist., Conch. Cab., p. 87, pl. xu, f. 17—

noe DE.

1932. Gulella pfeifferr Kiist., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii, p. 72,

Peng 2. NE.

Shell small, usually cylindriform, silky. Sides parallel, straight or very slightly

convex, summit, 34 whorls, obtusely conoid. Whorls 84, nearly flat, last 5 nearly

equal, first 24 smooth, remainder sculptured with close, regular, nearly straight,

oblique costulae; suture well defined. Aperture quadrate, sinulus prominent,

peristome expanded, dentition roughly 5-fold: a strong, nearly straight and

vertical angular lamella; a large quadrate base, lower side longer, corresponding

to a single external pit, bearing at each extremity a small cusp; a narrow denticle

44 Annals of the South African Museum.

just to left centre of base, and a bluntly rounded columellar lamella with a well at

its base; an average example measures

Long. 5-6, lat. 2:2; apert. alt. (intern.) 0-8, lat. 0-8; last whorl 2-4 mm., the

longest and shortest specimens examined being 6-3 and 4-3 mm. in length.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Potteberg; Swellendam (Krauss);

Keurboom R. bush, 25 miles east of Knysna (Barnard).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

A large member of the minuta group, but peculiar in that the labral

tooth only becomes bifurcate near its extreme point, so that it was

originally described as single; this feature is fairly constant in many

specimens, as is also the width, irrespective of length, of the shell.

As the paratype I figured in 1932 is not quite normal and its exact

representation 1s important in view of its close relationship to minuta,

I now give a figure of the type itself; its dimensions are

Alt. 5-2, lat. 2:1; last whorl 2:4 mm.

The Keurboom shells differ from type in the labral tooth having

a longer base and the cusps at each end shorter and wider apart,

but I hesitate to separate them.

Gulella minuta (Morel.).

Ref. list Nos. 22, 30, 31, 38, 70, 100, 104.

1889. Ennea pusilla Morel., J. de C., xxxvu, p. 18, pl. un, f. 3.

1889. Hnnea minuta (=pusilla Morel., 1889, non 1881) Morel.,

ibid., p. 200. WN. |

1892. Ennea thelodonta M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 85, pl. vi, f. 4.

D.F.

1892. Hnnea dolichoskia M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 86, pl. vi,

ee IDM

1893. Ennea vanstaadensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 110, pl. 1m,

1p neg / Dae AB

1898. Ennea ambigua Stur. (= pusilla Morel., 1889), S.A. Moll.,

Dalene

1898. Ennea coons M. & P., A.M.N.H., i, p. 25, pl. vin, f. 4.

Dens

1898. Ennea crawfordi M. & P., A.M.N.H., i, p. 26, pl. viii, f. 5.

Die

1909. Ennea crispula M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 486, pl. vii, f£. 3.

De:

1914. Ennea thelodonta M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., ii, p. 51,

pliivs, fai edit.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 45

1932. Gulella minuta Morel. (=thelodonta, dolichoskia, vanstaad-

ensis, cionis, crawford, and crispula M. & P.), Conn., Ann. Natal

Mis val, p. 69. . NV.

Shell very small, cylindriform, silky, with straight-sided spire; 6 flattish whorls,

last 4 sculptured with strong oblique striae, fainter on front of body whorl. Denti-

tion as in group, labral process usually bifid, but upper cusp frequently absent in a

series from same locality, which led to the differentiation of crawfordi M. & P.

The species is fairly constant in breadth, 1-35 to 2:0 mm., but varies

in length from 2-3 to 5-05 mm.

Although abundant in the district of Port Elizabeth, it will be

seen from the appended localities that this species does not appear

to have been substantiated much farther afield.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (type); van Staadens

River (Crawford); Knysna (Warren); Keurbooms R. bush, Pletten-

berg Bay (Barnard); Tharfield (Miss Bowker); Kowie; Grahams-

town (Farquhar); Knysna; Hast London (J. B. L. Smith).

All the above so-called species were described from near Port

Elizabeth, except crispula, of which the locality is Grahamstown.

All types are in British Museum.

Gulella caryatis (M. & P.).

ket List Nos. 20, 71, 78.

1898. Ennea caryatis M. & P., A.M.N.H., 1, p. 24, pl. viii, f. 2.

DEE.

1903. Hnnea montana M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 599, pl. xxxi,

ti Bo BJ ie

1909. Ennea parallela M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 489, pl. viii,

ital ayaa OW ie

1914. Ennea montana (=parallela) M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal

Muse at, p. (5, pl. v, . 60-66. DEF.

1926. Gulella caryatis (=montana and parallela) M. & P., Bnp.,

Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 366 ( footnote).

1932. Gulella caryatis (=montana and parallela) M. & P., Conn.,

Ann. Natal Mus., vu, p. 78. WN.

Shell very small, narrow cylindrical, more or less silky. Sides straight and

parallel, summit, 2 whorls, bluntly rounded. Whorls 7, convex, last 5 increasing

very slowly, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with comparatively distant,

regular, straight, vertical striae, strong for some variable distance below the suture

and then weakening, often fading altogether, from the middle of whorl; suture

well defined. Aperture quadrate, well rounded at base, dentition 4- to 5-fold: a

short oblique angular lamella; a tooth with small external pit on centre of labrum,

46 Annals of the South African Museum.

either single and pointed or blunt and weakly bicuspid; a tubercle on left edge of

base and a blunt, deep-set columellar lamella.

The typical form varies from 2-9 to 3-5 x 1-12 to 1-27; last whorl about 1-7 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Cradock (type of caryatis); Grahams-

town, (montana and vparallela); Martindale (Farquhar); Prieska

(Gibbons; Gould).

All types in British Museum.

Specimens from the type-localities vary considerably in strength

of sculpture and shape of labral tooth, while the Prieska race is

larger, with 8 whorls, 5-0 x 1-4, last whorl 2-2 mm., and the striation,

while more oblique than in type, extends in equal strength across

the whorls, without emphasis at the suture, and the labral tooth

is more clearly bifid; it appears, however, inadvisable to add a

further name to this difficult group without more extended knowledge

of intermediate forms.

var. diabensis n.

Ele ait bok)

Differs from all examples of caryatis that I have seen in having more convex

whorls and stronger sculpture, which extends in equal strength right across the

later whorls. The type contains 7 whorls and measures: long. 3-5, lat. 1-2 ;

last whorl 1-4 mm.

Hab. GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Diab R. (Hdlinger).

Type in Berlin Museum.

(i, a) Minutiae.

Gulella isipingoénsis (Stur.).

Ref. List No. 57.

1898. Hnnea isipingoénsis Stur., 8.A. Moll., p. 27, pl. i, f. 19.

DF.

1898. Ennea isipingoénsis var. cylindrica Stur., ibid., p. 27, pl. 1,

122 Der.

1914. Hnnea isipingoénsis (=var. cylindrica) Stur., Bnp., Ann.

Natal Mis. auip..835,epl an, dil. Dok,

1925. Gulella isipingoénsis Stur., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 113,

Dl. wi, tie A

Shell very small, cylindric-oval, silky. Sides slightly convex, summit, 33 whorls,

obtuse. Whorls 74, very convex, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with strong,

close, regular, straight, oblique costulae, finer behind the labrum; suture very deep.

Aperture subcircular, dentition 5-fold; a strong oblique angular lamella; a large

squarish labral tooth, more or less bicuspid, upper cusp often lacking; a small

denticle on right centre of base, which in some races becomes a low ridge or practi-

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 47

cally disappears; a denticle on extreme left of base and a deep-set, scoop-shaped

columellar lamella. The type measures

Long. 2°83, lat. 1-47; last whorl 1-42 mm.; Burnup (1925) gives full account as

to the presence of apertural armature in the young shells of this species.

Hab. NATAL. Isipingo (types, Penther); widely distributed along

the south coast and as far inland as Pietermaritzburg.

CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna (Hewitt); Ingeli Forest (Falcon);

other records now transferred provisionally to var. cathcartensis Bnp.

Types in Vienna Museum.

Hewitt’s set of 5 appear to be quite inseparable from the normal

form, as exemplified in a Pietermaritzburg pair in my collection;

one of the Knysna shells is extremely ovate, the others cylindrical;

in all there is a mid-basal tubercular ridge and the labral tooth is

shortly, bluntly bifid.

var. discrepans Stur.

1898. Ennea isipingoénsis var. discrepans Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 27,

plitee20., DF.

1898. Ennea isipingoénsis var. similluma Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 27,

plero 2 DF.

1914. Ennea wsipingoénsis var. discrepans (=var. simillima) Stur.,

Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., ii, p. 35, pl. ii, f. 2-3. DF.

1925. Ennea isipingoénsis var. discrepans (?) Stur., Bnp., Ann.

Natal Mus., v, p. 113, pl. vin, f. 18-19. NF.

Of more obese contour than type, labral tooth longer and wider, with minute

denticle on upper edge, and columellar lamella also larger, so that these processes

overlap, the former above the latter; the denticle on right of base is replaced by

a low ridge.

Long. 2-7—3-55, lat. 1-45-1:78 mm.; young shells have apertural dentition.

Hab. NATAL. Isipingo (type, Penther); Equeefa; Umbogintwini

(Burnup); Winkel Spruit (Akerman); Southport (Puzey).

CAPE PROVINCE. Emagusheni, Pondoland (Puzey).

Types in Vienna Museum.

var. sturanyt Bnp.

1914. Ennea isvpingoénsis Stur., var. sturanyt Bnp., Ann. Natal

Mist, p. a6, pl. im, f.4-6. DF.

1925. Gulella isipingoénsis Stur., var. sturanys Bnp., Ann. Natal

Mis vp. 113, pl. vin, f. 20-27. . NF.

Differs from type in dentition, the labral tooth longer, wider and more compact,

ending in a blunt or rounded point; columellar lamella also larger, and basal

denticle replaced by a low ridge, as in var. discrepans, from which it differs in being

48 Annals of the South African Museum.

more cylindrical, labral process less massive and more pointed, and entirely lacking

the denticle on its upper edge.

Long. 2:57-3:25, lat. 1-47-1:55 mm.; young shells possess apertural dentition.

Hab. NATAL. Ntimbankulu (type); Pietermaritzburg; Howick;

Dargle (Burnup); Zwaart Kop; Hilton (Falcon); Karkloof (Taynton).

Type in British Museum.

var. cathcartensis Bup.

1925. Gulella isipingoénsis Stur., var. cathcartensis Bnp., Ann. Natal

Mus., v, p. 121, pl. viii, f. 28-30. DF.

More cylindric than type, summit more rounded and less tapering, whorls

scarcely so convex, suture less deep, and costulae slightly weaker and more distant;

aperture more trigonal, baso-columellar tooth situate a little higher up and basal

denticle absent; ends of peristome slightly farther apart; an immature shell of

6 whorls shows baso-columellar tooth and columellar lamella both stronger than

other forms of this species at the same stage of growth.

Long. 3-4, lat. 1-6; last whorl 1:5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Thomas River, Cathcart (type); The

Gorge, Van Staaden’s River? (Farquhar); Katberg? (Cruden);

east side of the Heads, Knysna (Smith).

Type in British Museum.

Although not authenticated, it is probable that the three records

last mentioned refer to this variety; the five Knysna specimens agree

with Burnup’s description in having more distant lirae and very

slightly less convex whorls than type, but the apex is tapering rather

than rounded, and the basal columellar denticle in much the same

position as in the type; the angular lamella strong, as in cathcartensis;

2 shells have a low, deep-set, mid-basal ridge or shelf; in all the labral

tooth is short and narrower than in typical zsipingoénsis, 4 out of

5 being more or less distinctly, though not prominently, bicuspid;

in only one is the lower cusp much longer than the upper.

var. dextrorsa Bup.

1925. Gulella isipingoénsis Stur., var. dextrorsa Bnup., Ann. Natal

Mus.,. v, p: 123, pl. vii, f. 31-32. DA.

Differs from type and foregoing varieties in generally smaller size, rather coarser

sculpture, stronger development of angular lamella, somewhat tripartite labral

tooth, with small cusps above and below the longer central one; absence of basal

denticle and stronger process on left of base, which is low oblong, rather than

acute.

The whorls vary in number from 6? to 74, and size from 2-62 to 3-07 x 1-31 to 1-52

mm. in length and breadth; no young shells have been examined for apertural

dentition.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 49

Hab. ZULULAND. Eshowe (Burnup & Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

var. laevorsa Bup.

1925. Gulella isipingoénsis Stur., var. laevorsa Bnp., Ann. Natal

Mus., v, p. 124, pl. viu, f. 33-34. DF.

Differs from the other varieties in dentition, which is as follows: a short vertical

angular lamella; a most minute denticle at top of sinus; a wide labral base with

deep external foss, bearing two strong pointed denticles, the lower more deep-set;

another most minute denticle below it, so far inset as to be hardly discernible;

a small sharp denticle on extreme left of base and a deep-set columellar lamella,

consisting of a large flattish lobe produced into two bluntly mamillate points.

Founded on 5 specimens, ranging from 2-6 x 1-34 (7 whorls) to 3:18 x 1:44 mm.

with 72 whorls.

Hab. ZULULAND. Eshowe (Burnup & Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

Burnup remarks that “it is with some little diffidence that I

nominate this and the preceding form (deztrorsa) as varieties of

isipingoénsis, for the distinctions are not confined to one or two

characters, but can be detected in many. The general appearance

of the shells, however, the size, form, swollen whorls, deep suture,

and strong sculpture suggest a relationship closer than merely

generic, so it seems best . . . to give these forms a status correspond-

ing with that of discrepans, sturanyi, and cathcartensis as varieties of

isipingoénsis, thus emphasizing their probable affinity with that

species.”

(ii) Practically smooth.

Gulella instabilis (Stur.).

Ref. List No. 56.

1898. Ennea instabilis Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 24, pl.1f.9. DF.

Shell small, cylindriform, smooth and glossy. Sides of spire straight or barely

convex, summit, 3 whorls, obtusely rounded. Whorls 7, nearly flat, sculptured

only with very short, oblique striolae in the median sutures; suture shallow.

Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, dentition 5-fold: a strong, somewhat oblique

angular lamella; a very low labral base, with a deep external pit, bearing at each

extremity a pointed denticle, the lower about twice as large as the upper; a strong

pointed denticle on left centre of base and a strong, bluntly rounded columellar

lamella. The type set ranged from 5-4 to 68 mm.; an average example from

Equeefa measures

Long. 6-0, lat. 2:7; apert. alt. 1-4, lat. 1-2; last whorl 3-3 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Isipingo; Durban (type set, Penther); coast

bush generally, from Port Shepstone to Tongaat, and several inland

localities as far north as Table Mountain (Burnup).

VOL. XXX. 4

50 Annals of the South African Museum.

ZULULAND. Enkwalini Valley, 12 miles north of Eshowe

(Falcon).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Warren); Thomas R.,

Cathcart (Farquhar, fide Burnup); East London (Kincaid).

Type in Vienna Museum.

While usually fairly constant in size, certain races of this common

species are not quite typical, that from East London being more

elongate, and that from the Enkwalini Valley rather shorter, 4-8 mm.,

with more sculpture, the striolation, which is present on the last

suture, extending a little farther down, as well as right across the

last half of the body whorl; the labral denticles are comparatively

a little shorter and more nearly equal in size.

Gulella kosiensis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 60.

1908. Ennea kosiensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., 1, p. 130, pl. vu, f. 2.

D.F.

Similar in all respects to the foregoing, except that the 7 nearly flat whorls are

entirely smooth and the upper labral denticle is always a little stronger, more or

less, than the lower. A topotype measures

Long. 5-2, lat. 2-4; apert. alt. (intern.) 1-2, lat. 1-1; last whorl 3-1 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Kosi Bay (type); Eshowe; Lower Umfolosi

Drift (Burnup); St Lucia and False Bays (Bell Marley); Eshowe-

Empangeni Road (Falcon); Mtumzini; Hluhluwe Game Reserve

(Rump).

NATAL. Gingindhlova; Greenwood Park (Miss Hickey); Wyebank

(Puzey); Durban Bluff (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

The races from Durban and Eshowe Road are considerably larger

than type, one from the last-named locality measuring 7 x 8, last

whorl 4:2 mm., though quite typical in other respects.

Gulella obovata (Pir.).

Ref. List No. 76.

1855. Ennea obovata Pir., P.Z.S., p.9. D.

1898. ,, ampullacea Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 24, pl.i,f. 14-15. DF.

Typically, though not constantly, a little smaller and with slightly more convex

sides than instabilis, which it resembles in every respect, including sculpture and

relative strength of labral denticles, excepting that the basal denticle is situate.

more to the left, low on the columella, and the columellar lamella is comparatively

broader at its base and very obtusely triangular, thus being far less conspicuous

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 51

than in the other species; a Durban example (paratype of ampullacea) with 74

nearly flat whorls measures

Long. 5-1, lat. 2-5; apert. alt. 1-2, lat. 1-2; last whorl 3-9 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Isipingo; Durban (type set of ampullacea, Penther) ;

common in southern districts.

Type of obovata in British, ampullacea in Vienna Museum.

G. obovata was described as from Liberia, obviously one of the many

miasmas arising from the pestilential conchological swamp of the

Cuming collection; the species seems to be confined to Natal.

Gulella ingens (Stur.).

CRMs te Ls)

Ref. List No. 55.

1898. Ennea ingens Stur., 8.A. Moll., p. 23, pl.i,f.9. DF.

Shell large, rimate, cylindrical, smooth and glossy. Spire much produced, sides

straight and parallel, summit round. Whorls 83, nearly flat except 4th and 5th,

slowly increasing, the later microscopically sculptured with very close, fine, faint,

nearly straight vertical striolae and an occasional growth line, with partial traces

of such extremely fine, close, and weak spiral lineation as to be of negligible im-

portance; suture shallow. Aperture trigonal, peristome not fully formed, dentition

5-fold; a strong angular lamella; a low base, bearing 2 blunt but prominent teeth

(the upper minutely bifid) with a deep external pit, unusually low down the labrum;

a large blunt tubercle on left centre of base and a large, bituberculate lamella,

with a deep groove along its upper surface, at upper angle of columella.

Long. (type) 9-1, lat. 3-2; apert. alt. (intern.) 1-2, lat. 1-2; last whorl 3-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Durban (Penther).

Type in Vienna Museum.

Owing to immaturity of the unique type it is impossible to decide

whether the dental processes have attained their final stage of

development, but the bituberculate form of the columellar lamella

seems to debar this huge, narrow shell from being an overgrown

monstrosity of other smooth members of its group, such as kosiensis,

which might otherwise easily be the case.

Gulella planidens (Mts.).

1881. Ennea laevigata Dhrn. (pars), Smith, P.Z.S., p. 281, pl. xxxi,

inde AN all’.

1892. Ennea planidens Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p. 179.

1897. Ennea (Gulella) planidens Mts., D.O.A., iv, p. 21, pl. in,

telG. <= DF’.

52 Annals of the South African Museum.

1899. Ennea (Gulella) laevigata Dhrn. (pars), Smith, P.Z.S., p. 580. NV.

1904. Ennea (Gulella) planidens Mts., Kob., Conch. Cab., p. 206,

pl. xxvi, f. 5-6. D.F.

1913. Ennea (Gulella) quinquedentata C. Bttg., Proc. Mal. Soc., x,

Pp: O49; pla xve ton eee

1914. EHnnea laevigata Dhrn., Dautz. & Germ., Rev. Zool. Afr.,

ive Door ee:

1916. Ennea (Gulella) quinquedentata Bttg., Germ., Bull. Mus.

Paris, pect en:

1916. Hnnea laevigata Dhrn., Germ., rbid., p. 247. D.-

1919. Gulella laevigata Dhrn. (= planidens Mts.), Pilsb., Bull. Amer.

Mus. INGE ex 28s ere

1925. Gulella, cf. laevigata Dhrn., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

Xl eal Olas Ae

Shell of fair size, cylindrical, smooth and glossy. Sides straight and parallel,

summit, 43 whorls, convex conoid. Whorls 8, nearly flat, practically smooth but

for weak infrasutural beading, rarely extending into striolae, on the last 2

whorls; suture shallow. Aperture broadly trigonal, rounded at base, dentition

5-fold: a strong, slightly oblique angular lamella; an inconspicuous labral base,

corresponding to a large square external pit, bearing 2 strong, straight, parallel

denticles, well separated from each other, equal in size or the upper slightly longer;

a small denticle on left of base and a simple mamillate columellar lamella.

Long. 9-0, lat. 4:2; apert. alt. (intern.) 1-7, lat. 2-1; last whorl 4-5 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Maforga Siding, B. & M. Railway

(McDowell).

Type of planidens in Berlin Museum, quinquedentata in coll. C. R.

Boettger.

The shell described, from Northern Rhodesia, has been found by

Dr. Rensch to agree well with the type of planzdens and to be of

average size, but the species varies somewhat in this respect, and the

Maforga race, though quite typical, is a little more slender, ranging

from 7-5 x 3°8 to 9-2 x4 mm.

This species has been confused owing to Smith having misidentified

and figured it in 1881 as laevigata Dhrn., in which, in point of fact,

the upper labral denticle, instead of being single and narrow, is clearly

bifid; the true laevigata has never been figured under its own name,

but in 1893 Smith redescribed it (P.Z.8., p. 633, pl. lix, f. 2) under

that of karongana, the figure of which gives a perfect representation

of Dohrn’s species; its distribution appears to be confined to the

immediate vicinity of Lake Nyasa, but planidens, which was described

from the Belgian Congo, ranges through Tanganyika, Rhodesia, and —

Nyasaland into Portuguese East Africa. G. quinquedentata was

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 53

described from Kipatimu, T.T.; the figure and description leave no

doubt as to its being identical with planidens.

Gulella lissophanes (M. & P.).

GET eh 9!)

Ref. List No. 10.

1892. Ennea aperostoma var. lissophanes M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix,

poe. D.

Treated by M. & P. as a variety of the delicately striolate aperostoma, the present

species is quite smooth and glossy, while the two labral denticles, of which the

upper is a little longer, are situate lower down the labrum and a little closer

together, being marked by an external pit of ordinary shape, features that seem

worthy of specific distinction. The type and a second example, each with 73

whorls, measure

Long. 7:8, lat. 3-2; apert. alt. (intern.) 1-0, lat. 1-2; last whorl 4:3 mm.

2? a2, 99 3°33 29 29 i; oe) 1:3; 2? 4-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL (Layard).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella barbarae Conn.

1929. Gulella barbarae Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 221, pl. xiv,

ene Oe ee

1932. Gulella barbarae Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p.79. WN.

A rather small, cylindrical shell, smooth and glossy, with from 6 to 7 whorls,

the last 3 showing extremely close, faint, regular, oblique microscopic striation.

Aperture nearly square, peristome reflexed, dentition normally 5-fold, a long

blunt angular lamella, 2 labral denticles, the upper the stronger, a small sharp

denticle well to left of base, and a rather deep-set square columellar lamella, with

a deep groove along the centre; but in some specimens there is an additional

process in the form of a tubercle half-way up the columella, whose presence might

occasion doubt as to whether this species should be placed in Group 4 or1l. The

type measures

Long. 5-7, lat. 2-5; apert. alt. 1-2, lat. 1-2; last whorl 3-2 mm., but the species

attains a length of 6-5 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Mfongosi District (Jones).

Type in South African Museum.

A topotype has been recorded from which the angular lamella is

absent, its place being taken by a short sharp denticle in centre of

paries.

Gulella maritzburgensis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 67.

1893. Ennea maritzburgensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 107, pl. in,

mells (DF.

54 Annals of the South African Museum.

1914. Ennea maritzburgensis M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., i,

p. 64, pl. iv, f. 39-41, 45-46. D.F.

Shell very small, subcylindriform, smooth and glossy. Sides of spire nearly

straight or slightly swollen towards the summit of 34 whorls, which is bluntly

rounded. Whorls 7, slightly convex, sculptured just below the median sutures

with short oblique striolae, which extend very occasionally lower down, and from

suture to base on the last half-whorl; suture well defined. Aperture quadrate,

rounded at base, dentition 5-fold: a strong oblique angular lamella; a low labral

base, with single external pit, bearing at each extremity a pointed denticle, the

lower far stronger; a small denticle on left centre of base and a strong triangular

columellar lamella. A topotype of average size measures

Long. 4:2, lat. 2-0; apert. alt. 0-9, lat. 0-8; last whorl 2:3 mm. ~

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type, Burnup); Isolo (Godfrey);

Karkloof R., 2 miles from Hilton (Falcon); Nottingham Road

(Taynton); Rosetta (Miss Hickey).

CAPE PROVINCE. East London (Radford; Kincaid).

Type in British Museum.

The typical form, of which the animal is bright red, appears almost

confined to the Maritzburg district; the race from Rosetta is nearly

as small as var. contracta, but the aperture larger; that from Hilton

has a bright yellow animal and is rather large, labral and columellar

processes much weaker and basal rather so than in type; the Hast

London race is rather small, with usually a very slight swelling near

top of columellar lip.

var. contracta Bnp.

1914. Hnnea maritzburgensis M. & P., var. contracta Bnp., Ann.

Natal Mus., i, p. 66, pl. iv, f. 42-44. DP. |

Smaller and more ovate than type, whorls 64, with finer, fainter sculpture,

rounder aperture with comparatively weaker dentition, labral denticles smaller and

closer together, the upper frequently lacking.

Long. 3-3, lat. 1-6 ; last whorl 1-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Nottingham Road (type); Curry’s Post; Karkloof

(Taynton); Bulwer; Otto’s Bluff (Puzey).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella polita (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 88.

1893. Ennea polhita M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 108, pl. im, f. 12.

Due |

1925. Gulella polita M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 140,

pl. ix, f. 45-46. DF.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 55

The type resembles maritzburgensis in every respect except for being smaller,

entirely smooth all over, and the labral process a little more like a tooth with 2

cusps, the lower the stronger, the upper present in the type, but absent from a

paratype in my collection. The type has 7 whorls and measures

Long. 3-3, lat. 1-6; last whorl 2-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Tharfield (type, Miss Mary Bowker);

Alicedale; Port Elizabeth (Cruden); East London (Kincaid); Kowie;

Bathurst (Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

The Alicedale race, treated by Burnup, and that from Port Hliza-

beth are larger than type, attaining dimensions of 4:5x1-9 mm.

with the same number of whorls, and the last half-whorl is very finely

striolate instead of smooth.

The smallest example from Hast London is only 2-9 x 1-4 mm.

Gulella burnupi (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 15.

1897. Ennea burnupi M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 634, pl. xvii, f. 2.

D.F.

Shell of fair size, more or less fusiform, smooth and glossy. Sides of spire regular,

usually slightly convex, tapering from 6th whorl upward to a blunt point. Whorls

84, flat, sculptured after first 2, under a lens, with very faint striolae, slightly more

visible below the sutures, which are well defined. Aperture quadrate, rounded at

base, dentition 5-fold: a short oblique angular lamella; 2 short acute denticles, the

lower the stronger, on a low labral base ; a small thin denticle on left centre of base,

and a convex, bluntly pointed columellar iamella.

Long. 7-9, lat. 3-8; apert. alt. 1-2, lat. 1-2; last whorl 3-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type); Gordon Falls and

Zwartkop Valley (Burnup); Bulwer; Henley Waterworks (Warren);

Elandskop (Puzey); Donnybrook (Rump).

Type in British Museum.

A species of arboreal habit, first collected on a leaf of Dracaena ; it

is somewhat easily recognisable by its rather obese contour and

elongated acute summit.

(ui, a) Minutiae.

Gulella columnella (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 24.

1901. Ennea columnella M. & P., A.M.N.H., viii, p. 316, pl. ii, f. 2

DK.

1914. Ennea columnella M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., i,

peroie OS, pl.-v, f.47. NDE.

56 Annals of the South African Museum.

Shell minute, subcylindrical, smooth and glossy. Sides of spire parallel,

scarcely convex, summit broadly rounded. Whorls 54, nearly flat, last 4 nearly

equal, sculptured with exceedingly weak, close, microscopic transverse striolae,

arched forward and only plainly discernible just below the sutures, and on some

shells distinct traces of microspiral lineation. Aperture quadrate, dentition 5-fold:

a prominent, nearly vertical angular lamella; a two-cusped labral tooth; a denticle

on left of base and a horizontal lamella, entering from the surface near top of

columellar margin.

Long. 2-15, lat. 1-0; last whorl 1-2 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Karkloof Bush (type, McBean); Dargle; Hdendale;

Ntimbankulu; Lower Umkomaas (Burnup); Park Rynie; Isipingo

(Puzey).

Type in British Museum.

Distinguishable from other species of similar size by the partly

superficial form of the columellar lamella.

var. vitreola M. & P.

Ref. List No. 105.

1908. Ennea vitreola M. & P., A.M.N.H.,1i, p. 130, pl. vu, f.3. DF.

1914. ,, columnella, var. vitreola M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal

Mises 111; qp2i09- 7) aN

Differs from type through more ovoid contour with rather shallower sutures, and

slightly weaker development of peristomatal processes; the four specimens known

measure 1:87 x 0:94, 1:82 x 0:92, 1:81 x 0:93, and 1-76 x 0:92 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Hilton Road (Burnup).

Type lost; paratypes in British and Natal Museums.

Gulella moovensis (Bup.).

1914. Ennea mooiensis Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., i, p. 62, pl. v,

f. 49-51. DF.

Shell very small, elongate elliptical, smooth and glossy. Sides scarcely convex,

summit, 24 whorls, bluntly rounded. Whorls 53, moderately convex, practically

devoid of transverse sculpture except just behind the labrum, but showing faint

traces of microspiral lineation, as in the foregoing species; suture shallow. Aper-

ture roundly triangular, dentition 5-fold: a strong angular lamella; a double mid-

labral tooth; a small denticle on left of base and a scoop-shaped columellar lamella;

there is also a slightly raised ridge within the basal lip, extending round the base

from behind the labral tooth.

Long. 2:55, lat. 1-24; last whorl 1-35 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Game Pass, Upper Mooi R. (type, Burnup); Mont

aux Sources (Puzey).

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 57

CAPE PROVINCE. Mt. Currie, Kokstad (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

Differs from the preceding species in absence of infrasutural striation

and minor details of dentition.

Gulella fraudator sp. n.

(ELE So ie)

Shell very small, rimate, subcylindrical with rounded ends, smooth and glossy.

Spire produced, sides very slightly convex. Whorls 64, little convex, sculpture,

only visible under the microscope, confined to weak, somewhat irregular, slightly

curved and oblique growth wrinkles, more regular and stronger for some distance

behind the labrum and on lower part of back of last whorl; suture very shallow.

Aperture quadrate, dentition 6-fold: a strong oblique angular lamella; a large

tooth with 2 cusps, lower the larger, on centre of labrum, corresponding to a deep

external pit; a strong mid-basal denticle, also with deep, narrow external pit; a

strong tubercle just above centre of columellar lip and a large, simple, deep-set

columellar lamella.

Long. 2-75, lat. 1-2; last whorl 1-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Mbotjie Beach bush (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella bushmanensis Bup.

1926. Gulella bushmanensis Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 364, pl. xxi,

mot/—18. DSF.

Shell very small, narrowly cylindrical, smooth and glossy. Sides nearly straight

and parallel, summit, 2 whorls, bluntly rounded. Whorls 7, nearly flat, last 5

increasing very slowly, practically sculptureless; suture well defined. Aperture

quadrate, rounded at base, dentition 5-fold: a short angular lamella; a minutely

bicuspid labral tooth; a small denticle on left of base and a moderately deep-set,

simple columellar lamella. The type measures

Long. 2:94, lat. 1:0; last whorl 1-19 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Weenen Hill (type) and several localities in Weenen

District (Burnup; Thomasset).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

Type in British Museum.

While resembling pentheri and mariae in form, the dentition places

this species in a different group from either.

Group 5. Dentition more or less 6-fold, 3 labral denticles.

(1) More or less strongly striate.

58 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gulella gouldi (Pir.).

Ref. List No. 49.

1855. Ennea gould Pfr., Mal. Blatt., u, p. 174. D.

1898. i 5 5, var. excedens Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 18) pla

fio: Were

1932. Gulella gould: Pir., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii, p. 82. N.F.

Shell of fair size, cylindrical or slightly barrelled, with silky sheen. Sides of

spire straight or very slightly convex, summit, 24 whorls, bluntly rounded. Whorls

73, not very convex, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with close, regular, nearly

straight, oblique transverse costulae; suture well defined. Aperture quadrate,

rounded at base, dentition 6-fold: a strong, nearly vertical angular lamella; 3

sharp, short denticles, of which the upper is the smallest, arising from a broad low

labral base, with a single corresponding external depression; a similar denticle on

left centre of base and a simple, convex, bluntly pointed columellar lamella. An

average shell measures

Long. 8:2, lat. 3:8; apert. alt. 1-5, lat. 1-5; last whorl 3-9 mm., but the species

varies enormously in size, almost every intermediate existing between large forms

11-5 x 5-0, 10-0 x 4:0, and 9-5 x 4:2, and small ones 6-4 x 3-0 and 6:5 x3-1 mm, in

length and breadth; Sturany’s var. excedens was founded on a specimen from

Durban with 9 whorls, 9-5 x 4:0 mm., but the name is hardly worth perpetuating.

Hab. NATAL. Durban (type, Plant); common throughout

southern districts.

CAPE PROVINCE. Bathurst (in coll. Farquhar, fide Burnup);

Port St. Johns (Puzey); Mbotjie Beach, Pondoland (Falcon).

Type of gould: in Stettin, var. excedens in Vienna Museum.

Gulella crossleyana (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 32.

1893. Ennea crossleyana M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 106, pl. iu, f. 8.

D.F.

1932. Gulella crossleyana M. & P., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu,

pp. 82, 84. FD.

An exact miniature of the foregoing except for slightly more slender contour;

an average specimen with 7 whorls measures

Long. 5:8, lat. 2:7; apert. alt. 1-0, lat. 0-8; last whorl 2:9 mm., while the size

varies from 6-2 x 2:6 down to 4:6 x 2-4 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type, Mrs. Crossley) and Slang

Spruit (Burnup, typical form); Hilton Road (abnormal, Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

Four shells from Hilton Road, the largest of which is 7-1 x 2-75

mm., are remarkable in the presence of a minute denticle (in one

case a mere swelling) on the columellar lip, just below the lamella; a

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 59

similar feature exists in occasional examples of gouldi and sexdentata,

so that it hardly merits varietal rank.

Gulella pretoriana Conn.

1932. Gulella pretoriana Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu, p. 86, pl. iv,

oe DE.

Shell of fair size, silky, cylindrical. Sides of spire parallel, summit broadly

rounded. Whorls 73, rather flat, first 1} smooth, remainder covered with strong,

close, regular, nearly straight, oblique costulae; suture beaded, shallow. Aperture

subquadrate, rounded at base, dentition 6-fold: a strong angular lamella; a flat

labral slab, corresponding to a single external depression, bearing three denticles,

the lowest single and distinct, the upper forming a double tooth of which the lower

cusp is slightly longer; a denticle of same length on left centre of base and a large

square columellar lamella.

Long. 6-4, lat. 2-7; apert. alt. 1-3, lat. 1-1; last whorl 2-9 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Zwart Kop, Pretoria (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

Differs from zysila, with which it was for long confounded, in

having stronger, continuous striation and in greater size of upper

labral denticle.

Gulella tridens sp. n.

(Pl. i, £. 13.)

Shell small, cylindrical, silky, sides straight and parallel, apex broadly mamillate.

Whorls 64, convex, last 4 almost equal, first 2 practically smooth, remainder

sculptured, except on front of body whorl, with close, straight, regular, slightly

oblique costulae; suture simple, rather deep. Aperture quadrate, rounded at

base, peristome white, glossy, expanded and reflexed, dentition 6-fold: a strong,

somewhat oblique angular lamella; 3 conspicuous, nearly equidistant labral

denticles, corresponding to a long external pit, in which there are 2 depressions

separated by a minute col; upper and central, of which the latter is usually the

longer, a little nearer the surface than the lowest, which is nearly as long as

the central; a strong denticle on left centre of base and a large, square, deep-set

columellar lamella with a deep groove down the centre, almost dividing it into

2 cusps as in Molarella.

Long. 5-25, lat. 2-2; apert. alt. 1-0, lat. 0-8; last whorl 2-9 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Mfongosi District (Jones).

Type in British Museum.

The shell varies a little in length and considerably in the size of

the highest and lowest labral denticles, though these are typically as

described above, presenting somewhat the appearance of a short-

pronged trident. Possibly, however, through interbreeding, numerous

examples undergo a gradual transition into the 7-toothed leucocion

from the same locality, which they resemble closely but for lacking

the extra columellar tubercle characteristic of that species; on this

transitional form of tridens I bestow the name

60 Annals of the South African Museum.

var. intermedia, nov.

(Plea, 14:)

Differs from type in position of labral denticles, the upper two more closely

united on a square base and the lowest more deeply immersed; occasionally, too,

there is vestige of a columellar tubercle, as in lewcocion.

Hab. ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

Type in British Museum.

(i, a) Minutiae, all labral teeth united in a single large process.

Gulella arnoldi (Stur.).

Ref. List No. 11.

1898. Ennea arnolds Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 28, pl. u, f. 26-30. DF.

e is » var. elongata Stur., sbid., p. 29, pl. nu, ivok

IDG:

1914. Ennea arnold: Stur., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., i, p. 68. NF.

1925. Gulella ,, (=var. elongata) Stur., Bup., Ann. Natal Mus.,

v, p. 104, pl. vi, f. 1-2. NP.

Shell very small, cylindrical, silky. Sides normally straight and parallel,

summit, 2 whorls, bluntly mamillate. Whorls 6-7, very convex, first 2 smooth,

remainder sculptured with strong, close, regular costulae, curved and oblique on

3rd to 5th, straight and vertical on last whorl; suture deep. Aperture narrow

oblong, much constricted, dentition 4-fold: a strong oblique angular lamella;

a large triangular slab, with horizontal external pit, occupying the entire labrum;

a small denticle in centre of base and a long, low, deep-set columellar lamella, almost

concealed by the superficial processes.

Long. 2-8, lat. 1-25; last whorl 1-6 mm., but the length varies from about

2-55 to 3:1 mm., the var. elongata, with 7 whorls, being of the latter dimension,

but, as mentioned by Burnup, not worth varietal distinction.

Hab. NATAL. Isipingo (type and var. elongata, Penther); rather

widely distributed about the south coast (Burnup); Southport (large

form, Puzey).

Types in Vienna Museum.

The Southport race is larger, with more convex sides than type,

and 7 whorls, of which the last 5 are costulate; long. 3-5, lat. 1-9;

last whorl 2-1 mm. No armature has been found in the aperture of

young shells of this species, an important fact in view of its presence

in G. phyllisae, discussed hereunder.

var. collaris Bup.

1925. Gulella arnoldi Stur., var. collaris Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v,

ps LOO apl- vai yan0 14) DEE.

ey — —

SS ee eee Te

eae

ile ae

ee ee ee Te

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 61

Shell rather larger than type, whorls slightly less convex and more irregularly

costulate, especially on last whorl; labral process very large, while there is a strong

collar encircling and filling the umbilical region; no apertural armature has been

found in young shells.

Long. 3-45, lat. 1-55; last whorl 1-75 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Shepstone (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella phyllisae Bunp.

1914. Hnnea arnoldi Stur. (pars), Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., iu, p. 68.

N.F.L.

1925. Gulella arnoldi Stur., var. phyllisae Bup., ibid., v, p. 106,

pl. vii, f. 3-8. DP.

Resembles typical arnold: in form and costulation, but with very slightly less

convex whorls; the apical sculpture differs widely, however, the 2nd whorl

being clearly engraved with about a dozen close, fine, evenly spaced microscopic

spiral lines; moreover, the aperture of young shells is furnished at recurring stages

with sets of dental processes, a low horizontal parietal plait, a small inset mid-

labral tooth, an obliquely entering basal plait, and a very deep-set, small and

obscure columellar lamella. These processes are formed at various states of growth

from about the 2nd to 4th whorls, each being absorbed when the next is completed

and none being present in fully grown examples. The type with 64 whorls

measures

Long. 2-67, lat. 1:33; last whorl 1:33 mm., the length varying from about 2-42

(6 whorls) to 2:74 mm. with 64 whorls.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Signal Hill, Hast London (type, Phyllis

Radford; Kincaid; Puzey); Port St. John’s; Mbotjie Beach, Pondo-

land (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

The spiral sculpture of the apex, combined with the juvenile denti-

tion, fully entitle this remarkable form to specific status.

Gulella claustralis sp. n.

(Pie tl)

Shell extremely small, suboval, umbilicate, asperate. Sides slightly convex,

apex rounded. Whorls 53, convex, last 3 increasing very gradually, first 2}

engraved nearly to the apex with rather coarse microspiral grooves, about 14 on

face of 2nd whorl, remainder bearing strong, coarse, regular costae, slightly

curved and oblique on 3rd and 4th, straight and vertical on 5th whorl; suture

deep. Aperture very narrow, quadrate, contracted half-way down each side,

peristome free and continuous; dentition as follows: a strong, incurved, somewhat

bifid angular lamella; a long superficial labral slab extending from sinulus to right

extremity of base, usually, as in the type, with 2 minute tubercles at its upper

and | at its lower end; a large tubercle more deep set half-way down the labrum;

a central, inset basal denticle; a trilobed columellar slab, central lobe the largest,

62 Annals of the South African Museum.

nearly meeting the labral process and hiding from frontal view another rounded

tubercle a little further inset on the columellar wall.

Long. 2-5, lat. 1-3; last whorl 1-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Ingeli Forest, Griqualand East-Natal

Border (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

(11) Practically smooth and glossy.

Gulella sexdentata (Mts.).

1869. Ennea laevigata Dhrn., var. sexdentata Mts., Nachr.-Bl. D.

Mal. Ges.a, p: fot. “22:

1890. Ennea hanningtoni Smith, A.M.N.H., vi, p. 161, pl. vi, f. 4.

Der

1897. Ennea (Gulella) sexdentata (=hanningtonr Smith) Mts.,

DOM po 2a.

1925. Gulella sexdentata Mts., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu,

ucla:

Exactly similar in dentition to gouldi, but the shell is usually larger, with

straight sides, smooth and glossy, entirely devoid of sculpture but for a few

scattered irregular growth lines; a typical example with 8 flat whorls measures.

Long. 10-5, lat. 4:2; apert. alt. 2-0, lat. 2-0; last whorl 5-25 mm. Martens’

specimens were 9-5 to 10 x4 to5 mm., and hanningtoni 10 x 5 mm., but a couple of

shells collected by myself at Dar-es-Salaam are only 8-6 x 3-8 and 7-7 x 3-7 mm., thus

falling to the average size of gouldi. The upper labral denticle is occasionally

lacking, and there is rarely a minute additional denticle on the columellar lip.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Barberton (Déglon); Pepiti Falls, Sibasa

(Harries).

S. RHODESIA. Sebakwe, near Gwelo (in South African Museum).

LORENZO MARQUES. Dondo; Zangwe Basin; Mtisherra R.

Valley (Cressy).

Type of sexdentata in Berlin, hanningtoni in British Museum.

The types were described from Zanzibar and Tanganyika Territory,

the South African records having only recently been established.

Gulella alutacea Conn.

1932. Gulella alutacea Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii, p. 84, pl. iv,

£6, “DF,

A smooth, rather dull, cylindrical shell with parallel sides and bluntly rounded

summit. Whorls 73, nearly flat, first 2} faintly microscopically decussate, re-

mainder sculptured with regular, nearly straight, slightly oblique transverse

striae, so faint as to be hardly noticeable except below the suture; parallel to

ee ee ee

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 63

and between these, the surface is covered with extremely close, fine, microscopic

granulate striolae; suture simple, shallow. Aperture quadrate, narrowly rounded

at base, dentition, in type, 7-fold: a prominent curved angular lamella; 3 small

labral denticles with a single external depression; a thin denticle on left centre of

base, a smaller one, nearer the surface, at base of columella, and a large quadrate

columellar lamella, convex, but usually with a slight well near its base.

Long. 7-4, lat. 3:2; apert. alt. 1-5, lat. 1-4; last whorl 4:0 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Cascade Falls, Karkloof (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

The denticle at base of columella is not a constant feature, being

sometimes absent or represented by a slight swelling, and the colu-

mellar lamella varies in shape from nearly square to triangular, but

the shagreened microscopic sculpture separates this species from others

of its group, and is extremely unusual among African (ulellae.

Gulella cysila (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 109.

9072 Hanes cysila M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 97, pl. vi,f.6. DF.

1932. Gulella xcysila M. & P., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu, p. 85. D.

A narrow cylindrical shell with 83 flat whorls, practically devoid of sculp-

ture except for short infrasutural beading on the last 434, and a few strong,

continuous striae just behind the labrum. The dentition consists of a strong

angular lamella, a flat labral slab, corresponding to a single external groove,

bearing trace of 3 denticles, the lowest single and distinct, the central of the

same length and bearing a small upper tubercle; a small denticle on left centre of

base and a strong square columellar lamella. A typical example from Pienaars

Poort measures

Long. 8-0, lat. 2:7; apert. alt. 1-2, lat. 1-1; last whorl 3-5 mm., and the smallest

of the same series, with 74 whorls, is 5-7 x 2-5, last whorl 3-2 mm. The dentition

varies, but is never stronger than as described above.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Johannesburg (type, Johnson); Pretoria

District (McBean); Pienaars Poort, Pretoria (Connolly); Heidelberg

(Miss Livingston).

Type in British Museum.

Differs from pretoriana in that the sculpture is confined to the

sutural region and the upper labral denticle is far weaker.

var. hyalina M. & P.

Ref. List No. 109.

1907. Ennea xysila, var. hyalina M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 97,

mlevipaod.. DF’.

A little race which seems confined to the type-locality and may be worthy of a

local name; there is no sculpture except beading below the median sutures, absent

64 Annals of the South African Museum.

from face of body whorl, and the 7 whorls are slightly less flat than in xysila. My

largest paratype is

Long. 5:3, lat. 2:1; last whorl 2-85 mm., while another is only 5-0 mm. in length;

it will be seen that the shell is comparatively a little more slender than the normal

form.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Daspoort, Pretoria (McBean).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella aliciae (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 9.

1907. Ennea aliciae M. & P., A.W.N.H., xix, p. 95, pl: va, f 1 ee

Shell large, cylindrical, smooth and glossy. Spire with straight, parallel sides,

summit, 5 whorls, broadly triangular. Whorls 9, flat, last 3 nearly equal, perfectly

smooth except for a little striation just behind the labrum. Aperture somewhat

triangular, rounded at base, dentition 5- to 6-fold; a strong oblique angular

lamella; a base, nearly filling the labrum, with a deep external pit, with 2 short

denticles at its lower end and centre, and an obtuse angle, rather than a tooth, at

its upper end; a strong denticle to left of base, and a strong, deep-set triangular

columellar lamella.

Long. 9-0, lat. 4:5; apert. alt. (intern.) 2-0, lat. 2-0; last whorl 4-75 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Makowe (type, Burnup); Dukuduku Forest

(Toppin).

Type in British Museum.

Group 6. Dentition 6-fold, 2 denticles on labrum and 1 in sinulus.

(i) More or less strongly striate.

Gulella warreni (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 107.

1903. Ennea warrent M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 601, pl. xxxi, f. 7.

D.F.

Shell of fair size, normally cylindrical, silky. Sides straight and parallel, or

narrowing very slightly above the penultimate whorl, summit, 4 whorls, convex-

conoid. Whorls 8, nearly flat, last 6 sculptured with very close, regular, straight,

slightly oblique striae; suture shallow. Aperture quadrate, rounded at base,

dentition 6-fold: a strong, nearly vertical angular lamella; a minute denticle

above middle of sinulus; a long labral base with deep external pit, bearing a short

pointed denticle at its upper, and a large triangular one at its lower extremity;

a pointed denticle on left centre of base and a strong mamillate columellar lamella.

The type measures

Long. 10-0, lat. 4:3; apert. alt. 1:5, lat. 1-7; last whorl 5-6 mm., while the

largest specimen examined is 11-8 x 4:8 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Lower Umfolosi Drift (type, Warren);

Makowe (Crosly); Melmoth (Miss Hickey); Mfongosi; St. Lucia

Bay (Rump).

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 65

CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Shortridge).

Type in British Museum.

The sinular denticle, a regular feature in this species, is unusually

weak in the type and was overlooked in the original description.

Gulella pulchella (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 90.

1893. Ennea pulchella M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 108, pl. i, f. 13.

DL.

1926. Gulella pulchella M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., iii, p. 374,

pl. xxi, f. 24-26. DF.

Shell rather small, cylindrical, slightly silky. Sides straight and parallel or

very slightly swollen, summit, 4 whorls, convex-conoid. Whorls 8, but little

convex, last 6 sculptured with regular, nearly straight, oblique striae, which are

closer, finer, and vertical on last half and very faint on front of body whorl; suture

well defined. Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, dentition 6-fold: a strong,

nearly vertical angular lamella; a small sinular denticle; a very low labral base,

with rectangular external pit, bearing two short, acute, well-separated denticles;

a small denticle on left centre of base and a strong pointed columellar lamella.

Long. 6-0, lat. 3-0; apert. alt. 1-2, lat. 1-2; last whorl 3-1 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Chase Krantz, Pietermaritzburg (type, Burnup;

Falcon).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Puzey).

Type in British Museum.

Burnup’s measurements of topotypes range from 5:8x3-1 to

6-3 x 3-2 mm.; the race from Port St. John’s is comparatively more

obese, with rather more convex whorls, and generally larger than

type, an example with 8 whorls measuring 6-7 x 3-4, and another

with 74 whorls 6:0 x 3-4 mm.

Gulella distincta (M. & P.).

Ref. List Nos. 36, 44.

1893. Ennea distincta M. & P., A.M.N.H., xi, p. 22, pl. ui, f. 10.

D.F.

1898. Ennea eximia M. & P., A.M.N.H., i, p. 28, pl. vii, f.8. DF.

1922. Gulella distincta (=eximia) M. & P., Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc.,

meeps ti. iN.

1925. Gulella distincta M. & P., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

mop. tl. ON.

Shell rather large, cylindrical, silky. Sides straight and parallel, summit, 4

whorls, convex-conoid. Whorls 8, nearly flat, Ist smooth, 2nd very faintly,

VOL. XXXIII. 5

66 Annals of the South African Museum.

and remainder strongly sculptured with close, regular, straight, oblique costulae;

suture shallow. Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, dentition normally 6-fold;

a short, nearly vertical angular lamella; a minute sinular denticle; a labral tooth,

usually divided into 2 small cusps, but sometimes single and acute; a swelling

or tubercle on left of base, and an immersed oblique columellar shelf. A paratype

measures

Long. 10-9, lat. 4-7; apert. alt. 2-1, lat. 2-0; last whorl 5-4 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Middelburg (distincta, Crawford); between

Barberton and Delagoa Bay (eximia, fide M. & P.); Barberton

(Déglon).

Both types in British Museum.

Distincta was described as 12 x 44 and eximia as 9x4 mm., with

shghtly different dentition, but intermediates both in size and

dentition occur, and eximia is, at most, only retainable as a varietal

name if it be desired for the smaller shells with a single labral tooth

and little appearance of basal swelling.

The presence of a sinular denticle relegates this species to the

present group, but its natural alliance is with the other two large

costate forms, crassilabris and sibasana, which are peculiar to the

Mid and Northern Transvaal.

Gulella carrnsi (M. & P.).

(GRA aie)

Ref. List No. 16.

1897. Ennea cairns, M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 634, pl. xvi,

Pe ADA:

1932. Gulella cairnss M. & P., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii,

Deon tN

The type is a comparatively short, cylindriform shell of fair size, with 8

flattish whorls, the first 4 forming the broad, conic summit, last 3 almost equal,

sculpture on the last 63 consisting of close, regular, straight, slightly oblique

costulae. Aperture squarely quadrate, rounded at base, dentition 6-fold: a

strong, rather straight angular lamella; a minute denticle opposite it rather near

top of sinus, and two larger, the lower the longer and more superficial, half-way

down the labrum, corresponding to a single external cavity; a smaller denticle

on left centre of base, and a simple, nearly horizontal columellar lamella, arising

nearer the surface than is frequently the case in the genus.

Long. 7:7, lat. 4:0; last whorl 4-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Mouth of Buffalo River (type, ex

Cairns; Burnup); Hast London District (Smith); Port St. John’s

(Warren; Puzey). |

ZULULAND. Hluhluwe Game Reserve (Rump).

Type in British Museum.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 67

Some of the race from Port St. John’s are considerably larger than

typical, usually from 10 to 11 x5 mm. in length and breadth, but all

specimens I have seen are constant in dentition.

The original description mentions only 5 teeth, overlooking the

small sinular denticle, while it is difficult to believe that the execrable

figure, perpetrated by one whom Pilsbry has rightly dubbed an

incompetent artist, can represent the same shell, being ovate, with

at least 1 extra whorl, and omitting the 6th denticle. I therefore

refigure the species from a topotype in my collection, 7-4 x 4:0 mm.,

similar to the type, but in better condition.

Gulella genialis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 48.

i03. Hanea gemais M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 598, pl. xxx1,

rts. DE.

1926. Gulella genalis M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 378,

pe xo, f. 27-28. DF.

A small, cylindriform, dull, silky shell with broadly conical apex, 8} convex

whorls, with form and sculpture as in crassidens, but deeper suture; dentition of

same pattern, but angular lamella bifid, an inner and an outer point separated by a

depression, and obscuring the minute sinular denticle from frontal view; the labral

slab, more immersed below than above, bears a minute denticle on its upper edge,

and is notched near the middle by a groove running thence upward towards the

outer lip, while the basal denticle is narrower and more to the left than in Pfeiffer’s

species. The type measures

Long. 5-2, lat. 2-5; last whorl 2-5 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Patana (type); Lower Umfolosi Drift

(Burnup); Eshowe-Empangeni Road (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella vallaris (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 48.

1907 Ennea vallaris M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 96, pl. vi, f.5. DF.

RON 5, », (as synonyn of genialis M. & P.), Conn., Ann.

p-Ae Mus., x1, p. 74.

1926. Gulella vallaris M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 382,

pe xa, i 29-30. DF.

Smaller and comparatively broader than genialis, with coarser sculpture, flatter

whorls and less vertical aperture; the type is cylindriform, with 8 flattish whorls,

rather shallow but well-defined suture, angular lamella slightly notched and nearly

obscuring the sinular denticle, as in genialis, but the labral process consists of 2

68 Annals of the South African Museum.

short, sharp, distinct cusps, arising from a common base with an oval external

depression; basal and columellar process as in the foregoing species.

Long. 3-6, lat. 1-8; last whorl 2-2 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Melmoth (type, Miss Hickey); Richard’s

Bay (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

As it was on Burnup’s authority that I originally placed this

species in the synonymy of genialis, I willingly adopt his more con-

sidered opinion in restoring it to specific rank!

(11) Practically smooth.

Gulella pennington Buy.

1925. Gulella penningtoni Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 130,

pl. viii, f. 36-38. D.F.

Shell small, elongate elliptical, smooth and glossy. Sides usually slightly

convex, summit, 34 whorls, convex-conoid. Whorls 74, nearly flat, sculptured,

after first 2, with very close and fine, almost microscopic striae; suture shallow.

Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, dentition 6-fold, as in group, an unusually

large and long angular lamella, small sinular denticle, 2 well-defined labral denticles,

the lower the longer, a pointed denticle on left of base and a mammiform columellar

lamella.

A paratype measures long. 5-5, lat. 2-6; last whorl 2:7 mm., and the shortest I

have seen is 5-2 mm. long.

Hab. NATAL. Sinkwazi Beach bush (type, Pennington).

ZULULAND. Eshowe (Burnup & Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

The HEshowe race are smaller than type, comparatively more

obese, with even finer sculpture, only visible under a microscope;

the largest example is 4:6 x 2-1, last whorl 2-3 mm., and smallest

3°7x2:1mm. No armature has been observed in young shells.

The sinular denticle renders the present species easily distinguish-

able from such as resemble it in other respects.

Group 7. No denticle in sinus, but a minute tubercle in centre of

paries.

Gulella perplexa sp. n.

CPl oa pew)

Shell very small, rimate, cylindriform, rather dull and silky. Spire nearly

straight-sided, summit (3$ whorls) bluntly conoid. Whorls 6, little convex, last

3 nearly equal, first 2} smooth, remainder sculptured with close, regular

slightly curved costulae, which are nearly vertical on the last 2 whorls; suture

simple, shallow. Aperture quadrate, narrowing and rounded at base, peristome

slightly expanded, dentition 6-fold: a minute mid-parietal tubercle; a slightly

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 69

oblique angular lamella; a long labral process with 2 blunt cusps, the lower

rather the longer; a small denticle on left of base, and a long, thin lamella, sloping

slightly downward from the horizontal, near top of columella.

Long. 3-5, lat. 1:6; apert. alt. (intern.) 0-7, lat. 0-9; last whorl 2:1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Emagusheni, Pondoland (Puzey).

Type in British Museum.

It is rather remarkable that, while in most South African species

of Gulella with simple columellar process and 5- or 6-fold dentition in

the usual positions, the columellar lamella is deep-set and somewhat

blunt, in those with extra sinular or mid-parietal denticles it is thin,

acute, and situate nearer the surface, and the fact that it is thus

in the present species leads me to infer that the parietal tubercle,

although so small, may be a constant feature. It is the only South

African species yet known to possess this process without the ac-

companiment of a sinular denticle, which obviates the necessity of

differentiating it in detail from others of the class.

Group 8. Dentition 7-fold, 5 teeth as in Group 4, plus minute

denticles on sinulus and centre of paries.

(1) More or less strongly striate.

Gulella separata (Stur.).

GB et.)

Ref. List No. 96.

1898. Ennea separata Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 20, pl.1, #. 7-8. DF.

1932. Gulella bls 2.) Conne,Ann. Natal Mus. vis p. 19. WN.

Shell of fair size, typically subfusiform or acuminate ovate, silky. Sides convex,

summit, 5 or 6 whorls, regularly conoid, apex obtuse. Whorls 8, little convex,

first 5 or 6 regularly increasing in breadth and altitude, remainder subequal, last

narrowed towards base; first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with strong, close,

regular, straight, vertical costulae; suture well defined. Aperture quadrate,

rounded at base, dentition 7-fold: a strong, somewhat oblique angular lamella;

a minute denticle above middle of sinulus; a very low base, with deep external pit,

bearing at each extremity a small pointed cusp, the lower slightly stronger; a

pointed denticle towards left of base; a narrow, superficial, horizontal lamella near

top of columella and a small tubercle on centre of paries. A typical example

measures

Long. 7-0, lat. 4-0; apert. alt. (intern.) 1-3, lat. 1-5; last whorl 3:5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Isipingo; Durban Bluff (type, Penther); widely

distributed from the coast to Pietermaritzburg.

CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (small form 4:6 x2-3 mm.,

Warren); Makwa Falls, Pondoland (Falcon).

Type in Vienna Museum.

70 Annals of the South African Museum.

A beautiful shell, remarkable in its typical form for obese con-

tour, vertical sculpture, and possession of both sinular and parietal

denticles.

A race attributable to this species from Margate, Natal (Rump)

(pl. i, f. 4), is in some respects so unlike the normal form that I

considered it at first glance to be distinct; the shells are far smaller

than type and cylindrical, with straight parallel sides, and the

columellar lamella may point slightly downward, instead of hori-

zontally, but the sculpture and apertural dentition are so nearly

identical that there seems no reason for even a varietal name, in

view of probable discovery of intermediates. The dimensions are:

long. 5-7, lat. 2:8; last whorl 2-8 mm.

(11) Practically smooth.

Gulella zelota (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 110.

1907. Ennea zelota M.& P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 97, pl. vip ioe

Shell small, cylindriform, smooth and glossy. Sides parallel, straight or very

slightly convex, summit, 4 whorls, rounded. Whorls 8, nearly flat, microscopically

sculptured with extremely weak, somewhat irregular growth striolae; suture

shallow, with margined appearance. Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, denti-

tion 7-fold, as in separata: a strong, slightly oblique angular lamella, minute

parietal and sinular denticles, acute denticle towards left of base, narrow, horizontal,

superficial lamella near top of columella and bicuspid labral base, the lower cusp

longer, upper shorter and typically single, but often flattened and bearing 2, or

even 3 minute cusps. A typical example measures

Long. 5-1, lat. 2-2; last whorl 2-8 mm., while the shortest examined is 4:3 mm.

in length.

Hab. NATAL. Port Shepstone (type); Equeefa (Burnup);

Southport (Puzey); Umtamvuma Bush; Port Edward (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

Kasily distinguished from its confréres by glossy surface combined

with possession of both parietal and sinular denticles.

Group 9. Dentition 9-fold; finely striate.

Gulella enneodon Conn.

1922. Gulella enneadon Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 114. D.

1925. ,,. enneodon ,, Trans. R. Soc. ‘8. Africa, xi, pee

pli dian LV eee

Shell rather small, tun-shaped, rimate, glossy. Spire produced, sides slightly

convex, apex bluntly rounded. Whorls 7-8, nearly flat, gradually increasing, first

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 71

2 smooth, remainder covered with close fine striae, only just visible without a lens;

suture shallow. Aperture nearly square, dentition 9-fold: a small sharp denticle

in centre of paries; a large, curved angular lamella; a large bifid tooth, with blunt

cusps of nearly equal size, half-way down the labrum; 2 minute denticles between

that and base; a small sharp basal tooth and a 2-cusped columellar lamella, the

upper cusp longer, emerging to the outer margin, the lower distinct and more inset.

The type with 74 whorls measures

Long. 6-2, lat. 3-3; apert. alt. 1-7, lat. 1-2; last whorl 3-5 mm., but the shell varies

in length and relative contour, the largest example seen, cylindrical, with 8 whorls,

measuring 8-0 x 3-5, apert. 1-6, last whorl 4-1, and the smallest, truncate ovate, with

7 whorls, 5-8 x 3-0, apert. 1-5 x 1-2; last whorl 3-3 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. District north of Macequece

(Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

In a curious deformity from the type-locality the large labral

tooth is single, but there is an additional small denticle on left of

base. The only near relation to this well-marked species is the next,

Gulella perissodonta (Stur.).

GR 16.)

Ref. List No. 82.

1898. Ennea perissodonta Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 26, pl.1,f.18. DF.

1925. Gulella Pe Oonmenclrans...ka SOCs) on Abbicar

map: 116... N. .

A very small, silky, subcylindrical shell, with 6 convex whorls, similar to the fore-

going in texture, sculpture, and dentition, except that the lower labral cusp is very

long and the upper very short, and the columellar lamella more immersed, so that

both rounded cusps are nearly on the same plane, instead of the upper emerging to

the surface.

Long. (type) 4:2, lat. 2-1; last whorl 2-3 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Delagoa Bay (Penther).

Type in Vienna Museum.

Unless intermediates occur, this unique shell should be easily

separable from enneodon by its much smaller size, more convex

whorls, deeper suture, and the above-mentioned differences in

dentition.

Group 10. Section Molarella Conn., 1922

(A.M.N.H., x, p. 500).

Type Ennea consanguinea Smith.

Principal columellar process 2-fold, usually resembling a prominent

2-cusped molar tooth, though in individual specimens the cusps

72 Annals of the South African Museum.

may not develop and in certain species the molar may be divided

into the appearance of 2 single teeth.

Gulella darglensis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 34.

1908. Ennea darglensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., 1, p. 130, pl. vu, f. 1.

DER

1914. Ennea darglensis M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., in, p. 48,

jolbeaiesuiigeeay gs 10) Iie |

A very small shell with 6 flattish whorls, last 4 increasing gradually in length,

sculptured with fairly strong, regular, nearly straight and vertical striae: dentition

5-fold: a strong, short, angular lamella; prominently bicuspid palatal plait; denticle

on left centre of base and bicuspid columellar lamella.

Long. 2-6, lat. 1:2; last whorl 1-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Dargle (type); Richmond; Inhluzani Mountain

(Burnup); Karkloof; Nottingham Road (Taynton); Bulwer

(Alexander).

CAPE PROVINCE. Pirie Forest (Godfrey); Mhlozana, Pondoland

(Puzey); Tonti Forest, near Mt. Ayliff (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

The Pirie race has 64—7 whorls, last 5 strongly sculptured, palatal

plica narrower, with the form of a double tooth, and the columellar

lamella almost triple, owing toa strong formation below the lower

cusp.

var. illovoensis Bup.

1914. Ennea darglensis M. & P., var. allovoensis Bnp., Ann. Natal

Mus., 11, p. 49, pl. iv, f. 33-35. DP.

Differs from type in its smoother, glossier surface.

Hab. NATAL. Ntimbankulu, Mid-Illovo (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Group 11. Section Plicigulella Pilsb., 1919

(Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., xl, p. 216).

Type G. bistriplicina Pilsb.

Columellar lamella strongly triplicate.

Gulella vicina (Smith).

1899. Ennea (Gulella) vicina Smith, P.Z.8., p. 580, pl. xxxin, f. 1-2.

Duk,

1904. Ennea (Gulella) vicina Smith, Kob., Conch. Cab., p. 225,

pl. xxvii, f.4-5. D.F.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 173

Shell of medium size, cylindriform, rimate, smooth, glossy, transparent, pale

olivaceous. Spire produced, sides straight and parailel, apex, 3 whorls, bluntly

rounded. Whorls 63, rather flat, gradually increasing, last 4 sculptured with very

fine, close, regular, oblique striolae, stronger just behind the labrum; aperture

small, quadrate, peristome white, glossy, and moderately expanded, dentition 10-

or 1l-fold: a strong angular lamella; a large base, occupying nearly the entire

labrum, bearing a strong lower and a rather smaller upper tooth, with an external

depression behind each, the upper divided into 2 cusps, the lower the larger; 3

distinct denticles filling up the base and a strong 3-pronged lamella at the top of the

columella; there is also, more often than not, a minute tubercle on the centre of the

paries.

Long. 7:0, lat. 3-0; apert. alt. (intern.) 1-5, lat. 1-5; last whorl 4-2 mm.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Vumbu Mts., Umtali, 5700 feet (Arnold).

Described from Nyasaland and extending northward to the Taru

Desert.

Type in British Museum.

Gulella aprosdoketa sp. n.

(Plu, £. 4.)

Shell very small, rimate, cylindrical, smooth and glossy. Spire produced, sides

straight and parallel, apex rounded. Whorls 7, nearly flat, gradually increasing,

perfectly smooth but for occasional hardly visible miscroscopic growth lines;

suture shallow. Aperture quadrate, dentition as follows: a strong, incurved, some-

what bifid angular lamella; a superficial slab, corresponding to a horizontal external

pit, and bearing a single pointed denticle at its lower and a larger, slightly bifid one,

parallel to the angular lamella, at its upper end, both running inward as a short low

col and terminating in another small tubercle; a strong, shortly entering plait on

left centre of base and a very large, strong, 3-pronged columellar lamella.

Long. 3-7, lat. 1:6; last whorl 1-7 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Isinuka Sulphur Springs, Port St.

John’s (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

B. Columellar process duplex, there being a superficial process on

the upper columellar margin in addition to the lamella.

Group 12. Dentition 6-fold, z.e. as in Group 4, plus the extra

columellar process.

(1) More or less strongly striate.

Gulella pentodon (Morel.).

Ref. List No. 80.

1889. Ennea natalensis Morel., J. de C., xxxvii, p. 11, pl. u, f.1. DP.

1889. Ennea pentodon (=natalensis Morel., 1889, non Crvn., 1880)

Morel., zbid., p. 200. Emend.

1898. Ennea binominis Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 18. N.

74 Annals of the South African Museum.

Shell cylindrical, of fair size, dull and silky. Sides straight and parallel, summit,

3 whorls, obtusely rounded. Whorls 7, last 4 increasing very slowly in altitude,

last 5 sculptured with close, regular, nearly straight, slightly oblique transverse

costae. Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, peristome white, glossy and ex-

panded, dentition 6-fold; a strong curved angular lamella; a broad labral base,

with a deep external pit, bearing 2 strong cusps, the lower twice the size of the

upper; a strong narrow mid-basal denticle; a pronounced round superficial tooth

near the top of, and a large deep-set lamella, with a deep well at its root, at the

upper angle of the columella. An average paratype measures

Long. 7:0, lat. 3-0; apert. alt. 1-3, lat. 1-2; last whorl 3-5 mm., but two others

of about the same breadth are 7-5 (74 whorls) and 6-5 mm. (63 whorls) in length.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella euthymia (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 43.

1893. Ennea euthyma M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 107, pl. mi, f. 10.

ID Ji

Similar in shape to foregoing, but much smaller with slightly more convex

whorls, of which there are 7, the costulae on the last 5 being straight and practically

vertical; dentition somewhat as in pentodon, but the angular lamella is compara-

tively longer, extending nearly half-way down the aperture, the labral base is

much lower, so that the denticles are hardly united on it, and the basal denticle

is situate on left of base; columellar processes as in pentodon, but lamella not

hollowed.

Long. 4:6, lat. 2:3; last whorl 3-0 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Thornybush (type, Burnup); Karridene (Puzey);

a larger form at Lower Umkomaas (Burnup), Illovo R. (Taynton),

and Isipingo.

Type in British Museum.

Gulella falcont Bup.

1925. Gulella faleont Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 137, pl. ix, f. 43-

44. DF.

Easily separable from the last by more convex whorls, slightly weaker costula-

tion, and the columellar lip being somewhat pinched in at its upper extremity,

imparting a narrower appearance to the aperture; the labral denticles are strong

and separate, the lower far larger; basal long and narrow; marginal process of

columella a long, flat, usually straight slab, extending nearly its entire length and

developing occasionally a distinct cusp at each end; columellar lamella blunt and

convex. The type set, with 7 whorls, are said to vary from 3-4 x 2 to 4-6 x 2:1 mm.

in length and breadth; in a specimen 4 mm. long the last whorl is 2-2 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Shepstone (type, Falcon; Burnup); Port

Edward (smaller form, Rump).

Type in British Museum.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 75

The Port Edward race, with slightly weaker sculpture, is notice-

ably smaller, one of the largest with 64 whorls measuring: long. 3-2,

lat. 1:7; last whorl 1-8 mm.

Gulella phragma (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 86.

1907. Hnnea phragma M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 95, pl. vi, f. 3.

DF:

A small, slender, cylindrical, silky shell with 64 whorls, but little convex,

first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with strong, straight, fairly close, regular,

slightly oblique striae; aperture quadrate, hardly rounded at base, dentition as

in the group, upper labral denticle practically absent, columellar process exactly

duplicated by the presence of a strong, blunt superficial tooth, with another,

similar, inset in the same position immediately under it within the aperture.

Long. 4-3, lat. 1:7; last whorl 2-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Waku, Cathcart District, near the

Klipplatz River (Miss Hickey).

Type in British Museum.

Distinguished by its perfectly cylindrical contour, extreme weakness

of upper labral denticle, and strength of superficial tubercle on the

columella.

Gulella godfreyr Bup.

1925. Gulella godfreyi Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 135, pl. ix,

f. 41-42. D.F.

Closely allied to the foregoing, from which it differs in its flatter whorls, of which

there are 7, sculptured as in phragma, with similar dentition except that the upper

labral denticle, though very weak, is stronger, and the superficial columellar

process a mere tubercle, far smaller than in M. & P.’s species.

Long. 4:7, lat. 1-9; last whorl 2-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Ugie, Maclear District (Gavin &

Godfrey).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella tripodvum sp. n.

(Bland les)

Shell very small, rimate, cylindrical, rounded at ends, regularly costulate.

Whorls 8, last 5 moderately convex, very slowly increasing, first 2 smooth,

remainder covered with close, very regular, nearly straight, slightly oblique

costulae; suture well defined. Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, markedly

inclined downwards to the left; dentition 7-fold: a strong, short, nearly square

angular lamella, hollow on its right side; a 3-fold labral process, corresponding

to a single large external pit, and consisting of a small but prominent blunt super-

ficial tubercle, with a smaller sharper one, more deeply inset, just above, and a

76 Annals of the South African Museum.

long, in-running plait below; a small denticle on left of base; a shortly entering,

horizontal plait near top of columella and a very large and nearly square columellar

lamella; callus white, thick and continuous.

Long. 3-6, lat. 1-6; last whorl 1-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. East London (type, J. L. B. Smith);

Makwa Falls, Pondoland (Falcon).

Type in South African Museum.

Hasily separable from the last species by the peculiar labral process

and the superficial columellar plait being almost at the top, instead

of half-way up the columella. The Makwa pair are shorter than type

by 4 mm., but otherwise typical; all are remarkable for the sinistral

declivity of the aperture.

Gulella swaziensis Conn.

1932. Gulella swaziensis Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii, p. 89, pl. iv,

1p Sys ed

Shell small, suboval, silky. Spire rather short, sides slightly convex, summit,

3% whorls, broadly conoid. Whorls 6, convex, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured

with strong, regular, close, transverse costae, weaker and oblique on 3rd and 4th,

stronger and vertical on last 2 whorls; suture impressed. Aperture subquadrate,

rounded and only slightly attenuate at base, dentition 5-fold: a low, prominent

angular lamella; a strong acute denticle, corresponding to a deep external pit,

half-way down the labrum; a smaller denticle at centre of base; another on left

of base at its junction with columella, and a strong square columellar lamella.

Long. 3-8, lat. 2-25; apert. alt. 1-3, lat. 1-0; last whorl 2-5 mm.

Hab. SWAZILAND Bremersdorp (Preston Stewart).

Type in British Museum.

The presence of the extra denticle on left of the basal one places

this species in the present division, while its situation at base of

columella and the squat shell distinguish it readily from all other

known forms.

Gulella lingudens sp. n.

(Text-fig. 4.)

Shell small, cylindriform with rounded ends, partly smooth. Spire produced,

sides parallel. Whorls 7, last 2 nearly flat, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured

in and shortly below the suture with close, strong, regular, wrinkles, which extend

across the 4th whorl and just behind the labrum but fade out less than half-way

across the others. Aperture quadrate, peristome rather broadly reflexed, dentition

5-fold; a strong, short, oblique angular lamella; a large triangular tooth, corre-

sponding to a deep external pit, on centre of labrum, with its apex extending into

the opposite angle, bearing a minute blunt cone, hardly a tubercle, on its upper

and lower sides; a small mid-basal denticle; a deep-set, rounded columellar lamella

and a very low superficial swelling, only just apparent, on the inner surface of the

columellar lip; parietal callus broad, continuous, white and glossy.

Long. 4:4, lat. 2:1; last whorl 2-5 mm.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 77

Hab. ZULULAND. Hluhluwe Game Reserve (Rump).

Type in Natal Museum.

Chiefly remarkable for the large tongue-like labral process, which

extends into the upper columellar angle farther than in most species.

The superficial columellar process is so slight that

this little shell might almost belong to Group 4,

but I think it is best placed in its present position.

(i, a) Minutiae.

Gulella connolly: (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 25.

1909. Ennea connollyi M. & P., A.M.N.H.. iv,

peace, pl vin, f..2. DEF.

1914. Ennea connollyi M. & P., Bnp., Ann.

Natal Mus., iii, p. 69, pl. v, £.52. NF. Eee Saat

linguidens Conn.

Shell very small, cylindrical, silky. Sides straight and

parallel, summit, 2 whorls, rounded. Whorls 6, very convex,

first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with strong, close,

regular, straight, nearly vertical costae; suture well defined.

Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, dentition normally 6-fold: a strong, straight,

erect angular lamella; a bluntly pointed or squarish, faintly bicuspid labral tooth;

a minute denticle on extreme right of base; a small denticle to left of base, at foot

of columella, another near its top and a large, squarish, deep-set columellar lamella.

An average specimen measures

Long. 3-0, lat. 1-3; last whorl 1-45 mm.

Hab. NATAL. © Majuba (type, Connolly).

TRANSVAAL. Buis Kop; Hennop’s River, 16 miles west of

Pretoria (Connolly). |

Type in British Museum.

In the Buis Kop race the upper columellar denticle is absent

or represented by a hardly noticeable swelling, while in that from

Hennop’s River it is removed to the extreme top of columella, where

it projects horizontally immediately below the paries; the species

is usually found under stones in moist patches where there is a little

vegetation.

Type in Natal

Museum; x 7H.

Gulella ponsonbyi (Bup.).

Ref. List No. 34 (pars).

1914. Ennea ponsonby: Bup., Ann. Natal Mus., ui, p. 78, pl. v,

f. 67-69. D.F.

Shell very small, cylindrical, silky. Sides straight and parallel, summit, 2

whorls, bluntly rounded. Whorls 6, rather convex, first 2 smooth, remainder

sculptured with fairly strong, regular, transverse costae, except for a small area

78 Annals of the South African Museum.

on the body whorl, above the labrum instead of centre of aperture, which is smooth;

suture well defined. Aperture nearly square, dentition 5- to 6-fold: a strong

short angular lamella; a 2-lobed labral tooth; a small denticle just on left

centre of base; a swelling, often hardly apparent, on the columellar margin and a

large deep-set columellar lamella.

Long. 2-91, lat. 1:33; last whorl 1-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Gowies Kloof, Grahamstown (type,

Farquhar); Port Alfred and District (Puzey); Kasongo (Hewitt);

East London (Kincaid).

Type in British Museum.

In the coastal races the columellar swelling is far stronger than in

type, the labral tooth longer and less bifid, the upper cusp almost

lacking, and the smooth part of the body whorl occupies the usual

position above centre of base, instead of to its left, as in the typical

form.

Gulella viae Bnp.

1925. Gulella viae Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 143, pl. ix, f. 47-

ha JOLIa

Shell very small, elongate oval, silky. Sides nearly straight, summit, 24 whorls,

obtuse. Whorls 73, convex, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with close,

regular, nearly straight and vertical costulae; suture rather deep. Aperture

oblong, rounded at base, dentition 5-fold; a strong, oblique, crescentic angular

lamella; a large bicuspid labral tooth with small, but deep external pit; a minute

denticle on right of base; a low triangular plate on columellar margin, truncate at

lower end in frontal view, and a large, deep-set, mamillate columellar lamella.

The type measures

Long. 3-15, lat. 1-56; last whorl 1:52 mm., but the number of whorls varies

from 64 to 74, and size from 2-93 x 1-55 to 3-35 x 1-74 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Van Reenen’s Pass, Drakensberg (type, Burnup);

Paulpietersburg (Puzey); Mont aux Sources (Bassett-Smith).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella basseiti Bup.

1925. Gulella bassettd Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 150, pl. ix,

f. 55-56. DF.

A minute, cylindriform, silky shell with rounded apex. Whorls 6, not very

convex but with deep suture, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with close,

regular, nearly straight and vertical costulae. Aperture quadrate, rounded at

base, with 5 to 6 dental processes, which little obstruct it; a thin, nearly vertical

angular lamella; a 2-pointed labral tooth; a small denticle a short way up and

a swelling near the top of inner margin of columella and a large, bluntly pointed,

deep-set columellar lamella. The type measures

Long. 2-8, lat. 1:3; last whorl 1:7 mm.; other specimens range from 2-93 to

2:66 mm. in length, the breadth remaining about 1:3 mm.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 79

Hab. NATAL. Mnweni Valley, between Mont aux Sources and

Cathkin Peak (Bassett-Smith).

Type in British Museum.

(1) Practically smooth.

Gulella himerothales (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 51.

1903. Ennea himerothales M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 599, pl. xxxi,

Shell small, cylindriform, smooth and glossy. Sides of spire usually straight,

sometimes slightly convex near the top. Whorls 7, nearly flat, with practically

no sculpture except very short striolae on lower margin of median sutures. Aper-

ture subtrigonal, dentition 6-fold; a strong oblique angular lamella; 2 prominent

labral denticles, the lower more or less the longer, corresponding to a single external

pit; a sharp denticle on left centre of base; a strong tubercle high on inner colu-

mellar margin and a mamillate columellar lamella.

Long. 4-0, lat. 2-0; last whorl 2-4 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Shepstone (type, Burnup); Darlington

(Akerman); Southport; Pietermaritzburg; Impolwene (narrower

form) (Puzey).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port Alfred (forma minor, Hewitt).

Type in British Museum.

(u, @) Dentition as above, with minute additional denticles.

Gulella multidentata (Stur.).

Ref. List No. 72.

1898. Ennea multidentata Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 25, pl.i,f.16. DF.

Shell small, cylindriform, smooth and glossy. Sides of spire straight or slightly

inflated, summit, 4 whorls, round. Whorls 63 to 7, nearly flat, practically smooth

except for beaded striolation just below the sutures. Aperture quadrate, dentition

irregular: 6 main processes, a strong, slightly oblique angular lamella; 2 strong

labral denticles, the lower the longer; a sharp denticle slightly to left centre of

base; a strong, nearly square tooth, usually hollowed beneath, on upper margin

of columella. and a strong blunt columellar lamella: in addition to these, there are

usually 2 minute denticles just below the lower labral, 2 more on right of basal

denticle and frequently another on its left; others are very rarely present in

irregular positions. A Durban example measures

Long. 4-3, lat. 2-1; last whorl 2-4 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Isipingo (type, Penther); Equeefa; Durban;

Alexandra Junction (Burnup); Illovo R. (Taynton); Pietermaritz-

burg; Clairwood (Puzey).

80 Annals of the South African Museum.

Type in Vienna Museum.

I place this uniquely dentate species in the present group, because

the minute additional processes are so small as only to be distin-

guishable under a strong lens. |

Gulella umzimvubuensis Bup.

1925. Gulella umzimvubuensis Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 133,

pl. vi, f. 39-40. D.F.

Shell very small, cylindriform, smooth and glossy. Sides straight and parallel

or slightly convex, summit, 3 whorls, rounded. Whorls 64, nearly flat, last 3

sculptured immediately below the suture with very short, regular striolae, which

rarely extend across the whorl except for half a dozen costulae just behind the

labrum; suture shallow. Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, dentition 6-fold;

a very strong and oblique angular lamella; a large triangular labral slab with

usually a minute denticle on its upper edge; a small mid-basal denticle; a sub-

vertical denticle at bottom and a stronger horizontal one near top of columella

and a deep-set columellar lamella terminating in a large round bulb.

Long. 4:27, lat. 1:97; apert. alt. (intern.) 0-8, lat. 0-7; last whorl 2-13 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Warren (type);

Puzey).

Type in British Museum.

All the type set were in poor condition, the sculptural details

given above being taken from fresh topotypes gathered by Puzey;

the number of whorls varies from 6 to 7, and size from 3:7 x 1-9 to

5-1x2:3 mm. The two teeth on columellar margin, in addition to

that on the base, are the most distinguishing features of this little

species.

(ii, 6) Minutiae.

Gulella mariae (M. & P.).

Ref. List Nos. 17, 21, 66.

1892. Ennea mariae M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 92, pl. vi, f.12. D.F.

18952. oe cumolia |, . i Xvi, p. 478,\pl. xvii

D.F.

1909. Ennea callista M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 485, pl. vin, f. 1.

D.F.

1914. Ennea marae (=callista) M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus.,

Tvl Oe Oly ally Vie ti Homme Aah

1926. Gulella mariae (=cimolia) M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus.,

ill; p. O90, pl xaa,t. Lao. DF:

Shell minute, cylindrical, smooth and glossy. Sides straight, summit, 2 whorls,

bluntly rounded. Whorls 6, nearly flat, practically void of sculpture, suture well

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 81

defined. Aperture quadrate, dentition 6-fold: a short angular lamella; a large

triangular labral base, lower side longer, bearing usually 2 small cusps; a pointed

denticle on left of base; a strong tubercle half-way up the columellar margin and a

rounded columellar lamella.

Long. 3-0, lat. 1:2; last whorl 1-6 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Craigie Burn, Somerset Hast (mariae,

Miss Bowker); Grahamstown (cimolia and callista); Elandsberg

Mountain, Cradock; Maestrom Forest, Bedford; Atherstone Kloof,

13 miles from Grahamstown; Boschberg Mts., Somerset East (Far-

quhar); Mt. Currie, Kokstad (Falcon).

Types in British Museum.

Burnup has proved the correctness of the above synonymy, and

that many localities, assigned in my Reference List to cumolia, must be

transferred to pentheri Stur., which bears considerable resemblance

to immature forms of M. & P.’s invalid species.

Gulella sylvia (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 98.

1903. Hnnea sylna M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p..599, pl. xxxi, f. 4.

DF.

1914. Ennea sylvia M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., ii, p. 54,

pli, f.18-20. DF.

Shell minute, cylindrical, smooth, glossy, with very blunt apex. Whorls 5,

nearly flat, last 4 very gradually increasing, entirely smooth but for occasional

transverse scratches, suture shallow. Aperture trigonal, rounded at base, peri-

stome strongly reflexed, dentition 7-fold: a short angular lamella; a broad 2-cusped

tooth in centre of labrum; a deep-set tubercle on right, and a denticle near the

surface on left of base; a strong triangular tubercle high on the columella margin

and a large deep-set columellar lamella, which usually develops 2 strong cusps,

the lower far the stronger, suggestive of the Section Molarella.

Long. (type) 2-6, lat. 1-0; last whorl 1-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Maestrom Forest, Bedford (type,

Farquhar); Kast London (Kincaid).

Type in British Museum.

In the East London race there is often a small denticle deep-set

below the labral process and the superficial columellar tubercle is

lacking, while there is sometimes almost a third cusp below the

other two on the columellar lamella.

Gulella melvilli (Bup.).

1914. Ennea melvilli Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., i, p. 55, pl. i,

f. 21-23. D.F.

VOL. XX XIIT. 6

82 Annals of the South African Museum.

Very similar to the foregoing, but with slightly more convex whorls and con-

sequently deeper suture; 6 whorls, last 4 showing microscopic striolae, strongest

just below the suture, whereas sylvia is practically smooth. Dentition practically

the same as in sylvia, except that the columellar lamella is simple and slightly

scoop-shaped, not bifid, and the process on right of base is a low inconspicuous

ridge; the superficial columellar tubercle is little more than a swelling caused by the

inward bend of the lip, but sometimes forms a prominent tubercle. The type

measures 2:12 x 0-9, last whorl 1-0 mm., and other examples range from 2-6 (7 whorls)

down to 1-94 x 0-89 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Nottingham Road (type); Curry’s Post; Fort

Nottingham (Taynton); Karkloof (McBean); Dargle; Edendale

(Burnup); Buccleugh; Paulpietersburg (Puzey); Balgowan (Pen-

nington).

Type in British Museum.

Burnup described the contour as elongate oval or fusiform, but

to my eye the type and 3 of 4 paratypes are perfectly straight-sided,

only the 4th and shortest of the latter being almost imperceptibly

wider at the 3rd whorl.

Group 13. Minute, with 4—5 teeth.

Gulella elluptica (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 41.

1898. Ennea elliptica M. & P., A.M.N.H., 11, p. 126, pl. vu, f. 2.

DF.

1914. Hnnea elliptica M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., ii, p. 38,

leeMe tai 2en OE.

Shell very small, elliptical, smooth and glossy. Sides nearly straight, summit, 3

whorls, bluntly rounded. Whorls 6, nearly flat, last 3 nearly equal, showing short

growth lines just below the suture and extending across the last + whorl, otherwise

quite smooth; suture shallow. Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, dentition

5-fold: a curved angular lamella; a strong mid-labral denticle; a tubercle just to

left of base, at bottom of columella; another half-way up, and a weak immersed

columellar lamella, little more than an obtuse-angled shelf. The length varies

from 3 to 4, breadth from 1-65 to 2:06; last whorl about 1-5 to 2 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type); Dargle; Nottingham

Road; Karkloof; Hilton Road; Tyeloti; Zwaartkop; Richmond;

Edendale; Tongaat; Umbhlali; Stanger; Sinkwazi (Burnup); Chase

Valley (Puzey); Balgowan (Pennington).

Type in British Museum.

One specimen from Balgowan lacks the upper columellar tubercle.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 83

var. manca Bnp.

1914. Ennea elliptica M. & P., var. manca Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus.,

iii, p. 39, pl. iii, f. 13-14. D.F.

Differs from type in comparatively narrower contour and lacking the lower tooth

on columellar lip.

Long. 3-76, lat. 1-74; last whorl 2-1 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Fort Nottingham (type); Curry’s Post (Taynton).

Type in British Museum.

In a few specimens an almost imperceptible callosity may be dis-

tinguished in place of the lower columellar tooth, and occasionally,

also, slight traces of infrasutural sculpture, sometimes extending across

the whorls, but such are of infrequent occurrence.

var. caelata Bnp.

1914. Ennea elliptica M. & P., var. caelata Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus.,

mee 20.pe mu, f. 15-17. DF.

A little larger than type, comparatively more obese, and covered all over, except

the earlier whorls and front of the last, with most delicate, fine, oblique striae.

Long. 4-06, lat. 2-11 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. LEshowe (Lady Saunders).

Type in British Museum.

var. caelatior n.

CE tars 55)

Differs from the foregoing_in having far stronger, crisper sculpture and in the

form and position of the 2 columellar processes. There are 7 whorls, first 14

smooth, next with microscopic transverse, slightly oblique striae, which on those

succeeding are extremely close, fine but sharp and regular, beading the suture and

extending across the whorls, of equal strength throughout except on front of body

whorl. Angular lamella, labral dentition and columellar lamella as in the species,

but in the type and 2 others of 5 examined of the new variety the upper columellar

tubercle is a mere superficial swelling and the other a most minute tubercle more

deeply set below it, but in the 4th both are a little stronger and in the 5th

weaker, the lower being in each case nearly on the surface.

Long. 4:7, lat. 2-4; last whorl 2-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (type); Makwa Falls,

Pondoland (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

Group 14. Dentition 7-fold, there being 3 more or less distinct

labral denticles.

(1) More or less strongly striate.

84 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gulella leucocion Conn.

1929. Gulella leucocion Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 223, pl. xiv,

f con eh

A small, glossy, narrow, cylindrical shell with straight parallel sides. Whorls 63,

not very convex, last 4 almost equal, first 1} smooth, remainder sculptured with

close, fairly strong, slightly oblique transverse striae, which become farther apart

on the penultimate whorl and very weak about periphery of the last. Aperture

quadrate, peristome reflexed, dentition 7-fold: a strong curved angular lamella; a

large labral base, bearing 3 cusps, of which the 2 upper, near the surface, are

small and contiguous and the lowest deep-set and larger; a blunt denticle on left

centre of base; a small tubercle half-way up the columellar margin and a large

square deep-set fold at upper angle of the columella.

Long. 5-2, lat. 1:8; apert. alt. 0-7, lat. 0:7; last whorl 2-7 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Mfongosi District (Jones).

Type in South African Museum.

A pillar-shaped little shell, distinguishable by the 3-fold labral

process, plus the columellar tubercle.

Group 15. Dentition roughly 6-fold, the 2 upper labral teeth

forming a large polymorphic slab.

(1) More or less strongly striate.

Gulella adamsiana (Pfr.).

(Text-fig. 5.)

Ref. List Nos. 7, 97.

11856. Hela fanulus Pir., P.Z.S., p. 33. D.

1859. Ennea adamsiana Pfr., Novit. Conch., i, p. 114, pl. xxxu,

po Dane

1893. Ennea socratica M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 109, pl. i, f, 14.

DE.

1932. Gulella adamsiana Pfr. (=socratica M. & P.), Conn., Ann.

Natal Mus., vu, p. 74. WN.

1933. Gulella adamsiana Pfr., Warren, Ann. Natal Mus., vii,

pe 200. NE

Shell of fair size, cylindriform, silky. Sides parallel, straight or somewhat convex,

summit, 4 whorls, bluntly conoid. Whorls 8, little convex, last 4 increasing very

slowly in height, protoconch, 23 whorls, sculptured almost to extreme apex with

extremely close and fine transverse microscopic striolae, remainder with close,

regular, nearly straight, oblique costulae; suture subcrenulate. Aperture quad-

rate, base little rounded, dentition 6-fold: a strong, short, oblique angular lamella;

a long low labral base, corresponding to a large horizontal external pit, its upper

portion bearing a large oblique slab, entering deeply and increasing in size down-

wards from the sinus and terminating in a strong acute cusp, which is half separated

from the rest by a small depression; the lower part bearing, at base of labrum, a

strong blunt denticle unconnected with the upper process; a large pointed denticle

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 85

occupying left half of base; a strong, rather elongate tubercle on inner columellar

margin and a large immersed columellar lamella, with a strong ridge from its base

to apex, and deeply hollowed between that and its lower margin, which terminates

almost horizontally in the columellar wall at a deeper level than the superficial

process. The type measures

Long. 8-5, lat. 4-0; apert. alt. 2-0, lat. 1-6; last whorl 4:3 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (adamsiana and fanulus, fide Pfeiffer) ;

Pietermaritzburg (socratica); generally distributed.

CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Puzey); ‘‘said to be found

at Korsten, Port Elizabeth” (Crawford).

All types in British Museum.

Radula formula in specimen figured (text-fig. 5) is (15+1+15)

x60+n; central very small with minute centre cusp; laterals, of

which the bases are longer than the

points, increase in size to No. 6 and

then decrease to No. 10, which is

about same size as No. 1; remainder

decrease more rapidly, No. 15 being

rudimentary.

The shell varies considerably in size

in different localities, the smallest I

have seen from Maritzburg being

6-8x 3-4, and a large fusiform example Text-1e. 5—Gulella adamsiana

from Port St. John’s 10 x 4:7 mm. (Pfr.), Pietermaritzburg.

H. fanulus is unquestionably the Teo OE el

top of either this species or its var.

umpervia, and purists may claim for it nomenclatural precedence;

the fact, however, that it is impossible to determine its exact specific

or varietal status may render it advisable to retain the present names.

Warren records an abnormal family, collected on two occasions

under one end of an old felled Hucalyptus, while at the other end

normal specimens occurred. They are longer, with about 9} whorls,

the aperture being thrown to the right in basal aspect, so that the

umbilicus is left open instead of being occluded.

var. umpervia M. & P.

Ref. List No. 7.

1896. Ennea impervia M. & P., A.M.N.H., xviii, p. 315, pl. xvi,

fle DLE.

Stouter than type with stronger dentition, the lower labral squarer and basal

much larger, obliquely truncate rather than bluntly pointed, extending some way

up the columella. These features, however, vary so much in strength in different

86 Annals of the South African Museum.

races that they cannot be relied on for distinction, but in the typical form of the

variety the lower margin of the columellar lamella curls outwards and upwards

nearly to the surface, where it connects with the upper end of the marginal process,

instead of terminating at a deeper level, lower down the columella.

Long. 8-7, lat. 4-2; apert. alt. 2-2, lat. 1-9; last whorl 4-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL (type, fide M. & P.); Lower Umkomaas (Burnup);

other localities formerly assigned to the variety have not been

verified.

Type in British Museum.

Gulella auris-leporis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 12.

1898. Ennea auris-leporis M. & P., A.M.N.H., i, p. 25, pl. vi,

as JD a

Founded on a single example, not in very good condition, which may account

for the sculpture appearing weaker than that of adamsiana, which it resembles

in nearly every respect except for being more ventricose, greatest diameter at

the penultimate (6th) whorl and tapering thence in both directions. The aperture

is more constricted and the base of the basal tooth stretches half-way up the colu-

mella and bears a distinct upper and hardly noticeable lower cusp. There are 7

flattish whorls, the type measuring

Long. 6:5, lat. 3-4; apert. alt. 1-35, lat. 1:2; last whorl 3-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL (fide M. & P.). ‘

Type in British Museum.

In view of the variation in form and dentition to be found in other

Natalian species, it would take little to unite the above with the

adamsiana-impervia group, of which it may be a deformed example.

Gulella wahlbergi (Krs.).

Ref. List Nos. 101, 106.

1848. Pupa wahlbergi Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 80, pl. v, f.5. DF.

1898. Hnnea transiens Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 19, pl.i,f.4. DF.

1914. » wahlbergr Krs., Dautz. & Germ., Rev. Zool. Afr., iv,

peel:

1920. Ennea (Gulella) wahlbergi Krs., Germ., Voy. Babault, p. 67. D.

1925. Gulella wahlbergi Krs. (=transiens Stur.), Bnp., Ann. Natal

UBT Sie Oa LAAT Tolle yan Sites 15m tes

1925. Gulella wahlberg: Krs. (=transiens Stur.), Conn., Trans. R.

Soc. ss Adnica, xara. 120) 9 NOG,

Shell of fair size, subcylindriform, silky. Sides regular, slightly convex, summit,

44 whorls, bluntly conoid. Whorls 73-8, nearly flat, first 2 sculptured as in adams-

tana with extremely fine and close transverse microscopic striolae, remainder with

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 87

close, regular, nearly straight, oblique costulae; suture well defined. Aperture

quadrate, base little rounded, dentition 6-fold: a strong, short, oblique angular

lamella; a large labral base with deep external pit, the upper portion forming a

triangular slab, upper edge more or less parallel to the angular lamella, usually

bearing a small denticle at its lower and a slight angular swelling at its upper

extremity, the lower portion bearing a small pointed denticle; a narrow denticle on

extreme left of base; a clear triangular tubercle half-way up the columellar margin

and a deep-set columellar lamella, similar to that of adamsiana, with a deep well at

its base.

Long. 10-4, lat. 5-0; apert. alt. (intern.) 2-4, lat. 2-0; last whorl 6-0 mm.

Hab. NATAL (type, Wahlberg); Durban and neighbourhood;

Isipingo (transiens, Penther).

Type of wahlberg: in Stuttgart, transiens in Vienna Museum.

Krauss mentions two specimens in his description, of which one was

smooth, except on the last whorl, with no process on the columellar

margin, and the other costate all over, with a marginal tooth; the

latter, which agrees with his figure in sculpture and columellar

dentition, is doubtless the type, but the fact of his having the other

shell before him may account for some of the discrepancies between

his delineation and the actual species, which is common in the Durban

district. It varies slightly in breadth in accordance with the con-

vexity ofits sides; though resembling closely some forms of adamsiana,

it may be readily distinguished by the less obstructed aperture, the

labral and basal processes being weaker than in Pfeiffer’s species.

(ii) Practically smooth.

Gulella formosa (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 74.

1898. Ennea formosa M. & P., A.M.N.H., ui, p. 126, pl. vu, f. 3.

DE,

Shell resembles adamsiana in form, cylindriform, smooth and glossy. Whorls 8,

nearly flat, protoconch (24 whorls) sculptured as in adamsiana with close, fine

microscopic transverse striolae, remainder only with short, oblique infrasutural

striae, usually absent from the remaining surface until reappearing around the

perforation. Dentition as in adamsiana, except that the upper labral process

enters less deeply and is more noticeably bicuspid, the lower cusp usually strong

and upper often lacking, and the basal tooth usually more triangular; the colu-

mellar lamella is exactly similar to that of adamsiana.

Long. 8-0, lat. 3-8; apert. alt. 1-8, lat. 1-5; last whorl 4-2 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Durban (type, Quekett, fide M. & P.); Pieter-

maritzburg (Burnup); Karkloof (Taynton); Riet Vlei (Pennington) ;

Cathkin Peak, Drakensberg (Falcon); Hilton Road (Puzey).

Type in British Museum.

88 Annals of the South African Museum.

Some doubt exists as to the correctness of the type-locality; the

smallest shell recorded is 6-0 x 2-5 mm.

Gulella infrendens (Mts.).

Ref. List Nos. 23, 46, 54.

1866. Pupa (Ennea) infrendens Mts., Mal. Blatt., xin, p. 110,

pl. m1, #, 10-iae Dk.

1901. Ennea foriclusa M. & P., A.M.N.H., vui, p. 316, pl. u,

foe oe,

1903. Ennea claustraria M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 597, pl. xxx1,

PSG. ee

1907. Ennea stauroma M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 96, pl. vi, f. 4.

DF.

1932. Gulella infrendens Mts. (=foriclusa and claustraria M. & P.),

Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii, p. 75. WN.

Shell smooth and glossy, entirely similar in form to adamsiana. Whorls 8,

nearly flat, practically sculptureless, suture shallow, with margined appearance.

Dentition as in adamsiana, except that the sides of angular lamella and upper

labral run even more closely together and the basal process is larger and rounder,

situate more to the left, on the columella, touching the strong round marginal

tubercle; columellar lamella deeply furrowed down the centre, as in adamsiana,

and the lower fold does not approach the marginal process. The type was said to

be 7-0 x3-5 mm.; a Krantzkop example measures

Long. 7-9, lat. 3-6; apert. alt. 1-3, lat. 1-8; last whorl 4:1 mm., and the size

varies from about 7 x 3} to 83 x4 mm.

Hab. NATAL (type, Queinzius); common in the southern dis-

tricts; Table Mountain (foriclusa, Burnup).

ZULULAND. Lower Umfolosi Drift (clawstraria); Eshowe

(Burnup); Melmoth (stawroma, Miss Hickey); Mfongosi (Jones);

St. Lucia Bay; Hluhluwe Game Reserve (Rump).

Type of infrendens ubi? claustraria, foriclusa, and stauroma in

British Museum.

These so-called species were founded on almost negligible differ-

ences in size and strength of dentition, and have been shown to

merge into one another without justification for varietal distinction.

Gulella daedalea (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 33.

1903. Ennea daedalea M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 598, pl. xxxi,

fT DER.

Extremely near the foregoing, from which it may be separable by slightly weaker

dentition, the basal tooth, in particular, being more pointed and situate on left

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 89

centre of base, rather than infringing on the columellar margin. There are 8

flattened whorls, entirely destitute of sculpture, a typical example measuring

Long. 7-8, lat. 3-6; apert. alt. 1-3, lat. 1-6; last whorl 3-9 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Lower Umfolosi Drift (type, Burnup);

Mfongosi (Jones).

Type in British Museum.

Group 16. Dentition 7-fold, 2 distinct denticles on labrum and

1 in sinus.

(1) More or less strongly striate.

Gulella regularis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 93.

1893. Ennea regularis M. & P., A.M.N.H., x1, p. 22, pl. in, f. 11.

DSI.

1926. Gulella regularis M. & P., Bup., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 388. D.

Shell of fair size, cylindrical, dull and silky. Sides of spire nearly straight,

summit obtusely rounded. Whorls 6, nearly flat, first 14, where not weathered,

showing patches of close, fine, regular, microspiral engraving, remainder sculptured

with close, regular, slightly curved and oblique costulae; suture simple, shallow.

Aperture subtrigonal, dentition 7-fold: a strong oblique angular lamella; a very

minute denticle high on the sinus; 2 sharp labral denticles, the lower the stronger,

corresponding to a single external pit; another on left centre of base; a tuber-

culate swelling near top of columellar margin and a strong, blunt, ridged columellar

lamella. A Maritzburg example measures

Long. 7-1, lat. 3:2; apert. alt. 1-3, lat. 1-2; last whorl 3-9 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type); Albert Falls (Burnup);

Impolweni (Puzey); Howick (Cregoe).

Type in British Museum.

A well-named species, most regular in form and dentition.

Gulella dunkeri (Pfr.).

Ref. List Nos. 40, 103.

1855. Ennea dunkeri Pfr., Mal. Blatt., ii, p. 173. D.

1893. ,, vandenbroeckit M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 110, pl. 1,

free. | FF.

1898. Ennea differens Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 20, pl.i, f. 5-6. DF.

1932. Gulella dunkeri Pir. (=vandenbroeckii M. & P.), Conn.,

Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 73, pl. iv, f. 6-9. DF.

Differs from the foregoing in more fusiform contour, the sides of spire being

usually slightly convex, summit higher and more acute and aperture proportion-

ately narrower, while the whorls increase more slowly, there being more in equal

length; typical Natal examples contain from 8 to 9 nearly flat whorls, first 23

90 Annals of the South African Museum.

smooth, remainder sculptured with strong, close, regular, nearly straight, oblique

costae. Aperture nearly oblong, rounded at base, labium straight and vertical,

thus narrowing it on the left side; dentition 7-fold, as in regularis, sinular denticle

usually strong, labrals arising from a low base, lower long and thick, upper short

and pointed; basal and columellar processes as in regularis. A rather small but

typical example measures

Long. 7-2, lat. 3-6; apert. alt. 1-2, lat. 1-3; last whorl 4-0 mm., but the size of

normal shells from the Durban district ranges up to 9-2 x 4:3, with a single attenu-

ated example 9-4 «3-9 mm. in length and breadth; the smaller races will be

discussed hereunder.

Hab. NATAL (vandenbroeckii, ex coll. Vandenbroeck); Port Natal

(dunkert, Plant); Durban (differens, Penther), and widely distributed

throughout the Durban district; Tyeloti; Pinetown; Table Mountain;

Lower Umkomass; Untunjambili, near Krantzkop (Burnup); Krantz-

kop (Warren); Umvoti Poort (Hamilton).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (small race, Jones).

Type of dunkerz in Stettin, differens in Vienna, and vandenbroecku

in British Museum.

This species, while remaining very constant in dentition, varies

considerably in size and contour from different localities; some local

races are much smaller than type, that from Table Mountain measur-

ing about 6-2 x 3-35 and that from Krantzkop 5-9 x 3-0 mm. in length

and breadth, while that from Mfongosi is still smaller, and usually

of more obese contour; sinular and marginal columellar processes

comparatively smaller than in type. Length varies from 4-9 to 5°8,

breadth about 3-0, last whorl 3:0 to 3:2 mm.

Group 17. Process on centre of paries.

(i) Striate.

Gulella mfongosiensis Bnp.

1925. Gulella mfongosiensis Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 146,

pl. ix, f.52-54. DF.

Shell very small, cylindrical, silky. Sides straight and parallel, summit, 2

whorls, obtusely mamillate. Whorls 6, very convex, first 2 smooth, remainder

sculptured with regular, fairly close, straight vertical costulae; suture deep.

Aperture quadrate, dentition 9-fold; a small tubercle on centre of paries; a strong

angular lamella; a large labral tooth with blunt rounded end and a denticle on

its upper edge; a sharp denticle on left centre of base, and 3 minute, deep-set

contiguous tubercles between it and the labral process; a small tubercle half-way

up the columella, and a large, deep-set, convex columellar lamella. The type is a

small example measuring

Long. 3-07, lat. 1-52; last whorl 1-76 mm., but the species varies in length from

2-9 with 52, to 4:8 mm. with 7 whorls.

Hab. ZULULAND. Mfongosi (type, Jones).

NATAL. Bushman’s R. Falls, Weenen (Thomasset).

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 91

Type in British Museum.

Notwithstanding their minuteness the 3 tubercles on right of base

and that on paries render this species easily recognisable.

(ii) Practically smooth.

Gulella puzey? sp. n.

(Pl. i, f. 8.)

Shell of moderate size, rimate, cylindrical, smooth, glossy, pale olivaceous.

Spire produced, sides flat and parallel, apex rounded. Whorls 7, nearly flat, last

3 equal in breadth, smooth except for extremely weak, oblique microscopic striolae,

visible just beneath and in the sutures of the last 2; suture shallow. Aperture

quadrate, dentition normally 9-fold; a strong, oblique angular lamella; a large

triangular mound, corresponding to an external pit, occupying nearly the entire

labrum, with a small cusp on the upper side; a small tubercle deep-set under it,

not discernible from a frontal view; a strong mid-basal denticle; a flattened

tubercle half-way up the columella, with a smaller one, more inset, immediately

above it; a huge, club-like columellar lamella with a deep well at its base, and a

flat horizontal bar, parallel to and extending nearly across the paries.

Long. 6-9, lat. 3-0; apert. alt. 2-3, lat. 1-7; last whorl 3-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Puzey).

Type in British Museum.

Apart from other unusual features, the long, flat parietal bar

distinguishes this species from any other known to me; I have

greatest pleasure in naming it after its discoverer, whose recent

acquisitions have been of so great value in the elucidation of geo-

graphical distribution in the present work.

Group 18. Labral process 1 large polymorphic slab; other

processes variable.

(1) More or less strongly sculptured.

Gulella crassidens (Pfr.).

Ref. List Nos. 27, 95.

1859. Ennea crassidens Pfr., Novit. Conch., 1, p. 114, pl. xxxu,

mero-e. DF,

1892. Ennea scrobiculata M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 93, pl. vi,

ity opadey 2 oe

1898. Hnnea durbanensis Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 25, pl.i, £17. DF.

1932. Gulella crassidens Pfr. (=scrobiculata M. & P.), Conn., Ann.

Natal Mus., vii, p. 77. WN.

Shell rather small, acuminate elliptical, silky. Sides somewhat convex, tapering

from the penultimate whorl upwards in a gentle curve to an obtuse apex. Whorls

84, nearly flat, widest at the 7th, the last narrowing downward, first 2 smooth,

remainder sculptured with close, regular, strong, slightly curved, oblique costulae;

92 Annals of the South African Museum.

suture well defined. Aperture subtrigonal, somewhat constricted, rounded at base,

dentition 6-fold; a strong, slightly oblique angular lamella; a minute denticle

near top of sinus, obscured from frontal view by the lamella; a very large oblong

labral slab, with a deep horizontal external pit, nearly flat or somewhat bilobed,

and usually bearing a most minute denticle at its uppermost extremity; a small

denticle just to left centre of base; a low swelling, sometimes hardly visible, on

columellar margin and a large, blunt, inset columellar lamella; an average Durban

example measures

Long. 5:3, lat. 2-9; apert. alt. (intern.) 1-2, lat. 0-8; last whorl 2-7, and another

with 9 whorls: long. 5-7, lat. 2-9 mm.

Hab. NATAL (scrobiculata, Layard); Port Natal (crassidens,

Plant); Durban; Isipingo (durbanensis, Penther); Pinetown;

Equeefa (Burnup); Stanger; Sinkwazi (Pennington); Hilton

(Falcon); Lllovo R. (Taynton).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

Types of crassidens and scrobiculata in British, durbanensis in

Vienna Museum.

The Zulu race are smaller, with much more convex whorls, usually

straight sides, and lack the sinular denticle; an example with 8}

whorls measures: long. 4:25, lat. 1:9; last whorl 2-2 mm., the smallest

examined being only 3-8 x 1-8 mm.

Gulella contingens Bunp.

1925. Gulella contingens Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 152, pl. 1x,

f. 57-60. DF.

Shell of similar pattern to the foregoing, but of fusiform contour and far more

constricted towards base. Whorls 94, somewhat convex, first 3 smooth, remainder

strongly obliquely costulate as in crassidens, except near the base, where the

striae are fine and weak; suture rather deep. Aperture constricted, elongate,

subtrigonal, narrowly rounded at base, somewhat inclined downward to the left;

dentition 5-fold; a short, oblique angular lamella; a minute denticle at top of

sinus, hidden from frontal view by the lamella; a long flattish slab occupying

nearly the entire labrum, with a minute denticle on its upper edge which touches

that of the lamella, forming with the sinulus a complete circle; a deep-set denticle

on left of base and a deep-set scoop-shaped columellar lamella, of which the lower

rim curves upwards towards the surface and then backwards towards the paries,

giving it a duplex appearance. The type measures

Long. 5:7, lat. 2-9; apert. alt. (intern.) 1-4, lat. 1-1; last whorl 2:7 mm., while

the length varies from 5-4 to 6-2 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Zimbaba Bush (type), Untunjambili, and

Amanhlati Valley, Krantzkop (Warren, Burnup, and Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

Although the columellar process is in reality single, its duplex

appearance, together with the fusiform contour and much con-

stricted aperture of the shell, seem to justify its inclusion next to

crassidens in the present group.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 93

Gulella harriesi Bup.

1926. Gulella harriesi Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 391, pl. xxi,

Fe4—-55.. D.F.

Shell small, cylindriform, silky. Sides slightly convex, summit, 4 whorls,

convex-conoid. Whorls 8, little convex, first 2} smooth, remainder sculptured

with close, regular, nearly straight, oblique costulae, weaker and closer behind the

labrum; suture well defined. Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, dentition

6-fold; a large squarish angular lamella; a massive labral slab with a large tri-

angular external pit, and bearing usually from 1 to 4 minute cusps or tubercles

on its upper and outer edges; a minute denticle below it on right of base; a denticle

at bottom, and another, stronger, above middle of columella, and a large, blunt,

convex columellar lamella. The type measures

Long. 6-9, lat. 3-4; apert. alt. (intern.) 1-3, lat. 1-1; last whorl 3-4 mm., and the

shell ranges from 6-0 to 6-9 x 3-3 to 3-45 mm. in length and breadth; no armature

has been observed in young shells.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pepiti Falls, Sibasa (Harries).

Type in British Museum.

Gulella munita (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 73.

1892. Ennea mumta M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 86, pl. vi, f. 5.

DF.

1914. Ennea mumta M. & P. Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., ui, p. 52,

pei, £98. D.F.

Shell small, cylindrical, with bluntly rounded summit of 3 whorls. Whorls

7, flattish, last 5 sculptured with close, regular, nearly straight costulae, oblique

on 4 and vertical on the last whorl, which is smooth in front; suture well defined.

Aperture contracted oblong, narrowly rounded at base, dentition 5-fold; an

almost vertical angular lamella; a long labral slab with 2 blunt cusps, the lower

much the larger, corresponding to a deep external well; a rather blunt denticle

slightly to the right centre of the base; a deep-set, rounded columellar lamella

and a low marginal ridge, extending and widening from the base upward to nearly

the top of the columella, where it ends abruptly to form a low triangle.

Long. 3-9, lat. 1:7; last whorl 2-25 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Griqualand East (type, coll. Sykes);

Kowie (Ponsonby & Langley).

Type in British Museum.

The Kowie race is larger than type, ranging from 4-3 x 2-1 up to

4-9x 2-2 mm.

Gulella tharfieldensis (M. & P.).

Ref. List Nos. 63 and 99.

1893. Ennea tharfieldensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 109, pl. 11,

pore, DF.

1898. Ennea leppani Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 28, pl. ui, f. 23-25. DF.

94 Annals of the South African Museum.

1932. Gulella tharfieldensis M. & P. (=leppani Stur.) Conn., Ann.

Natal Mus., vu, p. 76. WN.

Ditiers chiefly from the foregoing in the shape of the labral slab, which is usually

weakly tricuspid, a strong median and two inconspicuous cusps at the upper

and lower extremities, with a single external pit; the superficial slab on the colu-

mella is flatter, not angulate at the top, and there is usually a minute denticle

on left of paries, near the columellar angle. The type contains 7} whorls and

measures 5-0 x 2:25 mm. .

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Tharfield (type, Miss Bowker); Kowie

(Farquhar); Port Alfred District (Puzey); Great Fish R. (J. L. B.

Smith); Albany District (leppani, Penther).

Type of tharfieldensis in British, leppani in Vienna Museum.

While the normal dentition includes a small parietal denticle, this

process was lacking in the type and two paratypes available of

leppant, which is in all other respects identical with M. & P.’s species,

and I showed in 1932 that in most series from various localities its

presence or absence is of no consequence, since both forms usually

occur in company; Sturany’s name can of course be retained, if

desired, as varietal for the form that lacks the denticle.

Gulella craterodon (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 29.

1903. Ennea craterodon M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 597, pl. xxx,

iy Clan toe oe

A narrow cylindrical shell with straight sides and bluntly conical apex of 43

whorls. Whorls 93, almost flat, last 5 scarcely increasing, sculptured after the

first 2 with strong, close, regular, nearly straight, very oblique costulae. Aperture

long and narrow, dentition 4- or 5-fold; a nearly vertical angular lamella; an oblong

slab, with a deep external pit, occupying half the labrum, with a point at each

extremity; a flattish, deep-set columellar lamella and a rather long, rounded

tubercle, partially concealing it, near the top of columellar margin.

Long. 8-2, lat. 3-2; apert. alt. 1-2, lat. 1-1; last whorl 4-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Maestrom Forest, Bedford (type,

Farquhar). ;

Type in British Museum.

Differs from others of this group in absence of basal denticle.

(ii) Practically smooth.

Gulella rumpiana Conn.

1932. Gulella rumpiana Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii, p. 88, pl. iv,

f.h87 Dae.

A small, cylindrical, smooth, glossy shell with parallel sides and bluntly rounded

summit. Six whorls, the faint oblique sculpture hardly visible except for 7 or

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 95

8 strong vertical striae just behind the outer lip. Dentition 5-fold, arranged

as in tharfieldensis except for lacking the parietal denticle, but differing consider-

ably in form of the labral and columellar processes, the latter being a strong

oblong superficial slab and the former best developed at its lower end, whence the

left side slopes upwards in almost a straight line until forming a minute cusp and a

blunt angle before joining the labrum; basal denticle and columellar lamella as in

the group.

Long. 5-5, lat. 2-3; last whorl 2-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Margate (Rump).

Type in British Museum.

(ii, a) Minutiae.

Gulella farquhari (M. & P.).

Ref. List’ Nos. 45, 52, 62, 69,.77, 81.

1895. Ennea farquhari M. & P., A.M.N.H., xvi, p. 478, pl. xvii,

mea). DF.

1895. Ennea labyrinthea M. & P., A.M.N.H., xvi, p. 479, pl. xviii,

£7-8. DF.

1899. Ennea microthauma M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 194, pl. im,

ol OE:

1909. Ennea hypsoma M. & P., A.M.N.H., ‘iv, p. 488, pl. vin,

ny Goa Pe

1909. Ennea oppugnans M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 488, pl. vi,

fe. DE.

1909. Ennea periploca M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 489, pl. vin,

iti ene OMT

1914. Ennea farquhari (=labyrinthea, microthauma, hypsoma,

oppugnans, and periploca) M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., iu, p. 41,

pl. iv, f.24. DF.

1925. Gulella farquhari M. & P., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

mip. 119) NL.

Shell minute, shortly cylindrical, smooth and glossy. Sides straight and parallel,

summit, 24 whorls, round. Whorls 54, moderately convex, first 2 smooth, next

nearly so, remainder sculptured with regular, comparatively distant, nearly

straight and vertical striae, strong below the suture and more or less evanescent

lower down, except on the last whorl, where they continue round the base; suture

subcrenulate. Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, dentition 5-fold: an oblique

angular lamella; a large triangular or oblong labral slab, usually more or less bi-

lobed; a small denticle in centre of base; a low swelling on columellar margin and

a deep-set rounded columellar lamella; the paratype figured by Burnup measures

Long. 2°11, lat. 1-03; last whorl 1:15 mm.; while dimensions given by that author

range from 3-19 x 1-36 down to 2-06 x 1-03 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown (farquhari and laby-

rinthea, Farquhar; microthauma, Langley); Trappes Valley, Bathurst

96 Annals of the South African Museum.

(hypsoma and oppugnans); Highlands (Farquhar); Katberg Forest;

Kowie East, Port Alfred (Hewitt).

LORENZO MARQUES. Mt. Vengo, Macequece (Cressy).

All types in British Museum.

The Macequece race is smoother than type, with the labral tooth

usually more pointed, and less inclined to bifurcation.

var. berthae M. & P.

Ref. List No. 13.

1901. Ennea berithae M. & P., A.M.N.11.,1, p. 315, pl- uy fie

1914. Ennea farquhari, var. berthae M. & P., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus.,

il, p. 44, pl. iv, f. 25-27. DF.

Differs from type in more elliptical contour; 6 less ventricose whorls and

shallower suture, the striae rather less regular, shorter and farther apart; labral

tooth not quite so massive, and less divided, columellar lamella somewhat broader

and marginal columellar process weaker; the paratype figured by Burnup measures

Long. 2°84, lat. 1-5; last whorl 1-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Karkloof Bush (type, McBean; Taynton); Not-

tingham Road (Taynton); Ntimbankulu (Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. East London (Kincaid),

Type in British Museum.

The length varies from about 2-8 to 3-3 mm.

var. avena Bnp.

1914. Hnnea farquhani M. & P., var. avena Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus.,

il, p. 46, pl. iv, £. 28-31. DP.

Differs from type in more cylindrical form with nearly parallel sides, less ventri-

cose whorls, shallower suture, absence of defined sculpture except on last half-

whorl, more open aperture with more superficial, undivided labral process and less

developed shelf on columellar margin, exposing more of the columellar lamella;

separable from var. berthae by more slender, cylindrical form, more open aperture,

absence or extreme shortness of infrasutural sculpture, and solid, nearly superficial

labral tooth. The type, with 64 nearly flat whorls, measures

Long. 3-2, lat. 1-3; last whorl 1-6 mm.; extremes range from 2-74 to 3-51 mm.

in length, and number of whorls from 5% to 7.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type); Pinetown; Durban

(Burnup); Sinkwazi (Puzey); Nottingham Road (Taynton).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

Type in British Museum.

ee ee Se ee ee ee

oo ee

ee. ae ee

ee ts

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 97

Gulella chi Bup.

1926. Gulella chi Bup., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 394, pl. xxi, f. 36-39.

D.F.

Shell minute, cylindrical, smooth and glossy. Sides parallel, summit, 2} whorls,

rounded. Whorls 54, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with very weak, close,

regular, nearly straight and vertical striolae; suture shallow. Aperture sub-

oval, dentition 5-fold: a strong, short angular lamella; a large, broad, scarcely

lobed labral tooth with small external pit; a small basal denticle; a large square

tooth on upper margin of columella, almost hiding the deep-set columellar lamella.

The type measures

Long. 2-43, lat. 1-17; last whorl 1-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. East London (type, Kincaid); Great

Fish R., 20 miles east of Kowie (Smith); Trappes Valley, Bathurst

(Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

Group 19. With additional immersed slab under the usual labral

process.

Gulella contraria (Conn.).

1932. Gulella contraria Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii, p. 88, pl. iv,

ees) DD.

Shell very small, shortly cylindrical, smooth and glossy. Sides parallel, summit,

3% whorls, convex-conoid. Whorls 74, nearly flat, practically sculptureless;

suture shallow. Aperture oblong, narrowing at base, dentition 5-fold: a strong

curved angular lamella; a long flattish plate near labral margin, usually with a

short acute denticle at its upper end, corresponding to a deep external pit; a broad

square slab, deep-set within the labral margin, parallel to this plate; a small, com-

paratively deep-set denticle at centre of base, and another broad, nearly square slab

on columella.

Long. 4:7, lat. 2-2; apert. alt. 0-9, lat. 0:75; last whorl 2-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Vryheid (Puzey).

Type in British Museum.

The duplex labral process distinguishes this species from nearly all

other African Gulellae.

Famity PARYPHANTIDAE

(= Rhytididae).

The classification of this family and anatomical notes, in so far as

concerns its African members, are based on Watson’s recent revision.

Shell heliciform, umbilicate, corneous, rounded at periphery, peri-

stome thin or somewhat thickened, but not expanded or reflexed.

Foot of animal without peripodial grooves or caudal mucous pore;

kidney about 14 times to twice the length of the pericardium, but

VOL. XXXIII. 7

98 Annals of the South African Museum.

not extending up towards the rectum at its posterior end. Ureter

passing back along the upper edge of the kidney and opening above

its hinder end. Pedal gland well developed and exposed on the floor

of the body cavity; central nervous system surrounding the anterior

part of the buccal mass, cerebral commissure short, cerebro-pedal

and cerebro-pleural connectives long, and the pedal, pleural, and

visceral ganglia closely aggregated, though they can be distinguished

from one another.

Reproductive system with no well-developed vesicula seminalis,

epiphallic flagella, nor dart-glands; penis bearing numerous small

papillae, but when retracted it contains no penis-papilla or glands.

Jaw absent; radula long, but with less than 100 transverse rows of

teeth, all of which are unicuspid and some of them often extremely

large.

Genus Nata Watson, 1934

(Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 158).

Type Natalina tarachodes Conn.

Shell depressed globose, very glossy, corneous amber, protoconch

small, about 2 whorls without radial ribs; umbilicus usually wide.

Genital opening far back on right below mantle-edge; left body

lobes quite separate, with relatively short attachments to the mantle-

edge, and projecting outer angles; front end of kidney bent out-

wards and backwards, so that beginning of ureter overlaps anterior

end of pericardium. Spermoviduct not convoluted, apart from the

folding of the wall of the female portion; duct of spermatheca

broad anteriorly and of moderate length, considerably shorter than

in Natalina. Free oviduct rather long and narrow, without appendi-

culum. Vagina very short, with appendix in N. tarachodes only;

penis shorter and broader than in Natalina; epiphallus, when present,

comparatively small and much narrower than penis. Retractor

of right upper tentacle passing to left of penis and not between it

and vagina. Radula with fewer teeth than usual, there being

about 26-45 rows, and between 20 and 30 teeth in each in hitherto

described species, showing, even in adult examples, a marked increase

in size when followed backwards from the front to hinder end of

the radula, while when followed outwards they increase in size and

then become smaller again towards the edges of the radula, but are

not differentiated into laterals and marginals. Their shape is more

or less conical, with straight or slightly curved pointed cusps, and

somewhat triangular bases.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 99

Section Nata s.s.

Radula without central tooth. Kidney approximately triangular,

bluntly pointed in front; vas deferens passing forwards beside free

oviduct and vagina and then backwards beside the penis, where it

nearly always becomes more or less enlarged to form an epiphallus,

which enters the penis laterally either at its hinder end or further

forward.

Nata vernicosa (Krs.).

(Pl. iv, f. 4-5, and text-fig. 6.)

Ref. List Nos. 116, 117, 134.

1848. Helix vermcosa Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 76, pl. iv, f. 23. DF.

1892. Helix (Macrocychs) caenotera M. & P., A.M.N.H., x, p. 238,

fem £2: DS.

1894. Natahna chaplin M. & P., A.M.N.H., xiv, p. 91, pl. i,

ree. DF.

Shell of moderate size, depressed globose, widely umbilicate, thin, silky above

and glossy beneath, transparent, corneous yellow, occasional growth lines being

paie red. Spire rather flat, apex obtuse. Whorls 5, not very convex, rounded at

periphery, regularly increasing, protoconch, nearly 2 whorls, smoothly malleate,

remainder sculptured above with close, fine, fairly regular, curved transverse

striae, which become coarser and weaker nearing the aperture after the 5th whorl,

and there is some trace of extremely close, faint, microscopic spiral sculpture on the

later whorls, more visible on the base, where the transverse striation is fainter;

suture simple, well defined. Aperture oblong ovate, descending slightly at base,

peristome simple, actite, labrum descending rather steeply from suture, receding

in a gentle curve to the base; columella short, weak, concave, upper margin

extremely weakly reflexed, not overhanging the wide and deep umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 17-0, min. 13-9; alt. 9-5; apert. alt. 8-2, lat. 7-1 mm.

Hab. NATAL (type, Wahlberg); Durban (Puzey); Pietermaritz-

burg; Port Shepstone; Howick; Van Reenen (Burnup); Umlabli

(Rump).

ZULULAND. Dukuduku (Toppin); Hlabisa (Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. Tharfield (caenaotera, Schénland); Kamachs,

5 miles west of Uitenhage (chaplini, Crawford); Grahamstown (Miss

Glanville; Farquhar); Kowie and Port Alfred; Port Elizabeth

(Crawford); Somerset East (Purcell; Miss Bowker); Pirie Mountain

(Godfrey); Keurbooms R. Bush (Barnard).

Type of vernicosa in Stuttgart, caenotera and chaplini in British

Museum.

The types measure:

vermcosa: diam. 14:8x12-0; alt. 7-6; apert. alt. 6-4, lat.

6-3 mm.

100 Annals of the South African Museum.

caenotera: diam. 16°5x14:0; alt. 8-8; apert. alt. 8-4, lat.

1-9 mm.

chaplina: diam. 10-1 x 8-4; alt. 5-0; apert. alt. 4-9, lat. 4-1 mm.

The shells of vernicosa and caenotera are quite inseparable, and

chaplini is merely an immature ex-

ample; the spire in the type is

quite flat, but I have seen it nearly

as flat in specimens from Grahams-

town.

The radula figured, from Duku-

duku, measures 12 mm. in length

and about 1:5 in breadth; there are

26 complete rows with formula

3+9+0+9+3, though radulae with

formula 3+8+0+8+3 are also met

with. The laterals increase in size

Trxt-ric. 6.—Nata vernicosa (Krs.), from No. 1 to No. 9, which is very

| ae: oe "marginal is about the same size as

No. 8 lateral, the next is much smaller and the outermost min ute.

Nata minor (Pfr.).

(Pl. ui, £. 9-11.)

1853. Helix vernicosa Krs., var. minor Pfr., Mon. Hel., i, p. 95. D.

“var. 8. Minor, costulis superficiei obsoletioribus”’ (Pfr., L.c.).

Hab. NATAL (fide Pfeiffer).

Type ubi?

Pfeiffer’s words may well apply to an immature example of the next species,

but there extends from the Cape Province to Delagoa a hitherto undetermined

race, which may perhaps represent his variety. It differs from vernicosa solely in

being very much smoother, the sculpture consisting of fine growth striolae instead

of costulae; the shell is small, glossy, golden yellow. Spire little raised. Whorls

4, covered with the fine, close, microspiral lineation common to the genus, first 2

practically devoid of transverse sculpture, which is weak and somewhat irregular

on 3rd until nearing the 4th, when it becomes close, regular, and almost crisp above,

very much fainter beneath. Aperture {-lunar, scarcely descending, columella

short, erect, concave, without marginal reflexion, umbilicus rather narrow, nearly

funicular, hardly exposing the earlier whorls. ;

Diam. maj. 7-9, min. 6-6; alt. 4-4; apert. alt. 4-2, lat. 3-4 mm.

Hab. NATAL (type, probably Wahlberg); Pinetown; Ntimban-

kulu (Burnup); Impolweni (Rump).

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 101

The shell described and figured is one of Wahlberg’s original lot

in the Stockholm Museum, but larger examples, apparently con-

specific with it, from Pinetown are 9-5 and Impolweni 10-5 mm. in

major diameter.

Nata liparoxantha (M. & P.).

(Pl. ii, f. 4-6.)

Ref. List No. 128.

1892. Helix (Macrocyclis) liparoxantha M. & P., A.M.N.H., x,

Pees. pl xn, f.3. DF.

The shell appears to attain slightly larger dimensions than vernicosa, and the

transverse striation is very slightly weaker and less crisp, beyond which there is

no difference between the two, which have often been mistaken for one another

and may well be conspecific.

Diam. maj. (type) 18-3, min. 14:5; alt. 11-3; apert. alt. 9-0, lat. 7-9 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type); Pinetown; Table Moun-

tain; Port Shepstone (Burnup).

ZULULAND. Hlabisa (Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. Transkei (Weisbecker).

Type in British Museum.

The radula is practically identical with that of vernicosa, formula

3+8+0+8+3; one specimen in the Gwatkin collection exhibits the

following abnormalities: On one side the line of inner marginals

consists of mere bases with no points; on the other side, laterals

3 and 4 have their two points united to a common base, while laterals

5 and 6 have separate bases, but a common point.

The localities recorded above for this species and those for vernicosa

(=caenotera), together with the close resemblance of both shell and

radula, show that they are practically inseparable and probably

conspecific.

Nata dumeticola (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 120.

1851. Helix dumeticola Bs., A.M.N.H., vu, p. 106. JD.

1854. Ss) % o\) bire “Conch Cab.;, py. 390, pl. ext

(1852), f. 16-18. D.F.

1934. Nata dumeticola Bs., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 158,

peux tO. A.

A smaller form than vernicosa, with rather crisper costulae on the upper surface ;

a large specimen in the British Museum is golden yellow and contains 4 whorls,

102 Annals of the South African Museum.

first 1? smooth, remainder sculptured above with strong, close, curved transverse

costulae, which become very faint on the polished base, where there are extremely

faint, illusory traces of microscopic spiral sculpture.

Diam. maj. 11:5, min. 9-4; alt. 7-9; apert. alt. 5-0, lat. 4-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Generally distributed as far south as

Simonstown, and probably beyond that limit; Robben Island (Fisk).

Type in British Museum.

Nata tarachodes (Conn.).

Ref. List No. 132.

1912. Natalina tarachodes Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xi, p. 96, pl. u1,

F425 SDE.

1931. Macrocycloides cosmia Pir., Thiele, Handb. Syst. Weichtierk.,

[Oa CA, Sais

1934. Nata tarachodes Conn., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, pp. 158,

UG, ol: sax O84 DEA ie.

Smoother and usually smaller than any of the foregoing species; spire nearly

flat, 44 whorls, first 2 smooth, remainder showing above at irregular intervals

faint, curved growth wrinkles, which become straight on the base; no spiral

ornamentation worthy of mention.

Diam. maj. (type) 8-0, min. 7:0; alt. 3-3; apert. alt. 3-2, lat. 3-7 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA (type, Connolly); generally distributed.

CAPE PROVINCE. Houw Hoek (Connolly); Katberg (Cruden);

Kasouga, Port Alfred (Hewitt); Lemoens Hoek Mts., Heidelberg;

Riebeck Kasteel Mts., 2800 ft.; Wellington Mts., 1500 ft. (Barnard).

BASUTOLAND. Masite (Hewitt).

Type in British Museum.

Radula formula (12 +0412) x 35.

This species is fairly plentiful in the Cape Peninsula with dimensions

not exceeding those of the type, but larger shells, more than 10 mm.

in diameter, sometimes occur, when it is exceedingly difficult to

determine whether they are not identical with N. minor (Pfr.).

Section Natella Watson, 1934

(Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 160).

Type Helix (Patula) viridescens M. & P.

Radula with central tooth. Kidney ap pracitenele oval, broadly

rounded in front. Vas deferens not reflexed in the usual manner

and not enlarged to form an epiphallus, but passing directly forwards

to the apex of the short and broad penis.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 103

Nata viridescens (M. & P.).

(Text-fig. 7.)

Ref. List No. 135.

1891. Helix (Patula) viridescens M. & P., A.M.N.H., viii, p.238. —-D.

E92: 5, . - 3 ixyplLimdiel. Fe

1934. Nata viridescens M. & P., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi

pe 260.. A.R.

Shell very small, spire little raised, corneous golden yellow. Whorls 33, proto-

conch, 13 whorl, smooth, remainder sculptured all over with weak, irregular,

slightly curved growth striae without spiral striolation; umbilicus wide and open.

Diam. maj. (type) 4:5, min. 3-8; alt. 2-2; apert. alt. 1-5, lat. 2-2 mm.

99 >

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (type, Farquhar; McBean; Con-

nolly); Pepiti Falls, Sibasa (Harries).

NATAL. Dargle; Inhluzani; Mkolombe Mt., near Weenen

(Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

By far the smallest of the genus. The radula figured, from

Mkolombe, measures 1-5 mm. in length and 1:4 in breadth. There

are 27 complete rows with formula

10+1+10 (or 84+74+1+4+7+3);

it resembles that of vernicosa in

some respects, but differs in

having a central tooth. This is

long and slender with chisel ;

point, as are the inner lateral \

teeth, which increase moderately

in size from No. 1 to No. 6 (the

text-figure shows Nos. 1 to 5 in Text-Fic. 7.—Nata viridescens

profile). No. 7 is not only longer, Ee) (uN Se ei 0eF

int very stout; Nos. 8 and 9 are Half row of teeth of radula; x 200.

similar but diminishing in size; No. 10 is very small and rudi-

mentary.

Genus Natalina Pilsb., 1893

(Manual, viii, p. 135)

(= Aerope Albers, 1860, non (Leach) White, 1847).

Type Helix cafra Fer.

Shell with rather large protoconch composed of about 2 rapidly

expanding whorls, with curved radial ribs on their upper surface.

Genital opening on right side of head; lower left body lobe not

104 Annals of the South African Museum.

very prominent but extending far round mantle-edge and more or

less connecting with the upper one; kidney not reflexed at front end.

Spermoviduct convoluted; duct of spermatheca long and slender;

vagina long; penis long and cylindrical; epiphallus entering posterior

end of penis, where the retractor is inserted, and resembling the penis

in breadth, etc., but not in its internal structure.

Radula with between 55 and 95 rows of teeth, about 35-70

in each row. Central always present, remainder divisible into two

series, all unicuspid; laterals with curved, sharply pointed cusps,

increasing in size as they are followed outwards, marginals smaller,

with straighter and blunter cusps.

Sub-genus Natalina s.s.

Shell often very large, peristome usually membranaceous instead

of more or less thickened, owing to the periostracum being continued

a little beyond the calcareous layer of the shell.

Left body lobes connected by a low ridge; free oviduct with an

appendiculum which lies against the terminal part of the spermovi-

duct; genital atrium not usually quite as short as in the other South

African groups belonging to this family; epiphallus long; penis

situated on right of retractor of right upper tentacle, which does not

pass between it and vagina.

Radula with about 5-8 laterals on each side, increasing greatly

outwards in size, the last very large; marginals very small, narrow,

10-30 on each side, transition between these and the large ad-

medians being abrupt.

Natalina cafra (Fer.).

(Pl. iu, f. 7, and text-fig. 8.)

Ref. List No. 114.

1821. Helix cafra Feér., Tabl. Syst. Moll., pt. 3, p. 29 (or 25). WN.

1901. Natalina caffra Fér., Murdoch, Proc. Mal. Soc., iv, p. 171,

plexvis ts lA.

1903. Natalina caffra Fer., Mlldff., Conch. Cab., p. 20, pl. iii,

f.4-7. D.F.

1934. Natalina cafra Fér., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 157. WN:

Shell very large, subglobose, umbilicate, rather thin, rugose, translucent, dull

above, glossy beneath, deep yellow- or red-brown with darker transverse patches

at irregular intervals, usually caused by the lines of growth. Spire moderately

exserted, apex bluntly rounded, whorls 5, moderately convex, rounded at periphery,

rapidly increasing, sculptured all over with very close, sharp, regular, curved

ee a ee

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 105

transverse costae; suture simple, well defined. Aperture oblong-suboval, descend-

ing at base, peristome simple, acute, labrum receding gradually to the base, colu-

mella short, erect, margin broadly triangularly reflexed, but scarcely overhanging

the rather wide umbilicus.

Diam. maj. (of specimen from “Cape of Good Hope’

min. 54-5; alt. 50; apert. alt. 42-6, lat. 41-4 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Cafiraria (Delalande); Uitenhage (fide

Férussac); generally distributed over the central and western

districts.

NATAL. Along the coast from Port Shepstone to Tongaat: Pine-

town; Pietermaritzburg; Karkloof; Curry’s Post (Burnup).

ZULULAND (McKen).

TRANSVAAL. Between Lydenburg and Delagoa (Wilms).

Type ubi?

Animal without tail pore, foot broadly lanceolate, tapering sharply

behind, dull grey on sides, dorsum yellowish umber with darker

in British Museum) 75:5,

Iiiiraann

Text-Fic. 8.—WNatalina cafra (Fér.), Natal.

Half row of teeth of radula; x 20.

brown along the tail and three broad streaks along the back; tentacles

finely granulated, greyish brown: ocular conical, long and spreading,

oral cylindrical and directed forwards, labial, which serve as feelers,

short, thick, conic-angular. :

The radula figured (text-fig. 8) from Pinetown measures 58 mm.

in length and 5 in breadth, not including the marginal teeth; formula

29+54+14+5+429, with 56+” rows; the laterals, which increase

rapidly in size from 1 to 5, have large oblong bases; the marginals

are degenerate, the inner one is the largest, about half as long as

the base of lateral No. 5; they diminish in size outwards. Owing

to the folding of the membrane which carries them, it is difficult to

be certain of their number and their total width.

106 Annals of the South African Museum.

The radula of a newly hatched juvenile from Pietermaritzburg is

7 mm. long and 0-5 mm. broad in front, with gradual increase to

1 mm. at the nascent end. It has 35+n rows, with formula

12(?)+5+1+5+12(%). The central and laterals resemble those of

the adult, inner marginal almost as long as base of the adjacent

lateral; the marginals diminish in size outwards, as in the adult.

Natalina eumacta (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 121.

1892. Hela (Aerope) eumacta M. & P., A.M.N.H.) x, pieger

play xan tA ee

Founded on a single specimen, faded to pale yellow, containing 44 whorls, upper

surface sculptured with very close, fine, regular, curved transverse striae, which are

much fainter beneath, while except on the extreme base the under surface and upper

part of the last half-whorl are engraved with close, continuous, microscopic spiral

lines.

Diam. maj. 30-7, min. 25-3; alt. 22-1; apert. alt. 16-8, lat. 13-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE (not Natal, as stated by the authors).

Bashee River, Idutywa (Crawford).

Type in British Museum.

The spire may be very slightly lower in comparison, and the trans-

verse sculpture a trifle closer and weaker, otherwise the type recalls

a worn, immature shell of N. cafra.

Natalina beyrichi (Mts.).

(Pl. av; £.,1=3:)

Ref. List No. 113.

1890. Aerope beyrichi Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin,

Poses we:

1897. Aerope beyricht Mts., Archiv f. Naturg., xiii, 1, p. 35, pl. vi,

fda. (OSE:

Said to differ from cafra, which it resembles in all other respects, in having a

far more open umbilicus, more compressed aperture, of which the ends are closer

together, and in the sharp subperipheral line of demarcation between the dull

costulate upper, and smoother glossy under side.

The shell figured, from Port St. John’s, which practically coincides with Martens’

figure, contains 5 whorls, earlier olive-brown, shading on the last to olive-green, with

darker rays at frequent intervals, upper surface dull and silky, lower glossy ; sculp-

tured into extreme apex with strong, slightly curved transverse costulae, extending

across the whorl on the protoconch, where they are a little more curly and distant,

after which they are close and regular, nearly as strong on base and extending into

the umbilicus. Peristome foliaceous, labrum scarcely curved and receding gradu-

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 107

ally in profile to the base, columella short, concave, the white margin triangularly

reflexed but not approaching the deep, rather broad umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 61-0, min. 49-0; alt. 35-0; apert alt. 27-0, lat. 30-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Pondoland (type, Beyrich): Port St.

John’s (Power).

Type in Berlin Museum.

Natalina wesseliana (Kob.).

Ref. List No. 114.

1876. Helix caffra Fér., var. wesseliana Maltzan, Kob., Jahrb. D.

fee Gea, mi, p. 149, pl. v,f.1.. DF.

1925. Natalina wesseliana Maltz., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

mip. too. NL.

A magnificent species resembling cafra in every detail except for its nautiloid

and consequently lower and longer form, due to the more rapid increase of whorl.

An example from Rikatla in my collection containing 4 whorls measures

Diam. maj. 61, min. 46; alt. 42; apert. alt. 33, lat. 36-2 mm.

Hab. “SOUTH AFRICA” (fide Kobelt).

LORENZO MARQUES. Rikatla (Junod).

ZULULAND (Toppin).

Junod writes that the natives think this animal brings ill-luck and

crush it when they meet it.

_ Natalina quekettiana (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 130.

1893. Helix (Macrocyclis) quekettiana M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu,

p. 103, pl. iii, f.1. D.F.

1894. Helix (Macrocyclis) quekettiana M. & P., Moss, Trans. Manch.

Microsc. Soc., p. 24, pl. i, f. 4. R.

1915. Natalina quekettiana M. & P., Wats., Ann. Natal Mus.,

iii, pp. 168, 185. 4.

1932. Natalina quekettiana M. & P., Peile, Proc. Mal. Soc., xx,

wp. 10s. I.

Shell much smaller and comparatively more depressed than cafra, golden brown

above and greenish yellow beneath. 43 whorls, the first showing faint, curved

transverse puckers, which, on the rest of the upper surface, are strong, close,

regular costae, becoming very weak on the base, which is covered with extremely

faint and close microscopic spiral lines and occasional irregular traces of wider,

deeper grooves.

Diam. maj. (type), 30-2, min. 24:5; alt. 18-6; apert. alt. 14-3, lat. 14-1 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg (Quekett).

Type in British Museum.

108 Annals of the South African Museum.

A beautiful, richly coloured shell when in fresh condition.

Watson has described the odontophore and adjacent parts for com-

parison with those of Apera; the radula is of the same type as that

of cafra: formula 14+8+1+8+14; the marginals are extremely

degenerate, being even smaller in proportion than those of cafra.

Natalina compacta sp. un,

(Pl. i, f. 1-3.)

Shell large, globose, umbilicate, thin, asperate, dull above and rather glossy

beneath, semi-transparent, colour scheme of irregular streaks and patches of olive-

green and brown, varying in intensity. Spire exserted, apical angle 110°, apex

broad, obtuse. Whorls 4, convex and rounded, regularly increasing, sculptured

with close, strong, coarse, straight, slightly oblique transverse costae, which

become finer on the base; suture well defined. Aperture subovate, but little

oblique, peristome simple, acute, slightly overlapped by the fringe of the epidermis,

labrum extremely gently recurved in profile, columella white, erect, nearly straight,

margin triangularly reflexed, half overhanging the comparatively narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 51-0, min. 46-5; alt. 43-0; apert. alt. 33-0, lat. 27-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Mountain Drive, Grahamstown

(type, Farquhar); East London (fide Falcon); Hog’s Back, Amatola

Mts. (Rattray).

Type in British Museum.

Distributed by Farquhar under the name of cafra Fér., but a

glance at Deshayes’ figure of that species * will show that the latter

is far flatter with more rapidly increasing whorls, a completely typical

example from Durban measuring

Diam. maj. 67-0, min. 52-5; alt. 40-0; apert. alt. 36-5, lat. 35-0 mm.

Of the only other large members of this genus, wesseliana Kob.

has even more rapidly increasing whorls than cafra, while beyrichi Mts.

is a widely umbilicate shell, 62 x 40 mm. in diameter and altitude.

Natalina reenenensis sp. n.

(Pl. 1, £.,5-8.)

Shell of good size, depressed globose, umbilicate, very thin, semi-transparent,

silky, olive-green with numerous irregular darker transverse strigae. Spire little

exserted. Whorls 4, little convex, rapidly increasing, extreme apex smooth and

glossy, with 6 or 7 rather coarse and distant wrinkles towards the end of, and

extending nearly across the Ist whorl, succeeded on the 2nd and later by strong,

close, regular, slightly curved and oblique transverse costulae, with very close,

fine microscopic lineation on the last, stronger and crossing the transverse riblets

* Hist; Moll.; 1; p. 198, pl. ix, Agains:

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 109

on the base, where there are further irregular, discontinuous spiral grooves; suture

simple, well defined. Aperture narrow sub-oval, slightly descending from the

horizontal, labrum membranaceous from suture to left of base, where it becomes

white and thickened before merging into the very short, concave columella, of

which the margin is little reflexed, not overhanging the umbilicus; a thin white

callus is usually present.

Diam. maj. 31-0, min. 24:3; alt. 19-0; apert. alt. 14-0, lat. 16-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Van Reenen (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

This species has long been misidentified as NV. kraussi (Pfr.), which

belongs to a different sub-genus, and from which it differs, inter alia,

in being nearly twice as large, of greener colour, and its membranaceous

peristome, whereas kraussi has a brown shell with slightly thickened

peristome.

The radula is similar to that of cafra, formula 16(?)+5+1+5

+16 (?%); the marginals are very small and do not diminish to the

same extent as in that species.

Natalina inhluzana (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 122.

1894. Helix (Dorcasia) inhluzana M. & P., A.M.N.H., xiv, p. 91,

pet. 4) DoF.

1934. Natalina inhluzana M. & P., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

p. los. iN.

Shell depressed globose, umbilicate, glossy, chestnut brown above, shading to

olive-buff around the umbilicus. 4 convex whorls, first 14, after the extreme

apex, bearing strong curved growth wrinkles below the upper suture, which fade

from the middle of the whorl and reappear weakly above the lower, the entire

surface, especially the smooth unwrinkled zone, showing extremely close, fine,

faint microspiral lineation, later whorls covered with close, fine, regular, curved,

slightly oblique transverse costulae, while there are traces of faint, fine microspiral

lineation and shallow basal grooves ; suture well defined. Aperture nearly hori-

zontal, little descending, peristome white and glossy, with a very weak internal

rib, columella short, concave, margin very narrowly reflexed, not overhanging

the deep subfunicular umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 23-0, min. 19-4; alt. 14-0; apert. alt. 11-7, lat. 11-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Inhluzani Mountain (Mrs. Shaw).

Type in British Museum.

The apical sculpture is described from a younger and fresher

specimen than the type; as Watson remarks, this is probably the

smallest and least specialised species of Natalina sensu stricto, unless

that which follows really belongs to the same section.

110 Annals of the South African Museum.

Natalina caffrula M. & P.

Ref. List No. 115.

1898. Natalina caffrula M. & P., A.M.N.H., i, p. 24, pl. vii, f. 1.

D.F.

1936. Natalina caffrula M. & P., Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges., No.

ZS sp. tone

Shell small, depressed globose, widely umbilicate, rather thin, silky, semi-

transparent, dark corneous umber, with irregular darker transverse streaks.

Spire moderately exserted. Whorls about 4, convex, regularly increasing, first 2

defective, but apparently smooth, remainder covered with close, regular, curved

transverse costulae, which are nearly as strong on the base; no spiral sculpture

apparent; suture simple, well defined. Aperture lunate, peristome simple, acute,

labrum gently recurved to the base, columella short, concave, upper margin

scarcely expanded, not obscuring the wide, open umbilicus.

Diam. maj. (type), 11-2, min. 9-8; alt. 7-1; apert. alt. 5-0. lat., 4-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna (type, Purcell); north bank

of Zwartkops R., Port Elizabeth (fide Crawford).

NATAL. Durban (Penther, fide Sturany).

ZULULAND. Mkuzi; Umfolosi Game Reserve (fide Haas).

LORENZO MARQUES. Matolla (Penther, fide Sturany).

Type in British Museum.

The type is the only example of this species known to me; it is

a beautiful miniature of the gigantic caffra and is notable for its

dark coloration. The localities given by Crawford and Sturany

are probably incorrect, and Haas’ shells have been found to represent

a species of Nata, aff. vernicosa, but in too poor condition for exact

determination.

Sub-genus Afrorhytida Mildfi., 1903

(Conch. Cab., p. 61).

Type Helix knysnaensis Pfr.

Shell not banded; peristome nearly always somewhat thickened;

radial ribs on protoconch not cut by spiral grooves, but in some

species only extending part way across upper surface of whorl.

Left body-lobes connected by a low ridge, as in Natalina s.s.;

genital organs similar to those of Capitina, except that the epiphallus

is much longer.

Radula with about 7-12 laterals on each side, increasing in

size outwards, at first slowly and then rapidly, the last being very

large; marginals very much smaller, but separated from admedians

by 2 or 3 transitional teeth of intermediate size.

ae,

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 111

Section Afrorhytida s.s.

Shell with ribs on upper surface becoming weaker on last whorl;

umbilicus narrow in immature shells, though sometimes expanding

later in depressed examples.

Cusps of inner laterals with narrow. or no lateral flanges; marginals

narrower than in Hyperrhytida, about 12-22 on each side.

Natalina knysnaensis (Pfr.).

(Text-fig. 9.)

Ref. List No. 124.

1845. Helix knysnaensis Pfr., P.Z.S., p. 131. D.

1934. Natalina knysnaensis Pfir., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

pita. NV.

Shell of fair size, subglobose, umbilicate, thin, silky, glossy, semi-transparent,

corneous, dark to yellow brown, the type being of the former shade. Spire

moderately exserted, apex bluntly rounded. Whorls 4, convex, rounded at the

periphery, rather rapidly increasing, first 14 smoothly malleate, but considerably

worn in all specimens that I have been able to examine, remainder sculptured

above with close, regular, nearly straight transverse costulae which become much

weaker beneath, and both the base and upper surface of the last whorl show a

certain amount of extremely faint microscopic spiral striation; suture simple,

rather deep. Aperture #-lunate, descending a little at base, peristome white,

glossy, almost imperceptibly thickened, labrum nearly straight in profile, receding

gradually to the base, columella short, margin triangularly reflexed, overhanging

a quarter of the umbilicus.

Diam. maj. (type) 24:2, min. 20-7; alt. 17-4; apert. alt. 13-4, lat. 11-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna (type, coll. Cuming); Port

Elizabeth (Crawford; Far-

quhar); Somerset East (Miss

Bowker); Enon (Hartvig).

Type in British Museum.

The radula figured is in the

Gwatkin collection, labelled

“Cape”; it measures 14-5 mm.

in length and about 2 in

breadth, marginals not included.

There are 79 complete rows

of teeth with formula 16+11 Trxt-Fic. 9.—Natalina knysnaensis

=! t1+16; the laterals. m- (eis)x Cape.

: : Half row of teeth of radula; x40.

crease regularly in size from

No. 1 to No. 8; Nos. 9, 10, and 11 are still larger with big, oblong

bases, No. 10 being the largest of all. The inner marginal is about

112 Annals of the South African Museum.

the same size as No. 5 lateral, the remainder diminish rapidly, the

outermost being very small.

Natalina coerneyensis M. & P.

Ref. List No. 118.

1894. Natalina coerneyensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xiv, p. 91, pl. i,

vie yO Ia,

1894. Natalina coerneyensis M. & P., Moss, Trans. Manch. Microsc.

SOC... 0. 20s Ol adh iteea eames

The type is an immature shell with a broken, and hence deformed aperture;

it contains 44 whorls, with exactly the same sculpture as knysnaensis, with which

it appears to be completely identical.

Diam. maj. 23:2, min. 19-0; alt. 18-1; apert. alt. (deformed) 11-7, lat. 11-0 mm.

I would have placed this species without hesitation in the synonymy

of knysnaensis were it not that the radula figured by Moss and Webb

and that in the Gwatkin collection, both of which are attributed

to coerneyensis, disagree with that figured above as of Pfeiffer’s

species. Further anatomical knowledge of topotypes is therefore

advisable before attempting any definite conclusion.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Coerney (type); Sandflats Station

(Crawford). |

Type in British Museum.

Natalina kraussi (Pefr.).

(ede mils sts 3 10),))

Ref. List No. 125. |

1846. Helix kraussi Pfr., Symb., iii, p. 70. D. |

NSAS rh 4 be » Krs., Siidair. Moll., p. 77, pleivjiy 2a |

185129 Sy) wsturmiang Pir. P.Z.8.. p: 20a, 2D:

Shell of fair size, depressed globose, umbilicate, thin, silky, semi-transparent,

corneous brown above, paler beneath. Spire not much exserted, apex obtuse.

Whorls 4, moderately convex, rapidly increasing, rounded at the periphery, upper

surface sculptured to the extreme apex with strong, close, slightly curved and

oblique costulae, which become slightly less close on the later whorls, and tend

occasionally to bifurcate and merge into one another, and are much weaker on the

glossy base, where there are a few negligible traces of coarse, irregular, much

broken spiral grooves or scratches; suture simple, well defined. Aperture oblong

suboval, peristome white and glossy, infinitesimally thickened, labrum nearly

straight and receding regularly in profile, columella concave, margin scarcely

reflexed, umbilicus wide and funicular. The type measures

Diam. maj. 20-7, min. 16-7; alt. 13-0; apert. alt. 10-0, lat. 10-6 mm.

Although the type is in fresh condition, the protoconch bears an

extraordinary hammered appearance, as though it has been crushed

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 113

in youth, so that it is barely possible to discern the radial wrinkles

described above, though there are traces of them in some of the

indentations.

H. sturmiana was described from a shell in the Cuming collection,

“Hab. (?)”, but in the Nomenclator Pfeiffer ascribed it without

apparent justification to Delagoa Bay. It has 4 whorls and agrees

with the foregoing in all respects except that, being a slightly better

grown specimen, the peristome is more thickened; basal margin

extremely narrowly reflexed and columellar margin clearly so,

though not overhanging the umbilicus. It measures

Diam. maj. 21-8, min. 17-8; alt. 13-6; apert. alt. 10-0, lat. 10-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Outeniqua, George District (kraussi,

Krauss); Knysna (Power); Tharfield (Miss Bowker) and Grahamstown

(Miss Glanville, fide Layard); Kromme River (Moran); Zuurbrak Peak,

Langeberg Range near Swellendam, 4500 feet (fairly typical,24-6 x 19-6,

alt. 12-5, apert. alt. 11-7, lat. 12-2 mm.); Meirings Poort Berg,

Prince Albert, 6—6500 feet (umbilicus rather more narrow than type,

23°8 x 18-2, alt. 11-7, apert. alt. 10-5, lat. 12-6 mm.); Lemoens Hoek

Mts., Langeberg, Heidelberg Dist. (an unusually flat spired example

with 4 whorls and noticeably weaker costulation on the last + whorl;

24 x 18-6, alt. 12-5, apert. alt. 10-0, lat. 10-5 mm., Barnard); Doorn

R., N. of Montagu Pass (Haughton).

Type of kraussi in Stuttgart, sturmiana in British Museum.

The newly described N. reenenensis has been freely distributed

as the present species and led to considerable confusion; NV. inhluzana

resembles it closely but its anatomy proves it to belong to Natalina s.s.

The limits of variation and distribution of N. kraussi are by no

means clearly defined, and it is probable that some of the races

mentioned above will prove to be at least varietally distinct when

their anatomy is known.

Natalina insignis M. & P.

Ref. List No. 123.

1907. Natalina insignis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 98, pl. vi, f. 9.

De.

The chief characteristic of this species is an extremely slight thickening and

expansion of the glossy, white peristome; the shell is uniform corneous yellow-

brown, with a moderately exserted spire, and contains 5 convex whorls, first 1}

smooth in the weathered type, remainder sculptured with close, regular, rather

weak, curved transverse striae, without spiral sculpture; umbilicus partially

overhung by columellar margin.

Diam. maj. (type) 29-3, min. 25; alt. 21-6; apert. alt. 15-3, lat. 13-8 mm.

VOL. XXXIII. 8

eet

114 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Teafontein, Grahamstown (Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

Considerably higher in the spire than kraussi, with the aperture

much less broad in comparison to its height.

Natalina liliacea Prest.

Ret. List No, 127.

1912. Natalina lilacea Prest., Proc. Mal. Soc., x, p. 17. DF.

Perhaps a little less globose than knysnaensis, which it otherwise resembles in

form. Four whorls, upper surface sculptured all over with strong, close, regular,

curved transverse striae, becoming weaker on the base, which shows traces of

microscopic spiral lines; umbilicus narrow, but deep and not overhung.

Diam. maj. (paratype in British Museum) 20-5, min. 16-6; alt. 13-8; apert. alt.

10-2, lat. 9-4 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna Forest (type, Cox); Zwartberg

Range, between Prince Albert and Oudtshoorn; Keurbooms R.

Bush (Barnard).

Type in coll. Dautzenberg.

The shell is prone to assume a distinct lilac hue in rather weather-

worn condition; the largest I have seen measures 27 x 15-8 mm. in

breadth and height.

Section Hyperrhytida Watson, 1934

(Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 156)

Type Helix (Aerope) trumem M. & P.

Shell with ribs on upper surface remaining strong on last whorl,

umbilicus broad at all stages of growth.

Cusps of inner laterals with wide lateral flanges; marginals with

broadly rounded cusps, and only about 5 in number on each side.

Natalina trimeni (M. & P.).

Ref. List: No. 133:

1892. Helix (Aerope) triment M. & P., A.M.N.H., x, p. 237, pl. xin;

jt a i Be sik

1934. Natalina troment M. & P., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

pp. £06: tad, pl maayd. WO. Ne.

More depressed than knysnaensis, with a wider, more open umbilicus, silky

above, very glossy beneath, pale chestnut (in the type) to corneous yellow-brown.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 115

4% whorls, the Ist showing faint, curved, transverse puckers, which, on the rest

of the upper surface, are strong, close costae, becoming very weak on the base,

which is covered with extremely faint and close microscopic spiral lines, with

occasional irregular traces of wider, deeper grooves. Peristome white and minutely

thickened.

Diam. maj. (type) 24:2, min. 20-7; alt. 16-2; apert. alt. 11-6, lat. 10-6 mm.

Hab. CAPE COLONY (type, Trimen). Grahamstown (Farquhar);

Kowie, Port Alfred (fide Crawford).

Type in British Museum.

The sculpture is that of quekettvana, but the shell is smaller and

comparatively higher, with thickened peristome and wider umbilicus.

Natalina arguta M. & P.

Ref. List No. 112.

OT? Natahine argua M. & P., AM.N.H., xix, p..98, pl. vi,

eyed DK.

1934. Natalina arguta M. & P., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

poo. NV:

Separable from trimeni by its stronger basal striation, rather more open umbilicus,

and possibly smaller size, although the type may be immature. It contains 4}

whorls, sculptured all over, except on the extreme apex, with close, regular, curved

oblique striae, which are extremely weak on the first 14 whorl and then grow

stronger; no apparent spirals.

Diam. maj. (type) 20-5, min. 17-4; alt. 13-0; apert. alt. 9-8, lat. 9-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. East London (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Radula as in the section.

Sub-genus Capitina Watson, 1934

(Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 153).

Monotype Helix schaerfiae Pir.

Upper and lower left body lobes completely united to form a single

extensive lobe. Free oviduct somewhat swollen, but without appendi-

culum; epiphallus very short; penis situated on left of retractor of

right upper tentacle.

Radula with about 13 lateral and 17 marginal teeth on each

side, latter with broadly rounded cusps; the teeth enlarge gradually

from the Ist to about the 9th, remaining laterals scarcely

differing in size, marginals gradually decreasing again in size to

edge of row.

116 Annals of the South African Museum.

Natalina schaerfiae (Pfr.).

(Pl. iv, f. 6-11, and text-fig. 10.)

Ref. List No. 131.

1861. Helix schaerfiae Pir., Mal. Blatt., viii, p. 73, pl. u, £. 1-3.

DIE

1915. Tulbaghinia schaerfiae Pir., Conn., Ann. §.A. Mus., xi,

jomeitats JO).

1934. Natalina schaerfiae Pfr., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 153,

plod ies DEA hy |

Shell large, much depressed globose, umbilicate, moderately solid, semi-trans-

parent, dull and silky above, glossy beneath, corneous olive-brown, ornamented

above with narrow chestnut bands. Spire little raised, apex obtuse. Whorls 44,

scarcely convex, rapidly increasing, rounded at the periphery, sculptured above

with coarse, irregular, curved, oblique transverse costulae, which are much weaker

on the base; suture simple, well defined. Aperture oblong suboval, peristome

white, glossy, slightly thickened, labrum nearly straight and receding evenly in

profile, columella short and concave, margin very slightly reflexed, umbilicus

funicular, rather wide.

Diam. maj. (of specimen from Oudebosch in my collection) 29-2, min. 23-1;

alt. 15-5; apert. alt. 13-0, lat. 13-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Bredas Bosch, Genadendal District

(type, Mrs. Schaerf); Oudebosch, R. Zonder End Mts. (Layard;

Barnard); Bredasdorp (Layard; de Villers).

Type in Stettin Museum.

The radula figured, from Oudebosch, measures 15:5 by about 2-5

mm. in length and breadth; there are 77 complete rows with formula

3 28

— A bs

Text-Fic. 10.—Natalina schaerfiae (Pfr.), Oudebosch.

Representative teeth from the radula; x 80.

98+1+28. These rows are much less oblique than in the other sub-

genera, meeting at an obtuse angle in the centre of the radula and

flattening out towards the margins; the teeth are of simple aculeate

form, but those towards the edges have unusually broad and rounded

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 117

cusps; there is a gradual increase in size to No. 14 and an equally

gradual decrease to No. 27; No. 28 is very small.

The bright olive ground colour appears to fade rapidly when much

exposed to the sun, for Layard wrote that while the normal variety

inhabits the dense forests of Oudebosch, the specimens from the

open veldt at Bredasdorp are almost destitute of epidermis. The

shells to which he refers are otherwise in fine condition, the ground

colour being creamy white, retaining the bright chestnut bands, and

thus presenting a strikingly handsome appearance; the largest of

them is 31:5 19-5 mm.

All de Villiers’ examples are bleached white and show far fewer

bands, usually 2 or 3, somewhat distant, above the periphery.

Famity TESTACELLIDAE.

Characters those of the single genus.

Owing to absence of jaw I place the family here, but its more

natural position is perhaps before the Achatinidae.

Genus Testacella Cuvier, 1800

(Leg. Anat. comp. Paris, i, Table 5).

Type T. haliotidea Drap.

Body subcylindrical, attenuate anteriorly, peripodial grooves dis-

tinct, mantle small, situate in the rear of animal and covered by a

somewhat auriform, paucispiral shell; respiratory and anal orifices

beneath right posterior angle of shell, sexual orifice beneath right

ommatophore. Internally the most important peculiarity is the

location of the heart near the hind end of body and the large radula

with slender barbed teeth.

Testacella maugei Fer.

(Pl. xiv, f. 2.)

Ref. List No. 5 (as aurigaster).

1801. Testacella haliotordes Lam., Syst. An. s. ver., p. 96, nomen

nudum.

1819. Testacella mauger Fér., Hist. Moll., ui, p. 94, pl. vii, f. 10,

me DSF.

1893. Testacella aurigaster Layard, Ckll., Conchologist, 1, p. 205. N.

1902. Testacella mauger Feér. (=aurigaster Layard), Taylor, Mon.

But. Moll. u, p. 21, pl.i, f.9-14. DF.A.R.

118 Annals of the South African Museum.

1915. Testacella maugei Fér. (=aurigaster Layard), Wats., Ann.

Natal Mus., i, pp. 220, 256, pl. xxiv, f. 152-161. D.F.A.R.

1916. Testacella maugei Feér. (=aurigaster Layard), Conn., Ann.

S.A. Muss xi, ps 1582.) oNt

1921. Testacella maugei Fér., Wats., Naturalist, p. 401. Synonymy.

Animal attenuate anteriorly and very tumid towards the rear, greyish white to

black, but usually earthy brown, paler on sides, dotted, especially on back, with

deep brown specks; dorsal grooves well defined, enclosing a double row of tubercles,

lateral deep, wide apart at their origin, sole usually yellow, mantle sparsely spotted,

sometimes partially enclosing the shell, which in a Cape Town example is sub-

elliptical, convex, apex terminal, just protruding beyond hind margin; perio-

stracum pale brown, with strong quasi-concentric lines of growth, which circle

from the apex downward to the left and round, till they become merged in the thick,

white, glossy columella.

Length of animal extended, 60 to 100 mm.; shell long. 8-8, lat. 5-8, alt. 2-2 mm.

Radula with minute central tooth, marginals barbate, increasing in size till about

No. 11 and then growing smaller; formula given by Taylor is (14+1+14) x30.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (aurigaster, Layard,

Lightfoot). )

Recorded from Western Europe, Morocco, and the North Atlantic

islands, whence its introduction to the Museum gardens at Cape Town

is easily accountable.

Lamarck’s reference to this slug in 1801 is confined to the words

“ Testacella haliotoides n. ex D. Mauger, ex ins. Tenerifiae,” which

cannot possibly be held sufficient to validate his name, and although

Draparnaud mentions the Teneriffe slug in a footnote with his first

description in 1801 of T. haliotidea, he describes the common French

form, which is quite distinct from the present species.

var. aperta Taylor.

1902. Testacella mauge: Fér., var. aperta Taylor, Mon. Brit. Moll.,

ia eee passe) a Vag Sa 9 ge 2.

1915. Testacella maugei Fér., var. aperta Taylor, Wats., Ann. Natal

Mus., iii, p. 222, pl. xxiv, f. 162. Shell.

‘*Shell comparatively wider and flatter or less convex than type, aperture con-

sequently more open and ovate.’

‘Long. 14, lat. 8, alt. 3 mm.’

Hab. with type.

TriseE HOLOGNATHA.

Jaw simple, without superior appendage.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 119

Famity HELICARIONIDAE.

Shell helicoid or vitrinoid, sometimes large enough to contain

entire animal, sometimes smaller, thin and partly covered by shell

lobes, and sometimes hardly spiral and entirely enclosed within

mantle. Foot usually with caudal pore, lateral grooves, and tri-

partite sole; jaw usually with median projection, radula with narrow

maginal teeth; dart gland, when present, often containing a stiletti-

form body, which cannot be cast off as in the Helicidae.

Sub-Family HELICARIONINAE.

Shell usually thin, of vitrinoid or helicoid form; mantle with shell-

lobes; foot with large caudal gland; epiphallus developed; vagina

short or hardly distinct from atrium; right ocular retractor passing

between male and female ducts of genitalia.

Although not without a tinge of sentimental regret, I am obviously

bound to follow Watson in his reclassification of the South African

members of this sub-family, the outcome of which is the subordina-

tion to it of the Sheldoniinae and the reduction of Austen’s genus

Kerkophorus to a sub-genus of Sheldonia, which necessitates a new

name being found for the old-established Kerkophorus (olim Vitrina)

natalensis (Krs.), now merged in the same genus as Sheldonia (olim

Helix) natalensis (Pfr.), a peculiarly inappropriate name for a species

of which the established range does not extend nearly so far east-

ward as Natal.

Genus Gymnarion Pilsb., 1919

(Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., xl, p. 275).

Type H. aloysii-sabaudiae Pollon.

Protoconch spirally punctate or smooth, remaining whorls very

finely microscopically granulate except on base; shell-lobes narrow,

separate, usually small; left body lobes united; median projection

of jaw prominent, central and lateral teeth normal, marginals variable

in form but never very numerous. Epiphallus present, but no

flagellum; penis ending in a slight knob, into which the epiphallus

enters and the retractor muscle is inserted; spermatheca usually

oval, with comparatively short duct; genital atrium often bearing

an elongated non-muscular amatorial organ.

Sub-genus Gymnarion s.s.

Shell thin, vitriniform.

120 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gymnarion nyasanus (Smith).

(Text-fig. 11.)

1899. Helicarion nyasanus Smith, P.Z.8., p. 582, pl. xxx,

£1910! Dake

1925. Helicarion (Gymnarion) nyasanus Smith, Conn., Trans. R.

Soc. 8. Attica, xaih 9,123, aol) wf 4-8) 7D Ar.

Shell of medium size, imperforate, subnautiloid, very thin, translucent, dull

above, somewhat iridescent beneath, apex light brown, remainder pale olivaceous.

Spire flat, apex rounded. Whorls 3, very rapidly increasing, flat above, rather

narrowly rounded at periphery, protoconch (1$ whorls) engraved with close, micro-

scopic, dotted spiral lines which appear continuous owing to the close proximity of

the dots in each line, and showing a few faint transverse wrinkles, remainder rather

irregularly sculptured with close, faint striae, following the shape of the outer lip

and covered by very minute microscopic granulation; suture subfiliform. Aper-

ture ovate, peristome thin, simple, straight above until near periphery, when it

recedes sharply, gently curved beneath; columella concave, very weak.

The shell described, from Macequece, measures

Diam. maj. 17-0, min. 13-3; alt. 7-9; apert. alt. 8-3, lat. 10:5 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. District north of Macequece

(Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

Described from Southern Nyasaland, where it is widely distributed.

Sole tripartite, foot truncate behind, with caudal pore and short

pointed lobe, foot-fringe rather broad, bounded by a peripodial groove,

42, 52

TExtT-FIG. 11.—Gymnarion nyasanus (Smith), Macequece.

A. Representative teeth from the radula; x 250.

B. Central tooth from radula of another specimen; x 250.

above which is another, separated from it by a single row of rugae;

no keel. Body lobes broad, the left being undivided, shell lobes

rather narrow. Animal of light colour except for two dark bands

running for a short distance along the hinder end of foot. Radula

4-7 x 2-2 mm. when flattened, central and inner laterals tricuspid, but

endocones of outer laterals tend to become united with the mesocone,

marginals mostly unicuspid; formula (39 +18+1+18+40) x 114.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 121

Gymnarion masukuensis (Smith).

1899. Helicarion masukuensis Smith, P.Z.S., p. 582, pl. xxxi,

f.11-12. D.F.

1911. Helicarion masukuensis Smith, Thiele, D.Z.-A.-Exp., 1,

pm 296,, DLA.

Shell small, subglobose, perforate, thin, smooth, glossy, transparent, pale yellow-

ish or greenish brown. Spire moderately raised, apex obtuse. Whorls 24, moder-

ately convex, protoconch smooth, remainder bearing weak, slightly curved and

oblique growth wrinkles; suture normal. Aperture {-lunar, labrum receding

slowly in gentle curve, columella short, extremely narrowly reflexed over the small

umbilicus. The type measures

Diam. maj. 13-4, min. 10-3; alt. 6-9; apert. alt. 6-8, lat. 7-7 mm.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Bindura (Coghill).

Type in British Museum.

Described from Nyasaland and also recorded from Tanganyika

Territory.

The shell is smaller, glossier, and more high spired than nyasanus,

which, according to Thiele, it resembles in colour of the animal;

mantle lobes very small, roundly triangular, pedal grooves indistinct,

spermiduct without appendix.

Sub-genus Lacrimarion nov.

Type G. lacrimosus Conn.

Shell heliciform, comparatively solid, with strong granulate sculp-

ture somewhat in the form of tear-drops; anatomy, so far as examined,

“attributed by Watson to Gymnarion.

The shell is so completely unlike that of Gymnarion and other

African Helicarions that no one would at first, or even second sight,

associate it with that group; at least sub-generic status, therefore,

appears advisable to enable it to be sought therein, if it prove to

belong to it on further anatomical investigation.

Gymnarion lacrimosus Conn.

1929. Gymnarion lacrimosus Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 224,

pe xiv, f.6-9. DF .R.

Shell of moderate size, depressed globose, narrowly umbilicate, thin, dull,

granulate, semi-transparent, corneous yellow-brown. Spire moderately elevated,

sides subgradate, apex rounded. Whorls 4, convex, rather rapidly increasing,

rounded at periphery, the last descending steeply towards the aperture, protoconch,

12 whorl, engraved almost into extreme apex with very close and fine, regular,

spiral grooves; upper surface of remainder covered with close, coarse, regular,

122 Annals of the South African Museum.

oblique transverse wrinkles, which are cut up into granules by continuous spiral

lines, the wrinkles becoming coarser and the granules longer on each succeeding

whorl; the same sculpture continues almost to the umbilicus, but the spirals are

extremely faint on base.

Diam. maj. 12:8, min. 10-5; alt. 9-0; apert. alt. 5-0, lat. 6-8 mm.

Hab. KAOKOVELD. Kaoko Otavi (Barnard).

Type in South African Museum.

Jaw thin, with weak median projection, radula formula ;

39+1+39x(89+nascent), central tricuspid, laterals with strong |

ectocone and small endocone, marginals aculeate, endocone lacking.

‘ Genus Sheldonia Ancey, 1888

(Conchologists Exchange, i, p. 53).

Type Helix trotteriana Bs., nominated by Connolly, 1925

Sub-genus Sheldonia s.s.

(= Peltatus G.-Aust., 1908).

Shell vitrinoid, depressed globose, or globosely conoid, thin and

corneous, with simple peristome.

