aay Nhe as Tesi aA Dette Ree eat inlb dw heme att WO ins mere rye

of 5 eet kus i ‘ a XW ata 5 pes < t ‘ y 4 me

ate

ME Rattan eRe Sots

eRe

: wae

Fae Winn Ma Rane Otte. Peet! = “sit 3 pat re

Sg orton sts é : Lele cia wick 5 m7 ° ae ae ee GE . P i WAt Opet Re!

= - - — mh $c e ,

I iM wal tes

P Perri

PN Tat a Rati i = iS es fod “ Fes Pde alan ro Et 3 " ur, 1 Pt ee

Tk itn te Se 7 . x tag aes ste ew a \ chery —~ os iene tO x ioe * ae . sai “ Mae Nn Tact Wh.

a ~~ F v - , “ re ti we aac - seg AS, 8 inl Ea ee fs MPSA

ae , - Snattide v fs . Lge ere tere : ws ; ated ace tan Sr kK a

A RON nT

Pt Sel 2

Pande AG oy ee Pe Net

PD EN AS

a et ee a nn ae ia

Re LER I AAP hak ilk cooact

facies pct

’

th a ec Ed ig Sona TO oe ii ined nA ar nate ay

LLB Ny tn BA agen ZB St ne Fai Nar

Ra Ue Ar meg ie ‘i . 7

RTE RN RPP aE A ae

aR cS rk Mo DV eto

Tee OE RF Ba Sees fle

pow 7 Pe a pain wl eons fo tru, 4 South :

tale OR re ee Ne ee ees ~ a - iw Me el ah ata ors theme are. Fite A Sree:

ahaa " ~ = . 4 . i ‘ POLI RY OLED ce AD NT EO RE tN 169 ho og rise ae AEN nee ere ee

Fed ea oa A gag ae, B MS she i Pe Oe Se et pdearciictomtn- te uraee isthe raat mee eee seen SS :

‘ ys ys g “96 z Aah at Rg ae a. eee Nee ras Maas a ndgoen) are Spi

shee ‘ ‘* :

bee a ee : Be Serta r ner ver bnew he gpdlewdgcert Na

: ——

Pei) Pulte Sra OE

* a ee

Saluvug

ION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uvyugIT

NVINOSHLIWS

d!17 LIBRARIES

NOILNLILSNI

ION NOILNLILSNI

SAL1LS™

INSTITUTION

111 LIBRARIES

SMITHSONIAN

ON NOILNLILSNI

LIS

LIBRARIES

17 LIBRARIES

SAIYVYgII

ON NOILNLILSNI

w Pal ” za

= < cond <

= = =| z

. _ Jie po is O

w Cw a) ,

$ oO 2 O x

=, 4 a cc

>” = > =

z Ww a Ww)

1] LIBRARIES INSTITUTION

= w” pod 7p)

= WJ = ud

=f es a mi

) a ~ ma a

= < 4 ies. <x

) ow Cc oc

4 =

Oo af Oo e

‘ee ar’ z wad

IN NOILNLILSNI S3I1Y¥Vudii

5 c : :

na >

— w pone 18 8]

\ 5 a 5 “

"I } © - eee haw >

j- a i =

ee hag

z in 2

SMITHSONIAN

INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI

INSTITUTIC

saiuvug

g p

V4 A ;

, a *

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

NVINOSHLIW

ie i.

uJ ,

- Uy, ®

eM fis

ot 5

at Pr

S3iIu¥VUudIT

Be za

har Oo

w ae

2 5

<a -

= P

O ae

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

” = See’

= <

cae a

a 2 ey

3 2

Zz =

z = *,

S3IYVYUdII

LIBRARIES

Saruvyg

NVINOSHLINS S31yvygit

INSTITUTIC

LIBRARIES

NVINOSHLINS S31y¥Vvug

NOILNLILSNI

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

SAtYVUGIT LIBRAR [ES SMITHSONIAN

INSTITUTION

NOILALILSNI

NVINOSHLIWS

SMITHSONIAN

NOILNLILSNI

LIBRARIES

SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI

INSTITUTION

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INS’

NVINOSHLINS S31uvydl

NVINOSHLIWS

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

INSTITUTION NOILNILILSNI

AIT ARICVCLE § PD TALC eee

- VS

Se ewe TF

SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION |

= * mm

=< /.

= A

7p)

1 LIBRARIE

INSTITUTION,

SIINVUGI

(dp)

2 th

GO uy

z2JF]

SMITHSONIAN

NVINOSHLIWS

S3IYVYgty

INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI

“ee 4

Sa1uvyagl

S SMITHSONIAN

S3INVYUGIT LIBRARIE

NOILALILSNI

NOILNLILSNI

LIBRARIES

NOILNLILSN!

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31u¥vugi7a LIBRARI

SJIYVHUSIT LIBRARIES

INSTITUTION

Saiuvugin

INSTITUTION

SA1YVYEIT LIBRARIES

NVINOSHLINS SSI¥vVudiT LIBRARIES

. wn =

a= = ae = 2

; = 4 a BAN ©

P= 2 : \ = =

i” => > v = ns = >

=) 3) mae yy) ar Ww) a Zz

RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIO NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVY9IT

n Ss “a = ” ee

an 7) pes 7) a ee

= US. as =| oni £8.

& , H = 4 = 4

+ er +

faa} — mM = om om

ee @) = CG ey ie)

ag z aI z ie z

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NOILALIL

3 z i z ¥ my Zz

oo 2 ow . ee] =

ua = ma — xy i

a = a

re 29) oy on” ae 2p)

m m

n” = a = (2p) =

INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SSI1YVYE!IT LIBRAR

‘*

\ \S

THSONIAN

SMI

NWINOSHLIWS

SMITHSONIAN

NVINOSHLIWS

SMITHSONIAN

NVINOSHLIWS

|_NVINOSHLINS S3I1YVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNILIL

a us 2 : zZ :

& Ps < Pe Uy: es =

ie Bes cq <£ WYloc =

4 a = sel 4 =

== (aa) = Oo . = faa)

a “: a S a

RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3I1yvYgi7 LIBRAR

= iE = ~ z ES

— -O Y eh &) ow

5 th Lh 7 5 2 Z >

E hd as E an E =

cS ae Pj a3 = _ ee

7 2 “fl m ey m a m

peas Ww) —_ "Y . =

IISNI_NVINOSHLINS SAINWVYAIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, NO!LNLI

oe Zz RE

ie s See £) GS

S : WN EQN 2

7, Ot D WS Hs E n

Le © 4 Po O ne O

= =z am 2 E z

: : >

| = = . » & cS ey |

ARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS Saluvugi7_-t!BRA

ILALILSNI

IILALILSN

LNLILSNI

iy,

LY) fe J

SRARIES

IBRARIES

hed

mh Ds We ah

| _ ANNALS OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM |

VOEUME XLVIL (pe Cy

INTUx SGN =

{

—- tes

Us ha {

‘

i i

ie ue t R

! |

f 4

}

‘

1 F

;

u i

}

} 1

’

" f

ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME XLVII

PRINTED FOR THE

TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

1963-1974

#& PRINTED IN THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA BY

THE RUSTICA PRESS (PTY.) LTD., WYNBERG, CAPE

425

EIST OF CONTENTS

Page

BARNARD, K. H.

Contributions to the knowledge of South African marine Mollusca. Part III.

Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata: Taenioglossa (published February 1963) I

BARNARD, K. H.

Contributions to the knowledge of South African marine Mollusca. Part IV.

Gastropoda, Prosobranchiata: Rhipidoglossa, Docoglossa. Tectibranchiata.

Polyplacophora. Solenogastres. Scaphopoda (published December 1963) 201

BARNARD, K. H.

Contributions to the knowledge of South African marine Mollusca. Part V. Lamelli-

branchiata (published March 1964) 361

BARNARD, K. H.

Contributions to the knowledge of South African marine Mollusca. Part VI.

Supplement; prepared for publication by B. F. KENsLEy (published July 1969) 595

BARNARD, K. H.

Contributions to the knowledge of South African marine Mollusca. Part VII.

Revised fauna list; prepared for publication by B. F. KrensLEy (published

November 1974) 663

KENSLEY, B. F., comp.

Contributions to the knowledge of South African marine Mollusca. Index: Parts

I-VII (published November 1974) 783

-ROSOBRANCHIATA: TAE ee

ae H. BARNARD

South African Museum, Cape Town

ele

set .: dere must be submitted. Papers must Ge aade. a Te ee

Summary containing a succinct account of the subject, results”

conclusions. The position of the text-figures and tables must be ee .

Bio full slate excluding Suoes) or in direct proportion to ‘oe

ments if they are to be reduced. A scale (metric system) must apace

photographs. 3

REFERENCES. Harvard system—authors’ names and Ue of publi vel

in the body of the text; references arranged at the end of the paper} in alphabetic e

order of authors’ names. : eT Shoko

Bibliographical Arrangement of references at the end of the paper ‘must give:

1. Name of author, followed by his initials. Names of joint authors omen y

ampersand (&), and not ‘and’. eS aa a ca ey

2. Year of publication. If several papers by @ the same author i in one year are c cited, :

ues a, Db. G0C.. Ave aes

names, except in German, where the usage of the language i is follooeae

4. Title of the journal, abbreviated according to the World list of eo perio ;

and underlined to indicate italics.

5. Series number, # anyss in Bees ene a ae iN F )» @)

to indicate black type. | i | :

7. Part number, only if the separate parts of one volume are independen

numbered. | _ |

8. Page numbers, first and last, in arabic numerals (without prefix ‘p’). :

When reference is made to a separate book, give in the order listed: fia

Author’s name; his initials; date of publication; title, in italics; edition, if any

volume number, if any, in black type arabic numerals; pagination, if reference

to part of book only; place of publication; - name of Sama. Saute

collection, give:

Name oF author of paper; his initials; ca of publiention title of Papers

any; Polina number, if any, in black type arabic uneeatet pasting of pape

place of publication; name of publisher.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF SOUTH AFRICAN

MARINE MOLLUSCA. PART III. GASTROPODA:

PROSOBRANCHIATA: TAENIOGLOSSA*

K. H. BARNARD

South African Museum, Cape Town

(With 37 figures in the text)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Parts I, II and III of this work have been carried out with the aid of a

research grant from the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial

Research. The Council has also made a grant-in-aid towards the cost of

publication of Parts II and III. This help is herewith gratefully acknowledged

by the Trustees of the South African Museum.

TAENIOGLOSSA

Fam. Ficidae (Pyrulidae, Pirulidae)

Ficus ficus (Linn.)

Pyrula ficus, Sowerby, 1897, p. 11.

Pirula ficus, Vredenburg, 1919, p. 189.

Ficus ficus, Gravely, 1942, p. 46, fig. 7 f.

Natal (Sowerby). Mouth of Limpopo River (S. Afr. Mus. Ross-Frames

coll.). :

Off Tugela River (Natal), 14 fathoms, one dead; off Umhloti River, 27

fathoms, 1 juv., broken; off Tongaat River, 36 fathoms, 1 juv., broken; off

Hood Point (East London), 49 fathoms, 3 fragments of adults (S. Afr. Mus.

EF. coll.).

ages oat .Oo 13, 71 metres (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Indo-Pacific.

Fam. Tonnidae (Doliidae)

Gen. Tonna Briinnich

Dolium, Vredenburg, 1919, pp. 145 sqg. Bayer, 1937, pp. 29 sqg. (Recent species).

Tonna, Winckworth & Tomlin, 1933, pp. 206 sqq. (list of Recent species).

* Part I. Toxoglossa: Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 44 (4), 1958.

Part II. Rhachiglossa: Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 45 (1), 1959.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 47 (1), 1963: 1-199, 37 figs. SMITHSONIAN MAY : a

STITUTION i . bed hog

Z ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

With umbilicus. Protoconch 3-3} whorls, corneous, smooth, yellowish

or brownish, sharply demarcated from 1st postnatal whorl; last whorl or two

whorls lined with shell substance, which persists after the outer corneous layer

has been worn away (Vredenburg, 1919, p. 151; figured by Turton, 1932,

pl. 25,-no. 811).

Remarks. The synonymy of the ‘species’ is extraordinarily confused, and

scarcely any two modern authors seem to be entirely in agreement. Winckworth

& Tomlin refrained from giving a ‘systematic review’ (1933, p. 208).

Consequently the number of species in South African waters and their

designation are somewhat uncertain.

T. variegata, procellarum, and luteostoma -have been recorded from Port

Elizabeth and Algoa Bay; dunkeri from Natal (and Port Alfred); fimbriata

and var. also from Natal; costata from Natal and Delagoa Bay; perdix from

Pondoland; finally galea from Algoa Bay.

The first three names almost certainly refer to one and the same species.

Modern figures of fimbriata (= tessellata) and costata disclose no specific

differences. The provenance of the single specimen of ferdix is open to doubt.

The specimen identified as ‘galea’ is far more likely, with due respect to the

high authority of Tomlin, to be one of the Indian species than the true Medi-

terranean galea.

Vredenburg (1919) synonymized luteostoma with variegata. Tomlin (1927)

and Bayer (1937) have assimilated procellarum with luteostoma, but Winkworth &

Tomlin (1933) listed it as a synonym of dunkert. Hanley (1859) described

dunkert as nearest to variegata, but Vredenburg considered it as unidentifiable

from the short description.

Both Smith (1903a) and Braga (1952) have recorded costata Menke,

which Vredenburg synonymized with tessellata, Winckworth & Tomlin with

allium Dillwyn, and Bayer retained as a distinct species!

Vredenburg quoted for tessellatum Lamarck’s pl. 403, fig. 3 a, b; none of

his own figures of tessellatum are very like Lamarck’s figure, but his figures 1 a

and 1 ¢ are extremely like Lamarck’s, and this specimen he referred to maculatum!

Tonna variegata (Lam.)

Figy 1.4

Dolium procellarum, Euthyme, 1885, p. 247.

Protoconch 3 whorls, diam. 4—4:25 mm., more or less oblique to axis.

Postnatal whorls 33—4. Spiral lirae 5 on each whorl, (11) 12-14 on base, i.e. (16)

17-19 on back of outer lip. Lirae broader than grooves. No intermediaries

(v. infra). Early whorls finely cancellate with growth-lines. Spire varying in

height: juv. 18-20%, adult 20-23% of length. Sutures varying in depth (cf.

Vredenburg, 1919, pp. 174, 175). Columella nearly straight, sometimes feebly

ridged in upper part. Periostracum smooth, slightly fibrous-fimbriate in the

grooves on base. 122 X 100 mm.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 3

Creamy-white, with orange-brown or dull crimson marks or spots on the

_ lirae, widely and irregularly spaced, not forming axial series (contrast tessellata),

columella white, free edge of glaze orange-brown, interior of aperture fulvous;

protoconch brown. Periostracum yellowish or pale brown. Animal (not long

preserved: Delagoa Bay specimen) cream, with tentacles, siphon, and hind

part of foot irrorated with pinkish-brown.

Fic. 1. Radula teeth of: a, Tonna variegaia (Lam.). 6, Odcorys watsoni Locard. c, Phalium

(Xenogalea) zeylanica (Lam.). d, protoconch of Bursa cruentata (Sow.); the triangular hollow

on right is the remains of the posterior canal of Ist postnatal whorl.

Radula with 40 rows, as in Thiele’s figure of perdix (1929, fig. 306, after

Troschel, pl. 19, fig. 3), but neither the median cusp of central plate nor the

cutting-edge of the lateral plate serrate (or only very obscurely so in the former) ;

each jaw with a strong hook-like process.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Port Elizabeth (Johnson, 1904).

Port Elizabeth, Algoa Bay (von Martens, Euthyme, Sowerby). Natal,

3 juv., dead (S. Afr. Mus. coll. E. L. Layard). False Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Off Cove Rock (East London), 34 fathoms, 1 dead but with periostracum,

P.F. coll. (Tomlin).

Algoa Bay, 21-50 fathoms, 1 living, 5 dead; off Cape St. Blaize, 42 fathoms,

eeeera (5. Air. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Delagoa Bay, living (U.W.).

Distribution. Arabian Sea, W. Australia, Japan. Also Pliocene of Java

and Mekran (Vredenburg).

Remarks. Fourteen specimens, 24-122 mm. long, examined.

Growth sequence: 2} postnatal whorls length 24-27 mm., 24 whorls

35 mm., 3+ whorls 76 mm., 34 whorls 76-78 mm., 34-4 whorls 87-94 mm.

The width varies from 80% to 85% of the length; in the 4 largest examples,

87, 90, 94 and 122 mm., the width is respectively 92%, 88%, 87% and

2%:

In one specimen 26 mm. long the 5th lira is obscured by the suture of

succeeding whorl; sometimes the suture runs on the 5th lira but usually this

lira is clearly visible in the channelled suture.

4 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

In one 87 mm. specimen there is a feeble intermediary lira between the

ist-2nd and gnd—grd main lirae on 3rd and 4th whorls. In the 94 mm. shell

one feeble intermediary in each groove between 1st and 7th lirae on last part

of 4th whorl.

In some specimens on the 3rd and 4th whorls the rst lira is divided by a

fine sulcus; this runs on the sutural slope of the lira, but when well developed

is liable to cause confusion in counting the number of lirae. Cf. Euthyme’s

(1885) remarks on the irregularity of the costae near the suture.

The shell varies in thickness: one 79 mm. shell weighs 14 oz., another

76 mm. weighs 14 oz.

Vredenburg (1919, p. 175) said the number of Jirae never exceeds 19,

and is ‘frequently’ only 15; also (p. 177) that variegata may reach a length of

230 mm. |

The largest specimen (122 mm.) I have seen came from off Simon’s Town

in False Bay (South African Naval Diving School). It is a dead but fairly

fresh shell showing the characteristic markings.

Tonna sp. incert.

Tonna galea, non Linn, Tomlin, 1927. p. 81.

Shell thin. Protoconch 3 whorls, diam. 4-5 mm., scarcely oblique to axis.

Postnatal whorls 33 (gg mm. long)—3#? (94 and 96 mm.). Spiral lirae 4 on each

whorl, 13-14 on base,-i.e. 17-18 on back of outer lip. On upper part of body

whorl lirae subequal in width to grooves, but on lower part a little wider than

grooves. A fine intermediary between each pair of main lirae on early whorls,

continued on body whorl where they occur as far as the groove between 6th

and 7th lirae. In the 94 mm. shell the 1st intermediary is rather strongly

developed (about half width of 2nd lira) on body whorl; in the 96 and 99 mm.

shells there are on the body whorl 2 intermediaries between 1st and 2nd lirae,

unequal, the lower one the stronger. On the 94 mm. and 96 mm. shells there

is on body whorl a well-marked sulcus on the rst (adsutural) lira; on the

g9 mm. shell there are 2 finer sulci; in all three shells these sulci are traceable

on the early whorls. Spire 20°%% (99 mm.) to 25% (94 mm.) of total length.

Sutures canaliculate. Columella with 2 bulges. Periostracum thin but strongly

fibrous-fimbriate, especially in the grooves. 94x80 mm., 9675 mm. (esti-

mated, lip broken), 99 x 81 mm.

White, unicolorous, protoconch brown, periostracum brown.

Radula with 35 rows; as in variegata neither the median cusp of the central

plate nor the cutting-edge of the lateral are serrate.

Algoa Bay, 29 fathoms, 1 dead but fresh, P.F. coll. (Tomlin).

Off East London, 28 fathoms, 1 living, 1 dead but partly retaining the

periostracum (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. ‘Yomlin said that the specimen he saw was ‘much broken’; but

only the last part of the outer lip (about } of the body whorl) is missing.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 5

Hedley (1919, p. 333) said that variegata has on the upper half of the

body whorl an interstitial riblet in each groove, but this is not well shown in

the oblique photographic view on pl. 44, fig. 6.

In this respect the present 3 specimens agree. One of them was regarded

by Tomlin as galea (Tomlin’s label on the specimen reads ‘galea Linn. var.’) ;

but as galea has at least 20 lirae (Vredenburg, 1919, p. 175) these specimens

cannot be identified with this Mediterranean, west African and west Atlantic

species.

They are distinct from the specimens here recorded as variegata in having

4 lirae instead of 5 on upper part of the whorls, but having on the other hand

intermediate lirae on the early whorls, continued on body whorl as far as 7th

lira; in the absence of spots or other coloration; and most strikingly in the

strong fibrous-fimbriate periostracum.

I do not think they should be considered a variety of variegata, but in the

absence of further material for comparison I make no suggestion as to a specific

name.

Cf. von Martens (1879, p. 732; and 1880, p. 264). The Indian Ocean

examples do not agree exactly with the Mediterranean galea. He recorded a

specimen from Querimba Island, Mozambique, which he suggested might be

amphora Phil.

Odhner (1923, p. 12) recorded galea from Port Alexander; and Nicklés

(1950, p. 88, fig. 137) from Senegal, Gabon, St. Thomé.

Tonna dunkert (Hanley)

Dolium dunkeri, Hanley, 1859, p. 431.

Nine specimens, 16-44 mm. in length, with 14-3 whorls, have the width

70%—-75% of the length.

One of them, 41 X 31 mm., has nearly the same measurements as given by

Hanley: 174 x 14 (= 40 X 28 mm.). It has 18 lirae, simple sutures, and colora-

tion as described by Hanley, and came from Natal as did Hanley’s example

(S. Afr. Mus. A60209).

Another shell 36 x27 mm. came from Port St. Johns (S. Afr. Mus. 6625) ;

and there are 6 other specimens, locality unknown; 44 x 32, 21X15, 19X14,

and 16 X 11 mm.

All have 18-19 lirae as in variegata, but they differ in the narrower shape

and the slightly larger protoconch: 4:3-4:5 mm. The two largest have a stronger

coloration around the upper part of the whorl.

Grooves much narrower than the lirae, no intermediaries. Columella

nearly straight, in the 41 mm. shell obscurely plicate; in this shell also the

outer lip is slightly thickened within, and plicate.

In appearance this 41 mm. shell is not unlike Iredale’s figure of T. perselecta

(1931, p. 23, fig. 7; size of photo 39 X27 mm.), which Winckworth & Tomlin

(1933) regard as a synonym of cumingii.

6 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

T. schepmani Bayer (1937, pl. 2, fig. 3) though larger (56 mm.) seems similar

and comparable.

Fossil: Pleistocene: Port Elizabeth (Schwarz, 1910).

Natal (Hanley, and S. Afr. Mus.); Port Alfred (Turton); Port St. Johns

(S. Afr. Mus.). )

Tonna tessellata

Cf. Tonna tessellata, Vredenburg, 1919, pl. 6, figs. 7 a, 5, ¢.

Protoconch 3 whorls, diam. 3:5 mm., oblique to axis. Postnatal whorls

4-44. Spiral lirae 4 on each whorl, 10 (11) on base, i.e. 14 (15) on back of

outer lip. On the body whorl the groove between 1st and 2nd lirae wider than

the succeeding grooves, which gradually decrease in width until they become

less than the width of a lira. A single fine intermediary between each pair of

lirae on 1st and 2nd whorls, evanescent on 3rd whorl except the one between

grd and 4th lirae, which persists on to the 4th whorl. Between 1st and 2nd

lirae the intermediary again becomes visible on last one-third of 4th whorl;

and between 2nd and grd lirae the intermediary again becomes visible at the

start of the.4th whorl, and shortly afterwards another intermediary develops,

the two continuing to end of whorl. On body whorl between 4th and 5th

lirae and between each succeeding pair one intermediary. In the larger speci-

men the intermediaries are much less conspicuous, except on the 1st whorl.

First and partly the 2nd whorl finely cancellate with growth-lines. Sutures

channelled. Columella with 2 bulges, smooth. 85 x 75 mm., height (vertical)

of spire 22 mm.; 129 X 115 (estimated, lip broken) mm.

White, with pale orange-brown more or less quadrangular spots or marks

on the main lirae at fairly regular intervals so as to form slightly retractive

axial series; protoconch brown; periostracum pale buff.

Algoa Bay, 21 fathoms, 1 dead but fresh (S. Afr. Mus. A8898, P.F. coll.).

False Bay, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus.).

Remarks. The 85 mm. Pieter Faure specimen, taken together with one

example of variegata, closely resembles Vredenburg’s fig. 7, but not his other

figures of tessellata.

The larger specimen is a dead shell, with attached barnacles, young oysters

and Serpulid tubes, but retains the characteristic markings. It came from off

Simon’s Town in False Bay (South African Naval Diving School).

Tonna fimbriata (Sow.)

Tonna fimbriata var. natalensis, Smith, 1906a, p. 41, pl. 7, fig. 10.

Tonna tessellata, Brug, Vredenburg, 1919, pl. 8, figs. 10 a, b.

Tonna allium, Dillwyn, Iredale, 1931, p. 215, pl. 23, fig. 23.

Y onna fimbriata, (Sow.), Winckworth & Tomlin, 1933, Pp. 209, 210.

Tonna costata Menke, Braga, 1952, p. 79, pl. 3, fig. 8.

Tonna galea (non Linn.), Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 128, fig. 20 7.

Protoconch 3 whorls, diam. 3:75-4 mm., very slightly oblique to axis.

Postnatal whorls 3-4. Spiral lirae 4, on base 9, i.e. 13 on back of outer lip,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA ij

narrow, intervening grooves wide, flat, without intermediaries. Sutures not

canaliculate. Columella with 2 bulges (broken anteriorly); outer lip broken.

Periostracum thin, fibrous-fimbriate. 38 x29 mm., height (vertical) of spire

IO mm.; 73X58 mm., height of spire 19 mm.

Shell pale biscuit-colour without any markings, the lirae orange-brown,

protoconch brown, periostracum brown.

Durban (Smith); Delagoa Bay (Braga; also 1 dead, S. Afr. Mus. coll.

K.H.B.). Living, but rare: Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Remarks. My 38 mm. Delagoa Bay shell corresponds with Smith’s figure,

with Vredenburg’s figs. 10a, 6, and with Braga’s figure. I have seen also 2

larger (73 mm.) examples from the same locality, collected by the S.A. Naval

Diving School; one of these retains the periostracum.

Smith’s example was a little longer (41 mm.), with plicate outer lip and

columellar glaze. Braga’s 2 examples were 48 mm. long; he figured only the

dorsal view.

Iredale figured a broader example (27X23 mm. in photo).

Von Martens (1879, p. 732) recorded costatum Menke (latesulcatum Hanley)

from Querimba Island.

Tonna canaliculata (Linn.)

Tonna canaliculata, Iredale, 1931, pl. 23, fig. 25.

Tonna cepa, Roding, Bayer, 1937, p. 32.

Tonna olearium Brug., Satyamurti, 1952, p. 148, pl. 13, figs. 4 a, b.