Foot with tripartite sole, peripodial grooves, and well-developed

caudal mucous pore, overhung by a pointed lobe of varying length;

genital opening rather low down on right side of head, right and left

shell lobes present, upper and lower left body lobes contiguous but

separated by a slit; kidney sigmurethrous, broader behind than in

front, but not curving up to the rectum; ureter continuing forward

beneath rectum as a secondary ureter. Spermatheca large, situate.

beside the spermoviduct, epiphallus bearing at its junction with vas

deferens a well-developed flagellum, in which is secreted a long

spermatophore furnished with branched spines, and near its other

end a caecum, which is shorter than the flagellum; penial retractor

attached to epiphallus between base of caecum and entrance of

epiphallus into hinder end of penis; retractor of right upper tentacle

passing between penis and vagina; dart sac absent.

Jaw of usual oxygnathous type, central projection usually well

developed; central and lateral teeth of the quadrate type, central

tricuspid, laterals 8 to 16 on each side, tricuspid or bicuspid,

marginals of aculeate type, numerous and crowded, with narrow

bases and curved cusps, which are usually bifid, but variable towards

outer edge of radula. Austen’s terminology of the radula in his

work on this group is very misleading, and is modified considerably

in the following pages.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 123

I showed in 1925 that all the species included by Ancey in Sheldonia

were also included by Austen in Peltatus, so that the latter must

yield precedence. The shell is subglobose to subconical, protoconch

sculptured with close microscopic spiral and radial striae, which

intersect each other and leave regular lines of little hollows between

them, contrasting with the finer sculpture on the later whorls of the

shell.

Group 1. Apical sculpture of practically continuous microspiral

lines, formed by coagulation of the punctate dots.

Sheldonia trotteriana (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 165.

1848. Heliz trotteriana Bs., A.M.N.H., u, p. 161. D.

1912. Peltatus trotteriana Bs., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 135,

wee, to, pl. vi, f. 1. D_A.R.

Shell comparatively large, globose, imperforate, thin, smooth, transparent, rather

dull, corneous brownish yellow. Spire moderately exserted, summit broadly

rounded. Whorls 44, moderately convex, rapidly increasing, rounded at periphery,

protoconch engraved with extremely close, fine, faint microscopic spiral lines, of

which there are irregular traces on the rest of the shell, but so faint as to be practic-

ally negligible; transverse sculpture close, faint striolae of irregular strength,

strongest near the suture, which is simple, well defined. Aperture somewhat

descending, nearly circular, labrum nearly straight and receding evenly in profile,

columella short, margin white and slightly thickened, but not reflexed.

Diam. maj. 17-6, min. 15-0; alt. 15-6; apert. alt. 12-4, lat. 10-6 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Uitenhage (type, Trotter); Port

Elizabeth (Crawford); Knysna (Purcell); Cradock (Farquhar):

Bokkeveld (Layard); Mossel Bay (Power); Graaff Reinet (Ogilvie).

Type in British Museum; shell described from Cradock in my

collection.

The foot is short, very evenly divided, lobe over mucous gland

very small; right shell lobe very small, left minute; genitalia as

in the genus, epiphallus long, with a short caecum about midway;

a rather short, thick flagellum at the junction of the vas deferens;

spermatheca globose on a thin stalk.

Radula formula of this specimen 58 +2+12+1+12+2+58: that

of another was 65 +2+11+1+11+2+65, but the animal of the latter

seems so different from that here described that its affinity is rather

doubtful. (After Austen.)

124 Annals of the South African Museum.

Sheldonia capsula (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 159.

1864. Helix capsula Bs., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 492. D.

1892. Nanina hypochlora M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 87, pl. iv, f. 8.

DE.

Shell of moderate size, depressed globose, imperforate, thin, rather silky, trans-

parent, corneous yellow-brown with a tinge of green. Spire little raised, apex

broadly rounded. The largest specimen in the British Museum contains 43 flattish,

regularly increasing whorls, protoconch, 2 whorls, devoid of transverse sculpture

but engraved to the apex with very close, fine, microscopic spiral lines, which

continue much more faintly on the upper surface of the later whorls but are

practically invisible on the base; after the first 2 whorls the transverse sculpture

above and beneath consists of very weak, irregular growth wrinkles; suture simple,

well defined. Aperture 3-lunate, labrum regularly receding, columella simple, very

short.

Diam. maj. 14:5, min. 12-0; alt. 8-5; apert. alt. 7-0, lat. 7-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Simonstown (Layard; Connolly).

CAPE PROVINCE. Sir Lowry’s Pass (Connolly).

Of similar form to asthenes, but with more depressed spire, flatter

whorls, and greener colour. WN. hypochlora was described from “Cape

of Good Hope”’; it is absolutely identical with capsula.

Type of capsula in Cambridge, hypochlora in British Museum.

Austen describes the animal and anatomy, which agrees closely

with that of the genus in general.

Sheldonia perlevis (Prest.).

Ref. List No. 140.

1912. Zingis perlevis Prest., Proc. Mal. Soc., x, p.17. DF.

Shell rather small, depressed globose, narrowly rimate, thin, smooth, glossy,

transparent, pale corneous buff. Spire but little raised, apex bluntly rounded.

Whorls 43, nearly flat, regularly increasing, rounded at the periphery, protoconch,

2 whorls, engraved almost to the extreme apex with countless extremely close and

fine, hardly visible microscopic spiral lines, remainder nearly smooth, with practic-

ally no trace of spiral sculpture; suture simple, well defined. Aperture sublunate,

rounded, but scarcely descending at base, peristome simple, acute, columella

slightly concave, margin narrowly reflexed, forming a small rima.

Diam. maj. 12-3, min. 11:3; alt. 8-7; apert alt. 6-8, lat. 6-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna Forest (Cox).

Type in coll. Dautzenberg.

Description from paratype in British Museum.

From its helicoid form and apical sculpture this species appears best

placed in Sheldonia s.s.

‘

—_

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 125

Sheldonia arnotti (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 156.

1864. Helix arnotti Bs., A.M.N.H., xi, p. 491. D.

1929. Sheldonia arnotti Bs., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 225,

pl. xiv, f. 10-12. L.F.

The shell resembles that of the next species, crawfordi, in every respect, except

that the umbilicus is even narrower and half-concealed by the slight columellar

reflexion, and the sculpture of the protoconch is the same as on the later whorls, the

fine, close, microscopic spiral lines extending into the apex.

The largest topotype in my collection contains nearly 5 whorls and measures

Diam. maj. 17-8, min. 15-5; alt. 11-0; apert. alt. 8-9, lat. 9-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Colesberg (type, Arnott); Middleton

(Albert Reeve).

Type in British Museum.

The record of Biggarsberg, Natal (Miss Hickey), for an example in

the Natal Museum is almost certainly incorrect.

Group 2. Apex microscopically punctate with dots arranged in

regular radial and spiral lines.

Sheldonia crawford: (M. & P.).

Ref. List Nos. 136 and 139.

1890. Helix (Pella) crawford: M. & P., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 469. D.

feos: |; 4 -

ee. Sf.

1892. Helix (Pella) minythodes M. & P., A.M.N.H., x, p. 240,

peso, £8. DL.

ba ix, p. 94, pl. iv,

Shell of fair size, depressed globose, umbilicate, thin, smooth, dull, transparent,

corneous brownish yellow. Spire not much exserted, apex obtuse. Whorls 53,

not very convex, regularly increasing, rounded at the periphery, protoconch, 1?

whorls, sculptured with extremely close and fine microscopic punctate dots,

arranged in regular spiral and radial lines, remainder covered with extremely close,

fine, faint, microscopic transverse striolae, cut on the upper surface and for some

distance below the periphery by equally fine and faint spiral lines, which appear to

be absent from the base, due, perhaps, to weathering, and produce, where present,

a most minute microscopic granulation under 20-fold magnification on fresh

specimens; suture simple, shallow. Aperture obliquely ?-lunate, labrum straight

and receding slightly in profile, columella short, concave, in basal aspect forming

a pronounced angulation, above which the margin is narrowly triangularly reflexed,

but scarcely overhangs the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 17-8, min. 16-9; alt. 11-6; apert. alt. 8-6, lat. 9-2 mm.

H. minythodes was founded on a singleton collected by Crawford at

Craigie Burn, Somerset East, from which district crawfordi is recorded

below; it contains 4 whorls, measures 10-8 x 9-0, alt. 6-7, apert. alt.

126 Annals of the South African Museum.

5-6, lat. 5:3 mm., and is simply a half-grown shell of that species,

with which it agrees in every detail; the columellar angulation is

pronounced (although omitted from the original description), but

that feature is rather variable in individuals of this species, and may

in this case be due to immaturity.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (type, Crawford, fide

M. & P.), Middleton; Kleinpoort, Graaff Reinet Line (Crawford);

Cradock (Farquhar); Groot River Vlei, Zwagershoek (Mrs. Howard);

Witmoss (Reeve); Somerset East (in S.A. Museum); Doorn R., N. of

Montagu Pass, between George and Oudtshorn (Haughton).

Both types in British Museum; description of shell in my collection.

Sheldonia caledonensis (G.-Aust.).

Ref. List No. 158.

1912. Peltatus caledonensis G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 132, pl. u,

Tel olewiv gio wpleave trl De Alsi:

Similar to crawfordi in form, colour, and sculpture, the fine microscopic granula-

tion extending all over the base, but the shell is imperforate at all stages of growth.

My largest paratype contains 45 moderately convex whorls and measures

Diam. maj. 14:1, min. 12:3; alt. 9-6; apert. alt. 7-7, lat. 7-9 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Houw Hoek (type, Connolly); Hills

behind Hermanus, 200-500 feet (Rennie).

Type in British Museum.

The animal and anatomy are fully described by Austen, who

states that it 1s a typical Peltatus and that the radula formula is

584+24+9+414+94+2+58; the marginals are all bicuspid, nearly

equally so, becoming more even as they approach the margin, the

outermost 3 very small, with from 3 to 4 cusps.

Sheldonia phytostylus (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 164.

1864. Helix phytostylus Bs., A.M.N.H., xiii, p. 492. D.

1934. ,, a , Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 190. N.

Shell of fair size, depressed globose, imperforate, thin, silky, semi-transparent,

corneous reddish brown, though dulled and streaked with grey except in very fresh

specimens. Spire moderately exserted, sides straight, summit obtusely conical.

Whorls 5, moderately convex, regularly increasing, rounded at the periphery,

sculpture exactly the same as in crawford: on mature shells, but the same on base as

on upper surface in half-grown ones; suture simple, well defined. Aperture and

labrum as in crawfordi, columella erect, unreflexed, upper end inclined to the left

at a strong obtuse angle 1-2 mm. before junction with the paries.

Diam. maj. 18-0, min. 15-5; alt. 13-4; apert. alt. 9-8, lat. 8-5 mm.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 127

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Colesberg (type, Arnott); Riversdale

(Mrs. Hudson); Port Elizabeth (Crawford); Mossel Bay and district

(Power; Barnard).

Type in British Museum.

Shell described from Mossel Bay in my collection.

A higher form than crawfordi, and whereas in that species the shght

angulation at the upper end of the columella encircles the umbilicus,

phytostylus is always imperforate, and readily distinguished by this

remarkable angulation from any other African shell.

Sheldonia asthenes (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 157.

1907. Helicarion asthenes M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 99, pl. vi,

mono: DF.

Shell of fair size, subdepressed globose, minutely rimate, thin, smooth, dull above,

less so beneath, transparent, pale corneous brown. Spire not much exserted, apex

obtuse. Whorls 5, not very convex, rapidly increasing, rounded at the periphery,

protoconch, 2 whorls, microscopically engraved almost to the apex, spirally and

radially, with lines of very close, moderately coarse, punctate dots, remainder

showing extremely fine, close transverse striolation, crossed on the upper surface by

equally close microscopic spiral lines, which are, however, so fine and faint as to be

hardly visible under 20-fold magnification and are practically negligible; suture

simple, rather deep. Aperture sublunate, labrum receding gradually to the base,

columella short, margin extremely narrowly reflexed over the minute rima.

Diam. maj. (type).19-8, min. 16-7; alt. 13-2; apert. alt. 10-7, lat. 11-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Cradock (type, Farquhar); Meirings

Poort Berg, Prince Albert, 6500 feet (Barnard).

Type in British Museum.

A fine species, with apical punctation rather coarser than in most

of the sub-genus.

Sheldonia aloicola (M. & P.).

Ref. List Nos. 155,-161 (pars).

1890. Vitrina huttoniae Bs., var. rufofilosa M. & P., A.M.N.H., vi,

p-. 467. OD.

1890. Vitrina huttoniae Bs., var. meridionalis M. & P., A.M.N.H., vi,

p. 208. D.

1890. Vitrina huttoniae Bs., var. aloicola M. & P., A.M.N.H., vi,

p- 468. D.

1908. Peltatus hudsoniae Bs., G.-Aust., A-M°N.H., 1,'p. 131,, pl: wii,

fe) FA

128 Annals of the South African Museum.

1912. Peltatus hudsoniae Bs., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 569. WN.

1912. * aloicolor M. & P., G.-Aust., ibid., p. 131. A.R.

Shell of moderate size, depressed globose, imperforate, thin, rather glossy, trans-

parent, corneous brownish yellow. Spire not much exserted, apex broadly rounded.

Whorls 4, convex, rather rapidly increasing, protoconch, 1? whorl, engraved with

small, very close and fine microscopic dots, arranged in regular radial and spiral

lines, remainder bearing only weak, slightly curved growth wrinkles; suture simple,

well defined. Aperture 3-lunar, labrum receding regularly, columella simple,

very short.

Diam. maj. (type) 15-5, min. 12-0; alt. 11-0; apert. alt. 8-9, lat. 9-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth, North End and Rufane

Vale (aloicola), Rufane Vale (rufofilosa), North End (meridionalis,

Crawford); Port Alfred (Tyson).

Types of alozvcola and meridionalis in British Museum; rufofilosa ubs?.

It would be a pity to change the appropriate name of this common

species, though I fear that its retention is open to question. M. & P.’s

three varieties of Vitrina huttoniae (a misspelling of hudsoniae) are

not varietally separable, simply representing three stages of preserva-

tion in the same species. Var. rufofilosa, which has page priority, is

badly named, being described from shells in which the liver, having

broken during extraction of the animal, left a red line in the suture,

a frequent occurrence in hyaline shells if not properly cleaned; the

type set is not forthcoming and I am unaware of any other specimens.

Var. meridionalis, next in order of precedence, represents immature

shells of the other two forms, in fresher condition; it is stated to

increase less rapidly than alovcola, but this is not the case, as the last

whorl is the same width as in aloicola at the same stage of growth.

Var. alowola is properly described from mature shells, and has the

advantage of its anatomy being known and made the basis of the

genus Peltatus; the recommendation of the International Committee

(1905) runs: “In absence of any previous revision, the establishment

of precedence by the following method is recommended :—

““(ce) Other things being equal, that name is to be preferred which

stands first in the publication (page precedence), but in the present

case it may, I think, be maintained that other things are not equal,

and that aloicola, which has already been raised to specific rank by

Godwin-Austen, shall retain precedence over the other two badly

chosen names.

Under the name of hudsoniae Bs., Austen (1908) described the

anatomy of a poorly preserved animal extracted from the type set

of aloicola as the monotype of his new genus Peltatus, but he admitted

subsequently that, owing to poor condition, much of his diagnosis

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 129

was inaccurate; in 1912, however (A.M.N.H., ix, p. 130, etc.), under

the name of Peltatus aloicola var., he gave an exhaustive account of

the anatomy of animals from Grahamstown, of which the shells do

not correspond with those from the south coast, and appear to me to

be far nearer to S. hewittt Conn., whereunder fuller details will be

found.

Sheldonia lightfooti sp. n.

(Pl. v, f. 1-4, and text-fig. 12.)

1914. Kerkophorus sp? G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 470. A.R.

Shell rather small, subglobose, most minutely rimate, thin, glossy, transparent,

pale corneous yellow. Spire not much exserted, apex obtuse. Whorls 4, moder-

ately convex, protoconch, 1$ whorl, engraved

with minute microscopic dots in radial and

spiral lines, so close as to appear almost spirally

coalescent, remainder practically smooth but

for very weak growth wrinkles; suture well

defined. Aperture #-lunar, labrum receding

regularly, columella short, erect, margin so

7a 30 14 ’ c

narrowly reflexed as hardly to admit of rimation.

Diam. maj. 12-0, min. 9-5; alt. 9-0; apert. \ }

alt. 7-7, lat. 7-0 mm.; a larger example with a ie (enya.

trifle over 4 whorls is 14:0x11-6, alt. 10-4, y

ee x83 rom: _ Text-Fie. 12.—Sheldonia

BeewOAPHT PROVINCE. / Hast [20% Conn. Bast-London.

: Jaw; x13, and representative

London (Lightfoot). teeth from radula; x 200.

Type in British Museum.

Radula formula (78+1+78)x106; the change from laterals to

marginals takes place rapidly about line 13; outer marginals rudi-

mentary.

The shell resembles very closely that of aloicola, but may be a trifle

more globose and glossy; Lightfoot collected a number of examples

suspended by mucous threads from the branches of shrubs, in the

course of an early morning stroll in East London Park.

Sheldonia hudsoniae (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 161.

1864. Helix hudsoniae Bs., A.M.N.H., xi, p. 493. D.

1890. Vitrina huttoniae Bs., M. & P., A.M.N.H., vi, pp. 467, 468.

(Err. typ.)

Only differs from aloicola in apical sculpture, wherein the minute dots are

placed so close together as to form almost continuous spiral lines. An example in

my collection from Swellendam measures

Diam. maj. 15-0, min. 13-1; alt. 9-9; apert. alt. 9-0, lat. 9-0 mm.

VOL. XXXIII. g

130 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Riversdale (type, Mrs. Hudson);

Swellendam Mountains (Lawrence & Hesse).

Presumed type in British Museum.

Sheldonia hewirtta Conn.

1912. Peltatus aloicola M. & P., var., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., p. 130,

OM ayes ies Sesh tse (C2

1929. Sheldonia hewittr Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 226, pl. xiv,

fis Vbi) JDM.

Imperforate; 4 whorls, the apical 13 engraved with very close microscopic spiral

and radial dotted lines, remainder sculptured above and below with very faint,

rather irregular transverse striae and growth lines.

Diam. maj. (type) 14-6, min. 12-1; alt. 11-0; apert. alt. 8-2, lat. 9-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Kabeljaauws, near mouth of Gamtoos

R. (type, Hewitt); Grahamstown (?) (Farquhar).

Type in Albany Museum, Grahamstown.

Radula with 93+n rows, formula 84+1+84; a few lines near

extreme margin slightly serrate.

Very near the three preceding species, but apparently of more glossy

texture; more highly spired than hudsoniae and with whorls increasing

very slightly more slowly than in aloicola, which it resembles closely

in apical sculpture, but in that species the spiral lines, owing to the

extreme closeness of the dots in them, are more apparent than the

rays, while in hewvttz the latter, due perhaps to the dots being infinit-

esimally farther apart, are more apparent than the spirals. This

feature is in agreement with the Grahamstown race wrongly ascribed

by Austen in 1912 to alozcola, while the shells are also in close accord,

but here again hewvttr appears to possess rather more glossy texture;

study of the anatomy will determine their exact relationship.

Sheldonia natalensis (Pir.).

Ref. List No. 162.

1846. Helix natalensis Pfr., Symb., ii, p. 65. D.

1912. Peltatus ,, » G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., 1x, p. 1365¢pReae

fon gol vingoea. MOUE. Arh.

1933. Sheldonia natalensis Pfr., Pilsb. & CkIl., P.Z.S., p. 365.

Err. Loc.

Shell of moderate size, globose, scarcely perforate, smooth, dull above, less so

beneath, translucent, pale corneous flesh, with close, fairly regular, narrow trans-

verse chestnut strigae. Spire exserted, nearly rectangular, apex bluntly rounded.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 131

Whorls 4, rather convex, rather rapidly increasing, protoconch, 2 whorls, micro-

scopically engraved to the apex with radial and spiral lines of faint, close dots, the

latter continuing as extremely faint lines on the upper surface of the later whorls

but absent from the base, transverse sculpture consisting of weak growth wrinkles.

Aperture sublunate, labrum descending rather steeply, gently recurved to the base,

columella slightly concave, nearly erect, margin slightly thickened at top, but not

reflexed.

Diam. maj. 16-4, min. 13-0; alt. 14:2; apert. alt. 9-9, lat. 9-1 mm.

The specimen described, in the British Museum, has been compared

with the type, and is that of which the animal was dissected by

Austen.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (Menke, fide Pfeiffer); The Bluff,

Durban (fide Pilsb. & Ckll.).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford, Farquhar);

Grahamstown (Hewitt); Doorn R., north. of Montagu Pass, between

George and Oudtshorn (Haughton).

Type in Stettin Museum.

Typically, this species is remarkable for its narrow transverse

striping, but this pattern is not universal, as fresh, immature shells

are sometimes uniform pale corneous yellow.

The anatomy is described by Austen, who states that the radula

formula is 56+14+10+1+10+1+56, the central and lateral teeth

as in “alowcola var.” (hewittc?) and other Cape species, transition tooth

similar, but on a narrower basal plate, outer marginals unevenly

bicuspid and diminishing gradually to the edge, where they become

very minute.

Pilsbry kindly informs me that the 1933 record of this species from

Durban is a slip of the pen for K. natalensis (Krs.).. It is doubtful

whether Sheldonia s.s. really extends into Natal.

Sheldonia cotyledonis (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 160.

1850. Helix cotyledonis Bs., A.M.N.H-, v, p. 216. D.

£ot2. Peliatus .,, oe sb AG MN ET . 1x, p. 134... AR.

Shell of fair size, subdepressed globose, imperforate, thin, dull, transparent,

creamy fawn, with one broad infrasutural and one peripheral band of deep chest-

nut, and base of same colour. Spire moderately exserted, apex bluntly rounded.

Whorls 5, moderately convex, rounded at the periphery, regularly increasing,

protoconch, 2 whorls, microscopically engraved with radial and spiral lines of close,

fine dots, remainder of upper surface showing the usual close, fine, microscopic

spiral lineation, which is practically invisible on the base, where there is a scratchy

irregular pitting in a spiral direction; transverse sculpture on the last 2 whorls

consists of close, weak, regular, curved striolae; suture simple, shallow. Aperture

132 Annals of the South African Museum.

}-lunate, peristome simple, acute, labrum receding regularly to the base, columella

short, margin adnately thickened and somewhat contorted.

Diam. maj. 17-2, min. 15-5; alt. 12-7; apert. alt. 8-4, lat. 8-6 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Simonstown (type, Benson); Kalk

Bay (Layard); Kommetje; Buffelsfontein (Connolly).

CAPE PROVINCE. Fish Hoek; Hermanus; Saldanha Bay and

Stumpnose, Malmesbury District (Lightfoot); Gorge of Salt R.,

Windhoek, Bredasdorp District (Rennie).

Specimens ex auct. in Cambridge Museum; description of shell

from Kommetje in my collection.

The breadth of banding varies greatly, but appears to be constant

in pattern, and renders this conspicuous species easily recognisable

among its confreres.

The animal is orange-brown, pure orange beneath, right shell-lobe

finely pointed and left small, both given off from a broad base; left

dorsal lobe divided into 2 narrow parts. Radula formula

504+34+9+4+1+4+9+43+50, form of teeth as in the genus, marginals

bicuspid, inner cusp slightly the longer, outermost teeth more evenly

bicuspid.

Sub-genus Kerkophorus G.-Aust., 1912

CAME NE is. Li);

Type Zingis inuncta M. & P.

(= Microkerkus G.-Aust., 1912, type H. symmetrica Crvn.).

Shell medium to rather small, depressed- or subglobose, smooth,

very glossy, apical whorls practically smooth but for extremely fine,

faint, close microspiral lines, remainder weakly growth-lined, with

or without faint, close, microscopic spiral lineation, corneous brown

or yellow, unicoloured or with a single superperipheral chestnut band.

Whereas in Sheldonia s.s. there appears to be a basis for its segrega-

tion on account of the stronger sculpture of the apical whorls, Kerko-

phorus and Microkerkus were differentiated by the length of the caudal

lobe, which their author admitted might vary according to their

state of preservation; I agree fully therefore with Watson’s action

(1934) in uniting the two sub-genera.

Since the actual dimensions throughout the genus appear to differ

very little in proportion, it is possible to divide the shells of this

sub-genus into two clear groups:

(i) Group of subcornea (Prest.): Shell subglobose, aperture more

high than broad, sculpture usually showing microscopic spiral lines;

shell lobes usually lengthened and narrow.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 133

Sheldonia subcornea (Prest.).

Ref. List No. 173.

1848. Vitrina natalensis Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 74, pl.iv,f.17. DF.

1909. Helicarion subcornea Prest., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 498. D.F.

1912. Kerkophorus ampliatus M. & P., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., ix,

mavy,f.1. A.

1914. Kerkophorus natalensis Krs., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., xii, pp.

451, 452, N; 453, Hmend.; 454-459, pl. xx, f.2. D.A.R.

Shell of good size, globose, most narrowly perforate, thin, smooth, glossy, trans-

parent, pale corneous yellow-brown, sometimes with a narrow chestnut band just

above the periphery, but usually unbanded. Spire moderately elevated, apex

obtuse. Whorls 43, very rapidly increasing, moderately convex, rounded at the

periphery, protoconch practically smooth, remainder sculptured with exceedingly

weak, irregular growth wrinkles, and on the upper surface of the later whorls

extremely close, faint, and fine microscopic spiral lines; suture simple, shallow.

Aperture lunate, peristome simple, labrum receding in a curve to the rounded base,

columella weak, concave, inclined to the left, upper margin most narrowly reflexed,

forming a minute rima.

Diam. maj. 18-5, min. 15-0; alt. 13-0; apert. alt. 11-8, lat. 10-3 mm.

Hab. NATAL (subcornea, fide Preston). Natal Bay (natalensis,

Krauss); Equeefa and Pietermaritzburg? (Burnup, fide Austen).

Type of natalensis in Stuttgart, swbcornea in British Museum.

I omit details of the anatomy, as it is very doubtful whether either

of the animals dubiously referred by Austen to natalensis really repre-

sented this species. While fairly frequent in old cojlections, it does

not appear to have been gathered recently in its typical form, and

may possibly have been subject to certain modification owing to the

altered environment of the Durban district in the course of the last

eighty years. On the other hand, poeppigii, cornea, and ampliata

have undergone no alteration whatever since the days of Krauss, so

it is possible that the present species still exists and only awaits

rediscovery.

Since Kerkophorus appears to be merely a sub-genus of Sheldonia,

Preston’s name subcornea for the present species must replace natalensis

Krs., which is preoccupied by S. natalensis (Pfr.).

Sheldonia cingulata (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 167.

1890. Vitrina cingulata M. & P., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 466. D.

fue. ;, ES i Le ix) p94, pl. v;/f8. Mf.

Similar in form, sculpture, marking, and minute rimation to the banded form of

subcornea, but the ground colour is deep lemon-yellow, and the girdle, which is

134 Annals of the South African Museum.

chocolate, perhaps a little broader and stronger; I have not seen an unbanded

example. The type contains 4? whorls and measures

Diam. maj. 17-0, min. 14-0; alt. 13-0; apert. alt. 10-4, lat. 9-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Bellevue and Tootabi, near Alicedale;

Alexandria District (type, Crawford); Bedford (Farquhar); Port St.

John’s (Shortridge); Kentani (Miss Pegler); East London (Rattray) ;

Keurbooms R. bush (Barnard).

Type in British Museum.

Sheldonia poeppigw (Pfr.).

Ref. List No. 175.

1846. Vitrina poeppigu Mke., Pfr., Symb., ii, p. 81. D.

1854. Bs i Ns 5; Conch. Cab., p. 1) plese

13-15. D.F.

1912. Kerkophorus (2?) sp., G:-Aust., A.M.N.Hs 1x, plone oes

OMA uf poeppigt Mke. (?), G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., ix, pl.

MU hells 2A.

1914. Kerkophorus poeppigi Mke., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., xii, pp.

453, 454. D.A_R.

1925. Kerkophorus poeppigi Mke., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

ATO LO NT De

The shell resembles that of cingulata very closely, but does not appear to attain

the same size, is slightly more globose, and the microspiral lineation extends over

the base. The type is banded, but the unbanded form is equally frequent, or more

so, in the same colonies. The largest example from Uisidorn in my collection

contains 44 whorls and measures

Diam. maj. 15-1, min. 12-9; alt. 11:8; apert. alt. 10-0, lat. 8-5 mm.; but an

immature member of the same series with 4 whorls is 11 x 9} mm. in diameter and

7 in height, thus corresponding within } mm. to the dimensions of Pfeiffer’s type.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (Menke); on plants, widely distributed

(Krauss); Uisidorn; Pietermaritzburg; Pinetown (Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Power).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

TRANSVAAL. Mooi River (fide Craven).

LORENZO MARQUES. Rikatla (fide Junod).

Type in Stettin Museum.

Animals from Pinetown and Uisidorn (Thornybush) were examined

by Austen and appeared to be conspecific; a Pinetown example had

the radula formula 52+3+8+1+4+8+43 +52, central teeth rather small,

marginals bicuspid, while among the minute teeth towards the extreme

margin one here and there is tricuspid.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 135

Sheldonia ampliata (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 166.

1899. Zingis ampliata M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 196, pl. iii, f. 5.

DF.

1914. Kerkophorus ampliatus M. & P., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., xiii,

p: 463. D.A.R.

In fresh condition the shell is bright, almost dark brown in colour; it agrees in

sculpture and all other respects with the unbanded form of subcornea. The type

measures

Diam. maj. 16-1, min. 13-2; alt. 12-0; apert. alt. 10-5, lat. 9-1 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Stella Bush, Durban (type, Burnup; Puzey);

Port Natal (Wahlberg).

Type in British Museum.

A topotype dissected by Austen had the radula formula

70+2+154+1+154+2+70, central and laterals as usual in the

genus, marginals aculeate, becoming very minute at the edge.

Sheldonia zonamydra (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 177.

1890. Vitrina zonamydra M. & P., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 467. D.

1892. ai 5 fe sy ies Oa. pli ar, ty O8

Ht ;

1914. Kerkophorus zonamydrus M. & P., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., xin,

pp- 465, 466,f.2. D.A.R.

The type agrees in all characters with ampliata and the unbanded form of

subcornea, except that the perforation is a little less minute, owing to the slightly

more open reflexion of the columellar margin; it is dull corneous yellow, and

measures

Diam. maj. 17-0, min. 14-7; alt. 13-0; apert. alt. 10-0, lat. 9-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Alexandria District (type, Crawford) ;

Kowie (Farquhar); Port St. John’s (Puzey); Keurbooms R. bush

(Barnard).

NATAL. Durban (Penther, fide Sturany).

Type in British Museum.

If this is a valid species, Sturany’s record is probably erroneous,

while a record of amplata from Port Elizabeth, given by Haas, is

more likely to refer to zonamydra.

The Kowie shells are in rather fresher condition and darker yellow-

brown in colour, while one bears an extremely faint, narrow rufous

136 Annals of the South African Museum.

band; the largest measures 19 mm. in major diameter and 15-4 in

altitude.

Austen has given details of the anatomy of one of the Kowie set,

stating that it differs in some respects from others of the genus known

to him, while the radula is peculiar, marginals short, shghtly curving,

unevenly bicuspid, outer cusp much below the inner; formula

80-100 +3+15+1+15+3+4 80-100.

Sheldonia russofulgens (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 148.

1909. Helicarion russofulgens M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 490, pl.

Wills da. er:

A small globular shell with the form and sculpture of ampliata, but paler yellow

in colour with a very narrow pale red superperipheral band. The type contains

4 whorls and measures

Diam. maj. 11-5, min. 9:3; alt. 8-0; apert. alt. 6-5, lat. 6-5 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Eshowe (type, Lady Saunders).

NATAL. Tongaat (fide Burnup); Hilton Road (fide M. & P.).

Type in British Museum.

Sheldonia vitalis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 176.

1908. Helicarion vitalis M. & P., A.M.N.H., 1, p. 133, pl. vu, f. 4.

DAF.

1912. Kerkophorus vitalis M. & P., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., ix, pp. 138,

fo, plait os Pk xvot.2. DAK.

The shell is uniform pale corneous yellow, paler at the apex, very smooth and

glossy, with extremely weak growth striolae and no spiral sculpture. The type

contains 4 whorls and measures.

Diam. maj. 15-3, min. 13-0; alt. 11-3; apert. alt. 9-0, lat. 8-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Shepstone (type); Durban (Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (?) (Power).

Type in British Museum.

Austen states that the generative organs compare closely with those

of phaedima M. & P. The radula has more teeth in the row than

any other species of the genus known to him, with formula

126+14124+1+12+4+1+4126, and is also remarkable by the marginal

teeth being finely serrated on the outer edge, beginning with the

13th and continuing throughout.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 137

A trio from Port St. John’s is perfectly vitreous, more fragile,

and apparently higher in spire than Port Shepstone examples; it is

inadvisable, however, to deal further with them on such scanty

material.

Sheldonia burnupi (G.-Aust.).

1912. Kerkophorus sp. n. (?) G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., ix, pl. ui, f.2. A.

1912. Z: burnupr a ws » pp. 580, 581.

1914. Kerkophorus burnupi G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., xiii, p. 467, pl. xx,

fo DAK.

Shell comparatively small, subglobose, imperforate, very thin, not very glossy,

milky olivaceous. Whorls 4, convex, rapidly increasing, first 14 void of trans-

verse sculpture, but engraved with exceedingly fine and close microscopic spiral

lines, remainder bearing weak, curved growth striae of irregular strength, while the

apical sculpture continues on the upper surface but not the base; suture simple,

well defined. Aperture 3-lunate, labrum receding in a curve, columella short, erect,

unreflexed. The largest topotype in my collection measures

Diam. maj. 11-6, min. 9-3; alt. 8-0; apert. alt. 6-2, lat. 6-1 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup; Rump).

Type in British Museum.

A delicate little species, somewhat approaching inuncta in the slight,

though much less marked, oleate appearance of its upper surface.

Austen described the anatomy and states the radula formula to be

46§6+347414743-446.

Sheldonia transvaalensis (Crvn.).

Ref. List No. 149.

1880. Vitrina transvaalensis Crvn., P.Z.8., p. 615, pl. lvu, f. 3.

aE.

1914. 2 Kerkophorus transvaalensis Crvn., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., xiii,

pei0. <A.R.

1934. Sheldonia transvaalensis Crvn., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc.,

mp. 189. A.

A rather globose little shell, imperforate, pale yellow, with 4 whorls, first 14 quite

smooth, remainder of upper surface sculptured with extremely fine and close

microscopic spiral lines and extremely weak transverse growth wrinkles; base

smooth.

Diam. maj. 10-0, min. 8-1; alt. 6-1; apert. alt. 5-9, lat. 5-8 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Lydenburg (type, Barrett).

NATAL. Majuba (Connolly); Game Pass (Burnup); Mont aux

Sources (Warren).

Type in British Museum.

138 Annals of the South African Museum.

The smallest of the group of unicoloured pale golden shells,

which comprises also vitalis, leucospira, pellicula, chrysoprasina, and

pondoensis; Austen examined a young animal from Game Pass

and states that it is distinct from anything known to him; the

radula is of the usual form, marginals evenly bicuspid, formula

382+34+6+14+64+3+32.

Sheldonia melvilli (G.-Aust.).

(Blo wit. 5=6.)

1912. Kerkophorus melvilla G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., ix, pp. 127, 576, pl.

vii, f. 1; pl. xiv, £2. D.ALR.

The shell corresponds in every detail with the unbanded form of swbcornea

except that it is of paler yellow colour; the microspiral lineation is just discernible

on the apex of very fresh young shells, but disappears rapidly with age.

Diam. maj. (type) 17:0, min. 14:8; alt. 11-5; apert. alt. 9-3, lat. 8-3 mm.

Hab. NATAL. EHqueefa (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

The radula is similar to that of imuncta in having quite a number

of aculeate marginals; these pass towards the margin, and at about

the 35th tooth from the edge, into the bicuspid form, with the inner

point the longer. The formula is about 80+3+13+4+1+4+134+3+480.

Sheldonia bicolor (G.-Aust.).

1912. Kerkophorus corneus Pir.,G.-Aust.,A.M.N.H., ix, pl.i,f.1. A.

1914. fi bicolor G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., xii, pp. 453, 460, 461,

plnesise tel OD rAriy.

Shell small, minutely perforate, very glossy, upper surface pale reddish brown

between suture and chestnut superperipheral band, and deep buff below it.

Whorls 4, sculptured as in poeppigii, but the apical microspiral lineation is only

plain on fresh young shells. The largest specimen in the Natal Museum measures

Diam. maj. 13:4, min. 11-3; alt. 9-0; apert. alt. 8-0, lat. 7-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Town Bush, Pietermaritzburg (type, Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. Hogsback, Amatola Mts. (Hewitt).

Type in British Museum.

The anatomy is fully described by Austen, who states that the

radula differs from all he had yet dissected, but approaches inuncta,

central and laterals as usual, marginals long and curved, approach-

ing the aculeate form, but all bicuspid, the outer cusp becoming

notch-like and almost disappearing in the smaller teeth near the

outer margin. Formula? 58+2+14+1+4144+2+458%; jaw with no

central projection.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 139

The Hogsback shells agree in all externals, colour, form, and

sculpture with the type set.

Sheldonia tongaatensis (G.-Aust.).

1914. Kerkophorus tongaatensis G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., xiii, p. 462.

D.A.R.

The minutely perforate shell closely resembles that of poeppigii, but is slightly

less globular; the colour is golden yellow, usually darker above than beneath, the

type bearing a faint, narrow superperipheral band, which is, however, often

lacking. Whorls 4, apical smooth, remainder sculptured with microspiral lineation,

so faint and fine as to be scarcely discernible under high magnification.

Diam. maj. (type) 14:2, min. 12-0; alt. 9-3; apert. alt. 8-5, lat. 8-1 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Tongaat (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

The darker shade of ground colour in this, as in other shells of the

same character, is quickly evanescent, the original set now showing

little of the rich coloration ascribed to them by Austen. The radula

formula is (+36)+2+13+1+13+2+(36+), apparently similar to

that of melvilli; the 2 transition teeth have the outer cusp higher than

in the preceding tooth; in the next outer tooth the cusp is still nearer

the point, and thence up to the margin is not seen at all, all being

curved and aculeate in shape, becoming small and narrower nearing

the margin, where a few show a bicuspid point.

Sheldonia chrysoprasina (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 143.

1892. Vitrina chrysoprasina M. & P., A.M.N.H., x, p. 241, pl. xiii,

fel DF.

1912. Microkerkus chrysoprasinus M. & P., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., ix,

feoel, DAR.

Shell rather small, globose, rimate, thin, smooth, glossy, transparent, corneous

yellow. Spire somewhat exserted, apex rounded. Whorls 4, convex, rather

rapidly increasing, apex smooth, remainder sculptured with weak, irregular growth

striae, which are weaker beneath, and extremely close microscopic spiral lineation

on the upper surface of the last 2 whorls, faint traces being also visible on parts

of the base; suture simple, well defined. Aperture 3-lunate, peristome simple,

acute, labrum recurved to the base, columella erect, margin narrowly reflexed,

forming a small rima.

Diam. maj. (type) 11-0, min. 9-1; alt. 9-4; apert. alt. 7-0, lat. 6-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Cathcart (type, ex coll. Wotton).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Thaba N’chu (Connolly).

BASUTOLAND. Masite (Hewitt).

140 Annals of the South African Museum.

The type in British Museum is erroneously stated to come from

Pretoria.

One of the most globose species and easily recognisable; the largest

example from Thaba N’chu measures 13-2 x 10-2 mm. in width and

height. The anatomy is fully described by Austen, who states that

the central and lateral teeth of the radula are rather longer than

usual, the latter with a single basal cusp on the outer side; the

11th tooth rises higher, and the plate is much narrower at the 15th.

Formula 56+10+1+10+56.

Sheldonia pondoensis (G.-Aust.).

(Text-fig. 13.)

Ref. List No. 178.

1912. Microkerkus pondoensis G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., 1x, pp. 128, 580,

peaneta 2 inolsayact 3s) HDA Ty:

The type and only available example is very defective; there are 4 smooth,

glossy whorls, the 2 apical white, remainder bright corneous yellow, sculpture

as in the foregoing species, but transverse striae slightly

stronger and spiral apparently absent from the base;

the spire is lower than in chrysoprasina.

Diam. maj. 12-0; alt. 8-5; apert. alt. 6-8 mm.

TExtT-FIG. 13.—Sheldonia

pondoensis (G.-Aust.), Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Kentani (Miss

Kentani. Pegler).

Oa alr a Type in British Museum.

Austen states that “the lobe over the mucous pore is smaller than

in other species, but the specimen examined is very much contracted

in the spirit, so conclusions of this kind are not of great value.”

Note.—The two next species are easily distinguishable from others

of the group through the greater dullness of their upper surface.

Sheldonia symmetrica (Crvn.).

Ref. List No. 179.

1880. Helix symmetrica Crvn., P.Z.S., p. 614, pl. lvu, f. 2. DF.

1912. Microkerkus symmetricus Crvn. (=concinnus G.-A. in litt.),

G.-Aust., A. M.N EL; 1x, pp. 128, 137;.570, 579, plia, 25 oleae

D.F.A.RN.

1914. Microkerkus symmetricus Crvn., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., xiii,

pl sci eee eae

Shell of moderate size, subglobose, minutely perforate, thin, smooth, trans-

parent, dull above, less so beneath, pale corneous brown. Spire moderately

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 141

exserted, apex bluntly rounded. Whorls 4, rather rapidly increasing, moderately

convex, rounded at periphery, first practically smooth, remainder sculptured

with extremely weak transverse striolae and, on the upper side, exceedingly close,

fine and faint microspiral lines, which are only visible on fresh specimens and are

absent from the base; suture simple, well defined. Aperture sublunate, labrum

curved backward to the periphery, peristome simple, acute, columella concave,

upper margin extremely narrowly reflexed, forming a minute rima.

Diam. maj. 15-7, min. 13-2; alt. 11-0; apert. alt. 8-8, lat. 8-3 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Lydenburg (type, Barrett); Pretoria

(McBean; Connolly); Boksburg (concinnus, fide Austen).

Type in British Museum.

Animal and anatomy fully described by Austen, the generative

organs, though generally like other species in the genus, differing in

detail. Jaw much arched, with a central projection; radula formula

48+3+11+1+11+3+48, central and laterals as in the genus,

outermost marginals with 2 or 3 serrations below the outer upper cusp.

Sub-species maseruensis (Conn.).

1929. Microkerkus symmetricus maseruensis Conn., Ann. Natal Mus.,

vi, p. 227, pl. xiv, f. 16-18. D.F.R.

1934. Sheldonia maseruensis Conn., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

peiol. N.

Larger than the normal form, the type measuring

Diam. maj. 20-0, min. 16-8; alt. 15-5; apert. alt. 11-0, lat. 11-9 mm.

Hab. BASUTOLAND. Maseru (type, Cottrell); Maluti Range,

6000-10,000 feet (S. C. Long); Masite (Hewitt).

Type in Albany Museum.

The radula formula varies from 70+10+1+10+70 to

75+11+1+11+75, a difference from that of the typical form

which, together with the larger size, may justify subspecific dis-

tinction between them, though I hesitate to follow Watson in

separating them specifically by comparison of the genital ducts of

maseruensis with Austen’s description of those of Craven’s species.

Sheldonia fuscicolor (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 169.

1892. Vitrina fuscicolor M. & P., A.M.N.H., x, p. 240, pl. xiii,

1 Ra ve

1912. Kerkophorus fuscicolor M. & P., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., ix,

pp. 128, 584, pl. xvi, f. 2. Animal.

142 Annals of the South African Museum.

1914. Microkerkus fusicolor M. & P., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., xiii,

p. 471. A.R.

Shell large, subglobose, narrowly perforate, thin, smooth, transparent, dull

above, less so beneath, corneous brown. Spire rather flat, apex bluntly rounded.

Whorls 5, rapidly increasing, moderately convex, entire surface engraved to the

apex with most extremely faint, fine, and close microspiral lines, which are almost

invisible on the early whorls and base, and extremely weak growth striolae on the

later whorls; suture simple, deep. Aperture sublunate, peristome simple, acute,

labrum curved backwards, columella concave, upper margin extremely narrowly

reflexed over the minute umbilicus. My largest specimen from Platberg measures

Diam. maj. 24-5, min. 20-0; alt. 16-2; apert. alt. 13-3, lat. 13-0 mm.

Hab. ORANGE FREE STATE. Rensberg’s Kop, Drakensberg

(type, Quekett); Platberg, Harrismith (Connolly). National Park,

Drakensberg, 11,000 feet (H. C. Wylde-Browne).

TRANSVAAL. Heidelberg (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

By far the largest of the genus and easily distinguishable;

it is of the same texture as symmetrica, but larger, with compara-

tively lower spire. In describing the animal, Austen says that the

caudal lobe is small, jaw and radula as in the genus, formula

§60+3+144+1+14+3-+60, marginals unevenly bicuspid.

(u) Group of cornea Pfr.

Shell vitriniform, depressed globose, usually very glossy, apex practically

smooth, later whorls usually devoid of spiral sculpture: spire lower than in Group i,

and aperture more broad than high; shell lobes usually large.

I select for the foundation of this group the oldest species, although

the animal is not yet definitely fixed. The shell is fairly frequent

in old collections, and I have received quite lately a typical recent

example from Durban, so it probably still exists there in live con-

dition, and will in any case take precedence of any species of later

creation, if one be found to be anatomically conspecific with it.

Sheldonia cornea (Pfr.).

(Pl. ix, f. 26—28).

Ref. List No. 168.

1846. Vitrina cornea Pfr., Symb., ii, p. 81. D.

1914. - " , G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., xi, pp. 451, 454.

N.D.

Shell of fair size, depressed globose, minutely perforate, very thin, smooth,

glossy, transparent, pale corneous yellow, with a comparatively broad peripheral

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 143

chestnut band in the shell now described, but not in the type. Spire not greatly

exserted, apex bluntly rounded. Whaorls 4, flattish, rounded at the periphery,

rapidly increasing, protoconch, 14 whorl, smooth, remainder sculptured with

very weak, irregular growth wrinkles, and a few short, disconnected, irregular

spiral scratches on the base; suture simple, shallow. Aperture sublunate, more

broad than high, peristome simple, acute, columella weak, upper margin extremely

narrowly reflexed, forming a minute rima.

Diam. maj. 15-5, min. 12-9; alt. 9-5; apert. alt. 8-3, lat. 9-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (type, Menke); Durban (Puzey, 1930);

Cape Natal (Plant, in British Museum).

CAPE PROVINCE. Eastern Province (fide Krauss); Port

Elizabeth (fide Morelet).

Type in Stettin Museum; example described from Cape Natal

corresponds within 1 mm. to all similar dimensions of the type.

Sheldonia phaedima (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 174.

1892. Vitrina phaedima M. & P., A.M.N.H., x, p. 241, pl. xiii,

Lb aw Oe ae

1912. Kerkophorus phaedimus M. & P., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., ix,

fee 12, 013, pl..v,t.3; pl. xi, f I-10. DAR.

The shell agrees in all respects with that of cornea. The type, an unbanded

example, was not mature, the largest topotype in my collection measuring

Diam. maj. 14:4, min. 12-0; alt. 8-9; apert. alt. 7-2, lat. 8-3 mm.

The colour varies from yellow to pale olivaceous, and some of the

darker examples have a narrow pale chestnut band, not quite so

wide as is usual in cornea. The species appears to have a wide

distribution; it is probably synonymous with cornea and extends

into the Cape Province, whence it seems to have been redescribed

under the name of that which follows.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type); Durban; Pinetown;

Dargle; Karkloof; Port Shepstone; Ntimbankulu (fide Burnup),

but it is possible that some of these localities refer to species since

segregated by Austen.

CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown; Bedford (Farquhar); Pirie

Mountain (Godfrey); Keurbooms River bush (vel knysnaensis (2),

Barnard).

Type in British Museum.

Animal very pale, with a long, narrow, keeled foot, indistinctly

divided, and very long, arched tail-lobe; broad, large, pointed right

and broad left shell lobe, which unite behind at the keel of the

144 Annals of the South African Museum.

foot; right dorsal lobe small, left entire, covering the neck. Peri-

podial grooves indistinct. Penis with long, tapering, rather twisted

flagellum, vas deferens joining near the base; epiphallus short;

adjacent to the attachment of the retractor muscle is a fairly large

free accessory gland; spermatheca an elongated thin sac at distal

end of a thick strong tube. Free oviduct, just above base of

spermatheca, a very dark pigmented globose sac, with smooth walls

into which the oviduct leads; shaft of penis S-shaped.

Branchial cavity not extensive, pericardium and adjacent renal

organ occupying a subcircular area next it, kidney short.

Spermatophore an elongate capsule, commencing a mass dark and

pointed at one end, terminating in a long, gradually narrowing

ribbon, having spines which generally branch into three, with bifid

points set on its edge on one side only, and becoming very attenuate,

and for some distance spineless, towards the end.

Jaw moderately concave, with a small central projection; radula

with central tooth tricuspid, laterals with cusp on outer side,

marginals long, beautifully curved and bicuspid, outermost showing

pectination on outer side; formula 100+34+12+1+12+3+100.

I reproduce Austen’s diagnosis of the anatomy almost in full, as

there is no doubt that it refers to the species to which it is attributed

and is taken from a really well-preserved animal.

Sheldonia knysnaensis (Prest.).

Ref. List No. 145.

1912. Helicarion knysnaensis Prest., Proc. Mal. Soc., x, p.16. DF.

The shell agrees in all respects, even to the irregular pits or scratches on the

base, with the paler, unbanded form of phaedima. A paratype in the British

Museum measures

Diam. maj. 12-9, min. 10-4; alt. 8-0; apert. alt. 6-5, lat. 7-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna (Cox).

Type in coll. Dautzenberg.

My sole reason for not uniting this species with the foregoing is

lest subsequent knowledge of their anatomy should prove them to

be distinct.

Sheldonia perfragilis (Conn.).

1922. Kerkophorus perfragilis Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 72,

pleat. er.

Shell extremely thin and fragile, very similar to phaedima but flatter, with

proportionately greater major diameter and weaker sculpture. The type is pale

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 145

olivaceous with an almost invisible band of pale red, but darker examples may be

found, the majority being unbanded. The type contains nearly 4 whorls and

measures

Diam. maj. 15-5, min. 12-3; alt. 7-8; apert. alt. 7-5, lat. 8-9 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Shiluwane District (Junod).

Type in British Museum.

Sheldonia vandenbroecki (Cryn.).

Ref. List No. 150.

1880. Vitrina vandenbroecku Crvn., P.Z.8., p. 615, pl. lvii, f. 4. DF.

The shell resembles phaedima, but all 5 specimens examined are smaller, dull

above, though less so beneath, pale corneous buff. The type contains 3 rounded

whorls, very rapidly increasing, protoconch, 2 whorls, smooth, remainder sculp-

tured all over with weak, irregular growth striae.

Diam. maj. 13-1, min. 11-0; alt. 7-7; apert. alt. 6-9, lat. 8-5 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Lydenburg (Barrett).

Type in British Museum.

A distinct little species which awaits rediscovery, remarkable for

its flat spire and dull surface.

Sheldonia inuncta (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 170.

1860. Helix congellana Krs., Mts., Die Helic., p. 84. L. (nomen

nudum).

1899. Zingis inuncia M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 195, pl. mi, f£.4. DF.

1912. Kerkophorus inunctus M. & P., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., ix,

peeeitao, 9609, 571, pl. mf. 1; pl.xu,f.2. D.F.A.R.N.

Shell of similar form to cornea, but larger, and remarkable from the fact that,

while the first 3} whorls are smooth and glossy, the last half-whorl, composing the

greater part of the shell, is usually dull above, with a somewhat oiled appearance,

though glossy on the base; the coloration is pale yellow-buff, with a narrow

chestnut superperipheral band; there are 4 whorls, the sculpture consisting of

extremely weak growth striolae, while on the base there is a certain amount of

weak, irregular, discontinuous spiral scratching.

Diam. maj. (type) 22-7, min. 18-2; alt. 14-7; apert. alt. 11-7, lat. 12-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Umkomaas (type); Alexandra Junction (Burnup):

“Port Natal, 40 miles south of Durban” (Dr. Sutherland, 1860);

Wyebank (Puzey); Congella Lagoon (congellana, Wahlberg).

ZULULAND. ’Nkandhla Forest (Haygarth); Umbonambi

(Toppin); Makowe (Crosly).

Type in British Museum,

VOL. XXXIII. 10

146 Annals of the South African Museum.

The oiled aspect of the last whorl is not always present, at least

one example from Wyebank showing no trace thereof, when the shell

somewhat resembles that of swbcornea Preston.

Animal (from Alexandra Junction): Foot divided below, peripodial

margin narrow, with the 2 usual grooves above, from which well-

marked, widely separated furrows extend obliquely upwards; hinder

part rounded above, not keeled; lobe above the linear mucous pore

large and pointed; right shell lobe large and broad, left quadrate;

dorsal lobes well developed, the left in two parts, posterior portion

small; visceral sac and kidney spotted with black.

Generative organs similar to those of phaedima, except that the

vestibule is large, globose, and solid, the thick walls having a rough,

warty external appearance, while on the inner surface are seen about

4 strong, muscular, pillar-ike folds. Free oviduct black, penis

with accessory gland near retractor muscle; epiphallus very short;

flagellum very long; spermatheca a large pear-shaped sac on a long

solid duct.

Radula formula 60+14+15+1+4+15+1+60; central and laterals,

latter with outer cusp, on large plates; 16th tooth transitional, with

no cusp; succeeding marginals curved and aculeate up to about the

65th tooth, when a slight notch appears low down below the point

on the outer side, gradually becoming higher up and larger; outer-

most marginals unevenly bicuspid. Jaw moderately curved, with

a central projection on the cutting edge.

The aculeate form of the teeth in this species separates it well

from its neighbours (Austen).

Sheldonia leucospira (Pir.).

Ref. List No. 171.

1856. Vitrina leucospira Pir., P.Z.S., p. 326. D.

1912. Kerkophorus leucospira Pfir., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 577,

pl.ixva,t. i; pl. xvu,t.1—-4. DL FLAR.

The shell is minutely perforated; it resembles swbcornea Prest. in sculpture, but

there are faint traces of microscopic spiral lineation on the base; it is rather less

globose and the colour of the first 3 whorls is milk white, the remainder being

bright golden yellow. The largest African example in the British Museum contains

4 whorls and measures

Diam. maj. 15-4, min. 12-8; alt. 11-6; apert. alt. 9-0, lat. 9-2 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pinetown; Tongaat; Malvern (Burnup); Umgeni

River mouth (Quekett); Drummond (Rump).

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 147

The type in British Museum is said to come from Australia, but

the record is almost certainly incorrect.

Austen gives very full details of the anatomy and states that the

radula formula is 67+3+9+1+9+3+67: central and _ laterals

with a basal cusp on the outer side, rather distant from the mesocone,

marginals gradually becoming evenly bicuspid, and from about the

65th tooth distinctly serrated below the outer cusp.

Sheldonia pellicula (Pfr.).

Pir. List No. 163.

1821. Helix (Helicolimaz) pellicula Fer., Tabl. Syst., pt. 3, p. 25

(or 21). JL.

1842. Vitrina pellicula Feér., Pir., Symb., u, p.17. D.

Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, “on aloes” (type, Delalande);

Port Elizabeth (fide Crawford).

CAPE NATAL and DELAGOA BAY (Plant, fide Pfeiffer, ex coll.

Cuming in British Museum).

Type ubi?

As represented in the British Museum this species is identical with

leucospira, but without knowledge of the type it is impossible to

determine the truth concerning its identity.

Sheldonia stellata (G.-Aust.).

1914. Kerkophorus stellatus G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., xin, p. 464.

ta ee om

Shell of fair size, minutely perforate, first 24 whorls and base glossy, palest

yellow, last 15 somewhat dull milky olivaceous, thus resembling inunctus; 4

whorls, first 2 practically smooth, later showing exceedingly faint, fine, close

microspiral lineation.

Diam. maj. 15-0, min. 12-6; alt. 10-3; apert. alt. 8-1, lat. 8-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Stella Bush, Durban (type, Bell Marley: Puzey).

Type in British Museum.

The slightly milky appearance enables this species to be readily

recognised. Austen states that the generative organs are the same

as in the genus; radula of the type seen in phaedima, central and

laterals as usual, marginals all alike, curved, with bicuspid points,

the inner slightly the longer, and graduating into minute teeth on

the margin, formula 97 +2+11+1+4+11+2+97.

148 Annals of the South African Museum.

Sheldonia orientalis (G.-Aust.).

(Pl. v, £. 7-9.)

1914. Kerkophorus orientalis G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., xiii, p. 468. D.

Shell of moderate size, subglobose, minutely perforate, thin, transparent, rather

milky above and glossy beneath, pale buff. Spire not much exserted. Whorls 5,

rather flat, regularly increasing, first 2 or 3 smooth, remainder with most exceed-

ingly fine and close microscopic spiral lines, and on the post-apical whorls weak,

curved growth striolae. Aperture somewhat roundly barbate, nearly horizontal,

columella short, margin very narrowly reflexed, forming a minute rima.

Diam. maj. (type) 13-9, min. 11-6; alt. 8-5; apert. alt. 7-0, lat. 8-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. East London (Kincaid).

Type in British Museum.

The form of the shell is reminiscent of such as S. capsula (Bs.), but

the spiral sculpture on the latter, though similar on the post-apical

whorls, is far finer.

Sheldonia warreni sp. un.

(Ged aye, nis IOESILINE)

Shell of good size, depressed globose, narrowly perforate, thin, smooth, glossy,

transparent, pale corneous yellow. Spire but little exserted. Whorls 4, rapidly

increasing, little convex, the only sculpture consisting of close, curved, transverse

striolae on the later whorls, which are, however, at irregular intervals distinctly

stronger than in melvilli or inuncta, the nearest allied species. Aperture short

oval, columella erect, upper margin narrowly reflexed over the very narrow

umbilicus. The type and two other examples measure

Diam. maj. 17-6, min. 13-7; alt. 12:4; apert. alt. 10-1, lat. 11-0 mm.

9 GAs es 1S:0) es. aLl-8 5 9-50; LO ae

9 Nast) By MS on ee 0 13, so0=

Hab. NATAL. Port Shepstone (Warren; Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Hight examples, one of which bears an extremely faint and narrow

peripheral band; all agree in the horizontal aperture which dis-

tinguishes the new species.

It gives me the greatest pleasure to be able to name it after its

discoverer in recognition of his valuable service to South African

science, and especially of the high standard attained, and maintained

under his able editorship, by the Annals of the Natal Museum.

Sheldonia (?) planti (Pfr.).

(Text-fig. 14.)

Ref. List No. 146.

1856. Vitrina plants Pir., P.Z.8., p. 324. D.

Shell small, subnautiloid, thin, smooth, glossy, transparent, corneous pale

yellowish olivaceous. Spire flat. Whorls 24, nearly flat, rounded at the periphery,

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 149

very rapidly increasing, the last widening greatly towards the aperture and em-

bracing nearly the entire shell; the sculpture consists of close, weak, regular.

curved transverse striolae, which are weaker on the base; suture simple, well

defined. Aperture oblong oval, peristome simple,

acute, labrum strongly curved backward to the

periphery.

Diam. maj. (type) 13-2, min. 10-0; alt. ca. 6-0;

apert. alt. ca. 6-0 mm. Text-F1c. 14.—Sheldonia

Hab. NATAL. Cape Natal (Plant). plants (Pfr.), Port Natal.

Type in British Museum. pels stcestaccys

The condition of all specimens available is too imperfect for speci-

fication of further details, but the flat spired shell, with its unusually

long aperture, somewhat resembles the profile of a Nautilus; the

species is probably extinct, and may not be congeneric with any

other South African form, recalling rather such Central African species

as Zonitarion semimembranaceus (Mts.).

Sheldonia puzeyi sp. 0.

(Pl. v, f. 12-14.)

Shell comparatively large, depressed conic-globose, perforate, very thin, smooth,

glossy, transparent, pale olivaceous yellow with an extremely narrow rufous band

around the periphery. Spire moderately exserted, sides regular, scarcely convex,

apical angle 113°. Whorls 63, but little convex, regularly increasing, bluntly

angulate at the periphery, sculptured on the apex, as in the genus, with extremely

close microspiral lines, weaker on the succeeding whorls, which show extremely

weak, curved oblique striolae; suture simple, shallow. Aperture subquadrate,

peristome simple, acute, labrum gently and regularly recurved to the base, colu-

mella very short, erect, margin narrowly reflexed over the very narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 23-0, min. 20-2; alt. 15-3; apert. alt. 10-2, lat. 11-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (type, Puzey; Power).

Type in British Museum.

A beautiful, though featureless shell, for which I should have pro-

posed at least sub-generic rank were it not that in Sheldonia s.s. the

variation in form ranges from the nearly globular trotteriana, through

such as capsula and crawfordi, to the conoid cotyledonis, so that the

new species may stand, in Kerkophorus, in the same position as the

last mentioned in Sheldonia s.s.

Sub-genus Andrarion G.-Aust., 1912

(A.M.N.H., ix, p. 582).

Type Helicarion pumilio M. & P.

Shell small, flattened, of few whorls, the apical close wound and

rapidly increasing. Animal with a broad, short right and a small

150 Annals of the South African Museum.

triangular left shell lobe; generative organs unknown. Radula with

central and lateral teeth of usual form, inner marginals bicuspid,

becoming tricuspid about the 30th tooth, several thereafter having

4 cusps and showing a serrated edge.

Formula 45+2+9+1+94+2+445 or 56+1+56.

Jaw with a central projection. (After Austen.)

Sheldonia pumilio (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 147.

1909. Helicarion pumilio, M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 490, pl. viii,

fale ORS

1912. Andrarion pumilio, M. & P., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 582,

pl avn ho.) OAC:

1934. Sheldona pumilio, M. & P., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

poMlOOs “UNE

Shell very small, depressed globose, most narrowly rimate, thin, smooth, rather

glossy, semi-transparent, dull corneous yellow. Spire but little exserted, apex

obtuse. Whorls 23, not very convex, rounded at the periphery, rapidly increasing,

apex smoothly malleate, remainder sculptured all over with transverse striolae,

a little less weak and more regular than in most of the smooth-shelled Sheldoniae;

suture simple, well defined. Aperture suboval, peristome simple, acute, labrum

curved backwards to the base, columella concave, margin narrowly reflexed,

forming a small rima.

Diam. maj. (type) 6-8, min. 5:2; alt. 3-5; apert. alt. 2-9, lat. 3-7 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Zoutpansberg (Cregoe).

Type in British Museum.

This little species is only known from the original set; it might

be considered an immature S. symmetrica, but the serrate teeth of

the radula are not found in that animal, of which the shell and aper-

ture are higher in proportion and the latter less broad; the lack-lustre

surface of pumilio does not assimilate with the immature stage of

others of the genus known to me and the shell may perhaps be nearly,

if not quite, mature. Further knowledge of the anatomy is necessary

before the status of Andrarion can be determined.

Genus Gudeélla Preston, 1913

(Proc. Mal. Soc., x, p. 285).

Type Thapsia masukuensis Smith

(= Thapsiella Gude, 1911, non Fischer, 1884).

Most authorities include this large group of small, corneous, zoniti-

form snails as congeneric with the small group of large but similar

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 151

forms contained in the genus Thapsia Albers. However, the anatomy

of neither group is yet fully known and it is certainly convenient to

retain a distinguishing name for each pending further knowledge

thereof, as the dividing line between the large and small forms is

well marked.

The anatomy of Gudeélla, so far as published, and chief characters

of the shell are given below under G. pingwis; I follow Watson in

placing this group, together with Thapsia, near Sheldonia, while

“Zingis (2),”’ as exemplified by morrumbalensis M. & P., may be

intermediate between the two.

Gudeélla pinguis (Krs.).

(Pl. u, f. 12-15, and text-fig. 15.)

Ref. List Nos. 186, 265.

1848. Helix pinguis Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 75, pl. iv, f.19. D.F.

1899. Thapsia mixta Smith, P.Z.8., p. 582, pl. xxxin, f. 13-15.

DF.

1903. Zonitoides cupido M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 601, pl. xxxui,

meh, ) DO.

1925. Gudeélla mixta Smith, Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xii,

peaes. NLA.R.

Shell small, depressed globose, perforate, thin, smooth, glossy, transparent,

pale corneous, rather lacteous on base. Spire not much elevated, though each

whorl projects clearly above the next, apex obtusely rounded. Whaorls 53, rounded,

gradually and regularly increasing, covered all over with extremely fine and close,

regular, microspiral lines, and from about the 3rd whorl with very faint, slightly

irregular oblique striae, curved in conformity with the lines of growth; suture

simple, shallow. Aperture sublunate, peristome simple, acute, labrum receding

to the base, columellar margin narrowly reflexed but not covering the very narrow

umbilicus. The type measures

Diam. maj. 7-6, min. 6-7; alt. 4-2; apert. alt. 2-6, lat. 3-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL (type, Wahlberg).

ZULULAND. Lower Umfolosi Drift (cwpido, Burnup).

TRANSVAAL. Pepiti Falls, Sibasa (Harries).

LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters); Macequece District;

Dondo; Mtisherra R. Valley; Zangwe Basin (Cressy); Maforga

Siding, B. & M. Rly. (McDowell).

S. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (frequent).

Type of pinguis in Stuttgart, mixta and cupido in British Museum;

mixta was described from Mt. Chiradzulu, Nyasaland, and the species

appears to extend to Kenya and the Belgian Congo. As signified by

152 Annals of the South African Museum.

Smith’s name, it varies greatly in colour, pale brown, buff, or hyaline

shells often occurring in company together, while the early whorls

are sometimes buff and the later lacteous or hyaline in the same

shell. G. pinguis was described from a brown example, cwpido from a

small hyaline series, while the type set of mixta includes all colours,

as do assemblages from Victoria Falls, Macequece, and many parts

of Central Africa. There was no authentic specimen of pinguis in

England at the period when Smith and M. & P. described their species,

but it is remarkable that the latter compared theirs with the American

Z. arboreus, rather than sought for its affinities in the nearer districts

of Africa; both mixta and cupido agree entirely with pinguis and pass

into its synonymy.

The foot of the animal is narrow, ending in a pointed lobe over-

hanging the caudal mucous gland, which opens by a vertical slit;

39 38 26 of

SS Dy-§-Hg

Text-Fic. 15.—Gudeélla pinguis (Krs.) (=mixta Smith), Macequece.

Representative teeth from Late x 600.

sole tripartite; the mantle edge bears 2 somewhat pointed shell

lobes, the right rather narrow and the left smaller and somewhat

triangular; well-developed body lobes also present, the left divided

into 2 distinct, but contiguous portions, kidney yellow, rather

narrow, about three times as long as pericardium, ureter arising from

front end of kidney, running back along its upper edge and then

forward again beside the rectum to the anus. Radula formula

(31+10+1+10+30) x77, centrals and laterals tricuspid, their meso-

cones rather long, projecting considerably beyond the edges of the

basal plates, endocones of laterals narrow and inconspicuous, attached

laterally to mesocones, ectocones short but distinct, marginals narrow,

about three times as numerous as laterals, with narrow bases and

curved bifid cusps, which are composed of the mesocones and slightly

shorter ectocones, while towards the edges of the radula they become

smaller and shorter, mesocones blunter and ectocones split up into

2 or 3 separate smail cusps.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 153

Gudeélla insimulans (Smith).

1899. Thapsia insimulans Smith, P.Z.8., p. 583, pl. xxxiii, f. 16-18.

DE.

Shell small, depressed turbinate, narrowly umbilicate, smooth, shining, trans-

parent, pale corneous. Spire but little raised, though each whorl projects just

above the next, apex obtuse. Whorls 4}, narrowly rounded, gradually and

regularly increasing, apical 1} smooth, remainder covered on both sides with very

faint, close, somewhat irregular, curved transverse and microscopic spiral striae;

suture simple, very narrow and shallow. Aperture flattened acuminate-subovate,

peristome simple, acute, columellar margin very shortly and narrowly reflexed,

umbilicus extremely narrow but deep, extending to the apex.

Diam. maj. 4:0, min. 3-5; alt. 2-2 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. MHeadwaters of R. Inyamkarra,

4500 feet (Cressy); Maforga Siding, B. & M. Rly. (McDowell).

Described from Mt. Chiradzulu, Nyasaland, and recorded from

Kenya and Oubangui.

Type in British Museum; shell described, from Macequece District,

in my collection.

A flatter, more compact little species than the preceding.

Genus Zingis Mts., 1878

(Monats-Ber. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 290).

Type Z. radiolata Mts.

I omit the anatomy originally attributed to this genus, since

Pfeffer’s diagnosis is either faulty or relates to a form of very different

affinities to those under present notice, my only reason for retaining

the name here being to provide a temporary lodging for the following

species, which have been placed in Zingis and may be left therein

until anatomists have decided their true generic position.

Zingis morrumbalensis (M. & P.).

(PL. ox) £252=33, and text-fig. 16.)

1894. Nanina morrumbalensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 90, pl. 1,

Se oe

1925. Zingis morrumbalensis M. & P., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8.

Atmiea, xi, p. 129. N.A.R.

1934. Thapsia (?) morrumbalensis M. & P., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc.,

sou, p. 184. N.A.

Shell large, depressed globose, umbilicate, thin, silky, transparent, somewhat

dull above, glossy beneath, corneous yellow-brown. Spire moderately exserted,

154 Annals of the South African Museum.

apex obtuse. Whorls 6, convex, rather rapidly increasing, rounded at the peri-

phery in mature, but bluntly angulate in young examples, protoconch, 24 whorls,

apparently smooth and glossy, but sculptured almost to the apex with most

exceedingly fine and close, regular, microscopic spiral lines, so faint as to be

scarcely discernible under 20-fold magnification, remainder covered with coarse,

weak, curved growth striae of irregular strength, much weaker on the base, and

any traces of the apical sculpture so faint as to be negligible; suture simple,

well defined. Aperture ?-lunate, peristome simple, acute, labrum slightly curved

and receding considerably in profile, columella short, concave, margin triangularly

reflexed, half covering the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 30-4, min. 25-7; alt. 21-5; apert. alt. 16-9, lat. 15-6 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. District north of Macequece (Cressy).

RHODESIA. Mt. Silinda, Melsetta (Miss A. de Klerk); Vumbu

Mts., Umtali (Arnold).

Originally described from Mt. Morrumbala, Mozambique (Layard);

type in British Museum, foregoing description of specimen from

Macequece in my collection.

The foot has well-marked peripodial grooves, tripartite sole and

well-developed caudal mucous pore, overhung by a pointed lobe;

right and left shell-lobes present, left body lobes contiguous but

TExt-FIG. 16.—Zingis morrumbalensis (M. and P.), Macequece.

A. Jaw; x9.

B. Representative teeth from the radula; x 225.

separated by a slit; spermatheca large with a duct 17 mm. long,

vagina short; epiphallus with a flagellum 8 mm. long at its junction

with vas deferens, and a short, straight caecum, to the apex of which

the penial retractor is attached; no distinct dart-sac; kidney extend-

ing for some distance in front of pericardium.

Jaw about 3:3 mm. in length, showing numerous extremely fine

lines of growth crossed by equally fine radial striae. Radula measures

about6-2 x 3:1 mm.when flattened, formula (54 + 22 + 1 + 22 + 53) x 128;

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 155

central and lateral teeth tricuspid, marginals bicuspid, diminishing

in size towards the edge, the last 4 or 5 quite vestigial; very full

details are given in my paper of 1925.

I give the foregoing details at some length, as this species may well

represent a new genus, which Watson suggests is intermediate between

Thapsia Albers and Sheldonia Ancey; but I leave it in Zingis until

its place may be fully decided by experts on anatomy; its group

probably includes “*Zingis”’ whyter (Smith) and an undescribed form

from 8. Rhodesia, of which material yet to hand does not justify

description.

Zingis thermarum M. & P.

Ref. List No. 142.

1909. Zingis thermarum M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 491, pl. vii,

ptt) DF.

Shell of medium size, depressed orbicular, umbilicate, thin, smooth, rather dull,

semi-transparent, corneous reddish or orange-brown. Spire depressed, summit

obtuse. Whorls 5, not very convex, gradually increasing, bluntly angled at the

periphery, extreme apex showing 5 or 6 short, strong, oblique wrinkles, after which

the first 2 whorls are engraved with strong, close, regular, continuous spiral

grooves, remainder sculptured with extremely weak growth wrinkles and a closer,

fainter continuation of the spiral grooves, which are regular and gradually fade

away on the upper surface, but continue and become remarkably fulgurate on the

base; suture simple, well defined. Aperture obliquely sublunate, labrum straight

and receding somewhat in profile, columella very short, margin little reflexed, not

overhanging the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 16-0, min. 14-0; alt. 9-0; apert. alt. 7-4, lat. 7-3 mm.; a larger

example, from Musami, with 54 whorls, measures 17-5 x 11 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Buiskop, Warmbaths (type); Pietpotgieters-

rust (Connolly).

S. RHODESIA. Musami; Driefontein, Umvuma (Rev. K.

Tasman); Umtali (in S.A. Museum).

Type in British Museum, description from largest paratype in my

collection.

The continuous microspiral grooving of the apical whorls, without

faintest sign of punctation, appears to separate this species from

Sheldonia s.s., which seems practically restricted to the Cape Province,

but the radular features prove it nearly akin.

Zingis rosenbergi Prest.

Ref. List No. 141.

1909. Zingis rosenbergi Prest., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 498. D.F.

Shell slightly higher but otherwise agreeing entirely with the foregoing in form,

thin, smooth, rather dull above, glossy beneath, opaque corneous yellow. Whorls

156 Annals of the South African Museum.

5, not very convex, regularly increasing, rounded at the periphery, somewhat

weathered but apparently devoid of spiral sculpture, the first 3 sculptured, except

at extreme apex, with microscopic growth wrinkles below the suture, extending

for the most part less than half-way across the whorl, remainder bearing close,

weak transverse striolae; suture simple, shallow. Aperture oblong oval, labrum

receding a little to the base, columella inclined to the left, margin scarcely reflexed,

so that the narrow umbilicus is almost open.

Diam. maj. (type) 15-6, min. 13-7; alt. 9-3; apert. alt. 6-5, lat. 7-8 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pietersburg (fide Preston).

Type in British Museum.

The shell is considerably weathered and may be more transparent

and of darker colour in fresher condition. It is placed next to

thermarum on account of the close resemblance in form between the

two, but the complete lack of spiral sculpture, unless due to weathering,

probably denotes at least generic distinction.

Sub-Family Lepou.xitnakE Pilsb., 1919.

Shell well developed, capable of containing the soft parts, not

covered by shell lobes of mantle; tail with horn over caudal pore;

genitalia without dart-sac or distinct vagina, penis surmounted by

a group of glands; epiphallus bearing a caecum and a minute

flagellum.

Genus Ledoulxia Bet., 1885

(Helixarionidees, p. 12).

Type H. mozambicensis Pfr., var. albopicta Mts.

(= Martensia Semper, 1870, non Agassiz, 1860).

Shell depressed conoid, usually angulate at periphery, sculptured

above with very fine, close, clear oblique striae, base smoother, with

more or less spiral grooving.

H. B. Baker (Nautilus, 1, 1936, p. 70) points out that Mousson

(J. de C., xvui, 1869, p. 330) in a discussion on Nanina schmeltziana

Mouss., proposed a new sub-genus Trochonanina, without type

selection, in which he included Helix mozambicensis Pfr., and that

the prior designation of genotype appears to be that of Kobelt, who

designated in 1879 (Ill. Conch.-buch, p. 217) H. mossambicensis Pfr.

as type. If Kobelt’s designation be accepted, Trochonanina, which

is now universally applied to certain Asiatic and Polynesian species,

would have to be accepted instead of Ledoulxia for the well-known

African forms now placed in the last-named genus. But as explained

in the case of Gonaxis and Odontartemon, it appears to me against

common sense to accept this elementary work of Kobelt’s, which

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 157

has been entirely ignored by nearly all the leading authorities since

its publication, as well as by Kobelt himself in his later treatment

of Odontartemon, as exercising the slightest influence on the fixation

of types, which he merely intended to be certain species more or less

exemplifying the typical form of such genera for which he cited one.

Ledoulxia mozambicensis (Pfr.).

Ref. List No. 151.

(Text-Fig. 17.)

1855. Helix mozambicensis Pfr., P.Z.S., p. 91, pl. xxxi, f.9. DF.

1870. Martensia mossambicensis Pfr., Semp., Reis. Archip. Philip-

pie ap. 42, pl.ii, f:.5; pl. vi, £15. AR.

1883. Trochomorpha mozambica Bgt., Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, xv,

Blot? LZ:

1907. Martensia entebbana Pollon., Boll. Mus. Torino, xxii, 561,

pr. LD:

1909. Martensia entebbana Pollon., Il Ruwenzori, i, p. 194, pl. xx,

f.12-13. D.F.

1912. Martensia mozambicensis Pfr., G.-Aust., A.M.N.H., ix,

pe 10.. NN.

1919. Ledoulxia mozambicensis Pir. (=entebbana Pollon.), Pilsb.,

Bull. Amer. Mus., xl, p. 247, pl. x, f..2-3....N.F.

1925. Ledoulxia mozambicensis Pfr., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

=u, p. lol, pl. vin, f..1-4. N.A.R.

Shell of fair size, subglobosely conoid, perforate, thin, dull and asperate above,

smooth and glossy beneath, subtransparent, corneous brown above, usually with

faint zone of darker shade above the suture, olivaceous beneath. Spire exserted,

sides very slightly convex, apex bluntly rounded. Whaorls 63, gradually increasing,

convex, sharply carinate at periphery, extreme apex smooth, next 14 whorl with

close, fine, incised microspiral lines which cut across some vestigial transverse

striolae; about this point the spirals disappear from the upper surface and the

sculpture consists of close, fine, regular, curved, oblique transverse costulae, which

become gradually stronger and more distant on each succeeding whorl, but only

extend to the periphery, the base being practically smooth, with a few faint but

coarse growth lines and close, regular spiral grooves; suture shallow, simple, or

margined when the peripheral keel rises above the succeeding whorls. Aperture

horizontal, ?-lunate, peristome simple, acute, labrum receding considerably in a

gentle curve to the base, columella very short, margin scarcely reflexed, not

obscuring the narrow umbilicus. A very typical example from the Lebombo

Mts. measures

Diam. maj. 15-6, min. 14-5; alt. 9-8; apert. alt. 5-8, lat. 7-2 mm.

LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (type, Peters); Movene (Penther);

Wanetsi R., Majude Dist. (Bell Marley); Antioko; Lebombo Mts.

(Junod); Zangwe Basin; Mtisherra R.; Chimoio District (Cressy).

158 Annals of the South African Museum.

TRANSVAAL. Barberton (Fry); Zoutpansberg (Cregoe); Sabi

Game Reserve (Gill).

S. RHODESIA. Salisbury (Miss Weineck); near Mtoko (Melle).

Widely distributed in Kast Africa.

Type in British Museum.

The jaw is rather thin and practically smooth, with a large median

projection; central and lateral teeth tricuspid, former slightly smaller

4948 36 oa" os

OS vist,

Text-Fia. 17.—Ledoulxia mozambicensis (Pfr.), Lebombo Mountains.

Representative teeth from the radula; x 350.

than latter, of which the endocones are narrow and not very con-

spicuous; marginals with strongly curved bifid cusps, gradually

decreasing in size towards the edges of the radula; formule of two

examples (42+11+1+11440) x 148 and (85 +11 +1+11+436) x 135.

Semper’s and Austen’s figures of radulae ascribed to L. mozambicensis

differ from mine and from each other, and all three may possibly

represent those of different species.

Ledoulxia bloyeti (Bgt.).

1889. Trochonanina bloyeti Bgt., Moll. Afr. équat., p. 21, pl. un,

f.10-12. D.F.

1897. Trochonanina (Martensia) bloyeti Bet., Mts., D.O.A., iv,

Dees pe

1904. Trochonanina bloyeti Bgt., Rehbr. & Germ., Mem. Soc.

AGO SET evn pels. “NN:

1918. Trochonanina (Martensia) bloyeti Bgt., Germ., Bull. Mus.

Panis, xxv pu2bss ..V.

1925. Ledoulxia bloyeti Bet., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu,

py LS0.. Ne

The sculpture is of similar pattern to that of mozambicensis, but that of the

protoconch coarser, the microspiral grooves appearing like regular lines of small

distinct nodules; there are traces also of spiral lineation between, but not cutting,

the transverse costae on the later whorls of fresh specimens. The shell is more

depressed than mozambicensis, nearly equally convex above and below, with convex

sides and wider umbilicus. Bourguignat stresses the fact that the costae are

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 159

furnished along the suture with white points, which are extremely obscure, even

if present in Cressy’s examples, but these agree in other respects so closely with the

original figure and description that there can be no doubt as to the accuracy of

their determination. The shell is remarkable for its flattened spire with convex

sides, and easily recognisable. A specimen from Mtisherra Valley with 54 whorls

measures

Diam. maj. 14:7, min. 13-3; alt. 7-5; apert. alt. 4-5, lat. 7-2 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mtisherra R. Valley; Zangwe

Basin (Cressy).

Type ubi?

Described from Kondoa, Tanganyika Territory, and also known

from Zanzibar and the Oualamo District.

Ledoulxia elatior (Mts.).

Ref. List No. 151 (pars).

1866. Trochomorpha (?) mossambicensis Pfr., var. elatior Mts., Mal.

Blati, xin, p. 92. D.

1925. Ledoulzia elatior Mts., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. S. Africa, xii,

petsos NP.

1927. Ledoulxia mozambicensis Pfr., var. elatior Mts., Conn., Proc.

Malscde,, xvi, p. 170. _N.

Thanks to the kindness of Dr. Thiele, of the Berlin Museum, I was

enabled to publish seven figures more or less representing this form

in 1925 and his subjoined report on them: “Under the name of

H. mozambicensis, var. elatior, Martens designated several shells from

different localities, which I have drawn by the side of yours from the

Mtisherra River Valley. That from Bongo, Abyssinia, must be

regarded as typical—all the shells figured are somewhat different

from one another—the material is not extensive enough to decide

whether they are varieties, or only local forms, of a single species, or

in part, distinct species; the embryonal sculpture is not always

recognisable, as in the case of that from Bongo.”

It is clear from the foregoing that this species must remain doubtful

until further specimens from Bongo in better preservation are available

for comparison; meanwhile I append details regarding one of Cressy’s

examples, which is probably referable thereto and certainly specifically

distinct from other described forms known to me.

Sculpture on upper surface very different from that of mozambicensis, the trans-

verse wrinkles on protoconch far stronger than the spirals, which are very faint,

and the costulae on the succeeding whorls extremely close and fine, little more

distant on the last than on the preceding whorls; the spiral grooving on the base

160 Annals of the South African Museum.

is strong. Shell considerably more high-spired than mozambicensis with much

finer transverse sculpture; whorls 63, not very convex, carinate at periphery,

suture shallow; umbilicus narrower than in mozambicensis and more overhung

by columellar margin.

Diam. maj. 15-6, min. 14-8; alt. 11-4; apert. alt. 6-3, lat. 7-°9 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Itschongove (Schenck); Mtisherra

R. Valley (Cressy).

Described from Abyssinia and apparently rather widely distributed

in Hast Africa.

Type in Berlin Museum.

Ledoulxia albopicta (Mts.).

Ref. List No. 151 (pars).

1869. Nanina mossambicensis Pfr., var. albopicta Mts., von der

Decken’s Reisen, 11, p. 56, pl. i, f.2. Df.

1885. Trochonanina anceyi Bgt., Helixarionidées, p. 9. D.

1887. 3 subjenynst Ancey, Le Nat., ix, p. 79. D.

1897. ‘4 (Martensia) jenynst Pir., var. subjenynsi

Ancey, Mts., D.O.A., iv, p. 49. D.

1897. Trochonanina mossambicensis Pfr., var. albopicta Mts.,

ibid., p. 47. D.

1925. Ledoulaia albopicta Mts., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu,

PeelaO. ae Ne

1932. Ledoulxia albopicta Mts., Haas, Senckenbergiana, xiv, p. 179,

jolie ig ae WORT Ae

Shell small, depressed conoid, perforate, smooth, dull, semi-transparent, early

whorls (4-5) glossy, corneous yellow-brown, remainder cream, mottled above and

more sparsely beneath with streaks, spots, bands, or blotches of brown and usually

with a very narrow peripheral brown band. Spire moderately exserted, sides

straight, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 53, rather convex, protoconch engraved

for about 2 whorls after the extreme apex with exceedingly fine, close, faint micro-

spiral lines, remainder bearing extremely close, fine and regular transverse striae;

basal spirals strong and rather closer than in some species; suture simple, well

defined; columellar margin scarcely reflexed, not obscuring the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 12-0, min. 11-2; alt. 7-4; apert. alt. 4-8, lat. 5-8 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters).

A small, well-known species, remarkable for its brown and white

mottling; described from “Kast Africa” and known from several

localities in that region.

Type in Berlin Museum.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 161

Genus Trochozonites Pfeffer, 1883

(Abh. Naturwiss. Verein. Hamburg, vii, 2, p. 23).

Type Trochonanina percarinata Mts.

Shell small to medium, conoid, perforate, corneous brown, sides

of spire convex, straight, or concave, apical sculpture microspirally

striate (Trochozonites s.s.), practically smooth (section Zonitrochus

Pilsb.) or with transverse ribs (section Teleozonites Pilsb.).

Created for two West African species, percarinatus (Mts.) and ibuensis

(Pfr.), on purely conchological grounds, as Pfeffer acknowledged that

the meagre details he could glean from the animals before him did

not allow of any general account of their anatomy.

Trochozonites dioryx (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 153.

1892. Helix (Trochozonites) dioryx M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 89,

pl. v,£.2. D.F.

Shell small, umbilicate, conical, much weathered, but normally thin, transparent,

corneous brown. Spire exserted, sides almost straight, very slightly concave near

the apex, meeting at an angle of just below 90°, apex submamillate. Whorls 63,

not very convex, sharply carinate at the periphery, with another carina, forming a

prominent ridge closely encircling the suture on the post-apical whorls; protoconch,

2 whorls, strongly and closely microscopically spirally striate, remainder sculptured

to the periphery with strong, somewhat distant, slightly oblique, jagged costae,

about 3 to half a mm. on the later whorls, and becoming weak and regular on

the base; suture forming a flat surface within the surrounding ridges, crossed at

right angles by the costae; minor sculptural details invisible owing to weathering.

Aperture obliquely #-lunar, peristome simple, acute, labrum sharply angulate,

scarcely receding in profile, columella short, margin very narrowly reflexed, half

obscuring the very small umbilicus.

Diam. maj. (type) 7-3, min. 7-0; alt. 6-1; apert. alt. 3-0, lat. 3-1 mm.

Hab. LITTLE NAMAQUALAND. Dunes near the coast, Robbe

Bay, Port Nolloth (Layard).

Type in British Museum.

Only the type is known; it is a true Tvrochozonites, similar to

T. suturalis d’Ailly in the peculiar circumsutural carina, but with

far more distant transverse costulation.

Sub-Family DurRGELLINAE.

Mantle with shell lobes, foot with lobelet over mucous pore, jaw

as a rule without median projection, laterals fewer than usual or

lacking, marginals usually very numerous, with dentate (seldom

smooth) outer edge; dart sac usually present.

VOL. XXXIII. 11

162 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus Sitala H. Ad. 1865

(P.Z.S., p. 408).

Type Helix infula Bs.

(=Conulema Stol., 1871).

Small conoid shells, usually with spiral sculpture on the upper

surface, and rounded periphery; animal with caudal mucous gland

and horn, sole grooved, mantle with 2 shell and 2 dorsal lobes,

small and without appendages, penis with simple terminal appendix,

receptaculum seminis club-shaped, thickened at end of stalk; dart

sac, 1f present, long; radula with over 100 rows of very numerous

(300-400) teeth, central tricuspid, 2 or 3 laterals with an outer cusp

and numerous marginals with denticulate outer edge.

Sitala diaphana Conn.

1922. Sitala diaphana Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 116. D.

1925: -,. 3 », JLrans: R. Soc. S. Attica? sara

Pl avert cee. NE

Shell rather small, globose conic, imperforate, very thin, transparent, smooth,

shining, pale corneous yellow or vitreous. Spire somewhat exserted, sides regular,

apical angle about 80°, summit conical. Whorls in type 5, rapidly increasing,

rounded with very slight peripheral angulation, covered on both sides and almost

to the apex with very faint, irregular, straight transverse striolae, only visible under

a lens, and close microspiral striolae; suture well defined. Aperture rounded

lunate, columella short and straight, upper margin very narrowly, solidly reflexed.

Diam. maj. 4:2, min. 3-8; alt. 4-0; apert. alt. 2-0, lat. 2-2 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. District north of Macequece

(type, Cressy).

NATAL. Karkloof (Taynton); Mgeni Krantz (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

The Natal examples are larger than type, with 6 whorls, diam.

5-3 x 5-0, alt. 5-O mm., but do not appear separable, while yet other

shells which I cannot distinguish from the present species have been

collected by Pitman in Kenya Colony.

Sitala genynsr (Pfr.).

Ref. List, page 282.

1845. Helix jenynss Pir., P.ZS., p. 131. D.

1859. Nanina ,, ; Mts., Mal. Blatt., wi, p..2id., 2

1897. Trochonanina jenynsi Pfir., Mts., D.O.A., iv, p. 48. JN.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 163

1925. Ledoulxia jenynsi Pfr., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xii,

peloh,, NL.

1931. Sitala jenynsi Pfr., Thiele, Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin,

Piago. N.R.

Shell comparatively large, subglobosely conoid, narrowly perforate, thin, smooth,

rather dull, sub-transparent, normally chalky white above, with a narrow brown

peripheral band. Spire moderately exserted, sides straight and regular, apex

narrowly rounded. Whorls 6, convex, carinate at periphery, gradually increasing,

protoconch sculptured after extreme apex with transverse puckers and hardly

visible microspiral lines, remaining whorls bearing above and below extremely close,

fine, and faint oblique striolae and strong, close, regular, spiral grooves; suture

simple. Aperture horizontal, irregularly quadrate, peristome acute, labrum

receding regularly in profile, columella very short, margin narrowly reflexed, over-

hanging but little the very narrow umbilicus. The shell described from Zangwe

Basin measures

Diam. maj. 15-3, min. 13-6; alt. 9-2; apert. alt. 5-8, lat. 7-2 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters); Zangwe Basin;

Chimoio District (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

A well-known east coast species; Thiele (l.c., p. 395, pl., f. 3) has

described a var. alba from Pangani and I have collected at Dar-es-

Salaam a pretty form, chocolate above but for a narrow infrasutural

white band, and with a chocolate band just below the periphery.

At first sight this species would be attributed to Ledoulxia, which

has actually been the case until Thiele proved it otherwise.

Sub-Family KaLIeLuinasg.

Shell small, conical, last whorl rounded or angulate, foot often with

small projection over caudal pore; lung cavity deep; genital orifice

near right tentacle; dart gland lacking.

Genus Kaliella Blanford, 1863

(A.M.N.H., xi, p. 83).

Type H. barrakporensis Pfr.

Shell small, conoid, usually with fine, close striolae above and no

spirals except on base; animal much like that of Sitala, with caudal

gland and lobe, but no dart sac; a pear-shaped lime gland at

junction of vas deferens and epiphallus, no caecum. Radula with

far fewer teeth (about 67) in each row than Sitala, central and laterals

tricuspid, marginals pectinate.

164 Annals of the South African Museum.

A. Carinate at periphery.

Kalhella barrakporensis (Pir.).

Ref. List No. 188 (as segurensis).

1852. Helix barrakporensis Pfir., P.Z.S., p. 156. D.

1882. Kahella sigurensis G.-Aust., L. & F. W. Moll. India, i, p. 5,

pl. yh. ey ae:

1890. Helix (Trochonanina) pretoriensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., vi,

p- 469." 9:

1914. Kahella barrakporensis Pfr. (=sigurensis G.-Aust.), Dautz.

& Germ, Rev. Zool: Air eaivanp. lip.

1916. Kaliella sigurensis G.-Aust., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xiii,

Paleoa ee

1923. Kalella barrakporensis Pfr. (=victoriae Prest.), Germ., Voy.

Babault, p. 39, pl. u, f. 60-61. NF.

1925. Kalella barrakporensis Pir., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

Sails (Oe MSI, | AN.

Shell small, conical, minutely umbilicate, fairly smooth and glossy. Spire

conical, sides very slightly convex, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 6, moderately

convex, slowly increasing, carinate at periphery, slightly convex beneath, all but

extreme apex sculptured with very fine, close, regular, straight, oblique transverse

striolae, less regular on base, which is engraved with extremely fine and close

microspiral lines; suture well defined. Aperture horizontally lunate or semi-

circular, labrum straight and receding little in profile, columella short, erect, con-

cave, margin narrowly reflexed, half covering the minute umbilicus. A Pretoria

specimen measures

Alt. 3-3, lat. 3-1; apert. alt. 0-75, lat. 1-6, last whorl 2:2 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria District (pretorvensis, Farquhar).

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg; Dargle; Tyeloti; Equeefa; Kar-

kloof; Edendale Falls (Burnup); Southport (Puzey); Winkle Spruit

(Akerman).

ZULULAND. LEshowe (Burnup); Mfongosi (Jones).

LORENZO MARQUES. District north of Macequece (Cressy).

A common Indian species, which appears to be widely distributed

over the tropical and south-eastern parts of Africa.

Kaliella victoriae Prest.

Ref. List No. 189.

1912. Kaliella victoriae Prest., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 69,£.2; p. 70. F.D.

Germain (v. supra, 1923) considers this species a synonym of the

foregoing, with slightly more accentuated sculpture. I incline to the

same opinion, but the microspiral lines on the base are so much more

pronounced, slightly coarser and more distant, that it may be advis-

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 165

able to await further investigation by expert anatomists prior to

forming a definite conclusion. My largest paratype measures:

Alt. 4:7, lat. 4-1; last whorl 2-4 mm.

Hab. 8S. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly).

Type in Tervueren Museum.

B. Rounded at periphery.

Kaliella euconuloides M. & P.

Ref. List No. 187.

1908. Kaliella euconuloides M. & P., A.M.N.H., 1, p. 133, pl. vu, f. 5.

DF.

Shell small, minutely umbilicate, conoid; spire subgradate, barely convex, apex

rounded. Whorls 6, very convex, rounded at periphery, sculptured almost to

extreme apex with exceedingly fine and close, faint, regular, straight, vertical

striolae, and on base with equally fine and close microspiral lines; suture deep;

apertural features as in genus.

Alt. 2-5, lat. 2:7; last whorl 1-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Dargle (type); Karkloof; Inhluzani; Game Pass;

Van Reenen (Burnup); Mkolombe Mts. (Thomasset).

Type lost; protype in British Museum.

Kaliella connollyi (Prest.).

Ref. List No. 154.

1912. Thapsiélla connollyi: Prest., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 70, f.3. DF.

Differs from the foregoing in turbinate form, wider umbilicus, and more rapidly

increasing breadth of whorl, of which there are 5, very convex, sculptured above

with close, regular, slightly curved and oblique striae, becoming weaker on the base,

which shows the usual close, fine, and faint microspiral lineation; suture impressed,

other features as in euconuloides.

Alt. 2-2, lat. 2-9; last whorl 1-7 mm.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly).

Type in Tervueren Museum.

It is somewhat uncertain whether the last two species are true

Kaliellae, but their sculpture and general features, except for absence

of keel, accord with that genus.

Famity UROCYCLIDAE.

Oxygnathous slugs furnished with a caudal gland and an epiphallus

bearing flagella; foot tripartite, mantle forming an oval anterior

shield, usually with a pore over the small contained shell, which is

oval, patelliform, and non-spiral.

166 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus Urocyclus Gray, 1864

(P.Z.S., p. 250).

Type U. kirkw Gray.

Body elongate, attached its whole length to upper surface of foot,

mantle scutiform, granular, with a small pit in middle of hind margin;

subcaudal gland very large and deep, on upper surface of tip of tail,

respiratory orifice on middle of right side of mantle, genital opening

at base of right tentacle, tentacles 4, retractile, lower small. Epi-

phallus with a caecum and a minute flagellum; dart-gland present,

with a retractor.

Urocyclus kirkw Gray.

Ref. List No. 109.

1864. Urocyclus kirku Gray, P.Z.8., p. 251. DF.

1918. ie kirka > Germ., Bull. Mus, Paris). stile

1925. ( i »,. Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 'S. Adsieaasenr

Oe lside tbe

‘Pale brown with minute square black spots on sides and a black streak on each

side of back, middle of back with two darker brown streaks; sides of body with

divergent sunken lines; margin of foot with a series of small black stripes” (Gray).

The type is now buff, no black spots on sides, a dark brown line along each side

of back and mantle and only faint trace of any down middle of back; foot tripartite,

side areas wider than central. Animal in alcohol measures

Long. 55, lat. 9, mantle 17 mm.

Binney states that the jaw is very low, slightly arcuate, without

ribs or median projection; central tooth tricuspid, laterals bicuspid,

lacking endocone, marginals aculeate with very small obtuse ectocone.

Hab. NATAL. Durban (fide Sturany).

LORENZO MARQUES. Andrada (Vasse); Inhambane; Delagoa

Bay (fide Sturany).

Type in British Museum.

Described from near the mouth of R. Zambesi (Kirk).

Urocyclus flavescens (Kfstn.).

(Blo xviyst. dts)

Ref. List No. 198.

1866. Parmarion flavescens Kfstn., Mal. Blatt., xi, p. 70, pl. u,

£. 1-8.) DF AGh

1918. Urocyclus flavescens Kfstn.,Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris, p. 358. D.

1925. a - , Conn., ‘Trans. R. Soc. S. Atmiar

Xi; Pelioce ve

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 167

“Animal 35 mm. long, uniform dingy grey-brown, with general resemblance to

Arion. Mantle large, oval, about one third of total length, its front third free and

on the right side at this point are the respiratory orifice and anus. Close to its hind

end the mantle is perforated by a small but clear hole, within which is exposed a

portion of the small, corneous, flat shell, on which no spire is perceptible. The back

is somewhat swollen to about its last quarter, and contains the large visceral mass,

from which point it narrows and descends, containing only the hind portion of the

liver; mucous pore a short slit on end of back; foot as long as, and clearly detached

from body, sole sharply delineated, about a quarter the breadth of foot; jaw strong,

with central projection, radula similar to that of Limax’”’ (Keferstein).

The anatomy is fully treated by Keferstein; Germain states that

the animal in alcohol is: long. 34, lat. max. 6, alt. 82 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Inhambane; Mungurumbe (Peters);

Mt. Vumba, 4300 feet (Vasse); Delagoa Bay (Spencer).

NATAL. Pinetown; Pietermaritzburg (Burnup).

Described from Quilimane; type in Berlin Museum.

The record of this species by Gibbons, 1879, should be expunged

from my Reference List, as it has since been proved to relate to

Kirkia gibbonsi Pollonera, from Mozambique.

Urocyclus fasciatus (Mts.).

Ref. List No. 197.

1879. Aspidoporus fasciatus Mts., Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,

Bi fab:, dD.

1918. Urocyclus fasciatus Mts., Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris, p. 360. D.

1925. . = , Conn., Trans. R. Soc. S. Africa,

mip 136. Ls.

“Paler and slimmer than flavescens, in spirit 32 mm. long and 5} broad, isabella

yellow with on both sides of body a white band, which begins below the middle of

mantle, runs to the caudal pore and projects to the rear somewhat like a keel; no

dorsal keel; rugation weaker than in flavescens”’ (Martens).

Germain states that the shell is oval, attenuate behind, very finely

concentrically striate, nucleus submedian.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Andrada (Vasse).

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup).

Described from Quilimane; type in Berlin Museum.

Urocyclus pallescens Ckll.

Ref. List No. 201.

1891. Urocyclus pallescens Ckll., A.M.N.H., vii, p. 101. D.

The original description states that the colour is pale greyish ochre without

spots, reticulation on body in longitudinal squarish series, about 12 on each side

168 Annals of the South African Museum.

keel indistinct, no lateral ridges, mucous pore smaller than in kirkii, mantle

reticulated, bluntly angulate behind, 12 mm. long, opening only a narrow slit,

or small, rather oblong hole, very much smaller than in kirkii and very near the

hind end; respiratory orifice as in Heynemann’s figure of fasciatus. Central area

of foot about as wide as either lateral area, shell strong, well formed,

Long. 6, lat. 4 mm., animal in alcohol 314 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Durban (type, Craven, 1875).

ZULULAND. Nagana Reserve (H. H. Curzon).

Type presumably in British Museum.

“Most nearly allied to U. flavescens Kfstn., of which it may prove

a sub-species; Keferstein’s figure shows a slug differing from ours in

the shape of the body, and especially of the mantle, and the opening

of the mantle is different. U. kraussianus differs from pallescens in

its colour and in shape of the mantle ”’ (Cockerell).

The slug from Nagana Reserve agrees pretty well with the foregoing

description; the mantle and side areas of foot are buff, central area

and body greyish ochre; granulation on body coarser than in flavescens,

mantle opening minute, and caudal pore small.

Urocyclus (*%) kraussvanus (Heynem.).

Ref. List No. 200.

1848. Lomax (Arion) (*) sp., Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 73. D.

1862. » kraussianus Heynem., Mal. Blatt., ix, p. 217. D.

1863000 be - a‘ x, p. 211) pea

poe ve

1885. Urocyclus (%) kraussianus Heynem., Jahrb. D. Mal. Ges., xu,

[Oo AO aA.

1891. Urocyclus kraussianus Heynem., Ckll., A.M.N.H., vu,

palo2. 22

1910. Urocyclus kraussianus Heynem., Clige., Ann. Natal Mus.,

MeO, Mesy ING

The original description of this very dubious species, as amended by Heynemann

in 1862, should apparently read: Less slender and delicate than foregoing (Milax

capensis), greyish black, rugate, 14 inch long. Mantle oval, thick, rugose, rounded

fore and aft; respiratory opening somewhat in front of middle of mantle. Shell

thin, convex, broad, very membranaceous on margins with easily visible lines of

srowth; jaw with sharp, narrow, not very prominent median projection; teeth

of radula similar to agrestis, central tricuspid, laterals with ectocone, marginals

beginning at 24th tooth somewhat aculeate, still with ectocone; at 33rd tooth

aculeation is complete and the ectocone gives place to a small exterior protuberance;

extremities of radula deficient.

After further discussion in 1863 Heynemann concluded that this

Kraussian slug was a Limaz, but in 1885 he wrote that, since the dis-

covery of African limaciform pulmonates with open and closed mantle

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 169

opening and caudal pore, he had formed the opinion that he was much

mistaken in placing this species, of which he had several specimens

under notice when he first examined it, in Limaz, and this had been

confirmed on further investigation; time had rendered them practically

unrecognisable, but he had now found the caudal pore, and on that

account the species appeared in his African list under another generic

name, Urocyclus (?) kraussianus Heynemann, Hab. Natal.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (Krauss).

NATAL (fide Heynemann).

Type formerly in Stuttgart Museum, but from Heynemann’s later

statement apparently desiccated or decomposed.

Famity ZONITIDAE.

Shell usually depressed globose and thin, with a simple peristome;

jaw smooth with median projection, central tooth nearly always

tricuspid, laterals mostly few in number, with ectocone and often

an endocone; marginals aculeate. Foot usually with lateral grooves

and a small caudal pore; mantle without shell-lobes.

Sub-Family ZoniriInag.

Foot sole tripartite or sometimes undivided; receptacular duct

not forked; vagina often with glands, penis without papilla, no dart.

Genus Oxychilus Fitz., 1833

(Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr., iii, p. 100).

Type Helix cellaria Mill.

(=Polita Held, 1837; Lucilla Lowe, 1855; EHuhyalina Albers, 1857

and Huhyalinia Taylor, 1907).

Shell thin, corneous, depressed, glossy, umbilicate, brown above,

often slightly lacteous beneath, peristome simple; animal with tripartite

sole, well-marked pedal grooves and a small caudal mucous pore;

genital opening on side of neck; right eye-muscle crossing penis,

which, with epiphallus, is well developed; vagina with gland. Radula

with comparatively few teeth in each row, central small, tricuspid,

2-5 tricuspid laterals, marginals aculeate, large.

All the species now inhabiting South Africa have been introduced

and do not appear as yet to be distributed far outside the limits of

urban cultivation.

The gender of Fitzinger’s Latinised name is open to question, and

170 Annals of the South African Museum.

while here treating it as masculine, I do so without prejudice to the

views of those writers who regard it as neuter.

Oxychilus draparnaldi (Beck).

Ref. List No. 183 (as draparnaudt).

1801. Helox lucida Drap., Tabl. Moll. Fr., p. 96. D.

1805. ,, mtida Drap., Hist. Moll. Fr., p. 117, pl. vin, £ 23-25:

DF.

1837. Helix draparnaldi (=nitida Drap.), Beck, Index Moll., p. 6.

1914. Hyalinia lucida Drap., Tayl., Mon., mi, p. 456. N.L.F.

1916. Polita draparnaudi Beck, Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xii, p. 183.

Shell comparatively large, subdiscoid, umbilicate, thin, smooth, glossy, bright

corneous brown above, paler beneath. Spire little raised; whorls 6, nearly flat,

rounded at periphery at all stages of growth, regularly increasing, sculptured with

extremely faint, somewhat irregular, slightly curved and oblique growth striolae;

suture simple, well defined. Aperture 3-oval, slightly oblique, labrum slightly

curved and receding gradually to base, columella very short, margin shortly

reflexed but not overhanging the umbilicus, which is nearly funicular but just

exposes all the whorls. A well-grown Kenilworth example measures

Diam. maj. 15-0, min. 13-3; alt. 8-0; apert. alt. 6-3, lat. 6-9 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Rondebosch (Oakley); Kenilworth

(Connolly).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Kimberley (O. Williams).

Specimens from Kenilworth prove on anatomical grounds that they

are correctly determined; Taylor states that in the majority of Eng-

lish examples the radula shows 3 tricuspid laterals and then a tran-

sitional tooth lacking the outer cusp, followed by 10 aculeate marginals.

Although to a great extent vegetarian, this, like other members of

the genus, is also carnivorous, even devouring its cousins O. cellarius

and Z. arboreus, but is no match for Nata, which I have seen devour

it in turn.

Originals in Vienna Museum.

I entered fully into the proper name for this species in my Reference

List and find that my arguments are now fairly generally accepted.

Oxychilus cellarius (Miill.).

Ref. List No. 182.

1774. Helix cellaria Mill., Verm., i, p. 28. D.

1914. Hyalima cellaria Mill., Tayl., Mon., ii, p. 457. NF.

1916. Polita cellaria Mill., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xii, p. 182. JN.

(Other recent references of no local interest omitted.)

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 171

Smaller and of comparatively less altitude than the foregoing, owing to the

aperture being more lateral and less oblique, while the whorls increase a trifle more

slowly. My largest Cape Town example, with 5} whorls, measures

Diam. maj. 9-9, min. 9-0; alt. 4:8; apert. alt. 3-7, lat. 4-0 mm., while drapar-

naldi of approximately the same size has diam. maj. 10-0, min. 8-8, alt. 5-1 mm.

The radula figured by Taylor has 35 rows of teeth, with tricuspid

central and 2 large tricuspid laterals on each side, then a transi-

tional tooth lacking the outer cusp, and 11 aculeate marginals.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Rondebosch (Benson, 1846); widely

distributed.

CAPE PROVINCE. Stellenbosch (Péringuey); Somerset East

(Miss Bowker); Somerset West (Purcell).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Kimberley (Gowie); Newlands (Miss

v. Slavern).

S. RHODESIA. Bulawayo (in South African Museum).

Probable type in Copenhagen Museum.

Specimens from St. James,C.P., have been determined on anatomical

grounds as belonging to this common European species.

Oxychilus alliarius (Miller).

Ref. List No. 181.

1822. Helix alliaria Mill., Ann. Philos., i, p. 379. D.

1914. Hyalinia alliaria Mill., Tayl., Mon., i, p. 465. UN.

1916. Polita alliaria Mill., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xi, p.182. WN.

Differs from cellarius in smaller size, darker colour, less depressed spire, thicker

shell, and frequently far stronger sculpture. The Cape Town race is nearly smooth,

but in that from Grahamstown the first 1? whorls are smooth and the remainder

covered with strong, fairly close and regular, slightly curved, transverse growth

striae, extending into the funicular umbilicus. My largest Grahamstown example,

with 44 whorls, measures

Diam. maj. 6-3, min. 5:5; alt. 3-3; apert. alt. 2-6, lat. 2-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (Connolly).

CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown (Farquhar).

A well-known European species, of which, however, the type

appears to be lost; the animal is capable of exhaling a strong odour

of garlic when annoyed, which readily provides for its identification

when in live condition; the radula consists of about 35 rows of teeth,

central small, tricuspid, 2 three-cusped laterals on either side, a

transitional tooth lacking the outer cusp, and 9 aculeate marginals.

172 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus Vitrea Fitz., 1833

(Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr., iii, p. 99)

(= Hyalhnia Charp., 1837, and Crystallus Lowe, 1855).

Type Helix crystallina Mill.

Shell vitreous, smooth and glossy; central and lateral teeth tri-

cuspid, marginals aculeate; genital opening near right tentacle,

receptaculum seminis rudimentary, spermiduct thin, right eye-

muscle between penis and vagina, penial retractor arising from

columellar muscle.

Vitrea crystallina (Mill.).

Ref. List No. 180.

1774. Helix crystallina Mull., Verm., u, p. 23. D.

1914. Hyalinia (Vitrea) crystallina Mill., Tayl., Mon., in, p. 469. LZ.

(Synonymy and other recent references omitted.)

Shell very small, umbilicate, smooth and glossy, vitreous. Spire little raised.

Whorls 43-5, convex, slowly increasing, first 24 smooth, later bearing very fine

and close transverse growth striolae; suture rather deep. Aperture ?-lunar,

labrum receding in a slight curve, columella weak and simple, umbilicus narrow;

a Wynberg example measures

Diam. maj. 2-9, min. 2-7; alt. 1-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town and suburbs (plentiful).

Type ubi?

A common and well-known European species.

Sub-Family GASTRODONTINAE.

Stalk of receptaculum seminis forked at base, often with stylet

in penis or ina sac; radula with tricuspid central and bicuspid laterals.

Genus Zonitoides Lehm., 1862

(Mal. Blatt., ix, p. 111).

Type Helix nitida Mill.

Shell rather small, umbilicate, depressed globose; penis containing

a large papilla with a calcareous plate, dart long and slender, developed

in special dart sac which has a retractor that arises from spermathecal

fork; sole undivided, genital opening rather remote from base of

right tentacle, near front of visceral stalk.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 173

Zonitoides arboreus (Say).

Ref. List No. 185.

1817. Helix arborea Say, Nicholson’s Encyclopaedia, iv, pl. iv

1916. Zonitoides arboreus Say, Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xiii, p. 183.

NN.

1926. Zonitoides arboreus Say, Bartsch and Quick, J. Agric.

Research, xxxu, p. 783, pll.iiv. D.F.A.R.

1928. Zonitoides arboreus Say, Baker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

imax, p, od, pl. vi, f. 6-9. A.R.

1929. Zonitoides (Zonitellus) arboreus Say, Baker, Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sei. Phila., Ixxxi, p. 255, pl. vii, f.7. A.

Shell small, much depressed globose, umbilicate, smooth and glossy, corneous

brown. Spire not much raised; whorls 5, convex, gradually increasing, first 14

smooth, remainder sculptured all over with close, fairly regular, slightly curved

and oblique transverse striae and exceedingly fine, close and faint microspiral

lineation; suture well defined. Aperture crescentic, labrum receding slightly in

a gentle curve, columella weak, simple, umbilicus funiculate, rather narrow. A

Kenilworth example measures

Diam. maj. 5-1, min. 4-7; alt. 2:3; apert. alt. 1-7, lat. 2-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (Layard); Grahams-

town (Reeve); King Williamstown (Godfrey); East London (Kin-

caid); Fairford, Cathcart (Miss Cottrell); Queenstown (Becker);

Port Alfred (Gowie).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Kimberley (S. van Lyssen).

CAPE PENINSULA. Kenilworth (Connolly).

TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (Connolly).

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Ponsonby); Dundee (Miss Hickey);

Verulam (Cawston).

A common American species, introduced into many parts of the

world, and not yet recorded in South Africa from other than cultivated

localities; Bartsch and Quick state that is responsible for much of

the cane disease produced by the pitting and mutilation of sugar

cane roots in Louisiana. Radula formula (19+6+1+6+19) x77,

central tricuspid, larger than first lateral, laterals with outer cusp,

marginals aculeate, decreasing in size towards the margin.

Zonitoides africanus O. Bttg.

Ref. List No. 184.

1910. Zonitoides africanus Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Ges., xxxii, p. 436,

peexxyut, f. 2. DF.

174 Annals of the South African Museum.

1930. Zonitoides africanus Bttg., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix,

De 2 Ne

Only known in subfossil condition; slightly less convex above than the fore-

going, and more so beneath, with slightly narrower, more funicular umbilicus.

One of Rogers’ shells has 44 moderately convex whorls, with transverse sculpture

as in arboreus, and measures

Diam. maj. 5-0, min. 4:5; alt. 2-7 mm.

Hab. DAMARALAND. Gobabis (type, subfossil, Hermann).

BECHUANALAND. Tlapings Laagte Well, west of Vryburg

(subfossil, Rogers).

Type in Senckenberg Museum.

The resemblance of the much-weathered examples of this species

so far known to arboreus is sufficiently strong to justify its assign-

ment to Zonitoides, but if such is its true position an interesting

problem arises, as the only member of that genus now living in South

Africa is the imported arboreus, Z. cupido M. & P. having proved

to be a Gudeélla. Boettger’s fossil, however, appears absolutely

identical with one from the Kharga Oasis, near Cairo, which has been

identified, I think correctly, with nitidus Mill. H,therefore, africanus

is actually conspecific with Miller’s species, a point on which Dr. Haas

is inclined to agree, and is accompanied both in the Tlapings Laagte

and Kharga deposits by Vertigo antwertigo, another palaearctic

species quite unknown in recent condition in the Ethiopian fauna,

a hitherto uncontemplated problem is presented for geological

consideration.

Famity LIMACIDAE.

Slugs with tripartite sole, peripodial grooves, but no caudal mucous

pore; back usually keeled posteriorly, mantle anterior, with res-

piratory orifice behind the middle of its right margin, genital opening

behind right ommatophore; shell degenerate, white, enclosed in mantle,

flattened oval or oblong, with nucleus nearer posterior margin; jaw

smooth, with central projection, radula with aculeate marginal teeth

as in other Oxygnathous families.

It is practically certain that none of this palaearctic family is

endemic to South Africa, for although two species of Milax have been

described from the sub-continent, it is probable that they are merely

forms of gagates, or possibly of some nearly related species introduced

from the Atlantic Islands.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 175

Sub-Family Limacinae.

Mantle concentrically wrinkled; keel usually restricted to posterior

end of back; shell with nucleus usually on the left; endocone of

lateral teeth more or less united with mesocone; genital organs with

no well-developed epiphallus or spermatophore.

Genus Limaz Lin., 1758

(Syst. Nat. Ed. x, 1, pp. 644, 652).

Type L. maximus Lin.

Right ocular retractor crossing penis; intestine with two forwardly

directed loops; left division of liver posterior.

Three species of Limax have found their way to South Africa, but

they are very distinct from one another and are now often placed in

separate sections of the genus.

Timax maximus Lin.

(Ets ose. 1. 1.)

Ref. List No. 191.

1758. Inmazx maximus Lin., Syst. Nat. Ed. x, 1, p. 652. D.

J (iy: eae 3 37 Laylor, Men. Brit. Moll., u, p. 34,

pee (1903), f. 1-15. D.FA.R.

1916. Limax maximus Lin., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xiii, p. 184. JN.

1926. zs a ,, lls, British Snails, p. 258, pl. xiii,

f. 22-23; pl. xiv, f.1. D.F.

Body slender, 100-160 mm. in length, tapering and keeled posteriorly, with

about 48 longitudinal rows of elongate tubercles; colour usually yellowish grey

or cinereous, banded or spotted with black in two or three lines along each side of

the body, neck and foot-fringe pale, former with 2 dorsal grooves, enclosing a single

row of tubercles and terminating in front as the facial grooves; mantle oblong,

rounded in front, angulate behind, capable of being lifted up in front, usually

marbled or spotted with black; sole whitish; shell situate under hinder part of

mantle, oblong oval, 13 x 7mm. Jaw corneous brown, about 4 x 1 mm., arcuate

with strong, bluntly pointed central projection; radula 10 x 5 mm., central and

lateral teeth with sub-obsolete side cusps, marginals narrow, the outer 30-40 with

the cusp weakly bifurcate, formula given by Taylor (62+20+1+20+62) x 168.

Rectum without caecal diverticulum; prostate gland diverging from oviduct

anteriorly; penis long; receptacular duct opening into atrium.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Table Mountain; Newlande (Purcell;

Lightfoot; Barnard).

All Cape Town animals I have seen, including the set on which

176 Annals of the South African Museum.

Collinge based his somewhat hesitating attribution of this species to

that district, have a pale salmon-coloured body, ornamented with

black spots, which are irregularly disposed on the mantle, but are

arranged in longitudinal bands on the rest of the body, where they

may frequently coalesce into rather broad, solid lines.

L. maximus is distributed throughout most of Europe to Asia

Minor and Algeria, and is recorded from America, Australasia, and the

North Atlantic Islands, its distribution south of the Equator being

doubtless due to commerce.

LInmaz flavus Lin.

Ref. List No. 190.

1758. Limax flavus Lin., Syst. Nat. Ed. x, 1, p. 652. D.

T9005 ae, ny » Clige.,, Ann. S.A. Mus: 0; paz

IOS Se Ae , Laylor, Mon. Brit. Moll, i; pigs ue

(905) St 3 oan eh eAn ts.

1926. Limaz flavus Lin., Ellis, British Snails, p. 262, pl. xiii, f. 18-19;

jolly cay, hy Gg Dae

Body 75-100 mm. in length, rounded above, somewhat keeled in rear, usually

dusky amber, overspread with bluish grey, through which a large number of oblong

rugae and the keel show in their original amber hue; foot-sole yellowish white;

mantle narrow and rounded in front, broader and obtusely angulate in rear, with

many irregular yellow spots; no dark lateral bands; shell subquadrate oval,

apex a little distant from posterior margin and slightly to the left, 9 x6 mm.

Radula with unicuspid central and lateral teeth, marginals aculeate, some outer

ones with small ectocone. Formula, given by Taylor, (45 +20 +1 +20 +45) x 153.

Rectum with long caecal diverticulum; prostate diverging from oviduct anteriorly;

receptacular duct opening into vagina.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (Lightfoot); Table

Mountain (Barnard).

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup).

O.F.S. Smithfield (Kannemayer).

A species with many synonyms, recorded from temperate Europe,

Asia Minor, Algeria, North Atlantic Islands, North and South America,

Seychelles, Australasia, and Japan.

Inmax nyctelius Bet.

1861. Limax nyctelius Bgt., Rev. et Mag. Zool., xi, p. 305. D.

i Ps Si » pic. Malac., p. 41, pl.u, f. 3-4. DF.

S647 re », Mal. Algerie, i, p. 38, pl.i, f. 1-2. DF.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 177

1891. Malacolimax nyctelius Bgt., Pollon, Boll. Mus. Torino, vi,

Hoi 100, p. 2. N.

1921. Malacolimax nyctelius Bgt., Plry., J. de C., Ixvi, p. 98. L.

Body 40-50 mm. long, tapering towards the hind end, where there is a very

short, inconspicuous keel; mantle rounded in front and very obtusely angulate

behind; ground colour of back usually light or medium brown in adult specimens,

but yellow or pallid when young; mantle with a dark brown band on each side

and sometimes a third median band on its hinder half; beyond the mantle the

lateral bands continue to the hinder end as a pair of dark lines along the upper

part of the back, and occasionally there are also dark spots below them, but the

bands are often faint in adult specimens, though very conspicuous in the young;

foot-fringe and sole pale. Shell oval-oblong, pointed behind,6x4mm. Jaw about

2 mm. in length, with a broad central projection and fine cross striae; radula with

tricuspid central and lateral teeth, though the endocones and ectocones are small,

and aculeate marginals, the inner with single cusps in adults, but the outer teeth

with ectocones which are often split into two. Formula of a Pietermaritzburg

specimen (40 +15+1+15+40)x130. Rectum with a long caecal diverticulum;

prostate not diverging from oviduct; penis contorted; receptacular duct opening

into atrium.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Newlands (Warren).

CAPE PROVINCE. Michell’s Pass, Ceres (Barnard); Grahams-

town (?) (Dr Dru Drury).

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Warren).

This slug is a native of Algeria and Morocco, whence it appears to

have been transported to South Africa and elsewhere, possibly with

palms or dates. The presence of dark bands on the mantle, combined

with the absence of a caudal mucous pore, makes it easy to distinguish

from other species of slugs known to occur in South Africa.

I am deeply indebted for the foregoing particulars to H. Watson,

who has based his description on South African examples attributable

to Bourguignat’s species. The original diagnosis of that author,

copied in his later papers, treats of a small slug, 20-25 mm. long when

extended, with the respiratory orifice very anterior, “which is very

rare in Limaz,” but Pollonera has pointed out that this referred to

an immature and probably somewhat abnormal specimen, since in

many which he had examined the slug attained the length of A.

agrestis and the respiratory orifice was not very anterior, but “‘latero

posteriore,”’ as in other species of the genus. Pallary has identified

certain European animals, identical with the South African, with this

hitherto little-known species. The single example from Grahams-

town is rather darker than usual and slightly divergent internally

from normal, but is probably referable to nyctelius.

VOU. SRT. 12

178 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus Agriolimax Morch, 1865

(J. de C., xiii, p. 378).

Type L. agrestis Lin.

Right ocular retractor free from penis; intestine with one for-

wardly directed loop; right division of liver posterior.

It is pretty generally accepted that Mérch’s appropriate name will

have to give place to one of several older that have been proposed for

this genus, the oldest claimant being Deroceras Rafinesque, 1820, but

there is so much disagreement at present as to whether Rafinesque’s

monotype, Limazx gracilis Raf., is a recognisable species or otherwise,

that it may be unwise as yet to discard Agriolimaz, which is at least

based on a solid foundation, in favour of a fresh name which may, in

its turn, be lable to ultimate rejection.

Agriolimaz reticulatus (Miill.).

Ref. List No. 195 (as agrestis).

1774. Lomax reticulatus Mill., Verm.,u, p.10. D.

1904. Agriolimax agrestis Lin., varr. reticulata Miill., etc., Tayl.,

Mon Brit. Molle n, polilb; pl xy (1906) tf s:ete One

1915. Agriolimax reticulatus Mill., Luther, Acta Soc. Flor. Faun.

Fenn., xl, 2, p.5. D.A. Ecology.

1933. Deroceras reticulatum Mill., Ehrmann, Tierwelt Mitteleuropas,

yen li: ee Ar

Animal 30-60 mm. long, varying in colour from yellowish white to grey or

brown, usually with irregular dark brown spots, which are often confluent in the

dermal grooves so as to form a reticulate pattern. Internally the hermaphrodite

gland is situate dorsally near the hinder end, and the penis bears a branched and

lobed posterior gland.

While no instance of the true A. agrestis occurring in South Africa

is known to Watson, he has verified some of the records as referring to

the present species; I therefore repeat those given in my Reference

List as possibly all attributable to reticulatus, with the proviso that

such may not prove entirely accurate when similar slugs are collected

again in some of the same localities.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (Lightfoot); Cape Flats

(Schultze); Green Point (Roebuck); Millers Point (German South

Polar Expedition).

CAPE PROVINCE. Caledon; East London (Mrs. Longstaff);

Stellenbosch; Ceres (Lightfoot).

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup); Albert Falls (Akerman).

es? ——

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 179

Luther treats very fully of the difference between L. agrestis and

reticulatus, which had been almost universally regarded as a mere

variety of the former species. The figure of L. agrestis was inserted

on pl. XIV before these notes were written, but the two species are

extremely near akin.

Agriolimaz laevis (Miill.).

Ref. List No. 196.

1774. LInmaz laevis Mill., Verm., uu, p.1. D.

1904. Agriolimax laevis Miill., Tayl., Mon. Brit. Moll., ii, p. 121,

pe ay (1906), f.5-8. DFAR.

1916. Agriolimaz laevis Mill., Conn., Ann. $.A. Mus., xii, p. 185.

N.L.

Body relatively smooth and glossy, usually reddish brown or chocolate, rounded

except for short keel on tail, mantle large, rounded fore and aft, somewhat paler

than body, concentrically ridged, neck very long, tentacles black and thick, with

large black bulbs, foot tripartite, usually light brown; length of animal about

15-20 mm. Shell oblong oval, white and glossy, with an indistinct oblique ridge

from apex to front of right side, apex towards left posterior angle, concentric

striae arcuate, numerous and distinct,

Long. 3-0, lat. 1-5 mm.

Radula with tricuspid central and laterals and more or less aculeate

marginals; formula, after Taylor, (16+12+1+12+16) x115.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Queenstown (Dower; Roebuck);

Kokstad (Cawston).

NATAL. Thornville Junction (Burnup).

A species of almost world-wide distribution, differing externally

from reticulatus in its colourless mucus, abrupt terminal end of body

and large mantle, and internally by absence of the rectatheca and

of the digitate gland at apex of penis.

var. grisea Taylor.

Agriolimax laevis Miill., var. grisea Tayl., Mon. Brit. Moll., ui,

p- 126, pl. xv (1906), £.6. DF.

Animal in spirit: long. 12-5, lat. 3-5, greenish grey above with slightly yellower

tinge beneath, sole pale grey, slightly broader than side areas, greatest breadth

1-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Vet. Serv. S. Africa).

DAMARALAND. Alt Seis, Windhoek District (Edlinger).

Described from Ireland and recorded by Taylor from Finland and

Germany.

180 Annals of the South African Museum.

My very tentative determination of these slugs as this variety is

based solely on their close resemblance to Taylor’s figure and on other

external features; I have not seen specimens from the other localities

given above for the typical form.

Sub-Family PARMACELLINAE.

Limacidae with a well-developed epiphallus and spermatophore;

accessory organs, when present, developed from atrium or vagina;

endocones of lateral teeth separate from mesocones; mantle granulose

or punctate, its central part limited by a groove. |

Cockerell has recently * proposed a distinct sub-family, Milacinae,

for Milax and Aspidophorus, leaving Parmacella and Boettgerila in

the Parmacellinae.

Genus Milax Gray, 1855

(Cat. Pulm., p. 174).

Type Limax gagates Drap.

(=Amalia Moq.-Tand., 1855).

Pedal gland in body cavity; right ocular retractor free from penis;

genital opening near mantle-edge; mantle of moderate size, wholly

concealing the shell, which has a non-spiral median nucleus.

Muilax gagates (Drap.).

Ref. List No. 198.

1801. Lomax gagates Drap., Tabl. Moll. Fr., p. 100. D.

1904. Amalia _,, 5 Layl., Mon. Brit. Moll’) apa

pew G06). 9-14, DNA:

1916. Milax gagates Drap., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xii, p. 184. WN.

LOBOS. 56 e » Watson, J. of C, xix) p. 13; ieee

Olen FORO weeh A. hh,

Animal comparatively slender, usually black to grey above; foot-sole pale;

dorsal keel prominent and sharp, extending entire length of back, angulate behind;

body with regular, longitudinal grooves, the intervening spaces only slightly

granulate; mantle shortly rounded behind; shell elongate oval, white, convex

above, apex slightly in rear of centre, encircled by concentric lines of growth,

Long. 4:5, lat. 3 mm.; length of animal about 50-60 mm.

Jaw arcuate, finely striate, with obtuse median projection, central

and lateral teeth tricuspid, inner marginals with outer cusp, outer

simply aculeate; formula given by Watson (29+18+1+17 +27) x 96.

* Nautilus, xlviii, 1935, p. 148.

“ ———————

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 181

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (fide Cockerell); Ashton;

Storms Vlei (Purcell); George (Vet. Serv. 8. Africa).

CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (Lightfoot); Cape Flats

(Schultze); Simonstown (German South Pole Expedition).

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup).

A European species, also recorded from the Atlantic Islands,

North and South America, and Australia.

Milax capensis (Krs.).

(PE if) 15-17.)

Ref. List No. 192.

1848. Limaz (Limas) capensis Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 73. D.

Pease | ATaussy, (= campesiris’—Krs.), H. & A. Ad.;: Gen.

nec. Moll. nu, p. 219.

“Animal in alcohol whitish, smooth, slender, elongate, subcylindriform,

acuminate behind, with the appearance of a dorsal keel, mantle elongate oval,

22-5 mm. long, smooth, weak, rounded fore and aft, containing at the hind end a

solid, rounded oval shell, convex and smooth above, rougher beneath, with

irregular concentric and indistinct radial striae, apex on anterior margin, not

prominent, length of shell 6-0, lat. 5-1; animal: long. 69-0, lat. 10-0 mm.; respira-

tory orifice somewhat behind centre of mantle.” (After Krauss.)

Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (Krauss).

Remains of type in Stuttgart Museum.

When Heynemann examined the tube that was supposed to con-

tain the single type specimen of this species there remained nothing

but the shell, which, he said, is very similar to that of M. marginatus,

solid, not membranaceous on border, regularly oval with tendency

towards quadrangulation, and nucleus on central line. It is now half-

covered with a calcareous deposit which it would be unsafe to remove;

it is 4-5 x 3-0 mm. and apparently consists of a smooth nucleus nearly

3 mm. in length, after which it bears about 9 growth lines following

the hinder curve of the nucleus, but it has obviously undergone

considerable change since the time of Krauss’ original description.

Milax ponsonby (Clige.).

Ref. List No. 194.

(Bly mv; fs 33)

1900. Amalia ponsonbyi Clige., Ann. 8.A. Mus., ii, p. 2, pl. 1, f. 1-2;

pit to. DFA.

Animal sepia blue on mantle and back, gradually shading to yellowish down the

sides, groove on mantle well marked, keel well developed, rugae small, sulci

182 Annals of the South African Museum.

faint, sepia coloured, peripodial groove narrow, but distinct, foot-sole yellowish,

divided into median and lateral planes.

Length in alcohol 32 mm.

Shell calcareous, ovoid, slightly broader behind the middle: Long 5.0, lat.

3-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (Lightfoot).

Type in Cambridge Museum.

Externally this slug is said to be not unlike some forms of gagates,

but that the generative organs prove them to be distinct.

Famity ARIONIDAE.

Slugs with mantle restricted to anterior and middle part of body;

radular teeth with quadrate basal plates; foot with peripodial grooves;

kidney more or less surrounding the heart.

Sub-Family ARIONINAE.

Shell internal or practically absent; jaw ribbed; cephalic retractors

arising separately.

Genus Arion Feér., 1819

(Hist. Moll., i, pp. 50, 53).

Type A. empiricorum Fer.

Slugs with rounded dorsum and somewhat corpulent body, rugose

skin, blunt and unkeeled tail, foot with pedal groove and caudal

mucous pore, mantle anterior, granulate, rounded at each end, with

respiratory orifice near its right fore-end and genital opening beneath;

shell usually a soft calcareous secretion; the chief internal character-

istics are the crowding of the main mass of the genitalia into the fore-

half of the body, and absence of a penis, its intromittent functions

having been usurped by the vagina.

Arion intermedius Normand.

Ref. List Nos. 209, 210.

1852. Arion intermedius Norm., Descr. Lim. nouv., p. 6. D.

1885. ,, minimus Srth., Toten Wiss. Zool., An pp. 237, 289,

plaval, tele ple. 18-25. Dek ALR.

1900. Arion fuscus Mill., Clige., Ann. S.A. Mus., 1, p. 7. JL.

1906. ,, «antermedius mone Tayl., Mon. Brit. Moll., 1, p. 240,

pl. xxiv (1907), f. 18-23. D.F.A.R.

1910. Arion fuscus Mill., Cllge., Ann. Natal Mus., 1, p. 170. L.

VOWG.< ae - » and intermedius Norm., Conn., Ann. S.A.

Mis. ;) scm, p.lisd. iV.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 183

Animal small but plumply built, hinder end very blunt; foot-sole undivided,

caudal pore inconspicuous, body tubercles shortly polygonal, surmounted in life

by short, white, glandular spikes, of which, however, there is no sign in spirit

material from South Africa, respiratory opening almost median, genital opening

below and nearly midway between pulmonary orifice and base of right tentacle,

shield finely granulate, rounded at ends, about one-third as long as body, colour

of animal yellowish grey, usually with a faint, slightly darker band along each

side, sole yellowish, fringe yellowish grey.

Length seldom exceeding 20, width when extended 34, though in contracted

spirit examples nearly 5 mm.

Jaw not much curved, with broad ribs, radula formula fide Taylor

(34 +1-+434) x 98, central tricuspid, inner laterals weakly so, gradually

losing the endocone, marginals bicuspid. Shell vestigial, but said to

be sometimes white, opaque, and rugate.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Flats (Schultze); Cape Town

and Table Mountain (frequent).

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup).

Such Cape Town examples as I have seen agree in colour with

Taylor’s figure (l.c., p. 244, pl. xxiv, f. 22) of var. normalis Moq.-Tand.,

uniform yellow with blackish head and tentacles.

As there existed some doubt as to whether the slugs attributed by

Simroth to intermedius and by Collinge to fuscus might refer in reality

to only a single species, I communicated my doubts to the latter,

whose kind reply I quote hereunder, as its conciseness and authority

carry greater weight than any expression of my own views, and afford

conclusive grounds for eliminating fuscus from the South African list:

“In reply to your letter I have very distinct recollections of the Arion

fuscus; they proved very puzzling and I could not make them agree

with our British intermedius. With a wider knowledge now of this

latter species I should certainly place the 8. African specimens under

iG 29

A. intermedius is endemic in Europe and probably the Azores; it

is also recorded from New Zealand, where its introduction, as into

South Africa, is doubtless due to commerce.

Arion hortensis Fer.

EPI: xiv, £..5.)

1820. Arion hortensis Fér., Hist. Moll., ii, p. 65, pl. u,f.4-5. DF.

1. SO aan es 2 layieevMon:.. Brits (Moll, 1m, ip: 210;

peeeav (1907), f. 7-11. - DF. ALR.

1926. Arion (Prolepis) hortensis Fér., K. & W., Syn. Brit. Moll.,

petol, | Ref. List.

184 Annals of the South African Museum.

Animal about 30 mm. long when extended, normally dark slate-grey, darkest

mid-dorsally, and with a conspicuous darker band on each side, sharply defined

above, but not below. Body less blunt in rear than in intermedius, about 24

longitudinal rows of tubercles on each side, shield rounded in front and broadly so

in rear, finely shagreened, the dark lateral band continuing and arching over the

respiratory orifice; head and tentacles dark, neck pale, sole not visibly tripartite,

normally orange or deep yellow, fringe bearing slight transverse furrows. Shell

usually vestigial but sometimes solid.

Jaw crossed by about 10 ribs; radula formula, fide Taylor

(264+10+1+10+4 26) x 116, central strongly tricuspid, laterals ob-

scurely so but lacking the endocone cutting point, inner marginals

unicuspid, later with ectocone, outermost very small.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Newlands, Table Mountain (Barnard

and others).

A well-known European species now acclimatised in the United

States; Taylor includes in synonymy lineatus Risso, anthracius Bet.,

pelophilus and distinctus Mab., pyrenaicus Fagot, alpensis Fitz.,

cotteanus Pollon., elongatus and coeruleus Clige.

Sub-Family OOPELTINAE.

Animal without inner shell, tapering behind, without caudal pore,

foot-sole usually undivided, mantle rather small, ovate, respiratory

orifice slightly in front of middle; jaw smooth, with weak central

projection, central tooth tricuspid, laterals with ectocones, marginals

with short cusps.

Genus Oopelta Mérch, 1867

(Mal. Blatt., xiv, p. 191).

Type O. nigropunctata Mérch.

Characters as in the subfamily. The specific determination of

these slugs follows that of Collinge in his papers of 1900 and 1901, but

the genus now probably needs careful revision, as Pollonera was

unacquainted with what Collinge had written and the status of the

two species he described is doubtful, and I have seen at least two or

more forms which appear to be new, but without knowledge of whose

anatomy it is inadvisable to describe them.

Oopelta nigropunctata Mérch.

Ref. List No. 207.

(Plxrveteee

1867. Oopelta nigropunctata Mérch, Heynem., Mal. Blatt., xiv,

p. 191, plu, t1-2. | DLA.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 185

1900. Oopelta nigropunctata Mérch, Clige., Ann. 8.A. Mus., ii, p. 5,

Peete. pl: uf. 16. - D.F.A.

Animal yellowish green, paler on sides, body marked by a series of oblique

posteriorly directed grooves, 2-2 mm. apart; mantle oval, granulate, spotted

with an irregular series of few or rather more black dots; slight trace of keel;

rugae small, peripodial groove distinct.

Length in alcohol 50-0, mantle 21 mm. (after Collinge).

Central tooth of radula figured by Heynemann with 2 small side

cusps, laterals to about No. 33 with ectocone, marginals from about

the 36th tooth practically cuspless.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Bergvlet (Schultze); Cape Town

(Lightfoot).

CAPE PROVINCE. Albany District (Penther); Sir Lowry’s Pass

(Connolly).

Described from Guinea, the type measuring: long. 24, alt. 11;

mantle long. 14, lat. 8-9; sole lat. 7 mm.

Oopelta flavescens Clige.

Ref. List No. 204.

1900. Oopelta flavescens Clige., Ann. 8.A. Mus., 1, p. 6, pl. i, f. 9-10;

paws’ tf. DFA.

Animal cream-coloured, with a slight bluish-green tint on posterior portion of

mantle, granulation prominent, rugae small, oblique grooves as in preceding

species, no trace of keel, peripodial groove distinct.

Length in alcohol 51-0, mantle 22:0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Kalk Bay (type, Purcell).

CAPE PROVINCE. Caledon; Swellendam; Kogman’s Kloof,

Ashton (Purcell).

Type in Cambridge Museum.

The colour is variable, the head being sometimes bright orange,

accompanied by a narrow yellow dorsal line from end of mantle to

tip of tail; Lightfoot noticed this slug to change in the dark to a

dark olive hue.

Oopelta granulosa Clige.

Ref. List No. 205.

1900. Oopelta granulosa Clige., Ann. S.A. Mus., u, p. 6, pl. i, f. 11-12;

peat 18. DPA.

Animal brownish yellow, head and sides anteriorly bluish, granulation on

mantle very pronounced, rugae small but prominent, giving the whole body a

coarse granulate appearance; no trace of keel, oblique grooves as in preceding

species, peripodial groove distinct.

186 Annals of the South African Museum.

Length in alcohol 42-0, mantle 18-5 mm.; a larger specimen measures 64-0,

mantle 31-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Nieuwondtville (type, Leipoldt);

Montagu (Purcell); Sir Lowry’s Pass (Connolly).

Type in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.

Oopelta aterruma (Gray).

Ref. List No. 202.

1855. Arion aterrimus Gray, Cat. Pulm., p. 55. OD.

Animal in alcohol much contracted, entirely black, oblique grooves practically

invisible except for about 5 radiating from the rear of mantle towards the tail and

fringe, mantle scarcely granulate, ovate, rounded in front, broadly and bluntly

angulate at a little more than a right angle in rear, no dorsal keel or caudal mucous

pore, sole undivided, peripodial groove distinct, respiratory orifice about median.

Long. 37-0, alt. 18-0, sole lat. 10-5 mm.

Hab. SOUTH AFRICA (fide Gray).

Type in British Museum.

Oopelta polypunctata Clige.

Ref. List No. 208.

1901. Oopelta polypunctata Clige., Ann. 8.A. Mus., 1, p. 232, pl. xiv,

f. 3-4, 7-10. D.F.A.

Animal greyish yellow, oblique grooves as in O. nigropunctata, mantle ovoid,

slightly produced to front and rear, greenish, spotted with numerous (43-71)

black dots. Dorsum flattish, no trace of keel, tail flattened and produced towards

the tip, rugae small, peripodial groove distinct.

Length in alcohol 52-0, mantle 19 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Zonder End, Caledon Division (Purcell).

Type in Cambridge Museum.

In external appearance resembles pale examples of nigropunctata,

but there are more black dots on the mantle, and according to Collinge

the form of the generative organs, especially the sperm-duct, is very

distinct.

Oopelta capensis Pollon.

Ref. List No. 203.

1909. Oopelta capensis Pollon., Boll. Mus. Torino, xxiv, 608, p. 11,

pleigt.1—6.) COaF Ah.

‘Animal pale earth-coloured, mantle bearing irregular black dots, large, closely

granulose, posteriorly cuneiform and obtuse-angulate, respiratory orifice in front

of middle, dorsum rugosely granulate, not keeled, carinal region defined by 2

subparallel grooves, lateral grooves obliquely transverse, somewhat distant.”’

Length of back behind mantle 13-0, mantle 14:5, foot-sole 29 mm.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 187

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (in Mus. Torino).

Type in Turin Museum.

Teeth of radula as in the genus. The slug is said to differ from

nigropunctata through larger size and back without keel.

Oopelta minor Pollon.

Ref. List No. 206.

1909. Oopelta minor Pollon., Boll. Mus. Torino, xxiv, 608, p. 12,

Pemti—o. DA.

Said to differ from capensis through much smaller size, ashen-coloured back

with obtuse keel, and shortly cuneiform mantle.

Length of back behind mantle 7-5, mantle 9-0, foot-sole 17-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (in Mus. Torino).

Type in Turin Museum.

Pollonera deals with the anatomy of his two species and mnigro-

punctata, pointing out the features which cause him to think them

distinct. |

Famity ENDODONTIDAE.

Shell corneous, small to medium, usually heliciform or depressed,

sometimes with apertural or internal dentition; foot with lateral

grooves; jaw striate, folded, or composed of several small plates,

central and lateral teeth usually tricuspid, marginals with one (rarely)

or more outer cusps and quadrate basal plates; genitalia usually

without special appendages.

Sub-Family ENDODONTINAE.

Foot normally without caudal pore; jaw folded or striate; central

tooth usually with narrow mesocone and clear ectocones, rarely

lacking, laterals with or without endocone, marginals usually tri-

cuspid, but sometimes with 2 or more small! outer cusps.

Genus Trachycystis Pilsb., 1893

(Manual, viii, p. 136, and ix, p. 37).

Type Helix bisculpta Bs.

(= Pella Albers, 1860, non Stephens, 1835).

Shell of medium size to minute, usually heliciform and corneous,

188 Annals of the South African Museum.

with or without bristles, aperture edentate, periphery rounded or

carinate.

Animal with foot fringe cut off by well-marked peripodial grooves,

genital opening far forward on side of head. Kidney about twice as

long as pericardium, curving up posteriorly to rectum; ureter continu-

ing forward beneath rectum as a secondary ureter. Genital system

characterised by a very long, unbranched, receptacular duct, often

swollen anteriorly, a narrow free oviduct, a well-developed epiphallus

without flagella, and usually a rather broad penis. Jaw thin, gener-

ally folded, radula with about 120 to 200 nearly straight rows of teeth

of the quadrate type, central tricuspid, with long mesocone and short

ectocones, laterals also tricuspid, like the central but very slightly

larger, about 9 to 16 on each side, with very gradual transition to the

marginals, of which there are about 11 to 46 a side, more asymmetzrical,

with shorter and relatively broader basal plates and sometimes more

than 3 cusps owing to the splitting of ectocone or more rarely endocone.

Long prior to the appearance of Watson’s recent paper I had divided

the members of this genus into several groups on purely conchological

grounds, and it is satisfactory to find that the ten sub-genera in which

Watson has placed such of these as he has examined anatomically and

named do little to disturb my arrangement. I propose therefore to

adhere substantially to my grouping in the following pages, subject to

modification necessitated by his researches and with mention of such

species as he has assigned to any of the ten sub-genera.

(1) Group of besculpta Bs.

Sub-genus Trachycystis Pilsb., s.s.

Foot of animal long and narrow, with a prominent serrated keel

running along the top of the hinder part. Duct of spermatheca not

enlarged anteriorly, female ducts as a rule unusually slender; epi-

phallus remarkably short and swollen, entering posterior end of the

large penis; insertion of penial retractor muscle extending from

hinder end of penis for a short distance down one side. Central

and lateral teeth of radula with the anterior end of the long basal

portion of mesocone very narrow in bisculpta (Bs.) and yucunda Conn.

or absent in tollint (Bs.) and prozima Conn. Endocones and meso-

cones of marginals about equal in length, both extraordinarily long

and pointed; ectocones small and single, absent from inner marginals

of adult tollina and proxima.

;

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 189

Trachycystis bisculpta (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 233.

1851. Helix bisculpta Bs., A.M.N.H., vii, p. 103. D.

1893. Phasis (Trachycystis) bisculpta Bs., Pilsb., Manual, ix, pp. 37,

fopleed O-1; pl. xv,f.3-40 FA.

1934. Trachycystis bisculpta Bs., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

ppetew i711, t. 2a, pl. xx, f. 11-12. -N-A.R.

Shell of fair size, depressed globose, narrowly umbilicate, thin, silky, corneous

red or yellowish brown. Spire not much raised, apex obtuse. Whorls 5, convex,

rounded at the periphery, rather rapidly increasing, the first 14 sculptured almost

into the extreme apex with from 6 to 8 strong microscopic spiral costulae, which

are crossed on the last + whorl by close transverse striae; from that point the

sculpture changes to a pattern of rather close, regular, slightly curved and oblique

transverse costae, the intervals between which are filled with from 4 to 5 faint

parallel striolae, intersected by microscopic spiral lines, a little more distant than,

but about equal in strength to the striolae; on the base the costae merge closer

together into the umbilicus, so that the spirals almost disappear; suture simple,

well defined. Aperture 2-lunar, descending at the base, peristome simple, acute,

labrum nearly straight and scarcely receding in profile, columella concave, margin

very narrowly reflexed, but half obscuring the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 7:6, min. 6-7; alt. 6-0; apert. alt. 3-8, lat. 4-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Camps Bay (type, Benson); widely

distributed from Lion’s Head to Cape Point (Layard).

CAPE PROVINCE. Caledon (Connolly); Riversdale; Riebeek

Kasteel Mts., 2800 feet; Palmiet R. Mts., 3000 feet; Bredasdorp;

Wellington Mts., 5000 feet (Barnard).

Originals in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.

Shell described from Kommetje in my collection.

A beautiful variety with white translucent shell from Signal Hill,

Cape Town (Lightfoot), is in the South African Museum.

The shells from the more easterly districts are of darker, more

rufous hue than the majority of those from the Cape Peninsula and

Caledon, while the Bredasdorp form is particularly large, containing

6 whorls and measuring: diam. maj.-10-8, min. 9:5; alt. 7-3; apert.

alt. 5-2, lat. 5°3 mm.

Trachycystis tollini (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 278.

1855. Nanina afra Pir., Mal. Blatt., 11, p. 119 (without characters).

1856. Helix tollina Alb., Bs., A.M.N.H., xviii, p. 436. OD.

1860. ,, rosert Krs., Mts., Die Helic., p. 84 (without char-

acters). L.

190 Annals of the South African Museum.

1892. Helix (Pella) tuguriolum M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 88, pl. v,

ity ag 2D) Oe

1934. Trachycystis tollint Alb., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

pp: 163, 164; 165; L6G) NGieiply snl se NA

Shell comparative large, depressed globose, rimate, smooth to the eye, glossy,

transparent, corneous reddish or yellowish brown, varying in shade. Spire little

exserted, apex obtuse. Whorls nearly 6, convex, regularly increasing, the first

13 sculptured almost to the extreme apex with close, regular, spiral striolae,

remainder covered with close, very slightly curved and oblique, weak, flattish

transverse striae, crossed by the spiral sculpture, which is easily discernible under

a weak hand-lens and becomes undulating on the later whorls and base; suture

simple, well defined. Aperture narrowly 3-lunate, slightly descending, columellar

margin, though extremely narrowly reflexed, almost obliterating the minute rima.

Diam. maj. 13-0, min. 12-0; alt. 9-2; apert. alt. 6-8, lat. 6-7 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Stellenbosch (Purcell); Caledon;

Houw Hoek (Connolly); Gordon’s Bay; Hermanus (Lightfoot);

Bredasdorp (Layard); Swellendam District (roserz, Krauss); Rivers-

dale (Barnard).

CAPE PENINSULA; tollini andtuguriolum; generally distributed.

Originals of tollini in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge;

types of afra and tuguriolum in British, roseri in Stuttgart Museum.

Description founded on specimens from Cape Peninsula in my

collection.

One of the largest species of the genus; Barnard’s set from Swell-

lendam Mountains are dark red-brown, and the spiral striae on the

last 2 whorls are very much stronger, and in some examples more

distant than in the Cape Town race; however, this feature varies

in different individuals, and the sculpture on the earlier whorls and

base being similar to that of tollinz, I hesitate to differentiate them

unless warranted by future anatomical research.

Trachycystis rubra Conn.

(PI. vi, £. 20-22.)

1925. Trachycystis rubra Conn., A.M.N.H., xv, p. 469, pl. xxvii,

sinuatle ed OIE

Agrees in practically every respect with the foregoing, but the spiral striae,

while very strong on the protoconch, are hardly visible under 20-fold magnification

on the later whorls, which are covered with close, regular, straight transverse

costulae, strong above and weaker on the base, the intervals filled with 4 or 5

fine parallel microscopic striolae. The shell is of bright red colour, contains 6

whorls, and measures

Diam. maj. 10-0, min. 9:2; alt. 7-8; apert. alt. 5-1, lat. 5-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Oudebosch, River Zonder End Mts.

Caledon Division (Barnard). Type in South African Museum.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 191

Trachycystis proxima nom. nov.

1931. Trachycystis approzvmans Conn., A.M.N.H., vui, p. 308, pl. x,

f.2-4. DF.

1934. Trachycystis approxumans Conn., Wats., Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

pp: 165, 166. D.N.R.

Resembles bisculpta in colour and appearance, but is barely subrimate. Five

moderately convex whorls, first 14 showing in extremely fresh specimens the spiral

sculpture of the sub-genus, but it is much fainter and very evanescent, practically

undiscernible under ordinary microscopic magnification when the apex is even

moderately worn; remainder covered all over with fine, close, regular, nearly

straight, scarcely oblique transverse costulae, the interstices filled by 4-6 ex-

tremely fine microscopic striolae, and the whole crossed by even fainter spiral

grooves, only visible under high magnification. Columellar margin very narrowly

and almost adnately reflexed.

Diam. maj. 7-0, min. 6-2; alt. 5-1; apert. alt. 4-0, lat. 4-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. George bush (type) and Keurbooms

R. bush (Barnard).

Type in South African Museum.

In the radula of adult examples the inner marginals are without

ectocones.

When describing this species in 1931 I overlooked the existence of

Trachycystis approximans Preston, 1911; I therefore rename it as

above.

Trachycystis jucunda Conn.

1929. Trachycystis jucunda Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 228,

pene lol DP.

1934. Trachycystis jucunda Conn., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

pe lon. NR.

Smaller and flatter than others of the sub-genus, with narrower, more compressed

whorls, of which there are 5, convex, gradually increasing, first 14 with closer,

weaker spiral sculpture than the more typical species, remainder with strong,

close, regular, slightly curved, oblique transverse costae, interstices filled with

fine microscopic parallel striolae and spiral costulae, which are lower, as a rule,

than the costae and rarely cross them; suture deep; umbilicus narrow, but

uncovered; colour of shell yellowish brown.

Diam. maj. 5-3, min. 5-0; alt. 3-8; apert. alt. 2-7, lat. 2-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Montagu (type, Connolly); Swellendam

Mts. (Lawrence & Hesse).

Type in British Museum.

I should have hesitated to place the last two species in the present

sub-genus were it not that Watson finds their anatomy to correspond

with it.

192 Annals of the South African Museum.

(11) Group of charybdis Bs.

Sub-genus Cyclocystis Watson, 1934

(Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 167).

Type Helix charybdis Bs.

Shell discoid, radially costate; protoconch with numerous fine

spiral striae crossed by well-marked radial ribs, except on first half

whorl.

Hinder part of foot rounded above, not keeled; duct of spermatheca

enlarged anteriorly; epiphallus short, entering hinder end of the

broad anterior part of penis, which is produced into a pocket or short

diverticulum beside the atrium. Posterior to the entrance of the

epiphallus the penis is continued in the form of a long and narrow

appendix, to the extremity of which the short penial retractor is

attached.

Mesocones of central and lateral teeth but little narrowed anteriorly;

those of marginals long, broadly rounded at end; endocones much

smaller, pointed, and basally united with mesocone; ectocones small

and sometimes double in a few of the outer teeth.

Trachycystis charybdis (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 237.

1856. Helix charybdis Bs., A.M.N.H., xvii, p. 486. D.

SOO ie, + » M. & P., A.M.N.H., iy, p. 292 pene

TelG.) NEE.

1934. Trachycystis charybdis Bs., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

De LGi ply xxe i. 14-16; ls xxii On Are.

Shell of fair size, discoid, openly though not very widely umbilicate, asperate,

rufous or yellowish corneous brown. Spire impressed. Whorls 54, regularly

increasing, convex, shouldered around the suture and umbilicus, and each

ascending above its predecessor, the first $ whorl smooth, next 4 or ? covered

with extremely fine microspiral lines and very close, straight, fine transverse

costulae, which develop into very strong, straight, prominent costae, gradually

becoming farther apart, and only merging together when entering the umbilicus,

the interstices between them filled with very faint microscopic parallel transverse

striolae; suture impressed. Aperture narrowly #-lunate, slightly descending,

peristome simple, acute, labrum straight and vertical in profile, columella concave,

upper margin scarcely reflexed, not overhanging the umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 8-8, min. 7:8; alt. 5-0; apert. alt. 4-0., lat. 4-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Table Mountain and Kalk Bay

Mt. (Layard).

CAPE PROVINCE. Palmiet R. Mts., 2000 feet (Barnard).

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 193

Originals in University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.

Shell described, from Table Mountain, in my collection.

A beautiful species, distinct in the genus from others of its size

through its deeply impressed spire.

Trachycystis vorticialis (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 281.

1850. Helix vorticialis Bs., A.M.N.H., v, p. 216. D.

Shell rather small, depressed orbicular, umbilicate, thin, translucent, reddish

corneous. Spire flattened. Whorls 44, rounded, gradually increasing, the last

very slightly descending, all but the apical covered with close, nearly straight,

regular, transverse lirae, which are equally strong above and below and extend

into the umbilicus; there is clear microspiral lineation on the 2nd whorl, but

not discernible elsewhere on the slightly weathered shells available for my examina-

tion; suture deep. Aperture rounded lunate, labrum receding but little towards

the base, peristome simple, acute, columella concave, margin scarcely reflexed,

not approaching the rather wide umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 5-3, min. 4:8; alt. 2-75 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Three Anchor Bay; Rondebosch;

False Bay (fide Benson); “Generally distributed” (Layard).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (?) (fide Sturany).

Specimen described, from Table Mountain, in South African Museum.

Type in British Museum.

Differs from charybdis through its inferior height and the fact that

its spire, though flattened, is not concave, as is invariably the case

in the other species. The actual height of the body whorl in front

is only 2-3 mm., while in charybdis of the same diameter it is 2°8 mm.

In common with other helicoids apparently plentiful fifty years

ago, the present species, probably owing to the encroachments of

house-builders and the introduction of Cryptomphalus aspersa and

Theba pisana, appears to have become extremely scarce in the Cape

Peninsula, though there is reason to hope that some of these other-

wise expiring races may be rediscovered eventually in the more or

less “near-by” districts wherein Barnard has recently collected

T. charybdis and bisculpta.

(11) Group of burnupi M. & P.

Sub-genus Chalcocystis Watson, 1934

(Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 169).

Type Helix aenea Krs.

Hinder end of foot keeled, the keel rather prominent and serrate

in aenea, but relatively low and inconspicuous in burnupi; epiphallus

VOL. XXXIII. 13

194 Annals of the South African Museum.

entering side of fusiform penis; retractor of right upper tentacle

situate on left of penis instead of passing between penis and vagina,

as it does in all other sub-genera so far examined. Radula little

specialised; marginals with blunt mesocones of moderate length,

smaller endocones, and ectocones that are double in some of the outer

teeth of burnupr.

Only two species, aenea and burnupi, so far described and one now

proposed as new belong to this group, and as burnwpi has been widely

distributed and is well known, while aenea has until now been

little understood, it may facilitate comparison to give pride of place

hereunder to

Trachycystis burnupi (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 234.

1892. Helix (Pella) burnup: M. & P., A.M.N.H., x, p. 239, pl. xi,

PGs) ZOE

1894. Pella burnups M. & P., Suter, A.M.N.H., xin, p. 60, pl. v, B,

pe dlne ee pale ib .

1934. Trachycystis burnupi M. & P., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xx1,

pp. [GS OG sted aly oe ie hos Ack.

Very similar in form to bisculpia, but the whorls increase a little more rapidly;

narrowly umbilicate, corneous yellow-brown, with flattish spire and 4 convex

whorls, rounded at periphery, protoconch, 1} whorl, micropunctate, remainder

covered all over with strong, close, regular, slightly curved transverse costae, with

about 6 faint parallel microscopic striolae in the intervals and no spiral sculpture;

suture simple, impressed. Labrum gently curved and receding very slightly in

profile, upper margin of columella very narrowly reflexed, scarcely overhanging

the narrow umbilicus. The shell described from Pietermaritzburg measures

Diam. maj. 7:2, min. 6-2; alt. 4:5; apert. alt. 3-8, lat. 3-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg District (type, Burnup).

ZULULAND. False Bay (Bell Marley).

Type in British Museum.

Although it will be shown hereunder that this species is distinct

from aenea Krs., the differences in the shell are but little prominent

when the latter is not fully developed, as is the case in the Kraussian

type, while both species occasionally occur in the same neighbourhood

and have been distributed by Burnup together under the name of

burnupi; it was not surprising, therefore, that in course of time,

from study of the original description of aenea, not only Burnup, but

M. & P. began to doubt the validity of their own species, and when

a very well-known authority was about to visit Stuttgart Museum

some few years ago I entrusted to him specimens of burnwp2, which

he most kindly consented to compare with the type of aenea, with

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 195

the result that he reported them to be identical, and I placed them

in synonymy in 1925. During recent years, however, a fine series

of the true aenea, collected by Puzey about the original locality, proves

that the shells themselves tend to grow more unlike as they increase

in size, while Watson has shown that the anatomy of the two species

is also distinct. On the whole it may be said that burnwpi is rather

localised in the interior of Natal, while aenea extends far more widely

along or near the coast, but this is not invariably the case.

Trachycystis aenea (Krs.).

Ref. List No. 228.

1848. Helix aenea Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 75, pl. iv, f.18. DF.

1925. Trachycystis aenea Krs. (=burnupr M. & P.), Conn., Trans.

R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu, p.141. JN.

1934. Trachycystis aenea Krs., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, pp. 163,

foe 166, 169, pl. xx; i. 17-182. N.A.R.

Attains much larger dimensions than burnwpi, more dome-shaped and conse-

quently of comparatively greater altitude, with far narrower umbilicus; the whorls

increase a trifle more rapidly and the costae are infinitesimally farther apart;

suture slightly more shallow and aperture more nearly circular and descends

somewhat, whereas in burnwpi it is almost horizontal; upper margin of columella

triangularly reflexed, more than half obscuring the narrow umbilicus. My largest

example from Durban, with 44 whorls, measures

Diam. maj. 11-4, min. 10-0; alt. 8-5; apert. alt. 6-3, lat. 5-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL (type, Wahlberg); Durban (Puzey);

Tongaat;

Pietermaritzburg (Burnup).

LORENZO MARQUES. Cape Delagoa (Plant); Delagoa Bay

(Connolly). ,

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

The original pair are only about 8 mm.in major diameter, but agree

with the foregoing description; immature or rather flat-spired

examples of this species can be readily separated from burnupi by

their narrower umbilicus.

Trachycystis viridula sp. n.

(Ble vi, £.14—16.)

Spire a trifle less exserted than in burnupi and consequently far less domed than

in aenea; whorls slightly less convex, and increasing a trifle more rapidly, so that

their upward slope is more gentle. The perforation is a trifle less covered by the

columellar margin than in aenea and far more so than in burnupi, and the colour,

especially on the later whorls, of a distinct greenish hue. The type, with 43

whorls, measures

Diam. maj. 8-7, min. 7:5; alt. 5-3; apert. alt. 4-5, lat. 5-0 mm.

196 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Seven Weeks Poort, Zwartberg Mts.,

Ladismith, 7000 feet (Barnard).

Type in South African Museum.

Although at first glance this species might well be referred to the

Natalian aenea Krs., it will be seen from the foregoing comparison

that it differs from both it and burnwpi in certain particulars in

divergent directions, which, together with its geographical position,

seems to indicate specific distinction, though I place it without

hesitation in the same sub-genus. Its spire is less exserted than in

the other two species, and its greenish colour, in all specimens yet

to hand, very different from their golden hue. -

(iv) Group of simplex M. & P., including

Sub-genus Phaulocystis Watson, 1934

(Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 171).

Type Helix aulacophora Ancey.

Hinder part of foot more or less rounded above, not keeled; duct

of spermatheca slightly enlarged at anterior end; vagina longer than

in any other known sub-genus of Trachycystis. Epiphallus long or of

medium length, entering penis at its posterior end close to attachment

of penial retractor; penis subcylindrical, without appendix or posterior

continuation.

Teeth of radula slightly shorter and broader than in most groups;

mesocones of central and laterals but little narrowed anteriorly;

those of marginals conical and of no great length; endocones smaller;

ectocones still shorter, but usually divided into 2 small cusps in some

of the outer teeth.

Watson places here on anatomical grounds aulacophora Ancey,

turmalis Morel., and a form probably referable to spissicosta M. & P.,

which fall well within the limits of the very homogeneous group

mentioned above, all of which probably belong to the same sub-genus;

the colour of all is corneous- or red-brown, and the shell is not glossy,

owing to the more or less strong costulate sculpture which imparts

to it a dull, silky appearance; the apex is usually without noticeable

spiral sculpture.

Trachycystis sumplex M. & P.

Ref. List No. 274.

1903. Trachycystis sumplec M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 604,

10) Pie. alibi roa ees / EB

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 197

Shell of fair size, subglobose, narrowly umbilicate, thin, asperate, pale corneous

brown. Spire moderately exserted, apex nearly flat. Whorls 5, convex, the Ist

smooth, minute, remainder regularly increasing, sculptured all over, into the

umbilicus, with strong, curved, oblique costulae, closer and weaker on the 2nd

and strong and more distant on the others, on which the intervals between them

are filled with from 6 to 8 microscopic striolae; suture simple, well defined. Aper-

ture 3-lunate, peristome simple, acute, labrum receding in a gentle curve, columella

concave, upper margin extremely narrowly reflexed, not obscuring the narrow,

but deep umbilicus; callus none.

Diam. maj. 7-4, min. 6-5; alt. 5-4; apert. alt. 3-7, lat. 3-7 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Pondoland (type); Grahamstown

(Farquhar); East London (Power); Keurbooms R. bush, Plettenberg

Bay (Barnard).

Type in British Museum.

Shell described from Kast London in my collection.

Trachycystis sprssicosta M. & P.

Ref. List No. 276.

1907. Trachycystis spissicosta M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 100, pl. vi,

fete...) DE.

A rather smaller form than simplex, with an almost flat spire, slightly larger

umbilicus, and much less rapidly increasing whorls. Of these there are 44, rounded

at the periphery, with similar sculpture to simplex, but the costae are very slightly

closer together, though more distant on the 2nd whorl, than in simplex. A fine

topotype in my collection measures

Diam. maj. 7:0, min. 6-0; alt. 4-4; apert. alt. 3-2, lat. 3-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown (type, Farquhar).

O.F.S. Thaba N’chu (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

Trachycystis lignicola M. & P.

Ref. List No. 252.

1898. Trachycystis lignicola M. & P., A.M.N.H. ui, p. 125, pl. vu.

ie 1 ea Oy ae

Smaller than the last two, with a spire of intermediate height and a narrower

umbilicus. 44 convex whorls, gradually increasing, the first 14 practically smooth,

remainder covered all over with extremely close, faint, regular, curved striae.

Diam. maj. (topotype in my collection) 5-0, min. 4:5; alt. 3-2; apert. alt. 2:5,

lat. 2-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Fish River, Cradock (type), and

Mountain Drive, Grahamstown (Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

198 Annals of the South African Museum.

Trachycystis ewpleura Conn.

1925. Trachycystis ewpleura Conn., A.M.N.H., xv, p. 470, pl.

9-@-€fuibeie fe DIM,

1934. Trachycystis eupleura Conn., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xx1,

Pp 1 (0,40, tee. nae

A comparatively small species with a nearly flat spire and 44 flattish, regularly

increasing whorls. The sculpture is very similar to that of spissicosta, but the

wide, open umbilicus distinguishes it easily from all of this group.

Diam. maj. 4-8, min. 4-1; alt. 2-2; apert. alt. 1-9, lat. 1-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Majuba Nek, Herschel Div. (type,

Hepburn).

GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Bremen Farm, Warmbad District

(subfossil, Haughton).

Type in Albany Museum.

The central and lateral teeth of radula have peculiarly swollen

mesocones, arising from the basal plate practically independent of

endocones and ectocones, and each marginal has 3 cusps almost

equal in length.

I place this species here for conchological convenience, but the

shell is less compact and more widely umbilicate than others of the

group and the radula proves it subgenerically distinct from Phaulo-

cystis. Watson has stated that the Warmbad race is at least sub-

specifically distinct from type owing to the presence of a keel, which

dies out on the last whorl, but material at present to hand does not

appear to me to justify such distinction.

Trachycystis orena M. & P.

Ref. List No. 260.

1903. Trachycystis orena M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 602, pl. xxxii,

dipper ay 2D) ie

A small shell with a moderately exserted spire and very narrow umbilicus.

There are 44 convex, gradually increasing whorls, the first 14 smooth, remainder

sculptured with strong, curved, oblique costulae, which are farther apart on the

2nd than on the succeeding whorls; the intervening striolae are extremely faint

and are crossed, at least on the last whorl, by weak microscopic spiral lines.

Diam. maj. (topotype) 5-2, min. 4:6; alt. 3-5; apert. alt. 2-5, lat. 2-4 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown (type, Farquhar); Alice-

dale (Cruden).

Type in British Museum.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 199

Trachycystis turmalis (Morel.).

Ref. List No. 280.

1889. Helix turmalis Morel., J. de C., xxxvii, p. 5, pl.i,f.1. DF.

Another small species with an obtusely conical spire and moderately broad,

though not open, umbilicus. It has 5 convex, gradually increasing whorls, covered,

after the first 14, with rather close, curved, oblique, slightly irregular transverse

striae, crossed by very close, fine, microspiral grooves; suture deep.

Diam. maj. 5-0, min. 4-6; alt. 3-6; apert. alt. 2-3, lat. 2-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Coerney, Port Elizabeth (type, Craw-

ford); Cradock (Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

Shell described from Cradock, in my collection.

Trachycystis epetrima (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 242.

1892. Helix (Pella) epetrima M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 84, pl. iv,

ES Oy OT Oe

1932. Trachycystis epetruma M. & P., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu,

Paseo v5 .t..42.° NF.

Identical with twrmalis in all respects except that the spire may be a little lower,

the suture more impressed, and the transverse sculpture a trifle sharper, possibly

due to fresher condition. I have seen seven specimens, none of which are quite as

large as the type set of turmalis. M. & P.’s type measures

Diam. maj. 4:4, min. 4:1; alt. 2-5; apert. alt. 2-3, lat. 2-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Somerset Hast District (type fide

M. & P.); North End, Port Elizabeth (Crawford); Jansenville

(Reeve); Zwartberg Pass, Prince Albert District (Barnard).

Type in British Museum.

It is probable that examination of more complete material will

establish absolute synonymy between these two species. The

Zwartberg shells differ from type in rather stronger basal sculpture,

greater altitude and wider perforation, but not sufficiently so in

either respect as to merit a varietal name.

Trachycystis aulacophora (Ancey).

Ref. List No. 231.

1890. Helix aulacophora Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mal. France, vu, p. 158.

1934. Trachycystis aulacophora Ancey, Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc.,

mexapepo lil, pl. xx, f. 22-23. D.N.A.R.

200 Annals of the South African Museum.

Also a small species with conical spire and very narrow umbilicus. There are 5

whorls, moderately convex, regularly increasing, the first 14 smooth, after which

the scuplture is of the same nature as in spissicosta, but the costulae, while always

closer than in that species, are more distant on the early whorls and become

gradually closer on each succeeding one; the intervening striolae, 4 to 6 in number,

are very faint and the suture deep.

Diam. maj. 4:5, min. 4:3; alt. 3-6; apert. alt. 2-3, lat. 2-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth to Zwartkops River

(type, Crawford); Grahamstown (Kincaid).

Type formerly in coll. Geret.

Description from paratype in my collection.

Trachycystis sericea Conn.

1922. Trachycystis servcea Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 116. D.

1925. is ie i Trans. R. Soc. 8S. Atriea, ar

pal, plat lO Dre

A small, dark reddish shell, with moderately exserted spire and narrow umbilicus.

5 rounded whorls, the apical smooth, remainder sculptured after the pattern of

spissicosta, but the costulae, as would be expected in so small a shell, are weaker

and closer; upper margin of columella narrowly reflexed, but not obscuring the

umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 3-9, min. 3-5; alt. 3:2; apert. alt. 2-1, lat. 1-7 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. District 16 miles north of Mace-

quece (type, Cressy).

S. RHODESIA. 6 miles from Penhalonga, 6000 feet (Miss Grey).

Type in British Museum.

Trachycystis connollyt M. & P.

Ref. List No. 239.

1909. Trachycystis connollys M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 491, pl. vii,

tin ho DRO

A small shell of chocolate hue, with exserted, conical spire and moderately wide

umbilicus. 4 convex, rather rapidly increasing whorls, first 1} smooth, remainder

covered all over with regular, curved, oblique, rather weak costulae, close together

for half a whorl and somewhat distant on the rest, the interstices filled with fine

parallel striolae and the whole cut into minute granules by exceedingly fine and

close microscopic spiral lines; suture simple, well defined. Aperture nearly

circular, labrum nearly straight and receding very gently in profile, columella

erect, concave, margin triangularly reflexed, half obscuring the umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 4:8, min. 4:0; alt. 4-0; apert. alt. 2-7, lat. 2-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Montagu (type, Connolly); Kuruman

(coll. Layard); Elim Road, Bredasdorp; Gorge of Salt R., Windhoek,

Bredasdorp Dist. (Rennie).

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 201

Type in British Museum.

Description from paratype in my collection.

Rennie’s series are considerably better grown than those from

Montagu.

Trachycystis farquhari (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 244.

1892. Helix farquhari M. & P., A.M.N.H., x, p. 240, pl. xiii, f. 9.

DF.

Paler in colour, almost olivaceous, with finer striae than connollyi, and easily

distinguished by the umbilicus, which is quite open in that species but more than

half concealed in farquhari by the columellar reflexion. My largest example

from Montagu, with 4 convex whorls, measures

Diam. maj. 5-0, min. 4-7; alt. 5-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (type, Farquhar);

Montagu (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

Trachycystis planissima Conn.

1925. Trachycystis planissima Conn., A.M.N.H., xv, p. 472, pl.

pexviiy £02. DP. \

Shell very small, nearly flat, widely umbilicate, brownish corneous. Whorls 4,

convex, regularly increasing, first 14 practically smooth, remainder covered all

over with strong, close, curved, oblique transverse costulae, gradually increasing

in distance apart, the intervals between them on the later whorls filled with from

2 to 4 microscopic striolae; suture simple, deep. Aperture nearly circular, labrum

receding a little in profile to the base, columella erect, margin scarcely reflexed,

umbilicus wide and deep, exposing all the whorls.

Diam. maj. 3-0, min. 2:7; alt. 1-5; apert. alt. 1-0, lat. 1-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Verkeerde Vlei, Carnarvon District

(M. F. Day).

Type in British Museum.

A small flat shell, with very convex whorls and strong, close

costulation.

Trachycystis petrobia (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 264.

1851. Helix petrobia Bs., A.M.N.H., vu, p. 105. WD.

PS5Ss 6,3 ss Puke. ‘Conch. tcon., pl. clxxus,, £, L169:

J 3.39 ie

1854. Helix petrobia Bs., Pfr., Conch. Cab., p. 382, pl. exh (1852),

peo. . DF.

202 Annals of the South African Museum.

No authentic example of H. petrobia can be traced, as the set from

the Macandrew collection in Cambridge Museum, doubtfully attri-

buted thereto, differs so widely from Benson’s description transcribed

below that they cannot possibly represent it. Benson wrote :

“Shell umbilicate, depressed, pale corneous, diaphanous, very little glossy,

obliquely plicate on both sides with subdistant, unequal plicae, the interstices,

under a lens, sharply longitudinally striate. Spire scarcely elevated, suture lightly

impressed, whorls 43-5, moderately convex above, slowly increasing, the last

obtusely angulate above, more convex beneath, angulately compressed round the

umbilicus. Aperture compressed lunate, more high than wide, subangulate below,

oblique; peristome simple, acute, right margin arcuate above, columellar margin

thin, vertical, narrowly reflexed.

“Diam. maj. 54, min. 44, axis 3 mm.

“More widely umbilicate than perplicata, with equally oblique plicae, but

differing altogether from it and the other described South African species in form,

ratio of the whorls, and in the configuration of the aperture.”

*‘T got a single specimen alive . . . under a stone at the side of the road leading

from High Constantia towards the gorge by which access is gained to Hout Bay

valley.”

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Near High Constantia (Benson).

Reeve’s figure of the probable type depicts a brown shell with

flattish spire, body whorl slightly shouldered at periphery, and nearly

horizontal aperture; ‘“‘rather narrowly but deeply umbilicate,

fulvous brown, olive beneath, densely, finely costulate throughout ” ;

it measures: diam. maj. 13-1, alt. 7-9, apert. alt. 6-2, lat. 5-8 mm.

Pfeiffer’s figure is higher spired, with more descending aperture

and no shouldering; it measures: diam. 10-1, alt. 7-6, apert. alt. 4-9,

lat. 4-9 mm., and may well represent a different species.

Benson’s description makes no mention of spiral sculpture on the

protoconch and Reeve’s figure suggests affinity with the present

group, where I place it provisionally rather than hazard a guess by

attributing it to one of the groups with more complicated apical

sculpture.

The shells in Cambridge Museum, from an unknown locality, are

closely allied to yucunda, which is, however, an altogether larger form,

with far stronger spiral sculpture on the later whorls and base, on

which it forms a perfect open network with the transverse costulae.

Trachycystis metallakter Conn.

Ref. List No. 256.

1912. Trachycystis metallakter Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xi, p. 140,

pla i Ole Ee

A small species with moderately exserted spire and rather open umbilicus. It

has 44 convex, gradually increasing whorls, the Ist smooth, remainder sculptured

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 203

with strong, slightly curved and oblique costae, which are prolonged at the peri-

phery into short, narrow vertical flanges, but become closer and weaker towards

the end of the 4th whorl, and more so on any succeeding ones; the intervals are

filled with extremely faint, parallel microscopic striolae, cut by stronger, close,

regular, spiral lines; suture impressed. Aperture descending slightly, umbilicus

not very wide, but deep, extending to the apex, columella weak, margin slightly

reflexed, but in no way concealing the umbilicus.

Diam. maj. (type) 4:0, min. 3-4; alt. 2-2; apert. alt. 1-9, lat. 1:5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Caledon (Muriel Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

The locality in which this striking species was discovered in 1910

has now been obliterated by cultivation, and recent attempts have

failed to rediscover it in the neighbourhood.

By reason of its narrow peripheral flanges, metallakter stands on

the outer edge of the present group, and leads smoothly into the next.

(v) Group of sabuletorum Bs.

This is a little group which probably comprises four western species,

sabuletorum and rariplicata Bs., the new gemmascabra Conn. and a

race from Steinkopf, Little Namaqualand, which appears to be

distinct from sabuletorum, but of which material to hand does not

justify definite determination.

The radula of three of these species has been examined and Watson

informs me that it is of the type found in Phaulocystis and in T. soror

Conn., etc.; and while the genital organs, especially of T. gemmas-

cabra, seem to resemble those of the former group, the shell is perhaps

more like that of the latter. I therefore place the present group

between these two. The only sub-genus also found near the west

coast that it approaches anatomically is Xerocystis, from which it can

be easily separated by its shell.

Trachycystis sabuletorum (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 272.

1851. Helix sabuletorum Bs., A.M.N.H., vii, p. 105. D.

Shell small, depressed globose, thin, asperate, translucent, early whorls in fresh

condition pale corneous brown, later whitish and semi-opaque. Spire little raised,

apex very small. Whorls 53, convex, rounded at periphery, regularly increasing,

apical microscopically malleate, remainder sculptured with strong, curved, oblique

transverse costae, gradually increasing in distance apart, almost developing

flanges at the periphery and continuing on the base, the interstices crowded with

fine parallel striae; suture simple, well defined. Aperture ?-lunar, columella

short, concave, margin practically unreflexed, umbilicus wide and open, exposing

all the whorls. The topotype described measures

Diam. maj. 4:3, min. 4:0; alt. 2-5; apert. alt. 1-8, lat. 1-8 mm.

204 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Hout Bay (type, Benson); generally

distributed along the coast.

CAPE PROVINCE. Stumpnose (Gould); Hermanus (Lightfoot).

Originals in Cambridge Museum.

Trachycystis rarvplicata (Pfr.).

Ref. List No. 269.

1849. Helix rariplicata Bs., Pir., Zeitschr. f. Mal., vi, p. 71. D.

eID Se 5 2 ,, ave., Conch. Icon., pl. chexiy arenes

Differs from the foregoing in having a slightly more exserted spire and more

corneous texture; there are 5 whorls, sculptured as in sabuletorum, but the costae

rather weaker and closer; the columellar margin is extremely narrowly reflexed,

the umbilicus slightly less open and does not expose all earliest whorls.

Diam. maj. 4:2, min. 3-8; alt. 3-1; apert. alt. 1-8, lat. 1-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Green Point Lighthouse (Benson).

Type in Stettin Museum.

Shell described ex coll. Cuming in British Museum.

Although specimens of sabuletorum have been frequently distributed

under the name of this species, and have probably caused erroneous

impressions as to both shell and radula, I have not been able to trace

any actual instance of its rediscovery since first gathered by Benson,

and it has probably been extinguished by the march of civilization.

Trachycystis gemmascabra sp. n.

(Text-fig. 174.)

Shell very small, depressed globose, umbilicate, asperate, pale corneous brown.

Spire not much raised, though each whorl is raised well above the next. Whorls 4,

Text-Fic. 174.—Trachycystis gemmascabra Conn., Aiais, x 8, and portion

of sculpture, highly magnified.

convex, rounded at the periphery, gradually increasing, first 1? smooth and glossy,

remainder sculptured all over into the umbilicus with curved oblique costae, close

]

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 205

and weak at first and increasing regularly in strength and distance apart, the inter-

stices filled with very close and fine microscopic parallel striolae. Aperture ~

lunar, peristome simple, columella short and concave, margin unreflexed and not

approaching the umbilicus, which is deep and comparatively wide, exposing all

the whorls.

Diam. maj. 2-5, min. 2-1; alt. 1-3 mm.

Hab. GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Aiais (Hesse and Thorne).

Type in South African Museum.

(vi) Group of laticostata M. & P.

Very small, flattish corneous shells, with very strong, rather distant

costate sculpture.

Trachycystis laticostata M. & P.

Ref. List No. 251.

1903. Trachycystis laticostata M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 602,

plexi t. 5. DF.

Shell very small, depressed, umbilicate, thin, asperate, transparent, corneous

yellow-brown. Spire depressed conic, apex mamillate. Whorls 43, convex,

regularly increasing, narrowly rounded at the periphery, first 14 engraved with

close, microscopic spiral lines, remainder bearing strong, rather distant, curved

oblique laminae, developing a flange at the periphery, the intervals filled with

from 3 to 4 close, faint, parallel striolae and the whole cut by very close micro-

scopic spiral lines. Aperture nearly circular, peristome simple, acute, labrum

slightly curved and receding in profile, columella concave, margin scarcely at all

reflexed, umbilicus wide, deep, and open.

Diam. maj. (type) 4:2, min. 3-5; alt. 2-0; apert. alt. 1-7, lat. 1-4 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Maestrom Forest, Bedford (type);

Grahamstown (Farquhar); Deep Walls and Harkerville, Knysna

District; Zonder Hinde, Caledon (Mrs. Longstaff); Dixon’s Bush;

Martindale (Kincaid); Hogs Back, Amatola Mts. (Smith).

Type in British Museum.

Trachycystis rudicostata Conn.

(Text-fig. 18.)

1922. Trachycystis rudicostata Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 117. D.

1925. nf i Man branis Bi SOCAN OL AdniCa.xat:

py 143: (DF ALR.

Shell very small, with exserted spire; 32 very convex, rounded, regularly in-

creasing whorls, the protoconch, 14 whorls, closely covered with microscopic

spiral striolae, remainder bearing very strong, prominent, slightly curved and

oblique transverse lirae, increasing regularly in distance and developing into strong

flanges for more than half their length, the intervals filled with close, fine, parallel

striolae and no spiral sculpture; suture simple, much impressed. Aperture

nearly circular, without columellar reflexion.

Diam. maj. 1-8, min. 1:6; alt. ca. 0-9 mm.

206 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. NATAL. Dargle (type); Inhluzani Mountain; Nottingham

Road; Howick; Hilton Road; Edendale; Pietermaritzburg;

Text-Fia. 18.—Trachycystis rudicostata Conn., Ntimbankulu.

Half row of teeth of radula; x 1200.

Ntimbankulu Hill, Mid-Ilovo District; Van Reenen’s Pass, Drakens-

berg (Burnup); Majuba (Connolly).

LORENZO MARQUES. Mt. Vengo (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

The shell is comparatively higher than laticostata and does not

attain the same size; the ends of the peristome are nearer together

and there is no spiral sculpture on the later whorls.

Trachycystis liricostata (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 253.

1891. Helix (Pella) luricostata M. & P., A.M.N.H., viii, p. 239. D.

VEO2 3s 55 x i ie ix, p. 94, pla we

dee lls ees

Smaller than laticostata, widely umbilicate, with 44 convex, rounded whorls,

protoconch, 14 whorl, smooth, remainder covered all over into the umbilicus with

slightly curved and oblique, somewhat distant transverse costae, the intervals

filled with close, regular, slightly undulating spiral grooves; suture simple, canali-

culate. Aperture more than #-lunar, columella weak, concave, margin scarcely

reflexed, not approaching the wide, deep umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 2:8, min. 2-5; alt. 2-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. East Griqualand (type, fide M. & P.);

Maclear (coll. Wotton); Van Staaden’s River and Coerney, Port

Elizabeth (Crawford).

Type in British Museum.

A. beautiful little shell, with the costae much closer than in lati-

costata and not prolonged into flanges at the periphery.

Trachycystis rutilans M. & P.

Ref. List No. 271.

1908. Trachycystis rutulans M. & P., A.M.N.H., 1, p. 135, pl. vu,

t,o Dee.

Differs from the three foregoing through the transverse costae being a little

closer and less strong, not forming peripheral lamellae; there is no spiral sculpture

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 207

on the protoconch, but it is present, cutting the very faint interspersed inter-

mediate striolae, on the later whorls; there are 34 whorls, the dimensions being

Diam. maj. 2-35, min. 2-15; alt. 1-2 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Trachycystis soror Conn.

(Teil aes i, =t0,)

1922. Trachycystis soror Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 118. D.

1925. o = be Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu, p. 145,

pov tte. NAR.

A minute species, which might at first sight be mistaken for rudicostata, but is

easily distinguished under a microscope through its apical sculpture being devoid

of spiral striation. It has 34 rounded, regularly increasing whorls, first half

indistinctly micropunctate, next showing rather distant radial striae, which

strengthen on those succeeding it into transverse lamellae, of which there are

about 20, from 0-12 to 0-15 mm. apart, on the last whorl, interspersed with rather

fine, irregular, microscopic transverse, crossed by equally fine spiral, striolae;

umbilicus rather wide, extending to the summit and exposing all the whorls.

Diam. maj. 1-5, min. 1:3; alt. ca. 0-8 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mt. Vengo, 5500 feet (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

T. soror is also nearly allied to rutilans, of which it may be a dwarf

race; the costae, however, are noticeably further apart than in

rutilans at the same stage of development and the last whorl more

descending, features that appear to afford ground for separation.

The radula formula is about (5+5+1+5+5)x80; centrals and

laterals tricuspid, marginals with long mesocones and endocones,

ectocones dividing into 2 or even 3 small cusps.

(vil) Group of ordinaria M. & P.

Another group of very small shells, which may be taken as depend-

ent on that of semplex, but branching off earlier than the last, near

aulacophora Ancey, and placed together for convenience on account

of their smaller size. As the best known member, I base the group on

Trachycystis ordinaria M. & P.

Ref. List No. 259.

1908. Trachycystis ordinaria M. & P., A.M.N.H., 1, p. 135, pl. vu,

mon a.

Shell small, depressed globose, umbilicate, silky, reddish corneous brown.

Spire only moderately exserted, apex blunt. Whorls 5, convex, gradually in-

208 Annals of the South African Museum.

creasing, first 1} smooth, remainder covered all over with strong, close, regular,

slightly curved and oblique transverse costulae, with extremely faint parallel

striolae in the interstices, and, under 20-fold magnification in a good light, traces

of extremely close, faint, microspiral lines; suture simple, well defined. Aperture

3-lunar, labrum receding gently in profile, columellar margin scarcely reflexed,

leaving open the deep, moderately wide umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 3-75, min. 3:3; alt. 2-2; apert. alt. 1-6, lat. 1-3 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Potchefstroom (type, Miss Livingston;

Connolly).

O.F.S. Bloemfontein (Connolly); Kroonstad (Miss Hickey).

Type in British Museum.

Description from a topotype in my collection.

Some confusion has arisen through this species having been founded

on an immature shell only 2-8 mm. in major diameter, thereby

spreading the impression that it is much smaller than is actually the

case.

Trachycystis somersetensis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 275.

1893. Helix (Patula) somersetensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., x1, p. 19,

ole mie Da:

The unique type pair comprises two very small bleached weatherworn shells,

resembling ordinaria in form, but with weaker and perhaps slightly more distant

costulate sculpture. There are 4 convex, slowly increasing whorls, rounded at the

periphery; the columellar margin is unreflexed and the umbilicus wide and open.

Diam. maj. (type) 2-8, min. 2-5; alt. ca. 1-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Somerset Hast (Miss Bowker).

Type in British Museum.

Trachycystis rwularis (Krs.).

(Blix ita)

Ref. List No. 270.

1848. Helix rwularts Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 77, pl. iv, f.25. DF.

Shell small, depressed globose, perforate, thin, silky, bright corneous brown.

Spire not much raised. Whorls 44, rounded, gradually increasing, covered on

both sides, after the apical, with close, prominent, regular, curved transverse

costulae, microscopic transverse and spiral sculpture as in ordinaria; suture

impressed. Aperture lunate, descending a little in front, peristome simple,

columella weak, concave, margin slightly reflexed, but in no way covering the

umbilicus, which, though not wide, is deep, extending to the apex.

Diam. maj. 2:33; alt. 1-4 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Source of Mooi River (Wahlberg).

Type in Stockholm Museum.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 209

I have never been able to match the unique type of this little

species, which has extremely slightly wider costulation than the

following variety and others of its group.

var. densestriata Conn.

(Pl. ix, f. 13-14.)

Ref. List No. 270.

1912. Trachycystis rwularis Krs., var. densestriata Conn., Ann.

SoA Mns.,x1,p.145. DF.

Differs from foregoing only in the costulae being infinitesimally, though mani-

festly, closer together; the spire also, in the photographs here reproduced, is

slightly more depressed, but this may not prove a constant point of difference

when further examples of the typical form become available for comparison. The

varietal type has 44 whorls, and measures

Diam. maj. 3-2, min. 3-0; alt. 2-1 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Zwart Kop, Pretoria (type); Buiskop;

Pietersburg (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

The line of demarcation between certain local races referable to

ordinaria, rivularis, and var. densestriata is so vague as to be almost

undefinable, and all these forms may perhaps be merely subvarieties

of a single species, with its headquarters in the Northern Transvaal,

where it predominates, but there is no difficulty in separating those

from the actual type-localities.

Trachycystis persumilis Conn.

1932. Trachycystis persimilis Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu, p. 97,

pew, t.4. DF.

Possibly representing a south-eastern race of rivularis, but differing constantly

from both the typical and varietal forms in having very slightly closer, weaker, and

less oblique sculpture. The colour is yellowish or reddish brown; spire nearly

flat; 5 convex whorls, first 14 white, micromalleate, remainder covered with strong,

slightly curved and oblique transverse costae, increasing regularly in distance

apart, the intervals closely packed with extremely fine, parallel, microscopic

striolae, crossed by equally close and fine spiral lines; suture canaliculate. Aper-

ture #-lunar, labrum scarcely receding in profile, columella concave, inclined to

left, extreme upper margin very slightly reflexed, umbilicus wide and openly

tubular.

Diam. maj. 3-6, min. 3-1; alt. 2-4; apert. alt. 1-9, lat. 1-7 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Mfongosi (type, Jones).

NATAL. Sand Spruit (Burnup); Weenen (Thomasset).

Type in British Museum.

VOL.) XX KITT. 14

210 Annals of the South African Museum.

(vil) Group of bathycoele M. & P.

Very small flattened shells with more or less strongly costulate

sculpture, closely resembling the Australasian genus Charopa.

Trachycystis bathycoele (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 232.

1892. Helix (Pella) bathycoele M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 89, pl. v,

tod DEE

Shell very small, depressed orbicular, umbilicate, thin, asperate, semi-trans-

parent, corneous yellow-brown. Spire almost flat. Whorls 53, convex, rounded

at the periphery, slowly increasing, first 13 smooth in the type, remainder covered

all over with strong, straight, close, regular, transverse costae, gradually increasing

in distance apart, the intervals filled with from 4 to 7 fine, close, parallel micro-

scopic striolae; suture simple, deep. Aperture ?-lunar, peristome simple, acute,

labrum straight and vertical in profile, columella very short, weak and unreflexed,

umbilicus deep and open, exposing all the whorls.

Diam. maj. (type) 3-0, min. 2-7; alt. ca. 2-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Craigie Burn, Somerset East (type,

Miss Bowker); Bedford; Grahamstown (Farquhar); Shoemakers

Kop, Port Elizabeth (Smith).

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg; Ntimbankulu (Burnup); Winkle

Spruit (Akerman).

Type in British Museum.

Some series examined differ from the type pair in being costate to

the extreme apex, but I can find no other point of variance whatever

between them.

Trachycystis fossula Conn.

1925. Trachycystis fossula Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xii,

pr lta piv. 125 (DUE.

Extremely close to the foregoing. The unique type was unfortunately badly

damaged during illustration, but the whorls appear to increase a trifle less slowly

and the costae to be a little weaker than in M. & P.’s species.

Diam. maj. (type) 3-3, min. 3-0; alt. 2-0 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mt. Vengo, 5500 feet (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

Trachycystis patera M. & P.

Ref. List No. 261.

1903. Trachycystis patera M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 603, pl. xxxu,

Ls.) Dare

While resembling bathycoele in many respects, patera has a perfectly flat spire;

53 very convex whorls, first 14 smooth, remainder covered all over with very

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 211

close, regular, curved, slightly oblique transverse striae; umbilicus very wide,

exposing all the whorls.

Diam. maj. (type) 2:7, min. 2:5; alt. 1-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Maestrém Forest, Bedford (type,

Farquhar); Caledon (Mrs. Longstaff).

CAPE PENINSULA. Simonstown (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

Trachycystis brfoveata Conn.

1932. Trachycystis bifoveata Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu, p. 103,

plat I3.. DF.

Shell very small, discoid, perforate, thin, asperate, pale corneous brown. Spire

and apex impressed. Whorls 54, very gradually increasing, convex, strongly

shouldered at the suture, the Ist glossy, showing only faint microscopic radial

striolae, remainder sculptured with strong, fine costae, curved forward to the

periphery and then receding, the interstices filled with close, fine, parallel striolae,

from 4 to 6 between the costae on the later whorls; suture simple, deeply impressed.

Aperture semilunar, peristome simple, acute, labrum conforming to the costulation,

columella short and concave, margin simple, umbilicus rather wide, extending to

the summit and clearly exposing all the whorls.

Diam. maj. 3-0, min. 2-4; alt. 1-3; apert. alt. 1-3, lat. 0-75 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Game Pass (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

The strong costulation and forward angulation of the labrum render

this beautiful little species easily recognisable.

Trachycystis contabulata Conn.

1932. Trachycystis contabulata Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu, p. 103,

Plt. DF:

Shell very small, discoid, perforate, thin, silky, pale corneous. Spire flat.

Whorls 5, very gradually increasing, convex, slightly shouldered at the suture,

the Ist sculptured with extremely faint microscopic radial striolae, remainder

covered with very close, fine, strong, nearly straight transverse costulae; suture

canaliculate. Aperture 2-lunar, peristome simple, labrum straight and vertical

in profile, columella inclined to the left, margin simple, umbilicus moderately

wide, extending to the summit and exposing all the whorls.

Diam. maj. 2:4, min. 2-1; alt. 1-25; apert. alt. 1-25, lat. 0-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Game Pass (type, Burnup); Nottingham Road;

Curry’s Post (Taynton).

Type in British Museum.

212 Annals of the South African Museum.

Trachycystis felina Conn.

1932. Trachycystis felina Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 103, pl. v,

teal NEE

Shell very small, depressed orbicular, perforate, thin, silky, corneous brown.

Spire flat. Whorls 5, convex, regularly increasing, protoconch, 14 whorl, smooth

and glossy, remainder sculptured all over with extremely fine and close, straight

transverse striae, which are just visible under a hand-lens; suture canaliculate.

Aperture ?-lunar, not receding at base, peristome simple, columella very short,

upper margin scarcely reflexed, umbilicus rather wide, extending to the summit

and exposing all the whorls.

Diam. maj. 3:6, min. 3:2; alt. 2:2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Katberg Forest (Hewitt).

Type in Albany Museum.

Larger than the two foregoing species, with finer, closer striation

than bathycoele, patera, or fossula.

(ix) Group of inclara Morel.

Sub-genus Psichion Gude, 1911

(Proc. Mal. Soc., ix, p. 272).

Type Helix miliaris Morel.

Hinder part of foot rounded above, not keeled; duct of spermatheca

considerably enlarged towards anterior end; epiphallus moderately

long, entering the side of the broadly fusiform penis at some distance

from its hinder end, to which the penial retractor is attached.

Radula specialised: Central and lateral teeth rather narrow, latter

more numerous than in other known sub-genera of Trachycystis:

anterior half of basal part of mesocone absent from these teeth, so

that the mesocone arises from towards the posterior end of the basal

plate and is thus widely separated from the small ectocones and endo-

cones, which arise from close to front edge of tooth, while between

these in the laterals 1 or 2 minute denticles occur; cusps of

marginals less closely united basally than in other sub-genera, meso-

cone pointed, endocone in certain species divided into 2 very slender

cusps in some of the teeth, and ectocone always divided into from

2 to 5 small denticles.

An uninteresting group of small, subconical shells of dull aspect

and weak sculpture, with a tendency towards faint lilac or roseate

grey coloration.

—~

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 213

Trachycystis inclara (Morel.).

Ref. List Nos. 240 and 249.

1889. Helix inops Morel., J. de C., xxxvu, p. 6, pl.1,f.2. D.F.

1889. ,, «wnclara (=inops Morel., 1889, non Mouss., 1872),

Morel., zbid., p. 200. (EHmend. nom.)

1889. Helix bowkeriana Ancey, in litt.

1912. Trachycystis coxi Prest., Proc. Mal. Soc., x, p.18. D.F.

1934. a inclara Morel., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

feito pe xx, f.25. AR.

Shell small, subglobose, most narrowly umbilicate, dull, slightly silky, semi-

transparent, corneous buff. Spire subconical, sides straight, apex narrowly

rounded. Whorls 5, moderately convex, rounded at the periphery, regularly

increasing, first 2 practically smooth, remainder sculptured with weak, slightly

curved and oblique striae or growth lines, crossed on the base by excessively fine,

close, microscopic spiral lines; suture simple, well defined. Aperture 3-lunate,

labrum slightly flexuous and receding little in profile, peristome simple, acute,

columella short, straight, erect, margin triangularly reflexed, almost obscuring

the minute umbilicus.

Diam. maj. (type) 5-2, min. 4:7; alt. 4-1; apert. alt. 2-7, lat. 2-7 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (type, Crawford);

Grahamstown (bowkeriana, Miss Glanville); Knysna Forest (cozz,

Cox); Keurbooms R. bush (Barnard); distributed about the foregoing

districts as far east as Port St. John’s (Shortridge).

Types of enclara and coxi in British Museum.

When I wrote my Reference List it seemed possible that coxzi might

be differentiated from inclara owing to its shell texture being a trifle

clearer, but comparison with a large series of inclara, recently to hand,

proves that the shell of this species, albeit hable to become dull and

clouded under very slight weathering, is nearly clear in fresh young

specimens, and the fact that the type set of coz: retained this feature

at a greater age than usual is probably attributable to the damp

forest habitat being favourable to its preservation. Apart from this,

coxi and inclara agree in every detail, and Preston’s species must be

considered entirely synonymous with that of Morelet.

Trachycystis shilwaneensis Conn.

1922. Trachycystis shilwaneensis Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 73,

pes. 3S. DLP.

Not unlike inclara, but with less narrow perforation and stronger spiral sculpture.

The subconical shell is pale rufous corneous, with 5} flattish whorls, rounded at

214 Annals of the South African Museum.

the periphery, first 1} practically smooth, remainder covered all over with very

close, faint, transverse, crossed by finer, equally close, microscopic spiral striae;

columella weak, margin narrowly reflexed, half-concealing the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. (type) 5-7, min. 5:0; alt. 4:2; apert. alt. 2-7, lat. 2-7 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Mt. Manotsuri, Shiluwane District (type,

Junod).

NATAL. Mont aux Sources (var., Falcon).

Type in Kimberley Museum.

The largest example seen measures 6:2 x 5-2 mm. in diameter and

4-5 in height.

The Basuto set differs from type in weaker sculpture, especially

radial, less exserted spire, more convex whorls, deeper suture, and

less open umbilicus. They may well be a distinct species, but their

condition hardly admits of exact differentiation.

Trachycystis yunodi Conn.

1922. Trachycystis yunodi Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 73, pl. i,

os ee

The largest of the group, subglobose, narrowly rimate, corneous greenish brown.

5 convex, rounded whorls, the Ist smooth, remainder covered all over with close,

regular, curved transverse, crossed by equally fine spiral striae; columella very

weak, margin narrowly reflexed, but almost concealing the narrow, deep rima.

Diam. maj. 8:3, min. 7:1; alt. 5-5; apert. alt. 5-0, lat. 4-2 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Mt. Manotsuri, Shiluwane District (type,

Junod).

NATAL. Karkloof (Burnup).

Type in Kimberley Museum.

Watson (l.c., p. 173) writes of the Karkloof race as “an apparently

unnamed species,” but Burnup and myself were unable to detect any

satisfactory grounds for its separation from that now under notice.*

Trachycystis nucrostriata Prest.

Ref. List No. 258.

1912. Trachycystis microstriata Prest., Proc. Mal. Soc., x, p. 18.

DES

A small shell, closely resembling ¢nclara in form, but differing in sculpture,

which is absent from the first 1} whorl and then consists of exceedingly close,

fine, slightly curved and oblique microscopic transverse striolae, gradually gaining

* T would explain here that in this, and any other instances in which I may not

follow completely the views expressed in Watson’s recent paper, it is without

the slightest prejudice as to the probable correctness of his determination.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 215

in strength and about every 7th a little stronger than those between, and equally

close, fine, microscopic spiral lines, which cut the transverse sculpture and impart

to the surface a beautifully regular microscopic granulation. The shell is corneous

yellow-brown and contains 43 whorls. Preston’s measurements of the type are

Diam. maj. 4-5, min. 4-0; alt. 3-0; apert. alt. 2-5, lat. 1-75 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna (Cox).

Type in coll. Dautzenberg.

Trachycystis ambigua Conn.

1922. Trachycystis ambigua Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p.116. D.

1925. f, >) vans! “i Sec: 5. Atnes. x.

p. 141, pl. iv, £9. NF.

Differs from shilwaneensis, its nearest ally, in having a very slightly lower spire

and narrower whorls, in the spiral striae being a little weaker above and farther

apart on the base, and in being almost imperforate. The carneo-corneous shell

contains 5 rounded, rapidly increasing whorls, the apical smooth, remainder covered

on both sides with extremely close, straight, microscopic transverse striae, with

spiral lines first visible about the 4th, and cutting the transverse sculpture on the

5th whorl. Columella very short, margin very narrowly reflexed, but almost

covering the minute rima.

Diam. maj. (type) 4-5, min. 4:0; alt. 3-7; apert. alt. 2-5, lat. 2-1 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Headwaters of R. Inyamkarrara,

25 miles N.W. of Macequece (type, Cressy); Lebombo Marsh, Rikatla

(Junod).

S. RHODESIA. Vumbu Range, near Umtali, 5700 feet (Arnold).

Also recorded from Mt. Chiradzulu, Nyasaland (Johnston).

Type in British Museum.

Trachycystis ectima M. & P.

Ref. List No. 241.

1899. Trachycystis ectima M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 197, pl. iu, f. 8.

DE.

1934. Trachycystis ectima M. & P., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

pe les, U5, pl. x00, f. 26. N.A.

A small, somewhat globose, creamy corneous shell with minute umbilicus.

There are 44 convex whorls, bluntly shouldered at the periphery, first 14 smooth,

remainder sculptured all over with regular, slightly curved and oblique transverse

costulae, with about 7 extremely fine, close, parallel microscopic striolae in the

intervals, cut by equally fine and close spiral lines, so that the surface is minutely

granulate; suture simple, well defined. Aperture sublunate, columella concave,

margin narrowly reflexed, almost concealing the very narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. (type) 3-6, min. 3-2; alt. 2-5; apert. alt. 2-2, lat. 2-2 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Umkomaas (type); Tongaat (Burnup); Winkle

Spruit (Akerman).

216 Annals of the South African Museum.

Type in British Museum.

The Tongaat race differs from type in the costule being very

much weaker, little more than rather coarse striae; the largest example

I have seen from this locality contains nearly 5 whorls and measures

4-8 x 3-3 mm. in width and height.

(x) Group of teretiuscula M. & P.

Insignificant little shells with practically smooth apical and finely

striate later whorls.

Trachycystis teretiuscula M. & P.

Ref. List No. 277.

1897. Trachycystis teretvuscula M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 635,

pl xviis ot) (ear:

1932. Trachycystis teretiuscula M. & P., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu,

(Oe oy ke

Shell small, depressed globose, umbilicate, thin, smooth, rather dull, pale

corneous brown. Spire but little raised, apex obtuse. Whorls 5, gradually

increasing, rounded at the periphery and strongly shouldered at the suture, first

14 smooth except for slight pitting, remainder covered all over with extremely

close and fine, nearly straight, transverse microscopic striae; suture simple,

canaliculate. Aperture ?-lunar, labrum straight and vertical in profile, columella

concave, margin narrowly reflexed, partially overhanging the very narrow

umbilicus.

Diam. maj. (type) 4:0, min. 3-7; alt. 3-0; apert. alt. 1-6, lat. 1-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type); Howick; Equeefa;

Dargle etc. (Burnup); Majuba (Connolly); Mkolombe Mountains

(Thomasset).

ZULULAND (Jones).

O.F.S. Platberg, Harrismith (Connolly).

CAPE PROVINCE. Fern Kloof, Grahamstown (Farquhar); East

London (var., Godfrey); Maclear (coll. Wotton).

Type in British Museum.

The Mkolombe shells have a rather more depressed spire and

impressed suture than normal, while those from Platberg and Majuba

show strong microgranulation, caused by intersection of the transverse

striae by spiral grooves as strong as themselves, and may well be

specifically distinct.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 217

Trachycystis glanvilliana (Ancey).

(Pl. vi, £. 5-7.)

Ref. List No. 245.

1893. Hehx glanvilliana Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mal. Fr., vii, p. 157. D.

Very nearly allied to the foregoing; it appears, however, to be a smaller form,

with the same number, 5, of whorls; the shouldering at the suture is compara-

tively sharper and the transverse sculpture usually weaker, while it is cut by

microscopic spiral lines, hardly visible on the upper surface, though stronger on

the base; the umbilicus is extremely small.

Diam. maj. (type) 2°75, min. 2-5; alt. 1-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown (type, Miss Glanville);

Port Alfred (Hewitt); Port Elizabeth (Farquhar); Peddie; East

London; Blaauwkrantz; Martindale; Dixon’s Bush (Kincaid).

Type in British Museum.

The type is nearly, though not quite, full grown; the species attains

slightly greater dimensions.

As this species has never been figured, I select it to illustrate this

most uninteresting group.

Trachycystis glebaria M. & P.

Ref. List No. 246.

1903. Trachycystis glebaria M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 602, pl.

cA OG a Oe

1932. Trachycystis glebaria M. & P., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii,

peop.) Nv.

Shell small, much depressed globose, umbilicate, thin, silky, transparent,

corneous brownish yellow. Spire but little exserted, apex narrowly rounded.

Whorls 5, gradually increasing, convex, rounded at the periphery, first 14 smooth,

remainder sculptured all over with extremely close and fine, regular, straight

transverse striolae; suture simple, impressed. Aperture 3-lunar, peristome

simple, acute, labrum straight and vertical in profile, columella concave, very weak,

margin unreflexed, umbilicus narrow, but extending to the summit and just

exposing all the whorls. t

Diam. maj. (type) 3-6, min. 3-2; alt. 2-2; apert. alt. 1-6, lat. 1-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pinetown (type); Hilton Road (Burnup); Krantz-

kop (Warren); Equeefa (forma minor, Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

A very ordinary little shell, apparently of some rarity, differing in

its texture and yellowish colour from its near allies.

The race from Krantzkop is rather smaller than normal, but other-

wise typical.

218 Annals of the South African Museum.

Trachycystis plebeia Conn.

1932. Trachycystis plebera Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii, p. 96, pl. vy,

iy Ia DT

Differs from the foregoing in smaller size, duller surface, brown instead of

yellow colour, slightly weaker sculpture and comparatively very slightly wider

umbilicus. There are 5 convex whorls, first 14 practically smooth, remainder

sculptured all over with exceedingly fine and close, straight, regular, microscopic

transverse striolae; suture deep. Aperture 3-lunar, labrum nearly straight and

erect in profile, columella concave, margin practically unreflexed, umbilicus

rather wide, openly tubular.

Diam. maj. 3:3, min. 3-0; alt. 1-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Bushman’s R. Falls (type, Burnup); Weenen

(Thomasset).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

Type in British Museum.

Trachycystis falconi sp. n.

(El vasa L129)

Shell very small, depressed conoid, umbilicate, thin, transparent, smooth and

glossy, pale corneous brown. Spire exserted, sides subgradate, apex rounded.

Whorls 53, slowly increasing, convex and rounded, Ist practically smooth,

remainder sculptured all over with extremely fine, close, regular, straight radial

microscopic striolae; suture well defined. Aperture obliquely lunate, labrum

straight and not receding in profile, columella short, concave, margin triangularly

reflexed, half obscuring the very narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 3-0, min. 2:8; alt. 2-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

The subconoid form distinguishes this little species from others of

the genus and suggests affinity with Sitala or Kaliella, but the straight

transverse sculpture, without trace of spiral, proves it to be a

Trachycystis.

The three species which follow may perhaps best be placed here,

though they are much larger than those just treated and may probably

belong to two or more distinct sub-genera; all, however, are remarkable

for complete mediocrity and lack of distinctive feature, in which they

agree with the present group, subpinguis leading therefrom towards

the larger forms.

Trachycystis subpinguis Conn.

1922. Trachycystis subpinguis Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 74,

jel TIDY I.

1934. Trachycystis subpinguis Conn., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc.,

Kx1, pp. Los, (4 plexes. 22. if.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 219

Shell small, depressed conoid, perforate, thin, smooth, glossy, pale corneous.

Spire but little raised, sides straight. Whorls 6, gradually increasing, rounded,

bluntly subcarinate on upper portion of periphery, first 14 faintly micropunctate,

remainder sculptured all over with faint, rather distant, nearly straight transverse

striae, the intervals filled with close, faint parallel striolae crossed by extremely

close and faint wavy microspiral lines; suture well defined. Aperture oblique,

lunate, labrum practically straight in profile and hardly receding, columella short,

weak, concave, margin shortly and narrowly reflexed, not concealing the minute

umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 5-7, min. 5-2; alt. 3-6; apert. alt. 2-6, lat. 3-0 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type, Connolly; Burnup); Bal-

gowan (Pennington); Karkloof (Taynton).

TRANSVAAL. Mt. Manotsuri, Shiluwane (Junod).

Type in British Museum.

Radula formula (20+9+1+9+21)x161+%n; central and laterals

formed somewhat as in Psichion, but lacking .the minute denticles

between endocones and ectocones.

This species has been widely distributed under the name of Zingis

pinguis (Krs.), which is a typical Gudeélla and bears little resemblance

to it. Falcon informs me that he has never found subpinguis except

on the bark of trees in wet weather and under it in dry.

Trachycystis mediocris sp. 0.

(Pat b—13:)

Shell of moderate size, depressed globose, umbilicate, thin, dull, slightly silky,

transparent, pale chestnut above with occasional pale transverse streaks, and

paler beneath. Spire not much exserted, apex obtuse. Whorls 53, moderately

convex, rounded at periphery, regularly increasing, first 14 smooth, remainder

sculptured with exceedingly fine, close, nearly straight transverse striolae, of

unequal strength, and stronger on the base nearing the labrum, and far finer

microspiral lines, only just discernible in good light under 20-fold magnification;

suture simple, well defined. Aperture obliquely 3-lunar, peristome simple, labrum

straight, scarcely receding, columella short, concave, margin triangularly reflexed,

half overhanging the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 7-8, min. 7:2; alt. 5-5; apert. alt. 3-6, lat. 3-6 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Gorge of Salt River, Windhoek,

Bredasdorp District (Rennie).

Type in Albany Museum.

A somewhat featureless species, much larger than the foregoing,

to which it bears some resemblance in form and sculpture; the largest

specimens to hand, which appear to represent fully mature shells,

are 8 mm. in major diameter.

220 Annals of the South African Museum.

Trachycystis lunaris sp. n.

(Piva te=10))

Shell small, perforate, depressed globose, nearly circular, transparent, finely

silky, pale olivaceous buff. Spire little raised, apex bluntly rounded. Whorls 6,

gradually increasing, moderately convex, rounded at periphery, Ist practically

smooth, remainder sculptured above with exceedingly fine and close, regular,

very slightly curved and oblique transverse striolae of equal strength throughout

and considerably weaker on the base, and extremely fine, almost negligible micro-

spiral lineation; suture well defined. Aperture horizontal, ?-lunar, labrum nearly

straight and receding little in profile, columella extremely short and weak, margin

barely reflexed, but practically concealing, in adult shells, the minute umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 7:0, min. 6-8; alt. 4:5; apert. alt. 3-1, lat. 3-6 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Thomas R., Cathcart (type); Ather-

stone (Farquhar); Donkersbosch, Grahamstown (Hewitt); Port St.

John’s; Amabele Junction (Puzey).

ZULULAND. Melmoth (Miss Hickey).

Type in British Museum.

A featureless species which has been collected in small numbers over

a wide area and appeared of too dubious status to describe until

Watson assured me that the animal is distinct from its nearest. allies;

specimens were mixed with the type set of sollers M. & P. (aprica Krs.)

and have been distributed under that name.

(xi) Group of minutiae.

Minute shells, seldom exceeding 24 mm. in diameter; the first seven

are really small members of group (iv).

Trachycystis mcbeani Conn.

1932. Trachycystis mcbeani Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu, p. 97, pl.

ys ee Ome Oe ae

Shell very small, depressed orbicular, umbilicate, thin, silky, corneous red-

brown. Spire not greatly raised, summit obtusely rounded. Whorls 5, very

convex, gradually increasing, rounded at periphery, protoconch, 2+ whorls, prac-

tically smooth, remainder covered all over with exceedingly close, straight, regular,

transverse microscopic striae; suture simple, subcanaliculate. Aperture sub-

lunate, peristome simple, acute, labrum straight, scarcely receding in profile,

columella short, concave, margin triangularly reflexed, but not overhanging the

rather wide, deep umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 2:2; alt. 1-3 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (type, Connolly; McBean).

NATAL. Majuba (Connolly); Weenen (Thomasset); Enon Bush,

Richmond (Burnup).

——— |

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 221

Type in British Museum.

Except for its minute size this would find its natural place in the

sumplex group; it is, in fact, a miniature of ordinaria M. & P. In

1932 I published reasons for differentiating it from ugandana Smith,

mcdowella Conn., and ponsonbyr Dautz. & Germain.

Trachycystis kincaid: Conn.

1932. Trachycystis kincaidi Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu, p. 98,

Dewy 6. DE.

Shell as above, but of golden-brown colour, with practically flat spire. Whorls

41, convex, gradually increasing, first 13 practically smooth, remainder covered

with close, regular, very slightly curved and oblique microscopic transverse

costulae, gradually increasing in strength and distance apart, with almost im-

perceptible parallel striolae between them; suture deeply impressed. Aperture

nearly circular, labrum nearly straight and vertical in profile, columella merely

an upward extension of the basal margin without reflexion, umbilicus broad,

deep, and tubular.

Diam. maj. 2:4; alt. 1-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Mountain Drive, Grahamstown (type);

East London (Kincaid).

Type in British Museum.

Apparently somewhat nearly allied to bernardinae Conn. from Mt.

Kenya and smithi D. & G. from the Belgian Congo, but distinct

from either.

Trachycystis medowell1 Conn.

(Plax, ts 1-2.)

1922. Trachycystis mcdowelli Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 117. D.

1925. rm ., Pee mlranise ie SOC. 20. -AtriCa, Xl,

p. 145, pl.av,f.13. Nf.

A very small, silky, corneous shell with almost flat spire. 44 whorls, slowly and

regularly increasing, protoconch practically smooth, with faint traces of micro-

scopic transverse striolation after the lst whorl, remainder covered with very

close, clear, nearly straight, transverse microscopic striae; suture shallow. Aper-

ture lunate, umbilicus rather narrow, extending to the summit and just exposing

all the whorls.

Diam. maj. 1-7, min. 1-5; alt. ca. 0-8 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Maforga Siding, B. & M. Rail-

way (McDowell).

Type in British Museum.

A particularly neat, closely coiled little species.

222 Annals of the South African Museum.

Trachycystis venatorum Conn.

1932. Trachycystis venatorum Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii, p. 99,

levis damon

Shell extremely small, subglobose, glossy, pale corneous brown. Spire moder-

ately exserted, apex bluntly rounded. Whorls 44, very convex, somewhat

shouldered, protoconch, 14 whorl, smooth, next $ whorl engraved with extremely

close, fine, and faint microspiral lines, after which the sculpture on both sides

consists of regular, rather distant, curved, oblique, weakly prominent transverse

striae, cut by faint microspirals; suture much impressed. Aperture ?-lunar,

labrum nearly straight and vertical in profile, columella concave, inclined to

the left, upper margin barely reflexed, not overhanging the deep, funnel-shaped

umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 2-0, min. 1-8; alt. 1-3 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Game Pass (type); Inhluzani; Belle Vue (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Allied to glanvilliana, but smaller, comparatively higher, with

comparatively wider umbilicus.

Trachycystis ferarum Conn.

1932. Trachycystis ferarum Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu, p. 100,

lever, Ol DE

A minute, silky, corneous yellow-brown shell, with nearly flat spire. 33 convex,

regularly increasing whorls, first 1? practically smooth, remainder covered all over

with very fine and close, straight, slightly oblique microscopic costulae, gradually

increasing in distance apart, the intervals filled with exceedingly fine, close,

parallel striolae; suture rather deep. Aperture ?-lunar, labrum straight, receding

but little, columella concave, upper margin very slightly reflexed, slightly over-

hanging the tubular, rather narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 1-7; alt. 0-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Game Pass (type); Van Reenen (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Hasily distinguishable from pura Conn. through having a much

narrower umbilicus.

Trachycystis vengoensis Conn.

(Pl. ix, f. 3-4.)

1922. Trachycystis vengoensis Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 118. OD.

1925. . v » Trans. R. Soc. S. Afmeaiaam

ps L4G aoe av, del On VCH i.

A minute, silky, reddish corneous shell with nearly flat spire, each whorl just

showing above the next. 34 gradually increasing whorls, protoconch microscopic-

ally reticularly punctate, remainder covered on both sides with microscopic,

close, straight, regular, transverse striae, crossed by almost invisible spiral striation

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 223

round the umbilicus; suture deep. Aperture rounded lunate, columellar margin

not reflexed, umbilicus not wide, but deep, extending to the summit and disclosing

all the whorls.

Diam. maj. 1-45, min. 1:35; alt. 0-4 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mt. Vengo, 5500 feet (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

Somewhat nearly related to ugandana Smith and smith D. & G.,

but distinct from either.

The jaw measures about -1 x-02 mm.; it is curved, very thin, with

little or no visible sculpture. The radula measures -29x-11 mm.

when flattened out and resembles that of soror in general appearance,

formula of two specimens (6+6+1+6+6) x72 and x 80 respectively.

Trachycystis sprssisculpta Conn.

1932. Trachycystis spissisculpta Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu, p. 100,

pleveic tls DF.

A minute, depressed globose, glossy, pale corneous brown shell, spire not much

exserted, apex obtuse. 44 convex whorls, regularly increasing, first 1? practically

smooth, remainder covered on both sides with very weak, curved, oblique, sub-

distant microscopic striae, probably representing intervals of growth, the intervals

filled with exceedingly fine parallel striolae and the whole cut by equally fine,

close and regular microspiral grooves; suture impressed. Aperture ?-lunar,

labrum evenly receding, columella concave, short and weak, margin scarcely

reflexed, umbilicus moderately wide, openly exposing all the whorls.

Diam. maj. 1-8; alt. 1-0 mm.

Hab. NATAL.- Van Reenen (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

The glossy surface, weak transverse and strong spiral sculpture

combine to distinguish this species from others of the group, but it

bears rather close resemblance to the Abyssinian cryophila Mts.

Trachycystis pura Conn.

(Pl. 1x, f£. 7-8.)

1922. Trachycystis pura Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 118. D.

1925. ‘ i 3. lrans: Rersoc. Ss Airica, xi; 7p. 146)

pein £ 15. N.&.A.R.

1934. Trachycystis pura Conn., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi

pales. NV.

A minute circular shell with nearly flat. spire and milky translucent texture;

3% whorls, slowly and regularly increasing, covered all over with close, strong,

regular, nearly straight transverse striae, which are about -025 mm. apart on the

last whorl, but closer towards the apex, except on the first half of the lst whorl,

224 Annals of the South African Museum.

where they are slightly more distant than on the second half; protoconch furnished

with almost invisible microspiral striae, which also occur round the umbilicus;

suture narrow but well defined. Aperture rounded lunate, umbilicus rather wide,

extending to the summit and exposing all the whorls.

Diam. maj. 1-2, min. 1-0; alt. 0-7 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mt. Vengo, 5500 feet (type, Cressy).

CAPE PROVINCE. Kowie (Kincaid); Thomas River, Cathcart

(Miss Davidson).

Type in British Museum.

Hasily distinguishable from its minute confréres by its milky colour

and comparatively strong, close radial striae; the largest shell from

Cathcart contains 34 whorls with major diameter of 1-4 mm.

The radula in this species, as well as the shell and kidney, is of a

slightly specialised type; it measures -32 x-105 mm. when flattened

out, formula (6+3+1+3+46) x66; the backward trend of the laterals

and the large size of the first on each side make it easy to distinguish

from most of those of which the radula has been published, though

resembling in some respects that of the American Helicodiscus

lineatus (Say).

Watson (1934) remarks “T. pura Conn. resembles 7. charybdis Bs.

in the sculpture of its protoconch, but not in the shape and minute

size of the shell nor in the radula and kidney . . . undoubtedly, there-

fore, T. pura belongs to a distinct sub-genus, if not to a different

genus of the Endodontidae.”” However this may be, my little species

can easily be sought and found among the minutiae, and I prefer to

leave it here for the present, rather than create a new and possibly

unnecessary home for it.

Trachycystis mocroscopica (Krs.).

(Pl. vu, £. 12-14.)

Ref. List No. 257.

1848. Helix microscopica Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 76, pl. iv, f. 20.

D.F.

1936. Trachycystis microscopica Krs., Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges.,

No. 431, p. 20. LL.

Shell microscopic, conoid, umbilicate, thin, silky, transparent, pale corneous

brown. Whorls 34, regularly increasing, convex, very obtusely angled at the

periphery, first 2+ smoothly micropunctate, remainder covered above with very

weak, close, slightly oblique transverse striolae, which are much finer on the base;

suture well defined. Aperture nearly oblong, angled at periphery and base of

columella, which is straight and erect, margin rather broadly reflexed, partly

concealing the narrow umbilicus.

Alt. (type) ca. 1-1, lat. 1-3 mm.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 225

Hab. NATAL. Mooi River (type, Wahlberg).

ZULULAND. St. Lucia Lagoon (Haas).

Type in Stockholm Museum.

It is difficult to determine the generic status of this little species;

while not a Pupisoma, it bears suspicious resemblance to the top of

a Pupilla, but I cannot identify it as such; the Zulu record appears to

me doubtful.

(xii) Group of perplicata Bs.

Sub-genus Lyrocystis Watson, 1934

(Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 170).

Type Helix cosmia Pir.

Hinder part of foot in 7. cosmia rounded above, not keeled; upper

extension of kidney running forward for a short distance next to

rectum; duct of spermatheca enlarged at anterior end; first part of

vas deferens unusually thick, generally forming a loop near posterior

end of free oviduct. EHpiphallus moderately long, entering one side

of hinder end of the broad, rather short penis, the opposite side of

which is continued into a small oval appendix, with the mast

slender penial retractor attached to its apex.

Central and lateral teeth with anterior end of basal part of

mesocone extremely narrow, or absent from laterals in T cosmia;

marginals with moderately long, pointed mesocones, somewhat

smaller endocones, and ectocones that are usually divided into 2,

or sometimes 3 narrow cusps in the outer teeth.

Watson assigns to this sub-genus cosmia Pfr. and perplicata Bs.

Trachycystis cosmia (Pfr.).

Ref. List No. 119.

1850. Helix munda Bs., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 253. D.

Eat cerea (—munda Bs., £850, non Adams, 1849) -Pfr.,

Zeitschr. f. Mal., viii, p: 16.7 _N-

1852. Helix cosmia ( =cerea Pir., 1851, non Gld., 1850) Pfr., Zeitschr.

meal ix, p. 112. -N.

1864. Helix omphalion Bs., A.M.N.H., xi, p.494. D.

1934. Trachycystis cosmia Pir., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 170,

pee t 20-21. AR.

Shell very small, depressed globose, thin, silky, transparent, corneous greenish-

brown. Spire not much exserted, apex obtusely rounded. Whaorls 44, moderately

convex, regularly increasing, first 14 engraved into the apex with extremely close

and fine microscopic spiral lines, remainder sculptured all over with strong, close,

VOL. XXXIII. 15

226 Annals of the South African Museum.

regular, curved, oblique transverse costulae; the spiral engraving continues very

faintly in the interstices between the costulae on the intermediate whorls, but

practically disappears on the last whorl and base; suture simple, rather deep.

Aperture 2-lunar, peristome simple, acute, labrum nearly straight and receding

regularly in profile, columella concave, margin scarcely reflexed, not obscuring

the narrow, deep umbilicus. The largest perfect example in the British Museum

measures

Diam. maj. 5-9, min. 5-0; alt. 3-6; apert. alt. 2-5, lat. 2-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Lion’s Head, near Camps Bay (munda,

Benson); top of Table Mountain overlooking Cape Town (cerea,

Layard); Kalk Bay (Lightfoot); Simonstown (omphalion, “fice

Hawkins,” Benson).

CAPE PROVINCE. Riversdale; Riebeek Kasteel Mts., 2800 feet

(Barnard).

Type of cosmia ubt? Specimens of omphalion ex auct. in Cambridge

Museum.

Trachycystis perplicata (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 263.

1851. Helia perplicata Bs., A.M.N.H., vu, p. 104. D.:

1855. Helicopsis tabulae Chaper, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., x, p. 483,

jOlegerany Sih) De

1892. Helix (Pella) rhysodes M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 87, pl. iv,

tele Dae:

1934. Trachycystis perplicata Bs., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

TOs LEO Ale

Shell of moderate size, subglobose, umbilicate, thin, asperate, semi-transparent,

corneous yellow-brown, with occasional traces of narrow rufous rays. Spire

moderately exserted, apex obtuse. Whorls 6, convex, slightly shouldered at

periphery, regularly increasing, first 1} engraved with extremely close and fine

microscopic spiral lines, remainder sculptured all over with strong, curved, oblique

transverse costae, gradually increasing in distance apart, the intervals filled with

fine parallel striolae, which are cut by the continued spiral sculpture of the 2nd

whorl; suture simple, somewhat impressed. Aperture ?-lunar, labrum nearly

straight and receding very gradually in profile, columella very short, concave,

margin narrowly triangularly reflexed, but scarcely overhanging the narrow, deep

umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 7:2, min. 6-4; alt. 5-1; apert. alt. 3-8, lat. 3-4 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Near Newlands (type, Benson);

Table Mountain (tabulae, Chaper); widely distributed from Table

Mountain to Cape Point.

CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (fide Sturany); Palmiet R.

Mountains, 2000 feet (Barnard).

The type of rhysodes, from an unknown locality, in the British

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 227

Museum, is identical with perplicata, of which there are originals in

the Cambridge Museum—that of tabulae is in Ecole des Mines, Paris:

had the authors of either of these species compared them with that

of Benson there would have been no need to describe them as new.

Shell described, from the Cape Peninsula, in my collection.

Trachycystis prionacis (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 267.

1864. Helix prionacis Bs., A.M.N.H., xiu, p. 493. D.

1864. ,, browningw Bs., ibid., p. 493. D.

sez (Pella) erateina M.:& P., A.M.N-HL., 1x, p. 88, pl. v,

ae DP. ; |

1934. Trachycystis prionacis Bs., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

peli Ge iN.

Shell small, somewhat depressed, umbilicate, thin, asperate, transparent, pale

corneous brown, with transverse rufous flames on the upper surface. Spire,

moderately exserted. Whorls 43, regularly increasing, moderately convex,

carinate at the periphery, apical 1? engraved with close, regular, microspiral lines,

remainder sculptured with strong, curved, slightly oblique costae, gradually

becoming wider apart, strongest at the periphery and weaker on the base, the

interstices filled with parallel microscopic striolae and extremely faint traces of the

apical microspiral sculpture; suture simple, well defined. Aperture subrhomboid,

labrum gradually receding to the base, columella short, concave, margin little

reflexed, not obscuring the rather narrow umbilicus. The largest specimen

available (type of erateina) measures

Diam. maj. 4:6, min. 4:2; alt. 2:6; apert. alt. 1-7, lat. 2-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Bredasdorp (prionacis and erateina,

Layard). )

CAPE PENINSULA. Near Cape Point (browningii, Browning;

erateina, Layard); Table Mountain (Connolly).

Type of erateona in British Museum; originals of browningw in

Cambridge Museum; prionacis probably in British Museum.

The shell bears a somewhat close superficial resemblance to that

of Goniodiscus rotundatus (Mill.); Watson suggests that it belongs

to a distinct sub-genus; for the present it seems best placed here.

Trachycystis erythractis Conn.

Ref. List No. 243.

1912. Trachycystis erythractis Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xi, p. 136,

peo to. DI.

Shell depressed conoid, subrimate, rather thin and dull, hardly translucent, pale

cream, decorated above with irregular ruby rays and streaks. Spire moderately

228 Annals of the South African Museum.

exserted, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 53, gradually increasing, rounded,

with very slight angulation at the periphery, first 2 sculptured with very close,

fine microspiral, cut by equally fine and close radial lines; on the later whorls the

transverse sculpture becomes stronger, slightly curved and oblique, and the spiral

weaker, all fainter on the base; suture shallow. Aperture compressed oval,

labrum receding in gentle curve, columella short, thickened upwards, margin

narrowly reflexed, almost concealing the narrow perforation.

Diam. maj. 10-1, min. 8-9; alt. 6-8; apert. alt. 5-2, lat. 5-4 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Caledon Division (Lightfoot).

Type in South African Museum.

Nearest to perplicata, from which it is easily distinguishable by its

far narrower perforation and smoother sculpture.

(xu) Group of capensis Pfr.

Sub-genus Xerocystis Watson, 1934

(Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 178).

Type Helix capensis Pir.

Hinder part of foot rounded above, not keeled; upper extension

of kidney tending to run forward for a short distance next to the

rectum. Duct of spermatheca slightly enlarged at anterior end;

vagina rather long; epiphallus of moderate length, entering side of

the somewhat swollen penis a short distance from its hinder end,

to which the penial retractor is attached. Jaw thin, with vertical

folds, as in all the preceding sub-genera; mesocones of marginals not

as long as usual except in the transitional teeth; endocones moderately

short; ectocones very seldom divided. Shell whitish, usually with

brown bands or spots.

Xerocystis includes the smaller forms which were formerly placed

in Phortion (Phasis) but prove by their anatomy to be sub-generically

distinct.

Trachycystis capensis (Pfr.)

(=vzrrorata Ziegl. and littoricola Bs. in litt.).

Ref. List No. 217.

1841. Helix capensis Pir., Symb.,i, p. 40. D.

1887. ,, (Pella) capensis Pfr., Tryon, Manual, iu, p. 103, pl. xx,

vee GN Dek

1934. Trachycystis capensis Pir., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

p. 78 splice ti 20=80. lV .AK.

Shell small, depressed globose, umbilicate, somewhat calcareous, nearly smooth,

fairly glossy, white or buff, with or without a single narrow brown band on upper

part of whorl and a few small irregular black dots, and innumerable patterns of

transverse ornamentation in the form of brown streaks, flames, and patches, with

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 229

a black patch in umbilicus. Spire moderately exserted, apex narrowly rounded.

Whorls 5, regularly increasing, convex, rounded at periphery, first 14 practically

smooth, remainder bearing close, faint, slightly curved and oblique growth striolae,

with vestiges on the base of microspiral grooves; suture well defined. Aperture

3-lunar, labrum nearly straight and vertical in profile, columella erect, nearly

straight, margin narrowly reflexed, overhanging nearly half the narrow umbilicus.

A specimen from Kommetije of average size measures

Diam. maj. 9-4, min. 8-0; alt. 6-6; apert. alt. 4-7, lat. 4-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Very common, especially along the

coast.

CAPE PROVINCE. Widely distributed from Port Elizabeth to

Namaqualand (Crawford and others); Bredasdorp (Rennie); Keur-

booms R. bush; Kleinmond, near Hermanus, sand dunes near coast

(Barnard); Port Alfred (Penther); East London (Puzey); Humans-

dorp (Rogers).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

var. namaquana Mts.

(PI wit, t. 4.)

Ref. List No. 219.

1889. Helix (Pella) namaquana Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr.,

Becin, p16). —D.

Merely a large, well-grown form of capensis, scarcely meriting varietal status,

since examples quite as large and completely identical with Martens’ Nama-

qualand race have been collected by Lightfoot in the Cape Peninsula, where,

however, they seldom attain so large a size; an average example from Port Nolloth,

with 6 very convex whorls, measures

Diam. maj. 11-1, min. 9-6; alt. 7-5; apert. alt. 5-7, lat. 5-3 mm.

Hab. LITTLE NAMAQUALAND. Between Port Nolloth and

Ananas (type, Schenck; Day).

CAPE PENINSULA. Muizenberg (Lightfoot).

Type in Berlin Museum.

var. paludicola Bs.

Ref. List No. 220.

1850. Helix paludicola Bs., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 253. D.

It may be possible to retain this name for the race of small shells

which inhabits the type locality and perhaps a few other damper

spots than those frequented by the more solid typical form; they are

very slightly less solid than usual and occasionally ornamented with

a large number of close, very narrow purple bands which impart

rather a distinctive appearance to the shell.

230 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. “Baszaarms” (Baas Harman’s)

Kraal, near Retreat (type, Benson); Seekoe Vlei (Connolly).*

Originals in Cambridge Museum.

Trachycystis uitenhagensis (Pfr.).

(Ply vais is 13.)

Ref. List. No. 222.

1846. Helix witenhagensis Krs., Pfir., Symb., in, p. 66. D.

USES es s , wudair. Moll., p. 7659/5 aves

IDI

Much larger than normal capensis, attaining the size of var. namaquana, from

which it differs in more regularly conical spire, much flatter whorls with stronger

transverse sculpture and duller texture, narrower umbilicus without black patch,

more mamillate apex, and faint, blunt, peripheral angulation. 6 nearly flat whorls,

bluntly angulate at periphery, first 2 practically smooth, pale brown, remainder

bearing very close, fine, regular, slightly curved and oblique transverse striae,

with extremely close, fine, faint microspiral lineation; pale cream with occasional

dark narrow streaks and a number of small, irregular dark dots; suture simple,

shallow. Aperture roundly, obliquely quadrate, labrum nearly straight, receding

slightly to base, columella very short, erect, margin narrowly triangularly reflexed,

scarcely overhanging the very narrow umbilicus. The type measures

Diam. maj. 10-4, min. 9-0; alt. 8-2; apert. alt. 5-3, lat. 4:9 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Foot of Winterhoek Mountain, Uiten-

hage (Krauss; Layard).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

Judging from the type, which has hese the only specimen available

for examination, this species 1s abundantly distinct from capensis.

Layard wrote: “I look upon this as the inland variety of the preceding

species. I found it moderately plentiful in the neighbourhood of the

village of Uitenhage on the gravelly soil on low bushes; it was not

nearly so abundant as H. capensis in its own locality; it has more

whorls and a more exserted spire than H. capensis, but partakes of

all the varieties from pure white to dark mottled specimens.”

Krauss’ figure accurately represents the flattish whorls and regularly

conical spire, but the aperture is too horizontal, hardly sufficiently

descending, and there is no sign of the faint but distinct peripheral

angulation.

* In the Trig. Survey’s recent contour map of the district, the eastern limit of

‘““Cape Peninsula” is a vertical line drawn just west of Seekoe Vlei, between itself

and Ronde Vlei, so that it now lies actually within the boundary of the “Cape

Province.”

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 231

Trachycystis chondrocycloides Conn.

1925. Trachycystis chondrocycloides Conn., A.M.N.H., xv, p. 471,

pimewayt ii. Df.

1934. Trachycystis chondrocycloides Conn., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc.,

marmopeits, Lio, pl. xxi, 1. 3h. NAR.

Shell of moderate size, depressed conoid, umbilicate, asperate, glossy, somewhat

calcareous, first 2 whorls bright corneous brown, remainder creamy white with a

few dark streaks or patches and rare dark dots. Spire moderately elevated, sides

roundly gradate, apex mamillate. Whorls 43, regularly increasing, very convex,

rounded at periphery, first 1$ practically smooth, remainder covered all over with

close, regular, rather coarse, curved, oblique transverse striae: suture rather deep.

Aperture nearly circular, labrum receding sharply to the base, columella erect,

concave, margin rather broadly triangularly reflexed, but not overhanging the

deep and moderately wide umbilicus.

Diam. maj. (type) 6-2, min. 5-7; alt. 4:0; apert. alt. 2-2, lat. 2-2 mm.

Hab. LITTLE NAMAQUALAND. One mile north of Port Nolloth

(Rogers); Richtersveld (G. E. Smith).

Type in South African Museum.

The type set were in bleached condition, but those from Richtersveld

alive, which enables the exact systematic position and coloration

of this rare species to be determined.

The peristome is not, as assumed by Watson, usually detached and

continuous in fully grown specimens, although occasionally so; it is

a feature which, he points out, together with unusually broad

mesocoues of the central and lateral teeth of the radula, is prevalent

among the desert races of south-west Africa.

(xiv) Group of menkeana Pfr.

Sub-genus Phortion Preston, 1910

(A.M.N.H., vi, p. 531)

(=Phasis Albers, 1850, non Hiibner, 1816).

Type Helix menkeana Pfr.

Shell depressed globose, comparatively large; protoconch about

2-24 mm. in diameter, not mamillate, gradually developing low

radial ribs and microspiral striae; later whorls with coarse spiral

striae crossed by radial striae and ribs of varying strength.

Hinder part of foot usually somewhat angular above, but not

sharply keeled. Duct of spermatheca much enlarged towards

anterior end; vagina with protuberance on ventral side, bluntly

conical in most species, but forming a short diverticulum, curving

232 Annals of the South African Museum.

backwards, in lightfootuana. Epiphallus of medium length or rather

long, entering the broad anterior part of penis close to its hinder end.

Beyond the entrance of the epiphallus the penis is continued in the

form of a narrower appendix of no great length, which usually lies

nearly at right angles to the broad part of the penis, and to the end

of which the penial retractor is attached.

Jaw not folded, but covered with fine and close vertical striae;

often less thin than it is in other groups of the genus. Central and

lateral teeth with anterior end of basal part of mesocone extremely

narrow; marginals with blunt mesocones, smaller but more sharply

pointed endocones, and small undivided ectocones.

Watson’s elimination of the capensis group and introduction into

Phortion of several larger forms, hitherto placed for the most part in

different families, shows it to be a fairly homogeneous group, chiefly

notable for strong spiral sculpture and considerable depth of whorl.

Trachycystis menkeana (Pfr.).

Ref. List No. 218.

1842. Helix menkeana (=capensis Mke., ined.) Pfr., Symb., ii,

Prose LD:

1874. Helix menkeana Pfr., Smith, Zool. Exp. Erebus & Terror,

Moll., p. 2, pl. iv, £.9. NF (pessime).

1893. Phasis menkeana Pir.; Pilsb., Manual, 1x, 9.) Sipe

filo. we.

1934. Trachycystis menkeana Pfr., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

Ses Ne

Shell of fair size, discoid, umbilicate, nearly smooth, rather dull, white or buff,

with from 1 to 6 brown or chestnut bands, one above persistent and usually far

broader, remainder on and below periphery; the upper band is occasionally very

faint and in rare cases absent. Spire usually flat, only the extreme apex showing

above it in profile. Whorls 43?, rather rapidly increasing, flat above, rounded at

periphery, first 14 sculptured with most extremely fine and close microspiral lines,

only visible in freshest condition, remainder with very close, regular, curved,

slightly oblique transverse striolae and more distant microspiral grooves, again

only visible in fresh condition; suture simple, shallow. Aperture ?-oval, hori-

zontal, labrum straight, receding little in profile, columella concave, inclined to

left, margin scarcely reflexed, umbilicus narrow, but exposing all the whorls;

a specimen from Buffelsfontein, Cape Point, measures

Diam. maj. 22-5, min. 19-2; alt. 12-6; apert. alt. 10-3, lat. 11:0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Elim, Bredasdorp Dist. (probable type,

Krauss).

CAPE PENINSULA. Widely distributed.

Type in Stettin Museum.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 233

Trachycystis hartvigiana (Pir.).

Ref. List No. 247.

1861. Helix harivigiana Pfr., Mal. Blatt., viii, p. 167. D.

1887. ,, (Pella) hartvigiana Pir., Tryon, Manual, i, p. 107,

piece 1. 89-91. DF. 7

Agrees in colour, shape and size with tollini, except for having a rather less

narrow umbilicus, but differs in sculpture. There are 5 deep, rounded, regularly

increasing whorls, the first 1} smooth and glossy, the next covered with extremely

close, fine, nearly straight, slightly oblique transverse striae, which are crossed

about the end of the whorl by fine, regular, comparatively distant spiral grooves;

both forms of sculpture gradually become stronger on the succeeding whorls,

while strong transverse costae are developed at regularly increasing intervals, at

first with about 6 and finally about 10 intermediate parallel striolae; suture

simple, well defined; columella extremely short, margin triangularly reflexed,

half covering the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 15-7, min. 13-6; alt. 11-0; apert. alt. 8-8, lat. 8-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Genadendal, near Caledon (type,

Hartwig); Oudebosch, River Zonder End Mts. (Layard).

Type in Stettin Museum.

Description from topotype in British Museum.

Trachycystis cancellata (Conn.).

1925. Sheldonia cancellata Conn., A.M.N.H., xv, p. 468, pl. xxviii,

fees DE,

1934. Trachycystis cancellata Conn., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xx1,

po we0, 138i) pl. xxi, f. 36. N. Jaw.

Shell comparatively large, globose, subrimate, silky, corneous red-brown. Spire

little raised. Whorls 4, moderately convex, very rapidly increasing, the last

much swollen, embracing nearly the entire shell; Ist whorl of protoconch (14

whorls) glossy, practically smooth, next $ whorl showing slightly curved transverse

striae, next 4 whorl covered with close, regular, nearly straight, transverse costulae

at right angles to the suture; on the last 2 whorls the costulae become fainter

and gradually farther apart, with 3 or 4 fainter striae in the intervals between

them, and are crossed by close, regular, spiral ridges, the whole imparting to the

shell, both above and beneath, a beautiful silky sheen ; suture simple, well defined.

Aperture suboval, more broad than high, descending a little at the base, labrum

nearly straight and not receding in profile, columella weak, concave, margin

narrowly but closely reflexed, almost concealing the narrow rima.

Diam. maj. 20:2, min. 15-8; alt. 13-2; apert. alt. 10-8, lat. 11-9 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna (type, Drury; - Barnard).

Montagu Pass, Outeniqua Range, north of George (Haughton).

Type in South African Museum.

234 Annals of the South African Museum.

Trachycystis lightfootiana (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 126.

1909. Natalina lightfootiana M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 490, pl. vin,

lege Le ay Bee.

1934. Trachycystis lightfootiana M. & P., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc.,

Sy p. 180) plexi o4 ao eA she

Shell moderately large, depressed globose, umbilicate, thin, silky, semi-trans-

parent, pale corneous brown, paler on base. Spire nearly flat, apex obtuse.

Whorls 43, moderately convex, rounded at the periphery, regularly increasing,

Ist smooth, remainder sculptured all over with close, regular, curved transverse

striae, which increase in strength on the last 2 whorls, and very close, regular,

slightly undulating, incised spiral lines; suture simple, well defined. Aperture

3-lunate, descending slightly at base, peristome simple, acute, labrum receding

slightly to the base, columella short, weak, inclined to the left, margin triangu-

larly reflexed, but not obscuring the narrow, deep, and open umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 20-7, min. 17-5; alt. 13-1; apert. alt. 10-8, lat. 10-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Swellendam (type, Lightfoot); Montagu

(Connolly); 4 miles south of Bredasdorp (Lawrence).

Type in British Museum, in somewhat weather-beaten condition.

Description of my largest shell from Montagu.

Trachycystis barnardi sp. n.

(Gea ey ges s07/y)

Very similar to the last, but of comparatively greater diameter, owing to more

rapid increase of whorl, the aperture being thus wider and depth of whorl less

than in lightfootiana. 'The sculpture is weaker, whorls less convex, suture more

shallow, and umbilicus narrower and less open. Shell large, depressed globose,

slightly silky and glossy, corneous olive-brown. Spire little exserted, whorls 5,

little convex, regularly increasing, transverse sculpture consisting of weak, some-

what irregular growth wrinkles, spiral, when visible, similar to that of lightfootiana,

fairly strong close grooves below the sutures and on base; suture well defined.

Aperture oblong, #-lunate, scarcely descending, labrum receding gradually to base,

columella extremely short, much inclined to left, margin narrowly triangularly

reflexed, half overhanging the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 23-3, min. 19-8; alt. 14-0; apert. alt. 10-1, lat. 10-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Zwartberg Pass, Prince Albert (Barnard).

Type in South African Museum.

Trachycystis gillana sp. n.

(Pl. 1x, fig. 30-31.)

Shell comparatively large, depressed globose, umbilicate, thin, semitransparent,

slightly silky, corneous yellow-brown. Spire little raised, apex obtuse. Whorls 4,

regularly increasing, moderately convex, rounded at periphery, protoconch,

14 whorl, smoothly malleate, remainder bearing fairly close and regular, moderately

curved and oblique growth lines, interspersed with very close, weak, parallel

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 235

striolae, and crossed on the base by close, weak, zigzag spiral grooves. Aperture

3-lunate, descending slightly at base, peristome simple, columella short, concave,

margin triangularly reflexed, but little overhanging the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 21-4, min. 18-5; alt. 15-0; apert. alt. 10-9, lat. 11-6 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Dassieberg Mts. behind Robertson

(Barnard).

Type in South African Museum.

Although the unique type was collected in live condition and the

animal is in the possession of H. Watson, who confirms its position in

Phortion, the shell is somewhat weatherbeaten, so that, although it

is perfectly uniform in colour, it appears patchy in the photographs

here reproduced, owing to the weathered patches appearing white

through the lens.

I have great pleasure in naming this fine species in honour of the

Director of the South African Museum.

Trachycystis oconnori (Prest.).

Ref. List No. 129.

1912. Natalina oconnori Prest., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 445. DF.

1934. Trachycystis oconnori Prest., Wainom Proe.’Mal. Soc., xxi,

p- 181, pl. xxi, f. 32-33. N.A.R. |

Shell rather small, subglobose, practically imperforate, thin, silky, transparent,

very pale corneous yellow. Spire not much elevated, apex obtuse. Whaorls 4,

rather flat above but inflated below, rapidly increasing, rounded at periphery,

protoconch, 12 whorl, covered with exceedingly close and fine microscopic spiral

and radial lines, so extremely faint as to be scarcely visible under 20-fold magnifi-

cation on the freshest specimens, remainder sculptured above with close, regular,

curved, oblique transverse striae, cut by equally close spiral grooves, visible under

a weak lens; on the base the transverse striae are much weaker and the spiral

hardly visible; suture simple, narrowly impressed. Aperture ?-lunate, peristome

simple, acute, labrum receding regularly, columella short, concave, margin so

minutely reflexed that there is practically no rimation.

Diam. maj. 11-8, min. 10-1; alt. 8-5; apert. alt. 7-5, lat. 7-0 mm.

map. CAPH PROVINCE. Ceres District, on Huphorbia

(O’Connor).

Type ubi?

Description of paratype in my collection.

(xv) Sub-genus Liparocystis Watson, 1934

(Proc; Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 182).

Monotype Zingis delicata M. & P.

Hinder end of foot laterally compressed but not keeled; kidney

slightly longer and narrower than in most of the genus, though of

236 Annals of the South African Museum.

essentially the same type. Duct of spermatheca enlarged towards

anterior end; vagina broad posteriorly, contrasting strongly with

the very narrow, sinuous free oviduct; epiphallus moderately long,

entering side of penis towards its hinder end. Beyond the entrance

of the epiphallus the penis is continued in the form of a very short

appendix, directed laterally, with the short and stout penial retractor

attached to its side. Jaw thin, with weak vertical folds; mesocones

of central and laterals but little narrowed anteriorly, those of

marginals very blunt, especially in the outer teeth; endocones of

marginals prominent, strongly curved, occasionally bifid, and having

from 2 to 4 small, slender accessory cusps between them and mesocone;

ectocones normally undivided.

Trachycystis delicata (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 137.

1895. Zingis delicata M. & P., A.M.N.H., xv, p. 163, pl. xu, f. 1.

IDLE.

1934. Trachycystis delicata M. & P., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

jolob Wey Ikeis}, jal Sora, ie aii Bala ae

Shell comparatively large, depressed globose, imperforate, thin, smooth, glossy,

transparent, corneous red-brown. Spire not much exserted, apex broadly rounded.

Whorls 5, nearly flat, rounded at the periphery, regularly increasing, first 2 almost

smooth but for weak microscopic growth wrinkles, which gradually become stronger

and crossed on the succeeding whorls by close, regular, spiral lines; basal sculpture

similar; suture simple, shallow. Aperture ?-lunate, peristome simple, acute,

labrum straight and receding little in profile, columella oblique, concave, thickened

but not reflexed.

Diam. maj. (type) 16-0, min. 13-5; alt. 9-7; apert. alt. 8-0, lat. 8-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna District (type, Cox; O’Connor;

Purcell); Humansdorp; Keurbooms R. bush; Meiringspoort Berg,

Zwartberg Range, Prince Albert, 6500 feet (Barnard).

Type in British Museum.

A fine species, easily recognised by its glossy surface and rufous

colour; the pair from Meiringspoort differ from type in being narrowly

umbilicate and black-brown in colour.

(xv1) Sub-genus Chilocystis Watson, 1934

(Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 174).

Type Helix (Pella) lygaea M. & P.

Shell lenticular or depressed turbinate, whorls more or less angular

or carinate at periphery, ventricose below but usually flattish above;

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 237

protoconch usually showing traces of faint microspiral sculpture,

later whorls with coarser spiral striae, radial striae, and rather weak

radial ribs, on which the periostracum is often produced into hairs

or other processes, especially at the periphery.

Hinder part of foot rounded above, not keeled; fringe partly

crossed at posterior end by a median groove, which passes back from

the angle formed by the junction of the two peripodial grooves and

constitutes a somewhat rudimentary caudal mucous pore. Duct

of spermatheca enlarged towards anterior end; epiphallus very long,

entering side of penis at or a little behind the middle of its length;

penis swollen in the middle, but tapering in rear to a blunt point to

which the penial retractor is attached. Radula with basal parts

of mesocones of central and lateral teeth somewhat narrowed

anteriorly; marginals with large, rather bluntly pointed mesocones,

much smaller endocones, and ectocones which are single in some

species, but in others are divided into 2 or 3 small cusps.

Watson places in this sub-genus certain species which can be

divided into three very distinct groups by the epidermis being (a)

unadorned, (b) hirsute, and (c) flanged at periphery, a convenient

division on purely conchological grounds.

(a) Group of lygaea M. & P.; epidermis unadorned by hairs or

peripheral laminae.

Trachycystis lygaea (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 255.

1892. Heliz. (Pella) lygaca M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 85, pl. iv,

eek .

1934. Trachycystis lygaea M. & P., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

Pee pl xxi, f..27-28. DARK.

Shell of fair size, depressed, narrowly umbilicate, thin, transparent, corneous

buff; 6 whorls, moderately convex, rather gradually increasing, carinate at the

periphery, the keel becoming blunter toward the aperture, protoconch, 2+ whorls,

engraved with extremely fine evanescent microspiral lines, only discernible in

freshest condition, remainder covered all over with rather coarse and distant,

slightly irregular, curved oblique costulae, the interstices filled with extremely

fine, faint, microscopic striolae, cut by strong, close, regular microscopic spiral

grooves, which undulate on the base; suture simple, well defined. Aperture

subquadrate, angulate at periphery, peristome inclined to slight reflexion, labrum

nearly straight and receding a little in profile, columella concave, margin triangu-

larly reflexed, not overhanging the narrow umbilicus; callus thin and colourless.

Diam. maj. 12-0., min. 10:2; alt. 7-4; apert. alt. 4-8, lat. 5-4 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type, Burnup); Umblali (Rump).

Type in British Museum.

238 Annals of the South African Museum.

Description of topotype in my collection.

A pretty delicate species, by no means common, but easily

recognisable.

Trachycystis aprica (Krs.).

(Pl. vu, f. 6-8).

Ref. List Nos. 221, 230.

1848. Helix aprica Krs., Siidair. Moll., p. T7, pl. iv, f. 26. DF.

1907. (?%) Phasis sollers M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 100, pl. va, £. 4.

DAKE

Smaller than the foregoing, with weaker transverse sculpture, rather blunter

peripheral carination and narrower umbilicus; colour carneo-corneous. 5 convex

whorls, rather rapidly increasing, first 1+ densely micromalleate, remainder

covered all over with very faint, curved, oblique transverse striae, with a stronger

erowth line at frequent intervals, cut by regular spiral grooves which increase in

strength and distance apart on the later whorls; on the base the transverse striae

are more regular and of equal strength, and the spirals absent from the umbilicus;

suture well defined. Aperture obliquely ?-lunate, peristome very slightly expanded

when fully mature, labrum slightly curved and receding a little in profile, columellar

margin very narrowly reflexed, but half covering the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 8-3, min. 6:5; alt. 5-3; apert. alt. 3-7, lat. 4-2 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (type, Wahlberg).

CAPE PROVINCE. Pirie Forest (Godfrey).

ZULULAND. Melmoth (sollers, Miss Hickey).

Type of aprica, described above, in Stuttgart, sollers in British

Museum.

Phasis sollers is identical with aprica, of which there was no

authentic example in England at the time M. & P. described their

species; while their type agrees perfectly in every detail of form and

size with aprica, it is too weathered to show the sculpture very clearly;

but in a younger, fresher paratype of sollers this feature also agrees

with that of Krauss’ species and establishes their complete synonymy.

The original lot of aprica contained two distinct species, of which

one of each is in the “‘type” pair and two of each in my collection;

Krauss considered the smaller shells to be young of the larger and

stressed the difference between them in his description. It is

fortunately easy to determine that the true aprica is the larger form,

of which I possess an immature example in perfect agreement with

the mature. The other species, which he considered to be young

aprica, 1s described below.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 239

Trachycystis conica sp. n.

GEL. waits7£.9:)

1848. Helix aprica (pars) Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 77. WN.

1934. Trachycystis species, Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, pp. 168,

ie VA’.

Shell small, conical above, inflated beneath, umbilicate, very thin, diaphanous,

silky, pale olivaceous. Spire moderately exserted, sides straight, apical angle about

102°. Whorls 44, moderately convex, regularly increasing, sharply carinate at

periphery, which is well above the median line, first half smooth, remainder covered

all over with fairly strong, curved, slightly oblique transverse costulae, increasing

regularly in distance apart, the intervals filled with fine, parallel microscopic

striolae and the whole crossed by very close, fine, regular, microscopic grooves;

suture simple, well defined. Aperture obliquely #-lunate, labrum gradually

receding in profile, columella short, concave, margin narrowly reflexed, half

obscuring the very narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 6-75, min. 6-0; alt. 4-8; apert. alt. 3-3, lat. 3-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (type, Wahlberg); Krantzkop (Warren).

Type, selected as the largest perfect specimen available, in Stuttgart

Museum.

The far sharper peripheral carination is alone sufficient to separate

this species from aprica, and its conical spire from the young of larger

forms already described; even the type has an immature appearance

and may not be fully mature, but Watson’s study of the anatomy

of the Krantzkop animals proves that it may not be likely to attain

much larger dimensions.

He states that the penis has a continuation in form between that

found in charybdis and lygaea and little or no trace of a caudal pore,

but considers that it may be an aberrant member of the present

sub-genus.

Trachycystis africae (A. D. Brown).

CEA eval. Oe}

Ref. List No. 266 (as planti var.).

1865. Helix africae Brown, Amer. J. Conch., i, p. 136. D.

1893. Phasis (Trachycystis) africae Brown, Pilsb., Manual, vin,

peta? pl. xn, f. 55-56. Dr.

1893. Phasis (Trachycystis) planti Pir., var. africae Brown, Pilsb.,

Manual, ix, p. 38.

Shell of moderate size, depressed globose, umbilicate, thin, dull, transparent,

corneous yellow-brown. Spire little exserted, sides straight, apex submamillate.

Whorls 54, not very convex, bluntly shouldered at the periphery, which is high

on the body whorl, little lower than the suture, first 1+ smoothly malleate, remainder

sculptured with regular, curved, oblique transverse costulae, close at first, in-

creasing considerably in distance apart, and much weaker on the last whorl, the

240 Annals of the South African Museum.

interstices filled with extremely fine, close, and numerous parallel microscopic

striolae and the whole crossed by exceedingly fine, faint and close microspiral

lines, which appear as slightly undulating coarsish furrows on the base, where

the transverse costulae are a little weaker; suture simple, well defined. Aperture

obliquely #-lunar, not descending, peristome slightly expanded, labrum receding

gradually to base, columella very short, concave, erect, margin narrowly reflexed,

half covering the very narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 8-8, min. 7:3; alt. 5-0; apert. alt. 4-0, lat. 4-6 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. “ Great Brakke ” (E. R. Beadle).

Type in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

The type set of this species consists of 8 examples, and the paratype

described above was most kindly lent me as being one of those in

best condition, but the largest shell mentioned by Pilsbry is 9-6 x 6 mm.

in breadth and altitude. Brown differentiates his species from

planti Pfr. in its being “smaller, more elevated, more acutely carinated,

in the coarser striae and in the absence of the short hairs occurring

in that species,’ while Pilsbry states that “the membranaceous

riblets are a trifle ragged on the edges, but there are no hairs;

peripheral angulation higher on whorl than in plantv.”’

It might be conceivable to deduce from the single specimen that

I have seen that it may differ from plant: in the costulae on body

whorl being slightly weaker and the shouldering a trifle higher than

in that species, but these features are of themselves so lable to

modification when a large series becomes available for examination,

and the shells of planti and africae resemble one another so closely

in all but one most important detail, that it would be practically

impossible to separate them were it not that both Brown and Pilsbry

state that africae is entirely hairless, a fact confirmed by my own

examination of the shell here described, which shows trace of the

spotted mantle through the shell and was apparently collected in

live condition; the locality, too, Great Brak R., near Mossel Bay,

is so far distant from Natal as to lend colour to its distinctness.

Unless, therefore, all of the type set were originally hirsute and

every hair was cleaned off in a too zealous effort to tidy them up,

a case not without precedent in the annals of conchology, they can

only be regarded as specifically distinct from planti, since the presence

or absence of this feature, if constant, is of far more than mere

varietal importance.

Trachycystis permeata M. & P.

Ref. List No. 262.

1903. Trachycystis permeata M. & P., A.M.N.H., xn, p. 603,

jolep.g-o-aht nig en JONI

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 241

1932. Trachycystis permeata M. & P., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii,

prt. oN.

1934. Trachycystis permeata M. & P., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

Bewln boesN he.

A little smaller than conica, with rather depressed spire and widely open

umbilicus; the silky, corneous shell is greenish brown, with 5 convex, regularly

increasing whorls, bluntly angled at the periphery, first 2 showing extremely

faint microscopic spiral grooves, remainder sculptured with strong, regular,

slightly curved and oblique transverse costae, the intervals between them filled

with very fine parallel striolae, cut by the spiral lines, which, however, are ex-

tremely faint on the upper surface, though stronger on the base; suture simple,

well defined. Aperture angularly lunate, labrum gently recurved, columella

concave, simple, umbilicus deep and open.

Diam. maj. (type) 6-1, min. 5-2; alt. 3-3; apert. alt. 2-3, lat. 2-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pinetown (type); Tongaat (Burnup); Isipingo

(Alexander); Karkloof R. Valley (Falcon).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (var., Jones).

Type in British Museum.

Placed in this group on account of its blunt peripheral carination,

and easily distinguishable by reason of its open umbilicus. The

Isipingo shells, though apparently mature, possess but 4 whorls,

with a diameter of 4-1 mm., and are probably a stunted race.

A single example from Mfongosi in somewhat weathered condition

is so much higher in the spire as to suggest, at first glance, a distinct

species, but other features, including microsculpture, do not appear

to justify separation.

The central and lateral teeth of radula somewhat resemble those

of capensis, but in the marginals the mesocone is unusually long and

ectocone and endocone extremely small, suggesting that the species

is partly carnivorous.

(6) Group of lovéns Krs.

Thin, depressed, hirsute shells of moderately large dimensions;

Watson places clifdena Conn. in Chilocystis and suggests that others

of this group probably belong there.

Trachycystis lovént (Krs.).

(Bevan ts TOs)

Ref. List Nos. 254 and 266.

1848. Helix lovéni Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 76, pl. iv, f. 21. DF.

iste) platy Pir, P'Z.S., p. die _D.

xs Paploniy Pir, Kves Conch, fcon., pl clacax, £71325.

DF.

VOL. X XXIII. 16

242 Annals of the South African Museum.

1922. Trachycystis plant: Pfir., Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p.73. WN.

1932. lovént Krs. (=planti Pfr.), Conn., Ann. Natal

Mus) vill, Paro 2ie ve.

Shell of moderate size, depressed subconic, narrowly umbilicate, thin, trans-

parent, dull, hirsute, pale corneous. Spire moderately exserted, apex mamillate.

Whorls 6, regularly increasing, each projecting clearly above the next, convex,

bluntly shouldered at periphery, protoconch, 14 whorl, smooth, remainder sculp-

tured with very slightly curved and oblique, rather distant, regular, strong, rather

broad costae, gradually becoming farther apart, the intervals closely packed with

extremely fine, faint, microscopic parallel striolae, crossed by stronger, close,

regular, slightly undulating spiral lines; basal sculpture similar, the costae con-

verging into the umbilicus; about the peripheral region each of these bears from

1 to 4 spiny bristles, straight or slightly curved and pointing in irregular directions;

suture simple, well defined. Aperture obliquely #-lunate, descending considerably

at the base, peristome very slightly expanded in maturity, labrum straight and

hardly receding in profile, columella concave, margin narrowly expanded, scarcely

overhanging the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 9:6, min. 8-4; alt. 6-4; apert. alt. 4-7, lat. 5-0 mm.

Hab. NATAL (lovéni, Wahlberg; planti, Plant); common at

Durban and distributed elsewhere over the province.

ZULULAND. Umbonambi (Burnup).

TRANSVAAL. Lydenburg (Craven); Shilwane District (Junod).

CAPE PROVINCE. Tharfield, near Kleinemonde R., Bathurst

Dist. (Miss Bowker, fide Layard).

Type of lovénd in Stuttgart, plantv in British Museum; recent

comparison of both types leaves no doubt as to their synonymy.

Shell described, from Durban, in my collection.

Trachycystis calorama M. & P.

Ref. List No. 235.

1899. Trachycystis calorama M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 196, pl. ini,

i On OE De

Very nearly akin to the last, from which it may differ in the umbilicus being

still narrower, the costae a little weaker and the intermediate striolae a little

stronger.

Diam. maj. 9-4, min. 8-2; alt. 6-0; apert. alt. 4:4, lat. 4-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pinetown (type) and Inchanga (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Description from a topotype in my collection.

Trachycystis actinotricha (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 227.

1892. Helix (Pella) actinotricha M. & P., A.M.N.H., x, p. 288,

Ply salt On. ee,

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 243

Smaller than either of the foregoing, with umbilicus and sculpture similar to

that of lovéni; the bristles on the later whorls are arranged in 2 regular, parallel

spiral rows. There are 5 flattish whorls and the shell measures

Diam. maj. 8-2, min. 7-1; alt. 5-6; apert. alt. 3-8, lat. 4:3 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type); Karkloof; Nottingham

Road (Burnup).

ZULULAND. Richards Bay (Rump).

Type in British Museum.

Description of specimen from Karkloof in my collection.

Trachycystis trichostiroma (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 279.

1892. Helix (Pella) trichosteiroma M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 84,

pl. iv, £.9. D.F.

1893. Helix (Pella) strobilodes M. & P., A.M.N.H., xi, p. 19, pl. 1,

foot. oD) FF

Smaller than the last three, with 6 whorls, slightly less shouldered at the peri-

phery; the umbilicus is as in lovéni and the sculpture that of the three, but the

bristles occur plentifully, though somewhat irregularly, along the entire length of

the costae until nearing the umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 6-8, min. 6-4; alt. 4:3; apert. alt. 2-5, lat. 3-4 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (type, fide M. & P.);

Tharfield (Miss Bowker); Amabele Junction (Puzey); strobilodes was

described from “Cape Colony.”

Both types in British Museum.

Trachycystis conisalea (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 238.

1892. Helix (Pella) conisalea M. & P., A.M.N.H., x, p. 239, pl. xin,

et, DE.

1934. Trachycystis conisalea M. & P., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc.,

mesiepeint. NA.

A small, subglobose, narrowly rimate shell, with similar, but for much weaker

spiral, sculpture to all the foregoing; the short, very fine bristles extend all along

the costae, being arranged in about 15 parallel spiral lines; the 5 convex whorls

are shouldered below the suture, causing it to be deeply impressed.

Diam. maj. 6-4, min. 5:8; alt. 4:9; apert. alt. 3-4, lat. 3-2 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type); Nottingham Road;

Karkloof; Dargle; Equeefa; Table Mountain, east of Maritzburg

(Burnup); Bulwer (Warren).

Type in British Museum.

244 Annals of the South African Museum.

Description from topotype in my collection.

Watson states that the foot of this species lacks a caudal mucous

pore and that it seems to belong to a separate group intermediate

between Chalcocystis and Chilocystis; its hairy periostracum, however,

decides me to place it for the present, for easy reference, in the group

now under notice.

Trachycystis pycnotricha M. & P.

Ref. List No. 268.

1899. Trachycysiis pycnotricha M. & P., A.M.N-HL> ay, p. i137,

ol eine teaiae ee

Agrees with trichostiroma in shape, size, and carination, but has rather less

closely coiled whorls and less narrow umbilicus. The 54+ whorls are moderately

convex, first 14 smooth, after which the sculpture is similar to that of trichostiroma,

but the transverse costulae are closer and stronger, developing into peripheral

flanges, each of which bears in well preserved shells a short wavy bristle, and the

spiral grooves are a little weaker, and very faint on the extreme base and umbilical

region.

Diam. maj. (type) 7:0, min. 6-3; alt. 4-8; apert. alt. 2-9. lat. 3-4 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Kowie River (type, Cox); Keurbooms

River bush (Barnard).

Type in British Museum.

Trachycystis centrifuga M. & P.

Ref. List No. 236.

1903. Trachycystis centrifuga M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 602, pl.

-OrO-dub new sens OY

A silky, transparent, corneous brown shell with straight-sided, subconical

spire, rather strong peripheral carination and very narrow umbilicus. There are

5 flattish, regularly increasing whorls, first 1} engraved with rather coarse, close,

microscopic spiral grooves, remainder with strong, sharp, regular, rather distant,

curved, oblique transverse costae, gradually becoming farther apart (36 on the

last 4-whorl), developing short, vertical peripheral flanges, ending in a short

bristle, the interstices filled with a continuation of the strong spiral apical grooving;

suture simple, impressed. Aperture quadrate, upper columellar margin narrowly

reflexed, but nearly half concealing the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. (type) 7°8, min. 7:0; alt. 5-4; apert. alt. 3-6, lat. 3-6 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Maestrém Forest, Bedford (type,

Farquhar); Knysna Forest (Barnard); Pirie Forest (var., Godfrey);

Hogs Back, Amatola Mts. (Smith).

Type in British Museum.

Closely allied to the foregoing species, as might be expected from

their geographical distribution.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 245

Trachycystis knysnaensis Prest.

Ref. List No. 250.

1912. Trachycystis knysnaensis Prest., Proc. Mal. Soc., x, p. 17.

JOS

Founded on a series of small examples, probably less than half-mature; they

resemble centrifuga in all respects except that the sculpture is rather weaker and

the sides of the spire infinitesimally convex, rendering it improbable that they are

the young of that species. Preston’s measurements of the type are

Diam. maj. 4-5, min. 4:0; alt. 2-5; apert. alt. 1-75, lat. 1:75 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna Forest (Cox).

Type in coll. Dautzenberg.

Trachycystis alcocki (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 229.

1895. Helix (Trachycystis) alcockt M. & P., A.M.N.H., xv, p. 164,

pl. xii, f.2. D.F.

Differs from the Natal group in the peripheral carination, though blunt, being

more prominent and the aperture not descending at the base. There are 6 convex,

gradually increasing whorls, with usual pattern of sculpture, but the costae rather

weaker; the bristles, of varying length, are arranged in a dozen or more fairly

regular spiral lines, but appear to be absent from the region of the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 8-6, min. 8-1; alt. 5-3; apert. alt. 3-2, lat. 4-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Kowie (type); Port Alfred to Alex-

andria District (Crawford); Grahamstown (Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

Description of example from Grahamstown in my collection.

Trachycystis cressyt Conn.

1925. Trachycystis cressys Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu,

pasia2pliv,f.11. DF.

A small, narrowly umbilicate shell, with 4 convex, regularly increasing whorls,

shouldered at the periphery, which is situate-well above the median line; the

sculpture is as usual in the group, with strong ribbing, and the curved, deciduous

bristles extend along the costulae from near the suture to the base in about 10

parallel spiral lines, but are only retained in extremely fresh specimens; columella

weak and concave, margin narrowly reflexed, leaving open the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. (type) 5-1, min. 4:5; alt. 3-5; apert. alt. 2-2, lat. 2-5 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. District north of Macequece (type.

Cressy).

S. RHODESIA. Six miles from Penhalonga (Miss Grey).

Type in British Museum.

246 Annals of the South African Museum.

Trachycystis clifdeni Conn.

1932. Trachycystis clifdent Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu, p. 93;

pl ve ste Dare

1934. Trachycystis clifdeni Conn., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi,

p. Libs.

Shell of fair size, inverse flabelliform, silky, hirsute, pale corneous brown. Spire

little exserted, apex narrowly mamillate. Whorls 5, almost flat above, sharply

angled at periphery and inflated beneath, the Ist practically smooth, 2nd

showing very faint, close transverse striae, which increase rapidly in strength and

distance apart, developing on the 3rd into strong, curved, oblique costulae,

each bearing on the angle of the periphery a long, thin, horny spine, the intervals

filled with extremely close microscopic striolae and the whole cut by equally

close, regular, slightly undulating microspiral grooves; basal sculpture similar

but costulae rather weaker; suture shallow. Aperture obliquely quadrate,

descending at base, labrum very gradually receding, columella short, weak, con-

cave, margin scarcely reflexed, not overhanging the very narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 8-5, min. 7-7; alt. 5-1; apert. alt. 3-7, lat. 5-7 mm.

The largest specimen to hand is 8-7 mm. in diameter.

Hab. ZULULAND. Eshowe (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

The shape of this shell, which resembles an inverted fan or some

kinds of teetotum, distinguishes it from allits hirsute allies; it bears

much resemblance to JT. placenta, of the group which follows, but is

higher in proportion, with less-pronounced carination, while placenta

is devoid of hirsute ornamentation. The type, though in brilliant

condition, has a smooth protoconch apparently devoid of microspiral

sculpture, which, however, is discernible in a younger example and

is evidently a soon evanescent feature in this species.

Trachycystis watson, sp. 0.

(Pil vai, ae)

1934. Trachycystis sp., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, p. 175. WN.

Much resembles the foregoing in general form, colour, and texture, but is larger,

with far blunter peripheral angulation and many spiral lines of bristles and spines,

whereas there appears to be but a single one in clifdeni. 52 whorls, rather strongly

shouldered at periphery, which is well above median line, first 1} practically

smooth, remainder sculptured with curved, oblique, transverse riblets, gradually

increasing in strength and distance apart, the interstices filled with very fine and

close parallel striolae and the whole more or less cut by fine microspiral grooves,

very faint until the last 2 whorls; the transverse riblets after the earliest whorls,

according to condition, since they are extremely deciduous, bear spiral rows of

hairy spines, very short, when still present, near the suture, but very long just

above the shoulder and continuing with gradually diminishing length for about

6 rows below it in very fresh shells and reappearing in the umbilical region;

the long peripheral hairs have a peculiar and characteristic form, in that they are

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 247

flattened out rather broadly, as it were, for the greater part of their length, and

then change suddenly to a long sharp point somewhat near their tip; suture

well defined. Aperture obliquely #?-lunate, labrum receding a little in profile,

peristome simple in type but inclined to expand slightly in maturity, umbilicus

extremely narrow, margin scarcely reflexed.

Diam. maj. 9-9, min. 8-6; alt. 6-5; apert. alt. 4-9, lat. 5-3 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Krantz Kop (type); Zimbaba (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

I have great pleasure in naming this fine species after Hugh Watson,

whose recent work on the present genus is of such inestimable value;

the type is not quite mature, but is selected as having retained its

bristles better than any other shells that have been available for

examination; the anatomy of both this and the last species agrees

with that of Chilocystis.

Epidermis developing leaf-like laminae at periphery.

Trachycystis scolopendra M. & P.

Ref. List No. 273.

1903. Trachycystis scolopendra M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 603,

poeeomti 3) DF.

1934. Trachycystis scolopendra M. & P., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc.,

mop. 15: . NV.

Shell comparatively large, discoid, umbilicate, thin, asperate, pale corneous

brown. Spire depressed, apex mamillate. Whorls 6, nearly flat, acutely carinate

at periphery, regularly increasing, first 14 smooth, remainder covered all over with

sharp, curved, oblique transverse costae, increasing in strength and distance apart

on each succeeding whorl, the intervals filled with microscopic transverse striolae,

increasing in number with the widening of the intervals, cut by close, strong,

regular, spiral lines; the costae are prolonged beyond the edge of the periphery

into prominent, round, horizontal laminae; suture well defined, crossed irregularly

by some of the laminae absorbed on the early whorls. Aperture subrhombic,

slightly descending, peristome tending to expansion in mature shells, columella

weak, concave, margin narrowly reflexed, not overhanging the umbilicus, which

is not wide but deep and open, exposing all the whorls.

Diam. maj. 13-5, min. 11-3; alt. 7-2; apert. alt. 5-1, lat. 6-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Shepstone (type); Equeefa; Durban; Lower

Umkomaas (Burnup); Umzimkulu (Purcell).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Shortridge); Pirie (Godfrey).

Type in British Museum.

Description from topotype in my collection.

A most beautiful species, whose laminar fringe renders it unique

among South African molluscs.

248 Annals of the South African Museum.

(xvi) Group of placenta M. & P.

Containing two extremely delicate species, originally attributed to

Trochomorpha and Zingis. While their generic position is doubtful,

it is convenient to unite them in a group near clifdeni, which they

resemble in nearly all respects except for having a smooth epidermis,

free from hirsute ornamentation.

Trachycystis placenta (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 152.

1899. Trochomorpha placenta M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 197, pl. i,

£092 110 Se.

1932. Trachycystis placenta M. & P., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu,

pose aN.

Shell of fair size, narrowly rhomboid, umbilicate, thin, fragile, silky, transparent,

pale corneous brown. Spire but little exserted, sides straight, apex mamillate.

Whorls 5, rather rapidly increasing, nearly flat above, strongly carinate at the

periphery and but little inflated beneath, first 14 smooth, remainder sculptured

all over with coarse, regular, curved oblique striae, the intervals packed with ex-

tremely faint, fine, parallel, microscopic striolae, the whole cut, especially on the

last 2 whorls and base, by very close, regular, microscopic spiral lines; suture

simple, well defined. Aperture subquadrate, peristome simple, acute, labrum

nearly straight and only receding very slightly in profile, columella short, erect,

concave, margin scarcely expanded, not overhanging the narrow umbilicus.

Diam. maj. (type) 11-2, min. 9-3; alt. 4-8; apert. alt. 4-0, lat. 5-7 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. ’Nkandhla Forest (Haygarth).

Type in British Museum.

Trachycystis haygarthi (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 138.

1899. Zingis haygartht M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 195, pl. im, f. 3.

19M:

Shell of fair size, inversely flabelliform, narrowly rimate, thin, fragile, trans-

parent, milky olivaceous, with a faint, narrow band of pale chestnut just above the

periphery. Spire but little exserted, sides straight, apex submamillate. Whorls

41, regularly increasing, not very convex above, much inflated beneath, with a

strong projecting keel at the periphery, first 14 nearly smooth, remainder sculp-

tured much as in placenta, the microscopic striolae being weaker and the spiral

grooves stronger; suture simple, well defined. Aperture ?-lunate, sharply

angulate at periphery, peristome simple, acute, labrum straight and gradually

receding in profile, columella short, erect, upper margin extremely shortly and

narrowly reflexed over the minute rima.

Diam. maj. (type) 10-5, min. 8-0; alt. 6-8; apert. alt. 6-1, lat. 6-2 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. ’Nkandhla Forest (Haygarth).

Type in British Museum.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 249

Genus Afropunctum Haas, 1934

(Zool. Anz. Leipzig, cvii, p. 221).

Type A. mermodi Haas.

Shell depressed globose, narrowly umbilicate, fairly solid, obviously

calcined, little transparent, grey-brown above with several large

irregular pale patches, pale greyish yellow beneath; with regard

to these patches it must be borne in mind that they are perhaps due

to preservation in alcohol and not a specific feature. The genotype

is very finely transversely hair-striate above, without spiral sculpture,

but exhibits fine microscopic network beneath, formed by the crossing

of spiral and transverse grooves (after Haas).

It may be advisable to place this genus here, rather than in the

Punctinae, until the anatomy is known.

Afropunctum quadrisculptum sp. n.

(Pl. vii, £. 15-17.)

Shell very small, turbinate, umbilicate, much weathered, whence rather solid

and opaque, buff with numerous white patches apparently due to weathering.

Spire moderately exserted, apex bluntly rounded. Whorls 33, convex, with

faintest symptom of blunt peripheral angulation, sculpture of first 2 undecipher-

able, remainder covered above with very close, fine and crisp transverse micro-

scopic striae cut by equally close and fine microspiral grooves, basal sculpture

similar, but both types of striation a little wider apart, forming the network

stressed in Haas’ species; suture simple. Aperture oblique ?-lunate, not descend-

ing, columella concave, margin very narrowly reflexed, but practically obscuring

the minute umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 2-1, alt. 1-4 mm.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Mrewa (Blackie).

Type in British Museum.

Owing to its poor condition I had not intended to deal with this

little shell, until the publication of Haas’ paper cited above brought

to my notice the fact that it is obviously a second member of his

new genus, differing from the genotype in nothing but distinctly

narrower umbilicus and the presence.of strong spiral sculpture on

_ the upper surface.

Genus Afrodonta M. & P., 1908

(A.M.N.H., i, pp. 133, 135).

Type A. bilamellaris M. & P.

Shell minute, corneous, flattish, deeply umbilicate, 4-5 tumid,

slowly increasing whorls, sculptured with radial costulae or striae

and bearing in the aperture or interior a varying number of teeth

250 Annals of the South African Museum.

or folds; columella without marginal reflexion; animal with peripodial

groove but no caudal gland, central and lateral teeth tricuspid,

marginals with several minute, irregular denticles.

It would be indeed difficult to distinguish between these microscopic

forms were it not that they differ clearly in number and arrangement

Jd,4 42

JA2A4D

TExt-FIG. 19.—Apertural dentition of South African Afrodontidae,

highly magnified.

1. A. bilamellaris M. & P., two processes, one on parietal wall and one on base.

2. A. trilamellaris M. & P., three processes, one on paries, one on base, and one on

labrum. 3. A. farquhari Bnp., six processes, two on paries, one on base, and

three on labrum. 4. A. novemlamellaris Bnp., nine processes or more, two on

paries, one on base, and from six to eight on outer wall. 5. A. inhluzaniensis

Bnp., two processes, one on base and one on labrum. 6. A. unilamellaris Conn.,

one process on paries. 7. A. burnupi Conn., three processes, two on paries and an

obscure tubercle on base. 8. A. acinaces Conn., four processes, two on paries

and two, inrunning, on labrum. 9. A. introtuberculata Conn., two small deep-set

tubercles within outer wall. 10. A. bimunita Conn., about twelve processes,

formed in two vertical rows, one inset behind the other, of six minute denticles on

parietal wall.

of plical processes; in order, therefore, to portray these features

as simply as possible I present rough diagrams showing their dis-

position in each species: I deal with them hereunder in order according

to the number of processes.

A. Dentition apertural.

Afrodonta unilamellaris Conn.

(Text-fig. 19, 6.)

1933. Afrodonta unilamellaris Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu, p. 146,

pl. vii, £. 2-4. DF.

Shell discoid, silky, corneous brown; spire nearly flat. Whorls 4, convex,

first 1} practically smooth, remainder sculptured all over with extremely close

and fine transverse microscopic striae, which are crossed by equally close micro-

spiral lines; suture impressed. Aperture lunate, dentition consisting of a single,

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 251

strong, blunt inrunning plait about the centre of the paries, columella concave,

umbilicus not very wide, extending to the summit and just exposing all the whorls.

Diam. maj. 1-4 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

Type in British Museum.

In one example of the type series the parietal lamella is divided

into two, a feature not uncommon in the next species.

Afrodonta bilamellaris M. & P.

(Text-fig. 19, 1.)

Ref. List No. 211.

1908. Afrodonta bilamellaris M. & P., A.M.N.H., i, p. 134, pl. vu,

fehOg DE:

1908. Afrodonta bilamellaris M. & P., G.-Aust., zbid., p. 135, pl. viii,

hea | ALR.

Shell depressed globose, silky, corneous brown; spire little exserted. Whorls 5,

nearly flat, lst smooth, remainder with extremely close and fine radial striolae.

Aperture lunar, dental processes 2, a strong mid-parietal fold and an acute

mid-basal tooth, umbilicus rather narrow, subfunicular. The type measures

1-48 x 0-84 mm. in altitude and diameter.

Hab. NATAL. Dargle (type); Edendale; Tongaat; Enon Bush,

Richmond; Hilton Road; Ntimbankulu (Burnup); Sinkwazi

(Pennington); Winkle Spruit (Akerman).

CAPE PROVINCE. Keurbooms R. bush, Plettenberg Bay

(Barnard).

Type in British Museum.

Burnup mentions that examples from Tongaat exhibit such con-

tortion of the parietal fold as to give it the appearance of bifidity;

the radular formula given by Austen is (1+9+1+9+7) x85.

Afrodonta inhluzaniensis (Bup.).

(Text-fig. 19, 5.)

Ref. List No. 213.

1912. Endodonta (Afrodonta) inhluzamensis Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus.,

typ. a42, pl. xxiv, f. 14-17. DF.

Much resembles bilamellaris in form and sculpture, which is very slightly coarser;

4 whorls; aperture nearly erect, crescentic, dentition 2-fold, a strong inrunning

pointed fold near the left margin of base, and another, smaller, in middle of labrum;

umbilicus tubular.

Alt. 0-86, diam. maj. 1-44 mm.

252 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. NATAL. Inhluzani Mountain (type); Van Reenen (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Kasily separable from its bidentate confréres by the absence of

parietal plica.

Afrodonta burnupi Conn.

(Text-fig. 19, 7.)

1933. Afrodonta burnupt Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu, p. 148,

joenaia it, Sell, JOE,

Shell discoid, silky, corneous brown, spire nearly flat. Whorls 4, convex,

lst smooth, remainder sculptured with close, straight, regular, transverse costulae

and traces on the base of extremely fine microspiral lines. Aperture semilunar,

dentition 2- to 3-fold, 2 rather deep-set parietal plicae, one just above and the other

just below the centre, and a rather indistinct basal tubercle, sometimes lacking,

adjacent to the columella; umbilicus wide and open, extending to the summit

and exposing all the whorls.

Diam. maj. 1-3 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Mkolombe Mts. (type); Tugela Estate, Weenen

(Thomasset).

Type in British Museum.

Readily distinguished from the last two species, irrespective of the

basal tubercle, owing to the 2 main dental processes being situate

on the parietal wall and none on base or labrum.

Afrodonta trilamellaris M. & P.

(Text-fig. 19, 2.)

Ref. List No. 216.

1908. Afrodonta trilamellaris M. & P., A.M.N.H., 1, p. 134, pl. vu,

1) (Ow Oe

Shell discoid, silky, yellow-brown, spire flat. Whorls 4, nearly flat, first 2

smooth, remainder sculptured with close, regular, radial striae. Aperture lunate,

dentition 3-fold, mid-parietal and basal folds as in bilamellaris and one other in

centre of labrum; umbilicus widely excavated, exposing all the whorls. The type

measures

Diam. 1:39, alt. 0-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Dargle (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Distinguishable at a glance from bilamellaris by the labral fold and

wide-open umbilicus.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 253

Afrodonta acinaces Conn.

(Text-fig. 19, 8.)

1933. Afrodonta acinaces Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vii, p. 149,

pe vu, f. 12-15. D.F.

Shell discoid, silky, corneous brown; spire flat. Whorls 5, convex, extreme

apex smooth, remainder sculptured all over with close, fine, regular, straight,

transverse costulae, very faint at first, but rapidly increasing in strength; suture

impressed. Aperture narrowly ovate, dentition 4-fold, consisting of 2 inrunning

lamellae on the inner wall, 1 at the centre and | half-way between that and the

base, and 2 long parallel lamellae, originating some little distance within the

labrum, 1 about the periphery and 1 below it, sharply pointed at first and

gradually widening to a blunt base, with a narrow groove along the centre;

umbilicus very wide, exposing all the whorls.

Diam. maj. 1-4 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Van Reenen (type, Burnup).

LORENZO MARQUES. Mt. Vengo (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

The peculiar formation of the labral lamellae was illustrated with

the original description, their scimitar-like shape giving occasion for

the specific name.

Afrodonta farquhari (Bnp.).

(Text-fig. 19, 3.)

Ref. List No. 212.

1912. Endodonta (Afrodonta) farquhari Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., u,

peas. pl. xxiv,f. 7-10. - DF.

Shell subdiscoidal, silky, corneous brown; spire little exserted. Whorls 4,

convex, first 14 smooth, remainder sculptured with extremely weak, fine, close

radial striolae; suture impressed. Aperture nearly erect, broadly crescentic,

dentition 6-fold; 2 acute plicae about centre of paries, a strong one towards left

of base, and 3 smaller below the periphery inside outer lip; umbilicus tubular.

The type measures

Diam. 1-40, alt. 0-81 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown (type); Port Elizabeth;

Kowie; Bathurst (Farquhar); East London (Kincaid).

Type in British Museum.

Afrodonta novemlamellaris (Bup.).

(Text-figs. 19, 4; 20.)

Ref. List No. 214.

1912. Endodonta (Afrodonta) novemlamellaris Bnp., Ann. Natal

Mis: u, p. 341, pl. xxiv, f. 11-13.’ D.P.

254 Annals of the South African Museum.

1925. Endodonta (Afrodonta) novemlamellaris Bup., Conn., Trans.

R. Soe. 8. Ades, ip lao eA i.

1933. Afrodonta novemlamellaris Bnp., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus.,

Vil, p. 146; pl wi tle ee

Shell depressed globose, silky, yellowish-brown; spire slightly exserted. Whorls

4, convex, Ist smooth, remainder sculptured with extremely weak, fine, close

radial striolae; suture impressed. Aperture nearly erect, crescentic, dentition

9- to 12-fold; 2 acute plicae about centre of paries, similar to those of farquhari;

1 large and strong, as in the same species, towards left of base, and from 6 to 8,

possibly 9, denticles variously disposed along the outer wall; umbilicus narrow,

tubular. The type measures

Diam. maj. 1-22, alt. 0-78 mm:

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown (type); Kowie (Far-

quhar); Kingwilliamstown (Godfrey).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Kimberley (Gowie).

NATAL. Ntimbankulu (Burnup).

LORENZO MARQUES. Mt. Vengo, 5500 feet (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

Burnup states that the folds are developed at an early stage of

growth, and suggests that the mollusc, as it advances towards maturity,

absorbs the material from the inner ends of the lamellae and adds it

Text-Fic. 20.—Afrodonta novemlamellaris (Bnp.), Mount Vengo.

Half row of teeth of radula; x 1600.

on to the outer, for in extremely young examples all the processes

are present, while in the adult none of them extend more than -4 mm.

from the peristome. The number of labral folds is variable; I have

not yet seen specimens with fewer than 9 though the usual number

is 10.

The foot of the animal has well-marked peripodial grooves. Radula

(text-fig. 20) with extremely small teeth, central and laterals tricuspid,

marginals somewhat pectinate, formula (7+8+1+8+6)x100. It is

noteworthy that in Austen’s figure of the radula of A. bilamellaris the

central and laterals are depicted as of the ordinary type such as are

found in Trach. vengoensis; in the present species they show in several

features some approach to that found in the Punctinae.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 255

B. Dentition wholly or partly internal.

Afrodonta perfida (Bnp.).

Ref. List No. 215.

1907. Trachycystis rotula M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 99, pl. vi, f. 12.

er.

1912. Endodonta (Afrodonta) perfida (=rotula M. & P., 1907, non

Hombr. & Jacq., 1854), Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., ii, p. 337, pl. xxiv,

moe. DF.

Shell subdiscoidal, silky, reddish brown; spire nearly flat. Whorls 5, convex,

first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with fairly close, strong, regular, radial

costulae; suture impressed. Aperture nearly erect, crescentic, dentition 3-fold:

a strong, wide fold on the parietal wall, deep-set within the aperture, strengthening

to the rear; 1 on the basal wall, set back about one-fifth of the last whorl from

the peristome and entering for about one-fourth of the whorl, and 1 low on the

outer wall, parallel and nearly equal in length to the basal, both these folds showing

clearly as white lines through the base of the shell; umbilicus very wide, openly

exposing all the whorls.

Diam. 1-8—1-95, alt. 0-85-0-95 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Fern Kloof, Grahamstown (Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

The correct name of this species is open to question; M. & P.

named it rotula, under the impression that Afrodonta was a distinct

genus, while Burnup, treating the last as a subgenus of Endodonta,

amended it to perfida, owing to rotula being preoccupied in the latter

genus. Now that it appears possible to regard Afrodonta once again

as of generic rank, it may be urged that rotula should hold good, but

there can be no useful purpose in changing continually the name of a

species while there is lable to be divergence of opinion as to its true

generic or subgeneric status, and as the next author who may deal

with the matter may once more subjugate Afrodonta to Endodonta,

it is surely preferable to retain Burnup’s name, as to the validity of

which there can be no doubt, than to see-saw between the two.

Afrodonta introtuberculata Conn.

(Text-fig. 19, 9.)

1933. Afrodonta introtuberculata Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vu, p. 147,

pl. vu, f. 5-8. D.F.

Shell discoid, silky, red-brown; spire somewhat impressed. Whorls 5}, convex,

first 14 practically smooth, last 3 sculptured all over with strong, close, nearly

straight transverse costulae, the interstices filled with 3 or 4 extremely fine

parallel microscopic striolae, which are present on the 2nd whorl a little before the

costulae commence; suture impressed. Aperture lunate, descending slightly at

256 Annals of the South African Museum.

base, dentition consisting of 2 small tubercles, deep-set within the aperture, one

near the base and the other at periphery of outer wall, and a similar pair about

half a whorl further in, visible only in the form of two minute white specks on the

outer surface of the shell; umbilicus wide and deep, clearly exposing all the whorls.

The type measures 1-75 mm. in diameter, it is infinitesimally smaller than the largest

examples, but was selected as the only one in which the Ist pair of tubercles were

clearly visible from a frontal view and the 2nd pair so clearly on the exterior.

Hab. NATAL. Nottingham Road (Taynton).

Type in British Museum.

It is usually only possible to determine the two foregoing species

when the shell is in sufficiently good condition for the white reflections

of the interior folds to be seen on the exterior, but they, with all

others of the genus, are distinguishable from small Trachycystis of

about the same size by the tighter coiling of the whorls.

Afrodonta bimunita sp. n.

(Pl. vi, f. 1-4 and text-fig. 19, 10.)

Shell extremely small, discoid, umbilicate, thin, silky, semi-transparent, first 13

whorl leaden, remainder corneous red-brown. Spire deeply impressed, nearly as

much as umbilicus. Whorls 53, convex, regularly increasing, lst comparatively

large, first 1? smooth, remainder sculptured all over with close, fine, regular,

straight radial costulae, crossed, just within the umbilicus, by exceedingly fine,

close microspiral lines; suture simple, somewhat impressed. Aperture vertical,

narrowly lunate, peristome simple, acute, dentition consisting of two transverse

rows, each containing 6 short, low, horizontal plicae, extending across the body

whorl from the base nearly to the suture, the outer inset on outer whorl barely

visible within the aperture and the inner parallel to it, and further inset by the

same distance as the length of the central plicae, which show clearly as white lines

on the exterior of the shell; umbilicus deep and wide, exposing all the whorls and

the large leaden apex.

Diam. maj. 1:85, min. 1:75; alt. 1:04 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Hogsback, Amatola Mts. (Lawrence).

Type in South African Museum.

Completely different from any known African shell in the double

transverse row of plicae and planorbiform concavity of upper and

lower sides.

Since writing my: recent paper in which I restored Afrodonta to

generic rank, I have had the privilege of meeting Dr. C. Montague

Cooke, one of the foremost authorities on the microdentate Endodonts

of the Pacific Islands. He not only agrees with me that there is

good cause for treating Afrodonta as a distinct genus, but suggested,

on casual examination, that it might become necessary to create one

or more sub-genera for such as perfida and introtuberculata.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 257

Subfamily PUNCTINAE

Comprises the genera Punctum and the Australasian Laoma, very

small shells with a peculiar type of jaw described hereunder.

Genus Punctum Morse, 1864

(J. Portland Soc., i, pp. 5, 27).

Type A. minutissuma Lea (pygmaea Drap.).

Shell minute, with simple peristome, few whorls, slightly convex

spire and open umbilicus. Jaw strongly arcuate, consisting of a thin

transparent membrane bearing numerous separate rhomboidal plates,

composed of vertical chitinous fibres, which form a marginal fringe;

radula long and narrow, teeth distinct, not overlapping, central

tricuspid, laterals bicuspid to practically the extreme margin, apart

from minute accessory denticles; basal plates much longer than cusps.

Distribution throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere, besides

South Africa.

Punctum hottentotum (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 248.

eUieeeiels hottentota: M. & P., A.M.N:H., vin, p. 239. D.

1392." — 3, = se i Lx pL O4, Dis ive tOne le

HOT Mrachyeystis paula Mo & P., A-M.N.H., xix, p. 99, pl. v1,

eel DF.

1925. Punctum hottentotum M. & P., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

mie. JA9.. NAR.

Shell minute, umbilicate, subglobose, thin, asperate, semi-transparent, pale

corneous brown. Spire moderately exserted, apex rounded. Whaorls 4, convex,

rounded at periphery, regularly increasing, first 14 practically smooth, remainder

sculptured with strongly curved oblique costulae, regularly increasing in distance

apart, the intervals filled with extremely fine, close, microscopic parallel striolae,

cut by finer and closer microspiral lines, which commence after the Ist half-whorl

and become far stronger on the base, where the transverse sculpture is weaker;

suture simple, impressed. Aperture ?-lunar, labrum straight and receding little

in profile, columella concave, margin narrowly reflexed, not overhanging the wide,

deep, open umbilicus.

Diam. maj. (type) 2:0, min. 1:75; alt. circa 1-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (type, Crawford), also

known from Cathcart, Caledon, Alexandria District, Atherstone,

Kast London, Keurbooms R. bush, Amatola Mts. etc.

CAPE PENINSULA. Wynberg; Simonstown; Lakeside etc.

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg; Majuba; Game Pass; Jesmond,

Belle Vue, Upper Mooi R.; Van Reenen etc.

VOL. XXXIII. 17

258 Annals of the South African Museum.

TRANSVAAL. Pretoria; Buiskop; Pienaars Poort; Johannes-

burg (type of paula).

BECHUANALAND. Tlapies Laagte Well, west of Vryburg

(subfossil, Rogers).

LORENZO MARQUES. Bandula Siding, B. & M. Rly. (McDowell).

Types in British Muesum.

The costae vary greatly in strength, being in some cases hardly

noticeable, when the surface merely appears to be striate; the largest

examples from Lakeside measure 2:3 mm. in diameter.

The foot has well-marked peripodial grooves; jaw as in the sub-

family; radula measures -625 x -125 mm. when flattened out, formula

(15+1+15)x105 (another specimen measures -525x-115 mm.,

formula (14+1+14) x94); central tooth tricuspid, rather narrow,

with oblong basal plate, mesocone less than half the length of the

basal plates and its ectocones extremely small; lateral teeth not

so narrow as central, mesocones about half the length of the basal

plates, ectocones scarcely exceeding half the size of the mesocones.

In addition to these two principal cusps each lateral has an exceed-

ingly minute endocone.

Punctum pallidum Conn.

(Pl. ix, f. 9-10, and text-fig. 21.)

1922. Punctum pallidum Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p.119. OD.

1925. bs os , Lrans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, sa peeeae

Pleniveteciicn aN ie,

Far smaller than the foregoing, nearly colourless, with a more exserted spire.

There are 4 convex whorls, protoconch with microscopic spiral striae, remainder

REPU ICOOIISS

TEext-FiG. 21.—Punctum pallidum Conn., Vengo Mountain.

A. Jaw; x300.

B. Half of a transverse row of teeth from the radula; x 1600.

covered with fine, slightly oblique, microscopic transverse striae, about 0-03 mm.

apart on last whorl, interspersed with finer ones, which are crossed by fine spiral

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 259

striae, best developed near the umbilicus; suture shallow. Aperture lunate,

umbilicus not wide, but extending to the summit and just exposing all the whorls

Diam. maj. 1-2, min. 1-1; alt. 0-4 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mount Vengo, 5500 feet (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

Jaw (text-fig. 214) horse-shoe shaped, composed of about 18 thin

imbricating plates, which appear to have a fibrous structure; they

are larger and overlap one another more towards the ends than in

the centre. Radula (text-fig. 218) measures -32x-08 mm. when

flattened out, formula 15+1+4+15x85; the teeth resemble somewhat

closely those of the genotype.

Famity CORILLIDAE.

Shell widely perforate, spire flat or little raised, aperture oblique,

peristome expanded and reflexed, usually continuous and bearing an

inrunning parietal lamella and some palatal plicae.

Jaw thin, smooth or with divergent grooves; kidney broad, without

closed ureter, genitalia with spermatophore sac on or near receptacular

duct, penis without appendage.

Genus Sculptaria Pfr., 1855

(Mal. Blatt., ii, p. 135).

Type Helicodonta sculpturata Gray.

(Text-fig. 22.)

Shell small, solid, discoid or turbinate, umbilicate, usually strongly

sculptured, last whorl deflected and free near the aperture, which

has a continuous peristome with an in-

running parietal lamella and 2 or 3 palatal

plicae, defined by Burnup as in the sub-

joined text-figure. It is probable that

every species in fresh condition is pale

fawn or cream, with faint rufous markings,

but it is only seldom that this is observable,

owing to weathering. Foot of animal with

; TExt-FIc. 22.—Apertural

lateral grooves, jaw smooth, central tooth armature of Sculptaria.

of radula and inner laterals unicuspid, outer s eae lamella.

: : : : . asa =

laterals with outer, marginals with inner ©. Central {palatal plica

E E T or fold.

cusp also; kidney triangular, spermato- D. Upper

phore branching from duct of receptaculum seminis, spermiduct

very long, penis with terminal retractor.

260 Annals of the South African Museum.

(i) Sculpture consisting mainly of tranverse striae.

Sculptaria sculpturata (Gray).

Ref. List No. 226.

1838. Helicodonta sculpturata Gray, Alexander’s Expedition, ii,

p268: pe)

1910. Helix (Sculptaria) sculpturata Pir., var. rintelent Bttg., Abh.

Senckenlb: (Ges.7 xxxat,ps437, pl. xxvan, fue

1920. Sculptaria sculpturata Gray, Gude, Proc. Mal. Soc., xiv,

jon OS UAT

1922. Sculptaria sculpturata Gray, var. rintelent Bttg., Degnr.,

L.-u. 8.-w. Fauna D.-Sw. A., Moll., p.6. J.

1923. Sculptaria sculpturata Gray (=var. rintelend Bttg.), Bup.,

Ann Natal Muss vip. (, pl 1d. 11s) Deke

1930. Sculptaria sculpturata Gray, Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xxix,

pe 2822 Ve

Shell small, discoid, widely umbilicate, carinate at periphery, pale buff. Whorls

5, rather convex, first 2 smooth, remainder on upper surface sculptured with spiral

threads, about 5 to 9 on last whorl, crossed by radiating striae, strongest between

the threads, while the foliate keel of each whorl extends over the suture on to the

next whorl and presents a narrow lobed fringe round the periphery in perfect

specimens; basal sculpture consisting of from 7 to 15 spiral threads, radial striae

stronger than above; suture canaliculate, though apparently shallow, owing to

being overlapped by the keel of preceding whorl. Aperture truncate oval, peri-

stome usually continuous and solute, armatural processes 3, a strong inrunning

parietal lamella, situate a little above centre of paries, and 2 short palatal plicae,

upper and basal, the central being absent; the last whorl descends in front and

is strongly constricted for a short distance before the aperture.

This species varies considerably in size, height of spire, width of

umbilicus, and strength and density of sculpture, though the scheme

of ornamentation is constant; Burnup’s measurements range from

6-22 to 8:44 mm. in major diameter and 1-88 to 3-33 in altitude;

the var. rintelena has been shown by that author to be too unstable

for retention, as it possesses no clear-cut feature of distinction.

Hab. GREAT NAMAQUALAND. About the Great Fish River

(type, Alexander); Bullspoort (Tucker); Klein Karas Mountains

(Miss A. EK. Hill); between Gaub and Diab Rivers (Edlinger).

NAMIB. Swakopmund (Frames).

DAMARALAND. Usakos (Barnard); Swakop River (Bradfield);

Huleb, south of Usakos (var. rintelenc); Kurikop near Otjikango

(Rintelen); Usakos; Karibib; Khan River (Frames); Karibib

(var. rinteleni, Michaelsen); Dorst River (N. J. Smith).

Type of sculpturata in British, var. rinteleni in Senckenberg

Museum.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 261

Hasily distinguishable from other species yet described owing to

lack of the central palatal plica.

Sculptaria edlingeri sp. n.*

(Pl. viii, f. 1-4.)

Five examples from the Gaub-Diab River District are smaller than sculpturata

and remarkable in that all of them present the usual 4-fold dentition of the genus,

with the basal and central palatal folds in much the same position as in damarensis.

The sculpture varies greatly according to condition, but agrees with that of typical

sculpturata in similar stages of weathering, as do other details of form, etc., but the

smaller size of this proposed new species, combined with the 4-fold dentition,

renders it imperative to treat it as distinct. All five examples are about equal in

size and have the aperture fully formed and solute; the type, selected as the

specimen with best preserved sculpture, measures, with 5 whorls, diam. maj. 6-1,

min. 5-0, alt. 2-1 mm.

Hab. GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Between Gaub and Diab

Rivers (Edlinger).

Type in Berlin Museum.

Sculptaria damarensis (H. Ad.).

Ref. List No. 224.

1870. Helix (Corilla) damarensis H. Ad., P.Z.S., p. 379, pl. xxvii,

ots) DT.

1890. Sculptaria chapmanni Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mal. Fr., vu,

meoG-.; D.

1892. Sculptaria.melvilliana (=chapmanni Ancey, non Cox) Ancey,

* Brit. Nat., p. 126. Emend. nom.

1920. Sculptaria damarensis H. Ad., Gude, Proc. Mal. Soc., xiv,

poop. N.

1922. Sculptaria damarensis H. Ad., Dgnr., L.-u. S.-w. Fauna

D.-Sw. A., Moll., p.5. WN.

1923. Sculptaria damarensis H. Ad., Dgnr., Arch. f. Moll.-K., lv,

p- 146, pl. vi, f. 1-10. A.R.

1923. Sculptaria damarensis H. Ad., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v,

pete, pl yf. 19-23. DF.N.

1930. Sculptaria damarensis H. Ad., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xxix,

pol. N.

Shell small, discoid, widely umbilicate, bluntly keeled at periphery, yellowish

brown, with darker oblique stripes, diminishing in number on last whorl, on the

upper surface. Spire a little raised, sides convex, apex blunt. Whorls 6, convex,

* I must express to Dr. Bernard Rensch of Berlin my warmest thanks for

permission to include the descriptions of this and three other new forms from the

Hoesch and Edlinger collections in the present volume.

262 Annals of the South African Museum.

the last grooved above the keel, descending rapidly near the aperture and becoming

solute a short distance before it; first 1? smooth, remainder sculptured with very

fine, close, crisp, white transverse striae, about 215 on last whorl, and becoming

very weak on base, and on upper surface a few indistinct spiral striae, not inter-

secting the former; suture subcanaliculate. Aperture somewhat horse-shoe

shaped, peristome white, glossy, continuous, widely expanded but little thickened,

armatural processes 4, a strong inrunning parietal lamella and well developed

upper, central, and basal palatal plicae, all set well back from the peristome.

Burnup’s measurements range from 9-77 x 3-98 and 9-5 x4 down to 8-2 x 3-0 and

7-8 x 3-4 mm. in major diameter and altitude.

Hab. DAMARALAND (type, fide H. Adams; de Vilder, 1873);

Grootfontein; Gaub; Outjo (Barnard); Tsumeb (Michaelsen);

Otavi Mountain (Durban Light Infantry); Swakop R. (Bradfield).

NAMIB. Walfish Bay (chapmanni, Anderson and Chapman).

Type of damarensis in British Museum, chapmanni in coll.

Dautzenberg.

var. minor Denr.

1922. Sculptaria damarensis H. Ad., var minor Degnr., L.-u. 8.-w.

Fauna D.-Sw. A., Moll., p.5. D.R.

1923. Sculptaria damarensis H. Ad., var. minor Dgnr., Bnp., Ann.

Natal Mus:, v, p: 23, pl. 1, £1) 24-300 DF.

1930. Sculptaria damarensis H. Ad., var. minor Dgnr., Conn., Ann.

SPL CasllUDsiewe.6.4P. ey oe reMl Lae I

The shell differs from type in being smaller, less elevated, somewhat more

sharply keeled, the groove above it not so deep, only 5 whorls instead of 53-6, last

rather less deflected and solute for shorter distance behind aperture, which is

rounder and smaller, peristome more thickened and less expanded, armature .

rather less strongly developed. Burnup’s measurements range from 8-55 x 2°83

and 7:74 x 3:37 down to 7:33 x 3-4 and 6-7 x 3 mm. in breadth and height.

Hab. DAMARALAND. Karibib (type, Michaelsen); Swakop

Valley (Frames).

Type in Hamburg Museum.

Burnup mentions one example in which the basal palatal plica is

replaced by 2 minute ones close together, but which is in other respects

quite normal. ;

Sculptaria carinifera sp. n.

(Pl. vii, f. 18-20.)

Differs from damarensis in sharp carination at periphery, stronger basal sculpture

and almost complete absence of grooving. Shell of fair size, discoid, umbilicate,

asperate. Spire little exserted, sides slightly convex, apex rounded. Whorls

54, gradually increasing, convex, serrate and sharply carinate at periphery,

first 12 practically smooth, remainder covered all over with strong, close, regular,

undulating costulae, which become serrate at the periphery; there is no trace of

spiral sculpture, but this may be due to weathering; suture well defined. Aperture

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 263

incomplete in all four examples available, but dentition fully formed, similar to

that of damarensis.

Diam. maj. 8-6, min. 7:8; alt. 3-4 mm.

Hab. GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Naauwkloof (Hoesch).

Type in Berlin Museum

Unfortunately all the four examples collected are incomplete at

the aperture and too weathered to show colour or spiral sculpture,

if it was ever present, but the new species is abundantly distinct and

easily recognisable by its strong, serrated peripheral carination.

Sculptaria leschker Dent.

1922. Sculptaria leschkei Denr., L.-u. S.-w. Fauna D.-Sw. A., Moll.,

[ie alice tiara 2 de

1923. Sculptaria leschker Dgnr., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 25,

plied. 5(/-61..; DF:

1930. Sculptaria leschker Dgnr., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix,

p. 202. WN.

Shell small, discoid, widely umbilicate, mummy brown on earliest whorls, fading

to nearly white near aperture. Spire slightly raised, sides convex, apex rather

prominent. Whorls 5, the early convex, later flatter, last prominently keeled at

periphery with a spiral groove above it, and a second keel round the umbilical

region; last whorl slightly deflected about 14 mm. from peristome and solute for

about 1 mm., first 14 smooth, remainder sculptured with very fine, close, fairly

regular, white transverse striae, nearly as strong and slightly undulating on base,

and slightly weaker and more distant towards aperture; suture rather shallow.

Aperture roundly heptagonal, peristome continuous, moderately expanded, inner

and basal lips slightly reflexed, with the 4 usual armatural processes well

developed, the parietal being rather thin. Measurements range from 9-8 x4 and

8-78 x 3-12 down to 7-88 x 2:33, 7-27 x 2-61 and 6-93 x 2-47 mm. in major diameter

and altitude.

Hab. DAMARALAND. Karibib (type, Michaelsen).

NAMIB. Swakopmund (Frames).

KAOKOVELD. Warmbad; Kaoko Otavi (Barnard).

Type in Hamburg Museum.

Mainly distinguishable from damarensis by sharper peripheral and

additional basal keel and stronger basal striation; the peripheral

keel is tubular.

Sculptaria framesi Bunp.

1923. Sculptaria framesi Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 41, pl. u,

{. 62-66. D.F. |

1930. Sculptaria framest Bnp., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xxix,

maiaok.. NN. |

264 Annals of the South African Museum.

Shell small, turbinoid, deeply but comparatively narrowly umbilicate, light buff,

with paler sculpture. Spire slightly raised, sides convex, apex rounded. Whorls

42, very convex, last well rounded at periphery and bearing 2 shallow spiral

grooves, 1 just above and 1 just below it, scarcely forming a blunt keel between,

ascending very slightly in front, then deeply deflected but scarcely solute before

the aperture; first 1? whorls smooth, remainder most finely, closely, irregularly

transversely striate, becoming far weaker on base except in umbilical region, and

stronger and more distant just before aperture; suture rather deep. Aperture

large, widely crescentic, peristome free, continuous, pinkish buff, a little expanded,

slightly thickened, armatural processes 4, parietal lamella less high, tortuous

and entering than usual, upper palatal plica very weak and deep-set, central and

basal well developed but not very large, so that the gullet is unusually free from

obstruction. Burnup’s measurements range from 6:95x3-7 and 6-44x3-81

down to 6-28 x 4-24 and 5-68 x 3-41 mm. in major diameter and altitude, showing

that this species is very variable as regards relative height of spire.

Hab. DAMARALAND. Swakop Valley (Frames).

NAMIB. Swakopmund (K. Schmierer).

Type in British Museum.

Characterised by high spire, weak sculpture, and very slight solution

of last whorl; the striae are very much closer than in damarensis.

(ii) Sculpture strongly reticulate.

Sculptaria retisculpta (Mts.).

Ref. List No. 225.

1889. Helix retisculpta Mts., Nachr.-Bl. D. Mal. Ges., xxi, p. 154.

1920. Sculptaria retisculpta Mts., Gude, Proc. Mal. Soc., xiv,

Oy I INE

1923. Sculptaria retisculpta Mts., Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 29,

pl. i,.f. 31-40.. DF.

1930. Sculptaria retisculpta Mts., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xxix,

pe 2o2en eve

Shell small, subdiscoid, widely umbilicate, light buff behind the paler sculpture.

Spire flat above penultimate whorl, apex slightly impressed. Whorls 43, last 24

very convex, last becoming solute about 1 mm. from aperture, first 1} smooth,

remainder bearing very strong, fairly regular radial costae (about 23 to the last

whorl), pitted, reticulate or nodulate, extending into the umbilicus, the interstices

occupied by strong spiral threads, a little lower usually than the radial ribs, about

8 on the penultimate and 15 between suture and umbilicus on the last whorl, so

that the whole surface has a coarsely reticulate appearance; suture deep, inter-

rupted on the later whorls by the transverse ribs extending partially over the next

whorl. Aperture nearly circular, much deflected, peristome continuous, not

reflexed and little expanded, parietal lamella rather thin, upper, central and basal

palatal plicae not strongly developed. The specimen described by Burnup

measures 6-2 x 2-5 mm.

Hab. DAMARALAND. Ussab (type, ex “‘ Linnaea,”’ fide Martens).

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 265

NAMIB. Swakopmund (Frames).

Type in Berlin Museum.

A rare and beautiful species, with far more strongly reticulate

sculpture than the two which follow, and easily distinguishable from

pyramidata by its flat spire.

Sculptaria corona Bnp.

1923. Sculptaria corona Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 34, pl. u,

f.41-45. DF.

1930. Sculptaria corona Bnp., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix,

pacoo. NV.

Shell small, subdiscoid, umbilicate, light buff behind the raised sculpture.

Spire gradually raised and gradate for 24 whorls from aperture. Whorls 5, convex,

first 24 nearly flat and sunk slightly below the level of the next, the last 2

strongly shouldered above, the last keeled at periphery and solute just before the

aperture, with a broad spiral groove above the keel; first 2 smooth, 3rd showing

worn vestiges of transverse ribs and, in the outer suture, reticulate remains of a

nodulous peripheral keel; on 4th and 5th the transverse ribs extend only to the

top of the shoulder, where they develop in places into strong nodules, and between

them is weak cancellated sculpture, caused by the intersection of very fine spiral

threads and radial striolae, and below the spiral groove a second row of nodules,

most of which are apparently worn off; the basal sculpture consists of 5 strong

spiral threads, between which are others extremely fine, crossed by transverse

ones, which are extremely fine and close for about one-third whorl behind the peri-

stome and then become gradually stronger and more distant, and before the last

whorl actually dominate the strong spirals; suture on 3rd and later whorls some-

what interrupted by the transverse ribs on one whorl abutting on to that antecedent

to it. Aperture rather small, pentagonal, much deflexed, peristome continuous,

white and polished, scarcely thickened, a little expanded except between suture

and periphery, parietal lamella rather thin, upper, central and basal plicae rather

weak, especially central, umbilicus broadly tubular, exposing the 2 apical whorls.

Diam. maj. 5-6, min. 4:6; alt. 2-4 mm.

Hab. NAMIB. Swakopmund (type, Frames); Swakop R. (R. D.

Bradfield).

Type in British Museum.

Chiefly distinguishable from the foregoing by having far less notice-

ably reticulate sculpture.

Sculptaria pyramidata Bnp.

1923. Sculptaria pyramidata Bnp., Ann. Natal Mus., v, p. 38, pl. ui,

f. 46-56. D.F.

1930. Sculptaria pyramidata Bnp., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix,

p- 282. N.

Shell small, turbinate, umbilicate, pale buff. Spire exserted, convex-conic,

apex rounded. Whorls 5}, very convex, slightly shouldered, the last bluntly

angulate at periphery, becoming solute and deflexed 1 mm. behind the peristome;

lst smooth, 2nd bearing remains of transverse ribs between suture and shoulder,

gradually becoming stronger and more distant; the sculpture gradually becomes

266 Annals of the South African Museum.

less effaced until on the last 2 whorls it consists of strong, raised, nodulous

transverse ribs of irregular strength and spacing, about 26 on last whorl, with

strong spiral threads between and partly on them, about 8 on upper surface and

crossed by finer radial threads; basal sculpture worn, but somewhat similar,

there being about 13 spiral threads; suture deep, interrupted by the transverse

ribbing. Aperture oblique, heart-shaped, peristome continuous, a little expanded,

with strong parietal lamella and moderate upper, central and basal plicae, the

first 2 extremely deep-set; umbilicus somewhat tubular.

Diam. maj. 5:2, min. 4:3; alt. 3-3 mm.

Hab. DAMARALAND. Usakos (type, Frames).

NAMIB. Swakopmund (Frames).

Type in British Museum.

' Kasily distinguishable by its pyramidal form from the two preceding

species.

Famity HELICIDAE.

Shell usually globose, turbinate, or depressed, often with a

thickened or reflexed peristome. Foot without fringe or caudal

gland; pulmonary veins mostly converging to a single main vessel,

instead of to two as in the following family (the Acavidae); kidney

tongue-shaped; epiphallus present, often with a flagellum, no penial

appendix; vagina often with dart-sac (sometimes paired) and mucous

glands; jaw usually ribbed or folded.

Subfamily HELICINAE.

Mucous glands, when present, tubular and arising directly from

the vagina.

Genus Helix Lin., 1758.

(Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, i, pp. 645, 768).

Type H. pomatia Lin.

Shell rather large and globose, usually with 4 or 5 brown bands.

Receptacular duct branched; epiphallus with a long flagellum;

dart-sac large, containing a well-developed dart with 4 longitudinal

blades; mucous glands usually split into many branches; jaw thick

and ribbed.

Section Cryptomphalus Agassiz, 1837

(Nouv. Mem. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat., i, 2, p. 5).

Type Helix aspersa Mill.

Shell imperforate when mature, of rapidly enlarging whorls,

peristome expanded.

Helix aspersa Mill.

Ref. List No. 299.

1774. Helix aspersa Miill., Verm., ii, p. 59. OD.

a a eS =

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 267

1908. Helix (Cryptomphalus) aspersa Mill, Germ., Moll. Khrou-

mirie, p. 150, pl. xxiv, f. 1-4. D.F. and synonymy.

1910. Helix (Cryptomphalus) aspersa Mill., Taylor, Mon. Brit. Moll.,

Mee 2oonpl xxii (1911). DF .AR.

1916. Helix asrersa Miull., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xiii, p. 187. JN.

The synonymy of this well-known old species will be found in my

Reference List; none of it bears on the introduced South African

individuals or is of local interest.

Shell large, inperforate in maturity, obliquely globose, solid, dull, subtrans-

lucent, asperate, brownish buff, usually irregularly banded and marbled with

darker brown; prevalent banding 1(23)45, but all are sometimes distinct or

entirely coalescent. Whorls 4-5, convex, rapidly increasing, apex smooth,

remainder covered with strong transverse striae and, on the later whorls, a network

of coarse irregular wrinkles, which grow gradually more pronounced and impart

a shagreened appearance to the shell; suture simple. Aperture descending

obliquely, sub-ovate, peristome white, glossy, narrowly reflexed, labrum

straight in profile, columella erect, margin very narrowly reflexed, exposing a very

narrow umbilicus in immature shells, but thickened and solid in maturity. An

average Cape Town example measures

Diam. maj. 30, min. 24; alt. 27; apert. alt. 20-5, lat. 17 mm., though much

larger individuals may be found.

The radula of an average specimen from Wimbledon measures

8-0 x 3-5 mm. when flattened. It has 125 rows of teeth fully developed,

formula 63+1+63; the central tooth has a longish mesocone with an

ectocone on each side of it; the admedians have an ectocone but no

endocone; the mesocones begin to change shape at about line 28 and

become bifid about line 31. Thence outwards the teeth grow smaller,

with ectocone occasionally double, until, by line 50 they become

irregular in shape and the outermost marginals are rudimentary.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Very common; Robben Island, also

common.

CAPEK PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford); East London;

Mossel Bay (Power); Grahamstown (Vet. Serv. 8S. Africa).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Kimberley (Miss Wilman).

NATAL. Durban (Cawston).

TRANSVAAL. Johannesburg (T. Adams).

Specimens ex auct. in Copenhagen Museum.

Several sinistral specimens have been collected at Cape Town

(Lightfoot), and Taylor records var. globosa Picard from the same

district.

The striking colour variety which follows well deserves its varietal

status, appearing to me to agree best with

268 Annals of the South African Museum.

var. luteola Bet.

1864. Helix aspersa Mill., var. luteola Bgt., Mal. Algérie, i, p.

HOS) DE

1908. Helix aspersa Miill., var. luteola Bgt., Germ., Moll. Khrou-

mirie, p. 154. D. |

Shell unicoloured orange, without banding, strongly malleated and shagreened:

peristome and columella glossy white.

Hab. NATAL. Durban (Mrs. Gordon Parkes).

Genus Theba Risso, 1826

(Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid. iv, p. 73).

(=Euparypha Hartmann, 1842).

Type Helix pisana Mill.

Shell globose to lenticular, spirally grooved; bands, when present,

usually split into narrow lines on a whitish ground; peristome

thickened within. Dart-sac small, with a straight dart bearing

4 longitudinal blades; mucous glands long, unbranched; receptacular

duct with diverticulum; flagellum sometimes absent; jaw with 2 or 3

strong ribs.

Theba pisana (Mill.).

Ref. List No. 301.

1774. Helix pisana Mill., Verm., 1, p. 60. D.

1908. ,, (Huparypha) pisana Mill., Germ., Moll. Khroumirie,

p. 182, pl. xxvi, f. 1-20; pl. xxvu, f. 1-20; pl. xxviu, = 1-245 pe

xxix, f. 1-24. DF. Synonymy.

1911-12. Helix (Euparypha) pisana Miill., Taylor, Mon. Brit.

Moll., mm, p. 368, pl. xxx, 1-21; pl. xx, f 1-3 Daa

1916. Helix pisana Mill., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xii, p. 187. WN.

Shell of fair size, perforate, subglobose, fairly solid, dull, subtranslucent, cream

or white, usually encircled by more or less numerous dark bands of varied width

and intensity, frequently interrupted, blotched or broken. Whorls 53-6, not very

convex, rapidly increasing, apex practically smooth, varying from colourless to

dark purple-brown, remainder covered with very close, slightly curved and oblique

transverse striae of somewhat irregular strength, and numerous more or less close-

set spiral grooves; suture simple, shallow. Aperture $-lunar, peristome acute

with a distinct submarginal rib shortly within the aperture of adult shells, labrum

very slightly curved and receding in profile, columella short, erect, concave, margin

triangularly reflexed, half obscuring the narrow umbilicus. An average Cape Town

example measures

Diam. maj. 17-0, min. 14:5; alt. 12-2; apert. alt. 9-2, lat. intern. 8-2 mm.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 269

More than 100 varieties of this variable species are listed by Taylor,

to whose magnificent work students are referred for further details,

while Germain (1908) includes nearly 30 so-called species in synonymy

and a few well-defined formal varieties.

The radula described by Taylor, 5x14 mm., contains about 140

gently curving transverse rows of teeth which diminish gradually

in size outwards, each row with about 87 teeth, central tricuspid

with strong mesocone and 2 small ectocones, laterals about 16 in

number and bifid, without endocone, marginals about 27, meso-

cone distinctly bicuspid and ectocone becoming so about the 30th

row; formula (27+16+1+416+27) x 140.

The young shell is more or less sharply keeled and is the H. cato-

cyphia Bet.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Very common; Robben Island (coll.

Walker).

CAPE PROVINCE. Stellenbosch; Hast London (Lightfoot);

Port Elizabeth (Crawford); Somerset West; Gordon’s Bay (Connolly);

Kowie (Gowle); George (Vet. Serv. 8. Africa); Mossel Bay (F.

Watson); Uitenhage (very common).

NATAL Durban (Longstaff).

Specimens ex auct. in Copenhagen Museum.

The earliest record of this species in South Africa was in 1881,

when W. G. Fairbridge took three specimens on the now demolished

Gallows Hill, near Cape Town docks, since when it has spread enor-

mously along the seaboard of the Cape Province and to some little

distance inland, and is unfortunately eating some of the endemic

species out of house and home. Several beautiful colour varieties

exist, but I have seen none except the more ordinary as yet from

South Africa, though the varr. globosior Shutt. and depressa Req.

occur with the typical form at Mossel Bay.

Genus Cochlicella Fér., 1821

(Tabl. Syst., pt. 3, pp. 28, 56 (or pp. 24, 52).

Type Helix conoidea Drap.

Shell more or less turriform, peristome simple; jaw with folds,

right tentacular retractor on left of penis; receptacular duct un-

branched. In C. ventricosa there is a doubled dart sac, 4 simple

salivary glands, and no flagellum.

270 Annals of the South African Museum.

Cochlicella ventricosa (Drap.).

Ref. List No. 295 (as acuta Miill.).

1801. Bulimus ventricosus (=H. acuta Mill.), Drap., Tabl. Moll. Fr.,

(Omicron 8)

1805. Bulumus ventricosus Drap., Hist. Moll. Fr., p. 78, pl. iv,

fol —3an DEE.

1872. Bulimus veniricosus Drap., Mouss., Rev. Moll. Canaries,

p..46. DN.

1878. Bulumus ventricosus Drap., Woll., Test. Atlant., pp. 37, 204,

415, DONE INGE:

1916. Cochlicella acuta Mull., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xii, p. 186. NV

Shell small, elongate turriform, rimate, semi-calcareous, smooth, rather dull,

cream with irregular corneous or red-brown streaks, bands, or blotches. Spire

produced, sides straight and regular, apical angle 45°, apex acute. Whorls 73,

nearly flat, gradually increasing, rounded at periphery, Ist smooth, remainder

covered with nearly straight, slightly oblique growth striae of irregular strength;

suture simple. Aperture suboval, peristome simple, acute, columella erect,

margin triangularly reflexed over the narrow rima.

Alt. 9-5, lat. 4:1; apert. alt. 3-0, lat. 2-5; last whorl 5-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. St. James’ (Connolly); Silvermines

stream, Fish Hoek-Noordhoek valley (Barnard).

A South European species, also recorded from North Africa, Cape

Verde Islands, and West Indies.

Originals in Vienna Museum.

So much confusion has arisen for more than a century as to the

correct names to be applied to the two well-known European species

which have circulated at various epochs under the names of barbara

Linn., acuta Miill., ventricosa Drap., ventrosa Fér., bulimoides Mogq.-

Tand., etc., that even at the date of my Reference List I was misled

into attributing to the present species a name which has now, I hope,

been finally established as being proper to the other. It must be

definitely understood that ventricosa, the South African form, is the

more obese species, with apical angle of about 45°, which does not

occur in the British Isles, as distinct from barbara Linn. (=acuta

Miill.), the common British species, of which the apical angle does not

usually exceed about 33°.

Subfamily BRADYBAENINAE

(= Fruticicolinae).

Mucus glands, when present, sacculate and arising from the dart-sac

or its base.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 271

Genus Bradybaena Beck, 1837

(Index Moll., p. 18).

Type Helix sumilaris Fer.

Shell subglobose, narrowly perforate, peristome reflexed. Epi-

phallus without flagellum; penis thick, dart-sac club-shaped, with

2 forked mucous glands arising from its middle; duct of elliptical

receptaculum seminis unbranched, fairly short and thin; central and

lateral teeth of radula with clear outer cusps.

It has for some time been agreed that the well-known generic name

Eulota must yield priority to Fruticocola Held, usually dated 1837,

with the type H. fruticum Mill. common to both, and similaris has

followed Miiller’s species into Held’s genus. Pilsbry,* however, has

recently proved that Pruticicola cannot have been published before

1838, whereas Bradybaena dates without doubt from 1837 and must

stand for sumlarvs and cognate forms. He places Fruticicola in

synonymy of Bradybaena, whereas Thiele considers each as a distinct

genus, but this question does not affect the generic name of the South

African importation.

Bradybaena similaris (Fér.).

Ref. List No. 294.

1821. Helix sumilarivs Fér., Tabl. Syst., pt. 3, p. 47 (or p. 43). LZ.

OUSSOe. <4; : aDeshiy huisty, tap. Lil: oly 25p,, te a4

ple2eA tt Ib. DF.

1898. Hulota sumilaris Feér., Wiegm., Mitt. Zool. Samml. Mus.

Naturk. Berlin, 1, p. 72, pl.ii,f.4; pl.iv,f.1. A.R. |

1914. Hulota sumilaris Fer., Gude, Faun. India, Moll., i, p. 200.

DN.

1916. Eulota sumilaris Fér., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xii, p.185. WN.

The synonymy of this species, which includes addita Fér., woodiana

Lea, translucens King, cestus Bs., brardiana, stumpsons and epixantha

Pfr., squalida Zelr., genulabris Mts., borbonica Desh., and arcasiana

Crosse & Deb., is fully set forth in my Reference List.

Shell of moderate size, subglobose, umbilicate, thin, smooth, rather dull, trans-

parent, corneous flesh or pale red, without fasciation on South African specimens.

Whorls 5, moderately convex, somewhat rapidly increasing, apex practically

smooth, remainder covered with very close, fine, straight, oblique transverse

striolae, stronger and a little spaced on the later whorls, crossed by incised spiral

lines which are stronger on the base; suture simple, well defined. Aperture

$-lunar, peristome white and glossy, narrowly reflexed, labrum straight and slightly

* Proc. Mal. Soc., xxi, 1934, p. 147.

272 Annals of the South African Museum.

receding in profile, columella very weak, margin narrowly reflexed, half obscuring

the narrow umbilicus. An average Durban example measures

Diam. maj. 13-0, min. 12-0; alt. 10-1; apert. alt. 6-5, lat. 6-0 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Durban (Plant; Quekett; Puzey; Cawston).

A species of wide circumtropical distribution, probably introduced

from Mauritius into Durban, where it is apparently breeding but not

by any means prolific.

Type ubi?

Famity ACAVIDAE.

Shell large, ovate or heliciform; foot without fringe or caudal

gland; lung short, with at least two main pulmonary veins; kidney

triangular, ureter little developed; genital organs simple, except

that the free oviduct is often swollen and furnished with an appendi-

culum; eggs usually large; jaw usually smooth or striated, radula

with relatively simple, quadrate teeth.

Subfamily DoRCcASIINAE.

Shell more or less heliciform, perforate, with a thickened or reflexed

peristome. Ureter merely represented by a shallow groove arising

from the hooked front end of the short kidney, genital ducts without

accessary appendages; vagina and penis long, atrium very short;

jaw crossed by fine striae, and usually with a slight median pro-

jection.

Genus Dorcasia Gray, 1838

(Alexander’s Expedition, ii, p. 268).

Type D. alexandri Gray

Shell depressed or depressed globose, umbilicate, rather thin and

corneous, radially striate or costate, striae more marked and regular

than in Trigonephrus, aperture rather small, peristome reflexed but

seldom thickened. Animal differing from Trigonephrus in the

following main respects: Foot sole rather indistinctly tripartite,

kidney narrower at anterior end, pedal gland tending to emerge into

body-cavity, jaw rather narrow, less than 2 mm. long, radula nearly

three times as long as broad, with smaller teeth, central and laterals

unicuspid, marginals usually bicuspid, rarely tricuspid; receptacular

duct more than twice the length of free oviduct, which is not much

swollen; penis having diagonal rows of very minute papillae.

The genus, which contains possibly only three living species, may be

divided into two groups according to colour scheme and peristome.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 273

(i) Shell in freshest condition uniform corneous brown or deep

buff, ends of peristome united.

Dorcasia alexandri Gray.

Ref. List No. 282.

1838. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, Alexander’s Expedition, u, p. 268.

Dy,

1915. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xiii, p. 167,

pet De - DFA.

1922. Dorcasia alexanderi Gray, Dgnr., L.-u.S8.-w. Fauna D.-Sw. A.,

Moll., p. 8, f. 3-5. WN.A.

1926. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, Wenz, Diam.-Wiiste S.-W.-A., 1,

peroo, pl xxxix,{f.4.. NF.

1928. Dorcasia alexanderi Gray, Haas, Senckenbergiana, x, p. 93.

NL.

1930. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix,

pa2oo. NL.

Shell large, depressed globose, rimate, rather thin and smooth, glossy, transparent,

normally bright corneous brown. Spire but little exserted, apex obtuse. Whorls

5, the later rapidly increasing, all but first 14 covered with very fine and close,

regular, curved transverse striae, almost disappearing on the base, last whorl

swollen, nearly as high as spire, ascending slightly from the suture and descending

abruptly in front, almost concealing the aperture from frontal view; suture simple,

well defined. Aperture rounded ovate, peristome continuous, free, margins not

thickened, but widely reflexed, though not overhanging the perforation, which is

narrow, strangulate, and so eccentric that a portion of the penultimate whorl is

fully disclosed.

Diam. maj. 32-6, min. 24-8; alt. 15-5; apert. alt. 11-7, lat. 13-7 mm.

Hab. GREAT NAMAQUALAND. About the Great Fish River,

probably about 18° KE. and 24° 20’ 8S. (type Alexander); Aiais, 8.W. of

-Warmbad (Haughton).

DAMARALAND. Usab * (fide Martens); Kurikaubmund (Rinte-

len); Albrechts (Davis); Okahandja; Neudamm (Michaelsen);

Windhoek; Tsumeb (Barnard); Usakos (Frames); Farm Lowe

(Edlinger); Kuisib Valley near Heusis (Thomsen); Otjiwarongo

(in Senckenberg Museum); Khama’s Highland (N. J. Smith);

Donker Hoek (Bradfield).

LITTLE NAMAQUALAND. Henkries (Lightfoot).

BECHUANALAND. Reimvastmak, Molopo River; Bosman’s

Pile Hills, north of Aughrabies Falls; Bak River, 8 miles above

junction with Orange River (Barnard).

Type in British Museum.

* Probably the Ugab River.

VOL. XXXIII. 18

274 Annals of the South African Museum.

This species has been divided into many varieties, all very constant

according to whether the sculpture is striate or costulate, and the

perforation open or strangulate; the typical form has smooth striate

sculpture; the varieties are as follow:—

var. minor O. Bttg.

1886. Helix (Dorcasia) alexandri Pfr., var. minor, Bttg., Ber.

Senckenb. Ges., p. 22, pl. u,f.1. DP.

1915. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, var. minor Bttg., Conn., Ann. §.A.

Minet,) cctti peal Oral tits ts.) 1D able

1928. Dorcasia alexandert Gray, var. minor Bttg., Haas, Sencken-

bergiana, x, p. 93. LL.

1930. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, var. minor Bttg., Conn., Ann. §.A.

Nise xxix, py 28000 ale

Differs from type in being smaller, with comparatively higher spire, very slightly

more pronounced sculpture above, and deeper, less excentric umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 22-6, min. 18-8; alt. 13-5; apert. alt. 9-9, lat. 11-0 mm.

Hab. BECHUANALAND. Ghous (type, Nolte); Bosman’s Pile

Hills, north of Aughrabies Falls; Bak River, 8 miles above junction

with Orange River (Barnard); Zwart Puts (Miss Wilman).

GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Geitsi-Gubib (Schenck; Rogers);

Brukkaros (in Senckenberg Museum). |

DAMARALAND. Windhoek (McKie).

Type in Senckenberg Museum.

Almost every intermediate between type and smaller variety can

be found, so that the points of difference mentioned above are by

no means constant.

var. rotundata Mouss.

1887. Helix alexandri Gray, var. rotundata Mouss., J. de C., xxxv,

pe 292, pl. sate Le or

1914. Dorcasia alexandra Gray, var. siegmanni Honigmann,

Nachr.-Bl. D. Mal. Ges., xiv, p. 29. D2.

1915. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, var. rotundata Mouss. (= siegmanne

Hngmn.), Conn:, Ann. S.A. Mus., xin, p. 169, pl. m, f. 7; 3 pee

£16; 16,24; Spl ve oy le DBs Arie

1928. Dorcasia alexanderit Gray, aff. var. rotunda Mouss., Haas,

Senckenbergiana, x, p. 93, and f.1,2 on p.92. NF.

Shell umbilicate, pale corneous, peristome white and glossy. Whorls 44, all

but the apical sculptured with close, regular transverse costae, which become

closer and finer on the base and extend into the umbilicus; last whorl descending

abruptly in front; suture deep. Aperture rounded ovate, peristome quite free,

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 275

continuous, widely reflexed but in no manner overhanging the umbilicus, which

is deep, but strangulate and very narrow.

Diam. maj. 21-1, min. 16-8; alt. 12-3; apert. alt. 9-2, lat. 10-8 mm.

Jaw 1-9 mm. long, rather thin, golden brown; radula 5 x 1-8 mm.,

teeth less diverse in shape than in coagulum and rogersi, outer

marginals with squarer bases, ectocones present on about 2ths of

the teeth, formula (39 +1+40) x 139; another specimen has formula

(41+1+41) x 166.

Hab. GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Rehoboth (type, Schinz);

Homeib River, 8.W. of Rehoboth (stegmanni, Siegmann); Helio-

eraphenberg, near Rehoboth; Tsumis (subfossil, Lotz); Schwarz

Modder R., Rehoboth; Kunatz; Eisgaubib (Edlinger).

Type of rotundata in Zurich Museum; paratypes of svegmanni in

coll. Connolly.

The shell ranges in size from 26:0x16-5 to 19-0x12-4 mm. in

breadth and height; similar to type and var. minor about the

umbilical region, but with stronger, though equally close sculpture

and a more exserted spire; its known distribution is confined to the

neighbourhood of Rehoboth.

var. trivia O. Bttg.

1910. Dorcasia alexanderi Gray, var. trivia Bttg., Abh. Senckenb.

Seep poodt, 459, pl. xxvii, f. 3. DF.

1915. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, var. trivia Bttg., Conn., Ann. 8.A.

Musca, p. 171. D.

1930. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, var. trivia Bttg., Conn., Ann. 8.A.

Mus., xxix, p. 286. D.

The shell is intermediate in size between the typical form and var. minor;

elevation of whorls and general form of aperture and umbilicus similar to type,

but the sculpture consists of raised, rather distant costae, from 4 to 1 mm. apart,

whereas the fine striae of alexandri are far closer together, 3 to the mm. on the

last whorl.

Bottger states that thirteen specimens measured from 24 to 30 mm.

in diameter and 14 to 15 in altitude.

Hab. DAMARALAND. Kama’s Highlands (Schultze).

Type in Senckenberg Museum.

var. perspectiva Conn.

1915. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, var. perspectiva Conn., Ann. 8.A.

ie om, p. 172, pl. im, i.8. DP.

1929. Dorcasia alexandert Gray, var. perspectiva Conn., Adens.,

Ann. Nat. Mus. Wien, xii, p. 390. N.

276 Annals of the South African Museum.

1930. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, var. perspectiva Conn., Ann. S.A.

Nis soap Zein Ne

1932. Dorcasia alexandrt Gray, var. perspectiva Conn., Furreg,

Zool. Jahrb. Jena, Anat., lv, pp. 222, 230. N.F.

Differs from trivia in having even coarser sculpture and in its umbilicus being

very broad and deep, an open circle, without strangulation. The type measures

Diam. maj. 29-0, min. 22-0; alt. 12-8; apert. alt. 11-5, lat. 13-8 mm., and other

specimens range downward to 22-0 x 10-1 mm. in breadth and height.

Hab. DAMARALAND. Omaruru R. (type, Wohlfahrt); Nobgams

and Neineis, Omaruru R.; Uis, near Brandberg (Haughton);

Okambahe (Lebzelter).

Type in Kimberley Museum.

var. montana Conn.

1915. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, var., Conn., Ann. §8.A. Mus., xin,

De ie INC

1916. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, var. montana Conn., ibid., p. 179.

1p Ia.

1928. Dorcasia alecandert Gray, var. montana Conn., Haas, Sencken-

bergiana,’x, 92,1. 3-1; pada. NEE:

1929. Dorcasia alexanderi Gray, var. glabra Adens., Ann. Nat. Mus.

Wien, xii, p. 388, pl. xu, £. 2; pl. xm, f. 3-4. D_F-

1930. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, vars. montana Conn. and glabra

Adens., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p. 287. D.N.L.

1932. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, var. glabra Adens., Furreg, Zool.

Jahrb. Jena, Anat., lv, pp. 223, 226. WN.

The shell combines the finer sculpture, though rather more pronounced, of

alexandri typica with the deep, well-like umbilicus of trivia. The type measures

Diam. maj. 27-9, min. 22-5; alt. 14:1; apert. alt. 13-0, lat. 16-2 mm., while

other examples range from 34-5 x 16-4 to 21-7 x 10-0 mm. in breadth and altitude.

Hab. DAMARALAND. Mt. Usakos (type, Frames); Hrongo

Mts. (Rogers); Okambahe (var. glabra, Lebzelter).

GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Bullspoort (Tucker); Naauwkloof,

and mountains between there and the Namib border (in Senckenberg

Museum); Rehoboth District (Kdlinger).

Type of montana in British, glabra in Vienna Museum.

The var. glabra was founded on eleven examples, ranging from 27:0

to 35-9 mm. in major diameter; it was differentiated from montana

by reason of weaker sculpture and wider umbilicus, but these points

do not persist in large series, and are therefore hardly sufficient to

justify even sub-varietal distinction.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 277

var. reflexilabris n.

(Pl. viii, f. 9-11.)

A large form of typical alexandri, remarkable for the extraordinarily strong

expansion and reflexion of the peristome into a deep channel, capable of holding

water. The shell in fresh condition is bright chestnut brown, paler on base and

nearly white in the peristomatal canal. The type, somewhat faded, but with

perfect aperture, consists of 4 whorls and measures

Diam. maj. 33-3, min. 24-0; alt. 14-9; apert. alt. 11-8, lat. 9-7 mm.

Hab. GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Chaibis Farm, Nadas Mine

(Hdlinger).

Type in Berlin Museum.

Six examples, all similar in peristomatal process; largest 35-2 x 26,

alt. 16-8, and smallest 31-4 x 22-0, alt. 14:8 mm.

(11) Shell of recent species in freshest condition mottled fawn and

cream; ends of peristome discontinuous.

Dorcasia kaisert Wenz.

1926. Dorcasia kaiserr Wenz, Diam.-Wiiste S8.-W.-A., uu, p. 156,

ploxxxix, £5, 9 DF’.

1930. Dorcasia katsert Wenz, Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p. 289.

This fossil resembles alexandri in form and sculpture, but the perforation is

wide and not strangulate and the peristome not entirely free; it is said to differ

from cernua chiefly in its larger size. The shell has 5-5} whorls and measures

Diam. maj. 40-45, min. 30-34; alt. 17; apert. alt. (in shell of 40 mm.) 19-5 mm.

Hab. NAMIB. Neu Gamachabbrunnen, 7 km. 8.E. of Bogenfels,

in calcareous sandstone (fossil, Kaiser & Beetz).

Type in Munich Museum.

Dorcasia antiqua Wenz.

1926. Dorcasia antiqua Wenz, Diam.-Wiiste §.-W.-A., 1, p. 157,

peeodx i. 7. Dif.

1930. Dorcasia antiqua Wenz, Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xxix, p. 289.

N. ,

Founded on a single fossil with damaged peristome; the spire is somewhat

exserted, the 53 whorls regularly, extremely finely and closely striate and increase

more regularly than in alexandri, so that the last whorl is comparatively narrower;

the perforation resembles that of cernua, but the spire is higher.

Diam. maj. over 40, min. 32; alt. ca. 20 mm.

Hab. NAMIB. Marly sandstone at Chalcedontafelberg, west of

the old Liideritz fields (eocene, Kaiser & Beetz).

Type in Munich Museum.

278 Annals of the South African Museum.

Dorcasia rogersi Conn.

1915. Dorcasia rogersi Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xii, p. 164, pl. ii,

£. 2-3; pleav, & 10,1283 spline dol sstext-neL. | Daa

The type is rather small, depressed orbicular, perforate, translucent, smooth,

creamy white, with slight irregular fawn blotches and spots, which are chiefly

present on the 3rd whorl, apex pale corneous, peristome glossy white. Spire

depressed. Whorls 5, the 2 apical smooth, remainder sculptured with close trans-

verse striae, which become rather coarser and less regular towards the aperture

and are hardly visible on the base; suture deep. Aperture almost circular,

peristome reflexed, ends joined by very slight callus, columella very weak, margin

slightly thickened and refiexed but not approaching the umbilicus, which is

perspective and deep, but narrow and somewhat excentric.

Diam. maj. 21-1, min. 17-5; alt. 11-7; apert. alt. 8-9, lat. 9-7; ends of peristome

apart 4-3 mm., while the smallest of type set is 18-3 x 8-0 mm.

Jaw 1:3 mm. long, rather narrow, thin, yellow-brown; radula

3°9x1-3 mm., teeth broad and short, ectocones present on about

two-thirds; formulae (35+1-+37) x 128 and (30+1+30) x 187.

Hab. LITTLE NAMAQUALAND. T’Kaigas (type, Rogers);

Henkries District (Lightfoot); Steinkopf; Richtersveld Mts. (per de

Villiers).

Type in South African Museum.

The smallest examples were selected for the type set, as their

anatomy was available, but the Henkries shells are much larger,

ranging from 27-9 to 33-9 mm. in diameter and establishing transition

through a forma major to one worthy of the name mazima (vide

infra). }

The internal anatomy bears some resemblance to that of D. coagulum,

but the radula is very distinct, there being fewer teeth in each row,

and their shape, especially that of the inner marginals, different.

var. maxima Conn.

1915. Dorcasia rogersi Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xii, p. 165, pl. iii,

3) Wer:

1930. Dorcasia rogersi, forma maxima Conn., ibid., xxix,

p. 288: © DL.

Much larger than type, averaging about 334 x 18 mm. in breadth and altitude.

Hab. LITTLE NAMAQUALAND. Henkries District (Lightfoot).

GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Aiais and Klipneus, north bank of

Orange R. (Haughton).

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 279

Dorcasia cernua (Mts.).

Ref. List No. 284.

1889. Helix cernua Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p.161. D.

1915. Dorcasia cernua Mts., Conn., Ann. §.A. Mus., xiii, p. 166,

peo, i24. DF.

1926. Dorcasia cernua Mts., Wenz, Diam.-Wiiste S.-W.-A., ii,

peas, pl xxxix,f.6. NE.

1928. Dorcasia cernua Mts., Haas, Senckenbergiana, x, p. 93. L.

1930. ss _ = conn. Ann oA. Mus. xxix; p. 287,

plimf2-4. DF.

Shell depressed globose, umbilicate, nearly smooth, glossy, semi-transparent,

first 24 whorls fawn, remainder mottled pale fawn and cream, peristome white and

glossy. Spire little exserted, though each whorl rises clearly above the next, usually

to a greater extent than in the almost flat type. Whorls 54, first 13 practically

smooth, remainder sculptured with close, regular, weak, curved oblique striae,

weaker on base, and a certain amount of faint malleation on the later whorls;

suture well defined. Aperture ovate, peristome slightly thickened and expanded,

nearly continuous, ends united by a strong white callus, labrum receding in a

slight curve to the base, columella concave, margin reflexed, but scarcely over-

hanging the broad deep umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 27-2, min. 21-9; alt. 15-9; apert. alt. 11-3, lat. 13-1; ends of peri-

stome almost confluent.

The type measures 30-5x12-5, and other specimens examined

range downward to 15-5 x 9-0 mm. in breadth and height, one of the

smallest having been figured by the present author in 1930.

Hab. GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Anganthal (type) and Rooi-

berg, Bethany District (Schenck); Kuibis (Schultze); Kwab’s and

Viols Drifts, north of Orange R., Warmbad District (Haughton);

Witputz (Range); Duwisit, 170 miles south-west of Windhoek

(Murman); Holoog Berg, Great Fish R. Mts.; Klein Karas Mts.

(Miss A. Hill).

Type in Berlin Musuem.

Though never much exserted, the spire varies in height, few speci-

mens being as flat as the type, so that in the majority the face of the

aperture does not rest quite flat on the ground in frontal aspect but

is slightly raised; the beautiful mottling is most evanescent, usually

bleaching white, even in fresh live specimens.

Watson reports that the animal from the shell described above

has a radula and genital organs approaching very nearly those of

rogerst, which was differentiated at a time when the anatomy and

all but two shells of cernua were unknown, and he suggests that the

two forms may bear to one another the same relation as do the rimate

alexandri to its widely perforate varieties, perspectiva and montana.

280 Annals of the South African Museum.

This appears a most reasonable suggestion, but since the two forms

have been placed on specific footing, it may be well to leave them

thereon pending further anatomical investigation.

Dorcasia coagulum (Mts.)

Ref. List No. 288.

1889. Helix coagulum Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p. 160.

DD.

1915. Dorcasia coagulum Mts., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xii, p. 162,

plo n,do 1s: pl: av, £. 5; 14) 22) 26,30: “pl v.16), Die

1930. Dorcasia coagulum Mts., Conn., rbid., xxix, p. 288. UN.

Shell rather large, subglobose, narrowly umbilicate, similar in texture and creamy

mottling to the last two species. Spire somewhat exserted, apex roundly obtuse.