Shell thin. Protoconch 2 whorls, diam. 3:5 mm., not oblique to axis.

Postnatal whorls 4. Spiral lirae 6 on Ist to 3rd whorls, but on 3rd whorl the

6th lira only just visible in the sutural canal, already on the 3rd whorl the

lirae beginning to become flat, and on 4th whorl they are very flat, separated

by narrow grooves, which on upper half of whorl are very faint; on base 13

lirae (i.e. 19 on back of outer lip). Sutures canaliculate. Columella straight,

thin-edged, trenchant. Umbilicus much reduced. 102 x 80 mm., height (verti-

cal, from bottom of sutural canal) of spire 23 mm.

Fawn or brown, with irregularly dispersed spots of chocolate and white,

chiefly around upper part of whorls, protoconch brown.

Mozambique (S. Afr. Mus. Ross-Frames coll.).

Distribution. Querimba Is., Mauritius, Indian Ocean, Philippines.

Remarks. ‘Vhis specimen is merely recorded as having been obtained by

the late Ross-Frames at Mozambique, but whether as a genuine inhabitant

of that area or as a tourist curio cannot be stated.

Tonna perdix (Linn.)

Dolium perdix, Chenu, 1859, fig. 1145.

Tonna perdix, Bayer, 1937, p. 43, pl. 2, fig. 1 (East Indies form), fig. 2 (West Indies form).

8 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

An ovoid species with high spire, with 19 flat lirae, slightly curved, tren-

chant columella, and well-developed umbilicus.

The colour of the East Indies form is brown with numerous straight or-

crescentic white marks on the lirae, producing a characteristic chequered

pattern. |

Pondoland (Sowerby). Common at Mauritius. Recorded from Querimba

Is. (von Martens, 1879). Probably not a genuine inhabitant of South African

waters.

Gen. EUDOLIUM Dall

Vredenburg, 1919, pp. 147-149 (partim). Bayer, 1937. p. 24.

No umbilicus. Outer lip thickened and dentate. Protoconch similar to

that of Jonna (see Dall, 1889, p. 232).

Eudolium crosseanum Mont.

Eudolium crosseanum var. solidior, Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906, p. 38, pl. 3, fig. 1.

Eudolium crosseanum, Tomlin, 1927, p. 82, fig. 4 b (2 views).

Protoconch missing, but the calcareous lining present in the two fragments,

diam. 4 mm. Postnatal whorls 23. Spiral lirae on 1st whorl at first 4, then 5,

then 6, with one intermediary between each pair, on 2nd whorl 6, then 7,

with intermediaries; on base 10 lirae, i.e. on back of outer lip 17, with inter-

mediaries, 5-6 on rostrum without intermediaries. On body whorl the 3rd

or 4th and succeeding 4 or 5 main lirae are slightly nodulose. All whorls

cancellate with growth-lines. Columella nearly straight, with 5-6 plicae;

outer lip reflexed, varicoid, bluntly dentate within. Periostracum (partly

present on one of the East London shells) thin, fibrous-fimbriate. 32 x 23°5 mm.

and 33 X 24mm. Diam. ist whorl 8-9 mm., 2nd whorl 15-16 mm. Up to 92 mm.

(Dautzenberg & Fischer).

Off Buffalo River (East London), 310 fathoms, 2, P.F. coll. (Tomlin).

Off Umhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 fragment (2 apical whorls with

the calcareous lining of protoconch) ; Cape Vidal (Zululand), 80-100 fathoms,

1 fragment (calcareous lining of protoconch, 1st and parts of 2nd and 3rd

whorls) (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Mediterranean, Moroccan coast, Azores and West Indies.

Ancestral forms in the Tertiary of southern Europe (Vredenburg).

Remarks. ‘Tomlin saw only 1 specimen, but actually 2 were taken at the

locality recorded by him.

The Cape Vidal fragment is fresher than the other material, it has a few

more spiral lirae, 7 at end of 1st whorl and 8 or 9 on later part of and

whorl, and the main lirae and intermediaries are not quite so distinctively

separable.

The distribution is curious and noteworthy. Recently (1960), however, I

have seen a specimen, 63 x 46 mm., obtained by a commercial trawler ‘some-

e+e eae

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 9

where off Cape Point or on the stockfish grounds’ (north-west of Table Bay),

thus bridging the gap in the distribution.

. Eudolium aulacodes Tomlin

Eudolium aulacodes, Tomlin, 1927, p. 83, fig. 4 a (2 views).

Off Cape Point, 560-700 fathoms, 1 dead, P.F. coll. (Tomlin).

Type in the South African Museum. No other specimens were procured.

Fam. Odcorythidae

Tomlin, 1927, p. 8o.

Odcorys watsont Locard

Fig. 15

Oécorys sulcata (non Fischer), Watson, 1886, p. 412, pl. 17, fig. 11.

Oécorys watson, Locard, 1897, p. 288. Tomlin, 1927, p. 8o.

Protoconch and apical whorls more or less corroded in all specimens.

Protoconch 2 whorls. Postnatal whorls 4. Spiral lirae 11-13 on 2nd whorl,

12-13 on 3rd and 4th whorls, 22-24 on base (incl. rostrum). The 2 largest

P.F. shells both measure 40 X 27 mm.; one obtained by Talbot 44 < 30 mm.;

Challenger specimen 26:5 mm. long. Chalky white.

Radula with 50-55 rows, central plate with 5 (6) cusps on either side of

median cusp, lateral plate with 6 cusps on outer side of main cusp, inner

marginal plate with one denticle on inner side, outer marginal without denticle.

Off Cape Point, 720-1,000 fathoms, 7 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Miti@ape Pont: 33° 26’ S., 16° 39” E., 1,240-1,300 fathoms, 2 dead;

Bote 2, 10 29> E.. 1,480 fathoms, 2 living, 1 dead; 33° 49’ S., 16° 30’ E.,

1,500 fathoms, 1 adult and 2 juv. living; 34° 42’ S., 16° 54’ E., 1,725-1,780

fathoms, 1 dead (the largest); 33° 50’ S., 16° 30’ E., 1,480-1,660 fathoms,

2 dead; 33° 52’ S., 16° 51’ E., 1,380—1,520 fathoms, 1 living, 2 dead; 34° 05’ S.,

16° 58’ E., 1,470-1,490 fathoms, 1 living, 18 dead (S. Afr. Mus. F. H. Talbot

coll. 1959).

Distribution. 1° 4.7’ N., 24° 26’ W., 1,850 fathoms (Watson).

Remarks. ‘Tomlin saw two of the Pieter Faure specimens. Dr. F. H. Talbot’s

recent dredging shows that the species is moderately abundant at depths

greater than those worked by the Pieter Faure. Several of the specimens recorded

above as dead were quite fresh and unworn.

Odcorys sp.?

Two fragments (S. Afr. Mus. A8go1, P.F. coll.) from off O’Neil Peak

(Zululand), 90 fathoms, have ordinary shell texture (not corroded or chalky

like the specimens of watsont).

The larger fragment is approximately 28 x 18 mm.; it has 29 spiral lirae:

possibly one or two more were present at the upper (sutural), and probably

IO ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

half a dozen at the lower end. The top 4 intervals are as wide as the lirae,

the bottom 3 wider than the lirae; the other intervals are narrower than the

lirae. Growth-lines, more or less closely aggregated, cross the lirae, forming a

cancellate sculpture, but the lirae are predominant.

The other fragment consists of the halves of 2 whorls, the diameter of

which if complete would be approximately 9 mm. and 13 mm.; height of the

whorls 3 mm. and 5 mm. The upper whorl has 9g spiral lirae, the lower whorl

10; on both whorls the 2 lirae at the bottom are considerably wider than the

other lirae; numerous close growth-lines cross the lirae forming especially

near the top of the whorls a cancellate sculpture, but the lirae are predominant.

The curvature of the fragments, from top to bottom, fits Odcorys, but not

Ficus nor any of the Cassididae.

These tantalizing fragments have some resemblance to O. elongata

Schepman (1909, p. 121, pl. 10, fig. 3) from the East Indies.

Fam. Cassididae

Iredale, 1927, pp. 321 sqq. (Australian species).

Thiele, 1929, p. 277.

Bayer, 1935, pp. 93-120.

Thiele regarded Iredale’s genera Antephalium, Xenophalium, and Xenogalea

as merely sections of the subgenus Semicassis of the genus Phalium.

Sowerby’s record (1892) of the West Indian and West African Cassis

testiculus in the ‘Bairstow collection from South Africa’ is not acceptable: the

collection came from South Africa, but did the shell originally come from South

Africa ?

Braga (1952) records Cassis cornuta (Linn.) from Mozambique Island

(Bayer (1935): from Madagascar).

Gen. PHALIUM

Iredale, 1927 p. 330 (with key to 4 Australian species).

Phalium glaucum (Linn.)

Phalium glaucum, Iredale, 1927, p. 331. Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 127 (listed).

Early whorls cancellate. From later part of 3rd whorl sharp tubercles

develop on the shoulder lira, becoming nodules on the later whorls, 15-20

on 4th and 5th whorls, evanescent on body whorl; axial pliculae evanescent

after 4th whorl. Columella plicate; columella glaze reflexed, with free edge.

Outer lip denticulate within, 3 sharp spinous processes at anterior end. 85 (88

if spines on outer lip included) x 57 mm.

Operculum narrow, semilunate, inner margin nearly straight, 32 < 11 mm.

in 85 mm. shell with aperture 60 mm. long.

Pale plumbeous, uniform, but with 5 brownish marks on back of each

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA II

varix; outer lip and anterior half of columella orange, aperture fulvous within.

Operculum deep amber.

Radula with at least 75 rows, central plate with 11 cusps, lateral plate

with 12 cusps, both marginals with 3-4 spiniform cusps apically.

Natal (Sowerby). Living: Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Distribution. Querimba Is., Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Phalium areola (Linn.)

Phalium aerola Iredale, 1927, p. 332. Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 127 (listed), fig. 20 7.

Later whorls with spiral striae above shoulder and anteriorly on body

whorl (scarcely traceable on rest of whorl); axial pliculae evanescent. No

processes anteriorly on outer lip. 62x38 mm. White with 5 series of large

squarish red-brown spots.

Durban (Sowerby). Durban and Tongaat (S. Afr. Mus.). Umhlanga,

N. of Durban (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup). Mouth of Limpopo River, Portu-

guese East Africa (S. Afr. Mus. Ross-Frames coll.). Delagoa Bay, living (U.W.).

Distribution. Indo-Pacific.

Phalium (Semicassis) pila (Rve.)

Cassis craticulata Euthyme, 1885, p. 250.

Cassis africana Fulton, 1930, p. 686, pl. 18, fig. 3.

Cassis pila Yen, 1942, p. 214, pl. 17, fig. 105.

Protoconch 24 whorls, diam. 1-5 mm., smooth. Postnatal whorls 5. Early

whorls cancellate. Spiral lirae on 1st whorl 4, on 2nd 4-5, on 3rd 6—7, on 4th

7-10, on 5th 8-11, on base 20-24; lirae flat, intervals narrow (intermediaries

may confuse the counting of the numbers). Columella pleated, columellar

glaze with free edge, umbilicus not closed. Outer lip varicoid, denticulate,

plicate within. 47 (44 to end of rostrum) x 36 mm. Up to 55x38 mm.

Cream with 4 or 5 series of squarish orange-brown spots.

Port Elizabeth (Euthyme); Durban (Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus.).

Off Umvoti River (Natal), 27 fathoms, 1 dead; off Durnford Point (Zulu-

land), 90 fathoms, 1 protoconch plus 3 whorls (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Bee oo. or 06 .E., 71 metres’ (U:C.T.).

Distribution. Mauritius, India, East Indies, China.

Remarks. Fulton’s africana would seem to be merely an abnormal specimen.

P. bisulcata (Sch. & Wag.), also recorded by Sowerby (1897) from Natal,

is distinguished by the body whorl being lirate only above and below, not in

the middle (Schepman, 1909).

Phalium (Xenogalea) zeylanica (Lam.)

Biswns

Cassis ceylanica var. intercedens, von Martens, 1903, pp. 54, 56 note 12, 57.

Cassis pyrum, non Lamarck, Bartsch, 1915, p. 95. Odhner, 1923, p. 6.

I2 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Protoconch 3 whorls, diam. 2-5-3 mm., smooth. Postnatal whorls 4.

Spire subtending an angle of go°-1 10°, very rarely less than go° (85°) and

then only the protoconch and 1st whorl (or rst and gnd whorls) conforming

to this angle. Spiral striae on 1st and 2nd whorls, sometimes also on 3rd,

evanescent on later whorls, occasionally traceable at lower end of body whorl.

A series of shoulder nodules developing on later part of 2nd whorl, continued

to outer lip, variable in number, when present 7-8 on 2nd whorl, on 3rd

whorl 9-12 (in one case 16), on 4th whorl 9-12 (15-16 in two cases); a second

series of nodules below the shoulder develops on body whorl, varying in

prominence and in number from 4 to 7, usually only on last half of whorl, but

sometimes as many as 7-9 over three-quarters of the whorl. Columella with

only 1 low rounded ridge (in addition to the costa at its anterior end), but

occasionally 3-5 feeble pleats present. Columella glaze when fully formed

thick, curving over without free edge and nearly (sometimes completely)

closing the umbilicus. Outer lip varicoid, sometimes very thick; in some large

shells with indications of 3-4 very feeble plicae at anterior end. 46 x 37 mm.,

68 x60 mm., 73 (to end of rostrum, 77 to anterior end of outer lip) x 57 mm.

Width 75-85% of length.

Operculum narrow, semilunate, inner margin nearly straight, 12 < 4:5 mm.

in aperture 27 mm. long.

Pale fawn or biscuit-colour, uniform, the outer lip varix with 5, usually

5 pairs, chestnut or orange-brown spots; sometimes faint indications of 5

bands with white spots (cf. labiata var. iredalei) are traceable on the back of

the body whorl, sometimes only 5 series of faint white spots on a fawn ground-

colour. Operculum amber. Animal pale cream, sides of foot deepening to

orange, edge of foot bright yellow, sole pale pinky-orange, tentacles yellow with

2 longitudinal black stripes (K.H.B.).

Radula with 100-105 rows, central plate with 11 cusps, lateral plate with

10 Cusps, inner marginal with 3 spiniform (4 incl. the apex) cusps apically,

outer marginal entire.

Fossil: Pleistocene: Port Elizabeth (Schwarz, 1910).

Natal and Algoa Bay (Krauss); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby, Bartsch); Port

Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Algoa Bay and Pondoland (von Martens); Simon’s

Bay (False Bay) (Bartsch) ; Muizenberg (False Bay) and Port Elizabeth (Bayer) ;

False Bay and Port Elizabeth (S. Afr. Mus.); off Cape Infanta, 34 fathoms

(Odhner).

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 55 fathoms, 1 juv., dead but fresh (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: False Bay, 19 fathoms; Sebastian Bay, 25 fathoms; off Cape

Infanta, 42 fathoms; off Cape St. Blaize, 17-55 fathoms; Mossel Bay, 5-19

fathoms; off Knysna, 46 fathoms; Algoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). False

Bay; Knysna estuary shore; and Algoa Bay, 26 fathoms (U.C.T.).

34° 3 S., 19° 18’ E., 31 metres (Africana, per U.C.T.).

Distribution. Mauritius (von Martens, 1880); Ceylon (Bayer, 1935).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 13

Remarks. Smallest shell in the South African Museum with varix: 37 mm.

long. Usually only the outer lip varix is developed, but occasionally the shell

is continued for a further quarter, half, or three-quarter whorl and then forms

another lip varix.

Sometimes the lip varix is very thick: 1o mm. (measured equatorially) on

a 46 mm. shell, 16 mm. on a 49 mm. shell.

The thickness of the shell wall varies, e.g. a 72 mm. long shell weighs 2 oz.,

one 67 mm. weighs 24 oz., one 62 mm. weighs 13 0z., two 50 mm. weigh $ oz.

and ri oz.

Hybrid? Two shells, locality unknown, have the shape and proportions

of labiata var. iredalet, and also the colour pattern (although rather faint),

but have nodules on the back of the body whorl: the 60 x 42 mm. shell has 9

nodules on the shoulder, the 54 x 39 mm. shell has 12 on the shoulder and 5 (the

first and last very feeble) in a lower series.

I have seen also several other ‘intermediates’ (locality or localities

unknown) which indicate that a long series would show a complete gradation

from the zeylanica to the labiata var. iredalet form.

Similar shells were probably responsible for the records of the Australasian

pyrum by Bartsch, and Odhner.

Phalium (Xenogalea) labiata (Perry) var. iredalei Bayer

Cassis achatina, non Lamarck, Krauss, 1848, p. 115. Von Martens, 1880, p. 264. Sowerby, 1892,

p- 23. Von Martens, 1903, pp. 54, 56 note 12. Bartsch, 1915, p. 95.

Cassis labiata var. iredalei Bayer, 1935, p. 109.

Protoconch 3 whorls, diam. 2:3-2.5 mm., smooth. Postnatal whorls 4.

Spire subtending an angle of 80°. Spiral striae on 1st and 2nd whorls, evanes-

cent on later whorls. Shoulder obsolescent. No nodules. Columella usually

without pleats (except the costa at anterior end), but sometimes with 1-5

feeble pleats. Columellar glaze curving over without free edge and nearly or

completely closing the umbilicus. Outer lip varicoid, not denticulate within

(Bayer: indistinctly denticulate below). 60x 40 mm. Smallest examined 9 x6

mm. Smallest with varicoid outer lip 20x 14 mm. (also Krauss).

No specimen with operculum or animal in the South African Museum.

Fulvous or fawn, with irregular chocolate or orange-brown subsutural

patches, and 5 darker bands with oval or semilunar white spots backed with

brown, more or less crescentic or wedge-shaped marks; the 5 bands appear on

the outer lip as dark marks, the uppermost one solid, the other 4 usually as

pairs, columellar glaze pale fawn or buff, aperture fawn within. Often when a

growth-line is unusually strong, the bands are marked by pairs of short, dark

axial streaks.

Fossil: Pleistocene-Recent raised beach, Little Brak River (Mossel Bay)

(Smith, 1906b); Port Elizabeth (Schwarz, 1910).

Cape Agulhas and Algoa Bay (Krauss); Port Elizabeth (von Martens,

Bayer); Algoa Bay, East London, and Pondoland (von Martens); False Bay,

14 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Mossel Bay, Port St. Johns, and Durban (S. Afr. Mus.); off Tongaat (Natal),

2 juv. dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). |

Remarks. Iredale said (1927, p. 349) the Australian achatina Lam., now

known by the earlier name Jabiata Perry, differed from the South African shells,

but did not specify the differences. These differences appear to be the absence

in the latter of the labial denticulations and columellar pleats, both of which

are well developed in Australian shells (see Iredale, pl. 31, fig. 1). The colora-

tion is very similar. Bayer (1935) said the South African shells were smaller, .

more ventricose, with more or less distinct shoulder, outer lip smooth, with

indistinct teeth towards base. He therefore gave the South African shell a

varietal name.

Two varices may occur, separated by a half or quarter whorl (in one

case one-eighth whorl). Sometimes a true projecting varix is not formed, but a

series of dark spots indicate where the animal seems to have started a varix

and then decided to continue its growth before completing it.

A very broad (equatorially) varix sometimes occurs as in zeylanica: 5:5 mm.

on a 27 mm. long shell.

The shell wall varies in thickness, but heavy shells do not appear so

frequently as in zeylanica. The thickest shells in the South African Museum are

3 from Durban and 1 from Port St. Johns. In all these the columellar pleats

are distinct, though feeble.

The Pieter Faure obtained only 2 juveniles of this species.

Phalium (Casmaria) ponderosum (Gmelin)

Cassis nodulosa var. torquata Rve., Smith, 19034, p. 379.

Cassis torquatum Adam & Leloup, 1938, p. 142, pl. 6, figs. 8 a, b.

Cassis ponderosum Satyamurti, 1952, p. 137, pl. xi, fig. 5.

Protoconch 3 whorls, diam 2 mm., smooth. Postnatal whorls 4. Spire

high. All whorls smooth except for growth-lines. Last whorl with or without

shoulder nodules; when present 10-12 in number, either confined to the

shoulder or continued anteriorly as more or less definite axial plicae. Columella

with 2-7 (8) pleats, more or less obscured by callus in fully grown shells;

columellar glaze without free edge, completely closing the umbilicus. Outer lip

smooth at beginning of formation of varix, later developing 4-8 (or more)

rather sharp tubercles, which in fully grown shells form the ends of plicae

crossing the outer surface of varix; inner margin sometimes plicate. 32 X 21 mm.

(with nodules), 32x19 mm. (without nodules, lip varix beginning). Up to

55 * 33 mm. (Ceylon examples).

White with chestnut or orange-brown subsutural marks, and 3 or 4

spiral series of spots, the latter often obscure, back of lip varix with chestnut

spots, forming horizontal stripes when the varix is broad.

Durban (Smith); Port St. Johns (S. Afr. Mus., nodulose).

Off Umvoti River (Natal), 27 fathoms, 1 dead, without nodules (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA J

Distribution. India, East Indies, north east Australia.

Remarks. The nodulose shell from Port St. Johns is shiny and unworn.

A series of 6 from Ceylon in the South African Museum (coll.

E. L. Layard).

Cassis (Cypraecassis) rufa (Linn.)

Cassis rufa Bayer, 1935, p. 96. Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 127 (listed), fig. 20 p.

Mozambique (Bayer); Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Distribution. East coast of Africa, Madagascar, East Indies, north

Queensland.

Gen. LampBipium Link

According to Thiele (1929) the operculum and animal were at that date

unknown.

Lambidium macandrewi (Sow.)

Oniscia macandrewi Sowerby, 1888, p. 567, pl. 28, figs. 1, 2. Sowerby, 1903, p. 229.

Protoconch 24 whorls, diam. 1:75 mm., smooth. Postnatal whorls 54.

Spiral lirae 2, the lower one near suture with following whorl and sometimes

more or less obscured; on base 8—g (10) (i.e. on back of outer lip 10-11 (12)).

Crossed by axial ribs, on 1st whorl 12, on 2nd 15, on grd 18-20, on 4th 18,

on 5th 15, 5-6 on last half-whorl (if the ribs are counted from and including the

outer lip there are 12-14 on the body whorl). The number of ribs is variable,

and may exceed the numbers given above. Where they cross the lirae they are

sharply squamiformly, sometimes almost spiniformly, raised, more or less

hollowed in front, especially well developed on body whorl; growth-lines

between the ribs forming raised pliculae and also crossing the lirae. Columella

plicate, the plicae breaking up into corrugations and granules on outer part

of the columellar glaze, which is extensive, with free edge. Outer lip varicoid,

denticulate on inner margin. 35x24 mm., 36x29 mm. Sowerby’s type

45 X23 mm. (text-figure 40 x 23-24 mm..).

Operculum elongate oval, inner. margin nearly straight, outer margin

thickened internally, nucleus near middle of outer margin 7°5X3 mm. in

aperture (excl. canal) 253 mm.

_ Pale fawn, more or less pinkish, with very faint traces of 3 or 4 darker

spiral bands, outer lip varix with groups of orange-brown speckles, columellar

glaze white.

O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms; Port Shepstone (Natal), 250 fathoms

(Sowerby). [Cape St. Blaize, 27 fathoms (Sowerby), v. infra.].

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 47-54 fathoms, 3 dead; off Umkomaas, 40

fathoms, 1 dead but fresh; off Umvoti, 56 fathoms, 1 dead; off Umtwalumi,

50 fathoms, 1 dead; off Amatikulu (Zululand) 50 fathoms, 1 living; off O’Neil

Peak (Zululand), 55 fathoms, 1 living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

16 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Distribution. Japan.

Remarks. How many shells were sent to Sowerby is not recorded... He kept

the shell(s) from Port Shepstone. There are now 9g shells (and 1 fragment) in

the South African Museum.

The Umkomaas shell, though dead, is quite fresh and retains a pink tinge.

The Amatikulu and O’Neil Peak shells contained the animals in a very decom-

posed condition; the operculum was obtained fron one, but no radula or jaws

were found in either of them.

The locality off Cape St. Blaize is most improbable. It seems to be due to

an accident: the original Preter Faure label in the South African Museum reads

1225 (for which Cape St. Blaize is correct), but is cut off close to the 1, unlike

other Pieter Faure labels where there is a margin fore and aft the number; if

the number had been originally 11225, the locality would be off Umvoti River,

27 fathoms, which is entirely in keeping with the other localities.

The habitat of this species seems to be off the coast of Zululand, aad

probably northwards, petering out southwards along the coast of Natal.

Sowerby (1888) contrasted his species with the Chinese cancellata Kiener

(non Lamarck), but the slight differences seem to be bridged by the South

African specimens. Sowerby’s identification of the latter may stand for the time

being.

Fam. Bursidae

Bayer, 1932, pp. 224 sqq.

Separated from the Cymatiidae by the presence of the posterior canal.

Bursa crumena (Lam.)

Bursa crumena Bayer, 1932, p. 225. Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 128 (listed).

Protoconch 3 whorls, alt. and diam. 1°5-1:75 mm., smooth, junction with

Ist postnatal whorl abrupt.

Sculpture granulate, with conical tubercles on the shoulder and 2 series

below the shoulder on body whorl. :

Radula with 55-60 rows, central plate with large median cusp flanked

on either side by 2 small ones, a small cusp near outer angle of base, lateral

plate with 6 cusps on the cutting-edge, the penultimate cusp the longest,

posterior marginal plate with 3-4 apical denticles, anterior marginal more

slender, apex entire.

Durban erty Bayer, also S. Afr. Mus.); Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

28° 25° S., 32° 25’ E., 27 metres (Africana, per U.C.T.).

Off Amatikulu River (Zululand), 24 fathoms; off Tugela River (Natal),

12-42 fathoms, living and dead; off Umvoti River, 27 fathoms, off Umhlanga

River, 22-26 fathoms; off Umloti River, 27 fathoms; off Umkomaas; 13

fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Mouth of Limpopo River, Portuguese East Africa (S. Afr. Mus. Ross-

Frames coll.).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA EZ

Distribution. Mauritius, Indian Ocean, East Indies, China.

The remains of the posterior canal are sometimes more or less visible on

the preceding whorls, but not to such an extent as in bufonza.

Bursa bufonia (Gmelin)

Ranella siphonata Krauss, 1848, p. 113. Bayer, 1932, p. 227.

Bursa asperrima Dnkr., Yen, 1942, p. 217, pl. 19, fig. 114.

Protoconch as in crumena, alt. and diam. 1-75 mm. The posterior canal is

very deep, and its remains are clearly visible on the preceding whorls. The

sculpture is very coarsely knobbly.