Whorls 53, all but the apical covered with close, faint, regular, transverse striae,

becoming much fainter beneath. Aperture truncate ovate, peristome slightly

reflexed, ends joined by a very faint callus, umbilicus very deep and narrow,

somewhat strangulate. A typical example measures

Diam. maj. 22-8, min. 18-5; alt. 17-2; apert. alt. 11-0, lat. 13-2; ends of peri-

stome apart 5-6 mm. Other examples range from 25-3 x 15-5 to 20x14 mm. in

diameter and altitude.

Hab. GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Between Aos and Orange

River (type, Schenck).

LITTLE NAMAQUALAND. Stinkfontein; Fieldings Chabeesies

(Rogers); Steinkopf; Helskloof, Richtersveld (per de Villiers).

Type in Berlin Museum.

Jaw 1-6 to 1-7 mm. long, rather narrow, thin, yellow-brown; radula

4-6x1-8 mm., cusps of inner marginals longer than in the other

species, ectocones on about 70 per cent. of the teeth, though some-

times very small, formula (45 +1+45) x 137 and in another specimen

(48 +1+48) x 135.

The shell differs from others of the genus in its more globose form;

it approaches T'rigonephrus more nearly than the rest, but the form

of the kidney, tripartite foot-sole, penial structure, and unicuspid

central and lateral teeth prove it to belong to Dorcasia.

Genus Tulbaghinia M. & P., 1898

(A.M.N.H. i, -p. 28).

Type TL. csomervordes (M. & P.).

Characters of shell as in monotype; anatomy agreeing in some

respects with Dorcasia, but in others with Trigonephrus.

= =

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 281

Tulbaghinia tsomerioides (M. & P.).

(Text-fig. 23.)

Ref. List No. 287.

1898. Dorcasia (Tulbaghima) isomerioides M. & P., A.M.N.H., i,

peas. ple vin, f.10. DF.

1915. Tulbaghinia isomerioides M. & P., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus.,

me Oa Li... dD.

1934. Tulbaghinia tsomerioides M. & P., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc.,

pean: 154,. A.

Shell large, depressed globose, umbilicate, silky, semi-transparent, corneous

red-brown above, slightly mottled with dark and paler shades, paler beneath.

Spire little exserted, apex obtuse.

Whorls 54, rather rapidly increasing, C | 16 35° 40

moderately convex, rounded at

periphery, sculptured all over with ZZ

eurved, oblique striae, the whole

surface shagreened and somewhat NA

irregularly malleate. Aperture oblong

ovate, peristome white, glossy,

narrowly reflexed, labrum straight TEXT-FIG. 23.—Tulbaghinia zsomerioides

and receding considerably in profile, — M. & P., Tulbagh.

columella oblique, sharply angulate Representative teeth from radula; x 300.

over the umbilicus shortly before

joining the paries; there are 3 glossy white tubercles on the inner margin of the

peristome on the left of the base, just below the columella; umbilicus deep, narrow,

shghtly strangulate.

Diam. maj. (type) 29-2, min. 24-1; alt. 16-1; apert. alt. 14-5, lat. 12-7 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Winterhoek Mountain, Tulbagh (type,

Marloth); Mostert’s Hoek Peak, 4000-5500 feet; Brandwacht-

Fonteinjesberg Mts., north of Worcester, 3000 feet (Barnard).

Type in British Museum.

The amount of mottling varies in individuals, some of which show

traces of narrow dark or light bands; the peristomatal tubercles also

vary in strength and number, and may well be an adventitious feature

caused by grains of sand adhering to the slimy surface of the lip just

before periods of growth. The largest specimen I have seen is 33-7

mm. in major diameter.

The radula (text-fig. 23) measures 5-5x1-7 mm. when flattened,

number of rows about 145+nascent, formula 45+1+45. Central

rather small; laterals nearly equal to about line 10, changing gradually

to form of line 16. The depression in the outer cutting edge eventually

results in an ectocone, which appears in some of the teeth on line 29

and in most of them on the remaining outer lines; the outermost

3 or 4 lines are rudimentary.

282 Annals of the South African Museum.

This radula resembles somewhat nearly that of Dorcasia alexandri,

but not those of Trigonephrus porphyrostoma or rosaceus (forma minor).

The jaw measures about 1:5x0-3 mm.; in transmitted light it

appears to be weakly decussated by striae at right angles to one

another.

Genus Trigonephrus Pilsb., 1905

(Proc. Mal. Soc. vi, p. 286).

Type Helix globulus Mill.

Shell somewhat globose, perforate, rather solid and less regularly

striate than in Dorcasia; aperture rather large, peristome thickened.

Animal differing from Dorcasia in the following main respects:

Footsole without longitudinal grooves; kidney broader at anterior

end; pedal gland embedded in muscles of foot; receptacular duct

less than twice the length of the free oviduct, which is greatly swollen;

penis having corrugated longitudinal ridges; jaw rather broad,

more than 2 mm. long, radula about twice as long as broad, with

larger teeth, central and laterals tricuspid, marginals becoming

bicuspid or unicuspid.

(1) Shell normally considerably more broad than high.

(a) Peristome and columella coloured.

Trigonephrus ambiguosus (Fer.).

Ref. List No. 286.

1821. Helix (Helicella) ambiguosa Fér., Tabl. Syst., part 3, p. 47. L.

1848. ,, lucana Mill., var. 8B, peristomate aurantiaco, Pfr., Mon.

inelaiyipuco2. oD:

1850. Helix lucana Mill. (ambiguosa Feér.), Desh., Hist. Nat. Moll.,

pli Beio.on) ie

1910. Dorcasia ponsonbyi Fulton, A.M.N.H., vi, p. 212. D.

1915. Trigonephrus ambiquosus Fér. (=ponsonbyi Fult.), Conn.,

Amin. S.A Muss xc, aon SO, splint alee ee

Shell rather large, depressed globose, umbilicate, smooth, translucent, bright

corneous brown above, much paler, shading to grey beneath, peristome and callus

bright orange-brown. Spire but little exserted, whorls 43, rounded, rapidly

increasing, first 1}. smooth, remainder covered with close, faint, curved striae,

with little malleation but with tracts of microscopic granular sculpture, which is

most apparent on the upper part of the last whorl; suture simple, shallow. Aper-

ture truncate ovate, peristome a little thickened, narrowly reflexed, ends joined

by a thin callus; umbilicus deep but narrow and a little strangulate.

Diam. maj. 28-3, min. 23-1; alt. 15-8; apert. alt. 11-7, lat. 15-7; ends of peristome

apart 7-7 mm.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 283

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Le pays des Hottentots (ambiguosus,

fide Férussac); Mossel Bay (Gibbons); Vleesch Bay (Power).

Type of ambiguosus ubi? ponsonbyi in British Museum.

Deshayes (1850) omits to mention the colour of the peristome in his

description, the rest of which is indefinite, but the shell he figures,

admittedly H. ambiguosa Feér., obviously shows a coloured peristome,

proving it to be distinct from Jucana and establishing Férussac’s name.

The comparative breadth of the last whorl varies greatly in this

species; in most examples it expands considerably towards the

aperture, but in some cases more so than in others, and this expansion

influences the shape of the umbilicus, which becomes more crooked

and strangulate according to the amount of expansion. This point,

together with the more flattened spire and coloured peristome, serves

to distinguish it at a glance from 7. lucanus.

The largest shell examined 1s 33 x 19 and the smallest 25-8 x 15-8 mm.

in diameter and altitude.

var. compactus Conn.

1915. Trigonephrus ambiguosus Fér., var. compactus Conn., Ann.

See Mos san, p. 160, pl. u,f<12. DF.

Shell subglobose, smaller, closer coiled and higher spired than type, but similar

in sculpture and coloration; the aperture is more circular than in type, and the

narrow umbilicus not strangulate.

Diam. maj. 24-1, min. 20-8; alt. 19-2; apert. alt. 10-8, lat. 13-5; ends of peri-

stome apart 7-7 mm.

Hab. SOUTH AFRICA (Layard), possibly from George District.

Type in British Museum.

(b) Peristome and columella white.

Trigonephrus lucanus (Mill.).

Ref. List No. 285.

1774. Helix lucana Mill., Verm., ii, p. 75. D.

1905. Dorcasis lucana Mill., Sykes, Proc. Mal. Soc., vi, p. 269. WN.

1915. Trigonephrus lucanus Mill., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xi,

geooeplau,t. 10: pl. iv, f. 4, 13,21, 29; pl. v, £.5, 10. Df.A.R.

Less depressed than typical ambiguosus, deeply umbilicate, chestnut brown with

a narrow infrasutural white band, peristome white, interior pale brown. Whorls

5, all except first 14 covered with very close, faint, regular, transverse striae,

extending more faintly into the umbilicus, and faint malleation, more pronounced

towards the aperture; suture rather shallow and crenulate. Aperture truncate

ovate, peristome slightly thickened and reflexed, ends joined by a faint callus,

284 Annals of the South African Museum.

umbilicus narrow but deep, extending to the apex. A typical specimen from

Cape Point measures

Diam. maj. 29-2, min. 23-2; alt. 20-0; apert. alt. 13-5, lat. 16-7; ends of peristome

apart 7 mm.

Jaw rather thin, reddish brown along lower side, ends squarer and

edges more nearly parallel than in the higher-spired species; radula

5 x 24 mm., central similar to inner laterals but a little smaller; for-

mula of specimen from Montagu (43 +1+483) x 114; in another, from

Kommetje, the radula is 64 x 24 mm., the teeth larger, and formula

(85 +1436) x 113.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Frequent in the south-western districts;

George District; Bredasdorp (Layard); Montagu (Connolly); Avon-

tuur (fide Pfeiffer); Onrust (Rennie); Lemoenshoek; Kleinmont,

sand dunes near coast (Barnard); Hermanus; Rabies Berg, Worcester

Div. (Barnard); Robertson (G. Mills); Still Bay; Lappiesbay (per de

Villiers). |

CAPE PENINSULA, from Kalk Bay and Hout Bay to Cape Point

(frequent).

Type in Copenhagen Museum.

Sykes has recorded the existence of a sinistral form, while beautiful

albino examples in live condition have been collected in the Cape

Peninsula.

A subfossil series from Kalk Bay contains shells of the following

dimensions :—

Diam. maj. 38-6, min. 31-0; alt. 29-5; apert. alt. 14-9, lat. 21-1 and

- O2:4 4, 20D. 4, 22:0 ee 13°17. 5, 2:5 aoe

The inland race at Montagu is shghtly smaller and of thinner texture

than the coastal, but not varietally separable.

While in its radula and most other organs 7. lucanus agrees closely

with such of the following species as have been described anatomically,

it departs from them in its depressed shell and some features of its

reproductive system, such as its remarkably long penis. It bears a

slight superficial resemblance to the genus Dorcasia, and is, perhaps,

one of the least primitive members of the genus.

var. nana Conn.

(Pl. vii, f. 6-8.)

1915. Trigonephrus sp. 3, Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xii, p. 176. JN.

IES Eye t lucanus Miill., var. nana Conn., A.M.N.H.,

Vill ep oWOn Dl: x,t. 30—6.. a0.

Differs from type in its smaller size for the same number (43) of whorls; the

shell is therefore much compressed and of comparatively greater altitude, while

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 285

the umbilicus is narrower and more strangulate; the colour is faded brown above,

paler beneath, peristome white and glossy.

Diam. maj. 19-5, min. 15-5; alt. 16-2; apert. alt. 10-5, lat. 9-0; ends of peristome

apart 5-7 mm.

Hab. NAMAQUALAND (type, ex coll. Layard).

CAPE PROVINCE. Swellendam (Barnard).

Type in British Museum.

(ii) Height and breadth of shell nearly equal.

(a) Peristome and columellar region coloured.

Trigonephrus globulus (Miill.).

Ref. List No. 289.

1774. Helix globulus Mill., Verm., 1, p. 68. D.

1895.* ,, rosacea Miill., Cooke, Camb. Nat. Hist., Moll. and Brach.,

geod. 1, 161. NI.

1899. Dorcasia globulus Miill., Moss & Webb, Proc. Mal. Soce., iii,

p- 264. A.

1905. Dorcasia globulus Mill., Sykes, Proc. Mal. Soc., vi, p.269. JN.

1915. Trigonephrus globulus Mill., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xiii,

peep 2; pl.iv, t. 7, 9,17, 27; pl.v,4.1,9. -DF.AR.

1932. Trigonephrus globulus Miill., Thiele, Handb. Syst. Weichtierk.,

pof7. A.

1932. Trigonephrus globulus Mill., Furreg, Zool. Jahrb. Jena,

Anat., lv, pp. 225, 227, pl.iv. N.F.

Shell large, globose, umbilicate, solid, translucent, early whorls red-lilac above,

later violet-blue, with occasional whitish mottling and small dark spots, and a

narrow infrasutural white band; under part paler, almost white; peristome,

callus, and interior reddish purple. Spire somewhat exserted, apex rounded.

Whorls 5, rounded, regularly and rapidly increasing, the apical smooth, remainder

covered with very fine, close, transverse striae, with irregular malleation on the

upper part of the later whorls and occasional traces of microscopic spiral sculpture;

suture well defined, subcrenulate. Aperture quadrate-ovate, peristome thickened

and somewhat reflexed, ends joined by a thin callus, outer lip making with body

whorl an angle of about 125° and imparting a drooping appearance to the aperture;

columella erect, slightly concave, margin reflexed, partially concealing the narrow

umbilicus. A typical specimen from Hout Bay measures

Diam. maj. 30-3, alt. 32-0; apert. alt. 19-0, lat. 15-7; ends of peristome 15 mm.

apart, but the species varies much in size, the Robben Island race attaining

40 x 38-5 mm. in altitude and diameter, while Layard has recorded some as small

as 19x19 mm. from George District, others from Milnerton and Dassen Island

being about 22-5 x 21-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE and CAPE PENINSULA. Generally

distributed along the coast from Algoa Bay (fide Layard) to St.

Helena Bay; Robben and Dassen Islands.

286 Annals of the South African Museum.

Original in Copenhagen Museum; a large sinistral specimen from

Robben Island is in the British Museum.

Jaw reddish brown, more curved than usual, with scarcely a trace

of median projection; radula 63 x 34 mm., teeth relatively larger and

less numerous than in allied species, central very similar to laterals,

with large middle cusp and a small one on each side, outer mar-

ginals longer and narrower than usual, with single cusps; formula

(45+1+48) x 115.

The peristome is sometimes thickened a little squarely, but less

markedly so than in 7. rosaceus or porphyrostoma; apart from the

large teeth of the radula the most distinctive anatomical features

are the jaw, long epiphallus and internal structure of the penis.

The beautiful bluish colour soon fades, becoming pale red on fairly

fresh shells and then quickly bleaching, but the peristome retains a

roseate tint a considerable time longer.

Trigonephrus gypsinus (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 290.

1891. Helix (Dorcasia) gypsina M. & P., A.M.N.H., vii, p. 238. D.

1915. Trigonephrus gypsinus M. & P., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus.,

giao Melson, AIDS) Alsi.

1930. Trigonephrus gypsinus M. & P., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix,

De ean

Shell comparatively small, globose, umbilicate, rather thin, translucent, uniform

pinkish drab, aperture and paries pale rosy brown. Spire somewhat produced,

as long as aperture, apex bluntly rounded. Whorls nearly 5, rounded, rapidly

increasing, apical 14 smooth, remainder covered with extremely faint, close,

transverse striae and showing considerable malleation, especially on the upper

part of the last 14 whorls; suture well defined. Aperture comparatively small,

quadrately rounded, the ends 10-2 mm. apart, joined by a faint, polished callus;

labrum making with body whorl an angle of about 125°, peristome considerably

thickened, reflexed, columella rather concave, margin reflexed, partly concealing

the narrow umbilicus. Two specimens measure

Diam. maj. 24:5; alt. 24-4; apert. alt. 13-6, lat. 10-1 mm. and

A 20°25) 55. 22°38 ” II Tes sameeren! es

Hab. LITTLE NAMAQUALAND. Springbok (type, Lightfoot;

Day); Henkries (Lightfoot); Wilde Paards Hoek; Kaitop (Rogers).

NAMIB. 90 km. south of Liideritzbucht (in South African

Museum).

Type in British Museum.

The type, which the authors appear to have imagined to be in fresh

condition, is so weathered and calcined that the sculpture is almost

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 287

obliterated and the original colour indeterminable, but the peristome

appears to have been pink or brown in hue, otherwise it would

probably be referable to namaquensis. It is a narrower form than

that described above: alt. 24, diam. maj. 20; apert. alt. 11, lat. 9;

last whorl 21 mm.; ends of peristome 8-8 mm. apart.

Jaw rather thin, light brown, radula 64x33 mm., central very

similar to laterals, marginals lacking endocone, formula (53 +1 +53)

x 133. .

Probably a relatively primitive member of the genus; in internal

anatomy it possesses few distinctive characters which are not found

in other species, but in different combinations; it differs from

T. rosaceus in its short vagina and swollen hermaphrodite duct, and

from globulus in its jaw, epiphallus, and penis; the number of trans-

verse rows of teeth in the radula is greater than in any other member

of the genus that has been examined, in this respect approaching

Dorcasia.

Trigonephrus rosaceus (Miill.).

Ref. List No. 293.

1774. Helix rosacea Mill., Verm., u, p. 76. D.

1915. Trigonephrus rosaceus Mill., Conn., Ann 8.A. Mus., xiii,

pee ple, t. 4-5; pl. iv, f. 10,18; pl. v, i. 2. . DF .ACR.

1926. Trigonephrus rosaceus Miill., Wenz, Diam.-Wiiste 8.-W.-A.,

i, p. 155 (part 2), pl. xxxix,f.3. N.F.L.

1928. Trigonephrus rosaceus Mill., Haas, Senckenbergiana, x,

peat. ONL. |

.1930. Trigonephrus rosaceus Miill., Conn., Ann $.A. Mus., xxix,

p- 284 (pars, omitting many localities and figure). N.L.

The shell is typically larger than globulus and readily distinguishable by its less

exserted spire and more horizontal aperture, the outer lip leaving the body whorl

at an angle of about 105°. The colour shades from pinkish buff on the earlier to

bluish violet on the last whorl, interior nacreous blue, peristome and paries purple-

brown. Whorls 5, very convex, all but the apical covered with close, straight,

regular, transverse striae, and showing occasional traces of close, faint spiral

sculpture, while there is always some amount of malleation, which in some examples

is so pronounced as almost to efface the striation, while in others there is little

malleation and the striation is far more clear; the peristome is thickened and either

simply narrowly reflexed, or thickened backward for as much as 3} mm. and then

squarely grooved rather than reflexed, but this feature, which occurs in most of

the globulus group, is quite inconstant, even among specimens from the same

locality. The shell with which I dealt in 1915 measures

Alt. 39-2, diam. 42; apert. alt. 20-5, lat. 24-5 mm.; ends of peristome 16-5 mm.

apart.

Jaw thick, dark brown, radula 72x44 mm., central and laterals

288 Annals of the South African Museum.

with rather broad base and narrow median cusps, formula (62 +1 + 66)

x 124.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Saldanha Bay (Miss Wilman).

LITTLE NAMAQUALAND. Between the Holgat and Orange

Rivers; Koingnaas; Hondeklip Bay, subfossil (Rogers); Port

Nolloth; Anenous (Day).

GREAT NAMAQUALAND. West of Aurus and south of Kubub

near Aus (Range).

NAMIB. Neu Gamachabbrunnen, 7 km. south-east of Bogenfels

(subfossil, Kaiser & Beetz); Granitberg, 85 km. south of Liideritz-

bucht (subfossil) ; near Bogenfels (Lotz); Kolmanskop near Liideritz-

bucht (Braunfels); south of the Bushelberg, Liideritzland (Range);

dunes west of Liideritzbucht (in Senckenberg Museum).

Some of the last-named localities may refer to T. haughtoni rather

than the present species.

Specimen ex auct. in Copenhagen Museum.

The large typical form of T. rosaceus seems to be pretty generally

distributed in the neighbourhood of the Lower Orange River; the

examples from Anenous, Koingnaas, and east of Port Nolloth are

smaller, about 254 mm. in altitude and diameter.

The reproductive organs differ from globulus and gypsinus in the

long vagina, while rosaceus appears to differ from the former also in

its jaw, receptacular duct, epiphallus and penis, and from the latter

in its mantle edge, hermaphrodite duct, and vesicula seminalis.

Trigonephrus porphyrostoma (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 292.

1891. Helix (Dorcasia) porphyrostoma M. & P., A.M.N.H., viii,

Pp: 280.0 D2.

1915. Trigonephrus porphyrostoma M. & P., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus.,

Kili, p. 152, pl. u, f. 6; pl. iv, 1. 2, 11, 19, 25,28; pl. v, 1.35) texeteeee

ADS a el) TE ama

1930. Trigonephrus porphyrostoma M. & P., Conn., ibid., xxix,

p. 284. L.

Shell large, slightly elevate globose, solid, smooth, shading in colour from pale

pink on the earlier to bluish grey on the later whorls, peristome and interior

purple-brown. Spire nearly as long as aperture, whorls 53, convex, all but the

first 2 faintly and irregularly malleate above and covered with straight trans-

verse striae, which become coarse and more distant with the growth of the shell

and assume a rib-like aspect towards the aperture; suture deep, subcrenulate.

Aperture quadrate, peristome reflexed, usually much thickened backwards, ends

joined by a distinct callus, outer lip making with body whorl an angle of nearly

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 289

120°; columella erect, margin broadly reflexed, almost concealing the narrow

perforation. A typical example measures

Alt. 41-5, diam. 39-7; apert. alt. 23-5, lat. 20-4; ends of peristome apart 18-3 mm.

Jaw thick, dark brown, radula 74 x 44+ mm., central narrow, with

rather inconspicuous side cusps, outer marginals unusually broad,

mesocones prominently bifid on a larger number of teeth than in

the other species; formulae (61 + 1+ 62) x 124 and (63+1+62) x 128.

Hab. LITTLE NAMAQUALAND (type, Miss Morris); Port

Nolloth (Day); T’Kaigas; between the Holgat and Orange Rivers;

Koingnaas; Houndeklip Bay (Rogers); Alexander Bay (in Albany

Museum). . !

BECHUANALAND. Lower Orange River; Ghous, Molopo R.,

Gordonia Dist. (Schenck).

NAMIB. Angra Pequenas (= Liideritzbucht) (Schneider).

Type in British Museum.

This coarse form of Trigonephrus is that most frequently found

on old middens; the shell is easily distinguishable from rosaceus by

its more exserted spire, grey coloration, and coarser, rib-like, less

malleate sculpture, but the animal and most of the internal anatomy

closely resemble that species; the radula, however, differs con-

siderably from that of rosaceus, especially in the form of the central

teeth, and slight differences seem to be present in some of the soft

parts, such as the vesicula seminalis.

_ Trigonephrus heliocaustus Conn.

1929. Trigonephrus heliocaustus Conn., Ann Natal Mus., vi, p. 230,

piexive 1.23. DF.

Shell large, globose, translucent, creamy white just above the sutures, on the

base, and for a short distance before the aperture, remaining surface brownish

blue-black, peristome and columellar region reddish purple, paries and interior

pink. Spire moderately exserted, whorls 5, convex, showing, after the ist,

faint, close, regular, slightly curved transverse striae, which soon become crossed

by rather weak, irregular spiral lines, producing a granular appearance, which is

increased on upper part of last whorl by numerous irregular, branching, transverse

wrinkles; under part of shell almost smooth; suture well defined. Aperture

nearly circular, peristome thickened and reflexed, columella concave, margin

triangularly reflexed, half covering the umbilicus; cailus thin and colourless.

Alt. 37-1; diam. maj. 37-5, min. 30-4; apert. alt. 20-0, lat. 15-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Klaver, Van Rhynsdorp District (type,

Ross Frames); Gamoeb, Bushmanland (in South African Museum).

Type in British Museum.

The peristome may be simply glossy and reflexed, or strongly

adnately thickened backwards on the body whorl; the shell is nearest

VOL. XXXII. 19

290 Annals of the South African Museum.

that of rosaceus, where, however, the transverse striation is stronger

and the spiral almost absent, while its glorious coloration combines

with its size to render heliocaustus the most striking of all African

Helicoids.

Trigonephrus haughtoni Conn.

1886. Buluminus sp., O. Bttg., Ber. Senckenb. Ges., p. 16, pl. 1,

£2 SDH AS

1926. Trigonephrus rosaceus Mill., Wenz, Diam.-Wiiste 8.-W.-A.,

i, p. 15d (part 1), pl: xxxx, ft. 1-2. NL.

1930. Trigonephrus rosaceus Miill., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xxix,

pp, 284; 286; 4012 NPE:

1931. Trigonephrus haughtoni Conn., A.M.N.H., vii, p. 307. D.

Differs greatly from rosaceus in more exserted spire and drooping aperture, and

while the sculpture resembles that of rosaceus in its transverse striation, with

peculiar strong crinkles between the striae, the former is stronger and the latter

closer. The normal coloration is dark brown, with a few irregular pale streaks

and patches. The type, with 5 whorls, measures

Alt. 32:4; diam. 29-8; apert. alt. 18-5, lat. 14:0 mm., while the largest example

seen is 39 x 28, apert. 21 x 17 mm.

Hab. NAMIB. (a) Recent: Bogenfels Diamond Fields (type,

Spencer); Orange River mouth (Haughton); Buntfeldschau, E.

Bogenfels (Kaiser & Beetz). (6) Subfossil: vlei south of Lochkuppe,

Klingharal Gebirge; Hlfertstafelberg; Feld Lubeck, 12 km. south-east

of Liideritzbucht (Kaiser & Beetz); Orange River mouth and

Alexander Bay (Haughton); Granitberg (per de Villiers).

Type in British Museum.

(6) Peristome and columellar region white.

Trigonephrus namaquensis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 291.

1891. Helix (Dorcasia) namaquensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., vii, p.

Dale wD:

1915. Trigonephrus namaquensis M. & P., Conn., Ann. §.A. Mus.,

xi, p. 154, pl. u, £. 7; pl. iv, £. 3, 8, 12, 20; pl vf 4. Die

Shell slightly exserted globose, thin, smooth, semi-transparent, usually uniform

yellow-brown, interior nacreous, peristome white and glossy. Spire about 3ths

length of aperture, apex very blunt. Whorls 43, convex, all but the apical covered

with very faint, close, regular, straight transverse striae and rather faint, irregular

malleation, with occasional traces of close microscopic spiral sculpture; suture

well defined. Aperture ovate, peristome narrowly reflexed, outer lip making

with body whorl an angle of about 112°, callus faint; columella erect, slightly

concave, margin rather broadly reflexed, almost concealing the narrow umbilicus.

The shell described measures

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 291

Diam. maj. 24-9; alt. 26-3; apert. alt. 16-1, lat. 13-4; ends of peristome apart

11-7 mm.

Jaw thin, yellow-brown; radula 6x3 mm., central and inner

laterals with rather narrow median cusps, formula (53+1+55) x 114.

Roof of mantle cavity conspicuously mottled with black, unlike any

of the preceding high-spired species of which the animal has been

examined.

Hab. LITTLE NAMAQUALAND. Springbok (type, Péringuey);

Muishond; Mesklip; Kamaggas (Schultze); Quaggafontein; Ookiep;

Wilde Paards Hoek; hills west of Groen Kloof (Rogers); Koubis-

koberg (Frames).

CAPE PROVINCE. Bitterfontein, Van Rhynsdorp Dist.; Klein

Vlei (per Miss E. Godman).

The series from the last three inealities contains examples consider-

ably smaller than type, ranging down to 19-8x19-5 mm. in height

and breadth in the set from Klein Vlei and 17-8 x 15-3 in that from

Koubiskoberg, but the form of the shell remains normal.

var. procerus Conn.

1912. Trigonephrus gypsinus M. & P. (pars), Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus.,

mina Loo.) Lh.

1915. Trigonephrus namaquensis M. & P., var. procerus Conn., ibid.,

aiiepatoo, ple of. 8,9. DE.

1933. Trigonephrus namaquensis procerus Conn., Pilsb. & CkIL.,

fee, G. o0D. L.

Narrower than type, outer lip making with body whorl an angle of 124°, thus

imparting to the aperture the drooping appearance of that of 7’. globulus.

Alt. 22-8, diam. 19:0; apert. alt. 12-7, lat. 9-0; ends of peristome apart 6-5 mm.

Hab. LITTLE NAMAQUALAND (type); Ookiep (Lightfoot);

Buftels River (Rogers); Steinkopf (per de Villiers).

CAPE PROVINCE. Van Rhyns Pass, Van Rhynsdorp Dist.

(Cockerell).

Examples probably attributable to this variety have also been

collected at Clanwilliam, Areb, and Kangnas.

Type in coll. Bryant Walker.

Trigonephrus latezonatus Conn.

1929. Trigonephrus latezonatus Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 229,

peeve. £22. ‘DF.

Somewhat similar in form to namaquensis, but the coloration is deep buff

with a broad peripheral band of dark chestnut, extending to the apex above the

292 Annals of the South African Museum.

suture on the earlier whorls, peristome and umbilical region white. Whorls 5,

convex, first 1} practically smooth, remainder sculptured with close, straight

transverse striae, which are weaker and less regular on the last 2 whorls, and

faint traces of spiral engraving on the last; suture well defined. Aperture nearly

circular, outer lip making with body whorl an angle of 148°, peristome white,

glossy, thickened and slightly reflexed, columella short, erect, margin very narrowly

reflexed, but almost concealing the umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 20-2, min. 18-4; alt. 25-8; apert. alt. 12-6, lat. 10-0; ends of peri-

stome apart 7°9 mm., other specimens varying from 23-2 x 27-7 to 17-5 x 21:7 mm.

in diameter and altitude respectively.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Van Rhynsdorp (Frames).

Type in British Museum.

The shell is comparatively higher and the whorls more erect than

in namaquensis typica, and the beautiful colour scheme, with broad

chestnut band, quite distinctive.

Famity BULIMULIDAE.

Shell usually well developed, lung with the smaller veins opening

into a single long main vessel; kidney triangular, no longer than

pericardium, with reflexed ureter, of which the secondary portion is

usually closed; jaw usually with parallel or convergent plates or

folds; radula diversified; genitalia usually without special appendages.

Genus Prestonella Conn., 1929

(Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 232).

Type Buluminus bowkeri Sow.

Shell rather small, succineaeform, thin, smooth, corneous, spire

moderately produced, peristome simple, acute; anatomy not yet

published.

Prestonella bowkeri (Sow.).

(Pl. ix, f. 25, 29, and text-fig. 24.)

Ref. List No. 304.

1889. Buliminus (Mesembrinus’?) bowkert Sow., P.Z.8., p. 581,

Olly tore DUE

Shell of fair size, succineaeform, rimate, smooth, thin, dull, corneous yellow-

brown, usually obscured to some extent by an appearance of powdered grey.

Spire produced, sides regular, scarcely convex, apex mamillate. Whorls 5, rapidly

increasing, little'convex, rounded at periphery, Ist minute, smooth, remainder

sculptured with microspiral grooves, which become gradually wider apart and after

the 2nd cross the weak, close, nearly straight, slightly oblique growth lines;

all this spiral sculpture, however, is extremely evanescent and apt to disappear

completely from the surface of full-grown shells; suture simple, well defined.

Aperture acuminate ovate, weil rounded at base, peristome simple, labrum straight

and receding but little in profile, columella erect, little concave, margin extremely

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 293

narrowly but closely reflexed, sometimes completely obliterating the minute

rima.

Alt. 19-2, lat. 10-4; apert. alt. 11-1, lat. 6-8; last whorl 16-2 mm., but the shell

is frequently of rather more slender contour.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Glenavon Falls, Somerset East (Miss

Bowker).

Type set in British Museum.

Jaw arcuate, about 1°7 mm. wide, composed of about 18 irregular

radial laminae; radula

(text-fig. 24) measures

C I 13 20 30 +0

about 4x1°2 mm. when KR in oy

flattened, formula (45+

1+45) x 160+n;

central

andadmedianswithsimple “ esn srg, 24.—Prestonella bowkeri (Sow.),

cones; an ectocone ap- Somerset East.

pears in line 13 of the Representative teeth from radula; x 400.

laterals and an endocone

in line 15; from here outwards the teeth are tricuspid, diminishing

in size, outermost rudimentary.

Prestonella nuptialis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 322.

1894. Buliaminus nuptialis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xiv, p. 92, pl. i,

1 ieee 8 0 de

Smaller than the foregoing, corneous yellow-brown, with more convex whorls,

of which there are 4, sculptured after the Ist with straight, regular, slightly

oblique growth riblets, varying a little in strength, and hardly a vestige of micro-

spiral grooving; other features as in bowkerv. ;

Alt. 16-0, lat. 8-1; apert. alt. 9-5, lat. 5-9; last whorl 13-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Craigie Burn, Somerset Hast (type,

Mrs. Barber); Elandsberg Mountain, Cradock (Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

Prestonella quadingensis Conn.

1929. Prestonella quadingensis Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 233,

peeve. 25. DF.

Closely resembles the last species, from which it differs in very slightly more

‘obese contour and its sculpture, which consists after the first 15 whorl of fairly

close, strong, straight growth lines crossed by weaker, much closer, microspiral

ridgelets. The type, with 4 convex whorls, measures

Alt. 12-3, lat. 7-3; apert. alt. 7-2, lat. 4-6; last whorl 10-5 mm.

Hab. BASUTOLAND. Quthing (Ford).

Type in Albany Museum.

294 Annals of the South African Museum.

Famity ACHATINIDAK.

Holopod sigurethrous snails with central tooth of radula usually

very narrow, its cusp small or absent, side teeth tricuspid or bicuspid,

jaw generally striated; genitalia with few accessory organs, kidney

with secondary ureter, pulmonary vein without large branches.

Shell more or less ovate or slender, well developed and capable of

containing the entire animal; peristome usually simple, columella

often truncate.

Subfamily ACHATININAE.

Shells ranging from small medium to very large, including the

largest known land snails, ovate or turrited, whorls usually more or

less brightly decorated with transverse flames and without internal

lamellae. Sculpture almost invariably noticeable for more or less

prominent granulation, produced by the intersection of transverse

striae and spiral grooves, which usually commences about the second

(seldom the apical) whorl and continues fairly strong above the peri-

phery to the outer lip, but on the lower half of the shell the spirals

frequently weaken and sometimes almost disappear, causing the

surface to be far more glossy than on the upper half.

Genus Metachatina Pilsb., 1904

(Manual, xvi, p. 307).

Type Bulimus kraussi Pfr.

Large shells without columellar truncation.

Metachatina kraussi (Pfr.).

(Text-fig. 25.)

Ref. List No. 365.

1846. Bulimus kraussi Pfir., Symb., i, p. 85. D.

1848. es - » Krs., Stidafr. Moll., p. 78, pligeeeues

DEK

1860. Achatina fuscolabris Mts., Die Helic., pp. 202, 204. N.

Shell large, acuminate ovate, perforate, fairly solid, dull, rugose, translucent,

cream with chestnut flames and patches on the upper portion of the earlier whorls,

ceasing abruptly at the periphery, interior whitish, with a conspicuous glossy

brown band inside the aperture and colouring the columellar and parietal region.

Spire moderately produced, sides straight and regular, apex rather narrowly

rounded. Whorls 7, nearly flat, covered with very close and fine criss-cross

sculpture of the usual Achatinid pattern, extremely faint below periphery of last

whorl, which bears strong, wide, vertical riblets; suture simple. Aperture broadly

acuminate ovate, peristome slightly thickened, labrum straight and nearly vertical

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 295

in profile, columella erect, margin strongly, though not broadly, reflexed for its

entire length over the very narrow umbilicus.

Alt. 103, lat. 60; apert. alt. 52, lat. 35; last whorl 78 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Natal Bay (Krauss; Penther); Port Natal (Cato);

woods near the Umlaas River (fide Eteuler); Tongaat; Kelso Junc-

tion (Burnup).

ZULULAND (Toppin); Mfongosi (Jones); Gingindhlovo (Miss

Hickey); Sihangwana Bush (Bell Marley).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

Two animals from Zululand are yellowish grey on the body, head

and neck dark grey, with a broad pale streak on each side, extending

from base of upper tentacles, lower part of body and tail yellowish

orey.

A radula from Durban (Burnup) in the Gwatkin collection measures

16 x 8 mm. when flattened; it has 130 rows of teeth fully developed,

4-0; 90) 60

(a QAO?

TEXxT-FIG. 25.—Metachatina kraussi (Rve.), Durban.

Teeth from radula; xI115.

formula 65+1+65. Central narrow with small cone and long base;

admedians large with a blunt ectocone and a slight swelling in place

of an endocone; the first 3 laterals resemble the admedians but

diminish in size; most of the remaining teeth are simpler in form

with parallel sides, and outermost marginals are rudimentary. In

the specimen figured No. 29 is abnormal in having a double ectocone.

The radula resembles that of Burtoa in having ectocones on all

except the outermost teeth, but the central is rather larger, and in

Specimens examined there are not the numerous lines of abnormal

teeth so prevalent in Burtoa.

var. elongata Junod.

1899. Livinhacia kraussi Pir., var. elongata Junod, Bull. Soc.

Waudoise, xxxv, pi 279. N.

1925. Metachatina kraussi Pfr., var. elongata Junod, Conn., Trans.

ieooc. Ss, Airica, xu, p. 165... D.

Persistently more elongate in comparison than the type; an average

adult shell measures 145 x 72 mm. in length and breadth.

296 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Rikatla (type, Junod); Delagoa

Bay (Barnard).

Type in Neuchatel Museum.

var. planti Pfr.

Ref. List No. 365.

1861. Achatina plants Pir., P.Z.8., p. 25, pl. m1, f.6. D.F.

Were it not that this may be merely a monstrosity, it would be fully entitled to

specific rank. The shell is imperforate, longer and far more slender than type,

the aperture naturally longer and narrower, and columella almost truncate at

base, without any marginal reflexion; spire elongate with very slightly convex

sides, 8 flattish whorls, with extremely strong ribbing on the last 2, and the

shell measures

Alt. 129, lat. 49; apert. alt. 63, lat. 28-5; last whorl 93 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Cape Natal (Plant).

ZULULAND. Kosi Bay (?) (Toppin).

Type in British Museum.

The type shows a bad fracture about the 6th whorl, which may

account for the peculiar elongation and attenuation of those subse-

quent to it, but even up to the point of fracture the shell was con-

siderably narrower than kraussi at the same stage of growth, so the

fracture may not be entirely responsible for the vast difference between

the two forms.

Genus Burtoa Bgt., 1889

(Moll. Afr. Equat., March 1889, p. 88).

(=Lwinhacia Crosse, April 1889).

Type Bulimus niloticus Pir.

Large, somewhat solid shells of obese contour, creamy white under

a thin brown epidermis, distinct from Achatina in that the columella

is not basally truncate, and has its margin reflexed to form a well-

defined rima. There appears to be only one actual species, varying

considerably in form and comprising many varietal names.

Burtoa nilotica (Pfr.).

var. arnoldi Stur.

(Text-fig. 26.)

Ref. List No. 366 (pars).

1898. Livinhacia arnold: Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 59, pl. u,f.41. DF.

Shell very large, rimate, acuminate ovate, solid, nearly smooth, almost invari-

ably found, even in live condition, devoid of epidermis, when the coloration is

"2 =e

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 297

nearly uniform cream or pale buff, with a beautiful band of bright rose around

the inner margin of aperture and up the columella, broadly diffused over the

entire paries. I have, however, seen on one example traces of a thin dark brown

periostracum, which probably covers the shell before weathering, resembling in

this respect the more northerly races. The spire is broadly conoid, apical angle

nearly 90°, apex very small, broadly subacute; whorls 63, moderately convex,

rapidly increasing, the earlier practically smooth, later showing the granulation

typical of the subfamily above the periphery, below which there are fairly strong,

very close vertical striae with little or no spiral sculpture. Aperture subovate,

peristome slightly thickened, labrum vertical and nearly straight in profile, colu-

mella straight, erect, margin narrowly triangularly reflexed over the rima; callus

pink and continuous. The shell described measures

Alt. 109, lat. 71; apert. alt. 67, lat. (extern.) 46; last whorl 87 mm.

Hab. 8S. RHODESIA. Near the Amanze Inyama River (type,

Penther); Salisbury (Oakley); Insiza (French); Victoria Falls (Soper) ;

Sawmills; Nyamandhlovu (Arnold); Battlefields (Parkinson); Umtali

(Kidwell); Omvuma (Miss Smith); Zimbabwe; Shangani (Williamson),

Type in Vienna Museum.

Fairly common in Northern Rhodesia; Watson and Peile report

that there is no special feature in the anatomy or radula to suggest

specific distinction from some | 63% 65

of the northern races. The

S: 20 50

radula (text-fig. 26) of a Par

specimen from Broken Hill

measures 16x9 mm. when |

flattened out, formula (83+

1+83) x110+nascent, outer- Trext-Fic. 26.—Burtoa nilotica (Pfr.)

5 cateaae var. arnoldi Stur.

most 5 lines of marginals very

small and almost indistin-

guishable. The first lateral appears tricuspid, though the inner

process does not appear to be a true endocone, but rather a form

of swelling which disappears in the adjacent lines. Many of the

lines of marginals are united in pairs, notably 59-60, 61-62, and

63-64, as in text-figure; judging from many radulae examined, such

doublings, with other malformations, are frequent in this genus.

Representative teeth from radula; x 115.

Genus Achatina Lam., 1799

(Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 75).

(=Cochlitoma Fér., 1821, Urceus (Klein) Jouss., 1884 and

Parachatina, Serpaea and Pintoa Bgt., 1889).

Type Bulla achatina Lin.

Shell small medium to very large, acuminate ovate, turrited, or

rarely subcylindric, imperforate, columella more or less prominently

truncate at its base.

298 Annals of the South African Museum.

(i) Group of zebra Brug.

Shell medium to very large, with comparatively fine apex and almost

smooth body whorl.

Achatina zebra (Brug.).

Ref. List Nos. 406, 407.

1789. Bulimus zebra Brug., Enc. Méth. Vers., i, p. 357. D.

1837. Achatina borniana Beck., Index Moll., p. 75. HEmend. nom.

1842. fi chemmtziana Pfr., Symb., u, p. 132. Emend.

1851. ie zebra Lam., Desh., Hist. Nat. Moll., 1, 2, p. 156,

pl exsxcxitt.) Eke

1860. Achatina capensis Albers, Mts., Die Helic., p. 203. JN.

1900. ay zebrula Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p.

Se. oy:

1904-5. Cochlitoma zebra Brug., Pilsb., Manual, xvii, p. 85, pl. xxviii,

f. 39; pl. lxiv, f.67. D.F. Embryo.

1917. Cochlitoma zebra Brug., Standen, J. of C., xv, p. 160. Eggs.

1937. Achatina (Cochlitoma) zebra Brug., Peile, Proc. Mal. Soc., xxu,

[Oe Saas Jie

Shell very large, acuminate ovate, fairly solid, translucent, smooth and glossy,

typically white or pale buff with close, fairly regular, vertical dark brown stripes,

often broad on the penultimate, but narrow on the last whorl and about as wide

as the intervals between them; interior and columella bluish white. Spire more

or less produced, sides straight and regular, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 8,

not very convex, apical practically smooth, remainder sculptured above periphery

with very fine, close criss-cross of the usual pattern, which becomes much weaker

on the last whorl or so and practically disappears on the lower half; suture simple,

well defined. Aperture acuminate ovate, labrum straight and nearly vertical in

profile, columella long, straight or concave, callus very thin. Three large examples

from the Cuming collection measure respectively

Alt. 144, lat. 63-5; apert. alt. 73-0, lat. 38-0; last whorl 105-5 mm. (8 whorls).

LO 663-0: 3 68:5 ,, 34:5 3 94-0 55. (7k. Se

Os.) DSO Ss 67:0) 5 wolez . 86-0 ,,. (7 ae

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE (capensis in coll. Albers); Caffraria

(borniana, fide Beck); widely diffused near the south coast from the

George and Knysna districts to East London and Pirie Forest and

inland to Alicedale and Grahamstown, but not apparently ranging

far outside these limits, while some records of its occurrence may

uncertain, owing to confusion with varicosa Pfr.

CAPE PENINSULA. Camps Bay (Dale; Morris; doubtless

introduced).

In its typical form this huge species, with some of its varieties

is easily recognised by its straight-sided spire, fine apex and close,

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 299

narrow striping, but it varies very greatly in contour, so that more

than one unnecessary name has been based on mere variation in this

respect.

There appears to be no object in retaining zebrula Mts. even as a

variety; it was founded on a set of nine smallish examples obtained

by Dr. Wilms “Between Delagoa and Lydenburg,’ but probably

near the latter locality. There is no other record of zebra’s occurrence

in the Transvaal or P.H.A., nor any proof that these shells were col-

lected alive. A lot of trade in curios is carried on and false informa-

tion supplied by itinerant natives in those districts, and I think it

may be inferred with reasonable certainty that Wilms’ specimens

were purchased in this manner and the locality in which the trans-

action took place erroneously attributed to them; such as I have

examined are simply immature specimens of typical zebra, falling well

within its limits of contour.

var. obesa Ptr.

Ref. List No. 406 (pars).

1851. Heliz zebra Fér., Desh., Hist. Moll., pl. cxxxiii, middle

figure. Ff.

1854. Achatina obesa Pir., Mal. Blatt., 1, p. 224. D.

1904-5. Cochhitoma zebra Fér., var. obesa Pfr., Pilsb., Manual,

mies Ot pl. xxvil, 1.35. DF.

1921. Cochhtoma zebra Brug., var. obesa Pfr., Robson, P.Z.S.,

pazou.. ALR.

1921. Cochhitoma zebra Brug., var. obesa Pfr., Longst., P.Z.S.,

p. 379, pl.i, f. 1-4; pl. u,f.1-8; pl. m,f.1. £., Hggs; Ecology.

A short compact form with similar sculpture and usually similar coloration,

close narrow dark stripes on buff or white ground, to the type. Pilsbry figures a

shell with 7 flattish whorls which measures

Alt. 116, lat. 70; apert. alt. 66, lat. 39; last whorl 93 mm., which will be seen

to be only 7 mm. broader than the second specimen cited in my description of the

type form, and proves that there is not very much in varietal distinction; as might

be expected in such an obese shell, the columella is particularly concave.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth District (Crawford;

Mrs. Longstaff).

Originally described as from West Africa.

Type in Stettin Museum.

Animal lead grey or dirty yellow with darker reticulation and three

dark stripes down head with pale grey ones between, or ground colour

sometimes pale lemon yellow without reticulation; the anatomy was

set forth by Robson in 1921.

300 Annals of the South African Museum.

var. fulgurata Pfr.

Ref. List No. 406 (pars).

1851. Achatina fulgurata Pir., P.Z.8., p. 258. D.

1921. Ke zebra Brug., var. fulgurata Pfr., Robson, P.Z.S.,

pr 256-4) cake

1921. Achatina zebra Brug., var. fulgurata Pir., Longst., P.Z.S.,

p. 379, pl.i, §. 5-13; pl.im,f.2. £., Hogs; Ecology.

Similar to type in form and sculpture, but with possibly slightly broader apex

and much bolder colour scheme, the vertical brown and cream flames wider and

shaped like forked lightning the entire length of the whorl. The half-grown type

is said to hail from West Africa, but represents a common South African form,

of which a well-grown example with 74 whorls measures

Alt. 113, lat. 56; apert. alt. 62, lat. 31-5; last whorl 88 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Somerset East (Miss Bowker);

Grahamstown; Kowie (Farquhar); Dunbrody; Keurbooms R.

(Hewitt); Keiskamma Hoek (O’Connor); Red House, Port Elizabeth

(Murray); Hast London (Swan).

Type in British Museum.

Animal pale greenish or yellowish grey, with darker reticulation,

and three almost black stripes running down the head, with a yellow

one on each side of the centre. Anatomy fully discussed by Robson

in 1921.

var. kraussi Rve.

Ref. List No. 406 (pars).

1842. Achatina kransw Rve., P.Z.8., p. 55. D.

1849. a krausst Rve., Conch. Icon., pl.vi, f. 21. DF:

Similar in form to type, but with a more solid shell, far weaker sculpture, and a

ground colour of dark chestnut brown with broad white flames, few in number,

on the last whorl or two, and seldom extending below the periphery. A large

example with 7 whorls measures

Alt. 110, lat. 57; apert. alt. 58, lat. 33; last whorl 83 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Coega R., Algoa Bay (type, Krauss);

Red House, Port Elizabeth (Murray); Kaaimans R., George (Truter).

Type in British Museum.

Reeve’s original name and locality, Cape Natal, are incorrect;

Crawford wrote me: “I consider this a species, and have not seen it

from anywhere else than Coega.’” Knowledge of the anatomy is

necessary to elucidate the exact status of this well-characterised form,

which may best, perhaps, be left among the varieties of zebra, where

M. & P. placed it, until that comes to hand.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 301

Achatina varicosa Pfr.

Ref. List No. 404.

1861. Achatina varicosa Pir., Mal. Blatt., vil, p. 73, pl. ii, f. 7-8.

DE.

1904-5. Cochlitoma varicosa Pir., Pilsb., Manual, xvii, p. 92, pl.

move, t GO0-30. DF,

1917. Cochlitoma varicosa Pir., Standen, J. of C., xv, p.161. Eggs.

The contour differs slightly from that of zebra in the sides being very slightly

convex, giving the shell a rather different appearance. The typical colour pattern

is strikingly handsome, a buff ground lightning-streaked with broad black-brown

flames about equal in breadth to the space between them and showing plainly

through the opalescent interior; columella white, straight or concave according

to contour, which varies greatly. Pfeiffer, who first described the species from

young shells which were then considered mature, afterwards received far larger

examples, which he said imparted quite a different impression, being compara-

tively more elongate and slender than in immature state, but this does not always

apply, as the mature shell often retains its youthful obesity, as exemplified in one

from Resolution with 7 whorls and measuring

Alt. 80, lat. 48-5; apert. alt. 48, lat. 28; last whorl 65 mm., while a slightly

longer example figured by Pilsbry (after Pfeiffer) measures

Alt. 87, lat. 47; apert. alt. 49, lat. 26; last whorl 69 mm., the difference in

contour being very noticeable.

To the slender form I must attach a race which has been long

established about Hast London and practically coincides with

Pfeiffer’s figure, but differs in the colour scheme being far more

commonplace, narrow and much less violent fulguration, which is

sometimes hardly-noticeable, on the striped specimens, while others,

in fewer numbers, are of uniform yellow hue.

The animal of this race is dark greenish grey, with 2 narrow yellow stripes

extending from the lower tentacles, past the upper, down the back; the broad

dark stripe down middle of back extends to the tentacles, whereas in fulgurata it

does not do so. The eggs are oval, one that I have measured being 8 x5 mm.,

but this is no criterion of the average size, as the eggs of Achatina vary enormously

in size in the crop of a single individual.

Two East London shells, with 64 not very convex whorls, measure

Alt. 73-0, lat. 40-0; apert. alt. 41-5, lat. 21-0; last whorl 47 mm.

» 78:0 ,, 40-0 i 42-0 ,, 22-0 ni Bt.

and two all yellow from Kidds Beach, 21 miles from East London, with 6 whorls,

Alt. 64-0, lat. 35-0; apert. alt. 36-5, lat. 19-5; last whorl 50-0 mm.

p90: 3; 34-0 s5 g0-0~,, 19-0 5 46-0

while a large example from Somerset East District (Miss Bowker) doubtfully

assigned to this species is

Alt. 91-0, lat. 45-0; apert. alt. 47-0, lat. 25-0; last whorl 57-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Enon, north of Port Elizabeth (type,

Hartwig); Grahamstown; Fish River (Farquhar); Resolution,

302 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fort Brown (Miss A. Walton); East London to Kidds Beach (frequent)

and fossil in aeolian conglomerate (Rattray); Port St. John’s;

Kwelegha Mouth (Power); Kingwiliamstown (Shortridge).

BECHUANALAND. Taungs (collected with the Taungs skull

in fossil condition).

Achatina linterae Sow.

Ref. List No. 384.

1889. Achatina linterae Sow., P.Z.S., p. 580, pl. lvi, f. 11. DF.

Probably a mere colour variety of the less slender form of zebra, which it resembles

in size, shape, and sculpture; the ground colour is bright buff, with numerous

darker vertical lines of growth, while commencing on the 3rd whorl is a spiral

sequence of large red-brown spots of somewhat irregular size, encircling the

upper part of each whorl exactly half-way between sutures; interior and colu-

mella opalescent with a narrow dark fringe to the peristome; columella erect,

long, straight, and narrow. The type contains 74 moderately convex whorls and

measures

Alt. 87, lat. 50; apert. alt. 45, lat. 30; last whorl 65 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (“in drift sand;

extinct,’ Crawford).

Type in Exeter Museum.

The position of the dotted girdle, well above the suture, is remark-

able, and an original in my collection is in such fresh condition that

its discontinuous pattern can scarcely be attributed to weathering.

(11) Group of ustulata Lam.

The main characteristics of this group are the comparatively

smooth, glossy shell and the large, obtuse apex; A. ustulata is by far

the largest member, none of the others exceeding medium length. The

main colour scheme throughout consists of irregular chestnut flames

on a buff ground; the columella is uncoloured and the granulation,

while never strong, is frequently absent from the last whorl.

Achatina ustulata Lam.

(Pip serbia)

Ref. List Nos. 394, 403.

1821. Helix (Cochlitoma) ustulata Lam., Fér., Tabl. Moll., pt. 3,

pe wor. 10) aZNe

1822. Achatina ustulata Lam., Hist. Nat. An. s. Vert., vi, 2;

jee ths, 0Ke 8)

1898. Achatina rhabdota M. & P., A.M.N.H., i, p. 29, pl. vu,

sda De P/O)

— ae ‘

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 303

Shell comparatively large, subulate, imperforate, rather thin, smooth, glossy,

translucent, deep buff, with rather broad and irregular dark brown vertical flames,

about twice as wide, for the most part, as the buff space between them, columella,

callus, and interior bluish white, the dark flames showing clearly through the shell.

Spire much produced, sides scarcely convex, apex broadly rounded. Whorls 7,

not very convex, regularly increasing, the usual criss-cross sculpture exceedingly

fine and close, though clear and regular, above the periphery till about the 6th

whorl, where it weakens considerably, and practically absent from the lower part

of the whorls, which are vertically striate and very glossy; suture simple, shallow.

Aperture acuminate ovate, peristome simple, acute, labrum practically vertical

in profile, columella straight and narrow, sharply truncate near the base, callus

thin, usually not extending across the paries.

Alt. 85, lat. 32; apert. alt. 37, lat. 19; last whorl 57 mm.

Achatina rhabdota M. & P. is nothing more than a half-grown ustulata; the type

measures

Alt. 44-5, lat. 22; apert. alt. 22, lat. 12; last whorl 33 mm.

Hab. Unknown to Lamarck or Férussac.

CAPE PROVINCE. George District (Krauss); Knysna

(Farquhar; Crawford); Pondoland (Beyrich); Keurbooms R. bush

(Barnard); Forest Hill (Newdigate).

NATAL. Durban (2?) (Penther, fide Sturany)

“SOUTH AFRICA” (rhabdota, fide M. & P.).

LITTLE NAMAQUALAND. Port Nolloth (2) (rhabdota, in coll.

Watson).

Type of ustulata in Geneva, rhabdota in British Museum.

The animal of the Keurbooms River race is uniform grey.

- Achatina machachensis Smith.

Ref. List No. 386.

1902. Achatina machachensis Smith, Proc. Mal. Soc., v, p. 169.

D.F.

Closely resembles uwstulata, but has more convex whorls and does not appear to

exceed two-thirds of its length; the granulation is practically missing from the

last 2 whorls. The type contains 64 whorls and measures

Alt. 57-5, lat. 31; apert. alt. 27-5, lat. 16-0; last whorl 44-5 mm., but the

contour is variable, other examples measuring 42 x 27, 50 x 27:5, and 44 x 23 mm.

Hab. BASUTOLAND. Mount Machacha (type, Crawshay);

Leribe (Vink); Maseru (KE. Ford).

CAPE PROVINCE. Katberg (Hewitt).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Thaba N’chu (Miss Wilman).

Type in British Museum.

A beautiful living example with uniform buff shell has recently been

collected by Hewitt near the type locality.

304 Annals of the South African Museum.

Achatina crawford: Morel.

Ref. List No. 374.

1889. Achatina crawford: Morel., J. de C., xxxvu, p. 8, pl. i, f. 3.

Shell of moderate size, subovate, thin, smooth, glossy, semi-transparent, pale

buff with rather narrow, nearly vertical, dark chestnut flames, as distinct within

as outside the shell. Spire comparatively short, sides slightly convex, apex

broadly rounded. Whorls 6, rather rapidly increasing, moderately convex,

rounded at periphery, the first 2 nearly smooth, remainder finely, but clearly,

granulate above, but only extremely faintly so below the periphery; suture simple,

slightly oblique. Aperture acuminate, labrum nearly straight and vertical in

profile, columella narrow, slightly concave, rather narrowly but abruptly truncate

34 mm. above the base; callus extremely thin.

Alt. (type) 55, lat. 30; apert. alt. 30, lat. 17; last whorl 43 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Middleton; Kleinpoort; Zuurberg;

“along the mountains from Cookhouse to Mount Stewart, a range of

nearly 100 miles” (Crawford); Bedford; Somerset Hast (Farquhar);

Douglas (Miss Orpen).

Type in British Museum.

The shell is of much thinner texture than that of ustulata; Morelet’s

original locality, Port Elizabeth, is incorrect. A. oedigyra is almost

certainly identical with this species.

Achatina oedigyra M. & P.

Ref. List No. 388.

1894. Achatina oedigyra M. & P., A.M.N.H., xiv, p. 92, pl. 1, f. 7.

ID Sa.

Nearly related to the foregoing, but with very convex whorls, which may be

merely an individual peculiarity. The type is nearly uniform buff, the flames

being so pale as scarcely to show, but the second specimen in the type set has the

normal dark chestnut markings. These two shells each contain 6 whorls and

measure respectively

Alt. 55, lat. 33; apert. alt. 31-5, lat. 19; last whorl 44 mm.

Ee IDO yo. ae a AO" 35 kh At 42 ,,

An example from Salisbury, apparently attributable to this species,

is marked with narrower flames, contains 6 whorls, and measures

Alt. 50, lat. 80; apert. alt. 28, lat. 17; last whorl 38-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Craigie Burn, Somerset East (type);

Boschberg (Mrs. Barber).

S. RHODESIA. Salisbury (in British Museum).

DAMARALAND. Omongongua, near Okahandja (Hoesch).

Type in British Museum.

‘

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 305

Achatina cinnamomea M. & P.

Ref. List No. 372.

1894. Achatina cinnamomea M. & P., A.M.N.H., xiv, p. 92, pl. 1,

meee DK.

A short, obese form, usually deep buff with flames of pale chestnut, or uniform

buff with darker growth lines, the granulation being very weak on the penultimate

and almost absent from the last whorl. It is very constant in shape, a typical

example with 6 whorls measuring

Alt. 55, lat. 33; apert. alt. 31, lat. 18; last whorl 45 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Standerton (type, Burnup; Connolly).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Kopjes (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

The whorls are far less convex than in oedigyra; one of the Kopjes

examples exhibits a broad pale chestnut band above the periphery,

exactly similar to that of dimidiata, without any darker vertical

stripes, but the narrower apex proves the series correctly assigned to

the present species.

Achatina livingstonei M. & P.

Ref. List No. 385.

1897. Achatina livingstoner M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 636, pl. xvu,

eae

Shell small, narrowly elongate ovate, smooth, glossy, pale buff with vertical

chestnut flames, varying in form and breadth, but not usually broader than the

intervals between. Spire produced, sides regular, apex rounded. Whorls 7,

flattish, extremely finely and closely but not strongly granulate until the last 2,

which are almost smooth except for vertical growth striae. Aperture short,

subpyriform, columella short, white, erect and concave.

Alt. (type) 42, lat. 18; apert. alt. 16-8, lat. 9-2; last whorl 26-6 mm.

Hab. BECHUANALAND. Kuruman (type, Livingstone).

CAPE PROVINCE. Prieska (Gibbons); Buchu Berg, Hay

District (Gould).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Campbell (Williams); Bees Hoek, Post-

masburg (Mrs. Tredrea).

Type in British Museum.

A distinct little species, to which its regular contour imparts a

more finished appearance than that of most South African forms.

(iii) Group of dimidiata Smith.

Usually large shells with unusually broad apex; last whorl smooth

and glossy.

VOh. XX XIII. 20

306 Annals of the South African Museum.

Achatina dimidiata Smith.

Ref. List No. 376.

1878. Achatina dimidiata Smith, Q.J.C., i, p. 348. D.

1922.

(The shell figured in Pilsbry’s Manual under this name belongs to

the next variety.)

6 ., , Conn., Proc. Mal. Soci; xv, pate

Shell large, globose, smooth and glossy, deep olive-yellow, typically with a

very broad chestnut band extending upward from the periphery nearly to the

suture, the lines of demarcation, especially the lower, being very sharply defined;

interior and columella bluish white. Sides of spire straight, apex broadly rounded.

Whorls 7, moderately convex, sculptured above periphery with very fine criss-

cross of the usual nature, which is very faint on the last whorl and almost absent

below the periphery; callus very thin.

Smith gave the wrong diameter (39 mm.) for his type, which is

actually 43-5 mm. in breadth, a circumstance which has naturally

caused some confusion and accounts for Pilsbry having mistaken

its typical form. There are actually two races inhabiting much the

same districts, but between which I have not yet observed inter-

mediates, agreeing in all particulars except contour, one being the

obese dimidiata, of which the type measures

Alt. 80-0, lat. 43-5; apert. alt. 45-0, lat. 26-0; last whorl! 62-3 mm.,

and two other specimens

Alt. 79-0, lat. 44-0; apert. alt. 47-6, lat. 25-0; last whorl 65-0 mm,

Oo) a 0-4 5a OHO) 557 280) a 54:0 ,,

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Lydenburg (type, Craven); Piet Retief

(Crawshay); Pilgrims Rest (Coghill); Carolina (C. Horsbrugh);

Shiluwane District (Junod).

NATAL. Majuba (Connolly); Vryheid (Puzey); Dundee (Miss

Hickey).

(The record of Kopjes cited in my Reference List refers to cinna-

momea M. & P.)

Type in British Museum.

The single example from Carolina shows no vestige of the chestnut

band, but its contour is that of the present species, rather than that

of burnupr, to which it was ascribed in my Reference List.

var. schencki Mts.

Ref. List No. 396.

1889. Achatina schencki Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p.

164. D.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 307

1894. Achatina schencki Mts., Conch. Mitth., iii, 3, p. 8, pl. xh

(numbered in text and index xlv),f.3. D.F.

1904. Cochlitoma schencki Mts., Pilsb., Manual, xvii, p. 96, pl. v,

fee; pl. sx (as dimidiaia), i.6. DF.

Differs from foregoing in nothing but more slender contour; a typical example

with 6$ whorls from Pilgrims Rest measuring

Alt. 70-0, lat. 35-6; apert. alt. 38-0, lat. 20-5; last whorl 56-5 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Macmac (type, Schenck); Pilgrims Rest

(Miss Wilman).

Type in Berlin Museum; 72 x 32 mm. in length and breadth.

While both forms often occur near the same locality I have seen no

intermediates, and they are easily distinguished by their different

contour.

Achatina burnupi Smith.

Ref. List No. 370.

1890. Achatina burnupi Smith, A.M.N.H., vi, pp. 392, 393. D.

1904-5. Cochlhitoma burnupi Smith, Pilsb., Manual, xvu, p. 97,

Pee t. 5. DP.

A beautiful tawny yellow shell with slightly narrower apex than the last two

and extremely glossy body whorl. The spire has regular sides, 7 convex whorls,

first 34 rosy buff in fresh examples, remainder tawny or olive yellow with occasional

darker areas and growth lines; interior pale milky blue, columella white. A well-

grown shell from Van Reenen measures

Alt. 72, lat. 36; apert. alt. 40, lat. 20; last whorl 56-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Van Reenen’s Pass, Drakensberg (type), and Van

Reenen (Burnup); Giant’s Castle (Mann); Lowlands (Miss Hickey).

The record from Carolina in my Reference List refers to dimidiata.

Type in British Museum.

(iv) Group of natalensis Pfr.

Typically unicoloured yellow shells, differimg in certain details of

size and shape; most are but little known, and fuller acquaintance

may establish relationship between some of them with better known

flammate species.

Achatina natalensis Pfr.

(lay xa-oks S.)

Ref. List No. 387.

1854. Achatina natalensis Pfr., P.Z.S., p. 294. WD.

1925. 3 a , Conn., Trans. R. Soc. S. Africa, xii,

pelos. N.

308 Annals of the South African Museum.

Shell rather large, acuminate ovate, thin, smooth, glossy, pale yellow. Spire

produced, sides regular, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 8, moderately convex,

regularly increasing, apex smooth, remainder sculptured above the periphery

with extremely fine granulation, caused by the intersection of very fine, close,

regular, vertical striolae and spiral lines, the latter lacking below the periphery;

suture simple. Aperture subovate, rounded at base, peristome simple, acute,

labrum very slightly curved and almost vertical in profile, columella rather shert,

narrowly but abruptly truncate slightly above the base of the shell, curved above

and extending across the paries in a well-defined callus.

Alt. (type) 61, lat. 32; apert. alt. 32, lat. 18; last whorl 43-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (type, Plant).

LORENZO MARQUES. Delagoa Bay (Plant).

Type in British Museum.

Other localities from the Transvaal and Orange Free State re-

corded in my Reference List are probably incorrect; as I stated in

1925, the only authentic examples known to me are three, collected

by Plant, in the British Museum, but the correctness of his localities

is open to question.

The photograph here given will afford some idea of the appearance

of this hitherto unfigured species.

Achatina churchilliana M. & P.

(Bled sciay fea)

Ref. List No. 371.

1895. Achatina churchiliana M. & P., A.M.N.H., xv, p. 164, pl. xu,

anos an:

Closely allied to natalensis, but with rather longer, less convex whorls and a

slightly broader apex. All known examples are uniform yellow-buff, but in some

this pales below the periphery, the line of demarcation being very distinct, as in

A. dimidiata. The type contains 7 whorls and measures

Alt. 74, lat. 34:0; apert. alt. 35, lat. 18-5; last whorl 50-2 mm.

The transverse striation is fairly strong, especially on the last 2

whorls, but the spiral is rather weak, and almost absent from the last.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (type, Churchill; Grout; Miss Wheel-

wright, 1862); “Zulu Country” (J. Sanderson, 1861).

Type in Manchester Museum.

Achatina zuluensis sp. n.

(Plyscaiy as)

Shell comparatively large, acuminate ovate, thin, nearly smooth, buff with

rather narrow zigzag red-brown flames. Spire straight sided, apex narrowly

rounded. Whorls 8, convex, with very fine, close granulate sculpture and a very

smooth, glossy body whorl; columella narrow, only lightly truncate.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 309

Alt. 75, lat. 40; apert. alt. 38, lat. 22; last whorl54-7 mm. Two other specimens

measure : alt. 67, lat.37-5; apert. alt. 36-5, lat. 20; last whorl 50 mm.; and another

more slender: alt. 68, lat. 32-2; apert. alt. 33, lat. 16-5; last whorl 46 mm., but

the slender form is infrequent.

Hab. ZULULAND. Kosi Bay (type, Toppin, 1905); Maputa

(A. C. V. Bell, 1927).

Type in British Museum.

A shell of very ordinary appearance, but with much weaker sculp-

ture than other flammate species to which it might be referable,

while churchilliana M. & P., to which it may be nearly allied, has

a very slightly broader apex and all specimens I have seen are uni-

coloured yellow, while the columella is particularly short and thick

and strongly truncate, points of no great magnitude but which

taken together seem to indicate specific distinction. The new

species differs from craveni Smith, which it resembles closely in form,

in having far weaker sculpture and a less acute apex.

Despite the flammate colouring and narrower apex, the smooth

sculpture and near affinity, especially of the narrower form, to

churchilliana suggest its most suitable position in the same group as

and following that species. |

Achatina transvaalensis Smith.

(Bia fi.)

Ref. List No. 402.

1878. Achatina transvaalensis Smith, Q.J.C., 1, p. 351. D.

Similar in colour and shell characters to natalensis, but so much shorter and

comparatively more slender that it cannot be the young thereof. The type contains

74 whorls and measures

Alt. 38, lat. 17-5; apert. alt. 17, lat. 9-5; last whorl 25-5 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. East slope of Drakenfels, near Lydenburg

(type, Craven); Barberton (Déglon).

Type in British Museum.

The shell is extremely delicate and fragile; it has not previously

been illustrated.

Achatina simplex Smith.

Ref. List No. 399.

1878. Achatina simplex Smith, Q.J.C., 1, p. 350. D.

A comparatively short, obese form, the bright amber or greenish-yellow epidermis

occasionally showing faint, narrow streaks of pale chestnut in the lines of growth,

interior pale bluish, columella white. 7 convex whorls, the usual granulate

sculpture of moderate strength on the first 5, when the spiral becomes much

310 Annals of the South African Museum.

weaker, so that the later whorls are very glossy; columella rather short, erect,

slightly concave.

Alt. (type) 50, lat. 28; apert. alt. 25-0, lat. 15-5; last whorl 36-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (type, Sutherland, 1860); Tugela Valley

(fide Quekett); Ladysmith; Weenen (Burnup); O.R.C. Junction

Station (Connolly); Durban (Power).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Rump).

The type (in British Museum) possesses half a whorl more, and is

therefore longer by nearly 10 mm. than the usual size of this species.

Burnup has noted that two eggs taken from the same shell of

this species from Weenen measure respectively 8-25x6-33 and

5-0x 4:25 mm., giving ratios of 76-77 and 85-0 per cent., and adds

“Tf the egg determines the width of the apex, what value does the

width have as a specific character?”

Achatina parthenia M. & P.

Ref. List No. 390.

1903. Achatina parthema M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 605, pl. xxxii,

(NOs VIDE

A small, glossy, yellow species, differing from simplex in its narrower form

and from transvaalensis in its more convex whorls, of which there are 74, very

convex, granulation very weak on the earlier and almost absent from the last.

Alt. (type) 37-2, lat. 17-6; apert. alt. 15-5, lat. 8-8; last whorl 23-7 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Lower Umfolosi Drift (type); Makowe

(Burnup); Ubomba (Toppin).

Type in British Museum.

Achatina subcylindrica Prest.

(Bp xa aa)

Ref. List No. 401.

1909. Achatina subcylindrica Prest., A.M.N.H., in, p. 182, pl. vu,

see crete OF le

A narrow yellow shell with 8 convex whorls and considerably stronger granula-

tion than parthenia, of which it might otherwise well be a large example. A speci-

men from Natal in my collection, far larger than the type, measures

Alt. 46-5, lat. 18-0; apert. alt. 15-0, lat. 9-0; last whorls 26-0 mm.

Hab. NATAL (fide Preston).

Type in Tervueren Museum.

Preston’s figure and my own shell suggest abnormality, but if this

is the case I have not yet been able to connect them with any known

species.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 311

(v) Group of granulata Pfr.

Thin shells, with ground colour of deep buff, rarely unicoloured,

commonly with numerous bright chestnut flames, the majority

showing very strong granulation, in some cases all over, more usually

fainter below the periphery, and sometimes almost lacking from the

later whorls.

(a) With broad, blunt apex.

A group of south-eastern species of which the exact inter-relation-

ship is a matter of considerable uncertainty. I included drakens-

bergensis and semigranosa in my Reference List, on the authority of more

experienced conchologists than myself, in the synonymy of granulata,

but the twenty-five years that have elapsed since then have by no

means confirmed that action, and it now appears the safer course to

treat them as distinct species (albeit possibly mere varieties) until

more is known about these Natalian races.

Achatina granulata Pir.

Ref. List No. 379.

1852. Achatina granulata Pir., P.Z.S., p. 66. D.

1870. x > » semp., Reis. im Arch. Philippin.,

mae p- 145, pl. 21, f. 2; pl. xvi; £14. A.R.

1899. Achatina schinziana Mouss., Junod, Bull. Soc. Vaudoise,

mony, Ps 2lO. L:,

1917. Cochlitoma granulata Krs., Standen, J. of C., xv, p. 161. Eggs.

1925. Achatina granulata Pfr., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu,

me 168. N.

Shell very large, acuminate ovate, thin, rather dull, translucent, bright buff,

with moderately close chestnut flames of very irregular pattern. Spire produced,

sides very little or not at all convex, apex broadly rounded. Whorls 8-10,

rapidly increasing, moderately convex, rounded at the periphery, sculptured from

the extreme apex with fine, strong granulation, caused by the close transverse

striae being intersected by spiral lines, which are equally close on the earliest, but

slightly more distant on the later whorls, the granulation being nearly equally strong

all over on mature, but rather weaker below the periphery on immature shells; suture

usually simple, well defined. Aperture acuminate ovate, labrum slightly sinuous

and nearly vertical in profile, columella concave, narrowly truncate at right angles

near the base, nacreous, callus thin and almost colourless. A typical example in

the British Museum measures

Alt. 127, lat. 60; apert. alt. 69, lat. 36; last whorl 93 mm.

Hab. NATAL (type in coll. Cuming); Durban (Bowker); all along

the coast from Port Shepstone to Tugela and beyond into Zululand,

312 Annals of the South African Museum.

and at various inland localities as far as Van Reenen’s Pass; common

at Pietermaritzburg (Burnup and others).

CAPE PROVINCE. Pondoland (Beyrich).

LORENZO MARQUES. Cape Delagoa (Plant); Rikatla (Junod).

Type in British Museum.

I showed in 1925 that Junod’s record of schinziana from Rikatla

was due to misidentification.

Achatina semidecussata Pfr.

Ref. List No. 398.

1846. Achatina semidecussata Mke., Pir., Symb., ii, p. 91. D.

1860-3. Achatina semidecussata Mke., Pfr., Conch. Cab., p. 336, —

pl. xxvu, f. 2-3. D.F.

1917. Cochhitoma semidecussata Pir., Standen, J. of C., xv,

p. 161. aggs.

(The shell illustrated in Pilsbry’s Manual, pl. xxx, f. 53, is sems-

granosa Pfr.)

Far more slender than preceding, with somewhat finer granulation above and

practically none below the periphery, where the surface is glossy and vertically

striate; the yellow background predominates in the colour scheme, the chestnut

stripes, often interrupted or zigzag, being spaced rather far apart; columella

white. Pfeiffer’s figure depicts a very long narrow shell, with 8 convex whorls,

rather broad summit, and unusually short aperture.

Alt. 73, lat. 30; apert. alt. 28, lat. ca 14-5; last whorl 43-7 mm.

An all yellow variety was collected at Durban by Puzey.

Hab. NATAL (type, Menke); Durban (Penther; Puzey); Tongaat;

Port Shepstone (Burnup); Malvern (Miss Bowker); Table Mountain

(Rump).

TRANSVAAL. Upper Olifants River, north of Middelburg

(fide Martens).

Type in Stettin Museum.

Achatina pentheri Stur.

Ref. List No. 393.

1898. Achatina pentheri Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 56, pl. ii, f. 40. DF.

Very near akin to the foregoing, but possibly a trifle more slender and not

attaining quite the same dimensions; the sculpture is of similar pattern, but the

rufous streaks in all examples that I have seen are considerably less spaced, about

the width of the yellow area between them. It was founded on immature shells,

of which my largest paratype measures

Alt. 39-0, lat. 17-5; apert. alt. 18-5, lat. 9-0; last whorl 25-2 mm.; but larger

specimens in the British Museum measure

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 313

Alt. 62, lat. 22-5; apert. alt. 22, lat. 13; last whorl 40 mm.

ans Les 3 Ze) SAD = BO 9

anh 5, 19 ~ 2 5 1 9 I aL. 5;

and a shell of semidecussata 31 mm. in length has a breadth of 17 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Durban (type, Penther); Port Natal (G. C. Cato,

1857).

Type in Vienna Museum.

Achatina drakensbergensis M. & P.

Ref. List No. 379 (pars).

1897. Achatina drakensbergensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 636,

eo ayvu,t. 7. DF.

A much smoother, broader form than semidecussata, with unusually short

concave columella; olive buff with a few short, vertical chestnut stripes and dots,

which cease abruptly at the periphery, interior and columella bluish white. Spire

straight sided, apex rather broadly rounded. Whorls 8, moderately convex, with

clear and fine, but rather weak granulation above and extremely faint below

periphery.

Alt. 81, lat. 37-5; apert. alt. 43, lat. 17-3; last whorl 58 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Inhluzani Spurs (type, Mrs. Shaw); Port Natal

(Sutherland). |

Type in British Museum.

I have described the type, but the authors mention a second

specimen, not now available, but from their remarks probably not

conspecific. One of Sutherland’s shells is uniform ochre without

red markings and only very few darker growth lines, while a second

bleached example appears to have once borne rather distant, narrow

rufous flames.

Achatina semigranosa Pir.

Ref. List No. 379 (pars).

1861. Achatina semigranosa Pir., P.Z.S., p. 25. D.

1890. os BS 5 (as synonym of granulata), Smith,

meee Hi vi, p. 391. N. ;

1905. Achatina semidecussata Pfr., Pilsb., Manual, xvu, pl. xxx,

ie. F'.

A slender form, almost half-way between granulata and semidecussata, with

the colour pattern of the latter, sparse chestnut flames and blotches on a yellow

ground, and peculiarly strong superperipheral criss-cross sculpture, the deep spiral

grooves possibly farther apart than in granulata, causing each nodule of malleation

to stand out prominently. The type has 74 convex whorls and measures

Alt. 77, lat. 35-5; apert. alt. 42-2, lat. 17-7; last whorl 54-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Cape Natal (type, Plant).

314 Annals of the South African Museum.

Type in British Museum.

Conspicuous for its extremely strong sculpture and gaudy colour

scheme.

(b) With narrower apex.

Achatina vestita Pir.

(Pl. x, f. 4-6.)

Ref. List No. 405.

1854. Achatina vestita Pfr., Novit. Conch., 1, p. 35, pl. ix, f. 8-9.

DF.

Shell large, turriform, thin, translucent, uniform butt or yellow-brown in the

type set, but usually painted with broad, undulating, vertical chestnut flames.

Spire produced, sides regular, apex rounded. Whorls 73, nearly flat, regularly

increasing, finely granulate, almost from the extreme apex, with fine, close, nearly

vertical striolae, crossed by spiral lines, all of which is concealed on the 6th and

later whorls by a thick cuticle, soft to the touch and recalling some crépy fabric;

this is uniform buff or brown, the chestnut flames, when present, just showing

through it; suture crenulate, frequently oblique at the last whorl. Aperture

elongate subovate, labrum but little curved, nearly straight and receding only

slightly in profile, columella white, slightly concave, abruptly truncate at right

angles at its base, callus almost absent.

Alt. (type) 73-5, lat. 33; apert. alt. 37, lat. 18; last whorl 51 mm.

A larger shell from Delagoa Bay measures 79 x 37 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Cape Natal (type, Plant).

ZULULAND. Kosi Bay (Toppin).

CAPE PROVINCE. Pondoland (Beyrich); Port St. John’s

(Shortridge; Puzey).

LORENZO MARQUES. Delagoa Bay (Plant).

Type in British Museum.

(vi) Group of bisculpta Smith.

Thin shells of medium size, normally marked with the usual

chestnut flames and bearing strong, fine criss-cross sculpture above

the periphery.

Achatina bisculpta Smith.

Ref. List No. 369.

1878. Achatina bisculpta Smith, Q.J.C., 1, p. 349. D.

Shell of moderate size, acuminate ovate, imperforate, thin, glossy, transparent,

pale greenish yellow with numerous narrow, nearly vertical chestnut flames, about

2ths the width of the space between them. Spire not greatly produced, sides

hardly convex, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 7, convex, rounded at the peri-

phery, regularly increasing, the extreme apex (2 whorls) practically smooth,

remainder covered with fine granulation above the periphery, whence it continues

A Monograpc Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 315

to the base, but becomes much closer and finer, owing to the increasing number of

spiral lines; suture simple, deep. Aperture suboval, peristome simple, acute,

labrum receding but very slightly to the base, columella white, concave, abruptly

truncate; callus extremely weak.

Alt. 47, lat. 27; apert. alt. 25, lat. 15 ; last whorl 36 mm.

Hab. “SOUTH AFRICA” (type, in British Museum).

TRANSVAAL. District north of Pretoria (Connolly); Pieters-

burg; Haenetsberg; Middelburg (in Kimberley Museum).

Type in British Museum.

A rather obese form, notable for the double system of granulation

from which it derives its name.

Achatina smithi Crvn.

Ref. List No. 400.

iee0, Achatina smith Crvn.,.P.Z.S., p. 617, pl. lvu, f: lL. DP.

Very similar to bisculpta, but comparatively more slender, with very much

weaker, though similar, sculpture, while in the type the columella is narrower and

less abruptly truncate than in that species; it measures

Alt. 54, lat. 29; apert. alt. 29-5, lat. 14:5; last whorl 39 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Lydenburg (type, Barrett); Pretoria;

Knoppies Kraal, 40 miles west of Warmbaths (Braine).

S. RHODESIA. Maitengue River (Penther); Matetsi (Stevenson).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Boetsap, Barkly West; Rooi-Poort,

Kimberley (Swan).

Type in British Museum.

monstr. scaevola M. & P.

Ref. List No. 395.

1893. Achatina scaevola M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 104, pl. in,

2 ie Oe

Differs from smithi only in being sinistral and of greater size, due to the presence

of an extra half-whorl.

Alt. 65, lat. 32; apert. alt. 33, lat. 17; last whorl 47 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Zoutpansberg (Bowker).

Type in British Museum.

Based on a single example from the district in which the group

is mainly found, I can only regard this as a sinistral monstrosity of

Craven’s species, of which it reflects a very good representation when

viewed in a mirror.

316 Annals of the South African Museum.

Achatina penestes M. & P.

(Plo, de 42)

Ref. List No. 392.

1893. Achatina penestes M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 104, pl. m1,

htooe Nee

Very similar to smithi, if not merely a variety thereof. The sculpture is the same,

and in some examples, in which the colour scheme consists of chestnut flames on

a buff ground, I find it practically impossible to determine to which species they

belong. The type, however, and all topotypes that I have seen are rather more

slender than smithi, the chestnut flames are absent or almost invisible, but the

epidermis is closely streaked with vertical lines of dark and pale buff. The largest

topotype in my collection, a finer specimen than the type, contains 7 whorls and

measures

Alt. 39-5, lat. 18-5; apert. alt. 20, lat. 9-5; last whorl 28 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Daspoort, Pretoria (type, Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

Achatina connollyi Preston.

Ref. List No. 378.

1912. Achatina connolly: Prest., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 71,1.5. DF.

A far smoother and consequently more glossy shell than either of the foregoing,

very constant in its close, narrow chestnut flames, about half as wide as the buff

intervals, but rather variable in contour, three paratypes in my collection measuring

Alt. 47-0, lat. 21:0; apert. alt. 21-5, lat. 10-5; last whorl 31 mm.

eel ee Ob Pa 19:0 7510-0 = rd = ee

pe 80-0 5, 9 20-0 x 19°0",, 10:0 5 2h) vas

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Rain Forest, Victoria Falls (type, Connolly).

Type in Tervueren Museum.

Achatina schinziana Mouss.

Px fd.)

Ref. List No. 397.

1887. Achatina schinziana Mouss., J. de C., xxxv, p. 294, pl. xu,

jy ore, BOT a

The shell photographed, from Ngamiland, practically coincides with Mousson’s

figure; it agrees with the type of bisculpta in every respect of contour, coloration,

sculpture and convolution, except that it is larger, having an additional whorl,

and that the chestnut flames, at least after the 5th whorl, are rather broader and

more distant than in Smith’s species. The fine granulation in fresh shells is very

strong above the periphery, and present, though much fainter, beneath; labrum

vertical and slightly curved forward in profile, columella erect, narrow, bluish

white, nearly rectangularly truncate at the base of the shell.

Alt. 65-6, lat. 36-0; apert. alt. 37-0, lat. 16-9; last whorl 48-3 mm.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 317

Hab. OVAMBOLAND. Ondonga (type, Schinz); Sodanna,

approx. 21° E., 19° S. (Passarge).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Maun, approx. 23° 45’ E., 20° S.

(Hale Carpenter).

Type in Zurich Museum.

I proved in 1925 * that Junod’s record of this species from Rikatla

refers to granulata Krs.

var. degenerata O. Bttg.

1910. Achatena schinziana Mouss., var. degenerata Bttg., Abh.

Senckenb. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxu, p. 447, pl. xxvii, f.12. D.F.

Described as differing from the type in being 4rd smaller, with a little more

convex whorls, columella shorter, stronger, more sinuous and more distinctly

truncate at base.

Alt. 49-61, lat. 28-35 mm.

Hab. BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Kakia, approx. 23° 45’ E.,

24° 60’ S. (subfossil, Schultze).

Type in Senckenberg Museum.

Founded on specimens in poor condition, on which the chestnut

flames, not shown in the author’s villainous figure, are said to be

narrower and more linear than in the type.

Judging from the above data, Béttger’s variety must be very

nearly, if not quite, identical with A. smithi Crvn., of which I have

specimens agreeing with its dimensions.

Achatina ampullacea O. Bttg.

Ref List No. 367.

1910. Achatina ampullacea Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Ges., xxxui,

pees pl xxvii, f.13. DS.

Said to differ from schinziana and damarensis, to which it is very near, by its

more ventricose form and strong inflation of the last whorl. The sculpture is as

in schinziana, and the rufous flames are nearly straight, not fulgurate; 64 whorls,

little convex; columella short, white, sigmoid, abruptly truncate near base of

shell.

Alt. 51-0, lat. 34:0; apert. alt. 31-0, lat. 17-0; last whorl 40-0 mm.

Hab. BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Banks of the Epukiro-

Omuramba, approx. 22° §., 15 km. from Komeduve, south of Lake

Negami (Hermann).

Type in Senckenberg Museum.

A single example, obviously very near schinziana.

* Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xii, p. 168.

318 Annals of the South African Museum.

Achatina passarger Mts.

(Pi ean ty Ae)

Ref. List No. 391.

1900. Achatina passarger Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin,

el eae

1904. Achatina passarge: Mts., Die Kalahari, pp. 754, 755, f. 1.

Dit.

Resembles schinziana in sculpture and coloration, but is far more slender, with

less rapidly increasing whorls and consequently shorter aperture; the long, straight,

narrow columella is alike in both species. The type is subfossil, but retains a

certain amount of colour and sculpture, consists of 8 whorls, somewhat less convex

than in schinziana, and measures

Alt. 61-7, lat. 30-5; apert. alt. 29-0, lat. 15-2; last whorl 42-6 mm.; the dis-

crepancy between the author’s measure of the width of aperture and my own is

because he included the columella and I only the interior dimensions.

Hab. OVAMBOLAND. Sodanna, approx. 21° H., 19°S. (Passarge).

Type in Berlin Museum.

The type is somewhat abnormal about the penultimate whorl,

but gives a better idea of the species than the immature shell figured

by Martens, which was presumably selected as being in more recent

condition.

Achatina craveni Smith.

Ref. List Nos. 380, 383.

1880. Achatina kirkw Smith, A.M.N.H., vi, p. 428. D.

1881. e kirkt Smith, Crosse, J. de C., xxix, p. 138. WN.

1881. ¥ cravent (=kirkiw Smith, 1881, non Crvn. 1880),

Smith, b2Zis p. 265. ole uxexexatl vier el |e Deel

1881. Achatina cravenr Smith, Crosse, J. de C., xxix, p. 298. N.

1891. Ps ad » Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat.-Fr. Berlin,

paid. 2. }

1897. Achatina cravenr Smith, Mts., D.-O.-A., iv, p. 91. WN.

1899. 5% 4 - P.Z.8., p. 590, pl. xxxv, t. L=2 ee

1902. : > a Ancey, J. de C.,1, p. 277. LF.

1904. i ” Pilsb., Manual, xvii, p. 66, pl. vii,

{. 16-18. D.F.

1906. Achatina jacobs da Costa, Proc. Mal. Soc., vu, p. 11. DF.

1912. a , and greyi da Costa, Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., x1,

pp. 195, 196. Ref. Last.

1917. Achatina jacobs da Costa, Standen, J. of C., xv, p.160. gq.

1922. Achatina, cf. greys da C., Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 56.

INGE:

Pet

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 319

1925. Achatina jacohi da C., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu,

pelos. N.

1932. Achatina jacobi da C., Peile, Proc. Mal. Soc., xx, p. 104. R.

As the type of this variable species is so bleached and worn that

the sculpture of the first 5 whorls has disappeared and little of the

original colouring remains, I describe a shell from Marandellas which

coincides as nearly as possible with it in shape and size.

The criss-cross sculpture in fresh shells is of the usual pattern, fine but very

strong above the periphery of the earlier whorls, gradually weakening on the last

one or two, and the spiral almost absent below periphery, where the vertical

striation remains strong. The typical colour scheme is a ground of deep buff

streaked with all shapes and sizes of dark red flames, about equal in breadth to

the space between them, but often exhibiting different degrees of slope and inter-

ruption on every half-whorl of the same shell, but unicoloured bright yellow

examples have been figured by Smith from Nyasaland and seen by myself from the

Belgian Congo; the columella is whitish; spire normally with straight sides and

fine apex; the type has 8 moderately convex whorls and measures

Alt. 81-0, lat. 37-0; apert. alt. 39-0, lat. 20-0; last whorl 59 mm., but the species

varies greatly in width even in the same gathering, one of the broadest I have seen

being 85 x 48 mm.

Owing to the worn condition of the type I must admit misunder-

standing the true nature of this species until recently; I pointed out

in 1922 that the inclusion of greyz in my Reference List was erroneous,

though not affecting the synonymy which accompanied it, but I

was mistaken in stating in 1925 that jacobi has little in common with

Smith’s species; it 1s simply a very large example of the broader

form mentioned above, measuring: alt. 105-0, lat. 54-0; apert. alt.

59-0, lat. 26-5; last whorl 75:5 mm.

Dr. Bequaert, to whom I am much indebted for kindly communicat-

ing to me his views on the South African Achatinidae, agrees in this

synonymy.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Sibasa (Junod).

S. RHODESIA. Rusape (jacobi, Morrell); Salisbury and district

(common); Marandellas; El Dorado; Umtali (Kidwell); Battle-

fields (Parkinson); Shangani (A. Jones); Victoria (Miss Wilman);

Matetsi (Stevenson).

LORENZO MARQUES. Macequece District (Cressy).

Types in British Museum.

Described from Tanganyika Territory and recorded from Nyasa-

land, N. Rhodesia, and the Belgian Congo.

320 Annals of the South African Museum.

Achatina dammarensis Pfr.

(PI. 238.6...)

Ref. List Nos. 375, 397 (pars).

1870. Achatina dammarensis Pir., Mal. Blatt., xvii, p. 31. D.

1870. rs » » Novit. Conch., iv, p 23 plague

f.3-4. D.F.

1904. Achatina dammarensis Pfr., Pilsb., Manual, xvii, p. 21, pl. xi,

f. 32-33. D.F.

1922. Achatina damarensis Pfr., Dgnr., L.-u. S.-w. Fauna D.-Sw.

A., Moll., pp. 34-38. WN.A.R.

1929. Achatina damarensis Pfr., Adens., Ann. Mus. Wien, xliii,

De oot IN oa

1930. Achatina damarensis Pfr., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xxix, p.

294. N.

Founded on an immature shell, dull above, smooth and glossy below the peri-

phery, greenish yellow with sparse, narrow, irregular, vertical, pale red streaks.

Sides of spire straight and regular, apex very narrowly rounded. Whorls 63,

moderately convex, covered above periphery with very fine and close, but strong

sculpture of the usual granular pattern, while the lower portion is almost devoid of

spiral sculpture and the vertical is very weak; suture well defined; a typical

specimen measured by Bottger was 50 x 27, apert. 27 x15 mm., and another in

my collection is

Long. 36, lat. 21; apert. alt. 23-5, lat. 10-5; last whorl 29-5 mm.

While much broader than smithi Crvn., the shell is not quite so

broad as schinziana or bisculpta, with slightly longer, and hence

fewer whorls in equal length.

Hab. DAMARALAND (type, coll. Dohrn); Ubeb (Schenck);

Omuramba-Omataka R., near Okosongoho; bank of Black Nosab

near Gobabis (Hermann); Grootfontein; Omaruru; Farm Voigtsland,

26 km. east of Windhoek (Michaelsen); Okosongomingo, Little

Waterberg (Thomsen); Okahandja (Fock); Omongongua, near

Okahandja (Hoesch); Sandfontein, east of Windhoek (Drury);

Nobgams; Omaruru R. (Haughton); Okambahe (Lebzelter).

GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Choarib; Choa’s District (Hermann);

Homeib R. near Klip (Siegmann).

KAOKOVELD. Kaoko Otavi (Barnard).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Banks of Epukiro-Omuramba,

approx. 22° 8., 10 km. east of Komeduve (Hermann).

Type in Stettin Museum.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 321

Achatina nyikaensis Pilsb.

1899. Achatina fragilis Smith, P.Z.S., p. 591, pl. xxxv, f. 3-4. DF.

1902. es y: 5 Ancey, J.deC., 1 p. 278. LF.

1904. 5 Us » Filsb., Manual, xvu, p. 63, pl. ix,

{. 25-26. D.F.

1909. Achatina nyikaensis (=fragilis Smith, 1899, non Desh.

1864) Pilsb., Manual, xx, p.113. WN.

1925. Achatina nyikaensis Pilsb., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. S. Africa,

mits 168,.. NV.

Shell remarkable for its extreme thinness and fragility, the fringe of peristome

usually membranaceous as in Natalina s.s. It is transparent, dull, rough to the

touch, olive-yellow, either unicoloured with occasional darker stripes in the lines

of growth, or with narrow vertical flames of pale red, which in some cases extend

little beyond the periphery and in others are absent from the whole or part of

the body whorl. Spire straight-sided, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 7, moder-

ately convex, with extremely strong criss-cross sculpture above the periphery,

where it usually ceases, but the strong vertical striation continues to the base;

suture simple; columella white, long and thin, basal truncation very narrow. A

Macequece example measures

Alt. 75, lat. 38; apert. alt. 454, lat. 24; last whorl 60 mm., but the type from

Nyika Plateau and the shell figured by Ancey belong to a broader race, 75 x 43 mm.

in height and width.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Mazoe Valley, Mashonaland (Arnold); Mt.

Selinda, Melsetta (Miss A. de Klerk).

LORENZO MARQUES. Macequece District (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

Easily recognised by its extreme fragility; specimens corresponding

in their narrower form to the Macequece race have recently been

collected by Pitman at Broken Hills, Northern Rhodesia. Bequaert

suggests that this species would be better placed in Callistoplepa

Ancey.

Achatina vasser Germ.

1918. Achatina vassei Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris, p. 368. D.F.

Shell elongate ovoid, rather thin and fragile, almost transparent, pale yellow

with rather narrow red-brown flammules. Whorls 74, embryonal small, remainder

moderately convex, regularly increasing, the last more than half total length;

embryonal smooth, remainder bearing above periphery oblique, fairly regularly

transverse striae cut by fine spirals, closer on upper part of whorls against the

sutures; below periphery only delicate, close, irregular transverse striation is

present; suture well defined. Aperture elongate acuminate oval, columella

narrow and twisted (after Germain).

Alt. 40-5, lat. 18-0; apert. alt. 20, lat. 8-5 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Andrada District (Vasse).

Type in Paris Museum.

VOL. XXXII. 21

322 Annals of the South African Museum.

I have been unable to examine an example or obtain a photograph

of this species; the original figure suggests deformation. Germain’s

description stresses the fact that on the early whorls the chestnut

flammules are oblique, changing suddenly on the last to vertical, but

this is a frequent feature in flammate Achatinae and of no specific

or even varietal value.

(vu) Group of panthera Fér.

Very large solid shells, uniform brown in colour, or with varying

amount of brown mottling or strigation on a ground of buff or cream;

all have very similar sculpture, consisting, after the first 2 or 3

whorls, of rather weak vertical striae, fairly strong on lower half of

last whorl, and rather weak spirals on upper part of last 5 whorls,

almost absent from lower half of the last; suture simple, shallow;

columella usually very strongly truncate at base.

(a) Columellar region pink.

Achatina panthera (Feér.).

Ref. List No. 389.

1821. Helix (Cochlitoma) panthera Fér., Tabl. Moll., pt. 3, p. 53

(or 49). Nomen nudum.

1851. Achatina panthera Fér., Desh., Hist. Moll., 1, 2, p. 159, pl.

cexxvi, f..1-2;) pl. cxaaxaits 1-22) De:

1898. Achatina panthera Fer., Wiegm., Mitth. Zool. Samml.

Mus. N.H. Berlin, i, p. 85, pl. iv, f. 5-6. A.R.

1917. Achatina panthera Feér., Standen, J. of C., xv, p. 160. Eggs.

1918. Achatina panthera Feér., Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris, p. 364.

PIN:

1921. Achatina (Achatina) panthera Feér., Germ., Faune Masca-

reignes, p. 178, pl. x, £. 3-4; pl. xi, f.2; pl. xi, f.5-6. DF.

1925. Achatina panthera Fér., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

xii, p.166. N.A.R.

Shell very large, acuminate ovate, typically buff or cream with irregular purplish

blotches and broad streaks, usually shading into the ground colour on right,

more strongly defined on left, when the species is clearly recognisable, but the

pattern is subject to very great modification, tending towards a regular arrange-

ment of vertical streaks of brown and cream, especially on the later whorls, when

it is practically impossible to distinguish it from A. immaculata Lam., and only

by its pink columellar region from some forms of fulica. The largest example in

the British Museum is

Alt. 195, lat. 92; apert. alt. 92, lat.48; last whorl 136 mm.; and Deshayes’ figure

of the type measures

Alt. 150, lat. 75; apert. alt. 76, lat. 42; last whorl 112 mm., but the average size

of the species is considerably smaller.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 323

Hab. unknown to Férussac.

TRANSVAAL. Queensriver, near Victoria Mines, Barberton

District (Schenck) and Lebombo Mts., between Barberton and

Delagoa; Kapaira (Beyrich, fide Martens).

S. RHODESIA. Sebakwe (Dodds); Umtali; Marandellas (Kidwell).

LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters; Kirk); Inhambane

(Gibbons; Bowker); Rikatla (Junod); Andrada (Vasse); Amatongas

(Arnold); Chinde (Miss L. Staunton); headwaters of R. TristHo,

Macequece District (Cressy).

Widely distributed through Hast and Central Africa and some of

the Mascarene Islands; two specimens in the South African Museum

are labelled Port Elizabeth (Fairbridge), but if the locality is correct

they were almost certainly introduced.

var. minor Junod. —

Ref. List No. 389 (pars).

1899. Achatina panthera Fér., Smith, P.Z.S., p. 589, pl. xxxiv,

pat NE

1899. Achatina panthera Fér., var. minor Junod, Bull. Soc.

Vaudoise, xxxv, p. 278. N.

1904. Achatina panthera Fér., Pilsb., Manual, xvu, p. 44, pl.

momevaie( 1905), £. 30.., NF.

The form actually mentioned by Junod is referred to that figured

on pl. cxxxu of Deshayes’ Histoire, which measures alt. 108,

lat. 57; apert. alt. 59, lat. 30; last whorl 85 mm., and his varietal

name seems applicable to the beautiful race from Nyasaland figured

by Smith, which shows the typical panthera colour pattern and most

briluant rosy peristome and columellar region, is extremely solid

with unusually thick lip, and columellar truncation less pronounced

than in the larger form. Its dimensions are very constant in such

localities as those wherein I have noticed its occurrence, and I have

no evidence of its ever having been collected in company with the

larger form. An example from Mt. Selinda measures: alt. 95, lat. 44;

apert. alt. 46-4, lat. 23-3; last whorl 70 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Rikatla (type, Junod); Macequece

District (Cressy).

S. RHODESIA. Mt. Selinda (Miss A. de Klerk); Selinda Forest

(Arnold).

Junod’s type in Neuchatel Museum.

Also recorded from Nyasaland.

324 Annals of the South African Museum.

Achatina immaculata Lam.

Ref. List No. 381.

1821. Helix (Cochlitoma) immaculata Lam., Fér., Tabl. Moll., pt. 3,

p- 73 (or 69). Nomen nudum.

1822. Achatina immaculata Lam., Hist. Nat. An. s. Vert., vi, 2,

p. 128. Pe:

1851. Achatina immaculata Lam., Desh., Hist. Moll., ti, 2, p. 158,

pl. exxvu, f.1-2. DF.

1925. Achatina immaculata Lam., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

xa, pe Lotsa.

Shell very large, acuminate ovate, solid, comparatively smooth, glossy, trans-

lucent, cream or buff background, more or less obscured, especially on last 2

whorls, by irregular, nearly vertical streaks of brown and chestnut, with scarcely

a trace of mottling or maculation, interior milky blue, columella and callus pink.

Spire produced, sides nearly straight, apex rather narrowly rounded. Whaorls 74,

not very convex, regularly increasing, bearing rather coarse growth lines of irregular

strength and, above the periphery, very close weak granulation of the usual

pattern; suture simple. Aperture vertical, subpiriform, labrum straight and

vertical in profile, columella erect, nearly straight, more or less strongly truncate

near base of shell. The shell described, labelled ‘‘ Natal,’ in British Museum

measures

Alt. 129, lat. 66; apert. alt. 64, lat. 37; last whorl 98 mm.

Hab. unknown to Lamarck or Férussac.

TRANSVAAL. Barberton (Cregoe); Pietersburg District (Hew-

son); Messina (Gordon); Game Reserve (Miss Wilman); Pietpot-

gietersrust District (Money).

S. RHODESIA. Bulawayo; Zimbabwe (in coll. Crawford);

Umyvuma (Miss A. Smith); Shangani (Williams); Ndanga (Kirby);

Salisbury (Phear).

LORENZO MARQUES. Delagoa Bay (Bequaert); Inhambane

(Gibbons).

NATAL (Wahlberg); Tugela Valley (Quekett); Durban (in British

Museum!).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (fide Burnup); Hluhluwe Dist.; Manguzi

R. near Kosi Bay (Bell Marley).

Type in Geneva Museum.

The headquarters of this difficult species seem to be in the Northern

Transvaal, where it is very constant in shape but variable in colour;

the apex is small and acute, and the whorls, about 7$ in number,

increase regularly and somewhat rapidly, the last being nearly ? of

the entire length. Immature shells are sometimes almost white,

with rare pale rufous streaks; mature examples all shades from pale

buff to dull chestnut, sometimes with darker streaks and blotches;

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 325

columella, paries, and peristome bright rose-red or pink, often show-

ing round the outside of the peristome; it is often, however, a very

difficult matter to determine shells of this species and panthera from

districts where they intermingle, or appear to do so. A Zulu animal

is dark grey, head, tentacles and stripe down centre of neck dark

red-brown, with a paler stripe of reddish buff running back from the

face along each side of neck.

(b) Columellar region whitish.

Achatina fulica (Fer.).

Ref. List No. 377.

1821. Helix (Cochhitoma) fulica Feér., Tabl. Moll., pt. 3, p. 53 (or

Be ol,

1851. Achatina fulica Fer., Desh., Hist. Moll., 1, 2, p. 162, pl. cxxiv

Peewee exxy, f.3-5. DF.

1901. Achatina rediviva Mab., Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, iu, p.

Dit oD).

1914. Achatina fulica Fér., Gude, Faun. India, Moll., 1, p. 340.

NG: |

1916. Achatina fulica Fér., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xii, p.188. JN.

1921. ie _ » (=redwiva Mab.), Germ., Faune Mas-

eareiones) p, 183, pl. x; f. 1-2; pl. x1, f.1; pl. xu,f.1-2. DPF.

1934. Achatina fulica Fér., Jutting, J. of C., xx, p.48. WN.

As the sole record of this species from South Africa rests on a single

immature example believed to have been imported from Mauritius

into Durban among plants, it seems superfluous to repeat the fairly full

synonymy given in my Reference List, although that may be found by

no means complete when further research is made into the relations

of the over-many Hast African species, differentiated on account of

size alone or trifling details unworthy of even varietal separation.

The typical sculpture and colour pattern is very similar to that of

panthera, and is subject to much the same variation, while the

shell varies considerably in size and contour, but, in so far as I

understand the species, the columellar region is invariably whitish,

the only conchological feature that serves to distinguish between

panthera and itself when intermediates in form and other details

occur. The shell figured by Deshayes on pl. cxxv is much striped

and varicoloured above, and almost unicoloured below the peri-

phery; it contains 7 whorls and measures

‘Alt. 75, lat. 39-5; apert alt. 41, lat. 21; last whorl 55 mm.

326 Annals of the South African Museum.

An adult example from Dar-es-Salaam in my collection with just

over 7 whorls measures: alt. 96, lat. 46; apert. alt. 50, lat. 24; last

whorl 71 mm., and another from Tanga, with 7 whorls, is alt. 102,

lat. 55; apert. alt. 59, lat. 29; last whorl 78 mm., the columella in

this case, as might be expected from the obese contour, being far

more concave than usual in this species.

Hab. NATAL. Durban (Burnup).

Type ubi?

Rather widely distributed along the east coast of tropical Africa,

whence it has gradually spread into the Middle East and becomes a

scourge to planters in India, Ceylon, and now in Malaya and the

Dutch East Indies, a remarkable fact when we remember that in

their natural home on the east coast these creatures do no harm

whatever, save it be to give possible indigestion to the indigenes who

regard them as a culinary delicacy.

Achatina glutinosa Pfr.

Ref. List: No. 378.

1852. Achatina glutinosa Pfr., P.Z.S., p. 86. D.

1859. a peterst Mts., Mal. Blatt., vi, p. 214. D.

1904. glutinosa Pfr., Pilsb., Manual, xvu, p. 61, pl. ix,

ye “eed ak IO Ae

1918. Achatina (Achatina) glutinosa Pfr., Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris,

p.o00" —D.

1925. Achatina glutinosa Pir., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xii,

pries.

Another large species, but typically less solid than the preceding three, of more

uniform chestnut colour, sometimes with paler streaks, and whitish columellar

region. After the first 2 or 3 whorls the entire surface is covered with very close

and regular, nearly vertical transverse striae, cut by spiral grooves of the same

strength and character, most of which, however, are weaker or missing, while

others develop almost into spiral furrows on the last whorl, which Pfeiffer aptly

describes as smoothish, with a gummy gloss. The type, with 74 whorls, measures

Alt. 98, lat. 47; apert. alt. 54, lat. 28-5; last whorl 75 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (petersi); Sena (Peters);

Andrada (Vasse); Macequece District; Mtisherra R. Valley (Cressy);

Amatongas Forest (Arnold).

S. RHODESIA. Near Victoria Falls (Babault).

Type of glutinosa in British, petersi in Berlin Museum.

Glutinosa was described as from West Africa, but the locality is

doubtless erroneous.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 327

(vii) Group of tracheia Conn.

Achatina tracheia Conn.

(Pl. xi, f. 8.)

1929. Achatina tracheia Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 233, pl. xiv,

peo DE.

1930. Achatina trachera Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p. 295. N.L.

Shell comparatively small, acuminate ovate, thin, rugose, pale cream, with

irregular chestnut streaks, which become much closer on the later whorls and almost

coalesce near the aperture. Spire moderately produced, apex narrowly rounded.

Whorls 7, moderately convex, the remarkably strong, nearly vertical sculpture

consisting, on the 2nd whorl, of rows of transverse puckers, divided into spiral

lines and increasing in length on each succeeding whorl, the raised portions white

and interstices chestnut. Aperture subovate, columella roseate. The type

measures

Alt. 54:9, lat. 28-9; apert. alt. 30-3, lat. 16-3; last whorl 42-8 mm., but the

shell varies in breadth from about 31-5 to 28-0 mm.

Hab. KAOKOVELD. Kaoko Otavi (type); Hoarusib River

(Barnard).

Type in South African Museum.

Hasily distinguishable by its close, narrow strigation and strong

transverse striation, which renders it rough to the touch, in which

respect it resembles some individuals of nyrkaensis, without pertaining

to the same group.

Subfamily SUBULININAE.

Shells ranging from medium to minute, generally slender or turrited,

but sometimes ovate, without internal lamellae; buff, brown or

olivaceous, rarely with darker streaks.

Genus Pseudoglessula O. Bttg., 1892

(Nachr.-Bl. D. Mal. Ges., xxiv, p. 202).

Type Achatina calabarica Pir.

Shell acuminate ovate to turriform, typically imperforate, regularly

costulate on all whorls, apex rounded, columella usually truncate;

foot with lateral grooves and caudal pore; lateral teeth without inner,

rately without outer cusps, marginals bicuspid, the mesocones

sometimes very long.

328 Annals of the South African Museum.

Sub-genus Kempioconcha Preston, 1913

(Rev. Zool. Afr., iii, p. 212).

Type Kempia kivuensis Prest.

(= Kempva Prest., 1913, non Matthews, 1912, and Pseudocerastus

Germ., 1918).

Columella normally without truncation, blending evenly into the

basal margin of the shell.

Pseudoglessula kirki (Dhrn.).

1865. Bulaminus kirki Dhrn., P.Z.8., p. 232. D.

1868. Bulimus kirki Dhrn., Pfr., Mon. Hel., vi, p. 54. D.

1880. Ms korky Mhrn., Crvms, (PPZ3S.) pe cil (2 ee

1881. - (Buliminus) kirki Dhrn., Smith, P.Z:S., p. 282,

pleexcai: tO Nahe

1889. Bulimus bridouxt Bgt., Moll. Afr. Equat., p. 53, pl. ii, f.

4-5. D.F.

1891. Buliminus kirki Dhrn., Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr., p. 16.

. 1897. Bulominus kirk Dhrn., Mts., D.-Q.-A., iv, p. 62. WN.

1901. Buliminus (Rhachis) kirkii Dhrn., Kob., Conch. Cab., p. 722,

plivovicis LOM Oak:

1901. s3 (Rhachis) bridouxt Bgt., Kob., Conch. Cab., p. 813,

plcxvill, i235) 9) aie

1925. Pseudoglessula (Pseudocerastus) kirky Dhrn. (=bridouxi Bet.),

Conn, Trans) Roisoc.on Anica, <inpe La0e ee

Shell rather large, turriform, umbilicate, silky, rather dull, pale corneous reddish

brown. Lower part of spire rather broad, sides practically straight, apex mamillate.

Whorls 7, not very convex, regularly increasing, sculptured to extreme apex with

strong, close, regular, straight, very slightly oblique costae, which are at least

twice as far apart on the first 2 as on the later whorls; suture simple, a little

impressed. Aperture suboval, labrum receding a little in a slight curve, columella

erect, nearly straight, margin broadly reflexed over the narrow umbilicus. A fine

Mtisherra example measures

Long. 26-0, lat. 11-5; apert. alt. 10-7, lat. 5-4; last whorl 16-2 mm.

Animal ovoviviparous, young shells acutely angled at periphery

until the last whorl.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Amatongas Forest (Arnold);

Mtisherra R. Valley (Cressy).

S. RHODESIA. Selinda Forest (Arnold).

Type of kirki in British, paratype of bredoua: in Paris Museum.

Kirki was described from Mozambique and is also recorded from

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 329

Tanganyika Territory, and bridowxi was described from the province

last mentioned.

I pointed out in 1925 that specimens from Mtisherra R., which were

pronounced by Germain identical with bridouxi, were also identical

with the type of kirki; it is a rather more obese form than the next

species, with a tendency to expansion of the peristome, a feature that

I have not observed in bowini.

Pseudoglessula boivini (Morel.).

(Text-fig. 27.)

Ref. List No. 303.

1860. Glandina boivint Morel., Séries Conch., i, p. 72, pl. v, f. 5.

DAF. :

1890. Bulimus (Cerastus) mamboiensis Smith, A.M.N.H., vi, p. 153,

feb, 2. DLS.

1898. Buliminus movenensis Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 66, pl. u, f. 44-51.

DF:

1914. Buliminus (Ena) boivini Morel., Dautz. & Germ., Rev. Zool.

miei. p20. L. .

1916. Buliminus (Ena) boiwint Morel., Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris,

map. 252. dD.

1918. Buliminus (Pseudocerastus) bowini Morel., Germ., Bull. Mus.

Pans, xxiv, pp. 261, 362. O.N.

1925. Pseudoglessula (Pseudocerastus) boivina Morel., Conn., Trans.

EB. Soc. S. Africa, xu, p. 171, pl. vi, f. 1-4. D.F.A-R.

1936. Pseudoglessula (Kempioconcha) zulu Haas, Abh. Senckenb.

fee No. 43!) p: 14) pl.i1,f.9. DF.

Smaller and narrower than the foregoing, which it resembles closely in other

respects, except that the apical costae are scarcely wider apart than those on the

later whorls. Sides straight or very slightly convex, nearly 7 fairly convex whorls,

columellar reflexion and umbilicus narrower than in kirki. A typical Macequece

example measures

Long. 20-5, lat. 9-1; apert. alt. 8-0, lat. 4-0; last whorl 12-4 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Elscheleselwanhla (Toppin); Kosi Bay

(Burnup); Umfolosi Game Reserve (type) and Mkuzi (zulu, Haas).

LORENZO MARQUES. Delagoa Bay (Connolly); Movene

(movenensis, Penther); Rikatla; under stones in the Lebombo Mts.

(Junod); Andrada (Vasse); Maxixe (Lawrence); district north of

Macequece (Cressy); Wanetsi R., Majude District (Bell Marley).

Types of boivini and mamboiensis in British, movenensis in Vienna,

zulu in Senckenberg Museum; it is probable that Ps. subolivaceus

330 Annals of the South African Museum.

Smith (=olwaceus Taylor) is also identical with this species, as is

Inmacolarva borelli “ Ancey,” Mts., if correctly represented in the

Dautzenberg collection.

Haas was unaware that boii occurred in Zululand; comparison

with a paratype of zulu which he has kindly shewn me leaves no

doubt as to the synonymy.

The radula formula is about (25+1+25) x 73-76, central narrow,

with single short cusp, 5 laterals broad and almost unicuspid, marginals

TEext-Fic. 27.—Pseudoglessula boivini (Morel.), Kosi Bay.

Teeth from radula; x 300.

with small, but distinct outer cusp. Eggs nearly globular, about

2-7 mm. across, young shells much less angulate at periphery than in

kirki; the shell varies a little in diameter, the broader specimens

having slightly more convex sides than the narrower.

Originally described from Mombasa, this is the commonest species

of the genus, being known from Zanzibar, Kenya Colony, Nyasaland,

Tanganyika Territory and the Belgian Congo.

Pseudoglessula gibbons (Taylor).

1877. Buliminus gibbons: Taylor, Q.J.C., 1, p. 280, pl. iu, f. I.

DF.

1899. Bulaminus bowini Morel., var., Smith, P.Z.8., p. 587. WN.

1900. ie (Pachnodes) gibbonsi Taylor, Kob., Conch. Cab.,

p- 642, pl. xevu, f. 16-17. DF.

1925. Pseudoglessula (Pseudocerastus) gibbonsi Taylor, Conn.,

Trans. R. SocnSeAumica, exci wlio) aD:

The shells which I attribute, with much diffidence, to this species are far shorter

and comparatively more obese than boivini, which they resemble in sculpture.

The sides are straight, apex submamillate, 7 convex whorls, columella concave,

margin broadly reflexed, umbilicus narrow. A full-grown Mtisherra example

measures

Long. 14-9, lat. 7-9; apert. alt. 6-3, lat. 3:7; last whorl 9-5 mm.

Young shells well angulate at periphery until the last whorl.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mtisherra R. Valley (Cressy).

Type ubi?

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 331

Described from Mozambique.

The Mtisherra shells are identical with some from Nyasaland

which Smith considered might be a variety of boivini, than which,

however, they are smaller, with shorter whorls, and the peripheral

angulation when immature does not appear to occur in typical

gibbonsi, which also has slightly less convex whorls, but without

further material it may be best to refer them to that species.

Pseudoglessula cressyi Conn.

1925. Pseudoglessula (Pseudocerastus) cressyz Conn., Trans. R. Soc.

Bp aieica, xii, p. 174, pl. iv, f. 28; pl. vu, f. 1-7. DF_A.R.

A rather large, turriform shell, subrimate in type, but frequently imperforate,

differing from all the foregoing in this feature instead of being clearly umbilicate.

Sides straight, apex mamillate. Whorls 8, not very convex, slightly bluntly

angulate at periphery, except on last whorl of fully mature examples, first 2 strongly

and rather distantly transversely costate, with traces of very fine microspiral lines

between the ribs, remainder covered with close, regular, straight, slightly oblique

transverse costulae, weaker and nearly three times closer than those on the first

2 whorls; suture well defined. Aperture subovate, labrum nearly straight and

receding slightly in profile, columella nearly white, concave or straight, either with

narrowly reflexed margin, forming a minute rima, or slightly truncate at the base,

without marginal reflexion. The type measures

Long. 22-0, lat. 8-7; apert. alt. 7-7, lat. 4-8; last whorl 12-1 mm., the largest

specimen seen being 26-3 x 9-75 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. District north of Macequece (type,

Cressy).

S. RHODESIA. Vumba Mountains, Umtali (Arnold).

Type in British Museum. —

Radula measures 3x1:2 mm., central tooth narrow, with short

cusp, laterals and marginals bicuspid, without endocones, formula

(27 + 1+ 27) x 100 in one specimen and x77 in another. The features

of the columellar region might suggest that this species is wrongly

placed in Kempioconcha, but its anatomical characters leave little

doubt as to its affinity with boiwini. It is important to note that in

both species the penial retractor arises from the columella muscle

and not from the diaphragm, as Pilsbry states that it does in Ps.

stuhlmanni (Mts.).

Genus Homorus Albers, 1850

(Die Helic., p. 196).

Type Achatina cyanostoma Ptr.

Shell subulate, smooth, buff or brown, apex rounded, columella

truncate, eggs oblong. Only one species is yet known from South

Africa, namely,

332 Annals of the South African Museum.

Homorus manueli Prest.

1910. Homorus manuels Prest., Proc. Mal. Soc., ix, p. 54. D.F.

1925. He Me » ‘Conn.; Trans, JR. Soc) isos

xii, p. 179. N.

Shell rather large, elongate turriform, imperforate, smooth, glossy, bright

brown. Sides straight, apex mamillate. Whorls 12, rather flat, slowly increasing,

first 2} smooth, remainder practically so except for somewhat distant, more or

less strong, short, subsutural wrinkles, which only rarely extend across the whorl

as very faint, nearly vertical striolae; suture subcrenulate, well defined. Aperture

short, acuminate ovate, labrum nearly straight and receding somewhat in profile,

columella white and glossy, concave, narrowly rectangularly truncate just above

base of shell.

Long. 24-7, lat. 5:3; apert. alt. 4:2, lat. 2-6; last whorl 8-2 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mtisherra R. Valley; Zangwe

Basin (Cressy); Maforga Siding, B. & M. Rly. (McDowell).

Type in Tervueren Museum.

Described as from 200 miles east of Loanda, Angola; the type is

not quite mature, only 19x4-5 mm.

Genus Subulina Beck, 1837

(Index Moll., p. 76).

Type Bulimus octonus Brug.

Shell turriform, imperforate, thin, smooth or weakly striate, apex

smooth, rounded, peristome simple, columella basally truncate

without marginal reflexion. Central tooth of radula narrow, laterals

nearly symmetrical, with inner and outer cusps, marginals also

tricuspid; eggs round.

Subulina octona (Brug.).

Ref. List No. 425.

1786. Helix octona Indiae Occidentalis, Chem., Conch. Cab., ix, 2,

Pp. 190; spl. ccxexcxeva eG Ae ie

1792. Bulimus octonus Brug., Encycl. Méth. Vers, i, p. 325. D.

1898. Subulina octona Chem., Wiegm., Mitth. Zool. Samml. Mus.

Naturk. Berlin, 1, p. 91.) ) Auk:

1914. Subulina octona Brug., Gude, Faun. India, Moll., 1, p. 341. D.

LONG: He M , Conn., Ann, S.A. Mus., x1) pt eoeeee

1920. uf » Chem, Germ., Voy. Babault,(p. lia

ISL i. , DBrug., Peile, Proc. Mal. Soc., xix, p.269euee

Shell of fair size, smooth and glossy, sides straight, tapering extremely gradually,

apex broadly rounded. Whaorls 8, convex, very slowly increasing, first 14 smooth,

remainder with extremely faint, close, regular, nearly vertical striolae, hardly

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 333

perceptible but for infrasutural puckers, suture well defined. Aperture short

oval, labrum straight and nearly vertical in profile, columella short, concave,

obliquely truncate at base. My largest Rhodesian example measures

Long. 14:8, lat. 3-8; apert. alt. 3-25, lat. 1:75; last whorl 5-5 mm.

Hab. 8S. RHODESIA. Rain Forest, Victoria Falls (Dixey &

Longstaff).

CAPE PROVINCE. “Grottesde Cango, near Oudshorn”’ (Babault,

fide Germain).

Type ubi?

An American species, introduced by commerce over much of the

globe, and easily recognisable by its smooth shell, with broad apex

and short, nearly equal whorls; it has a near relation in Africa in

S. entebbana Pollonera, which resembles it in form but is clearly,

finely and sharply striate; Preston has distributed the Rhodesian

race under a manuscript name, dedicated to Miss Leppan.

A new record of its eastward distribution is that of the Solomon

Islands, whence the British Museum received it in 1934 from R. J.

Lever.

Subulina mamillata (Crvn.).

Ref. List No. 424.

1880. Achatina mamillata Crvn., P.Z.S., p. 215, pl. xxii, f.8. DF.

1906. Subulina mamillata Crvn., Pilsb., Manual, xvii, p. 73 in

synonymy.

1926. Subulina mamuillata Crvn., K. & W., Syn. Brit. Moll., p. 358

im synonymy.

1930. Subulina mamillata Crvn., Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xix, p. 40.

Shell of fair size, smooth and glossy, sides of spire straight or contracting slightly

above the 4th whorl, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 10, fairly convex, gradually

increasing, first 24 smooth, remainder nearly so, the faint growth striolation being

hardly visible under a strong lens; suture noticeably oblique. Aperture acuminate

ovate, labrum receding somewhat to base, columella short, erect, sharply truncate

at base. My largest Rhodesian example measures

Long. 20-6, lat. 4-4; apert. alt. 4:7, lat. 2-4; last whorl 8-5 mm.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Dixey & Longstaff).

Described by Craven as from Nossi Bé, and also recorded by him

from Magila, while Pitman has recently collected it at Shamaponda,

N. Rhodesia. Pilsbry has placed this species in the synonymy of

octona, and Kennard and Woodward followed his example, but mamul-

lata is very distinct by its finer apex, flatter and more rapidly in-

creasing whorls and consequently more oblique suture, and fine, though

faint, transverse sculpture.

334 Annals of the South African Museum.

Subulina turtoni Conn.

1923. Subulina turtona Conn., A.M.N.H., xi, p. 358, pl. i, f. 24. DF.

Shell of moderate size, smooth and glossy, sides straight, apex submamillate.

Whorls (in type) 8, convex, regularly increasing, first 2 smooth, later with extremely

faint, close, vertical striolae; suture simple. Aperture subrhombic, labrum

straight and nearly vertical, columella concave, obliquely truncate at base.

Long. 11-8, lat. 3:1; apert. alt. 2-8, lat 1-6; last whorl 4-8 mm.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Khami (type, Turton); Bulawayo (in §.A.

Museum); Lusanyama District (Quekett).

TRANSVAAL. Zoutpansberg and Messina (in 8.A. Museum).

Type in British Museum.

The largest shell examined, with 9 whorls, measures 15-2 x 3-9 mm.

A somewhat featureless shell, smaller than the two foregoing, and

larger than the two following species, all that are yet known south

of the River Zambesi.

Subulina gracillima Conn.

1919. Subulona gracillima Conn., Rec. Albany Mus., ui, p. 216.

DF.

Shell small, smooth and glossy, sides straight, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls

9, moderately convex, gradually increasing, earlier smooth, remainder covered

with close, nearly straight and vertical striae, very weak in the type race, but

stronger in that from Gatooma, particularly in puckers just below the sutures;

suture well defined. Aperture short ovate, labrum straight and receding little

in profile, columella short, concave, rather sharply truncate.

Long. 12:0, lat. 2-55 apert. alt. 2-1, lat. 1-2; last whorl 4-8 mm.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (type, Connolly); Gatooma

(Rump).

Type in British Museum.

Subulina vitrea (Mouss.).

Ref. List No. 426.

1887. Stenogyra (Subulina) vitrea Mouss., J. de C., xxxv, p. 296,

Pl exai anonym ON

1892. Stenogyra chapmani M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 90, pl. vi,

ey Odes

1922. Subulina vitrea Mouss., Denr., L.-u. 8.-w. Fauna D.-Sw. A.,

Moll: pp.38,799, 1. 145 a.) sO SNe

1930. Subulina vitrea Mouss., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xxix, p. 296.

Shell small, smooth and glossy, sides straight, apex narrowly mamillate.

Whorls 11, convex, gradually increasing, first 3 smooth, remainder bearing ex-

tremely weak, irregular, nearly vertical growth lines; suture well defined. Aper-

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 335

ture acuminate ovate, labrum straight and receding but little in profile, columella

concave, sharply truncate at base.

Long. 11-7, lat. 2-4; apert. alt. 2-3, lat. 1-1; last whorl 4:1 mm.

Hab. OVAMBOLAND (chapmani, Chapman); Ku-Ganab, 8.E. of

Ondonga (vitrea, Schinz).

KAOKOVELD. Near Otjitundua; Hoarusib R. (Barnard).

DAMARALAND. Otavi Mountain (Frames); Tsumeb; Otjikoto

Lake; Brakwater, 20 km. north of Windhoek; Okahandja (Michael-

sen); Onguati (Thomsen); Outjo; Namutoni; Sandup; Cauas

Okawa (Barnard).

GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Gaub and Diab River District

(Edlinger).

Type of chapmani in British, vitrea in Zurich Museum.

Genus Subuliniscus Pilsb., 1919

(Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., xl, p. 145).

Type Subulina ruwenzoriensis Pollon.

Summit of shell acutely conoid, not rounded, embryonic whorls

spirally engraved, columella basally truncate.

Subuliniscus chiradzuluensis (Smith).

(Text-fig. 28.)

1899. Subulina chiradzuluensis Smith, P.Z.8., p. 588, pl. xxx,

mo. DLE.

1906. Subulina chiradzuluensis Smith, Pilsb., Manual, xviii, pe 9S,

plexdv, £47: DIF.

1925. Subuliniscus chiradzuluensis Smith, Conn., Trans. R. Soc.

eeednies, xi, p..179, pl. v,f.9-16. N.A.R.

Shell of good size, elongate turriform, imperforate, smooth and glossy. Sides

very slightly convex, summit acute. Whaorls 9, rather flat, Ist minute, remainder

regularly increasing, first 2 sculptured with extremely fine, faint, and close micro-

spiral lines, only apparent in freshest condition, remainder with close, faint, very

slightly curved and oblique growth striolae; suture well defined. Aperture short,

acuminate oval, labrum nearly straight and erect in profile, columella concave,

strongly rectangularly truncate shortly above the basal margin. A well-grown

Macequece example measures

Long. 19-3, lat. 5-5; apert. alt. 5-2, lat. 2-3; last whorl 8-8 mm.

The first 4 whorls of immature shells are sharply angulate.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. District north of Macequece

(Cressy).

S. RHODESIA. Vumba Mountains, Umtali (Arnold).

Type in British Museum.

336 Annals of the South African Museum.

Described from Nyasaland, the type set being noticeably less

obese than that described above, 19-2x5-1 mm., but the volution

and sculpture appear identical and no varietal separation necessary.

The animal is ovoviviparous and the anatomy differs in several

TExtT-FIG. 28.—Subuliniscus chiradzuluensis (Smith), Macequece.

Teeth from radula; x 600.

respects from that of Subulina, being possibly more nearly related to

Bocageia.

Radula 2x0-85 mm., central tooth extremely narrow with single

vestigial cusp, laterals and marginals tricuspid, decreasing greatly

in size towards the edges, formula (32 +1+432) x 102; it differs from

those of Subulina octona and allied forms chiefly in the very incon-

spicuous endocones of the lateral teeth.

Genus Huonyma M. & P., 1896

(A.M.N.H., xviii, p. 316, and Pilsb., Manual, xviii, 1906, p. 38).

Type Subulina laeocochlis M. & P.

Based on the sinistral laeocochlis M. & P., and extended by Pilsbry

to include a group of species, mostly South African, which differ

from Opeas in larger size and from Homorus and Subulina in the col-

umella blending evenly into the basal margin instead of being basally

truncate. This grouping is not really tenable, however, since laeo-

cochlis has an acute apex, like Subuliniscus, and may possibly prove

to be congeneric therewith, so that the remaining forms, all of which

have apices more or less rounded, cannot rightly be included in

Euonyma. It would nevertheless be unwise to create new genera

for them, or to assign them arbitrarily to other existing genera,

without full knowledge of their comparative anatomy, so in order

to avoid complicating the matter further it may be advisable to

leave them for the present in M. & P.’s genus.

The shell is medium to large in size, elongate turriform, thin, more

or less transparent, pale olivaceous, peristome simple, columella not

basally truncate.

The genus, as temporarily accepted, is divisible into three main

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 337

groups, depending on the form of the apex, whether acute, narrowly

or broadly rounded.

(i) Apex acute.

Euonyma laeocochlis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 438.

1896. Subulina laeocochlis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xviii, p. 316, pl. xvi,

Se Oe ae

Shell large, sinistral, elongate turriform, rimate, thin, silky, probably pale

olivaceous. Spire produced, narrowing slightly from 6th whorl upwards, apex

acute. Whorls 12, nearly flat, regularly increasing, bluntly angulate until nearing

maturity, first 2 weathered, with no visible sculpture, remainder sculptured

all over with strong, close, regular, straight, nearly vertical costulae; suture

very oblique. Aperture narrow, subquadrate, peristome simple, labrum broken,

columella straight and erect, margin narrowly reflexed, almost obliterating the

very narrow rima.

Long. 30-4, lat. 8-8; apert. alt. ca 8-0, lat. ca 4-8; last whorl 11-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Humansdorp, St. Francis Bay (Fraser).

Type in British Museum.

The straightness of the transverse sculpture and probably also of

the labrum provides a further point of difference between this

species and group (11), while its acute apex separates it widely from

group (111).

(ii) Shell lanceolate, apex very narrowly rounded, eggs round,

usually small and many, most species ovoviviparous.

(a) Large shells, exceeding 35 mm. in length.

Euonyma lanceolata (Pfr.).

Ref. List Nos. 439, 442.

1854. Bulomus lanceolatus Pfr., P.Z.S., p. 292. D.

TS5 7. b micans Pfir., Mal. Blatt., iv, p. 156. D.

1905. Obeliscus natalensis Bnp., Proc. Mal. Soc., vi, p. 304, pl. xvi,

feo. DP.

1923. Huonyma lanceolata Pfr. (=natalensis Bup.), Conn., A.M.N.H.,

mp. oD6. NV.

1925. Huonyma lanceolata Pfr., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

mp. 183. LD.

Shell large, turriform, rimate, with silky sheen, pale yellowish olivaceous. Sides

straight, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 124, nearly flat, gradually increasing,

Ist smooth, 2nd weakly and remainder strongly sculptured with close, rather

coarse, regular, slightly curved, nearly vertical lirae; suture shallow. Aperture

VOL. XXXII. 22

338 Annals of the South African Museum.

acuminate ovate, labrum slightly arcuate and receding in profile, columella straight,

erect, margin very narrowly reflexed, nearly obliterating the narrow rima. The

type measures

Long. 52:0, lat. 15:0; apert. alt. 14-0. lat. 6-5; last whorl 21-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Cape Natal (Plant); rather widely distributed

from Pietermaritzburg to the south coast.

LORENZO MARQUES. Near Delagoa Bay (in British Museum).

All types in British Museum.

I pointed out in 1923 that much confusion had arisen regarding

this species owing to the strength of sculpture varying somewhat

according to its state of preservation, being on the whole more

prominent in fresh than rubbed or weathered specimens, a fact which

caused the name lanceolata to be misapplied to the smoother form

dealt with hereunder, although its sculpture in reality agrees with

that of micans and natalensis.

The eggs are very small and numerous.

Euonyma lymneaeformis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 441.

1901. Obeluscus lymneaeforms M. & P., A.M.N.H., vii, p. 317,

Tolee tiesto aR

1923. Euonyma lymneaeformis M. & P., Conn., A.M.N.H., xi, -p.

SLO [Olle The tga | A/a

This species was founded on abnormal shells, while its normal form was uni-

versally distributed under the name of lanceolata, and the true lanceolata as natal-

ensis; the shell is smoother and narrower than the foregoing, my largest specimen

contains 114 flat whorls, sculptured as lanceolata except that the strong coarse

lirae are replaced by weak striae.

Long. 37:2, lat. 9:8; apert. alt. 10-5, lat. 4-6; last whorl 15-6 mm.; a specimen

of lanceolata 30:5 mm. long is 9-5 mm. in breadth.

The eggs are very small and numerous.

Hab. NATAL. Karkloof Bush (type, McBean); distribution much

the same as for the last species.

Type in British Museum.

(b) Shells of medium size, about 14-30 mm. in length.

Euonyma terebraeformis Conn.

1923. EHuonyma terebraeformis Conn., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 634, pl. xix,

fg Dene

Sheil of fair size, rimate, silky, pale olivaceous. Sides straight, apex rounded.

Whorls 11, not very convex, first 24 smooth, remainder sculptured all over with

extremely fine and close, faint, regular, curved, very slightly oblique transverse

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 339

striae, which are cut by equally close microspiral lines; suture well defined.

Aperture suboval, labrum slightly arcuate forward and receding a little farther

to the base, columella erect, slightly concave, margin narrowly reflexed, nearly

concealing the smallrima. The type measures

Long. 23-5, lat. 6-0; apert. alt. 6-3, lat. 2-5; last whorl 9-8 mm., but Falcon’s

largest specimen, also with 11 whorls, is

Long. 29:8, lat. 7-1; apert. alt. 7-3, lat. 3-3; last whorl 15-6 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. Johns (type, Warren).

NATAL. Umtamvuna R. mouth (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

A well-defined species, resembling in miniature the last two, rather

than any of the acus group, than all of which it has longer whorls.

Euonyma turriformis (Krs.).

(Text-fig. 29a.)

1848. Bulimus turriformis Krs., Stidafr. Moll., p. 78, pl. v, f. 2.

OP.

1906. Huonyma turriformis sarissa Pilsb., Manual, xvii, p. 44,

pL x,t 84-85. DF.

Shell of fair size, elongate turriform, hardly subrimate, thin, smooth, glossy,

pale yellowish olivaceous. Spire produced, sides nearly straight, narrowing

almost imperceptibly from the 5th whorl upwards, apex narrowly rounded.

Whaorls 9, little convex, regularly increasing, first 2 smooth, remainder covered

with close, weak, curved vertical striolae; suture simple, shallow. Aperture

subovate, labrum curved slightly forward and vertical in profile, columella long,

straight, erect, margin narrowly, almost adnately reflexed.

Long. 17-0, lat. 5-1; apert. alt. 5-8, lat. 2-25; last whorl 8-9 mm.

Hab. NATAL (turriformis, Wahlberg; sarissa, Cassin); Pine Town

(Burnup); Drummond (Rump).

Type of turriformis in Stuttgart Museum, sarissa in Academy of

Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

A comparatively rare form, which, as explained under the follow-

ing species, occurs In company with acus in Krauss’ original lot, the

latter having been erroneously accepted as typical of his species.

There can be no doubt, however, as to his original type, since the

shell described above is the only individual which agrees with his

measurements thereof. The species attains somewhat larger dimen-

sions, and varies a little in obesity and outline of spire in series from

the same locality, my two largest Pinetown examples measuring

21-6 x 5-7 and 21:0x5-1 mm. in height and width. It resembles

terebraeformis in having longer whorls than those which follow, and

Pilsbry has kindly informed me that he agrees that, in view of the

particulars here set forth, sarissa should fall into synonymy.

340 Annals of the South African Museum.

Euonyma acus (Morel.).

(Text-fig. 29B.)

Ref. List No. 449 (as turriformis).

1889. Stenogyra acus Morel., J. de C., xxxvii, p. 8, pl. i, £.6. D.F.

1896. Subulina glaucocyanea M. & P., A.M.N.H., xviii, p. 317, pl.

xvas) eee

1910. Huonyma turriformis Krs., var. acus Morel. (=glaucocyanea

M. & B.); Conn., A-M.N JA. aa, p27, pl.va, & 2 ee

When compiling my “Survey of South African Stenogyrinae” in

1910, the Kraussian types in the Stuttgart Museum were not avail-

able to me, so I based my deductions on specimens from the Krauss

B C D EK

TEXxtT-FIG. 29.

Huonyma turriformis (Krs.). Type in Stuttgart Museum.

acus (Morel.), Port Elizabeth.

tugelensis (M. & P.). Type in British Museum.

: < durbanensis (Stur.), Durban.

Opeas lineare (Krs.). Type in Stuttgart Museum.

All figures twice natural size.

B. 5:

and Wahlberg collections most kindly lent me by Dr. Théel of the

Stockholm Museum, and the reputed paratype of turriformis was an

example of the very common form which has usually passed under

that name. However, the type set in the Stuttgart Museum contains

three shells, of which one agrees with the common form, but the

others, of which the largest is obviously Krauss’ type, are entirely

distinct and are identical with sarissa Pilsbry.

Fortunately there is no necessity to manufacture a new name for

the common form, as acus Morelet is available; the type is an over-

grown giant with 13 whorls, measuring: long. 26-7, lat. 6-0; apert. alt.

5:5, lat. 2-5; last whorl 9-5 mm., but as these exceptional dimensions

scarcely ever occur, I describe below a specimen of average size.

Shell of fair size, rimate, smooth, rather dull, olivaceous. Sides straight, apex

narrowly rounded. Whorls 10, not very convex, gradually increasing, first 2

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 341

smooth, remainder sculptured with very close, regular, fine, faint, slightly curved

vertical striolae and traces of negligible microspiral lineation; suture well defined.

Aperture suboval, labrum gently arcuate, columella straight and erect, margin

narrowly reflexed, half covering the narrow rima.

Long. 18-0, lat. 4-8; apert. alt. 5-2, lat. 2-5; last whorl 8-1 mm.

Hab. Widely distributed throughout the south from Bredasdorp

District, Grahamstown etc. in the Cape Province to Natal and

Zululand. Types of acus (Crawford) and glaucocyanea (Fraser), both

from Port Elizabeth, in British Museum.

The shell varies somewhat in contour and distance between sutures

in different local races, but not sufficiently so to justify even varietal

separation on purely conchological grounds; it 1s the common species

of the south, being replaced further north by varia and wnicornis

Conn. S. glaucocyanea is merely one of a set with slight tinge of blue

on the epidermis, a frequent feature in this species. The eggs are

extremely small.

Euonyma pruizenensis Conn.

Ref. List No. 445.

1910. Huonyma pruizenensis Conn., OVEN Fe ova, pi. 201, pl.-vi,

nya DF.

Shell of fair size, elongate turriform, very narrowly rimate, somewhat silky.

Sides straight or tapering slightly nearing the mamillate apex. Whorls 84, Ist

smooth, 2nd microscopically, remainder clearly sculptured with regular, rather

coarse, curved vertical striae; suture impressed. Aperture ovate, labrum arcuate

forward in profile, columella erect, margin narrowly reflexed, almost adnate in full-

grown shells, so as nearly to obliterate the rima.

Long. 20-2, lat. 5-1; apert. alt. 5-3, lat. 2-5; last whorl 8-7 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pruizen (type); bushveldt near Pietpot-

gietersrust (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

The presence of transverse sculpture on all but the extreme apex

is a noteworthy feature, that on the 2nd whorl being almost visible

without a lens.

Euonyma varia Conn.

Ref. List No. 451.

1910. Euonyma varia Conn., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 263, pl. vi, f. 5-7.

DL. .

Shell of fair size, narrow elongate turriform, rimate, with silky sheen. Sides

normally straight, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 103, slightly convex, first 2

smooth, remainder sculptured with very close, fine, faint, regular, curved, nearly

vertical striae; suture somewhat impressed. Aperture subovate, labrum rather

342 Annals of the South African Museum.

sharply arched forward to about 14 mm. below suture, receding considerably

thence to base, columella nearly straight, margin narrowly triangularly reflexed.

Long. 17-0, lat. 4:1; apert. alt. 4-2, lat. 1-8; last whorl 6-6 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pienaars Poort (type); Pretoria District

(Connolly); Potchefstroom (Miss Cachet); Zoutpansberg (Cregoe).

Type in British Museum.

The northern form of acus, with which it was formerly confused;

the whorls, however, increase less rapidly, and the last whorl and

aperture are consequently slightly shorter than in acus; the epidermis,

too, is of less silky sheen and more stramineous colour. Hxtremes

differ considerably in contour, the type being intermediate in form;

the species is ovoviviparous, with a quantity of minute round eggs.

Euonyma unicorns Conn.

Ref. List No. 450.

1910. Huonyma unicornis Conn., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 265, pl. vi, f. 3.

D.F.

Very similar to the last species, from which it differs constantly in having one

more whorl and slightly shorter aperture in comparison to its size, and in its

rather more convex whorls; the shell is rimate, rather glossy, with straight sides

and narrowly rounded apex; whorls 114, convex, very slowly increasing, suture

rather deep. Aperture short, nearly elliptical, columella slightly concave, other

details as in varia.

Long. 21-0, lat. 4-4; apert. alt. 4-2, lat. 2-5; last whorl 7-0 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Schanz Kop, Pretoria (type, Connolly);

Potchefstroom (Miss Livingston).

CAPE PROVINCE. Cradock (var., Farquhar); Molteno (var.,

Hewitt).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Bloemfontein (var., Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

The animal is canary yellow, upper tentacles 2 mm. long, with

black eyes, lower very short; body 8 mm. when extended, neck 4 mm.,

tail long, tapering and pointed, back streaked with longitudinal rows

of minute tubercles. The ovary usually contains 8 or 9 eggs, which

show clearly in a single line through the last 2 whorls of the shell.

The western forms have slightly blunter apex and coarser stria-

tion than the type, but without anatomical examination it appears

inadvisable to separate them.

In the four following species the apex is almost imperceptibly

coarser than in the foregoing members of this group.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 3438

Euonyma standeri Conn.

Ref. List No. 448.

1910. Euonyma standert Conn., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 264, pl. vi, f. 9.

1) St

Shell rather small, elongate turriform, rimate, with silky sheen; sides straight,

apex rounded, blunt for the size of shell, being 1 mm. in diameter. Whorls 73,

moderately convex, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with close, slightly curved,

nearly vertical striae of rather irregular depth; suture well defined. Aperture

subovate, comparatively large, labrum hardly curved forward, but a little re-

tracted towards the base, columella straight, margin triangularly reflexed.

Long. 14-0, lat. 4-5; apert. alt. 4-5, lat. 1-9; last whorl 6-7 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Standers Kop (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

Distinguishable from acus by its dull silky epidermis, longer apical

whorls, and blunter apex; in contour it closely resembles the next

species, which has a more shining, imperforate shell.

Euonyma siliqua Conn.

Ref. List No. 447.

1910. Huonyma siliqua Conn., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 262, pl. vi, f. 10.

D.F.

Shell rather small, somewhat subulate, imperforate, with slightly silky sheen.

Sides straight, apex bluntly rounded, nearly 1 mm. across. Whorls 8, convex,

first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with very fine, curved transverse striae of

rather irregular prominence and extremely faint microspiral lineation, only discern-

ible under very strong magnification: suture rather deeply impressed. Aperture

subovate, labrum slightly arcuate in profile, columella erect, thickened and twisted

upwards, with no trace of reflexion. The type measures

Long. 13-8, lat. 4:3; apert. alt. 3-5, lat. 1-7; last whorl 6-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. O.R.C. Junction Station (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

A rather short, thick species with very blunt apex, differing from

most others of its size in lack of perforation; it is particularly sub-

ject to dimorphism, three other paratypes measuring respectively

13-8 x 4-0, 12-4 x 4-2, and 10-3 x 3-5 mm., the smallest shell containing

eggs. The shell bears very close resemblance to that of the next

species, but appears to be of duller texture.

Euonyma durbanensis (Stur.).

(Text-fig. 29D.)

Ref. List No. 428.

1898. Opeas durbanense Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 61, pl. u, f. 42-44.

‘3

344 Annals of the South African Museum.

Very similar to the last, but with smoother, glossier surface and, in most examples,

a most minute rima. Sides of spire practically straight, apex narrowly rounded,

8 whorls, not very convex, with hardly a trace of sculpture, suture somewhat

impressed. Labrum very slightly curved and receding but little in profile, colu-

mella straight, erect, margin narrowly adnately reflexed, so that the minute rima,

when present, is only discernible under a lens.

Long. 13-0, lat. 4-1; apert. alt. 4-2, lat. 2:0; last whorl 6-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Durban (type, Penther; Puzey); Otto’s View

(Falcon); Verulam (Cawston).

Type in Vienna Museum.

Founded on a single immature specimen with only 6 whorls, 9-2 mm.

in length, this species had not been rediscovered in the original

locality until three years ago, when it was collected by Puzey in

sufficient variety to prove that the type, for the opportunity of

examining which I am indebted to Dr. Adensamer of the Vienna

Museum, can attain the above dimensions when fully grown and

should be placed in the same little sub-group as stander, siliqua, and

tugelensis, from the last of which it differs in very slightly slower

increase in length of whorl and its sides being a trifle less straight.

It has, in fact, been confounded with tugelensis to such an extent that

I only quote localities recently verified, but it may probably prove

to be more widely distributed than that species.

Euonyma tugelensis (M. & P.).

(Text-fig. 29c.)

Ref. List No. 434.

1897. Subulina tugelensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 637, pl. xvu,

Oe DH:

Smaller than the three preceding, narrowly subulate and rimate, smooth and

glossy. Sides regular, apex rounded. Whorls 7, not very convex, regularly

increasing, first 2 practically smooth, remainder sculptured with very weak, fairly

close and regular, curved vertical growth lines and extremely fine and close micro-

spiral striolae; suture well defined. Aperture suboval, labrum evenly curved

forward and vertical in profile, columella erect, rather long, lower margin extremely

narrowly and closely reflexed, almost concealing the narrow rima.

Long. 11-1, lat. 3-7; apert. alt. 4:25, lat. 1:75; last whorl 6-0 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Lower Tugela River (type); Pietermaritzburg

(Burnup); Illovo R. (Taynton).

LORENZO MARQUES. Delagoa Bay (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

The shell varies somewhat in width, the Maritzburg race averaging

12x35 mm.; the eggs are large and few.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 345

(111) Shell subulate, apex broad, eggs usually large and round,

animal ovoviviparous. Distribution as yet known confined to the

Cape Province.

Euonyma platyacme M. & P.

Ref. List No. 444.

1907. Huonyma platyacme M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 101, pl. vi,

fet.) iF.

1907. Stenogyra beckeri Fulton, ibid., p. 154, pl. x, f.7. DF.

Shell large, elongate subulate, imperforate, smooth and glossy, pale corneous

yellow. Sides straight, apex domed. Whorls 11, nearly flat, gradually increasing,

first 2 bearing fine microspiral lines, which then fade away, transverse striolation

negligible; suture shallow. Aperture short, acuminate oval, labrum straight,

receding considerably to base, columella erect, margin scarcely thickened, un-

reflexed.

Long. 40-5, lat. 9:4; apert. alt. 9-0, lat. 4:9; last whorl 14:6 mm.

Ovoviviparous, eggs large, globular; some of the young attain a

length of 3 mm. before leaving the parent shell.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Kei Road Bush (platyacme, Miss

Hickey); Pondoland (beckeri, Becker); Hog’s Back Mountain,

Queenstown (Farquhar); Pirie Forest (Godfrey); Amabile Junction

(Puzey).

Both types in British Museum.

Very distinct by its large size, blunt apex, and smooth, glossy shell.

Euonyma cacuminata (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 435.

1892. Stenogyra cacuminata M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 85, pl. vi,

fee, DE,

Shell of fair size, imperforate, smooth, glossy, pale olivaceous; sides straight,

apex rounded. Whorls 10, nearly flat, sculptured with extremely faint, close,

straight, nearly vertical striolae; suture shallow. Aperture short, acuminate

ovate, labrum straight, receding but little, columella erect, concave, almost im-

perceptibly angulate at base, margin unreflexed. The shell described measures

Long. 19-0, lat. 4:9; apert. alt. 4-0, lat. 2-2; last whorl 7-2 mm., but the largest

Katberg specimen, with 11 whorls, is 23-6 x 5-3, apert. 5-0 x 2-9, last whorl 8-3 mm,

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Bedford (type, Farquhar); Boschberg

Mountains, Somerset East (Mrs. Howard); Katberg Forest (Hewitt).

Type in British Museum.

Much smaller than the preceding species, which it resembles in its

smooth, glossy shell and flattened whorls.

346 Annals of the South African Museum.

Euonyma barnardi Conn.

1929. Huonyma barnardi Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 234,

ola pales Pia) JOY II.

Shell of fair size, most narrowly rimate, stramineous. Sides tapering very

gradually, apex rounded. Whorls 7, flattish, regularly increasing, sculptured with

very faint, close, regular, vertical striae; suture shallow. Aperture acuminate

ovate, labrum gently recurved, columella slightly concave and inclined to the right,

margin very narrowly, almost adnately reflexed, nearly obliterating the minute

rima.

Long. 20-0, lat. 5-5; apert. alt. 5-4, lat. 2-9; last whorl 9-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Swellendam Mountains (type); Groot

Vaters Bosch, Heidelberg; Lemoens Hoek Mts., Langeberge (Barnard).

Type in South African Museum.

The blunt apex and comparatively rapid increase of whorling

distinguish this species amply from other members of its group.

Euonyma decipiens Conn.

1929. Huonyma decipiens Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 235,

oll eahyahig Ags) JO ae

Shell large, imperforate, stramineous olivaceous. Sides regular, apex rounded.

Whorls 10, flattish, gradually increasing, subangulate at periphery except on last

whorl of completely mature examples, covered from apex to base with extremely

fine, close, microspiral striolation, and weak, rather distant, irregular growth

wrinkles after the 2nd whorl; suture well defined. Aperture subovate, labrum

recurved, columella narrowly truncate near base.

Long. 39-5, lat. 9:8; apert. alt. 8-3, lat. 5-2; last whorl 15-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Riversdale Mountains, 1500-2500 ft.

(type); Groot Vaters Bosch, Heidelberg (Barnard).

Type in South African Museum.

The imperforate shell and truncate columella suggest that this

species should be placed in the tropical genus Homorus, but its close

resemblance to platyacme and round eggs seem to justify its present

position; in addition to truncate columella, the whorls are more

convex than in M. & P.’s species.

Euonyma purcelli (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 446.

1901. Subulina purcelli M. & P., A.M.N.H., viii, p. 317, pl. ui, f. 6.

DF.

Shell of fair size, imperforate, smooth, glossy, corneous buff. In many specimens

the right side of spire tends to narrowing about the 6th whorl, imparting to it a

slightly crooked aspect, though the left side is straight; apex domed. Whorls

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 347

103, not very convex, sculptured all over with extremely fine microspiral lineation,

and on later whorls very faint, close, straight, nearly vertical striolae, stronger

immediately below the suture. Aperture short, acuminate ovate, labrum straight,

receding somewhat to base, columella white, erect, usually slightly angulate,

hardly truncate, at its base, without marginal reflexion. The type is immature,

the specimen here described measuring

Long. 23-4, lat. 5-3; apert. alt. 4-3, lat. 2-5; last whorl 8-6 mm.

The eggs are large and globular, over 2 mm. in diameter.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Houw Hoek, Caledon Division (type,

Purcell); 4 miles south of Bredasdorp; Lemoens Hoek Mountains,

Langebergen, Heidelberg Division; Palmiet River Mountains, 2000 ft.

(Barnard); Mossel River Mountains, Hermanus (Rennie).

Type in British Museum.

The whorls are much shorter than in decipiens, which it resembles

to some extent in form and texture; the specimens from Palmiet

River Mountains show particularly strong microspiral sculpture, the

largest, with 104 whorls, measures 25 x5 mm.

Euonyma gouldi Conn.

Ref. List No. 437.

1912. Euonyma gouldi Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xi, p. 214, pl. ii,

teh) DE.

Shell of fair size, elongate turriform, subrimate, slightly glossy. Sides slightly

convex, apex bluntly rounded. Whorls 10, gradually increasing in size but

decreasing in convexity, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with close, faint,

almost straight, slightly oblique striae; suture well defined. Aperture short,

ovate, labrum nearly straight and receding slightly in profile, columella concave,

margin very narrowly reflexed, forming a small rima.

Long. 19-5, lat. 5-1; apert. alt. 4-3, lat. 2-2; last whorl 7-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Prieska (type, Gould; van der Merve).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Koegas (R. Olds).

Type in South African Museum.

Nearest to cacuminata, with duller surface and more convex whorls.

Genus Opeas Albers, 1850

(Die Helic., p. 175).

Type Stenogyra goodalli Miller.

Shell medium to very small, otherwise as in Huonyma; apex smooth,

columella not truncate, eggs round, usually small and very numerous.

It is difficult to fix the line of demarcation between the larger forms

of this genus and the smaller of Huonyma, but in the arrangement

here adopted I have placed in Opeas a number of species with small

348 Annals of the South African Museum.

apex and narrow contour, which it is fairly easy to separate from those

just treated, and which are divisible into two groups purely according

to their average size.

(i) Shell usually exceeding 7 mm. in length.

Opeas lineare (Krs.).

(Text-fig. 29z.)

Ref. List Nos. 440, 443.

1848. Bulimus linearis Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 78, pl. v, £. 3. DF.

1909. Subulina pietersburgensis Prest., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 499. D.F.

Shell rather small, elongate turriform, narrowly rimate, thin, somewhat silky,

olivaceous. Spire produced, sides practically straight, apex narrowly rounded.

Whorls 9, somewhat convex, gradually increasing, all but the first 2 covered with

close, fine, regular, arcuate vertical costulae; suture well defined. Aperture

acuminate ovate, labrum arcuate forward and then receding to base, columella

erect, nearly straight, margin narrowly reflexed over the small rima. The type

measures

Long. 13-0, lat. 3-1; apert. alt. 2-4, lat. 1-6; last whorl 4:9 mm.

Hab. BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Mt. Mohapaani (lineare,

Wahlberg); Francistown (Mrs. Landhorn).

TRANSVAAL. Pietersburg (pietersburgense fide Preston); Piet-

potgietersrust (Connolly); Zoutpansberg (in South African Museum).

S. RHODESIA. Khami (Turton); Matopos Terminus (Farquhar);

Tati (in South African Museum); Bulawayo; Hope Fountain; Sawmills

(Arnold); Ngamandhlovu (Stevenson); Holly’s Hope (Cockshott).

Type of lineare in Stuttgart, pretersburgense in British Museum.

When I penned my survey in 1910 the exact location of

Mt. Mohapaani was uncertain and there were only a single paratype

of lineare and the type of pretersburgense available for examination,

the former being shorter by 2 whorls than the latter, hardly suffi-

cient evidence on which to formulate a definite opinion as to their

relationship. Since then, however, not only has Gyldenstolpe (Ark.

f. Zool., 1926) proved that Wahlberg’s mountain is actually situate

S.W. of Palapye Road Station, but the species has come to hand

from a chain of localities extending across the northern districts of

Bechuanaland and the Transvaal and the south of Rhodesia, and

furnishing abundant proof of the synonymy presented above. The

type of Preston’s species is the largest specimen yet known to me,

possessing 10 whorls and measuring 14:3 x 3-0 mm., but the sculpture

and other details are in complete accord with average examples of

lineare. /

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 349

var. levis Conn.

Ref. List No. 443.

1910. Huonyma pietersburgensis Prest., var. levis Conn., A.M.N.H.,

map 795, plvi,f.8. DF.

Smoother and more polished than the typical form, but running into it through

large series; the type contains 93 whorls, the very fine striation being scarcely

visible without alens. It measures

Long. 12-4, lat. 3-0; apert. alt. 3-1, lat. 1-3; last whorl 4-9 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Buis Kop (type); Pienaars Poort (Connolly);

Zoutpansberg (Cregoe); Messina (in South African Museum).

Type in British Museum.

Opeas sublineare O. Bttg.

Ref. List No. 433.

1910. Opeas sublinearis Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Ges., xxxii, p. 448,

pe xxvul,f.14. DF.

1930. Opeas sublineare Bttg., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xxix, p. 296.

Smaller, smoother and glossier than the last species, imperforate, with less

arcuate striation. 11 moderately convex whorls, first 2 smooth, remainder

sculptured with very close, fine, regular, curved, nearly vertical striolae. Aperture

very short, acuminate ovate, labrum little curved and receding slightly in profile,

columella slightly concave, without marginal reflexion. The largest specimen to

hand, from Fish R. Mountains, measures

Long. 13-5, lat. 2-5; apert. alt. 2-3, lat. 1-2; last whorl 4-5 mm.

Hab. LITTLE NAMAQUALAND. Muishond (type, Schultze);

Henkries (Lightfoot).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Modder River (Miss Wilman); Newlands

(Miss Paton).

GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Bremen Farm, 8.W. of Warmbad

(Haughton); Klein Karas and Fish River Mountains (Miss Hill).

Type in Senckenberg Museum.

Opeas crystallinum (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 436.

1896. Subulina crystallina M. & P., A.M.N.H., xviii, p. 316, pl. xvi,

m4 DS.

1925. Euonyma crystallina M. & P., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

mi, p- 183. N.

300 Annals of the South African Museum.

Shell usually rather small, but type of fair size, narrowly rimate, smooth and

glossy. Sides straight, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 11, not very convex,

gradually increasing, first 2} smooth, remainder sculptured with very fine, faint,

close, regular, curved, nearly vertical striolae; suture well defined. Aperture sub-

piriform, labrum gently arcuate in profile, columella inclined slightly inwards,

margin most narrowly reflexed, almost obliterating the minute rima. The type

measures

Long. 15-0, lat. 2:8; apert. alt. 2:8, lat. 1-5; last whorl 5-4 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type, Burnup); widely dis-

tributed.

CAPE PROVINCE. Widely distributed in the Hastern Province.

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones); Eshowe (Lady Saunders);

Nonoti (Burnup).

LORENZO MARQUES. Lebombo Marsh, Rikatla (Junod);

Masiene (Lawrence).

Type in British Museum.

The type is unusually well developed, the generality of specimens

containing about 9 whorls with dimensions of 10-8 x 2-6 mm.; the

usual Zulu form is distinctly narrower, an Eshowe example with

9 whorls measuring 10 x 2-3, last whorl 3-8 mm. The shell is far

more glossy than others of its size, and easily distinguishable from

Hypolysia florentiae M. & P. by the latter’s margined suture.

Opeas eulimoide (Prest.).

Ref. List No. 429.

1909. Subulina eulomoides Prest., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 499. DFP.

Shell small, acicular, imperforate, smooth and glossy. Sides straight, apex

narrowly rounded. Whorls 8, nearly flat, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured

with very fine and faint, close, regular, curved, vertical striolae; suture well

defined. Aperture narrow acuminate ovate, labrum gently arcuate in profile,

columella erect, concave, margin slightly thickened upwards but practically

unreflexed.

Long. 9-7, lat. 2-2; apert. alt. 2-2, lat. 1-2; last whorl 4-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Howick (type, Cregoe).

TRANSVAAL. Piet Retief (Crawshay).

Type in British Museum.

Smaller than the smallest form of crystallinum, to which it bears

close general resemblance; the type is not quite mature, with half

a whorl less and shorter in proportion than the Transvaal example

described, which contains two fair-sized eggs. The shell differs from

Micropeas in shape of aperture.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 351

Opeas mcbeani M. & P.

Ref. List No. 431.

1903. Opeas mcbeani M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 604, pl. xxxi, f. 8.

10 ee

Shell small, acicular, subrimate, slightly silky. Sides straight, apex narrowly

rounded. Whorls 10, moderately convex, first 24 smooth, remainder bearing very

fine, close, regular, curved, nearly vertical striae; suture rather deep. Aperture

suboval, labrum gently recurved to base, columella straight, margin so narrowly

reflexed that there is practically no rimation. The type measures

Long. 9-7, lat. 2-1; apert. alt. 1-8, lat. 1-2; last whorl 3-8 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Boksburg (type, McBean); Pretoria;

Hennops River (Connolly); Middelburg (Crawford).

Type in British Museum.

Resembles sublineare in form and lineare in sculpture, but is far

smaller than either; the usual number of eggs is two, the species

commencing to breed when half grown.

Opeas praecox Conn.

(Text-fig. 30.)

1925. Opeas praecox Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu, p. 183,

pein: 25. DFR.

1928. Opeas praecoz Conn., Peile, Proc. Mal. Soc., xvii, p. 268. R.

2 8hoagaanrrrr

TEXtT-FIG. 30.—Opeas praecox Conn., Zangwe Basin.

A. Half row of teeth from radula of immature, but fertile specimen; x 300

approximately.

B. Individual teeth enlarged.

Shell of fair size, elongate turriform, narrowly rimate, smooth and glossy.

Sides straight, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 8, rather flat, regularly increasing,

first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with rather faint, close, fairly regular, curved

vertical striae; suture shallow. Aperture subpiriform, labrum projecting rather

sharply forward for about 1{ mm., at which point it is slightly sinuate, and then

receding more gently to base, columella very slightly concave, margin very narrowly

reflexed, nearly concealing the narrow rima.

Long. 11-3, lat. 3-0; apert. alt. 3-0, lat. 1-2; last whorl 5-0 mm.

302 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Zangwe River Basin (type, Cressy).

Also known from Nyasaland.

Type in British Museum.

Varies considerably in contour and slightly in length of whorl, but

all intermediate stages exist; a figure of the radula is appended.

Opeas albaniense Conn.

1919. Opeas albaniense Conn., Rec. Albany Mus., i, p. 217. D.F.

Shell small, elongate turriform, rimate, smooth and glossy. Sides straight,

apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 73, but little convex, first 2 smooth, remainder

bearing close, faint, curved striolae; suture shallow. Aperture piriform, labrum

somewhat arched forward and receding a little further to the base, columella

short, margin very narrowly reflexed over the minute rima.

Long. 9-2, lat. 3-1; apert. alt. 3-0, lat. 1-3; last whorl 4-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Alicedale (type, Cruden); Grahamstown

(Farquhar); Hast London (Rattray).

Type in Albany Museum, Grahamstown.

Somewhat smaller than praecoz or lineare, with slightly more convex

whorls, and a little larger throughout than lepidum, the apex being

slightly broader and each whorl slightly longer.

Opeas cressyt Conn.

1922. Opeas cressyt Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 120. D.

OD. aie =} » rans. R. Soc. S. Africa, sae paaeas

olive ie 2 Ne

Shell small, elongate fusiform, imperforate, smooth and glossy. Sides regular,

apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 7, rather convex, rather rapidly increasing, first

2 smooth, remainder sculptured with close, regular, curved, vertical striae, visible

to the naked eye; suture somewhat oblique, well defined. Aperture elongate

acuminate ovate, labrum well arched forward below the suture, receding more

gradually to base, columella weak, concave, almost imperceptibly truncate. The

type measures

Long. 10:8, lat. 2:8; apert. alt. 3-3, lat. 1-2; last whorl 5-7 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. District north of Macequece

(Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

The shell shows extreme variation in contour, egg-holding and

therefore nearly mature specimens ranging down to a length of only

5 mm., while individuals appear to differ in relative convexity of whorl,

distance between sutures and closeness and depth of striation. There

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 353

seem, however, to be such exact intermediates between each extreme

that I can only conclude that they are all members of one species

and that the variation is due partly to local conditions and partly,

perhaps, to individual reversion to earlier and more distinct types,

of whose interbreeding the present confused race is the result. The

following short table sets forth dimensions of a few extreme forms,

intermediates being omitted:

Long. 9-2, lat. 2-8; apert. alt. 3-1; last whorl 5-2 mm.

2 ER i 3°] 3 Bie ss

Re OG: 45 ad 55 3°0 _ GO oes

ee 855. at 5 3:2 - 1 eee

Praeeo «43° 1-95 3 2°3 5 4-0,

pee ort OB eas

The sculpture is rather stronger and whorls flatter and increasing

more rapidly than in other members of this group.

(ii) Shell narrow, very small, seldom exceeding 7 mm. in length.

Opeas lepidum Conn.

Ref. List No. 430.

1910. Opeas lepidum Conn., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 267, pl. vi,f.12. D.F.

Shell small, elongate turriform, subrimate, smooth, rather glossy. Sides straight

apex rounded. Whorls 6, rather convex, regularly increasing, Ist smooth,

2nd nearly so, remainder sculptured with extremely faint, regular, curved

striae; suture well defined. Aperture short oblong oval, labrum gently arched

forward, columella very slightly concave, margin narrowly reflexed, almost con-

cealing the minute rima.

Long. 7-0, lat. 2-5; apert. alt. 2-3, lat. 1-2; last whorl 3-7 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Fern Kloof, Grahamstown (type,

Farquhar); Port Elizabeth (Crawford).

Type in British Museum.

The largest of the group, representing albaniense in miniature, but

never much exceeding the above dimensions.

Opeas crawford: (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 427.

1893. Stenogyra crawford: M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 105, pl. iii,

oe. DF.

Shell very small, acicular, subrimate, smooth and glossy. Sides straight, apex

narrowly rounded. Whorls 6, not very convex, regularly increasing, first 2 smooth,

remainder bearing very fine, faint, curved, vertical striolae; suture well defined.

VOL. XXXIII. 23

354 Annals of the South African Museum.

Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, labrum vertical and gently arcuate in profile,

columella nearly straight, erect, margin most narrowly reflexed, rima microscopic.

My largest topotype measures

Long. 5-5, lat. 1:9; apert. alt. 1-9, lat. 0:75; last whorl 3-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Van Staaden’s River, Port Elizabeth

(type, Crawford); Racecourse, Grahamstown (var., Farquhar);

frequent in Grahamstown District; Kowie East (Kincaid); Port

Alfred (Hewitt).

Type in British Museum.

Considerably smaller than the foregoing, which it resembles in

most other respects. I am in doubt as to the exact status of the

Grahamstown race, but hardly consider it to be separable; the

largest specimen, with 7 whorls, measures 7-5 x 2-2, last whorl 3-7 mm.

Opeas strigile (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 432.

1901. Subulina strigiis M. & P., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 318, pl. u, f. 7.

1919. Opeas strigile M. & P., Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xii, pp. 142,

143. DF.

Shell small, elongate turriform, narrowly rimate, smooth and glossy. Sides

very slightly convex, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 6, moderately convex,

gradually increasing, lst smooth, remainder covered with fairly close, curved,

vertical striae of rather irregular depth; suture subfiliform, well defined. Aper-

ture subovate, labrum erect and arcuate in profile, columella nearly straight,

margin triangularly reflexed, nearly obscuring the rima.

Long. 5:3, lat. 1-7; apert. alt. 2-0, lat. 0-8; last whorl 2-9 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Karkloof (type, McBean); Karkloof and Fort

Nottingham (Burnup); Bulwer (Warren) and Gordon Falls (Falcon,

fide Burnup).

Type lost; paratype, described above, in Natal Museum.

About the same size as crawfordi, but with rather shorter whorls

and crisper striolation.

Opeas faner Conn.

1919. Opeas fanet Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xii, p. 143. D.F.

Shell small, acuminate, rimate, smooth and glossy. Sides straight, apex

narrowly rounded. Whorls 8, nearly flat, gradually increasing, first 2 smooth,

remainder covered with close, faint, regular, curved vertical striolae; suture

becoming subfiliform about the 5th whorl. Aperture small, subovate, labrum

erect and arcuate in profile, columella straight, margin narrowly reflexed.

Long. 7:5, lat. 1-7; apert. alt. 2-0, lat. 0-6; last whorl 3-3 mm.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 355

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (type); Dargle (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Smoother and more attenuate than strigile, with flatter whorls;

the type is about a millimetre longer than the generality of specimens.

The Dargle shells differ slightly in contour from the type set, but are

not varietally separable.

Opeas vengoense Conn.

1922. Opeas vengoense Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 120. D.

HO... os polvbrans. i. Soc.:S: Atriea, xi, p. 185:

pei 26. NP.

Shell very small, elongate fusiform, imperforate, smooth and glossy. Sides

regular, apex narrowly rounded. Whaorls 53, flattish, regularly increasing, Ist

smooth, 2nd nearly so, remainder sculptured with fine, regular, somewhat oblique,

curved transverse striae, which are only visible under a lens; suture well defined.

Aperture elongate acuminate ovate, labrum slightly curved forward, columella

weak, concave, adnately thickened without truncation or marginal reflexion.

Long. 6-3, lat. 1-7; apert. alt. 1-8, lat. 0-7; last whorl 3-6 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mount Vengo, 5500 feet (Cressy).

CAPE PROVINCE. Majuba Nek, Herschel District (var.,

Hepburn).

Type in British Museum.

With rather stronger sculpture and longer, flatter whorls than any

of the foregoing members of its group, the shell is in reality a miniature

of O. cressyi, from the young of which it can be distinguished by its

smaller form and comparatively longer last whorl. The Herschel race

shows rather stronger and broader columellar reflexion, but does not

appear varietally separable.

Section Micropeas Conn., 1923

(A.M.N.H., xii, p. 655).

Type Opeas péringueyi Conn.

Very small imperforate shells, with rather slowly increasing whorls

and no columellar truncation; the whorls are much shorter than in

Cecilioides, which is similar in texture. The distribution extends to

Kenya and Camerun.

Opeas péringuey Conn.

1923. Opeas (Micropeas) péringueyi Conn., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 656,

pix ft 24. DS.

Shell very small, aciculate, imperforate, smooth and glossy. Spire produced,

summit, 3 whorls, sub-bulbous, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 7, moderately

306 Annals of the South African Museum.

convex, regularly and gradually increasing, first 3 smooth, with faintest symptoms

of close microspiral lines, remainder covered with very faint, close, curved vertical

striolae, only visible under the microscope; suture very narrowly margined, well

defined. Aperture subpiriform, peristome simple, labrum curved a little forward,

receding further to base, columella slightly concave, without marginal reflexion,

merging evenly into the basal lip without truncation.

Long. 6-6, lat. 1-9; apert. alt. 1-7, lat. 0-75; last whorl 3-3 mm.; a larger,

damaged example is 7-1 mm. in length.

Hab. ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

Type in South African Museum.

Sub-species lathon Conn.

1923. Opeas (Micropeas) péeringueyt, sub-sp. lathonConn., A.M.N.H.,

ip: oo, polysaac dt wo MOLE

Similar to above, but a little smaller in all its parts, comprising 6$ whorls and

measuring

Long. 5:3, lat. 1-4; apert. alt. 1-5, lat. 0-6; last whorl 2-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (type, J. Sanderson, 1861).

LORENZO MARQUES. Mt. Vengo (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

As proof of the ignorance that prevailed until recently regarding

South African Stenogyrinae, it is interesting to note that this minute,

slender form reposed on a tablet for over sixty years in the British

Museum stigmatised as ““Stenogyra turriformis Krs. (juv.),”’ the

wiseacre who determined it being apparently under the impression

that the apical whorls of a turriform shell increased in obesity together

with its normal increase in length.

Genus Pseudopeas Putz., 1899

(Ann. Soc. R. Mal. Belg., xxxiv; Bull. Sé., p. lviii).

Type Ps. pulchellum Putz.

(= Beccaria Bet., 1883, non Trinchese, 1870).

Small shells differing from Opeas in having spiral sculpture on the

apical whorls; eggs spherical. Rather an artificial genus, the three

South African species possibly belonging to three distinct genera;

Putzeys stated originally that the apical whorls were smooth, but

later examination revealed their microspiral sculpture.

Pseudopeas victoriae Conn.

1919. Pseudopeas victoriae Conn., Rec. Albany Mus., ii, pp. 217,

21 Benh a:

Shell small, subrimate, elongate, glossy, somewhat silky. Sides regular, apex

narrowly rounded. Whorls 6}, convex, gradually increasing, first 1} or 2 sculp-

oo ae aera

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 357

tured with deep microspiral grooves, from 10 to 12 on 2nd whorl, remainder with

close, curved, little raised vertical lirae; in fresher specimens the spiral striation

continues, intersecting the lirae, for a short distance into the 3rd whorl, when it

fades gradually away; suture well defined. Aperture piriform, labrum erect, a

little arcuate in profile, columella straight, margin reflexed, forming a small rima,

which does not appear, however, to be a constant feature.

Long. 7:0, lat. 2-25; apert. alt. 1-8, lat. 0-8; last whorl 3-75 mm.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

Four specimens from two different localities, the other three

measuring 5-5 x 2-0, 45x 1-8, and 3-51-75 mm. respectively; the

eggs are extremely small.

Pseudopeas burnupi (Conn.).

1919. Opeas burnupi Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xi, pp. 143,144. F.D.

Shell very small, acuminate turriform, narrowly rimate, moderately glossy and

silky. Sides regular, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 64, rather convex, gradu-

ally increasing, first 14 engraved with very fine and close, regular, shallow micro-

spiral grooves, remainder covered with close, prominent, regular, curved vertical

striae; suture moderately impressed. Aperture acuminate ovate, labrum erect

and moderately arcuate in profile, columella nearly straight, margin thickly and

very narrowly reflexed, forming a minute rima.

Long. 5-4, lat. 1-8; apert. alt. 1-5, lat. 1-0; last whorl 2-9 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Karkloof; Nottingham Road; Bulwer; Inhluzani;

Fort Nottingham (Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. The Gorge, Somerset Hast (type, Burnup);

Thomas River, Cathcart (Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

For some incomprehensible reason I overlooked the apical sculpture

when I first examined this little shell, but the microspiral grooves

are plainly evident and necessitate its transference to Pseudopeas;

the grooves are far closer and finer than in the preceding species.

Pseudopeas tenue Conn.

1923. Pseudopeas tenue Conn., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 642, pl. xix, f. 5.

DF.

Shell of moderate size, fusiform, rimate, smooth and glossy. Sides slightly

convex, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 6, flattish, last 2 increasing far more

rapidly than the earlier, first 2 covered with very faint and close, regular, micro-

spiral striolae, remainder with weak, regular, curved vertical striae, on which the

spiral sculpture is visible throughout; suture shallow. Aperture subovate, labrum

erect and well arcuate in profile, columella weak, rather concave, margin very

narrowly reflexed, forming a minute rima.

Long. 7-5, lat. 2-5; apert. alt. 2-0, lat. 0-9; last whorl 4:2 mm.

358 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. NATAL. Krantzkop (type, Burnup).

ZULULAND. LEshowe (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Placed in Pseudopeas on account of its very noticeably spiralled

apex, but its habit and form are those of a South African Curvella, and

its eggs, comparatively large and only two or three in number, suggest

affinity with that genus.

Genus Hypolysia M. & P., 1901

(A.M.N.H., viii, p. 318).

Type H. florentiae M. & P.

Differs from Opeas in having filiform sutures on the later whorls

and the last whorl evolute near the aperture, owing to strong forward

arcuation for a short distance below the suture.

Hypolysia florentiae M. & P.

Ref. List No. 423.

1901. Hypolysia florentiae M. & P., A.M.N.H., vii, p. 318, pl. u,

16 54, JO

Shell of moderate size, elongate turriform, narrowly rimate, smooth and glossy.

Sides straight, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 9, not very convex, gradually

increasing, first 2 smooth, 3rd sculptured with faint, nearly straight, vertical

striae, which become more curved on the 4th and then develop very strong forward

arcuation to a point shortly below the suture, from which they curve gradually

backward; early sutures simple, later strongly filiform and crenate. Aperture

subquadrate, narrowly rounded at base, labrum so strongly arched forward as to

appear evolute, following the curve of the sculpture, columella long, straight, erect,

margin narrowly and closely reflexed, nearly obscuring the narrow rima. The

type is immature; a full-sized topotype described above measures

Long. 11-2, lat. 3:1; apert. alt. 3-3, lat. 1-5; last whorl 5-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Durban (type, Burnup).

Widely distributed near the coast from Knysna and Keurbooms

River in the Cape Province through Natal into Zululand, and extend-

ing inland to Grahamstown.

TRANSVAAL. Rustenburg District (McBean).

Type in British Museum.

The fragile evolute lip is usually broken, but the curve of the

striation and filiform suture render this species easily distinguishable;

it is far more glossy than that which follows.

Hypolysia annipacis (Conn.).

1919. Opeas annipacis Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xii, pp. 143, 144.

FLD.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 359

Shell small, elongate turriform, umbilicate, rather dull. Sides regular, apex

rounded. Whorls 53, rather flat, first 14 smooth, remainder sculptured with

strong, regular, curved vertical costulae, which increase in subsutural arcuation,

though not quite to the same extent as in florentiae, and are crossed by very close,

fine, regular, microspiral lines; later sutures filiform, crenate. Aperture acuminate

ovate, labrum strongly arcuate for a short distance from the suture and slightly

inflexed before recurving to the base, columella nearly straight, margin moderately

reflexed over the narrow umbilicus.

Long. 5:7, lat. 1-8; apert. alt. 2-0, lat. 0-8; last whorl 3-3 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Verulam (Cawston).

Type in British Museum.

The filiform suture of the last 3 whorls proves this small species

to belong to Hypolysia; it differs from florentiae in smaller size, dull

texture, and stronger sculpture.

Genus Curvella Chaper, 1885

(Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., x, pp. 48, 49)

(=Hapalus Albers, 1850, non Billberg, 1820).

Type Curvella sulcata Chaper.

Shell acuminate ovate or subulate, spire comparatively short, apex

normally smooth, transverse striae more or less curved, microspiral

lineation, when existent, so weak as to be negligible, labrum arched

forward in profile, retracted at each extremity, columella not truncate;

central tooth of radula narrow, laterals tricuspid, eggs in most South

African species round and comparatively large.

Some South African forms have an unexplained partiality for living

in an ants’ nest, the type locality of majubana being one half-way up

the mountain, where I collected it breeding happily on two separate

occasions at nearly a year’s interval, while elevata flourishes in another

nest on Grahamstown Commonage.

The species under present notice can be divided into three rather

arbitrary groups according to strength of sculpture, while further

method of differentiating them is by form of apex, whether very fine

(croslyi, majubana, etc.) or rounded.

(i) Shell more or less strongly costulate or striate.

Curvella nyasana Smith.

1899. Curvella nyasana Smith, P.Z.S., p. 588, pl. xxxii, f. 44. D.F.

1906. Curvella nyasana Smith, Pilsb., Manual, xviu, pe 5G; pls ax,

OO. DF.

1925. Curvella nyasana Smith, Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xii,

p. 182. WN.

360 Annals of the South African Museum.

Shell of fair size, acuminate ovate, umbilicate, with silky sheen. Sides straight,

apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 63, little convex, regularly increasing, first 2

smooth, remainder bearing strong, close, curved, vertical costulae; suture well

defined. Aperture subquadrate, labrum erect and moderately arcuate in profile,

columella straight, erect, margin rather broadly reflexed over the umbilicus. The

type measures

Long. 12-2, lat. 6-3; apert. alt. 5-4, lat. 2-6; last whorl 8-7 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. District north of Macequece, 4500

feet; Mtisherra River Valley (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

Described from Mt. Chiradzulu and recorded from other localities

in Nyasaland; the various local races vary slightly in size and contour.

This is one of many rather large forms to be found in tropical Africa,

differing considerably from the smaller purely South African species.

var. smithi n.

1899. Curvella nyasana var., Smith, P.Z.8., p. 588. D.

1925. i disparilis Smith, Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

x, Pp. Uae MN (err dets)

More egg-shaped than type, the early whorls and spire comparatively shorter,

aperture longer and the sides very slightly convex. The shell described by Smith,

from Zomba Plateau, is an overgrown giant with 7 whorls, 18-5 x 8-0 mm., but the

average size of examples under present notice, with 5 moderately convex whorls, is

Long. 11-0, lat. 5-6; apert. alt. 5-4, lat. 2-8; last whorl 8-0 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mtisherra R. Valley; Dondo

District; Zangwe Basin (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

This is the form I attributed in 1925 to C. disparilis (Smith), but

on careful reconsideration I withdraw that opinion and refer it to the

unnamed variety of nyasana mentioned by Smith in 1899, which I

have pleasure in dedicating to him; the costulae are less crisp than

in disparilis and less recurved below the suture, but agree well with

the Zomba form.

Curvella caloglypta M. & P.

Ref. List No. 412.

1901. Curvella caloglypta M. & P., A.M.N.H., viii, p. 320, pl. ui,

fee DAE

Shell very small, acuminate ovate, subrimate, with silky sheen. Sides regular,

apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 5, moderately convex, first } minute, smooth,

remainder sculptured with strong, moderately close, regular, straight vertical

costae, which are half as distant again on the next as on the succeeding whorl and

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 361

then widen apart again, and such exceedingly fine, close, faint microspiral linea-

tion as to be practically negligible; suture subcrenulate. Aperture subquadrate,

labrum erect and moderately arcuate in profile, columella straight, erect, margin

very closely reflexed, almost obliterating the minute rima. The type measures

Long. 4:6, lat. 2-85; apert. alt. 2-4, lat. 1-3; last whorl 3-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Except for the extreme apex being smooth, the strong transverse

costulation, extending on to the lst whorl, would justify a special

section for this small species, which differs in this respect from any

other member of the genus known to me.

Curvella euglypta sp. n.

(RI vaitt: 5s}

Shell small, acuminate ovate, umbilicate, with silky sheen. Sides straight, apex

narrowly rounded. Whaorls 5, not very convex, first 12 smooth, but for faintest

suggestion of exceedingly weak, fine, close, regular, microspiral lines, remainder

bearing strong, regular, broad, vertical striae, close and straight at first and gradu-

ally becoming slightly curved and less close, while the microspiral lineation of the

apex continues weakly over the entire surface; suture well defined. Aperture

irregularly quadrate, labrum erect and moderately arcuate in profile, columella

straight, inclined slightly inwards, margin triangularly reflexed over the narrow

umbilicus.

Long. 7-2, lat. 3-9; apert. alt. 3-4, lat. 1-8; last whorl 4-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Van Reenen (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Somewhat resembling globosa in form, but with far stronger sculp-

ture, the new species is similar in the latter respect to the tropical

ovata Putz., a larger, more oviform shell with longer whorls.

(i) Striation weaker than in Group (i), but easily visible under a

weak lens.

Curvella croslyy Bup.

Ref. List No. 414.

1905. Curvella crosly: Bup., Proc. Mal. Soc., vi, p. 302, pl. xvi,

13-4. DF.

Shell comparatively large, subulate, subrimate, glossy, nearly smooth; sides

straight, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 7, nearly flat except the last 2,

regularly increasing, first 2 or 3 apparently smooth, remainder sculptured with

faint, fine, curved, vertical striolae, crossed by extremely fine, close microspiral

lines; suture well defined. Aperture quadrate, narrowly rounded at base, labrum

vertical and evenly arcuate in profile, columella straight, nearly vertical, thickened

upward, margin so narrowly and closely reflexed that there is little or no rimation.

Long. 12-0, lat. 5-2; apert. alt. 5-3, lat. 2-5; last whorl 7-8 mm.

362 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. ZULULAND. Makowe (Crosly).

Type in British Museum.

Immature shells are narrowly umbilicate; the eggs are spheroid,

about 1-3 mm. across.

Curvella majyubana Conn.

Ref. List No. 417.

1910. Curvella majubana Conn., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 270, pl. vi, 1. 13.

DF.

Shell small, conic ovate, narrowly umbilicate, glossy, nearly smooth. Sides

straight, apex very narrowly rounded. Whorls 6, slightly convex, first 2 smooth,

remainder sculptured with very fine, close, regular, curved vertical striae; suture

well defined. Aperture subovate, labrum erect and evenly arcuate in profile,

columella straight, margin narrowly reflexed, nearly concealing the umbilicus.

Long. 9-6, lat. 3-4; apert. alt. 3-5, lat. 1-6; last whorl 5-3 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Majuba (type, Connolly).

CAPE PROVINCE. Alicedale (Cruden).

Type in British Museum.

Far smaller than the preceding, and easily distinguished from other

local species by its very symmetrical form with acute apex.

Curvella straminea Bup.

Ref. List No. 421.

1905. Curvella straminea Bup., Proc. Mal. Soc., vi, p. 303, pl. xvi,

f.5-6. D.F.

Shell small, subulate, rimate, glossy, slightly silky. Sides straight, apex narrowly

rounded. Whorls 6, not very convex, first 3 smooth, remainder sculptured with

close, regular, vertical striolae, nearly straight at first and increasing in arcuation

on the last 2 whorls; suture well defined. Aperture suboval, labrum erect and

gently arcuate in profile, columella straight, erect, margin triangularly reflexed

over the rima.

Long. 6-7, lat. 2-9; apert. alt. 2-5, lat. 1-25; last whorl 4-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Walmer, Port Elizabeth (Miss Hickey).

Type in British Museum.

A graceful species, with slightly broader apex than the foregoing.

Curvella succinea Bnp.

Ref. List No. 422.

1905. Curvella succinea Bnp., Proc. Mal. Soc., vi, p. 303, pl. xvi,

ligefesch JOR

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 363

Differs from straminea in narrower rimation, smoother and more glossy surface,

flatter whorls and finer apex; 5% flattish whorls, sculptured all over with negligibly

faint microspiral lineation and, on the later, very fine and faint, close, curved,

regular, vertical striolae; suture well defined. Aperture subquadrate, labrum

erect and little arcuate in profile, columella straight, erect, margin very narrowly

and closely reflexed, almost concealing the minute rima.

Long. 6-2, lat. 2-5; apert. alt. 2-5, lat. 1-2; last whorl 3-9 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Maestrém Forest, Bedford (Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

Curvella sinuosa M. & P.

Ref. List No. 420.

1899. Curvella sinuosa M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 198, pl. i, f. 12.

UDR.

Shell small, subulate, rimate, glossy, slightly silky. Sides very slightly convex,

apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 6, rather rapidily increasing, nearly flat except

4th and 5th, the last deeply grooved for a distance of 2 mm. backward from the lip,

0-75 mm. below and parallel to the suture; first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured

with close, fine, regular, arcuate vertical striae; suture somewhat impressed.

Aperture subpiriform, labrum well arcuate, incurved over the aperture at end of

groove and receding thence somewhat to base, columella straight, margin extremely

narrowly reflexed over the smallrima. The type measures

Long. 5-5, lat. 2-8; apert. alt. 2-4, lat. 1-1; last whorl 4:25 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Umkomaas (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

I have no knowledge whether more than a single specimen was

collected, but the groove and consequent labral sinuation suggest

deformity; the shell differs from the last 4 in its flatter, more

rapidly increasing whorls.

(111) Smooth shells with sculpture hardly visible to the naked eye.

It may be convenient to deal with this group in order of obesity,

beginning with the broadest.

Curvella globosa (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 416.

1898. Hapalus globosus M. & P., A.M.N.H., ui, p. 128, pl. vii, f. 6.

DF.

Shell small, acuminate ovate, subrimate, smooth and glossy. Sides regular,

apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 5, convex, rapidly increasing, first 2 smooth,

remainder bearing very weak, close, moderately curved vertical striolae; suture

well defined. Aperture subquadrate, labrum erect and little arcuate in profile,

columella straight, erect, margin closely reflexed, practically obliterating the rima.

The type measures

Long. 6-0, lat. 3-2; apert. alt. 3-2, lat. 1-6; last whorl 4:7 mm.

364 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. NATAL. Stella Bush, Durban (type, Burnup); Sinkwazi

Beach (Puzey).

CAPE PROVINCE. York Drakensberg, Griqualand East

(Farquhar).

ZULULAND. KEshowe bush (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Kasily recognisable by its obese contour and smooth glossy surface.

Curvella catarractae (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 413.

1897. Hapalus catarractae M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 635, pl. xvii,

Hee OT i

Shell very small, acuminate ovate, narrowly rimate, smooth and glossy. Sides

regular, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 54, convex, sculptured with negligible

microspiral lineation and, on later whorls, extremely weak growth striolae; suture

well defined. Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, labrum erect and little arcuate

in profile, columella straight, erect, margin narrowly and closely reflexed, almost

obscuring the narrow rima. The type measures

Long. 5-2, lat. 2-9; apert. alt. 2:25, lat. 1-1; last whorl 3-4 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Howick (type); Equeefa; Inchanga; Botanical

Gardens, Pietermaritzburg; Alexandra Park (Burnup); Durban

(Penther); Winkel Spruit (Akerman).

CAPE PROVINCE. Pirie River (Godfrey).

Type in British Museum.

Curvella elevata Bnp.

Ref. List No. 415.

1905. Curvella elevata Bup., Proc. Mal. Soc., vi, p. 304, pl. xvi,

fe LO= Ie Oak:

Shell small, subulate, rimate, smooth and glossy. Sides typically straight, apex

rounded. Whorls 64, rather flat, the later sculptured with very faint, curved,

erect striolae and traces of negligible microspiral lineation; suture rather shallow.

Aperture short, suboval, labrum erect and not much arcuate in profile, columella

straight, inclined slightly inwards, margin triangularly reflexed over the rima.

The type is not full grown; my largest typical example from Grahamstown,

ex Farquhar, measures

Long. 7-9, lat. 3-6; apert. alt. 2-8, lat. 1-5; last whorl 4-7 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown (Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

The produced spire with straight sides, comparatively blunt apex,

and short aperture distinguish this species from others of its size.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 365

Curvella farquhari Conn.

1919. Curvella farquhari Conn., Rec. Albany Mus., iii, pp. 217, 219.

F.D.

Shell small, conical, umbilicate, smooth and glossy. Sides regular, apex

narrowly rounded. Whorls 43, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, first 2 smooth,

remainder sculptured with very faint, fine, close, slightly curved vertical striolae;

suture shallow. Aperture nearly oval, labrum erect and slightly arcuate in profile,

columella slightly concave, margin triangularly reflexed over the umbilicus.

Long. 5-6, lat. 3-2; apert. alt. 3-0, lat. 1-6; last whorl 3-9 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Mountain Drive, Grahamstown

(Farquhar; Kincaid).

Type in Albany Museum, Grahamstown.

The last whorl is much less globose than in globosa, while the pointed

apex distinguishes this species from elevata and absence of spiral

sculpture from succinea.

Curvella saundersae Conn.

Ref. List No. 419.

1910. Curvella saundersae Conn., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 270, pl. vi,

ple DE!

Shell small, conic ovate, rimate, smooth and glossy. Sides straight, apex

rounded. Whorls 54, slightly convex, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with

very weak, close, curved vertical striolae, cut by exceedingly fine, close, regular,

microspiral lines, only discernible under high magnification; suture well defined.

Aperture subovate, labrum erect and slightly arcuate in profile, columella straight,

margin narrowly reflexed.

Long. 7-6, lat. 3-4; apert. alt. 3-2, lat. 1-5; last whorl 4-9 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. KHshowe (type, Lady Saunders); Mfongosi

(Jones).

Type in British Museum.

More slender than foregoing members of its group, and nearest

majubana, from which it differs in its blunter apex and fainter

striation.

Curvella modesta Conn.

Ref. List No. 418.

1910. Curvella modesta Conn., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 271, pl. vi, f. 15.

DF.

Shell small, subulate, rimate, smooth and glossy. Sides straight, apex narrowly

rounded. Whorls 54, rather convex, first 1$ smooth, remainder sculptured with

fine, regular, curved vertical striolae, hardly visible without a lens; suture well

defined. Aperture subovate, labrum erect and slightly arcuate in profile, columella

slightly concave, margin narrowly reflexed. The type measures

Long. 6:8, lat. 2:8; apert. alt. 2-5, lat. 1-2; last whorl 4:0 mm.

366 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Dassie Krantz, Grahamstown (type);

Cradock Commonage (Farquhar); Table Hill (ex coll. Ponsonby).

Type in British Museum.

The narrowest member of the sculptureless group, very like maju-

bana but with weaker striation.

Sub-species compsotera Conn.

1923. Curvella modesta, sub-spec. compsotera Conn., A.M.N.H., xii,

p. 641. JD.

Very slightly more slender and graceful than the typical form, with 6 flattish

whorls, transverse striolation as in type, and signs of extremely fine and faint

microspiral lineation.

Long. 6-5, lat. 2:3; apert. alt. 2-0, lat. 1-1; last whorl 3-7 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Osborn (type, Pocock).

CAPE PROVINCE. Cathcart (in British Museum ex coll. Wotton).

Type in British Museum.

Genus Xerocerastus Kob. & Mlldfi., 1902

(= Hburnea Mouss., 1887, non Fleming, 1828).

At the moment when this work was on the point of publication in

September 1937, there came to hand a large amount of anatomical

material relating to many species and races of this genus, of so great

importance as to entail its thorough revision, at a length which is out of

all proportion to the space allotted to other groups in the body of the

work.

It was therefore decided that treatment of the entire group of

Xerocerastus should be incorporated in a supplement, to appear

soon after the present publication, and further mention of it is

omitted from this page.

Subfamily CoBLIAXxINaE Pilsb., 1904.

Shell long and narrow, perforate; whorls numerous, with internal

lamellae; aperture relatively small.

Genus Coeliaxis Ad. & Ang., 1865.

Monotype C. layardi Ad. & Ang. (blandi Pfr.)

(= Bathyaxis Ancey, 1887 and Sphalerostoma Girard, 1892).

Shell characters as in monotype; radula with narrow central tooth,

laterals and marginals without inner cusps; animal ovoviviparous.

a a ee

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 367

Coeliaxis blandi (Pfr.).

Ref. List No. 454 (as layardt).

1852. Bulimus bland: Pfr., P.Z.8., p. 85. D.

1854. - 53 7, wonch. \Cab., ps 15, pl avi. t 85-16.

DF.

1865. Subulina (Coeliazxis) layardi, Ad. & Ang., P.Z.S., p. 54, pl. ii,

rete) ODF.

1929. Coeliaxis bland: Pir. (=layardi Ad. & Ang.), Conn., Ann.

Natal Mus., vi, p. 237. WN.

1931. Coeliaxis layardi Ad. & Ang., Thiele, Handb. Syst. Weicht.-k.,

paone. Dd.

Shell rather large, elongate turriform, umbilicate, thin, asperate, transparent,

stramineous olivaceous. Spire much produced, narrowing considerably upward

from the 14th to 6th whorl, apex rounded. Whorls 20, nearly flat, slowly in-

creasing, first 11 nearly equal in breadth, remainder increasing less slowly, rounded

at periphery of mature shells, but angulate, owing to the base being nearly flat,

until maturity; Ist whorl practically smooth, remainder covered all over with

strong, close, regular, straight, slightly oblique transverse costae, weaker on the

flattened base of young shells; suture simple, well defined. Aperture short, sub-

quadrate, rounded at base, with a tendency to slight thickening when complete,

labrum straight and receding somewhat in profile, columella short, erect, margin

thickly reflexed, axis hollow, with an inrunning lamella nearly half way up the

columella, usually beginning just too far inside the shell to be visible from the

aperture, and becoming stronger about the antepenultimate whorl, where there

originates a strong inrunning fold on the upper, and another, overlapping it, on

the lower wall, none of these, however, persisting within the narrow upper

whorls; umbilicus narrow, callus, when present, rather thin.

Long. 30-6, lat. 7-0; apert. alt. 4:8, lat. 2-7; last whorl 7-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE (layardi, fide Adams and Angas); Thar-

field (Layard); Kowie (Bowker); Port Alfred; East London

(Farquhar); Port Elizabeth (Crawford); Kasouga (Hewitt); Mossel

Bay; Kwelegha Mouth (Power).

TRANSVAAL. The record given in my Reference List can be

expunged.

Type of blandi and paratypes of layardi in British Museum.

C. blandi was described from a shell in the Cuming collection pur-

porting to hail from “ Baranguilla, in the Colombian Andes,” but the

type is simply a rather immature example of the well-known Cape

species, and the Cuming locality obviously incorrect; one of two

paratypes of layardi in the British Museum bears a prominent square

denticle near the right extremity of the paries, but this is probably an

accidental feature.

The base of immature shells is nearly flat, the periphery at that

point, therefore, strongly angulate and the basal margin a straight

368 Annals of the South African Museum.

line, sloping a little downward to the left, while the sculpture is far

weaker than on the rounded base of full-grown shells.

Sub-species kincaidi Conn.

1923. Coeliaais layards Ad. & Ang., sub-sp. kincaidi Conn.,

AMONG, ci, 651; eplerxixe a 20.0 ee

Differs from type in its more slender form, shorter whorls, and continuous

peristome. The callus is opaque white, straight, and so thick that it is continuous;

the shell contains 224 whorls and measures 30:5 x 6-5 mm.; another contains 214

whorls in a length of 28-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. East London (Kincaid).

Type in British Museum.

Famity FERUSSACIIDAE.

Shell small, subulate or narrowly ovate, imperforate, usually smooth

and glossy; whorls laterally flattened, columella often folded or

truncate. Foot with well marked fringe; mantle with a large gland

above the respiratory opening; kidney extending up the back of the

lung and then forward to some extent beside the rectum; jaw as in the

Bulimulidae; radula as in the Subulininae.

Genus Cecilioides Fér., 1807

(Essai d’un Méth. Conch., p. 77).

Type Buccinum acicula Mill.

(=Caecilioides auctt., Caecilonella Bet., 1856, etc.).

Shell minute, acicular, imperforate, smooth, glossy, transparent,

palest olivaceous, with obtuse apex and few oblique whorls, columella

typically truncate; animal white, eyeless, genital organs simple, penis

club-shaped, without appendix.

Ceciliordes acicula (Miill.).

(CEB Nannie i. 12.)

Ref. List No. 408.

1774. Buccinum acicula Mill., Verm., 11, p. 150. D.

1916. Caecilioides acicula Miill., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xiii,

me 188i aN: : :

1928. Cecihoides acicula Mill., Wats., J. of C., xviii, p. 217, pl. v,

fiat VD Aagk.

1929. Caecilioides acicula Miill., Wachtler, Arch. f. Moll.-k, 1x,

p. 1. Ecology.

1929. Caecilioides acicula Miill., Wachtler, Zeitschr. Morph. u.

Oekol. Tiere, xii, p. 359. D.F.A.R.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 369

1929. Ceciliordes acocula Mill., Watson, J. of C. xviii, p. 305. A.R.

1930. Cecilioides acicula Mill., Conn., Ann. §.A. Mus., xxix,

peor. DL.

(1 omit the extensive synonymy and other recent references to

this species.)

Shell minute, acicular, imperforate, smooth and glossy, vitreous. Sides straight,

apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 6, nearly flat, increasing regularly in length but

little in breadth, practically smooth, the transverse striolation so faint as to be

almost non-existent and microspiral lineation only just traceable in freshest speci-

mens under strong magnification; suture oblique, very shallow, narrowly margined

below. Aperture elongate pyriform, labrum vertical and very slightly curved in

profile, columella erect, very slightly concave, narrowly arcuately truncate at

base, callus continuous, transparent. The shell described, from Kimberley, measures

Long. 5:7, lat. 1-7; apert. alt. 1-7, lat. 0-7; last whorl 3-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Cradock (in coll. Bryant Walker);

Prieska (Gibbons; Gould).

CAPE PENINSULA. Wynberg (Connolly).

TRANSVAAL. Pietpotgietersrust (Connolly).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Bloemfontein (Connolly).

DAMARALAND. Outjo; Namutoni; Cauas Okawa (Barnard).

KAOKOVELD. Ombombo; Kaoko Otavi (Barnard).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Kimberley (Swan).

OVAMBOLAND. Ukualuthi (Barnard).

Paratype in Copenhagen Museum.

Jaw crossed by numerous folds which denticulate the edges; central

tooth of radula small and narrow with a short mesocone flanked by

2 minute ectocones, laterals larger, tricuspid, marginals rather broad,

bearing 6-7 minute denticles, formula about (10+5+1+5+10) x81.

Higher authorities than myself have kindly examined specimens

from most of the above mentioned localities and agree that they are

not separable, on conchological grounds, from the common Huropean

species, which, if once introduced into South Africa, owing to its

minute size and light weight might easily become widely distributed

by means of the dust storms which add so greatly to the pleasure of

existence in that delectable climate.

Cecilioides advena (Ancey).

Ref. List Nos. 409 and 411.

1888. Coecilionella advena Ancey, Le Naturaliste, x, p. 215. D.

1892. Cronella ovampoensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 91, pl. vi,

1, ol Lea OAT ae

WO. XXXII. 24

370 Annals of the South African Museum.

1925. Caeciliordes ovampoensis M. & P., Conn., Trans. R. Soe. S.

Atrica, xj'p. 186.) =v).

1930. Cecilioides advena Ancey (=ovampoensis M. & P.), Conn.,

Anne S-A5 Mus: xxix, 29725 Ne

The type of ovampoensis is similar in all respects to the South African form

which I refer to acicula, except that its columella is distinctly concave and basal

truncation accordingly more pronounced, but this feature varies in shells of

acicula from other localities and cannot be regarded as of specific value; in the

other shell of the type pair of ovampoensis there is a spiral fold on the upper part

of the columella, which Ancey emphasizes in his description of advena, but Watson

(1928) mentions as a frequent feature in young shells of acicula, usually disappear-

ing when the snail is half grown, though it occasionally persists to a later stage.

Ancey’s type is said to have a little more than 5 whorls and to measure

Long. 4:5, lat. 1:25; apert. alt. 1-5, lat. 0-6 mm.

Hab. OVAMBOLAND (ovampoensis in coll. Layard); Disappoint-

ment Vlei (advena, Andersson & Chapman).

LORENZO MARQUES. Matolla (ovampoensis, Penther, fide

Sturany).

Type of advena ubi?, ovampoensis in British Museum.

I would have no hesitation in uniting this species, which was

founded by both Ancey and M. & P. on examples collected by Anders-

son and Chapman in the same locality, with acicula, were it not for

the possibility that my identification of the latter may prove, on

further acquaintance, to be incorrect, in which case Ancey’s specific

name will probably be applicable to the South African forms; the

many occurrences of acicula recorded above from South-West Africa

add to the probability of the two being conspecific.

Cecilioides gokweanus (O. Bttg.).

(Pl. vin, f. 14-17.)

Ref. List No. 410.

1870. Cionella gokweana Bttg., Ber. Offenbach. Ver. f. Naturk., xi,

De Ale iplk ty hee ee Aen

Easily distinguishable by the shortness and squarely rounded base of the aperture

in more or less adult shells. My largest specimen from Pienaars Poort has 4

flattish whorls with no transverse, but very fine, close microspiral sculpture on the

later whorls; suture not margined. Aperture short, labrum scarcely arched

forward, but receding considerably half-way down, columella long, erect, nearly

straight, merging into basal margin with practically no trace of truncation.

Long. 3:5, lat. 1:2; apert. alt. 1-1, lat. 0-7; last whorl 2:25 mm.

Hab. BECHUANALAND. Gokwe River (type, Hubner).

TRANSVAAL. Pienaars Poort (Connolly).

Type in Senckenberg Museum.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 371

C. tribulationis Preston * from Naivasha is probably identical with

this species, to which small individuals in my collection from the

Victoria Falls and more northern localities appear referable, but are

too immature for exact identification.

Cecilioides pergracilis sp. n.

(Pl. viii, f. 13.)

Shell very small, acicular, imperforate, smooth and glossy, milky olivaceous.

Spire unusually narrow, sides regular, apex domed. Whorls 6, nearly flat, Ist

minute, 2nd and 3rd nearly equal, last 3 rapidly increasing in length, sculpture so

faint as to be practically negligible, though most exceedingly close, fine, regular,

microspiral lineation is just perceptible, especially inside the shell, under high

magnification; suture oblique, shallow. Aperture narrow acuminate piriform,

labrum vertical and evenly curved forward in profile, base rounded, columella

short, erect, clearly truncate near base of shell, and extending across the paries

in a distinct callus.

Long. 4-4, lat. 1-3; apert. alt. 1-3, lat. 0-5; last whorl 2-3 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Mfongosi (type, Jones).

NATAL. Isipingo (Alexander).

Also collected by H. J. Snell in Zanzibar.

Type in British Museum.

I cannot reconcile this with any other African species, though

most are so poorly figured and described that it is no easy task to

identify them; the more slender contour and oblique sutures of the

last 3 whorls make it easily recognizable. It may be near the Indian

balanus Rve., which appears, however, to have less sloping sutures.

Famity CLAUSILIIDAE Stoliczka, 1871

(J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xl, p. 173).

As in the case of Succineidae, the sponsorship of this family name

antedates so greatly that given in my Reference List that I think it

worth publishing above.

Shells usually sinistral, of no great size, elongate, narrow, fusiform,

with many whorls and small aperture, containing various internal

folds and usually a clausilium, or peculiar elongate plate formed

within the last whorls of the shell for the purpose of closing the

aperture, attached to the columella by an elastic spirally twisted

pedicle, unlike the operculum in the Streptoneura, which is attached

to the animal.

* Rev. Zool. Afr., i, 1911, p. 220.

372 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus Austrobalea Pilsb., 1924

(Nautilus, xxxviii, p. 6).

Type Balea africana M. & P.

Interior fold very weak; clausilium absent.

Austrobalea africana (M. & P.).

GEE scat.)

Ref. List No. 364.

1899. Balea africana M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 198, pl. iu, f. 10.

DF.

1924. Balea africana M. & P., Pilsb., Nautilus, xxxvii, p.6. WN.

Shell of moderate size, sinistral, narrow fusiform, rimate, silky, dark corneous

brown with patches of short white lines on the striae at entirely irregular intervals.

Spire produced, sides convex, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 7, nearly flat,

regularly increasing, first 2 smoothly malleate, remainder sculptured with strong,

close, regular, slightly undulating vertical costulae; suture simple, shallow.

Aperture subrhombic, rounded at base, peristome white, slightly expanded, labrum

straight and erect in profile, columella erect, margin white, reflexed, with a weak,

blunt, entering fold, arising well within the aperture, running upwards and inwards

from the centre of the columella. A Karkloof example measures

Long. 7-8, lat. 2-5; last whorl 3-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Van Reenen (type, Quekett); Karkloof (Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. Bedford (Farquhar); Pirie Forest (Godfrey).

Type in British Museum.

Famity VALLONHUDAR.

Minute orthurethrous snails with perforate shells of few whorls,

usually without internal laminae. Animal oviparous or viviparous,

with long penial appendage, retractor muscle usually bifurcate,

prostate gland short and posterior, terminal male organs often

wanting. Jaw thin with flat vertical plates, central tooth more or

less tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, marginals pectinate.

Genus Vallonia Risso, 1826

(Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid., iv, p. 101).

Type V. rosalia Risso (pulchella Miill.).

Shell extremely small, umbilicate, depressed globose, practically

colourless, with rounded periphery and reflexed or expanded peristome.

oe ee ee en eee

’

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 373

Vallonia pulchella (Miill.).

Ref. List No. 298 (as excentrica Sterki).

1774. Helix pulchella Mill., Verm., ii, p. 30. D.

eSa08 "3 re oy as, ee NE NED Vv eee. te

ESTO “;, A 2 Gibb, Jot Oa, pe 28275. 2:

1920. Vallonia pulchella Miill., Watson, Proc. Mal. Soc., xiv

pp: 6 et seqg., text-figs. 3b, 4d, 5c, 6d, e, f, k; pl. ii, f.6. D.F.A.R.

1926. Vallonia pulchella Mill., K. & W., Syn. Brit. Moll., p. 136.

Synonymy.

1935. Vallona pulchella Mill., Gardner, Q. J. Geol. Soc. xci, p. 484,

peewee 20-21. NP.

Shell very small, depressed globose, umbilicate, thin, smooth, transparent;

colourless or milky white. Spire little exserted, apex bluntly rounded. Whorls

34, rounded at periphery, regularly increasing, first 1? practically smooth, remainder

covered with close, rather coarse, curved, slightly oblique striae; suture simple,

well defined. Aperture circular, peristome nearly free, abruptly reflexed, white

and glossy, labrum receding gradually in profile, columella weak, concave, margin

quite clear of umbilicus, which is wide, deep, and situated in the exact centre of

the base.

Diam. maj. 2:5, min. 1-9; alt. 0-6 mm. i

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. High Constantia (Benson); Wynberg

(Lightfoot); Cape Town (Gibbons; Layard).

CAPE PROVINCE. Somerset East (Miss Bowker); Grahamstown

(Farquhar); Port Elizabeth (Crawford); King Williamstown (Miss

Ross). t

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup).

TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (McBean).

Central tooth of radula small with a minute cusp on each side of the

short mesocone, 3 laterals with large mesocone and single ectocone,

next with 2 ectocones, following 8 with an increasing number of small

cusps, outer marginals rudimentary; formula (9+4+1+4+9) x70.

A widely diffused species, doubtless introduced from Europe.

When my Reference List was in preparation examples of this

species from several South African localities were submitted to one

who was then considered the leading English authority on the genus,

and he identified them all as excentrica. Recent examination has

convinced Tomlin, Watson, and myself that all are pulchella, which

must therefore replace Sterki’s species in the local list.

374 Annals of the South African Museum.

Famity PUPILLIDAE.

Small, usually elongate, corneous brown shells, with aperture

edentulate or exhibiting an uncertain number of tooth-like processes

which serve to a great extent in differentiating the genera and species.

Pilsbry * gives a comprehensive diagram showing the full arrange-

ment and nomenclature of 18 such processes, but for present purpose

it is sufficient to explain that he terms all those on the paries and

columella lamellae and all on base and labrum folds or plicae, and that

there are 6 main processes: angular lamella at angle of paries and

labrum, parietal lamella about centre of paries, and columellar

lamella about half-way up columella; upper palatal plica about

bottom of sinulus, lower palatal plica beneath it, and basal plica

about centre of base.

The following arrangement is based on that of Pilsbry’s Manual,

1935.

Subfamily GaAsTROCOPTINAE.

Animal oviparous, without penial accessory organs and with two

pairs of tentacles; jaw asin Pupillinae. Shell with or without dental

processes in the neanic stage, typically with angular, parietal and

columellar lamellae and 2 or more palatal plicae.

Genus Gastrocopta Woll., 1878

(Test. Atlant., p. 515).

Type Pupa acarus Bs.

(= Bifidaria Sterki, 1891).

Shell perforate, cylindrical or conic ovate, angular and parietal

lamellae converging or becoming completely concrescent, columellar

lamella present, and usually also palatal folds. Foot short, tentacles

rather short but distinct, sole not divided longitudinally.

Sub-genus Gastrocopta s.s.

Gastrocopta damarica (Ancey).

Ref. List No. 344.

1888. Pupa damarica Ancey, Le Naturaliste, x, p. 200. D.

1892. ,, ovampoensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 91) ie

fale elie

1901. Pupa ridibunda M. & P., A.M.N.H., vii, p. 320, pl. un,

ees Waal Bas cP

* Manual, xxiv, p. vii.

. a_i as

Ee a =

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 375

1894. Pupa microbus Morel., Dautz., Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., xix,

people, f.5, DS.

1917. Gastrocopta damarica Ancey, Pilsb., Manual, xxiv, pp. 125,

pl. xxii, f. 14-16. DF.

1918. Gastrocopta damarica Ancey, Pilsb., ibid., p. 359, pl. xlvi,

fe ey NE

1925. Gastrocopta damarica Ancey (=microbus Morel.), Conn.,

Pee El. xv, p. 467. N.

1930. Gastrocopta damarica Ancey, Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix,

pega dL:

Shell very small, nearly cylindrical, rimate, thin, silky, transparent, pale corneous

brown. Spire produced, apex mamillate. Whorls 5, very convex, gradually

increasing, first 24 practically smooth, remainder sculptured with faint, straight,

slightly oblique transverse microscopic striolae; suture simple, impressed. Aper-

ture quadrate, rounded at base, peristome slightly expanded, labrum straight and

scarcely recurved, columella erect, callus thin but continuous; dentition 5-fold;

a strong, shortly inrunning angular lamella; a small inset sinular denticle; a

stronger, equally inset, lower palatal fold; a small basal denticle and a stronger

horizontal one half-way up the columella, the last 4 processes all situate well

within the aperture. The shell described, from Pienaar’s Poort, measures

Long. 2:25, lat. 0:95; apert. alt. 0-75; last whorl 1-25 mm.

Hab. OVAMBOLAND (ovampoensis, in coll. Layard); Disappoint

ment Vlei (damarica, Andersson & Chapman). |

GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Diab R. (Edlinger); Aiais (Hesse &

Thorne).

DAMARALAND. Outjo; Narebis; Nuragas; Usakos (Barnard);

Upper Epukiro (Edlinger).

KAOKOVELD: Kaoko Otavi (Barnard).

S. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Soper).

TRANSVAAL. Rustenberg (McBean); Potchefstroom (Miss

Livingston); Pretoria; Heidelberg; Buiskop; Pietersburg; Pruizen

(Connolly).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Bloemfontein (Connolly); Thaba

Nchu (fide Falcon).

CAPE PROVINCE. Prieska (Gibbons); Cradock (ridibunda);

Port Elizabeth (Farquhar). :

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

Type of damarica ubi (?); ovampoensis and ridibunda in British

Museum.

The sculpture varies greatly in strength, the striae in some examples

rising at fairly regular intervals into rather distant costulae, while

the lower palatal lamella is sometimes a mere tubercle and sometimes

a short inrunning fold. The angular lamella is usually bilobed, with

a distinct depression between its two ends.

376 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gastrocopta thomasseti Pilsb.

1929. Gastrocopta thomasseti Pilsb., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 301,

Pole ele Once EET:

1931. Gastrocopta thomasseti Pilsb., Manual, xxvii, p. 71, pl. xiv,

f. 5-6. D.F.

Very similar to the more highly sculptured form of damariéa, but normally with

only 3-fold dentition, a more or less bilobed angular, and a rather strong, sub-

horizontal columellar lamella, and a moderately elongate lower palatal fold; a

very few of the specimens examined showed a very small upper palatal, but none

any trace of a basal fold. The shell consists of 5 whorls and measures from 2-15 to

2-25 mm. in length.

Hab. NATAL. Block Island, Weenen (Thomasset).

Type in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

Gastrocopta duplicata (Prest.).

(PTs xo uh os)

1911. Fauculus duplicatus Prest., A.M.N.H., vu, p. 470, pl. x1,

Iie se ge DIE

1917. Gastrocopta duplicata Prest., Pilsb., Manual, xxiv, p. 127,

plist ie 3.) Oar.

Shell sinistral, very small, acuminate ovate, rimate, smooth, moderately glossy,

bright corneous brown. Spire produced, sides convex, apex narrowly rounded.

Whorls 5, convex, gradually increasing, first 2 smooth, remainder covered with

weak, oblique, microscopic growth wrinkles and striolae; suture well defined.

Aperture roundly quadrate, peristome white, reflexed, dentition 5-fold; a long

angular lamella running obliquely inwards and divided into two by a low col not

far from its start, so that it appears like 2 distinct white plaits in the same

straight line, one inset beneath the other, and 3 small white tubercles, all some-

what inset, half-way down the labrum, about centre of base and half-way up the

columella respectively; columella erect, concave, margin triangularly reflexed.

Alt. 3°8, lat. 1:5; last whorl 2:2 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Leeuwfontein, 25 miles north of Pietersburg

(Ziervogel); between Pietersburg and Piet Potgietersrust (subfossil,

Geol. Survey of 8. Africa).

Type in Tervueren Museum.

It is remarkable to find this species, only known, I think, from its

original locality in Kenya Colony, occurring so far south, but the

Transvaal shells, one of which is here described and figured, agree

perfectly with those from Kenya. Except for the duplex parietal

process, they are exact facsimiles of the likewise sinistral Pupzilla

tetrodus (Bttg.) and it is almost inconceivable that the two should

belong to different genera.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 377

Genus Fauzulus Schaufuss, 1869

(Paetel’s Catalogue, p. 15)

(=Faula H. & A. Adams, 1855, non Blandford, 1850).

Type Pupa capensis Kiist.

Shell usually sinistral, rimate or perforate, cylindriform with conic

summit, or acutely ovate, of many whorls; aperture normally with

at least 5 teeth, 2 on paries, 1 on columella and 2 on labrum, and

often others. Animal with 2 pairs of tentacles.

Sub-genus Fauculus s.s.

Only the angular lamella emerges to the lip edge, other teeth dis-

tinctly deeper; contour cylindriform or ovate; shell sinistral.

Faucxulus capensis (Kiist.).

(ESS cites ie, 1)

Ref. List No. 357.

1841. Pupa capensis Kurr, Kiist., Conch. Cab., p. 10, pl. i, f. 19-

DO Det;

1917. Fauzulus capensis Kist., Pilsb., Manual, xxiv, p. 236, pl.

poxcmixe (908); £. 1-4, 6,9. DF.

Shell sinistral, of medium size, rimate, acuminate ovate to cylindrical, according

to length, smooth, calcareous, bluish white (rarely buff) with occasional small

black dots and more rarely a thread-like black sutural line, which extends across

the paries and around the periphery, or a broader yellow infrasutural girdle.

Spire produced, sides from convex to straight and parallel, summit, 6-7 whorls,

conical. Whorls 9-11, nearly flat, gradually increasing, later nearly equal, the

lst showing a few microscopic puckers, remainder bearing close, slightly irregular,

slightly curved and oblique striae, usually crossed on the later whorls by a few

distant spiral grooves; suture simple, shallow. Aperture quadrate, rounded at

base, more or less fulvous within, peristome slightly expanded, dentition normally

5-fold; an inset parietal lamella; an angular lamella entering from the level of the

labrum, with which it does not quite connect; a tooth nearly half-way down the

labrum and another on left of base, and a horizontal lamella about half-way up the

columella; there is occasionally a small additional denticle on right of base. The

type measured about 7-9 x 3-4 mm., with from 9 to 10 whorls; a few specimens

from the Cape Peninsula taken at random to show the range of variation measure

respectively

Long. 6-0, lat. 3-0; last whorl 3-0 mm., 8 whorls

Gel 2 ore SD SEO ae Ome ye

EMPLEO As) 7 eich 98 WO ss SO ss

SHS Belo 3 Ore vse Ok iy

iat LOPS” ‘yy, none 5 aOi ins LOW ea

378 Annals of the South African Museum.

On approaching Bredasdorp, however, although in most localities

normal, /. capensis exhibits considerable departure, both in size and

contour, from the foregoing dimensions and proportions: some

cylindriform shells are longer, and some shorter ones more obese, a

matter of deep importance when considering the proper treatment of

this section, in view of the attempt on next page to restore F. ovularis

Kiist. to full specific rank. Two of three examples from Salt River

are remarkable for the complete absence of columellar lamella and

extreme weakness of the upper palatal plica, while they are unusually

ventricose, measuring

Long. 7-4, lat. 4-0; last whorl 3-3 mm., 9$ whorls, and

32 6:3 bye) a7 99 32 99 9 39

the third shell, however, is normal. Three examples from Elim Road

measure respectively 7-9 x 3-1, 7-0 x 3-0, and 7:0x 3-5 mm., and four

from the dunes between Onrust and Hermanus are dimensionate

Long. 9-8, lat. 4:0; last whorl 5-3 mm.

Pe ale eet) >» eetl oo):

9) 3:0 99 4-3 39 4-7 9?

99 T4 99 3°8 9 3°8 bP)

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Zoetendals Valley and Potteberg,

Swellendam District (Krauss); Port Elizabeth (Crawford); Gordon’s

Bay (Connolly); St. Helena Bay; recent and fossil at Saldanha Bay

(Lightfoot); dunes between Onrust and Hermanus; Elim Road, 5

miles S.W. of Bredasdorp; gorge of Salt R., Windhoek, Bredasdorp

District (Rennie); Humansdorp (Rogers); Jeffreys Bay (Cruden);

Knysna (Smith); Mossel Bay (Power).

BECHUANALAND. Kuruman (Moffatt, fide Layard).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Kimberley (Swan).

CAPE PENINSULA. Widely distributed; the buff variety and

that with yellow infrasutural girdle are found at Buffelsfontein, Cape

Point.

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

var. pottebergensis Kiist.

(Blvescia, <f5)

Ref. List No. 357.

1841. Pupa pottebergensis Krs., Kiist., Conch. Cab., p. 17, pl. u,

{. 20-22. D.F.

1917. Pupa pottebergensis Krs., Kiist., Pilsb., Manual, xxiv, p. 240,

pi xxxix, Tene she

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 379

An exact miniature of typical capensis, which it resembles in all respects except,

perhaps, for having slightly stronger, closer striae; the same spiral grooves are

present on the later whorls.

The type appears to measure 5$ x 2:2 mm., with 7 whorls, but if there is any point

in preserving the varietal name the form is better represented by a pair from the

Cuming collection in the British Museum from “Cape Colony,” one of which is

here figured; it contains 9 whorls and measures

Long. 5-0, lat. 2-6; last whorl 2-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Potteberg Mountain (Krauss); Port

Elizabeth (Crawford, fide Pilsbry).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

Fauzulus ovularis (Kiist.).

(Bexar, f S*)

Ref. List No. 357.

13841. Pupa ovularis Kurr, Kiist., Conch. Cab.,-p. 10,. pl. 1,

Po -18. DF.

1842. Pupa kurrw Krs. (=ovularis Kurr, non Oliv.), Pfr., Symb.,

ip: 04. D.

1850. Pupa kurrw Krs. (=ovularis Kurr, non Oliv.), Kiist., Conch.

Cal p. 111) pl. xv, f.5-6. D#. .

1851. Pupa fonticola Desh., Hist. Moll., ii, p. 220, pl. elvi, f. 26-28.

JD HE

1917. Fauxulus capensis ovularis Kiist., Pilsb., Manual, xxiv,

paeo wpe xxix (1918) f.5, 7. DF.

1917. Pupa fonticola Desh., Pilsb., cbid., p. 239, pl. xxxix,f.9. D.F.

Considerably larger than typical capensis, with comparatively more obese,

ovate contour, never cylindriform; the coloration and normally 5-fold dentition

agree with capensis, though there is a greater tendency for growth of small addi-

tional dental processes in this larger form. Several examples measured are

Long. 11-7, lat. 5-6; last whorl 5-2 mm., 10 whorls.

UTR ee iste C Bete eee Oe

ts gente iS P ACs ye AOC ee

Rie 10 Ose 50 . Ae Oia

PO: 4-9 Shia st sree i

BO Ote Aol se Ahr ea hs

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Zoetandals Valley and Potteberg,

Swellendam District (Krauss); Bredasdorp (Layard; Rennie); Cape

of Good Hope (fonticola, Verreaux).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

Pfeiffer renamed the species on the ground that it was preoccupied

by P. ovularis Oliv., but Pilsbry rightly revived the appropriate name

380 Annals of the South African Museum.

of ovularis, since Olivier’s species was described as a Bulimus and is

actually a Chondrula, so does not affect Kiister’s nomenclature.

P. fonticola agrees in all respects with ovularis; the dark peripheral

thread mentioned in Deshayes’ description is of frequent occurrence

in members of this sub-genus.

It is with greatest hesitation that I venture to restore ovularis to

full specific status, but when a large series of capensis and itself are

available for comparison the difference between them in size and

contour is so notable that there would be no difficulty in separating

them, were it not for the two series last mentioned in my notes on

capensis. Typical ovularis has hitherto been a rare shell in collec-

tions, and until recently somewhat obscured by erroneous labels on

tablets in the British Museum, which accounts for its having been

relegated to varietal rank; but it will be seen from the tables of

measurements that while capensis sometimes approaches very nearly

the length of ovularis, its cylindrical form causes its width to be

considerably less in proportion, while the shortest examples of

ovularis are far wider than the longest capensis. It 1s to be hoped too

on other grounds that this separation may be valid, since ovularis

has page priority over capensis, which would have to become a variety

of the former if held to be conspecific.

var. fortedentata nov.

(Pl. xii, f. 3.)

Similar to type in all respects but for differing considerably in strength and

number of basal and labral folds; the latter, situate just below the sinus, becomes

a large square slab instead of a mere denticle, and the former, on left of base, is

connected by a col with another large tooth far within the gullet; in 5 out of 8

examples examined there is an additional small denticle about midway between

the foregoing; in 2, a still smaller one to its right, and in 5 yet another, somewhat

entering, near the centre of the base. Three specimens measure 9-5 x 4:2, 9:3 x 4:2,

and 8:8 x 4:1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Bredasdorp (Layard; Rennie).

Type in British Museum.

Fauculus burnupianus Pilsb.

1928. Fauxulus burnupianus Pilsb., Nautilus, xli, p. 108. D.

1929. % ie , Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 300,

pl. xxi. 1235 2D.

1931. Fauculus burnupianus Pilsb., Manual, xxvii, p. 73, pl. xiv,

fl hesxjede

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 381

Similar in most respects to capensis, but differing in its larger teeth, the lower

palatal being longer and the upper very long, entering deeply and curving down-

ward at its inner end, while there is a very small additional double denticle on the

labrum, between the larger two.

The type measures 5:-9x2-8 mm., with 9} whorls, and another example

7-1 x3-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Seal Rock, opposite Dyer I. (Lang &

Boulton).

Type in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

It is obvious that this species bears the same relation to capensis

as does my var. fortidentata to ovularis, and if a general reunion is

once more effected fortidentata will become a slightly exaggerated

example of burnupianus, and the latter a variety of capensis with

stronger dentition; I leave the matter here for the nonce for delibera-

tion by malacologists of a future date.

Section Fauculella Pilsb., 1917

(Manual, xxiv, p. 235).

Shell highly sculptured, uniform brown, immature shells furnished

with dental processes.

Fauzulus pamphorodon (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 361.

1864. Pupa pamphorodon Bs., A.M.N.H., xin, p. 495. D.

1917. Fauculus pamphorodon Bs., Pilsb., Manual, xxiv, p. 240,

peeeexa (1918), —-10-12. DEF.

Shell of fair size, sinistral, subcylindriform, rimate, fairly solid, silky, chocolate

(or paler) brown. Spire produced, sides regular, summit, 5 whorls, conical.

Whorls 10, nearly flat, last 3 nearly equal, first 2 practically smooth, remainder

sculptured with strong, close, oblique, irregularly branching costulae, crossed on

the later whorls by fairly close, regular, spiral grooves, visible under a hand-lens;

suture simple, shallow. Aperture nearly square, rounded at base, peristome

white and glossy, broadly expanded, dentition usually 8-fold; a strong, curved

angular lamella, emerging to the lip edge, and an inrunning parietal one; a strong

columellar lamella, pointing downward from the upper angle; 3 strong palatal

plicae, the upper bilobed and largest, with a small tubercle between it and the plica

below it, and a small sinular denticle above.

Long. 8-8, lat. 4:0; apert. alt. (extreme) 3-7, lat. 3:0; last whorl 4-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Simonstown (type, Layard); Kalk

Bay; Slang Kop; Pauls Berg; Cape Point (Connolly).

CAPE PROVINCE. Hills behind Hermanus (Rennie).

Type in British Museum.

My smallest shell, from Cape Point, measures 7:2, with 9 whorls,

and my largest, from Slang Kop, 10-7 mm. in length, with 104 whorls.

382 Annals of the South African Museum.

The contrast between the dark chocolate spire and creamy aperture

renders this a very handsome species. [agree with Benson in terming

the 3 strong plicae between the base and top of the labrum

palatal, but the lowest may be accepted as equivalent to the basal

fold of Pilsbry’s scheme; the small tubercle between the upper and

lower palatal folds, though not mentioned in the original description,

occurs in all specimens I have examined.

Immature shells are narrowly umbilicate, sharply carinate at the

periphery, and the flat, colourless base is sculptured with strong,

close, regular, spiral grooves. Just within the aperture on the base

of the 5th whorl occur 2 strong plicae side by side, appearing square

from the front and receding inwards, parallel to one another for a

short distance, the outer being the longer, and both showing clearly

as white lines through the base of the shell; I have examined half

a dozen or more examples constant in these details, while another

with 6 whorls shows the same 2 plicae just within the aperture,

and their presence is also indicated by 2 white lines in the usual

position half a whorl further in and again at the entrance of the 5th

whorl. I have failed to find them persisting after breaking down

mature shells to the same stage.

Sub-genus Tomigerella Pfr., 1879

(Nomenclator, p. 347).

Type Pupa soluta Pir. (=layardi Bs.).

Angular lamella and upper palatal plica emerge to the lip edge;

spire slender above; peristome expanded and free.

Fauzulus layardi (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 350.

1856. Pupa layardi Bs., A.M.N.H., xviii, p. 485. D.

L863. 5, vsoluta Pir Pe Z.o:. p. O20.) oD:

- mn bes 4 Moni ilel., vijvpsola iy ae

1917. Fauxulus layardi Bs. (=soluta Pfr.), Pilsb., Manual, xxiv,

p. 243, pl. xl (1918), f. 4-6. DF.

Shell dextral, of fair size, subturriform, rimate, thin, smooth, glossy, trans-

parent, corneous brown. Spire produced, apical whorls slightly tapering, apex

acute. Whorls 9, flattish, regularly increasing, first 2 practically smooth, remainder

sculptured with weak, slightly curved, oblique striolae, crossed on the later whorls

by fairly close, strong, regular, microscopic spiral grooves; suture simple. Aper-

ture shortly tubular, nearly circular, peristome white, glossy, broadly expanded,

continuous and free; dentition 7-fold; an inset parietal and an emergent angular

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 383

lamella; strong upper and lower palatal folds, the former emerging to the lip

edge and both marked by white lines on the exterior; a low, thin basal fold; a

horizontal columellar lamella and a small, deep-set denticle, often almost evanescent,

in or near the upper angle of the columella.

Long. 9-2, lat. 3-3; apert. alt. 3-1, lat. 2-5; last whorl 3-7 mm.

My smallest shell from Cape Point is 8-5 mm. long.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Point (type, Layard; Connolly).

CAPE PROVINCE. Hermanus (Lightfoot).

Originals of layardi in Cambridge Museum; soluta ubi?

The aperture sometimes shows small additional tubercles in

irregular positions, but such are of only accidental occurrence. The

only immature shell examined is extremely faintly, closely micro-

spirally engraved on the nearly flat, colourless base, and just within

the aperture of the 7th whorl are 2 small tubercles, one midway up

the outer wall and the other on the left of the base; they do not

appear to be accidental, but their status cannot be determined

without further material.

var. minor Bs.

Ret. List No. 350.

1864. Pupa layardi, var. minor Bs., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 496. D.-

1917. Fauzulus layardi stoaphora “Bs.,” Bnp. (=var. minor Bs.),

Pilsb., Manual, xxiv, p. 245, pl. xli (1918), f. 7-8. D.F.

A smaller race, with same dentition as the type, but only 8 whorls, and measuring

from 5-4 to 7 mm. in length and 2-3 mm. in breadth.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Bredasdorp, at roots of grasses (type,

Layard); Windhoek; Elim Road, 5 miles $.W.of Bredasdorp (Rennie).

Originals of var. minor in Cambridge, stoaphora in British Museum.

Fauczulus fryanus (Bs.).

(Plex. fi)

Ref. List No. 358.

1864. Pupa fryana Bs., A.M.N.H., xi, p. 495. OD.

1865. ,, fryals Bs., Mts., Zool. Record, i, p. 234. Err. Typ.

1917. Faucxulus fryanus Bs., Pilsb., Manual, xxiv, p. 246. D.

1931. Fauculus fryanus Bs., Conn., A.M.N.H., vin, p. 308, pl. x,

Lae Oe

1934. Faucxulus fryanus Bs., Pilsb., Manual, xxvin, p. 121, pl. xxi,

oe, «6.

Shell sinistral, of fair size, torpediform, umbilicate, dull, somewhat silky, pale

lilac, reddish towards the apex. Spire produced, sides nearly parallel, summit,

384 Annals of the South African Museum.

64 whorls, conical. Whorls 12, flattish, slowly increasing, first 2 smooth,

remainder sculptured with strong, close, regular, curved oblique costulae, crossed

on the last 8 by strong, close, spiral grooves, visible under a weak lens; suture

simple, well defined. Aperture shortly tubular, roughly triangular, canaliculate

at base, peristome free, white and glossy, narrowly expanded, dentition normally

5-fold; strong inrunning parietal and angular lamellae, the latter emerging to the

surface, former deep-set; a small sinular fold entering deeply from edge of labrum;

a fold on the left centre of the base, sometimes so deep-set as to be invisible, and a

strong, narrow, horizontal lamella deep-set half-way up the columella; from the

canal at basal margin of aperture there coils a very strong, acute basal carina,

encircling the umbilicus, which is round and comparatively wide, extending to the

summit. The shell from Bredasdorp here figured measures

Long. 7:8, lat. 3-6; apert. alt. (extern.) 2-0, lat. 1-8; last whorl 3-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Bredasdorp (type, Fry; at roots of

grasses among stones, Layard).

Type in British Museum.

The extraordinary strength of the circum-umbilical keel is alone

enough to distinguish this remarkable species from any of its confreres.

Fauculus pycnochilus sp. n.

(Tale xatieaa a 02)

Shell sinistral, very small, subcylindrical, narrowly umbilicate, semi-calcareous,

silky, white with an occasional dark streak or dot. Spire produced, sides practi-

cally parallel, summit, 53 whorls, an equilateral triangle. Whorls nearly 10, last

4 nearly equal, first 14 smooth, remainder sculptured with slightly irregular,

curved, oblique striae; suture shallow, simple. Aperture narrow oblong, rounded

at base, peristome somewhat expanded, nearly free, labrum erect and nearly

straight, with prominent sinus; dentition 6-fold; a very deep-set, far-entering

parietal lamella; a strong, nearly vertical, deeply entering angular lamella, emerg-

ing to the surface; a superficial sinular tubercle, with a strong deep-set plica corre-

sponding to but not connected with it, far within the aperture; another, oblique

and more deep-set within the centre of the base, and a round, rather obscure,

deep-set process half-way up the columella; callus very strong, white, and con-

tinuous, umbilicus round and narrow.

Long. 6-1, lat. 2-6; apert. alt. (extern.) 1-9, lat. 1-3; last whorl 2°38 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Gorge of Salt River, Windhoek,

Bredasdorp District (Rennie).

Type in Albany Museum.

A second example is a trifle shorter, 5-6 mm. in length.

The dentition resembles that of fryanus, but the lack of spiral

sculpture and basal carination renders the new species abundantly

distinct.

Sub-genus Anisoloma Ancey, 1901

(J. de C., xlix, p. 141).

Type Pupa ponsonbyana Morel.

All or nearly all lamellae emerge to the lip edge.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 385

Fauculus ponsonbyanus (Morel).

(Els xa dG)

Ref. List No. 363.

1889. Pupa (Faula) ponsonbyana Morel., J. de C., xxxvii, p. 9,

pepe 5. DF.

1917. Fauzulus ponsonbyanus Morel., Pilsb., Manual, xxiv, p. 253,

plee(19ls). £.7-9. DP.

Shell small, sinistral, acuminate ovate, rimate, silky, pale corneous rufous brown.

Spire produced, sides convex, apex submamillate. Whorls 8, convex, gradually

increasing, first 14 engraved with close, regular, microspiral lines, of which there

are about 14 on the 2nd whorl, remainder sculptured with strong, close, regular,

curved, slightly oblique costulae, continuing into the rima but developing at the

periphery into short, strong, up-curved bristles, which are present in the sutures of

well-preserved shells. Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, peristome slightly

expanded, labrum straight and scarcely receding in profile, dentition 9-fold;

a strong inrunning parietal and angular lamella, a short supra-palatal (sinular) and

long inrunning upper and lower palatal folds, a similar basal fold, a short fold at

the base of, and 2 long inrunning lamellae half-way up, and near the top of the

columella respectively.

Long. 3-2, lat. 1-9; apert. alt. 1-0, lat. 0-9; last whorl 1-9 mm.; other dimensions

given by Burnup range from 3-59 to 2:74 and 1-86 to 1:42 mm. in length and

breadth.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (type, Crawford;

Reeve); Somerset Hast (Miss Bowker); Grahamstown; Bathurst;

Kowie (Farquhar); Alexandria District (Crawford); Pirie (Godfrey) ;

Kast London (Kincaid); Riversdale; Keurbooms R. bush (Barnard);

Great Fish R. (J. L. B. Smith).

NATAL. Hilton Road; Zwaart Kop, near Pietermaritzburg;

Dargle; Port Shepstone (Burnup).

TRANSVAAL. Pepiti Falls, Sibasa (Harries).

Type in British Museum.

This species does not appear subject to much variation; it is

always narrower than glanvilleanus, the smaller form of which it

resembles in nearly all other particulars; the example described from

Keurbooms R. bush is selected as showing to perfection the elusive

sutural coronet of bristles, which is only present in freshest specimens.

Fauzulus glanvilleanus (Ancey).

Ref. List No. 359.

1888. Pupa glanvilleana Ancey, Le Naturaliste, x, p. 200. D.

1911. ,, (Fauzulus) glanvilleana Ancey, var. tomhni Bup.,

PeMeNeH vil, p. 413, pl. x, f.7. DP.

VOl. XXXII, 25

386 Annals of the South African Museum.

1917. Fauxulus glanvilleanus Ancey, Pilsb., Manual, xxiv,

De 249 ED:

1917. Fauzulus glanvilleanus novenarius Pilsb., ibid., p. 250,

pl. x1(hOls)) f, 1=25 ere

1917. Fauzxulus glanvilleanus tomlinad Bnp., Pilsb., ibid., p. 252,

jd AMIS) siete, | ID. I2"

Shell small, sinistral, asperate, corneous buff or bright brown. Spire produced,

sides convex, apex blunt. Whorls 83, rather flat, gradually increasing, first 14

smooth, remainder covered with close, strong, slightly curved and oblique trans-

verse costulae, suture simple, well defined. Aperture quadrate, peristome white,

glossy, expanded, dentition 9-fold, each process entering deeply though emerging

to the surface; parietal and angular lamella, the latter at the upper end of the

prominent sinus; 3 labral folds, the upper at lower end of sinus, of equal strength

with the next, the lowest the strongest; a narrow fold at centre of base and 3

columellar lamellae, the lowest nearly horizontal and the 2 upper slanting

steeply downwards.

Long. 4:0, lat. 2:0; apert. alt. 1-5, lat. 1-3; last whorl 2-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. East London (type, Miss Glanville;

Miss Bowker; tomlini, Radford); Gamtoos (Reeve); Albany District

(tomlinz, Miss Glanville); Keurbooms R. bush (Barnard); Grahams-

town (Kincaid; novenarius, per Sowerby & Fulton); Somerset

Kast (Mrs. Howard); Kowie (Langley); Port Alfred (Hewitt);

Martindale (Farquhar); Knysna (J. L. B. Smith).

NATAL. Southport (Puzey); Bulwer (Warren); Krantzkop

(Falcon).

Type lost; paratype, and type of tomlini in British Museum.

Layard’s note on glanvilleanus runs, “A pretty little species, found

about East London by Miss Glanville and Miss Bowker and named

after the former,’ and the paratype described coincides with Ancey’s

measurements and agrees with his original description, except that

the last omits to mention the basal process which occurs in all other

observed examples. Burnup and Pilsbry have attached considerable

importance to this fact, but an author like Ancey, who could describe

Pisidium ovampicum without troubling to open the closed valves,

would surely be capable of overlooking a tooth more or less in a

little pupillid, especially if it were poorly developed or obscured by

dirt, while it may, of course, have been actually lacking from his

type. There appears to be no question as to what Pupa glanvilleana

really is; 1t was distributed by Miss Bowker to Layard and by Miss

Glanville to Tomlin, and Burnup’s var. tomlini can only represent

the typical form of Ancey’s species, and must fall into its synonymy.

Two examples of F. g. novenarius Pilsb. are said to measure

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 387

3°9 x 2-1 (8 whorls) and 4-1 x 2-0 mm. with 81 whorls, and the figure

shows it to be inseparable from the foregoing; Pilsbry’s differentiation

is easily understandable, since the specimen from Somerset East,

received from Burnup as tomlini and figured as such in the Manual,

might well be considered almost varietally distinct. That race,

however, does not agree with Burnup’s type, being relatively more

slender, with sinus less developed, basal fold narrower, and the 2

upper lamellae on the columella weaker and rather less oblique; this

race 1s now left without a varietal name, but it is inadvisable to give

it one, as the series from Keurbooms R. bush includes intermediates

between it and the type, so it probably represents merely individual

variation.

Reeve’s largest shell from Gamtoos, with 9 whorls, measures

5-6 x 2-6 mm., and some of the series from this locality and Southport

retain sufficient crop of sutural bristles to prove that glanvilleanus

is normally spiniferous, like ponsonbyanus, as might be expected from

the close relation of the two species. |

An immature shell from Knysna, with 54 whorls, shows no sign of

internal dentition. —

var. darglensis Bnp.

Ref. List No. 359.

1908. Pupa (Fauculus) glanvilleana Ancey, M. & P., A.M.N.H., 1,

(Olle Tua ie ea ie

1911. Pupa (Faucxulus) glanvilleana Ancey, var. darglensis Bnp.,

even vi, p. 412.~ D,

1917. Fauzulus glanvilleanus darglensis Bup., Pilsb., Manual, xxiv,

peo. plexi (1918), f. 6. DF.

Differs from type in possessing an additional process, a small fold on right

centre of base, and occasionally a third small upper labral fold just below the other

two, which are placed closer together in order to give itroom. The type measures

3°77 x 2-13 mm. and the colour of known examples is corneous grey.

Hab. NATAL. Dargle; Game Pass, near Giant’s Castle; In-

hluzani Mountain; Karkloof; Ntimbankulu (Burnup); Balgowan

(Pennington); Hilton (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

» adele ain

388 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fauzulus pereximius (M. & P.).

((esesati aes 9.)

Ref. List No. 362.

1897. Pupa (Faula) perexuma M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 638,

jole-cglh ia, DUK

1917. Fauxulus pereximius M. & P., Pilsb., Manual, xxiv, p. 247,

joe (GISURS)) Mee ee ID RIR

Shell sinistral, of average size, rimate, subrhomboid, silky, normally bright

brown. Spire conical, apex, 2 whorls, produced and broader than the succeeding

whorl. Whorls 93, nearly flat, post-apical increasing regularly until the last,

which narrows below the periphery and is strongly carinate around the rima,

first in extremely fresh condition engraved with very close, faint microspiral lines,

remainder bearing close, regular, curved transverse costulae, increasing gradually

in distance apart and forming a cord-like fringe above the sutures of the later

whorls and around the periphery; suture simple, almost linear. Aperture quad-

rate, angulate at base, peristome slightly expanded, labrum straight and vertical

in profile, with a strongly marked sinus, dentition 9-fold; a strong, nearly vertical,

incurved parietal lamella; a smaller angular lamella on the right of the sinus and

a moderate supra-palatal fold some way below it; a strong, uprunning, upper

palatal fold; a small lower palatal tubercle; a fold of medium size on left of base;

another, similar, at base of columella; a strong horizontal lamella half-way up,

and another, slanting somewhat downwards, near top of columella; columella

oblique, callus thin.

Long. (type) 5:8, lat. 2-8; apert. alt. 1-7, lat. 1-5; last whorl 2-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Buffalo River (type, fide M. & P.);

Port St. John’s (Puzey).

Type in British Museum.

The sculpture is very similar to that of glanvilleanus, and the

9 dental processes occur in the same positions but differ considerably

in size and strength, while the shell is larger and more obese in com-

parison than Ancey’s species.

Fauculus falconianus Pilsb.

1929. Fauculus falconanus Pilsb., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 299,

pli ax 4 DT

1931. Fauculus falconianus Pilsb., Manual, xxvii, p. 75, pl. xiv,

fede) De Ee

Resembles the foregoing but is much smaller. The number of teeth is the

same, but the mid-columellar process slopes downward instead of being horizontal

and the basal denticle is moved to the left, almost touching the lower labral.

The type, with 9 whorls, measures 4:4 x 2-6 and a paratype 4:5 x 2-6 mm., while

two of three specimens in my collection are 5 mm. in length.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 389

Hab. NATAL. Zimbabe Bush, Krantzkop (Falcon).

Type in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

These two species stand apart from their confréres in the sudden

tapering of the upper part of the spire.

Fauzulus mcbeanianus M. & P.

Ref. List No. 360.

1901. Fauzrulus (Anisoloma) mcbeanianus M. & P., A.M.N.H., viii,

peel plea, ft: 9. DLP.

1917. Fauxulus mebeanianus M. & P., Pilsb., Manual, xxiv, p. 247,

pe el (1918), f.4—-5. . DLP.

Shell sinistral, acuminate ovate, rimate, smaller and comparatively shorter in

the spire than pereximius, colour varying from grey to brown. 8 moderately

convex whorls, sculptured as in pereximius, aperture trigonal, rounded at base,

peristome moderately expanded, dentition 8- or 9-fold, each process emerging to

the surface; parietal and angular lamellae of about equal strength; 2 inrunning

lamellae at the top of and half-way down the columella; a narrow inrunning

fold near the centre of the base; another, far stronger, above it; a superficial

tubercle just below, and either 1 or 2 just above the sinular angle. The shell

described, from Karkloof, measures

Long. 4:3, lat. 2-6; apert. alt. 1-25, lat. 1-2; last whorl 2-2 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Karkloof Bush (type, McBean; Burnup) ; Majuba

(Connolly); Balgowan (Pennington); Dargle; Nottingham Road;

Van Reenen (Burnup); Bulwer (Warren); Kathkin; Hilton;

Mont aux Sources (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

An immature shell from Majuba with 7 whorls exhibits on the base

of the last, a short distance from the labrum, 2 strong septa,

parallel to the aperture and extending across the whorl; as the shell

continued its growth they would therefore be found pendent from

the upper side of the completed whorl, instead of on the base, the

usual position in which juvenile armature in this genus occurs; the

processes appear quite normal, but lack of sufficient material deters

me from breaking down mature examples to ascertain 1f they become

absorbed with increasing growth.

Fauzulus barnardi Conn.

(BIG scr, fe.)

1931. Fauculus barnardi Conn., A.M.N.H., vin, p. 309, pl. x,

fy oe oe

1934. Fauxulus barnardi Conn., Pilsb., Manual, xxvii, p. 121,

peed, f 4. DF.

903 Annals of the South African Museum.

The small, sinistral, subfusiform shell is reddish brown, with similar, but rather

finer transverse sculpture than that present in most of the subgenus. 8 whorls,

not very convex; aperture subquadrate, peristome just free, expanded and con-

tinuous, dentition 7-fold; a strong, slightly incurved, inrunning parietal lamella,

arising in centre of paries; a similar angular lamella arising on edge of labrum;

2 blunt denticles, the lower slightly larger, close together half-way down the

labrum; a strong inrunning lower palatal fold; a small tubercle about the centre

of the base and a very prominent, descending, inrunning columellar lamella.

Long. 4:7, lat. 2-6; apert. alt. 1-7, lat. 1-7; last whorl 2-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Keurbooms River bush (Barnard).

Type in South African Museum.

Distinct from other members of the subgenus in having but a

single process on the columella, whereas the others have 2 or more.

Fauzulus crawfordianus M. & P.

Ref. List No. 341.

1903. Fauxulus crawfordianus M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 605,

We rood ie, Os IDI d:

1911.. Pupa crawfordiana M. & P., Bup., A-M.NIES vas

Die hela 2ee uN.

1917. Fauxulus crawfordianus M. & P., Pilsb., Mandala

p. 242) pl. xl (1918)) t1—2) DEF.

Shell dextral, of fair size, acuminate, rimate, smooth, moderately glossy, trans-

parent, corneous brown, interior and dentition in fresh shells pale fawn. Whorls

84, flattish, regularly increasing, first 24 smooth, remainder bearing rather distant,

extremely weak, oblique striolae; suture simple, well defined. Aperture sub-

quadrate, rounded at base, peristome white, glossy, somewhat expanded, labrum

vertical in profile, dentition 6-fold; a mid-parietal and an angular lamella, the

latter extending inwards from outer edge of labrum; a fold on labrum, sloping

downwards and inwards; a curved fold entering from centre of base; a curved,

entering lamella at top of columella and a rather deeply inset tubercle on left of

base; columella erect, margin not expanded more than rest of peristome, callus

thin, continuous.

Long. (type) 8-0, lat. 3-6; apert. alt. (extreme) 2-75, lat. 2-3; last whorl 3-4 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Mossel Bay (type, Crawford); hills

behind Hermanus (Rennie; Lawrence).

Type in British Museum.

Subfamily PUuprmLLInas.

Animal oviparous or viviparous, with two pairs of tentacles; penis

bifid, with long appendix and forked retractor, spermathecal duet

often with diverticulum. Jaw of very narrow concrescent plates;

radula with central tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, marginals with

numerous narrow cusps. Shell, except in Lauria, without apertural

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 391

armature until adult, when there are from 0 to 5 teeth in the normal

positions; angular lamella not entering; basal wanting.

Genus Pupilla Fleming, 1828

(Brit. Animals, p. 268).

Type Turbo muscorum L.

Features as in subfamily, except Lauria.

Section Gibbulinopsis Germ., 1919

(Bull. Mus. Paris, xxv, p. 265).

Type Pupa pupula Desh.

(=Primipupilla Pilsb., 1921).

Shell cylindrical.

Pupilla fontana (Kiist.).

(PE exanets 13)

Ret. List No. 347.

1841. Pupa fontana Krs., Kiist., Conch. Cab., p. 122, pl. xvi,

f. 9-12... D.F.

~ 1874. Pupa fontana Krs., var. globulosa Jick., Fauna N.-O.-Afr.,

peed to 11. DF.

1883. Pupa raffrayt Bgt., Ann. Sci. Nat., xv, p. 71. D.

1692.9), elizabethensis M. & P., A.M.N.H.., ix, p. 91, pl. v,

eto. DOE.

1894. Pupa charybdica M. & P., A.M.N.H., xiv, p. 94, pl. i, f. 183.

DF.

18945 Pupa custodita M. & P., abid., p. 93, pl. i, £.9. DF.

a Pe yjnustillum M. & P., ibed., p. 94, pl.i, £14. DF.

3 pecnaca Mik EP. abid:. p. 94, plate 12) Da:

Pamomecronaria Ms PY bid. p. 9a, plo i, LUE (De.

396.1 5, amphodon M.'& P., A.M.N.H., xvui, p. 317, pl. xvi,

ipo... IDF,

19015 Puna endoplax M. & P., A.M.N.H., vii, p. 319, pl. u, £: 10.

DF.

1908. Pupa fontana Krs. (=elizabethensis, charybdica, custodita,

frustillum, keraea, omicronaria, amphodon, and endoplax) M. & P.,

BeveN 51, p.74. N.

1911. Ennea iredalei Prest., Rev. Zool. Afr., i, p. 218, pl. xi, f. 5.

D.F.

392 Annals of the South African Museum.

1921. Pupilla (Promipupilla) fontana Krs. (=raffrayi Bet. and

globulosa Jick.), Pilsb., Manual, xxvi, p. 207, pl. xvi, f. 1-23. D.F.

1922. Pupilla fontana Krs. (=EHnnea iredalei Prest.), Conn.,

ALM.N EL, 5p: 497eeN-

1927. Pupilla fontana Krs., Pilsb., Manual, xxvii, p. 255. WN.

19350: te a » Conn., Ann. §.A. Mus., xxix pec

Shell very small, cylindriform, narrowly umbilicate, smooth, glossy, trans-

parent, corneous brown. Spire moderately produced, sides scarcely convex,

apex rounded. Whorls 6, convex, last 3 subequal, first 2 smoothly malleate,

remainder sculptured with extremely weak, straight, oblique striolae; suture

simple, well defined. Aperture quadrate, peristome white, slightly expanded,

labrum straight and nearly vertical in profile, dental processes normally 4, all

somewhat inset; a strong parietal lamella; a small blunt denticle half-way down

the labrum, usually with a small external pit, and a stronger one on right centre

of base, each of which is occasionally developed into a more or less deeply entering

fold, and a high situate columellar lamella; columella short, inclined to the left,

margin triangularly reflexed over the very narrow umbilicus.

The Port Elizabeth specimen described and figured owing to its showing plainly

all 4 teeth, measures

Long. 3:0, lat. 1-5; last whorl 1-5 mm.

The palatal teeth show white through the shell; young shells are

bluntly angulate at periphery with somewhat flattened base, but

I have not observed in them apertural dentition. I suggested in

my Reference List that elizabethensis might deserve varietal retention

as an albino form, but the type set and all other white examples

that I have yet seen are merely that colour on account of bleaching;

the varietal name need not therefore be retained.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Source of Mooi River (type, Wahlberg);

rather widely distributed, custodita, keraea, and omicronaria being

described from the Pretoria District.

ORANGE FREE STATE. Bloemfontein; Rustfontein (Connolly).

NATAL. Karkloof (McBean); Balgowan (Pennington); EHden-

dale; Tongaat (Burnup).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

CAPE PROVINCE. Somewhat widely distributed; endoplax

was described from Cradock, and amphodon, charybdica, frustillum,

and elizabethensis from Port Elizabeth.

GRIQUALAND WEST. Kimberley (Miss Wilman); Blaauw-

bosch, Hay District (Day).

BECHUANALAND. Tlapings Laagte Well, west of Vryburg,

and Hope Vlei, near Vryburg (subfossil, Rogers).

DAMARALAND. Gobabis (subfossil, Hermann).

GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Aijais (Hesse & Thorne).

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 393

Type of fontana in Stuttgart, and all South African synonyms in

British Museum.

Although not yet recorded from the western and south-tropical

regions of Central Africa, this species, which is far less variable than

its synonymy suggests, appears to extend to Kenya (iredalev) and

Abyssinia (raffrayt and globulosa).

Section Afripupilla Pilsb., 1921

(Manual, xxvi, p. 153).

Type Pupa tetrodus Bttg.

Shell tapering upwards, somewhat like Gastrocopta.

Pupilla tetrodus (O. Bttg.).

Ref. List No. 356.

1870. Pupa tetrodus Bttg., Ber. Offenbach. Ver. f. Naturk., x1,

p. 46, pl.ifi.l. DF.

13880) Pupa (Veriigo) sinistrorsa Crvn., P.Z.S., p. 618, pl. lvu,

epee DI. |

1891. Pupa (Vertigo) thaumasta M. & P., A.M.N.H., vii, p. 239. D.

1921. Pupilla (Afripupilla) tetrodus Bttg., Pilsb., Manual, xxvi,

p. 216, pl. xvu, f. 9-10, 14-16. DF.

1930. Pupilla tetrodus Bttg., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p. 293. L.

Shell very small, sinistral, acuminate ovate, rimate, silky, otherwise like fontana.

Whorls 5, very convex, regularly increasing, the sculpture on the last 3 being

rather stronger than in fontana, aperture and dentition agreeing with that species,

there being a mid-parietal fold and teeth on centres of labrum, base, and columella,

the two former showing white on the exterior of shell, without external pitting.

The example from Pretoria, described, measures

Long. 3-0, lat. 1:3, last whorl 1-7 mm., while a large Zulu shell is 3-5 mm. in

length.

Hab. BECHUANALAND. Gokwe River, about 30 miles north of

Palapwe Road (type, subfossil, Hubner).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. MHartz River, Taungs (Miss

Wilman).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Newlands (M. l. Paton); Postmasburg

(Power); Kimberley (Miss Wilman).

OVAMBOLAND. Disappointment Vlei (Andersson & Chapman,

fide Layard).

DAMARALAND. Outjo; Narebis; Nuragas; Usakos (Barnard).

KAOKOVELD. Ombombo; Kaoko Otavi; subfossil at Kamanyab

(Barnard).

394 Annals of the South African Museum.

GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Aiais (Hesse & Thorne).

CAPE PROVINCE. Cape Récif; Klein Setjes Bosch, near

Beaufort (sinistrorsa, Craven); Port Elizabeth (thawmasta, Crawford) ;

distributed throughout most of the province.

TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (Connolly); Potchefstroom (Miss

Livingston).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Bloemfontein (Godfrey); Kroonstad

(Miss Hickey).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

I have seen this species from N. Rhodesia, collected on the north

bank of the Zambesi at the Victoria Falls, but not yet from the south

bank.

Type of tetrodus in Senckenberg, sinistrorsa and thaumasta in British

Museum.

Genus Pupoides Pfr., 1854

(Mal. Blatt., i, p. 192).

Type Bulimus nitidulus Pfr.

(= Leucochila Mts., 1860, and Leucochiloides Pir., 1881).

As Pupovdes Fér. cited in my Reference List has been ruled to be a

French plural rather than a classical singular noun, Pfeiffer’s appropri-

ate name of 1854 takes precedence for this genus of small shells,

usually with slightly tapering spire and aperture toothless, except for

a small superficial tubercle, rarely wanting, close to or united with

the labrum at its junction with the paries; peristome expanded and

reflexed.

The proper nomenclature of the South African representatives

of the genus is a matter of grave uncertainty, owing to their extremely

close affinity with the Indian P. coenopictus (Hutton), which appears

to be established under various names in many parts of central and

east Africa, and has been recorded by Pilsbry from Jansenville, C.P.

On the other hand that eminent authority separates calaharicus and

minusculus, described from south-west Africa, from Hutton’s species,

and the former of these appears to me inseparable from the Jansenville

race; moreover, its distribution, originally supposed to be confined

to the desert regions of the Kalahari, is now proved to extend right

across the subcontinent into ZuluJand. Whether this may be due

to an invasion from the east of the Indian coenopictus or a migration

eastward of the Kalaharian race can only be ascertained when the

anatomy of this genus is fully known, but it may be preferable mean-

while to retain for the whole of the forms that inhabit South Africa

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 395

the names originally bestowed on them, with the proviso that some,

at least, may yield precedence to the older coenopictus after anatomical

investigation.

Pupoides calaharicus (O. Bttg.).

Ref. List No. 335.

1886. Buliminus (Leucochiloides) calaharicus Bttg., Ber. Senckenb.

Seep. 24 plu, i.3.. DF.

1916. Leucochiloides calaharicus Bttg., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xin,

pekss.,- NV.

1921. Pupoides calaharicus Bttg., Pilsb., Manual, xxvi, p. 138,

peewee. LO-11; pl. xvu, f.8.. DF.

1922. Leucochiloides calaharicus Bttg., Dgnr., L.-u. 8.-w. Fauna

D.-Sw. A., Moll.,.p. 138. N.

1930. Pupoides calaharicus Bttg., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix,

pe2sl.. NV.

Shell small, elongate acuminate ovate, rimate, thin, smooth, rather dull, dark

or bright corneous brown. Spire produced, sides straight or slightly convex,

apex rounded. Whorls 5, convex, gradually increasing, lst smooth and glossy,

remainder sculptured with low, weak, slightly curved and oblique growth striae;

suture well defined. Aperture oblong, rounded at base, peristome white, expanded

and reflexed, ends rather distant, labrum straight and receding little in profile,

columella erect, margin broadly reflexed over the strong rima; dentition confined

to a short superficial tubercle, varying in strength, on the right of paries, very close

and parallel, but not united, to the top of labrum. The Outjo shell on which this

diagnosis is based measures

Alt. 5-9, lat. 2-5; apert. alt. 2-2, lat. (intern.) 1-1; last whorl 3-5 mm., but the

species varies commonly in length from about 4:3 to 6 mm.

Hab. BECHUANALAND. Ghous (type, Nolte); Aries; Noap

Hills; Reimvastmak, Molopo R.; Keimoes; Bak R. (Barnard):

Hartz R., Taungs (Miss Wilman).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Maun, Ngamiland (Hale Car-

penter).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Blaauwbosch Poort, Hay District (Day);

Kimberley (Swan); Postmasburg (Power).

DAMARALAND. Karibib; Usakos (Frames); Outjo (Lawrence);

Nuragas (Lightfoot); Namutoni; Narebis (Barnard).

GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Nakob (Barnard); Bullspoort

(Tucker); Kuibis (Michaelsen); Homeib R., near Klip (Siegmann).

NAMIB. Swakopmund (K. Schmierer). oe

CAPE PROVINCE. Jansenville (Farquhar); Prieska (Gibbons) ;

Karoo (in British Museum).

S. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly).

396 Annals of the South African Museum.

TRANSVAAL. Pietersburg District (Ziervogel).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

Type in Senckenberg Museum.

Bottger claims for his species that it is the most cylindrical of all

known to him, longer and more cylindrical than “conspectus”’

(? coenopictus) Hutt., and its whorls increase so slowly that the three

penultimate are little different in height. But the contour differs

considerably in shells of the same series, and I cannot truly point

out any constant feature by which calaharicus can be distinguished

from the Indian form.

The series from Aries contains more than one remarkably large

example, the largest, with 7 whorls, measuring alt. 6-8, lat. 2-9, last

whorl 3-3 mm., but the aperture, alt. 1-35 mm., does not increase in

proportion, proving that the abnormal length of the shell is solely

due to the presence of the additional whorl.

The contour of this species is somewhat influenced by the relative

convexity of the whorls, which are sometimes more convex about

half-way down the spire, and consequently protrude further than

the rest, giving the sides a shghtly convex appearance; this feature

is perhaps not quite so frequent in the western as in the eastern races

in South Africa, but is found to some extent in long series from nearly

all localities.

Pupoides minusculus (Mouss.).

Ref. List No. 336.

1887. Buliminus (Leucochiloides) minusculus Mouss., J. de C., xxxv,

DiZeD, pl. cad, by Mae

1921. Pupoides minusculus Mouss., Pilsb., Manual, xxvi, p. 139,

plitxive doe ar:

1922. Leucochiloides minusculus Mouss., Dgnr., L.-u. 8.-w. Fauna

D.-Sw. A., Moll., p. 31. WN.

1930. Pupoides minusculus Mouss., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix,

p. 200. DW.

May possibly differ from the foregoing in smaller size and comparatively more

obese contour. The type, if correctly measured, is unusually small, 5 whorls,

3x1-8 mm., the average size of specimens seen by myself being 3-6x2 mm.

This small form appears to be restricted in recent condition to the northern districts

of South West Africa, not having occurred south of lat. 19°.

Hab. OVAMBOLAND. Ku-Ganab, S.E. of Ondonga (type,

Schinz); Hoeis (Hermann); Sodanna (Passarge); Onolongo;

Ukualuthi (Barnard).

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 397

DAMARALAND. Sandup, N.W. of Tsumeb (Barnard).

BECHUANALAND. Meno a kwena (subfossil, Passarge).

Type in Zurich Museum.

var. major Denr.

1922. Leucochiloides minusculus Mouss., var. major Degnr., L.-u.

S.-w. Fauna D.-Sw. A., Moll., p. 31. D.

1926. Pupoides minusculus Mouss., var. major Denr., Pilsb.,

Manual, xxvii, p. 252. WN.

1930. Pupoides minusculus Mouss., var. major Denr., Conn., Ann.

Seas Muse, xxix, p. 201. N.

According to Degner, minusculus and its var. major can be distinguished from

calaharicus through having flatter whorls, shallower suture and comparatively

longer aperture, 2ths of total length instead of barely jrd. His variety, however,

although its contour may be typically rather more obesely ovate than that of

calaharicus, appears to be connected with it by intermediates, and I doubt if any

constant difference exists between them. Two paratypes with 5 fairly convex

whorls measure

Alt. 5:6, lat. 2-8; apert. alt. 2:2; last whorl 3-2 mm., and

Pro), 2°4: ae 2-2 a 3:0

bed

Hab. DAMARALAND. Tsumeb; Grootfontein; Otavifontein;

Okahandja; Karibib; Okapuka (Michaelsen); Outjo; Usakos;

Cauas Okawa (Barnard).

KAOKOVELD. Kaoko Otavi (Barnard).

Type in Hamburg Museum.

Pupoides bryantwalkeri Pilsb.

1926. Pupordes bryantwalkerz Pilsb., Manual, xxvu, p. 251, pl. xxx1,

rt? DF.

“Shell very slender, with 64 convex whorls, the median more so than the

terminals.

Alt. 4:55, diam. above aperture 1-4, max. 1-6; apert. alt. 1:35 mm.”

Hab. SOUTH AFRICA, probably Port Elizabeth District

(Crawford). j

Type in Bryant Walker collection.

“The very slender contour of this form apparently indicates

specific distinction; otherwise it is closely related to the widespread

P. coenopictus.”

It is not stated whether more than a single specimen of this form

occurred, but if a singleton it may well be an abnormality; I can

match it fairly well with a singleton in my own collection, from an

398 Annals of the South African Museum.

unknown locality, with 61 whorls, 4-9x1-8, last whorl 2-3 mm.,

which I would hesitate to consider other than an outsize example of

coenopictus.

Genus Microstele O. Bttg., 1886

(Ber. Senckenb. Ges., p. 26).

Type Pupa nolte: Bttg.

Verysmall turriform shells with obtuse apex, small angular tubercle,

deeply placed parietal and columellar lamellae, and sometimes one

or more immersed palatal tubercles.

Microstele noltei O. Bttg.

(Bl. sch £2.)

Ref. List Nos. 337, 338.

‘1886. Pupa (Microstele) nolter Bttg., Ber. Senckenb. Ges., p. 25,

pla 2 DF.

1910. Leucochiloides (Microstele) oblongus Bttg., Abh. Senckenb.

Ges., 33001, p, 445, pl. xxvii til DF.

1921. Microstele nolter Bttg., Pilsb., Manual, xxvi, p. 150, pl. xiv,

bo 12-16. DL.

1921. Microstele oblongus Bttg., Pilsb., abid., p: 149, pl. xiv, f. 17.

DE.

1922. Leucochiloides (Microstele) noltec (=oblongus) Bttg., Dgnr.,

L.-u. 8.-w. Fauna D.-Sw. A., Moll., p. 33. DF. ,

1926. Microstele nolter Bttg., Pilsb., Manual, xxvu, p. 253. WN.

1930. uF = »- Conn., Ann.S.A. Mus., xxix, page

Shell very small, rimate, narrow turriform, rather dull, smooth, semi-trans-

parent, corneous brown. Spire produced, sides scarcely convex, apex rounded.

Whorls 5-7, usually little convex, slowly increasing, Ist smooth and glossy,

remainder sculptured with rather coarse, fairly distant and regular, curved oblique

growth striae; suture well defined. Aperture suboval, peristome white, expanded

and reflexed, ends usually rather distant, labrum straight and receding little in

profile, dentition normally 5-fold; a small angular tubercle, similar to that of

Pupoides; a narrow, straight, somewhat deep-set midparietal fold; another,

horizontal, half-way up the columella, and 2 small tubercles on the inner wall

or palate, deeply immersed within the aperture; columella erect, margin reflexed

over the narrow rima; the shell figured, from Sesfontein, is 4-0 x 1-5, last whorl

2 mm., but the species varies in length from 3-8 to 4:5 mm.

Hab. BECHUANALAND. Ghous (noltei, Nolte); Aries; Noap

Hills (Barnard).

GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Homeib R., near Klip (Siegmann).

DAMARALAND. 140 km. from Swakopmund (oblongus,

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 399

Rintelen); Omaruru (Michaelsen); Outjo; Usakos; Cauas Okawa

(Barnard).

KAOKOVELD. Sesfontein (Lawrence).

Type in Senckenberg Museum.

Genus Lauria Gray, 1840

(Turton’s Manual, p. 193).

Type Pupa umbilicata Drap.

Shell small, perforate, ovate or cylindriform, with usually a deeply

penetrating angular lamella, sometimes other teeth, and the im-

mature (neanic) stage with lamellae on the parietal wall and short

radial plicae at various intervals within the basal margin.

Animal with 2 pairs of tentacles.

Lauria dadion (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 343.

1864. Pupa dadion Bs., A.M.N.H., xin, p. 495. D.

1922. Lauria dadion Bs., Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 76. WN.

P 4 ir » Filsb., Manual, xxvii, p. 64, pl. viii (1923),

ie tH. D. 209, NV! |

Shell very small, elongate ovate or subcylindriform, umbilicate, thin, smooth,

glossy, transparent, corneous brown. Spire produced, sides slightly convex,

summit rounded. Whorls 6, convex, regularly increasing, first 2 smooth, remainder

sculptured with extremely faint, close, straight, slightly oblique microscopic

striolae; suture impressed. Aperture subquadrate, rounded at base, peristome

white, glossy, slightly expanded, with a shortly entering lamella on the paries,

not quite connecting with the labrum; columella erect, margin triangularly

reflexed, umbilicus very narrow, extending to the apex.

Long. 3-3, lat. 1-9; apert. alt. 1-2, lat. 1-2; last whorl 2:0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Simonstown (type); ravine near

Newlands (Layard).

CAPE PROVINCE. Bedford (Farquhar); Swellendam Mountains

(Lawrence & Hesse).

NATAL. Umvoti County (Lightfoot); Karkloof; Nottingham

Road; Inhluzani Mountain; Game Pass; Van Reenen (Burnup);

Balgowan (Pennington).

TRANSVAAL. Manotsuri Mountain, Shiluwane District, 4000 feet

(Junod).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

Type in British Museum.

400 Annals of the South African Museum.

There is frequently an almost imperceptible, bluntly pointed

swelling about half-way up and rather deep-set on the columella,

which is represented on the exterior by a thin, faint white line in the

umbilicus; in the single shell from the Transvaal this swelling is

unusually prominent and seems to be represented by a clear furrow,

rather than line, in the umbilicus. Puilsbry describes a young example

from Karkloof as having a strong columellar and angular lamella and

3 basi-palatal folds, while in a fully formed embryo of 13 whorls

there is only a short angular lamella. All these processes are usually

absorbed as the shell increases in size.

Lauria tabularis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 355.

1879. Pupa umbilicata Drap., Gibb., J. of C., u, p. 282. L.

1893. ,, tabularis M.& P., A.M.N.H., xi, p. 20; plats see

1922. Lauria tabularis M. & P., Pilsb., Manual, xxvu, p. 65,

pola wvanty (CLO2 3) ene s meee

A stouter shell than dadion, with which it agrees in number of whorls and all

superficial details, except that the peristome is more broadly reflexed, the angular

lamella lower and much shorter and connects with the labrum, and there is no

white line in the umbilicus; the columella makes with the base a distinct angle,

as in cylindracea, rather than a curve.

My shortest shell, with 5 whorls, is 3-1 mm. long, and the largest, with 6 whorls,

measures

Long. 3-6, lat. 2-1; apert. alt. 1:3, lat. 1-3; last whorl 2-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (type, Lightfoot); Ronde-

bosch (Connolly); abundant in garden hedges about Cape Town

(umbilicata, Gibbons).

Type in British Museum.

Pilsbry attributes Gibbons’ record to dadion, but that is a rustic

species, seldom, if ever, found near cultivation, whereas tabularis is

a garden dweller, so nearly resembling umbilicata (cylindracea Da

Costa) that it may well be identical with that species.

Pilsbry mentions an immature shell of nearly 5 whorls with a low

lamella on the parietal whorl, a minute, deeply immersed columellar,

and 2 minute tubercular basal folds, situate as in dadion, but much

smaller; he adds that the species is certainly very similar to

cylindracea, but may differ in having a shorter angular lamella and

the teeth in immature examples being smaller than in the European

species.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 401

Lauria farquhari (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 346.

1898. Pupa farquhara M. & P., A.M.N.H., ii, p. 128, pl. vii, f. 7.

DF.

1922. Lauria farquhari M. & P., Pilsb., Manual, xxvii, p. 63,

pew (l923), £. 1-2... DP.

Shell comparatively large, subcylindriform, umbilicate, thin, smooth, glossy,

transparent, corneous brown. Spire produced, sides scarcely convex, apex

rounded. Whorls 7, not very convex, slowly increasing, first 3 smooth, remainder

sculptured with very weak, straight, oblique striolae, strongest just below the

well-defined suture. Aperture quadrate, rounded at base, peristome expanded,

dentition limited to a strong, inrunning angular lamella, columella straight, erect,

margin broadly triangularly reflexed, umbilicus narrow, but deep. A topotype in

my collection measures

Long. 4:0, lat. 2-1; apert. alt. 1-6, lat. 1-0; last whorl 2-25 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Elandsberg Mountain, Cradock (type,

Farquhar); Riversdale (Barnard).

Type in British Museum.

The bulkiest South African member of the genus, though not quite

attaining the length of L. longa described hereafter; the Riversdale

race is shorter, with 6 whorls, measuring 3-6 x 2-0 mm.

Lauria cryptoplax (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 342.

1899. Pupa eryptoplax M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 198, pl. mi, f. 11.

D.F.

1922. Lauria cryptoplax M. & P., Pilsb., Manual, xxvii, p. 65,

pl vin (1923), £. 7-10. D/P.

More tapering than the foregoing, with 7 flatter whorls and weaker sculpture.

The aperture is comparatively longer and narrower, peristome white, rather

broadly reflexed, dentition 2-fold; a strong, deeply entering angular lamella and

low, narrow, thread-like, but very deeply entering lamella half-way up the colu-

mella; umbilicus comparatively broad and deep, encircled by a narrow rounding

of the base, almost approaching a blunt carination. The topotype described

measures

Long. 3:7, lat. 2:3; apert. alt. 1-2, lat. 1-2; last whorl 1-7 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Kragga Kama, Port Elizabeth (type,

Crawford; Reeve); The Gorge, Somerset Hast (Mrs. Howard).

_ The peculiar angulation around the umbilicus renders this species

easily recognisable.

Miu. XX XIIT, 26

402 Annals of the South African Museum.

Lauria longa sp. n.

(Pl. xii, f. 12.)

Shell small, cylindrical, umbilicate, thin, smooth, glossy, transparent, corneous

brown. Spire produced, sides regular and nearly straight, apex broadly rounded.

Whorls 83, not very convex, first 4 regularly increasing in length and breadth,

remainder nearly equal; first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with very faint,

close, straight, oblique striolae; suture simple, well defined. Aperture quadrate,

rounded at base, peristome slightly expanded, dental processes 3; a short, acute

angular lamella; a flat tubercle below the sinus and a smaller one half-way up the

columella, which is otherwise straight, erect, and rather long.

Long. 4-2, lat. 1:7; apert. alt. 0-75, lat. 0-5; last whorl 1:9 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Wellington Mountains, 1500 feet

(Barnard).

Type in South African Museum.

The elongate form of this new species and its slightly different

dentition distinguishes it from others of the genus, while its occurrence

in the heart of the “Lauria” country of the Cape Province tends to

the probability, in which Tomlin concurs, that it is rightly placed.

It 1s exceeded in length by the newly described L. bequaerti Pilsb.,

from the Belgian Congo, but that species, which measures

4-35 x 2:2 mm., is likened to L. desiderata Preston, so cannot bear

much resemblance to the one now described.

Subfamily VERTIGININAE.

Animal oviparous, usually without lower tentacles, penis simple,

without appendages, retractor muscle simple, attached to epiphallus.

Hermaphrodite gland divided into 2 groups of short, wide acini;

male organs frequently absent. Jaw formed by concrescence of

relatively few wide plates, separated by grooves, central tooth

tricuspid, laterals bi- or tri-cuspid with interstitial cusplets, ectocone

often about as long as mesocone, marginals usually tricuspid with

numerous interstitial cusplets.

Genus Vertigo Miill., 1774

(Verm. Hist., ii, p. 124)

(=Isthmia Gray, 1821, Alaea Jeff., 1830, etc.).

Type V. pusilla Mill.

Small compact pupillids with very blunt summit, aperture usually

with the 6 typical teeth of the family, none of them concrescent,

angular, when present, not marginal.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 403

Vertigo antwertigo (Drap.).

(Pl. xii, f. 14.)

1801. Pupa antwertigo Drap., Tabl. Moll. Fr., p.57. D.

1919. Vertego antivertigo Drap., Pilsb., Manual, xxv, p. 163, pl. xvi,

f.4-6. DF.

1925. Vertigo antivertigo Drap., Stnbg., Et. Maillots, pp. 12, 79,

iesooleexvail, £ I-3> pl. xix, f. 1-2; pl. xxx, f.2.. A.

1935. Vertigo antiwertigo Drap., Gardner, Q.J. Geol. Soc., xcei,

perroo, pl. xxx, f) 31-35. . Df.

In view of the figure here given it appears unnecessary to refer to

any further literature concerning this common European species.

Shell minute, rimate, broadly ovate, nearly smooth, glossy, corneous brown.

Whorls 5, very convex, last 3 sculptured with extremely weak microscopic growth

striolae. Aperture triangular, rounded at base, peristome slightly expanded,

straight and vertical in profile, main dentition 6-fold; a strong, long parietal and

shorter angular lamella; a strong mid-labral fold with a shorter one below it; a

tubercle on left of base and a strong lamella at top of columella; other small

processes are frequently present, as in the shell figured, where there is a small

labral denticle in the sinus; columellar margin triangularly reflexed over the rima.

Length, as given by Pilsbry, from 1-95 to 2-25; lat. 1-2 to 1-4 mm.

Hab. BECHUANALAND. Tlapings Laagte Well, Vryburg (sub-

fossil, Rogers). |

Type ubi?, not in the Draparnaud collection.

A widespread palaearctic form, extending to N.W. Africa and,

in subfossil condition, to the Kharga Oasis in Egypt, but its occur-

rence in Bechuanaland would be almost inexplicable were it not that

it is accompanied there by Zonitoides africanus Bttg., which appears

practically inseparable from the European nitidus Drap., which has

been found with antivertigo in the Kharga Oasis. Other species

occurring in the piece of rock collected by Rogers at Tlapings Laagte

Well, which he informs me was not found down a well, but is merely

a surface deposit of uncertain age, are L. truncatula Mill., P. fontana

Kiist., and what appears to be Punctum hottentotum (M. & P.).

Genus Truncatellina Lowe, 1852

(A.M.N.H., ix, p. 275)

(= Laurinella Hesse, 1915).

Type Pupa linearis Lowe.

Shell minute, with obtusely rounded summit and very convex

whorls; teeth 1-3, parietal, columellar and lower palatal, last 2

deeply immersed, or none at all. Animal without inferior tentacles.

404 Annals of the South African Museum.

Truncatellina iota (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 349.

1894. Pupa iota M. & P., A.M.N.H., xiv, p. 93, pl. 1, f. 10. DF:

1921. Triuncatelina iota M. & P., Pilsb., Manual, soqg pee

pl xe EO ee

Shell very small, cylindrical, rimate, thin, silky, transparent, pale corneous

brown. Spire produced, sides regular, apex mamillate. Whorls 7, very convex,

last 6 very gradually increasing, almost equal in size, first 14 practically smooth,

remainder sculptured with strong, nearly straight, slightly oblique costulae,

increasing very gradually in distance apart; suture simple, impressed. Aperture

squarely subquadrate, rounded at base, peristome slightly reflexed, labrum

straight and erect in profile, columella erect, margin triangularly reflexed, callus

none; the slight columellar reflexion nearly covers the small rima. The shell

described, from Pretoria, measures

Long. 2-3, lat. 0-75; apert. alt. 0-7; last whorl 0-9 mm.

The number of whorls varies from 6 to 8 in a series from this

locality, and the length of shell somewhat in proportion.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (type, Farquhar; Connolly);

Heidelberg (Miss Livingston); Standers Kop (Connolly).

NATAL. Hilton (Falcon); Balgowan (Pennington).

ZULULAND. Dukuduku Forest (Toppin).

CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna (J. L. B. Smith); Kowie (Gowie).

Type in British Museum.

var. lavingstonae M. & P.

Ref. List No. 349.

1908. Pupa rota M. & P., var. livingstonae Bup., M. & P., A.M.N.H.,

iy Onn Ciep OG Sig IAS IO LT.

1921. Truncatellina iota M. & P., mut. livingstonae Bunp., Pilsb.,

Mamtiall, xexvaj jos Oi, plex tS 08 aah

Differs from type in the presence of a well-marked, oblique, shortly entering

fold, far within the aperture, which might be termed, from its situation, either

basal or lower palatal, but is clearly visible, when present, in a frontal aspect.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (type); Standerton (Connolly).

NATAL. Balgowan (Pennington); Hilton (Falcon).

ZULULAND. St. Lucia Lake (Haas).

Type in British Museum.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 405

Truncatellina pretoriensis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 352.

1893. Pupa pretorrensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xi, p. 21, pl. i,

ope. DF.

1908. Pupa dysorata M. & P., var. intradentata Bnp., M. & P.,

Peover tp. (o, pl. 1, f. 5-6.- DF.

1921. Truncatellina pretoriensis M. & P., Pilsb., Manual, xxvi,

peoples, ft. 1-3. DF.

A minute cylindrical shell, with 5} very convex whorls; the sculpture is similar

to that of 2ota, var. livingstonae, but weaker, and there is a small deep-set basal

tubercle in the same position as in that form, from which it is easily distinguishable,

even to the naked eye, by its minute size.

Long. 1-5, lat. 0-7 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria and District (pretoriensis and

intradentata, Farquhar; Connolly).

Types in British Museum; that of pretoriensis is fragmentary, but

enough remains to prove its identity with Burnup’s godchild.

Truncatellina dysorata (M. & P.).

| Ref. List No. 345.

1893. Pupa dysorata M. & P., A.M.N.H., xi, p. 20, pl. iii, f. 4.

F. and faulty description.

1921. Truncatellina dysorata M. & P., Pilsb., Manual, xxvi, p. 94,

prec t 4: DF.

A minute, umbilicate, cylindrical shell with 54 convex whorls, the apical smooth,

remainder deeply, closely, transversely striate; aperture subquadrate, rounded

at base, slightly thickened and expanded, with no dental process.

Long. 1-57, lat. 0-9 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Griqualand East (coll. Sykes).

Type in British Museum.

Slightly more cylindrical, with less ventricose whorls and shallower

suture than pretoriensis, from which it further differs in being um-

bilicate instead of rimate, and in the complete absence of dentition.

Truncatellina quantula (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 353.

1893. Pupa quantula M. & P., A.M.N.H., xi, p. 20, pl. i, £.5. DP.

1921. Truncatellina quantula M. & P., Pilsb., Manual, xxvi, p. 95,

pepe tno. DF.

406 Annals of the South African Museum.

Resembles the foregoing in its cylindrical form, but easily distinguished by its

greater length, comparative narrowness, rounder aperture and much finer, closer

sculpture, which is hardly visible under a hand-lens; there is no dentition.

The shell contains 6 convex whorls and measures 1-87 x 0-9 mm. in length and

breadth.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth, south of Baakens

River to Schoenmakers Kop (Crawford).

Type lost.

Truncatellina sykesw (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 354.

1893. Pupa sykesi M. & P., A.M.N.H., xi, p. 21, plo my Gee

and faulty description. :

1898. Pupa penthert Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 70, pl. u, f. 34-36. DF.

1921. Truncatellina sykesii M. & P., Pilsb., Manual, xxvi, p. 97,

De ee AS DoE.

1921. Truncatellina pentherr Stur., Pilsb., zbid., p. 98, pl. x, f. 13.

IDI

1925. Truncatellina sykest Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu,

Del Go aN:

A minute, rimate, cylindriform shell, but more tapering than the last, smooth,

glossy, corneous brown. Whorls 63, very convex, lst smooth, remainder sculp-

tured with close, somewhat irregular, slightly oblique striolae, so faint as to be

scarcely visible under the microscope; suture simple, deep. Aperture quadrate,

rounded at base, peristome minutely thickened, columella erect, margin triangu-

larly reflexed, dentition none.

Long. 1-82, lat. 0-83 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Griqualand East (type in coll. Sykes);

Port Elizabeth (Reeve); Pirie (Godfrey); Grahamstown (Farquhar);

The Gorge, Somerset East (Mrs. Howard).

NATAL. Majuba (Connolly); Durban; Umbilo Road (pentheri,

Penther); Edendale; Game Pass; Ntimbankulu; van Reenen

(Burnup); Sinkwazi; Balgowan (Pennington); Cathkin; Karkloof

Falls (Falcon).

LORENZO MARQUES. Mt. Vengo, 5500 feet (Cressy).

Type of sykesi in British, pentheri in Vienna Museum.

The sculpture in the Port Elizabeth race is considerably stronger

than in the type.

var. mconspicua Bunp.

Ref. List No. 354.

1908. Pupa sykesii M. & P., A.M.N.H., i, pp. 157-8, pl. ii, f. 21.

DF.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 407

1911. Pupa sykesi M. & P., var. onconspicua Bup., A.M.N.H., vii,

p. 410. N.

1921. Truncatellina sykesw inconspicua Bup., Pilsb., Manual, xxvi,

Pee plo x, 12. DP.

An elongate, narrow, fusiform variety, resembling the type except for

being longer and narrower; the largest example has 74 whorls and measures

2-05 x 0-72 mm., while a second example is 1:94x0-77 mm. in length and

breadth.

Hab. NATAL. Dargle (Miss Livingston).

Type in British Museum.

Truncatellina perplexa (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 351.

1908. Pupa perplera Bnp., M. & P., A.M.N.H., 1, p. 80, pl. u,

f.17-18. D.F.

1921. Truncatellina perplera Bnp., Pilsb., Manual, xxvi, p. 91,

pl. ix, f. 24-25. DF.

A minute, cylindrical shell, with 5 whorls, similar in sculpture to iota, but with

3-fold dentition; a small inset parietal lamella; a blunt, oblong fold, like a

low mound, inset on the columella, and a small, deep-set basal fold in the same

position as in the var. livingstonae.

Long. 1-75, lat. 0-9 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Cradock (type); Port Elizabeth

(Farquhar); Maclear (in coll. Wotton).

TRANSVAAL: Johannesburg (McBean); Potchefstroom (Miss

Livingston); Heidelberg (Connolly); Pretoria (?) in coll. Ponsonby.

ORANGE FREE STATE. Bloemfontein (Connolly); Thaba Nchu

(Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

The Port Elizabeth race has a whorl more than the normal, and is

slightly longer in consequence, while the basal fold is so far inset

as usually to be only distinguishable by a white patch through the

back of the shell. The single example from Maclear lacks the

parietal lamella.

Subfamily NEsoPpuPINAE, Steenberg, 1925.

Shell and animal substantially like the Vertigininae except that

the penis bears an appendix and the retractor muscle is forked; some

of the genera are viviparous.

408 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus Nesopupa Pilsb., 1900

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 432)

(= Ptychochilus Bttg., 1881, preoc.).

Type Pupa tantilla Gld.

Shell minute, oval or ovate, rimate, aperture with angular, parietal

and columellar lamellae and usually with palatal folds; lip expanded.

Animal lacking inferior tentacles.

Section Afripupa Pilsb. & Cooke, 1920

(Manual, xxv, p. 276).

Type Pupa griqualandica M. & P.

Sculpture of close rib-striae without cuticular edges; the columellar

lamella does not turn down at its inner end.

Text-fig. 31 shows the dentition of the six known S. African species.

Trxt-Fic. 31.—Apertural dentition of South African Nesopupa,

highly magnified.

A. N. griqualandica (M. & P.).

B. N. bandulana Conn.

C. N. farquhari Pilsb.

D. N. bisulcata rhodesiana Pilsb.

E. N. vengoensis Conn.

F. N. corrugata (Prest.).

Nesopupa griqualandica (M. & P.).

(Text-fig. 31, A.)

Ref. List No. 348.

1893. Pupa griqualandica M. & P., A.M.N.H., xi, p. 22, pl. ii,

bibs at gs OAT

1920. Nesopupa griqualandica M. & P., Pilsb., Manual, xxv, p. 357,

pl, xxmiv.t oe Dee

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 409

1929. Nesopupa griqualandica M. & P., Pilsb., Ann. Natal Mus., vi,

pols. N.

Shell minute, ovate, rimate, thin, silky, glossy, transparent, pale corneous

brown. Spire moderately produced, apex rounded. Whorls 4-43, very convex,

first 1} smoothly pitted, remainder sculptured with close, regular, nearly straight,

slightly oblique transverse costulae; suture simple, impressed. Aperture quadrate,

rounded at base, peristome expanded, dentition 6-fold; a short, acute, inrunning

parietal lamella; a shorter angular lamella, hollowed on the right, arising at the

lip edge and entering less deeply than the former; a short, deeply entering sinular

fold; a square denticle somewhat inset at the left centre of the base; an oblique,

inrunning lamella further inset behind it, and an acute horizontal columellar

lamella; the dental processes show white on the exterior of the shell, but corre-

spond to no external depressions. A shell from Pretoria measures

Long. 1-5, lat. 0-9 mm.

All the above processes are present in the type, but the basal

denticle is very weak, and the shell is somewhat weathered, so that

the early sculpture is obliterated.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Griqualand East (type, coll. Sykes);

Cradock (Farquhar); Port Elizabeth (coll. Ponsonby); Kowie; East

London (Kincaid).

TRANSVAAL. Pretoria District (Farquhar and others); Heidel-

berg (Miss Livingston); Buiskop (Connolly).

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg; Tongaat; Edendale (Burnup);

Sinkwazi (Pennington); Winkle Spruit (Akerman); Bushman’s

River Falls (Thomasset); Hilton (Falcon).

ZULULAND. Dukuduku (Toppin); Mfongosi (Jones).

S. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

Nesopupa farquhari Pilsb.

(Pl. xui, f. 15, and text-fig. 31, C.)

1917. Nesopupa farquhari Pilsb., Nautilus, xxxi, p. 50. OD.

1920. es i >. 0 Manual, xo<v;-p-) 308, ply xeav,

mio. DF.

Very similar to the foregoing, with 43 whorls; parietal and sinual processes

much as in griqualandica, but there is an inrunning lower palatal fold, the basal

is a small round tubercle situate on the left of the base, and the columellar lamella

is rather higher than in M. & P.’s species. One of the original lot measures

Long. 1-6, lat. 1:0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown (type, Farquhar);

Kowie (Kincaid).

Type in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

410 Annals of the South African Museum.

Nesopupa vengoensis Conn.

(Text-fig. 31, E.)

1925. Nesopupa (Afripupa) vengoensis Conn., Trans. R. Soc.

S wAGriea, | xii) p.ylbo, pl vets 2a: iene

1934. Nesopupa vengoensis Conn., Pilsb., Manual, xxviii, p. 111,

Oly exe Oe Dn

A minute shell resembling griqualandica in almost every detail, but with slightly

weaker sculpture, while the lower palatal fold is absent and the basal tooth so

much more deep-set that in some specimens it is hardly visible.

Long. 1-6, lat. 0-8; apert. alt. 0-5, lat. 0-5; last whorl 1-0 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mt. Vengo, 5500 feet (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

Nesopupa bisulcata rhodesiana Pilsb.

(Text-figs. 31, D, and 32.)

Ref. List No. 339.

1912. Jaminia bisulcata Jick., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xi, p. 178. NV.

1920. Nesopupa bisulcata rhodesiana Pilsb., Manual, xxv, p. 359,

lig Oana 1, GL! YU),

There are 5 whorls; both parietal processes rather

weaker than in griqualandica, upper and lower palatals

not entering, but both marked by plain white lines,

scarcely furrows, on the outside of the shell; there is no

: basal fold, and the columellar lamella, shorter than in

griqualandica, is situate half-way up the columella. A

topotype measures

Long. 2-0, lat. 1-1 mm.

| Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly).

Type in Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-

. delphia.

Pilsbry considers that this race differs so

much in contour from Jickeli’s figures that,

Nesopupa bisulcata 7 p P

rhodesiana Pilsb., taking the locality and faunal zone into con-

Victoria Falls, : . . : t ae cific

fap aneraneel sideration, he is disposed to give it subspe

standing.

Trxt-FiG¢. 32.

Section Insulipupa Pilsb. & Cooke, 1920

(Manual, xxv, p. 277).

Type Pupa minutalis Morel.

Angular lamella low throughout, straight, joining the outer lip;

surface pitted; form rather cylindrical.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 411

Nesopupa corrugata (Prest.).

(Text-fig. 31, F.)

Ref. List No. 340.

1912. Jaminia corrugata Prest., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 70, f. 4; p. 71.

wD.

1920. Nesopupa corrugata Prest., Pilsb., Manual, xxv, p. 361,

peony. £12.15. DF.

1925. Nesopupa (Afripupa) corrugata Prest., Conn., Trans. R. Soc.

S. Africa, xii, p. 164. WN.

Shell very small, cylindrical, rimate, smooth, transparent, corneous yellow-

brown. Spire produced, sides parallel, apex rounded. Whorls 54, convex,

gradually increasing, first 14 practically smooth, remainder sculptured with very

weak, oblique microscopic striolae, the whole surface bearing a strongly corrugate

or malleate aspect; suture simple, well defined. Aperture quadrate, rounded at

base, peristome slightly expanded, labrum straight and erect, dentition 4-fold :

a shortly entering parietal and a short, weak angular lamella; a minute lower

palatal tubercle and one slightly larger half-way up the columella. The finest of

the original lot in my collection measures

Long. 2-7, lat. 1-2 mm.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (type, Connolly).

LORENZO MARQUES. Bandula Siding, B. & M. Rly.

(McDowell).

Type in Tervueren Museum.

It is seldom that all 4 dental processes are present, the labral

tubercle being usually deficient; the Bandula examples are shorter

than type, but otherwise typical.

Section uncertain.

Nesopupa bandulana Conn.

(Text-fig. 31, B.)

1922. Nesopupa bandulana Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 119. D.

(1925. “ (Afripupa) bandulana Conn., Trans. R. Soc.

S, Atriea, xu, p. 165, pl. iv, f.24. DP.

1926. Nesopupa bandulana Conn., Pilsb., Manual, xxvii, p. 226,

pea f. 15. D.F.

The dark brown shell agrees in most respects with griqualandica, but the 44

whorls are rather less convex and sculptured only with microscopic striolae. The

parietal lamella is weak, and the angular very small and not nearly connecting

with the lip; both palatals strong and rather deep-set, basal similar and to left of

them, columellar lamella deep-set, horizontal, as in griqualandica; there is a small

sinular pit, but no other external depression.

Long. 1-5, lat. 1-0 mm.

412 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Near Bandula Siding, B. & M.

Railway (McDowell).

Type in British Museum.

Pilsbry remarks that this is not an Afripupa, but leaves it for the

present in Nesopupa.

Genus Pupisoma Stol., 1873

(J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xiii, 2, p. 32).

Type P. lignicola Stol.

Shell very small, globose, with very convex whorls and blunt apex,

animal viviparous, without inferior tentacles; central tooth tri-

cuspid, laterals with 3 cusps or inner cusp suppressed, marginals

with 4 or 5 unequal cusps; penis with short appendage.

Section Ptychopatula Pilsb., 1889

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 191).

Type Helix caeca Guppy.

Shell globose-conic, of 34-4 whorls, striate or regularly ribbed,

usually with spiral lines, columella concave, simple, margin dilated.

In restoring Pwpisoma to the present family, Pilsbry stresses the

absence of the lower pair of tentacles and suggests that it may

be regarded as an arboreal derivative of Nesopupa, which has been

modified like the Hawaiian species of Pronesopupa (also arboreal or

foliicolous) by decadence or loss of teeth in the aperture and simpli-

fication of the peristome; Thiele, however, has retained the genus in

the Valloniidae.

Pupisoma orcula (Bs.).

(Text-fig. 33.)

Ref. List No. 297.

1850. Helix orcula Bs., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 251. JD.

1916. Pupisoma orcula Bs., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xi, p. 186. JN.

1920. Be A » Filsb., Manual, xxvi, p. ol jpheeee

ty ay Oak

1922. Pupisoma orcula Bs., Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p. 76. ZL.

Shell very small, roundly ovate, narrowly umbilicate, slightly silky, dark

corneous brown. Whorls 3-4, convex, rounded at periphery, rapidly increasing,

sculptured almost to extreme apex with close, regular, curved, oblique transverse

striae, between which appear extremely fine, close, regular, microspiral lines;

suture well defined. Aperture nearly circular, labrum receding to the base,

columella concave, inclined inwards, margin triangularly reflexed over the narrow

te eT

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 413

umbilicus. The shell figured, from Edendale, is 1:66 x 1:69 mm., while others

measured by Burnup were 1-57 x 1-75, 1-62 x 1-88, 2-00 x 1-74, and 2-18 x 1-94 mm.

in height and breadth, disclosing considerable variation in ratio between these

dimensions.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford); Grahams-

town (Farquhar); Somerset East (Mrs.

Howard). “a

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg; Ntimbankulu;

Dargle; Edendale; Game Pass; Upper Mooi

R. (Burnup); Winkel Spruit (Akerman).

TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (Connolly); Elim;

Sibasa; Mt. Manotsuri, Shiluwane Dist.

(Junod).

RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Warren). Text-Fic. 33. — Pupi-

a ae ue ula (Bs.), Kar-

Originally described from India; paratypes fests ao Benet,

in British Museum. |

Pupisoma japonicum Pilsb.

(Text-fig. 34.)

Ref. List No. 296.

1902. Pupisoma japonicum Pilsb., Nautilus, xvi, p. 21. D.

1916. i i Po conm ee Anns sooAu- IMIS ls mexmi,

peo.) JN.

1920. Pupisoma japonicum Pilsb., Manual, xxvi, p. 25, pl. u,

fet.) DF.

Smaller than the foregoing, less variable in contour, height just exceeding

breadth, the transverse striae are slightly weaker and there is practically no sign

TExt-FIc. 34.—Pupisoma japonicum Pilsb., Karkloof; x12 approximately.

of microspiral sculpture: the columellar reflexion is narrow and the umbilicus

less concealed from basal view-point. The shell figured, from Karkloof, is

1-34 x 1:30 mm., and others measured by ee were 1-22 x 1-16, 1-32 x 1-24,

1-35 x 1-32, pad 1-44 x 1-37 mm.

414 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg; Ntimbankulu; Edendale;

Karkloof; Game Pass (Burnup).

Described from Japan; type in Academy of Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia.

Famity ENIDAE.

Shell ovate to turriform, teeth of radula usually with an ectocone,

which becomes split on the marginals. Genitalia with or without

spermatophore sac on stalk of receptaculum seminis, which is often

very long; penis, except in Jaminiinae, with glandular appendage,

of which the basal portion contains a branch of the penial retractor;

epiphallus usually with a short blind sac on its end and often a small

protuberance in the middle.

Subfamily PacHNopinag Steenberg, 1925

(Et. Maillots, p. 202).

Shell very small to rather large, conoid, ovate or turriform, nearly

always perforate, aperture usually toothless, nearly always with

reflexed columellar margin. Radula diversified, central tooth single

or tricuspid, laterals usually with outer cusp, marginals usually with

ectocone split in two and outer teeth frequently pectinate; in most

genera the marginal teeth are placed more or less obliquely, so that

the outer side of one is in front of the inner side of the tooth next

beyond. The anatomy of Pachnodus has been treated fully by

Wiegmann * and that of Rachis punctata (q.v.) by Seshaiya; the

kidney is orthurethrous, receptacular duct without diverticulum,

penis with well-developed appendage; the little cul-de-sacs of

proximal portion of hermaphrodite duct, so characteristic of the

Palaearctic Enidae, are lacking.

Genus Rhachidina Thiele, 1911

(Deutsch. Zent.-Afr.-Exp., p. 201).

Type Bulimus tumefactus Rve.

Shell small to medium, thin, acuminate ovate, narrowly umbilicate,

smooth, fairly glossy, whitish with brown spots and bands, peristome

acute, often expanded. Central tooth of radula short, blunt and

single, laterals and marginals with rounded edges, 1 small acute

inner and usually 2 outer cusps.

* Mitth. Zool. Samml. Mus. Naturk. Berlin, 1898, i, p. 81.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 415

Rhachidina usagarica (Smith).

OB aati ts.)

Ref. List No. 324.

1890. Rhachis usagarica Smith, A.M.N.H., vi, p. 152, pl. v, £.5. DF.

1897. Bulominus (Rhachis) melanacme Pfr., var. usagaricus Smith,

Mis., D.-O.-A., iv, p. 76. N.

1898. Buliminus (Rhachis) pentheri Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 65, pl. ui,

{.47-48. D.F.

1900. Buliminus (Rhachis) usagaricus Smith, Kob., Conch. Cab.,

poate, pl. xerx, £5. Df.

1925. Rhachidina usagarica Smith (= pentheri Stur.), Conn., Trans.

be ooe. 0. Airica, xii, p. 161. NN.

Shell of good size, broadly acuminate ovate, thin, smooth, glossy, first 2 or 3

whorls usually brown, later pale cream with a number of small, irregular blackish

spots, usually with ! or 2, rarely 3 or 4 narrow brown bands, or bandless. Sides

straight, summit conical, apical angle 67°. Whorls 53, moderately convex,

rounded at periphery, rapidly increasing, first 24 smooth, remainder sculptured

with faint, fine, close, straight, slightly oblique striolae and, on the upper surface,

patches of extremely weak spiral grooving; suture well defined. Aperture sub-

oval, peristome simple, labrum straight, receding but little in profile, columella

erect, margin triangularly reflexed, half covering the umbilicus.

Alt. 15-5, lat. 11-5; apert. alt. 9-2, lat. 6-2; last whorl 12:3 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mtisherra R. Valley; Dondo;

Chimoio District (Cressy); Matolla (penthert, Penther).

Type of usagarica in British, pentherz in Vienna Museum.

Described from Usagara and ranging into Kenya and Uganda.

The typical form has 2 bands, 1 at the periphery and 1 below it,

but some lack the lower band, some are bandless and others with

a band both above and below periphery; a rare variety is quadri-

fasciate, with 4 bands between periphery and umbilicus. My

reasons for considering this species distinct from the next are given

thereunder. R. sesamorum Bgt., described with 1 band but figured

with 2, probably represents usagarica, with which it agrees in

texture and colour, rather than melanacme, to which some authors

have attributed it (v. infra).

Rhachidina melanacme (Pir.).

(PP sain, ft. 8:)

Ref. List No. 317.

1855. Bulumus melanacme Pfr., P.Z.S., p. 96, pl. xxxi, f.8. DF.

1889. Pachnodus sesamorum Ancey, Bgt., Moll. Afr. équat., p. 66,

pm, f)2-3. DF.

416 Annals of the South African Museum.

1901. Buliminus (Rhachis) sesamorum Bgt., Kob., Conch. Cab.,

SO} ol exami aie Lee aie

1925. Rhachidina melanacme Pfr., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

anja PIM ONLS Ae

Although agreeing with the last in every other respect, this appears to be

separable by its more solid, quasi-calcareous texture, greater gloss and milky,

almost bluish-white ground; the first 2 or 3 whorls are black and there is usually

a very narrow dark peripheral band, sometimes absent, and rarely a second on the

base, which does not, however, extend to the aperture. Whorls 6, apical angle 68°,

Alt. 17-0, lat. 11-4; apert. alt. 7-5, lat. 5-8; last whorl 11-5 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (type, Peters, fide Pfeiffer).

Martens states that the above locality is incorrect, as all others

of Peters’ original set are labelled in his hand Querimba Island (off

the coast of Mozambique), and if such be the case, the species does not

fall within the limits of the present work.

The type appears to be lost; there are immature paratypes in the

British and Berlin Museums and elsewhere.

Rhachidina mozambicensis (Pfr.).

(Plo sant 162)

Ref. List No. 320.

1846. Bulimus mozambicensis Pfr., Symb., 11, p. 85. D.

1879. Buliminus speket Bgt., Descr. Moll. Egypte, p. 4. D.

1925. Rhachidina mozambicensis Pir., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. S.

Airica. xan. ©O2. wy.

Shell of good size, acuminate ovate, smooth, rather dull, translucent, first 2

whorls dark brown, ground colour of remainder creamy white, with a narrow

peripheral band of dark brown and rarely a second, fainter, on base; above the

periphery the whorls are painted with close, fairly regular, more or less continuous,

straight, slightly oblique transverse brown lines, with bands of brown dots,

variously arranged, and irregular black dots, which are also present on the other-

wise unornamented base. Sides straight, summit acute, apical angle 61°. Whorls

64, moderately convex, first 2 smooth, remainder bearing extremely fine, weak,

straight, slightly oblique transverse striolae; suture well defined. Aperture

suboval, peristome narrowly expanded, labrum straight and only slightly receding,

columella erect, margin narrowly reflexed, almost concealing the narrow umbilicus.

Alt. 18:5, lat. 12-0; apert. alt. 9-9, lat. 5-7; last whorl 13-7 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Rikatla (fide Junod).

Type in British Museum.

A striking form, whose ornamentation amply distinguishes it from

all others. It was described from Mozambique and its record from

Rikatla is of questionable accuracy; nevertheless it seems inadvisable

to expunge it from the South African list, as it is almost certain to

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 417

occur in the little explored districts along the south bank of the

Zambesi.

Rhachidina dubiosa (Stur.).

(Ble xn 7)

Ref. List No. 312.

1898. Buliminus (Rhachis) dubiosus Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 64, pl. u,

f. 45-46. D.F.

1925. Rhachidina dubiosa Stur., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. S. Africa,

mia 162: - N.

1936. Rachis dubiosa Stur., Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges., No. 431,

peak DL.

Resembles the foregoing in form, but is more glossy, with paler apex; ground

colour cream, with a narrow brown band around the periphery and a second about

the middle of the base, upper part of whorls painted with 2 spiral rows of brown

dots, sometimes united vertically to form continuous transverse streaks; one

example shows an additional infrasutural roseate band. Sides straight, apical

angle 50°. Whorls 74, flattish, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured all over

with extremely weak, fine, straight, slightly oblique transverse striolae and clear,

fine, slightly undulating microspiral lines. Aperture suboval, peristome simple,

columella concave, margin narrowly reflexed, almost covering the narrow umbilicus.

The largest example recorded measures

Alt. 20-5, lat. 11-3; apert. alt. 9-3, lat. 7-0; last whorl 12-6 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Matolla (type, Penther); Dondo

(Cressy).

ZULULAND. Mazimba Hill (Haas).

Type in Vienna Museum.

The microspiral sculpture in this and the next species distinguish

them from other South African members of the genus, but their

exact affinity with more than one of the Central African forms,

such as braunsi Mts., must rest undetermined until much fuller

material is available for examination.

Rhachidina chiradzuluensis (Smith).

(RIE xa, £145)

1899. Buliminus (Rhachis) chiradzuluensis Smith, P.Z.S., p. 586,

peo, £40: DF.

1900. Buliminus (Rhachis) chiradzuluensis Smith, Kob., Conch.

Cube. p. 608, pl. ci, £3. DF.

1922. Rhachis chiradzuluensis Smith, Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xv,

pe iG. N.

The Transvaal shell that I attribute to this species is small, very thin and fragile,

smooth, moderately glossy, pale yellow with 3 chestnut bands, broader round

periphery and on base, very narrow between the former and upper suture. Sides

VOL. XXXIII. 27

418 Annals of the South African Museum.

straight, apical angle 62°. Whorls 6, not very convex, last 4 sculptured as the

foregoing, with faint transverse striolae and clear microspiral lineation. Aperture

suboval, peristome simple, columella somewhat concave, margin narrowly, almost

adnately reflexed, nearly concealing the minute umbilicus.

Alt. 13-7, lat. 9-0; apert. alt. 7-2, lat. 4-1; last whorl 10-3 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Mt. Manotsuri, Shiluwane District (Junod).

Type in British Museum.

Described from Nyasaland and ranging as far north as Mombasa;

the type set all have but two narrow bands, one about the periphery

and one on base; in the Transvaal examples these bands are twice

as broad, and there is a narrow third band above the periphery, mid-

way between the sutures, but in other respects the shells are perfectly

conspecific.

Rhachidina spilogramma (Mts.).

(Ee pecnni sy te 2)

Ref. List No. 330.

1859. Bulimus spilogrammus Mts., Mal. Blatt., vi, p. 214, pl. u,

iy Oye JODIE

1925. Rhachidina spilogramma Mts., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

Gob) Oe MMOS Ae

Shell small, short turriform, very thin, transparent, not very glossy, first 3 or

4 whorls usually brown, ground of remainder cream with a narrow brown peripheral

band, the space between which and the upper suture is occupied by broad patches

or irregularly shaped streaks of brown, which are in rare instances absent, leaving

the peripheral band as sole ornamentation. Sides straight, summit acute, apical

angle 56°. Whorls 7, flattish, the later sculptured with very fine and close, straight,

oblique transverse striolae; suture well defined. Aperture oblique, suboval,

peristome very narrowly expanded except for a short distance below the suture,

labrum straight and receding somewhat in profile, columella inclined to left,

margin little reflexed, only just overhanging the narrow umbilicus. The largest

specimen at hand measures

Alt. 12:0, lat. 7-7; apert. alt. 6-0, lat. 3-7; last whorl 8-9 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (type, Peters); Mtisherra

R. Valley (Cressy).

The slight expansion of the peristome distinguishes this little shell

from the young of larger forms.

Type in Berlin Museum.

Genus Rhachistia Conn., 1925

(Trans. R. Soc. S. Africa, xii, p. 163).

Type Buluminus rhodotaenia Mts., 1901

(=FHorrhachis Toml. & Peile, 1930).

Shell comparatively large, short turriform, solid, smooth, fairly

glossy, with dark spots and brown or purple bands on ground of

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 419

rose, buff, flesh, or cream. Aperture ovate, peristome acute, not

expanded. Teeth of radula large, lobe-shaped, central single, blunt

or round.

Rhachistia sticta (Mts.).

(Pl. xan. t. 19.)

Ref. List No. 331.

1859. Bulumus (Rhachis) stictus Mts., Mal. Blatt., vi, p. 211,

pl. ii, £6. DF.

1925. Rhachistia sticta Mts., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu,

plot. N.

Shell large, turriform, umbilicate, rather solid, smooth, glossy, cream, sometimes

with a narrow infrasutural yellow band, 2 or more broader, of rosy lilac, above

and below the periphery, or sometimes with 3 narrow lilac bands above,

around, and below the periphery respectively, but always with a variable number

of dark spots and blotches on the later whorls. Sides straight, summit acute,

apical angle 55°. Whaorls 8, rather flat, angulate at periphery of young shells,

first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with close, faint, straight, slightly oblique

striolae and exceedingly faint microspiral lines, only visible on freshest specimens;

suture well defined. Aperture quadrate, rounded at base and labrum, which is

straight and recedes little in profile, columella straight and erect, margin triangu-

larly, sometimes almost adnately reflexed, more or less obscuring the narrow

umbilicus. The specimen figured measures

Alt. 24.0, lat. 12-4; apert. alt. 10-9, lat. 6-8; last whorl 15-1 mm., but the

largest examined is 29-1] x 14-2 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (type, Peters); Manicaland

(Selous); Gorongozo District (Wells Cole); Mtisherra R. Valley;

Dondo District; Zangwe Basin (Cressy).

S. RHODESIA. Three miles east of Umtali (Dodds).

ZULULAND. Umbonambi (Toppin); White Umfolosi Flats

(Gibson).

Also known from Angoni Land and other localities in Central Africa

and Northern Rhodesia.

Type in Berlin Museum.

A magnificent, brightly coloured species, which Cressy’s collections

prove to attain far greater size than had previously been imagined.

Rhachistia rhodotaenia (Mts.).

1869. Buliminus (Rhachis) rhodotaenia Mts., von der Deckens

freisen, 1, p. 58, pl. u,i.2. DF.

1901. Buliminus rhodotaenia Mts., Kob., Conch. Cab., p. 750, pl. ex,

fe iS. DF.

Another magnificent species, only known within our limits in a

varietal form.

420 Annals of the South African Museum.

var. andradensis Germ.

1918. Rachis (Rachis) rhodotaenia Mts., var. andradensis Germ.,

Bull. Mus. Paris, xxiv, p. 155. OD.

1925. Rhachistia rhodotaenia Mts., var. andradensis Germ., Conn.,

Trans. Re) Socys. Antica: xa, p. 163. 20.

Shell large, turriform, umbilicate, smooth, fairly glossy, summit bright chestnut,

later whorls cream, with a narrow black infrasutural band and a zone of palest

lilac around the periphery, with irregular groups of brown dots on the last 2 whorls.

Whorls 7, regularly increasing, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured with very

fine, close, oblique striolae, a little crisper at the suture, and hardly visible traces

of microspiral lines; suture well defined. Aperture oblique, suboval, peristome

simple, columella straight, margin triangularly reflexed, partly covering the narrow

umbilicus. Germain’s measurements of this variety, which I have not examined,

are

Alt. 26, lat. 15; apert. alt. 13 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Andrada (Vasse).

Type in Paris Museum.

Rhachistia bohmi (Mts.).

1895. Buliminus (Rhachis) bbhmi Mts., Nachr.-Bl. D. Mal. Ges.,

Ovals joa lites BX

1897. Buliminus (Rhachis) b6hma Mts., D.O.A., iv, p. 70, pl. m1,

coe. Ee.

1899. Buliminus (Rhachis) bohmi Mts., Smith, P.Z.S., p. 586. NW.

1901. - Pa if », Kob., Conch: CanaaparaGas

pl. exvii, £. 22. DF.

1910. Rachis béhmi Mts., d’Ailly, Kiimandyjaro, i, 6, p. 19. N.

1919. \ » FPilsb., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., x} peaOGaeae

Shell of fair size, acuminate ovate, rimate, very thin, smooth, glossy, pale cream,

with a narrow band of deep chestnut round the periphery and a weaker one a short

distance below, and a few very small, faint, irregular dark dots. Whorls nearly

flat, regularly increasing, bearing weak and slightly oblique transverse striolae

and showing in unweathered places very weak, shallow spiral grooves; suture

shallow. Aperture subovate, peristome simple, columella straight and erect,

margin pale violet, narrowly reflexed over the small rima. The type contains

7 whorls and measures

Alt. 24-0, lat. 13-5; apert. alt. 10-8, lat. 7-0; last whorl 15-5 mm.

Hab. N.E. ZULULAND. Sibangwana district, resting from 5 to

20 feet up on bush and tree stems (Bell Marley).

These 3 specimens are not quite full grown; all show on the early

whorls a third brown band half-way between upper and lower suture,

but in the two larger shells this dies out somewhere on the penultimate

whorl and does not reappear.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 421

The type was described from the east shore of Lake Tanganyika

(Bohm), and the species is distributed in the Belgian Congo and

Nyasaland. The radula proves it to belong to Rhachistia.

Genus Hdouardia Gude, 1914

(Faun. India, Moll. ii, p. 280).

Type Bulimus conulus Rve.

The complicated history of Gude’s genus is as follows. In 1895 *

Martens proposed a new section of Buliminus, which he named

Conulinus, to include three new species from Central Africa: ugandae,

hildebrandti (=sordidulus), and metula; adding that B. conulus Rve.

was related to these forms. In 1897 + he elaborated the matter and

nominated conulus as genotype. In 1914 Gude rejected Conulinus

Mts. on account of the earlier Conulina Bronn, 1835, substituting

for it Hdouardia with conulus as genotype. The question was referred

to the International Committee on Zoological Nomenclature, who

tuled that ““Conulinus von Martens stands, with genotype Bulimus

conulus Rve.”’

Tomlin, however, has pointed out that B. B. Woodward had

forestalled Martens in designating the type of Conulinus, for in the

Zoological Record for 1895, which was published in November 1896,

he recorded on p. 59: “Conulinus, n. sect. of Buluminus, Type

B. ugandae n. sp. Martens.”

There can be no doubt that this prior designation nullifies the

ruling of the International Committee, and that Conulinus must be

segregated for the group to which ugandae belongs. But this is a

highly specialised little group, containing as far as I know only the

five species: ugandae Mts., daubenbergert Dautz. (=percivali Prest.

in Ms.), rutshuruensis Pilsb., nyiroensis and carpenterr Conn. The

apical sculpture shows microspiral engraving and there is a strong

blunt keel round the umbilicus, recalling Cerastus rather than the

South African and most East African forms more or less akin to

conulus, which are almost certainly generically distinct and for which

Gude’s name Hdouardia is available.

Shell small to medium, conical to turriform, perforate, thin, more

or less transparent, not strongly sculptured, corneous. brown or buff,

sometimes with i or even 2 spiral bands; suture simple, more or less

well defined according to convexity of whorl.

The South African members of this genus are all more or less conoid,

* Nachr.-Bl. D. Mal. Ges., p. 180. + D.O.A., iv, p. 64.

422 Annals of the South African Museum.

and the generic features cited above will not be stressed in the forth-

coming notes unless in the case of some individual departure from

them. The entire assemblage can almost be linked up into a smoothly

graded chain, but an attempt is here made to divide them into groups

in accordance with general size and form. The habit of some species

is arboreal and of others subterranean, and the radula in some cases

approaches nearest to Rhachistia and in others to Rachis; Peile has

examined that of several species in the Gwatkin collection and his

notes are included when available. It is remarkable that in most

cases the general form of the shell offers no clue as to the habit of the

animal, as is borne out in the following note kindly furnished by

W. Falcon: “Most of these species in Natal are habitually found on

trees and bushes after rain, and many of them (natalensis, carinifera,

arenicola, spadicea) spend most of the summer there if they can also

find shade and nooks into which to retreat, but in hot weather those

on bushes drop to the ground and hide among the dead leaves, and

in early spring their coatings of dry mud show that they have hiber-

nated in the soil. Maritzburgensis and dimera I have never found

alive on the ground, and I am inclined to think that they usually

hibernate under the dead bark of largish trees; at any rate I have

found them hibernating there and never anywhere else. Carinifera

prefers the crevices of broken rock and stone heaps in the bush,

and so does mcbeaniana; of the more eastern species I have no

experience.”

(1) Rather large, broadly conoid shells, with distinct carmation or

angulation at the periphery, even in adult specimens; first 2 whorls

smooth, remainder sculptured with close, weak, straight, somewhat

oblique transverse growth striolae, with spiral lineation, sometimes

present on the upper surface, on the base.

Edouardia natalensis (Pfr.).

(Pik xaitieet 28a)

Ref. List No. 321.

1846. Bulimus natalensis Krs., Pfr., Symb., ii, p. 86. D.

1925. Conulinus _,, , Conn., Trans. R. Soc. S) Adeieee

ep adler eye

Shell rather large, broadly conical on a rounded base, umbilicate, thin, smooth,

not very glossy, typically corneous yellow with a narrow peripheral brown band,

rarely with a second band above it, but usually unicoloured buff or brown. Spire

conical, sides straight, apical angle about 69°, apex acute. Whorls 7, convex,

regularly and rapidly increasing, weakly carinate in the type, usually more strongly,

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 423

but always somewhat bluntly so, first 24 practically smooth, remainder sculptured

all over with close, straight, somewhat oblique transverse striolae, a little stronger

in occasional lines of growth. Aperture elongate 3-lunate, peristome simple,

acute, labrum gradually receding in a straight line to the base, columella erect,

margin triangularly reflexed, half concealing the narrow umbilicus. A typical

specimen from Umkomaas measures

Alt. 19-3, lat. 14:9; apert. alt. 10-9, lat. 8-6; last whorl 15-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Near Natal Bay (type, Krauss); Drakensberg

(Wahlberg); Umkomaas; Pietermaritzburg; Tongaat; Pinetown;

Krantz Kloof (Burnup); Sinkwazi Beach (Puzey).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth; Springfields (Reeve); Kowie

(Farquhar); Port St. John’s (Shortridge); Knysna (Layard); East

London (Longstaff); Mt. Frere(Locke); Somerset East (Mrs. Howard) ;

Fort Brown (Miss Walton).

LORENZO MARQUES. Although there is no reason why this

species should not occur here, I omit the records of Rikatla and

Delagoa Bay, given in my Reference List, as probably attributable

to meridionalis Pfr.

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

The type set of three contains examples of three different species,

as now understood—arenicola Bs., natalensis Krs., and what is prob-

ably an immature carinifera M. & P.—and it is practically certain

from the greater part of Pfeiffer’s description and Krauss’ figure that

the shell Pfeiffer had in hand when describing his species was the

solid shiny shell which Benson described later under the name of

arenicola; but certain words and omissions in Pfeiffer’s description,

such as ““papyraceous”’ and omission of the black apex in his type,

permit the inference that his description is a composite one, based

on at least the two larger of the shells in the type set, and the fact

that another tube in the Stuttgart Museum, labelled in his own

writing “Buliminus natalensis Krs., Port Natal (Quenzi),’’ contains

a pair of the duller form generally attributed to that species, bears

testimony to the author’s subsequent conception thereof. A radula,

if correctly identified, much resembles that of Rachis, similar in type

to that of L. junodt.

Edouardia spadicea (Pir.).

(Pl. xii, f. 29, and text-fig. 35.)

Ref. List No. 329.

1846. Bulimus spadiceus Mke., Pir., Symb., ui, p. 87. D.

1854. a vitellinus Pfr., P.Z.S., p. 57. °D.

A broader, more solid form than natalensis, of bright chestnut colour, with

rather blunter carination, far wider umbilicus and more oblique aperture. Sides

424 Annals of the South African Museum.

straight, apical angle 80°. 6 convex whorls, first 2 smooth, remainder sculptured

all over with coarse, close, straight transverse striae of somewhat irregular promi-

nence, while the base is closely scored with regular, slightly undulating spiral

grooves. Peristome acute, slightly expanded, labrum straight, receding but little,

columella erect, margin broadly triangularly reflexed, but not obscuring the rather

wide umbilicus.

Alt. 22-0, lat. 19-9; apert. alt. 15:2, lat. 10:3; last whorl 18-0 mm.

Hab. NATAL (vitellinus, coll. Cuming); ‘In the forests”’ (spadicea,

Krauss); Umlaas River (fide Sturany); Port Shepstone; Durban

(Burnup); Illovo R. (Taynton); Umhlali (Rump); Sinkwazi Bush

(Puzey).

Gael I5 a0 46 49

TeExt-Fic. 35.—Hdouardia spadicea (Pfr.), Pietermaritzburg.

Teeth from radula; x 300.

CAPE PROVINCE. Somerset East (Miss Bowker); Kentani

(Kolbe); Port Elizabeth (Crawford); Hast London (Power) 5. Oth

St. John’s (Puzey).

TRANSVAAL. Barberton (Cregoe).

Type of spadicea in Stettin, vitellanus in British Museum.

The radula (text-fig. 35) measures 6 x 2 mm., formula (56 +1 +56)

x 145 formed rows; rhachidian and admedians with broad cusps and

no ectocones; a minute ectocone appears in some rows in line 11,

thence increasing in size, and is present in all rows in line 15, becoming

double in some rows in line 25 and in most by line 29, whence the

marginals decrease in size, those at extreme edge being rudimentary.

On one side of the radula some of the teeth towards the edge are

abnormally irregular, e.g. Nos. 46-49 in text-figure.

In a smaller, perhaps younger, specimen, formula 44+1+44, the

ectocone first becomes visible in line 8 and double in line 22.

Edouardia caffra (Pfr.).

(Pl. xin, f. 24-25.)

Ref. List No. 329 (pars).

1848. Bulimus spadiceus Mke., var., Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 79. D.

1848. i fs a , (Bulimus caffer Krs. in litt.)

Piz.,, Mon. Felon) oO 2a):

Differs from all the present group, when mature, in having no peripheral angula-

tion, but apparently best placed here as younger shells are distinctly, though

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 425

bluntly, angulate. Corneous brown, sides straight, apical angle 76°; 64 convex

whorls, first 2 smooth, remainder bearing close, weak, straight, somewhat oblique

striolae, with no apparent spiral sculpture. Aperture not oblique, about 2 of a

circle, labrum straight and receding somewhat in profile, columella erect, slightly

concave, margin triangularly reflexed, half covering the umbilicus.

Alt. 17-5, lat. 13-0; apert. alt. 8-2, lat. 6-5; last whorl 12-6 mm.

Hab. BECHUANALAND. Mt. Mohapaani, S.W. of Palapye

Road Station (Wahlberg).

Type in Stockholm Museum.

Smaller, comparatively narrower and higher than spadicea, differing

in its dark brown colour and round whorls from the buff mcbeaniana,

smaller and narrower than cockerelli. Krauss mentioned this species,

without a name, as a variety of spadicea with round whorls in maturity,

and gave its locality and collector, while Pfeiffer gave no locality

but alluded to it under spadicea as 8, minor, fusco-corneus, long. 18,

diam. 12 mill., Bulumus caffer Krs. in litt. This may be considered

hardly sufficient description, but it identifies the shell, which, in order

to avoid adding to synonymy, I think can stand under the name

quoted by Pfeiffer, with himself as its author.

Edouardia carinifera (Me do Py:

(PL xi, £277.)

Ref. List No. 307.

1897. Buliminus (Pachnodus) carinifer M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix,

pest. pl xvi, f) 8. DF.

Differs from the unicoloured brown or yellow forms of natalensis in nothing but

the shape of the keel, which may be described as protruding, that part of the

whorl immediately above and below it being as though pinched in, so as to give

it prominence. The colour is usually chestnut brown, rarely pale yellow, sides

straight, apical angle 68°, 7 flattish whorls, the later sculptured, in addition to the

usual transverse striolation, with irregular spiral grooves, which become close,

regular and prominent on base. Aperture somewhat oblique, much angulate at

periphery, peristome simple, columellar margin very narrowly reflexed, but half

concealing the very narrow umbilicus. A typical example from Maritzburg

measures

Alt. 19-0, lat. 16-7; apert. alt. 10-5, lat. 8-7;_ last whorl 13-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Gordon Falls, Pietermaritzburg (type, Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna (Purcell); Grahamstown; Bedford;

Port Elizabeth (Farquhar); Pirie (Miss Ross); East London (Power);

Keurbooms R. bush (Barnard).

ZULULAND. Kshowe (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

Although the typical form of this species is perfectly distinct from

426 Annals of the South African Museum.

that of natalensis on account of the protruding keel, it is extremely

difficult to differentiate between the two when the carination is less

well defined, so that it is not certain whether some of the localities

assigned to one of them ought not, in reality, to apply to the other;

the radula is akin to that of spadicea.

Edouardia drakensbergensis (Smith).

Ref. List No. 311.

1877. Bulimus (Pachnodus) drakensbergensis Smith, A.M.N.H., xx,

p. Ose. D.

1922. Edouardia drakensbergensis Smith, Conn., Proc. Mal. Soce.,

xv, Dp. (45 pla, £6. Nore

1936. Pachnodus drakensbergensis Smith, Haas, Abh. Senckenb.

Ges., No. 431, p. 21. LZ.

Very slightly less obese than the foregoing, with similar, but slightly less

emphasised carination; colour usually dark brown, rarely buff; sculpture as in

carinifera. The type pair is immature; my largest example from Shiluwane

contains 6$ nearly flat whorls, apical angle 66°, and measures

Alt. 17-0, lat. 13-4; apert. alt. 7-8, lat. 7-4; last whorl 12-2 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. East slope of Drakensberg, near Lydenburg

Gold Fields (type, ex Sowerby); Pilgrims Rest (Barrett); Shiluwane

District (Junod).

NATAL. Mont aux Sources (Puzey).

LORENZO MARQUES. Delagoa Bay (in Senckenberg Museum,

fide Haas).

Type in British Museum.

Apparently an arboreal species, usually covering its shell with a

thick layer of powdered bark. It is intermediate between natalensis

and carinifera, rather more slender than the former and less promi-

nently keeled than the latter, perhaps representing the northern form

of both species. Haas also records it from Mid-Angola.

Edouardia mebeaniana (Bup.).

(Pisani, £30.)

Ref. List No. 315.

1905. Ena (Pachnodus) mcbeaniana Bup., Proc. Mal. Soe., vi,

p. 302, pl. xvi, f. 1-2. DF.

1922. Hdouardia mcbeaniana Bnp., Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xv,

De eee:

Smaller than the foregoing, with nearly vertical aperture; colour bright yellow-

buff; sides straight, apical angle 80°. Whorls 64, fairly convex, gently angulate

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 427

at periphery until nearing the aperture in adult shells, transverse sculpture on all

but first 2 whorls of equal strength all over, basal grooving very weak. Aperture

nearly circular, peristome simple, columellar margin narrowly reflexed, umbilicus

narrow, but quite clear.

Alt. 17-0, lat. 13-8; apert. alt. 9-5, lat. 7-0; last whorl 12-8 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria District (type, McBean); Pietpot-

gietersrust (Connolly); Shiluwane (Junod); Barberton (Déglon).

Type in British Museum.

A species of subterranean habit in daytime, usually retiring far

down among large stones in gullies and dry watercourses; the radula

approaches that of Rachis.

Subspecies lemaneensis Conn.

(CE erctie hse.)

1922. Edouardia mcbeaniana Bnp., subsp. lemaneensis Conn.,

Exoc- Mal. Soc..xv, p. 75. D.:

Differs from type in smaller diameter, which is only 11-2 x 10-0 in a shell 16-1 mm.

long, whereas it attains 13-0 x 11-3 mm. in a typical example 15-0 mm. in length;

the columellar margin, too, is rather less broadly reflexed and umbilicus more

narrow than in the normal form; the apical angle is 67°.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Lemane, Spelonken District, N. of Pieters-

burg (Junod).

Type in British Museum.

_ Edouardia arenicola (Bs.).

(Pl. xiii, f. 26, and text-fig. 36.)

Ref. List No. 302.

1856. Bulimus arenicola Bs., A.M.N.H., xviii, p. 433. D.

All examples I have seen are golden bufi, typically with, but sometimes without,

a rather broad rufous peripheral band. The spire is more slender and compara-

tively higher than in natalensis or carinifera, apical angle 60°; the peripheral

carination well marked until complete maturity, when it becomes less so and the

peristome conspicuously expanded, columellar margin very narrowly but almost

adnately reflexed, so that the minute umbilicus is hardly discernible. A full-

sized example from Port Shepstone contains 64 whorls, not very convex and with

very little microspiral sculpture, and measures

Alt. 18-5, lat. 12-2; apert. alt. 10-1, lat. 7-4; last whorl 14:2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Caffraria, near Waterloo Bay (type);

“on rushes in the sandhills along the south coast near Mossel Bay”

(Layard); Kasouga (Hewitt); Port St. John’s (Puzey); Hast London

(Rattray); Oudebosch, River Zonder End Mts. (Barnard); Kaaimans

River, George District (Truter).

428 Annals of the South African Museum.

NATAL. Durban; Pietermaritzburg; Lower Umkomaas; Ton-

gaat; Port Shepstone (Burnup); Illovo R. (Taynton); Sinkwazi

Beach (Puzey).

ZULULAND. Dukuduku (Toppin).

Originals in Cambridge Museum.

Radula (text-fig. 36) measures 4x 1-5 mm., formula (46+1 +46)

x 115 formed rows; principally remarkable for broadness of meso-

cones in all the lines; ectocones absent from rhachidian, but present

on admedians, becoming double in some rows in line 20 and in most

by line 27; as usual the marginals decrease in size towards the edge

of radula. In a small specimen, formula 33+1+33, the ectocone

first appears double in line 13 and is double in most rows in line 15.

Cie 15 30 40 45°6

TExt-FIG: 36.—EHdouardia arenicola (Bs.), Pietermaritzburg.

Teeth from radula; x 300.

In regard to the Port Shepstone race (Pl. xi, f. 26), in which the

bands are absent and the markings are across the whorls, Falcon

writes me that ‘‘ these are only found at Port Shepstone on a group

of trees, chiefly Hrythrina capensis (Kaffir Boom), in January and

February, in large quantities and mostly engaged in copulation.

They are larger and more thin-shelled than the ordinary form which

is found in the bush all along the coast, and quite deserve a varietal

name.”

Edouardia meridionalis (Pfr.).

(PL sand; F135.)

Ref. List No. 318.

1847. Bulimus meridionalis Pfr., P.Z.8., p. 231. D.

1925. Conulinus fe ,, Conn., Trans. R. Soc. S: Africa;

xp. 195397.

Smaller and comparatively more slender than any of the foregoing, apex black,

later whorls buff, with, or rarely without, a rufous peripheral band: apical angle

56°, aperture little oblique, periphery only weakly angulate, hardly so at all in

the Tembe race. The type contains nearly 7 flattish whorls with very little trace

of spiral sculpture, and measures

Alt. 15-6, lat. 10-0; apert. alt. 7-2, lat. 5-1; last whorl 10-7 mm.

Hab. SOUTH AFRICA (type in coll. Cuming).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford; Farquhar); East

London (Rattray).

—_ —

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 429

LORENZO MARQUES. Matolla (Penther); Tembe; Magude;

Morakwen; gardens in Lorenzo Marques (Junod).

Type in British Museum. |

The radula resembles that of arenicola.

Edouardia dimera (M. & P.).

(Piracy fe h8:)

Ref. List No. 310.

1901. Bulaminus (Rhachis) dimerus M. & P., A.M.N.H., vii, p. 320,

pet 13. | DS.

Rather smaller than meridionalis, from which it is easily distinguishable by its

colour scheme, the upper half of each whorl being dark or bright chestnut and

the lower buff, while the last 3 whorls and base are sculptured with strong, close,

continuous spiral lines, visible under a hand-lens, thus differing from all South

African members of the genus. Whorls 64, apical angle 57°, aperture a little

oblique, columellar margin more broadly reflexed than in the last two species.

Alt. 13-0, lat. 8-7; apert. alt. 6-7, lat. 4-7; last whorl 9-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Karkloof Bush (type, McBean); Bulwer (Warren);

Krantzkop (Falcon); Balgowan (Pennington); Durban Bluff (Puzey).

CAPE PROVINCE. King Williamstown (Godfrey).

Type in British Museum.

The Durban race is noticeably narrower than type, about 13 x 8 mm.

in height and breadth, but typical in other respects, including spiral

sculpture.

(11) Shell small to medium, spire equilateral to acutely triangular,

with periphery in all stages of growth usually well rounded; smooth

and glossy, uniform corneous brown or buff, no banded varieties yet

recorded.

Edouardia cockerelli (Pilsb.).

(Bla xilt, dado.)

1933. Conulinus cockerelli Pilsb., Nautilus, xlvi, p. 101, pl. vi,

me D1.

Founded on two specimens, of which the larger, selected as type, is too weathered

to show its original colour, but the smaller is pale yellow; the type is narrower than

spadicea, higher than mcbeaniana, broader than maritzburgensis, and differs from

natalensis and all others of similar size in complete absence of peripheral angula-

tion, though this feature is present in the immature example. The type has 7

whorls, apical angle 78°, and measures

Alt. 20-5, lat. 15-5; apert. alt. 10-9, lat. 8-2; last whorl 15-2 mm.

Hab. NATAL. The Bluff, Durban (Cockerell).

Type in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

430 Annals of the South African Museum.

Differs from natalensis only in the absence of peripheral angula-

tion; the discrepancies between Pilsbry’s measurements of the

aperture and mine are merely due to his taking the outer and myself

the inner margins as our limits, and is of no serious importance, once

this difference in mensuration is realised.

Edouardia junodi Conn.

(Pl. xi, £. 17.)

1922. Edouardia junodi Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 120. D.

1925. Conulinus _,, » Lrans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xa) pia

vive iS aoleyUl Wl —ii.9 saben:

Shell rather small, broadly conoid, umbilicate, yellowish corneous. Spire with

straight sides, apical angle 80°, apex mamillate. Whorls 5, very convex, with

only the faintest appearance of angulation, sculptured with faint, close, regular,

transverse striae.

Alt. 10-8, lat. 10-2; apert. alt. 6-6, lat. 5-0; last whorl 8-5 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Lebombo Mountains (Junod).

Type in Kimberley Museum.

The anatomy of this species was discussed at length by Watson

in 1925 (v. supra), and said to be of the same type as that of such

other South African species of the genus as had been dissected; the

shell is nearly related to mcbeaniana, which it resembles in its sub-

terranean habit, but its whorls are more tumid and more rounded

at the periphery, with slightly more open umbilicus. The radula

has tricuspid central, bicuspid laterals, lacking an endocone, and

marginals for the most part tricuspid, owing to the small ectocone

being split in two; formula of two specimens (21+ 14+1+414+23)

x 145 and (214+144+1+414+421) x 140.

Edouardia maritzburgensis (M. & P.).

(Celge- cis BY)

Ref. List No. 316.

1893. Buliminus (Pachnodus) maritzburgensis M. & P., A.M.N.H.,

Kis LOD, pols ber nme eee

Shell comparatively narrower than that of the two foregoing, sides straight, apical

angle 55°. Whorls 7, convex, last 5 sculptured with slightly curved, oblique

striolae, and patchy microspiral grooving on lower parts of 6th and 7th whorls.

Aperture vertical, suboval, peristome simple, labrum straight and hardly receding

in profile, columella erect, margin narrowly reflexed, but nearly concealing the

narrow umbilicus.

Alt. 16:4, lat. 10-2; apert. alt. 8-1, lat. 5-5; last whorl 11:7 mm.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 431

Hab. NATAL. Thornybush (Uisidoorn) and other localities round

Pietermaritzburg (type); Ladysmith (Burnup); Nel’s Rust (Aker-

man); Weenen (Mullins).

Type in British Museum.

An arboreal species, clustering on bark of trees and coated with

its dust; it is only most rarely that there is any appearance of

peripheral carination; the radula is of the Rachis type. Races from

Bushman’s R., Weenen (Thomasset), and Mfongosi (Jones) which

closely resemble this species are considered by Watson anatomically

distinct.

Edouardia conulus (Rve.).

CR saiy is, 22.)

Ref. List No. 308.

1849. Bulimus conulus Rve., Conch. Icon., pl. boxy, te 50/1) ok

1925. Conulinus conulus Rve., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xii,

pe tos. N.

Similar to foregoing in every respect except for having less convex whorls and

consequently narrower aperture, while complete absence of peripheral angulation

distinguishes it from meridionalis. The weathered type was apparently uniform

brown when in fresh condition ; it contains 7 flattish whorls, apical angle 63°, and

measures

Alt. 15-2, lat. 9-0; apert. alt. 7-3, lat. 4-6; last whorl 11-0 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (type, Mus. Cuming); Port Shepstone

(Cawston).

ZULULAND. Makowe (Crosly); Umhlatusi; Eshowe; False and

St. Lucia Bays (Bell Marley).

Type in British Museum.

Edouardia burnupi (M. & P.).

(Plex, 72721,

Ref. List No. 306.

1903. Bulominus (Pachnodus) burnupi M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii,

pos plixxd, £5. DF.

A large form nearest conulus in shape, but too long defunct for accurate deduc-

tion as to its texture or coloration. Sides straight, apical angle 56°. Whaorls 8,

moderately convex, rounded at periphery, with faint transverse, but no remaining

trace of spiral sculpture. Aperture suboval, labrum straight, receding somewhat

in profile, columella erect, margin narrowly reflexed, more than half concealing

the narrow umbilicus.

Alt. 15-4, lat. 9-1; apert. alt. 7-7, lat. 4:3; last whorl 11-6 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Lower Umfolosi Drift (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

432 Annals of the South African Museum.

The radula in the Gwatkin collection, if properly identified, is of

the Rachis type.

It is obvious from a glance at the figures that conulus and burnupi

are probably but one and the same species, and I have little doubt

that this will prove to be the case when further material in quantity

comes to hand, pending which it may be preferable to retain dis-

tinction between them.

Edouardia tumida (Taylor).

(ilk, son, ai ).)

1869. Buluminus (Pachnodus) conulus Rve., Mts., Nachr.-Bl. D.

MaliGess a. py loa. \ Ne

1877. Buliominus tumidus Gibbons, Taylor, Q.J.C., i, p. 254,

jolene ety ORI |

1897. Bulominus (Conulinus) tumidus Gibb., Mts., D.O.A., iv,

eODe eve

1901. Bulominus (Conulinus) tumidus Gibb, Kob., Conch. Cab.,

os (RG, Folleebxvial tty SB), DEI

1925. Conulinus tumidus Gibb., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

Mp. Loos ple iver: 208 VN ne

Smaller than the foregoing, but with less narrow umbilicus; corneous brown,

straight sides, apical angle 64°; whorls 73, convex, first 24 smooth, last 5 slightly

more crisply striolate than in the last four species, with no apparent spiral sculpture.

Aperture vertical, suboval, columella erect, margin rather broadly reflexed.

Alt. 12-1, lat. 7-3; apert. alt. 5-5, lat. 3-0; last whorl 8-5 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mtisherra R. Valley (Cressy).

Described from Zanzibar and distributed near the coast from

Kenya southwards, and varying a little in form even in the same

series. The whereabouts of the type is doubtful, but Taylor identified

the shell now described as typical of his species.

Edouardia sordidula (Mts.).

(EME sci 1105)

1878. Buliminus (Rhachis) conulinus Mts., Monatsb. Akad. Wiss.

Berlin, p. 294. JN.

1895. Buliminus (Conulinus) hildebrandtc Mts., Nachr.-Bl. D. Mal.

Ges., xxv, p. 180. D.

1897. Buliminus (Conulinus) sordidulus (= hildebrandti Mts., 1895,

non 1878) Mts. DOUA.) p65; pill ini s0! Dr

1901. Buliminus (Conulinus) sordidulus Mts., Kob., Conch. Cab.,

p. SOL spl, cxwaly. hore an.

a aS ee ee a re

i i

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 433

1910. Buliminus (Conulinus) sordidulus Mts., d’ Ailly, Kilimandjaro,

ta6. p18. D.

1925. Conulinus sordidulus Mts., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

miepalot,pliv,f. 19. NF.

Shell small, conical, narrowly umbilicate, thin, smooth, glossy, translucent,

corneous brown. Spire produced, sides regular, apical angle 46°, apex acute.

Whorls 63, flattish, regularly increasing, first 14 smoothly micropunctate, remainder

covered with faint, moderately close and regular, oblique transverse striae parallel

to the lines of growth; suture simple, well defined. Aperture suboval, peristome

simple, acute, labrum straight in profile, receding a little to the base, columella

erect, margin white, rather narrowly triangularly reflexed, half concealing the

narrow umbilicus; callus none.

Long. 10-3, lat. 5-2; apert. alt. 4-5, lat. 2-5; last whorl 6-5 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Wanetsi River, Majude District

(Bell Marley).

ZULULAND. Ubombo (Bell Marley).

Type in Berlin Museum; shell described, from Wanetsi R., in Natal

Museum.

A Central African species originally described from Kenya Colony

and recorded from Tanganyika Territory; it is much more smooth

and narrow than the last, but has the same comparatively crisp

transverse striolation.

South African examples have infinitesimally less convex whorls

than those treated as typical by Martens and d’Ailly, and may be

referable to an immature singleton from L. Jipe, somewhat doubttully

assigned to this species by the former in 1897, but the difference in

the shell appears tomy mind too nearly imperceptible to merit varietal

distinction.

Edouardia metuloides (Smith).

CPi xan tes 6:)

Ref. List No. 319.

1899. Bulaminus (Conulinus) metuloides Smith, P.Z.8., p. 587, pl.

moexitiet. 4. DF,

1925. Conulinus metuloides Smith, Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

mip. 154. L.

Differs from sordidula in having more convex whorls, of which there are 73,

convex, sculptured as in the last, apical angle 47°. Aperture nearly circular,

labrum receding considerably, columellar margin narrowly reflexed, but almost

concealing the narrow umbilicus.

Alt. 12-5, lat. 6-6; apert. alt. 5-2, lat. 3-4; last whorl 7-7 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mtisherra R. Valley (Cressy).

S. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Becker; Connolly).

VOL. XXXIII. 28

434 Annals of the South African Museum.

Described from Zomba, Nyasaland, and recently collected at

Broken Hull, N. Rhodesia.

Type in British Museum.

The race from Mtisherra Valley is entirely typical, but those from

S. Rhodesia yet examined are extremely slightly more obese than

type, though quite inseparable.

The radula is of the same type as in junodi.

Edouardia transvaalensis (M. & P.).

CB he xctis si)

Ref. List No. 333.

1893. Bulominus transvaalensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 105,

jug adih Wty JO.

1922. Hdouardia transvaalensis M. & P., Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc.,

KV. hoe pe Neale

1925. Conulinus transvaalensis M. & P., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8.

Africa) xl, padoa we:

Nearly the smallest of the genus. Whorls 6, not very convex, apical angle 47°,

striolae on last 4 whorls weak except below suture, without spiral lineation.

Aperture quadrate, with rounded base and labrum, columella straight, erect,

margin rather broadly reflexed, umbilicus very narrow.

Alt. 7:8, lat. 4:3; apert. alt. 3-5, lat. 2:0; last whorl 5-2 mm.

Hab. NORTHERN TRANSVAAL (type, Bowker); Elim (Junod).

LORENZO MARQUES. lLebombo Mountains (Junod).

Type in British Museum.

Another arboreal species, usually coated with bark dust; its dis-

tribution appears to extend into Kenya and the Belgian Congo.

Edouardia kaokoensis (Conn.).

(BP ecinegt 23.)

1929. Conulinus kaokoensis Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 231,

ple xiv, t 24. een.

Shell of fair size, conoid, narrowly umbilicate, probably corneous brown. Sides

regular, apical angle ca. 65°, apex submamillate. Whorls 6, moderately convex,

rounded at periphery, first 2} practically smooth, remainder sculptured with faint,

close, oblique transverse striolae, which are more or less interrupted on the last

2 by irregular microspiral grooves; suture well defined. Aperture subovate,

extremities close together, peristome narrowly expanded, acute, labrum receding

but little, columella erect, margin triangularly reflexed, umbilicus narrow, but

deep.

Alt. 18-8, lat. 13-2; apert. alt. 10-0, lat. 8-0; last whorl 14-4 mm.

Hab. KAOKOVELD. Hoarusib River, near Kaoko Otavi(Barnard).

Type in South African Museum.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 435

Edouardia (*%) zuluensis (M. & P.).

(EN sent, 6.20)

Ref. List No. 334.

1898. Buliaminus zuluensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., 11, p. 127, pl. vu,

pede DUE

Shell of good size, turriform, perforate, solid, subcalcareous, smooth, glossy,

milky white. Spire produced, sides regular, apical angle 54°. Whorls 7, moder-

ately convex, regularly increasing, practically destitute of sculpture, except for

irregular pitting on the earlier and some weak growth lines on the later whorls;

suture simple, well defined. Aperture ?-oval, peristome simple, labrum vertical

in profile, slightly recurved for a short distance below the suture, columella erect,

slightly concave, margin triangularly reflexed, partly concealing the narrow

umbilicus.

Alt. 21-9, lat. 10-1; apert. alt. 9-3, lat. 4-2; last whorl 14-1 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Inseyi River (fide M. & P.).

Type in British Museum.

It is impossible to estimate from the unique type its age or the

degree of calcination which it has undergone.

Genus Rachis Albers, 1850

(=Rhachis auctt. and Rachisellus Bgt., 1889).

Type Bulimus punctatus Anton (férussaci Dkr.).

Shell comparatively small, turriform, narrowly umbilicate, smooth,

buff or cream with irregular black dots and usually a narrow brown

peripheral band, peristome simple, acute, apex unsculptured. Radula

with outer cusps on central and laterals, about 20 marginals with

2-4 small outer cusps.

Rachis punctata (Anton).

(Ply xa, £2 1:)

Ref. List No. 327.

1839. Bulimus punctatus Ant., Verz. Conch. Samml., p. 42. D.

1845. ,, férussaci Dkr., Zeitschr. f. Mal., ii, p. 164. D.

1853. ns a Lote Novat., Conch... Sinpple ii) 792.6) plo

fg5=36) DF.

1889. Rachisellus ledoulxi Bgt., Moll. Afr. équat., p. 70, pl. v,

OE. DF.

1914. Rachisellus punctatus Ant., Gude, Faun. India, Moll. u,

pezti., D

1919. Rachis punctatus Ant., Pilsb., Bull. Amer. Mus., xl, p. 304. D.

436 Annals of the South African Museum.

1925. Rhachis punctata Ant. (=férussaci Dkr.), Conn., Trans.

R. Soc. 8: Africa, xl. 160, pl. iv; £. 22. NF.

1930. Rachis punctata Ant., Conn., Ann.S.A. Mus., xxix, p.290. WN.

1932. Rachisellus punctatus Ant., Seshaiya, Annamalai Univ. J.,

hy OB My vel sa

Shell rather small, short turriform, umbilicate, thin, smooth, rather dull, cream

with nearly vertical streaks, varying in breadth, of pale chestnut and numerous

irregular dark brown dots, and a rather narrow dark band just below the periphery,

rarely so faint and narrow as to be almost invisible. Spire produced, sides straight,

apex narrowly rounded, angle ca. 45°. Whorls 74, not very convex, angulate at

periphery of young shells, regularly increasing, first 2 smooth, remainder sculp-

tured with extremely fine, faint and close, straight, nearly vertical striolae, and, in

fresh condition, equally fine and close microspiral lineation; suture shallow.