Natal (Krauss). Durban and Tongaat (S. Afr. Mus.).

Distribution. Mauritius, Indian Ocean, East Indies, China.

Bursa granularis (Bolten)

Ranella granifera Lam., livida Rve., semigranosa Lam., Krauss, 1848, p. 113. Sowerby, 1892, p. 9.

Ranella granifera Lam., Braga, 1952, p. 79, pl. 3, fig. 7.

Bursa granifera Lam., Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 306. Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 128, fig. a1 p.

Bursa granularis Bayer, 1932, p. 229.

Bursa alfredensis Turton, 1932, p. 107, pl. 24, no. 781.

Protoconch as in crumena, alt. and diam. 2 mm. Fine spiral lirae between

the 7 or 8 stronger lirae which carry numerous rounded tubercles. Only slight

indications of the closed posterior canal on the preceding whorls.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby: ‘a living specimen’).

Natal (Krauss); Durban (Sowerby). Inhambane, Portuguese East Africa

(Braga). Durban and Mozambique Island, littoral, living (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

K.H.B.); Durban, living (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay, living (U.W.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Querimba Is., Mauritius, Réunion, Madagascar,

East Indies, Philippines.

Bursa cruentata (Sow.)

Fig: 1 d

Bursa cruentata, with var. ranelloides Bayer, 1932, p. 228.

Protoconch 3 whorls, alt. and diam. 2-5 mm., 1st and 2nd whorls with

fine close-set axial retractive pliculae, petering out on 3rd whorl, Ist and 2nd

whorls with a fine spiral lira in middle of whorl, 2nd whorl with a second lira

almost concealed by suture of 3rd whorl, both lirae obsolete on 3rd whorl.

Sculpture clear in a 17 mm. shell, but mostly worn off in older shells.

Whole surface of postnatal whorls very distinctly, though minutely,

cancellate. Conical tubercles around shoulder and 2 series below shoulder on

body whorl. Only faint traces of the posterior canal visible on the preceding

whorls.

Off Scottburgh (Natal), 92 fathoms (Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus.).

18 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, one fragment; off Cape Morgan,

87 fathoms, 3; Algoa Bay, 37 fathoms, one juv.; all fresh but none living (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. East Indies, Philippines, Japan.

Remarks. Tomlin (1931, p. 431) recorded a living rhodostoma from Durban.

Bayer (1932, p. 228) listed this species as a variety of cruentata.

Bursa rubeta (Bolten)

Bursa rubeta (Bolten), Smith, 1914, p. 228, pl. 4.

Ranella lampas Lamarck, Braga, 1952, p. 78.

Typical form up to 110 mm. long, but var. gigantea Smith (= bubo (Linn.))

may reach 360 mm. or more (Smith).

Durban (Smith). Mozambique Island (Braga).

Distribution. Red Sea, Arabian coast, Mauritius, Madagascar, Indian

Ocean, Philippines.

Fam. Cymatiidae

Kesteven, 1902, p. 458, figs. (apices). Bayer, 1933, pp. 33 sqq.

Thiele (1929) accepted four genera, with numerous subgenera and

sections, but made no mention of the protoconch in his generic diagnoses.

Among the South African representatives, so far as material is available, there

are three forms of protoconch:

(1) Smooth, broad and squat, altitude and diameter approximately

equal: argus, murrayt, gemmifera, pustulata.

(11) Similar, but with cancellate sculpture: nassariforme.

(iii) Smooth or setulose, papilliform, often oblique to axis, altitude greater

than diameter: olearium, dolarium, vespaceum, klenei, durbanense.

The first and second differ only in the absence or presence of a definite

sculpture; but the third is very distinctive. Further consideration of the value

of the protoconch as a generic character in this family is not possible without

extensive material.

Thiele included as a ‘? Section’ of Charonia the genus Colubraria, which

other authors place in a separate family (infra, p. 35).

A notable addition to the representatives of this family in South Africa is

Gyrina gigantea (Lam.), recently recorded by Mr. S. P. Dance (1959, p. 351;

pl. g) living in 160-180 fathoms off the Natal-Zululand coast. It is known,

living, from the Mediterranean, north-east Atlantic, and Angola; and as a

fossil from the European Miocene-Pliocene.

Argobuccinum argus (Gmelin)

Figs. 24, 34

Murex argus Gmelin, 1791, p. 3547.

Ranella polyzonalis Lamarck, 1816, pl. 414. figs. 3 a, b, Liste p. 4.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 19

Ranella argus Krauss, 1848, p. 113. Von Martens, 1874, p. 134. Von Martens, 1903, pp.

41, 56.

Argobuccinum argus (and var. vexillum) Turton, 1932, p. 109.

Argobuccinum argus Haughton, 1932, p. 46. Bayer, 1933, p. 34.

Protoconch 3 whorls, diam. 2 mm. alt. 1:75-1-9 mm. (total length before

formation of Ist postnatal whorl 3-5 mm.), smooth, with faint growth-lines,

junction with Ist postnatal whorl clearly defined, but often indications of 3

spiral lirae on last third of last whorl. Postnatal whorls 6—7. Axial ribs c. 20

on ist whorl, increasing to 25-28 on 3rd, but thereafter decreasing to 15-16

on 6th whorl; on the later whorls the ribs are represented only by nodules on

the lirae, obsolete in the interliral grooves. Crossed by spiral lirae 3 on Ist

whorl at start, 4. on later part and on succeeding whorls, but 1st lira soon breaks

up into several smaller lirae, intermediary lirae also between the main lirae,

intersections with ribs bluntly nodulose; on base (7) 8 main lirae, with inter-

mediaries, the upper 3 or 4 main lirae often broken up into finer lirae. Lip

varices at approximately every half whorl. Columella with 1-2 plicae pos-

SP (IES

SAID FA BMIA\IA

Fic. 2. Radula teeth of: a, Argobuccinum argus (Gmelin). 6, A. murrayi (Smith). c, A. gemmifera

(Euthyme). d, Cymatium africanum (A. Adams). e, Charonia fustulata (Euthyme).

teriorly, and 4—7 blunt tubercles anteriorly. Outer lip thickened, internally

denticulate, margin undulate or dentate anteriorly, with one tooth stronger

than the others, separated from the canal by one or two denticles. Periostracum

moderately thick, with short velvety pile. 76x54 mm., 90x55 mm., 115 X74

mm. (protoconch missing in all three).

Operculum oval, growth-lines eccentric, incremental growth greater postero-

internally than antero-externally, nucleus apical. 25x16 mm. in aperture

30 mm. long.

Worn shells brown, the main lirae darker red-brown; in fresh specimens

these spiral bands are obscured by the yellowish-brown periostracum; oper-

culum dark amber.

Radula with c. 70 rows, central plate with large median cusp flanked on

either side by 2 (3) small ones, base hour-glass-shaped, lateral plate with 3

small denticles on cutting-edge, anterior marginal plate more slender than the

posterior marginal, both apically entire.

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

“MO[Eq pue aAO0Qe salreIpsU

~197UI YIM “eaTy (ayeor[dnynur) ureut suo SurTIaA09 wumndesjsolied Jo uonsod ‘wnzpop +r <

asuaunganp “r) ‘a *(*MOg) 1auazy wnyoudy ‘p *(-“Mog) auiofisnssou "Y ‘9 ‘(aurAyInG) oiafiwuas py

y “(uUry) wnevjop “DF -(-uury) wnuwafo “py Sf -(yyturg)

‘q *(UI[aUIZ)) snduv wnursIngosup

‘D :Josyouoooj01g “S$ ‘oly

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 2I

Egg-capsules. Dr. F. H. Talbot, Marine Biologist of the South African

Museum, found the animals spawning at the beginning of October at Simon’s

Town.

Fossil: Late Tertiary-Quaternary raised beaches: Bogenfels (South West

Africa), Olifants River mouth, and Saldanha Bay (Haughton, 1932).

Angra Pequena (Luderitzbucht), Olifants River mouth, Saldanha Bay,

Table Bay, False Bay, Cape Agulhas (von Martens); 35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E.,

155 metres, dead, worn (von Martens, 1903); Jeffreys Bay (Bayer, 1933);

Port Alfred (Bartsch, 1915; Turton, 1932).

St. Helena Bay, Dassen Island, Table Bay, False Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Natal (Krauss, also S. Afr. Mus.).

Living: Table Bay, False Bay 8-23 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.) ;

Lamberts Bay, 15-29 metres, Langebaan (Saldanha), and False Bay (U.C.T.) ;

ae o., 19 16 E., 37 metres (Africana, per U.C.T.).

Remarks. The only confirmation of Krauss’s (1848) record from Natal

is afforded by 6 worn juveniles (7-11 mm. long) collected by Dr. L. Kent on

the Natal south coast (i.e. from Durban to Port Shepstone). Von Martens

(1880, p. 268) referred to a record from the Seychelles, but considered the

identification erroneous, doubting whether this Cape species extended so far

into the tropics.

It is essentially a cold-water austral species occurring also at St. Paul

and Amsterdam Islands (A. proditor), Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and

the Magellanic region (A. vexillum).

Argobuccinum vexillum (Lam.)

or argus var.

Argobuccinum vexillum Watson, 1886, p. 400.

Tristan da Cunha and Nightingale Island, littoral and 100-150 fathoms

(Watson). Tristan da Cunha, littoral (S. Afr. Mus.).

Neither von Martens (1874) nor Watson were inclined to separate vexillum

specifically from argus.

The South African Museum specimens, however, are much narrower: the

largest are 55 X29 mm., 58X32 mm., in both cases protoconch worn away,

width at most 52-55% of length, which is appreciably less than 61% in the

largest argus.

Postnatal whorls 5; the number of axial ribs (nodules) cannot be counted

on the more or less corroded early whorls, but the nodules instead of decreasing

on the later whorls, as in the South African argus, increase in number to 35-40

on the 5th whorl. There are 4 main lirae spiral on each whorl, 5 if the group of

finer lirae near suture is counted (i.e. 1+4, contrasted with 1+ in argus).

Consequently there is one main lira less on the base (6—7 instead of 7-8). None

of the present 19 specimens shows any sign of an enlarged tooth anteriorly on

the edge of the outer lip.

Some of the specimens were taken alive, but no animal was preserved.

22 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Argobuccinum (Fusitriton) murray: (Smith)

Fig. 25

Lampusia (Priene) murrayi Smith, 1891, p. 436, pl. 34, fig. 1.

Trophon magellanicus non Chemn., von Martens, 1900, pp. 157, 159.

Tritonium (Cryotritonium) murrayi, von Martens, 1903, p. 38 with footnote, pl. 3, fig. 16. Thiele,

1903, p. 165, pl. 8 (3), figs. 48, 48 a, b (radula).

Fusitriton algoensis Tomlin, 1947, p. 245, fig. White, 1948, p. 3, figs. 1-5 (anatomy, radula

(incorrect) ).

Argobuccinum murrayi, Barnard, 1949, p. 90, fig. (radula, correction).

Protoconch 3-34 whorls, alt. and diam. 2:-mm., smooth. Postnatal whorls

7-8. Axial ribs 13-14 on Ist whorl, increasing to 18-19 on 5th whorl, but on

later whorls not always clearly distinct from the growth-lines; crossed by spiral

lirae 3 on Ist whorl, 4 on and and 3rd, 5 on 4th and succeeding whorls, but

owing to duplication and intermediaries the main lirae more or less lose their

distinctiveness; on base (incl. rostrum) 12-15 (17) main lirae with intermedia-

ries; intersections of lirae and ribs slightly nodulose, usually more distinct on

early whorls. Varices at approximately every half or third of a whorl. Columella

curved, smooth, with one parietal plica posteriorly. Outer lip reflexed but not

strongly thickened, internally smooth. Periostracum moderately thick, fibrous,

with short, stiff pile, and on each of the main spiral lirae a fringe of long (2-3

mm.) outstanding setae. 12663 mm.

Operculum broadly oval, margin slightly upturned, incremental growth

greater postero-internally than antero-externally, nucleus apical, 33 x 23 mm.

in aperture (excl. canal) 51 mm. long.

White or pale buff, periostracum yellowish-brown, operculum dark amber.

Radula with 80—g90 rows, central plate with 4-5 small cusps on either side

of the larger median cusp, base widening posteriorly, lateral plate with 4-7

serrations on cutting-edge, both marginal plates apically entire.

35° 4'S., 18° 37’ E., 150 fathoms (Smith) ; 35° 3’ S., 23° 2’ E., 500 metres,

numerous; and 33° 41’ S., 18° E., 178 metres (von Martens) ; 20 miles south of

Cape Recife (Algoa Bay), 140 fathoms (Tomlin).

South of False Bay, off Cape Point, west coast of Cape Peninsula, Table

Bay and Saldanha Bay, 85-300 fathoms, numerous, living and dead; 36° 40’ S.,

21° 26’ E., 200 fathoms. 1 juv. worn (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

32° 28’ S., 16° 52’ E., 347 metres (Africana, per U.C.T.).

Remarks. The records show that this species is abundant along the south-

eastern, south-western, and western slope of the continental shelf: from 23° E.

long. around Cape Point to approximately 33° S. lat.; until Tomlin’s record

from approximately 25° 40’ E. the most easterly locality was 23° E. (Valdivia).

Von Marten’s preliminary identification (1900) of the Valdivia specimens

as Trophon magellanicus was later (1903) corrected.

Watson (1886, p. 395) records T. magellanicus and Triton sp. from off

Marion and Prince Edward Islands, 46° 48’ S., 37° 49’ E., and 46° 43’ S.,

38° 4’ E., 69 and 140 fathoms.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 23

Egg-capsule. Von Martens described and figured (1903, p. 40, pl. 5, figs.

22, 22a) a stalked egg-capsule from 100 metres in Plettenberg Bay; and con-

sidered the possibility of its belonging to A. murrayi. Similar egg-capsules were

taken by the Preter Faure in False Bay 23 fathoms, off Walker Point (Knysna)

47 fathoms, and off Cape Recife 51 fathoms.

As A. murrayi is now known to occur in the deep water away from the coast,

these ege-capsules from shallow water inshore are more likely to belong to

another mollusc.

The capsules occur singly; they are oval, flattened, 12 x 8 mm., each with

a slender, thread-like 11 mm. stalk. None of the Pieter Faure examples contained

embryonic shells.

Argobuccinum (Eugyrina) gemmifera (Kuthyme)

Pies..2.6..3'6

Tritonium gemmifera Euthyme, 1889, p. 277, pl. 7, fig. 1.

Ranella leucostoma Lam. var. poecilostoma Lam., von Martens, 1903, pp. 53, 56.

Charonia poecilostoma Smith, 1915, p. 285.

Eugyrina gemnifera [sic], and var. lepta Bartsch, 1915, p. 93, pl. 9, figs. 1, 4.

Charonia gemmifera and var. lepta Bayer, 1933, Pp. 55-

Protoconch 34 whorls, alt. and diam. 3-5-4 mm., smooth. Postnatal

whorls 7. Axial ribs feeble, represented by granules and nodules on the spiral

lirae, more or less regular axial series of granules on 1st whorl (or 1st and 2nd

whorls), but thereafter often 2 ribs or indications of ribs to each major nodule;

22 (occasionally 24) granules on Ist and 2nd whorls, 18-20 peripheral nodules

on 3rd whorl, 15-18 on 4th, 14-16 on 5th and 6th, and 12-14 on 7th whorl;

in var. lepta the greater number (20-22) of nodules on the early whorls is

continued on to the later whorls. Spiral lirae 4 on 1st whorl, but by division

and intermediaries usually only the 3rd (peripheral) lira carrying the nodules

remains distinctly larger than the others, though the 4th lira may also bear

smaller tubercles on the 6th and 7th whorls in the typical form. On base 8-10

main lirae, with intermediaries. Varices at approximately every half-whorl.

Columella with posterior parietal plica, and 4-6 corrugations anteriorly.

Outer lip with 9-10 tubercles or plicae internally. Periostracum moderately

thick, with short, close pile. 108 x 63 mm., 100 X 63 mm., 103 X60 mm. (S. Afr.

Mus.); 115 50(59) mm. (Euthyme); 91x54 mm. and 84x46 mm. var.

lepta (Bartsch).

Operculum as in argus.

Fulvous or castaneous brown, varices with darker marks, outer lip with

8-10 dark brown marks (some of them sometimes divided) corresponding

with the plicae; aperture white internally; columellar glaze white, usually

with a dark brown blotch on the parietal plica and often one or two other

blotches.

Radula with c. 60 rows (in shell 35 mm. long), central plate broad and

short, with 3 cusps on either side of median cusp, lateral plate without cusps or

denticles on cutting-edge, both marginal plates apically entire.

24. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Port Elizabeth (Euthyme, Sowerby); Algoa Bay, East London, Port

Grosvenor (Pondoland) (von Martens); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton). Still

Bay, coll. Muir; Port St. Johns; Port Shepstone, coll. Burnup (S. Afr.

Mus.).

Algoa Bay; off Cove Rock (East London), 22 fathoms, 4 juv.; off Umhloti

River (Natal), 40 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: False Bay (U.C.T.); off Durban, 60-70 fathoms (U.C.T.);

Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Remarks. The two Port Shepstone shells are fresh, with periostracum, and

may have been taken alive, though the opercula are missing. The only animal

I have seen is the University of Cape ‘Town juvenile example.

According to the late Dr. Muir most of the shells which are washed up at

Still Bay and neighbouring coast are much worn and broken.

Argobuccinum (Gyrineum) pusilla (Brod.)

Argobuccinum pusilla Bayer, 1933, p. 39.

Natal (Krauss); Durban (Sowerby); Tongaat (Natal) (S. Afr. Mus.) ;

Isezela (Natal) (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup).

Off Umkomaas (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 juv. dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Red Sea; east coast of Africa (5° 55’ S., 39° E.), 50 metres;

East Indies.

Remarks. The Burnup specimens are fresh, but the protoconch is worn

away in all of them. Animal of Durban specimens yellow with reddish tinge

(R. N. Kilburn in litt. 1960).

Argobuccinum (Cymatiella) nassariforme (Sow.)

Biccmee

Lotorium nassariforme Sowerby, 1902, p. 95, pl. 2, fig. 7.

Protoconch 3 whorls, alt. 2:25, diam. 2-5 mm., cancellate with fine axial

pliculae and spiral lirae, respectively 18 and 4 on 3rd whorl. Postnatal whorls 6.

Axial ribs 13 on 1st whorl, 14 on and, 15-16 on grd, 18-20 on 4th, 21-22 on 5th

and 18-20 on 6th whorl; crossed by spiral lirae 4 on each whorl, a 5th more or

less visible low down near suture on later whorls, with fine intermediaries,

intersections with ribs nodulose; 12-15 lirae on base (incl. rostrum), with

intermediaries. Varices at approximately every three-quarters of a whorl or

slightly less (120°-135°). Columella with parietal plica posteriorly, then plicate

to beginning of canal; columellar glaze extensive. Outer lip with 7 denticles or

plicae internally. Canal reflexed. Periostracum moderately thick, setose along

the lines of growth. 40 (protoconch and rst postnatal whorl missing, c. 43 if

complete) * 19:5 mm.

White with indications of brown spiral bands.

Off Scottburgh (Natal), 92 fathoms, P.F. coll. (Sowerby).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 25

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 85 fathoms, 1 dead; off Umhloti River (Natal),

100 fathoms, 1 fresh, with periostracum (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Bayer (1933) records a specimen from Japan obtained from

Fulton. The locality needs confirmation.

Remarks. The Type was either not returned by Sowerby or has been lost;

it is not in the South African Museum.

Charonia pustulata (Euthyme)

Fis. oh¢

Triton sauliae non Rve., Krauss, 1848, p. 114.

Tritonium pustulatum with vars. minor and varicosa Euthyme, 1889, p. 273, pl. 6, figs. 3, 4, and

p. 276.

Triton nodifer non Lam., Sowerby, 1892, p. 8.

Triton australis non Lam., Smith, 19068, p. 293.

Nyctilochus alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 94, pl. 4, fig. 4. Turton, 1932, p. 11, pl. 24, no. 804 (juv.).

Charonia pustulata and alfredensis Bayer, 1933, pp. 56, 57-

Bursa kowiensis Turton, 1932, p. 108, pl. 24, no. 782.

Protoconch 4 whorls, alt. and diam. 2-5 mm., smooth. Postnatal whorls 8.

On ist whorl the 20-22 granules on the 4 spiral lirae form axial series, but the

axial alignment disappears on 2nd whorl and there are only 4 spiral series of

granules; on later whorls only 2 spiral series of granules or nodules; the nodules

vary from g to 14 in number, and are either feebly or strongly developed.

Spiral lirae 4 on 1st whorl, thereafter intermediaries develop, but the 4 main

lirae can be traced on later whorls, the 3rd bearing the peripheral nodules,

the 4th also often with smaller nodules. On base 8-10 main lirae with inter-

mediaries. Growth-lines on early whorls producing a fine cancellate sculpture.

Sutures on early whorls often crimped. Varices at approximately every three-

quarters of a whorl. Columella with strong posterior parietal plica, followed by

numerous plicae as far as beginning of canal, anteriorly strongly developed

and extending outwards across the columella glaze. Outer lip with 8-10 plicae

on inner margin, some of them duplicate or triplicate. Periostracum thin,

smooth. 183 X 97 mm., 206 x 115 mm. Reported up to 225 X 125 mm.

Operculum broadly oval, incremental growth greater postero-internally

than antero-externally, nucleus apical, 63 x 32 mm. in aperture (excl. canal)

70 mm. long in 206 mm. shell.

Yellowish or olivaceous brown, with irregular darker brown patches

and marks, the main lirae usually with alternate brown and _ bluish-white

marks, columellar glaze brown between the white plicae, outer lip plicae

brown, periostracum pale yellowish, operculum dark brown.

The largest shells, even though living, tend to lose most of their coloration,

except the marks on the outer lip. Beach specimens, especially juveniles, tend

to become orange, salmon-pink, or violaceous.

The four very juvenile Pzeter Faure specimens have the protoconch brown

and the Ist postnatal whorl pink.

26 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Radula with at least 70 rows (in shell c. 80 mm. long), central plate

broad and short, with 4-6 small cusps on either side of median cusp, lateral

plate with 2 small cusps on cutting-edge, both marginal plates apically entire.

Fossil: Pleistocene-Recent raised beach Little Brak River (Mossel Bay)

(Smith, 1906d).

Port Elizabeth (Euthyme); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton) ; Still Bay, and

Natal (S. Afr. Mus.). :

Living: Natal (Krauss); Mossel Bay, 20-36 fathoms, off East London,

42 fathoms, 4 juv. (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.) ; False Bay (S. Afr. Mus. F. Talbot

coll.).

Remarks. The largest gastropod in South African waters.

No records from the west coast of South Africa, but its place is taken from

Angola northwards by the very similar nodifera Lam., under which name the

South African species was formerly recorded.

Charonia tritonis (Linn.)

Lotorium tritonis Linn., Smith, 19034, p. 378.

Triton variegatum Lam., Braga, 1952, p. 78.

Coloration very similar to that of pustulata, but the shell is smooth, without

nodules.

Durban (Smith) ; Mozambique Island (Braga).

Distribution. Madagascar, India, East Indies, Philippines, Caroline Islands.

Cymatium olearium (Linn.)

fag. 39

Triton costatus Born, Watson, 1886, p. 390 (references). Odhner, 1923, p. 12. Nickles, 1950, p. 86,

fig. 131.

Tritonium olearium Kesteven, 19024, p. 712, pl. 35, figs. 4, 5 (protoconch).

Cymatium parthenopus von Salis, Bayer, 1933, p. 41.

Lolorium [sic] olearium Krige, 1933, p. 51.

Protoconch 4-44 whorls, narrow conical, more or less sunk in Ist postnatal

whorl and oblique to axis, diam. 2 mm. alt. 3 mm., smooth. Postnatal whorls

6-7, profile not shouldered. Spiral lirae 6 on 1st whorl, 6—7 on 2nd, 7 on 3rd

and following whorls, more or less subequal in strength on 1st and 2nd, but

from 3rd whorl onwards the 2 peripheral lirae become much stronger than

the others, and continue thus to the last whorl, each bisected by a stria; 15-16

on base (incl. rostrum), the upper major ones usually bisected by a stria.

Indications of axial plicae (enlarged growth-lines) often on 1st and 2nd whorls,

but more distinct on 3rd, 14-15 in number, on later whorls forming blunt

nodules on the peripheral lirae, decreasing to 12 on last whorl. First postnatal

whorl starts with a feeble varix or plica, no other definite varices until the 6th

whorl, after which the varicoid outer lip follows at about three-quarters of a

whorl. Columella plicate. Outer lip 7-dentate-plicate, corresponding with the

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 2

external grooves, the upper 5 biplicate. No umbilicus. Periostracum thick,

strongly fibrous-fimbriate at the major growthlines (more or less corresponding

with the peripheral nodules), with long bristles extending beyond the fringes.

131 (protoconch missing) X 75 mm.

Operculum oval, incremental growth asymmetrical but not strongly so,

nucleus apical.

Ochraceous or fulvous, back of the varix and outer lip with darker patches

in the grooves, inner margin of outer lip salmon or orange with dark red-brown

patches around the white plicae; columella dark red-brown, the plicae white;

periostracum light or dark brown; operculum dark brown.

Fossil: Pleistocene-Recent raised beaches: Durban (Krige).

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton). Off Amatikulu Hill (Zululand), 26

fathoms, 2 juv. (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: Natal, on surf-beaten rocks (Krauss); Durban (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

fF1-G., also U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Sowerby (1892): almost world-wide: Japan, Australia, Red

Sea, Mediterranean, West Indies, Brazil. Port Alexander, Angola (Odhner).

Bayer included Adanson (1756) (Senegal) in his references; and according

to Nicklés (1950, p. 86, fig. 131) it occurs on the whole west coast of Africa

from Morocco to ‘Cape of Good Hope’. There are, however, no records from

the west coast of South Africa south of Port Alexander, nor from the south

coast farther west of Port Alfred (? Port Elizabeth, Sowerby).

Remarks. There are plump and slender forms, e.g.: 100 X 63 mm. and

103 X 58 mm.

Cymatium durbanense (Smith)

Pic. 9 '¢

Lotorium durbanense Smith, 1899, p. 248, pl. 5, fig. 4.

Cymatium labiosum non Wood, Turton, 1932, p. 110, pl. 24, no. 796.

Cymatium durbanense Bayer, 1933, P- 47-

Protoconch 5 whorls, diam 3 mm. alt. 4 mm., smooth. Postnatal whorls 3.