Aperture vertical, subovate, labrum straight and receding but little in profile,

columella straight, erect, margin very narrowly reflexed over the narrow umbilicus.

Alt. 16-3, lat. 6-9; apert. alt. 7-0, lat. 3-5; last whorl 10-3 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. ‘Tette (Peters).

Also recorded by Sturany from Ovamboland and Upingtonia,* which

I pointed out in 1930 are improbable localities for this arboreal species,

and more likely referable to some form of Xerocerastus.

Radula formula (15 to 10 or 11+1+10 or 11 to 15) x 105, central

tooth with large middle cusp and a minute one on each side, laterals

with prominent endocone and smaller blunt ectocone, inner marginals

with prominent endocone and usually 3-5 small outer cusps, outer

marginals very small and usually devoid of cusps.

Rachis geyuna (M. & P.).

(Bie sai 2)

Ref. List No. 327 (pars).

1893. Buliminus (Pachnodus) jeyunus M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu,

pelOos plant: %. OLE:

1925. Rhachis jeyuna M. & P., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xii,

PaeOOsnpleivt. .20 0” NCR

Differs from punctata through rather flatter, more rapidly increasing whorls,

and, consequently, longer and narrower aperture; creamy white, with fewer spots

than punctata and occasional narrow rufous transverse strigae, but very seldom

with peripheral band. The largest specimen examined contains 7} nearly flat

whorls and measures

Alt. 18-4, lat. 8:1; apert. alt. 7-1, lat. 3-7; last whorl 11-7 mm., while that

figured, with 7 whorls, is alt. 16-4, lat. 6-9; apert. alt. 7-0, lat. 3-6; last whorl

11-0 mm.

Hab. NORTHERN TRANSVAAL (type, Bowker); Komati Poort

(Newington).

* Upingtonia is equivalent to northern Damaraland; it was declared a Republic

by W. Jordan in 1885 and ceased to exist as such after he was murdered in 1886.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 487

LORENZO MARQUES. Lebombo Mountains, under bark of

dead tree (Junod); Wanetsi River, Majude District (Bell Marley).

ZULULAND. Banks of R. Pongola (Bell Marley).

S. RHODESIA. Near Gwelo (Dodds).

Type in British Museum.

The type set of this species consists of immature examples, whose

close resemblance to punctata at the same stage of growth caused me

to unite them, but now that mature shells have come to hand in

quantity they prove to be abundantly distinct.

Section Pleurorhachis n.

Type Bulimus petersi Pfr.

Shell similar in appearance to Rachis, but apical whorls sculptured

with strong, distant, radial ribs (text-fig. 37).

Rachis petersi (Pfr.).

(Pl. xin, f. 15, and text-fig. 37.)

Ref. List No. 325.

tap, Bulimus peterss Pir.. P.Z.S:, p: 97. D.

1925. Rhachis petersi Pir., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu,

pa to0.. NP.

Shell small, acuminate ovate, umbilicate, fairly solid, moderately smooth and

glossy, first 3 whorls brown, later cream, with narrow brown streaks about as

broad as the intervals between them. Spire pro-

duced, sides very slightly convex, apex acute,

angle 57°. Whorls 63, moderately convex, first

2 sculptured to extreme apex with strong,

straight, nearly equidistant radial costae, 43 in

number to end of 2nd whorl, where they cease

abruptly, remainder bearing close, fairly regular,

rather coarse, straight, nearly vertical striae,

weaker on last whorl, with signs of microspiral

dotted lines about the 4th, but not clear enough

for exact determination; suture simple, well

defined. Aperture vertical, suboval, peristome

simple, labrum straight and receding slightly in

profile, columella erect, margin triangularly

reflexed, partly overhanging the comparatively

wide umbilicus.

Alt. 12-0, lat. 6-2; apert. alt. 5-5, lat. 2-7; last

whorl 8-3 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette Trext-Fic. 37.—Rachis (Pleuro-

(Peters). rhachis) petersi (Pfr.), type.

Apical sculpture; x6.

Type in British Museum.

438 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus Limicena Conn., 1925

(Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xii, p. 169, and Thiele, Handb. Syst. Weicht.,

ii, 1931, p. 524).

Type Buliminus (Conulinus) nyasanus Smith.

Shell large, bulimoid when adult, perforate, columella not truncate,

protoconch (24 whorls) bearing 8 or 9 strong spiral costae, remainder

weakly transversely striate.

Thiele has placed Limicena as a subgenus under Conulinus (Edou-

ardia), but the large shell, which bears far greater resemblance to

LInmicolaria, and strong spiral costation of the protoconch, appear to

merit for it full generic status.

Inmucena nyasana (Smith).

(Text-fig. 38, A, B.)

1899. Buliminus (Conulinus) nyasanus Smith, P.Z.8., p. 586, pl.

xO-O-duiily ity ASE IDI i

1911. Buliminus nyasanus Smith, Thiele, Deutsch. Zent.-Afr.-Exp.,

es 20209 ie

1925. Limicena nyasana Smith, Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

Sales, LIN:

Shell large, bulimoid, umbilicate, thin, smooth, rather dull, pale corneous

brown. Spire produced, sides nearly straight, apical angle 68°, extreme summit

square, apex involute. Whorls 6, convex, rapidly increasing, first }-whorl

curling below the level of the next, so that the summit is rectilinear, first 2}

bearing very strong, fine, equidistant spiral ridges, increasing from 6 at apex to

12 on 2nd whorl, the interstices between them crossed by rather distant, short,

oblique costulae; remainder sculptured only with fine, close, regular, oblique

striae; suture simple, well defined. Aperture ovate, peristome simple, acute,

labrum straight and receding somewhat in profile, columella straight and erect,

margin broadly triangularly reflexed.

My figure is that of a badly damaged shell, the dotted lines repre-

senting its approximate reconstruction, which is larger than the type

and gives a better idea of its mature form: alt. 26-0, lat. ca. 11-0;

apert. alt. 10-0, lat. ca. 5-5; last whorl 21-4 mm., but a still larger

specimen, which I gathered for an all too brief moment before it fell

down an unfathomable crevasse in Palm Kloof, was probably half

an inch longer and had all the appearance of a Limicolaria, whence

is derived the compound generic name.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mtisherra R. Valley (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca.

439

Described from Nyasaland and collected by myself in Palm Kloof,

north bank of the Zambesi at Victoria Falls, but not on the southern

side. Neuville and Anthony have recorded this

species from Abyssinia, but it appears hardly

possible that their identification be

correct.

The clear, strong spiral sculpture of the pro-

toconch, changing abruptly into weaker trans-

verse striation on the later whorls, is only com-

parable among the larger African species with

that of Krapfiella Preston, but Krapfiella has

a broad apex and an elongate shell, while

Ivmicena has a narrow apex and a bulimoid

shell. Newly hatched specimens of this species

crawl about the superficial rocks in Palm

Kloof in large numbers, in contrast to the

burrowing habits of their parents, and may

easily be mistaken at first glance for a small

form of Ligatella.

can

TEext-Fic. 38.—Limi-

cena nyasana (Smith),

Palm Kloof, Victoria

Falls.

A. Reconstructed

shell, actual size; the

dotted lines represent

probable contour.

B. Apical sculpture,

highly magnified.

TrinE ELASMOGNATHA.

Jaw with broad median projection extending backwards from its

upper part.

Famity SUCCINEIDAE H. G. Bellars, 1858

(Il.Cat. Brit. Land and Freshwater Shells, p. 20).

Although I have not repeated in the present work the references

to family authorship given in my Reference List, that cited above ante-

dates by so many years previous claim to the establishment of this

family on a distinct footing that it appears to deserve special mention.

Apart from a few forms which have more degenerate shells and

do not occur in South Africa, all the members of this family are

commonly placed in the genus Succinea, which 1s sufficiently treated

below. :

Genus Succinea Drap., 1801

(Tabl. Moll. Fr., p. 32).

Type S. amphibia Drap. (putris Lin.).

Shell ovate, horn-coloured or amber, not umbilicate, spire usually

short, body whorl large, whorls 4 or less, peristome thin, epidermis

slightly wrinkled in lines of growth.

440 Annals of the South African Museum.

Animal large for size of shell; sole tripartite; upper tentacles

swollen at base, lower feebly developed. No caudal mucous gland

or shell lobes; right body lobe divided at anterior end by a faecal

groove, left not divided and extending to posterior end of collar.

Jaw elasmognathous, usually with median projection; central tooth

of radula with mesocone and usually a small ectocone on each side,

laterals with mesocone and ectocone, marginals with single mesocone,

usually an endocone, and ectocones split into from 2 to 4 or 5

points; basal plates of marginals sometimes short and sometimes

narrow and elongate.

Kidney heterurethrous; buccal mass incapable of withdrawal

through the narrow oesophageal nerve ring; stomach with a small

pyloric caecum. Ovotestis compact; central portion of herma-

phrodite duct often intensely black, swollen and twisted; two

seminal vesicles; vagina varying in length, so that the slender duct

of the globular spermatheca is inserted at a point more or less distant

from the atrium. Prostate a compact oval or kidney-shaped organ;

vas deferens varying greatly in length. Epiphallus and small penial

appendix sometimes present and included in a backward prolongation

of the penis sheath. Male and female orifices open together into a

very short atrium, visible as a slit below and behind base of right

tentacle.

The normal habitat of this genus is semi-aquatic.

Succinea africana Krs.

(Pl. xv, f. 1-2.)

Ref. List No. 455.

1848. Succinea amphibia Drap., var. africana Krs., Siidafr. Moll.,

Deaton LV.

1856. Succinea africana Krs., Bgt., Rev. et Mag. Zool., p. 11. WN.

Shell large, acuminate oval, imperforate, fairly smooth and glossy, thin, trans-

parent, corneous amber. Spire moderately produced, apex mamillate. Whorls

3, convex, rapidly increasing, Ist minute, smooth, remainder bearing weak,

straight, very slightly oblique striae, becoming close, regular and stronger on last

whorl, which is rough to the touch; suture well defined. Aperture large, suboval,

labrum straight and receding slightly in profile, columella erect, scarcely thickened

toward upper extremity. A well-grown paratype measures

Alt. 15-9, lat. maj. 8-9; apert. alt. 11-2, lat. 6-7; last whorl 14:5 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. River Limpopo (Wahlberg); Kriiger Park

(Haas).

S. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 441

The paratype described above is shorter in spire and longer in

aperture than badia Morel., its nearest ally, and comparatively

narrower than striata. Krauss, while finding no valid reason for

separating it specifically from German examples of amphibia Drap.

(putris Lin.), says that the aperture is a little narrower above, and the

last whorl, opposite the labrum, more swollen, which recent comparison

proves to be the case. It is of course hazardous to base the concep-

tion of any species in such a genus as Succinea on a single shell, but

in any case the oldest names available for South or even Central

African species are those published by Krauss, which renders it

advisable to employ them as pegs on which to hang similar forms of

more recent description.

The actual type is a far younger, smaller shell, which agrees entirely

with my Rhodesian specimens and bears close resemblance to

dakaensis Stur.

Succinea striata Krs.

(Pl. xv, f. 3-4.)

Ref. List Nos. 457, 465, 466.

1848. Succinea striata Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 73, pl.iv,f.16. D.F.

1856. C planw, Pir, P-Z.S., p. 326.° D: .

1893. a bowkert M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 110,-pl. im, f. 18.

De.

1922. Succinea planti Pir., Dup. & Putz., Ann. Soc. Zool. Belg.,

Peele 2,0. 5. NS.

1922. Succinea striata Krs., Dgnr., L.-u 8.-w. Fauna D.-Sw. A.,

Moll., p. 40. WN.

1925. Succinea striata Krs. (=planti Pfr.), Conn., Trans. R. Soc. S.

mines, xi, p-186.. N.

1930. Succinea striata Krs., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p. 308. N.

1936. a e a Quick, Ann. Natal Mus. viii, pp. 22, 28,

apes oo pl. ii, f, 3-5; pl: iv, f. 7. DFA

1936. Succinea plants Pir., Quick, ibid., pp. 23, 36. D.F.A.R.

Shell of fair size, ventricose ovate, slightly silky, pale amber. Spire very

short, apex mamillate. Whorls 3, lst minute, 2nd very convex, lst practically

smooth, remainder covered with close, fine, straight, slightly oblique striae, vary-

ing somewhat in strength, while the surface is more or less shagreened, without,

however, any noticeable spiral sculpture; suture well defined. Aperture large,

* Quick’s valuable paper appeared too late for its contents to be quoted in the

present work, but I may mention that the author agrees with me in subordinating

S. planti Pfr. to striata Krs.

442 Annals of the South African Museum.

ovate, labrum straight and receding slightly in profile, base broadly rounded,

columella erect, slightly concave. A well-grown Maritzburg example measures

Alt. 12-0, lat. 8-0; apert. alt. 7-8, lat. 5-6; last whorl 10-6 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. R. Limpopo (striata, Wahlberg); Pretoria

(McBean); Rustenburg (in Albany Museum); Kriiger Park (Haas).

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup); Malvern (bowkerz, Bowker) ;

Cape Natal (planti, Plant); Balgowan (Pennington); Illovo Lagoon

(Cawston).

ZULULAND. Mazimba Hill (Haas).

CAPE PROVINCE. East London (Swan); Dronfield (Williams);

7T-fountains, Albany District (Rennie); Grahamstown (Farquhar);

Zuurberg (Crawford).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Kopjes Siding (Connolly); Bloem-

fontein (Godfrey).

S. RHODESIA. Bulawayo (Connolly).

LORENZO MARQUES. Lebombo Mts. (Junod); Lake Zandemela

(Lawrence).

BECHUANALAND. Vryburg (Phear).

BASUTOLAND. Masite (Hewitt).

DAMARALAND. Gobabis (subfossil, Hermann); Okahandja

(Michaelsen).

Type of striata in Stuttgart, plante and bowkeri in British Museum.

The type, by no means full grown, is remarkable for unusually

strong growth wrinkles, but the second of the type pair, much younger,

is only normal in this respect.

Succimea in many parts of Africa adopts an almost purely terres-

trial habit, infesting scrub in the dry bushveld which never becomes

swampy even in the rare event of heavy rain. Under these conditions

it seldom attains normal proportions, but remains of stunted growth,

although a better grown individual occasionally occurs to illustrate

the normal form of the race. Planti merely represents one of these

dwarfed races of striata, of which bowkeri is only a well-developed

example, and I have Tomlin’s full concurrence in uniting them. The

Damara localities above may perhaps be based on S. badia.

var. pisconalis M. & P.

Ref. List No. 464.

1898. Succinea piscinalis M. & P., A.M.N.H., ii, p. 127, pl. vu,

1s WOT Me

Narrower than type, with more exserted spire, which emphasises the narrow

appearance. In other respects the shell agrees with striata, in company with which

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 448

it occurs at Fish River, the type locality, and Kopjes. It bears closer resemblance

to badia than to striata, but its conjunction with the last leads me to regard it as

a variety thereof rather than a close ally of Morelet’s species. The type, with 3

convex whorls, measures

Alt. 12-0, lat. 6-7; apert. alt. 8-2, lat. 5-0; last whorl 10-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Fish R., Cradock (type, Farquhar);

Mossel Bay (Power).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Kopyjes Siding (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

Succinea badia Morel.

(Rie aev. th!)

Ref. List No. 462 (as moussont).

1868. Succinea badia Morel., Voy. Welwitsch, p. 54, pl.i,f.4. DF.

1869. a = ae Mits., Mal Blatt., xvi, p. 210; dD.

1904. rs moussont Mts., Die Kalahari, p. 755, f.2. D.F.

1930. ie badia Morel., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xxix, p. 307. N.

A large species, far more slender than striata, with a much longer spire and

similar, though perhaps very slightly weaker sculpture; there are 3 convex, very

rapidly increasing whorls, and the aperture is comparatively narrow and base less

broadened. The type, which is about average size, measures

Alt. 13-4, lat. 7-9; apert. alt. 8-4, lat. 4-5; last whorl 11-2 mm., while a larger

example from Kaoko Otavi is alt. 16-5, lat. 8-9; apert. alt. 9-6, lat. 5-6; last whorl

14:0 mm.

Hab. GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Bullspoort (Tucker).

DAMARALAND. Homeib R., near Klip (Siegmann); Sand-

fontein (Drury). .

KAOKOVELD. Ombombo; Kaoko Otavi (Barnard).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Excelsior, Modder River (Swan).

OVAMBOLAND. Upingtonia, S.E. of Ondonga (mouwssoni, sub-

fossil, Schinz); Sodanna (moussoni, Passarge).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. South of Hardekol Drift, Botletle

R. (moussom, Passarge).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Jacobsdal (Swan).

Described from Calemba Is., Angola.

Type of badia in British, moussoni in Berlin Museum.

Occurs in large numbers in flat open valleys in the Kaokoveld,

which are only flooded occasionally in the summer; in the dry season

the animals hide in the ground under logs or at the roots of grass.

Martens records badia from Abyssinia, though it must be doubtful

whether such distribution can be correct.

The localities for mouwssoni are in the same latitude as those for

444 Annals of the South African Museum.

badia in the Kaokoveld, and the figure of the former has the same con-

tour as the latter; nothing in Martens’ description indicates distinction

between the two species, and I think it may be safely assumed that

moussoni is merely an immature form of badia, which was not known

to occur in South Africa when moussoni was described. The latter

measures : alt. 9, lat. 4-6; apert. alt. 6, lat. 3-5 mm.

var. praelonga nov.

(Text-fig. 39.)

Shell comparatively large, imperforate, much elongate acuminate ovate, sub-

fossil. Spire produced, apex submamillate. Whorls 4, fairly convex, rapidly

TExt-FIG. 39.—Succinea badia Morel., var. praelonga Conn., Taungs.

Type on left; natural size.

increasing, Ist smooth, remainder bearing strong, straight, slightly oblique

srowth striae; suture well defined. Aperture acuminate ovate, labrum straight

and receding a little in profile, columella long, inclined inwards, in the type and

majority of examples a little thickened, very slightly twisted just before joining

the paries.

Alt. 16-5, lat. 7-8; apert. alt. 9-4, lat. 5-2; last whorl 14:0 mm.

Hab. BECHUANALAND. Taungs (P. D. van Tonder).

Type in British Museum.

The type is selected as representing the prevalent form and size

of this variable race, but the largest example measures alt. 18-5,

lat. 8-2; apert. alt. 10-9, lat. 6-0; last whorl 15-8 mm.

Over a hundred examples of a large form which on first sight might

well appear to represent a new species, but some individuals of

smaller size approach so nearly to badia as to indicate the specific

affinity of this slender, remarkable race, of which the most distinctive

feature 1s the shortness of the aperture in relation to the length of the

last whorl.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 445

Succinea dakaensis Stur.

Ref. List No. 459.

1898. Succinea dakaensis Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 72, pl. iii, f. 52-54.

DE.

Shell of moderate size, almost exactly like badia at the same stage of develop-

ment; the last whorls, however, may be a trifle more convex and the suture

consequently a trifle deeper; in dorsal view of badia the right side from apex to

perimeter has a slightly straighter aspect than in the present species, though that

difference is so small that further material may well prove them conspecific. The

largest of the type set is said to measure

Alt. 13-5, lat. 7-5; apert. alt. 9-1, lat. 5-0 mm.

Hab. 8S. RHODESIA. Daka River (Penther).

TRANSVAAL. Pietersburg (Geol. Survey S. Africa).

Type in Vienna Museum.

Succinea connollyi Prest.

(Pisa f: 15.)

Ref. List No. 458.

1907. Succinea (*%) badia Morel., Dixey & Longstaff, Trans. Entom.

Boe Ap. ool. NV.

1912. Succinea connollyr Prest., A.M.N.H., ix, p. 445. D.F.

1936. bs a Quick, Ann. Natal Mus. vill, pp. 23, 25,

pegiet 2810; pl. iv,t.-3. DP.AR*

A large species of bright amber hue with particularly elongate aperture; the

long, nearly straight columella merges into the paries, as in most others of the genus,

almost imperceptibly ina gentle curve. A large paratype with 3 moderately convex

whorls measures

Alt. 16-5, lat. 8-2; apert. alt. 12-4, lat. 6-7; last whorl 15-2 mm.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly).

Type in Tervueren Museum.

This species occasionally displays on the last whorl furrowing

similar to that which gave its name to ezarata.

Succinea patentissima Ptr.

(CE xcv Sf)

Ref. List No. 463.

1853. Succinea patentissima Mke., Pir., Zeitschr. f. Malak., x, p. 52.

* Quick shows that this species and the next belong to the section or subgenus

Oxyloma Westerlund, and differ considerably in their anatomy from both striata

and exarata (=delalandet).

446 Annals of the South African Museum.

1922. Succinea patentissima Mke., Dup. & Putz., Ann. Soc. Zool.

Belo, lint p69) Nor:

1925. Succinea patentissima Mke., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8S. Africa,

ml eS Ge el.

1936. Succinea patentissima Mke., Quick, Ann. Natal Mus. viii,

pp. 22, 23, 28, pl. ii, £. 3, 11-13; pl. iv, £. 4-5. D.F.A.R.

A miniature of the foregoing, distinguishable by its columella, of which the upper

portion is white, slightly thickened into an angular twist just before joining the

very narrow paries. The largest specimen I have seen, from Umgeni, with little

more than 2 whorls, measures

Alt. 10-0, lat. 6-0; apert. alt. 7-8, lat. 4-5; last whorl 9-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (type, Menke); Umgeni Lagoon

(Burnup); Park Rennie; Illovo Lagoon (Cawston).

ZULULAND. Lake Sibayi (Toppin).

TRANSVAAL. Potchefstroom (Cawston).

S. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Farquhar).

LORENZO MARQUES. Lebombo Marsh, Rikatla (Junod);

Wanetsi R., Majude District (Bell Marley).

Type ubi?

Quick (Proc. Mal. Soc., xx, p. 312) states that this species closely

resembles pfeiffert Rossm. in its genitalia and genital orifice.

Subspecies lomatiensis n.

(Ee sxcy,, ie alt=)

More slender and therefor with narrower aperture than type, the columella,

though slightly twisted at top, is less so than in type and leaves a longer paries,

while the second whorl is longer and far less convex. The only specimen yet to

hand, with nearly 3 whorls, measures

Alt. 9-2, lat. 4:7; apert. alt. 7-2, lat. 3-7; last whorl 8-3 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Lomati River, near Swaziland border

(IM wes; Wee):

Type in British Museum.

Succinea arboricola Conn.

Ref. List No. 456.

1887. Succinea arborea Mouss., J. de C., xxxv, p. 297, pl. xu, f. 7.

Oy ie

1910. Succinea striata Krs., var., O. Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Ges.,

KXAN, pr Owe aN

1912. Succinea arboricola (=arborea Mouss. 1887, non Ad. & Ang.

1863); Conn.,, Ann. 5: Ac Mision, py 2200 Y-

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 447

Three sets of small shells in my collection do not quite match any of the foregoing

forms and I think are referable to the present species; they differ from striata

only in slightly more slender contour, my most obese specimen, with 3 convex

whorls, measuring 9-0 x 5-7 mm.

Hab. BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Kalaruri (= Kalahari, type,

Schinz); Lake Ngami, Okovango Marshes; Hardekol Drift, Botletle R.

(Passarge).

DAMARALAND. Gobabis (striata var., Hermann).

CAPE PROVINCE. Karee Bosch Poort, near Carnarvon (Day).

TRANSVAAL. River near Pietersburg (Farquhar); Lake Chrissie,

Ermelo (Junod).

Type in Zurich Museum.

Succinea exarata Krs.

(Pl. xv, f. 6-9.)

Ref. List Nos. 460, 461.

1821. Helix (Cochlohydra) elongata, var. y, Fér., Tabl. Moll., pt. 3,

poolior2i), £., and Hist. Moll., pl. xia, f. 11: F.

1848. Succinea exarata Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 74, pl.iv,f.15. D.F.

1851. a delalandii Pfr., Zeitschr. f. Malak., viii, p. 28. D.

1853. - delalande: Pir., Mon. Hel., ii, p. 11. D. .

1869. nu £ vata Mts... Mal. Blatt, “sv.

po2li. PD.

1930. Succinea delalander Pir., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p. 308.

1930. Succinea exarata Krs., Conn., zbid., p. 308. N.

1933. ma ,, Germ., Bull. Mus. Pacis; V,.pslaseey.

1936. 4 Hetilandet Pfr., Quick, Ann. Natal Mus. viii, pp. 22,

Pole ple, f 5, 7; pl. i, £. 1- 2: Ly aye. DEY ALE:

1936. Succinea delalande Pir., var. kurri Mts., Quick, ibid., p. 33.

NA:

Far more slender than other South African forms, with comparatively narrow

and more elongate spire, though the last feature is rather variable, while owing to

their greater elongation the whorls are rather less convex than in striata and

badia. The specimen figured, from Maitland; measures

Alt. 11-7, lat. 6-2; apert. alt. 7-8, lat. 4-1; last whorl 10-1 mm.

Hab. NATAL. In swamps (ezarata, Krauss); near Pietermaritz-

burg (Burnup).

TRANSVAAL. Potchefstroom (Connolly); Olifants R. (Craven);

Kriiger Park (Haas).

CAPE PROVINCE. “Pres des Marais salés’” (Delalande); Mait-

land (Connolly).

448 Annals of the South African Museum.

CAPE PENINSULA. Baszaarms (Baas Harman’s) Kraal (Ben-

son); Seekoe Vlei; Hout Bay; Lake Side (Connolly); Fishhoek

(D. Siidpol. Expedition).

BECHUANALAND. Kuruman (Layard); Hope Vlei, near

Vryburg (Rogers).

DAMARALAND. Gobabis (subfossil, Hermann); Grootfontein;

Namutoni (Barnard); between Nuragas and Otjituo (Lightfoot).

Type of exarata in Stuttgart, kurrz in Berlin, originals of delalander

in British Museum.

This species was unfortunately founded on two abnormal shells,

in one of which the last whorl is scored with two, and the other with

a single furrow, a feature which the describer admits having observed

himself occasionally in amphibia Drap. (putris Lin.) and which I have

noticed more than once in individuals of various African species.

Delalander was founded on somewhat immature specimens of a rather

variable species by no means infrequent in the Cape Town district,

of which well-grown examples represent the mature stage of both

delande and exarata, except that the furrows stressed by Krauss are

of rare occurrence, though present on at least one shell of typical

delalandet from Cape Flats in the British Museum, and I have Tomlin’s

full concurrence in uniting the two species.* It would obviously be

common sense to apply Pfeiffer’s name delalandez to this species as a

whole, and that given by Krauss to the abnormal exarate form, but

in accordance with the rules of nomenclature exarata must stand as

the specific name, and there is no object in perpetuating delalandei as

even a varietal name for the normal form of this ill-named species.

The type pair are very slightly narrower than usual, 9-5 x5-0,

apert. 6-7 x 3-25, last whorl 8-6 mm., the actual type having two

spiral lines, the upper of which is a shallow groove, arising on back

of body whorl and continuing to aperture, while the second has a

single groove only. The type of Martens’ var. kwrri was inadvertently

described as 8 mm. in breadth, but its actual dimensions are alt. 13-0,

lat. 6-0; apert. alt. 8-0, lat. 4:5; last whorl 11-2 mm., both shell

and animal agreeing well with examples of delalandei from the Cape

Peninsula.

* A small series of this species just received from A. W. Rogers (8th June 1938),

collected in subfossil condition at Strandfontein, on the coast of False Bay, 8.E.

of Seekoe Vlei, contains no fewer than 5 shells exhibiting one or two furrows as

in the type pair.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 449

SUBORDER Ditremata.

Eyes on summits of tentacles, but male and female genital orifices

distant from each other; mantle entirely covering the back; shell

absent.

Famity VERONICELLIDAE

(= Vaginulidae).

Terrestrial depressed slugs without a shell; back covered by a

coriaceous mantle keeled at the edge; lower surface longitudinally

tripartite, sole occupying the middle third and transversely striated;

head retractile, 4 tentacles, upper cylindrical, contractile, lower bifid.

Sexual openings widely separate, male behind lower right tentacle,

female on underside of body near right margin of foot, about one-

third to middle of its length; cloaca and respiratory orifice posterior.

There is no doubt whatever as to the name Veronicellidae having

priority over Vaginulidae for this family, in spite of the fact that

Blainville’s original diagnosis is so faulty that it would be impossible

to accept it if his actual genotype were not available for examination.

But this is not the case; Veronicella laevis Blainville exists in excellent

preservation in the British Museum, as stated by Heynemann in

1885 and Cockerell in 1893; it is so labelled by Charles Konig, who

was on the Museum staff at the time of its description, and agrees so

closely with the original figure as to prove its authenticity. It is a

perfectly normal Vaginulid.

Many authors have essayed to partition the members of this family

into genera, sub-genera, and sections, but they do not appear as yet

to have attained any kind of unanimity on the matter, and as the

anatomy of most of the South African species has not been treated,

it may be advisable to leave them all in Veronicella, sensu lato, until

they have been fully examined by a competent and wide-viewed

anatomist; all appear from external features to belong to a single

homogeneous group.

Genus Veronicella Blainville, 1817

(J. de Physique, lxxxv, p. 440).

Type V. laevis Blainv.

Generic characters as in family.

VOL. XXXIII. 29

450 Annals of the South African Museum.

Veronicella natalensis (Krs.).

Ref. List No. 468.

1848. Vaginulus natalensis von Rapp, Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 72.

DP:

1871. Vaginula natalensis Krs., P. Fischer, Nouv. Arch. Mus.

Paris, Mem. vu, p. 153. D. |

1925. Meisenhermeria natalensis Krs. (=saxicola Ckll.), Hoftm.,

Jen. Zeitschr., lxi, pp. 134, 135, 224. D.

“Body elongate oblong, convex, subcylindrical, whitish grey, very finely

punctate, rather darker on edge, truncate in front, widening to the rear, foot-sole

transversely striate, 8-5 mm. broad, truncate in front, narrowing behind to a

point which projects about 24 mm. beyond the mantle. Animal long. 83, lat.

18 mm.”

Female orifice, fide Cockerell, ;°,ths of length from head.

Hab. NATAL (type, Krauss); Port Shepstone (Burnup); Pine-

town (in Vienna Museum).

CAPE PROVINCE. Kowie District (Penther).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

Veronicella saxicola Ckll.

Ref. List No. 470.

1893. Veronicella saxicola Ckll., Conchologist, ii, pp. 194, 216. D.

1925. Meisenhermeria saxicola Ckll., Hoffm., Jen. Zeitschr., 1xi,

pp. 135, 220. N.

‘“‘Sole not projecting posteriorly, mantle granulose, no raised warts, no sort of

keel. Dark red-brown, mottle-streaked with blackish above, unicolourous below;

a paler middle line slightly indicated posteriorly. When young paler, with a

more obvious middle line. Female opening in -56 of total length, 2 mm. from

sole and 32 from head;

«‘ Long. 57, lat. 14; sole lat. 6 mm.

«‘Nearest perhaps to V. Peterst.”’

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth, under stones (type,

Craven). |

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Hofimann places this species in synonymy of natalensis.

Veronicella petersi (Mts.).

Ref. List No. 469.

1879. Vaginulus peters: Mts., Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 736.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 451

1925. Veronicella peterst Mts., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xii,

mule) B.

1925. Meisenhermeria peters Mts., Hoftm., Jen. Zeitschr., 1xi

pp, 125, 226. N.

“Mantle thickly covered with fine, somewhat irregular granules, blackish with

light brown stripe down centre, underside uniform blackish, sole bright brown.

Respiratory orifice round, situate somewhat laterally at end of foot, genital orifice

rather more than midway from front of mantle. Length in alcohol 40, breadth

14 mm.”

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Inhambane (type, Peters).

Type in Berlin Museum.

Also known from Netia, Mozambique.

Hoffmann (l.c., p. 125) suggests that this species is conspecific

with V. brevis Fischer, and on p. 226 places both in the synonymy of

V. alté Fer. )

)

Veronicella maura (Heynem.).

Ref. List No. 467.

1885. Vaginula maura Heynem., Jahrb. D. Mal. Ges., xii, pp. 7,

104, pl.i,f.6-7. Df.

1925. Veronicella maura Heynem., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

mip. Foi. Db.

1925. Mewsenhermerra maura Heynem., Hofim., Jen. Zeitschr., 1x1,

pp. 125, 226. N.

Mantle uniform dull black above, dark greyish yellow beneath, somewhat

darker at keel, sole very slightly paler; keel prominent, mantle minutely granulate,

almost smooth but not glossy, cross-lines of sole very fine, close and numerous.

Genital orifice 42-3 mm. from front, exactly half-way between margins of sole and

ae 70, lat. 23; breadth of sole 11 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Delagoa Bay (type, Mrs.

Monteiro).

Type in British Museum.

Hoffmann (L.c., p. 226) consigns this, as well as the last, together with

twenty other species to the synonymy of alté Fér.; he is very possibly

correct, and my sole reasons for retaining their specific identity for

the present are that their anatomy has not been worked out, and that

their colour is distinctive; maura is uniform blackish above and

nearly uniform greyish yellow beneath, while peters: is black on back,

with a very narrow yellow mid-dorsal line, hyponota grey black,

with drab coloured sole; the two patterns appear constant, in the few

examples from different localities that I have seen, and are in strong

contrast with one another.

452 Annals of the South African Museum.

Veronicella obscura (Srth.)(?).

(BL exva,ut. 193

1896. Vaginula obscura Srth., D.O.A., iv, p. 17, pl. u, f. 15. DF.

1925. Meisenheimeria obscura Srth., Hoffm., Jen. Zeitschr., |xi,

p- 131, N., and p. 223 (in synonymy of M. stuhlmanni Srth.).

The slug that I ascribe tentatively to this species is subcylindrical, rounded

fore and aft, finely granulate, dull greenish brown above with a narrow orange

stripe down the centre, flanked on each side by a row of irregular dark dots and

longitudinal flecks, with a second row, making four in all, of sparser, fainter dots

near the margins, which are paler brown in common with the underside; sole a

little paler and considerably narrower than either side area. Genital opening

inconspicuous, two-thirds of length from front, cloaca situate obliquely just to

the right of end of sole.

Length in alcohol 31, greatest breadth 9, sole 2-7 mm.

Hab. 8S. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly).

Described from Undussuma (Stuhlmann).

Type in Berlin Museum.

Founded on a very immature singleton, of which the description

and figure of the upper surface appear to agree with the slug de-

scribed above. This is itself immature, but there are several

far larger unnamed specimens from Nyasaland in the British Museum

which may be adult examples of Simroth’s species and help to bridge

the gap between Undussuma and the Victoria Falls. As in many

of these slugs, the bright colours of the juveniles tend to become

drabber with increasing age and are hardly discernible in fully mature

spirit specimens.

Famity ONCHIDIIDAKE.

Slugs destitute of a shell, except in the embryo. Body oval; back

somewhat arched, entirely covered by the mantle, which contains

siliceous spicules and is usually provided with tubercles that are

sometimes transformed into gills and often bear eyes of a peculiar

nature. Head with a pair of retractile eye-bearing tentacles. Lung

and kidney in the hinder part of the body, the opening of the former

being a short distance behind the anus. Female opening also at

the posterior end, but to the right of the anus; male opening on the

head. Radular teeth arranged in oblique rows on each side of the

middle line, usually with small ectocones, larger mesocones and

anterior basal prolongations.

Labbé has recently suggested several radical alterations in the

classification of this family, but I do not find them to be generally

accepted, so adhere for the present to its more conservative treat-

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 453

ment. Its habit is almost entirely marine between tide-marks, and

the only reason for its inclusion in the present work is because it has

usually been included by earlier authors among African non-marine

families.

Genus Onchidium Buchanan, 1800

(Linn. Trans., v, p. 132).

Type O. typhae Buch.

Animal large or of medium size; male genital opening on inner

side of and below the right tentacle; penis often with cartilaginous

elements and an appendicular gland. Undersides of body without

hyponotal line; mantle border not notched and without multi-

cellular glands; branchial clusters sometimes present, dorsal eyes

usually present. Lung and kidney symmetrical; no jaw; vagina

without gland.

Subgenus Peronia Fleming, 1822.

(Phil. Zool., ii, p. 463).

Type O. peroni Cuv.

Animal with dorsal gills.

Onchidium peronw Cuv.

Ref. List No. 472.

1804. Onchidium peronii Cuv., Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris, v, p. 38,

plovi, £ 1-9. D.A.

1825. Peronia mauritiana Blainv., Man. de Malac., p. 489, pl. xlvi

ers2i), fT. F.

1879. Onchidium peronw Cuv., Mts., Monats.-Ber. Preuss. Akad.

Wiss., p. 735. N.

1893. Onchidium peroni Cuv. (=melanopneumon Bergh and

tonganum Q. & G.), Plate, Zool. Jahrb. Jena, vu, 1, p. 172, pl. xu,

mo. DF.

1910. Onchidium peroni Cuy., Clige., Ann. Natal Mus.,u, p.171. LZ.

£919. - peronit Cuv., Bretnall, Rec. Austral. Mus., xii,

mookt. Dd.

1925. Onchidium peroni Cuv., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Afmica, xu,

pesr.. LL.

1928. Oncidium peroni Cuv., Hoffm., Zool. Jahrb. Jena, lv (Syst.),

pp. 44, 71. D.N. Synonymy.

1934. Peronia peronit Cuv., Labbé, Ann. Inst. Océanogr., xiv,

pelo0. D.

454 Annals of the South African Museum.

Body elongate oval, not strongly arched, mantle border smooth in smaller

and somewhat notched in larger specimens; head large and projecting 6-8 mm.

beyond mantle border; hyponota a little narrower than foot-sole. Mantle

liberally covered with large and small papillae and with coarse and fine granules

irregularly arranged, papillae in some areas more or less grouped in three distinct

formations: (i) a central papilla around which are arranged 4-6 papillae of the

same size; (ii) central papilla actually made up of 4 small papillae, around

which are 5-7 bunches of 3 papillae in each bunch; and (iii) groups of 3-4

papillae appearing as small tufts. The majority of the papillae bear dorsal eyes,

more numerous in the middle and posterior field, but present even around mantle

margin; branchial plumes best developed in large specimens, close to posterior

mantle border. Ground colour above olive, with irregular pattern of lighter and

darker patches, papillae and granules in some cases half and half; foot and under-

side uniform yellowish, top of head rather more olive in hue.

Male genital opening situated in a transverse slit about 1-5 mm. long; anus on

an anal papilla emanating from foot groove; tail of foot notched, the papilla

standing therein unprotected; it is conical in shape and attains a height of 4 mm.;

respiratory opening median, 8 mm. behind anal papilla, female opening on a

small papilla at head of genital groove, which is very conspicuous, running as far

as the frontal shield, where it turns inwards to the pore of foot gland situated

behind the mouth. Anterior portion of penis armed with hooks.

Long. 104, lat. 68, alt. 20; foot-sole lat. 29 mm., a smaller specimen measuring

50 x 35 x 20 mm. (Bretnall).

Hab. NATAL coast (fide Krauss); Congella (Burnup fide Collinge).

LORENZO MARQUES. Inhambane (Peters, fide Martens).

Described from Mauritius and Timor (?) and distributed eastwards

to the Pacific Ocean; the former record of Green Point has been

shown to refer to capensis Watson.

Type ubi?

Martens writes that this slug’s local name at Inhambane is

‘““Maringo”’; it abounds on the water’s edge, where each individual

inhabits a small hole of its own. They are considered excellent food

by the negroes, tasting like Helix, being first dried over the fire in

a pan to free them from salt water, after which fresh water is poured

over them and cooking is completed. In view, however, of the

confusion which has prevailed between the present species and

verruculatum, 1t is open to question to which species the foregoing

records actually refer, and even whether the true O. perona Cuv.

really exists in South Africa ?

Onchidium verruculatum Cuv.

Ref. List No. 473 (as savignyt).

1826. Onchidium peronw Cuv., Aud., Descr. de l Egypte, 1,7 $4

p. 19, and ii (1817), pl. ii (Moll.), f. 3 (1-8). NP.

1830. Onchidium verruculatum (Descr. Eg., pl. ii, f. 3), Cuv., Régne

Animal, iii, p. 46. JN.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 455

1865. Peroma verruculata Cuv., Kfstn., Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., xv,

poo, pl.vi,f.14-16. A.N.

1869. Peronia savignii (Savigny, Descr. Kg., pl. ii, f. 1-5) Réecl.,

Actes. Soc. Lin. Bordeaux, xxvii, p. 61. Nom. nov.

1870. Onchidium verruculatum Cuv., Nev., Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,

paavt.. D.

1877. Onchidium verruculatum Cuv., Semp., Reis. Arch. Phil. pt. 2,

fie pp.o 4), pl. A, f. 5,10; pl. B, f: 1-2, 6. A. Eyes.

1885. Onchidium verruculatum Cuv., Semp., ibid., i, 3, p. 255,

pete tpl, xxu,f. 3-4. DAR.

1885. Onchidium savignys Semp., ibid., p. 260, pl. xix, f. 6; pl. xx,

Pee ples, £ 5-9. DFA.

1903. Onchidium savignyt Semp., Smith, Proc. Mal. Soc., v,

pe 401. ON.

1910. Onchidium savignys Semp., Clige., Ann. Natal Mus., ii,

pe bid: LD.

1919. Onchidium verruculatum Cuv., Bretnall, Rec. Austral. Mus.,

mipep.300, D.

1926. Onchidium (Peronia) peroni Cuv., Plry., Mém. Inst. Egypte,

mepeeGn pli, f.3. F.

1928. Oncidium verruculatum Cuv. (=savignyi Récl., ferrugineum

Less., aldert Gray, elberti Srth., and punctatum Q. & G.) Hoftm., Zool.

Jahrb. Jena, lv (Syst.), pp. 44, 72,106. N.L.

1934. Peronia verruculata Cuv., Labbé, Ann. Inst. Océanogr., xiv,

Beko ae 12,

Only a few of the voluminous references are included above.

Body oval, back not strongly arched, head large, tentacles long and cylindrical;

mantle border smooth, hyponota considerably narrower than the sole; mantle

liberally covered with single tubercles ranging up to 1-2 mm. in diameter, and

compound rosettes formed by from 5 to 7 single ones; short bunched branchial

papillae appear on the posterior field of the mantle; some of the large tubercles

bear from 2 to 5 eyes. Colour of back olive, sometimes flecked and sprinkled

with brown and blue-grey, papilla clumps also unicoloured or chequered, under-

side somewhat paler olive than upper, top of head as dark as mantle. Anus

situate on a small papilla partly protected by tail of foot, respiratory orifice

median, somewhat nearer anus than mantle border, female orifice near anus

and respiratory orifice, male under right tentacle; anterior portion of penis with

cartilaginous hooks, posterior portion smooth.

Savigny’s figure 3 (1, 2), said to be life size, is 34 x 26 x 21 mm. in length, breadth,

and altitude, width of sole 16 mm., but the South African specimens attributed

to this species attain much larger dimensions.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (Wahlberg); Scottburgh (Burnup).

Since O. verruculatum and savignw were both founded on the same

figure in Description de l’Egypte, their synonymy is obvious and the

456 Annals of the South African Museum.

Red Sea example stands as type; the species has a distribution

somewhat similar to that of peroni from the east coast of Africa

to Japan and Australia; the Holotype is probably lost.

Subgenus Onchidium s.s.

Without dorsal gills.

Onchidium burnupi Clige.

Ref. List No. 471.

1902. Onchidium burnupi Clige., J. of Malac., ix, p. 17, f. 1-2.

DF.

1910. Onchidium burnupi Clige., Ann. Natal Mus., u, p. 171. D.

1928. Oncidium “ ; Hofim., Zool. Jahrb. Demis

(Syst.), p. 84. LV.

Notum finely granulated, yellowish irregularly blotched with blackish green,

these blotches being prominent at the edge and in the middle of the notum; dorsal

eyes irregularly scattered; head large; hyponotum greenish grey; foot-sole greyish

yellow, faintly marked with fine transverse wrinkles. Male generative orifice

on inner side of right upper and lower tentacles.

Length of notum (in alcohol) 11, breadth 9 mm.; breadth of hyponotum 3 mm.;

length of foot-sole 8-5, breadth 3 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Umlaas Lagoon (Burnup).

Type in Cambridge Museum.

Genus Onchidella Gray, 1850

(Fig. Moll. Anim., iv, p. 117).

Type O. mgricans Q. & G.

Animal small or of medium size; male genital opening situated

to the outside of right tentacle, penis usually without gland or

cartilaginous elements. Mantle border finely notched or lobed,

frequently with multicellular glands discharging at apex of lobes;

branchial plumes and dorsal eyes absent; a slender longitudinal

fold, or hyponotal line, runs from the tentacle to the respiratory

opening near the foot on each side, thus separating the hyponota

into a broad, finely granulate outer zone and a smooth inner zone;

the groove on right side of foot extends backward to the anus. Lung

and kidney symmetrical; jaw delicate, but usually present; vagina

with a lateral gland.

Owing presumably to long immersion in spirit, the coloration and

certain other external features of all examples of this genus that

have been available for examination appear to have undergone

considerable modification from the original descriptions, which,

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 457

however, I have thought best to copy to a large extent in the following

pages.

Onchidella maculata Plate.

Ref. List No. 474.

1893. Oncidiella maculata Plate, Zool. Jahrb. Jena (Anat.), vu, 1,

p. 201, pl. vu, f. 4; pl. ix, f. 43-44; pl. x, f. 45-49, 52; pl. x, f. 68;

pees 20), DAR.

1910. Oncidiella maculata Plate, Thiele, Jena Denkschr, xvi,

e200. L.

1928. Oncidiella maculata Plate (=capensis Wats.), Hofim., Zool.

Jahrb. Jena, lv (Syst.), p.98. JN.

Body oval, pretty strongly arched when extended, hemispherical when con-

tracted, mantle border notched, the notches corresponding to the apertures of the

large glands, from 20 to 24 in number, which are rendered conspicuous by the

flat light yellow tubercles which contain them; back smooth or very finely granulate,

the larger white spots rising into flat warts. The hyponota divide into an inner

and an outer field, as there runs from the base of the tentacle on each side a thin

fold (hyponotal line) to the respiratory orifice; the foot groove of the right side

is separate from this and lies on the inner side of it and so close to the foot that it

does not catch the eye in a view of the ventral surface, being covered by the pro-

jecting edge of the foot; the outer field of the hyponotum is about 4 times as

broad as the inner and is thickly covered with small light tubercles, only visible

under a lens. Back usually slate-blue, occasionally grey or lightish brown, with

distributed thereon large connected whitish spots and bands in many patterns;

frequently a light stripe down middle of back, sometimes so large as to occupy

the entire mid-field, or asymmetrically one side of it; whole surface of mantle

also covered with little white dots $ to 1 mm. apart; underside light yellowish;

sole a little darker than hyponota; a darker shade stretches from the anus to

the edges. Anus covered by point of foot; respiratory orifice median, 4rd of

the distance from anus to mantle-edge; male genital opening outside and some-

what behind the right tentacle; pedal groove very clear, extending back to anus,

but female opening not coinciding with anus. No jaw, radula formula 105 +1 +105.

Long. 11, lat. 84, alt. 6; sole lat. 5 mm. (Plate).

Hab. GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Angra Pequena (= Liideritz-

bucht, type, Buchholtz; Schultze).

Paratypes in British Museum.

According to Plate’s description and figures, this species appears

to differ anatomically from those found at the Cape in having no

vesicula seminalis, penis-papilla, nor jaw, and in the exact position

of the vaginal gland.

Onchidella capensis Wats.

1900. Onchidium peron Cuv., Clige., Ann. S.A. Mus., u, p. 7. JL.

1901. gs ty 3s 3 bids PH2go: AB.

1925. Onchidella capensis Wats., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xx, pp. 239

easeq. pl xxvul, i, 4-11; pl. xxvii,f. 12, 14; pl. xxxi,f.58: D.F_ALR.

458 Annals of the South African Museum.

1928. Oncidiella maculata Plate (=capensis Wats.) Hoffm., Zool.

Jahhrb. Jena, lv (Syst.), p. 98. WN.

Body broadly oval, back strongly arched and bearing numerous papillae, which

are rather more crowded than in O. pulchella, but of which the larger are less

prominent; marginal glands usually about 24 in number, their position indicated

by small swellings round the mantle-edge; hyponotum rather broad and flat.

Colour of back in spirit grey, sometimes rather dark, but generally with somewhat

paler, very irregular and ill-defined patches, chiefly situated towards middle of

back; the tops of the larger papillae and the small marginal swellings also pale;

foot tinged with yellow; hyponotum whitish, except at hinder end near opening

of mantle-cavity, where it is strongly tinged with grey.

Long. 7:5, lat. 5:9, alt. max. 3-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Green Point (peroni, Purcell); Sea

Point (Barnard).

Type in South African Museum.

Externally this species can be distinguished from the next (pulchella)

by its greater breadth, rather smaller and more numerous papillae,

and different coloration; it differs in internal structure in the

pulmonary network being a little finer; albumen glands rather

smaller and receptaculum seminis larger; vagina relatively shorter,

with a rather less prominent lateral protuberance, and central teeth

of radula longer and narrower; this feature is about 2-6x1 mm.

when flattened, formula (110+ 1+ 109) x 80.

O. capensis differs externally from maculata in the much smaller

size of full-grown animals, darker and more uniform colour of back

and in the fact that the papillae arise from a uniformly dark surface,

whereas in Plate’s species the larger usually have a ring of dark

pigment round their bases, and the marginal glands are also more

sharply defined, as in capensis they are more uniform in shade with

the intermediate notches.

var. paucidentata Wats.

1925. Onchidella capensis var. paucidentata Wats., Ann. 8.A. Mus.,

EK, Pp. Zo) ef seq), Piexxvidla tla eOLARin

Differs from type in slightly smaller size, papillae on back a little more prominent

and hyponotum uniformly white, without grey area at hinder end.

Long. 5:8, lat. 4-9, alt. max. 3-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Buffels Bay (Barnard).

Type in South African Museum.

Radula about 2-3 x 0-9 mm. when flattened, central teeth, though

not so short and broad as in O. pulchella, are a little shorter and

broader than in capensis typica, and the total number of teeth

smaller, formula (78 +1+77) x72.

auf

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 459

Onchidella pulchella Wats.

1925. Onchidella pulchella Wats., Ann. S.A. Mus., xx, pp. 239

gaseue pl xxvul, ft. 1-3» pl. xxvim, f. 15-35; pl. xxix, £ 36-44; pl.

maxx, 1, 45-54; pl. xxxi, f. 55-57, 59-62. D.F.A.R.

1928. Oneidiella maculata Plate, var. pulchella (=var. paucidentata

Wats.), Hoffm., Zool. Jahrb. Jena, iv (Syst.), p. 100. WN.

Body oval, but rather narrow, especially towards the anterior end; back rather

strongly arched and bearing a number of scattered papillae, the larger of which

are very prominent. Marginal glands usually about 22 in number, their positions

being indicated by a series of prominent swellings round the mantle-edge. Colour

of back in spirit dark grey with conspicuous white patches, including an irregular

band along the middle of the back, an irregular patch on the right side towards

the hinder end, and usually some smaller white patches; the tops of the more

prominent papillae and the comparatively large marginal swellings are also white;

foot slightly tinged with yellow; hyponotum uniformly white.

Long. 5:8, lat. 3-6, alt. max. 2-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. St. James (Lightfoot).

Type in South African Museum.

Differs in internal structure from O. capensis Wats. in that the

skin is slightly thicker, the pulmonary network appears to be a little

coarser, the albumen glands rather larger and the receptaculum

seminis smaller; vagina slightly longer, with a more prominent

lateral protuberance, and central teeth of radula broader and shorter.

Radula about 1-8 x 0-85 mm. when flattened, formula (86 + 1 +86) x 68.

This small species can be easily distinguished from the last by its

narrower form and much more conspicuous markings. }

It will be seen from the foregoing references that Hoffmann

considers capensis Wats. to be synonymous with maculata Plate;

and pulchella Wats., with which he merges capensis var. paucidentata

Wats., to be a mere variety of Plate’s species. Hoffmann, however,

had apparently not examined and compared any of these forms

himself, and comparison of the external features of the material in

the British Museum appears to support the English author’s

arrangement.

SUBORDER Basommatophora.

HKyes situate on head without stalks, usually at base of a pair of

tentacles; genital apertures usually separate; shell always present.

Trine ACTOPHILA.

Shell spiral, inoperculate, usually thicker than in the Hygrophila;

head with two tentacles, eyes usually at their base; buccal cavity

usually with fibrous jaw, radula with numerous teeth in nearly

460 Annals of the South African Museum.

straight rows, kidney without ureter. The animals generally live

on or near the sea coast.

Famity ELLOBITDAE

(= Auriculidae).

Shell ovate, obconic or acuminate, with one or more folds on

columella and often on paries, labrum often thickened or toothed,

internal partitions often absorbed. Tentacles rounded in section,

usually tapering; pulmonary orifice restricted to hind part of mantle

border; penis connected with the posterior genital opening by a

groove.

Subfamily ELLOBIINAE.

(= Auriculinae).

Shell usually ovate to acuminate, aperture rather narrow, with

one fold on columella and usually one or more on paries; foot-sole

undivided; radula with unicuspid central and lateral teeth, marginals

frequently with an endocone in addition to the mesocone, but no

ectocones; nervous system with visceral ganglia further apart than

usual; posterior genital opening hermaphrodite, the vas deferens

originating from the groove between it and the male opening; vagina

short or absent; penis rather short.

Genus Auriculastra Mts., 1880

(Meeresfauna Mauritius, p. 207).

Type Auricula elongata Kiist.

Shell rather slender, smooth, subfusiform, columella truncate,

with one fold, sometimes weak, and one on paries; teeth of radula

fairly broad and short, laterals unicuspid, marginals with small

additional inner cusp.

Auriculastra radiolata (Morel.).

Ref. List No. 486.

1848. Auricula pellucens Mke., Krs., Stidafr. Moll., p. 82. JN.

1860. Melampus radiolatus Morel., Séries Conch., u, p. 93, pl. vi,

IE ID) 10

1899. Auricula durbanica M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, pp. 193, 199) pr

Wi eda ke

1912. Auriculastra radiolata Morel. (=durbanica M. & P.), Conn.,

Ann.” S. Ae Mius\; oi, pa zal ye

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 461

Shell of medium size, acuminate subulate, imperforate, thin, smooth, glossy,

transparent, pale olivaceous. Spire produced, sides straight, apex nearly always

deficient. Whorls probably 6-7, nearly flat above, broadest at top of labrum,

sculptured with weak growth striolae, crossed by extremely close, regular, un-

dulating, microspiral lines, which are only visible on freshest specimens; suture

simple, shallow. Aperture narrow, nearly vertical, with a short horizontal fold

near base of paries and a weak protuberance on columella; labrum simple,

edentate. The shell described, from Durban, with 5 remaining whorls, measures

Long. 11-7, lat. 5-3; apert. alt. 7-9, lat. 2-0; last whorl 10-0 mm.

Hab. NATAL (“pellucens,’’ Wahlberg; radiolata, Nevill); Cato’s

Creek, Durban; mouths of Umlaas and Umkomaas Rivers (durbanica,

Burnup); Isipingo (Cawston).

Described from Zanzibar; both types in British Museum.

Auriculastra catonis (M. & P.).

(Bibixwef, 185)

Ref. List No. 485.

1899. Auricula catonis M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, p. 199, pl. iti, £. 13.

DEF:

What remain of the much decollate examples available for examination are

far more narrow than the foregoing, with which they appear to agree in other

respects, except that the columellar fold is a little sharper. The type, with only

2 remaining whorls, measures

Long. 8-5, lat. 3-8; apert. alt. 6-4, lat. 1-8; last whorl 8-0 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Cato’s Creek, Durban (type); mouths of Umlaas

and Umkomaas Rivers (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Auriculastra acuta Conn.

1922. Auriculastra acuta Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 121. D.

1925. i A! 5, Irans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu, p. 188,

pleiv, £.-29. NF.

A fusiform shell with straight-sided and comparatively longer spire than any

other African member of the genus, the sides meeting at an angle of about 48°.

Whorls 7, almost flat, each about one-third greater in altitude than its predecessor,

sculptured with very faint, close, regular, nearly straight transverse striae, and

engraved on the early post-apical whorls with close, regular, microspiral lines,

which are practically absent from the last and only apparent on fresh specimens.

Aperture narrow, labrum simple, edentate, columella short and straight, thickly

calloused, with a small, but far-entering fold, parietal plica strong, acute, situate

near top of callus.

Long. 17-8, lat. 8-0; apert. alt. 10-3, lat. 2-7; last whorl 13-3 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Estuary of Komati River (Junod).

Type in Kimberley Museum.

462 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus Phytia Gray, 1821

(London Medical Repository, xv, p. 231)

(= Alexia Leach, Monica Ads. and Kochia Plry.).

Type Voluta denticulata Mont. (myosotis Drap.).

Shell acuminate ovate, usually smooth, with one fold on columella

and others on paries and occasionally on labrum. Central tooth of

radula with a short cusp, laterals large, marginals with inner

accessory cusps; a pair of tubercles on front of snout represent the

lower tentacles of land snails.

Phytia acuminata (Morel.).

Ref. List No. 488.

1889. Alexia acuminata Morel., J. de C., xxxvi, p. 15, pl. i, f. 11.

(DR:

1889. Alexia pulchella Morel., abid., p. 15, pl.1, f. 10. DF.

Morelet founded his two species on very immature specimens, about 44 mm. long,

which merge into one another; mature examples from Port Elizabeth are small,

much elongate acuminate ovate, rimate, fairly thin, smooth, slightly glossy,

corneous buff or brown, often with a pale, narrow infrasutural band, extreme

apex usually milk-white. Spire acuminate, sides nearly straight, apex sub-

mamillate. Whorls 8, nearly flat above, regularly and rapidly increasing, broadest

near top of aperture, extreme apex smooth, next 24 microscopically engraved with

6 or more regular, spiral lines of incised dots, which usually fade away towards

the end of the 3rd whorl, transverse sculpture consisting of slightly distant,

regular, vertical striolae, strongest for some distance below the suture, which is

margined and shallow. Aperture narrowly acuminate ovate, outer lip simple,

usually edentate, paries with a strong plait, inclined slightly downwards, at

its base and usually a weak tubercle or small denticle some distance higher up,

columella short, concave, fold tuberculate, margin narrowly triangularly reflexed,

practically obliterating the rima.

Long. 10-0, lat. 4:3; apert. alt. 4-4, lat. 1-9; last whorl 7-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (type, Crawford;

Farquhar); rather small and slender form from Keurbooms R.

estuary, Plettenberg Bay (Barnard).

Types in British Museum.

This species often develops a varix at certain stages of growth,

which imparts to quite young shells an appearance of maturity. It

appears to be identical with P. bicolor (Morel.) of the Azores and

Canary Is., which Wollaston was inclined to unite with the European

myosotis Drap., an opinion in which Tomlin and myself concur.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 463

Genus Cassidula Fér., 1821

(Tabl. Moll., pt. iii, p. 109 (or 105))

(= Rhodostoma Swainson and Sidula Gray, 1840).

Type Buliumus auris felis Brug.

Shell ovate, whorls usually showing spiral sculpture, one fold on

columella and one on paries, with frequently a tubercle some distance

above the latter, outerlip thickened; teeth of radula numerous, long

and very blunt, laterals and marginals with mesocones, latter also

with a small inner cusp.

Cassidula labrella (Desh.).

Ref. List No. 487.

1830. Auricula labrella Desh., Enc. Méth. Vers., 11, p. 92. D.

1841. i a 7 ust. Conch. Cab., p. 22.epl. 1

{.4-5. D.F.

1841. Auricula kraussw Kiist., abid., p. 24, pl. i, f. 6-8. D.F.

1856. 5 lutescens Pfr., Mon. Auric., p. 113. D.

1874. Cassidula labrella Desh. (=kraussi and lutescens), Jick.,

Fauna N.-O.-Afr., p. 186. D.

1921. Cassidula labrella Desh., Germ., Faune Mascareignes, p.

263. D.

Shell of medium size, acuminate ovate, rimate, solid, smooth, rather dull, deep

brown, peristomatal processes pale buff. Spire almost rectangularly conic, sides

straight. Whorls 63, flat above, greatest breadth at labral sinus, lst smooth,

remainder sculptured with close, weak, vertical striolae, and on the upper part

from 3 to 7 strong spiral sulci, which continue around the last whorl; suture

shallow. Aperture narrow, nearly vertical, peristome thick, paries bearing a weak

tubercle near the top and a fairly strong plait, slightly inclined downwards, near

the bottom, columellar fold strong, horizontal, emerging to margin, labrum with

well-marked sinus, at base of which are a weaker upper and a very strong lower

tooth, the latter merging into a strong internal rib, parallel to the margin, which

continues down the labrum and round the base to the columella, which is short,

concave, margin rather narrowly reflexed, rima encircled by an exceedingly strong

basal keel, of paler colour than the shell.

Long. 12-0, lat. 7-2; apert. alt. (extern.) 7-8, lat. (extern.) 3-8; last whorl 9-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Mouth of Umlaas River (kraussw Krauss); Durban

(Burnup); Isipingo (Cawston).

CAPE PROVINCE. Zwartkops River marshes, near Port Eliza-

beth (Crawford).

Type of kraussu in Stuttgart Museum; labrella ubi?

C. labrella was described from Mauritius, kraussii from Natal, and

the hab. of lutescens was unknown.

464 Annals of the South African Museum.

Subfamily PrepIPEDINAE.

Shell with aperture less narrow than in the other subfamilies;

3 folds on columella and penultimate whorl. Teeth of radula small

and very numerous, central narrow with small mesocone, laterals

also narrow, usually with endocone, marginals broader, with several

pointed, nearly equal denticles. Foot-sole with a transverse groove;

end of genital canal divided.

Genus Pedipes Feér., 1821

(Tabl. Syst., pt. 3, pp. 99 (or 103) and 109 (or 113)).

Type Bulimus pedipes Brug. (= Helix afra Gmel.).

Shell solid, ovate or globose, spirally sculptured; aperture usually

with a fold within the labrum, as well as two on the columella and one

on the penultimate wall. Endocones on lateral teeth of radula a

little smaller than the mesocones.

Pedipes affinis Fer.

(Gai eae ais, 1b)

Ref. List No. 484.

1821. Pedipes affinis Vér., Tabl. Moll., pt. 3, p. 109 (or 113). D.

1863. si sy » Desh., Notes sur lIle Réunion, i, H,

[a ele [Olle os eo IDI Id,

1921. Pedipes affinis Fér., Germ., Faune Mal. Mascareignes, p.

254. OD.

Shell (of a Durban example) small, ovate, rimate, solid, rather smooth,

glossy, deep buff, apertural process white. Spire moderately produced, sides

straight, summit acute. Whorls 5, not very convex, Ist involute at extreme tip,

which dips into a minute conical well and is smooth, remainder sculptured with very

weak transverse striolae and strong spiral grooves, which extend along the inner,

but not the outer, wall of the well, and in the mature example described are practi-

cally invisible below periphery of last whorl, though present on the entire surface

of an immature specimen from Port Shepstone; suture simple, shallow. Aperture

ovate, peristome furnished with an internal ridge, dentition 4-fold; a strong in-

running horizontal plait half-way down the labrum; two rather shorter, at centre

and top of columella, and a very strong oblique lamella on centre of paries; colu-

mella erect, thickened, callus continuous. .

Long. 6-6, lat. 3:5; apert. alt. 3-7, lat. 1-7; last whorl 5-3 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Durban; Port Shepstone (Burnup).

Type ubi?

Described from Reunion and recorded from the Red Sea.

The shell described by Deshayes measured 7 x 4 mm. and had the

surface of all the whorls ornamented with fine spiral grooves, fairly

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 465

close and finely punctate, all which is borne out in his excellent figure,

but in most mature examples from Mauritius and elsewhere attribut-

able to this species the grooving is apt to weaken very greatly or dis-

appear entirely, possibly from friction or slight weathering, below

the periphery of the last whorl. I see no valid reason, however, for

regarding the South African specimens as other than conspecific.

Genus Marinula King, 1832

(Zool. Journ., v, pp. 343, 344).

Type M. pepita King

(=Cremnobates Swainson, 1855).

Shell fairly solid, unicoloured, spire shorter than aperture, whorls

few, comparatively convex, labrum simple, edentate, and not more

than 3 folds on labium. Nervous system with visceral ganglia

slightly further apart than usual; vas deferens separating from

female duct some distance above the female opening; vagina rather

short; penis long. Endocones on lateral teeth of radula much

smaller than the mesocones.

Marinula tristanensis Conn.

Ref. List No. 483.

1912. Marinula sp., Conn., Ann. §.A. Mus., xi, p. 230. N.L.

1915. 3 tristanensis Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xii, p. 108.

D.F.A.R.

Shell small, imperforate, purple-black. Spire about two-thirds length of aper-

ture, sides rather convex, apex acute. Whorls 32, not very convex, rapidly in-

creasing, with fine, irregular striation following the lines of growth; suture very

shallow. Aperture acuminate ovate, labrum thin, simple, labium with 3 white

dental processes: a prominent upper linguiform fold parallel to and about 1-7 mm.

from the labrum; a short, rather conical fold about half-way between it and the

base and a minute columellar fold rather nearer the 2nd tooth than the base.

Long. 10-4, lat. 5-5; apert. alt. 6-7, lat. 4-7; last whorl 9-6 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Camps Bay (Dale; McBean).

CAPE PROVINCEH. Dassen Island (Lightfoot).

Described from Inaccessible Island, Tristan d’Acunha (Keytel

(type) and others) and also recorded from Gough Island.

Type in British Museum.

Jaw arcuate, consisting of numerous loosely arranged fibres;

radula with about 230 teeth in each row, central unicuspid, minute,

inner laterals almost unicuspid, a small inner cusp appearing about

VOL. XXXIII. 30

466 Annals of the South African Museum.

No. 35 and later an ectocone, which eventually divides, the marginals

having 4 or 5 small equal cusps.

This species was long known in collections under the name of M. nigra

Phil., a synonym of pepita King, from South America, which it closely

resembles, but its early whorls are rather less convex and the small

columellar fold is, on the average, slightly more pronounced than in

King’s species. The South African examples appear to differ slightly

from type, but are not in sufficiently good condition for their possible

distinctness to be determined; I am not certain that any were

collected alive.

Subfamily MELAMPODINAE.

Shell obconic to ovate, aperture narrow, with one fold on columella

and usually smaller folds above it; foot-sole divided by a transverse

groove; radula with unicuspid central and lateral teeth, marginals

with small ectocones in addition to the larger mesocone; nervous

system with visceral ganglia close together; vas deferens separating

from female duct a long way above the female opening; vagina very

long, penis also long.

Genus Melampus Montfort, 1810

(Conch. Syst., ii, p. 319).

Type Bulimus coniformis Brug. (Voluta coffea Lin.)

(=Conovulus Lam., 1812, etc.).

Shell solid, ovate or inversely pyriform, spire rather short, teeth

of radula with fairly large mesocones, marginals with additional

small outer cusps.

Pending expert revision of this puzzling genus, I prefer to retain

for the South African species, where doubt exists as to their relation-

ship, names originally applied to African forms, not dealing with

the difficult question of possible synonymy except in cases where it

can be fully established.

(i) Section Melampus s.s.

Shell practically smooth.

Microscopic investigation shows that well-preserved examples of

certain species have punctate spiral engraving on the early post-

apical whorls, which becomes less apparent on the later and is usually

invisible below the periphery; the omission of this feature from any

of the following descriptions does not necessarily imply that it does

not exist, but that the shells available for examination are not fresh

enough to show it.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 467

Melampus lividus (Desh.).

Ref. List No. 478.

1830. Auricula liwida Desh., Enc. Méth. Vers., ii, p. 91. D.

1844. - is » Kiist., Conch. Cab., p. 44, pl. vi (1843),

eee. DE.

1847. Auricula lida Desh., Lovén, Ofvers. Kel. Vet.-Ak. Forhand-

lingar, Stockholm, p. 190, pl. in. R.

1880. Melampus lwidus Desh., Crosse & Fisch., Miss. au Mexique,

ip. lA. RR.

1921. Melampus liwidus Desh., Germ., Faune Mascareignes, p. 240.

Shell of fair size, acuminate ovate, almost imperforate, smooth, glossy, bluish

white or brownish, sometimes showing a few faint brown bands and typically,

though not constantly, with a chestnut patch on the base. Spire rectangularly

conic, sides scarcely convex, apex mamillate. Whorls 9-10, nearly flat above,

apical smooth, next 3 engraved with 2 spiral dotted lines, which are barely visible

on the remainder, aperture narrow, nearly vertical, with normally 3 low plaits

on the paries and | on the columella, labrum simple, with from 5 to 7 transverse

internal ridges.

Long. 13-8, lat. 7-5; apert. alt. 10-4, lat. 2-8; last whorl 12-0 mm., but the

species attains dimensions of 18 x 11 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Mouth of Umlaas River (Krauss; Burnup);

? juv. in Durban Bay (Burnup).

Also known from Mauritius (type), Reunion, Mayotte, Seychelles,

etc.

Specimens ex auct. in Ecole des Mines, Paris.

var. fasciata Kiist.

1844. Auricula livida Desh., var. fasciata Kiist., Conch. Cab., p. 45,

pl. vi (1843), f. 26. D.F.

Background corneous yellow with 3 narrow bluish bands on last whorl and chest-

nut patch on base; spire darkish blue, labrum dirty white.

var. ovata Kiist.

1844. Auricula livida Desh., var. ovata Kiist., ibid., p. 45, pl. vi

(1843), £. 24-25. D.F.

Elongate ovate, spire broadly conical with acute apex, background ochre-yellow,

spire brown-red, last whorl below periphery corneous brown, with chestnut patch

on base, labrum brown-red.

468 Annals of the South African Museum.

var. caerulea Kiist.

1844. Auricula livida Desh., var. caerulea Kiist., ibid., p. 45, pl. vi

(1843), f. 22-23. D.F.

Smaller than type, somewhat elongate, dark copper-blue, spire purple, basal

patch dark chestnut, labrum blackish.

Hab. of above varieties, NATAL coast (Krauss).

Melampus umlaasianus (Kiist.).

(Pl. xv, f. 28-29.)

Ref. List No. 482.

1844. Auricula umlaasiana Krs., Kiist., Conch. Cab., p. 43, pl. vi

(1843), f. 16-18. DF.

Shell of fair size, broadly acuminate ovate, imperforate, smooth, glossy, buff

with 5 brown bands, several of which are sometimes confluent. Spire rectangularly

conic, sides scarcely convex, apex acutely mamillate. Whorls 8-9, flat above,

2nd and later engraved with 2 spiral dotted lines, which gradually weaken,

and are absent below the periphery, which is very obscurely angulate and pro-

portionally broader than usual; aperture narrow, somewhat oblique, with 3 weak

plaits on the paries and 1 stronger on the columella, emerging to the margin, labrum

simple, with from 6 to 8 inset transverse ridges.

Long. 11, lat. 6-5, apert. 8-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Mouth of Umlaas River (Krauss).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

var. obscura Kiist.

1844. Auricula umlaasiana Krs., var. obscura Kiist., wbid., p. 44,

plewan( S43) fs 9-205) Dr

Dull brown or brownish yellow, darker on spire. Topotypes which appear to

represent this variety are unbanded and measure

Long. 12:0, lat. 7-3; apert. alt. 9-1, lat. 2-0; last whorl 11-2 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Mouth of Umlaas River (type, Krauss); Isipingo

(Burnup).

Melampus caffer (Kiist.).

(Pl. xv, f. 20-22.)

Ref. List No. 476.

1844. Auricula caffra Kiist., Conch. Cab., p. 36, pl. v (1843), f£. 7.

DEE

1921. Melampus caffer Kiist., Germ., Faune Mascareignes, p. 247.

Shell of fair size, ovate, subrimate, smooth, glossy, deep buff, with 2 broad

chestnut bands, one extending from the periphery to the upper suture and colouring

the entire spire, the other towards the base, usually with a white zone above and

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 469

beneath, and sometimes a brown spot on base. Spire short, convex conoid.

Whorls 7, smooth but for weak growth striolation, flat above, the last broadest a

little above the middle; aperture narrow, nearly vertical, with 3 low parietal

plaits, the middle slightly strongest and upper sometimes absent, columellar fold

of medium size, emerging to the margin, labrum simple, with from 4 to 7 (usually

5 or 6) white transverse ridges.

Long. 13-2, lat. 8-8; apert. alt. 10-2, lat. 2-3; last whorl 12-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Mouth of Umlaas River (type, Krauss).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

Widely distributed throughout Oceania; the record of Rikatla in

my Reference List refers to the next species.

Melampus kisteri (Kiist.).

(Pl. xv, £. 24-25.)

Ref. List No. 477.

1842. 2% Auricula monile Lam., Rve., Conch. Syst., 1, p. 106,

peexxxvi,f.8. f.

1844. Auricula kisterr Krs., Kiist., Conch. Cab., p. 34, pl. iv (1848),

f.10-11. D.F.

1925. Melampus caffer Kiist., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu,

Peer VL:

Shell of medium size, acuminate ovate, smooth, glossy, carneous yellow or grey

with broad unequal brown bands. Spire rectangularly conic, sides nearly straight,

apex mamillate. Whorls 9, nearly flat above, aperture vertical, with 2 parietal

plaits, lower inclined to be duplicate, columellar fold small, labrum simple, with

6-7 immersed transverse ridges. The largest specimen in coll. Krauss measures

13-7 x 8, apert. 10 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Mouth of Umlaas River (type, Krauss).

LORENZO MARQUES. Rikatla (Junod).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

var. oblonga Kiist.

(Pl. xv, f. 26-27.)

1844. Auricula kisteri Krs., var. oblonga Kiist., cbid., p. 34, pl. iv

(1843), f. 12-13. DP.

1925. Melampus kisteri Krs., var. oblonga Kiist., Conn., Trans.

iepsoc 0) Africa, xu, p. 188. < L.

More slender and elongate than type, with higher spire; the parietal plaits are

stated to be connected by a raised callus, but this is not usually the case.

The larger of the type pair measures 16 x 8, apert. 12 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Mouth of Umlaas R. (Krauss).

LORENZO MARQUES. Estuary of Komati R., Rikatla (Junod).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

470 Annals of the South African Museum.

Melampus ordinarius M. & P.

(Bins ie20))

Ref. List No. 480.

1901. Melampus ordinarius M. & P., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 321, pl. u,

Pe AD ery.

Shell small, acuminate ovate, smooth, glossy, pale straw. Spire rectangularly

conic, sides straight, apex mamillate. Whorls 9, flat above, engraved, after the

Ist, with 2 or 3 irregularly spaced spiral dotted lines, which are nearly absent

below the bluntly angulate periphery; aperture oblique, very narrow, with one

plait more than half-way down the paries, a short horizontal columellar fold and

3 or 4 transverse ridges within the simple labrum.

Long. 9-1, lat. 5-4; apert. alt. 5-9, lat. 1-2; last whorl 7-°9 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Mouth of Umlaas River (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

Melampus acinoides Morel.

Ref. List No. 475.

1889. Melampus acinoides Morel., J. de C., xxxvu, p. 14, pl. i,

ty Gal ID Jd.

1915. Melampus acinoides Morel., Bartsch, Bull. U.S. Mus., xci,

Pp lOs P22 ieee

1915. Microtralia sp.?, Bartsch, ibid., p. 10. L.

1932. ™ ambigua Turton, Marine Shells of Port Alfred,

De Oenplaainnie ton ONE.

1932. Melampus acinoides Morel., Turton, rbid., pp. 8, 295. N.L.

Shell very small, subfusiform, imperforate, smooth, glossy, yellow-brown.

Spire rectangularly conic, apex mamillate. Whorls about 6, flat above, practically

smooth, the last evenly curved on each side; aperture narrow, vertical, with 2

horizontal parietal plaits, the lower much stronger, columellar fold horizontal,

in the situation of a third parietal plait, labrum simple, edentate.

The shell described, from Kalk Bay, is absolutely typical, but slightly fresher

and better grown than any of the type set; it measures

Long. 5-0, lat. 3-0; apert. alt. 3-2, lat. 1-2; last whorl 4-9 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Zwartkops River, Port Elizabeth (type,

Crawford); Port Alfred (acinoides and ambigua, Turton); Kowie R.

(Kincaid); Estuary of Keurbooms R., Plettenberg Bay (Barnard).

CAPE PENINSULA. Kalk Bay (Lightfoot).

Type of acinoides in British, ambigua in Oxford Museum.

Turton states (l.c., p. 295) that acinoides was not described from

South Africa; this is of course an oversight, I do not think it has yet

been collected outside the Cape Province. Tomlin agrees with me

that Microtralia ambigua is simply the nepionic stage of acinoides;

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 471

it measures 1-2 x 0-8 mm. and is covered with the strong spiral grooves

typical on very immature examples of the genus, which fade away

on the later whorls of older shells, but are still visible about the

apex of well-preserved specimens of acinovdes.

Melampus parvulus Pfr.

(Bl xverie 23%)

Ref. List No. 480.

1854. Melampus parvulus Nutt., Pfr., Mal. Blatt., 1, p. 147 (without

characters).

1856. Melampus parvulus Nutt., Pfr., Mon. Auric., p. 24. D.

1875. el dupontianus Morel., J. de C., xxili, p. 25, pl. i,

fee DE

1921. Melampus parvulus Nutt., Germ., Faune Mascareignes,

p. 249; D:

Shell small, acuminate ovate, varying in breadth, practically imperforate,

smooth, glossy, dull brown, usually with a buff band, of varied width, at top of

last whorl, but not extending to the suture. Spire more or less rectangularly conic,

sides nearly straight, apex acutely mamillate. Whorls 9, nearly flat above, 3rd

and 4th showing 2 spiral lines of punctured dots, which are not apparent on the

others, scarcely angulate at periphery. Aperture narrow, nearly vertical, with

usually 2 small plaits, close together, near bottom of paries, and a strong hori-

zontal columellar fold extending to margin, labrum simple, furnished with from

2 to 6 immersed white transverse ridges. The shell figured, from Mauritius,

measures

Long. 8-2, lat. 5-0; apert. alt. 5-6, lat. 1-5; last whorl 7-1 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Durban Bay; mouths of Umlaas and Umkomaas

Rivers (Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. Kowie (fide Kincaid).

Described from Oahu and widely distributed from Oceania through

the Mascarene Is. to Kast Africa; M. dupontianus Morel. is entirely

inseparable from the typical form, as is the Natal race. As far as

can be judged from the wretched type set of zealandicus H. & A. Ad.,

this species is identical with parvulus, in which case the name would

have priority.

Type of parvulus in coll. Pfeiffer, originals in British Museum;

types of dupontianus and zealandicus in British Museum.

This species varies much in contour and the number of labral

ridges in sets from the same locality, but the 2 small parietal plaits,

so close together near the base, provide some faint guide for its

determination.

472 Annals of the South African Museum.

Melampus acutispira Turton.

(Text-fig. 40.)

1932. Melampus acutispira Turton, Marine Shells of Port Alfred,

pos ol. ti tonne are

The type set of this species contains two shells, of which the larger is

a small, beach-rolled, colourless, sculptureless shell, slightly broader than

ordinarius, but similar in contour to the obese form of wmlaasianus, of which it is

probably the young. 6 whorls, shouldered at periphery, apical strongly mamillate,

as in wmlaasianus, while the second of the type pair, a minute example under

2 mm. in length, is covered with very fine and close microspiral engraving, a feature

which appears to exist also in the apical whorls of Kiister’s species. The type has

a strong columellar fold and 2 close together a short way above it, the upper

the longer, and another, smaller, a short way above this, while under a microscope

there are signs of 2 or 3 more very weak, probably evanescent processes; there are

also 5 equidistant folds inside the labrum.

Alt. 5-5, lat. 3-4; apert. alt. 4:0, lat. 0-9; last whorl 4-6 mm.

Text-Fic. 40.—Melampus acutispira Turton.

Type pair in Oxford Museum; x2.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Alfred (Turton).

Type in Oxford Museum.

Until immature specimens of wmlaasianus of the same size can be

compared with the Turton infant it may be wiser not to embark on

the troubled sea of possible synonymy.

(11) Section Szgnia A. Ad., 1855.

(Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 245).

Shell with fairly strong, usually decussate sculpture.

Melampus semiaratus Conn.

Ref. List No. 481.

1898. Melampus granifer Mouss., M. & P., Proc. Mal. Soe., iii,

PalsOr :

1912. Melampus semiaratus Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xi, p. 228,

pl lites. Oak.

1925. Melampus semiaratus Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu,

De LSet

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 473

Shell small, conic ovate, subrimate, rather glossy, uniform dark brown. Spire

rectangularly conic, apex acute. Whorls 6, flat above, upper and lower portions

engraved with spiral grooves which are crossed by faint transverse striae, middle

usually smooth, but sometimes spirally grooved. Aperture long and narrow,

with 3 sharp, almost equidistant plaits on the paries, a medium-sized columellar

fold, and a single white internal rib half-way up the simple labrum.

Long. 9-6, lat. 5-5; apert. alt. 7-5; last whorl 8-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Durban Bay; mouths of Umlaas and Umkomaas

Rivers (Burnup); Isipingo (Cawston).

LORENZO MARQUES. Estuary of Komati River (Junod).

Type in British Museum.

I have recorded this species in 1928 from Italian Somaliland, and

am inclined to unite it with M. striatus Pse., and possibly with

semisulcatus Mouss. (which is unknown to me), both having been

described from Oceania, but until wider knowledge is available it

may perhaps be advisable to retain the present name for the Hast

African race of highly sculptured Melampus.

TrinE HYGROPHILA.

Inhabitants of fresh water, with thin, corneous, unicoloured shells,

dextral or sinistral, of all shapes and sizes, animal with smooth skin,

tentacles tapering, cylindrical or compressed, genital orifices separate

but united by a groove. |

The distribution and supply of many of the species appears to have

undergone considerable modification of late years, a fact to which I

can testify from the class of freshwater molluscs that now pass

through my hands, compared with those of twenty years ago, and a

recent paper by Cawston * gives such an interesting explanation of

the causes which have influenced it that I make no apology for quot-

ing it here: “The collection of pond-snails during the last few years

has been handicapped by the lessened rainfall in many districts in

the mountainous parts of the Union and by anti-malarial measures

which have been adopted in coastal areas, whereby small collections

of water have been treated with chemicals and much of the vegetation

on which pond-snails breed has been destroyed.

“Prolonged drought has occasioned the death of rushes and the

larger water plants in mountainous marshes, so that the streams now

contain smaller weeds on which one is more likely to find such small

molluses as Ancylidae and Lymnaea truncatula, instead of Bulinus,

Lymnaea natalensis, and Physopsis africana, which may be expected

* Trans. R. Soc. S: Africa, xxii, 1934, p. 81.

474 Annals of the South African Museum.

along the banks of rivers containing the large rush, Cyperus immensus

C. B. Clark.

“Following a snowstorm in Southern Basutoland in 1902 there has

been a disappearance of the wild olive, and fuel has become a

constant problem in this mountainous district. A similar experience

is noted in the Transkei, where the Yuka River was once characterised

by its beautiful indigenous trees, but is now obvious by the absence

of tree life.

‘““Pond-snails favour shady portions of shallow water, and the

absence of rains has recently discouraged the breeding of all but those

which are largely dependent on light, such as Lymnaeae and Ancy-

lidae. Ancylidae can resist desiccation for several weeks by attach-

ing themselves to a rush; Lymnaeae are dependent on light, and it has

not yet been clearly shown how they can resist desiccation; burying

would seem to kill them, and it is difficult to find them amid the dry

mud of shallow pools. As the return of rains is accompanied by

numerous small examples of a species, it would seem that it is the

young examples or even the egg-masses that survive a winter drought.

‘“We have reason to believe, then, that the environmental influ-

ences to which pond-snails have been exposed in the Union during

the last few years have been detrimental to the breeding of Physopsis

africana Krauss, Bulinus tropicus (Krauss), Lymnaea natalensis

Krauss and allied species, and that the shortage of rainfall and

consequent increase of marsh land in the mountainous districts has

favoured the breeding of smaller species such as Lymnaea truncatula

(Miller), a well-known carrier of Fasciola infection.”’

Owing to some of these snails serving as intermediate hosts to the

germ of the Bilharzia disease, a regular spate of literature dealing to

more or less extent with them has arisen during the last twenty years

in various medical publications. Much of it is conchologically

erroneous and much more of comparatively little interest from a

conchological viewpoint; I have therefore omitted from the following

references all which do not fulfil in some particular the last-mentioned

condition.

Famity PHYSIDAE.

Shell spiral, sinistral, thin, usually smooth and glossy, spire more

or less produced. Animal sinistral, tentacles slender, no pseudobranch,

foot narrow, pointed behind. Jaw single, arcuate, radula with

numerous teeth in oblique rows, slanting upwards from the margins,

central tooth relatively wide, multicuspid, laterals and marginals

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 475

similar to each other, obliquely bent, pectinate, with a peculiar process

projecting forward from their external angle.

The generic classification of this family depends to a great extent

on whether the mantle lobes of the animal overlap the shell or not,

and as these have not been mentioned in the descriptions of either

of the two species yet described from tropical Africa, I leave that

which follows where it was placed by Clessin, in Physa sensu lato,

without anatomical detail.

Genus Physa Drap., 1801

(Tabl. Moll., Fr. p. 52).

Type Bulla fontinalis Lin.

Physa mosambiquensis Cless.

(Text-fig. 41.)

1886. Physa mosambiquensis Cless., Conch. Cab., p. 366, pl. liv,

daa DB

1925. Physa mosambiquensis Cless., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

AeA LSOL ON F.,

“Shell narrow ovate, hardly rimate, smooth, glossy, trans-

parent, corneous yellow. Spire short, fairly acute. Whorls 4,

elongate, little convex, rapidly increasing, last 2rds to ths of Ni |

total length; suture little impressed. Aperture narrow piriform, LY

acuminate above, peristome thin, acute, ends not united,

columella thin, little contorted’’; the first 2 whorls are eS Rae

practically smooth, remainder showing faint, straight growth Physa ip scmbi

striolae.

“Long. 7:5, lat. 4 mm.” Specimen in

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters). Berlin tae

Type in Berlin Museum. er

censis Cless.

Famity LYMNAEIDAK.

Animal and shell usually dextral, head with broad, short snout,

tentacles triangular and flat, no pseudobranch, foot rather short;

jaw with an accessory piece on each side, central tooth of radula

narrow, its cusp small, single or asymmetrically double, laterals with

outer and often with inner accessory cusps, marginals with long

cusps, united except at their extremities, which tend to be pectinate

owing to the splitting of the endocone and sometimes of the ectocone.

Subfamily LyMNAEINAE.

Shell spirally coiled.

476 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus Lymnaea Lam., 1799

(Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 75, as Lymnoea).

Type Helix stagnalis Lin.

Shell ovate or elongate, rimate or imperforate, aperture oval,

peristome thin and simple, mantle not extending over the shell;

anatomy as in family.

Subgenus Radix Montf., 1810

(Conch. Syst., ii, p. 266).

Type Helix auricularia Lin.

Shell of fair size, thin, ovate, spire small, last whorl and aperture

large, columella usually obliquely folded; upper section of penis

long and slender.

Lymnaea natalensis Krs.

Ref. List No. 491.

1848. Limnaeus natalensis Krs., Stidafr. Moll., p. 85, pl. v, f. 15.

Duk.

1917. Limnaea natalensis Krs., Cawst., Med. J. 8S. Africa, xu,

pp. 183; 184.8. 5-6.) IV

1919. Limnaea (Radix) natalensis Krs., Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris,

pp. 47, 179. D. Synonymy.

1920. Limnaea (Radix) natalensis Krs., Germ., Voy. Babault, p.

12), LP

1921. Limnaea natalensis Krs., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

Ky oO Ne

1925. Limnaea natalensis Krs., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

sali, Oy Ibetshs, “bile

1925. Limnaea natalensis Krs., Kay Sharp, Schistosomiasis, p. 12.

DT.

1925. Limnaea natalensis Krs., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg., xxvii,

Pp. -009., fi.

1925. Lumnaea natalensis Krs., Cawst., Ann. Trop. Med. Paras.,

MaDe eae, diy ate ee

1925. Limnaea natalensis Krs., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

KM, op. AO platy sie Noni

1925. Limnaea natalensis Krs., Cawst., J. Austral. Vet. Ass., 1,

Pp: O0; bole

1926. Radix aff. natalensis Krs., Wenz., Diam.-Wiiste S.-W.-A.,

i, p. LDS ey als

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 477

1926. Limnaea (Radix) natalensis Krs., Germ. & Nev.-Lem., Ann.

Parasit.,iv, p.355. D.F.

1927. Limnaea natalensis Krs., Cawst., Ann. Trop. Med. Paras., xxi,

poo, ply Vv, 1. 1-2... NP.

1927. Limnaea natalensis Krs., Cawst., J. Med. Ass. S. Africa, i,

ewe) NP.

1927. Lymnaea natalensis Krs., Pilsb. & Beq., Bull. Amer. Mus.

NPE imp. 110, pl.2a, f.3: NF.

1928. Lymnaea natalensis Krs., Beq., Amer. J. Trop. Med., viii,

peaa0.. N.

1929. Limnaea natalensis Krs., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med.

Hyg., xxu, p.335. WN.

1929. Inmnaea natalensis Krs., Le Roux, 15th Rept. Vet. Serv. U.S.

Africa, pp. 408, 437, f. 27-31. NF.

1929. Lymnaea (Radix) natalensis Krs., Faust, Human Helmin-

thology, p. 566. N.R.

1930. Lymnaea natalensis Krs., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p.

BORE WIN.

1930. Limnaea natalensis Krs., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. 8S. Africa,

RVI, Pp o20. fh.

1932. Lymnaea natalensis Krs., Blackie, Mem. London Sch. Trop.

Medmeevesp. 33, pl.1, 1.8. N.&) Bags. |

1933. Lomnaea (Radix) natalensis Krs., Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris,

pelso.e DLL.

1936. Radix natalensis natalensis Krs. (=damarana Bttg.), Haas,

Abh. Senckenb. Ges., No. 431, p. 23. N.L.

Shell medium to large, acuminate oval, minutely rimate, thin, smooth, trans-

parent, corneous yellowish olivaceous. Spire very short, acute. Whorls 4,

convex, rapidly increasing, last comprising nearly the entire shell, sculptured after

the apex with very fine, close, faint vertical striolae, with very occasional longi-

tudinal puckers, as though crossed by coarse spiral grooves; suture well defined.

Aperture large, acuminate ovate, broadly rounded at base, peristome simple,

acute, columella long, vertical, slightly concave and twisted, margin narrowly

adnate, completely obscuring the rima except at its extreme base.

Alt. 15-0, lat. 9-2; apert. alt. 11-0, lat. 6-1; last whorl 13-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. “Common” (Krauss); an unusually large form is

known from the Botanical Gardens, Durban.

TRANSVAAL. Pretoria District (common); Zoutpansberg (Cregoe) ;

Bodtchabelo, near Middelburg (Junod); Klerksdorp; Lake Chrissie;

Mulders Drift; Magaliesberg; Rustenburg; Scheerpoort (Cawston) ;

Pietersburg (Farquhar); Kriiger Park (Haas).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Valsch R., Lindley; Rhenoster R.,

478 Annals of the South African Museum.

near Heilbron (Connolly); Kroonstad (Eckersley); Mazelspoort,

near Bloemfontein (Cawston).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford); Humansdorp

(Le Roux); Mossel Bay (Power); Brand Vlei, Worcester (Barnard).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Postmasburg (Power); Newlands; Vaal

and Modder Rivers near Kimberley (Miss Wilman).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Lake Ngami (Woosnam).

S. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly); widely distributed

(Blackie).

KAOKOVELD. Kamanyab (subfossil, Barnard).

NAMIB. 20 km. east of Bogenfels (eocene, Kaiser & Beetz).

LORENZO MARQUES. Itschongove (fide Martens); Lebombo

Marsh, Rikatla (a small acuminate form); L. Mhandlen; Makulane

(Junod).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

The shell described, from Umbilo, practically coincides with type,

but the species attains far greater size and varies greatly in length

of spire and size of aperture, while the labrum, instead of gradually

descending, often ascends slightly at its upper extremity. The largest

example examined from Durban contains 5 whorls and measures

Long. 24-6, lat. 14-7; apert. alt. 20-0, lat. 10-0; last whorl 22-3 mm.,

while series from Sydenham, Natal and Rustenburg are nearly as

large.

The sculpture of this species usually lacks almost all trace of the

puckering mentioned in my description, an important point, since

the invariable presence of strong, frequent puckers is the sole feature

which separates from it the Central African L. elmeteitensis Smith,

which is probably hardly varietally distinct, a remark that applies

to the so-called species which follows.

Lymnaea caillaudi Bet.

Ref. List Nos. 489, 490.

1883. Limnaea caillaudi Bet., Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., xv, p. 89, pl. x,

£ LOO=10k.) ie

1883. Limnaea africana Ripp., Begt., ibid., p. 95, pl. x, £.99. DF.

acroza Bet., cbcd., p. 90; pl. =, t. 947 Dom

Fs - alecandrina Bet., ibid., p. 92, pl. x, f. 95-96. DF.

1888. = lavigeriana Bet., Icon. Moll. Tanganika, pl. 1,

f.18-19. F.

1888. Limnaea laurenti Bet., wbid., pl.i, f. 21-22. F.

99 29

A Monographie Survey of South African N on-marine Mollusca. 479

1889. Limnaea kynganica Bgt., Moll. Afr. Equat., p. 158. D.

sf “ zanzibarica Bet., wbid., p. 158. D.

1898. Limnaeus dakaensis Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 74, pl. ii, f. 55-56.

DF.

1908. Limnaea africana Riipp., N. & A., Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., viii,

p20). DF.

1909. Limnaea cailliaudi Bet., Plry., Mem. Inst. Egypt. vi, p. 46,

pl. m, f. 36-38. N.F.

1910. Limnaea damarana Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Ges., xxxii, p.

450, pl.xxvii,f.16. DP.

1919. Limnaea africana Riipp. (=carlliaudi, alexandrina, laurenti,

lavigerier, acroxa, kynganica, and zanzibarica Bgt.), Germ., Bull. Mus.

Paris, pp. 181; 185. LN.

1920. Limnaea africana Riipp., Germ., Voy. Babault, p. 141, pl. iv,

f. 6-11 and text-figs. 31-59. D.F. and Synonymy.

1927. Lymnaea (Radix) caillaudi Bet. (=africana “Riipp.” etc.),

Pilsb. & Beq., Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., lin, p.113. WN.

1930. Lymnaea caillaudi Begt., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p.

eeO. WN:

1930. Lymnaea damarana Bttg., Conn., abid., p. 310. WN.

1932. L3 caillaudi Bet. (=dakaensis Stur.), Blackie, Mem.

London Sch. Trop. Med., v, p. 33, pl.1,£.9. NF.

1936. Radix natalensis dakaensis Stur., Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges.,

preto.: UNL.

In its most extreme form the shell differs to a marked extent from typical

natalensis in being far more slender, with far longer spire and comparatively

shorter aperture, but practically every intermediate grade can be found, often in

series from the same locality.

The typical sculpture is that of typical natalensis, with little puckering; local

races in which this feature is more pronounced are referable to L. elmeteitensis

Smith, but I have not observed any such in South Africa. An example from

Umbilo, with 4 whorls, measures

Alt. 16-0, lat. 8-3; apert. alt. 10-0, lat. 5-6; last whorl 14:0 mm., while a typical

example of natalensis from Rustenburg with nearly 4 whorls and about the same

length measures

Alt. 16-5, lat. 11:0; apert. alt. 14-0, lat. 7-3; last whorl 15-2 mm.

Although neither represents the extreme form of either species,

the discrepancies between their dimensions might be considered to

afford ample justification for their separate specific existence, were it

not that it is quite impossible to differentiate between the more

commonly found intermediates of either.

Germain selected africana as the prior name to apply to this group,

on the ground that Bourguignat (1883) mentions it on p. 85 of his

480 Annals of the South African Museum.

paper, before caillaudi and others, but Pilsbry and Bequaert point out

that its occurrence thereon is nomen nudum, so that caillaudi, as the

first species actually described, has priority.

Sturany likens his dakaensis to lavigeriana Bgt., which Germain

attributes to caillaudi; it appears to fall well within the limits of

that species. The description of damarana Bttg. applies entirely to

caillaudi, but the original figure bears so little resemblance to any

known form that I sent a large selection of African Lymnaea shells

to Dr. Haas for comparison with the unique type, and he informs me

that it agrees well with specimens of caillaudi from the Omuramba-

Omataka River, and can be placed in synonymy.

Hab. NATAL. Umbilo (Porter).

CAPE PROVINCE. Baakens R., Port Elizabeth; Grobelaars R

Oudtshoorn (Porter); Zwartkops (Cruden).

S. RHODESIA. Daka (dakaensis, Penther); near Salisbury

(Blackie); Mtoko, between Salisbury and Tette (Haas).

OVAMBOLAND. Upper reaches of Omuramba-Omataka R.

(Shortridge).

DAMARALAND. Gobabis (damarana, subfossil, Hermann).

Type of dakaensis in Vienna, damarana in Senckenberg, type or

paratypes of Bourguignat’s species in Geneva and Paris Museums.

Though rather infrequent in South Africa, this narrow, long-spired

form is widely diffused further north, Bourguignat having described

his “species” cited above from Egypt, Abyssinia, Tanganyika, etc.,

while others not included are probably synonymic.

My list of references includes only those of greatest importance;

fuller particulars will be found in Germain’s articles of 1919 and 1920.

Subgenus Galba Schrank, 1803

(Fauna Boica, iii, pp. 262, 285).

(= Fossaria Westld., 1885).

Type Galba pusilla Schrank (=Buccinum truncatulum Mill.).

Shell small, turreted, columella usually without a fold; upper

section of penis shorter than the lower.

Certain authors repudiate Galba on the ground that G. pusilla was

undoubtedly a young shell, and that in the absence of a type it is

impossible to ascertain just what species it might have been; but

in 1833 * Fitzinger, usually a reliable author, stated definitely, albeit

dogmatically, that pusilla and truncatula are conspecific, listing in

* Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr., iii, p. 113.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 481

the old-fashioned style Lomnophysa minuta mihi (Helix limosa Linné;

Buccinum truncatulum Miller; Helix truncatula Gmelin; Buccinum

truncatulum and Galba pusilla Schrank; Limnaea minuta Lamarck;

Inmneus minutus Drap., Studer and Hartmann; Limnaeus minutus

Pfeiffer; Limneus longulus Ziegler); and it appears to me that a

definite statement such as this cannot be ignored by persons who

cannot explain the grounds on which it was based. Even if the

type of pusilla cannot now be traced, there is no reason why Fitzinger

should not have been acquainted with it, or even with its author, as

Schrank (1747-1835) lived in Bavaria and Fitzinger (1802-1884)

in Austria, so there was ample time and probably opportunity for the

two authors to have met one another and discussed the true status

of Schrank’s species before the publication of Fitzinger’s work.

Lymnaea truncatula (Miill.).

(EE cy ta, 16)

Ref. List No. 493.

1774. Buccinum truncatulum Mill., Verm., ii, p. 130. D.

1789. Bulimus truncatus Brug., Enc. Méth. Vers., i, p. 310. JD.

1801. Limneus minuta Drap., Tabl. Moll. Fr., p.51. OD.

1803. Helix fossaria Mont., Test. Brit., 11, p. 372, pl. xvi, f.9. DF.

1862. Limnaeus umlaasianus Kiist., Conch. Cab., p. 32, pl. vi,

f.4-5. D.F.

1916. Limnaea truncatula Mill., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xi, p.

189. WN.

1926. Limnaea (Galba) truncatula Mill., Germ. & Nev.-Lem.,

Ann. Parasit., iv, p. 357. D.F.

1927. Limnaea truncatula Mill., Cawst., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,

mm p.o0; pl.v,f.4. NF.

1929. Limnaea truncatula Mill., le Roux, 15th Rept. Vet. Serv.

S. Africa, p. 437, f. 34-36. F.

1929. Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula Mill., Faust, Human Hel-

minthology, p. 566. N.R.

1932. Galba truncatula Miill., Mehl, Arb. Bayer. Landesamt, x,

p- 1, pls. u, xu, xvi-xxii. F. Ecology.

Only recent references of local or particular importance are cited

above.

Shell small, acuminate ovate, normally rimate, thin, smooth, semi-transparent,

rather dull, corneous brown. Spire moderately produced, sides regular, apex

subacute. Whorls about 5, convex, rapidly increasing, Ist smooth, remainder

VOL. XXXIII. dl

482 Annals of the South African Museum.

sculptured with fairly strong and regular, close vertical striae, divided into regular

spiral rows of longish puckers, as described under natalensis; suture simple, well

defined. Aperture acuminate ovate, labrum nearly straight and vertical in profile,

columella erect, sometimes prolonged across paries in a thick white callus, margin

very narrowly reflexed over the narrow rima. A Heidelberg example measures

Alt. 7:8, lat. 4-4; apert. alt. 4:2, lat. 2-3; last whorl 5-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Umlaas River (umlaasiana, in coll. Kiister;

Cawston).

TRANSVAAL. Heidelberg; Mooi R., Potchefstroom (Cawston);

Pretoria (McBean).

BASUTOLAND. Schzabathebe (Cawston).

CAPE PROVINCE. Stellenbosch (Péringuey); Seven Weeks

Poort, Ladismith, stream below Cango Caves (Barnard).

BECHUANALAND. Hope Vlei, near Vryburg (subfossil in

recent limestone, Rogers). Tlapings Laagte Well, west of Vryburg

(subfossil, Rogers).

Type ubi?

Lymnaea subtruncatula O. Bttg.

Ref. List No. 492.

1910. Limnaea subtruncatula Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Ges., xxxui,

Oe DIL lia pocvaim sig Ig JOM

1926. Galba (Galba) aft. truncatula Mill., Wenz, Diam. Wuste

S.-W.-A., i, p. 158. N.L.

1930. Lymnaea subtruncatula Bttg., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix,

Dawe ve

Shell described as small, rimate, spire produced, sides moderately convex, apex

subacute. Whorls 5, fairly convex, striatulate, columella strongly and peculiarly

twisted, margin slightly expanded over the rima.

Alt. 54, lat. 3; apert. alt. 3, lat. 2; last whorl 4:1 mm.

Hab. DAMARALAND. Gobabis (subtruncatula, subfossil,

Hermann).

NAMIB. 20 km. east of Bogenfels (Hocene, Kaiser & Beetz).

Type apparently lost.

Béttger separated this species from truncatula mainly on account

of its strongly twisted columella, a very unusual feature in Miiller’s

species, but emphasised in a long series in my collection from Merton,

England. If, therefore, this is the only ground for distinction, it does

not appear sufficient for that purpose. Dr. Haas kindly informs me

that he had arrived at this conclusion independently of myself, but

until topotypes come to hand it is advisable to let Bottger’s species

stand.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 483

Famity PLANORBIDAE.

Shell varying greatly in form; animal sinistral; tentacles slender,

cylindrical; a lobe on the inner side of the mantle-opening forms a

projecting pseudobranch; foot rather short; jaw with 2 lateral

accessory plates as in the Lymnaeidae, but central tooth of radula

not so narrow, and as a rule symmetrically bicuspid; laterals with

at least 3 cusps; marginals usually with several denticles. Blood red,

a most unusual feature which may possibly afford a clue to the

preference which the Bilharzia worm evinces for members of this

family in Africa and Southern Europe, rather than the Lymnaeidae

and other white-blooded molluscs, for its temporary development,

preparatory to taking up its sojourn in the red-blooded human being.

Subfamily PLANORBINAE.

Shell flat, coiled in a disc or plane.

Genus Biomphalaria Prest., 1910

(A.M.N.H., vi, p. 535).

Type B. smithi Prest.

Shell discoidal; spire deeply sunk in centre, umbilicus large,*

whorls usually increasing rather rapidly, nearly always showing

under a microscope spiral rows of minute vertical ridges; periphery

broadly rounded, but the base usually shows a blunt angulation

around the umbilicus and the upper surface sometimes shows a less

distinct one; peristome receding strongly towards the base, and

last whorl sometimes more or less deflected. Small or immature

specimens may show folds a short distance within the aperture,

namely, a slightly oblique, entering fold on about the middle of the

penultimate whorl, with a small tubercle below it, and, within the

outer lip, a radial fold below the periphery and about three horizontal

folds above it, the top one being the smallest. In some species,

however, specimens showing these internal folds have not yet been

found, while in others they may be very rare. Pseudobranch simple;

mantle-cavity with a single pair of longitudinal folds as in Bulinus,

s.s.; kidney reflexed anteriorly; radula also of the same type as

in that genus, the reflected part of the marginal teeth being long.

Prostate gland consisting of an elongated cluster of rather large

* I am regarding the shell as dextral in this and the two following genera,

although the animal is sinistral.

484 Annals of the South African Museum.

acini; penis without an appendix or gland, its posterior part slender

and containing a long and narrow, unarmed glans or verge.

The type of this genus is an aberrant species from Lake Edward,

of which the anatomy is not yet known; but it is connected with the

more normally shaped species by certain intermediate forms, and

there can be scarcely any doubt that it is congeneric with “ Planorbis”’

pferfferi, etc., as suggested by Pilsbry and Bequaert (1927), although

I do not agree with Haas (1936) that it is merely a subspecies of

rippelic Dkr. The name Biomphalaria Preston, 1910, should

therefore be used for this genus in preference to Tropicorbis Pilsb.

and Brown, 1914, or the still later Afroplanorbis Thiele, 1931, of

which the type species occasionally shows internal folds in the young

of exactly the same character as in pfeiffert, with which it is clearly

congeneric.

This genus is widely distributed throughout Africa, and also in

South and Central America, including, as it certainly does, the

Neotropical species that have been assigned to Tropicorbis, and

probably also those placed in Auwstralorbis Pilsb., 1934 (Planorbina

Dall, 1905, non Hald., 1843), though the latter may constitute a

distinct subgenus. According to Pilsbry (1934) it is distinct not

only from the Palaearctic genus Planorbarius, but also from the

North America genus Planorbula, from which it differs in its male

organs, notwithstanding the similarity of its shell. It is also very

distinct from the genus Planorbis, even if this be regarded in a broad

sense, so as to include as subgenera Gyraulus and other minor groups.

Biomphalaria pfeifferr (Krs.).

(Pl. xvi, f. 24, and text-fig. 42.)

Ref. List Nos. 498, 501, and 502.

1848. Planorbis pfeifferr Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 83, pl. v, f. 7.

DUR:

1893. Planorbis bowkert M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 111, pl. im, f. 19.

IDI ie

1900. Planorbis rtippelli Krs., Junod, Bull. Soc. Vaudoise, xxxv,

Peotone

1910. Planorbis hermanni Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Ges., xxxu, p. 452,

pi xxvii 18h or:

1917. Planorbis pfeiffert Krs., Cawst., Med. J. 8. Africa, xu, pp. 183,

184, favs «ed.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 485

1921. Planorbis (Planorbis) hermanni Bttg., Germ., Rec. Indian

Mires xcxd, p. 20. D.

1922. Planorbis pfeifferc Krs., Dgnr., L.-u. S.-w. Fauna D.-Sw.

A., Moll., pp. 40, 42,f.15. NP.

1925. Planorbis pferffert Krs., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg., xxviu,

po soo. FR.

1925. Planorbis pfeifferr Krs., Cawst., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,

maxed, £5. . FF:

1925. Planorbis pfeifferr Krs., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

xen, 40, pl.iv,f.6.° NER.

1925. Planorbis (Planorbula) pfefferr Krs., Conn., ibid., xu,

pelos. ple vin, f. 16-19, N.AR.

1926. Planorbis pfeifferr Krs., Germ. & Nev.-Lem., Ann. Parasit.,

ivep. a0. DF.

1929. Planorbis pferfferr Krs., Faust, Human Helminthology, pp.

Hoo, D090. NK.

1929. Planorbis pfeifferi Krs., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med.

Hyg., xxu, p. 336. WN.

1930. Planorbis pfeifferr Krs. (=hermanni Bttg.), Conn., Ann. S.A.

Mus.jxxix;p-3ll.. N.

1932. Planorbis pfeiffert Krs., Blackie, Mem. London Sch. Trop.

Med., v, p. 31, pl.i1, f.3-4. NF. Eggs.

1932. Planorbis pfeifferr Krs., Vogel, Arch. Schifis-u. Trop.-Hyg.,

muon les NE.

1933. Planorbis (Coretus) pfeifferr Krs., Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris,

Petals NL.

1934. Planorbis pfeifferr Krs., Conn., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,

XxXvil, p.439. N.

1936. Planorbula pfeiffert pfeifferr Krs., Haas, Abh. Senckenb.

Ges., No. 431, p. 24. NL.

1936. Planorbula pfeifferi hermanni Bttg., Haas, ibid., p. 25. N.

waa Gs GO

Trxt-Fic. 42.—Biomphalaria pfeiffert (Krs.), Lorenzo Marques.

Teeth from radula; x 500.

Shell of fair size, discoid, concave on both sides, especially in centre, silky,

moderately glossy, greenish or yellow-brown. Whorls 43, regularly increasing,

486 Annals of the South African Museum.

convex, rounded at periphery, first 2 most deeply sunken, especially above;

sculptured all over with strong, fairly regular, curved, oblique transverse striae,

divided into granules by microspiral lines, the transverse sculpture becoming

stronger and the spiral weaker on the later whorls; suture deep. Aperture ? lunar,

peristome simple, labrum receding considerably to base, callus, when present,

white and thin. An example about same size as type measures

Diam. maj. 12-0, min. 10:3; alt. 4-2; apert. alt. 4-2, lat. 4-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Valley (type, Krauss); generally distri-

buted along the south coast.

ZULULAND (Burnup).

LORENZO MARQUES. Rikatla (riippelli); Nyiwan; Makulane;

Delagoa Bay (Junod); Itschongove (fide Martens).

S. RHODESIA. - Daka RB. (Penther); Salisbury, Darwin, Mazoe,

Wankie and Chibi Districts (Blackie); near Victoria Falls (Soper);

Shangani (Miss Mackie). |

TRANSVAAL. Northern Transvaal (bowkeri, Bowker); Pretoria

District (Connolly); Mooi R., Potchefstroom; Klerksdorp; Mulders

Drift; Scheerpoort (Cawston); Kriiger Park (Haas).

OVAMBOLAND. “Ovambonde” (in Calcutta Museum); upper

reaches of Omuramba-Omataka River (Shortridge).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Maun (Hale Carpenter).

BECHUANALAND. Witkop (Schultze); Postmasburg (Power);

Vryburg (Phear).

DAMARALAND. Okaputa Pan (hermann, Hermann); Oko-

songomingo (Thomsen); Grootfontein (Lightfoot; Michaelsen).

Type of pfeiffert in Stuttgart, bowkert in British, and hermanni in

Senckenberg Museums. I showed in 1925 that Junod’s record of

rippelli from Rikatla was incorrect and in 1930 that hermanni is

entirely synonymous with Krauss’s species.

The aperture is very variable in its position with regard to the

penultimate whorl, being sometimes in the same plane, usually

rising slightly above it and less often somewhat descending, thus of

course affecting the shell’s altitude, but there is no uniformity about

this feature, which may merit little of the importance it has been given

in the differentiation of so-called species; the shell varies too, in

volution, the last whorl in some specimens being slightly narrower

than in others, more typical, of the same size. There also appears to

be some anatomical variation, for Watson informs me that animals he

has examined from Natal differ slightly from those he described from

Lorenzo Marques, notably in the central and lateral teeth of the

radula being somewhat longer. But until a larger number have been

dissected from different localities I prefer not to attempt to divide the

tee

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 487

species, as conchologically the slightly different forms seem to merge

into one another.

In rare instances the immature shell from about 6 to 7 mm. in

diameter is denticulate, the usual pattern consisting of a small mid-

parietal plait with a minute tubercle below it, and 3 small horizontal

plaits, of which the lowest is the most prominent, at nearly equal

intervals apart on the interior of the last whorl, some distance within

the aperture; with increasing age these processes are apparently

absorbed, no trace of them being found on opening mature examples.

The radula of a form with relatively narrow aperture from Lorenzo

Marques measures about 1-65 x 0-65 mm., formula (13+8+1+8+13)

x 125, central bicuspid, about as broad as long, laterals broader and

tricuspid, marginals obliquely elongated, their endocones split up into

3 or 4 narrow cusps and ectocones tending to become smaller; they

are of the same type as the marginal teeth of Planorbarius, Bulinus,

etc., and differ widely from those of Planorbis and Segmentina.

Biomphalaria salinarum (Morel.).

Ref. List No. 503.

1868. Planorbis salinarum Morel., Voy. Welwitsch, Moll., p. 85,

ployed. 42° DF.

1916. Planorbis salinarum Morel., Germ., Docs. Sci. Miss. Tilho,

pez... D.

1921. Planorbis salinarum Morel., Germ., Rec. Indian Mus., xxi,

pao. NN.

1926. Planorbis salinarum Morel., Germ. & Nev.-Lem., Ann.

Parasitol., iv, p. 372. D.

1930. Planorbis salinarum Morel., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix,

p.al2. N.

A flatter form than pfeifferi, with very slightly slower increase of whorl; the

apical whorls and umbilicus are but little impressed and the angulation around

the umbilicus is far more indistinct. There are 5} convex whorls, sculptured all

over with fairly strong, close, fine growth lines, crossed on upper side of the earlier

by spiral lines of varying strength, which are stronger all over the base; suture

well marked. Aperture usually horizontal, nearly equal in height and width,

little higher than penultimate whorl. The type measures

Diam. maj. 14-7, min. 12-9; alt. 5-9, apert. alt. 5-0, lat. 5-3 mm.

Hab. BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Lake Ngami (subfossil,

Passarge).

OVAMBOLAND. Sodanna (subfossil, Passarge).

Described from Dungo Saltings, Angola, and known from Maure-

tania, Senegal, and the Belgian Congo.

488 Annals of the South African Museum.

Type in British Museum.

I have not examined Passarge’s fossils, which may well be pfezfferi

Krs., but there is no inherent impossibility of the occurrence of

salinarum in south-west Africa.

Genus Planorbis Mill., 1774

(Verm. Hist., ii, p. 152).

Type Helix planorbis Lin.

Shell discoidal, usually flatter than in the last genus, the whorls being

often angulate or keeled at or below the periphery; always without

internal folds. Pseudobranch simple; mantle cavity without the

longitudinal folds found in the last genus and Bulinus; central and

lateral teeth of radula of the same type as in these, but marginals very

different, their cusps being short and separate and arising from the

anterior edge of the teeth. Prostate gland usually consisting of a

single row of acini; penis without an appendix or gland.

Subgenus Gyraulus Charp., 1837

(Neu. Denkschr. Schweiz. Ges. Naturw., i, p. 21).

Type Plan. hispidus Drap. (albus Mill.).

Shell very small and flat, concave above and below, with few

rapidly increasing whorls. Radula as in Planorbis proper; acini of

prostate gland not very numerous; penis with a horny stylet.

Planorbis costulatus (Krs.).

(Pl. xvi, f. 1-3.)

Ref. List No. 495.

1848. Planorbis costulatus Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 83, pl. v, f. 8.

DF.

1925. Planorbis (Gyraulus) costulatus Krs., Conn., Trans. R. Soc.

Sa Atricas xi) p.) 199. a an:

1925. Planorbis costulatus Krs., Cawst., ibed., xii, p. 40, pl. i, f. 3.

N.F.R.*

1927. Planorbis (Gyraulus) costulatus Krs., Pilsb. & Beq., Bull.

Amer. Murs? NSE, lui p. tat. aah.

1936. Gyraulus costulatus costulatus Krs., Haas, Abh. Senckenb.

Ges., No. 4515p: 26: —V.

* The shell here figured appears to be natalensis Krs.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 489

Shell small, discoid, thin, asperate, transparent, corneous buff or olivaceous.

Apex not much impressed, umbilicus more so. Whaorls 4, convex, rather rapidly

increasing, subangulate at periphery, which is below the centre line but not on

base, sculptured all over with strong, close, regular, curved oblique costulae,

without microspiral lineation; suture well defined. Aperture horizontal, nearly

circular. A well-grown specimen from Weenen measures

Diam. maj. 5-4, min. 4:5; ait. 1-2; apert. alt. 1-2, lat. 1-2 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Valley (type, Krauss; Cawston); Equeefa

(Burnup); Weenen (Thomasset); Umbilo; Umbogintwini; Isipingo;

South Coast Junction (Cawston).

ZULULAND. Enselini River (Burnup).

TRANSVAAL. Heidelberg (Cawston); Crocodile R. (Connolly);

Kriiger Park (Haas); Louis Trichart, Zoutpansberg (in South African

Museum).

LORENZO MARQUES. Makulane; R. Mitembe, not far from

Little Lebombo Hills (Junod).

Also known from Kenya, Uganda, Abyssinia, Sierra Leone, and the

Belgian Congo.

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

A well-defined species, easily distinguished by its comparatively

small size and strong costulation.

Planorbis lamyi Germain.

1905. Planorbis lamyi Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris, p. 255. LD.

1908. i: “ ae Moll” Tanganyika, p. Si, £420.

D.F.

1924. Planorbis corniculum Conn., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

xu, p.14. ZL. (Nom. nud.)

Shell small, discoid, openly umbilicate, thin, slightly silky, pale corneous.

Spire concave, apex moderately impressed. Whorls 33, rather rapidly increasing,

very convex, well rounded at periphery, almost bluntly carinate beneath, first

2 somewhat sunken; sculptured all over with close, regular, well-defined trans-

verse striae, curved and somewhat oblique above, straighter beneath; suture

deeply impressed. Aperture nearly circular, slightly descending, very open from

beneath, peristome simple, acute, outer lip receding gently until near the periphery

and thence very sharply. The shell described, from Ranjesfontein, measures

Diam. maj. 3-75, min. 3-1; alt. 1-5; apert. alt. 1-7, lat. 1-5 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Ranjesfontein (Connolly); Pretoria (Far-

quhar; le Roux); Mulders Drift. (Cawston).

NATAL. Reunion, Umlaas River (Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. Blaauwkrantz, Albany Division (Kincaid).

Type in Paris Museum.

Described from L. Tanganyika, Germain’s measurements being

diam. 3-34, alt. 1-14 mm.

490 Annals of the South African Museum.

Owing to having been formerly misidentified as the young of pfeifferi

Krs. this well-defined and widely diffused species has so far escaped

record from South Africa; it is far less high than pfezfferi, of which an

average juvenile, 4-2 mm. in major diameter, is 2-3 mm. in altitude;

preliminary study caused me to regard it as probably undescribed,

and Cawston has unfortunately introduced the MS. name that I had

proposed for it into print.

var. albida n.

(PR i5=1,)

Lacteous or yellowish white, showing the keel very prominently on the under

whorls, with a tendency to grow larger than type and aperture less open from

beneath. The largest example seen measures

Diam. maj. 4:7, min. 3-9; alt. 1-6; apert. alt. 1-6, lat. 1-6 mm.

Hab. GRIQUALAND WEST. Riet River (type); Modder River

(Swan).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Glen (R. Bigalke).

Type in Kimberley Museum.

The shell of this species resembles in miniature that of a Bzom-

phalaria, but the radula and pallial organs prove it to belong to the

present genus.

Planorbis natalensis Krs.

(Pl. xvi, f. 8-10.)

Ref. List Nos. 496, 497, 499, and 500.

1848. Planorbis natalensis Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 83, pl. 5, f. 9.

D.F.

1868. Planorbis misellus Morel., Voy. Welwitsch, Moll., p. 85, pl. v,

seh BME abe

1877. Planorbis natalis Krs., Sow., Conch. Icon., pl. iv, £.32. DF.

1878. cm gibbonst Nels., Q.J.C:, 1, p. 379, pl. iv, aoe

1893; » crawford: M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. [pie

£; 2001 20 UH.

1903. Planorbis leucochilus M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 607, pl. xxxi,

Lejos ae

1914. Planorbis gibbonsi Nels. (=mutandaensis Prest.), D. & G.,

Rev. Zool. Afr., iv, p. 42. N.

1916. Planorbis gibbonsi Nels., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xu, p. 189.

Nie

1917. Planorbis leucocheilus M. & P., Cawst., Med. J. S. Africa,

xi, p. L8as7 Wee.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 491

1923. Planorbis natalensis Krs., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. S. Africa,

mp l24. L.

1925. Planorbis gibbons: Nels., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg., xxviii,

p-. 365. R.

1927. Planorbis gibbonsi Nels., Pilsb. & Beq., Bull. Amer. Mus.

Nena in, p.i26. N.£.

1930. Planorbis natalensis Krs., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xxix,

paola N,

1930. Planorbis gibbons Nels., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p. 312.

1935. Planorbis gibbonsi Nels., Gardner, Q.J. Geol. Soc., xci, p. 488,

pl. xxx, f. 43-48. D.F.

Shell small, flat, smooth, moderately solid, corneous buff or brown. Apex

very little depressed, base nearly flat. Whorls 5, slowly increasing, convex, with

slight blunt angulation at the periphery, which is on or just polew the median

line; sculptured all over with very fine, close, curved, oblique transverse striae,

which are usually crossed to a varying extent by fine microspiral lines, imparting

to the surface a more or less shagreened appearance, but this spiral sculpture is

extremely variable in strength and even in presence, especially on the upper

surface, sometimes showing quite clearly and sometimes nearly or entirely absent

on specimens of the same series; suture well marked. Aperture horizontal,

nearly circular, labrum only receding a little. A well-grown example from near

the type locality measures

Diam. maj. 5-5, min. 5-0; alt. 1-2; apert. alt. 1-2, lat. 1-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Valley (natalensis, Krauss; Cawston);

Killarney Lake, Pietermaritzburg (lewcochilus, Burnup); widely dis-

tributed over most of the province.

TRANSVAAL. Aapies R., Pretoria (le Roux); Birchleigh;

Potchefstroom; Klerksdorp (Cawston); Ranjesfontein (Connolly).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (crawfordi, Crawford); Break-

fast Vlei (Kincaid); Gleniffer, Kei Road (Ranger); Black River,

Maitland, near Cape Town (Connolly); Cape St. Francis (Rogers).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Witkop (subfossil, Schultze).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Newlands (Miss Paton); Papkuil (Swan).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Parys; Mazelspoort, near Bloemfontein ;

Schultze’s Draai (Cawston); Morgendal-(Connolly).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Chukudu District; Okwa R. (sub-

fossil, Rogers); Ghansi District (Hale Carpenter).

KAOKOVELD. Kamanyab (subfossil) ; near Otjitundua (Barnard).

DAMARALAND. Gobabis (subfossil, Hermann).

Type of natalensis in Stuttgart, misellus, crawfordi, and achat us in

British Museum; gibbonsi ubi?; mutandaensis (ined.) in British

Museum.

492 Annals of the South African Museum.

Pl. gibbonst was described from Zanzibar and misellus from L.

Quilunda, Angola, and the range seems to include many localities in

Kenya and Uganda, Lakes Albert and Edward, Northern Rhodesia,

etc., while it has recently been collected subfossil in the Kharga Oasis,

in Egypt, and recent at Wau, A.-E. Sudan. Examples from L.

Mutanda were distributed by Preston under the MS. name cited by

Dautzenberg and Germain, but as it has never been published there

was no occasion for them to introduce it into synonymy; the un-

described type is absolutely conspecific with the form now universally

attributed to that described by Nelson, but so badly illustrated in the

paper where it appeared.

After very careful consideration of the types of natalensis, misellus,

crawfordi, and leucochilus, and Zanzibarian examples of gibbons: from

near the type locality, with large series from other parts of South and

Central Africa, it appears impossible to discover any constant grounds

for even varietal distinction between them. A character of frequent

occurrence 1n this species at certain stages of growth, especially when

very young, is a very noticeable thickening of the peristome, which

leaves a strong varix when normal growth is resumed; it is not at all

constant, there being occasionally 2 or even more varices and far

more often none at all on specimens of the same series; leucochilus

was based on two extremely small shells which had just formed this

thickening and therefore wore an appearance of maturity, but agree

in that respect with the immature stage of many individuals from

other localities which have subsequently developed into typical

examples of natalensis; but another perplexing feature about this

species is that, under certain conditions which | cannot explain, local

races fail, for the most part, ever to attain normal dimensions, or

remain undeveloped for very many months before they do so. I

collected at one spot in the Black River, Maitland, on many occasions

over a period of two years, and for nearly the entire period found none

but small specimens, after which, on two visits, they came to hand in

quantity of full normal size, an important point in so far as it may

affect the status of the species which follows.

Planorbis anderssoni Ancey.

(Plo xvi, f) 4.)

Ref. List No. 494.

1890. Planorbis anderssoni Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mal. Fr., vii, p. 161.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 493

1914. Planorbis anderssont Ancey, Thiele, D. Siidpol. Exp., xvi,

pe lOO: DS.

1925. Planorbis (Spiralina) anderssoni Ancey, Conn., Trans. R. Soc.

». Africa, xu, p. 200. L.

1930. Planorbis anderssoni Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p. 313. WN.

As the type set appears to be lost, it is necessary to accept as typical specimens

from Stamford Hill, Durban, identified by Ancey himself as his own species. They

seem hardly distinguishable from the immature stage of natalensis, but may

possibly be distinct by reason of their small size, if a permanent feature, and the

fact that they do not appear to form varices. The colour is reddish or yellow

brown and they are sculptured all over with strong, very close, slightly curved and

oblique striae cut, in fresh clean specimens, by close, regular, microspiral lines.

My largest Stamford Hill shell with nearly 4 convex whorls measures diam. maj.

3:3, min. 3-0; alt. ca. 1 mm.

Fairly long series from the under-mentioned localities other than

that of the type may possibly be referable to Ancey’s little species.

OVAMBOLAND. Ovambonde (type, Andersson & Chapman).

NATAL. Stamford Hill and other localities round Durban

(common); Mooi River; Scottburgh; Umhlatuzana (Cawston).

CAPE PENINSULA. Lakeside (Connolly); Lange Vlei, Retreat

(D. Siid-pol. Expn.).

CAPE PROVINCE. Burnt Kraal, Grahamstown (Farquhar).

TRANSVAAL. Birchleigh, Pretoria (Cawston).

LORENZO MARQUES. Hangwane; Nwambukoto, Rikatla

(Junod).

-Genus Segmentina Fleming, 1818

(Enc. Brit., Suppl. to 4th, 5th, and 6th editions, iii, p. 309).

Type Nautilus lacustris Lightf. (Plan. nitidus Miill.).

Shell small, lenticular, glossy; whorls deeply embracing and

angulate at the periphery; spire slightly sunk, umbilicus deep.

Pallial organs as in the last genus; radula also similar, except that

the lateral teeth have smaller cusps and are more like the marginals.

Prostate gland consisting of an irregular row of acini; penis without

a stylet, but having a posterior appendix, which is usually split in two.

Subgenus Segmentina s.s.

Interior of shell bearing radial folds at intervals, which usually show

white through the transparent shell.

494 Annals of the South African Museum.

Segmentina planodiscus (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 505.

1897. Planorbis (Segmentina) planodiscus M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix,

p. bod. pl xvii, 1. 10. ae

1923. Segmentina planodiscus M. & P., Germ., Rec. Indian Mus.,

KA, OL oh ey

1925. Segmentina planodiscus M. & P., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg.,

xxvii, p. 365. &.

1925. Segmentina planodiscus M. & P., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. S.

Africa, xait, p, 40; pln, f. 2. NPE.

1930. Segmentina planodiscus M. & P., Conn., Ann. §.A. Mus., xxix,

Dili. aye

Shell small, discoid, umbilicate, smooth, glossy, bright amber. First 3 whorls

of spire slightly impressed. Whorls 53, last 3 moderately convex and rapidly

increasing, with blunt peripheral angulation except nearing the aperture of full-

grown shells, sculptured above with close, somewhat irregular, curved, slightly

oblique striae, which become straight and radial on the flattened base, which also

shows fine, close, faint microspiral lineation; suture simple, of moderate depth.

Aperture bluntly barbiform, columellar margin not approaching umbilicus, which

is moderately wide, extending to summit and just exposing all the whorls. The

last whorl contains at intervals 5 or 6 series of radial folds, of which each

normally consists of (i) a small fold above the periphery, usually short, but some-

times having a narrow extension nearly to the suture; (ii) a long, nearly straight

basal fold, which is more conspicuous but low except near its outer end, and (iii) a

parietal fold curving over the periphery of the penultimate whorl but mainly below

it. Unlike the other two, the parietal fold is slightly oblique, the lower end being

farther forward than the upper.

Diam. maj. 5-8, min. 5-1; alt. 1-6; apert. alt. 1-0, lat. 2-1 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Valley, near Durban (type, Burnup);

Durban; Illovo Lagoon; Merebank; Isipingo; Umbilo; Sydenham

District; Umbogintwini; Mayville (Cawston).

OVAMBOLAND. “Ovambonde” (in Indian Museum and coll.

Connolly).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Power).

Also known from Albert Nyanza.

Type in British Museum.

Watson tells me that this form appears to differ from the European

species in having a single, instead of a double, penial appendix.

Segmentina kanisaénsis Prest.

1914. Segmentina kanisaénsis Prest., Linn. Soc. J., xxxu, pp. 243,

265, pl. xviu, f. 17-19. DF.

1923. Segmentina nov. sp., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xi,

p. 122. LL.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 495

1924. Segmentina kanisaénsis Prest., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. S.

monica x, p. 14. NL.

Shell very small, nearly flat, umbilicate, smooth, thin, shining, transparent,

yellowish corneous. Spires slightly concave. Whorls 44, convex above, very

rapidly increasing, the last comprising about two-thirds of the shell, a little rounded

and gently sloping above, rather sharply keeled on the lower part of the periphery,

almost flat beneath, sculptured on both sides with close, strong transverse striae,

undulate in the curves of the outer lip, and extremely faint traces of microscopic

spiral striae above, which become much more visible beneath; suture strongly

impressed. Last whorl containing 3 white, slightly incurved septa. Aperture

acutely barbiform in profile, somewhat triangulate from beneath, outer lip slightly

outcurved and then receding sharply above, straight beneath; umbilicus wide,

openly exposing all the whorls.

Diam. maj. 3-8, min. 3-5; alt. 1-0; apert. alt. 1-0, lat. 1-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Merebank (Cawston).

Described from Kanisa, A.-E. Sudan (Mrs. Longstafi), and recently

recorded from Albert Nyanza.

Type in British Museum, specimen described from Merebank in my

collection.

Differs from planodiscus in its more pronounced sculpture, which

causes the surface to appear slightly less glossy; in being more loosely

coiled, the penultimate whorl thus appearing broader, and in its more

open umbilicus, which discloses all the whorls, whereas in planodiscus

it is deep, but narrow, hardly disclosing the penultimate whorl. The

septa are more curved and fewer in number, averaging 3 in the last

whorl, while in planodiscus they are nearly straight and more numerous,

5 or more being often visible on the last whorl.

; Subgenus Hippeutis Charp., 1837

(Agassiz MS. in Charp., Neu. Denkschr. Schweiz. Ges., i, No. 2, p. 22).

Type Helix complanatus L. (=fontanus Lightf.).

Comprises those Planorbid shells which would be placed in Seg-

mentina s.s. but for absence of the septa from which that genus

derives its name; two species have as yet been described from South

Africa. Any doubts that this group should be regarded as a sub-

genus of Segmentina rather than of Planorbis have been dispelled by

Odhner’s account of the anatomy of the type species (Sjén Takerns

Fauna och Flora, pt. 8, 1929, p. 32).

Segmentina (Hippeutis) emicans (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 504.

1892. Planorbis (Segmentina) emicans M. & P., A.M.N.H., x, p. 241,

peimst. 13. DF.

496 Annals of the South African Museum.

Shell very small, discoid, umbilicate, smooth, shining, deep corneous orange.

Spire much impressed. Whorls too eroded to count and aperture too broken to

describe, but there are no traces of septa and the sculpture is confined to moder-

ately strong striae in the lines of growth and dense microscopic punctation, prob-

ably of no value. The broken shell measures 2-7 x 2-3 mm. in diameter and 1:0 mm.

in altitude; the basal edge of the peristome extends into the umbilicus.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

This species has not recurred since its original discovery and the

type has been the only specimen available for examination.

Segmentina (Hippeutis) junodi Conn.

(Pl. xv, f. 13-15.)

1922. Hippeutrs junodi Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 121. D.

1925. Segmentina (Hippeutis) junodi, Conn., Trans. R. Soc. S.

AMitiea, xi, p. 200 pl ive tO Ngee

Shell small, discoid, umbilicate, thin, shining, reddish corneous. Spire much

impressed. Whorls 4, rapidly increasing, each rising considerably above its

predecessor, the last, which comprises practically the entire shell, rounded and

convex above, sloping somewhat abruptly down to the roundly keeled base,

slightly concave beneath, microscopically sculptured on both sides with close

transverse striae of irregular prominence, undulating with the curves of the outer

lip; suture impressed. Aperture barbiform, pointing slightly downward in frontal

view, squarely quadrate from beneath; peristome simple, curve of labrum at

first receding infinitesimally, then advancing slightly and receding rapidly above,

almost straight beneath and not extending into the umbilicus, which is not wide,

but deep, extending to the apex and hardly disclosing all the whorls.

Diam. maj. 5-3, min. 4:7; alt. 1-5; apert. alt. 1-5, lat. 2-4 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Nwambukoto, Rikatla (type);

Hangwane (Junod).

Type in British Museum.

The extreme declivity of the labrum from suture to periphery dis-

tinguishes this species from other African members of the genus.

Cawston has collected some examples of another species at Beira,

but they are too immature for exact determination.

Subfamily BuLININaz.

Shell sinistral, obovate, inverse conoid or narrow turriform.

Genus Bulinus Mill., 1781

(Der Naturforscher, xv, pp. 5 and 6).

Type B. senegalensis Mill.

(= Bulinus Adanson, 1757 (pre-Linnean); Jsidora Ehrn., 1831,

and Diastropha Gray, 1840).

Shell sinistral, ovate or elongate, corneous brown; pseudobranch

elaborately folded; mantle cavity with a pair of longitudinal folds,

A Monograpmic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 497

one on the roof above the kidney, the other on the rectum; kidney

reflexed anteriorly; radula with bicuspid central, tricuspid laterals,

and multicuspid marginals, with the reflected part of these teeth very

long, as in Lymnaea. Prostate gland compact and rounded; penis

without an appendix or gland.

The long controversy as to the claims of Bullinus, Bulinus, and

Isidora to priority for the present genus appears in general opinion

to be definitely decided in favour of Miiller’s name. Bullinus, to

which French authors still adhere, is absolutely inadmissible, while

Bulinus, which remained doubtful on account of uncertainty as to

the generic identity of Adanson’s “Le Bulin,” is now proved to be a

member of what has been for many years known as [sidora, whence

it is greatly to be hoped that the vexed question may be accepted as

finally settled.

Subgenus Bulonus Mill. s.s.

Shell usually rather dull, columella nearly straight or sometimes

sinuous, but not truncate basally; mantle cavity with only the single

pair of longitudinal folds.

Section Bulinus Miill. s.s.

Shell more or less ovate, spire short or of moderate length, last

whorl and aperture relatively large.

(i) Shélls of fair size, exceeding 9 mm. in length.

Bulinus natalensis (Kist.).

(RE xwvaeete 20))

Ref. List No. 521.

1841-3. Physa natalensis Krs., Kiist., Conch. Cab. (Limn.), p. 8,

pl.i, f. 12-14. D.F.

1883. Physa natalica Bgt., Ann.. Sci. nat. Paris, xv, pp. 98,

126. N.

1903. Physa zuluensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 606, pl. xxxii,

fe DF:

1925. Isidora natalensis Krs., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xii,

pewg0. BL.

1927. Physopsis natalensis Kist., Pilsb. & Beq., Bull. Amer. Mus.

Neb lin, p. 143. N.

Ole XXX ITT, 32

498 Annals of the South African Museum.

1930. Bulinus natalensis Krs., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., xxix,

pola. ae

1932. Bulonus natalensis Krs., Blackie, Mem. London Sch. Trop.

Med,, V,"p. 34) past. i Ne

1936. Physopsis natalensis Krs., Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges., No.

431, p. 33. NL.

Shell of fair size, nearly oval, narrowly rimate, thin, smooth, transparent,

moderately glossy, pale corneous brown. Spire usually but little produced.

Whorls 4, convex, the last comprising nearly the entire shell, sculptured with close,

weak, regular, vertical striolae and, in very fresh specimens, traces of extremely

faint, regular, microspiral lineation; suture well defined. Aperture very large,

labrum straight and erect in profile, columella white, long, narrow, erect, with a

slight, though well-marked twist half-way up but no genuine basal truncation,

margin very narrowly reflexed, nearly concealing the narrow rima.

Long. 12-6, lat. 9-0; apert. alt. 9-1, lat. 4-5; last whorl 11-3 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Valley (type, Krauss); frequent near the

coast about the Durban District.

HAST ZULULAND (zuluensis, Burnup); Lake Sibayi (Toppin).

TRANSVAAL. Great Letaba R. (Haas).

LORENZO MARQUES. Lebombo Marsh, Rikatla; Monguane;

Makulane (Junod); Beira (Cawston); L. Zandemala (Lawrence).

RHODESIA. Near Victoria Falls (Soper); Nyamgai Marsh

(Blackie).

BECHUANALAND. Witkop (subfossil, Schultze).

OVAMBOLAND. Upper reaches of Omuramba-Omataka R.

(Shortridge).

Also recorded by Haas from the Belgian Congo.

Type of natalensis in Stuttgart, zwlwensis in British Museum.

Mainly recognisable by the thin columella with distinct twist on

its inner margin; Soper’s and Shortridge’s sets consist of small,

rather degenerate forms such as often occur in localities subject to

periodical desiccation, while Blackie’s are quite remarkably attenu-

ated and would merit a distinct name if a sufficient quantity proved

to be constant in that respect. The series from Beira and L. Zande-

mala are extremely dwarfed, but referable to natalensis rather than

to diaphanus.

Bulinus natalensis is placed by Pilsbry and Bequaert in Physopsis on

account of ‘‘oblique truncation of the columella’; the columella,

however, is not truncate at base, asin Physopsis, but the inner margin

is distinctly twisted about half-way up, the chief feature by which

natalensis may be distinguished from B. tropicus, in which it is

straight. While it is difficult to separate intermediate forms of these

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 499

two species in localities where they live together and perhaps inter-

breed, I have never found trouble in differentiating between natalensis

and Physopsis africana, though the fact that they often live together

and have been distributed together by certain collectors under the

same specific name may have caused misapprehension as to their

relationship.

Bulinus angolensis (Morel.).

Ref. List No. 516.

1866. Physa angolensis Morel., J. de C., xiv, p. 162. D.

1873. ,, algoensis Morel., Sow., Conch. Icon., pl. vii, f. 53.

DF. (Err. typ.)

1930. Bulinus angolensis Morel., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xxix,

p. 314. WN.

1931. Bulinus angolensis Morel., Beq. & Clench, Occ. Pap. Boston

poesia, p. 060;-pl. xvii, f.10.. NF.

Morelet remarks that his species resembles natalensis in form, size, and texture,

but has a much shorter spire, often quite flat at the summit, a broader aperture

and different coloration, being chestnut, or more rarely olivaceous.

The two species are extremely near akin, but the microspiral sculpture of ango-

lensis is slightly less faint than in natalensis and the columella is usually straight,

lacking the slight twist that features the more eastern species; it would, however,

take very little to unite them. The type is unusually large; a paratype of average

size in my collection measures

Long. 10-8, lat. 8-0; apert. alt. 9-4, lat. 4-5; last whorl 10-5 mm.

Hab. DAMARALAND (algoensis, Geale, in British Museum).

OVAMBOLAND. Tamansu; Ongandjera (Barnard).

Type in British Museum.

Described from Angola and recorded from the Belgian Congo; the

Tamansu shells are of a beautiful olivaceous hue and quite typical.

Bulinus tropicus (Krs.).

(Pl. xv, f. 38-39; Pl. xvi, f. 21-22, and text-fig. 43.)

Ref. List Nos. 517, 518, 523, 524.

1848. Physa tropica Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 84, pl. v, f.12. DF.

1856. ,, cyrtonota Bgt., Rev. et Mag. Zool., vii, p. 238, pl. xv,

a2. DF.

1880. Physa lirata Crvn., P.Z.S., p. 617, pl. lvu, f.10. DF.

1886. ,, craveni (=lirata Crvn., 1880, non Tristram, 1863),

Ancey, Le Naturaliste, vii, p. 358.

1903. Isidora compta M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 606, pl. xxxu,

14 DF.

500 Annals of the South African Museum.

1914. Isidora contorta Mich., Thiele, D. Siidpol. Exp., xvi, p. 100.

N.L.

1916. Isidora contorta Mich., Conn., Ann. §.A. Mus., xiii, p.190. JN.

LOL, », tropica Krs., Cawst., Med. J. 8S. Africa, xii, pp. 183,

184, f. 1-2 (pessime). N.F.

1919. Isidora schakoi Jick., Cawst., 8. Afr. J. Sci., p. 1 (abstract). L.

1923. » schackor Jick., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xi,

pp. 109) 125. i:

1924. Isidora schackor Jick., Cawst., Parasitology, xvi, p. 67. L.

1924. » sericina Jick., Cawst., abid., p. 67. L.

1925. » tropica Krs., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. -Hyg., xxvim,

pp. 151, 365. R.F.

1925. Isedora craven Ancey, Cawst., ibid., p. 366. F.

1925. Bs 3 4 i Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,

5b. Gee aya Pal Til) Sey cope aa

1925. Isidora tropica Krs., Cawst., cbid., p. 217, f. 4. F.

1925. ie 5. se i Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xiu,

potlepliive fe. NOT.

1926. Bullinus (Isidora) tropicus Krs., Germ. et Ney.-Lem., Ann.

Parasit.; iv, p: 000. D.

1927. Isidora tropica Krs., Cawst., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., xxi,

Pp. 30, pl. v, io. fF.

1927. Isidora tropica Krs., Cawst., J. Med. Ass. 8. Africa, i, p. 309.

N.F.

1929. Bulinus (Isidora) tropicus Krs., Faust, Human Helmin-

thology, p. 568. JN.

1929. Bulinus tropicus Krs., le Roux, 15th Rept. Vet. Surv. Union

S. Africa, pp. 408, 436, f. 14-17. N.F.

1929. Bulinus schackor Jick., le Roux, ibid., p. 437, f. 32-33. F.

1930. i tropicus Krs., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p. 315.

1931. Bulinus cyrtonotus Bgt., Beq. & Clench, Occ. Pap. Boston

Soc. N.H., v, p. 362, pl. xvi, f. 1-5. DF:

1931. Bulinus comptus M. & P., Beq. & Clench, abid., p. 359,

Dl evant Nel

1931. Bulinus tropicus Krs., Beq. & Clench, ibid., p. 364,

pL xvii tie

1932. Bulinus tropicus Krs., Blackie, Mem. London Sch. Trop. Med.,

Vj pada, ply toy ee

1936. Bulinus (Bulinus) hemprichii tropicus Krs. (=compta M. & P.),

Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges., No. 431, p. 27. WN.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 501

Shell of average size, more or less globose ovate, perforate, thin, silky, corneous

yellow-brown. Spire more or less produced, apex mamillate. Whorls 4-5,

convex, rapidly increasing, lst smooth, remainder sculptured with close, fairly

regular, nearly straight and vertical striae, varying greatly in strength on individual

shells, and showing trace of faint, regular, microspiral lineation on the early whorls

of very fresh examples; suture well defined. Aperture ovate, labrum straight

and erect in profile, columella white, glossy, erect, usually straight, margin more

or less broadly reflexed over the narrow rima; there is usually a continuous white

callus in adult shells. The paratype figured measures

Alt. 10-7, lat. 8-2; apert. alt. 7-3, lat. 4-6; last whorl 10-2 mm.; it is selected

as agreeing with the type, but is squatter and more globose than the generality

of specimens, the spire being usually considerably longer, as is the case in another

of my paratypes.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. R. Lepenula (type, Wahlberg); Mooi River

(lirata, Craven; Cawston); Pretoria; Aapies River, near Onderste-

poort; Bloemhof (le Roux); Boksburg (compta, McBean).

BASUTOLAND. Morija (A. Porter).

S. RHODESIA. Makabusi River (Blackie); Enkeldoorn District

(Miss Sharpe- Young).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Kopjes; Morgendal; Lindley

(Connolly); Parys; Clocalan; Schuttes Draai (Cawston); Arlington;

Ficksburg (le Roux). |

NATAL. Durban; Illovo; Umbilo; Umgeni; Umhlanga; Umh-

langana; Umbhloti; Umbogintwini; Mayville; Isipingo; Sydenham

District (Cawston).

CAPE PROVINCE. Olifants River (cyrtonota, Verreaux); Port

Elizabeth (Crawford); Stellenbosch (Péringuey); Montagu; Maitland,

near Cape Town (Connolly), and many other localities.

CAPE PENINSULA. Frequent.

GRIQUALAND WEST. Kimberley District (Power); Newlands

(Miss Wilman); Papkuil (white var., Gore).

DAMARALAND. Okosongoho; Okaputa Pan (subfossil, Her-

mann); Ondahaka (Edlinger).

KAOKOVELD. Kamanyab (subfossil, Barnard).

BECHUANALAND. Kuruman R., Gordonia (Rogers).

Type of tropicus in Stuttgart, craveni and compta in British,

cyrtonota in Geneva Museum.

Radula (text-fig. 43) formula (22+8+1+4+8+422)x90+n; laterals

change form at No. 9, outer marginals like No. 20, of slightly smaller

size.

While very variable within certain limits, the shell is usually dis-

tinguishable by its somewhat obese contour and broadly reflexed

columellar margin. It is the common form throughout the Union,

502 Annals of ihe South African Museum.

and occurs occasionally, as at Umgeni Mouth, in company with

natalensis, with which it appears to interbreed, when every degree of

intermediate is developed, so that it is practically impossible to draw

the line between them, though the typical forms are easily recognisable.

It is probable, too, that under unfavourable conditions the species

becomes dwarfed, bearing in this case the name of corneus Morelet.

Cc 1 4 8 9 if) 20

LA GX PAA

TExt-Fic. 43.—Bulinus tropicus (Krs.), paratype, R. Lepenula.

Teeth from radula; x 600 approximately.

I have the high authority of Paul Pallary for reducing comptus to

synonymy. When preparing my Reference List the only feature by

which it appeared possible to differentiate the type from tropicus

was that the outer lip is distinctly flattened and almost incurved for

a short way below the suture, but this was not considered of sufficient

importance by its authors to be included in their original diagnosis,

and in Pallary’s view is merely an adventitious feature; in other

respects the shell is simply a well-grown example of Krauss’s

species.

It is incomprehensible to me why Bequaert and Clench resuscitated

cyrtonotus, which had remained conchologically defunct since slain

by Jickeli sixty years ago. In course of doing so they transferred

the site of the Olifants River, although Bourguignat said it was in the

Cape Province, to the Transvaal and stated that the shells they figured

from Aapies River came from the drainage of the river from which

cyrtonotus was originally described. But EK. Verreaux never visited

the Transvaal, the travels of the three Verreaux brothers being con-

fined to the Cape Colony and Natal; in any case the Aapies River

shells, of which I have examined a pair, agree in all respects, as does

Bourguignat’s figure of cyrtonotus, with some of my paratypes of

tropicus.

P. lirata Crvn. is also well represented among these paratypes; it

is, as mentioned in Krauss’s description, merely the young state of

tropicus, in which the epidermis is usually somewhat highly lrate,

though this feature rarely persists except under extremely favourable

conditions, becoming obliterated as the shell increases in size.

It appears to have been the object of writers on South African

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 503

Mollusca thirty-five years ago to make its local fauna as all-embracing

as possible, to which end all species not clearly defined in the British

Museum were either described as new or referred for identification to

experts overseas, whose decisions were readily accepted, even when

given by persons without knowledge of South African conditions.

This led to the introduction of schackoi, sericina, and to some extent

contorta into the local list, but there is no object in retaining them,

since the local forms attributed to the northern species answer just

as well to the variable tropicus. It is becoming generally accepted

that all the Egyptian so-called species of Bulinus, except forskali,

are in reality but forms of truncatus Aud., and some of these differ far

more widely from each other than those now included in my synonymy

of tropicus. The exact relationship of truncatus (=contortus) and

tropicus, linked probably by a host of Central African forms, must be

decided by future students of anatomy; meanwhile, on geographical

no less than conchological grounds, intermingling their names and

habitat can only cause unnecessary complications.

var. verreauxi Bat.

Ref. List No. 525.

1856. Physa verreauxw Bet., Rev. et Mag. Zool., vil, p. 237, pl. xv,

f.3-4. D.F.

1924. Isidora verreauxi Bgt., Cawst., Parasitology, xvi, p. 67. L.

1929. “A freshwater shell from Goudini,”’ le Roux, 15th Rept.

Vet. Surv. Union-8. Africa, p. 436, f. 18-21. NF.

1931. Bulinus verreauzu Bet., Beg. & Clench, Occ. Pap. Boston

Soe vp. 305, pl. xvi, f-9. DF.

1936. Bulinus (Diastropha) raymondianus verreauxii Bgt., Haas,

Abh. Senckenb. Ges., No. 431, p. 32. WN.

I can only regard this as a slightly abnormal form, scarcely a variety, of tropicus

in which, by reason of unusual prolongation of the spire through obliquity of the

sutures, it assumes in dorsal view a snout-like aspect; like cyrtonotus, it was

collected by Verreaux, probably in company with the latter, in the Olifant River,

and although I have seen individuals from many localities which can be matched

with Bourguignat’s figure, they have with a single exception formed part of a

series in which tropicus predominates, linked by intermediates to the typical form.

Fig. 21 depicts a fairly typical example, and fig. 22 an extreme form in which

the prolonged snout tends to scalarity, both of which occurred in a normal assem-

blage of tropicus from Kimberley.

Bourguignat’s type measures 14 x9, aperture 9x4 mm.; it was differentiated

from tropicus by longer spire, less obese, acute summit, and less swollen whorls.

The largest specimen examined, with 5 whorls, is 16-2 x 9-3, apert. 9-3 x 4-9, last

whorl 12-6 mm.

504 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Olifants River (type); Knysna

(Verreaux); Stellenbosch (Grobbelaar); Goedemoed Farm, Goudini,

Worcester (le Roux); Elbert’s Kraal, Albertinia (J. W. Horn).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Kimberley (Power).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Ficksburg; Schuttes Draai (Cawston);

Glen, near Bloemfontein (A. Porter).

TRANSVAAL. Olifants R. and Great Letaba R. (Haas).

BASUTOLAND. Morija (Junod).

CAPE PENINSULA. Retreat Vlei (Connolly); Kalk Bay (fide

Haas).

Type ubi?

Bulinus parietalis (Mouss.).

Ref. List No. 522.

1887. Physa paretalis Mouss., J. de C., xxxv, p. 298, pl. xii, f. 8.

D.F.

1922. Isedora parietalis Mouss., Dgnr., L.-u. S.-w. Fauna D.-Sw.

A., Moll., pp. 44, 45, f.16. DF.R.

1930. Bulinus parvetalis Mouss., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xxix,

pool. N.

1936. Bulinus (Diastropha) brocchi parietalis Mouss., Haas, Abh.

Senckenb. Ges., No. 431, p. 31. WN.

Nearly allied to tropicus, but usually with more shouldered whorls and more

impressed suture, while the transverse sculpture on the last 3 whorls consists of

strong, fairly regular, subdistant costulation; the callus from which it derives its

name, usually though not invariably present, is of no value for specific separation,

and is no stronger than in the type set of tropicus. The shell is reddish or greyish

brown, the specimen described, from Klein Karas, comprises 4 whorls and measures

Long. 9-3, lat. 7-6; apert. alt. 6-7, lat. 4-4; last whorl 8-7 mm., while the type

was said to be 10-0 x 7-8 mm.

Hab. OVAMBOLAND. Ondongua (type, Schinz); Andoni

(Barnard).

DAMARALAND. Otjituezu, 66 km. N.E. of Frauenstein and

50 km. E.N.E. of Windhoek (Michaelsen).

GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Hoolog, Klein Karas Mts.; Keet-

manshoop (Miss Hill).

BECHUANALAND. Lake Ngami; Garu; fossil south of Hardekol

Drift, Botletle R. (Passarge).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Witkop (subfossil, Schultze).

Morelet’s record of Port Elizabeth cannot refer to this particular

species.

Type in Zurich Museum.

This species varies considerably in strength of sculpture, but is

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 505

very constant in form; Mousson compared it with natalensis, to

which it bears small likeness; had he done so with tropicus it may

be doubted if he would have differentiated it.

(ii) Shell normally small, not exceeding 8 mm. in length.

Somewhat widely distributed about the country are to be found

colonies of small, apparently debased races of Bulinus, displaying

considerable variation in the same series, and probably derived for

the most part from B. tropicus. Two forms have received names,

which, in default of positive proof of their true relationship, it may

be convenient to retain for these small races that do not appear to

attain the dimensions of the larger species, with the proviso that if

they are found to do so, the names will fallinto synonymy. The older

of these is

Bulinus diaphanus (Krs.).

(Pl. xvi, f. 23, and text-fig. 44.)

Ref. List No. 519.

1848. Physa diaphana Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 84, pl. v, f. 11.

DF.

1922. Isidora diaphana Krs., Denr., L.-u. 8.-w. Fauna D.-Sw. A.,

Moll., p. 47, f.18. D.F.R.

1923. Isidora diaphana — ., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, x1,

pp. 123, 124. L.

1929. Isidora diaphana Krs., Adens., Ann. Naturh. Mus. Wien,

mim, p. do7. N.

1930. Bulinus diaphanus Krs., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p. 316.

I ARARARRAI ER AP

Text-Fic. 44.—Bulinus diaphanus (Krs.), paratype, Port Natal.

Teeth from radula; x 600 approximately.

Shell small, more or less acuminate ovate, rimate, thin, smooth, transparent,

corneous yellow-brown or olivaceous. Spire slightly produced, apex acute.

Whorls4, convex, rapidly increasing, apical smooth, remainder sculptured with very

close, fine, regular, vertical striolae; suture simple, well defined. Aperture

acuminate ovate, columella thin, white, straight, erect, margin very narrowly

reflexed, half concealing the narrow rima.

Long. 7-9, lat. 5-0; apert. alt. 5-6, lat. 2-9; last whorl 7-1 mm.

506 Annals of the South African Museum.

The paratype described approaches closely Krauss’s type, but the

spire is rather more exserted in the generality of specimens.

Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Valley (type, Wahlberg; Cawston).

DAMARALAND. Neitsas Farm, near Grootfontein (Fock);

between Nuragas and Fockshof (Lebzelter).

CAPE PROVINCE. Robertson (Miss Wilman).

Radula formula (25+5+1+5+25)x90+n. Laterals change form

at No. 6, outer marginals similar to No. 16, of slightly diminished size.

Bulinus corneus (Morel.).

(Piexy, ton)

Ref. List No. 526 (as zanzibarica Cless.).

1889. Physa cornea Morel., J. de C., xxxvu, p. 16, pL1i.8. DF:

1897. Isidora zanzibarica Cless. (=cornea Morel.), Mts., D.-O.-Afr.,

p. 140. WN.

1929. Bulinus “immature,” le Roux, 15th Rept. Vet. Surv. Union

S. Africa, p. 437, f. 22-26. NF.

1931. Bulinus corneus Morel., Beq. & Clench, Occ. Pap. Boston

soc: VEL, w,0p:'308, placa, fs SIN .

Simply a small reproduction of tropicus; Morelet differentiated it from other

species in that occasional lines of growth are darker brown than the rest of the

shell, a purely adventitious feature. One of my paratypes, agreeing with the type,

measures

Long. 8-0, lat. 5-5; apert. alt. 5-0, lat. 3-3; last whorl 7-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (type, Crawford);

Grahamstown (Farquhar); Humansdorp (le Roux).

NATAL. Mooi River (Cawston).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Swinburne (Cawston); Bloemfontein

(le Roux).

BASUTOLAND. Mafeteng (Cawston).

CAPE PENINSULA. Wynberg (Connolly).

DAMARALAND. Osondeku, near Okahandja (Hoesch).

Paratypes in British Museum.

Martens reduced this species to the synonymy of zanzibarica on the

ground that he received from Morelet in 1880 shells labelled “ Zanzi-

bar” identical with some published by Clessin in 1886 under that

name, but this argument does not appear to hold good. Clessin’s

species measures 13x10 mm., whereas Morelet founded cornea in

1889 on shells received from Ponsonby, collected by Crawford in Port

Elizabeth, none of which much exceed 8 x 54 mm. nor appear referable

to the larger form, so that Morelet’s name can be applied to the

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 507

numerous small, short-spired races, probably a degenerate form of

tropicus, that are found in many pools scattered over the subcontinent.

Bequaert and Clench attributed a race of this species from Bloem-

fontein to tropicus, into which it might well develop under favourable

conditions, but in its stunted shape is entirely typical of corneus,

which proves the very thin line of demarcation that can be drawn

between them. A tiny race of this species from Wynberg (probably

Cape Flats) (pl. xv, f. 31, where it is magnified to twice its size) is

fully mature, almost senile, as evinced by the massive white callus;

the costate sculpture is extraordinarily strong, about 35 ribs on face

of body whorl; with 3 whorls the shell measures

Alt. 4-0, lat. 2:6; apert. alt. 2-5, lat. 1-5; last whorl 3-8 mm.

Section Pyrgophysa Crosse, 1879

(J. de C., xxvii, p. 208).

Type P. marier Crosse

(=Pyrgobullinus Plry., 1923).

Narrow elongate shells with many whorls and short aperture. It

is doubtful whether this section contains more than one very variable

species. Although the elongate typical form is very distinct from

typical Bulinus, every grade of intermediate occurs, until it is difficult

to decide whether the Angolan form described by Morelet as Physa

erystallina should be placed in Bulinus s.s. or the present section.

Bulinus forskali (Ehrn.).

(BI xv, t,'40;)

Ref. List No. 520.

1831. Isidora forskalii Ehrn., Symb. Phys., Evert., 3rd Sp. D.

1848. Physa wahlbergi Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 84, pl. v, f.13. DF.

feos, gradata M. & P., A.M.N.H., 1, p. 129, pl. vu, £8. ° DF.

1922. Isidora forskali Ehrn., Dgnr.,.L.-u. 8.-w. Fauna D.-Sw. A.,

Moll., p. 48. WN.

1925. Isidora forskal1 Ehrn., Kay Sharp, Schistosomiasis, p. 13.

DFR.

1925. Isidora forskali Khrn., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu,

qe LOO: L.

1925. Isidora forskali EKhrn., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg., xxviii,

pooom. FR.

508 Annals of the South African Museum.

1925. Isidora forskali Khrn., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xiii,

1926. Bullinus (Pyrgophysa) forskali Ehrn., Germ. & Ney.-Lem.,

Ann. Parasit., iv, p. 365. D.

1927. Bulinus (Pyrgophysa) forskala Khrn., P. & B., Bull. Amer.

Musa Ein, So lie olathe Oven

1929. Bulinus (Pyrgophysa) forskali Ehrn., Faust, Human Helmin-

thology, p. 568. WN.

1929. Isidora (Pyrgophysa) forskalii Ehrn., Haas, Zool. Jahrb., lvii,

p. 415. WN.

1930. Bulinus forskali Ehrn., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p. 316.

1931. Bulinus (Pyrgophysa) forskalu Ehrn., Beq. & Clench., Occ.

Pap. Boston Soc. N.H., v, p. 365, pl. xvii, f. 15-16. DF.

1931. Bulinus (Pyrgophysa) wahlbergi Krs., Beq. & Clench., 2bid.,

PaO os ole Xovall a elie uu aeE.

(Only recent references of some importance and local interest are

given above.)

Shell sinistral, of fair size, elongate turriform, dull, silky, usually corneous buff.

Spire produced, sides usually straight, apex mamillate. Whorls 6, convex,

regularly increasing, rounded at periphery, but usually with a more or less distinct

ridge, forming a shoulder, a short distance below the suture; extreme apex

engraved with microscopic dots, arranged in spiral but not radial rows, the general

sculpture scheme on the succeeding whorls consisting of strong, straight, close

or spaced vertical costae, with or without spiral lines, occasionally low ridges,

between or crossing the vertical], but the pattern is extremely variable, the spirals

frequently invisible and the vertical close or subdistant, and sometimes almost

obsolete, on succeeding whorls of the same shell; suture deep. Aperture narrow

acuminate ovate, peristome simple, labrum straight and vertical in profile, colu-

mella erect, margin very narrowly or adnately reflexed over the narrow rima,

which it sometimes obliterates. A well-grown Durban example measures

Long. 11:7, lat. 4:2; apert. alt. 4-5, lat. 2-2; last whorl 7-4 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. R. Limpopo (wahlbergi, Wahlberg); Pretoria

(Farquhar). |

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg; Thornville; frequent along south

coast in Durban District, Port Shepstone, etc. (Cawston); Bushman’s

R., Weenen (Thomasset).

CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown (gradata, Farquhar); Mossel

Bay; Port St. John’s (Power); Pluto’s Vlei, 18 miles east of Grahams-

town (Smith).

DAMARALAND. Usakos (Frames); Neudamm; Teufelsbach,

25 km. §.8.E. of Okahandja (Michaelsen).

KAOKOVELD. Near Otjitundua (forma semiplicata Morel.) and

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 509

OVAMBOLAND. Ondongua (forma apiculata Morel.); Mafa, north

of Ondongua; Ukualuthi (Barnard).

LORENZO MARQUES. Beira; Delagoa Bay (Cawston).

ZULULAND. Nonoti (Cawston).

Described from Egypt and occurring over nearly the whole of

South and Central Africa as well as in the Comoro and Mascarene

Islands. In addition to wahlbergi and gradata, various authors have

placed in its synonymy jickelia Krs., nyangweensis Dup. & Putz.,

lamellosa Roth., vitrea Parr., fischeriana Bet., beccarii Paladh.,

dunkert Germ. (=scalaris Dkr.), schmidti Dkr., mariei Crosse, spiralis

Feér., apiculata, capillacea, clavulata, semiplicata and turriculata Morel.

It is probable too that dautzenbergr Germ., ludovicianus Mittre,

morelett and osoriot Nobre are merely forms of the same species.

Bequaert and Clench distinguish wahlberg: from forskalvi by its more

slender outline and deeply contracted suture, while Haas (1929)

states his agreement with the present writer that all African species

of Pyrgophysa should be united under the oldest name.

Subgenus Physopsis Krs., 1848

(Stidafr. Moll., p. 85).

Type P. africana Krs.

Shell relatively smooth and glossy, spire more or less blunt, seldom

much exserted, aperture large, columella basally truncate, with little

or no marginal reflection; mantle cavity with a second pair of

longitudinal folds below the other pair.

Bulinus (Physopsis) africanus (Krs.).

(Pl. xv, f. 42-43.)

Ref. List No. 527.

1848. Physopsis africana Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 85, pl. v, f. 14.

D.F.

1914. Physopsis africana Krs. [cum var. ovoidea Bgt. (=leroys

Grandid. and stanleyana Bgt.)], Dautz. & Germ., Rev. Zool. Afr., iv,

pp. 46,47. UN.

1916. Physopsis africana Krs., Becker, Med. J. S. Africa, xi,

petoo: 157,f,1. NL.

1917. Physopsis africana Krs., Cawst., Med. J. 8. Africa, xii,

pp. 183, 184, f. 3-4 (pessime). NF.

1919. Physopsis africana Krs., Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris, p. 47.

510 Annals of the South African Museum.

1920. Physopsis africana Krs., Germ., Voy. Babault, p. 189. D.

1921. a os , Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, ix,

proO2, av

1922. Physopsis africana Krs., Cawst., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,

RVI, ere we

1922. Physopsis africana Krs., Dup. & Putz., Ann. Soc. Zool. Belg.,

his tpe ee ay:

1925. Physopsis africana Krs., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg., xxviii,

pod, - ay

1925. Physopsis africana Krs., Cawst., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,

MKS. Aa ahieele Pee.

1925. Physopsis africana Krs., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xiii,

p. 41 plang oF.

1925. Isidora (Physopsis) africana Krs., Conn., ibid., x, p. 191.

1925. Physopsis conicum Porter, Proc. R. Soc. Med., xviii, p. 56.

Nomen nudum.

1925. Isidora (Physopsis) africana Krs., Kay Sharp, Schistoso-

romuidayssisy, Os Iie JD) Id ty,

1926. Isidora africana Krs., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg., xxix,

Dpy Boel ti. wiNiae!: f

1926. Physopsis africana Krs., Germ. & Nev.-Lem., Ann. Parasit.,

Vs 00. seen

1927. Physopsis africana Krs., Pilsb. & Beq., Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H.,

hits a dhe oli oa aig On MD) Iie

1927. Isidora africana Krs., Cawst., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., xxi,

PetsOs Aol. Weeks ohne alVeiie

1927. Istdora africana Krs., Cawst., J. Med. Ass. 8. Africa, 1, p. 309.

NEES

1929. Physopsis africana Krs., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med.

Hye) X19." 0o0. we UN.

1929. Physopsis africana Krs., le Roux, 15th Rept. Vet. Serv.

Union 8. Africa, pp. 408, 436, f. 10-13. NP.

1929. Physopsis africana Krs., var. globosa, le Roux, zbid.,

pp. 418, 435, f. 1-6. ALP.

1929. Physopsis conicum le Roux, zbid., pp. 408, 435, f. 7-9.

IN GID I Or.

1929. Physopsis africana Krs., Faust, Human Helminthology,

p. O68) a.

1930. Physopsis africana Krs., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xxix,

Pp: Oli. aye

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 511

1932. Physopsis africana Krs., Blackie, Mem. London Sch. Trop.

Meda v, p.o3. NV.

1934. Physopsis africana Krs., Conn., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,

xxvill, p. 442. WN.

1936. Physopsis africana Krs. (=globosa Morel., ovoidea and

stanleyana Begt., leroys Grandid. and tanganyicae Mts.), Haas, Abh.

Senckenb. Ges., No. 431, p. 32. N.L.

Shell medium to large, imperforate, nearly smooth, glossy, bright corneous

brown. Spire not much exserted, summit round or nearly flat. Whorls nearly 4,

rapidly increasing, convex, rounded at periphery, Ist minute, bearing extremely

faint, fine transverse microscopic wrinkles, 2nd with stronger transverse

sculpture and microscopically engraved with punctate dots, arranged in regular

radial and spiral lines, which usually disappear about the 3rd whorl, continuing

as weak irregular spiral lines, that impart faint granulation to the surface by

intersecting the very weak growth lines; suture simple. Aperture suboval,

peristome simple, labrum very slightly recurved in profile, callus and columella

white and glossy, latter usually thick and rather short, practically without marginal

reflexion, prominently truncate at its base, which is a considerable distance above

that of the aperture. The well-grown and perfectly preserved shell described,

from South Coast Junction, Natal, measures

Alt. 16-2, lat. 10-2; apert. alt. 11-8, lat. 5-2; last whorl 15-3 mm., while a larger

Durban example is 18-8 x 11-8, last whorl 18-0 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (type, Wahlberg); widely distributed,

especially about the south coast.

ZULULAND (Burnup; Toppin).

CAPEK PROVINCE. Knysna (Purcell); Port Elizabeth (Craw-

ford); East London (Kincaid); Humansdorp (Cawston).

TRANSVAAL. Middelburg (Crawford); Pretoria District (Con-

nolly and others); Magaliesburg; Rustenburg; Mulders Drift;

Klerksdorp; Scheerpoort (Cawston).

BASUTOLAND. Morija (A. Porter).

S. RHODESIA. Gwelo (Dodds); Enkeldoorn District, Mashonaland

(Miss Sharpe- Young).

(Note.—It is possible that these two localities refer to the following

species.)

LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters; Kirk; Penther); Lebombo

Marsh (Junod); Wanetsi River, Magude District (Bell Marley).

(Note.—Here again, except for the last mentioned, most of these

records are probably attributable to Physopsis globosa (Morelet).)

OVAMBOLAND. Upper reaches of Omuramba-Omataka River

(Shortridge).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

The columellar margin in this species is almost invariably adnate,

without trace of rimation, but occasionally, especially in senile

512 Annals of the South African Museum.

examples, it is not entirely closed at its lower extremity, thus forming

a minute chink. The shape of the summit in this, as in most others

of the subgenus, varies considerably, according to even the smallest

degree of exsertion of the apical whorls, and Dr. Porter kindly informs

me that the true history of the undescribed, unsponsored, and wrongly

engendered Physopsis conicum is as follows: Some years ago she

submitted an assortment of freshwater shells for identification to

an expert who informed her that he considered a small, short-spired

form from Pretoria to represent a possibly new species, in which case

he proposed to describe it under that name. Under the impression

that this had been done, she made casual mention of the name in a

display before the Royal Society of Medicine, and le Roux, in 1929,

published excellent figures of this still-born species, which must

pass into synonymy, and can only be attributed, under the rules of

nomenclature, to his authorship.

Cawston records that Bul. africanus attains particularly large dimen-

sions when able to feed on decaying sugar-canes.

Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus (Morel.).

(Pl. xv, f. 40-41.)

1866. Physa globosa Morel., J. de C., xiv, p. 162. D.

1868. Physopsis globosa Morel., Voy. Welwitsch, p. 93, pl. ix, f. 4.

1925. Isidora (Physopsis) globosa Morel., Conn., Trans. R. Soe.

S. Africa, x1, p: 1915 plo vim, £615) Nea:

1925. Istdora (Physopsis) globosa Morel., Kay Sharp, Schistoso-

miasis, p. 14. D.F.

1925. Physopsis globosa Morel., Cawst., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,

MK): ieee one

1929. Physopsts globosa Morel., Faust, Human Helminthology,

p. 568. WN.

1932. Physopsis globosa Morel., Blackie, Mem. London Sch. Trop.

Med., v, p. 3, pl.1, f. 1-2. NF. Eggs.

1934. Physopsis globosa Morel., Conn., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,

xxvii, p. 443. NF.

When describing this species, Morelet rightly stressed the fact of its slight rimation,

which affords the only real and fairly constant point of difference between itself

and africana. The shell sometimes attains large dimensions and extreme obesity,

but the type is not ultra-globose and its dimensions present a fair average of well-

grown individuals. The spire and other details are subject to the same variation

in form as in africana, but the columella, although distinctly truncate at its base,

is not entirely adnate to the body whorl, but leaves a small gap near its upper

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 5138

extremity, which forms a minute slit or rima; all that I have seen of the type set

(about 30) exhibit this feature, as do very many series from Central Africa, but in

Rhodesia, and, I am told, the Belgian Congo, the difference between the two forms

of columella becomes far less clear, possibly through interbreeding, and it is often

difficult to assign the most appropriate name to individual specimens.

Alt. 20-0, lat. 13-5; apert. alt. 14-8, lat. 9-0; last whorl 17-5 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Lebombo Marsh, Rikatla (Junod);

Delagoa Bay (Cawston).

S. RHODESIA. Darwin; Mazoe; Salisbury; Umtali; Melsetter

and Chibi Districts (Blackie).

Described from Angola and widely distributed over Central Africa.

Type in British Museum.

Famity ANCYLIDAE.

Shell small, conical, patelliform, or rarely planorboid, thin, corneous;

tentacles short; mantle cavity broadly open below, but often reduced,

a well-developed pseudobranch depending from its deepest part; jaw

composed of numerous narrow plates arranged in a semicircle; penis

often with an appendix.

Subfamily FERRISSIINAE.

Shell patelliform, apex normally more or less inclined to the right;

animal sinistral; central tooth of radula usually with 4 cusps, of

which 2 or 3 are very minute, laterals and marginals typically multi-

cuspid; transverse rows of teeth straight or curving forward slightly

on each side. ;

The descriptions which follow make it obvious that the exact

nature and area of the apical sculpture in this subfamily are of

primary importance in specific determination, and as even in long

series which I have examined from certain localities the apex is

entirely ruined by erosion, I have omitted their records from those

now appended.

Genus Burnupia Walker, 1912

(Nautilus, xxv, p. 139).

Type Ancylus caffer Krs.

Shell patelliform, apex posterior, prominent and inclined to the

right, radially punctate; central teeth of radula symmetrical with

2 main cusps, laterals usually with 3 major cusps, endocone and

mesocone more or less united, frequently with additional small cusps

on either side of ectocone; inner laterals slightly larger than the outer,

which merge into the marginals by progressive splitting up of the cusps.

VOL. XXXII. 33

514 Annals of the South African Museum.

Cawston states that in feeding the radula is thrown out over the

surface of the food. The front rows of teeth are buried in the foot

and escape the full force of contact with the food, and the central

tooth of each row is slightly overridden by the laterals, so that it

hardly comes into play. Hence he infers that the cones of the

extreme front rows of teeth and of the centrals of each row are ill-

developed and resemble those in the embryonic radula.

Little is known of the anatomy of this genus except its radula. The

diversity of this organ shows that the species should probably be

arranged in two groups, one including caffra, gordonensis, brunnea,

farquhari, capensis natalensis, and mooiensis, and the other, steno-

chorias, transvaalensis apicata, etc., and Walker arranged the species

accordingly, but I have preferred to place them in the sequence

suggested by their conchological characters, which are more easily

studied by collectors.

Burnupra caffra (Krs.).

(Text-fig. 45.)

Ref. List No. 506.

1848. Ancylus caffer Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 70, pl. iv, f. 13. DP.

Sab: i‘ oblaquus Krs., Kiist., Conch. Cab., pl.i, f. 18-20. F.