Axial ribs 15-16 on Ist whorl, 12-14 on 2nd, 10-11 on 3rd; crossed by 3

spiral lirae on each whorl, with 1-2 fine intermediaries between each pair,

the uppermost (sutural) lira varying in strength, but the other two (peripheral)

always strong, all 3 bisected by a stria; intersections with axial ribs nodulose,

between the ribs the lirae are beaded. On base 4 beaded and usually bisected

lirae, followed by 8-10 simple feebly beaded or smooth lirae. Sutures on Ist

and 2nd whorls rather deep. Two varices approximately half to three-quarters

of a whorl apart. Columella with parietal plica posteriorly and 2 plicae anteri-

orly. Outer lip varicoid, internally with 7 (8) denticles. Periostracum fibrous.

26 (protoconch missing) x 16 mm.

Bluish-grey or plumbeous, ribs and lirae plicate, the latter usually with

reddish-brown dots, a pale spiral band from top of aperture, varices with 3 or

more reddish-brown marks; periostracum yellowish-brown.

28 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Durban (Smith). Scottburgh (Natal) (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup). Port

Alfred (worn specimen) (Turton; also S. Afr. Mus.).

Remarks. I doubt whether this is more than a dwarf form of olearium,

producing its first varix at about the middle of the 3rd whorl, and the varicose

lip at the end of this whorl. Smith (1899) said it was characterized by the

‘double . . . granose . . . lirae, . . . separated by a . . . thread-like lime but

these are features of olearium, though the bisected lirae are not always very

distinct, especially in older shells.

Cymatium vespaceum (Lam.)

Triton vespaceum, Krauss, 1848, p. 115.

Lotorium — Kesteven, 1902b, p. 460, pl. 17, fig. 11 (protoconch).

Cymatium vespaceum, Bayer, 1933, P- 53-

— respaceum (typ. err.), Turton, 1932, p. I11.

Protoconch 4 whorls, diam 3 mm., alt. 3-5 mm., smooth, but possibly

setose when quite fresh. Postnatal whorls 3. Axial ribs 10 on each whorl. First

postnatal whorl with 2 peripheral spiral lirae, with 1 intermediary between

them, 3 fine lirae between suture and upper peripheral lira, and between lower

peripheral lira and the suture below. Suture between protoconch and Ist

postnatal whorl undulate, less so between 1st and 2nd postnatal whorls, and

straight between 2nd and 3rd. Growth-lines forming a beaded sculpture on

the lirae, but obscure in the intervals. Periostracum strongly fimbriate.

26 X 13 mm:

Natal (Krauss) ; Port Alfred (Turton).

Off Tongaat (Natal), 27 fathoms, 1 fresh, with periostracum; off Cape

Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, 1 dead; off Umkomaas River (Natal), 40 fathoms,

1 fresh, with periostracum; off Nieca River (East London area) ; 43 fathoms, 1

juv. broken. (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.)

Distribution. Querimba Is., Mauritius, East Indies.

Remarks. The Tongaat specimen was identified by Sowerby as vespaceum,

the Cape Natal one as exaratum Rve. The latter species from Australia (and

Japan: Bayer, 1933) was recorded by Sowerby (1897) from Port Elizabeth,

but he was somewhat hesitant about the identification.

Cymatium gemmatum (Rve.)

Four shells in the South African Museum were identified by Tomlin as

obscurum A, Adams. Apart from Triton obscurum A. Adams 1854. being pre-

occupied by Triton obscurum Reeve (1844a, p. 117), the present specimens do

not appear to differ from examples of gemmatum identified (or distributed under

this name) by Burnup.

Radula with c. 70 rows, central plate with small cusps flanking the larger

median cusp, base hour-glass-shaped, lateral plate with serrate cutting-edge,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 29

posterior marginal plate with oblong base, anterior marginal more slender,

both with apices entire.

Durban (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup). Living: Durban; Inhambane,

Portuguese East Africa (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Cymatium gallinago (Rve.)

Triton gallinago Reeve, 18445, Triton, no. 5.

Radula with c. 60 rows, as in gemmatum, but posterior marginal plate with

one or two feeble denticles midway.

Durban (Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup). Living: Inhambane,

Portuguese East Africa (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Cymatium pileare (Linn.)

Cymatium pileare and var. aquatilis Rve., Krauss, 1848, p. 114. Bayer, 1933, p. 46.

Lotorium aquatile Kesteven 19025, p. 460, pl. 17, fig. 13 (protoconch).

Fossil: Post Pliocene, Inhambane (Cox, 1939).

Isipingo (Natal) (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup). Living: Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Distribution. Red Sea, east coast of Africa, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. Lamarck’s figure of rubecula (1816, pl. 413, figs. 2 a, 6, and Liste

p- 4. (nubecula [sic]) is very similar. C. rubecula (Linn.) was recorded by Tomlin.

(1931, p. 431) as living at Durban.

Cymatium dolarium (Linn.)

Fis. 3 g, h

Triton dolarium Krauss, 1848, p. 114. Von Martens, 1874, p. 134. Turton, 1932, p. 110, and vars.

adjacens, forticostatum, pl. 24, no. 795.

Triton doliarium, von Martens, 1880, p. 266. Bayer, 1933. p. 43.

Cymatium cretaceum [sic] and var. doliarium Smith, 19068, p. 293.

Triton cutaceum var. doliarius Schwarz, 1910, p. 114.

Lolorium [sic] cretaceum [sic] Krige, 1933, p. 51.

Protoconch 34 whorls, alt. 2-2-5 mm., diam. 2—2:25 mm., smooth, more or

less sunken in Ist postnatal whorl. Postnatal whorls 44, profile of rst and and

whorls ‘evenly convex, but thereafter becoming more or less strongly and

tabulately shouldered. Spiral lirae 5 on 1st whorl, continued on following

whorls, but the 3rd, 4th, and 5th lirae become much stronger and outstanding,

and bisected by a stria; the 2nd lira being close to the 3rd, the latter, forming

shoulder, appears triplicate, whereas the 4th and 5th lirae remain biplicate

(var. adjacens shows respectively 4 and 3 threads or striae); usually a fine

intermediary lira between 3rd and 4th, and 4th and 5th lirae, the 5th often

more or less obscured by suture of following whorl; on base 3 (4) main lirae,

with intermediaries, and some obscure lirae on rostrum. On back of outer lip

there are thus 6 (occasionally 7) strong main lirae. Growth-lines numerous and

close-set, forming a well-marked sculpture, viz.: beaded on the lirae, striated

30 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

in the grooves. In addition 10-15 blunt nodules on the main lirae from and

whorl onwards, conspicuously (var. forticostatum) or feebly connected across the

grooves by axial ribs, but never (or only very obscurely) crossing the flat

tabulate shoulder (the rst lira on this flat is more or less evanescent in the later

whorls). No varices. Columella smooth but with parietal plica or knob pos-

teriorly; umbilicate. Outer lip more or less varicoid and reflexed, with 7 broad

blunt plicae within. Periostracum thick, spongy, imbricate, cancellate; the

axial lines corresponding with the growth-lines, but the spiral lines far more

numerous than the lirae. 74 (protoconch and ist whorl missing) x 54 mm.;

smallest with thickened outer lip (34 whorls) 37 x 29 mm. |

Operculum oval, incremental growth greater postero-internally than

antero-externally, nucleus apical, 15 X 7°5 mm. in aperture (excl. canal)

25 mm.

Shell buff, fawn, or fulvous, sometimes with darker patches on the flat

shoulder and in the grooves on back of outer lip; aperture, outer lip, and

columella white; periostracum yellowish-brown; operculum amber. Animal

orange-pink with dense black spots.

Fossil: Pleistocene-Recent raised beaches: Little Brak River (Mossel Bay)

(Smith, 1906b); Sedgefield near Knysna (coll. Martin); Port Elizabeth

(Schwarz, 1910); Durban (Krige, 1933).

False Bay and Algoa Bay (von Martens, 1874); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby,

Bayer); Simon’s Bay (False Bay) (Bartsch); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

False Bay, Mossel Bay, Port Elizabeth, Tongaat (Natal) (S. Afr. Mus.).

Algoa Bay, 10 fathoras, 1 juv.; off Umhloti River (Natal), 27 fathoms, 6

Juv, (o-Atr, Mis: Pa colls):

Living: False Bay (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll., and U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay

(U.W.).

Distribution. Mauritius (see von Martens, 1880, p. 266).

Remarks. There are plump and slender forms, e.g. 38 x 33 mm. and

44 X 30 mm.; 34 X 27 mm. (strongly tabulate and cingulate) and 32 x 18

mm. (shoulder sloping, not strongly cingulate).

Turton’s varietal names are really unnecessary. There is a complete transi-

tion from shells without axial ribs or very feeble ribs to shells with strong ribs.

The extra thread (stria) on the lirae is without significance, because the number

may vary from one whorl to the next, e.g. the normal triplicate lira (composed

of the gnd plus the biplicate 3rd lira) on 3rd whorl may become 4-, 5-, or

even 6-plicate on the 4th whorl, with concomitant increase in the number

of threads on the 4th and 5th lirae from the normal 2 to 3, 4, or 5. Every lira

begins as a single thread and variation in the number of component threads

on the later whorls is not surprising.

On the 3rd whorl the tabulate shoulder (ledge, or as Turton called it:

berm) is nearly horizontal (perpendicular to axis), but in large shells slopes

more or less steeply away from the suture. The grd lira forming the edge of the

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 31

shoulder is more or less undulate, especially when the nodules and axial ribs

are well developed.

The Algoa Bay juvenile (protoconch plus 2 whorls) has the lirae much

less well developed (cingulate) than the 6 juveniles from Natal, which are

normal.

Krauss held the opinion that dolarium was not a variety of the’ Mediter-

ranean cutaceum. Von Martens (1874) said that most South African shells were

easily distinguished from cutaceum, though in some the differences were not so

sharp. Sowerby (1889) regarded both dolarium and africanum as varieties of

cutaceum, but said he had seen an undoubted example of the latter from Port

Elizabeth. None of these authors specified the actual differences.

Neither cutaceum nor dolarium seems to occur on any part of the west coast

of Africa.

Cymatium africanum (A. Adams)

Pig. 3. d

Triton africanum A. Adams, 1855¢c, p. 312. Sowerby, 1886, p. 7.

Triton cutaceus var. africanum Sowerby, 1889), p. 150.

Cymatium africanum Turton, 1932, p. 109, pl. 24, no. 790.

No unworn protoconch available but it appears to be slightly smaller, not

exceeding diam. 2 mm. Early and middle whorls, up to 3-34 whorls, similar to

dolarium. At this stage, sometimes at 24 whorls, the outer lip becomes more or

less reflexed and varicoid, and the succeeding growth is closely and regularly

spirally striate; the ‘dolarium-lirae’ are only faintly indicated until the outer

lip again becomes varicoid, where they form 6 prominent nodules. The nodules

on the 3rd main lira (and less prominently on the 4th and 5th) occur also on

the africanum whorls of the shell; if feeble on the dolarium whorl, they are feeble

on the africanum whorls (S. Afr. Mus. no. A3537). An outer lip varix occurs at

the end of grd or 4th whorl, and another opposite at 34 or 44 whorls.

Outer lip internally 7-dentate-plicate. Columella with parietal plica or

knob posteriorly, elsewhere smooth, umbilicate.

Periostracum on the dolarium whorls thick and spongy, on the africanum

whorls thin, smooth, but with the characteristic ‘crinkly-paper’ appearance.

Animal pale mauve-pink, with scattered lighter maroon spots, head and

tentacles darker maroon, reticulated with white.

Up to 112 (protoconch missing) x 63 mm. Operculum as in dolarium.

Radula with 85-90 rows, central plate with small cusps flanking the larger

median cusp, base hour-glass-shaped, lateral plate with serrate cutting-edge,

posterior marginal plate with oblong base, some small denticles midway,

anterior marginal slender, both with apices entire.

Fossil: Pleistocene: Port Elizabeth (Schwarz, 1910).

Ichaboe Island (north of Luderitzbucht, South West Africa) (Adams) ;

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, 1915, Turton). Tongaat (30

miles north of Durban) and Natal south coast between Durban and Port

32 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Shepstone (S. Afr. Mus.) ; Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir) ; False Bay (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

34° 27’ S., 25° 42’ E. (off Cape Recife), 256 fathoms, 1 worn juv. (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: False Bay, 9-20 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. As there are no other records from the west coast, Adams’

locality (ex coll. Cuming) appears doubtful, especially as several of Cuming’s

localities are known to be erroneous.

An extensive series, even of beach material, of this curious and variable

‘species’ would provide an interesting study. The shape varies between plump

and slender forms, e.g. 40 X 30 mm. (width 75% of length), 58 x 43 mm.

(74%), 63 X 38 mm. (60%), 40 x 23 mm. (57°5%), 51 X 28 mm. (55%);

the last-mentioned shell with its high spire strongly resembles C. pustulata in

shape.

The twofold character of the shell raises questions which cannot as yet

be answered. What cause induces the animal in dolarium shell suddenly to

produce a striate, non-cingulate shell? In some animals (e.g. some Crustacea)

there is very little difference between the adult female and the immature form,

but the adult male assumes a very different aspect. It would be quite fanciful,

however, to suggest that dolarium may be the immature and female form, and

africanum the male. Nevertheless, if the opportunity arises, living examples of

both ‘species’ should be examined and sexed. |

The abrupt change in sculpture is very striking in one Pieter Faure shell

(locality ?, S. Afr. Mus. no. A8914) where the thin new striate shell emerges

from the inner surface of the varicoid lip of the strongly cingulate dolarium shell.

In some cases the change appears to be due to an injury to the outer lip

before the normal varicoid thickening has taken place.

The change is not invariably sudden, e.g. one Pieter Faure shell from False

Bay (S. Afr. Mus. no. A4993) is a typical though not strongly cingulate or

nodulose dolarium for 34 whorls, and then gradually changes to a smooth afri-

canum with obscure lirae but prominent rounded axial ribs; there is no varicoid

lip between the two sculptures, only a slightly irregular growth-line nearly

at end of the 4th whorl, but at this stage the lirae were already becoming

flattened and indistinct.

Turton’s figure n. 790 on pl. 24, although a very worn shell, illustrates a

smooth, feebly-cingulate form. The 5 lirae on the 1st whorl in normal dolarium

(and africanum) are of more or less equal strength at the start, but the grd, 4th

and 5th rapidly become stronger and more outstanding. But they may not

become very much stronger, in fact only slightly stronger than the intermediaries.

The profile of the whorls is thus convex with only an indication of the normal

two girdles (the third girdle formed by the 5th lira is usually concealed in the

suture of following whorl).

The worn juvenile (3 whorls) from deep water on the southern slope of the

Agulhas Bank is one of these feebly cingulate forms; and there are others in

}

Toe

wr. h el CO ee

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 33

the South African Museum collected on the Natal coast together with cingulate

examples.

Provisionally africanum is recorded here as a species. It is not a case of

morphological variation in which a series of shells, young and adult, shows a

transition from one kind of sculpture to another involving the whole shell;

it may, however, be a physiological variation or aberration induced by injury

or some ecological factor. |

Cymatium klener (Sow.)

Fig. 3 d

Triton klenei [sic] Sowerby, 18896, p. 150. Sowerby, 1892, p. 8, pl. 4, fig. 87 (explanation of

plate: kleinet). Turton, 1932, p. 110, pl. 24, no. 798 (protoconch).

Protoconch 4-44 whorls, diam 2 mm., alt. 2-5 mm., with spiral lines of

setules, 2 lines on 1st whorl, 3 on 2nd, 5 on 3rd and 4th whorls, also very fine

axial striae visible chiefly above and below the sutures. Postnatal whorls 5,

profile angular, sutures deep. Axial ribs 10-11 on Ist whorl, but the first 4 or 5

feeble and indistinct, 1o—g (8) on 2nd and 3rd whorls, 9-8 (7) on 4th, 8-7 on

5th whorl. Crossed by spiral lirae 5 on ist whorl, 5-6 on 2nd, 6-7 on 3rd, the

grd lira forming the shoulder, on 3rd and following whorls several intermedia-

ries develop; on base 6—8 main lirae, with intermediaries. Growth-lines forming

a cancellate sculpture on all whorls. Columella smooth, with a very slight

parietal nodule posteriorly. Outer lip more or less plicate within, according to

stage of growth. Periostracum thin, fibrous-fimbriate. 44 (protoconch and Ist

whorl missing) <X 29 mm.

Fawn or buff, often with a plumbeous tinge, outer lip with dark marks,

aperture usually fuscous or castaneous internally with a white or pale band;

periostracum pale yellowish.

Operculum and animal unknown.

Fossil: Pleistocene: Sedgefield near Knysna (coll. Martin, 1956).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Turton); Port St. Johns, East

London, Jeffreys Bay, Mossel Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Off East London, 32 fathoms, 2 juv. and 1 protoconch plus tst whorl

fosentr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Remarks. 'Turton’s photograph of the protoconch gives the impression of

protractively oblique series of setules. In the present specimens the setules are

in definite spiral lines, but not so obviously in oblique series.

Two juvenile shells, with 3 postnatal whorls, have the axial ribs very

obscure on the first half of 1st postnatal whorl, and only 6—7 ribs on each of the

succeeding whorls.

Cymatium (Linatella) cingulatum (Lam.)

Fusus cutaceus Lamarck, 1816, pl. 427, figs. 4 a, b. Liste p. 6.

Cassidaria cingulata Lamarck, 1822, p. 216.

34 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Lotorium (Lagena) cingulata, Sowerby, 1897, p. 4.

Cymatium (Linatella) cingulata, Thiele, 1929, p. 282. Bayer, 1933, p. 40. Satyamurti, 1952, p. 141,

pl. 12, figs. 2 a, b.

Shell thin. Protoconch 34 whorls, diam. 1-5 mm., alt. 2 mm., smooth.

Postnatal whorls 4-5; profile evenly convex. No axial ribs. Spiral lirae 7-8

on ist and 2nd whorls, 7 on 3rd and 4th, 15-16 on base; lirae regular, flattened

on the early whorls, rounded on later whorls, subequal to the grooves, on 4th

and 5th whorls the 4th lira with c. 20 feeble nodules. Columella sigmoid.

Outer lip thin, reflexed, plicate within. Aperture wide. Periostracum thin,

smooth, adherent. 42 X 29 mm.

Brown with a pale band from top of aperture, outer lip externally with

pale lirae and brown grooves.

Durban (Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus. coll. Ross-Frames).

Off Tugela River (Natal), 24 fathoms, 1 juv. (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Indian Ocean, East Indies.

Remarks. Tomlin used Paralagena as a full genus, Thiele as a synonym of

Gelagna, a subgen. of Cymatium. Thiele put this species into Linatella, another

subgen. of Cymatium. Smith (1910) recorded the allied species clandestina in

the genus Argobuccinum (Paralagena). According to the protoconch cingulatum

would seem to be better placed in Cymatium than in Argobuccinum.

Distortrix reticulata (Bolten-Réding)

Distorsio reticulata Bolten, 1798, p. 133.

Murex cancellinus De Roissy, 1805, p. 56.

Triton clathratum Lamarck, 1816, pl. 413, figs. 4 a, b; Liste p. 4.

Persona clathrata, Chenu, 1859, fig. 707.

Triton (Distorsio) cancellinus Watson, 1886, p. 395.

Lotorium cancellinum, var. decipiens Smith, 19034, p. 378.

Distorsio cancellina, Thiele, 1925, p. 107.

Distortrix cancellina, Bayer, 1933, p. 54. Adam & Leloup, 1938, p. 150.

Protoconch ?3 whorls, diam. 1:25-1:3 mm. (? alt., apex missing). Post-

natal whorls 7. Excentric bulge beginning on 5th whorl. Axial ribs c. 20 on

each whorl. Spiral lirae 3 on each whorl, with one or two intermediaries

between each pair on later whorls; g—10 on base, with intermediaries. Sculpture

cancellate, very regular on early whorls. Columella with strong parietal plica

posteriorly, lower (anterior) half with a plicate ridge projecting into aperture.

Outer lip with 7-8 denticles, the 3rd from the top larger than the others.

Periostracum rather thick, fibrous, with long bristles on early whorls, setose

on later whorls. 36 (apex of protoconch missing) X 22 mm. A 5-whorled

specimen, with excentric bulge beginning to form: 12 (protoconch missing) X

7 mm.

White, periostracum yellowish-brown.

Durban (Smith). Between Durban and St. Lucia Bay, 10-60 fathoms

(U.C.T.).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 35

Off O’Neil Peak and Durnford Point (Zululand), 55 and go fathoms, 5

dead, but fresh; off Morewood Cove (Natal), 27 fathoms, 1 fresh, with perio-

stracum (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. East Africa, 50 metres; Mauritius, Indian Ocean, East Indies,

Philippines.

Cymatium sp.

Fig. 4

Protoconch 34 whorls, diam. 3 mm., alt. 2-25 mm., with spiral lines of

setules. Postnatal whorls 24, profile of 1st whorl convex, of 2nd angularly

shouldered. Axial ribs c. 24 on 1st whorl, 18 on 2nd, not prominent, indicated

on Ist whorl by the series of setules on the periostracum, becoming stronger

and decreasing in number on 2nd whorl, on the second half of which they

produce an undulate periphery; crossed by spiral lirae 9 on 1st whorl, subequal

in strength, though the 5th is slightly

the strongest and soon becomes con-

spicuous as the peripheral lira, on

2nd whorl the 7th and goth lirae also

become stronger, the 5th bisected by

one stria, the 7th and gth each by

2 striae; on base 2 main triplicate

lirae, with intermediaries. Growth-

lines forming a beaded sculpture

on the lirae. Columella smooth,

umbilicate. Periostracum moderately

thick, the edges of each successive

addition with setules on Ist whorl,

Fic. 4. Protoconch of Cymatium sp. (S. Afr.

but setules obsolete on 2nd whorl. Mus. ‘Aqeaa). An

Juvenile: 15 X II mm.

Radula with 70 rows, central plate hour-glass-shaped, and other features

as in Cymatium africanum.

Off Umhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 juv., living (S. Afr. Mus.

A4989, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Not identifiable with any of the material available in the South

African Museum, but one young specimen does not justify a new species.

The figure may enable it to be identified with one of the Indo-Pacific species.

Fam. Colubrariidae

Colubraria fictilis (Hinds)

Triton fictilis Hinds, 1844a, p. 21. 1844c, pl. 12, pl. 4, figs. 11, 12.

Tritontum (Colubraria) fictilis von Martens, 1903, p. 41.

Protoconch 2 whorls, alt. and diam. 1-3-1-5 mm., smooth. Postnatal

whorls 6. Axial ribs 13-14 on Ist whorl, increasing to 30 on 6th whorl; crossed

36 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

by spiral lirae g-10 on 1st whorl, increasing to 24-26 on 6th whorl, on base

30-32; 3 or 4 of the lirae on 4th—6th whorls slightly larger than most of the

others, some of the latter thinner, appearing like intermediaries. Varices at

approximately every half whorl. Columella with 1 feeble pleat, columellar

glaze concealing umbilicus, with free edge. Outer lip varicoid, feebly denticu-

late on inner margin. 17 X 8 mm. (Hinds’s figures, ? nat. size); 28 X 10 mm.;

to correspond with Hinds’s figures the present 28 mm. shell should be 13 mm.

wide.

Uniform pale buff.

Agulhas Bank, 50-60 fathoms (Hinds) ; 35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres,

1 dead, and fragments (von Martens).

Off Cove Rock (East London), 80-130 fathoms, 1 living, 3 dead (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. The slight inequality of the spiral lirae give the axial ribs a

somewhat beaded appearance, more so than in crebrilirata.

The front part of the animal had been extracted on some previous occasion.

One would have little hesitation in synonymizing crebrilirata with /fictilis,

but for the presence of multiplicate and pauciplicate examples. The latter are

crebrilirata, but are the former fictzlis? Hinds’s description, which amounts to

no more than ‘6 whorls, with axial ribs and spiral lirae’, is not helpful; nor

are his two figures, which do not seem to agree in the number of axial ribs.

The figures given by Hinds also indicate a slightly broader shell; but, again,

are they reliable?

Sowerby (1892) listed fictilis, consequently he presumably had this species

in mind when he described crebrilirata, possibly he compared it with Hinds’s

type in the British Museum (Natural History). I therefore assign the above

4 multiplicate specimens to /ictilis, keeping crebrilirata separate, until perhaps

intergrading examples are obtained.

Mr. S. P. Dance of the British Museum (Natural History) has kindly

compared an East London specimen with the Type, and confirmed the

identification.

Colubraria crebrilirata (Sow.)

Epidromus crebrilirata Sowerby, 1903, p. 220, pl. 4, fig. 4.

Protoconch 2 whorls, diam. 1-3-1-5 mm., alt. 1:5-1:°6 mm., smooth,

shiny. Postnatal whorls 4. Axial ribs 7-8 on 1st whorl, 9-10 on 2nd, 10-11

on 3rd, 13 on 4th whorl, petering out on base, but the varices extend across

base; crossed by fine spiral lirae 10-11 on 1st whorl, increasing to c. 20 on

4th whorl, c. 30 on base, all lirae equal in size and very regular. Varices at

approximately every half whorl. Columella with 1 feeble pleat, columellar

glaze concealing umbilicus, with free edge. Outer lip varicoid, in the Type

very feebly denticulate on inner margin. 13 x 5 mm. (Type); 14 X 5 mm.;

width of last whorl of a larger but broken specimen 6:5 mm.

Brown or fawn, with faint brown markings.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 37

Off Port Alfred, 100 fathoms, 1 living, P.F. coll. (Sowerby).

Off Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms, 2 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Type in the South African Museum. Only the dried liver remained in the

shell when I examined it.

Colubraria alfredensis Bartsch

Colubraria alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 50, pl. 4, fig. 5. Turton, 1932, p. 54 (among the Euthria

species).

One worn juvenile, protoconch plus 3 whorls, 10:5 mm. long. Proto-

conch appears to consist of 2 whorls, alt. 1-25 mm., diam. 2 mm., but the

junction with Ist postnatal whorl is not traceable (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Turton).

One specimen, 36:5 X 10 mm., consisting of protoconch (worn) and 7

postnatal whorls,-has been broken longitudinally on one side exposing the

whole of the columella. The spiral lirae increase from 6 on Ist whorl and 7

on 2nd to 17 on 6th whorl.

, Locality ? (possibly Port Alfred) (S. Afr. Mus. Jardine coll.).

Colubraria nitidula (Sow.)

Triton nitidula Sowerby, 1833, p. 71.

Tritonium (Colubraria) nitidula, von Martens, 1880, p. 266.

Triton (Epidromus) nitidula var. Sowerby, 1889a, p. 7. 1892, p. 9.