1859. » gaulus Gld., Proc. Boston Soc, N.H:? vijje eee

1923. Burnupia caffra Krs., Walk., Ancylidae 8.A., p. 30, pl. 1,

i 1-0. DER. |

1923. Burnupia caffra Krs., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, x,

p.wi24. Af.

1926. Burnupia caffra Krs., Walk., Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.

Mich., No. 175, p. 5, pl. ii, £4. R.

1927. Burnupia caffer Krs., Pilsb. & Beq., Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H.,

lia pAglS 2 pls aah siete

Shell of fair size, oval elliptical, left and anterior slopes much arched, right small

and steep, right margin somewhat less curved than left, posterior below base of

apex nearly perpendicular, apex more or less short and blunt, situate one-fourth of

the shell’s length from rear, inclined to right, usually vertically above, but not

protruding beyond the right margin, distinctly radially punctate as far as Ist

concentric growth line, from which point the latter are close, strong and regular,

somewhat rugulate owing to being crossed by radial lines.

Long. 5-4, lat. 3-8, alt. 2-57 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (caffra, fide Krauss); Imputshini

and Inkwalini streams near Maritzburg; Umkomaas (Burnup); Port

Natal (obliquus, Wahlberg); Umgeni; Westbrook’s Farm near Dufi’s

Road; Avoca; Umlalasi; Umhlanga; Umhlangana (Cawston).

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 515

CAPE PROVINCE (gaulus, Stimpson).

Type of caffra in Stuttgart, gaulus in Washington Museum.

The actual type of caffra measures 5-5 x 4-0 x 2-5 mm. and the type

label also bears the words “‘friiher A. obliquus,’’ leaving no doubt as

to the two names being synonymic,

Krauss having originally distributed ie a hea ae ete

his shells under the latter, and with- a Ghent wy

drawn it when he realised that it was iad

preoccupied by Broderip and Sowerby, Trxr-me. 45. — Burnupia caffra

1832. The radula here figured (text- (Krs.), paratype, original of 4.

fig. 45) from an original “obliquus”’ Ces ee cane a ae

; pproximately.

collected by Wahlberg, now in my

collection, has the formula (12+8+1+8+12) x 105 +nascent, laterals

changing to marginals at No. 9, outermost marginals small and

rudimentary.

Burnupia gordonensis (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 506 (pars).

1903. Ancylus gordonensis M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 606, pl. xxx1,

tee DP. |

1923. Burnupia gordonensis M. & P., Walk., Ancylidae 8.A., p. 34,

Plt f.3-0)D 2.

1925. Burnupia gordonensis M. & P., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg.,

Xxvill, p. 365. F.R.

1932. Burnupia gordonensis M. & P., Cawst., 8. Afr. J. Sci., xxix,

peols. h. |

Shell large, ovate, anterior margin more broadly rounded than posterior, left

slightly more convex than right, left and front slopes convex, right and rear con-

cave, apex two-sevenths of length from rear and about midway between median

line and right margin, short, abruptly bent down at tip but not overhanging

margin, only extreme apex radially punctate, concentric striae as in caffra but

radial finer. The paratype figured by Walker is 7 x 5-25 x 2-66 mm. in length,

breadth, and height, but the largest exampl2 from Grahamstown is 10 x 6-5 x 4-75,

and another, less compressed and more normal, 9 x 6:5 x 4:75 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Gordon Falls (type), Town Bush Valley and Sweet-

water streams, Maritzburg; Nottingham Road (Burnup); Karkloof

(Burnup and Morton, fide Walker); Gwen Spruit, Hilton (Falcon);

Umbilo; Umbogintwini; Umhlatuzana; Umhlanga; Umbhlangana;

Umbloti; Tongaat; Sarnia; Pinetown; Verulam (Cawston).

CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown (Kincaid; Cawston); Alice-

dale; Baakens River, Port Elizabeth (Cawston).

Type in British Museum.

516 Annals of the South African Museum.

Larger than caffra with shorter, less beaked apex, not overhanging

margin, left and fore slopes less convex, right and rear more concave.

Radula, as figured by Walker, somewhat similar to that of caffra,

formula approximately 18+11+1+411+18.

My specimens from Karkloof, ascribed by Walker to this species,

appear to belong to ponsonby1.

Burnupia stenochorias (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 506 (pars).

1903. Ancylus stenochorias M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 607, pl. xxxi,

HWA sa 1D I a

1923. Burnupia stenochorias M. & P., Walk., Ancylidae 8.A., p. 53,

pli, f. 14-15. D.F-.R.

1925. Burnupia stenochorias M. & P., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg.,

RRA Pel Oey velve

Shell large, oval, elevated, slightly wider behind, left and front slopes convex,

latter rather long, rear more concave than right, apex in posterior fourth of length,

very prominent, slightly beaked and moderately inclined, nearly overhanging

margin, micropunctate sculpture very strong, radial stronger than concentric.

A normal paratype measures 8-5 x 6:0 x 3-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Ebb en Vloed (type) and other localities

near Port Elizabeth; Kingwilliamstown Road Dam, Kowie River

and other localities near Grahamstown; Fish River, Cradock (Far-

quhar); Upper Retreat and Klipplatz R., Cathcart (Miss Hickey);

Kaser R., Montagu (Connolly); Alicedale (Cawston); Sabatele, St.

Marks, Transkei (Swan); East London (Kincaid).

NATAL. Avoca; Umhlangana (Cawston).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Glen (Bigalke).

Type in British Museum.

Formula of radula figured by Walker approximately 15+12+1+12

+15, change from laterals to marginals occurring gradually between

Nos. 9 and 13; the first 8 laterals are remarkable in the concrescence

of endocone and mesocone into a single large cusp that projects below

the base, apparently resembling in this respect the radulae of the

Central African kempi and crassistriata Preston and South African

transvaalensis apicata.

The shell is larger than caffra, apex more prominent, elevated and

acute, radial sculpture usually stronger; it is more oval than gordon-

ensis, with more acute and elevated apex, extending nearer the

margin.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 517

Burnupia trapezoidea (O. Bttg.).

Ref. List No. 506 (pars).

1897. (2) Ancylus* caffer Krs., Mts., D.-O.-Afr., p. 151, pl. i, f. 19,

Cre. d. “DF.

1907. Ancylus trapezoideus Bttg. in Schultze, Aus Namaland u.

Kalahari, p.708. N.

1910. Ancylus trapezoideus Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Ges., xxxii,

pe2o0; pl. xxvii, f.15. DF.

1923. Burnupia trapezoidea Bttg., Walk., Ancylidae S.A., p. 57,

perme 16-17. DF.

1930. Burnupia trapezoidea Bttg., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xxix,

Pale. iN.

Shell large, much elevated, narrow oval, ends almost equally rounded, right

margin slightly less curved than left, right and rear slopes almost straight below

base of apex, left a little more convex than front, apex about one-third of length

from rear, on right of median line, little beaked but more or less strongly inclined

to right, sometimes protruding beyond margin, punctate area extremely small,

dots faint, concentric sculpture fine, close and regular, crossed by regular, raised

rays, stronger towards the margin. Walker gives dimensions ranging from

9 x 6-25 x2-75 and 8-5x6x83 (which he considers normal) to 8-5 x5x3-25 and

8 x 5-33 x3 mm., but I have found the higher, more compressed form more usual.

Hab. BECHUANALAND. Witkop (type, subfossil, Schultze).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Valsch R., Lindley (Connolly);

Schuttes Draai (Cawston); Modder River (Kimberley Museum).

TRANSVAAL. Pretoria District (McBean); Zoutpansberg

(Cregoe); Wonderboom (A. Porter); Crocodile R. Drift (Connolly).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Newlands and Riet River (Swan);

Postmasburg (Power).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Matopa Pan, N diraland (sub-

fossil, Rogers).

KAOKOVELD. Kamanyab (subfossil, Barnard).

Also chronicled by Martens from Central Africa.

Type in Senckenberg Museum.

The shell is generally higher and far narrower than others of the

genus, and remarkable for its much inclined excentric apex; a very

immature series collected by Michaelsen at Neudamm in Damaraland

and Seeheim in Great Namaqualand, which, from the locality, might

be provisionally referred to this species, appear, from what I have

seen of them, to have almost too blunt an apex.

518 Annals of the South African Museum.

Burnupia transvaalensis (Crvn.).

Ref. List No. 508.

1880. Ancylus transvaalensis Crvn., P.Z.8., p. 617, pl. Ivu, f. 11.

ID aie

1923. Burnupia transvaalensis Crvn., Walk., Ancylidae §.A., p. 62,

pl.i,f.18. D.F.

1927. Burnupia transvaalensis Crvn., Pilsb. & Beq., Bull. Amer.

Mus Neier py. 154, pl. sat. te ae?

Shell large, broadly oval, not greatly elevated, lateral slopes nearly equally

convex, anterior more so, posterior straight, apex rather more than half-way from

fore end, slightly to right of median line, small, not beaked, and little inclined,

punctate area large, dots very coarse, concentric striae coarse and low, slightly and

rather irregularly wrinkled by extremely weak radiation. The type measures

7-5 x 5:3 x 3:2, while an Irene example is 8-0 x 5-5 x 3-5 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Mooi River (type, Craven); Irene, 8 miles

south of Pretoria (Connolly); Kriiger Park (Haas).

Type in British Museum.

Nearest to gordonensis, from which it differs mainly in its shorter,

less excentric apex.

var. apicata Walker.

1923. Burnupia transvaalensis apicata Walk., Ancylidae §.A., p. 64,

pls tos OA:

Smaller than type, with more erect, acute and excentric apex, fore slope more

convex and rear more nearly vertical, apical punctation very strong and coarse,

concentric sculpture very weak, with scarcely a vestige of radiation. The type

measures 5 x 3:6 x 2:5, and two other shells 5-5 x 4 x 2:75 and 5-5 x 4:25 x 2-25 mm.

Hab. ORANGE FREESTATE. Vaal River, Boshof (type, Swan).

TRANSVAAL. Vereeniging (Johnson).

CAPE PROVINCE. Prieska (coll. Ponsonby).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Rooipoort; Vaal R., Kimberley (Kim-

berley Museum).

Type in coll. Walker.

Radula formula approximately 12+12+1+412+12, the teeth

resembling closely those of stenochorias; 7 bicuspid laterals, merging

gradually to marginals from Nos. 8 to 14.

Burnupia brunnea Walker.

1923. Burnupia brunnea Walk., Ancylidae S.A., p. 38, pl. 1, f. 4.

Da:

Shell small, generally similar to apicata in shape, but larger, proportionately

wider, apex less acute and more declined at tip, fore slope more convex and rear

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 519

more concave, punctate sculpture not decipherable, concentric strong and regular,

radial distinct in type set but practically absent in those from other localities.

The type measures 6 x 4:33 x 2-75 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Zoutpansberg (type, Cregoe); Atholl, Caro-

lina (Mrs. Forbes); Louis Trichardt (in South African Museum).

NATAL. Dargle, Umgeni system (Taynton).

Type in coll. Walker.

The radula proves this species distinct from the last; its approxi-

mate formula is 13+10+1+10+13, laterals grading from No. 11 into

marginals,

Burnupia nana (Walker).

Ref. List No. 506 (pars).

1912. Ancylus caffer Krs., var. nanus Walk., Nautilus, xxv, p. 139.

1923. Burnupia nana Walk., Ancylidae 8.A., p. 39, pl.i,f.5. DF.

Shell small, suboval, front and rear margins about equally curved, left a little

more so than right, front and left slopes convex, rear straight and little oblique

below base of apex, right nearly vertical above but slightly splayed near its base,

apex between one-third and one-fourth of length from rear and half-way between

median line and margin, tip declined but little beaked and not reaching margin,

punctate area small, arrangement of dots undecipherable, concentric sculpture

strong and fairly regular, radial practically absent. The type measures

4-5 x 3-4 x 1-75, and two larger shells from another branch of the Karkloof River

5-25 x4 x 2-25 and 5-25 x3-3 x 2-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Karkloof Stream (type, Taynton); Pietermaritz-

burg (Ponsonby); Hdendale Falls (Burnup).

TRANSVAAL. Fountains, Pretoria (Cawston).

Type in coll. Walker.

Somewhat resembling gordonensis in shape and proportions, but

not approaching it in size.

Burnupia farquhari (Walker).

Ref. List No. 506 (pars).

1912. Ancylus caffer Krs., var. farguhari Walk., Nautilus, xxv,

pel40...D.

1923. Burnupia farquhari Walk., Ancylidae S.Ag p48. pl if &:

D.F.R.

Shell small, broad oval, left side only slightly more curved than right, front

and left slopes little convex, rear straight and oblique below base of apex, right

nearly straight below base of apex, which is situate almost on median line in one-

third or more of length from rear, rather blunt, hardly declined at tip and but

little turned to right, punctate area small, dots undecipherable, concentric sculpture

close and regular, rippled by the radial. The type is 4-8 x 3-75 x 2 and the largest

example from Bulwer 6-5 x5 x 2:75 mm.

520 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. York, East Griqualand (type, Farquhar);

Teko River, Transkei (Miss Hickey); East London (Kimberley

Museum); Buffalo River (Warren); Alice (Kincaid); The Gorge,

Somerset East (Mrs. Howard); Baviaans Kloof, Willowmore (J.

Nortje).

NATAL. Bulwer (Burnup).

Type in coll. Walker.

Smaller than brunnea, proportionately wider, with more acute,

less declined and excentric apex. Radula formula approximately

13674 0-13:

Burnupia ponsonbyt Walker.

1923. Burnupia ponsonbyi Walk., Ancylidae §.A., p. 51, pl. i, f. 12.

SERIE

Shell large, broad ovate, nearly circular, front slope only slightly convex, a little

flattened towards tip of apex, rear and right nearly straight, former slightly

incurved at base of apex, left slightly convex, apex acute, erect, not beaked and

only very slightly turned to right, about one-third of length from rear, nearly on

median line, punctate area small, the unique type is said to have fine, regular

growth lines, scarcely rippled towards the peritreme, without any radial sculpture,

but in most examples to hand, identified by Walker, the concentric growth lines

are very strong and the radial lines vary from very weak to same strength as the

former. The type measures 6-75 x 5:5 x 2-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Umgeni River (type); Aasvogel Krantz and

Howick Falls (Burnup); Hilton (Falcon); Karkloof (Taynton);

Bushman’s River; Mooi River (Cawston).

Type in coll. Walker.

Walker does not define the apical sculpture, and I have not seen a

specimen without eroded apex, but the wider, rounder, more depressed

shell with strong concentric sculpture renders this species easily

distinguishable.

var. diminuta Walker.

1923. Burnupia ponsonbyi diminuta Walk., Ancylidae §.A., p. 53,

pli, 4d. 18. Ere

Shell small, broad oval, not much elevated, both ends about equally rounded and

lateral margins equally curved, left slightly more so, fore slope slightly convex,

rear straight and not very oblique from base of apex, lateral nearly straight, apex

about one-third length from rear, only a little to right of median line, rather blunt,

not beaked, scarcely inclined to right, punctate area small, dots small and shallow,

first 4 or 5 in each row single and then splitting into two and diverging gradually

for about 5 or more pairs, when they fade away, concentric lines coarse and low,

slightly rugulate.

Long. 4:25, lat. 3-5, alt. 1-75 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Christiania, Vaal River (Turton).

Type in coll. Walker.

ee a

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 521

I agree fully with Walker in his suggestion that, coming from totally

distinct drainage systems and possessing certain differences in the

shell, this may be a distinct species, but its anatomy is available for

study, and pending that being published and knowledge of the micro-

apical sculpture of ponsonby: being obtained, it may be inadvisable

to disturb his arrangement.

Burnupia capensis (Walker).

Ref. List No. 506 (pars).

- 1912. Ancylus caffer, var. capensis Walk., Nautilus, xxv, p.141. D.

1923. Burnupia capensis Walk., Ancylidae 8.A., p. 43, pl. i, f. 7.

DEF.

Shell of fair size, oval, varying much in breadth, left and fore slopes convex,

latter somewhat flattened towards apex, right and rear concave, apex about one-

third length from rear, prominent, subacute, strongly turned to right, sometimes

extending beyond margin, more or less beaked, punctate area rather large, dots

coarse and somewhat irregular, concentric striae strong, close and regular, radial

varying from rather weak to eaual strength with the growth lines.

The type measures 7:5 x4-5x2-5 mm., but variation in contour is great, the

most slender specimen from Port Alfred being 5-75 x 2-8 x 2-1 mm.

Hab. CAPEK PENINSULA. Lakeside (type); Hout Bay

(Connolly). |

CAPE PROVINCE. West Hill and Blaauwkrantz - Rivers,

Grahamstown (Farquhar); Sabatele, St. Marks, Transkei (Kimberley

Museum); Hast London; Cold Springs, Albany District (Kincaid);

Rufanes River, Port Alfred (Hewitt); Ngaanduti, Tembuland (G.

Trow); Port Alfred (Turton); vlei deposit near coast, Cape St.

Francis (subfossil, Rogers); Oudtshoorn (Miss Wilman); Boschluis

Kloof, Zwartberg Range, Prince Albert; Toontjes R., Naudesberg,

Worcester; Keurbooms R. (Barnard); Hemel-en-Aarde, Caledon

District (Rennie).

Type in coll. Walker.

This well-marked species is generally found on rushes, and in rapid

streams is as a rule narrower than in stiller waters, though not con-

stant in this respect. The strongly turned apex, oval contour, and

usually strong radial sculpture combine to distinguish it from any of

the foregoing species. It is a characteristic form of the Cape littoral,

usually found among rushes and ranging from Hout Bay on the west

to the Transkei; further inland it usually develops into the highly

sculptured form striatissima, while further eastwards, in Natal, it is

replaced by the variety natalensis; Walker mentions that his series

from West Hill R., Grahamstown, and East London have the radial

522 Annals of the South African Museum.

striae more strongly developed than in the type, while those from

the last two localities cited above are very highly radially striate,

merging into the sub-species which follows; the fossil from Cape St.

Francis is remarkable for the long, pointed tip to its beak, which

might justify separation if found to be constant in a sufficient series.

sub-species striatissima Pilsb.

1932. Burnupia capensis striatissima Pilsb., Nautilus, xlv, p. 136.

ID)

1932. Burnupia capensis striatissuma Pilsb., Cawst., 8. Afr. J. Sci.,

XKIR, ool Ze i.

“The shell is brown, higher than B. capensis Walk., with very close, strong radial

striation, stronger than in any described African species. Apex strongly recurved,

close to or overhanging the right side.

“* Length 8-2, width 5-3, alt. 4-0 mm.

5p Toe 3g. (Ab sya ee

Hab. BASUTOLAND. Quthing, among rushes used for thatching

huts (type, Cawston).

CAPE PROVINCE. Belmont Valley, Grahamstown (Hewitt).

Type in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

I have nothing to add to Pilsbry’s differentiation, with which I

fully concur; wereit not that all intermediates in strength of sculpture

appear to exist in. B. capensis, it would have been easy to regard this

large, highly striate form as specifically distinct.

sub-species natalensis Walker.

1923. Burnupia capensis natalensis Walk., Ancylidae 8.A., p. 45,

plen d2.8..- IP sie.

Smaller and proportionately broader than type, more broadly rounded before

than behind, with more excentric and strongly declined apex; sculpture in both

forms substantially the same.

Long. 5-8, lat. 4-3, alt. 2-0 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Umblatuzani R., Malvern (type); Sarnia; Avoca;

Sea View; Black Ridge, Verulam Road; Umbogintwini; Tongaat;

Gingindhlovu; Nonoti R., Darnall; Escombe; Oribi Flats; Park

Rynie; Pinetown; Umvonga R., Margate; Shongweni Ridge, a

small race on rocks in swift stream (Cawston); Umhlali (Alexander);

Equeefa (Burnup).

ZULULAND. LEshowe (Cawston).

CAPE PROVINCE. Kokstad (Cawston).

Type in coll. Walker.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 523

“A small well-marked form characteristic of the small streams of

the Natal littoral.” Radula formula approximately 10+9+1+9+10,

mesocone of inner laterals large.

Burnupia verreauxit (Bet.).

Ref. List No. 509.

1853. Ancylus verreauxi Bet., Rev. et Mag. Zool., p. 351. D.

1923. Burnupia “) » Walk., Ancylidae S.A., p. 50, pl. i,

pope.) DE.

Shell rather small, not much elevated, ovate, fore margin broader than rear,

left more curved than right, left and fore slopes little convex, latter flattened

towards apex, right and rear more or less concave, apex about one-third length

from rear and nearer right margin than median line, prominent, more or less

beaked, well turned to right and sometimes extending to margin, punctate area

extremely small, dots small but coarse, very faint at end of rows, remaining surface

covered with very close, weak, regular concentric, crossed by far weaker radial

lines, the whole presenting a smoother appearance than usual. A Retreat example

is 6-2 x 4-3 x 1-75 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Ville de Constance (Constantia,

type, Verreaux); Retreat (Connolly).

TRANSVAAL. - Potchefstroom (Cawston); Wonderboom (Robin-

son).

Type in Geneva Museum.

Recognisable by smooth surface, acute excentric apex and com-

parative flatness of left and front slopes; the Transvaal examples are

said to be rather more elevated than type, with blunter apex, but

apparently belong to the same species.

Burnupia moorensis (Walker).

Ref. List No. 507.

1912. Ancylus mooiensis Walk., Nautilus, xxv, p. 141. JD.

1923. Burnupia __,, Hf Ancylidae 8.A., p. 47, pl. 1, f. 9.

DP hh.

Shell large, elevated, slightly obovate, ends nearly equally rounded, left margin

a little more so than right, front and left slopes more or less convex, rear long,

regularly but not deeply concave, right slightly so half-way down, apex about one-

third length from rear and half-way between median line and margin, subacute,

not strongly beaked, more or less turned to right but seldom extending near margin,

punctate area large, first 4 or 5 dots in each row single, next 5 double, growth lines

strong, crossed by equally strong wavy radials. The type is 6-25 x4 x 2-5 and my

largest topotype 7 x 5-2 x3-0 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Mooi River, Potchefstroom (type, Miss

Livingston; Cawston).

Type in coll. Walker.

524 Annals of the South African Museum.

Nearest perhaps to the broader and typical form of capensis, in

which, however, the punctate area is smaller and the dots seldom,

if ever, split into two. Radula formula approximately 11+7+1+7

spill.

var. dubiosa Walker.

Ref. List No. 507.

1912. Ancylus mooiensis, var. dubiosus Walk., Nautilus, xxv,

paz:

1923. Burnupia moorensis dubiosa Walk., Ancylidae 8.A., p. 49,

ph ON oe

Narrower than type, apex more obtuse, little beaked, only very little turned to

right, punctate area smaller, and in the type set, which are somewhat eroded, I

cannot detect any doubling of the dots. The type is 5-25x3 x2 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pienaars Poort, 15 miles east of Pretoria

(type, Connolly); Mooi River, Potchefstroom, and vlei above dam

(Cawston).

Type in coll. Walker.

Burnupia vulcanus Walker.

1923. Burnupia vulcanus Walk., Ancylidae S.A., p. 66, pl. ii, f. 22.

1D)! ie

Shell small, conical, rather depressed, regularly oval, ends equally rounded,

sides about equally curved, left slightly more so, front slope nearly straight, rear

oblique and straight below base of apex, laterals nearly straight, apex about one-

third length from rear, prominent, subacute, erect and only slightly excentrie,

quite blunt at tip with a large apical depression, punctation large for size of shell,

concentric lines fine and regular, radial close, coarse, somewhat irregular; the two

specimens known measure 3 x2 x1-5 and 3x2 x 1-25 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Mooi River, Potchefstroom (Cawston).

Type in coll. Walker.

“The oval, conic shape, striated slopes and large apical depression

remind one of the cone of a volcano, and hence the specific name.”

Burnupia obtusata Walker.

1926. Burnupia obtusata Walk., Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.,

No: 175; poi play Baie" oer

Shell small, rather depressed, broad oval, ends equally rounded, sides regularly

curved, left more than right, front slope only slightly curved, rear nearly straight

and only slightly oblique, right straight and oblique, left slightly convex, apex

about one-fourth length from rear, prominent, excentric, nearly reaching margin,

obtuse, nearly flat at tip, which appears as though obliquely truncate, with well-

defined apical depression, micropunctation rather large, concentric sculpture fine and

regular, radial irregular, rather coarser towards apex. The unique type measures

2°75 x2 x 0:8 mm.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 525

Hab. NATAL. Bishopstowe Road, Pietermaritzburg (type in coll.

Walker).

“Peculiar in its depressed, almost subcircular form and flattened,

truncated tip of the apex”’; differs from vulcanus in shape, position of

apex and smoother surface.

Genus Ferrissia Walker, 1903

(Nautilus, xvii, p. 15).

Type Ancylus rivularis Say

(= Haldemania Cless., 1880, non Tryon, 1862).

Shell small, more or less depressed, usually rather narrow; apex

radially striate, posterior, more or less inclined to the right. Central

tooth of radula with two almost symmetrical mesocones and two very

minute ectocones; laterals differing little from marginals, having

smaller cusps than in Burnupia; outer laterals larger than the inner,

but marginals decreasing again in size.

In some cases half-grown individuals may form, probably during

aestivation, a septum across the posterior half of the base, and when

growth is renewed it occurs around the aperture left in front of this

septum, so that the adult looks as if it had a small shell attached,

somewhat obliquely, to the top of the hinder part of a larger one. The

two South African species at present known sometimes to form this

septum have usually been placed in a separate genus, together with

F. equeefensis Walker, but this would appear to be unjustifiable,

judging from the following account by Watson, which he allows me

to quote:

“Ferrissia appears to be quite distinct from Burnupia, although

Thiele only separates it subgenerically. It is very closely related to

Gundlachia Pfr., and Walker (1924) placed three of the South African

species in the latter genus. The true species of Gundlachia, however,

seem to be confined to Central and South America and the West

Indies, and are distinguished by the smooth apex of the shell and the

great difference in size of the two main cusps of the central tooth of

the radula—features which have not been found in any of the South

African species. Pilsbry and Bequaert (1927) placed in Kincaidilla

Hannibal two of the species that Walker assigned to Gundlachia,

namely F. farquhari and F. equeefensis, although only one of these is

known to form a septum; but Hannibal instituted Kincaidilla for

certain Nearctic species which he said differed from Ferrissia in their

‘narrowly elliptical outline and high strongly inclined apex,’ whereas

526 Annals of the South African Museum.

these two species are of the same form as the other South African

species of Ferrissva, to which they are likely to be more nearly related

than to any of the North American species. It is true that Walker

enlarged the group, which he called Kincaidella, to include all the

species with radially striated apices that were known to form septa,

together with a few others with similar radulae, because he erroneously

supposed that all these species had a type of radula differing from that

of the other species of Ferrissia and agreeing with that of Gundlachia,

of which he regarded Kincardella as a subgenus. But this is the exact

opposite of the truth; Walker was apparently misled by imaccurate

drawings, and his classification of these forms should therefore be

rejected. Moreover, the fact that septate forms with radially striated

apices are found occasionally throughout those regions of the world in

which similar non-septate forms occur, but not elsewhere, supports

the evidence of the radula that they all belong to the same genus;

just as the geographical distribution and radulae of the species of

Gundlachia and Hebetancylus suggest that they also belong to a single

genus. In any case, unless some difference should be revealed when

the other organs are made known, it would be quite impossible to

divide the South African species into those that can sometimes form

a septum and those that cannot, as we do not know which, if any,

of the species cannot become septate in any circumstances.”

I will deal first with those species that are not yet known to form

septa, though it is possible that one or two of them may prove to be

the non-septate forms of the species that do.

Ferrissia burnupt (Walker).

Ref. List No. 510-

1912. Ancylus burnupi Walk., Nautilus, xxv, p. 142. OD.

1923. Ferrissia a » Ancylidae 8.A., p. 67, pl jie

IDI S88

1925. Ferrissia burnupi Walk., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg., xxviii,

De GOO the:

Shell small, depressed, narrow oval, normally bluish white, ends about equally

rounded, sides nearly parallel, hardly convex, front and left slopes slightly convex,

right and rear nearly straight, apex one-fourth or less of length from rear, slightly

to right of median line, obtuse, scarcely projecting and slightly turned to right,

very finely radiately striate from extreme apex, later concentric sculpture regular

but weak, radial almost absent. The type measures 4 x 2:2 x1 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Equeefa (type, Burnup); Sarnia; Avoca, Umhlan-

gana R.; Mayville; Sydenham; Botanical Gardens, Durban;

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 527

Umbilo; South Coast Junction; Malvern; Scottburgh; Pieter-

maritzburg (Cawston).

TRANSVAAL. Six Mile Spruit, Pretoria (Cawston).

Type in coll. Walker.

Radula formula approximately 16+1+16, teeth increasing gradu-

ally in size to about the 7th and then decreasing again towards

margins.

The somewhat depressed shell with blunt, slightly turned apex

affords a basis for comparison between this and the ensuing species.

Ferrissia connollyt (Walker).

Ref. List No. 511.

1912. Ancylus connollys Walk., Nautilus, xxv, p. 143. D.

1923. Ferrissia ,, Piney indae 8 Ava p. 69, plete mose

DF.

Shell small, subconic, oval, pale corneous brown, sides nearly parallel, left

slightly more convex, front and left slopes slightly convex, right and rear nearly

straight, apex abcut one-fifth of length from rear, just to right of median line and

slightly turned to right, obtuse and prominent, radiate for only a short distance

from extreme apex, concentric sculpture weak and rather irregular, radial OL

faintly apparent near margins.

Long. 3-75, lat. 2-2, alt. 1-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Black River, Maitland, near Cape

Town (type, Connolly); Kingwilhamstown Road Dam (Farquhar)

and Slaai Kraal Road, Grahamstown (Kincaid).

NATAL. Umbilo River, Sarnia (Cawston).

Less depressed than burnupi, front slope more convex and apex

more prominent.

Ferrissia cawstont Walker.

(PL ava, f 13—15:)

1923. Ferrissia. cawstont Walk., Ancylidae 8.A., p. 70, pl. ii,

i020, DE.

1932. Ferrissia cawstont Walk., Cawst., 8. Afr. J. Sci., xxix,

paola. 7 NV.

Shell small, subconic, long oval, almost imperceptibly wider anteriorly, pale

greenish blue; ends nearly equally rounded, sides very little curved, front slope

slightly convex, rear straight and oblique from base of apex, right and left nearly

straight, latter a little the more oblique, apex prominent, obtuse, about one-fourth

length from rear, nearly on median line and scarcely turned to right, with strong

rugate micro-radial lines extending from extreme apex across the earliest growth

lines, which are very fine and slightly irregular, rippled by weak radial striolae.

The type measures 4:25 x 2-5 x 1-5 and a larger topotype 5-1 x3 x 1:75 mm,

528 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Mooi River, Potchefstroom (type); Klerks-

dorp; Hex R., Rustenburg; Damar; Mulders Drift; Six Mile Spruit

(Cawston) and Aapies River, Pretoria (Robinson).

BASUTOLAND. Mafeteng (Cawston).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Parys (Cawston).

Type in coll. Walker.

Larger and comparatively more elongate than connollyi, with more

acute and less excentric apex, at base of which the rear slope is

slightly more incurved; micro-apical radu far stronger and more

wrinkled than in burnupv.

Ferrissia lacustris Walker.

1923. Ferrissia lacustris Walk., Ancylidae 8.A., p. 71, pl. i, £. 20.

ID JE.

Shell small, conical, long oval, very pale horn colour, side margins nearly parallel,

little convex, left slightly more so, front slope convex, slightly declined towards

apex, rear short, right nearly straight, left more oblique and slightly convex, apex

about one-fourth of length from rear, slightly to right of median line, a little

turned to right, obtuse, not prominent, radially striate, growth lines fine and regular,

varying in strength.

Long. 4:5, lat. 2-75, alt. 1-75 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Lake Chrissie (Cawston).

Type in coll. Walker.

Longer and a little wider proportionally than connollyi, with less

prominent apex, which is more obtuse and excentric than in burnupi;

said to be proportionally wider than cawstoni, with more obtuse,

less elevated apex, front slope more convex, laterals more oblique.

Ferrissia fontinalis (Walker).

Ref. List No. 513.

1912. Ancylus fontinalis Walk., Nautilus, xxv, p. 144. D.

1923. Ferrissia Pe » Ancylidae 8.A., p. 73, pl.aiy fomeae

D.F.

Shell very small, pale grey, depressed, oval, lateral margins nearly straight, ends

about equally rounded, front slope nearly straight, rear oblique, straight below

base of apex, laterals oblique, nearly straight, slightly splayed toward margins,

apex about one-fourth of length from rear, more or less to right of median line,

rounded, only slightly turned to right, extremely closely rugosely radiate, the

rays gradually fading away on the later, closely and weakly concentrically striate

surface.

Long. 3-25, lat. 1-8, alt. 0-8 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Randjesfontein (type); Pienaars Poort

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 529

(Connolly); Wonderboom (Robinson; A. Porter); Mooi River,

Potchefstroom (Cawston).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Morgendal; Lindley (Connolly).

NATAL. Durban; Bellair; Sydenham; Umgeni Mouth; Prospect

Hall (Cawston).

Type in coll. Walker.

A somewhat unsatisfactory little species, which may possibly

represent the young stage or stunted race of more than one larger

form since it is impossible to decipher the apical sculpture on shells

from several localities, owing to erosion or irremovable incrustation.

Ferrissia natalensis Walker.

1923. Ferrissia natalensis Walk., Ancylidae 8.A., p. 74, pl. i, f. 21.

DF.

Shell pale greenish corneous, small, conical, much depressed, broad oval, slightly

obovate, front and rear margins broadly rounded, left a trifle more curved than

right, front slope nearly straight, rear very slightly concave, laterals straight, left

a little the more oblique, apex about one-fourth length from rear, nearly on median

line, only very slightly turned to right, subacute, with large central depression,

radially striate, concentric sculpture fine and regular, radial fine and irregular.

Long. 4-25, lat. 3, alt. 1-25 mm.

Hab. NATAL. South Coast Junction (type); Botanical Gardens,

Durban (Cawston).

Type in coll. Walker.

Founded on three examples, and said to differ from its fellows in

its depressed and broadly oval shell; a topotype and a young example

from Durban are regularly oval, not obovate.

Ferrissia zambesiensis (Walker).

Ref. List No. 515.

1912. Ancylus zambesiensis Walk., Nautilus, xxv, p. 144. D.

1923. Ferrissia a » sAncylidae §.A;, p. 19s, pple a,

fee DUE.

Shell very small, pale greenish, subdepressed, short oval, ends broadly rounded,

sides about equally curved, front and left slopes slightly convex, rear normally

concave, right straight, apex about one-third of length from rear, on median line,

very blunt, not beaked or perceptibly turned, strongly, closely, subrugosely radiate,

concentric growth lines fine and regular.

Long. 2-25, lat. 1°6, alt. 0-75 mm.

Hab.8. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly).

Type in coll. Walker.

While entirely interdistinct, this and the next species, so much

VOL. XXXIII. 34

530 Annals of the South African Museum.

alike in size and colour, are far smaller than others yet known from

the subcontinent.

Ferrissia victoriensis (Walker).

Ref. List No. 514.

1912. Ancylus victoriensis Walk., Nautilus, xxv, p. 144. D.

1923. Ferrissia Le », Ancylidae 8.A., p. 75, pl. ii, f. 28.

D.F.

Shell very small, pale greenish, subdepressed, elliptical, ends regularly rounded,

right margin practically straight, left nearly so, front and left slopes convex,

right and rear nearly straight, latter short and a little oblique, apex on median

line, a little more than one-fourth length from rear, very blunt, not beaked or

turned, very finely and closely radiate, later growth lines fine and regular.

Long. 2-25, lat. 1-5, alt. 0-75 mm. (The breadth of 1-8 mm. given by Walker in

1923 is a misprint.)

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly).

Type in coll. Walker.

Ferrissta yunodt Conn.

(Text-fig. 46.)

1925. Ferrissia gunodt Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xii, p. 201.

DAK:

Shell small, dark brown, conical, rather depressed, irregularly oval, narrowing

to the rear, fore margin broadly, rear narrowly rounded, right nearly straight,

eG. SOA ie yy Hh ey aM

Trext-Fic. 46.—Ferrissia junodi Conn., Rikatla.

Teeth from radula; x1200.

left much curved, front and left slopes moderately convex, right and rear very

steep and nearly straight, apex less than one-fifth of length from rear, to right

of median line, blunt, inclined to right, with very fine, close and shallow, scarcely

rippled radial striolae, later concentric sculpture strong and regular, radial practi-

cally absent.

Long. 4:1, lat. 2-4, alt. 1-25 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Nwambukoti Pool, Rikatla

(Junod).

Type in British Museum.

Radula formula (18+1+18) x more than 90; central tooth with

2 main cusps, laterals about 8, each with an endocone, a mesocone,

and from 2 to 3 small ectocones, marginals with several small cusps,

the original mesocone the longest; transition from laterals to marginals

gradual and ill defined.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 531

Ferrissia equeefensis (Walker).

Ref. List No. 512.

1912. Ancylus equeefensis Walk., Nautilus, xxv, p. 143. D.

1923. Gundlachia equeefensis Walk., Ancylidae 8.A., p. 79, pl. ii,

pee. DFR.

1932. Kincairdilla (Gundlachia) equeefensis Walk., Cawst., S. Afr.

ieee. coax, p. 613: N.

Shell small, pale corneous, depressed, oval, ends about equally rounded, left

margin only slightly more curved than right, front slope nearly straight except

for slight curve towards apex, right and rear slightly concave, left slightly convex,

apex about one-fourth or less of length from rear, very obtuse, turned to right,

radial striolae shallow but rather coarse, later concentric sculpture fairly strong

and regular, radial apparently lacking.

Long. 3-75, lat. 2-1, alt. 1-0 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Equeefa (type, Burnup).

Type in coll. Walker.

Radula formula approximately 17+1+17, central with 2 sym-

metrical main cusps and 2 minute ectocones, remaining teeth bearing

5 or more minute cusps, which resemble Walker’s figure near the front

of the radula where they are worn, but have the usual pointed form

further back.

Walker transferred this species to Gundlachia because he believed

that the characters of the radula showed that it belonged to that

genus. But the details of these minute radulae are not easy to see,

and Watson informs me that a careful study of specimens in the

Gwatkin collection shows that Walker was mistaken and that the

radula of this species is of the type found in Ferrissia, as briefly

described above, whereas that of “Ancylus” tanganyicensis Smith,

which Walker said was very similar, 1s really of a different type, more

like that found in the genus Burnupia. Thus neither of these species

should be placed in Gundlachia.

Ferrissia farquhari (Walker).

1923. Gundlachia farquhari Walk., Ancylidae S.A., p. 78, pl. ii,

f. 30-32. DF.

Described from the septate form, in which the original shell is placed obliquely to

median line of main shell, extending far beyond its right and a little beyond its hind

margin; it is narrow, long oval, ends equally rounded and sides parallel, all slopes

nearly straight, but sides a little curved towards apex, which is very blunt, situate

well to the rear; front slope passes directly into that of the main shell, which is pale

corneous, irregular oval, rather wider anteriorly, front margin broadly rounded, rear

narrowly so, right nearly straight until curving towards the narrow hind end, left

532 Annals of the South African Museum.

with greatest curve near front; fore slope, including that of septate portion, long,

gentle and continuous, right and left a little oblique, latter slightly more so,

peristome continuous, extending over the septum, aperture of septate portion small,

oblique, forming rather more than a semicircle in front on a nearly straight,

slightly oblique chord in rear.

Main shell: Long. 3-0, lat. 1-5, alt. 1-0 mm.

Septate shell: Long. 1-5, lat. 0-75 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Brack Kloof River, 8 miles from

Grahamstown (Farquhar).

Type in coll. Walker.

Founded on two examples, of which only one was mature.

Ferrissia clifdent nom. nov.

1925. Gundlachia resembling farquhart Walk., Cawst., Trans. R.

SOC. 9. Minicas xa, p. 39. jol ames deme eNiak abr

1925. Gundlachia burnupi Walk., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg.,

Xxvili, p. 365,f.4. AR.

1926. Gundlachia burnupr Walk., Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.,

No. 175, p. 1, pl..i, £. 1-5; pl. ii, £.1-8. D.F.ALR.

Original shell pale corneous, much inclined to right rear and extending fully

half its length beyond margin of main shell, long, narrow, ends evenly rounded,

sides parallel, apex rounded, on right of middle and turned slightly to right,

lateral slopes about equally curved, front slightly convex, passing directly into

that of main shell, which is oval, ends equally rounded, sides little curved, front

slope usually continuous with that of septate portion, but straightening towards

front, laterals oblique, nearly straight, peristome continuous, apex radially striate,

concentric sculpture medium to strong, radial fragmentary, aperture of septate

portion somewhat to right centre of main shell, forming a rather oblique semicircle

in front; underside of septum with strong regular growth lines, conforming to

the oval contour of the margins.

Main shell: Long. 3-0, lat. 2-0, alt. 1-25 mm.

Septate shell: Long. 1-75, lat. 0-75, alt. 0-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Umtwalumi, near Port Shepstone (type); Malvern

(Cawston).

TRANSVAAL. Mooi R., Potchefstroom (Cawston).

Type in Natal Museum.

Radula formula 18+1+18, central symmetrical, with 2 major and

2 minor cusps, innermost laterals with 5, 7th with 6, 9th to 14th with

about 8 cusps; the radula was described and figured by H. B. Baker,

who stated that it had very little in common with that of typical

Gundlachia. It differs little, however, from that of other species of

Ferrissia.

As there is an earlier “‘Ferrissia burnupi”’ I must change the name

of the present form, with the proviso that when more examples come

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 533

to hand, it may prove to be conspecific with one of Walker’s other

species of this genus.

What may perhaps be the non-septate form of this species from

Malvern is pale corneous brown, nearly oval, side margins nearly

straight, diverging slightly forward, ends regularly rounded, front and

side slopes nearly straight, rear straight and very short from base of

apex, which is depressed, oboval, situate about one-fourth of length

from rear, somewhat to right of median line and slightly turned to

right, closely, finely microstriate, growth lines regular, fairly strong,

with practically no radial sculpture.

Long. 3-75, lat. 2-25, alt. 0-75 mm.

Differs from all described species of African Ferrissia in its depressed

apex and very short rear slope.

Subfamily ANCYLINAE.

Shell patelliform, apex turned to the left; animal dextral; radula

with lateral teeth trending backwards on each side; marginals

horizontally disposed, but without cusps.

Genus Ancylus Mill., 1774

(Verm. Hist., ii, p. 199)

(=Ancylus Geofiroy, 1767, non-binomial, Acroloxus Beck, 1837,

and Velletia Gray, 1840).

Type Patella lacustris Lin., designated by Children in 1823.

The shell differs from all other genera of Ancylidae in having the

apex turned to the left; otherwise very like that of Ferrissia.

I omit anatomical details, as it is doubtful whether the species

described below will ultimately prove correctly assigned to this genus.

Ancylus turtoni sp. 0.

(Pl. xvi, f. 16-18.)

1932. Ancylus sp., Turton, Marine Shells of Port Alfred, p.159. LL.

Shell very small, bleached white, moderately elevated, narrow suboval, ends

regularly and about equally rounded, sides straight and parallel, front slope

long, evenly convex, rear concave, extremely short, right more or less convex, a

little more oblique than the left, which is nearly straight, apex about one-eighth

or less of length from rear, nearly on median line, acute, strongly declined and

beaked, nearly overhanging rear margin, distinctly turned to left, apparently without

micropunctate or radial apical sculpture, later concentric fairly strong and regular,

radial almost or entirely absent.

Long. 4-66, lat. 2:0, alt. 1-6 mm.

534 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Alfred (Turton).

Type in Albany Museum.

Nine specimens examined are all in bleached, much weathered

condition, but all agree in showing fairly strong concentric, without a

trace of apical or later radial sculpture, whereas another little shell

from the same locality, in even worse condition, with dextral apex,

shows plainly the strong apical punctation and later radiation of

B. capensis. The smooth apex, therefore, together with its extreme

posterior situation and sinistral, instead of dextral inclination, com-

bine to mark turtona generically distinct from other known African

river limpets; for the present, however, rather than create a new

subgenus until better material may be available, I place it in Ancylus,

sensu lato, on account of the sinistral turn of its apex; it differs from

the European lacustris in the smoothness and posterior position of this

feature.

I have greatest pleasure in naming this remarkable novelty in

honour of its discoverer, in particular recognition of his memorable

work on ‘“‘ The Marine Shells of Port Alfred.”’

SuBcLASS STREPTONEURA.

Shell always present (except in a few marine forms) and usually

operculate. Animal usually dioecious and generally characterised by

the maximum torsion exhibited by the visceral mass and by the

crossed visceral commissure. Pleural ganglia often united to opposite

branch of visceral nerve. Head with only one pair of tentacles; heart

almost always posterior to the gill.

ORDER Pectinibranchia.

Streptoneura with somewhat concentrated nervous system, usually

with nerve collar situate behind buccal bulb. Osphradium single,

independent and often pectinate. Heart with single auricle, not

traversed by rectum; ctenidium, when present, single, usually

monopectinate and attached to mantle throughout its length. Kidney

single, usually opening directly by a slit-shaped aperture; gonad with

separate orifice; male generally with penis.

SUBORDER Taenioglossa.

Radula with normally 3 teeth on each side of the central one.

Stomato-gastric ganglia situate behind buccal mass, united to cerebral

centres by long commissures; salivary ducts, when sufficiently long,

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 535

traversing nerve collar. Oesophagus nearly always devoid of un-

paired gland.

Trizne PLATYPODA.

Habit creeping; foot flattened ventrally; otocysts close to pedal

nerve centre; jaw usually present; intestine long.

For conchological convenience I arrange the families in this group

with those that live on land first, followed by those of aquatic habit,

and the latter more or less in order of size, rather than in their strict

anatomical sequence.

Famity CYCLOPHORIDAE.

Pallial cavity devoid of ctenidium and transformed into a lung;

pedal centres in form of ganglionated cords; otocysts with otocones;

aperture of shell and operculum circular, the latter usually multi-

spiral; sole of foot simple, movement gliding as with pulmonate

snails; tentacles rather long and tapering, with the eyes on short

stalks at their bases; jaw present, radula long and narrow, central

tooth with 3-7 cusps, others with 2-4 cusps each and trending obliquely

backwards on each side. Habit terrestrial.

Genus Maizama Begt., 1889

(Moll. de P Afr. équat., p. 148).

Type M. olivacea Bet.

(=Aferulus Mts., 1897, Natalia G. Aust., 1897, Hiyjabia G. Aust., 1898,

Austrocyclus Ancey, 1898, and Cyclophoropsis Dautz., 1908).

Shell corneous, of moderate size, depressed turbinate, umbilicate,

without definite spiral sculpture, peristome simple; operculum thin,

horny, single, multispiral, more or less concave externally, nucleus

central.

Thiele considers this to be a subgenus of Ostodes Gld., a Polynesian

genus, but related to the Neotropical Poterinae; it differs from the

oriental genus Cyclophorus in its radula, as well as in its thin, simple

peristome. |

Maizama wahlbergi (Bs.).

Ref. List No. 528.

1848. Cyclostoma translucidum Sow., Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 83. N.

1852. Cyclostoma wahlbergi Bs., A.M.N.H., x, p. 271. D.

1854. 5 r. a3. Pir Conch. Cab: p: -d8be plays,

fo 19, DSF.

536 Annals of the South African Museum.

Shell of fair size, depressed turbinate, umbilicate, rather dull, silky, apex rose,

remainder golden buff under a very thin deciduous brown periostracum. Spire

little exserted, apex broadly rounded. Whorls 5, convex, rounded at periphery,

rapidly increasing, first 2} practically smooth, remainder bearing very close, fine,

regular, transverse striae, which are stronger before the periostracum is worn off;

suture well defined. Aperture circular, peristome simple, acute, practically free,

without reflexion, labrum nearly straight and vertical in profile, umbilicus deep

and somewhat funicular.

Operculum corneous amber, thin, transparent, concentric, a little concave, with

about 10 rib-like whorls and simple edge. The shell is usually coated with thick

mud, which is difficult to remove without rubbing off the epidermis; hence most

specimens in collections have lost that feature and are more glossy and brighter

yellow than is characteristic of the species in natural condition.

Benson’s type was little more than half-grown; the shell described above,

from Port St. Johns, measures

Diam. maj. 23:3, min. 19-0; alt. 18-8; apert. alt. 11-5, lat. 11-4 mm.

Hab. NATAL (type, Wahlberg per Stevens); generally in the bush

fringing the coast (Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Power); Port Grosvenor

(Bachmann).

Originals in Cambridge Museum.

Radula about 10 mm. long, with 100 rows of teeth, tricuspid except

for the outermost, which are bicuspid; the admedian teeth have the

outer posterior angles of their bases obliquely elongated.

Without further material and anatomical evidence there is no

purpose in discussing the possible occurrence of this species under

other names in Central Africa.

Genus Chondrocyclus Ancey, 1898

(Bull. Mus. Marseille, i, p. 136).

Type Cyclophorus convexiusculus Pfr.

Shell small, depressed, circular, widely umbilicate, pale corneous,

covered with a deciduous hirsute periostracum; operculum duplex,

formed by an interior base, smooth, glossy and nearly flat, and an

exterior cup- or saucer-shaped portion, usually of from 4 to 6 whorls,

edged by a cord-like rim, which terminates in a fringe, sometimes so

strong as to render it impossible for the operculum to be withdrawn

into the shell.

Chondrocyclus convexiusculus (Pfr.).

Ref. List No. 529.

1855. Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) convexiusculus Pfr., P.Z.S., p.

104. D.

Cyclophorus plicicutis Bs., in litt.

1856. Cyclophorus convexiusculus Pfr., var. minor Bs., A.M.N.H.,

xu, p. 438. D.

1929. Chondrocyclus convexiusculus Pfr. (=var. minor Bs.), Conn.,

Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 238. N.R.

Shell small, depressed, circular, umbilicate, pale corneous, covered with a thick

brown hirsute cuticle. Spire little exserted, each whorl] just rising above the next,

apex acutely mamillate. Whorls 43, convex, regularly increasing, the 2 apical

colourless, smoothly punctate, remainder covered all over, on periostracum, with

strong, slightly curved, transverse costae, developing at the periphery broad

triangular flanges terminating in a hairy spine, the interstices between costae

filled with about 6 fine, close, transverse microscopic striolae; suture impressed.

Aperture nearly circular, peristome simple, continuous and free, labrum receding

but little, umbilicus wide and deep, extending to the summit and exposing all the

whorls. Operculum retractile, nearly flat, duplex, consisting of a polished base

with a few spiral whorls, slightly concave beneath, on which is a smaller, extremely

shallow saucer, with broad, thin nucleus and thickened rim, but usually so coated

by an accretion of sandy mud that no whorls are discernible, while any fringe which

may exist is very weak and quickly wears off.

Diam. maj. 5-2, min. 4:5; alt. 2-6; apert. alt. 1-6, lat. 1-9 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Simonstown (convexiusculus, Macgill-

vray); Table Mountain (var. minor, Layard); widely distributed over

the peninsula.

CAPE PROVINCE. Montagu (Connolly); Riversdale; Palmiet

R. Mountains, 2000 feet; Groot Vaders Bosch, Heidelberg, and prob-

ably Keurbooms R. bush (Barnard); Elim Road, 5 miles south of

Bredasdorp (Rennie).

Type of convexiusculus in British Museum.

I proved in 1929 that Benson’s var. minor is merely the type form

of Pfeiffer’s species, but that alabastris Crvn., which had been con-

sidered a synonym, has some claim to specific rank on account of

its radula; it is, however, nearly impossible to distinguish one from

the other unless the radula and operculum are available, so it is

merely a surmise on my part that Pfeiffer’s represents the western

and Craven’s the eastern race of these nearly allied forms, for which

cause I have removed, tentatively, some of the localities in my

Reference List from the former to the latter.

The radula averages about 87 rows of teeth, with 4 denticles on

the second lateral, although the outer one is extremely small, but in

alabastris there are only 3 on the tooth in question, a point which

distinguishes it from the next two species, as well as from that now

under consideration.

538 Annals of the South African Museum.

Chondrocyclus bathrolophodes Conn.

1929. Chondrocyclus bathrolophodes Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi,

p. 239, pl. xiv, f. 30-34. D.F.R.

The shell comprises 4 whorls and differs from the last species in the nature of its

periostracum, which is sharply keeled at the periphery and bluntly, though prom-

inently so, round the umbilicus, the post-apical whorls sculptured all over with

close, strong, regular, slightly curved transverse costae, which are a little farther

apart on the last whorl and lamellate, instead of spiniferous, on each side of the

suture and round the periphery, and also, to a less degree, on the basal keel.

Aperture circular, peristome continuous, operculum duplex, bearing exteriorly

a deep hollow cone, its apex resting on the rounded base, with 4-5 spiral whorls

with cord-like border, terminating in a lamellar fringe, which is normally reflexed

over the peristome and prevents the operculum being withdrawn into the shell.

Diam. maj. 6-1, min. 4:7; alt. 2:7; apert. diam. 2-25 mm.

One radula examined has 136 rows of teeth. On close examination

extra denticles are found to occur sporadically in all the lines and not

on the rhachidian only, as stated in the original description; the

marginals thus bear sometimes 3 and sometimes 4 denticles on the

main cusp.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Kowie East (type, Kincaid); Port

Alfred (Hewitt).

Type in British Museum.

Chondrocyclus trifimbriatus Conn.

1929. Chondrocyclus trifimbriatus Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p.

241, pl. xiv, f. 35-39. DF.R.

The shell, with 4 whorls, differs from the last two as follows: the strong, close

striae of the periostracum are prolonged into a lamellar fringe just above the

periphery; a second, less conspicuous, at the periphery, and a third round the

umbilicus; last whorl evolute just before the aperture, operculum duplex, exterior

portion concave, forming about 5 spiral whorls with lirate edges, terminating in a

rope-like fringe reflexed over the peristome.

Diam. maj. 4-4, min. 3-8; alt. 2-5; apert. diam. 1-5 mm.

One radula examined has 77 rows of teeth. The denticles on all

the lines are smaller than in other species of the genus; a few extra

denticles occur sporadically.

Hab. NATAL. Bush behind Karkloof Falls (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

The striation is less prominent and operculum less cone-shaped

than in bathrolophodes, while there is an additional fringe above the

periphery.

Chondrocyclus putealis sp.n.

(Pl. xvi, f. 25-27.)

Although several examples, some alive, of this species have been available, none

are sufficiently unweathered to show a perfect periostracum, so that my notes on

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 539

its sculpture are subject to the reservation that the costae may be found more

highly developed into spines or lamellae and form ridges or fringes when better

preserved specimens come to hand.

The 4 very convex whorls are well rounded with scarcely a trace of fringe at the

periphery and none elsewhere; the last whorl descends strongly nearing the

aperture, which is circular and entirely free, but there is practically nothing in the

characters of the shell to distinguish it from part-worn examples of érifimbriatus.

The type measures

Diam. maj. 4:7, min. 4:0; alt. 2-1; apert. ca. 1:6 mm.

The operculum has perpendicular sides like the wall of a well, not widely cupolae-

form as in bathrolophodes and much taller than in trifimbriatus, and this well is less

in diameter than the diaphanous base, and consequently retractile within the

aperture, while its rope-like whorls coil steeply down the sides, leaving a clear

nucleus on the base.

Threeradulae examined resemble that of bathrolophodes rather than of trifimbriatus

in having strong denticles on the laterals and in the more frequent occurrence of

extra denticles on all the lines of teeth; the average number of rows exceeds 100,

as compared with 136 in bathrolophodes and only 77 in trifimbriatus.

Hab. NATAL. Southport (type, Puzey).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Falcon).

Type in British Museum.

Chondrocyclus alabastris (Crvn.).

Ref. List No. 529 (pars).

1880. Cyclotus alabastris Crvn., P.Z.8., p. 619, pl. lvu, f.9. DF.

1929. Chondrocyclus alabastris Crvn., Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi,

Puzos. N.h.

Founded on bleached, smooth, sand-blown examples devoid of periostracum or

operculum; fresh shells from the same neighbourhood are practically indistinguish-

able from convexiusculus, but the exterior saucer of the operculum may be a little

deeper than in the other, with 5 or 6 spiral whorls, and cord-like border, terminat-

ing in a weak, narrow, retractile fringe.

C. alabastris seems to attain greater size than convexiusculus, the type measuring

5-3 mm. in major diameter, while the largest available from Grahamstown is

Diam. maj. 7-6, min. 6-7; alt. 4-0; apert. alt. 2-3, lat. 2-2 mm.

The radula appears to be constant in there being only 3 denticles

on the 2nd tooth instead of 4, as in the three foregoing species; there

are about 86 rows of teeth and extra denticles are of rare occurrence.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. On sand-hills, Cape Récif, Algoa Bay

(type, Craven); Port Klizabeth (Crawford); Grahamstown (Farquhar) ;

Knysna (Mrs Longstaff) and probably Bedford (Farquhar); Katberg

Forest; Port Alfred (Hewitt); Pirie Forest (Godfrey); George

District; Tharfield (Layard).

Type in British Museum.’

As already mentioned it is purely conjectural whether some of the

eastern localities cited above are truly referable to this species.

540 Annals of the South African Museum.

Chondrocyclus isipingoénsis (Stur.).

Ref. List No. 531.

1898. % Cyclotus isipingoénsis Stur., Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xxxv,

Palo) 29:

1898. Cyclophorus minimus M. & P., A.M.N.H., uu, p. 129, pl. vu,

£2 MDE:

1899. Cyclophorus minimus M. & P., A.M.N.H., iv, pl. m, £. 15.

Operculum.

Shell very small, similar in form, colour and texture to convexiusculus, but

entirely different in capillary process. There are 4 whorls, the last descending

steeply nearing the aperture, first 2 smooth and colourless, while the costae on the

remainder do not produce flanges, but 5 spiral lines of simple hairs at regular

intervals, 1 around the periphery and 2 each above and below it. Operculum

nearly flat, retractile, duplex, the shallow exterior saucer having a broad colourless

nucleus and about 3 cord-like whorls, terminating in a thin, solid fringe, which can

be withdrawn into the aperture.

Diam. maj. 3-0, min. 2-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Durban; Isipingo (7sipingoénsis, Penther); Pieter-

maritzburg (minimus) and in bush generally, from the coast to Dargle

and Karkloof (Burnup).

ZULULAND. Eshowe (Burnup); Mfongosi (Jones).

CAPE PROVINCE. Maestrém Forest, Bedford (Farquhar).

Type of isipingoénsis in Vienna, minimus in British Museum.

There is half a whorl less in immature convexiusculus of equal size,

which has, moreover, only the single peripheral row of hairs.

Chondrocyclus exsertus M. & P.

Ref. List No. 530.

1903. Chondrocyclus exsertus M. & P., A.M.N.H., xu, p. 608, pl.

oO 6 dee ok Wd lies LD

Founded on semi-bleached examples, almost void of periostracum, but with

higher spire than other known members of the genus. There are 4} very convex

whorls, the costulation being comparatively close and intermediate striolae conse-

quently very fine; what appears to be an operculum, far within the aperture

and too fragile for extraction, looks very thin, with broad nucleus. The type

measures

Diam. maj. 4:2, min. 3-9; alt. 2-7; apert. 1-5 x 1-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Umkomaas (type); Equeefa; Umbogintwini;

Kelso Junction (Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

cae

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 541

Famity POMATIIDAE

( = Cyclostomatidae).

Shell usually turbinate or ovate, aperture oval or circular;

operculum calcareous, solid, usually paucispiral. Pallial cavity

transformed into a lung, the gill being absent; pedal ganglia con-

centrated; otocysts each with a single otolith; foot-sole divided by

a deep longitudinal groove into two halves which function alternately;

tentacles cylindrical, with eyes on protuberances at their outer bases;

no true jaw; radula with the last tooth on each side very broad and

finely denticulate except on its outer part. Habit terrestrial, but not

closely related to the last family, being probably more nearly allied

to the marine Littorinidae.

Genus Tropidophora Trosch., 1847

(Zeitschr. f. Mal., iv, p. 44).

Type Cyclostoma cuviertana Petit.

Subgenus Ligatella Mts., 1880

(Meeresfauna Mauritius, p. 186)

(= Rochebrunia Bet., 1881).

Type Nerita ligata Mill.

Shell more or less globosely conoid, umbilicate, smooth or with

spiral ridges, which are always present about the umbilicus; peristome

simple, expanded or thickened; operculum paucispiral, usually

coarsely striate, about 5 whorls, nucleus corneous, situate towards

basal end.

For description of radula, etc. see under 7. insularis on p. 547.

A. Shell comparatively smooth and glossy, peripheral area

without spiral ridges.

(i) Peristome simple, or slightly expanded.

Tropidophora ligata (Mill.).

(Pica, £.7k0:)

Ref. List No. 538.

1774. Nerita ligata Mill., Verm., u, p. 181. D.

1925. Tropidophora ligata Mill., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

pati 206. L.

542 Annals of the South African Museum.

1925. Ligatella ligata Mill., Plry., Geog. Geol. Makalla, App. II,

Pp. 20) pl. ma, Ge ye

1927. Tropidophora ligata Miill., Cawst., Observation, p. 16. R.

Shell of good size, turbinate globose, umbilicate, solid, caleareous, nearly smooth,

rather glossy, buff or whitish, rarely orange, usually with a rather broad brown

band around the periphery and frequently a varying number of narrow bands,

rarely coalescent, above it. Spire somewhat exserted, sides regular, apex bluntly

rounded. Whorls 5, convex, rounded at periphery, regularly increasing, proto-

conch, 1} whorls, practically smooth, sculpture on remainder, very weak at first,

consisting of close, fine, regular, straight, nearly vertical striae, and from 3 to 5

strong narrow spiral ridges just below the suture and a number of far weaker ones

between them and extreme base, where there are 4 or 5 more, extremely strong;

suture simple, impressed. Aperture nearly circular, peristome continuous, but,

not free, straight and nearly vertical in profile, slightly thickened and expanded,

white and glossy, umbilicus narrow, but deep.

Operculum calcareous, slightly concave, 5 whorls, sculptured with strong,

feather-like striae of irregular shape.

Alt. 19-7, diam. maj. 16-8, min. 15:2; apert. alt. (intern.) 8-5, lat. 7-8; last whorl

15-4 mm.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA (probable type locality); generally

distributed; Simons Bay; Buffelsfontein, Cape Point, ete.

CAPH PROVINCE. Generally distributed along and near the

coast east of Cape Town.

GRIQUALAND WEST. Bees Hoek, Postmasburg (Mrs. Tredrea).

NATAL. Coast and Midlands generally (Burnup).

ZULULAND. Hluhluwe District (Bell Marley).

TRANSVAAL. Lydenburg; Barberton (fide Sturany); Doornkop,

Belfast (orange var., Hewitt).

LORENZO MARQUES. Zangwe Basin (Cressy); Tette (Peters);

Delagoa Bay (Barnard); Wanetsi River (Bell Marley); Rikatla

(Junod).

Original in Copenhagen Museum.

This species is extremely variable in coloration and ratio of altitude

to diameter, while the spiral sculpture, both basal and subsutural,

varies greatly in strength, though the latter is never nearly as strong

as in the lirate group; some normally high shells from Port Elizabeth

measure 20 x 18 and 17-5 x 15-2, and a low pair from Uisidorn, Natal,

16-6 x18 and 16-8 x 17-1 mm. in height and breadth; the largest I

have seen, from Buffelsfontein, are 22 x 20-2 and 21 x19 mm.

The Zulu shells have a very slightly, but distinctly expanded

peristome; the animals are uniform reddish grey, without banding,

and the bilobed snout remarkably long; they were picked off the

trunks of Mimosa bushes.

Were it not that they have already received varietal names, so

el eee ie , =

Ly =

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 548

greatly beloved by the acquisitive school of collectors, there would

be no object in retaining the two forms which follow, since both occur

in company with typical examples, without any line of demarcation.

var. caffra Rve.

Ref. List No. 538 (pars).

1837. Cyclostoma cafreria Beck, in Cat. Coll. Férussac, p.15. L.

Lou ne caffrum Beck, Rve., Conch. Icon., pl. xi, f. 67.

D.F.

Merely a white form of ligata.

Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (Kcklon); frequent in company

with the banded forms of ligata.

Originals in British Museum.

var. affinis Sow.

Ref. List No. 538 (pars).

1828. Turbo ligatus Wood, Index Test., p. 151, pl. xxx, f.122. F.

1847. Cyclostoma affine (= Turbo ligatus Wood), Sow., Thesaurus,

ipo, pl xxi, £. 25-26. - DP. .

1848. Cyclostoma affine Sow., Pfr., Conch. Cab., p. 62, pl. viii (1847),

ptr -185 DP.

1848. Cyclostoma affine Sow., Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 82. WN.

1852. Cyclostomus ligatus Miill., var. minor (=affine Sow.), Pfr.,

Mon. Pneum., i, p. 222. JN.

Applied to the smaller examples of ligata, Pfeiffer giving the dimen-

slons as: axis 13, diam. 15x12 mm.

Hab. Frequent in company with and grading into the normal

form.

Tropidophora hartvigiana (Pfr.).

(ER ccvin, £: 7.)

Ref. List No._535.

1862. Cyclostomus hartvigianus Pfr., Mal. Blatt., ix, p. 203. D.

1863. pe - » Novit. Conch., ti, p. 225, pl.

bee fol-2. DF.

Perhaps only another colour variety of ligata, usually white but occasionally

banded, and remarkable for the beautiful red or orange hue of its interior, vivid

near the lip and gradually fading inwards. A paratype in British Museum

measures

Alt. 19-0, diam. 15-5; apert. alt. 10-0, lat. 8-5; last whorl 15-0 mm.

544 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. “SOUTH AFRICA” (type, Hartvig).

CAPE PROVINCE. Limestone Quarry, Bredasdorp (Rennie).

Originals in British Museum.

Rennie’s rediscovery of this uncommon form confirms the unusual

apertural coloration stressed in Pfeiffer’s description and suggests that

it is localised in this district of the province, which is that in which

Hartvig carried out most of his collecting.

Tropidophora comburens M. & P.

Ref. List No. 534.

1903. Tropidophora comburens M. & P., A.M.N.H., xii, p. 608,

plo fe

A smooth and rather small form differing from ligata in its contour being narrower

throughout and the narrow umbilicus half concealed by the expansion of the

columellar margin; the circumbasal lirae are very strong. The colour scheme

of the type set consists of a buff ground with a single, rather narrow peripheral dark

red band, on each side of which is a broader one of paler hue, which is apt to become

split into two; 5 convex whorls, two average examples measuring 11 x10 and

13 x11 mm. in height and width respectively.

Hab. ZULULAND. Makowe (type Burnup); Hluhluwe Reserve

(Rump); False Bay (Bell Marley).

Type in British Museum.

Tropidophora foveolata (M. & P.).

(Pisces, £293)

Ref. List No. 534.

1895. Cyclostoma foveolatum M. & P., A.M.N.H., xv, p. 164, pl. xii,

Fa. Do

Differs prominently from others of the group in being pitted, especially on the

last 2 whorls, with fairly regular spiral lines of close, small, punctate dots, which

are as strong between the umbilical sulcae as elsewhere on the surface. There are

5 whorls, sometimes unicoloured, but usually greyish white with 1 or 2 broad

and occasional narrow brown bands. A mature example from Port Alfred with

slightly expanded peristome measures

Alt. 17-8, diam. maj. 16-9, min. 13-3; apert. alt. 9-5, lat. 8-2; last whorl 14-4 mm.

Hab. SOUTH AFRICA (type, fide M. & P.).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port St. John’s (Power); Port Alfred

(Farquhar); Knysna (O’Connor).

Type in British Museum.

Traces of the same pitting are sometimes visible in ligata, but never

to nearly the same extent as always occurs in the present species.

eee

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 545

Tropidophora anceps (Mts.).

1878. Cyclostoma anceps Mts., Monatsh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 288,

plot. 4. DF.

1890. Cyclostoma anceps Mts., Smith, A.M.N.H., vi, p. 148. WN.

1891. _ » itz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin,

pit.’ N-

1895. Cyclostoma anceps Mts., Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxy, p. 63. WN.

1897. = i DORA... tv, p. ant ee

1916. Tropidophora anceps Mts., Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris, xxii,

pp. 161, 259. N.

1918. Tropidophora anceps Mts., Germ., ibid., xxiv, p. 370. WN.

1925. 2 3 » Conn., Trans. R. Soc. §. Africa,

xii, p. 202. N.

Apparently the northern form of ligata, from which it differs typically in larger

size, while the 6 or 7 subsutural spiral sulcae are exceptionally strong, but it is

not always easy to differentiate smaller examples from Miiller’s variable species.

The coloration is unusually constant, a single peripheral brown band on cream

ground, with orange apex, while Germain has described a var. bicincta in which

there is an upper band, sometimes of paler hue. A typical example from Voi,

Kenya Colony, with 6 whorls, measures

Alt. 27, diam. maj. 24-2, min. 20-3; apert. alt. 14-5, lat. 12-2; last whorl 21-6 mm.,

while the Andrada shells, which are quite typical in sculpture and coloration,

measure

Alt. 20-5, diam. maj. 21-0, apert. alt. 12, lat. 11 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Andrada (Vasse).

Type in Berlin Museum.

Described from Taita, Kenya Colony, and recorded from many

localities from Italian Somaliland down to Tanganyika Territory and

the Belgian Congo.

(ii) Peristome white, glossy, expanded, and reflexed.

Tropidophora delmaresi (Bgt.).

1887. Rochebrunia delmaresi Ancey, Bgt., Bull. Soc. Mal. Fr., iv,

p 209. OD.

1889. Rochebrunia delmaresi Ancey, Bgt., Moll. Afr. Equat., p.

146. UN.

1890. Cyclostoma delmaresi Bgt., Smith, A.M.N.H., vi, p. 148. L.,

and note on unidentified species.

1897. Cyclostoma delmarest Ancey, Mts., D.O.A.,-iv, p. 6, pl. u,

ee) NEP.

1914. Otopoma (Rochebrunia) delmarest Ancey, Kob., Conch. Cab.,

peto29 pl eli, £8. DF.

VOL. XXXIII. 35

546 Annals of the South African Museum.

The shell which I ascribe to this species differs from all the foregoing in its

thick, white, glossy, expanded and slightly reflexed peristome. The first 2 whorls

are smooth, 3rd and 4th bearing a few fine, low, regular, spiral lines (7 on 4th whorl),

which are weaker on the last and absent below periphery until the umbilical

region, where are visible 5 strong, white, glossy ridges; transverse sculpture very

fine and close, crossing the spiral. 5 convex whorls, first 4 bright orange, last

bluish white, so thickly covered with weak bands of purple-brown that the ground

colour is hardly visible; peristome continuous, umbilicus very narrow.

Alt. 16-5, diam. maj. 15-3, min. 12-0; apert. alt. 10-0, lat. 8-8; last whorl 9-1 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. East London (Puzey).

Described from Tanganyika Territory, where it has a wide range.

Type ubi?

B. With fairly strong spiral sculpture including peripheral area.

(1) Peristome more or less expanded.

Tropidophora wnsularis (Pir.).

(Pl. xvu, f. 4-5.)

Ref. List No. 536.

1852. Cyclostoma insulare, Pfr., P.Z.8., p. 64. D. |

1922. Tropidophora insulare Pfir., Conn., Proc. Mal. Soc., xv, p.

Me OF

1925. Tropidophora insularis Pfr., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

xi, p. 203, pl. va, £. o-9) At.

Shell of fair size, globose conical, narrowly umbilicate, fairly solid, dull, asperate,

buff, yellow, or rose, with or without a varying number of dark bands that vary

in breadth. Sides straight, apex minutely rounded. Whorls 53, convex, regularly

increasing, first 24 smooth and glossy, remainder sculptured all over with close,

strong spiral ridges of varying prominence, the interstices filled with very close,

slightly oblique transverse costulae; suture deep, subcrenulate. Aperture nearly

circular, peristome slightly expanded, not quite continuous, labrum straight and

only receding a little in profile, umbilicus very narrow but deep. One of the type

set measures |

Alt. 20-0, diam. maj. 17-5, min. 14:0; apert. alt. 11-4, lat. 10-0; last whorl

16-3 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Generally distributed about the coast and midlands.

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones).

TRANSVAAL. Shiluwane District (Junod).

CAPE PROVINCE. Alexandria District (Crawford); Port St.

John’s (Puzey); Pirie (Godfrey); East London (Rattray).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Modder River, near Kimberley (Miss

Wilman).

S. RHODESIA. Mt. Silinda, Melsetta (Miss A. de Klerk).

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 547

LORENZO MARQUES. District north of Macequece (Cressy).

Type in British Museum.

Described from a set in the Cuming collection labelled “ Mauritius,”’

a locality which Pfeiffer amended to “Natal” in his own working

copy of his Monograph. If all the localities attributed to this species

are truly referable thereto, it is indeed a variable one, both in size

and sculpture, but the presence of almost every intermediate grade

forbids me to differentiate the extremes; Rattray’s set from East

London is uniform dark rose, as is one of the type set, while the

pretty all yellow variety sometimes occurs among banded examples;

the apex is usually, but not invariably, orange red. The series from

Port St. John’s (f. 5), typical in form and sculpture, are for the most

part uniform cream with the first 2 or 3 whorls bright rose; while

fully mature, with strongly expanded and slightly reflexed peristome,

they are far below normal size, the figured specimen measuring

mie -Oordiam. miaj..9°-4, min. 7-9; apert. alt. 6-0; lat. 5:2; last

whorl 9-0 mm.

As might be expected from the foregoing remarks, the animal varies;

in Macequece specimens it is buff in colour, with yellow tentacles,

the conspicuous black eyes situate on slight prominences at the outer

bases; muzzle rather long, crossed by transverse grooves, except in

centre of lower surface, where a pair of longitudinal grooves occurs;

sides of animal covered by a fine network of grooves, sole cleft longi-

tudinally, and as the animal moves the two halves are used alternately,

the end of the muzzle being also applied to the ground at frequent

intervals. The radula of a Macequece example is about 6% mm.

long and has 230 rows of teeth; the centrals are usually furnished

with 5 short cusps, though some have 6, one of the small outer cusps

being divided into two; the first laterals have 5 or 6 cusps, second

laterals usually 6 or 7 rather narrower ones, some as many as 8;

marginals much broader, divisible into three portions; an inner

division with 6-9 small cusps or denticles, a middle division with

about 18-20 narrow denticles, like the teeth of a comb, and an outer

more delicate portion, without dentition. In Natal specimens the

animal is paler, the radula is slightly smaller and the denticles on

middle division of marignal teeth rather broader and less numerous,

average number about 11 or 12, which suggests that the Macequece

form may perhaps prove to be a distinct species.

548 Annals of the South African Museum.

Tropidophora sarcodes (Pfr.).

(Pl. xvii, de.)

Ref. List No. 542.

1856. Cyclostoma sarcodes Pfr., P.Z.8., p. 339. D.

The sculpture is of similar pattern to insularis, but far weaker, except in the

umbilical region; ground colour usually buff, with at least one strong peripheral

dark brown band, which usually extends to the outer margin of the white, reflexed

labrum; peristome usually continuous. The type contains 5 whorls and measures

Alt. 18:3, diam. maj. 15-5, min. 12-7; apert. alt. 9-5, lat. 8-4; last whorl 14-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna (Cox; O’Connor); Kwelegha

Mouth (Power); Qolora; Kei R. mouth (Swan).

Type in British Museum.

Described as from Madagascar, but the type pair agrees entirely

with the Knysna race, and probably hails from that locality.

Tropidophora calcarea (Sow.).

CPi esevar, th das)

Ref. List No. 532.

1822. Cyclostoma sulcata Lam., Hist. Nat. An. s. Vert., vi, 2,

p. 144. D.

1847. Cyclostoma calcareum (=sulcata Lam., 1822, non Drap., 1805)

Sow., Thesaurus, 1, p. 118, pl. xxvi,f.113. DF,

1848. Cyclostoma calcareum Sow., Pfr., Conch. Cab., p. 88, pl. x1

(1847), f.11-12. DF.

1925. Tropidophora (Ligatella) calcarea Sow., Conn., Trans. R. Soe.

S. Africa, xii, p. 203. J.

A large species, with extremely strong spiral and very weak transverse sculpture,

there being about 21 coarse sharp ridges countable from within the umbilicus to

the suture on the last whorl, with 6 or 7 weaker ones in the intervals above the

periphery; colour whitish, sometimes with dark peripheral band; peristome

thickly expanded, umbilicus very narrow. The shell figured, from Zanzibar,

contains 5} whorls and measures

Alt. 22:5, diam. maj. 22:3, min. 16-6; apert. alt. 13-0, lat. 11-5; last whorl

18:8 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Kirk; Thomson).

Originals of calcarea in British Museum.

Easily recognisable by its strong spiral costulation, and apparently

confined to the Zanzibar district and a few localities near the east

coast in Tanganyika and Portuguese East Africa.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 549

Tropidophora plurilirata Fulton.

(PY scviiy tS!)

Ref. List No. 541.

1903. Tropidophora plurilirata Fult., J. of Mal., x, p. 103, pl. ix,

ae 9

Differs from rest of group in the extreme fineness and closeness of the spiral

ridges, of which there are usually at least 40 on the last whorl. Buff or white,

usually with a single narrow peripheral brown band, peristome very narrowly

expanded, umbilicus very narrow. A typical example with 5 very convex whorls

measures

Alt. 15-6, diam. maj. 14-1, min. 12-3; apert. alt. 8-4, lat. 7-7; last whorl 13-0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown (type, Miss Leppan;

Farquhar).

NATAL. Pinetown; Pietermaritzburg (Burnup).

ZULULAND. Mfongosi (Jones); Mganduli (J. C. Trow); St.

Lucia; Mkuzi; near Mazimba Hill; Umfolosi Game Reserve (Haas).

Type in British Museum.

Tropidophora lineata (Pfr.).

(Pl. xvu, f. 2.)

Ref. List No. 539.

1852. Cyclostoma lineatum Pfr., P.Z.S., p. 65. D.

1854. ie @ ,, Conch. Cab., p. 350, pl. xlv, f. 3-4.

DF.

Transverse sculpture extremely weak, spiral, at least above periphery, arranged

as in kraussiana in regular fine ridges, alternately weak and strong, about 30 in

all on last whorl, while in the type, on a buff ground, each of these are coloured

pale and bright chestnut respectively into the umbilicus, all showing clearly within

the shell, with a broader zone at periphery; peristome continuous, very slightly

thickened in maturity, umbilicus narrow. The type, with 5 convex whorls, measures

Alt. 15-3, diam. maj. 14-8, min. 12-4; apert. alt. 8-0, lat. 6-9; last whorl 11-5 mm.

Hab. NATAL (coll. Cuming in British Museum).

Type in British Museum.

The type is said to hail from Madagascar, and I cannot quite

match it, or the set ascribed to ‘“‘Natal,’’ with any African shells.

Tropidophora kraussiana (Pir.).

(Pl. xvuni,.f. 1.)

Ref. List No. 537.

1852. Cyclostoma (Tropidophora) kraussianum Pfr., P.Z.S., p. 64.

sf);

550 Annals of the South African Museum.

1925. Tropidophora (Ligatella) kraussiana Pfr., Conn., Trans. R.

Soc. 8. Alrica, xu, p. 206. iV:

1933. Tropidophora kraussiana Pfr., Pilsb. & CkIL, P.Z.8S., p. 365.

Rests on the type alone, wherein Pfeiffer emphasises that the shell is sculptured

with very numerous keel-like raised ridges, which are stronger and smaller alter-

nately, and that the last whorl is distinctly keeled on the periphery. This, how-

ever, is not the case, being simply due to one of the stronger ridges occurring at

this point, suggesting the appearance of a keel. The alternate weak and strong

ridges are as mentioned above the periphery, but somewhat intermittent below it,

there being 7 of each above, but 16 strong and only 8 weak below, as far as can be

counted into the umbilicus, from which the latter are absent, but this alternation

can be found, though to a less extent, in many individuals of insularis. The

body whorl is somewhat flattened and aperture thrown out to the right, with

wider and more open umbilicus than usual, all which features might be attributable

to accidental abnormality, though there is no early fracture in the shell to sub-

stantiate this theory. The semi-bleached type is dirty white with a single faded

peripheral band, contains 5 convex whorls, and measures, allowing a trifle for

broken apex,

Alt. 13-9, diam. maj. 13-7, min. 11-0; apert. alt. 7-1, lat. 6-9; last whorl 10-4 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Cape Natal (type, coll. Cuming); Durban Bluff

(Miss A. Mackie, fide Pilsbry & Cockrell).

TRANSVAAL. Pilgrims Rest (fide Craven).

LORENZO MARQUES. Inhambane (fide Gibbons).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (fide Morelet); Pondoland

(Beyrich) and Port Grosvenor (Bachmann, fide Martens).

- Type in British Museum.

Neither Burnup, Ponsonby-Fane, nor myself have ever been able

to match the type, which appears abnormal, and it is improbable that

any except the first of above records is correct.

Tropidophora nyasana (Smith).

(Plpecvaigeeor2 3)

1899. Pomatias nyasanus Smith, P.Z.8., p. 591, pl. xxxv, f. 5.

D.F. (pessvme).

1906. Ligatella nyassana Smith, Ancey, Bull. Sci. Fr. Belg., xl,

Oe Zoe ae:

1907. Pomatias nyasanus Smith, Melv. & Standen, Man. Memoirs,

hi,.4, p. 4. NCE:

1925. Tropidophora (Ligatella) nyasana Smith, Conn., Trans. R.

Soc. S. Africa, xii, p. 206. LL.

Very near insularis, from which it may possibly differ in the narrow umbilicus

not being overhung by the columellar margin and the spiral ridges being extremely

regular in strength and spacing over the entire surface, about 31 on last whorl of

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 551

type and scarcely, if at all, stronger in umbilicus. Coloration very constant, a

pale buff ground with single peripheral purple band, though rare examples have

two or none. The type contains 5 convex whorls, with minutely thickened

peristome, and measures

Alt. 19-4, diam. maj. 20-3, min. 16-7; apert. alt. 10-8, lat. 9-2; last whorl

16:0 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Mtisherra R. Valley (Cressy);

frontier south of Dedza (Mrs. Connolly).

S. RHODESIA. Mt. Silinda (J. H. Sandground).

Type in British Museum.

Described from Nyasaland and fairly frequent there and in Northern

Rhodesia and recorded by Ancey from the Belgian Congo; Smith’s

figure depicts a more depressed shell than the actual type, though

the colour scheme is correctly portrayed. The series from Mtisherra

R. Valley trend in sculpture towards insularis and I would hesitate

to differentiate nyasana therefrom, were it not that Smith’s species

is published, and recognisable by its coloration when collected

within the limits of its probable distribution, and that its anatomy

may prove it eventually worthy of retaining its status.

(ii) Peristome not expanded, scarcely thickened.

Tropidophora transvaalensis (M. & P.).

(Rl: xvi, £. 6.)

Ref. List No. 543.

1891. Cyclostoma transvaalense M. & P., A.M.N.H., viii, p. 237.

yD.

A small form with 16 or 17 strong but fine spiral ridges on the last whorl and

far finer, closer transverse sculpture than insularis; although unicoloured white,

yellow, orange and roseate examples are known, the colour scheme is nearly

always a single narrow reddish peripheral band on pale buff or orange ground;

peristome usually continuous, umbilicus comparatively less narrow than in most

of group B., and the 6-8 ridges in umbilical region very strong. A topotype

with 4 very convex whorls measures

Alt. 13-3, diam. maj. 13-0, min. 10-1; apert. alt. 6-8, lat. 6-1; last whorl 11-0 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (type, Farquhar; Connolly); Piet-

potgietersrust (Connolly); Letaba Camp, Kriiger Park (Haas).

CAPE PROVINCE. Adelaide (Farquhar).

Apparently the Transvaal form of imsularis, from which it may

differ in generally smaller size and finer transverse sculpture.

552 Annals of the South African Museum.

Tropidophora ochracea (M. & P.).

Ref. List No. 540.

1896. Cyclostoma ochraceum M. & P., A.M.N.H., xviii, p. 318,

pl xvi, ico. DF.

Slightly larger and comparatively flatter than the foregoing, with strong spiral

ridges, the interstices very finely obliquely striate; umbilicus narrow but deep.

The single known example is uniform brownish orange, with 5 convex whorls, and

measures 13-5 x 15 mm. in altitude and diameter. I have not been able to examine

it recently, but conclude from the original description that the peristome is not

expanded.

Hab. SOUTH AFRICA (fide M. & P.).

Type in British Museum.

Famity PILIDAE

(= Ampullariidae).

Shell medium to very large, dextral or sinistral, operculum con-

centric with submedian nucleus near columellar margin. Animal

dextral, head with long tapering tentacles and eyes on stalks at their

outer bases, muzzle terminating in 2 long tapering labial processes,

anterior edge of foot doubled. Epipodial lobes forming left (inhalent)

and right (exhalent) conduits; penis arising from right side of mantle

edge; mantle-cavity containing a monopectinate gill adnate through-

out, divided by a perforated partition attached to mantle and segre-

gating an upper left chamber which functions as a lung. Cerebral

ganglia united by an anterior labial commissure; pedal centres in

form of ganglionated cords; otocysts with many otoconia. Central

tooth of radula more wide than long, laterals with long rhomboidal

body and about 4 cusps of which the 2nd is the largest, marginals

with 2 or rarely 3 cusps. Amphibious forms, living in fresh water.

Genus Pila Réding, 1798

(Mus. Boltenianum, p. 145).

Type Helix ampullacea Lin.

(=Ampullaria Lam., 1799).

Shell large to medium, dextral, globular or ovate, usually umbili-

cate, brown or green, often with darker bands, more visible inside

than outside the shell; weak vertical and often scarcely visible

microspiral sculpture; operculum rigid, with strong calcareous layer

inside.

Only two species are yet known from South Africa, both of which

are fortunately very easily recognisable.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 553

Pila wernei (Phil.).

1851. Ampullaria werner (=rugosa Parr. in litt.) Phil., Conch. Cab.,

people, ft. 4; pl. xvii (1852), f.2. D4.

1910. Ampullaria werner Phil., Sow., Proc. Mal. Soc., ix, p. 62.

1925. Ampullaria werner Phil., Alderson, Studies in Ampullaria,

Peoplexvmt, t: 2, 5,6. DF.

1930. Pila werner Phil., Conn., Ann. §.A. Mus., xxix, p. 319. N.L.

Only references of importance or local interest are given above.

One of the largest African species, narrowly umbilicate, whorls somewhat

gradate, flattened, though not channelled at suture, but the most prominent

distinguishing feature, when present, is that the surface is strongly malleate in

spiral lines of short grooves or large round punctures. The typical coloration

is olive-green or -brown, sometimes yellowing below the suture and towards the

aperture, with a large number of narrow dark bands, which show plainly within

the shell; interior usually dark brown. In all of Alderson’s figures and examined

Ovambo shells the labrum leaves the suture at nearly a right angle before curving

down and round the rather narrow base; it is straight and erect in profile; colu-

mella erect, margin not much expanded. An Ovambo example of average size

with 44 whorls measures

Alt. 57, lat. 53; apert. alt. 48, lat. 27; last whorl 52 mm., Shortridge’s largest

example being 62 x56 mm.

Hab. OVAMBOLAND. Okovango River (Wobhlfahrt); upper

reaches of Omuramba-Omataka River (Shortridge).

Type probably in Santiago Museum.

Described from the Sudan and recorded from Uganda, Zanzibar,

Mozambique, Belgian Congo, Nigeria, Ubangui and Abyssinia.

Pila occidentalis (Mouss.).

Ref. List No. 544.

1887. Ampullaria occidentalis Mouss., J. de C., xxxv, p. 299, pl. xii,

198 DE.

1910. Ampullaria occidentalis Mouss., Sow., Proc. Mal. Soc., ix,

p60, L.

1919. Ampullaria occidentalis Mouss:, Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris,

p. 48. DN.

1925. Ampullaria occidentalis Mouss., Alderson, Studies in Ampul-

tami. 86, pl. xvi, f. 5-7. NL.

1929. Pala occidentalis Mouss., Adens., Ann. Nat. H. Mus. Wien,

pantie p07, pl. xin, f. 5... NS.

1930. Pula occidentalis Mouss., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p. 318.

554 Annals of the South African Museum.

Far smaller than the foregoing, remarkable for its dull, thin texture, semi-

transparent shell and pale green colour, with or without a varying number of

narrow chestnut bands; interior nearly white. A typical example figured by

Alderson with 44 whorls measures

Alt. 40-0, lat. 36-0; apert. alt. 28-0, lat. 19-3; last whorl 35:3 mm.

Hab. OVAMBOLAND. Kunene River (type, Geale; Schintz);

below Erikson Drift (Lebzelter); Ondongua (Barnard).

DAMARALAND. Nuragas (Lightfoot); Okosongoho (Hermann).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Nausche, or Nausib, River;

Okavango marshes; Lake Ngami; Botletle District (Passarge).

Also recorded from Angola.

Type in Zurich Museum.

Genus Lanistes Montf., 1810

(Conch. Syst., ii, p. 122).

Type L. oliviert Montf. (Cyclostoma carinata Oliv.).

Shell sinistral, medium to large, umbilicate; peristome simple;

operculum thin, corneous, its nucleus near inner margin. Animal

dextrally organised.

Subgenus Meladomus Swains., 1840

(Treatise on Malac., p. 340).

Type M. bulimoides Swains. (Ampullaria olivacea Sow.).

Shell ovate to turbinate, rounded at periphery, smooth, solid,

unicoloured dark green or brown, spire more or less exserted, umbilicus

narrow.

Only three members of this genus are known to occur south of the

Zambesi and they remain of average, comparatively small size,

none attaining the enormous dimensions to which they are lable

north of our limits, and which have earned for various races numerous

varietal and doubtfully valid specific names. For the above reason

I refrain from entering into the difficult question of synonymy and

confine references and descriptions to those easily recognisable forms

which actually inhabit South Africa. Some species are peculiarly

liable to extremely strong, coarse rugation of the epidermis in the lines

of growth, especially on the last whorl, both Martens and Germain

having considered such to be of varietal, and even specific importance.

It is, however, purely an individual idiosyncrasy, of occasional

occurrence, usually on somewhat senile specimens, in colonies of

perfectly normal examples, and cannot be regarded as more than a

slight abnormality; I have not noticed its presence on South African

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 555

specimens, but have done so in both ovwm and olivaceus from more

northern latitudes.

Lanistes ovum Trosch.

CES xan, te ley.)

Ref. List No. 547.

1845. Lanistes ovum Peters, Trosch., Arch. f. Naturg.,

pazis. D.

1916. Lanistes ovum Peters (=affinis Smith (cum var. manayarana

Stur.), ellipticus Pfr. (cum var. luapulensis and var. trapeziformis

Furt.), ambiguus and dequerryanus Bet., zambezianus Furt. and var.

elatior Pfr.), Sow., Proc. Mal. Soc., xii, p. 67. Synonymy.

1919. Lanistes ovum Ptrs., Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris, p. 50. OD.

Pa el

1920. i bs 3 »(. Voy. Babault, p. 235.) DYE:

1925. + oo Conm.. “trans. Ro’ See: S$.) Aterca. x11,

p 207. LL.

1927. Lanistes (Meladomus) ovum Ptrs., P. & B., Bull. Amer. Mus.

Nor Ii, p. 196. ..N.

1936. Lanistes (Meladomus) ovum Peters, Haas, Abh. Senckenb.

Ges., No. 431, p. 34. N. Synonymy.

Shell large, ovate, umbilicate, smooth, glossy, olive-green or brown, without

banding, but frequently a narrow line of bright orange immediately below the

suture, columella rosy or bluish white, interior brown. Spire moderately exserted,

apex bluntly rounded. Whorls 43 to 5, convex, rapidly increasing, lst smooth,

remainder bearing close, regular, vertical striae, crossed by fairly close, fine,

regular, interrupted microspiral lines; suture simple. Aperture subovate, labrum

straight and erect in profile, columella slightly concave and inclined to the left,

margin moderately reflexed, little obscuring the narrow umbilicus, round which

there is practically no trace of carination. The example figured, from Lake Pavi,

is of average size and measures

Alt. 41, lat. 35; apert. alt. 25, lat. 20; last whorl 34 mm.

Operculum very thin, concentric striation extremely close and fine.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (type, Peters); Itschongove,

Delagoa Bay (Schenck); LL. Pavi; Inhambane; L. Mhandlen;

Rikatla (Junod); Wanetsi R., Majude Dist. (Bell Marley); Beira

(Cawston); Mtisherra R. Valley (Cressy).

ZULULAND. RB. Pongola (Bell Marley).

TRANSVAAL. ‘“Libonibo” (Lebombo?, Wilms, fide Mts.).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Ngami River (Passarge, fide

Mts.); Maun (Hale Carpenter).

S. RHODESIA. Meno’s Kraal (Penther, fide Sturany).

Type in Berlin Museum.

Distributed over much of tropical Africa; South African examples

556 Annals of the South African Museum.

average about the dimensions given above, but the var. ingens Ancey

from Nyasaland is 88 x 65 mm. in height and breadth.

Although founded on a specimen received from Peters, the original

description is by Troschel, with no allusion as to other authorship,

which must therefore be attributed to him.

The Victoria Falls locality must be expunged from my Reference

List, as it refers to the following species.

Lanistes ellipticus Mts.

(PIS xvi, feel.)

Ref. List No. 545.

1866. Lanistes ellipticus Mts., Novit. Conch., ii, p. 294, pl. Ixx,

f 9-100 Dak.

1886. Lanistes ellipticus Mts. var. trapeziformis Furtado, J. de

CO. scam, palaue

1927. Lanistes (Meladomus) ellipticus Mts., P. & B., Bull. Amer.

Mars NCEE, tsp: 198; pl; sever si 8) Dare

Typically very distinct from ovwm in its upright elliptical form, shouldered

whorls, aperture vertical instead of rather diagonal, and strong angulation around

the umbilicus. Although most of these points are stressed in Martens’ description,

there is little sign of them in his figure, which resembles ovum so closely that the

two species have often been considered conspecific. The paratype figured on

pl. xvii, however, demonstrates clearly the considerable differences between them,

although intermediate forms are found which are difficult to determine. It is

selected as having a perfect apex, contains 4} whorls, and measures

Alt. 48-5, lat. 40-0; apert. alt. 32-0, lat. 25-0; last whorl 44 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (type, Peters); below Tette

(trapeziformis, Capello & Ivens).

S. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly); mouth of Chobe

River (Holub).

Type in Berlin Museum.

Lanistes olivaceus (Sow.).

(ER xvil. £714)

Ref. List No. 548.

1834. Paludina olivacea Sow., Gen. Shells, pt. 41, pl. clxxxiu, f. 3.

Br:

1839. Ampullaria purpurea Jonas, Arch. f. Naturg., v, 1, p. 342,

pli x; tebe

1839. Bulimus tristis Jay, Cat. Shells, p. 121, pl. vu, f.1. NAP.

1840. Meladomus bulimoides Swains., Treat. Malac., p. 340. D.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 557

1866. Lanistes olivaceus Sow., var. procerus Mts., Novit. Conch.., ii,

p- 292, pl. xxi, f. 1-2. D.F.

1916. Lanistes olivaceus Sow. (=purpurea Jonas, tristis Jay, buli-

moides Swains., pyramidalis Let., procerus Mts., nitidissimus and

bloyett Bgt.), Sow., Proc. Mal. Soc., xu, p. 68. Synonymy.

1925. Lanistes olivaceus Sow., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. S. Africa, xii,

p. 208. N.L.

Differs widely from other species in its produced spire with straight regular

sides and acute apex. Colour similar to ovwm, frequently with the same narrow

orange infrasutural line. Whorls 7, convex, but far less so than in ovum, sculpture

as in that species, suture shallow. Aperture vertical, labrum straight in profile,

columella straight and erect, margin scarcely reflexed, but there is practically no

perforation. An average example from Zanzibar measures

Alt. 59, lat. 35; apert. alt. 30, lat. 22; last whorl 43 mm., but the species ranges

in var. procerus up to 93 x71 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters).

Original locality not mentioned; type ubi?

Famity VIVIPARIDAE

(= Paludinidae).

Shell turbinate, corneous, olive-green or -brown, sometimes banded,

peristome simple, operculum thin, corneous, concentric throughout

or with paucispiral nucleus. Tentacles acute, equal in the female,

the right often truncate or recurved in the male, when it serves as a

penis; eyes on low swellings at posterior base of tentacles; there are

2 cervical lobes, the right longer and serving as siphon, foot truncate

in front, rounded behind. Cerebral ganglia united by a labial com-

missure; pedal centres in form of ganglionated cords; otocysts

with many otoconia. Central tooth of radula wide, without basal

denticles, laterals rhomboid, marginals narrow, cusps small. Vivi-

parous; living in fresh water.

Genus Viviparus Montf., 1810

(Conch. Syst., ii, p. 247)

(=Paludina Lam., 1812, Viviparella Raf., 1815, and

Bellamya Jouss., 1886).

Type V. fluviorum Montf. (H. vivipara Lin.).

Shell of moderate size or rather large, ovate or globosely conic;

aperture shortly ovate; peristome straight in profile; operculum

corneous, with nucleus near inner edge.

558 Annals of the South African Museum.

Viviparus sambesiensis Stur.

(Pi axevaik 17s)

Ref. List No. 551.

1898. Vivipara unicolor Oliv., var. sambesiensis Stur., S.A. Moll.,

p.i8by pla, Si=61s ZDer?

1905. Vivipara densestriata Prest., Proc. Mal. Soc., vi, p. 300, f. 2.

DEIR.

Shell comparatively large, acuminate ovate, narrowly umbilicate, smooth to

the eye, rather glossy, olive-green or -brown, interior brown, divided by a narrow

white band from the black peristome. Spire produced, apical angle about 67°,

apex acute. Whorls 6, convex, rapidly increasing, very bluntly angled at periphery

except near aperture, first 1} apparently smooth, remainder sculptured all over

with very fine and close, straight, slightly oblique transverse striae and fine, equally

close, raised spiral lines, some of which bear short, rather distant bristles, which

usually drop off in dry condition, leaving tiny black dots to show their original

position; suture simple, well defined. Aperture suboval, peristome simple,

acute, labrum straight and receding slightly in profile, columella concave, margin

extremely narrowly reflexed, obscuring but little the narrow umbilicus. The shell

described measures

Alt. 27-4, lat. 19-9; apert. alt. 13-9, lat. 11-1; last whorl 21-5 mm., while Sturany

gives dimensions ranging from 27 x 22-5 to 27 x 18-5 mm. in height and breadth.

Operculum thin, corneous, pale brown, nucleus near inner and a little more than

half-way from upper margin, concentric striae very close, fine, and numerous: alt.

11-8, lat. 8-9 mm.

Hab. 8S. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (sambesiensis, Penther;

densestriata, Morrell).

Type of sambesiensis in Vienna, densestriata in British Museum.

Viviparus capillatus Frnfd.

(Rleexvan ke 182)

Ref. List No. 549.

1865. Vivipara capillata Frnid., P.Z.S., p. 659. D.

1919. Mt . ss (=zambesiensis Stur. and dense-

striata Prest.), Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris, p. 52. D.

1920. Vivipara capillata Frnfd., Germ., Voy. Babault, p. 224.

Die ;

1925. Vivipara capillata Frnfd., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

ile \NywlUisn INT

1936. Viviparus (Bellamya) unicolor capillatus Frnfd., Haas, Abh.

Senckenb. Ges., No. 431, p. 38, pl. u, f. 3. FL.

Agrees with the foregoing in all respects, except for being typically smaller,

narrower, and with possibly weaker sculpture. The type measures

Alt. 22-3, lat. 16-1; apert. alt. 11-0, lat. 8-8; last whorl 17-0 mm., apical

angle ca. 67°.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 559

Hab. ZULULAND. Lake Sibayi (Toppin).

S. RHODESIA. Near Victoria Falls (Morrell).

LORENZO MARQUES. Rikatla; L. Pavi; L. Mhandlen (Junod).

Type in British Museum.

Probably conspecific with sambesiensis, while average specimens

agree in form with the Nilotic wnicolor Oliv., which, if actually dis-

tinct, it replaces in the Zambesi basin, and may possibly be separable

by possessing more frequently distinct spiral sculpture, which is

usually almost undecipherable in the northern species.

Viviparus leopoldvillensis (Putz.).

GEE xeva eis)

1898. Paludina leopoldvillensis Putz., Bull. Soc. Mal. Belg., xxxiii,

peecxtis, 1-2. DE.

1909. Viwpara leopoldvillensis Putz., Kob., Conch. Cab., p. 380,

plabexy f 10-11, DF.

1920. Vivipara leopoldvillensis Putz., Germ., Voy. Babault, p. 214. D.

1927. Viviparus leopoldvillensis Putz., Pilsb. & Beq., Bull. Amer.

ins2 NEL tm, p. 207. N.

1930. Viviparus leopoldvillensis Putz., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix,

poly. N.

Shell solid, dull, nearly imperforate, black-brown or -green, attaining much

greater size than sambesiensis, though owing to the apex being eroded, as it was

in the type set, in all examples I have seen, I am unable to give exact dimensions

or number of whorls. Sculpture as in sambesiensis, but spirals extremely strong,

a few spines visible in some specimens; suture somewhat impressed. Aperture

more or less suboval, with frequently a distinct angle at junction of basal margin

with the columella, which is concave, upper margin, though very narrowly reflexed,

practically obscuring the minute rima. A large example measures

Alt. ca. 35-0, lat. 25-2; apert. alt. 17-2, lat. 13-5; last whorl 24-4 mm.

Hab. OVAMBOLAND. Junction of Okovango and Omuramba-

Omataka Rivers (Shortridge).

Type in Tervueren Museum.

Described from Stanley Pool, near Leopoldville, Belgian Congo.

Viviparus passarger Mts.

(Rls -xevart) 1163)

Ref. List No. 550.

1904. Vivipara passarger Mts., Die Kalahari, p. 755, f. 3; p. 757.

oD.

1936. Viviparus (Bellamya) passarger Mts., Haas, Abh. Senckenb.

es No, 431, p. 38, pl.u,f. 2. FL.

560 Annals of the South African Museum.

Founded on a single subfossil example, said to be moderately umbilicate, with

6 hardly convex whorls, the upper shouldered, without sculpture, last with blunt

peripheral angle, which dies out towards the aperture, and another round the

umbilicus; suture fairly deep.

Alt. 32, lat. 24; apert. alt. 17, lat. 13 mm.

Hab. BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Letter Tree, Botletle (sub-

fossil in marly sandstone, Passarge); 8 feet above flood plain of

Linyanti R., near Kabulabula (subfossil, Rogers).

Recorded and figured by Haas from the Okavango District, South

Angola.

Type ubi?

The rediscovery by Rogers of this little-known fossil, in the same

river system and not more than 120 miles from the type locality,

enables me to present a better illustration than the original; it has

5 whorls, strongly biangulate, at shoulder and periphery, until

nearing the aperture, the intermediate whorl area being almost flat;

there are the remains of close, nearly vertical striation on the later

whorls crossed by extremely close, fine spiral grooves; suture well

defined. Aperture quadrate, very narrowly rounded at base, but

this may be abnormal.

Alt. 32, lat. 22; apert. alt. 15-5, lat. 14-0; last whorl 25 mm.

In according full specific rank to the four species yet recorded from

South Africa, I do so with fullest deference to the many high authori-

ties who have, probably with reason, expressed views as to their

synonymy. Thereis no doubt that far too many forms, not varietally

distinct, have been magnified into “species”? from both sides of the

continent, but the opinions so far expressed are so diverse that it

may be advisable for the present to refrain from embarking upon this

very difficult matter.

Famity THIARIDAE.

(= Melaniidae).

Shell usually ovate or turrited; aperture oval; operculum corneous,

paucispiral, at least in young, but sometimes becoming concentric.

Animal with a broad muzzle; tentacles slender, with the eyes at their

outer bases; foot short; no external male organ; pedal ganglia

concentrated; central tooth of radula short, usually without basal

denticles, admedian with the outer angle of the base obliquely

elongated.

Subfamily CLEOPATRINAE.

Shell usually ovate; operculum concentric, with a spiral nucleus;

mantle-edge smooth; otocysts with otoconia; radula very small. An

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 561

African fresh-water group closely related to the Oriental subfamily

Paludominae, in which, however, the mantle-edge is fringed.

Genus Cleopatra Troschel, 1857

(Gebiss der Schnecken, i, p. 100).

Type Cyclostoma bulimoides Oliv.

(=Zanguebaria Fischer, 1881).

Shell small to medium, ovate or turriform, of few whorls. Oper-

culum concave, corneous, mainly concentric but with a small spiral

nucleus of about 14 whorls half-way up near the columellar side.

Radula minute, central tooth with numerous denticles and plain

body, remaining teeth each having about 7-9 denticles.

Cleopatra bulumoides (Oliv.). ;

1804. Cyclostoma bulimoides Oliv., Voy. Emp. Ott., ui, p. 68,

milaswplh xood,f. 6. .D EF.

Although it has not yet been noticed to occur in South Africa, it

is necessary to describe the typical Egyptian form of this species

before turning to the varieties which follow. |

Shell of moderate size, rimate, acuminate ovate, solid, smooth, rather glossy,

green, brown, or buff, with or without a varying number of dark purple bands.

Spire moderately produced, sides straight and regular, apical angle about 56°,

apex very narrowly rounded. Whorls 7, convex, regularly increasing, sculptured

with close, fine vertical striae crossed by nearly as close and fine microspiral

grooves; suture well defined. Aperture ovate, peristome simple, labrum straight

and vertical in profile, columella white, erect, concave, margin more or less narrowly

reflexed over the narrow rima; operculum not much smaller than aperture.

Alt. 16-2, lat. 8-6; apert. alt. 7-4, lat. 3-8; last whorl 10-8 mm.

var. welwitschi Mts.

1868. Paludina bulimoides Oliv., Morel., Voy. Welwitsch, p. 96.

1897. Cleopatra bulumoides Oliv., var. welwitscha Mts., D.O.A., iv,

pellss. D.

1930. Cleopatra bulimoides Oliv., var. welwitschi Mts., Conn., Ann.

See ins., xxix, p. 320; pl. in, f. 32. NF.

The upper whorls are very slightly less convex than in type and increase more

regularly in diameter, so that the 2 penultimate are noticeably smaller than in

Nilotic examples; the rima is practically absent, being almost obliterated by the

narrow reflexion of the columellar margin. The Ovambo specimens are bleached

but agree in form with Angola originals. A large example measures

Alt. 17-4, lat. 9-8; apert. alt. extern. 8-0, lat. 4-3; last whorl 12-2 mm.

VOL. XXXIII. 36

562 Annals of the South African Museum. °

Hab. OVAMBOLAND. Upper reaches of Omuramba-Omataka R.

(Shortridge).

Described from Angola.

Type in Berlin Museum.

var. richardi Germ.

1911. Cleopatra bulimoides Oliv., var. richardi Germ., Docs. Sci.

Miss Malho. is. 0200) laments oy ene

1916. Cleopatra bulimoides Oliv., var. richardi Germ., Docs. Sci.

Miss. Tilho, p. 305, pl. i, f. 3-4. DF.

1930. Cleopatra bulimoides Oliv., var. richardi Germ., Conn., Ann.

S AqiMius., xxax p32) olen ii Ge er

Described as rather a large form with very convex whorls and far narrower

than type, with deep suture, sometimes with 2 spiral keels on the 3rd and 4th

whorls, which gradually disappear, leaving the last smoothly rounded. The

Ovambo series are considerably shorter, but agree so well otherwise with richardi,

even to the peculiar evanescent double carination on the 3rd and 4th whorls, that

they obviously represent a small race of Germain’s variety. An example with

6 convex whorls measures

Alt. 10-9, lat. 4:7; apert. alt. 3-8, lat. 2-4; last whorl 5-8 mm.

Hab. OVAMBOLAND. Upper reaches of Omuramba-Omataka

R. (Shortridge).

Described from Lake Chad and recently recorded from the Kharga

Oasis, Egypt.

Type in Paris Museum.

Cleopatra morrelli Prest.

Ref. List No~553:

1905. Cleopatra morrelli Prest., Proc. Mal. Soc., vi, p. 300, f. 3.

DF.

1925. Cleopatra morrelli Prest., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xi,

(on AOS, Ibe

Differs from bulimoides, which it resembles in size and contour, in having much

flatter whorls; the decoration on a buff ground usually consists of 2 or 3 narrow

bands of purple at and above the periphery and a broader one near the base;

the sculpture of close vertical striae crossed by fine microspiral grooves is very

strong; the base is evenly rounded without contraction and the very narrow

reflexion of the columellar margin leaves a minute rima.

Hab. S. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (type, Morrell).

LORENZO MARQUES. Wanetsi R., Majude Dist. (Bell Marley).

Type in British Museum.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 563

var. costata Prest.

Ref. List No. 553.

1905. Cleopatra morrelli var. costata Prest., Proc. Mal. Soc., vi,

pastas p. 30]. FD.

A much rubbed and weathered individual with all but the last whorl eroded,

which may account for the striation appearing rather stronger than in fresh

examples.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Morrell).

Type in British Museum.

Cleopatra ferruginea (Lea).

Ref. List No. 552 (numbered in error 522),

1850. Melania ferruginea Lea, P.Z.S., p. 182. D.

1925. Cleopatra ferruginea Lea, Conn., Trans. R. Soc. S. Africa,

xii, p. 208. N.

Note.—I do not repeat the synonymy assigned to this species by

various authors and cited in my previous lists, since its limits of

variation and distribution are by no means clearly defined, and as

all South African examples examined by me appear to be fairly typical

of Lea’s species there is no occasion for complicating matters with

references to others described from East Africa, some of which may

be specifically distinct from that now under consideration.

Shell of fair size, turriform, scarcely rimate, solid, smooth, glossy, dark buff

or reddish brown, unicoloured in the type, but usually with a rather broad purple

band round the periphery and sometimes another round the base. Spire produced,

sides straight and regular, apex acute. Whorls about 9 when all present, rounded

at periphery, moderately convex, sculptured with close, slightly curved, nearly

vertical growth lines, cut by close, fine, regular, slightly undulating spiral grooves;

suture well defined. Aperture acuminate ovate, typically evenly rounded and

only very slightly expanded at base, labrum nearly straight and vertical in profile,

columella erect, slightly concave, margin scarcely reflexed but extending across

paries in a white callus, rima nearly non-existent. A well-grown typical example

measures

Alt. 24, lat. 11-5; apert. alt. 10-9, lat. 5-5; last whorl 15-2 mm.

Hab. ZULULAND. Manuan Creek (Anderson); Ototolini District

(Bell Marley).

LORENZO MARQUES. R. Quaqua, near mouth of Zambesi

(Stuhlmann); Itschongove (fide Sturany); L. Mhandlen; L. Schwabe

(Junod).

CAPE PROVINCE. Prieska (Gibbons, fide M. & P.).

Type in British Museum.

564 Annals of the South African Museum.

Described from Zanzibar; a distinguishing feature of the type of

this species is the rounded and regular base, which may perhaps be

of specific value in separating it from others in which the base is *

somewhat prolonged downwards and. contracted, almost forming a

channel; both types of base, however, may be found among indi-

viduals from the same series and it is often difficult to draw a line

between them.

Subfamily THIARINAE.

Shell usually elongate oval or turrited, imperforate, operculum

paucispiral with basocolumellar nucleus; animal with fringed mantle-

edge; otocysts each with a single otolith; radula small and short.

Fresh-water or estuarine forms, usually viviparous.

Genus Thiara Roding, 1798

(Mus. Bolten., ii, p. 109).

Type Heliz amarula Linn.

Ovate shells decorated with a crown of stumps, generally extending

into spicules, around the shoulder of each whorl.

Thiara vouamica (Begt.).

Ref. List Nos. 554, 555.

1780. Helix amarula ‘“Lin.,” Born, Test. Mus. Caes. Vindobone,

pa oul pl: cavabt. 21s ek

1787. Strombus coactus Meusch., Mus. Geversianum, p. 294. D.

(Non-binomial.)

1859. Melania crenularis “‘Desh.,” Mts., Mal. Blatt., vi, p. 216. L.

1877. , thiarella Lam. (=coactus Meusch.), Brot, Conch.

Calbz, 0. 20k spl, xectee sho we) nl

1879. Melania crenularis ‘‘Desh.,’” Mts., Monatsb. Ak. Wiss.

Berlin, p. 733. LL. i

1889. Tiara crenularis Desh., var. vouamica Bet., Moll. Afr. Equat.,

p. 183. DB:

1897. Melania coacta Meusch., Mts., D.O.A., iv, p. 197, pl. vi, f. 36.

D.F.

1915. Tiara coacta Mts., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xi, p. 100. WN.

1921. Melania (Melania) amarula Lin., var. coacta Meusch., Germ.,

Faune Mascareignes, pp. 360, 361. JN.

1925. Tiara coacta Mts., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg., xxvii, p. 365.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 565

1925. Tiara coacta Mts., Cawst., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., xix,

peek 8. F.C

1925. Tiara vouamica Bet. (=coacta Mts.), Conn., Trans. R. Soc.

eS aimea, xm, p. 209. N. :

Shell large, acuminate subovate, imperforate, solid, smooth, moderately glossy,

green or brown. Spire somewhat exserted, sides gradate, apex acute. Whorls

about 9, first 4 or 5 usually deficient, regularly increasing, nearly flat, strongly

shouldered, encircled at the shoulder by a row of low blunt stumps or protuber-

ances which do not prolong into spicules, varying somewhat in distance apart,

the specimen described having 9 round the last and 10 round the penultimate

whorl, sculpture consisting of close vertical growth striae crossed to a varying

extent by far less close spiral costulae of irregular occurrence, being sometimes

present all over every whorl, including the stumps, and more usually only apparent

on the lower portion of the last whorl; suture simple, well defined. Aperture

vertical, long and narrow, interior bluish white, peristome simple, labrum vertical

and hardly curved in profile, base very narrowly rounded, columella short, concave,

curving smoothly into the paries; operculum as in genus.

Alt. ca. 33, lat. 15-5; apert. alt. 17-3, lat. (intern.) 7-0; last whorl 25-0 mm.; oper-

culum 10x4 mm. Another shell of the same set, with about the same length, is

17-2 mm. broad.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Estuary of Komati R.; Rikatla

(Junod). | |

NATAL. Izezela (Sweeney); Umkomaas (Burnup); Amanzintoti

River and lagoon; Amahlongwa R., 2 miles from Scottburgh

(Cawston); Ifafa (Akerman).

As the Natalian examples ascribed to amarula in my Reference

List have since been proved to be vouamica, the former must be

expunged from the local list.

The present species occurs in several localities up the east coast

of the continent as far north as Somaliland; it differs from amarula

in bearing short blunt stumps rather than spines.

Genus Melanoides Oliv., 1804

(Voy. Emp. Ott., iii, p. 69).

Type M. fasciolata Oliv. (Nerita tuberculata Mill.)

(= Melania auctt., non Lam.).

Shell long and slender with both axial and radial sculpture, at least

on the earlier whorls; operculum ovate, paucispiral, nucleus near

basocolumellar margin; all teeth of radula with numerous denticles,

central short and wide, marginals with long bases.

566 Annals of the South African Museum.

Melanoides tuberculata (Miill.).

Ref. List No. 557.

1774. Nerita tuberculata Mill., Verm., 1, p. 191. D.

1859. Melania inhambanica Mts., Mal. Blatt., vi, p. 216, pl. ii,

Pa KO Ne ey DY ae

1919. Melama (Melanoides) tuberculata Miill., Germ., Bull. Mus.

Paris, p: 119.” We

1922. Tiara tuberculata Mill., Cawst.,S. Afr. J. Sci., xviii, p. 397. N.

1925. Melanoides tuberculatus Mill., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg.,

RAVI pPiaOo. el wt.

1925. Melanoides tuberculata Mill., Cawst., Ann. Trop. Med.

Paragit. cam apr 21g), toners

1925. Melanoides tuberculata Miill., Cawst., Trans. R. Soc. S.

Attica, xi. .40, pl aya. de i on.

1925. Melanoides tuberculata Mill., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

<a, ps, 2N0) aVe

1926. Melania (Melanoides) tuberculata Mill., Germ. & Nev.-Lem.,

Ann.. Parasit., iv, p. 302. D.F.

1927. Melanordes tuberculata Mill., Pilsb. & Beq., Bull. Amer. Mus.

NE, lui, p. 256; pl. xxi, ft. Nee:

1928. Melanoides tuberculata Miill., Conn., Atti. Soc. Modena,

pole. poe

1929. Melanoides tuberculata Mill., Faust, Human Helminthology,

Dado. eV.

1930. Melanoides tuberculata Mill., Conn., Ann. §8.A. Mus., xxix,

p. 320. L.

1932. Melanoides tuberculata Mill., Blackie, Mem. London Sch. Trop.

Med., v, p: 34, pli, fd. Nake

1936. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata tuberculata Mill., Haas,

Abh. Senckenb. Ges., No. 431, p. 40. JZ.

Note.—The literature concerning this widely diffused species would

fill folios; the additional references cited above refer to its occurrence

within, or near, the limits of the present work. The synonymy of

Asiatic forms was dealt with in my Reference List.

Shell elongate turriform, imperforate, asperate, dull, solid, corneous buff or

brown, almost unicoloured or with irregular spots or blotches of red, and rarely a

supersutural rufous band. Spire produced, varying greatly in obesity, sides

straight, apex acute. Whorls 10-12, convex, regularly increasing, with strong,

regular, spiral costae below the periphery, encircling the base, the sculpture above

the periphery consisting of close, curved, regular, transverse striae, usually almost

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 567

obscured by a superstructure of close, strong spiral costae and transverse ridges,

which form as a rule at the points of intersection strong tubercles, frequently red

in colour; this transverse superstructure is, however, irregular, both in strength

and occurrence, and is usually very weak or absent, especially on the later whorls,

in South African examples; suture of varying depth. Aperture acuminate ovate,

peristome simple, acute, labrum slightly receding just below the suture, thence

evenly arcuate to base, columella weak, concave, usually merging into a white

callus.

Adult examples may vary in size from 15x5 to 45 x14 and 47x124 mm. in

length and breadth; the generality of Natal specimens do not exceed about 32 x 10

mm., but the largest I have examined from Zangwe Basin is 42 x 14 mm.

The operculum is far smaller than the aperture.

Hab. NATAL. Umgeni Lagoon (Burnup); Prospect Hall and

Illovo; Amahlongwa R., Scottburgh; Amanzintoti Lagoon (Cawston).

ZULULAND EAST (Burnup).

S. RHODESIA. Fungwe Reserve, Mrewa District (Blackie).

LORENZO MARQUES. Inhambane; Tette (Peters); L. Pavi;

Lebombo Marsh, Rikatla (Junod); Zangwe Basin (Cressy).

TRANSVAAL. Komati District (inhambanica, Schenck, fide

Martens); Middelburg (fide Crawford); Kriiger Park (Haas).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Makarrikarri Pan; Lake Ngami;

Botletle District; Mori Mossetla, Ngami River (fossil, Passarge).

DAMARALAND. Namutoni (Barnard).

Described from Coromandel and very widely distributed over

Africa and parts of Asia, south coasts of the Mediterranean, Java,

Borneo, and other islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Melanoides victoriae (Dhrn.).

Ref. List Nos. 556, 558.

1865. Melama victoriae Dhrn., P.Z.8., p. 234. D.

1894. As crawford’ Brot; J. de'C., xlu, p.’ 473, pl. 1x; £. 5.

wT.

1930. Melanoides victoriae Dhrn., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix,

pe o20: L.

Typically smoother than the foregoing, the transverse costulae, especially on

the later whorls, giving place to close fine striolae and the spiral sculpture absent

above the periphery, though the strong basal grooves are always present; similar

sculpture, however, is apparent in many more northern races attributable to

Miiller’s species and may not be of specific value in the South African forms.

M. victoriae in its extreme form is nearly smooth above the periphery of even the

earlier whorls, crawford: usually on the last 2 or 3 of well-grown shells, but some

individuals of the one species coincide with those of the other. A well-grown

example with 9 moderately convex whorls measures

Alt. 29-0, lat. 9-8; apert. alt. 9-5, lat. 4-8; last whorl 15-2 mm., which represents

568 Annals of the South African Museum.

the average proportions of these two smoothish forms, which are far less variable

in contour than most races of tuberculata.

The animal of victoriae is viviparous.

Hab. S$. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (victoriae, Kirk and others).

OVAMBOLAND. Kunene R., near Great Falls (Barnard).

TRANSVAAL. Middelburg (crawfordi, Crawford); Hennops R.

and Crocodile R., Pretoria District (Connolly).

CAPE PROVINCE. Sunday’s River, Port Elizabeth (fide

Crawford!!).

Types in British Museum.

My sole reason for preserving at least one of the two names now

united is because these inland forms are smoother and less tubercu-

late than that which appears to be extending its range westward

along the coast of Natal and is so common in fossil condition about the

Kalahari.

Famity TRUNCATELLIDAE.

Shell small, cylindrical or turreted; snout very long, bilobed;

foot very short; eyes at base of the tapering tentacles; central

tooth of radula somewhat triangular, with a single anterior cusp

and accessory basal denticles; lateral and marginal teeth as in the

next family, to which this one appears to be very closely related.

Genus Truncatella, Risso, 1826

(Hist. nat. Europe meérid., iv, p. 124).

Type T. laevigata Risso (Helix subcylindrica Linn.).

Shell turriform, imperforate, upper whorls almost always wanting,

peristome thickened, continuous; operculum ovate, paucispiral with

sub-basal nucleus, inner surface concave, smooth, corneous, outer

convex, with membranaceous border but a thick opaque semi-cal-

careous deposit on the centre. Animal with a gill, but apparently

amphibious, living on the seashore.

In place of Risso’s name for this genus, some authors have recently

adopted Acmea Hartmann, 1821, as having five years priority, and

have consequently altered the family name to Acmeidae; but the

matter has been referred to the International Commission on Nomen-

clature, and while it is still sub judice it is obviously inadvisable to

depart from Risso’s old established name in the present work.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 569

Truncatella teres Pfr.

Ref. List No. 562.

1856. Truncatella teres Pfr., P.Z.S., p. 336. D.

1921. Sy » 3, Germ., Faune Mascareignes, p. 377. D.

Shell small, imperforate, solid, decollate, asperate to smooth, chestnut-brown

or buff. Spire produced, sides straight and nearly parallel, summit deprived of

apical whorls, obtusely rounded, or with jagged edge where the preceding whorl

has broken off. Whorls remaining ca. 34, summit smooth, sides sculptured with

strong, regular, more or less straight, vertical costae, 11 to 12 visible on face of body

whorl, and usually extending across from suture to suture, but occasionally only

half-way down or almost entirely absent; suture subcrenulate. Aperture subovate,

peristome continuous, slightly thickened, columella short, concave, thickened and

extending across paries. The torso of a Port Elizabeth example measures

Long. 6-7, lat. 2-5; apert. alt. 1-8, last whorl 3-2 mm.

Two detached spires from Rodriguez, consisting of the apical

whorls, are small, narrow, much elongate turriform, 7 minute whorls,

first 2 with very close, fine, regular, straight vertical nblets, remainder

sculptured as in torso; they measure 5:-2x1:-6 mm. The division

between the fine, close riblets of the 2 apical and the coarse costae of

the later whorls is very distinct and worthy of note.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford; Penther;

Farquhar).

Type in British Museum.

First recorded from Mauritius and Australia; also known to me

from the Red Sea, Rodriguez I., and Gazi, Kenya Colony, whence

Preston distributed it under a MS. name in honour of Iredale.

Famity HYDROBIIDAE

(= Paludestrinidae).

Shell small, usually ovate-conic or turreted. Tentacles slender

with the eyes at their outer bases; peni8 some distance behind the

right tentacle and often appendiculated; nervous system somewhat

concentrated; otocysts with single otoliths. Central tooth of radula

with accessory cusps on each side of its broad base; laterals with the

hinder part of base prolonged outwards; marginals multicuspid.

Inhabits fresh or brackish water.

This family now presents a very different aspect from what it did

in my Reference List, where it appeared under the name of Paludes-

trinidae. The genus Paludestrina Orbigny, 1840, a name which now

gives place to Hydrobia Hartmann, 1821, was then supposed to

include three South African species, tristis and alabastrina Morel. and

zwellendamensis Kiist., to which I added later rogers: mihi, on account

570 Annals of the South African Museum.

of its resemblance to tristes. It will be seen, however, that zwellen-

damensis, rogerst, and tristis appear from their radula best placed in

Tomichia, leaving only alabastrina to represent the genus Hydrobia;

but this ill-founded species may well belong to any of two or three

distinct families and certainly does not merit the retention of

Hydrobia in the 8. African list on its account alone. Hartmann’s

genus can be therefore eliminated, but on the other hand Tomichia

is transferred from the Truncatellidae to the present family and

takes in all the above-mentioned forms.

Hugh Watson has recently examined the South African members

of this family, and I am deeply indebted to him for permission to

publish the results in these pages. Not only are the full-page figures

47 and 48 his personal contribution, but he is also responsible for

the arrangement, which I have adopted, of the species and for those

parts of the text that I have placed in inverted commas.

Genus Tomicha Bs., 1851

(A.M.N.H., vii, p. 378).

Type Truncatella ventricosa Rve.

“Shell small, turriform or acuminate-ovate, often decollate;

peristome practically continuous when fully developed, usually

somewhat sinuous when viewed in profile, curving backwards below

the suture and then forwards towards the base. Operculum thin,

corneous, paucispiral, its nucleus near the base towards the left side.

“Animal with an elongated snout; 2 filiform tentacles with blunt

points; eyes on slight swellings at bases of the tentacles; foot short,

ovate; penis large, tapering, without an appendix, arising from the

top of the back of the neck and often coiled into a loose spiral within

the mantle-cavity. Radula formula 2+1+1+1+2; central tooth

with about 2 ectocones on each side of the larger mesocone, and

having 2 or 3 basal denticles on each side, of which the innermost is

usually much the largest; base of central with a thin median con-

tinuation extending under the front of the succeeding tooth; lateral

with about 2 small endocones and about 3 ectocones in addition to the

mesocone; marginals each with 7-13 small denticles and a long base,

so that the teeth of succeeding rows overlap. Inhabiting lakes, pools,

or streams of fresh or brackish water, mainly near the south coast.

‘““Pilsbry and Bequaert have proposed the subfamily Tomichiinae

for this genus, but recent researches suggest that it is nearer the

typical members of the family than they supposed.”

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 571

The known members of this genus can be at present divided into

two natural geographical groups, distinguished by their radulae.

(i) Species from the south and west of the Cape Province.

“Central tooth of radula with the median continuation of the base

broader than long; inner marginals usually with more denticles than

the outer marginals.

“Although the members of this group have been assigned to three

different families, they are in fact so nearly related to one another

that it is difficult to be certain how many of them should be regarded

as even specifically distinct. The more ovate forms seem to be the

most primitive, but probably owing to the way in which their

habitats partially dry up at times there appears to be a tendency

for the shells to become longer and even subscalariform, and more

markedly decollate. This tendency seems to have occurred inde-

pendently in different species or races, sometimes affecting all the

individuals and sometimes only a few of them, and has resulted in a

number of forms with somewhat similar elongated shells, but probably

of different origin. These forms, however, can often be distinguished

by their radulae, and this organ is therefore dealt with more fully

than usual in the present genus. But the radula is also subject to

individual variation, the length of the cusps often varying consider-

ably in different specimens of the same species; and it may even

change its character to some extent during the life of the same indi-

vidual, so that in-some adult specimens of Tomichia the teeth near

one end of the radula may differ from those near the other end much

more than can be due to wear and tear. To solve the problems

presented by these interesting species, the radulae of specimens from

more localities should be examined, the influence of the environment

(salinity, pH, temperature, etc.) on both the radula and the shell

should be studied, and the recent shells compared with their subfossil

ancestors, which in places are so abundant as to form masses of shell

brecchia, such as are found in the Calvinia district and in Little

Namaqualand.”

Tomichia zwellendamensis (Kiist.).

(Text-figs. 47, H; 48, E.)

Ref. List No. 561.

1852-53. Paludina zwellendamensis Krs., Kiist., Conch. Cab., p. 53,

pee t. 19-20. DP.

572 Annals of the South African Museum.

Shell very small, elongate turriform, imperforate, smooth, dull, semitransparent,

corneous buff or reddish brown. Spire elongate, sides straight, apex very narrowly

rounded. Whorls 7-8, not very convex, slowly increasing, first smooth and glossy,

remainder dull, showing traces of very faint irregular growth lines, suture shallow.

Aperture acuminate ovate, peristome simple, labrum as usual in the genus,

columella concave, without marginal reflexion, produced upwards in a thin white

callus. The specimen figured, with 7 whorls, is of average size; one with 8 whorls

measures

Long. 6:75, lat. 2:0; last whorl 3:0 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Lakes and streams in the Zoetendal

Valley (Krauss); Zoetendal Vlei, Bredasdorp District (Barnard).

Type ubi?

““Radula (fig. 48, E) of two specimens from Zoetendal Vlei, with

57-59 rows of teeth. Formula of denticles: 8, 12-13, 6-7, 7 6-7,

12-13, 8. Mesocone of central tooth large and very broad, but

blunt, even where unworn; mesocones of laterals also large.

“The thin slender shell differs from those of the other elongate

members of this group by being imperforate, and by the much

smaller convexity of its lower whorls. In the specimens examined

only the apical whorls tend to be decollate; the colour varies from

reddish brown to pale straw.

‘““When describing this species, Kiister erroneously supposed that

Krauss, who discovered it, had named it in his Siidafrik. Mollusken.”

Tomichia producta Conn.

(Text-figs. 47, D; 48, C and D.)

Ref. List No. 563 (pars).

1912. Tomicha ventricosa Rve., var. brevis Krs., Conn., Ann. 8.A.

Muss, xd, 0.200 ge

1929. Tomichia producta Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 242, pl. xiv,

eo WOLIa

A slender form, but rimate and with much more rounded whorls than the last

species. The shell is thin, pale corneous, and in a slightly immature specimen

which still retains the upper part of the spire there are 10 convex, slowly increasing

whorls, the sculpture, where visible on the last 4, consisting of fairly regular,

rather distant vertical costae; suture deeply impressed. Aperture oblique, oval;

operculum so thin as to be almost gelatinous.

Long. 10-7, lat. 3-0; apert. alt. 2-3, lat. 1-5; last whorl 3-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Eerste River, Cape Flats (type,

Connolly); Salt River Vlei, Bredasdorp; vlei between Hermanus

and Onrust (Rennie).

CAPE PENINSULA. Kommetje Vlei (Barnard).

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 573

Type in British Museum.

““Radula of 2 specimens from Kommetje Vlei, with 63-64 rows of

_#B

teeth (text-fig. 48, D). Formula of denticles: 9-10, 12-13, 7, :

6-7, 12-13, 9-10. The teeth are larger than in most forms; the

mesocone of the central is very broad and large, though pointed;

in the laterals the mesocone is also large, and united at its base not

only with the adjacent endocone, as in other species, but also with

the first ectocone. In a single specimen from Eerste River, the type

locality (text-fig. 48, C), the formula of the denticles is 9, 11, 7, =

7, 11, 9; and except that the central has a small third basal denticle

on each side, the radula differs little from those from Kommetje Vlei.

“The shell is often as much decollated as the forms from Wild

Bird Vlei, Riet Vlei, and Port Elizabeth usually are; and although it

is normally narrower, with a deeper suture, and of a lighter colour,

the specimens from Kommetje tend to grow broader, and to approach

the form from the neighbouring Wild Bird Vlei in the shape of the

shell, notwithstanding their different radula.”’

Tomichia ventricosa (Rve.).

(Text-fig. 49.)

Ref. List No. 563.

1842. Truncatella ventricosa Sow., Rve., Conch. Syst., u, p. 94,

pivelxxxn,i.2. fF.

1848. Truncatella ventricosa Sow. (=capensis Krs. in litt.), Krs.,

eneai- Moll, p. 37, pl..v, £22. DF.

1851. Tomichia ventricosa Sow., Bs., A.M.N.H., vu, p. 37. WN.A.

1857. 5 Trosch., Gebiss der Schnecken, 1, p. 106,

pew t. 15. f.

1885. Hydrobia caledonensis Chaper, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., x, p. 484,

et, £6. DL.

1914. Tomichia ventricosa Rve., Thiele, D. Siidpol. Expn., xvi,

peeno2, 100, £/1, b-c. DPA.

1925. Tomichia ventricosula Sow., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg.,

XXvil, p. 366. AR.

1925. Tomichia ventricosula Sow., Cawst., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,

mesip. 216. NV.

1928. Tomichia ventricosa Rve., Thiele, Zool. Jahrb., lv, p. 360,

feo. RR.

574 Annals of the South African Museum.

Shell small, elongate turriform, rimate, smooth, usually nearly semi-transparent,

moderately glossy, corneous brown or buff. Spire produced; apex, when present,

mamillate. Whorls about 8, convex, first 2 smooth, remainder covered with

close vertical striolae of irregular strength; one or two of the later whorls sometimes

become polyhedral, owing to the presence of one or several extremely obtuse

spiral carinulae, which is not, however, a normal feature, while occasional varices

sometimes occur in the lines of growth; suture simple, often deep. Aperture

ovate, peristome simple, free and continuous, or neither, columella short, erect, con-

cave, upper margin usually narrowly reflexed, forming a narrowrima. Operculum

thin, corneous. The spire is nearly always decollate. Approximate dimensions

for a complete shell with 74 whorls are

Long. 8-3, lat. 3-2; apert. alt. 2-3, lat. 1-7; last whorl 4:3 mm.

Hab. Widely distributed near the south and west coasts of the

Cape Province.

The foregoing is a somewhat composite description of what is

probably a composite species. The forms that have been included

in it resemble one another in being not so long and slender as the two

preceding members of the genus, but more elongate than the re-

maining forms that have been given specific names. Yet in the

other characteristics of their shells, and especially in their radulae,

they differ sufficiently to suggest that at least some of them deserve

specific rank quite as much as most of the Cape forms that are usually

treated as distinct species. Nevertheless, until this difficult genus

has been more fully investigated, it might seem better not to burden

nomenclature with a number of new names, and [ shall therefore do

no more than give brief particulars of those forms of which both the

radula and the shell have now been examined.

It is difficult to be sure exactly which forms the older authors each

referred to as “‘ventricosa,’ or which one should be regarded as the

typical form of the species.

No undoubted type can be discovered. The species appears to

have been originally founded on specimens in the Sowerby collection,

and inquiry from H. C. Fulton has elicited the kind reply that his

late partner, G. B. Sowerby (3), knew nothing of the types of species

described by his two predecessors of the same name; he only surmised

that the specimens had been taken out of stock and put back again

without any separation or indication of the importance of the type

specimens. Reeve gave no locality for the species, and his figure

does not entirely agree with any member of the group that we have

seen. Krauss, from whom Pfeiffer received his specimens, collected

forms of the species both on the Cape Flats and in the Zoetendal

Valley, but apparently mixed them together. Benson therefore, in

1851, was the earliest author to mention a precise locality, as he

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 575

established the genus Tomichia on specimens which he took to be

ventricosa collected by himself at Lakeside, or Muizenberg Vlei, a

broad shallow pond on the direct main road from Cape Town to

Simonstown, probably the first expanse of water in which any

collector would make search when visiting the Cape Peninsula, and

certain of the shells more recently collected by myself in the same

locality are less unlike Reeve’s figure than are any of the others that

have come under notice; I am accordingly regarding these shells as

typical of the species.

One of them, here proposed as neotype (text-fig. 49, below), is

small, narrowly elongate turriform, rimate, smooth and glossy, fairly

solid, translucent, corneous yellowish

brown. Spire produced, decollate,

sides regular. Remaining whorls 4,

convex, gradually increasing, practi-

cally devoid of sculpture; suture

simple, deep. Aperture acuminate

ovate, outer lip vertical, little sinuous

in profile, columella slightly concave,

margin narrowly reflexed upwards

over the narrow rima;_ operculum

very thin and weak. Long. 6:33, 4 nee

. : EXT-FIG. .—Tomichia ventricosa

a ie ne oan 186, (Rve.), Lakeside. Neotype; x 6.

This shell appears to be an elongated specimen of the first of the

following 6 forms, denoted by the Greek letters a to ¢, all of which

have usually been included in 7. ventricosa, although at least some

of them may prove to be distinct species.

a (text-figs. 47, F; 48, F).

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Lakeside (Connolly).

“Radula of three specimens from Lakeside, with 46-67 rows of

teeth (text-fig. 48, F). Formula of denticles: 9-10, 11-13, 6-7,

i By

rather large, that of the central being broad, but pointed, and varying

in length.

“The shell is normally light brown, translucent, and specially

characterised by its relatively smooth and even surface. It is often

decollate. In the shell from which the figured radula was extracted

6-7, 11-13, 9-10. Mesocones of central and lateral teeth

576 Annals of the South African Museum.

EXPLANATION OF TEXT-FIGS. 47 anp 48.

TrExtT-Fic. 47.

Shells of Tomichia ( x 6).

Note.—The small single-line drawings show the normal contour of the outer lip

when fully developed and viewed from the side.

“ventricosa’’ €: Riet Vlei, N.W. of Cape Town.

‘“ventricosa”’ €: Port Elizabeth (profile of outer lip only).

‘““ventricosa’’ 6: Wild Bird Vlei, Noordhoek.

producta Conn.: Eerste River, Cape Flats.

zwellendamensis (Ktist.): Zoetendal Vlei, Bredasdorp District.

. ventricosa (Rve.) a: Lakeside, Cape Flats.

“ventricosa’’ B: Retreat (or Lange) Vlei, Cape Flats.

““ventricosa’’ y: Seekoe Vlei, Cape Flats.

. lirata (Turton): Kuils River, Cape Flats.

. tristis (Morel.): “‘South Africa.”

. rogerst (Conn.): Stinkfontein, Little Namaqualand.

. differens Conn.: Walker Bay.

. cawstoni Conn.: Kokstad, Griqualand East.

. natalensis Conn.: Lower Umkomaas, Natal.

OMB ERA nom oOwb

S ERAS SERAARANA

TExtT-Fic. 48.

Representative teeth from the radulae of different forms of Jomichia ( x 430).

T. “‘ventricosa’’ €: Riet Vlei, N.W. of Cape Town.

T. *ventricosa’’ 6: Wild Bird Vlei, Noordhoek.

. producta Conn.: Eerste River, Cape Flats.

. producta Conn.: Kommetje Vlei, Cape Peninsula.

. zwellendamensis (Kiist.): Zoetendal Vlei, Bredasdorp District.

. ventricosa (Rve.) a: Lakeside, Cape Flats.

. “ventricosa”’ y: Seekoe Vlei, Cape Flats.

. tristis (Morel.): “South Africa.”

. rogersi (Conn.): Stinkfontein, Little Namaqualand.

. differens Conn.: Walker Bay.

. cawstont Conn.: Kokstad, Griqualand East.

. natalensis Conn.: Lower Umkomaas, Natal.

SeAGHOe evo

SRRRRPRSRPRRA

_ B. Watson

, del.

Text-Fic. 47.—Shells of Tomichia.

Neill d: Co. Ltd.

[To face p. 576.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 577

Gte>

TEXxT-FIG. 48.—Radulae of Tomichia.

WMOm, XXXIIT. 37

578 Annals of the South African Museum.

the whorls enlarge rather rapidly, asin that illustrated in text-fig. 47, F,

but some specimens are considerably narrower, as in that shown

in text-fig. 49, and here regarded as typical of the species. The

radula suggests that this form may possibly be ancestral to T. producta,

although the teeth are less specialised.

“Other forms were found in company with this at Lakeside, but

their radulae are as yet unknown.”

B (text-fig. 47, G).

1914. Tomichia ventricosa Rve. (pars), Thiele, D. Siidpol. Expn.,

xvipgo lOO cla. Be

1927. Tomichia ventricosa Rve., Pilsb. & Beq., Bull. Amer. Mus.

Nob hin 225-) ie:

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Lange Vlei, Retreat, Cape Flats

(Connolly; D. Stidpol. Expn.).

“Unfortunately we have not been able to examine the radula of

this form, but according to Pilsbry and Bequaert, who described

that of a specimen from Retreat, it is remarkable in having the

= 8 6. 19. “ee

following formula of the denticles: 12, 6, 8, ;

formula, however, is so unlike that of any other species of the genus

that, assuming it is correct, it seems possible that the radula examined

may have been somewhat abnormal.

“The shell has all the characters of a true Tomichia; it is larger

and more coarsely sculptured than the last form from Lakeside,

with a rather long, tapering spire and somewhat flattened whorls.

The upper post-embryonic whorls are usually dark red, in contrast

to the later, which are pale buff. Only the apical whorls tend to be

decollate.”’

y (text-figs. 47, H; 48, G).

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Seekoe Vlei (Connolly) and Strand-

fontein, Cape Flats (Rogers).

‘““Radula of three specimens from Seekoe Vlei, with nearly 80 rows

of teeth. Formula of denticles: 8-10, 10-12, 6-7, 5-6,

2-3 2-3

10-13, 8-10. Teeth rather small; central relatively short; meso-

cones of central and lateral teeth smaller than in most species of

this group. In two of the specimens examined the teeth towards

the hinder end of the radula were somewhat smaller than those

towards the front end, a very unusual feature.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 579

“The shell resembles that of the last form in :general shape and

colour, but is thicker and smaller, the last whorl usually more

rounded, and the outer lip more sinuous in profile when fully de-

veloped. Specimens from a peaty bed near high-water mark at

Strandfontein are slightly larger than those from Seekoe Vlei, and

in them the transition from the flattened whorls of most of the spire

to the rounded last whorl is usually abrupt and marked by a varix,

probably indicating a change in environmental conditions.”

6 (text-figs. 47, C; 48, B).

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Wild Bird Vlei, Noordhoek (Barnard),

“Radula of specimens from Wild Bird Vlei, with about 80 rows

3 5-7

of teeth. Formula of denticles: 9-10, 11-13, 7, aanl 6-7, 10-13,

9-10. The central tooth is shorter than usual; the mesocones of

the central and laterals are relatively small, and the basal denticles

of the central do not differ from one another in size to nearly the

usual extent, the first denticle being only very slightly larger than

the second—a feature found in all the five specimens examined, and

in none of the other forms of Tomichia from the Cape.

“The shell is chestnut-brown, rather thin, with rounded whorls,

a deep suture, and a decollate spire. It thus differs considerably

from the last two forms, but is intermediate in character between

the Riet Vlei form and the less attenuated specimens of 7’. producta,

and might have been thought to provide a link between these two

forms, were it not that it differs so widely in its radula from both

of them.” |

e (text-fig. 47, B (profile of outer lip only)).

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (Crawford; Farquhar).

‘““Radula of two specimens from Port Elizabeth, with 81-85 rows

p , 6, 8-9, 7. In addition

of teeth. Formula of denticles: 7, 8-9, 6, 5

to having fewer and coarser denticles than usual on both the inner

and outer marginals, this form differs from the other members of

the genus in that the mesocones of the central, and to a less extent

of the laterals, point obliquely upwards instead of more directly

backwards.

“The shell is not unlike the following form from Riet Vlei, but

differs from it in being more strongly striate, in the last whorl and

580 Annals of the South African Museum.

aperture being usually more rounded, and in the outer lip, when

fully developed, being more sinuous when viewed in profile; it is

usually rather strongly decollate.

“A broader, more ventricose form, with a less sinuous outer lip,

occurs at Strandfontein, Cape Flats, but its radula is unknown.”

C (text-figs. 47, A; 48, A).

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Riet Vlei, near Milnerton, north of

Cape Town (Connolly).

‘““Radula of 6 specimens from Riet Vlei, with about 40-63 rows of

teeth. Formula of denticles: 8-9, 10-11, 5-6, -- 3 5-6, 10-11,

8-9. Mesocones of central and lateral teeth rather long and pointed;

first basal denticles of the central very much larger than the small

and narrow outer denticles.

“Notwithstanding the difference in the radula, both in respect of

the character of the teeth and the smaller number of rows, this form

somewhat resembles the two last in its shell; but it usually differs

from that found in Wild Bird Vlei in that the whorls expand rather

more rapidly and the suture is seldom as deep, while its differences

from the Port Elizabeth form have been mentioned above. From

elongate specimens of ventricosa from Lakeside the shell of this form

usually differs in being of a deeper colour, in the sculpture being

slightly coarser and more irregular, in the lower part of the inner

lip curving out more to the left, and in the whorls of the spire

enlarging less rapidly. It also often grows to a somewhat larger size,

and is frequently varicose. Adult specimens are usually strongly

decollate.

“This is not improbably one of the commonest and most widely

distributed of the forms to which the name ventricosa (Rve.) has

usually been applied. Specimens recently collected near the mouth

of the Jackals River, on the west coast between Graafwater and

Lambert’s Bay, probably belong to a narrow variety of this form;

but whether this is also true of the rather slender shells that Chaper

named Hydrobia caledonensis is still uncertain.” These were found

in a half-dried pool of water several metres long, not far from Caledon

on the road from Swellendam, and were considered by Ancey to be

identical with 7. ventricosa.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 581

Tomichia lirata (Turton).

(Text-fig. 47, J, and pl. xv, f. 32-33.)

Ref. List No. 563.

The shell figured, from Kuils River, is small, short turriform, narrowly rimate,

smooth, dull, translucent, corneous brown. Spire produced, sides straight, apex

very narrowly rounded. Whorls remaining 44 (out of 53), little convex, gradually

increasing, bearing after the apical extremely weak, nearly straight, vertical

microscopic striolae; suture shallow. Aperture acuminate ovate, peristome

simple, outer lip in profile as in genus, but straighter than usual, columella concave,

margin prolonged across paries in a white callus.

Long. 5-9, lat. 2-8; apert. alt. 2-2, lat. 1-4; last whorl 3-6 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Alfred (type, Turton); Walmer,

near Port Elizabeth (Crawford); Kuils River (Barnard) and Seekoe

Vlei, Cape Flats (Connolly).

Type in University Museum, Oxford.

The unique type is a bleached, beach-rolled shell, which derived

its name from the presence on the last 2 whorls of 5 spiral chords,

nearly obliterated by weathering, such as are by no means unusual

in the genus. |

‘Radula of 8 specimens from Kuils River, with about 60-75 rows

2-3 2-3

10-11, 8-9. The teeth are intermediate in form between those of

ventricosa (text-fig. 48, F) and the Seekoe Vlei form (text-fig. 48, G),

those towards the front of the radula being usually nearer the latter

type, while in the hinder rows of the specimens examined the teeth

of teeth. Formula of denticles: 8-9, 10-11, 6-7, 6-7,

were rather larger, with broader mesocones in the centrals, thus

somewhat approaching the type found in the former species. This

difference was apparent even in adult specimens, though it may not

be always present.

“Fully grown shells, with thickened peristomes, are usually

decollate, but in the majority of specimens examined the lip was

thin and the apex entire, although the animals were sexually mature.

As a rule the spire is shorter than in the preceding forms and the

whorls are not so much rounded, but some specimens are more

elongated, with a deeper suture, although they have similar radulae

to the others. This variation in the form of the shell is not sexual,

as nearly all the specimens examined proved to be male, whether

the shells were broad or narrow.

“This species clearly belongs to the typical group of Tomichia

and is far removed from Assiminea, in which it was originally

582 Annals of the South African Museum.

placed; it is probably the form that Krauss named T. ventricosa

var. brevis, judging from his figures and brief description, but no

specimens so named by him have been traced.”

Tomichia tristis (Morel.).

(Text-figs. 47, K; 48, H.)

Ref. List No. 560.

1889. Hydrobia tristis Morel., J. de C., xxxvu, p. 18, pl. u, f. 4.

D.F.

Shell small, rather narrowly rimate, moderately solid, smooth, glossy, bright

corneous brown. Spire moderately produced, sides straight, apex very narrowly

rounded. Whorls 6, moderately convex, regularly increasing, first smooth,

remainder bearing very weak, nearly straight and vertical growth striolae; suture

simple, well defined. Aperture acuminate oval, peristome simple, almost con-

tinuous, columella concave, inclined to the right, upper margin scarcely reflexed;

operculum as in genus. The type, a slightly over-slimmed example, measures

Long. 6-0, lat. 2:7; last whorl 3-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (type, Crawford).

Type in British Museum.

‘“Radula of a specimen closely resembling the type, with about

56 rows of teeth (text-fig. 48, H). Formula of denticles: 9, 9-10, 6,

5 6, 9-10, 9, the number of denticles of the inner and outer

marginal teeth being more nearly equal than in any of the preceding

forms. The mesocone of the central is rather narrow. The shell

is rather like that of the last species, but can be distinguished from

it by its rounder whorls and aperture, and in its surface being usually

more glossy; it is not often decollate.”’

Tomichia rogers: (Conn.).

(Text-figs. 47, L; 48, J.)

1929. Hydrobia rogerst Conn., Ann. Natal Mus., vi, p. 242, pl. xiv,

1 I BN hed

Shell small, acuminate, hardly subrimate, rather dull, translucent, rather dark

brown. Spire somewhat produced, sides regular, apex subacute. Whorls 6,

regularly increasing, 2nd, 3rd and 4th convex, later less so, whole surface typically

malleate and the last 4 or 44 whorls sculptured with coarse, rather distant vertical

costulae, interspersed with fine microscopic parallel striolae; suture simple,

canaliculate. Aperture acuminate ovate, labrum vertical and nearly straight in

profile; columella weak, concave, margin extremely narrowly reflexed, scarcely

forming a rima, and prolonged across paries in a callus, sometimes so thick as to

render the peristome almost continuous; operculum very thin, paucispiral.

Long. 6-1, lat. 3-1; apert. alt. 2-0, lat. 1-3; last whorl 3-9 mm.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 583

Hab. LITTLE NAMAQUALAND. Stinkfontein (type, Rogers);

Lekkersing (Lawrence).

Type in South African Museum.

The shell is larger and comparatively more slender than the fore-

going, with more rapidly increasing whorls. ‘‘ Radula of specimens

from Stinkfontein with about 65 rows of teeth (text-fig. 48, J).

Formula of denticles: 10-11, 11-12, 6-7, _ 6-7, 11-13, 10-11.

The teeth are slightly larger than usual, the marginals attaining a

length of -08 mm., which is longer than that of any other species

examined, although the shells yielding these radulae were only

about 6 mm. in height.

“The shell is characterised by the oval contour of the whorls,

the strong vertical striae, although the shell is not thick, and the

dull brown colour, contrasting with the brighter reddish brown of

most of the allied species. The spire is seldom decollate to any

great extent.

‘““A form intermediate between this species and T. lirata in some

features of the shell and radula, but attaining a larger size than

either, has recently been found plentifully near the mouth of the

Jackals River, between Graafwater and Lamberts Bay, in the same

locality as the slender, decollate, glossy form mentioned under

‘ventricosa, C,’ but quite distinct from it.”

Tomichia differens sp. 0.

(Text-figs. 47, M; 48, K.)

Shell very small, scarcely rimate, acuminate ovate, smooth and glossy, fairly

solid, corneous brown. Spire somewhat produced, sides straight and regular,

apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 5, little convex, regularly increasing, first

2 smooth, remainder sculptured with rather strong, straight, somewhat oblique

microscopic striolae; suture simple, shallow. Aperture acuminate ovate, outer

lip straight and somewhat oblique in profile, columella concave, margin practically

simple, rimation practically none.

Long. 4-4, lat. 2-6; last whorl 2-6 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Freshwater stream flowing out of

limestone cave “Die Kelders” on coast of Walker Bay, about

10 miles south of Stanford (type); Kuils River, Cape Flats (Barnard).

Type in South African Museum.

“Radula of three specimens from Walker Bay, with about 70 rows

y pls Deel Ties,

of teeth. Formula of denticles: 8—9, 9-10, 7, :

584 Annals of the South African Museum.

young specimen from Kuils River with 60 rows of teeth the formula

ifsperoygne Oe > 7, 10, 8, but usually this form seems to resemble

tristes in that the inner and outer marginal teeth show little difference

in the number of their denticles. The mesocone of the central is

large and broad, though its length varies in different specimens.

“The small, rather compact shell has the outer lip oblique and

straight in profile, even when fully developed, whereas in all the

other species of Tomichia it is approximately vertical and more or

less curved. The rather short spire is not decollate in any of the

specimens examined; most of the shells are translucent corneous

brown, but among 30 from Walker Bay one shell in good condition

is white.”

Tomichia ? alabastrina (Morel.).

(Text-fig. 50.)

Ref. List No. 559.

1889. Hydrobia alabastrina Morel., J. de C., xxxvu, p. 19, pl. u,

eee eae

Shell very small, acuminate ovate, rimate, type white and beach-rolled smooth.

Sides of spire regular, apex subacute. Whorls 6, little convex, remains of sculpture

showing a few faint vertical growth striolae; suture well defined. Aperture

acuminate ovate, peristome simple, columella short, concave, margin scarcely

reflexed, leaving a narrow rima; operculum unknown.

Long. 3-8, lat. 2:7; last whorl 2-4 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (type, Crawford).

Drift sand, Seekoe Vlei (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

Morelet remarks that this species varies in degree of perforation

Text-Fia. 50.—Tomichia alabastrina (Morel.).

Type set in British Museum; x7. Type on left.

and length of spire, irrespective of number of whorls, but remains

constant in smoothness, relative solidity of shell and glossy white

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 585

colour. The variability he stresses is realisable on a casual glance at

his type set of three specimens figured above, each of which possibly

represents an entirely distinct species, but fortunately there is no

doubt as to the largest being his actual type, and in default of fuller

acquaintance with this ill-determined species it may be as well to

leave it as a very doubtful member of the genus under present notice.

““(i1) Species from Natal and East Griqualand.

“Central tooth of radula with the median continuation of the base

longer than broad; inner marginals usually with fewer denticles than

the outer marginals. The shell is dull, rather thick, and more

compact than in most members of the first group, with a markedly

sinuous outer lip.

“Tn contrast to the preceding, this group is at present only known

to contain two very distinct and well-defined species.”

Tomichia cawstoni sp. un.

-(Text-figs. 47, N; 48, L.)

Shell very small, acuminate ovate, imperforate, rather solid, smooth, dull,

translucent. Spire produced, sides straight, apex, when present, acute. Whorls

6, nearly flat, regularly increasing, not angled at periphery, sculpture consisting

of extremely faint, practically straight and vertical growth striolae; suture very

shallow. Aperture acuminate subovate, outer margin more convex than inner,

peristome simple. continuous, outer lip curving forward towards base, columella

glossy, slightly concave, inclined inwards and extending across paries in a thick

eallus. Operculum thin, corneous, paucispiral, nucleus near left lower margin.

Long. 4:0, lat. 2-3; apert. alt. 1-6, lat. 1-2; last whorl 2-8 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Kokstad (Cawston).

Type in British Museum.

“Radula with about 65-75 rows of teeth (text-fig. 48, L). Formula

of denticles: 10-11, 7-8, 6-7, = 6-7, 7-8, 10-11. Mesocones of

central and lateral teeth rather small and blunt; denticles of inner

marginal relatively fewer, and continuation of base of central longer

and narrower than in any of the preceding species.

“The shell can be easily recognised by its flattened whorls and

_very shallow suture; the spire is usually eroded and decollate. Most

of the shells are dull yellowish green, but a few appear to be un-

pigmented, of a pale grey colour.”

586 Annals of the South African Museum.

Tomichia natalensis sp. n.

(Text-figs. 47, O; 48, M.)

Ref. List No. 560 (pars).

1927. Paludestrina tristis Morel., Pilsb. & Beq., Bull. Amer. Mus.

INGE dnp 2220) Nae

Shell small, conic ovate, scarcely rimate, dull, smooth, translucent, corneous

yellow-brown. Spire produced, sides straight, apex narrowly rounded. Whorls

6, little convex, regularly increasing, first 2 smooth and glossy, remainder showing,

under a lens, extremely faint, nearly straight vertical striolae; suture moderate.

Aperture acuminate oval, peristome simple, outer lip sinuous, columella concave,

inclined upwards to right, margin practically adnate, prolonged across paries in

a thin white callus.

Long. 5-55, lat. 2:75; apert. alt. 1-85, lat. 1-5; last whorl 3:35 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Lower Umkomaas (type) and Winkel Spruit

(Burnup).

Type in British Museum.

‘““Radula of specimens from Lr. Umkomaas with between 60

and 80 rows of teeth (text-fig. 48, M). Formula of denticles: 8-10,

8-9, 6, a 6, 8-9, 8-10. Mesocones of central and lateral teeth

relatively small and narrow; basal denticles of central arranged in

an oblique row on each side, the small outermost denticles being the

farthest back. In this last feature the radula of the present species

differs from those of all other members of the genus, but in the form

of the basal plate of the central tooth, and in all other important

characters, it agrees sufficiently closely with that of the last species

to suggest that these two forms are rather nearly related.

“The shell can be distinguished from that of cawstoni by its more

rounded whorls, deeper sutures, buff colour, and larger size. Its

colour and dull surface, the somewhat shouldered form of the last

whorl, and the more sinuous outer lip separate it from tristis, a species

with which it has hitherto been confused, though it is not even

closely related to it. The spire is seldom much decollated. Under

the microscope the surface of well-preserved specimens is seen to be

covered with very fine and close spiral striae.”

Famity ASSIMINEIDAE.

Shell usually ovate with somewhat flattened whorls, rarely exceed-

ing 10 mm. in length; operculum corneous, paucispiral. Snout and

foot short, sole undivided, eyes at or near ends of tentacles; mantle

A Monographic. Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 587

cavity without gill, with osphradium on its left side; cerebral ganglia

connected by a short, broad commissure, pedal ganglia with strong

anterior and weaker posterior commissure; otocysts always con-

taining a fairly small otolith. Penis arising from top of neck. Jaw

rudimentary; radula fairly long, central tooth somewhat quadrate,

admedian with an accessory plate on the outer side of its base, outer

marginal rather broad, multicuspid. Habit amphibious and usually

found in brackish water.

Genus Assiminea Fleming, 1828

(Hist. Brit. Anim., p. 275).

Type A. grayana Fleming.

Central tooth typically with basal cusps, inner marginals with large

cusps, outer marginals broad with numerous small cusps, but in all

South African species yet examined there are no basal cusps or

denticulations on sides of central teeth. Operculum corneous, pauci-

spiral, nucleus basal.

With two exceptions, all South African forms of this genus are uni-

coloured, ovate, much the same size and contour and hence extremely

difficult to differentiate. As bifasciata is not only the commonest,

but most easily recognisable by reason of its coloured bands, it is

obviously convenient to place it first on the list and endeavour to

explain by what features it may be possible to identify those which

follow.

Assiminea bifasciata G. Nevill.

(Text-figs. 51, A; 52.)

Ref. List No. 564.

1880. Assiminia bifasciata Nev., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xlix, 2,

pe 162. Dd.

1925. Assiminea bifasciata Nev., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

mp 210. NR.

1932. Assiminea bifasciata Nev., Turton, Marine Shells of Port

mitted, p. 153. NV. :

Shell of average size, imperforate, conic ovate, solid, rather dull, smooth, buff

with two rather indistinct dull chestnut bands, one below the suture and one round

the periphery, and basal area usually the same colour. Spire moderately produced,

sides straight, apex acute. Whorls 7, regularly increasing, nearly flat, rounded

or most inconspicuously angulate at periphery, practically sculptureless, the close

weak growth lines hardly visible except under a microscope; suture shallow.

Aperture acuminate ovate, peristome simple, acute, labrum straight and nearly

BSS) xi Annals of the South African Museum. —

vertical in profile, columella erect, concave, slightly thickened upward but not

reflexed. Operculum as in genus.

Alt. 6-0, lat. 3-4; apert. alt. 2-8, lat. 1-4; last whorl 4-0 mm.

66 om

Trext-ric. 51.

A. Assiminea bifasciata G. Nev.

iby 58 capensis Bartsch. _

C. so) uate (ISTS:):

D. s hidalgoi Gass.

E. » leptodonta Conn. | hie

1s + ponsonbyt Morel. . -:

G. Bd sinensis G. Nev.

H ter umlaasiana Smith.

All figures thrice natural size.

Trxt-FIG. 52.—Assiminea bifasciata G. Nev., Isipingo.

Teeth from radula; x 600.

Hab. NATAL. Port Natal (type, Nevill); Umhlatusani; Umlaas

and Umkomaas Rivers (Burnup); Ingani; Isipingo; Scottburgh; —

Umgeni Lagoon (Cawston); Durban (Puzey). ae

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 589

CAPE PROVINCE. East .London (Kincaid); Kowie (Bull);

Port Alfred (Turton).

LORENZO MARQUES. Kstuary of Komati River (Junod).

Type in Calcutta Museum.

Radula about 1-35 mm. long, with 58 rows of teeth; central with

5 cusps, first lateral larger than central, also with 5 cusps; then comes

a small tooth, without any distinct cusps, as in other members of the

genus, third tooth with about 7 cusps and long, rather narrow basal

plate; last teeth bearing 14 or 15 small denticles.

Assiminea ovata (Krs.).

(Pl. xv, f. 87, and text-fig. 51, C.)

Ref. List No. 568.

1848. Paludina ovata Krs., Stidafr. Moll., p. 85, pl. v, £. 16. D.F.

1915. Assiminea ,, » Bartsch, Bull, OS. Nat. Muss” sce

peop. LD.

1927. Assiminea ovata Krs., Thiele, Zool. Jahrb., lin, p. 132,

mee Rh.

1932. Assiminea ovata Krs., Turton, Marine Shells of Port Alfred,

pease. N. |

Shell comparatively large, acuminate ovate, practically imperforate, reddish

brown, rarely, fide Krauss, with 1 or 2 obscure brown bands. Whorls 6, nearly flat,

the last convex, rounded at base. Aperture ovate, columella erect, concave,

margin adnately reflexed. The paratype figured measures

Alt. 6:2, lat. 3-4; apert. alt. 2-7, lat. 1-3; last whorl 4-6 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna and Zoetendals Valleys (type,

Krauss); Port Elizabeth (Crawford); Buffalo R., East London (Mrs

Longstaff); Port Alfred (Turton); Bushman R., Albany Division

(Hewitt).

NATAL. Mouth of Umgeni River (Burnup).

_ Type in Stuttgart Museum.

Radula of a specimen from Durban somewhat similar to that of

the preceding species, but the last tooth in each row has only about

ten denticles and the tooth before about five.

A broader form than bifasciata; I have not seen a banded example.

Assiminea capensis Bartsch.

(Text-fig. 51, B.)

1915. Assiminea capensis Bartsch, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., xci, p. 135,

pew. 9... DF.

590 Annals of the South African Museum.

1932. Assiminea capensis Bartsch, Turton, Marine Shells of Port

Alfred, p. 153. WN.

Shell broadly conic, imperforate, lightish brown. Spire regular, apex noticeably

blunter than in other South African forms. Whorls 5, moderately convex, sculp-

ture extremely weak. Aperture acuminate ovate, columella short, white, concave,

callus continuous. The type measures

Alt. 6-0, lat. 3-5; apert. alt. 2-8, lat. 2-4; last whorl 4-3 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Alfred (type, Turton).

Type in U.S. National Museum.

Assiminea sinensis G. Nevill.

(Text-fig. 51, G.)

Ref. List No. 570.

1880. Assiminia sinensis Nev., J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xlix, 2,

p. 6k, |

1887. Assiminea sinica Nev. (for sinensis Nev., non chinensis Pfr.),

Bttg., Jahrb. D. Mal. Ges., xiv, p. 203. JD.

1932. Assiuminea sinensis Nev., Turton, Marine Shells of Port

Alfred, p. 153. WN.

The comparatively large Natalian form ascribed to this species is barely sub-

rimate, acuminate ovate, pale brown; sides of spire straight and regular, apex

acute. Whorls 7, moderately convex, striation extremely weak; suture well

defined. Aperture short, well rounded at base, columella short, concave, upper

margin almost or entirely adnate, usually obliterating the minute rima.

Alt. 5-9, lat. 3-5; apert. alt. 2-5, lat. 1-9; last whorl 4:0 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Widenham; Umkomaas (Burnup); Isipingo

(Cawston).

CAPE PROVINCE. Port Alfred (Turton).

Type in Calcutta Museum.

Somewhat resembles bofasciata, but has no bands; radula rather

like that of A. ovata.

Described from Hong Kong, its recent occurrence on Nias I., near

Sumatra, helps to bridge the gap between China and the Cape.

Assiminea ponsonby Morel.

(Text-fig. 51, F.)

Ref. List No. 569.

1889. Assiminea ponsonbyt Bttg. in litt., Morel., J. de C., xxxvui,

Da Li, ply mie Or ee),

A very small imperforate form, darker brown than most of its confréres. Sides

of spire regular, hardly convex, apex acute. Whorls 6, little convex, sculpture

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 591

extremely weak, suture shallow. Aperture slightly narrower in comparison than

in most 8, African species, columella very short, concave, strongly thickened

upwards without any marginal reflexion.

Alt. 3-9, lat. 2-4; apert. alt. 1-75, lat. 1-1; last whorl 2-7 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Rufane Vale, Port Elizabeth (type,

Crawford).

Type in British Museum.

Apparently a rare species and generally misunderstood owing to

Tomichia tristis (Morel.) having been widely distributed under its

name.

Assiminea hidalgoi (Gassies).

(Text-fig. 51, D.)

Ref. List No. 566.

1869. Hydrocena hidalgor Gass., J. de C., xvii, Pils:

1932. Assiminea granum Morel., Turton, Marine Shells of Port

Alfred, pp. 154, 294. WN.

The smallest true South African species, broadly acuminate ovate, subrimate,

corneous brown. Whaorls 4, convex, with moderately strong and regular growth

lines; suture well defined. Aperture short acuminate ovate, columella short,

concave, callus, when present, faint.

Alt. 2-5, lat. 1-6; apert. alt. 1-2, lat. 0-9; last whorl 1-6 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Amahlongwana Lagoon (Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. East London (Kincaid); Port Alfred

(Turton).

Described from New Caledonia. Type in British Museum.

The type set of A. granum Morelet includes a specimen of hidalgoz,

which may explain why Morelet himself in 1883 considered the two

species identical, but they are clearly distinct, granum having a rather

more slender contour than the present species.

Assiminea umlaasiana Smith.

(Text-fig. 51, H.)

Ref. List No. 571.

1902. Assiminia umlaasiana Smith, J. of C., x, p. 248, pl. iv,

io. | DF.

1932. Asstminea umlaasiana Smith, Turton, Marine Shells of Port

Alfred, p. 153. N.

A small, well-defined species with longer spire than the two preceding. Im-

perforate, pale brown, with 6 moderately convex whorls, sculptured with extremely

close, fine, transverse microscopic striae.

Alt. 4-0, lat. 2-8; apert. alt. 1-7, lat. 1-2; last whorl 2-75 mm.

592 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hab. NATAL. Isipingo (type, Burnup).

CAPE PROVINCE. Still Bay (Stephenson); Jeffreys Bay (Miss

Winslow); Port Alfred (Turton).

Type in British Museum.

Assiminea leptodonta Conn.

(Text-fig. 51, EH.)

1922. Assiminia leptodonta Conn., A.M.N.H., x, p. 122. D.

1925. Assiminea ie Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa; aan) payee

pl. iv, f.31. F.R.

Shell small, broadly ovate, imperforate, darkish brown. Sides of spire straight,

apex acute. Whorls 6, almost flat above but well rounded at periphery,

sculptured after the first 1} with very faint, straight striae, crossed by extremely

fine, close microspiral lines; suture nearly flat. Aperture subovate, somewhat

flattened at base, columella white, slightly concave, margin narrowly adnate,

callus white and thin.

Alt. 5:2, lat. 3-4; apert. alt. 3-0, lat. 2-0; last whorl 4-2 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Estuary of Komati R., Rikatla

(Junod).

Type in British Museum.

The delicate radula differs so much from the usual type found in

Assiminea that it 1s probable that this species belongs to a distinct

genus, perhaps Paludinella; but the true affinities of the following

species are also very doubtful, and I prefer for the present to leave

them all in Assiminea, sensu lato.

On or near the south-west coast of Africa are a number of raised

deposits of uncertain age, often containing enormous assemblies of

minute semi-fossilised shells, of entirely different origin in different,

but near-by localities. The sand-dunes are full for the most part of

weathered land shells, notably Trachycystis and Fauxulus capensis,

while round some of the inland vleis the sandy shore often affords

depository for yet another kind of molluscan assemblage. Thus, in the

Cape Peninsula and its immediate precincts I may instance the raised

beach at Green Point, with its subfossil sea-shells, and a deposit at

Milnerton, but little to its north, where there is predominance of

brackish or freshwater operculates; the sand-dunes of Hout Bay and

drift sand about Kalk Bay contain little but weathered specimens of

the land species still living in their neighbourhood, but the drift sand

at Seekoe Vlei, which I take to be very near the old “‘ Baszaarms

Kraal,’’ combines a mixture of small marine shells, such as Nassarius

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 593

kraussianus (Dkr.) and small pelecypods, with Tomichia, Succinea,

Bulinus and numbers of small operculates of various genera,

usually too weathered and too few of each to admit of exact

determination.*

It is unfortunate that more than one author appears to have been

misled into regarding the whiteness and transparency of specimens

from these subfossil deposits as features of specific value and used

them for the foundations of new species, as did Krauss in regard to

the two which follow.

Assiminea knysnaensis (Krs.).

(BI xv, f./34, and Pl.’ xvi, f. 29.)

Ref. List No. 567.

1848. Paludina knysnaensis Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 86, pl. v, f. 17.

DF.

1932. Assiminea knysnaensis Krs., Turton, Marine Shells of Port

Alfred, p. 153. WN.

The tube which conceals the type contains about 20 little shells and at least three

distinct species, none of which is in exact accordance with the original description

and figure and only one is reconcilable thereto, so that it must be adopted as the

type and is so treated hereunder. Shell very small, acuminate ovate, umbilicate,

thin, smooth, rather dull, pale olivaceous, probably by bleaching. Spire produced,

apex narrowly rounded. Whorls 5, convex, regularly increasing, the later bearing

almost obsolete straight vertical growth lines; suture well defined. Aperture

subovate, peristome simple, acute, labrum straight and vertical in profile, columella

erect, concave, margin moderately reflexed, half covering the narrow umbilicus.

Alt. 3-2, lat. 1-6; last whorl 1-9 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna and Zoetendals Valleys (type,

Krauss); marshy ground near the beach, Port Elizabeth (fide Craw-

ford); Port Alfred (fide Turton); Kabeljaauws, Bathurst Division

(Hewitt).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

The above dimensions are considerably smaller than those given

by Krauss, who evidently regarded the entire content of the tube as

conspecific and may have based his description on the freshest and

his measurement on one of the largest shells; he emphasises the point,

however, that the aperture is very little pointed above and scarcely

one-third of total length of shell, which is the case in the figure on

Plate xv.

* For full treatment of the Cape Flat deposits, see pp. 42-54, 59 of Haughton’s

paper ‘‘Geol. Cape Town and adjoining Country. Explanation of Sheet No. 247”

(Geol. Surv. Pretoria, 1933). ;

VOL. XXXIII. 38

594 Annals of the South African Museum.

Assiminea fasciata (Krs.).

(Pl. xv, f. 35-36.)

Ref. List No. 565.

1848. Paludina fasciata Krs., Stidafr. Moll., p. 86, pl. v,f.18. D.F.

Shell very small, acuminate ovate, rimate, smooth, corneous buff, with traces of

3 faint rufous bands. 5 convex whorls, later bearing extremely weak vertical

growth lines; suture deep. Aperture acuminate ovate, peristome thick, columella

concave, margin barely reflexed, not nearing the narrow rima.

Long. 3-0, lat. 1-7 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna and Zoetendals Valleys

(Krauss); Port Alfred (in error, Turton).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

Only 1 shell, obviously the type, in the type tube shows very faint

traces of the bands mentioned by Krauss, and the majority belong

to another species, which was treated as fasciata by Turton in 1932

and is described hereunder.

Assuminea globulus sp.n.

(Text-fig. 53.)

1932. Assiminea fasciata Krs., Turton, Marine Shells of Port Alfred,

pelo3-plizccxv i094 sk

Shell very small, ovate globose, imperforate, smooth, normally greyish buff or

brown, but bleached in type. Spire short, sides regular, apex acute. Whorls 5,

convex, rapidly increasing, sculptured with

close, fine, faint, straight, nearly vertical

growth striolae; suture well defined. Aperture

acuminate ovate, labrum straight and nearly

vertical in profile, columella concave, thickened

upwards without reflexion; operculum cor-

neous, paucispiral, nucleus a little to left of

median line, about + of length from its base.

Text-Fic. 53.—Assiminea globulus Alt. 3-4, lat. 3-0; last whorl 3-1 mm.

Conn. Type on left; x2.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Lacus-

trine deposit, Milnerton (type), Seekoe Vlei (Connolly), and Knysna

and Zoetendals Valleys (subfossil, Krauss); Port Alfred (Turton).

Type in British Museum.

Many specimens, as in the type, develop a thick white callus across

the paries and in some the later whorls are somewhat gradate, or

shouldered at the periphery. Although I have not yet seen full-

grown examples in other but fossil condition, very young specimens

from Port Alfred, kindly furnished by Colonel Turton, prove that

this species is not, as might otherwise be presumed, extinct; its small

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 595

size, short spire and extreme obesity of body whorl distinguish it from

all allied species.

Assiminea isosceles sp.n.

(Text-fig. 54.)

Shell very small, conoid, rimate, smooth, bleached white. Spire produced, sides

flat, straight and regular, apex acute. Whorls 5, regularly increasing, flat, usually

with trace of extremely blunt peripheral angulation, remaining sculpture consisting

of faint, nearly straight, vertical growth lines; suture very shallow. Aperture

ovate, little acuminate, labrum straight and nearly vertical in profile, columella

concave, upper margin narrowly reflexed, little obscuring the rima; operculum

unknown.

Alt. 5-1, lat. 2:7; last whorl 3-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Lacustrine deposit, Milnerton (type,

fossil, Connolly). |

Type in British Museum.