There is one specimen, 44 X 14°5 mm., in the South African Museum

registered as no. 6616. The original entry against this number was ‘Purpura

cataracta [= Thais dubia] from False Bay, which would be quite in order;

but the name has been changed (in the same handwriting: Lightfoot’s) to

Epidromus nitidulus, and the locality left unaltered. Evidently some error in

registration has occurred; it is incredible that this shell came from False Bay;

far more likley it is one of a large collection of Mauritius shells which the

Museum obtained many years ago from Robillard.

Sowerby’s record from ‘Port Elizabeth’ is also suspect. Until this species

is definitely found in the waters of Natal or Portuguese East Africa, it is better

omitted from the South African fauna-list.

Originally described from the Caroline Islands; and recorded from

Mauritius.

Colubraria obscura (Rve.)

Triton obscura Reeve, 1844b, pl. 16, fig. 63.

Colubraria obscura, Smith, 1910, p. 195.

This Indian and East Indies species was recorded from Durban by Smith.

A fine specimen, 56 X 20 mm., dead but fresh, was recently found at Umzi-

kaba, 35 miles north of Port St. Johns.

38 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fam. Cypraeidae

Thiele, 1929, pp. 267 sqq. (partim: 2 subfam., 8 genera). Iredale, 1935, pp. 96-135, pls. 8, 9

coloured (superfam. Cypraeoidea).

Thiele (1929) included in the one family Cypraeidae not only the true

cowries, but also the allied forms which are now separated. Some of the latter

appear to be allied to the Lamellariidae.

The splitting-up of the original genus and the institution of new genera

has left only one, or two (Schilder & Schilder) species in Cypraea sensu stricto.

As the present paper does not include all the recorded South African

species, all the true cowries are included in Cypraea. The modern genera or

subgenera are not used because in many cases there seems to be a difference

of opinion as to their definition.

According to the Schilders in their thorough, though somewhat complex

‘Prodrome’ (1938-9), the Cape region (ignoring the west coast) im tres partes

divisa est; and the species recorded from each division were listed. But the great

majority of these records were based on beach material, and in some cases

there are doubts whether the shells on which they were based were actually

South African shells.* Such records are, so to speak, ‘hearsay evidence’, and

of little use for zoogeographical purposes.

If any division of the Cape region were possible, it might be a twofold

division: west and east of Algoa Bay. But with our present knowledge, or

ignorance, of the /iving Cypraeid fauna any division would be arbitrary and

premature. Has any living cowry been found west of Algoa Bay, or even in

Algoa Bay (except similis) ?

The Valdivia obtained (Cypraeidae s.s.) 1 specimen of C. similis; the

Pieter Faure obtained 19 specimens of 6 species, viz. cifrina 4, similis 4, edentula 1,

capensis 7, barclayt 2, fultont 1; the Africana has obtained 1 similis. Of all these,

only 2 similis were taken alive; and these were taken off Cape Point and the

west coast.

Apart from the endemic species, the following Indo-Pacific species can

be admitted as living inhabitants of South African waters:

Living as far south as Delagoa Bay: Macnae & Kalk (1958, p. 127) list

20 species, viz. caurica, cribraria, helvola, isabella, moneta, mauritiana, ocellata,

onyx, talpa, ziczac, as well as those mentioned below as extending farther

south (but not staphylea).

As far south as Sinkwazi Beach (between Stanger and Tugela River):

cribraria (S. Afr. Mus.).

As far south as Durban Bay: lamarckii, chinensis, vitellus (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

Burnup, coll. Bell-Marley).

As far south as Inyoni Rocks (Amanzimtoti): arabica (U.C.T.).

* See: Von Martens, 1903, p. 51 (Crawford collection); Turton, 1932, p. 113 (Bairstow

collection).

Like other ‘collectors’ pieces’ (e.g. cones) cowries are bought and exchanged by collectors

throughout the world.

}

=_—

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 39

As far south as Scottburgh: fzgris (Tomlin, 1923).

As far south as Port Shepstone: staphylea (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup) ; cztrina,

carneola (U.C.T.)

As far south as Port Edward (border of Natal and Pondoland): annulus

pec. T.).

As far south as Umgazana (near Port St. Johns): caput-serpentis, erosa, felina

eo. T .).

The other Indo-Pacific species require confirmation before they can be

admitted to the South African fauna-list.

Iredale (1935) has given coloured figures of the animals of several species,

and has remarked (p. 96) that, at least sometimes, the species cannot be

discriminated without the animals.

Reeve (1845) illustrated some juveniles, and recently Ray (1951, p. 663,

2 pls.) has given several figures illustrating the transformation from juvenile to

adult of mauritiana.

Smith (1914, p. 226) gave the size-range of arabica: 33-90 mm., and of

moneta: 13-38 mm.; Griffiths (1956, p. 85), of arabica: 31-67, and of lamarcki:

19-38 mm., and of two other species, which were not so remarkable.

Gen. CYPRAEA Linn.

Melvill, 1888. Shaw, 1909. Thiele, 1929. Schilder & Schilder, 1938. Steadman & Cotton,

1946. Schilder & Schilder, 1952.* Verdcourt, 1954. Allan, 1956. Kay, 1957.

Miss Kay’s researches have led her to divide the genus into only two

groups, which are distinguished by the 9 genitalia and the radula.

The radula (Cooke, 1895, fig. 127; Shaw, 1909, fig. 1; Thiele, 1929, figs.

291, 292) appears to be nearly uniform throughout the genus. Central plate

square, lateral plate square or oblong, not much if at all larger than central,

marginals unciform; all plates usually tricuspid, a small cusp on either side of

the main cusp. I have been able to examine only seven of the South African

species. Of these fuscorubra (similis, globose form) is distinct in having the

lateral plate noticeably longer than the central plate.

The genus seems to be absent from the west coast south of Angola (see:

Odhner, 1923, p. 11; Nicklés, 1950, p. 83; Schilder & Schilder 1938, p. 199

and maps 1, 2), with the exception of the globose form of fuscorubra (similis)

(p. 43).

Cypraea nucleus Linn.

Cypraea nucleus Schilder & Schilder, 1938, p. 130. Verdcourt, 1954, p. 135, pls. 1, 2.

Living: Delagoa Bay (Schilder).

Distribution. Dar-es-Salaam, Red Sea, Mauritius, Madagascar, Indo-

Pacific.

* In this work on p. 34 etc. for ‘St. Thomas Bay’ read: St. Francis Bay.

40 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Cypraea citrina Gray

Cypraea citrina Schilder & Schilder, 1938, p. 132.

Radula with c. 55 rows (? complete), central plate square, tricuspid,

lateral plate only slightly longer than central plate, and slightly longer than

broad, lateral and marginal plates tricuspid, with one small cusp on inner,

one on outer side of main cusp.

Off Tongaat (N. of Durban), off Cape Natal (Durban), and off Umtwa-

lumi River (Natal), 25-47 fathoms, 4 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: 30° 47’ S., 30° 29’ E. (off Port Shepstone), 24 fathenasy ata

Distribution. Madagascar.

Remarks. An immature shell from Port St. Johns (S. Afr. Mus.), 21 mm.

long, uniform brown, with projecting spire, is quite fresh and glossy; it does not

look as if it had been carried very far by currents.

Cypraea helvola Linn.

Cypraea helvola Iredale, 1935, p. 116 (colour of animal). Schilder & Schilder, 1938, p. 134, and

race meridionalis p. 135. Schilder & Schilder, 1952 (meridionalis). Braga, 1952, p. 84, pl. 4,

fig. 4. Verdcourt, 1954, p. 135, pls. 5, 6 (race argella).

Living: Mozambique Island, Inhambane, and Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Distribution. East Africa, Mauritius, Madagascar, Indo-Pacific. According

to Schilder & Schilder two ‘races’: argella Melvill 1888 and meridionalis S. & S.

1938, occur in Natal.

Cypraea caput-serpentis Linn.

Cypraea caput-serpentis Iredale, 1935, p. 115 (colour of animal). Schilder & Schilder, 1938, p. 135.

Schilder & Schilder, 1952, p. 82. Verdcourt, 1954. p. 135, pls. 7, 8. Day & Morgans, 1956,

p- 306.

Cypraea lurida non Linn., Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 306.

Living: Durban Bay, and Umgazana (near Port St. Johns) (U.C.T.);

Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Distribution. East Africa, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. 1 have seen the specimen on which Day & Morgans based their

record of lurida; it is a young caput-serpentis with a dark median zonal band

and without the expanded margins (cf. Allan, 1956, pl. 12, figs. 27, 28).

It seems strange that Turton did not find this species at Port Alfred,

because dead and very worn shells are found as far west as Still Bay (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. Muir).

Cypraea erosa Linn.

Cypraea erosa Iredale, 1935, P- 115, pl. 8, figs. 7, 7 a, 7 6 (animal & shell). Schilder & Schilder,

1938, p. 137. Schilder & Schilder, 1952, p. 88. Verdcourt, 1954, p. 135, pls. 7, 8. Day &

Morgans, 1956, p. 306.

Radula with ¢c. 55 rows, as in citrina.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA Al

Living: Durban (S. Afr. Mus., and URC); 90. 47 Coenen 29) «.H., 24.

fathoms (U.C.T.); Umgazana (near Port St. Johns) (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay

(U.W.); Inhambane (U.CG.T.).

Distribution. East Africa, Mauritius, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. C’. (Erosaria) nebrites Melvill 1888, with var. mozambicana 8. & S.

1938, cannot be sharply distinguished from erosa, and Verdcourt, very reason-

ably, was disposed to sink nebrites as a synonym.

Cypraea lamarcku Gray

Cypraea miliaris non Linn., Krauss, 1848, p. 128.

Cypraea lamarckii Schilder & Schilder, 1938, p. 139. Schilder & Schilder, 1952, p. 95. Verdcourt,

1954, p. 136, pls. 7, 8.

Radula with c. 130 rows, central plate slightly broader than long, tricuspid,

lateral plate not longer than central plate, slightly broader than long, lateral

and marginal plates tricuspid, with one small cusp inside and one outside the

main cusp.

Living: Durban Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup, and coll. Bell-Marley) ;

Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Distribution. East Africa, Mauritius, Madagascar, India.

Ciypraea moneta Linn.

Cypraea moneta Turton, 1932, p. 114. Iredale, 1935, p. 117 (colour of animal). Schilder & Schilder,

1936, p. 1113, 2 pls. (statistics). Schilder & Schilder, 1938, p. 142. Steadman & Cotton,

1946, p. 522, pl. 13, figs. 4-6 (animal & shell). Ray, 1951, p. 667, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2. Schilder

& Schilder, 1952, p. 104. Verdcourt, 1954, p. 137, pls. 3, 4.

Living: Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Distribution. East Africa, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. ‘Vurton seemed to think that its occurrence at Port Alfred and

East London indicated that it was living in that area. Beach specimens from

any South African locality are far more likely to have been washed ashore

from wrecks. The South African Museum has specimens washed ashore at

Milnerton in Table Bay, where the money cowry certainly does not live.

C. icterina Lam. is regarded as distinct by Schilder & Schilder (1938, p. 142)

and Braga (1952, p. 81, pl. 4, fig. 2), but by Allan (1956) as the East African

race of moneta. Verdcourt said the two were not satisfactorily distinguishable.

Braga’s figure looks very different from normal moneta.

Cypraea annulus Linn.

Cypraea annulus Schilder & Schilder, 1934, p. 92 (statistics of markings). Iredale, 1935, p. 118,

pl. 9, figs. 10, 10 a, 10 b. Schilder & Schilder, 1936, p. 1113 (racial statistics). Schilder,

1938, p. 141. Ray, 1951, p. 667, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4. Braga, 1952, p. 81, pl. 4, fig. 1. Verdcourt,

1954, p. 137, pls. 3, 4. Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 306.

42 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Radula with at least 100 rows, central plate square, tricuspid, lateral

plate slightly broader than long, lateral and marginal plates tricuspid, with

one small cusp on inside and one on outside of main cusp.

Living: Durban Bay, and Port Edward (Natal-Pondoland border)

(U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Inhambane (U.C.T.). : )

Cypraea fuscorubra Shaw

Cypraea similis non Gmelin, Gray, 1831, p. 36.

Cypraea similis Gray, Krauss, 1848, p. 127. Von Martens, 1903, p. 41. Turton, 1932, p. 113.

Cypraea castanea non Bolten, Higgins, 1868, p. 178, pl. 14, figs. 1, 1 a.

Cypraea fuscorubra Shaw, 1909, p. 302. Turton, 1932, p. 113. Schilder & Schilder, 1952, p. 117.

(for ‘St. Thomas Bay’ read: St. Francis Bay). Allan, 1956, p. 31, pl. 3, figs. 29, 30 (not good).

Five worn and bleached examples from St. Francis Bay (probably the

locality now known as Jeffreys Bay) (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Dr. H. Becker).

From 26 (outer lip and apex of shell coextensive) x 18 mm. to 40 (outer

lip, 37 to apex) X 26 mm.; width approx. 70% of shell length. Higgins gave

46 X 25 mm. (? overall).

Labial teeth on submature shell 15 (3 or 4 at each end double), on largest

shell 21; columellar teeth 15-21, the posterior ones feeble; fossula with 3-5

ridges.

The larger shells are thick-walled, spire covered by callus (incomplete in

the submature shell), but leaving a distinct depression.*

Uniform white, cream or pale fawn.

Remarks. These shells are certainly conspecific with castanea Higgins.

I cannot say how they compare with szmilis, as I have not seen the early figures

of Sowerby, Kiener, and Reeve, which Krauss said differed from one another.

Allan’s statement of the size of the British Museum (Natural History) shell,

37 X 22 mm. (width 60%), conflicts with her figures 29 and 30 on pl. 3

(width approx. 70%). Turton noted the difference between fuscorubra and

similis but did not specify the respective shapes. Von Martens did not give

measurements of the Valdivia specimen. Schilder & Schilder (1952) gave

width 62% of length.

The above synonymy, therefore, may have to be revised, and the Valdivia

record may be incorrectly quoted here.

35° 10’ S., 23° 2’ E., 500 metres, one broken shell (von Martens).

A University of Cape Town specimen from False Bay (34° 15’ S., 18°

36’ E.), 51 metres, seems to connect the above form with the globose form.

It is 35 (32) X 23:5 mm.; labial teeth 19 (20), columella with 21 (22) denticles.

Outer lip thickened, spire covered with callus, but depression remaining.

Fossula smooth (very slightly undulate). Warm brown, marbled; 4 black spots

on outer lip.

* The term ‘umbilicus’ seems to be generally used, but it is undesirable because it has

long been customarily employed to denote the cavity at the anterior end of the gastropod shell.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 43

Globose form

Fig. 5 a—c

Cypraea similis, Gray, var. Sowerby, 1903, p. 230.

This Nanquas Peak specimen was not returned by Sowerby to the South

African Museum; but there are three other Preter Faure specimens, one of

which was seen by Sowerby and identified as ‘? similis, a globose form’.

(overall, 29 to apex of shell) <x 19 mm., 35 mm. (32) X 26 mm.,

and 34 mm. (32) X 26 mm.; width approx. 80% of length.

Labial teeth (18)19-20; columellar teeth 19 in the smallest shell, 18 in

one large one, and 10 in the other large shell with only a plain ridge posteriorly ;

fossula steeply inclined, without ridges, but in the smallest shell with 2 denticles.

he,

Fic. 5. Cypraea fuscorubra Shaw, globose form. a, Africana shell. 6, Pieter Faure shell. c, radula

teeth. d, Primovula beckeri (Sow.), apex of juvenile shell. Volva: e, sowerbyana Weink. f, aurantia

(Sow.). g, bzrostris (Linn.).

44 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

The smallest shell is thick-walled, and the spire is covered with callus,

though a depression remains; the two larger shells are thin-walled and sub-

mature, with 5 whorls (protoconch plus postnatal) showing the spire and shallow

sutural grooves.

The Africana specimen is 37 (35) X 27 mm.; labial denticles 9 on anterior

half, columella with 12 obscure granules.

White with orange-brown spots, mainly near the outer lip and columella,

evanescent or obsolete dorsally. .

Radula with 70-85 rows, central plate square, tricuspid, lateral plate

oblong, longer than broad and longer than central plate, lateral and marginal

plates tricuspid, a small cusp on inside and one on outside of the main cusp.

Off Nanquas Peak (eastern end of Algoa Bay), 63 fathoms, 1 (Sowerby).

Cape Point N. 50° E., distant 18 miles, 180 fathoms, 1 living, 2 submature,

dead but fresh (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Off Olifants River mouth (west coast), approx. 31° 40’ S., 16° 55’ E.,

157 fathoms, one living (Fisheries Survey vessel Africana, per U.C.T.).

Remarks. It is a little difficult to consider these shells as conspecific with

the above described shells from St. Francis Bay. But as Sowerby, with his better

facilities of literature and material, did not propose a new specific name, I

follow him, at least provisionally. Moreover, the U.C.T. specimen is inter-

mediate.

Berry (1954, p. 83) gave the length of a dead fuscorubra shell from Cape

Agulhas as 41 mm. The width was not given, but from the statement: ‘. . . the

shell is gibbous or swollen and inflated’ one might infer that the shell resembles

the globose form here described.

Cypraea fuscodentata Gray

Cypraea fuscodentata Gray, 1825, p. 499. Krauss, 1848, p. 127. Schilder & Schilder, 1938, p. 146.

Schilder & Schilder, 1952, p. 117.

Cypraea angustata Gmelin, Steadman & Cotton, 1946, p. 513.

23-36 mm. I have seen a very broad living example: 30 X 20 mm.;

the normal width of a beach-worn shell of this length is 16-17 mm. Fawn or

fulvous, uniform or spotted or freckled with brown, or (beach-worn) with a

median zonal band, labial and columellar teeth orange-brown on a pale buff

ground-colour.

Remarks. ‘The idea of two local races (Schilder & Schilder, 1938) in such

a small area is quite unscientific, especially as one of them is recorded only

from the vague locality ‘Cape of Good Hope’.

Krauss mentioned the difficulty in some cases of separating fuscodentata

from similis; and Schilder & Schilder suggested that one of the ‘local races’

(coronata Schilder 1930, with shorter teeth in the middle of the columella)

seemed to connect the two species. With the material at hand, however, there

seems little likelihood of confusing fuscorubra (similis), which has only mere

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 45

knob-like columellar teeth, with fuscodentata which has long ridge-like teeth,

even with immature shells of the latter when the ridges are shorter than in the

adult. Worn specimens also show shorter ridges.

Steadman & Cotton made fuscodentata and coronata synonyms of angustata

Gmelin, which the Schilders (1938 and 1952) consider an Australian species

in a different genus. It would be a pity to have to give up the name fuscodentata

for a species with such distinctive brown teeth.

Cypraea algoensis Gray

Cypraea algoensis Gray, 1825, p. 498. Krauss, 1848, p. 127. Melvill, 1888, p. 221, 222, pl. 2,

fig. 21. Turton, 1932, p.114. Schilder & Schilder, 1938, p. 147. Schilder & Schilder, 1952,

p. 117. Allan, 1956, p. 31, pl. 2. figs. 27, 28.

The relationship between this form and edentula needs investigation; they

may eventually be combined. Turton referred to a ‘var denticulata’ but was

unable to trace an author. The South African Museum has examples so labelled

by Dr. H. Becker, who may have invented this MS. name.

Cypraea edentula Sow.

Cypraea edentula Sowerby, 1832, fig. 26. Schilder & Schilder, 1929, p. 230, and p. 231 (subsp.

alfredensis). ‘Turton, 1932, pp. 113, 114. Schilder & Schilder, 1938, p. 147.

Length 15-31 mm. Dorsally there seems to be no difference between this

and algoensis; in both there are plain, speckled, spotted, and blotched examples,

and some with indications of a median zonal band. They can be distinguished

by the columellar area which is perfectly smooth in edentula, but has a row of

granules or little knobs in algoensis; and the labial teeth are well developed in

the latter, but evanescent or obsolete in the former (sometimes there are a

few denticles anteriorly).

Dead shells found as far west as Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Off Cape Morgan, 47 fathoms, 1 dead but fresh (S. Afr. Mus. P.F.

coll.).

Cypraea capensis Gray

Cypraea capensis Gray, 1828, p. 573. Chenu, 1859, figs. 1728, 1729. Melvill, 1888, p. 221 foot-

note, pl. 2, fig. 20. Schilder & Schilder, 1929, p. 230 (statistics). Turton, 1932, p. 113, pl. 25,

no. 819, and var. albolineata pl. 25, no. 820. Schilder & Schilder, 1938, p. 147. Schilder &

Schilder, 1952, p. 118. Berry, 1954, p. 83. Allan, 1956, p. 30, pl. 2, figs. 23, 24 (not good,

wrong shape).

Cypraea amphithales Melvill, 1888, p. 221, pl. 2, fig. 19. Sowerby, 1892, p. 31, pl. 5, figs. 94-96.

Turton, 1932, p. 113. Schilder & Schilder, 1938, p. 147. Schilder & Schilder, 1952, p. 118.

Berry, 1954, p. 83. Allan, 1956, p. 30, pl. 3, fig. 31.

Buff or fawn, sometimes speckled, often with an irregular brown or

castaneous patch on back (cf. Melvill’s original description; also Allan’s

description of amphithales: ‘. . . a tan central blotching and a few elongated

coloured streaks’!); immature specimens often show a darker median zonal

band; teeth orange-brown (but not so conspicuous as in fuscodentata).

46 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

36 (overall, 32 to apex of shell) x 20 mm.; 35 (31:5) X 21 mm. The

proportions in Allan’s figure of capensis are quite incorrect; Chenu’s figures are

excellent. Shell length ranges from 18 to 32 mm. (incl. outer lip 19-5-36 mm.).

Algoa Bay, 25 fathoms, 1 dead; off Hood Point, Nieca River, and East

London, 42-85 fathoms, 3 dead, and fragments; off Cape Morgan, 36 fathoms,

2 dead; off Sandy Point (north of Cape Morgan), 51 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr.

Mus..P-F* ‘coll:):

Remarks. Melvill’s photograph fig. 19 of -amphithales just fails to show the

columellar lirae clearly; but his text (p. 222) says: ‘The columellar teeth, as

in that species [i.e. capensis] are represented by the fine projecting lirae alone...’

(italics mine). Sowerby’s drawing clearly shows a shell of capensis. Conse-

quently I regard amphithales as merely a casual aberration with spots on the

sides. The distinctions given by Allan are trivial. The smooth back is due either

to immaturity (v. infra) or wear. The Schilders (1952, p. 118) state that only 5

examples of this ‘rare species’ are known; Melvill & Sykes (1897, p. 168),

however, said that ‘several specimens, some in live condition, have come to

hand in ‘recentivears sce:

The smallest mature shell: 18 (incl. outer lip 19:5) x 12°5 mm., is one of

two taken by the Pieter Faure off Gape Morgan; the other is 20 (22) * 13 mm.

The juvenile from off Hood Point (East London area), 42 fathoms is

17°5 (19°5) X 13 mm. Uniform cream, smooth and glossy; 4 whorls, spire in

apical depression, outer lip with faint indications of developing teeth, columella

with c. 42 fine ridges. |

This specimen also helps to show that amphithales is not a valid species.

Cypraea onyx Linn.

Cypraea onyx Schilder & Schilder, 1938, p. 149. Braga, 1952, p. 82, pl. 4, fig. 7. Verdcourt, 1954,

p: 137, pls. 19, 14.

Radula with 40 rows (incomplete), as in citrina.

Inhambane (von Martens, 1879; Schilder & Schilder).

Living: Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Cypraea barclay: Rve.

Cypraea barclayi Reeve, 1857, p. 208, pl. 38, fig. 4. Melvill, 1888, pp. 201, 243. Sowerby, 1903,

p- 230. Schilder & Schilder, 1952, p. 124. Allan, 1956, p. 60, pl. 8, figs. 17, 18.

White with faint brown speckling. 22 x 14 mm.

Off Cape St. Blaize, 55 fathoms, 1 dead (Sowerby) (this specimen was

not returned to the South African Museum).

Off Umtwalumi River (Natal), 50 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F.

coll.).

Distribution. Diego Garcia (Chagos Archipelago) (Allan incorrectly gave

Mauritius as the type locality, apparently following Melvill’s error on p. 243).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 47

Remarks. The Schilders (1952) stated that only one specimen was known,

viz. the one mentioned by Sowerby as being in the Saul collection at Cambridge

University Zoological Museum; they overlooked Sowerby’s 1903 record.

Where is this Pieter Faure specimen which Sowerby recorded ?

Cypraea felina Gmelin

Cypraea felina, Schilder & Schilder, 1938, p. 160. Verdcourt, 1954, p. 138, pls. 3, 4.

Cypraea listeri Gray, 1825, p. 507.

Living: Umgazana (Port St. Johns) (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Cypraea chinensis Gmelin

Cypraea chinensis Gmelin, 1791, p. 3421. Iredale, 1935, p. 131 (colour of animal). Schilder &

Schilder, 1938, p. 170.

Cypraea cruenta Gmelin, Turton, 1932, p. 114.

Cypraea variolaria Lamarck, 1810, p. 91. Shaw, 1909, p. 294. Schilder & Schilder, 1952, p. 169,

pl. 2, figs. 3, 6.

Cypraea violacea Rous, 1905. Verdcourt, 1954, p. 140, pls. 3, 4.

Cypraea tortirostris Sowerby, 1906, p. 39, text-fig. Turton, 1932, p. 114.

Living: Durban (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup); Delagoa Bay, (U.W.).

Remarks. Sowerby described tortirostris as a variety of cruenta, saying that

although it looked like a monstrosity, it seemed to represent a local race. He

had 3 specimens from the Kowie (= Port Alfred), and Turton found 2 at the

same place. The Schilders (1938) adopted the ‘local race’ idea. But the occur-

rence there also of chinensis (cruenta) seems to negative this. It may represent a

dwarf race (Sowerby: 12 X 7 mm. as compared with e.g. 40 x 24 mm.),

but it seems more correctly termed a monstrosity, as the Schilders (1952)

called the example in the Dautzenberg collection.

Shaw (1909, p. 294) suggested using variolaria instead of cruenta.

Cypraea isabella Linn.

Cypraea isabella, Iredale, 1935, p. 113 (colour of animal). Schilder & Schilder, 1938, p. 176.

Verdcourt, 1954, p. 140, pls.’5, 6.

Living: Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Cypraea tigris Linn.

Cypraea tigris, Iredale, 1935, p. 112 (colour of animal). Schilder & Schilder, 1939, p. 185. Verd-

court, 1954, p. 142, pls. 5, 6.

Living: Scottburgh (Natal) (Tomlin, 1923); Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Cypraea vitellus Linn.

Cypraea vitellus, Iredale, 1935, p. 111, pl. 8, figs. 5, 5 a (animal & shell). Schilder & Schilder,

1939, p. 186. Verdcourt, 1954, p. 143, pls. 13, 14.

Living: Durban Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup); Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

48 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Cypraea arabica Linn.

Cypraea arabica, Shaw, 1909, p. 306, and var. eglantina Duclos. Iredale, 1935, p. 108, pl. 8, figs.

1, 1 a (animal & shell). Schilder & Schilder, 1939, p. 183. Verdcourt, 1954, p. 141, pls. 11,

12, with subsp. immanis Schilder & Schilder 1939. Griffiths, 1956, p. 85, pl. 3. (statistics).

Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 306.

Radula with at least 60 rows, all Sete tricuspid as in the other species

here described.

Living: Inyoni Rocks (Amanzimtoti, Natal) and Durban Bay (U.C.T.);

Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Cypraea fulton Sow.

Cypraea fultoni Sowerby, 1903, p. 218, pl. 4, fig. 7 (3 views). Schilder, 1932a, p. 171 (list of known

specimens). Tomlin & Salisbury, 1934, p. 148, pl. 18 (3 views). Schilder & Schilder, 1938,

p- 173. Schilder & Schilder, 1952, p. 176. Berry, 1954, p. 82, pl. (3 views). Allan, 1956,

p26, pl. 9, fies: .17, 16:

Holotype in the South African Museum. Reg. no. A5053.

Tomlin & Salisbury gave photographic illustrations of a better specimen

than the Type, which was a dead shell. It was slightly larger: 62 x 43, alt.

32 mm., Type 60 X 39, alt. 30 mm.

These authors probably did not know where the Type was deposited. They

stated that ‘the base is spotted exactly as represented in the figure of the Type’.

This is not exactly correct, as a comparison of the figures will show: compare, for

example the 4 spots forming a square on the anterior part of the columella with

the szngle spot in the Type; this ‘4 to 1” arrangement is reversed on the posterior

half of the shell: 4 in the Pieter Faure Type, one in the T. & S. shell. Moreover,

the T. & S. shell has a somewhat angular profile on the left (columellar)

side; the greatest width is thus in the posterior half, not midway as in the

wpe.

In 1952 the Schilders stated that this specimen had been returned to

South Africa, presumably to Mr. Falcon, who had submitted it to Tomlin &

Salisbury; and also that the Type had been sold to America. They did not

state their authority for the latter statement, which is quite incorrect.

Berry’s photographs show a shell with a nearly symmetrical oval outline,

thus approximating to the Type.

Allan described and figured an example in the British Museum (Natural

History) marked ‘type’. Her figure shows a more triangularly shaped shell

with greatest width in the posterior half.

I am informed by Mr. Salisbury that the ‘type’ label has been removed

from the British Museum (Natural History) specimen, after I had told him

that the real Type was in the South African Museum.

There can be no doubt that the South African Museum specimen is the

Holotype. It agrees with Sowerby’s figures in shape, and with his measure-

ments, though I make the altitude 30 mm. instead of 29 mm.; the figure makes

it 31 mm. The markings on the dorsum agree, including the E mark on the

right side; and the spots exactly agree in number and position, though the

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 49

artist might have drawn them a trifle larger so as to bring them closer

together.

Finally, it bears Sowerby’s autographic label: “Cypraea Fultom, Sow.

Type unique. Plate iv. fig. 7. 3 views.’

The number of specimens known, and where the Type is deposited,

however, are of secondary importance. Has any animal been examined? In an

American sale catalogue (1958), a 67 mm. specimen was offered for sale

(bidding to start at ‘$120.00’). When taken from the fish’s stomach the mollusc

was alive. What has happened to this animal?

Cypraea broderipi Gray in Sow.

Cypraca broderipi Sow., Dance, 1960, p. 446.

Mr. S. P. Dance has recently recorded a specimen of this species ex pisce

from Natal (H. W. Bell-Marley) in the British Museum (Natural History). The

specimen measures 75°5 X 52 mm.; it is in very poor condition, which suggests

it may have been in the fish for a considerable time.

The Type was said to have come from Madagascar.

Closely related to vitellus Lam.

Fam. Triviidae

Shaw, 1909, pp. 288-292, 308-311, 312, text-fig. 2, pl. 12, fig. 2, pl. 13. Schilder, 1927, pp. 1-171.

Lebour, 1931, p. 819 (larva, metamorphosis). Schilder, 1932c, pp. go-109. Lebour, 1933,

p- 477 (larva, metamorphosis). Fretter, 1951, pp. 14-20 (habits, egg-laying).

Radula, central plate more or less square, small cusps on either side of

median cusp, lateral plate longer than central plate, uncinate, with small

cusps on either side of main cusp (usually one on inside, several on outside),

marginal plates uncinate, simple or serrate. (Shaw, fig. 2; Thiele, fig. 282;

Tomlin & Schilder, 1934, fig. 3.)

These molluscs feed and lay their eggs on compound ascidians (Lebour,

Fretter).

Nothing is known about the habits of the South African species. In

fact, most of the species recorded from South Africa seem to be known only

from beach material; in spite of which subspecies and varieties have been

instituted.

The Pieter Faure obtained 13 specimens, 2 of which were living.

Thiele in his subfam. Triviinae admitted the genera Erato and Trivia,

the latter with 3 subgenera and 6 sections. As in Cypraea, these have risen to the

status of genera, and further subdivision has taken place. The definitions of

these genera (subgenera), however, are not very clear-cut. For example,

Tomlin & Schilder considered splendidissima (infra, p. 51) intermediate

between Trivia and Triviella.

Perhaps when more life histories and growth changes have been studied,

a more natural classification will be possible.

50 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Gen. Trivia’ Gray

Subgen. TRIVIELLA Jouss

The subgenus is South African, with 4 species (Schilder, 1932c), to which

splendidissima T. & S. was added in 1934.

Trivia (Triviella) ovulata (Lam.)

Fig. 6 a

Trivia ovulata, Chenu, 1859, figs. 1739, 1740. Shaw, 1909, p. 312 (var. rubra). Schilder, 1927,

p. 164 (var. amaryllis). Schilder & Schilder, 1929, p. 234 (var. rubra, statistics). Schilder,

1930, pp. 71, 73 (var. rubra).

Radula with 37 rows, central plate convex in front, side margins indented,

lateral plate with 6-7 denticles on outer side of main cusp, inner denticle

evanescent, marginal plates non-serrate.

Fic. 6. Radula teeth of: a, Trivia (Triviella) ovulata (Lam.). b, T. (Pusula) suavis Schilder.

c, Primovula beckeri (Sow.). d, Volva volva (Linn.) (marginal plates omitted). e, V. aurantia (Sow.).

Living: False Bay, 5 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

In addition the Pieter Faure collected 3 dead globose specimens, one of

which was identified by Sowerby as ‘ ? ovulata var.’ (S. Afr. Mus. nos. A5067-9).

One (A5068) was subsequently sent to Tomlin, but neither identified nor

returned.

The remaining two measure: 14°5 X 13:5, alt. 11 mm., and 12 X 10, alt.

8-5 mm. The larger has 15 labial teeth, 15 columellar teeth, the latter feeble

(mere granules) on posterior half; the smaller has respectively 12 and 14

teeth. The labial teeth are continued as ribs over the inflated outer lip, but

the base is quite smooth. Whole of dorsal surface and spire smooth.

Off Great Fish Point, 51 fathoms, 1; off East London, 52 fathoms, 1;

off Cape Morgan, 47 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Beyond recording these specimens under Sowerby’s identification no

comment is advisable until further material is available.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA HI

Trivia (Triviella) aperta (Swainson)

Trivia aperta, Shaw, 1909, p. 31. Schilder & Schilder, 1929, p. 232 (statistics). Schilder, 1930,

pp- 72, 73 (subsp. neglecta).

In not fully mature shells, before the ribs are completely formed, the

dorsum to a greater or lesser extent is smooth; but from an early stage (before

outer lip is inflected) the ribs cross the base and start to cross the spire. One

growth-stage when the ribs are only beginning to be formed across the base, or

only on the anterior part of the base, might almost be called the ‘ovulata-stage’.

Even when mature the ribs are interrupted in the middle of the dorsum by

a smooth longitudinal groove or impression. 7

Although not taken by the Pieter Faure, the species is included here to

record the revised specific name.

Trivia (Triviella) vesicularis (Gaskoin)

Trivia vesicularis, Schilder & Schilder, 1929, p. 233, & subsp. pseudovulata (statistics). Schilder,

1930, pp. 71-73 (subsp. phalacra).

According to Turton (1932) the dorsum is smooth; according to Allan

(1956, pl. 14. fig. 57) it is ribbed. According to Schilder the dorsum is ribbed in

vesicularis sensu stricto, and the columellar teeth are continued across the base;

in subsp. pseudovulata the dorsum is quite smooth, sometimes as if ‘hammered’

(Schilder), and the columellar teeth are confined to the margin of the aperture,

except at each extremity. The subspecific name should be deleted from the

fauna list as it is obviously based on beach-worn material, the ‘hammered’

appearance being analogous to the ‘chatter marks’ on rolled pebbles. I have

not seen the description of phalacra, but from its name that subspecies is probably

also based on worn shells.

Trivia (Triviella) splendidissima T. & S.

Tomlin & Schilder, 1934, p. 477, figs. 1-3.

Holotype ubi? It was not returned to the South African Museum.

No further examples of this species were found during the recent sorting

of the Pieter Faure bottom-samples.

Subgen. PusuLa Jouss

Trivia (Pusula) globosa (Sow.)

Trivia globosa, Schilder, 1932c, pp. 96, 97. Tomlin, 1931, p. 429.

Dorsal groove well marked from apex to base (when adult). Intervals

between ribs with fine axial pliculae, especially on lower surface. The 2 Natal

shells have labial teeth 21, columellar teeth 18-19; the St. Francis Bay shell

has 20 and 16 respectively.

Ae 373 mam.,’ alt.) 3mm. (Scottburgh) ; 473) 9-75 alt. 95 mm. (St:

Francis Bay).

52 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Isezela, Tongaat, Port Shepstone (Tomlin); Scottburgh (Natal), 1 fresh

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup); off Umkomaas (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 immature;

St. Francis Bay (34° 3’ 8., 25° 10’ E.), 24-34 fathoms, 1 worn (S. Afr. Mus.

PE: colt).

Known from the Red Sea, India, and Pacific.

Trivia (Pusula) suavis Schilder

Trivia suavis Schilder, 1931, p. 65. Schilder, 1932c, p. 94.

Radula with 33 rows, central plate square, 3-4 denticles on either side

of median cusp, lateral plate feebly denticulate on outer side of main cusp,

marginal plates non-serrate.

Off Glendower Beacon (Port Alfred), 66 fathoms, 1; off Nieca River and

East London, 50-52 fathoms, 3; off Umkomaas (Natal) 40 fathoms, 1; off

Umbhloti River, 40 fathoms, 1; all dead but mostly fresh (S. Afr. Mus. P.F.

coll.).

Living: False Bay (34° 19’ S., 18° 30’ E.), 52 metres, 1 (Us@saae

Subgen. TRIVIROSTRA Jouss

Trivia (Trivirostra) oryza (Lam.)

Trivia oryza Lamarck, 1810, p. 104. Schilder, 1932c, p. 101. Ray, 1951, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6 (not

fig. 7 = C. erosa).

Trivia scabriuscula Gray, 1827, p. 364.

Trivia sulcata Shaw, 1909, p. 311.

Kowie (Port Alfred) (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Becker); Isezela (Natal) (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. Burnup).

Trwia (Trivirostra) hordacea (Kien.)

Trivia hordacea, Schilder, 1932c, p. 101.

Tongaat (30 miles north of Durban) (S. Afr. Mus.); Port Shepstone

(Natal) (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup); Pondoland (Port Alfred) (S. Afr. Mus.

coll. Becker).

The two Tongaat specimens are both immature, with smooth, glossy

dorsum.

Trivia (Trivirostra) pellucidula (Gaskoin)

Trivia pellucidula, & n. subsp. natalensis Schilder, 1932c, p. 102.

Tongaat (Natal) (S. Afr. Mus.); Port Shepstone (Natal) (S. Afr. Mus.

coll. Burnup); East London (S. Afr. Mus.); Pondoland (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

Becker).

Off Tugela River (Natal), 65-80 fathoms, 1 worn (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Fam. Eratoidae

Smith, 1g1o0b, p. 13. Schilder, 1932c, p. 46. Lebour, 1933b, p. 485 (larva, metamorphosis).

Schilder, 1933, pp. 244-283, 85 figs. (keys to genera and species).

The animals feed on compound ascidians (Lebour, 1933b: Erato voluta).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 53

Gen. PROTERATO Schilder

Schilder, 1927, p. 57. Schilder, 1933, pp. 246 (in key), 247, 248, 257.

Proterato sulcifera (Sow.)

Erato guttula Sow., Smith, 1903, p. 379.

Erato sulcifera Smith, 1910b, p. 19. Schilder, 1932c, p. 86. Schilder, 1933, pp. 248, 253, 255,

257, 271, 273, figs. 20, 21; also p. 261, fig. 22 (capensis), and p. 271, fig. 24 (smitht).

A dorsal longitudinal groove, often very indistinct, and sometimes restricted

to the anterior end (capensis), or absent (smztht), smooth or granulate, the

granules over whole shell or restricted to the posterior end, sometimes forming

short axial riblets. Labial and columellar teeth 19-21.

Cream, buff, pinkish, pale greenish, sometimes faintly banded. 3:5—5:2

mm. long.

Durban (Smith); Port Shepstone (Natal) (Smith; also S. Afr. Mus. coll.

Burnup).

Off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 80-100 fathoms, 1 dead, worn; off Cape

Natal (Durban), 54-85 fathoms, 4 dead but fresh; off Illovo River (Natal),

27-30 fathoms, 2 dead, worn (one of them immature) ; off Umkomaas (Natal),

40 fathoms, 4 dead; off Cove Rock (East London), 22 fathoms, 1 dead, worn

(small, distinctly granulate) (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Poot Oo (1i., 71 metres, 1 living (U.G.T.).

Distribution. Zanzibar, Mauritius, Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Fam. Pediculariidae

Schilder, 1931b, pp. 165-169, pl. 6.

Radula, central plate broader than long, with small cusps on either side

of median cusp, lateral plate short but strongly uncinate, with small cusps on

either side of main cusp, marginal plates elongate, apically acute (or claw-like)

with 2 subapical long slender bristle-like projections. (Thiele, 1929, fig. 284.)

Living on corals. Young shell Cypraea-like in shape, with both lips reflected

and denticulate; mature shell limpet-like, with sharp apertural margins. The

animals do not change their place on the coral. The colour in life probably

matches that of the coral.

Pedicularia elegantissima Desh.

Pedicularia elegantissima Deshayes, 1863, p. 50, pl. 6, figs. 23-26. Von Martens, 1880, p. 257,

Schilder, 1931b, pp. 166, footnotes 1 and 6 (p. 67), 168, pl. 6, figs. 4 a, 6, with subtilis n.sp.

Pedicularia sicula, non Swainson, Sowerby, 1903, p. 230. Smith, 1g06a, p. 42.

Aperture narrow oval, columellar margin nearly straight, dorsum variously

humped, often irregular; spire not visible; radial dorsal striae fine, about 10

in a space of 1 mm. on middle of back, distinct. In some of the specimens there

is a distinct groove between the columella and the sharp ‘false’ inner lip.

54 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

The Cape St. Blaize specimen, seen by Sowerby, measures 12 X 6 mm.

(in widest part); the others range from 3 to 7 mm. in length.

Off Cape St. Blaize, 116 fathoms (Sowerby).

Off Umkomaas (Natal), 40 fathoms, 5 dead; off Cape Monee 47 and

95 fathoms, 4 dead; off Hood Point (East Londes), 49 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Réunion, Mauritius, Seychelles.

Remarks. Schilder described subtilis, also from Réunion, based on characters

which are negligible in a shell which may vary according to its immediate

environment.

The differentiation of the so-called ‘species’ appears to be more geographi-

cal than morphological. The South African specimens are therefore, on that

basis, more properly assigned to elegantissima (incl. subtilis) than to the Medi-

terranean sicula. There is, however, one character mentioned by Schilder

(footnote 1 on p. 167) which may prove constant: the number of radial riblets

or striae in a space of 1 mm. on the middle of the back is ¢. 5 in sicula, 10 in

elegantissima. ‘The present specimens conform with the latter.

The kind of coral on which the specimen sent to Sowerby was found, is not

recorded. ‘The hydrocoralline from which one of the Cape Morgan examples

was taken, is a stylasterid (Stylaster or Allopora). The other specimens have been

picked out of bottom-samples, but ‘branching corals’ are mentioned in the

Pieter Faure log-book as occurring at all the above localities.

Hedley (1903, p. 343) gave a list of recorded host-corals, including Stplaster

and Dzistichopora.

Fam. Amphiveratidae

Schilder, 1931a, p. 364.

Schilder, 1932b, pp. 46-64, pls. 3-5 (with key to genera).

Radula, central plate usually broad, with several small cusps on either

side of the larger median cusp, lateral plate longer than central plate, uncinate,

unicuspid or with small accessory cusp(s), external hind corner of base with a

narrow prolongation, marginal plates flat, triangular, widening distally, with

a comb-like row of slender projections. (Thiele, 1929, figs. 287, 290.)

Schilder (1932b) gave basal views of all the South African species except

V. aurantia, viz.: Amphiperas ovum, C.. verrucosus, P. beckeri, N. gracillima, V. volva,

sowerbyana, and birostris.

Bergh (1905, pl. 5, fig. 21) gave a coloured figure of the animal of A. ovum.

Calpurnus verrucosus (Linn.)

Calpurnus verrucosus, Chenu, 1859, figs. 1786-1788. Schepman, 1909, p. 146, pl. 15, fig. 10

(radula). Schilder, 1932b, pp. 53, 60, pl. 4, fig. 38. Iredale, 1935, p. 102, pl. 8, figs. 4,

4 a, 4 6 (coloured, animal and shell).

Back high, with a more or less sharp transverse ridge, and a round tubercle

at each extremity. Pinkish white. Up to 35 mm. long.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 55

Animal white, foot with numerous black spots, mantle with smaller

spots (Iredale).

Radula (Schepman), central plate with very large median cusp and a

small denticle on each side, hind corners of base alately expanded, lateral

plate with a denticle on outside of main cusp, marginal plates comb-like.

Mozambique Island (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K. Grosch).

Distribution. Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Primovula beckert (Sow.)

Figs. 5 d, 6 ¢

Amphiperas beckeri Sowerby, 1900, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 13. Tomlin, 1926, p. 293. Turton, 1932, p. 113.

Primovula beckeri Thiele, 1929, p. 271, fig. 288. Schilder, 1932b, pp. 52, 58, pl. 3, fig. 13.

Columellar pleat or callus (funiculum) at posterior end prominent in

mature shells, with 3—4 crenulations; not developed in immature shell (5-5 mm.

long). Labial teeth 30-36. Striae over whole shell.

Pink with pale median zonal band (often faint), extremities yellowish.

Mature 5-8 mm. long.

Radula with c. 30 rows, central plate oval, broader than long, with 3-4

denticles on either side of median cusp, lateral plate with 4—5 denticles on outer

side of main cusp, marginal plates with respectively 13 and 6 distal projections,

apically distinctly bifid.

Port Alfred (Kowie, Pondoland) (Sowerby, Bartsch, 1915, Turton; also

S. Afr. Mus.); Port Shepstone (Natal) (Tomlin).

Off Cove Rock (East London), 22 fathoms, 1 dead; off Cape Morgan,

47 fathoms, 4 dead; off Umhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 dead; off Umko-

maas (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 immature, living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Schilder described (1931a, p. 364, text-fig. 5) tropica from the

Seychelles as a subspecies of beckert, but in 1932 (p. 51, footnote), after having

seen examples from Bombay, raised it to full specific rank. It differs from

beckeri in having only 20-24 (figure shows 27) labial teeth, though in 1931 the

Holotype was stated to have 32 (figure corresponds) ; and it is 4-5 mm. long.

The differences do not seem very convincing.

Neosimnia gracillima (Smith)

Radius gracillima Smith, 1901, p. 107, pl. 1, figs. 20, 21.

Neosimnia gracillima, Schilder, 1932b, pp. 54, 60, pl. 4, fig. 46.

Neosimnia lanceolata Sow. var. or subsp. gracillima Schilder, 1932c, p. 233.

No columellar pleat (funiculum), no labial or columellar teeth. Very

finely transversely striate, the striae non-punctate; decussate with growth-lines.

Pink dorsally, base yellow. 31 X 4:5 mm.

Known from a single specimen taken from a fish stomach off Durban in

40 fathoms. Not taken by the Pieter Faure.

56 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Volva volva (Linn.)

Fig. 6 d

Birostra volva, Chenu, 1859, fig. 1794.

Volva volva, Schilder, 1932b, pp. 56, 62, pl. 5, fig. 76.

Shell oval in middle with both extremities strongly rostrate. No columellar

pleat. Striae over whole shell.

Pink shading into orange on the extremities, outer lip pale yellow. Animal

pale, foot fringed with black papillae, tentacles tipped with black (U.C.T.

specimen). 74 X 27 mm. (U.C.T.); 69-99 mm. long, width 24-31% of length

(Schilder).

Radula (only a portion removed from animal), central plate broader than

long, wider in front than behind, tricuspid, lateral plate with one cusp on inner

side of main cusp, marginal plates with respectively c. 18-20 and 36-40 distal

projections, apically hooked and minutely bifid.

30° 47’ S., 30° 29’ E., 24 fathoms, 1 living; 32° 43’ S., 26;02p ase

metres, 1 living (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Kast Indies to Japan.

Remarks. The occurrence of examples of this species in Natal waters and

as far south as the Cape Morgan area is noteworthy.

The adult shell has been repeatedly figured, but does the juvenile resemble

the adult in shape, especially in the relative length of the rostrate extremities?

Volva sowerbyana Weink.

Fig. 5 e€

Ovula spelta (non Linn.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 34.

Amphiperas smitht Bartsch, 1915, p. 96, pl. 10, figs. 1 and 3. Turton, 1932, p. 113.

Volva sowerbyana Schilder, 1932b, pp. 56, 62, pl. 5, fig. 73.

Shell fusiform, but extremities not very sharp. Columellar pleat distinct,

continued as 2-3 crenulations. Columella anteriorly ridged. Striae visible at

both extremities, and in some cases on the columella, where, however, they are

usually covered by the columellar glaze; possibly in unworn shells the striae

extend over whole shell.

Pink or purplish-pink, with paler median zonal band, extremities and

outer lip faintly yellowish. 16-6 x 7 mm. to 21 X 9:5 mm.; 19°5 X 8-1 mm.

(Bartsch: smitht).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); South African

Museum has 5 specimens alleged to have been found on the Natal coast.

Volva aurantia (Sow.)

Figs. 5 f, 6e

Ovula (Birostra) aurantia Sowerby, 1889a, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 15.

Ovula aurantia Sowerby, 1892, p. 34, pl. 1, fig. 26.

Volva aurantia, Schilder, 1932b, pp. 56, 62.

Amphiperas aurantia, Turton, 1932, p. 112.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 57

Shell more regularly fusiform and outer lip more evenly curved than in

sowerbyana. Columellar pleat very feebly indicated. Columella anteriorly

completely rounded, without ridge. Striae visible only at extremities.

Deep orange (Sowerby). Both the Pieter Faure shells are white. 23 X 7mm.

(Sowerby); 25 X 9g mm. (living) and 17 X 7-5 mm.

Radula with c. 125 rows, central plate triangular, longer than broad,

strongly tricuspid, lateral plate with one small cusp on inside of main cusp,

marginal plates with respectively c. 12 and 18 distal projections, apically hooked

and minutely bifid.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Turton).

Off Tugela River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 living; off Umtwalumi River

Satay. 25 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. nos. A5041, A5042, P.F.

coll.).

Remarks. Schilder (1932b, p. 56, footnote) considered this as possibly an

‘extreme variety’ of sowerbyana. ‘These two specimens, however, are quite

distinct from sowerbyana; they were identified by Sowerby (3rd of that name)

as birostris Linn. But there are other Pieter Faure specimens which resemble more

closely the figures of this latter species. Provisionally therefore aurantia is

maintained.

Volva birostris (Linn.)

Fig. 5 g

Birostra birostris, Chenu, 1859, fig. 1796.

Ovula birostris, Sowerby, 1892, p. 34.

Volva birostris, Schilder, 1932b, pp. 56, 62, pl. 5, fig. 78.

Shell regularly fusiform, both extremities rostrate. No columellar pleat.

Columella anteriorly rounded, without ridge. Striae visible only at extremities

(in present specimens).

Length 53-63 mm., width 16-17% of length (but 24% in figure) (Schilder).

fm xoG-5, FQ X 5, and’ 7 <x 2 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.).

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, one 19 X 5 mm. dead, and 2 larger

but fragmentary; off Umkomaas (Natal),.40 fathoms, one 41 X 9:5 mm. and

I juv. 7 X 2 mm., both dead; off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 1

fragment, width 1o mm. (S. Afr. Mus. nos. A8923—A8925, P.F. coll.).

Distribution. East Indies, Indo-Pacific, Japan.

Fam. Lamellariidae

Lebour, 1931, pp. 819, 822.

Some points of resemblance between the Triviidae and Eratoidae (which

were formerly included in the superfamily Cypraeacea) and the present family

have suggested their transferrence to the Lamellariacea. On the other hand

there are important differences in the metamorphosing larva (Lebour).

58 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Gen. LAMELLARIA Montagu

Bergh, 1907, pp. 104 sqq. (Marsenia, Leach).

Further details are here given of the depths at which the specimens

described by Bergh were obtained. |

Smith’s record (1901, p. 108) of mauritiana (Bergh) from Port Elizabeth

is scarcely acceptable. It is most unlikely that an example—shell without

animal—of this Mauritian species came to Port Elizabeth except by human

agency. There is now no means of checking the original provenance of the

shell; and the record should be deleted from the fauna list.

There are 2 specimens of the larva Echinospira from Qolora (Kwalegha)

(north of East London) in the South African Museum.

Lamellaria perspicua (Linn.)

Marsenia perspicua Bergh, 1905, pl. 3, fig. 18 (animal, coloured); 1907, p. 104, pl. 14, figs. 5-9

(radula figs. 7, 8); 1908, p. 105.

Off Umhlanga River (Natal), 22-26 fathoms; and off Cape Point, 180

fathoms (Bergh).

Delagoa Bay, 1 living (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B. 1912).

The radula of the Delagoa Bay specimen agrees with Bergh’s figure.