More than 30 specimens, all apparently conspecific, though differing

a little in degree of peripheral angulation and continuity of peri-

TExt-Fic. 54.—Assiminea isosceles Conn. Type on left; x2.

stome, which in many examples extends across the paries and in a

few is entirely free, though never thickened or reflexed. The largest

shell, with nearly 6 whorls, is 6-3 mm. in length, but appears to be of

abnormal growth, all others being about same size as type. The

practically flat whorls and sides of spire and conspicuous rimation

combine to distinguish this fossil from its South African relations, in

most of which the whorls are convex or the shell imperforate.

I would not have ventured to publish these two ill-conditioned

species, were it not for Tomlin’s very kind advice and assurance that

to the best of his belief they do not belong to the marine fauna and

that, with so large series before me, it may be preferable to do so

lest further confusion arise on the discovery elsewhere of shorter

series than my own.

596 Annals of the South African Museum.

Assiminea (*%) lugubris Turton.

(Text-fig. 55.)

1932. Asseminea lugubris Turton, Marine Shells of Port Alfred,

pe 154,/ pl xxxvee 1095. DE

Shell very small, globose, imperforate, smooth, glossy,

corneous brown, columella, except at extreme base, white and

glossy. Spire short, sides rounded, apex minute, mamillate.

Whorls 3, convex, rapidly increasing, practically sculptureless,

suture simple, not deep. Aperture nearly circular, slightly

angulate at top, peristome simple, labrum straight and scarcely

receding in profile, columella concave, white and glossy until

TrxtT-FIG. 55. near its extreme base, slightly thickened but not truncate or

Assiminea (?) reflexed. Operculum ?.

lugubris Turton. Alt. -2:1, lat. 1-75; ‘apert. alt. 1-32, Jats) 1-02-00 dase

Type in Oxford whorl 1-94 mm.

Museum; x8.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Alfred (Turton).

Type in Oxford University Museum.

)

OrpErR Aspidobranchia.

Nervous system little concentrated. Pedal centres long ganglion-

ated cords, to anterior ends of which pleural centres are attached;

cerebral gangha widely separated, and united by a long commissure

lying in front of buccal mass and salivary glands. An infra-oeso-

phageal commissure is present; osphradium little specialised, situate

on branchial nerve; otocyst containing numerous otoconia. Ctenidia

nearly always present, bipectinate and free at distal ends. Asa rule

the Aspidobranchia exhibit well-marked traces of original bilateral

symmetry, usually having 2 auricles to the heart.

SuBorRDER Rhipidoglossa.

Aspidobranchia with dialyneurous nerve system; osphradium

single except in genera with 2 ctenidia; 1 or 2 hypobranchial

glands. Radula with numerous slender marginal teeth.

Famity HYDROCENIDAE.

Shell small with exerted spire, operculum with apophysis. No

ctenidium, but a pulmonary cavity present; foot obtuse; tentacles

short; heart with a single auricle; penis absent; teeth towards

centre of radula little developed, outer laterals not capituliform,

marginals numerous, imbricating; habitat on land in moist places.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 597

Genus Hydrocena Pfr., 1847

(Zeitschr. f. Mal., iv, p. 112).

Type Cyclostoma cattaroensis Pfr.

Shell very small, globosely conic, corneous brown, operculum ovate,

paucivolute, furnished with an internal peg (or apophysis).

Hydrocena noticola Bs.

(ETS xava to 234)

Ref. List No. 572.

1856. Hydrocena noticola Bs., A.M.N.H., xvii, p. 439. D.

1897. Assiminea tyttha M. & P., A.M.N.H., xix, p. 639, pl. xvii,

fam) DF.

1927. Assiminea noticola M. & P., Thiele, Zool. Jahrb., lii, p. 134.

Check List.

Shell minute, acuminate ovate, practically imperforate, thin, smooth, glossy,

transparent, corneous brown. Spire not greatly produced, apex mamillate.

Whorls 34, rounded, very convex, rapidly increasing, sculptured with extremely

weak, close, nearly straight and vertical microscopic striolae, suture deep. Aper-

ture semicircular, peristome simple, base and labrum rounded, but paries oblique

and nearly straight, columella short, concave, thickened upwards into a triangular

callus.

Alt. 2:2, lat. 1-6 mm.

Operculum oval, articulated, corneous, with concentric whorls, which owing to

its extreme thinness and transparency are clearly visible, as in fig. 28, on its

internal face, nucleus basal, apophysis on left centre of basal margin.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Table Mountain, Camps Bay (type,

Layard); Simonstown; Hout Bay (Connolly). |

CAPE PROVINCE. Grahamstown; Kowie; Bathurst; Port

Elizabeth (Farquhar); The Gorge, Somerset Hast (Mrs. Howard);

Keurbooms R. bush (Barnard); River Zonder Hinde; Deep Walls,

Knysna (Mrs. Longstaff); Kokstad (Cawston).

NATAL. Howick (tyttha); Scottburgh; Karkloof; Dargle; Game

Pass; Ntimbankulu (Burnup).

ZULULAND. KEshowe (Burnup).

Type of tyttha in British Museum, noticola ubi?.

Radula rhipidoglossate, central teeth so minute as to be seldom

discernible.

Thiele (l.c.) placed this species in Asseminea, but its operculum and

radula prove it to be a Hydrozena.

598 Annals of the South African Museum.

Famity NERITIDAE.

Shell imperforate, usually globose or ovate, with a low or vestigial

spire and a flattened columellar lip; operculum calcareous, usually

with apophysis. Head large, with a short and broad, divided snout;

tentacles long and slender; eyes at the external bases of the tentacles,

usually pedunculate; foot short; mantle-cavity containing a tri-

angular ctenidium or gill; heart with two auricles; genital organs

complex. Radula with four lateral teeth on each side, of which the

second and third are small and the first and fourth much broader,

the latter being known as the capituliform tooth, which is believed

to have been formed by the union of two teeth, although it has only

one very wide cusp, usually denticulate along the edge; marginal

teeth slender and numerous, in rows that curve backwards on each

side, as in other Rhipidoglossa; the thicker parts of the teeth are

usually of a golden brown colour.

This family includes four genera found in South Africa, namely,

Smaragdia, Nerita, Neritina, and Septaria, but the first two of these

are marine, so do not come within the province of this work. At one

time Neritina and Smaragdia were both often confused with Theodozus,

but this is a distinct genus, which is not known to occur in South

Africa.

Subfamily NERITINAE.

Male with a cephalic penis on inner side of right tentacle; female

with a reinforcement sac beside the oviduct; radula having a central

tooth.

Genus Neritina Lam., 1816.

(Enc. Méth. Vers., ii, p. 11, pl. eccelv).

Type Nerita pulligera Lin.

Shell globose with a very short, blunt spire; aperture semicircular,

outer lip acute, columellar region expansive, flattened, its edge

frequently denticulate. Operculum closely fitting aperture, cal-

careous, paucispiral, with basal nucleus, near which there are usually,

on its inner surface, a projecting peg and curved rib, articulating

with the columella. Female genital ducts triaulic. First lateral

tooth of radula more than twice as broad as long, and somewhat

oblique, the outer end being further forward than the inner; marginals

50-100 or more on each side, very slender, with serrate cusps.

This genus is estuarine and fluviatile, the Natal forms being usually

found in lagoons of slightly brackish water, often on the mud in the

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 599

shade of mangroves. The small species from Congella, Natal, and

Port Alfred, which has been identified as Neritina souverbiana Gass.,

appears to be a Smaragdia.

Neritina natalensis Rve.

Ref. List No. 574.

1848. Neritina zebra “Lam.,’” Krs., Siidafr: Moll., p. 88. WN. |

1855. Rs natalensis Rve., Conch. Icon., pl. xvi, f. 75. D.F.

1922. Theodoxus natalensis Rve., Cawst., S. Afr. J. Sci., xix, p.

marie IN

1925. Theodorus natalensis Rve., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg.,

my, p. 300. L.

1925. Theodoxus natalensis Rve., Cawst., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,

pape att. 10. LP.

1925. Theodoxus natalensis Rve., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

aie. 213. 4 0.

1927. Theodozus natalensis Rve., Cawst., Observation, iii, p.16. R.

1937. Neritena natalensis Rve., Andrews, J. Morphol., lxi, pp. 530,

ieee pl i,t. 5; plu, f..10;-pl. iv, f. 22; pl. v,.f.94. A.

Shell acuminate ovate, solid, smooth and glossy, buff or yellow with black flames

and streaks, or unicoloured dark brown, frequently thickly covered with large or

small yellow spots, while occasionally one of these patterns changes abruptly to

another on the same shell; interior bluish white. Spire moderately produced,

summit obtuse. Whorls 4, the last comprising practically the entire shell, bearing

regular, fairly strong growth lines, which are crossed and divided into minute

points by extremely close, fine, regular, microspiral lines. Aperture acuminate

subovate, columella plain or minutely denticulate, operculum iron-grey, outer

margin flesh, Two Umgeni shells of moderate size but with complete spires

measure

Alt. 17-3, lat. 13-4; apert. alt. 12-2, lat. 6-0; last whorl 16-6 mm., and

2003, 14-5; aA T52h 5, 16-05 Be 18-6 mm,

Hab. NATAL. Umgeni R. (type, Krauss); Illovo, Umgeni,

Tongaat, Umkomaas and Umbogintwini lagoons (Cawston); Nonoti;

Umzimkulu (Burnup); [fafa (Akerman).

LORENZO MARQUES. Inhambane; Tette (Peters); Delagoa

Bay; Estuary of Komati R., Rikatla (Junod).

Type set in British Museum.

Also known from several localities up the east coast of the continent.

Neritina gagates Lam.

1822. Neritina gagates Lam., Hist. An. s. Vert., Hd. 1, vi, 2, p. 185.

1855. Neritina caffra Gray, Rve., Conch. Icon., pl. vii, f. 37. DF.

600 Annals of the South African Museum.

1855. Neritina gagates Lam., Rve., Conch. Icon., pl. x, f. 47. D.F.

1877. iy gagates Lam., Mts., Conch. Cab., p. 94, pl. xvi,

f. 12 DS :

1908. Nerita (Paranerita) gagates Lam., Bourne, P.Z.S., pp. 852,

860, 863-869, pl. liv, f. 32; pl. lv, f. 36; pl. lvm, £ 45; pl ix aa

ol £50; pl lbans 160." VAP

1921. Neritina (Neritina) gagates Lam., Germ., Faune Mascareignes,

p. 382. N.F. Synonymy.

1922. Theodorus gagates Lam., Cawst., 8. Afr. J. Sci., xix, p. 278.

1923. Neritina gagates Lam., Baker, Proc. Acad. Phila., xxv, pp.

137) 144, plisa, £11. P.

1937. Neritena gagates Lam., Andrews, J. Morphol., lxi, pp. 530,

SSD DO Dlend vets 2c erole evant me oem CAL

Shell of fair size, nearly oval, rather dull, black or black-brown, normally with

broad vertical brown zigzag flames which, however, are frequently obscured by

the thick black periostracum; interior bluish white, with a greenish zone within

the outer lip and a yellow area on the paries. Spire very short, summit hardly

projecting out of the curve. Whorls little more than 2, Ist minute, sculpture

consisting of strong, close, fairly regular growth lines cut by equally close, strong

and regular, continuous, narrowly zigzagged spiral grooves; suture shallow but

well defined. Aperture segmental, columella straight and plain for a short distance

at each end, slightly incurved and denticulate in the middle. Operculum strong,

concave, dark bluish slate, outer border blood red, inner surface light red. An

Umgeni example measures

Alt. 18, lat. 15; apert. alt. 13-5, lat. 6-0; last whorl 17-8 mm.

Hab. NATAL. Tongaat; Umkomaas; Umgeni Lagoon (Cawston).

Type ubi?.

A well-known Mascarene species, distinguishable from the follow-

ing by the apertural coloration; Baker places it in his sub-genus

Vittina (1.c., 1923, pp. 132, 144); I am informed, however, that the

radula of a specimen from Umkomaas differs widely from Baker’s

figure of one from Mauritius, and the specific identity of the Natal

specimens seems to require further investigation.

Neritina knorri Récl.

Ref. List No. 573.

1772. Nerite 4 bouche jaune, Knorr, Vergniigen, part 6, p. 24,

ple Xan, f.43.0 wOeE

1841. Neritina knorri Récl., Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv., p. 274. D.

1925. Theodorus knorri Récl., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8S. Africa, xii,

Pe alae Vala

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 601

1929. Neritena (Clypeolum) pulligera knorri Récl. (=stumpffi and

rhysodes O. Bttg.), Haas, Zool. Jahrb. Jena, lvii, p. 428, pl. u, f. 25-27.

Rather longer in comparison with the foregoing, uniform black or brown,

sometimes with numerous small black dots or flecks, and normally distinguished

by the coloration of its aperture, which is bluish white inside, with a broad band

of bright orange-red round the outer lip and a black or dark violet-blue parietal

area; the parietal wall, in ordinary frontal aspect, is comparatively horizontal,

only sloping a little upwards from left to right, whereas in natalensis and gagates

it is oblique, with a far steeper upward slope. The operculum of a Madagascar

example is porcellanous, with internal peg and rib strongly developed, externally

with beautiful onyx-like curved, narrow chocolate bands radiating from the

nucleus on a pale ground, and a rather broad chocolate outer margin; the shell

to which it belongs, brown with black dots, measures

Alt. 26, lat. 18-5; apert. alt. 23, lat. 13 mm.

Martens describes the operculum as dull flesh with a reddish black border, which

is the prevailing colour, but I have seen several specimens tending towards the

beautiful onyx-like ornamentation described above.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Inhambane (Peters).

Type ubr?.

Described from Madagascar and not uncommon in Zanzibar.

Genus Septaria Fer., 1807

(Essai Méth. Conch., pp. 36, 60).

Type Patella borbonica Bory.

(= Navicella Lam., 1816).

Shell nearly symmetrical, depressed, cap-shaped, with apex at hind

end and usually overhanging it; the parietal region forms a partition

in the hind portion of the broad aperture, and although the animal

cannot close the aperture there is the remnant of an operculum in a

pocket above the foot in the shape of an irregular four-sided calcareous

plate, with a triangular or spiniform projection to the left front

answering to the rib in Neritina.

Internal anatomy differing little from that of Neritina, the radula

being of the same type, and the genus is also found in lagoons of

slightly brackish water.

More than one species may occur in Natal, but I have only identified

the following :—

Septarva tessellaria (Lam.).

(PIs xvii; £.-20—21..)

1816. Navicella tessellaria Lam., Enc. Méth. Vers., p. 12, pl. cccclvi,

f.3-4. F.

1822. Navicella tessellata Lam., Hist. An. s. Vert., Ed. 1, vi, 2,

p82. D.

602 Annals of the South African Museum.

1838. Navicella tessellata Lam., Hist. An. s. Vert., Ed. 2, viii,

p. 564. WD.

1881. Navicella tessellata Lam., Mts., Conch. Cab., p. 37, pl. vii,

f.8=17; pl. vin, £. 1-9.. DF. Synonymy.

1922. Septaria sp., Cawst., S. Afr. J. Sci., xix, p. 278. N.L.

1923. by o i Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xi, pp. 120,

IP Align) 2 bp,

1925. Septaria tesselata Lam., Cawst., J. Trop. Med. Hyg., xxviii,

jegead oid)y a eke

1925. Septaria tesselata Lam., Cawst., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.,

OD Oe PIL tts Dy le

1927. Septaria tesselata Lam., Cawst., Observation, p. 16. R.

1937. ai tessellata Lam., Andrews, J. Morphol., lxi, p. 534,

jolene, sia cr 1S), abs

Shell depressed ovate or oblong, sides more or less convex, nearly equally

rounded fore and aft, greatest breadth usually a little behind the middle, apex

slightly turned to right, just overhanging rear margin; periostracum thin, opaque,

faintly longitudinally striate, ornamentation reticulate, with pale elongate yellow

spots, often with black margin in front, pale rayed or blackish; septum white and

glossy, sinuate in front, sides smoothly malleate, central area bearing transverse

striae of irregular strength and distance apart with curve parallel to that of its

front; a strong muscular scar runs forward along each side about 2rds of the total

length from within the septate cavity and widening anteriorly. Operculum of a

large narrow specimen nearly rhombic, about half length of shell, with a spiny

forward projection on the left; thin, glossy and almost nacreous, upper surface,

of which the lower is the exact converse, divided into 3 triangular areas or

sections, the front and rear sloping slightly downward to the main or centre one,

of which the apex is situate about half-way up the left margin and sides extend

to the opposite corners, and which bears strong, fine radial and transverse striae;

the front section, with apex at right fore corner, has considerably weaker striation,

while the hindermost, nascent section is almost gelatinous and nearly smooth.

This degenerate operculum is contained in a deep pocket formed by the upper

surface of the foot and the lower part of the body, which are united all round

except for a horizontal slit in rear, through which is just visible the operculum,

which rests flat attached to the upper surface of the foot, below the lower portion

of the visceral mass.

Hab. NATAL. Umkomaas; Illovo; Karridene; Amanzimtoti

(Cawston).

Type in coll. Lamarck.

This species has been so fully treated by Martens that I omit most

other references except those recording its discovery in South Africa;

Martens places in its synonymy Catillus lineatus Ads., Navicella

clypeolum and ambigua Récl., récluziu, radiata, pulchella, insignis,

atra and variabilis “ Récl.” Rve., maculifera Mouss. and picturata

Garrett, none of which were described from Africa or affect the status

of the Natalian form, which is in complete agreement with large series

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 603

of tessellaria from Ceylon and the Philippine Islands in the British

Museum.

Lamarck first published this species under the name of fessellaria,

and while citing the original reference, altered it to tessellata in his

subsequent writings without assigning any reason whatever for such

alteration; the name originally given should therefore hold good.

Crass PELECYPODA

(or Lamellibranchia).

Molluscs with an internal and external symmetry. The cephalic

region is rudimentary, and the mantle, divided into a right and a

left lobe, secretes a bivalve shell which covers and encloses the whole

body. The cephalic region is only furnished with a pair of labial

palps on each side; the foot is ventral, generally adapted to burrow-

ing and without a plantar surface; the 2 pallial lobes are united

by 1 or 2 transverse muscles which close the 2 valves of the shell.

There are 2 lateral and symmetrical ctenidial branchiae under the

mantle, their distal extremities are directed posteriorly and their

filaments may exhibit an extreme degree of concrescence, either

among themselves or with the mantle or with the visceral mass

(Pelseneer).

OrpER Eulamellibranchia.

Mantle edges generally united by 1 or 2 sutures; 2 adductor

muscles usually present; branchial filaments united at regular

intervals by vascular junctions transforming the linear interfilamentar

spaces into a series of fenestrae; lamellae of each gill-plate having

vascular junctions and forming afferent vessels; gonads with their

own external orifices (after Pelseneer).

SusporpEeR Submytilacea.

Mantle slightly closed, generally only a single suture; siphons

absent or very short; gills smooth.- Nearly always dimyarian.

Shell equivalve, with an external ligament (after Pelseneer).

Famity UNIONIDAE Swainson (restricted).

Diaphragm complete, formed only by the gills; outer laminae of

outer gills connected with mantle at its posterior end; anterior end

of inner gills separated from palpi by a more or less wide gap. Margins

of mantle drawn together by the gill diaphragm, but not united, thus

604 Annals of the South African Museum.

separating the anal from the branchial opening, and the anal generally

closed above by the union of the margins of the mantle, rarely remain-

ing open, and when closed always leaving a supra-anal opening which

is very rarely obliterated. Gulls always with water tubes, formed by

interlamellar connections developed as continuous septa, running

parallel to the gill-filaments. Marsupium formed by all 4 gills, or

by outer gills alone, or by parts of outer gills. Glochidia of various

shapes, suboval, subtriangular, or celt-shaped, with or without hooks

on ventral margin (after Ortmann).

Genus Unio Retzius, 1788

(Nov. Test. Genera, p. 16).

Type, selected by Gray in 1847, Mya pictorum Lin.

Freshwater bivalves covered with a strong epidermis, having an

external hgament; hinge provided in species here treated with strong

teeth and prominent muscle scars.

Mantle connection between anal and supra-anal moderately long,

generally almost as long as anal. Inner lamina of inner gills free,

except at anterior end. Marsupium formed by outer gills. Glochidia

moderately large, subtriangular, with a hook on ventral point of each

valve (after Ortmann).

The diagram on p. 605 illustrates the technical terms most usually

employed in the description of a Unio, many of which are applicable

in the case of other genera.

Section Cafferra Simpson, 1900

(Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxii, p. 824).

Type Umo caffer Krs.

Shell elongate or elliptical, rhomboid and solid when old; beaks

full, sculpture corrugated zigzag, the ridges often extending over the

disc; epidermis dull, yellowish brown to nearly black, somewhat

sulcate, teeth rather strong, muscle scars deep, well defined (Simpson,

1900).

Animal: anal opening separated from supra-anal by a moderate

mantle connection, slightly shorter than the anal; supra-anal about

as long or slightly longer than anal, latter with inner edge almost

smooth. Branchial opening with distinct papillae; no differentiating

structures on mantle edges in front of branchial. Palpi subfalciform,

of moderate size, their posterior margins united for nearly half their

length. Gills of Unionid type; gill diaphragm complete, separating

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 605

anal and branchial openings; anterior end of inner gills widely remote

from palpi; inner lamina of inner gill free from abdominal sac, except

at anterior end. Septa and water tubes present, the former con-

tinuous and not interrupted, parallel to the gill-filaments; in the

male, and in the inner gill of the female, they are weak and distant

from each other. Outer gill of female marsupial practically in its

Postertor lateral teeth Umiro or beak teri Ros terwor lateral

ell Dorsal MArgrn Cardinal tooth opr ast arf

(nN - ee

VBA

Left valve Right valve

Text-Fic. 56.—Unio caffer verreauxi Krs., showing interior of valves

(about 4 natural size).

P.A.=Scar of posterior adductor muscle.

P.P.R.=Scar of posterior pedal retractor muscle (sometimes lettered R.P.P.).

A.A.=Scear of anterior adductor muscle.

A.P.R.=Scar of anterior pedal retractor muscle (sometimes lettered R.P.A.).

P.P.=Scar of pedal protractor muscle (sometimes lettered P.P.A.).

C.M. =Scar of circumpallial muscle, or pallial line.

entire length, with heavy and crowded septa. When charged,

the marsupium is moderately swollen, the edge remaining sharp.

Placentae lanceolate and compressed, moderately developed when

eggs are present, less so when glochidia are present; glochidia sub-

triangular, longer than high, lower margin bluntly pointed in the

middle, hooks doubtful (after Ortmann).

Umio caffer Krs.

Ref. List Nos. 576, 577, 579 and 580.

1848. Unio caffer Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 18, pl. 1, f.14. DF.

1848. ,, zeyherr Mke., Zeitschr. f. Malak., v, p. 28. D.

Pole.) cyamus Phil., cbid., p..125. D.

1856. ,, verreauxianus Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii,

p94; .D.

1856. Unio africanus Lea, ibid., p. 94. D.

1868. ,, rectilinearis Sow., Conch. Icon., pl. Ixv, f. 332. D.F.

1885. ,, vaalensis Chaper, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., x, p. 480, pl. xi,

f1-3. D.F.

606 Annals of the South African Museum.

1886. Unio fissidens Bttg., Ber. Senckenb. Ges., p. 27, pl. ii, f. 6-7.

Day

1886. Unio hygapanus Bttg., ibid., p. 26, pl. u,f.5. DF.

1898. Unio caffer Krs., var. pentheri Stur., 8.A. Moll., p. 91, pl. iii,

f. 64-65. D.F.

1910. Unio mashonae Prest., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 61, pl.iv,f.10. D.F.

LOLOs a3 charon, Prest.,.7b7d4p.200) pletive: to meee

1910...) “oveinus Brest.) ibid... ps0, pl. iveten eee

1912. ,, selongweensis (=vicinus Prest., 1910, non Lea, 1856)

Prest., Nautilus, xxvi, p. 35. Nom. emend.

1914. Umo (Cafferia) caffer Krs. (=zeyheri, cyamus, verreawmanus,

verreauxt, navigoliformis, natalensis, and vrectilinearis) cum var.

africanus Lea (=caffer Krs., Kiist., pars, and nilotecus Kiist.), var.

vaalensis Chaper and var. pentherr Stur., Simpson, Cat. Naiades,

p-. 574. D.

1918. Unio caffer Krs., Ortmann, Nautilus, xxxi, p. 75. A.

OZ ae. “8 », Cawst., Parasitology, xi, p. 94. WN.

1925. Cafferia caffra Krs., Conn., Rec. Albany Mus., i, p. 262,

pl, xn (lettered an! text) (i 2) Nene

1930. Cafferia caffra Krs., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p. 322. WN.

1931. ss *: 5 (=mashonae Prest.), Conn., A.M.N.H.,

Villep O00. Ne

1936. Cafferia caffra Krs. (=fissidens and hygapanus Bttg., connollyt

Pilsb., verreauxt Charp., caffra obesa Conn., charon and silongweensis

(=vicinus Prest.), Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges., No. 431, p. 49, pl. in,

f. 4, pl.iv, f. 1. DF. Synonymy.

Shell oblong oval, solid, more or less inflated, olive-yellow or brown with darker

zones, nacre smooth, whitish, pale yellow or rarely roseate; beaks only moderately

full, ventral margin straight or incurved, dorsal curved, posterior end rounded,

sometimes rather narrowly, anterior broader, sometimes shouldered above; beak

sculpture zigzag, generally over a wide or very wide area, but occasionally almost

absent, remainder of shell bearing concentric costulae or striae, usually strong but

in some races nearly smooth; hinge moderately solid.

Right valve: anterior tooth triangular, 11 mm. at base, moderately projecting,

posterior lateral straight, narrow, 28 mm.; left valve: anterior lamella 7-2, posterior

laterals 29 mm., not greatly divergent. The shell described, from Rietfontein,

measures

Long. 78, alt. 42-5, crass. 26 mm., beaks in jrd length.

Simpson separates africanus Lea as a variety as being thinner, less

inflated and smoother than type, but in a species so variable that it

would be possible to allot a varietal name to almost every individual

race it appears useless to perpetuate such names, some of which

are simply based on immature specimens, U. vaalensis is merely

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 607

immature, and I have previously shown that mashonae is identical

with caffer, but of the other synonyms cited by Simpson it has been

pointed out recently that navigioliformis Lea is a South American

Diplodon, while verreauxi is worthy of at least subspecific rank.

Hab. SOUTH AFRICA (cyamus in coll. Largilliert).

NATAL (caffer, Wahlberg); Umpingave R. (natalensis, McKen);

Umsinduzi R., Pietermaritzburg (Burnup).

ZULULAND. Mazimba Hill, Black Umfolozi R. (Haas).

TRANSVAAL. Crocodile R. and Pretoria District; Vaal R.,

Standerton and Christiania, etc.; Mooi R., Potchefstroom; Hex R.,

Rustenburg; fairly frequent in smaller streams in the Transvaal

as far north as Pietersburg.

ORANGE FREE STATE. Riet R., Winburg (fide Sturany);

Rhenoster R., south of Heilbronn (Connolly).

CAPE PROVINCE (africanus and verreauxianus, Verreaux;

zeyhert, Zeyher); Izeli R., near King Williamstown (Godfrey); Port

Elizabeth Dist. (Crawford); Vaal R., Barclay (vaalensis, Chaper);

Great Fish R., west of Cradock (Johnson); Bloemfontein R., Fraser-

burg (Rogers). |

CAPE PENINSULA. Retreat Vlei (Lightfoot).

LITTLE NAMAQUALAND. Orange R., Henkries (Lightfoot).

GREAT NAMAQUALAND. Stolzenfels, Orange R. (Thomsen);

Klein Karas (Miss Hill).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Invani and Riverton, Vaal R. (Miss

Wilman); Witkop, Gordonia; Inkbosch Pass, Molopo (subfossil,

Rogers).

BECHUANALAND. Hartz R., Taungs (Miss Wilman).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Nosob-Hygap watercourse, east

of Kebeum (fissidens and hygapanus, subfossil, Nolte).

S. RHODESIA. 16 miles from Enkeldoorn (mashonae, Miss

Sharpe-Young); Ngamandhlovu (Stevenson); Victoria Falls (Miss

Leppan); Umgusa R., Sawmills; Malemi R., Matopos (Arnold);

Shangani, Ingezi R. (Miss Mackie).

U. charon and silongweensis were described from Nyasaland.

Type of caffer in Stuttgart, africanus, natalensis, and verreauxianus

in Washington, rectilinearis and mashonae in British, fissidens and

hygapanus in Senckenberg, pentheri in Vienna Museums; zeyheri

lost; vaalensis in Ecole des Mines, Paris, charon and silongweensis in

Tervueren Museum.

Cawston collected at Potchefstroom a number of specimens with

small pearls attached to the shell.

608 Annals of the South African Museum.

The above are only a few of the localities reported for this wide-

spread South African species, but serve to show some extent of its

distribution; notwithstanding, however, its great variation and

diffusion, the two forms which follow appear to be worthy of sub-

specific rank.

Sub-species verreauxi Kiist.

(Pl. xvin, f. 15-22.)

Ref. List No. 576 (pars).

1856. Unio verrauxi Charp., Kiist., Conch. Cab., p. 150, pl. xlii

(1355) sole dos nel) He

1859. Unio diminutis Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, p. 151.

1860. Unio diminutus Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, p. 254,

plesodx 1. U3tD ore

1865. Unio diminutus Lea, Rve., Conch. Icon., xvi, pl. xxviii,

fA ee) Ee

1874. Unio diminutus Lea (=gracilis Parr. in MS.), Jick., Fauna

N.-O.-Afr., p. 280. D.

1891. Unio verreauxi Charp., Smith, A.M.N.H., vii, p. 319. WN.

1900. Nodularia diminuta Lea, Simpson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,

KKM POZO. wV

1914. Unio diminutus Lea, Simpson, Cat. Naiades, p. 583. JD.

1923. ,, verrauxi Kist., Pilsb., Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila:

IBSay, 10, A Tan INE

1925. Cafferia caffra verreauxi Charp., Conn., Rec. Albany Mus.,

iii, p. 261, pl. xii (lettered xi in text), f.3and5. DF.

Differs from caffer by comparatively greater altitude in proportion to length, as

will be seen from the undermentioned tables:

U. verreauai: Long. 924 843 79 76 733

Alt. 56 46 43 44 43

Crass. 33 28 25 254 27

U. caffer: Long. 83 74 734

Alt. 40 36 38

Crass. 27 235 243

In the 844 mm. specimen mentioned above the nacre is dull flesh;

in the right valve the anterior tooth bulbous, thick, projecting, 8} mm.

at base; posterior not very thick, slightly curved, 30 mm.; left valve,

anterior lateral 7-3 mm., cardinal small but thick and bulbous,

posterior laterals 25 mm., moderately divergent; P.A., A.A., and

P.P. scars very strong, P.P.R. weak.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 609

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Zouthenthal Vlei, Bredasdorp Dist.

(type, Verreaux); Kowie R., Blaauwkrantz, near Grahamstown

(Ortlepp).

U. diminutis (figs. 15-18) was described as from East Africa from

a shell in the Cuming collection; it is simply the half-grown stage of

verreauzt, practically coinciding with examples from Blaauwkrantz

at the same stage of growth,* and the Cumingian locality is probably

incorrect, though Jickeli records the species somewhat doubtfully

from Sennaar.

Type of verreauzi ubi?, diminutis in British Museum.

Subspecies connollyi Pilsb.

1923. Unio (Cafferia) connollyr Pilsb., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

boevs p) 276, pl. xix, f. 3-4... DF.

1925. Cafferra caffra obesa Conn., Rec. Albany Mus., ui, p. 263,

pl. xi (numbered xii in text), f. 1-4. D.F.

Shell subovate, solid, inflated, slightly gaping in front, longitudinally compressed,

yellow brown; ligament normal; dorsal margin convex, beaks very prominent,

situate in about + the length, anterior border irregularly curved and steeply

descending above, evenly curved at its extremity, below the median line; pallial

border slightly curved, usually slightly incurved beyond half-way, posterior com-

paratively short, little curved above, evenly so at end, with hardly any trace of

ridge. Early sculpture when first visible of close, even, concentric striation on

fore part, becoming somewhat rugose on hinder part of shell, changing after a

length of about 34 mm. to coarse concentric costulae of irregular prominence.

Interior: nacre smooth. Right valve: anterior tooth triangular, 115 mm. at

base, very strongly projecting, posterior lateral lamella comparatively short,

224 mm., but very prominent, strongly thickened in rear; A.A. roughly oblong,

deeply impressed, with the minute, bluntly pointed A.P.R., of equal depth, pro-

jecting from its right upper corner into base of anterior lamella; P.P. small,

nearly square, almost superficial, P.A. fairly deep, oblong, rounded in rear; P.P.R.

ovate, very small; circumpallial scar rather strongly grooved, sometimes with 2

or 3 shallower parallel grooves above it; left valve: anterior lamella prominent

and comparatively long, 104 mm., posterior laterals short, 19 mm., diverging

considerably to the rear.

Two large Alicedale examples measure

Long. 87-5, alt. max. 47-5, crass. 33-8 mm.

Be S2-0: 55 AS 5, SL-OL,,

Hab. PORT NATAL (connollyi, collector unknown).

CAPE PROVINCE. Bushman’s R., Alicedale (obesa, Hewitt);

Begha R., Peddie (fide Burnup).

Type of connollyi in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,

obesa in Albany Museum. |

Comparison of the three foregoing forms yields the following

results: in caffer and verreauzi there is a distinct point at extremity

* See figs. 19-22.

VOL. XXXIII. 39

610 Annals of the South African Museum.

of posterior margin, well below median line, and a well-marked ridge

running from that point toward the umbones; in connollyi there is

hardly a trace of either and the sculpture is coarser and far less even.

The right cardinal tooth is weak in caffer, stronger in verreauxi, and

larger and still stronger in connollyz, while in the last the right posterior

lamella is much shorter, but thicker and more prominent. In

verreauxt the left posterior laterals are long, even and nearly parallel;

in caffer they thicken and gape slightly to the rear, while in connollyi

they are much shorter and gape more widely. In caffer the A.P.R.

is shghtly more distinctly separated from the A.A. than in the others

and the A.A. is usually nearly square instead of oblong; in caffer and

connollyi the valves gape in front, in verreauaxi they are nearly close

all round.

Taking into consideration the great variability of caffer throughout

the subcontinent, it may be more discreet to subordinate the other

two forms to it as sub-species, at least until the anatomy is known,

though there is much to be urged in favour of Pilsbry’s determination

of connollyz, at least, as a distinct species.

The four species which follow have been variously attributed to

Nodularia Conrad and Indonaia Prashad (a synonym of Radiatula

Simpson), both Asiatic genera which it may be inadvisable to per-

petuate in the South African list without much further anatomical

knowledge; for the present, therefore, it appears preferable to leave

them in Unio sensu lato.

Unio mossambicensis Mts.

(Pl. xix, f. 3=6.)

Ref. List No. 578.

1859. Unio mossambicensis Ptrs., Mts., Mal. Blatt., vi, p. are

jolly wih ti Ss UD) Je

1914. Nodularia mossambicensis Mts., Simpson, Cat. Naiades,

p. 986. D.

1925. Indonaia mossambicensis Ptrs., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8.

Africa, xii) (orailo)n nel.

1925. Nodularia mossambicensis Ptrs., Germ., Miss. Rohan-—

Chabot, iv, p. 225. Nf.

1936. Indonaia mossambicensis Mts., Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges.,

No. 431, p. 51, pl.iv,f.3. F.N.L. Synonymy.

Shell subrhomboid, much higher to the rear, dull brown, beaks moderately full,

situate in #ths of length, anterior end rounded, dorsal and ventral margins lightly

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 611

curved, posterior nearly straight, joining ventral at a blunt angle, posterior ridge

low. Beak sculpture where discernible said to show 2 short lines of isolated

pimples and several fine radial lines, only extending a short distance over the

remaining surface, which bears close concentric striae and wrinkles, coarser and

less regular near margins. Nacre usually tinged with orange; anterior teeth

short triangular, rather weak but projecting; posterior, right valve 16 mm., left

valve, little divergent, about 15 mm. in length.

Long. 42, alt. max. 27, ad umbones 23:5; crass. 18 mm.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (type, Peters); near Mazzara,

R. Zambesi (Kirk).

Type in Berlin Museum.

Unio framesi (Conn.).

1925. Indonaia framesi Conn., Rec. Albany Mus., iii, p. 265, pl. xii

(numbered in text xi), f. 1, 4.- D.F.

1936. Indonaa framesi Conn., Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges., No. 431,

p. 53, pl.iv, f.4. NF.

Shell rather thin, irregular trigonal, valves gaping very slightly in front, broad

and inflated in comparison to its length, blackish brown. Ligament strong,

bright brown, 16 mm. long, dorsal margin nearly straight, beaks not prominent,

situate in ths of length; anterior margin evenly curved, maximum point just

below median, pallial border usually nearly straight, posterior evenly curved,

with no posterior ridge. Beak sculpture, when not too worn, after the shell

has attained a length of 14 mm., consisting of very close, fine concentric striae,

with 4 or 5 prominent growth lines at irregular intervals, on all of which are

superimposed coarse transverse costae, which make a zigzag pattern towards

the rear; after the shell is about 32 mm. long the sculpture changes abruptly to

coarse, fairly regular, concentric costae, closer in front than behind, with traces

of finer concentric striae in the intervals between them. Nacre smooth and pearly,

sometimes roseate. Right valve: cardinal tooth rather long, 8:25 mm., jagged,

moderately strong; posterior lateral lamella slightly curved, narrow and not

prominent, 21-75 mm. in total length. A.A. deep, nearly square; A.P.R. a mere

point sloping upward from its right upper corner on the surface of the anterior

lamella; P.P. extremely small and shallow; P.A. suboval, of moderate depth;

P.P.R. a minute, almost superficial triangle; pallial scar very weak. In the left

valve the anterior lamellae are weak and the posterior laterals almost parallel,

diverging but slightly to the rear. The type and two paratypes measure

Long. 53-0, alt. max. 31:2; crass. 22-5 mm.

99 52:5, 99 32:0; 99 22-8 39

9 50-25, 29 28-5; or) 21:0 2”

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Near Premier Mine, Pretoria (Frames);

Kriiger Park (Haas).

LORENZO MARQUES. Gorongoso Dist. (Wells Cole); Inhaminga

(Hofmann).

Type in Senckenberg Museum.

612 Annals of the South African Museum.

Unio kunenensis Mouss.

Ref. List No. 274.

1887. Unio kunenensis Mouss., J. de C., xxxv, p. 300, pl. xu,

bee Oa BF

1914. Unio kunenensis Mouss., Simpson, Cat. Naiades, p. 586. OD.

1930. Indonaia kunenensis Mouss., Conn., Ann. §.A. Mus., xxix,

p. 322. N.

1936. Indonaia kunenensis Mouss. (=croninae Walker, rohani and

ellenbergert Germ. & zambesiensis Prest.), Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges.,

No. 431, p. 50, pl. iv, f.2. #F. Synonymy.

Shell subrhomboid, subinflated, solid, pale green when young, brown to blackish

brown when mature; beaks moderately full, in 2ths of length; anterior margin

evenly rounded, basal and dorsal well curved, posterior sloping outwards in a nearly

straight line to meet the basal in a narrow curve, posterior ridge not greatly

pronounced. Nacre varicoloured, usually with an orange tinge; ligament short

but strong; anterior teeth very short but strong and projecting, posterior strong,

nearly straight, single and longer in right valve, double, little divergent, upper

15 and lower 19 mm. in left; scar of A.A. muscle very strongly impressed in both

valves, others very weak, P.P. oblique, rather long and narrow. Beak sculpture

consisting of strong, somewhat granulose zigzag lines, usually covering a wide

area; rest of shell with irregular, granulose concentric striae.

Long. 51-5, alt. max. 35-0, ad umbones 32-0; crass. 21-0 mm.

Hab. OVAMBOLAND. Kunene R. (type, Schinz) and near Great

Falls (Barnard); Okovango R., near Kuringkuru (Dickman); between

Dirico and Andara (Staunton); near its junction with Omuramba-

Omataka R. (Shortridge).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Okovango and Botletle District,

and in the salt pans of the Makarrikari brook (fossil, Passarge).

Haas cites several localities in S. Angola and N. Rhodesia; I give

his proposed synonymy without comment.

Type in Zurich Museum.

Unio zambesiensis Prest.

Ref. List No. 582.

1905. Unio zambesiensis Prest., Proc. Mal. Soc., vi, p. 3800, f. 1;

Dy OULD.

1914. Unio zambesiensis Prest., Simpson, Cat. Naiades, p. 724. D.

Extremely near the preceding, from which it possibly differs in comparatively

shorter, more compact form, due to the greater declivity of the posterior slope,

which therefore meets the basal in a more gentle curve than in kunenensis. The

beaks, perhaps through erosion, are little pronounced, situate in about ?ths of

length; posterior teeth about 14:5 mm. in length. A paratype measures

Long. 35-0, alt. max. 25-0, ad umbones 22:5, crass. 14:2 mm.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 613

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (type, Morrell).

Also known from Northern Rhodesia.

Type in British Museum.

Famity MUTELIDAE Gray (emended).

Diaphragm complete, formed anteriorly by gills, posteriorly by

firm union of mantle margins. Anterior end of inner gills in contact

with palpi; branchial and anal siphon sharply separated by union

of mantle margins; anal opening open, or closed above, in latter case

without forming a supra-anal opening. In some genera the mantle

margins unite also in front of the branchial opening. Gills with

very indistinct intercommunicating water tubes, and interrupted

interlamellar connections, or with well-developed water tubes and

septa, parallel to filaments. Marsupium formed only by inner gills;

larvae are glochidia or lasidia (after Ortmann).

Elongate shells somewhat resembling those of the Unionidae, but

teeth either very weak or more usually absent.

Genus Mutela Scopoh, 1777

(Intr. Nat. Hist., p. 397).

Type Mytilus dubius Gmel. (Le Mutel of Adanson).

Shell elongate, slightly inflated, with low smooth beaks and rounded

posterior ridge; surface faintly concentrically grooved; epidermis

rayless; hinge straight, having generally vestiges of taxodont teeth;

dorsal scars an irregular row, extending downward and forward;

muscle scars irregular. Mantle concrescent below branchial orifice

for one-fourth to about half of basal length.

Mutela mabilla (Rehbr.).

(Pl. xix, f. 1-2.)

1886. Mutelina mabilli Rehbr., Bull. Soc. Mal. Fr., 1, p.7. D.

di 3 paludicola Rehbr., ibid., p. 8. D.

1908. i, mabille: (= paludicola) Rehbr., Germ., L’ Afr. Centr.

Heep. 569. D,

1909. Mutelina mabillei Rchbr., Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris, xv,

p. 476. D.

1914. Mutela mabilli Rchbr., Simpson, Cat. Naiades, p. 1360. D.

614 Annals of the South African Museum.

1927. Mutela mabilli Rchbr., Pilsb. & Beq., Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H.,

lin, p. 433, pl. xl, £1: DF:

1929. Mutelina mabilli Rchbr., Haas, Senckenbergiana, xi, p. 115

(in synonymy).

1930. Mutela mabil Rehbr., Conn., Ann. §.A. Mus., xxix, p. 324.

1936. Mutela nilotica mabilli Rchbr., Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges.,

No. 431, p. 100, pl. viii, £.4. NF.

Shell somewhat cuneiform, shortly rounded and gaping in front, elliptically

subrostrate behind, thin, translucent, dark to blackish brown, concentrically striate,

radiate in front, dorsal margin ascending in a straight slope to the point of greatest

altitude in rear, ventral nearly straight, hinge simple, nearly straight, 50 mm. long,

dorsal scars as in genus, muscle scars strongly pronounced.

Long. 93, alt. max. 42-5, ad umbones 32-5; crass. 19-5 mm.; beaks in about

one-fourth length.

Hab. OVAMBOLAND. Okovango R. (Shortridge; Staunton).

Described from Gancini, Congo, just within French territory and

recorded from L. Chad and the Belgian Congo.

Type ubi?.

Haas relegates this species, in company with angustata Sow.,

rostrata Rang, and iris, langi, and garambae P. & B., to the synonymy

of M. nilotica Caill. He may well be correct, but the Okovango

specimens agree better with P. & B.’s figure of mabilli than with those

of the other species cited, so it may be advisable to retain that name

for them for the present without prejudice to possible synonymy.

Mutela rostrata (Rang).

1835. Iridina rostrata Rang, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris, p. 316. D.

1836. ,, . coelestis Lea, Syn. Naiades, p. 57. OD.

1879. Mutela coelestis Rang, sp., Mts., Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,

po i422)

1925. Mutelina rostrata Rang., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu,

pizis. £

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters).

It will be seen from the preceding note that Haas considers both

this species and mabilli to be identical with M. nilotica Caill., and as

the only record of rostrata from South Africa is contained in Martens’

dubious citation of 1879, it appears scarcely necessary to include

further particulars of Rang’s species in the present work.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 615

Genus Aspatharia Bet., 1885

(Esp. Nouv. Tanganika, p. 14).

Type Margaritana vignouana Bernardi

(=Spatha auctt., non Lea).

Pilsbry and Bequaert have shown that Spatha Lea was originally

a monotypic genus including only WM. nilotica Sow.; it accordingly

becomes a synonym of Mutela s.s. and yields place to Aspatharia for

the well-known species formerly attributed to it.

Shell oblong or oval, hinge plate toothless, more or less abruptly

terminated in rear by the deep triangular sinulus and often with a

blunt toothless prominence under the beak of the left valve; scar

of foot protractor muscle lengthened in direction of shell axis. Mantle

very shortly concrescent below branchial orifice or entirely open

between branchial and pedal orifices.

Subgenus Aspatharia s.s.

Beaks corrugated, corrugation diverging in a very broad inverted

V shape, rest of shell smooth or corrugate tuberculate; mantle

margins wholly open between branchial and pedal orifice.

Aspatharia pfeifferrana (Bernardi).

(PIE xix, f. 7-8.)

1860. Margaritana pfeifferiana Bernardi, J. de C., vii, p. 331,

plex, t. 1-2. DF.

1883. Spatha sinuatu Mts., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p.73. D.

1885. i 4G 7) women; .Mitth: on. p.1290> pla ixcciy:

foi. DF.

1886. Spathella protcher Rchbr., Bull. Soc. Mal. Fr., i, p. 8. D.

1897. Spatha stuhlmann Mts., D.O.A., iv, p. 250. DF.

1898. Spatha cryptoradiata Putz., Bull. Soc. Mal. Belg., xxxiii,

peony, £. 8-9. DF.

1907. Spatha (Leptospatha) sinuata Mts., Germ., L’ Afr. Centr. Fr.,

peas. N.

1913. Mutela lukuluensis Prest., Rev. Zool. Afr., ii, p. 61, pl. vi,

4 DF.

1913. Mutela mathildae Prest., ibid., p. 61, pl. vi, f£.7. DP.

1914. Spatha sinuata Mts., Simpson, Cat. Naiades, p. 1333. D.

1927. Aspatharia sinuata Mts. (=lukuluensis and mathildae Prest.),

P. & B., Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., liu, p. 417, pl. xxxv, f. 1-4; pl. xxxvi,

f.1-3a. D.F.

616 Annals of the South African Museum.

1928. Aspatharia sinuata Mts., Spence, J. of C., xviii, p. 216. L.

1929. 5 (Aspatharia) pfeifferiana Bernardi (=protchei

Rehbr., cryptoradiata Putz., sonuata and stuhlmanni Mts., and luku-

luensis Prest.), Haas, Senckenbergiana, xi, p. 112. N. Synonymy.

1930. Aspatharia sinuata Mts., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p.

a2. N.

1936. Aspatharia (Aspatharia) pfeifferiana Bernardi, Haas, Abh.

Senckenb. Ges., No. 431, p. 90. WN.

Shell subelliptical, a little broader behind, beaks moderately full, both ends well

rounded, posterior somewhat produced a little below the median line, dorsal

margin lightly curved, ventral strongly incurved medially; epidermis dark to

blackish brown, nacre varicoloured, not very iridescent; umbonal area eroded in

all the many examples examined, later sculpture consisting of fine, close, regular,

concentric striae, coarser near margin of well-grown shells, crossed by fine, close

axial rays. Ligament strong, hinge simple, 36 mm. from beak to rear, muscle

scars large, impressed.

Long. 82-5; alt. max. 40-0, ad umbones 36-0; crass. 23 mm.

Hab. OVAMBOLAND. Okovango R. (Shortridge).

S. RHODESIA. Hunyani Drift, 20 km. south of Salisbury (Haas).

A. pfeifferiana was described from West Africa, protche: from

French Congo, mathildae from Nyasaland, stuhlmann, sinuata,

lukuluensis and cryptoradiata from the Belgian Congo. Notwith-

standing the synonymy proposed by Haas in 1929, I thought it

preferable in 1930 to retain for the Ovambo race the name of sznuata

Mts.; in his latest paper, however, Haas produces so much further

evidence in support of his former proposal that there appears to be

no option but to adopt it, and apply the earlier name of pferffervana

to the entire group of nearly allied West African forms which Haas

unites under it.

Shortridge collected his bivalves in sand-banks in the bed of the

Okovango close to its junction with the Omuramba-Omataka River,

where, he writes, he “‘had to practically dive for them in the sand-

banks, keeping a native to look out for crocodiles all the time.”

Type ubi?.

Subgenus Spathopsis Simpson, 1900

(Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxii, p. 857).

Type Anodonta guillaini Récl.

Beaks with short concentric waves, rest of shell smooth or rarely

with some corrugations on posterior slope or border. Lunule very

narrow, its border slightly higher in right valve; mantle margins

shortly concrescent below branchial orifice.

5 le

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 617

Aspatharia wahlbergi (Krs.).

Ref. List Nos. 583, 585.

1848. Iridina wahlbergi Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 19, pl. u,f.1. DF.

1864. Spatha natalensis Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p.113. D.

1898. » martenguensis Stur., S.A. Moll., p. 92, pl. im, f. 66.

DEE.

1914. Spatha wahlbergi Krs. (=natalensis Lea), cum var. hartmanni

Mts. (=tabula Sow.), var. bourgugnati Bet. (=spathuliformis and

bloyeti Bet.), and var. dorsalis Mts., Simpson, Cat. Naiades, p. 1326. D.

1918. Spatha wahlbergi Krs., Ortm., Nautilus, xxxi, p. 77. A.

1925. Pe ie 3. Conn., ‘Lrans. R: Soe. . Adrigay xa)

pezio.. NV.

1925. Spatha wahlbergi Krs., Marshall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvii,

4,p.5, pl.iv, f.3. Sculpture.

1927. Spatha wahlbergi Krs., Schlesch, Arch. f. Moll.-K., p. 200,

pees tt. NU.

1930. Spatha wahlberg: Krs., Conn., Ann. 8.A. Mus., xxix, p. 322.

1936. Aspatharia (Spathopsis) wahlbergi wahlberg: Krs., Haas,

Abh. Senckenb. Ges., No. 431, p. 94, pl. vii, f.5. F.N.L.

Shell very large, elongate elliptical, brown or yellow-brown, beaks slightly

prominent, situate in rather less than 4rd length, sculptured on the extremities

with concentric rugae, which soon develop into close, regular, concentric striae of

somewhat varying strength and normally without corrugation. Anterior margin

evenly rounded, basal and dorsal gently curved and parallel, posterior produced,

rather narrowly rounded below median line as it merges into basal; ligament

strong but not very long, nacre varicoloured, hinge plate sharply truncate in rear

by the strong deep sinulus, A.A., P.P., and P.A. scars deeply impressed, pallial

line deep at ends, well defined. A large Transvaal example measures

Long. 127, alt. max. 59, ad umbones 56; crass. 32 mm.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Aapies R. (type, Wahlberg); Crocodile R.

(Day); Middelburg (Crawford); Dwars R., 40 miles north of Pieters-

burg (Braine).

NATAL. Umpingave R. (natalensis, McKen).

ZULULAND. Enselini R. (Anderson).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Lotsani R., Palapye (Vissel).

OVAMBOLAND. Junction of Okovango and Omuramba-Omataka

Rivers (Shortridge).

LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (Peters); L. Pavi, Inhambane

(Junod).

S. RHODESIA. Maitengue R. (martenguensis, Penther); Bula-

618 Annals of the South African Museum.

wayo (coll. Crawford); Sawmills, Umgusa R. (Arnold); Battlefields

(Parkinson); Gazaland (Swinnerton).

Type of wahlberg: in Stockholm, maitenguensis in Vienna Museum.

Widely distributed northward as far as Abyssinia, where A. hart-

mannt Mts. is at most but a trivial variety of Krauss’ species; the

unique type of maitenguensis Stur. agrees perfectly with wahlbergi

at the same stage of growth.

var. dorsalis Mts.

Ref. List No. 585.

1897. Spatha wahlbergi Krs., var. dorsalis Mts., D.O.A., p. 247. D.

RSS a ieee = Ns ny is » . Conn., Transat.

SOG 92 Auricd sexaihape Jie els

“Beaks further forward, in #ths to 4th length, hence the hinder margin longer;

pallial line only a little lengthened.”

Long. 136, alt. 67, crass. 41 mm., beaks in ?ths length

2 WAT 2” 633, 29 33 ry) ” ith ”

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. ‘Tette; Sena (Peters).

Type in Berlin Museum.

Haas (1936) unites this with the typical form.

Aspatharia petersi (Mts.).

Ref. List No. 584.

1859. Spatha peters: Mts., Mal. Blatt., vi, p. 218, pl. mi, f. 1-2.

ID SH,

1864. Spatha modesta Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 109. D.

1914. », peters. Mts. (=modesta Lea), Simpson, Cat. Naiades,

p. 1335., “DD:

1925. Spatha peters: Mts., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xu, p.

Wei, Ihe

1936. Aspatharia (Spathopsis) petersi Mts., Haas, Abh. Senckenb.

Ges, YNor 45h p. oie vile Gn eon

Differs from the foregoing in far lower altitude and in its dorsal and basal margins

being nearly straight instead of curved, and not parallel, owing to the former

sloping gradually upwards to the rear. In other externals, strong muscular scars

and very strong sinulus it is similar to wahlbergi. The largest shell measured by

Martens was

Long. 79, alt. 35; crass. 19 mm., beaks in 4rd length, and 2 single valves from

near Mombasa are 94 x 43 and 84 x 37 mm. in length and height.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Tette (type, Peters); Itschongove

(Schenck); Nkomati R., Rikatla (Junod).

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 619

TRANSVAAL. Komati-Poort (Lang); Kruger Park (several

localities, Haas).

S. RHODESIA. Lundi Hotel, between Beit Bridge and Fort

Victoria; Hunyani Drift, 20 km. S. of Salisbury (Haas).

Also known from East Africa.

Type of peters: in Berlin, modesta in Washington Museum.

Famity CYRENIDAE.

Shell trigonal to oval, solid, porcellanous; hinge plate bearing 2 or 3

cardinal teeth diverging from the beaks in each valve, and anterior

and posterior lateral teeth. Ligament external, pallial line in African

genera entire. Mantle free except posteriorly, where a partition

divides off a siphonal cavity; siphons short and separate or mere

orifices; gills concrescent posteriorly, labial palpi triangular (Pilsbry

and Bequaert).

Genus Corbicula Meg., 1811

(Mag. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 56).

Type Tellina fluminalis Mill.

Lateral teeth long, usually closely crenulate; pallial sinus entire.

Exterior usually bearing strong concentric sculpture.

Corbicula africana (Krs.).

(Pl. xvi, f. 10-14.)

Ref. List Nos. 586, 589, 590, 592.

1846. Cyrena radiata Parr., Phil., Abb. u. Beschr., u, p. 78, pl. x1,

ATES.) DF.

1848. Cyrena africana var. olivacea (=gauritziana Krs. in litt. and

radiata Parr.), Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 8, pl.1,f.8. DP.

1877. Corbicula natalensis Krs., Cless., Conch. Cab., p. 155, pl.

xxvu, f. 19-21. DF.

1899. Corbicula fluminalis Mill., Pons., Proc. Mal. Soc., ii, p.

aot, N.

1907. Corbicula fluminalis Mill., Schultze, Aus Namaland u.

Kalahani, pp. 616, 708. JN.

1910. Corbicula fluminalis Miill., Bttg., Abh. Senckenb. Ges.,

xxx, p.454. WN.

1914. Corbicula fluminalis Mill., Harmer, Pliocene Moll. G.B., 1,

poo. N.L.

620 Annals of the South African Museum.

1925. Corbicula africana Krs. (=radiata Phil.), Conn., Trans. R. Soc.

S. Africa, xu, p. 214. WN.

1927. Corbicula radiata Phil., Pilsb. & Beq., Bull. Amer. Mus., N.H.,

hn, p. 841. N.F.

1936. Corbicula africana Krs., Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges., No. 431,

pits ON,

1936. Corbicula fluminalis natalensis Cless., Haas, ibid., p. 42, pl. ii,

f.4. N.F. Synonymy.

Shell of moderate size, subequilaterally trigonal, upper margins nearly straight,

basal evenly rounded; fairly solid, umbones smooth, just touching in a closed shell,

rest of shell sculptured with close, fairly regular concentric striation, very fine and

faint in umbonal region and quickly increasing in coarseness and a trifle more

distant with increased growth, though occasionally weaker again near the margins

of large specimens; colour dark brown in type, but ranging from pale yellow

through almost every shade of olive-brown or green, often in combination on the

same valve, while the umbonal region is often prettily rayed with blue or grey

and rose or cream. Umbones moderately fine and prominent; breadth usually

somewhat exceeding height of shell, though the ratio varies to some extent. Nacre

bluish purple, varying in depth, white or pale rose; hinge strong, white and fairly

long; hinge plate normally of fair size, cardinal teeth strong, laterals long, thin,

nearly equal, very finely serrate, muscle scars but little developed. The largest

of the type set measures

Lat. 15, alt. 13, crass. 8-1 mm., and bears about 35 post-nuclear concentric

costulae, closer and less strong after the first 16-18; it is about the average size

of South African forms, though one of my largest, from Gorongozo District,

measures 20-5 x 16-0 x 9:3 mm., being unusually wide in proportion to its height,

while another from the Limpopo, 17-5 x 14:7 x 9-3, runs to the opposite extreme

and its costae are coarser than usual, approaching in this respect C. fluminalis

(Miill.), and probably forming the basis on which certain authors have grounded

their determination of that species from South Africa.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Gauritz R. (type, Krauss); Swellendam

(Layard); Gamtoos R. (Farquhar); Port Elizabeth (Crawford).

NATAL (natalensis, Queinzius); Nonoti R. (Miss Brown).

TRANSVAAL. Potchefstroom; Vaal R., Standerton (Miss Living-

ston); Bodtchabelo (Junod); Limpopo R. (flwminalis, fide Harmer);

Kriiger Park (Haas).

ZULULAND East (Toppin; Burnup); Mazimba Hill (Haas).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Kroonstad (Miss Hickey).

LORENZO MARQUES. Itschongove (Schenck); Tette (Peters).

GRIQUALAND WEST. Riverton, Vaal R. (19x17 mm., Miss

Wilman).

BECHUANALAND. Hartz R., Taungs (Miss Wilman); Witkop

(fluminalis, subfossil, Schultze; Rogers); Molopo, Gordonia (Rogers).

BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Letter Tree, Botletle R. (Passarge).

LITTLE NAMAQUALAND. Henkries (Lightfoot) and Augh-

rabies Falls, Orange R. (Barnard).

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 621

Types of africana and natalensis in Stuttgart, fluminalis in Copen-

hagen Museum.

As radiata Phil. is preoccupied, africana takes its place, but the

former name simply applied to the variety with radiate umbones,

more pronounced, when present, in immature examples, frequently

becoming absorbed with increased growth and thickness of the shell,

and seldom occurring except in company with the unicoloured form.

The type pair of natalensis Cless. are a large, rather elongate form

of africana, nearly uniform dark olive-green, the larger 19-6 x 15-8 x 9-5

and the smaller 15-2 x 13-5 x 8-7 mm.; they were collected in Natal by

Queinzius and purchased at Stevens in 1863. Two smaller examples

of the same form, the larger 14-8 x 12:0 x 7-5 mm., bear the MS. name

of Quinzu Krs. and also africana var. radiata Parr.

This species has a very wide distribution northward, mainly in

the region of the great lakes, without, as a rule, greatly exceeding

the dimensions given above, but on reaching Egypt what appears to

be the same form is hardly, if at all, distinguishable from the large

consobrina Caill., which may possibly be conspecific.

The foregoing references are merely to South African forms, with-

out embarking into wider questions of synonymy; the true C. flumin-

alis (Mill.), with which artinz Plry. is probably synonymous, is a large

solid species, more high than broad, which inhabits Asia and North-

Kast Africa.

var. albida Krs.

Ref. List Nos. 587, 591.

1848. Cyrena africana var. albida (=pusilla Parr.) Krs., Siidafr.

Moll. pp. 8,9. D. |

1880. Corbicula oliphantensis Crvn., P.Z.S., p. 618, pl. lvu, f. 12.

DF.

1933. Corbicula oliphantensis Crvn., Ckll., Nautilus, xlvu, p.77. WN.

1936. # albida albida Krs., Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges.,

Motel) p. 41, pl.u,f.3. NA.

The yellow colour variety of africana, often occurring in company with vari-

coloured forms, but sometimes apparently retaining its uniform yellow or buff hue

in whole colonies without variation. Craven’s set were immature, with pretty

pale rose nacre, the largest measuring 12 x10x6-5 mm. In the type set of albida,

also immature, the majority show this rosy flush on the umbones outside as well

asin; a large series from Wilge River are merely white within, and owing doubtless

to some chemical in the water, the hinges are extremely weak through erosion,

practically absent in the largest shell.

Cockerell (1933) remarks “‘the shell grows to a larger size, length

622 Annals of the South African Museum.

18 mm., than Craven indicates, so the distinction from C. africana Krs.

may not be valid.”

I am not sure, however, whether C. pusilla “Parr.” falls into this

synonymy.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. R. Lepenula (type, Wahlberg); Wilge R.

(Mrs. Wilkinson); Oliphants R. (purchased of Barrett in Bloemfontein,

oliphantensis, Craven); 6-mile Spruit and Crocodile R., Pretoria

District (Connolly).

S. RHODESIA. Ingezi R., Shangani (Miss A. Mackie).

I only mention localities in which the yellow form appears to remain

unmixed, and which suggest headquarters in the Northern Transvaal.

Type of albida in Stuttgart, oliphantensis in British Museum.

Subspecies rosina Haas.

1936. Corbicula albida rosint Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges., No. 431,

peal spline tay DCH

Described as rounded triangular, solid, interior bluish white, exterior straw,

with rather distant, fairly deep ribbing, not so broad as the spaces between them.

Long. 16, lat. 13, crass. 8 mm.

Distinguished by the straw colour and stronger, more distant ribs.

Hab. 8. RHODESIA. Hunyani Drift, 20 km. 8. of Salisbury

(type, Haas); Zambesi (Brancsik).

Type in Senckenberg Museum.

Also collected by Shortridge in the Upper Zambesi, Barotzeland.

Corbicula astartina (Mts.).

(Pl. xvin, f. 5-9.)

Ref. List No. 588.

1859. Cyrena astartina Mts., Mal. Blatt., vi, p. 219, pl. im, f. 6-7.

D.F.

1925. Corbicula astartina Mts., Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa, xii,

p. 214. N.

1936. Corbicula astartina Mts., Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges., No. 481,

pt42, pl ages Ie eVeny

A rather coarsely lirate shell, differing in its typical form from africana in being

much broader in comparison to its height and far less in cross diameter; the beaks

are finer, cardinals closer, shorter and thinner, and the long, nearly straight laterals,

which show exceedingly fine serration, far weaker, but the scars are considerably

more pronounced than in africana of equal size. All examples known to me are

uniform pale yellow, with whitish interior; the concentric costulae vary consider- —

ably in distance apart and consequent coarseness. The type is said to measure

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 623

Long. 16-0, alt. 11-0, crass. 6-5 mm., and the paratype figured is

» 142, ,, 11-5, ,,. 5-9 ,, , while other paratypes, with the number of

costulae on each shell, measure

Long. 11-2, alt. 8-5, crass. 4:8 mm., 10 costulae

PRP IEO: Neuse at OD a

5 A AB Ras: Be Racy Op ee

Pe Bee ees AGe ys eae

Bete 0% Aci he Sige

I set forth the above table at length in order to prove that in typical

form, at least, the present species is definitely separable from its

contreres.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. ‘Tette (type, Peters).

S. RHODESIA. Que Que River (O. Armstrong); Ngamandhlovu

(R. H. R. Stevenson).

TRANSVAAL. Great Letaba R., Kriiger Park (Haas).

Also recorded from Nyasaland and N. Rhodesia, while what appears

to be the same species is rare in Victoria Nyanza.

Type in Berlin Museum.

Famity SPHAERIIDAE.

Shell small, oval or trigonal, thin, corneous, pallial line simple.

Mantle margins united posteriorly to form siphons. Viviparous and

hermaphrodite; distribution world-wide.

Genus Sphaertum Scopoli, 1777

(Intr. Nat. Hist., p. 397)

(=Cyclas Brug., 1792).

Type Tellina cornea Lin.

Shell ovate, subequilateral, umbones slightly inclined to rear,

anterior side rather shorter than posterior, muscle scars not impressed.

Foot-sole very extensile, mantle edge and siphonal orifice simple,

siphons 2 in number, moderately long, united at their base, the

branchial somewhat longer, gills unequal, the outer shorter and

fringed.

Sphaerium capense (Krs.).

(RAR xovantiee tls)

Ref. List No. 593.

1848. Cyclas capensis Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 7, pl.1,f.6. DF.

1878. Sphaerium capense Krs., Sow., Conch. Icon., xx, pl. v, f. 45

a—b. D.F.

624 Annals of the South African Museum.

1923. Sphaervum capense Krs. and vinosum Sow. (=capense Sow.,

non Krs.), Dupuis, Ann. Soc. Zool. Belg., liv, p. 21. UN.

1927. Sphaervum capense Krs. and vinosum Sow., Pilsb. & Beq.,

Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., liii, pp. 347 and 348. Check List.

1936. Sphaerrvum capense capense Krs., Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges.,

No. 431, p. 44. L. Synonymy.

Shell nearly oval, thin, smooth, pale corneous, with occasional darker bands of

erowth; all margins evenly arcuate, umbones obtuse and very weak, cardinal teeth

scarcely discernible, both anterior and the posterior lateral in right valve strong

and projecting, that in left valve very weak; sculpture of extremely weak con-

centric striolae, only just visible under a lens.

Long. 9-0, alt. 7-0, crass. 5-7 mm.; several paratypes received from Krauss in the

British Museum agree in all above details with the type set, in which the freshest

and smallest example is pale, slightly yellowish olivaceous.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Knysna River (type, Krauss).

ZULULAND. St. Lucia Lake (Haas).

S. RHODESIA. Makabusi Falls, near Salisbury (Miss Weineck).

Type of capense in Stuttgart, “vinosum” in British Museum.

In order to dispel once and for all the myth woven around vinosum,

it is necessary to quote Sowerby’s description of capense in 1878:

““ Sphaertum capense. Sph. testa subquadratim ovata, tumida, ferru-

ginea, intus subvinosa, fasciata, umbonibus rotundis, latere antice

brevi depresso, rotundo, latere postico obscure angulato, obtusissime

subquadrato. The vinous Sphaervum. Sow.—Sph. capense Krauss is a

more shortly ovate and more compressed lenticular shell than this.”

If Sowerby really intended to separate the shell he described from

capense, it is impossible to realise what was his conception of Krauss’

species, since his description is based on the same shell that I have

described above, coated externally with a ferrugineous deposit, which

shows through into the interior and causes it to appear the colour of

claret; however, Dupuis advanced the theory that Sowerby’s title

“capense” was a lapsus calami for “wnosum,” and that he had

intended to publish it under that name, which should accordingly

be substituted at the head of his Latin description. I trust that the

facts I have stated are sufficient to prove that no further account

need be taken of Dupuis’ suggestion.

Thiele has recorded this species from Lake Karago in the north-

west corner of Tanganyika Territory, and Haas from the Belgian

Congo.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 625

Genus Pisidium C. Pfr., 1821

(Syst. Anord. u. Beschr. D.L.-u.W.-Schn., pp. 17, 123)

(=Pisum Gray, 1847, and Fluminina Cless., 1873).

Type Cyclas obliqua Lam. (Tellina amnica Miill.).

Shell small, inequilateral, beaks towards rear, ligament immersed.

Lateral teeth double in right, single in left valve, cardinals 2 in each

valve, concrescent in right into a single arcuate tooth; siphons separate

at ends.

Pisidium langleyanum M. & P.

Ref. List No. 595.

1891. Pisidium langleyanum M. & P., A.M.N.H., viii, p. 237. D.

1892. be) be) br)

‘a ci ae

us ix p:. 92> ply:

Shell very small, nearly oval, umbones rather prominent, sculpture consisting

of close, rather fine concentric striae, fairly regular but varying a little in strength

and distance. Interior—right valve: upper anterior lateral short and weak,

lower obtusely triangular, about twice as long; cardinal very weak; upper posterior

lateral extremely weak, lower longer and stronger, very obtusely angulate. Left

valve: both laterals short, anterior the stronger, cardinals parallel, angulate,

lower the longer.

Lat. 3-0, alt. 2-5 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (type, Langley).

ORANGE FREE STATE. Rhenoster R., Rustfontein (Connolly).

Type in British Museum.

The type, described above, is a somewhat immature shell with hinge

system poorly developed; a better-grown example from Rustfontein

shows similar sculpture and hinge arrangement, but with the night

lower lateral more pronounced and right cardinal, which is barely

discernible in the type, roughly triangular; left anterior lateral

comparatively stronger than in type.

Pisidium ovampicum Ancey.

Ref. List No. 596.

1890. Pisidium ovampicum Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mal. Fr., vu, p. 162.

1910. Pisidium cf. langleyanum M. & P. (2), Bttg., Abh. Senckenb.

See eocn, p. 450, pl. xxvii, f.19. DF.

1930. Prsidium ovampicum Ancey, Conn., Ann. $.A. Mus., xxix,

p. 325. NV.

VOL. XXXIII. 40

626 Annals of the South African Museum.

1932. Pisidium sp. n. (?), juv., Hutch., Pickf. & Schuurm., Arch. f.

Hydrob., xxiv, p, 49.

Ancey’s description runs “‘nitidula lineis concentricis tenuibus

sculpta, ovata, umbones paulo ante medium siti, depressi, vix pro-

minuli. Pars antica rotundata, late arcuata, postica vix minus lata,

convexa, haud truncata nec rostrata (convexitas maxima submediana),

praecedente paulo major. Valvae medio convexo-depressae.

“Diam. 22, alt. 23, crass. 14 mm.”

No authentic examples are known of this unfigured species, obvi-

ously described from an unopened shell, but a single weathered valve

from Damara or Ovamboland appears to agree sufficiently well with

its description to warrant the probability of its being conspecific, and

it, 1n turn, appears conspecific with better-grown and preserved

specimens from Lake Chrissie; of these, therefore, I offer the follow-

ing description, with the purely tentative suggestion that they may

represent Ancey’s lost species.

Shell very small, oval, umbones little prominent, sculpture similar to but

stronger than that of langleyanum. Interior—right valve: upper anterior marginal

short and weak, lower twice its length and strength; cardinal vestigial; lower

posterior marginal somewhat longer and much stronger than upper. Left valve:

anterior lateral long and narrow, posterior short and weak, cardinals very weak,

especially the upper.

Lat. 3-2, alt. 2-6 mm.

Hab. OVAMBOLAND (type, Andersson & Chapman).

TRANSVAAL. Lake Chrissie (Miss E. L. Stephens).

BECHUANALAND. Witkop = (langleyanum (%), sub-fossil,

Schultze).

Type ubi?.

Pisidium costulosum Conn.

(Text-fig. 57.)

1931. Pisidium costulosum Conn., A.M.N.H., viii, p. 310, pl. xin,

£, 24-27. DF.

1936. Pisidium costulosum Conn., Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges.,

No. 431, p. 43. LL.

Shell very small, roundly trigonal, the broad prominent umbones smooth, white,

and glossy, remainder dull milky white, sculptured with strong, close, coarse,

regular, concentric costae; all margins regularly arcuate, posterior very short and

steep, anterior about twice as long, with gentler slope and narrower curve.

Interior—right valve: upper anterior lateral very short and narrow, lower

short but strong, obtusely triangular; cardinal tooth bluntly rounded; both

posterior laterals strong, upper nearly two-thirds as long as lower. Left valve:

anterior lateral long, straight and strong; upper cardinal long, straight and narrow,

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 627

almost parallel to posterior slope of lower, which is bluntly rounded; posterior

lateral weak and narrow.

Lat. 2-95, alt. 2-45 mm.

Hab. ORANGE FREE STATE. Rhenoster R., Rustfontein

(Connolly).

TExt-Fic. 57.—Pisidium costulosum Conn. Type, highly magnified.

TRANSVAAL. Great Letaba R., Kriiger Park (Haas).

Type in British Museum.

Easily distinguishable from other South African forms by its strong

costulation.

Genus Bisanodonta Orb., 1846

(Voy. Amer. Merid., p. 622).

Type B. paranensis Orb.

(=Eupera Bet., 1854, Iimosina Cless

Clessinella Waagen, 1905).

Shell small, very thin, inequilateral, beaks prominent, situate in

front of the middle; hinge narrow, with a single small cardinal on

each side, or missing on the right; in left valve 1, in right valve 2

laterals fore and aft. Siphons united near base; mantle generally

spotted with black.

., 1872 and

Bisanodonta ferruginea (Krs.).

(Pl. xvin, f. 3-4.)

Ref. List No. 594.

1848. Cyclas ferruginea Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 7, pl.1,f.6. DF.

1918. Eupera ferruginea Krs., Germ., Bull. Mus. Paris, xxiv,

eooo. N.

1921. Eupera ferruginea Krs., Germ., Faune Mascareignes, p. 404.

628 Annals of the South African Museum.

1922. Sphaerium ferrugineum Krs., Cawst., 8. Afr. J. Sci., xix,

Dea Gee mave

1936. Hupera ferruginea Krs., Haas, Abh. Senckenb. Ges., No. 431,

p: 43. 2;

Shell small, nearly oval, posterior slope longer and less convex than anterior,

nymphs smooth, rest of shell covered with very fine, close and regular concentric

striae, slightly coarser and more distant near outer margin; ground colour rather

pale chestnut, marginal zone unicoloured, central area and umbonal region densely

mottled with black; interior bluish white, the black exterior mottling showing

through the shell; cardinals strong, right oblique, extending across hinge plate,

left very short, parallel to margin; all laterals very strong, left posterior very short,

anterior more than twice as long, right anterior about twice the length of posterior;

posterior muscle scars strongly defined, anterior smaller and less so.

Lat. 6-7, alt. 5-0, crass. 3-2 mm.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. R. Knysna (type, Krauss).

NATAL. Avoca; Illovo Lagoon (Cawston).

TRANSVAAL. Great Letaba R., Kriiger Park (Haas).

S. RHODESIA. Victoria Falls (Connolly).

Type in Stuttgart Museum.

The single example from the Victoria Falls is immature, 46 x 3-4

mm., with slightly stronger sculpture than in the type, and approaches

in this respect the northern parasitica Phil.; its eggs are exceedingly

small and just too elongate to be termed circular. The species is also

recorded from Madagascar.

SPECIES WHICH HAVE BEEN ERRONEOUSLY ATTRIBUTED TO SOUTH

AFRICA, OR OF WHICH THE NAMES MAY, FOR VARIOUS REASONS,

BE REMOVED FROM THE List or AUTHENTIC SOUTH AFRICAN

VARIETIES.

Note.—It will be seen that the roll now given differs slightly, both

by addition and subtraction, from that appended to my Reference

List.

Ceratoconcha schultzer Simroth. _

1907. Ceratoconcha schultzei Srth., Zool. Anz. Leipsig, xxxi, p. 794,

ete. DSF.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Flats (Schultze).

Béttger has shown that this is the larva of Microdon Meig. and

consequently has no place in Mollusca.

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 629

Ennea zanguebarica Morel.

1889. Ennea zanguebarica Morel., J. de C., xxxvii, p. 10, pl. i, f. 7.

DF.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (fide Morelet).

A synonym of Edentulina obesa Gibb., an East African shell,

wrongly attributed to South Africa.

Rhytida bullacea (Pir.).

1854. Helix bullacea Pfr., P.Z.S., p. 53. D.

Paso. 5, Peace, Morel.y J, de OC). xxxwitim 00) ie

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (fide Morelet).

An Australian, not South African, species.

Nanina pisolina Gld.

1859. Nanina pisolina Gld., Proc. Boston Soc., vi, p. 423. D.

Hab. “CAPE OF GOOD HOPE?” (Ringold and Rodgers).

As no authentic example of this insufficiently described species can

be traced and its original locality is doubtful, it cannot be considered

a collectable form.

Arion fuscus (Mill.).

Ref. List No. 209.

1774. Limaz fuscus Mill., Verm., u, p. 11. D.

1900. Arion fuscus Mill., Cllge., Ann. S.A. Mus., u, p. 7. LL.

Hab. CAPE PENINSULA. Cape Town (Lightfoot).

NATAL. Pietermaritzburg (Burnup).

I have shown under A. intermedius (q.v.) that the two South African

records given above must be transferred to that species.

Sculptaria collaris (Pfr.).

Ref. List No. 223.

1867. Helix collaris Pfr., Mal. Blatt., xiv, p.197. OD.

1909. Stegodera (Moellendorfiia) mariae Nobre, Bull. Soc. Port., i,

Sappl 2,p.79. D.

1923. Sculptaria collaris Pfr. (=mariae Nobre), Bnp., Ann. Natal

Mus., v, p. 14, pl. i, f. 14-18. DF.

Burnup proves that the proper habitat of this species is Benguela,

Angola, and that it has not yet been found south of the Kunene River.

630 Annals of the South African Museum.

Heliz bulbus Pfr.

Ref. List No. 283.

1848. Helix bulbus Mke., Pfr., Zeitschr. f. Malak., v, p. 116. D.

1905. tet i: » Conn., Ann.'8-A. Mus. xu piv

Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (in coll. Menke).

Placed by Tryon (1887) in Dorcasia, but no authentic example is

extant and the shell appears unlike anything known from South

Africa.

Helix comatula Fer.

1821. Helix (Helicella) comatula Fér., Tabl. Moll., pt. 3, p. 50

(or 46). JL.

Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. On aloes (Delalande).

Nomen nudum.

Helix connexiva Fér.

1821. Helix (Helicostyla) connexiva Fer., Tabl. Moll., pt. 3, p. 50

(or 46). L.

Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (Delalande).

Nomen nudum.

Helix dolosa Fer.

1821. Helix (Helicostyla) dolosa Fér., Tabl. Moll., pt. 3, p. 50 (or

AG). EL;

Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (Delalande).

Nomen nudum.

Heliz ekloniana Beck.

1837. Helix (Theba) ekloniana Beck., Index Moll., p. 11. L.

Hab. “Afr. aust. Alg.’’ (fide Beck).

Nomen nudum.

Helix familiaris Fer.

1837. Helix familiaris Feér., Cat. Coll. Férussac, p. 6. L.

Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (in coll. Férussac).

Nomen nudum.

Helix fanulus Pfr.

1856. Helix fanulus Pfr., P.Z.S., p. 33. D.

Hab. PORT NATAL (coll. Cuming).

Type in British Museum.

The tip of a Gulella of the group of adamsiana, q.v.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 631

Helix lactea Miill.

Ref. List No. 300.

1774. Helix lactea Mill., Verm., ii, p.19. D.

1916. ,, fauz-nigra Chem., Conn., Ann. §.A. Mus., xiii, p.

tie AN.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Kowie (Barber).

The Layard collection contained a mature example of this species

which was taken alive, together with a smaller empty shell, in a

garden by the Kowie River in 1897; on the sale of that collection

they were thrown away as of no interest, but I can affirm that they

were of the dark coloration prevalent in some of the Canary Islands,

whence they were probably imported into South Africa. The species

has not recurred there and is best removed from the local list.

Helix monticola Beck.

1837. Helix (Bradybaena) monticola Beck, Index Moll., p. 20. L.

Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (fide Beck).

Nomen nudum.

Helix sectilis Fer.

1821. Helix (Helicella) sectilis Fér., Tabl. Moll., pt. 3, p. 46 (or

42). L.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Caffraria (Delalande).

Nomen nudum.

Rachis picturata (Morel.).

1889. Bulimus picturatus Morel., J. de C., xxxvii, p. 7, pl. 1, f. 4.

De.

Sturany (1898) attributed this species in error to Port Elizabeth;

it was described from Central Africa.

Pupa haploa M. & P.

1393. Pupa haploa M. & P.,:A.M.N.H., x, p. 21, pl. m1, f. 7. DP.

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (fide M. & P.).

Pupa psichion M. & P.

1894. Pupa psichion M. & P., A.M.N.H., xiv, p. 93, pl. i, f. 8.

DF. |

Hab. TRANSVAAL. Pretoria (fide M. & P.).

I showed in 1912 that both the foregoing should be regarded as

irrevocably lost, though probably also redundant species.

632 Annals of the South African Museum.

Curvella disparilis (Smith).

1890. Bulimus (Hapalus) disparilis Smith, A.M.N.H., vi, p. 156,

pl yeti: oe

1925. Curvella disparilis Smith, Conn., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Africa,

“ni, piss. £:

Since I recorded this species from three localities in Portuguese

East Africa mature consideration has caused me to attribute the

examples to my new var. smithi of Curvella nyasana Smith rather

than to his other species.

Rumina decollata (Lin.).

1758. Helix decollata Lin., Syst. Nat., Ed. 10,1, p. 773. D.

1916. Rumina decollata Lin., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xii, p. 189.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (coll. Layard).

I showed in 1912 that there is no evidence that this species ever

occurred in live condition in the sub-continent.

Auriculastra pellucens (Mke.).

1830. Auricula pellucens Mke., Syn. Méth. Moll., p. 131. D.

Krauss attributed to this South American species shells collected

by Wahlberg in Natal; they are A. radiolata Morel. (=durbanica

M. & P.).

Auriculastra pusilla (Ads.).

1854. Ellobium pusillum Ads., P.Z.S., p. 8. D.

Hab. NATAL. Cato’s Creek, Durban.

It is probable that the record of this Philippine species from Natal,

based on a single specimen, is incorrect.

Planorbis caffer “‘ Krauss.”

1889. P. caffer Krs., Morel., J. de C., xxxvu, p.19. L.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Port Elizabeth (fide Morelet).

A non-existent species, possibly a misprint for U. caffer Krs.,

which is known from Port Elizabeth, but not included in Morelet’s

list of species from that district.

Pitms!

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 633

Planorbis riippellia Dkr.

Ref. List No. 502.

1848. Planorbis rippellii Dkr., P.Z.S., p. 42. D.

1900. 4 rippelli Krs., Junod, Bull. Soc. Vaudoise, xxxv,

polio. LL.

Hab. LORENZO MARQUES. Rikatla (Junod).

Junod’s record of this Abyssinian species refers to pfeifferi Krs.

Bulinus contortus (Mich.).

Ref. List No. 518.

1829. Physa contorta Mich., Bull. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, iu, p. 268,

plate, f. 15-16. D.F.

1916. Isidora contorta Mich., Conn., Ann. S.A. Mus., xii, p.190. WN.

1931. Bulinus contortus Mich., Beq. & Clench, Occ. Pap. Boston

pac. NH v,p. 360. N.

Hab. CAPE PROVINCE. Quarry near Fort England, Grahams-

town (Farquhar).

I agree fully with Bequaert and Clench that very much exhaustive

research is advisable before admitting the existence of this circum-

Mediterranean species in South Africa, though it is certainly very

near akin to the southern B. tropicus on conchological grounds.

Bulinus schackoi and sericina (Jickeli).

1874. Isidora schackoi and sericina Jick., Fauna N.-O.-A., pp. 197,

194, pl. vu, f.12,11. DF.

1898. Physa schackoi and sericina Jick., M. & P., Proc. Mal. Soc.,

mop. lez. Db.

Hab. SOUTH AFRICA (sericina) and 48 miles from Port Elizabeth

(schackoz, in coll. Ponsonby).

Here again, there is insufficient reason for dragging Abyssinian

species into the South African list when the local forms fall well within

the limits of B. tropicus.

Cyclotus natalensis Pfr.

1861. Cyclotus natalensis Pir., P.Z.S., p. 388. D.

1899. a bo oh ME Se Po AMUN ave Sey 2

Hab. CAPE NATAL (coll. Cuming).

Type in British Museum.

634 Annals of the South African Museum.

“Cyclotus natalensis Pfr. has been shown by Ancey to be the

Cyclophorus klobukowskw Morlet from Tonkin and must therefore be

removed from South African list.”” (M. & P.)

Cyclostoma goudotianum Sow.

1847. Cyclostoma goudotianum Sow., Thesaurus Conch., i, p. 130,

pl it AS De:

The type in the British Museum is labelled “ Natal,” but the species

is Madagascan, not South African, and the locality is almost certainly

erroneous.

Cyclostoma letourneuxi Bet.

1889. Cyclostoma letourneuxi Ancey, Bgt., Moll. de Afr. Equat.,

p. 1925) SD:

Kobelt records this species from “South-East Africa,” but it is

not yet known from south of the Zambesi.

Cyclostoma zanguebaricum Petit.

1850. Cyclostoma zanguebaricum Petit, J. de C., 1, p. 53, pl. ii, f. 5.

DE:

1854. Cyclostoma parvispirum Pfr., P.Z.S., p. 128. D.

Erroneously recorded by Morelet (1889) from Port Elizabeth; not

yet known from south of the Zambesi.

Thiara amarula (Lin.).

Ref. List No. 554.

1758. Helix amarula Lin., Syst. Nat., Ed. 10,1, p. 774. D.

The two Natalian records of this species given in my Reference

List can safely be transferred to T. vowamica Bet.

Melania histrionica Rve.

1860. Melania histrionica Rve., Conch. Icon., pl. xxix, f. 192.

Hab. CAPE COLONY (coll. Cuming).

Type in British Museum.

A west coast species probably attributable to M. aurita Mill.

or balteata Phil., of which the presence in South Africa lacks con-

firmation.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 635

Melanopsis princeps Lea.

1837. Melanopsis princeps Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., v, p. 82,

pees f. 74. D.F.

Hab. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE (fide Lea).

Placed by Brot, 1879, in the synonymy of Faunus ater (Lin.);

Lea’s locality is erroneous.

Neritina crepidularia Lam.

1822. Neritina crepidularia Lam., Hist. Nat. An. s. Vert., vi, 2,

pee, D.

1848. Neritina crepidularia Lam., Krs., Siidafr. Moll., p. 88. D.N.

1899. a i jo Ms &P., AMEN Ae yp, ge.

Hab. NATAL coast (Wahlberg).

Krauss expresses some doubt as to the correctness of the above

determination. M.& P. remark: “This species has been found in

Ashanti, but we have not met with it at present from South Africa.”

Unio lechaptoisi Ancey.

1894. Unio lechaptoisi Ancey, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., vii, p. 228, f. 3.

DF.

1897. Unio lechaptoisi Ancey, Mts., D.O.A., iv, p. 226. D.

1900. Nodularia lechaptoisi Ancey, Simpson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,

xxu, p. 823. Check List.

1910. Unio shireensis Prest., A.M.N.H., vi, p. 61, pl. iv,f.11. DF.

1914. Umo shireensis Prest., Simpson, Cat. Naiades, p. 727. D.

» Nodularia lechaptoisi Ancey, Simpson, ibid., p. 1037. D.

1922. Unio lechaptoisi Ancey (=shireensis Prest.), Dupuis, Ann.

Soc. Zool. Belg., liii, p. 82. N.

The British Museum possesses this species collected by Quekett

in the Upper Zambesi, presumably in Northern Rhodesia, and a

single complete specimen in fine condition, said to have been collected

by Kirk “near Mazzara, R. Zambesi* (Masare, Lorenzo Marques).

There is no particular reason to doubt the accuracy of this record,

but as the species has not appeared within South African boundaries

since 1858, and then only in a single example, it may be better to

introduce it here in the doubtful list than include it among those of

which the occurrence within our limits may be considered well

proven. Haas (1936) considers it identical with U. mossambicensis, but

this fact appears to me somewhat open to question.

NEW TAXONOMIC NAMES INTRODUCED

IN THIS

PAGE

Gulella pondoensis Conn. 25

,, digitalis Conn. : AOD

3. caryalis. Mid IPs var.

diabensis Conn. : 46

Gulella fraudator Conn. 57

», tridens Conn. . es oe

e. », var. intermedia Conn. 60

,, ¢claustralis Conn. 61

» perplexa Conn. 68

», aprosdoketa Conn. 73

» trvpodium Conn. 1)

», linguidens Conn. 1G.

» elliptica M. & P., var.

caelatior Conn. : 83

Gulella puzeyi Conn. . 91

Natalina reenenensis Conn. 108

FF compacta Conn. 108

Lacrimarion Conn., subgen. n. 121

Sheldonia lightfooti Conn. 129

- warrenit Conn. 148

= puzeyt Conn. 149

Trachycystis proxima Conn. 191

a viridula Conn. 195

= gemmascabra Conn. . 204

os falconi Conn. . 218

e mediocris Conn. 219

ax lunaris Conn. 220

sy barnardi Conn. 234

- gilliana Conn. 234

ee conica Conn. 239

* watsoni Conn. . 246

636

VOLUME.

Afropunctum quadrisculptum Conn.

Afrodonta bimunita Conn. .

Sculptaria edlingeri Conn. .

carinifera Conn. .

Dorcasia alexandri Gray, var. re-—

2 een

flexilabris Conn.

Achatina zuluensis Conn.

Curvella euglypta Conn.

» nyasana Smith, var.

smithi Conn. . :

Xerocerastus ovulum Conn. .

Cecilioides pergracilis Conn.

Fauxulus ovularis Kiist., var.

fortidentata Conn.

Fauzxulus pycnochilus Conn. é

Lauria longa Conn. . STA a

Pleurorhachis Conn., subgen. n. .

Succinea badia Morel., var. prae-

longa Conn. . : AD ee

Succinea patentissima lomatiensis

Conn. . 3 : : 4

Planorbis lamyi Germ., var. albida

Conn. . Y “ Z 2

Ferrissia clifdeni Conn.

Ancylus turtoni Conn. : =

Chondrocyclus putealis Conn. ‘

Tomichia differens Conn. . :

ke cawstoni Conn. . .

ue natalensis Conn. . -

Assiminea globulus Conn. . :

be isosceles Conn. .

PAGE

249

256

261

262

17.

CONIAHCTR WHEE

LIST OF FIGURES IN TEXT.

. Heliciform shell, showing method of measuring.

. Turriform shell, showing method of measuring.

. Gonaxis vengoensis Conn., teeth from radula.

. Gulella linguidens Conn., type in Natal Museum.

» adamsiana (Pir.), teeth from radula.

. Nata vernicosa (Krs.), teeth from radula.

» viridescens (M. & P.), teeth from radula.

. Natalina cafra (Fér.), teeth from radula.

nA knysnaensis (Pfr.), teeth from radula.

5 schaerfiae (Pfr.), teeth from radula.

. Gymnarion nyasanus (Smith), teeth from radula.

. Sheldonia lightfooti Conn., jaw and teeth from radula.

a pondoensis (G.-Aust.), remains of type.

ie plants (Pfr.), remains of type.

. Gudeélla pinguis (Krs.) (=miata Smith), teeth from radula.

. Lingis (?) morrumbalensis (M. & P.), jaw and teeth from radula.

Ledoulxia mozambicensis (Pfr.), teeth from radula.

17a. Trachycystis gemmascabra Conn., type in South African Museum.

. Trachycystis rudicostata Conn., teeth from radula.

. Apertural dentition of Afrodonta.

. Afrodonta novemlamellaris (Bnp.), teeth from radula.

. Punctum pallidum Conn., jaw and teeth from radula.

. Aperturai armature of Sculptaria.

. Tulbaghinia isomerioides M. & P., teeth from radula.

. Prestonella bowkeri (Sow.), teeth from radula.

. Metachatina kraussi (Rve.), teeth from radula.

. Burtoa nilotica (Pfir.), var. arnoldi Stur., teeth from radula.

. Pseudoglessula boivini (Morel.), teeth from radula.

. Subuliniscus chiradzuluensis (Smith), teeth from radula.

. (A) Luonyma turriformis (Krs.), type in Stuttgart Museum.

(B) ‘3 acus (Morel.), topotype, Port Elizabeth.

(D) LK durbanensis (Stur.), topotype, Durban.

(E) Opeas lineare (Krs.), type in Stuttgart Museum.

. Opeas praecox Conn., teeth from radula. -

. Apertural dentition of South African Nesopupa.

. Nesopupa bisulcata (Jick.), var. rhodesiana Pilsb., Victoria Falls.

. Pupisoma orcula (Bs.), Karkloof.

5 japonicum Pilsb., Karkloof.

. Hdouardia spadicea (Pfr.), teeth from radula.

HB arenicola (Bs.), teeth from radula.

. Rachis (Pleurorhachis) petersi (Pfr.), apical sculpture.

. (A) Limicena nyasana (Smith), Victoria Falls.

(B) >» » » apical sculpture.

. Succinea badia Morel., var. praelonga Conn., Taungs, type on left.

637

. Melampus acutispira Turton, type in Oxford Museum.

. Physa mosambicensis Cless., Berlin Museum.

. Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krs.), teeth from radula.

. Bulinus tropicus (Krs.), teeth from radula.

. Burnupia caffra (=obliquus) (Krs.), teeth from radula.

. Ferrissia junodi Conn., teeth from radula.

. Shells of Tomichia.

. Radulae of Tomichia.

. Tomichia ventricosa (Rve.), neotype. |

. Tomichia alabastrina (Morel.), Port Elizabeth, type set in British ‘iiheotteal

. (A) Assiminea bifasciata G. Nev., R. Umgeni.

: Anetmieen bifasciata G. Nev., teeth from radula.

. Unio, guide to technical terms.

. Pisidium costulosum Conn., type in British Museum.

Annals of the South African Museum.

Bs diaphanus (Krs.), teeth from radula.

(B) se capensis Bartsch, Port Alfred.

(Cyaan Te ovata (Krs.), type in Stuttgart Museum.

(D) nh hidalgot (Gass.), Amlongwana Lagoon.

(E) A leptodonta Conn., Komati R.

(F) a ponsonbyi Morel., Port Elizabeth.

(G) 55 sinensis G. Nev., Widenham.

(H) umlaasiana Smith, Isipingo.

55 globulus Conn., ‘mae on left.

a isosceles Conte type on left.

»» (2) lugubris Turton, type in Oxford Museum.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Names of higher rank than genera are printed in CAPITALS; genera and

subgenera in SMALL CAPITALS;

species in ordinary Roman type;

synonyms, and forms not actually known in South Africa in italics.

When a valid species is attributed to a genus other than that in which it was

originally placed, the author’s name is printed in brackets; but in the case of

synonyms and invalid species the original genus is printed in brackets after the

author’s name.

varieties,

The synonyms of certain well-known old species of extended distribution are

omitted from the index.

ACAVIDAE

AcHATINA Lam.

ACHATINIDAE

ACHATININAE ;

acicula (Miill.), Cecilioides .

acinaces Conn., Afrodonta .

acinoides Morel., Melampus

Acroloxus Beck.

acroxa Bet. (Limnaea)

actinotricha (M. & P.), Trach,

ACTOPHILA : :

acuminata (Morel.), Phytia.

acus (Morel.), Huonyma

acuta Conn., Auriculastra .

acuta Mill. (Helix)

acutispira Turton, Melampus

adamsiana (Pfr.), Gulella

advena (Ancey), Cecilioides

aenea (Krs.), Trach. .

Aerope Alb.

Aferulus Mts. ,

affinis Fér., Pedipes .

affinis Smith (Lanistes)

affinis Sow., var.

afra Pfr. (Nanina)

africae (Brown), Trach.

africana (M. & P.), Austrobalea

africana (Krs.), Bulinus

africana (Krs.), Corbicula

africana (Krs.), Succinea

africana Bet. (Limnaea)

africanus Bttg., Zonitoides

africanus Lea (Unio) .

AFRIPUPA Pilsb. & Cooke

AFRIPUPILLA Pilsb.

AFRISTREPTAXIS Thiele

PAGE

272

297

294

368

253

470

533

478

242

459

462

340

46]

270

472

369

195

103

535

464

555

543

189

239

372

509

619

440

478

173

605

408

393

AFrRopontTa M. & P..

Afroplanorbis Thiele .

AFROPUNCTUM Haas .

AFRORHYTIDA Mlldft.

AGNATHA F

agrestis L., Agriolimax

AGRIOLIMAX Moérch é

alabastrina (Morel.), Tomichia

alabastris (Cryn.), Chondrocyclus

Alaea Jeff. :

albaniense Conn., Opeas

albersi (Pfr.), Gulella.

albida Conn., var.

albida Krs., var. : ;

albopicta (Mts.), Ledoulxia.

alcocki (M. & P.), Trach.

alexandri Gray, Dorcasia

alexandrina Bet. (Limnaea)

algoensis *‘Morel”’ (Physa) .

aliciae (M. & P.), Gulella

alliarius (Mill.), Oxychilus .

aloicola (M. & P.), Sheldonia

alutacea Conn., Gulella

Amalia Moq.-Tand.

amarula L. (Helix)

ambigua Conn., Trach.

ambigua Stur. (Ennea)

ambigua Turton (Microtralia)

564,

ambiguosus (Fér.), Trigonephrus.

ambiguus Bet. (Lanistes)

amphibia Drap. (Succinea) .

amphodon M. & P. (Pupa) .

ampliata (M. & P.), Sheldonia

ampullacea Bttg., Achatina

ampullacea Stur. (Ennea)

Ampullaria Lam.

Ampullariidae .

639

640 Annals of the South African Museum.

PAGE

anceps (Mts.), Tropidophora . 545

anceyt Bet. (Trochonanina) 3.) 260

ANCYLIDAE . : ole

ANCYLINAE . ; : . 533

AncyLus Mill. : . 533

anderssoni Ancey, Planorbis . 492

andradensis Germ., var... . 420

ANDRARION G.-A. : Be iis)

angolensis (Morel.), Bulinus . 499

ANnisoLoma Ancey . . 384

annipacis (Conn.), Hypolysia . 3058

antiqua Wenz, Dorcasia . Ramo (|

antivertigo (Drap.), Vertigo . 403

APERA Heynem. j : : 6

APERIDAE . : , 5 6

aperostoma (M. & P.), Gulella . 42

aperta Tayl., var. ; 7 LS

apicata Walk., Varo ; ols

approximans Conn. (Trach. ) sy SLO

aprica (Krs.), Trach. . 238

aprosdoketa Conn., Gulella. trom iss

arborea Mouss. (Succinea) : . 446

arboreus (Say), Zonitoides . peels

arboricola Conn., Succinea . . 446

arenicola (Bs.), Edouardia . . 427

arguta M. & P., Natalina . es is 5)

ARION Fer. : ; ELS 2:

ARIONIDAE . : : ee

ARIONINAE . ‘ 5 = 82

arnoldi (Stur.), Gulella ; *eaiGO

arnoldi (Stur.), var. (of Burtoa) . 296

arnotti (Bs.), Sheldonia te 4)

ASPATHARIA Bet. . , se 6lS

aspersa Miill., Helix . : . 266

ASPIDOBRANCHIA , . 596

ASSIMINEA Fleming . : HE Oon

ASSIMINEIDAE . : . 586

astartina (Mts.), Corbicula . «2622

asthenes (M. & P.), Sheldonia . 127

aterrima (Gray), Oopelta . . 186

aulacophora (Ancey), Trach. Seets9

AURICULASTRA, Mts. . ; . 460

Auriculidae : : ‘ . 460

Auriculinae , . 460

aurigaster Layard, Testacella uy

auris-leporis (M. & P.), Gulella . 86

AUSTROBALEA Pilsb. . 5 ff S712

Austrocyclus Ancey . é . 835

avena Bnp., var. . : whee 2QG

badia Morel., Succinea ; 1) 443

bandulana Conn., Nesopupa . 411

barbarae Conn., Gulella eer

barnardi Conn., Fauxulus . . 389

* » Huonyma. . 3846

te rach: y . 204

barrakporensis (Pfr.), Kaliella . 164

BASOMMATOPHORA

bassetti Bnp., Gulella ; :

bathrolophodes Conn., Chondro-

cyclus . P :

Bathyaxis Ancey : i

bathycoele (M. & P.), Trach.

beckert Fulton (Stenogyra) .

Bellamya Jouss.

berthae M. & P., var. .

beyrichi (Mts.), Natalina

bicolor (G.-A.), Sheldonia .

bifasciata Nev., Assiminea .

bifoveata Conn., Trach. . :

bilamellaris M. & P., Afrodonta .

bimunita Conn., Afrodonta.

binominis Stur. (Ennea)

BIOMPHALARIA Prest.

BISANODONTA Orb. :

bisculpta Smith, Achatina .

bisculpta (Bs.), Trach.

bisulcata (Jick.), Nesopupa

blandi (Pfr.), Coeliaxis

bloyeti (Bgt.), Ledoulxia

bloyett Bet. (Meladomus)

bohmi (Mts.), Rhachistia

boivini (Morel.), Pseudocerastus .

borniana Beck (Achatina) .

bowkerae (M. & P.), Gulella

bowkeri (Sow.), Prestonella

bowkert M. & P. (Succinea)

bowkert M. & P. (Planorbis)

bowkeriana Ancey (Helix) .

BRADYBAENA Beck

BRADY BAENINAE

brevis Krs., var. :

bridouxi Bet. (Bulimus)

brocchii Ehrn. (Isidora)

browningii Bs. (Helix)

brunnea Walk., Burnupia .

bryantwalkeri Pilsb., Pupoides

bulbus Mke. (Helix) :

bulimoides (Oliv.), Cleopatra

bulimoides Swains. (Meladomus) .

BULIMULIDAE

BULININAE

BuLinus Mill. . :

bullacea Pfr. (Rhytida)

burnupi Smith, Apera :

burnupi (M. & P.), Gulella .

burnupi (M. & P.), Edouardia

burnupi (Walk.), Ferrissia .

burnupi (Walk.) (Gundlachia)

burnupi Clige., Onchidium .

burnupi (G.-A.), Sheldonia .

burnupi Conn., Afrodonta .

burnupi (Conn.), Pseudopeas

burnupi Smith, Achatina

burnupi (M. & P.), Trach.

Burnvupia Walk.

burnupianus Pilsb., Fauxulus

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca.

Burtoa Bet. .

bushmanensis Bnp., Gulella

cacuminata (M. & P.), Euonyma

Caecilioides Auctt. :

Caecilionella Bet.

caelata Bnp., var.

eaelatior Conn., var. .

caenotera M. & P. (Helix)

caffer Krs., Unio

caffer (Kiist.), Melampus

caffer “‘Krs.”’ (Planorbis)

CaFFERIA Simpson

caffra (Krs.), Cafferia.

caffra (Pfr.), Edouardia

caffra (Krs.), Burnupia

caffra Beck., var.

caffra Gray, Neritina . :

caffrula M. & P., Natalina .

cafra (Fér.), Natalina.

caillaudi Bgt., Lymnaea

cairnsi (M. & P.), Gulella

calaharicus (Bttg.), Pupoides

calcarea (Sow.), Tropidophora

caledonensis (G.-A.), Sheldonia

caledonensis Chaper (Hydrobia)

callista M. & P. (Ennea)

caloglypta M. & P., Curvella

calopasa (M. & P.), Gulella.

calorama M. & P., Trach.

campestris “‘Krs.”’ (Limax)

cancellata (Conn.), Trach. .

candidula (Morel.), Gulella .

capense (Krs.), Sphaerium .

capensis (Pfr.), Trach.

capensis (Krs.), Milax.

capensis (Kiist.), Fauxulus .

capensis Pollon., Oopelta

capensis Wats., Onchidella

capensis Bartsch, Assiminea

capensis (Walk.), Burnupia

capensis Mke. (Helix)

capensis Alb. (Achatina)

capensis Krs. (Truncatella)

capillatus Frnfd., Viviparus

Capitina Wats. :

capsula (Bs.), Sheldonia

carinifera (M. & P.), Edouardia

carinifera Conn., Sculptaria

caryatis (M..& P.), Gulella .

CaSSIDULA Feér. : :

catarractae (M. & P.), Curvella

cathcartensis Bnp., var. :

catonis (M. & P.), Auriculastra

cawstoni Walk., Ferrissia

cawstoni Conn., Tomichia .

VOL. XXXIII.

PAGE

296

CrciLiorpEs Feér.

cellarius (Miill.), Oxychilus.

centrifuga M. & P., Trach.

Ceratoconcha Srth.

cerea Pfr. (Helix)

cernua (Mts.), Dorcasia

CuaLcocystis Wats. . :

chaplini M. & P. (Natalina)

chapmani M. & P. (Stenogyra)

chapmanni Ancey (Sculptaria)

charon Prest. (Unio) . :

charybdica M. & P. (Pupa) .

charybdis (Bs.), Trach.

chemnitziana Pfr. (Achatina)

chi Bnp., Gulella

CuiLocystis Wats.

chiradzuluensis (Smith), Rhachi-

dina P , ‘ :

chiradzuluensis (Smith), Subu-

liniscus i ‘

Chlamydephorus Binn.

chondrocycloides Conn., Trach.

CHONDROCYCLUS Ancey

chrysoprasina (M. & P.), Sheldonia

churchilliana M. & P., Achatina .

cimolia M. & P. (Ennea)

cingulata (M. & P.), Sheldonia

-cinnamomea M. & P., Achatina .

cionis M. & P. (Ennea)

CLAUSILITDAE

claustralis Conn., Gulella

claustraria M. & P. (Ennea)

CLEOPATRA Trosch. :

CLEOPATRINAE

clifdeni Conn., Trach.

clifdeni Conn., Ferrissia

coacta Mts. (Melania)

coagulum (Mts.), Dorcasia .

CocHLICELLA Feér.

Cochlitoma Fer. : :

cockerelli (Pilsb.), Edouardia

coelestis Lea (Mutela)

COELIAXINAE .

Cortiaxis Ad. & Ang.

coenopictus (Hutt.), Pupoides

coerneyensis M. & P., Natalina

coerulea Kiist., var.

collaris Pfr. (Helix)

collaris Bnp., var.

colliert M. & P. (Ennea)

columnella (M. & P.), Gulella

comatula Fér. (Helix)

comburens (M. & P.), Tropidophora

compacta Conn., Natalina .

compacta Conn., var.

compsotera Conn., var.

compta M. & P. (Isidora)

congellana Krs. (Helix)

conica Conn., Trach. . :

conicum le Roux (Physopsis)

641

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170

244

628

225

279

193

334

261

606

391

192

298

236

629

630

544

108

283

366

499

145

239

510

642 Annals of the South African Museum.

conisalea (M. & P.), Trach.

connexiva Feér. (Helix) :

connollyi (M. & P.), Gulella.

connollyi (Prest.), Kaliella .

connollyi M. & P., Trach.

connollyi Prest., Succinea .

connollyi Prest., Achatina .

connollyi (Walk.), Ferrissia

connollyi Pilsb., Cafferia

Conovulus Lam. ; :

consobrina (Ancey), Gulella

consobrina (Caill.), Corbicula

contabulata Conn., Trach. .

contingens Bnp., Gulella

contorta Mich. (Physa)

contracta Bnp., var.

contraria Conn., Gulella

Conulema Stol. .

ConvuLinus Mts. ‘

conulus (Rve.), Edouardia .

convexiusculus (Pfr.), Chondrocy-

clus

CorBICULA Muhlf.

CORILLIDAE .

cornea (Pfr.), Sheldonia

corneus (Morel.), Bulinus

corniculum Conn. (Planorbis)

corona Bnp., Sculptaria

corrugata (Prest.), ee

cosmia (Pfr.), Trach.

costata Prest., var. :

costulatus ne Planorbis .

costulosum Conn., Pisidium

cotyledonis (Bs.), Sheldonia

cont Prest. (Trach) ~~

erassidens (Pfr.), Gulella

crassilabris (Crvn.), Gulella

craterodon (M. & P.), Gulella

craveni Smith, Achatina

craveni Ancey (Physa)

craveni Stur. (Physa)

crawfordi (M. & P.), Sheldonia

crawfordi Morel., Achatina

crawfordi (M. & P.), Opeas.

crawford: M. & P. (Ennea)

crawfordi M. & P. (Planorbis)

crawford: Brot (Melania)

crawfordianus (M. & P.), Fauxulus

crenularis Desh. (Melania)

crepidularia Lam. (Neritina)

eressyi Conn., Gonaxis

cressyi Conn., Opeas. ;

cressyi Conn., Pseudoglessula

cressyi Conn., Trach.

crispula M. & P. (Ennea)

croslyi Bnp., Curvella :

crossleyana (M. & P.), Gulella

CRYPTOMPHALUS Agassiz

cryptoplax (M. & P.), Lauria

cryptoradiata Putz. (Spatha)

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243

630

aad

165

200

445

316

527

609

466

621

2)1

633

162

421

431

536

619

259

142

506

489

265

411

225

crystallina (Miill.), Vitrea .

crystallinum (M. & P.), Opeas

Crystallus Lowe .

cupido M. & P. (Zonitoides)

CURVELLA Chaper

custodita M. & P. (Pupa)

cyamus Phil. (Unio) .

CycLocystis Wats. .

CYCLOPHORIDAE .

Cyclophoropsis Dautz.

Cyclostomatidae.

cylindracea da Costa (Pupa)

cylindrica Stur., var.

Cyrena Lam. (see Corbicula).

CYRENIDAE .

cyrtonota Bet. (Physa)

dadion (Bs.), Lauria .

daedalea (M. & P.), Gulella,

dakaensis Stur., Succinea

dakaensis Stur. (Lymnaea)

damarana Bttg. (Lymnaea)

damarensis (Ad.), Sculptaria

damarensis Pfr., Achatina.

damarica (Ancey), Gastrocopta .

dammarensis (see damarensis).

darglensis (M. & P.), Gulella

darglensis Bnp., var.

decipiens Conn., Euonyma

decollata (L.), Rumina.

degenerata Bttg., var. :

deguerryanus Bet. (Lanistes)

delalandei Pfr. (Succinea)

delicata (M. & P.), Trach. .

delicatula (Pfr.), Gulella

delmaresi (Bgt.), Tropidophora

densestriata Conn., var.

densestriata Prest. (Vivipara)

depressa Req., var.

dextrorsa Bnp., var.

diabensis Conn., var. .

diaphana Conn., Sitala

diaphanus (Krs.), Bulinus .

Diastropha Gray :

differens Conn., Tomichia .

differens Stur. (Ennea)

digitalis Conn., Gulella :

dimera (M. & P.), Edouardia

dimidia Wats., Apera

dimidiata Smith, Achatina

diminuta Walk., var.

diminutus Lea, Unio . :

dioryx M. & m Trochozonites

discrepans Stur., var.

disparilis Smith (Curvella)

distincta (M. & P.), Gulella

DITREMATA . : :

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca.

docimasta M. & P. (Ennea)

dokimasta M. & P. (Ennea)

dolichoskia M. & P. (Ennea)

dolosa Fér. (Helix)

Dorcasia Gray

DORCASIINAE

dorsalis Mts., var.

drakensbergensis (M. & P.), Gulella

drakensbergensis (Smith), Edou-

ardia

drakensbergensis M. & Ps “Acha-

tina.

draparnaldi (Beck), Oxychilus

dubiosa (Stur.), Rhachidina

dubiosa Walk., var.

dumeticola (Bs. ), Nata

dunkeri (Pfr.), Gulella

duplex Wats., var. .

duplicata (Prest. ), Gastrocopta

dupontianus Morel. (Melampus) .

durbanensis (Stur.), Euonyma

durbanensis Stur. (Ennea) .

durbanica M. & P. (Auricula)

DURGELLINAE

dysorata (M. & P.), Truncatellina

Eburnea Mouss. ;

ectima M. & P., Trach.

edlingeri Conn., Sculptaria .

Epouargpia Gude.

ekloniana Beck (Helix)

ELASMOGNATHA .

elatior (Mts.), Ledoulxia

elatior Pfr., var.

elevata Bnp., Curvella

elizabethensis M. & P. (Pupa)

elliptica (M. & P.), Gulella .

ellipticus Mts., Lanistes

ELLOBIIDAE .

ELLOBIINAE .

elongata Stur., var.

elongata Junod, var. . :

elongatus (Fulton), Gonaxis

emicans (M. & P.), Segmentina .

ENDODONTIDAE , ;

ENDODONTINAE

endoplax M. & P. cope)

ENIDAE :

Ennea Ads. :

enneadon Conn. (Gulella)

enneodon Conn., Gulella

entebbana Pollon., Martensia

Eorrhachis Toml. & Peile

epetrima (M. & P.), Trach..

equeefensis (Walk.), Ferrissia

erateina M. & P. (Helix)

PAGE

630

272

618

366

215

261

421

630

439

159

555

364

391

556

460

295

495

187

391

414

157

418

199

531

227

erythractis Conn., Trach.

eshowensis M. & P. (Ennea)

euconuloides M. & P., Kaliella

euglypta Conn., Curvella

Huhyalina Albers

Kuhyalinia Tayl.

EULAMELLIBRANCHIA.

eulimoide (Prest.), Opeas_ .

eumacta (M. & P.), Natalina

Evonyma M. & P.

EKuparypha Hartmann

Hupera Bet.

eupleura Conn., Trach.

euschemon M. & P. (Ennea)

euthymia (M. & P.), Gulella

EUTHYNEURA

exarata Krs., Succinea

excedens Stur., var. :

excentrica Sterki, Vallonia .

eximia M. & P. (Ennea)

exsertus M. & P., Chondrocyclus

falconi Bnp., Gulella .

falconi Conn., Trach.

falconianus Pilsb., Fauxulus

familiaris Fér. (Helix)

fanei Conn., Opeas

fanulus Pfr. (Helix) : 84,

farquhari (M. & P.), Gulella

farquhari (Bnp.), Afrodonta

farquhari (M. & P.), Trach.

farquhari (M. & P.), Lauria.

farquhari Pilsb., Nesopupa

farquhari Conn., Curvella

farquhari (Walk.), Ferrissia.

farquhari (Walk.), Burnupia

fasciata (Krs.), Assiminea .

fasciata Kiist., var.

fasciatus (Mts. )s Urocyclus .

Faula Ads. 5 :

FAUXULELLA Pilsb.

Fauxuus Schauff.

felina Conn., Trach. .

ferarum Conn., Trach.

Ferreissia Walk.

FERRISSIINAE

ferruginea (Lea), Cleopatra.

ferruginea (Krs.), Bisanodonta

ferrussaci Dkr. (Bulimus)

FERUSSACIIDAE

fissidens Bttg. (Unio)

flavescens (Kfstn.), Urocyclus

flavescens Clige., Oopelta

flavus L., Limax ;

florentiae M. & P., Hypolysia

fluminalis Miull., Corbicula .

Fluminina Cless. :

644

PAGE

fontana (Krs.), Pupilla 391

fonticola Desh. (Pupa) 379

fontinalis (Walk.), Ferrissia 528

foriclusa M. & P. (Ennea) . 88

formosa (M. & P.), Gulella . 87

forskalii (Ehrn.), Bulinus 507

fortidentata Conn., var. 380

fossaria Mont. (Helix) 481

fossula Conn., Trach. : 210

foveolata (M. & Ps); Tropidophora 544

fragilis Smith (Achatina) a2]

framesi Bnp., Gulella 4]

framesi Bup., Sculptaria 263

framesi (Conn.), Unio 611

fraudator Conn., Gulella 57

frustillum M. & P. ee) : 391

Fruticicolinae : 270

fryali Mts. (Pupa) 383

fryanus (Bs.), Fauxulus 383

fulgurata Pfr., var. . 300

fulica (Fér.), Achatina 325

fuscicolor (M. & P.), Sheldonia 141

fuscolabris Mts. (Achatina) . . 294

fuscus (Miill.), Arion . 182, 629

gagates Lam., Neritina 599

gagates (Drap.), Milax 180

GALBA Schrank. : 480

Gallandia Bgt. (see Sheldonia, etc. i

GastrocortTa Woll. . . 374

GASTROCOPTINAE 374

GASTRODONTINAE 172

GASTROPODA 5

gaulus Gld. (Ancylus) 514

gauritziana Krs. (Cyrena) 619

gemmascabra Conn., Trach. 204

genialis (M. & P.), Gulella . 67

gibbonsi (Binn.), Apera : 7

gibbonsi Taylor, Pseudoglessula . 330

gibbonsi Nelson (Planorbis) 490

GIBBULINOPSIS Germ. 391

gilliana Conn., Trach. 234

glabra Adens., var. . , 276

glanvilleana (Ancey), Trach. 217

glanvilleanus (Ancey), Fauxulus. 385

glaucocyanea M. & P. (Subulina). 340

glebaria M. & P., Trach. meer Ws

elobosa (M. & P. i. Curvella 363

globosa Picard, var. 267

globosior Shutt., var. . : 269

globosus (Morel.), Bulnus . 512

globosus ** Mill.” (Helix) 285

globulosa Jick., var. . 392

elobulus (Mill. \ Trigonephrus 285

elobulus Conn., Assiminea . 594

glutinosa Pfr., ’Achatina 326

godfreyi Bnp., Gulella 75

Annals of the South African Museum.

gokweanus (Bttg.), Cecilioides

Gonaxis Taylor ‘ ‘ F

gordonensis (M. & P.), Burnupia.

goudotianum Sow. (Cyclostoma) .

gouldi (Pfr.), Gulella .

gouldi Conn., Euonyma

gracilis Wats., var.

gracillima Conn., Subuiina .

gradata M. & P. (Physa)

granifer Mouss. (Melampus)

granulata Pfr., Achatina

granulosa Clige., Oopelta

granum Morel., Assiminea .

grey da Costa (Achatina) :

griqualandica (M. & P.), Nesopupa

grisea 'Tayl., var.

GUDEELLA Preston

GULELLA Pfr.

Gundlachia Pfr. 3

gwandaensis (Prest.), Gonaxis

GYMNARION Pilsb. . : :

gypsinus (M. & P.), Trigonepkrus.

GYRAULUS Agassiz ‘ :

haliotoides Lam. (Testacella)

hanningtoni Smith (Ennea)

Hapalus Albers

haploa M. & P. (Pupa)

harriesi Bnp., Gulella

hartvigiana (Pfr.), Trach.

hartvigiana (Pfr.), Tropidophora .

haughtoni Conn., Trigonephrus .

haygarthi (M. & P.), Trach.

HELICARIONIDAE

HELICARIONINAE

Helicella Fér. (see Oxychilus, etc. ).

HELICIDAE ; : .

HELICINAE

heliocaustus Conn., Trig gonephrus

HeEtix L.

hemprichii Ehrn. (Isidora) .

herma Conn., Streptostele .

hermanni Bite. (Planorbis)

hewitti Conn., Sheldonia .

hickeyana (M. & P.), Gulella

hidalgoi (Gass.), Assiminea

Hyabia G.-A. .

hildebrandti Mts. (Buliminus) ‘

himerothales (M. & P.), Gulella .

Hiprevutis Charp. : ‘

histrionica Rve. (Melania) .

HOLOGNATHA

Homorus Albers

hortensis Fér., Arion é ‘

hottentota (Gray), Xerocerastus .

hottentotum (M. & P.), Punctum

hudsoniae (Bs.), Sheldonia .

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347

334

507

472

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185

591

318

408

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca.

PAGE

huttoniae “ Bs.” (Vitrina) 127, 129

hyalina M. & P., var. >, 68

Hyalinia Charp. ; ; i WZ

HYDROBIIDAE . ; . 069

HypDROCENA Parr. . : )DOT

HYDROCENIDAE . 596

hygapanus Bttg. (Unio) 606

HYGROPHILA ; oy Alle

HYPERRHYTIDA Wats. : AA

hypochlora M. & P. (Nanina) . 124

Hyvotysia M. & P. . } 5 B08

hypsoma M. & P. (Ennea) . <i: oi BD.

illovoensis Bnp., var. . Se ND,

immaculata (Lam. ) Achatina, od:

impervia M. & P., var. ; ee ite

inclara (Morel.), Trach. : P23

inconspicua Bnp., var. ‘ . 406

infans (Crvn.), Gulella : A226

infrendens (Mts.), Gulella . 2 288

ingens (Stur.), Gulella : eo!

inhluzana (M. & P.), Natalina . 109

inhluzaniensis (Bnp.), Gulella . 37

inhluzaniensis (Bnp.), Afrodonta. 251

inops Morel. (Helix) . ‘ Se Ale}

insignis M. & P., Natalina . iv Ads

insimulans (Smith), Gudeélla = Los

instabilis (Stur.), Gulella . , #49

insularis (Pfr.), Tropidophora . 546

Insutipupa Pilsb. & Cooke 410

intermedia Conn., var. : are),

intermedius Normand, Arion 2 S82

intradentata Bnp. (Pupa)

introtuberculata Conn., ier odonta 255

inuncta (M. & P.), Sheldonia . 145

iota (M. & P.), Truncatellina 404

iredalei Prest. (Ennea) : oul

wrrorata Zeglr. (Helix) . : . 228

Ischnostele C. Bttg. . : eal U7;

ischyrion Bnp., var. . 4 op noO

Isidora Ehrn. . 496

isipingoénsis (Stur.), Gulella . 46

isipingoénsis (Stur.), Chondrocyclus 540

isomerioides (M. & P.), Tulbaghinia 281

isosceles Conn., Assiminea . pind )313)

Isthmia Gray 402

jacobi da Costa (Achatina) . 318

janulus Pfr. (see fanulus).

japonicum Pilsb., Pupisoma 413

jejuna (M. & P.), Rachis . 436

jenynsi (Pfr.), Sitala . : 2 G2

johannesburgensis (M. & P.), Gulella 30

jucunda Conn., Trach. : a OM

junodi Conn., Trach. . 214

junodi Conn., Edouardia

junodi Conn., Segmentina .

junodi Conn., Ferrissia +

juxtidens (M. & P.), Gulella

kaiseri Wenz, Dorcasia

KAULIELLA Blanford .

KALIELLINAE

kanisaénsis Prest., Segmentina

kaokoensis (Conn.), Edouardia

Kempia Prest. . 3

KEMPIOCONCHA Prest.

keraea M. & P. (Pupa)

KERKOPHORUS G.-A.

kineaidi Conn., Trach.

kincaidi Conn., var.

kirkii Gray, Urocyclus

kirkii (Dhrn.), Gonaxis

kirkii (Dhrn.), Pseudoglessula

kirkii Smith, Achatina

klobukowskiit Morlet (Cyclo-

phorus). : :

knorri Récl., Neritina

knysnaensis (Pfr.), Natalina

knysnaensis (Prest.), Sheldonia

knysnaensis Prest., Trach.

knysnaensis (Krs.), Assiminea

kosiensis (M. & P.), Gulella

kowteensis Bnp., var.

kransw Rve. (Achatina)

kraussi (Pfr.), Gulella

kraussi (Pfr.), Natalina

kraussi (Pfr.), Metachatina.

kraussi Rve., var. :

kraussiana (Pfr. )s Tropidophora :

kraussianus (Heynem.), Urocyclus

kraussw Kiist. (Auricula)

kraussu H. & A. Ad. (Limax)

kunenensis Mouss., Unio

kurrii Krs. (Pupa)

kurrw Mts., var. :

kiisteri (Kiist. Vs Melampus .

kynganica Bet. (Limnaea) .

labrella (Desh.), Cassidula .

labyrinthea M. & P. (Ennea)

LACRIMARION Conn. .

lacrimosus Conn., Gymnarion

lactea Mill. (Helix)

lacustris Walk., Ferrissia

laeocochlis M. & P., Euonyma

laevigata (Dhrn.), Gulella .

laevis (Miill.), Agriolimax .

laevorsa Bnp., var. .

LAMELLIBRANCHIA

lamyi Germ., Planorbis

645

PAGE

430

496

530

277

163

494

434

328

391

132

221

368

166

328

318

634

600

111

144

245

593

300

112

294

300

549

168

463

18]

612

379

447

469

479

463

121

12k

631

528

337

179

603

489

646

lanceolata (Pfr.), Euonyma

langleyanum M. & P., Pisidium

LANISTES Montté.

latezonatus Conn., Trigonephrus

lathon Conn., var.

laticostata M. & Po Trach.

laurenti Bet. (Limnaea)

LAURIA Gray

Laurinella Hesse ‘

lavigeriana Bgt., Limnaea .

layardi (Bs.), Fauxulus

layardi Ancey (Ennea)

layardi Pfr. (Achatina)

layardi Ad. & Ang. (Coeliaxis)

lechaptoisi Ancey (Unio)

ledoulxi Bet. (eee nae

LEDOULXIA Bet. :

LEDOULXIINAE

lemaneensis Conn., var.

leopoldvillensis (Putz. yy Viviparus

lepidum Conn., Opeas

leppani Stur. (Ennea)

leptodonta Conn., Assiminea

leroyt Grandid. (Physa)

leschkei Dgnr., Sculptaria .

letourneuxi Bet. (Cyclostoma)

Leucochila Albers

Leucochiloides Pir. . ;

leucochilus M. & P. (Planorbis)

leucocion Conn., Gulella

leucospira (Pfr.), Sheldonia

levis Conn., var.

ligata (Mill. ); Tropidophora

LIGATELLA Mts.

lightfooti Conn., Sheldonia.

lightfootiana (M. & P.), Trach.

lignicola M. & P., Trach.

liliacea Prest., Natalina

Limacella Brard (see Limax).

LIMACIDAE

LIMACINAE

Limax L. :

Limicena Conn.

Limosina Cless. ;

lineare (Krs.), Opeas . :

lineata (Pfr.), Tropidophora

linguidens Conn., Gulella

linterae Sow., Achatina

Lirparocystis Wats. :

liparoxantha (M. & P.), Nata

lirata (Turton), Tomichia

lirata Crvn. (Physa) . :

liricostata (M. & P.), Trach.

lissophanes (M. & P.), Gulella

littoricola Bs. (Helix)

lividus (Desh.), Melampus .

livingstonae Bnp., var. 5

livingstonei M. & P., Achatina

Livinhacia Crosse é

loeocochlis (see laeocochlis).

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625

554

291

356

205

478

399

403

478

382

324

367

635

435

156

427

559

353

592

509

263

634

394

490

146

349

541

129

234

114

174

175

438

627

348

549

302

235

101

581

499

206

228

467

404

305

296

Annals of the South African Museum.

lomatiensis Conn., var.

longa Conn., Lauria .

lovéni (Krs.), Trach. .

lucanus (Miill.), Trigonephrus

lucida Drap. (Helix) .

Lucilla Lowe

lugubris Turt. , Assiminea

lunaris Conn., "Trach.

lupata Wats., var.

luteola Bet., var.

lutescens Pfr. (Auricula)

lygaea (M. & P.), Trach.

Lymnaeta Lam. :

LYMNAEIDAE

LYMNAEINAE

lymneaeformis (M. & P.), Euonyma

Lyrocystis Wats.

mabilli Rehbr., Mutela

machachensis Smith, Achatina

maculata Plate, Onchidella

magnolia (Conn.), Gulella .

maitenguensis Stur. (Spatha)

Maizantia Bet. .

major Denr., var. :

majubana Conn., Curvella .

mamboiensis Smith (Buliminus) .

mamillata (Crvn.), Subulina

manayarana Stur., var.

manca Bnp., var.

manueli Prest., Homorus

mariae (M. & P.), Gulella

mariae Nobre (Stegodera) .

MaARINULA King é :

maritzburgensis (M. & P.), Gulella

maritzburgensis (M. & P. re Edou-

ardia . : <

Martensia Semper

maseruensis Conn., var.

mashonae Prest. (Unio)

masukuensis (Smith), Gymnarion

mathildae Prest. (Mutela)

maugei Fér., Testacella

maura (Heynem.), Veronicella

mauritiana Blainv. (Peronia)

maxima Conn., var.

maximus L., Limax .

mcbeani M. & P., Opeas

mebeani Conn., Trach.

mebeaniana (Bnp.), Edouardia

mcbeanianus (M. & P.), Fauxulus

medowelli Conn., Trach.

mediocris Conn., Trach.

MELADOMUS Swains. .

MELAMPODINAE

Mertamevs Montf.

melanacme (Pfr.), Rhachidina

Melania Lam. .

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 647

PAGE PAGE

MELANOIDES Oliv. : - 565 | munita (M. & P.), Gulella . ye

melanopneumon Bergh (Onchi- MUTELA Scop. . ; : - 613

dium) . : . 453 | MUTELIDAE . ; ‘ . 613

melvilli (Bnp.), Gulella ; . 81 | myosotis (Drap.), Phytia . . 462

melvilli (G.-A.), Sheldonia . 0 1388

melvilliana Ancey (Sculptaria) . 261

menkeana (Pfr.), Gulella_ . se 38 N

menkeana (Pfr.), Trach. . 5 h2B2

meridionalis (Pfr.), Edouardia . 428 | namaquana Mts., var. 229

meridionalis M. & P., var. . 127 | namaquensis (M. & P.), Trigoneph-

MeracuatTina Pilsb. : . 294 rus > 290

metallakter Conn., Trach. . . 202 | nana (Walk.), Burnupia : Lo

metuloides (Smith), Edouardia . 433 | nana Conn., var. : , . 284

mfongosiensis Bnp., Gulella _. 90 | Nava Wats. . ; : oe

micans Pfr. (Bulimus) ; . 337 | natalensis (Crvn.), Gulella . . 24

microbus Morel. (Pupa) ‘ . 375 | natalensis (Pfr.), Sheldonia . = sO

Microkerkus, G.-A. . : . 132 | natalensis (Pfr.), Edouardia . 422

MIcROPEAS Gaal . . 9355 | natalensis Pfr., Achatina . 22 COE

microscopica (Krs.), Trach. . 224 | natalensis Krs., Lymnaea . . 476

MicRostELeE Bttg. . . 398 | natalensis Krs., Veronicella . 450

microstriata Prest., ich . 214 | natalensis Krs., Planorbis . -. 490

microthauma M. & P. (Ennea) . 95 | natalensis Krs., Bulinus . Baha |

Minax Gray. : . 180 | natalensis Walk., Ferrissia . 7 Zo

miniata (Krs.), Gulella é 31 | natalensis Rve., Neritina . = ooo

minimus M. & P. (Cyclophorus) . 540 | natalensis Conn., Tomichia . 586

minimus Srth. (Arion) , 182 | natalensis Clige.(Apera) . oF kG)

minor Pollon., Oopelta : . 187 | natalensis Morel. (Ennea) . Bites eT

minor (Pfr.), Rea. . 100 | natalensis Bnp. (Obeliscus) 2 SRY

minor Pir., var. : : . 543 | natalensis Krs. (Vitrina) . - wise

minor Bttg., var. , . . 274 | natalensis Pfr. (Cyclotus) . -; 633

minor Bs., varr. : . 383, 537 | natalensis Lea (Unio) : . 606

minor Dgnr., var... i . 262 | natalensis Lea (Spatha) . oT OLT

minor Junod, var. . : . 323 | natalensis Krs. (Corbicula) . = wol9

minusculus (Mouss.), Pupoides . 396 | natalensis Walk., var. : Sy,

minuta (Morel.), Gulella_. . 44 | NatahaG.-A. . ‘ : - 535

minuta Drap.(Limneus) . . 481 | natalica Bet. (Physa) : ai ASF

minythodes M. & P. (Zingis) - 125 | Navatina Pilsb. : : SOs

misellus Morel. (Planorbis) . . 490 | natalis “Krs.,” Planorbis . . 490

mixta Smith (Thapsia) : . 151 | Natretia Wats. : ; =) WlO2

modesta Conn., Curvella . . 365 | Navicella Lam. ; Eid) Uk

modesta Lea (Spatha) . so 61S navigroliformis Lea (Unio) : . 607

MOLARELLA Conn. . : . 71 | nepia Conn., Gulella . : soa oe

MOLLUSCA . : : : 5 | NERITIDAE . : : Dike!

montana M. & P.(Ennea) . . 45 | NerRirina Lam. : : . 598

montana Conn., var. . : . 276 | Nesopupa Pilsb. , s . 408

monticola Beck (Helix) : . 631 | NESOPUPINAE : : OT

mooiensis (Bnp.), Gulella . . 56 | nigra Phil. (Auricula) . 466

mooiensis (Walk.), Burnupia . 523 | nigropunctata Morch, Oopelta . 184

morrelli Prest., Cleopatra . . 562 | nilotica (Pfr.), Burtoa : 2 S296

morrumbalensis (M. & P.), Zingis. 153 | nitida Drap. (Helix) . : 170

mosambiquensis Cless., Physa . 475 | nitidissimus Bgt.(Meladomus) . 557

mossambicensis Mts., Unio. . 610 | noltei (Bttg.), Microstele . sus

mossambicensis “‘Pfr.”’ (Martensia) 157 | nonotiensis M. & P. (Ennea) Ela ci

moussoni Mts. (Succinea) . . 443 | normalis M.-T., var. . 2 22 NSS

movenensis Stur. (Buliminus) . 329 | noticola Bs., Hydrocena B 597

mozambica Bgt. (Trochomorpha) 157 novemlamellaris (Bgt.), Afrodonta 253

mozambicensis (Pfr.), Rhachidina 416 | novenarius Pilsb., var. : . 386

mozambicensis (Pfr.), Ledoulxia. 157 | nuptialis (M. & P.), Prestonella . 293

multidentata (Stur.), Gulella . 79 | nyasana (Smith), Limicena. . 438

munda Bs. (Helix) . ; . 225 | nyasana (Smith), Curvella . ft) SB9

648 Annals of the South African Museum.

PAGE

nyasana (Smith), Tropidophora . 550

nyasanus (Smith), Gymnarion . 120

nyctelius Bgt., Limax 3 a) 6

nyikaensis Pilsb., Achatina ae All

Obeliscus Beck (see Euonyma).

obesa Pfr., var. ; : Zo9

obesa Conn., var. : sO)

obliquus Krs. (Ancylus) : . 514

oblongus Bttg. (Leucochiloides) . 398

oblongus Kiist., var. . : . 469

obovata (Pfr.), Gulella 5 hee)

obscura (Srth.), Veronicella. . 450

obtusata Walk., Burnupia . . 524

occidentalis (Mouss.), Pila . . 553

ochracea (M. & P.), eR eR Eee 552

oconnori (Prest.), Trach. . 235

octona (Brug.), Subulina . a) oad

Odontartemon Pfr. siatiyailies

oedigyra M. & P., Achatina . 304

oliphantensis Cryn. (Corbicula) . 62]

olivacea Krs., var. ; Oe

olivaceus (Sow.), Lanistes . - 56

omicronaria M. & P. (Pupa) «= 39

omphalion Bs. (Helix) ; 5 aD

ONCHIDELLA Gray . ‘ . 456

ONCHIDITDAE : : . 452

ONCHIDIUM Buch. . . 453

Oncidiella (see Onchidella).

Oncidium (see Onchidium).

OopEettTaA Morch. : ; . 184

OOPELTINAE. : : . 184

Opgas Albers . 5 3 - B47

oppugnans M. & P. (Ennea) ant

orcula (Bs.), Pupisoma ‘ 2 le

ordinaria M. & P., Trach. . . 207

ordinarius M. & P., Melampus . 470

oreina M. & P., Trach. é a= £98

orientalis Conn., Gulella . a AO)

orientalis (G.-A.), Sheldonia . 148

ovampicum Ancey, Pisidium . 625

ovampoensis M. & P. (Pupa) . 374

ovampoensis M. & P. (Cionella) . 369

ovata (Krs.), Assiminea . | so)

ovata Kiist., var. ; ; . 467

ovoidea Bet. (Physa) . : = BOE)

ovularis (Kiist.), Fauxulus . “GoD

ovulum Conn., Xerocerastus . 656

ovum Trosch., Lanistes : + 005

Oxycuiuus Fitz. : : ata)

OxyLoma West. . : . 445

PACHNODINAE . . 414

pallescens CkIL., Urocyelus . = 16%

pallidum Conn., Punctum . . 258

Paludestrinidae : 4 ; . 569

paludicola Bs., var. . : . 229

Paludina Lam.

Paludinidae

Paludomus Swains.

pamphorodon (Bs.), Fauxulus

panthera (Fér.), Achatina .

Parachatina Bgt. ; .

parallela M. & P. (Ennea) .

parasitica (Parr.), Eupera .

parietalis (Mouss.), Bulinus

PARMACELLINAE .

parthenia M. & P., Achatina

parva Wats., Apera .

parvulus Pfr., Melampus

PARYPHANTIDAE.

passargei (Mts.), Achatina .

passargei (Mts.), Viviparus .

patentissima Mke., Succinea

patera M. & P., Trach.

paucidentata Wats., var.

PAUCIDENTINA Mts. .

paula M. & P. (Trach.)

PECTINIBRANCHIA

PEDIPEDINAE

PEDIPES Fer.

PELECYPODA

Pella Alb. é

pellicula (Pfr.), Sheldonia

paludicola Rehbr. (Mutelina)

pellucens (Mke.), Auriculastra 460,

Peltatinae.

Peliatus G.-A. .

penestes M. & P., Achatina

penningtoni Bnp., Gulella .

pentheri (Stur.), Gulella

pentheri Stur., Achatina

penthert Stur. (Buliminus) .

pentheri Stur. (Pupa)

penthert Stur., var. . :

pentodon (Morel.), Gulella .

pepita King, Marinula

pereximius (M. & P.), Fauxulus .

perfida (Bnp.), Afrodonta .

pertragilis (Conn.), Sheldonia

pergracilis Conn., Cecilioides

peringueyi Conn., Opeas_.

periploca M. & P. (Ennea).

perissodonta (Stur.), Gulella

perlevis (Prest.), Sheldonia.

permeata M. & P., Trach. .

peroni Cuv., Onchidium . :

perplexa (M. & P.), Truncatellina

perplexa Conn., Gulella

perplicata (Bs.), Trach.

persimilis Conn., Trach.

perspectiva Conn., var. ;

perspicua (M. & P.), Gulella

perspicuaeformis (Stur.), Gulella .

petersi (Pfr.), Rachis . ‘

petersi (Mts.), Veronicella .

petersi (Mts.), Aspatharia .

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca.

PAGE

petersi Mts. (Achatina) : .. 326

petrobia (Bs.), Trach. ; :0 208

pfeifieri (Krs.), Gulella : en 4S

pfeifferi (Krs.), Biomphalaria . 484

pteifferiana (Bernardi), Aspatharia 615

phaedima (M. & P.), Sheldonia . 143

Phasis Albers . : eee |

PHavLocystis Wats. : . »i96

PHORTION Preston . : « (258

phragma (M. & P.), Gulella si4 Sno

phyllisae Bnp., Gulella : =, woe

Puysa Drap. . : . 475

PHYSIDAE . ; : . 474

Puysopsis Krs. E : = 09

Puytia Gray . : : . 462

phytostylus (Bs.), Sheldonia = ZO

picturatus Morel. (Bulimus) -. 631

pietersburgensis Prest. eee: 348

Pra Réding . : . 552

PILIDAE : d ees

pinguis (Krs.), Gudeélla algae 5

Pintoa Bgt. : : er

pisana (Miill.), Theba : . 268

piscinalis M.& P., var... . 442

Pisrpium C. Pfr. : : . 625

pisolina Gld. (Nanina) : ~ 629

Pisum Gray. . 625

placenta (M. & P.), Trach. . 248

planidens (Mts.), Gulella . Regis |

planissima Conn., Trach. . . 201

planodiscus M. & Po oa 494

PLANORBIDAE . 483

PLANORBINAE . : . 483

PLanoRBIs Mill. : : . 488

planti (Pfr.), Gulella . ; eae.

planti (Pfr.), Sheldonia : . 148

planti Pir. (Helix) ._ ; - 241

plant: Pfr. (Succinea) : . 44)

planti Pir., var. é : =) 2G

platti Pfr. (Helix) : . 241

platyacme M. & P., Euonyma - 345

PLATYPODA . : SonwaD

plebeia Conn., Trach. i = LS

PLEvRORHACHIS Conn. : . A437

plicicutis Bs. (Cyclophorus) iL aoG

PLICIGULELLA Pilsb. met

plurilirata (Fult.), Tropidophora . 549

poeppigei (Pfr.), Sheldonia . Se

Polita Held : ‘ ‘ Oo

polita (M. & P.), Gulella . aes!

polypunctata Clige., Oopelta . 186

POMATIIDAE. : : . 541

pondoensis (G.-A.), Sheldonia . 140

pondoensis Conn., Gulella . ape

ponsonbyanus (Morel.), Fauxulus 385

ponsonbyi (Bnp.), Gulella . ess it

ponsonbyi (Clige.), Milax . =. or

ponsonbyi Morel., Assiminea ~ LoaU

ponsonbyi Walk., Burnupia - 520

ponsonbyi Fulton (Dorcasia) . 282

porphyrostoma (M. & P.), Trigo-

nephrus :

pottebergensis Kiist., var.

praecox Conn., Opeas

praelonga Conn., Gulella

praelonga Conn., var. :

premnodes (Stur.), Gulella .

PRESTONELLA Conn. .

pretoriana Conn., Gulella

pretoriensis (M. & P.), Truncatellina

pretoriensis M. & P. Sn

Primipupilla Pilsb.

princeps Lea (Melanopsis) .

prionacis (Bs.), Trach.

procerus Conn., var.

procerus Mts., var. :

producta Conn., Tomichia

protchei Rchbr. (Spathella)

proxima Conn., Trach.

pruizensis Conn., Euonyma

Pseudocerastus Germain

PSEUDOGLESSULA Bet.

PsEUDOPEAS Putz.

PsicHion Gude :

psichion M. & P. (Pupa)

ptychaxia Smith ene

Ptychochilus Bttg.

PrycHopatuta Pilsb. .

PTYCHOTREMATINAE .

pulchella (Miull.), Vallonia .

pulchella (M. & P.), Gulella

pulchella Wats., Onchidella

pulchella Morel. (Alexia)

PULMONATA . : :

pumilio (M. & P.), Sheldonia

punctata (Anton), Rachis .

PUNCTINAE . s

Punctum Morse

Purpitua Leach

PUPILLIDAE .

PUPILLINAE .

Pupisoma Stol.

Peroins, Pir.

pura Conn., Trach.

purcelli Clige., Apera

purcelli (M. & P.), Euonyma

purpurea Jonas (Ampullaria)

pusilla (H. & A. Ad.), Auriculastra

pusilla Morel. (Ennea)

pusilla Parr. (Corbicula)

putealis Conn., Chondrocyclus

puzeyi Conn., Gulella

puzeyi Conn., Sheldonia

pycnochilus Conn., Fauxulus

pycnotricha M. & P., Trach.

pyramidalis Let. (Lanistes).

pyramidata Bnp., Sculptaria

Pyrgobullinus Plry. :

PyRGopHysa Crosse .

649

632

621

538

€50

quadingensis Conn., Prestonella .

quadrisculptum Conn., Afropunc-

aaa hate - : -

quantula (M. & Pp. ), Truncatellina

queketti (M. & P.), Gulella

quekettiana (M. & P.), Natalina .

quinguedentata C. Bttg. (Ennea) .

Racuis Albers .

Rachisellus Bet. :

radiata Phil. (Cyrena)

radiolata (Morel.), Auriculastra

Ravix Montf. ‘ :

RAFFRAYA Bet. :

raffrayi Bet. (Pupa) .

rariplicata (Bs.), Trach.

raymondiana Bet. (Physa) .

rectilinearts Sow. (Unio)

rediviva Mab. (Achatina)

reenenensis Conn., Natalina

reflexilabris Conn., var. :

regularis (M. & P.), Gulella

reticulatus Miill., Agriolimax

retisculpta (Mts.), Sculptaria

rhabdota M. & P. (Achatina)

RuacuHipina Thiele :

RuwacHisT1a Conn. .

RHIPIDOGLOSSA . :

rhodesiana (Conn.), Gulella

rhodesiana Pilsb., var.

Rhodostoma Swains. :

rhodotaenia (Mts.), Rhachistia

rhysodes M. & P. Soa

Rhytididae

richardi Germ., var. . 4

ridibunda M. & P. (Pupa) .

rintelent Bttg., var. :

rivularis (Krs.), Trach.

Rochebrunia Bet. :

rogersi (M. & P.), Gulella

rogersi Conn., Dorcasia

rogersi Conn., Tomichia

rosaceus (Miull.), Trigonephrus

rosenbergi Prest., Zingis

roseri Krs. (Helix)

rosint Haas, var.

rostrata Rang, Mutela

rotula M. & P. (Trach.)

rotunda *‘Mouss.,” var.

rotundata Mouss., var.

rubella Wats., var.

rubra Conn., Trach. :

rudicostata Conn., Trach. .

rufofilosa M. & P., var.

Rumina Risso .

127

632

— 2m SS

Annals of the South African Museum.

PAGE

rumpiana Conn., Gulella_ . 94

riippelli Dkr. (Planorbis) 484, 633

russofulgens (M. & P.), Sheldonia 136

rutilans M. & P., Trach. . 206

sabuletorum (Bs.), Trach. . 203

salinarum (Morel.), Biomphalaria 487

sambesiensis Stur., Viviparus 558

sarcodes (Pfr.), Tropidophora 548

sarissa Pilsb., Euonyma 339

saundersae Conn., Curvella 365

savignyi Semp. (Peronia) 455

saxicola Ckll., Veronicella . 450

scaevola M. & P., monstr. 315

schackoi Jick. (Isidora) 500, 633

schaerfiae (Pfr.), Natalina . 116

schencki Mts., var. 306

schinziana Mouss., Achatina 316

schrencki (see schencki).

schultzei Srth. (Ceratoconcha) 628

scolopendra M. & P., Trach. 247

scrobiculata M. & P. (Ennea) Osiris

ScuLpraria Pfr. 259

sculpturata (Gray), Sculptaria 260

sectilis Fér. (Helix) 631

SEGMENTINA Fleming 493

sejyuncta Stur. (Ennea) ‘ . 33

semiaratus Conn., Melampus

semidecussata Pfr., Achatina es

semigranosa Pfr., Achatina E

separata (Stur.), Gulella. ~

SEPTARIA Fer. . :

sericea Conn., Trach. : ‘

sericina Jick. (Isidora) . 500, 633

Serpaea Bet. . : : :

sesamorum Bet. (Pachnodus)

sexangula Wats., Apera . aT

sexdentata (Mts.), Gulella . :

SHELDONIA Ancey 122

shilwaneensis Cohn., Trach. 213

sibasana Conn., Gulella =. =

Sidula Gray e 463

Siegmannt Hngmn., VER.) % . 274

Stenta A. Ad. . : . 472

sigurensis G.-A. (Kaliella) : 164

siliqua Conn., Euonyma 343

silongweensis Prest. (Unio) . 606

similaris (Fér.), Bradybaena . on

simillima Stur., var. . : : =

simplex Smith, Achatina 309

simplex M. & P., Trach. 196

sinensis Nev. (Assiminea) 590

sinica Nev., Assiminea 590

sinistrorsa Crvyn. (Pupa) 393

sinuata Mts. (Spatha) 615

sinuosa M. & P., Curvella . 363

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca.

PAGE

Srraua H. Ad. . : , 62,

smithi Crvn., Achatina 4 Teas a

smitht Conn., var. : : = Pool

socratica M. & P.(Ennea) . a eek

sollers M. & P. (Phasis) ; =) 208

soluta Pfr., Pupa : : - oo2

somersetensis (M. & P.), Trach. . 208

sordidula (Mts.), Edouardia Ponaae

soror Conn., Trach. . : SOF

souverbiana (Montr.), Smaragdia 599

spadicea (Pfr.), Edouardia . . 423

Spatha Lea : ; : ~ S615

SPATHOPSIS Simpson . : ~ =6l6

spekei Bet. (Buliminus) . . 416

SPHAERITDAE ‘ F 5 1623

SPHAERIUM Scopoli . : i, 1620

Sphalerostoma Girard . - 366

spilogramma (Mts.), Rhachidina. 418

spissicosta M. & P., Trach. MOT

spissisculpta Conn., Trach. a 223

standeri Conn., Euonyma . . 348

stanleyana Bet. (Physa) . - 509

stauroma M. & P. (Ennea) teas

stellata (G.-A.), Sheldonia . rea

stenochorias (M. & P.), Burnupia 516

sticta (Mts.), Rhachistia . sites es,

_stoaphora Bs. (Pupa) . é . 383

straminea Bnp., Curvella . . 362

STREPTAXIDAE . : a be

STREPTAXINAE . : Signe bo

STREPTONEURA . : . 534

STREPTOSTELE Dhrn. : sie LA

striata Krs., Succinea ‘ » 441

striatissima Pilsb., var. : may 4

strigile (M. & P.), Opeas_. . 354

strobilodes M. & P. (Helix) . . 243

stuhlmanni Mts. (Spatha) . Ol

sturanyt Bnp., var. . : ~ AT

sturmiana Pfr. (Helix) ‘ eel

STYLOMMATOPHORA . : 6

subcornea (Prest.), Sheldonia . 133

subcylindrica Prest., Achatina . 310

subframesi Conn., Gulella . : 4]

subjenynsi Ancey, Trochonanina. 160

subkraussi Conn., Gulella . ce:

sublineare Bttg., Opeas.. . 349

SUBMYTILACEA . : . 603

subpinguis Conn., Trach. . Bailie)

subtruncatula Bttg., Lymnaea . 482

Susurina Beck : : . 332

SUBULINIDAE ‘ : se ed

SUBULINISCUS Pilsb. . ; . 335

Succrnea Drap. : . 439

succinea Bnp., Curvella a) 362

SUCCINEIDAE : : . 439

sulcata Lam. (Cyclostoma) . . 548

swaziensis Conn., Gulella . : 76

sykesii (M. & P.), Truncatellina . 406

sylvia (M. & P.), Gulella_ . yell

symmetrica (Crvn.), Sheldonia . 140

tabulae Chaper (Helicopsis)

tabularis (M. & P.), Lauria.

TAENIOGLOSSA

tanganyicae Mts. (Physopsis)

tarachodes (Conn.), Nata

tenue Conn., Pseudopeas :

terebraeformis Conn., Euonyma .

teres Pfr., Truncatella

teretiuscula M. & P., Trach.

tessellaria (Lam.), Septaria.

tessellata Lam. (Navicella) .

TESTACELLA Cuv. 5

TESTACELLIDAE .

tetrodus (Bttg.), Pupilla

Thapsiella Gude : ;

tharfieldensis (M. & P.), Gulella .

thaumasta M. & P. (Pupa) .

THEBA Risso. : :

thelodonta M. & P. (Ennea)

thermarum M. & P., Zingis

Turara Réding :

THIARIDAE

THIARINAE :

thomasseti Pilsb., Gastrocopta

tollini (Bs.), Trach.

Tomicuta Bs.

TOMIGERELLA Pfr.

tomlini Bnp., var.

tongaatensis (G.-A.), Sheldonia

tonganum Q. & G. (Onchidium)

tracheia Conn., Achatina

TRACHYOYSTIS Pilsb.

transiens Stur. (Ennea) ‘

translucidum Sow. (Cyclostoma) .

transvaalensis (Crvn.), Sheldonia

transvaalensis (M. & P.), Edou-

ardia é 4 : F

transvaalensis (Crvn.), Burnupia

transvaalensis (M. & P.), Tropido-

phora ‘

transvaalensis Smith, ‘Achatina .

trapeziformis Furtado, var.

trapezoidea (Btte.), Burnupia

tribulationis (Prest.), Cecilioides .

trichostiroma (M. & P.), Trach.

tridens Conn., Gulella ,

trifimbriatus Conn., Chondro-

cyclus. :

triglochis (M. & P.), Gulella

TRIGONEPHRUS Pilsb. :

trilamellaris (M. & P.), Afrodonta

trimeni (M. & P.), Natalina

tripodium Conn., Gulella

tristanensis Conn., Marinula

tristaoensis Conn., Gulella .

tristis (Morel.), Tomichia

tristus Jay (Bulimus) .

trivia Bttg., var.

651

652 Annals of the South African Museum.

PAGE

TROCHOZONITES Pfeffer. Ol

Tropicorbis Pilsb. , : . 484

tropicus (Krs.), Bulinus. eee)

TROPIDOPHORA Troschel . a) OA

trotteriana (Bs.), Sheldonia oe les

TRUNCATELLA Risso . ; . 568

TRUNCATELLIDAE ‘ «| 068

TRUNCATELLINA Lowe : . 403

truncatula (Mill.), Lymnaea . 481

tuberculata (Mill.), Melanoides . 566

tugelensis (M. & P.), Huonyma . 344

tuguriolum M. & P. pues oO)

TULBAGHINIA M. & P. « 280

tumida (Tayl.), Edouardia . 4 . 432

turmalis (Morel.), Trach. . - 199

turriformis (Krs.), Kuonyma A SBy)

turtoni Conn., Subulina . . 334

turtoni Conn., Ancylus ‘ Woo

tyttha M. & P., Assiminea . ROOT

uitenhagensis (Krs.), Trach. . 230

umbilicata Drap.(Pupa) . . 400

umlaasiana Smith, Assiminea . 591

umlaasianus Krs., Melampus . 468

umlaasianus Kist.(Limnaeus) . 481

umzimvubuensis Bnp., Gulella . 80

unicolor (Oliv.), Viviparus . . 558

unicornis Conn., Euonyma . . 342

unilamellaris Conn., Afrodonta . 250

Unto Retz. : : : . 604

UNIONIDAE . : : . 603

Uniericaria Pfr. : ‘ eee

Urceus Jouss. . ; : 2 297

UROCYCLIDAE ; ‘ . 165

Urocycius Gray : . . 166

usagarica (Smith), Rhachidina . 415

ustulata Lam., Achatina . - 2302

vaalensis Chaper (Unio) . - 605

vallaris (M. & P.), Gulella . OU

VALLONIA Risso : ‘ Haaee

VALLONIIDAE : ; a) OMe

vandenbroeckii (Crvn.), Sheldonia 145

vandenbroeckii M. & P.(Ennea) . 89

vanstaadensis M.& P.(Ennea) . 44

varia Conn., Kuonyma : . d4]

varicosa Pfr., Achatina : SSO

vassei Germ., Achatina : 7. oel

Velletia Gray : ; . 533

venatorum Conn., Trach. . « oee2

vengoense Conn., ’Opeas é < o00

vengoensis Conn., Gonaxis . Lo

vengoensis Conn., Trach. . s 222

vengoensis Conn., Nesopupa

ventricosa (Rve.), Tomichia

ventricosa (Drap. ), Cochlicella

ventricosula “‘Sow.”

vernicosa (Krs.), Nata

VERONICELLA Blainv.

VERONICELLIDAE

verrauxi (Kiist.), Cafferia

verreauxianus Lea (Unio)

verreauxii (Bgt.), Burnupia

verreauxiw Bet., var.

verruculatum Cuv., Onchidium ;

VERTIGININAE

Vertico Mill.

vestita Pfr., Achatina

viae Bnp., Gulella

vicina (Smith), Gulella

vicinus Prest. (Unio) .

victoriae Prest., Kaliella

victoriae Dhrn., Melanoides

victoriae Conn., Pseudopeas

victoriensis (Walk.), Ferrissia

virgo M. & P. (Ennea) ;

viridescens (M. & P.), Nata

viridula Conn., Trach. :

vitalis (M. & P.), Sheldonia

vitellinus Pfr. (Bulimus)

VITREA Fitz. :

vitrea Mouss., Subulina

vitreola M. & 2. var.

Vitrina Drap. (see Sheldonia, ete. ).

Viviparella Raf. :

VIVIPARIDAE

VivipaRus Montf.

vorticialis (Bs.), Trach.

vouamica Bet., Thiara

vuleanus Walk., Burnupia .

wahlbergi (Krs.), Gulella

wahlbergi (Bs.), Maizania

wahlbergi (Krs.), Aspatharia

wahlbergi Krs. (Physa) ‘

warreni (M. & P.), Gulella .

warreni Conn., Sheldonia

watsoni Conn., Trach.

welwitschi Mts., var. .

wernei (Phil.), Pila

wesseliana (Kob.), Natalina

wottoni (M. & P.), Gulella

XEROCERASTUS Kob. & MIldff.

XEROCYSTIS Wats. . 3

xysila (M. & P.), Gulella

366

228

zambesianus Furt. (Lanistes)

zambesiensis (Walk.), Ferrissia

zambesiensis Prest., Unio .

Zanguebaria Fischer .

zanguebarica Morel. (Ennea)

zanguebaricum Pfr. (Cyclostoma)

zanzibarica Cless. (Physa) .

4 — zanzibarica Bgt. (Limnaea)

zebra (Brug.), Achatina

zebra Lam., Neritina .

zebrula Mts. (Achatina)

A Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 653

PAGE

zelota (M. & P.), Gulella . : 70

zeyhert Mke. (Unio) . . 605

ZInGIs Mts. : ree Ye;

zonamydra (M. & P. ) Sheldonia . 135

ZONITIDAE . NOD

ZONITINAE . : F = 69

ZONITOIDES Lehmann ee ne

zulu Haas (Pseudoglessula). - 329

zuluensis Conn., Gulella . pelea

zuluensis (M. & P.), Edouardia (?) 435

zuluensis Conn., Achatina . 24) 308

zuluensis M. & P. (Physa) . pany

zwellendamensis (Kiist.), Tomichia 571

FIG.

10.

ll.

12.

13.

14,

15.

16.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE I.

Gulella ingens (Stur.), type in Vienna Museum, x 3.

digitalis Conn., type in British Museum, x 3}.

cairnst (M. & P.), topotype, x4.

separata Stur., Margate, x 6.

elliptica (M. & P.), var. caelatior Conn., type, x 6.

infans (Crvn.), Pietersburg, x 4.

perplexa Conn., type in British Museum, x 6.

puzeyt Conn., type in British Museum, x 4.

lissophanes (M. & P.), type in British Museum, x 3.

pfeiffert (Krs.), type in Stuttgart Museum, x5.

tripodium Conn., type in South African Museum, x 8.

claustralis Conn., type in British Museum, x 10.

tridens Conn., type in British Museum, x 3.

. » var. wntermedia Conn., type in British Museum, x 4.

menkeana (Pfr.), paratype from coll. Albers ex Shuttleworth, in

Berlin Museum, x 1.

perissodonta (Stur.), type in Vienna Museum, x 4.

PLate II.

Gulella caryatis (M. & P.), var. diabensis Conn., type in Berlin Museum, x 6%.

. Natalina reenenensis Conn., type in British Museum, x 1.

pondoensis Conn., type in British Museum, x 2.

fraudator Conn., type in British Museum, x 8.

aprosdoketa Conn., type in British Museum, x 6.

= » apical sculpture, enlarged.

. Nata minor (Pfr.), original in Stockholm Museum, x 2.

. Gudeélla pinguis (Krs.), type in Stuttgart Museum, x 3.

i » sculpture, much enlarged.

Puate III.

. Natalina compacta Conn., type in British Museum.

. Nata liparoxantha (M. & P.), Pietermaritzburg.

. Natalina cafra (Fér.), Durban.

kraussi (Pfr.), type in Stuttgart Museum.

All figures natural size.

654

18-20. Sculptaria carinifera Conn., type in Berlin Museum, x 4.

a » basal sculpture, highly magnified.

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 655

PuaTE IV.

FIG.

1-3. Natalina beyrichi (Mts.), Port St. John’s.

4-5. Nata vernicosa (Krs.), Durban.

6-8. Natalina schaerfiae (Pfr.), Oudebosch.

9-11. a = »» var., Bredasdorp.

All figures natural size.

PuaTE V.

1-3. Sheldonia lightfoott Conn., type in British Museum, ~ 2.

4. ts e » apical sculpture, highly magnified.

5-6. - melvilli (G.-Aust.), Equeefa, x1.

7-9. eS orientalis (G.-Aust.), East London, x 2.

10-11. ae warrent Conn., type in Natal Museum, x1.

12-14. ce puzeyt Conn., type in British Museum, x 1.

15-17. Milax capensis (Krs.), shell, type in Stuttgart Museum, x 34.

PuatTeE VI.

1-4. Afrodonta bimunita Conn., type in South African Museum, x 10.

5-7. Trachycystis glanvilleana (Ancey), type in British Museum, x 4.

8-10. Es lunaris Conn., type in British Museum, ~x 2.

11-13. > mediocris Conn., type in Albany Museum, x 22.

14-16. as viridula Conn., type in South African Museum, x 2.

17-19. ol falconi Conn., type in British Museum, x 6.

20-22. i rubra Conn., type in South African Museum, x 2 (the size line

on plate is too short).

PuatTe VIL.

1-3. Trachycystis uitenhagensis (Krs.), type in Stuttgart Museum, x 24.

4, a namaquensis (Mts.), topotype, x 2.

5. 5 africae (Brown), paratype in Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia,

> ie

6-8. 5 aprica (Krs.), paratype in British Museum, x 31.

9: 43 conica Conn., type in Stuttgart Museum, x 3.

10. a lovént (Krs.), Durban, x 2.

Dk = watsoni Conn., type in British Museum, x 2.

12-14, 33 microscopica (Krs.), type in Stockholm Museum, x 12.

Be iS. Afropunctum quadrisculptum Conn., type in British Museum, x 6.

16. uh ay » upper sculpture, highly magnified.

656 Annals of the South African Museum.

Puate VIII.

1-4. Sculptaria edlingeri Conn., type in Berlin Museum, x 3}.

5. Curvella euglypta Conn., type in British Museum, x 4.

6-8. Trigonephrus lucanus (Mill.), var. nana Conn., type in British Museum, ~ 1.

9-11. Dorcasia alexandri Gray, var. reflexilabris Conn., type in Berlin Museum. x 1.

12. Ceciliordes acicula (Mill.), Kimberley, x 6.

11335 ee pergracilis Conn., type in British Museum, x 6.

14. $5 gokweanus (Bttg.), Pienaarspoort, x 5.

15-17. a a 55 type, after Boettger, x4.

PuaTE IX.

1-2. Trachycystis mcdowelli Conn., type in British Museum, x 8 approximately.

3-4. 5 vengoensis Conn., type in British Museum, x 8 approximately.

5-6. 55 soror Conn., type in British Museum, x 8 approximately.

7-8. pura Conn., type in British Museum, x 8 approximately.

9-10. Punctum pallidum Conn., type in British Museum, x 8 approximately.

11-12. Trachycystis rivularis (Krs.), type in Stockholm Museum, x 22.

13-14. - i », var. densestriata Conn., type in British Museum,

x 23.

15-17. ae barnardi Conn., type in South African Museum, x 1.

18. Trigonephrus haughtoni Conn., type in British Museum, x 1.

*19. Xerocerastus hottentotus (Gray), type in British Museum, x 2.

20. a He a another specimen, x 2.

allie a ovulum Conn., type in Albany Museum, Grahamstown, x 2.

Dips Pe KS 5, another specimen, <2.

*23. of hottentotus (Gray) (type of pygmaeus H. Ad.), in British

Museum, x 2.

24. a na <i another specimen of pygmaeus, x 2.

25, 29. Prestonella bowkeri (Sow.), Somerset East, two specimens, x 1.

26-28. Sheldonia cornea (Pfr.), type in Stettin Museum, x 1.

30-31. Trachycystis gilliana Conn., type in South African Museum, x 1.

32-33. Zingis morrumbalensis (M. & P.), Macequece, x 1.

Note.—The unique type of 7. gilliana is in somewhat weathered condition,

so that the photograph gives it an appearance of coloration which it does not

actually possess. It agrees in reality with 7’. barnardi in being uniform corneous

brown.

Prarm ix:

FIG.

1. Achatina schinziana Mouss., Ngamiland.

2. re zuluensis Conn., type in British Museum.

By, a ustulata Lam., Keurbooms R. bush.

4, a vestita Pfr., Port St. John’s.

5. 5 as », another specimen.

6. a a » juvenis, highly magnified.

All figures, except No. 6, natural size.

* Will be treated in Supplement.

Monographie Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca.

PruatTE XI.

FIG.

Speen lies ae ha cae)

. Achatina passargei Mts., paratype in Berlin Museum.

transvaalensis Smith, type in British Museum.

natalensis Pfr., type in British Museum.

penestes M. & P., topotype in British Museum.

churchiliana M. & P., type in Manchester Museum.

dammarensis Pfr., Damaraland, slightly immature.

subcylindrica Prest., “South Africa,” in British Museum.

tracheia Conn., paratype in British Museum.

All figures natural size.

PuatEe XII.

. Austrobalea africana (M. & P.), Karkloof, x 4.

. Microstele nolter (Bttg.), Klip, x 8.

. Fauxulus ovularis (Kist.), var. fortidentata Conn., aperture, x 102.

pottebergensis (Kist.), in British Museum, x 34.

barnardi Conn., type in South African Museum, x 6.

ponsonbyanus (Morel.), Keurbooms R. bush, x 8.

ovularis (Kiist.), Bredasdorp, x 33.

pereximius (M. & P.), Port St. John’s, x5.

pychnochilus Conn., type in Albany Museum, x 4.

fryanus (Bs.), Bredasdorp, x3.

. Lauria longa Conn., type in South African Museum, x 8.

. Pupilla fontana (Krs.), Port Elizabeth, x 6.

. Vertigo antivertigo (Drap.), Tlapingslaagte Well, x 10.

. Nesopupa farquhari Pilsb., original, x 16.

. Gastrocopta duplicata (Prest.), Pietersburg District, x 8.

Pirate XIII.

1. Rachis punctata (Anton), Solapur, India.

2. 4, jejuna (M. & P.), Lebombo Mts.

3-5. Rachidina usagarica (Smith), Mtisherra R. Valley.

6. Be mozambicensis (Pfr.), Mozambique.

Ws a dubiosa (Stur.), Dondo District.

8. $5 melanacme (Pfr.), paratype in British Museum.

9. Edouardia tumida (Gibb.), Mtisherra R. Valley.

10. 93 sordidula (Mts.), Wanetsi River.

te ra transvaalensis (M. & P.), Makulane.

12. Rhachidina spilogramma (Mts.), Mtisherra R. Valley.

. Edouardia meridionalis (Pfr.), Port Elizabeth.

. Rhachidina chiradzuluensis (Smith), Shiluwane District.

VOL. XXXIII. 42

capensis (Kiist.), yellow-banded variety, Buffelsfontein, x 34.

658 Annals of the South African Museum.

FIG.

15. Rachis petersi (Pfr.), type in British Museum.

16. Hdouardia metuloides (Smith), Mtisherra R. Valley.

NT is junodi Conn., type in Kimberley Museum.

18. a dimera (M. & P.), Karkloof.

19. Rhachistia sticta (Mts.), Mtisherra R. Valley.

20. Edouardia zuluensis (M. & P.), type in British Museum.

21. A burnupi (M. & P.), type in British Museum.

22. 59 conulus (Rve.), type in British Museum.

23. oe kaokoensis Conn., paratype in British Museum.

24. a caffra (Pfr.), type in Stuttgart Museum.

25. 35 $3 » paratype in Stuttgart Museum.

26. 5 arenicola (Bs.), var., Port Shepstone.

2. as carinifera (M. & P.), Gordon Falls.

28. 55 natalensis (Pfr.), Durban.

29. 53 spadicea (Pfr.), Cape Natal.

30. Ae mcbeaniana (Bnp.), Pretoria District.

31. 53 a lemaneensis Conn., type in British Museum.

32. 6 maritzburgensis (M. & P.), Thornybush.

33. » cockerelli (Pilsb.), type in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

All figures natural size.

PLATE XIV.

. Limax maximus Lin. (after Ellis).

. Testacella mauger Fér. (after Nobre).

Milax ponsonbyt (Clige.), after Collinge.

Apera sexangula Watson (natalensis Clige.), after Collinge.

. Arion hortensis Fer. (after Ellis).

. Onchidella pulchella Watson (after Watson), x 4 approximately.

. Agriolimax agreatis (Lin.), after Nobre.

. Oopelta nigropunctata Morch. (after Collinge).

. Onchidium verruculatum Cuvier (savignyt Récl.), after Semper.

DOONAN &W DH

All figures, except No. 6, are about natural size.

PLATE XV.

Succinea africana Bet., type in Stuttgart Museum, x 2.

os », paratype in Stockholm Museum, x1.

striata Krs., type in Stuttgart Museum, x 2.

fom

‘ a », Pietermaritzburg, x1.

connollyi Prest., paratype in British Museum, x l.

exarata Krs., type in Stuttgart Museum, x 2

fe ee », paratype in Stuttgart Museum, x 2.

delalandei Pfr., Maitland, x1. :

ee a »» var. kurri Mts., type in Berlin Museum, x1.

badia Morel., Kaoko Otavi, x 1.

Soo ean GLE ol aS

—

A Monographic Survey of South African Non-marine Mollusca. 659

FIG.

11.

12.

13-15.

16.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32-33.

34.

35-36.

aT,

38-39.

40-41.

42-43.

Succinea patentissima Pfir., Umgeni, x 2.

a 3h var. lomatiensis Conn., type in British Museum, x 2.

Segmentina (Hippeutis) junodi Conn., type in Kimberley Museum, x 2.

Lymnaea truncatula (Miull.), South Africa, x 2.

Pedipes affinis Fér., Mauritius, x 2.

Auriculastra catonis (M. & P.), type in British Museum, x 2.

Melampus ordinarius M. & P., type in British Museum, x 1.

Ps caffer (Kiist.), original ex Krs. in British Museum, x 1.

és - mys type in Stuttgart Museum, x |.

Ss hs ie paratype in Stuttgart Museum, ~x 1.

a parvulus Pfr., Mauritius, x 1.

. kistert (Kust.), type in Stuttgart Museum, x 1.

be - mS paratype in Stuttgart Museum, ~x 1.

a » var. oblonga Kist., type in Stuttgart Museum, ~ 1.

om 3 Ae a » paratype in Stuttgart Museum, x1.

‘ umlaasianus (Kiust.), paratype in Stuttgart Museum, x 1.

a e es type in Stuttgart Museum, x1.

Bulinus (Pyrgophysa) forskali (Khrn.), South Africa, x 2.

», corneus (Morel.), dwarfed race, Wynberg, x 2.

Tomichia brevis (Krs.), type in Stuttgart Museum, x 2.

Assiminea knysnaensis (Krs.), type in Stuttgart Museum, ~ 2.

3 fasciata (Krs.), type in Stuttgart Museum, x 2.

a ovata (Krs.), original in Stuttgart Museum, x 2.

Bulinus tropicus (Krs.), type in Stuttgart Museum, x 2.

», (Physopsis) globosus (Morel.), paratype in British Museum, <1:

bs a africanus (Krs.), South Africa, x 1.

Puate XVI.

. Planorbis costulatus Krs., Weenen, x 3.

a anderssont Ancey, Durban, x 3.

BS lamyt Germ., var. alba Conn., Riet River, G.W., x 34.

Bs natalensis Krs., Umgeni, x 3.

. Urocyclus flavescens (Kfstn.), after Keferstein, x 1.

. Ferrissia cawstont Walker, Mafeteng, x5.

35 35 » apical sculpture highly magnified.

. Ancylus turtoni Conn., type in Albany Museum, Grahamstown, x5.

. Veronicella obscura (?), Srth., Victoria Falls, x 1.

. Bulinus natalensis (Krs.), paratype in British Museum, x 1.

ss tropicus (Krs.), paratype in British Museum, x 1.

BS a a monst., Kimberley, x 1.

ws diaphanus (Krs.), paratype in British Museum, x 1.

. Biomphalaria pfeiffert (Krs.), showing juvenile apertural dentition, x 3.

25-27.

. Hydrocena noticola Bs., operculum highly magnified.

Chondrocyclus putealis Conn., operculum highly magnified.

. Assiminea knysnaensis (Krs.), type in Stuttgart Museum, x 6%.

660 Annals of the South African Museum.

Pirate XVII.

FIG.

1. Tropidophora kraussiana (Pfr.), type in British Museum.

2 e lineata (Pfr.), type in British Museum.

3 a sarcodes (Pfr.), type in British Museum.

4, 7 insularis (Pfr.), Mtisherra R. Valley.

a is 3 », forma minima (!), Port St. John’s.

6 Py transvaalensis (M. & P.), Pretoria District.

ek x hartvigiana (Pfr.), South Africa, in British Museum.

8 is plurilirata (Fulton), topotype in British Museum.

9. oe foveolata (M. & P.), Knysna.

10. Ms ligata (Mill.), Millers Point, Simonstown.

1. ‘ calcarea (Sow.), Zanzibar.

12. Ae nyasana (Smith), type in British Museum.

13. Lanistes ovum Trosch., L. Pavi.

14, oA olivaceus (Sow.), Zanzibar.

15. 55 ellupticus Mts., paratype in Berlin Museum.

16. Viviparus passargei Mts., Linyati River.

iE a sambesiensis Stur., Victoria Falls.

18. be unicolor (Oliv.), R. Nile.

19. ne leopoldvillensis Putz., Ovamboland.

20. Septaria tessellaria Lam., R. Illovo.

males a - », another specimen from same locality.

All figures natural size.

Pirate XVIII.

1-2. Sphaerium capense (Krs.), paratype in British Museum, x 2.

3-4. Bisanodonta ferruginea (Krs.), Avoca, x2.

5-9. Corbicula astartina (Mts.), paratype in Berlin Museum, x 2.

10-14. se africana (Krs.), Potchefstroom, x 2.

15-18. Unio diminutus Lea, the type pair in British Museum, x 1.

19-22. ,, caffer Krs., var. verreauxt Kist., two immature specimens from

Blaauwkrantz, x1.

PuatTE XIX.

1-2. Mutela mabilli Rochbr., Ovamboland, x1}.

3-6. Unio mossambicensis Mts., near Tette, x1.

7-8. Aspatharia sinuata (Mts.), Ovamboland, x +4.