Lamellaria capensis (Bergh)

Marsenia capensis Bergh, 1907, p. 105, pl. 9, figs. 13~16 (radula figs. 14, 15). |

Lamellaria tenera Thiele, 1925, p. 100, pl. 20(8), fig. 4, and pl. 46 (34), fig. 15.

Off Cape Point, 650-800 fathoms; and off Lion’s Head (Cape Town),

131-204 fathoms (Bergh). : |

Off Cape’ Town (33° 47'S.) 1825.) 170: metres, ( i iicle)e

Mossel Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Brown’s Bank (approx. 36° 30’ S., 21° E.), 80-100 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus.

PLE cally):

Off Cape Point: 34° 42’ S., 16° 54’ E., 1,725-1,780 fathoms, 1 3, 1 9 living

(S. Afr. Mus. F. H. Talbot coll. 1959).

From the shape of the central plate of the radula there seems little doubt

that Thiele’s species is synonymous.

The radula of the 10 mm. animal obtained by Talbot corresponds with

Bergh’s figures.

Lamellaria leptoconcha (Bergh)

Marsenia leptoconcha, Bergh, 1907, p. 107, pl. 9, figs. 17-20; pl. 10, figs. 1, 2 (radula pl. 9, fig. 18;

pl. 10; fig. 2).

Off Cape Point, 660-800 fathoms (Bergh).

Bergh’s figure of the central plate of the radula shows a concave line

within the straight hind margin of the plate. In order to check Bergh’s observa-

tion, I have examined the single duplicate specimen in the bottle (P.F. 17661)

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 59

from which the ¢ specimen was taken and sent to Bergh. ‘The concave line in

Bergh’s drawing does in fact represent the actual hind margin of the plate,

and the straight hind margin should not have been drawn. Unless the strong

lateral plates are pulled apart from the central plate, a clear view of the latter

is not always obtained.

The hind margin is not nearly so deeply indented as in perspicua, though

in general shape there is no great difference. Therefore leptoconcha seems to be

a valid species.

Fam. Naticidae

In many cases the operculum is essential for a true definition of the species.

In the South African Museum there are examples of three closely similar

species: forata (Cape Province), queketti (Natal), and decipiens, but none of

them with opercula. WN. saldontiana and P. psila are not easily separable without

their opercula; szmilis Thiele is obviously synonymous with one or the other,

but as the type had no operculum, it will always be a species incerta.

The radula is no help, as it is nearly uniform throughout the family

(South African genera). The indented inner margin of the lateral plate is

characteristic. ‘The inner marginal plate is sometimes apically bifid but the

accessory cusp is often very feeble.

Natica genuana Rve.

BI 7G

Natica genuana Reeve, 1855, sp. 121.

Natica imperforata (non Jay, 1836), Gray, 1839, p. 135, pl. 37; fig. 1. Sowerby, 1886, p. 10 (oper-

culum). Schwarz, 1900, p. 61. Von Martens, 1903, p. 42. Smith in Rogers, 1906b, p. 293.

Haughton, 1932, p. 45.

Natica stimpsoni Bartsch, 1915, p. 137, pl. 13, figs. 5, 8, 11.

Natica alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 138, pl. 13, figs. 4, 7, 10.

Natica aureozona Tomlin, 1921, p. 217, pl. 8, figs. 3, 4.

Von Martens mentioned some examples not exceeding 9 mm. in which

the umbilicus was half open; but usually juveniles as small as 4-5 mm. have a

completely closed umbilicus. The columellar callus extends over the umbilicus

to the anterior curve of the aperture, forming a rather broad smooth band,

usually with a slight hollow at the site of the umbilicus. Sometimes a narrow

chink remains, even in adult shells (e.g. one 24 X 21 mm. from Still Bay).

Operculum calcareous, quite smooth except for faint growth-lines.

Brown mottling, reticulations, or spots of variable size on a paler ground-

colour, at top of whorl short brown retractive flames or streaks, usually a

peripheral ‘necklace’ of disconnected brown spots on a faint whitish band

(contrast saldontiana).

Radula with 60-70 rows, both marginal plates simple.

Fossil: Pleistocene: raised beach, Little Brak River, Mossel Bay (Rogers) ;

Keurbooms River (Schwarz); Sedgefield near Knysna (coll. Martin, 1956);

Saldanha Bay (Haughton).

60 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

g4° 51’ S., 19° 17’ E., 80. metres; St.’ Francis Bay, 80-100) memesmamna

35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres (von Martens). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. Muir

coll.). :

Living: False Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Langebaan (Saldanha

Bay) (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Bartsch’s stimpsoni is an extra large example of genuana: 38-5 x 36

mm. Stimpson collected it in Simon’s Bay (False Bay), and I have myself

collected large specimens in False Bay up to 30 x 23 mm. One specimen

32 X 27 mm. was obtained by U.C.T. at Saldanha Bay.

Macnae & Kalk (1958, p. 127) list ‘imperforata’ from Inhaca Island

(Delagoa Bay); I have not seen the material.

A subscalariform aberration, 12 x 8-5 mm., was found by Dr. Muir at

Still Bay (fig. 7 c.).

Fic. 7. Operculum of: a, Natica saldontiana Bartsch. b, N. marochiensis (Gmelin). ¢, sub-

scalariform freak of V. genuana Rve., 12 x 8-5 mm. d, radula teeth of Polynices cleistopsila n. sp.

e, Falsilunatia pseudopsila n. sp.

N. aureozona may be one of the numerous colour variations of genuana.

A specimen agreeing with Tomlin’s description and figure but larger: 15 & 15

mm., from Algoa Bay, 32 fathoms, has a short umbilical chink (cf. Tomlin’s

fig. 4.) as in saldontiana, and was identified by Sowerby as sagrazana.

Natica saldontiana Bartsch

Fig. 7 a

Natica sagraiana D’Orb. var. Sowerby, 1903, p. 229.

Natica saldontiana [sic] Bartsch, 1915, p. 140, pl. 13, figs. 1-3.

The umbilicus is not completely closed even in adult shells, a small semi-

circular chink remaining, and the columellar callus narrows anteriorly, petering

out before reaching the most anterior part of the aperture.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 61

Operculum (not mentioned by Bartsch, though his fig. 2 seems to show

one in edge-view) calcareous, fine spiral lirae on outer half, best seen in juveniles,

often obscure or obsolete in adults, though the distal half of the inner margin

is always crimped or crinkly, outer margin not costate.

The apices of most shells, like those of several other gastropods from the

west coast area, are more or less corroded.

Attains a size of 15 X 15 mm.

Pale biscuit-colour or fawn, with slightly darker, but always faint, undulate

axial streaks, sometimes these streaks rather sharply kinked and anastomosing,

whereby the pattern appears white-spotted, top of whorl slightly darker brown

but without streaks, no peripheral ‘necklace’ (contrast genuana).

Radula with 75-80 rows, inner marginal plate apically bifid.

Saldanha Bay, 28 fathoms (Sowerby); Saldontia (sc, = Saldanha) Bay

27 fathoms (Bartsch).

Cape Point SW. x W.2W. 34 miles, 32 fathoms, 1 operculum (S. Afr.

Mus. -P.F- coll.).

Living: Saldanha Bay, 27 and 28 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.),

34° 19’ S., 18° 30’ E. (False Bay), 52 metres (U.C.T.); Langebaan (Saldanha

Bay) (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Bartsch’s description was based on 2 examples in the United

States National Museum ‘dredged in 27 fathoms’. No further data were given,

but obviously this was Peter Faure material which the U.S. National Museum

had obtained from Sowerby (or Sowerby & Fulton).

From its locality: 33° 41’ S., 18° E., 178 metres, one would suspect similis

Thiele (1925, p. 102, pl. 20(8), fig. 10) might be synonymous with saldontiana,

but it was only a dead shell without operculum, and its identity therefore

remains uncertain.

One living example from off Umhlanga River (Natal), 22-26 fathoms

(S. Afr. Mus. P.F. Coll.), agrees with the characters of shell and operculum,

though the lirae on the latter are rather stronger. In the absence of examples

from any intermediate locality, it is not advisable to assign this specimen

definitely to saldontiana.

Seven dead shells without opercula from 34° 27’ S., 25° 42’ E., 256

fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.), may be this species; but living examples are

wanted from the middle and eastern parts of the Agulhas Bank.

NV. saldontiana might be regarded as a colour variety of genuana: the latter,

with brighter and more variegated colouring, occurring in the warmer waters

east of Cape Point; the former with ‘washed-out’ colouring, in the colder

west coast waters. The differences in the opercula and radulae are very slight.

But the persistence of an umbilical chink in saldontiana, and per contra the

rather broad band of columellar callus in genuana, seem to be well-marked and

valid distinctions.

Odhner (1923, p. 10) recorded sagraiana from Port Alexander, Angola.

62 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Natica marochiensis (Gmelin)

Fig. 76

Natica lurida Phil., Krauss, 1848, p. 91

Natica moroccana var. lurida von Martens, 1879, p. 730.

Natica unifasciata Lam., von Martens, 1880, p. 276. Lig

Natica maroccana von Martens, 1903, p. 12. Turton, 1932, p. 158, with vars. marochiensis and

livida.

Natica maroccana var. tessellata Schepman, 1909, p. 208.

Natica nemo, Bartsch, 1915, p. 139, pl. 13, figs. 6, 9, 12. Turton, 1932, p. 157.

Natica marochiensis, Nicklés, 1950, p. 81, fig. 120. Satyamurti, 1952, p. 107, pl. 8, figs. 1 a, b

Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 306.

Operculum calcareous, smooth, highly polished, outer margin with a

single costa.

Yellowish-brown, buff, grey, usually more or less plumbeous, often with

faint spiral bands, and a narrow pale subsutural band; the bands sometimes

broken up into squarish spots: dark spots if the ground-colour is pale, or pale

spots when the ground-colour is dark.

Radula with 75-78 rows, inner marginal plate without, or with a very

feeble accessory cusp.

Fossil: Pleistocene: Bluff Beds, Durban (Geol. Surv.).

Living: Mozambique Island and Santa Carolina (Bazarute Is.) (U.W.);

Chinde (mouth of Zambesi River) and Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.

1912); Inhambane (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Durban Bay, and 29° 58’

S., 31° 02’ E., 49 metres (U.C.T.); Richards Bay (Zululand) (Ose

Hamburg (between East London and Port Alfred) (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Querimba Is. (von Martens, 1879); Mauritius, Réunion

(von Martens, 1880); Mauritius (S. Afr. Mus. coll. R. F. Lawrence 1935);

Madagascar (Odhner); Indo-Pacific.

Great Fish River (Angola) (von Martens, 1903); Morocco to Angola

(Nickels).

Remarks. The specimens from Chinde were identified by Tomlin.

According to Watson (1886, p. 434) the operculum of maroccana Chemn.

has a double costa on the outer margin. (Cf. euzona Récluz, pl. 35, fig. 22, in

Smith, 1903), p. 615.) Satyamurti stated that the operculum of the Indian

marochensis was externally granular. Melvill & Standen (1901, p. 359) stated

that the operculum of marochiensis had no marginal costa, whereas that of

tranquilla M. & S. (p. 359, pl. 22, fig. 5) had a marginal costa but the shell had

no sutural plications. |

Natica taeniata Menke

Natica taeniata, Sowerby, 1897, p. 12.

Operculum calcareous, with strong spiral lirae.

Like marochensis the shell has obliquely axial subsutural grooves on the

upper whorls, but it has a more widely open umbilicus and a sculptured

operculum.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 63

Scottburgh (Natal), 1 living, 4 dead (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup). Delagoa

Bay, living (U.W.).

Polynices sebae (Soul.)

Natica sebae Souleyet, 1852, p. 579, pl. 5, figs. 6, 7.

Periostracum thin, colourless. Operculum horny, chestnut-brown. Animal

pale lemon-yellow.

Locality? (Souleyet). Natal (Sowerby).

Living: Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Polynices didyma (Bolten)

Natica ampla Braga, 1952, p. 89, pl. 5, fig. 10.

Operculum horny, chestnut-brown.

Off Umhloti River (Natal), 27 fathoms, dead; off Umkomaas River

(Natal), 13 fathoms, dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll).

Fossil: Pleistocene: Bluff Beds, Durban (Geol. Surv.).

Living: Inhambane (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Durban Bay (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. K.H.B., and U.C.T.); Knysna (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Prof. Day (U.C.T.) took living specimens up to 48 mm. diam.

in Knysna lagoon (1960). |

Dead but quite fresh specimens are washed ashore as far west as Still Bay

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Possibly Krauss’s record of lamarcki refers to this species (if lamarckit is

really distinct ?).

Polynices mammilla (Linn.)

Natica mamilla, Krauss, 1848, p. 92. Von Martens, 1879, p. 730 (with vars.).

Operculum horny, chestnut-brown.

Fossil: Pleistocene: Bluff Beds, Durban (Geol. Surv.); raised beach,

Little Brak River, Mossel Bay.

Living: Bazarute Island (S. Afr. Mus.); Inhambane (U.C.T.); Delagoa

Bay (U.W.); Durban Bay (Krauss, and U.C.T.).

In a large specimen from Delagoa Bay a portion of the radula of Hydatina

was found.

Polynices psila (Watson)

Natica psila Watson, 1886, p. 443, pl. 28, fig. 1.

Not WNatica psila Watson, von Martens, 1903, p. 66, pl. 3, fig. 22 (= kerguelensis Thiele, 1925).

Operculum horny, in the largest example with faint spiral striae crossing

the growth-lines.

Up to 15 X 14 mm. Apical whorls more or less corroded. Uniform white

beneath the pale brown periostracum. The smallest specimen has numerous

fine spiral brown lines on the back of the outer lip.

64 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Radula (of shell 8 mm. long) with 60-65 rows, inner marginal plate

apically bifid.

35° 4’ S., 18° 37’ E., 150 fathoms. (Watson).

Off Cape Hangklip (mouth of False Bay), 95 fathoms, 1 living; off Vasco

da Gama (Cape Point), 120 fathoms, 1 living; Cape Point SW. x W3.W., 32

fathoms, 1 living (9) Afr.) Mus. P:f > coll:).

False Bay, and 34° 09’ S., 18° 14’ E., 110 metres, living (DsGiaiae

Remarks. The largest example (off Cape Hangklip) was identified by

Tomlin, presumably after comparison with the Type in the British Museum

(Natural History). Unfortunately the Challenger shell was dead and without

operculum. The species cannot therefore be precisely defined. Perhaps the

present shells might be regarded as “plesiotypes’.

Although pszla seems to inhabit deeper water than W. saldontiana, the shells

of the two cannot be distinguished with certainty in the absence of the opercula.

The medium-sized specimen (off Vasco da Gama) was identified by

Sowerby as simplex Sow. This is another ‘species’ based on a dead shell without

operculum.

Polynices cleistopsila n.sp.

Piss 7d

Agreeing with psila in shape of shell and horny operculum, but the umbili-

cus completely closed with callus, only a slight hollow indicating its position.

18 x 16:5 mm.

Radula (of two 18 mm. shells) with 70-75 rows; inner marginal plate

apically bifid.

Off Cape Point: 33° 50’ S., 17° 21' E., 600 fathoms, 1 livine;i¢3uam mae

16° 15’ E., 1,520-1,570 fathoms, 3 living, 33° 50’ S., 16° 30” E., 1,460=13000

fathoms, 1 living, 2 dead (S. Afr. Mus. Ag702, Ag735, Ag812, F. H. Talbot

coll. 1959). |

Dead shells up to 25 X 21:5 mm., presumably conspecific, were taken at:

33° 26'S., 16° 33’ E.,°1,300 fathoms, 1; 33° 454’ S., 16° 231 ’ E., 1,480 fathoms,

2; 34 05 S., 16° 58’ E., 1,470-1,4090 fathoms, 6; 34° 36’ S., 19° oo) HemmeR@o

fathoms, 3 corroded (S. Afr. Mus. Ag717, Ag745, Ag844, Ag868, F. H. Talbot

coll. 1959).

Remarks. ‘The closure of the umbilicus occurs in all the specimens, from

8 to 25 mm. long, and may thus be regarded as a constant character, justifying

a separate species.

Falsilunatia pseudopsila n.sp.

Bie 7 7c

A single living shell, 9-5 x 8-5 mm., which appeared to agree in all

respects with P. cleistopsila, was found to have a different radula.

Radula with ¢. 65 rows, central plate a little broader than long, subtriangu-

lar, rounded in front, median cusp strong, side cusps small, lateral plate with

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 65

concave inner margin (not sharply indented), marginal plates stout, both

apically entire. :

Off Cape Point: 34° 37’ S., 17° 03’ E., 1,580—1,620 fathoms, 1 living

(S. Afr. Mus. Ag780, F. H. Talbot coll. 1959).

Remarks. The genus Falsilunatia was created by Powell (1951, p. 119) for

some species from the Falkland Islands and Patagonia, characterized by the

subtriangular shape of the central plate of the radula.

Natica fartilis Watson 1881 and 1886 from the Kerguelen region, which

according to Powell has a similar central plate in the radula, has a calcareous

operculum as in Natica.

Eunaticina papilla (Gmelin)

Living: Durban (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup); Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus.

coll K.H.B.).

Stgaretus delessertit Récluz

Shell with well-marked spiral lirae usually interrupted by the growth-

lines.

Durban (in S. Afr. Mus.).

Szgaretus planulatus Récluz

Szgaretus planus von Martens, 1879, p. 730.

Shell smooth, with growth-lines, and very indistinct spiral striae. Perio-

stracum thin, very pale yellowish. Animal creamy-white.

Off Umkomaas (Natal), 13 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: Delagoa Bay (U.W.). Inhambane (von Martens).

Remarks. Von Martens stated that the mollusc lives in sand and is eaten

by the natives; and commented on the water vascular system and the protrusible

proboscis.

Fam. Strombidae

Thiele, 1929, p. 252. Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 127. Verdcourt, 1959b, p. 146. Abbott, 1960,

Ppp. 33-146 (in some of the distribution maps Mozambique City (i.e. on Mozambique

Island) and Port Amelia have been misplaced).

The names of 9 species of Strombus have been reported from South Africa:

columba Lam.; decorus (Réding) (cylindricus Swains., mauritianus Lam.) ; dentatus

Linn.; fusiformis Sow.; gibberulus Linn.; lamarckii Gray; lentiginosus Linn.;

mutabilis Swains. ( floridus Lam.) ; urceus Linn.

Until recently the occurrence of living specimens of Strombus south of

Delagoa Bay has not been recorded. Krauss (1848) did not state definitely

that he found floridus and gibberulus alive. The Pieter Faure obtained no speci-

mens, dead or alive, in the course of her dredging along the Natal and Zululand

coast. Day & Morgans (1956) listed no species from Durban Bay.

66 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Mr. Elston, however, has recently obtained from skin-divers in Durban

Bay living decorus and gibberulus, and dead but fresh mutabilis. Living examples

of decorus have also been obtained as far south as Gonubie River mouth, East

London. Dead specimens of mutabilis have been reliably reported from Jeffrey’s

Bay (St. Francis Bay), thus*confirming Sowerby’s 1892 record from Port

Elizabeth.

Von Martens (1903, p. 42, pl. 4, figs. 8, 8a) described a dead juvenile

25 X 12 mm., from 35° 29’ S., 21° 2’ E., 102 metres, commentmezo@muts

resemblance to a Conus, in particular C. papillaris. He pointed out that there

were several features precluding its being referred to Conus; but he did not

attempt a specific determination. It may perhaps have been a young decorus.

The occurrence of lentzginosus in Simon’s Bay (Watson, 1886, p. 415) is

most unlikely, and cannot be accepted. The specimen was probably obtained

at some other locality, or perhaps given to the Challenger scientists by a local

shell enthusiast.

S. decorus, gibberulus, and mutabilis can be definitely accepted as South

African inhabitants; the other species require confirmation. The occurrence

of urceus at Delagoa Bay is unlikely, having regard to its hitherto known dis-

tribution; possibly a misidentified mutabilis.

Fic. 8. Aporrhais pes-gallinae n. sp.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 67

Fam. Aporrhaidae

Aporrhais pes-gallinae n.sp.

Fig. 8

Posterior spiniform process quite free from the spire. Outer lip with two

slender processes, the margin between the anterior one and the beginning of

the canal slightly convex, but with scarcely any suggestion of an incipient

lobe or denticle. Anterior canal tapering evenly, without flange-like expansion

of the edge of the columellar callus. The ‘webbing’ between the claws much

less extensive than in pes-pelicani or pes-carbonis. On peripheral whorl traces of a

peripheral row of tubercles. On body whorl a peripheral row of tubercles

which owing to corrosion appear as a moniliform lira. On base another lira

which is also moniliform where it emerges from under the columellar callus,

but is smooth on back of the shell; below this lira (on back of shell) about 9-10

lirae. 40 mm. long.

2922 5., 14 17 E., 911 metres, green mud, 1 living (Africana Afr. 1263,

ger U.C.T.).

Remarks. Like other shells from the west coast this specimen is somewhat

corroded. If it is a normal example as regards the posterior process being free

from the spire, I think it must be regarded as representing a new species

different from pes-pelicani (Linn.) and senegalensis Gray.

I have not seen the original description of the latter (1838, p. 27), nor

Dautzenberg (1891, p. 43, pl. 3, figs. 5a, b), but Nicklés (1950 p. 76, fig. 105)

figured a specimen apparently very little different from pes-pelicanit. A. senega-

lensis is recorded from Senegal and Angola.

See also: Coen, 1931, p. 142, pls. 2, 3.

The discovery of a species of Aporrhais, and of Cancellaria lyrata (see Part IT,

p- 16), indicates that the area off the coast of South West Africa is worthy of

more intensive investigation.

HETEROPODA

Tesch, 1949, pp. 5-53, 5 pls., 44 text-figs.

Tesch recorded:

Oxygyrus keraudrent (Lesueur) from the Indo-Pacific: ‘from Panama to

Durban’ (p. 12).

Protatlanta souleyeti (Smith) from off the north point of Madagascar (p. 14)

and one station off Lourengco Marques c. 25° S. (chart fig. 8).

Atlanta fusca Soul. from off Lourengo Marques, and A. turriculata d’Orb.

from off Durban (p. 22, and charts figs. 18 and 109).

Carinaria lamarcki Peron & Lesueur (? = fragilis Bory) from the Agulhas

Bank (chart fig. 23), C. galea Benson from off Durban (p. 31 and chart fig. 24),

and C. cithara Benson from off Lourengco Marques (chart fig. 26).

68 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Pterosoma planum Lesson and Cardiapoda placenta (Lesson) from the east

coast of Africa as far south as 35° 49’ S. (p. 35, chart fig. 28; and p. 38, chart

fie. 97)),. |

Pterotrachea scutata Gegenb. from the east coast of Africa as far south as

Agulhas Bank and the Cape 35° 42’ S., 18° 37’ E. (p. 46, chart fig. 39).

Probably the Dana obtained also Firoloida desmarestt Lesueur in the South

African region, but Tesch did not specify the localities.

Bory de St. Vincent (1804, p. 142, pl. 6, fig. 4) recorded Carinaria fragilis

from off South Africa. A mutilated specimen of Carinaria sp. was caught in

False Bay, 27th April 1954.

A specimen from Durban, March 1935, was identified by Marie Lebour

as Cardiapoda placenta (Lesson) (Tesch, 1949, p. 36, pl. 4, fig. 6, text-fig. 29 (shell),

chart fig. 31) (S. Afr. Mus.).

Specimens of Atlanta have been found in the Preter Faure bottom-samples

from: off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms; off Umkomaas (Natal), 40

fathoms; off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 80-100 fathoms; and Cape Point N. 890° E.

36 miles, 700 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Tomlin (1931, p. 433) recorded A. peroni Lesueur from Port Alfred and

Port Shepstone; and A. lesueuria Souleyet from ‘off Cape Province’.

Turton (1932, p. 107) recorded A. peronii, and also Oxygyrus keraudrent

(Lesueur) from Port Alfred.

A specimen of Cardiapoda richardi Vayssiére (Tesch, 1949, p. 37, pl. 4,

fig. 7, text-fig. 30, chart fig. 32) has recently (August 1959) been taken by

Dr. F. H. Talbot (S. Afr. Museum) while trawling down to 1,240 fathoms at

Bor 2G eon G7 1a oumns

Okutani & Habe (1960, p. 513, 2 figs.) record Pterotrachea coronata (Forskal)

from the Natal coast.

Fam. Xenophoridae

Gen. XENOPHORA F. von Waldheim

On the west coast of Africa X. senegalensis Fischer extends as far south as

Great Fish Bay, Angola (von Martens, 1903).

Xenophora corrugata (Rve.)

Xenophora corrugata, Watson, 1886, p. 463. Sowerby, 1897, p. 17. Schepman, 1909, p. 203.

Satyamurti, 1952, p. 97, pl. 6, figs. 16 a, b.

Protoconch (i.e. smooth whorls before any foreign substances are attached)

24-3 whorls. Postnatal whorls 7-8. Umbilicus open, but in examples with basal

diameter over c. 30-35 mm. closed with columellar callus. Basal diameter

42 mm.

Upper whorls usually covered with small pebbles, fragments of lamelli-

branch and barnacle shells; from about 4th or 5th whorl whole lamellibranch

valves begin to be incorporated; the commonest are the valves of Venus arakana,

ae we ee Ce a re

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 69

others being Cardium, Mactra, Nucula and Nuculana. Gastropod shells (unless

fragmentary) were not found on the 62 examples of corrugata in the South

African Museum, except one small worn mitrid.

Durban (Sowerby). From off Umtwalumi (south of Durban) to Umvoti

(north of Durban), and off Amatikulu River (Zululand), 22-46 fathoms;

most of the examples dredged off Morewood Cove, but all dead (S. Afr. Mus.

Fer - -coll.).

Maem 99° 158’ S., 91° 02) E.; 49 metres-(U.C.T.)-

Distribution. Fernando Noronha, Brazil (Watson). Zanzibar, Indian Seas,

East Indies, to China and Japan.

Xenophora pallidula (Rve.)

Xenophora pallidula Watson, 1886, p. 464, pl. 28, fig. 6. Sowerby, 1894, p. 38. Schepman, 1909

p- 203. Thiele, p. 250, fig. 259.

The Director of the Natal Museum has shown me some magnificent

specimens obtained off the Tugela River in 80 fathoms, which, he tells

me, Mr. Dance of the British Museum (Natural History) is proposing to

describe. |

This species seems to prefer to cover its shell with gastropod shells; see

Watson’s and Thiele’s figures.

One of 2 specimens presented to the South African Museum by Mrs. H.

Boswell of Pretoria carries 3 lamellibranchs, 4 gastropods, and several small

pieces of rock; the other specimen carries 3 turbinolid corals and pieces of rock,

only 2 fragments of mollusc shells; the last piece of rock attached at the outer

lip measures 45 X 25 X 15 mm. (diam. of shell 75 mm.).

One of the gastropods on the first shell is a 42 mm. long Turris flavidula

(Lam.) (see Part I, p. 128).

Distribution. Andaman Is. (Sowerby); Philippine Is. (Watson); Japan.

Xenophora (Haliphoebus) solaris (Linn.)

Onustus solaris, Chenu, 1859, figs. 2311-2313.

Xenophora solaris, Schepman, 1909, p. 205. Satyamurti, 1952, p. 98 (mentioned). Braga, 1952,

p. 89, pl. 5, fig. 7.

Without agglutinated foreign substances. Margin with digitiform processes.

Inhambane (Braga).

Distribution. India; East Indies.

Fam. Calyptraeidae ‘

Protandrous hermaphrodites, the younger individuals being males, the

older ones females. Often forming ‘chains’ of 3-6 individuals, one on top of

another, decreasing in size upwards.

70 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Crepidula porcellana Lam.

Figs. 9 a—c, 11 a

Crepidula hepatica Krauss, 1848, p. 69, pl. 4, figs. 12 a, 12 b (with var. complanata). Von Martens,

1903, p. 45. Schwarz, 1910, p. 115. Haughton, 1932, pp. 20, 29, 34. ‘Turton, 1932,

Pp. 155, 156, pl. 35, nos. 1106, 1111 (with lentiginosa, adspersa and vars.).

Crepidula porcellana, Adam & Leloup, 1936, pp. 350-358, pl. 1, figs. 1-11, pl. 2, figs. 1-5 [not fig.

7 = aculeata] (incl. adansonia, goreensis, hepatica, adspersa). Nickles, 1950, p. 74, figs. 100-102:

[not fig. 103 = aculeata].

Protoconch 14 whorls, coiled nearly vertically, the nucleus almost con-

cealed by the more or less symmetrical growth of the Patelliform shell, smooth.

Margin of septum more or less concave, no notch or concavity on left side.

Fic. 9. Crepidula porcellana Lam. a, basal view. ), c, lateral and dorsal views of protoconch.

C. aculeata (Gmelin). d, basal view. e, dorsal view of protoconch. C. rugulosa Dnkr.

aA basal view.

Surface with growth-lines only. Periostracum somewhat fibrous-fimbriate

around circumference. 31 x 22 mm. (40 mm. long, Nicklés).

Two specimens of equal length show the difference between the high

form and Krauss’s flat form (complanata): 25 x 12, alt. 13 mm., and 25 X 17,

alt. 4 mm. Var. with onyx-coloration: 36 x 23, alt. 16 mm. (50 mm. long,

Turton).

Chestnut or greyish brown, uniform or variously mottled, spotted or

streaked, internally brown, septum white; or pale with thin reddish-brown

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA ri

radiating lines, periostracum yellowish, interior whitish, with a fawn or orange

horseshoe-shaped band at junction of septum with shell (cf. onyx Sow.).

Radula with 35-40 rows, central plate squarish, rounded in front, 2-3

denticles on either side of median cusp, lateral plate with 2 denticles on inside

and 5-7 on outer side of main cusp, inner marginal plate rather stout, falcate,

both margins, especially outer margin, denticulate, outer marginal plate more

slender, less strongly falcate, outer margin with 3—4 feeble denticles.

Fossil: raised beaches at Bogenfels (South West Africa); Port Nolloth;

Saldanha Bay (Haughton); Port Elizabeth (Schwarz).

Wieeai oO 97° bE.) 60 metres; and 95°20 S., 21° .02'’ E., 102 metres

(von Martens).

The Pieter Faure bottom-samples contained several worn specimens from

various localities between False Bay and Cape Morgan.

Hondeklip Bay (west coast), 2 dead but fresh, striped variety (S. Afr.

Mus.).

Natal (Krauss, presumably living).

Living: Lambert’s Bay (west coast), around the Cape to East London

and Morgan’s Bay (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Great Fish Bay (Tiger Bay), Angola (von Martens); Port

Alexander (Odhner); Cape Verde Is. and west coast of Africa from Morocco

to ‘Cape of Good Hope’ (Nickles).

Remarks. Extremely variable both in shape and coloration. The shape

of the shell, however, although often oblique, is more or less symmetrically

patelliform (as contrasted with aculeata), the apex projecting nearly in the middle

line, with the nucleus of the protoconch nearly concealed.

~ Turton did not realize that the ribs in his var. corrugata were due merely

to the animal having grown upon a ribbed shell (e.g. Mytilus crenatus). An

example in the South African Museum (locality ?) attached to a Turbo natalensis

shows slight ribbing, not completely corresponding with the costae on the

Turbo; this specimen is also interesting because on the ridge of the back,

especially near the apex, it has radiating lines (cf. onyx), but on the rest of the

shell a spotted and mottled coloration closely harmonizing with that of the

Turbo.

Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin)

Figs. 9 d, e, 11 5

Crepidula aculeata, Krauss, 1848, p. 69. Turton, 1932, p. 155 (with vars.). Adam & Leloup,

1936, p. 358, pl. 2, figs. 6, 7. Nicklés, 1950, p. 75, fig. 103 (as form of porcellana).

Protoconch lying exposed on surface of the Haliotis-like shell. Margin of

septum arcuate, usually convex on either side of a small median indent, no

deep notch on left side, only a widely open indent. Numerous spiral rows of

hollow, squamiform projections. 26 x 19, alt. 7 mm. Turton gave 35 mm.,

and for var. echina 38 mm.

72 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Radula as in forcellana, but lateral plate proportionately wider, and both

marginal plates more slender, the outer very obscurely, if at all, denticulate.

Fossil: Pleistocene: Sedgefield near Knysna (Martin).

Table Bay to Natal (auct.). Several dead examples in Pieter Faure bottom-

samples from Algoa Bay to off East London.

Living: Port Nolloth (west coast), around Cape Peninsula to Cape

Agulhas (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Adam & Leloup were inclined, in the absence of abundant

material, to regard aculeata not as a distinct species, but as a form which might

develop in several species when growing on a spiny substratum. Consequently

(p. 360) they assigned a specimen (pl. 2, fig. 6), of typical aculeata shape but

quite smooth, to porcellana. 1 regard both the smooth and spiny examples (pl. 2,

figs. 6, 7), particularly the latter, as aculeata on account of the position of the

protoconch.

Crepidula rugulosa Dnkr.

Fig. 9 f

Crepidula rugulosa Krauss, 1848, p. 69.

Only one specimen sufficiently unworn to show the protoconch, which

resembles that of porcellana but lies well within the circumference of the shell.

Margin of septum sigmoid, with deep notch on left side. Surface more or less

rugulose. 96 X92, alt. 10 mm, 97 x 30) 2lta.45) mame

White, some specimens brownish internally.

Radula as in porcellana, but inner marginal plate broader, less falcate,

strongly serrate on outer margin.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Angras Juntas (south of Bogenfels), South West Africa

(Haughton, 1932, p. 22).

Table Bay (coll. Dunker, Krauss, 1848; also S. Afr. Mus.) ; Lambert’s Bay

(west coast) (U.C.T.); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Living: False Bay (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Quite possibly this species should be known as capensis (Quoy and

Gaimard, 1835, p. 424, pl. 72, figs. 13, 14), but I have not seen the original

description, only Krauss’s comments. Adam & Leloup (1936, p. 349) had no

material.

Calyptraea helicoidea (Sow.)

Fig. 10 h, 2

Trochita helicoidea, von Martens, 1903, p. 45.

Protoconch 14 whorls, very finely and indistinctly spirally striate. Postnatal

whorls 3-4. Oblique ribs starting at end of 1st postnatal whorl or beginning of

and; the number varies, e.g. (on shells with basal diameter 32-35 mm.) 36 to 50.

Junction of columella with septum moderately prominent, umbilicus open in

juvenile, but nearly closed in older shells, leaving a narrow slit about in middle

of columella,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 73

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Jeffreys Bay

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir); Umtata River mouth (S. Afr. Mus.).

St. Francis Bay, 80-100 metres, 1 living; and 35° 29’ S., 21° 02’ E., 102

metres, 1 dead (von Martens).

Off East London, 32 fathoms, 1 and 2 juvenile (diam. 5 and g mm.), dead

feet. Mus. P.F. coll).

Algoa Bay, 26 fathoms, 1 juv. dead (U.G.T.).

Remarks. Nickles (1950, p. 73, fig. 99) figures the very similar C. trochiformis

Gmelin (radians Lam.) which occurs on the coast of Angola northwards.

I suspect that Nerita dubia Turton (1932, p. 202, pl. 53, no. 1402), renamed

tomlim ‘Turton (1933, p. 371), may be the protoconch of this species, or of

chinensis, but my material is not quite sufficient to prove it.

Fic. 10. Calyptraea aurita Rve. a, basal view. b,c, two views of protoconch. C. chinensis (Linn.).

d, basal view. e, f, g, side views of extreme high, normal, and extreme low forms. C. helicoidea

(Sow.). A, basal view. 7, juvenile with protoconch. Cheilea microstriata n. sp. j, broken shell

with protoconch, fine radiating striae indicated only at beginning of Ist postnatal whorl,

and on part of broken basal margin.

Calyptraea chinensis (Linn.)

Figs. 10 d—g, 11 ¢

Calyptraea solida (non Rve.), von Martens, 1874, p. 127.

Calyptraea chinensis, Sowerby, 1892, p. 39. Schwarz, 1910, p. 115. Nicklés, 1950, p. 73, fig. 98.

Calyptraea sinensis, Bartsch, 1915, p. 136. Thiele, 1925, p. 99.

Calyptraea capensis Tomlin, 1931, p. 428, pl. 33, fig. 6.

Protoconch 14 whorls, nucleus not sunken, smooth. Postnatal whorls 3,

usually smooth, but often with small, hollow, squamiform prickles, variable in

number. Junction of columella and septum somewhat angularly prominent,

columella reflexed but leaving only a mere chink at the junction of columella

and septum. Max. diam. 25, alt. 7 mm. Extreme high examples: diam. 12,

alt. 10 mm. and diam 15, alt. 9g mm.; extreme low example: diam. 20, alt. 4:5

mm.

Radula with c. 30 rows, central plate squarish, 2-3 denticles on either side

of median cusp,-lateral plate about twice width of central plate, 1 denticle on

74 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

inside and c. 10 on outside of main cusp, marginal plates falcate, inner plate

denticulate (not strongly) on both margins, outer plate feebly denticulate on

outer margin.

Fossil: Pleistocene: Port Elizabeth (coll. Johnson, Schwarz).

False Bay (von Martens). 35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres)(iimele).

Table Bay, False Bay, Still Bay, Algoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

34° §., 25° 44’ E. (no depth recorded), 2 juv.; 33° 03’ 5.) 27) gaan s

fathoms, 2 juv.; Buffels Bay (False Bay), 22-35 fathoms, 3; off Cape Infanta,

47 fathoms, 4; off Cape St. Blaize, 37 fathoms, one; off Nieca River (East

London area), 43 fathoms, 3; all dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: Langebaan (Saldanha Bay), False Bay, Mossel Bay and Port

Elizabeth (U.C.T.). 34° 15’ S., 25° 05’ E., 6 fathoms; 34° 07’ S., 25 4G aie

fathoms; ef 03’ S., 28° 11’ E., 31 fathoms; 33° 47’ S., 26° 04' HE 2amiateuanes

(U:GoF)

PATA ES =

mA ee

Fic. 11. Radula teeth of: a, Crepidula porcellana Lam. 6, C. aculeata (Gmelin). c, Calyptraea

chinensis (Linn.). d, C. aurita Rve. e, Capulus intortus Lam.

Distribution. Europe, Mediterranean, west coast of Africa to Angola.

Remarks. Smooth and prickly examples may occur in the same locality,

e.g. those from Buffels Bay, and from Cape Infanta.

There seems no reason to bring solida into the fauna list; von niamers S

specimen was certainly only an unusually thick-shelled china

Tomlin described capensis from beach-worn examples, and consequently

all the characters which he adduced to separate the Cape shells from chinensis

are useless. The colour, as Turton pointed out, is not always purplish; in fact

a purple tint is due to some chemical action, and affects other beach-rolled

shells (e.g. Charonia pustulata, Conus ‘lavendulus’). The altitude is by no means

higher than in chinensis: Tomlin gave diam. 18, alt. 6 mm.; I have seen British

examples with same altitude, but only 1r mm. in diameter. The internal

process (septum) was said to reach the edge of the shell in capensis, but that is

clearly because the original margin of the shell had been worn away.

Powell’s figure (1951, p. 126, fig. E(1)) shows only the septum, not’ the

reflexed columella margin,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 75

Calyptraea aurita Rve.

Figs. 10 a—c, 11 d

Calyptraea striata (non Say) (fide Reeve), Broderip, 1834, p. 38.

Crucibulum aurita Reeve, 1859, sp. x1, pl. xi.

Protoconch 14 whorls, nucleus sunken, with radiating spiral lirae. Post-

natal whorls ?3. With several rows of hollow squamiform prickles. Junction

of columella and septum prominent but rounded, columella widely reflexed

but leaving a narrow umbilicus. Max. diam. 21, alt. 6-5 mm.; diam 21, alt.

9°5 mm.; diam. 21, alt. 8 mm.; diam. 19, alt. 9-5 mm.; diam. 17, alt. 7 mm.

Radula as in chinensis, with c. 36 rows, lateral plate relatively wider, about

3 times width of central plate, both marginal plates more slender.

Off Cape Recife, 56 fathoms, 1, and 1 protoconch, dead; off Cape St.

Blaize, 125 fathoms, 1, and 1 juv., dead; off Martha Point (Struis Bay), 42

fathoms, 2 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: 33° 47’ S., 26° 4’ E., 26 fathoms (Algoa Bay), and 34° 15’ S.,

25° 5’ E., 6 fathoms (St. Francis Bay), (U.C.T.).

Remarks. The Cape Recife shell was identified by Sowerby (3) as Crucibulum

(Poculina) auritum Rve., a species originally described from Valparaiso. The

identification would seem to be doubtful, but I am not able to check it; I give

a figure of the protoconch, which together with the reflected columella and the

umbilicus distinguish the species from the other two South African species.

Fam. Capulidae

The animal attaches itself to the substratum by secreting a calcareous

plate, which shows a horseshoe-shaped muscle-scar similar to that in the shell.

For this reason they were at one time regarded as ‘bivalves’.

Macnae & Kalk (1958, pp. 36, 88, 127, fig. 30 g) have recorded Thyca

ectoconcha Sarasin from Inhaca Island, Delagoa Bay, on the Echinoderm

Linckia multifora.

Adam (1934) considered that ectoconcha Sarasin 1887 and pellucida Kuken-

thal 1897 were both synonymous with crystallina Gould 1846.

Capulus intortus (Lam.)

Die mnie

Pileopsis intortus, Lamarck, 1822, p. 18.

Protoconch 12~2 whorls, smooth. Postnatal whorls smooth or more or less

rugulose, with growth-lines only. White, periostracum pale horny or drab.

Overall length 17 mm., maj. basal diam. to, alt. 8 mm.

Radula with 65 rows, central plate broad, 5-6 denticles on either side of

median cusp, lateral plate very wide, 4 denticles on inside and several on

outside of the strong main cusp, both marginal plates long, distally finely

denticulate,

76 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Off Tugela River, 36-46 fathoms, and off Cape Natal, 54 and 85 fathoms,

37 specimens, incl. juv., living and dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). 29° 53’ S.,

31° 06’ E., 71 metres, living (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Madagascar, Mauritius.

Remarks. The largest of the Tugela specimens, with a smaller one on its

back, was affixed to the back of the outer lip of a living Turris gilchristt.

Two Pieter Faure specimens, one from an uncertain locality, but probably

Algoa Bay, the other from off Hood Point (East London area), 49 fathoms, are

very finely striate as in Cheilea (infra), but have no trace of an internal process.

Even the juveniles of intortus are not striate. Until further material is available,

these two specimens are merely recorded (S. Afr. Mus. Nos. Ago17 and Agor8).

Fam. Amaltheidae

Thiele, 1929, p. 241.

As Cheilea Modeer 1793 is the oldest genus, the family name should be

Cheileidae, and the Stirps (Thiele, 1929, p. 238) Cheileacea.

Cheilea equestris (Linn.)

Calyptra equestris H. & A. Adams, 1854, p. 364, pl. 40, figs. 3, 3a.

Calyptraea equestris Chenu, 1859, figs. 2322, 2323.

Mitrularia equestria Schepman, 1909, p. 200. Smith, 1g10a, p. 201.

Cheilea equestris Satyamurti, 1952, p. 94, pl. 6, fig. 12.

Durban and Scottburgh (Smith); Umzikaba (north of Port St. Johns)

(seen by me, 1961).

Distribution. Mauritius, Madagascar, Indian Seas, East Indies.

Remarks. ‘The Umzikaba example and those from Nossi Bé (U.W.) corre-

sponding with the figures in H. & A. Adams, and Chenu, i.e. the margin is

evenly subcircular, and regularly crenulate.

Cheilea microstriata n.sp.

Fig; 104

The following specimens differ from equestris in having much finer radial

striae which maintain their fineness to the margin, but being so fine they make

no impression on the edge of the margin and are not visible from below. The

margin is irregularly undulate, due apparently to the substratum to which the

animal was attached, not to definite ribs such as those which characterize

costifera Schepman 1909.

Protoconch 23 (—2#) whorls, smooth. Postnatal whorls with extremely fine

radial striae from apex to margin. Growth-lines distinct in the 12 mm. shell,

becoming undulate and lamellose near the margin; surface of the 21 mm. shell

more rugged, growth-lines not lamellose, but margin irregularly undulate;

the 15 mm. shell has 4-5 lamellose growth-lines projecting from the surface

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA Td

like flounces on a lady’s dress. Maj. diam. 21, alt. 10 mm.; diam. > alt. 7mm.

diam. 12, alt. 5-5 mm.; diam. 7, alt. 5 mm. (broken).

Off Cape Natal (aehan) 85 fathoms; off Umhloti River, 40 fathoms (the

largest shell); off Durnford Point (Zululand) 90 fathoms (broken); off Cape

Vidal (Zululand) 80-100 fathoms; all dead (S. Afr. Mus. Agoo4—Agoo6,

and Ag342; P.F. coll.).

Remarks. There are no strongly marked ribs as in costifera: they are not

even as strongly marked as in Chenu’s figs. 2329 and 2331 of martiniana Rve.

If I may repeat Schepman’s words: ‘I am not proud of this species’; but it

can scarcely be regarded as a variety of equestris. It is much thinner-shelled

than the littoral Madagascan examples of the latter, though this character

may possibly be due to habitat in deeper water.

Amalthea barbata (Sow.)

Hipponyx barbata Sowerby, 1846, p. 369, pl. 73, figs. 26, 27. Smith, 1903a, p. 384.

Pileopsis pilosus Krauss, 1848, p. 68.

Tongaat, Umkomaas (coll. Burnup), Scottburgh (coll. K.H.B.); and a

very worn specimen from Pondoland (S. Afr. Mus.).

Amalthea acuta (Q. & G.)

Hipponyx acuta Quoy & Gaimard, 1835, p. 437, pl. 72, figs. 35, 36. Krauss, 1848, p. 68. Turton,

1932, p. 154, pl. 35, no. 1100.

Eipponyx australis Sowerby, 1897, p. 32. Adam & Leloup, 1938, p. 108, pl. 6, fig. 4.

Radula with 70 rows, similar to that of Capulus intortus (see fig. 11 e).

Durban (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Turton); Natal (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

Burnup). Delagoa Bay, on Strombus and other gastropods, also on a spine of

Prionocidaris baculosa (U.W.).

Odhner (1919, pp. 34, 42) recorded it from Tamatave, Madagascar, on

Turbo and Conus.

Remarks. 1 have seen also a specimen from the Pleistocene deposits at

De Hoop, Bredasdorp District, western Cape, collected by J. H. Power, formerly

Director of the Kimberley Museum. Overall length 8-5, maj. basal diam. 6:5,

alt. 4 mm.

Fam. Trichotropidae

Trichotropis capensis ‘Thiele

Trichotropis capensis, Thiele, 1925, p. 100, pl. 20(8), figs. 2, 2a.

Protoconch 14 whorls, with 5 spiral lirae. Postnatal whorls 34; 2 feeble

spiral lirae below suture, followed by 5 strong ones, the 3 lower ones being the

strongest; numerous oblique plicae, usually every 4th one larger, forming

nodules on the lirae. 4°7 < 3:5 mm.

BA 51. S.3 19 97 “E:, Go metres; and 95° 16’ S.,;22° 26’ E., 155 metres

(Thiele).

78 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Similar to townsend: Melvill and Standen 1901, from Gulf of Oman, in

having 5 main spiral lirae.

Trichotropis zuluensis n.sp.

Pigs.,12.d, 13 €

Protoconch 2 whorls, diam. 0-75, alt. 0-5 mm., smooth. Postnatal whorls 4,

profile angular at the periphery. Retractive axial ribs 12 on 1st whorl, 14 on

end, 16 on 3rd, 20 on 4th, forming small nodules where they cross the spiral

lirae; 1 strong spiral lira at periphery, above which 1 on 1st whorl, 2 on 2nd

and 3rd, 4 on 4th whorl; below periphery 1 lira, with a second just visible in

the suture, which is continued from top of apertue as a strong lira; 5 lirae on

concave base. Between the axial ribs numerous fine growth-lines, which

Fic. 12. Lippistes cornu (Gmelin). a, 5-lirate form. 5b, 8-lirate form, with periostracum.

c, 20-lirate form (multilineata Turton). d, Trichotropis zuluensis n. sp.

however do not produce a milled edge on the lirae as they do in, for example,

borealis. Columella slightly bent. 10-5 x 6 mm.

White, periostracum pale brown, fibrous, with filamentous processes at

the nodules on the peripheral and basal lirae. |

Radula with 35 rows, central plate trapezoidal, wider behind than in

front, 4 denticles on either side of median cusp, lateral plate with sinuous front

margin, 3-4 denticles on inside and several on outside of main cusp, both

marginal plates rather stout, entire; the bulge on front margin of the lateral

plate appears to clip under the flange on the preceding plate.

Off Durnford Point, go fathoms, 1 living; off Cape Vidal, 80-100 fathoms,

1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Distinguished from capensis by the angular whorls, smooth proto-

conch, and fewer spiral lirae.

T. pulcherrima Melv. & Stand. (1903b, p. 296, pl. 20, fig. 15), from the

Gulf of Oman, has the upper whorls 2-, the body-whorl 4-carinate, no specially

strong peripheral lira. :

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 79

Lippistes cornu (Gmelin)

Fig. 12 a—c

Separatista grayi Adams, A., 1850, p. 45.

Lippestes cornu, Turton, 1932, p. 196, pl. 50, no. 1361 (3 figs.).

The number of lirae increases with growth: diam. 1-5 mm.—3 lirae;

diam. 2 mm.—4 lirae; diam. 4 mm. upwards—5 lirae. Overall length 14-15

mm., maj. diam. aperture 9 mm.

Table Bay (S. Afr. Mus.); off East London, 32 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus.

PF. eoll.).

Although the normal number of well-marked peripheral lirae is 5 (not 6

as Turton stated), many specimens show indications, more or less distinct, of

1-4 additional lirae both on the lower and on the upper surfaces. Turton gave

a photo of a juv. 0-4 mm. showing distinctly 5 lirae, and apparently 4 addi-

tional smaller ones on the upper surface. These additional lirae are also shown

in the photo of the 8 mm. shell.

A living specimen had a brown periostracum, with ridges corresponding

with the 5 peripheral lirae and 3 additional ones on lower surface, but none

corresponding with 2 additional feeble lirae on upper surface; at each major

growth-line short bristles occur on the 8 ridges.

This specimen has 8-10 lirae; and there are other specimens with the

number of lirae varying from 14 up to 20. The lirae, especially those on the

upper and lower surfaces, are frequently minutely beaded (see Turton’s fig.

no. 1361). These multilirate shells may be referred to:

var. multilineata W. H. Turton

Lippistes cornu var. multilineata Turton, 1932, p. 196, pl. 50, no. 1362 (protoconch, 0-7 mm.).

Port Alfred (Turton). St. James, False Bay, littoral, 1 living (S. Afr. Mus.

coll. K.H.B. 1912); Still Bay, 5 dead (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Off Umkomaas River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 2 and 1 juv., dead; off Cape

Morgan, 77 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

The Cape Morgan specimen is fossilized, but shows more than the 5

peripheral lirae.

Distribution. Mekran coast, India (Melvill & Standen).

Remarks. The trilirate stage seems to resemble WNeritopsis tricostata D’Orb.

(Chenu, 1859, fig. 2309).

Fam. Fossaridae

Thiele, 1925, p. 93.

Fossarus ambiguus (Linn.)

Fossarus ambiguus Chenu, 1859, fig. 2133. Smith, 1910a, p. 199. Thiele, 1925, p. 93, pl. 16(4),

fig. 16 (radula). Thiele, 1929, p. 240, fig. 248. Nicklés, 1950, p. 72, fig. 95.

Tongaat (Natal) (Smith); Port Shepstone (Natal) (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

Burnup).

Distribution. Mediterranean, west coast of Africa to Angola; St. Helena.

80 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fossarus capensis Pilsbry

Fossarus capensis, Pilsbry, 1901, p. 190, pl. 5, fig. 13. Smith, 1910a, p. 199.

One or 2 strong peripheral spiral keels, also 1 from the top of aperture, and

1 on base; thus the outer lip shows, respectively, 3 or 4 notches. Between each

pair of keels fine spiral lirae. The strength of the keels varies.

Two of the South African Museum specimens from Scottburgh show 1

keel, and two show 2 peripheral keels; all three Delagoa Bay shells have only

1 peripheral keel. ;

Scottburgh (Natal) (Smith; also S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup); Delagoa

Bay (U.W.).

Originally obtained from ballast from South Africa (Pilsbry).

Recorded by Burnup as living in the byssus of Melina dentifera (Krauss)

(see: Tomlin, 1931, p. 448).

Megalomphalus mosselensis Brnrd.

Megalomphalus mosselensis Barnard, 1957, p. 180, text-figs. b, c, d (shell, embryo, radula).

Mossel Bay, 1 specimen (U.C.T.).

Fam. Vanikoroidae

Gen. VANIKoRO Q. & G.

Quoy & Gaimard, 1833, p. 236.

Smith, 1908, pp. 104-117, one text-fig. (list of Recent species, synonymy, no full descriptions).

Turton’s (1932) 2 species fenestrata and aenigmatica require re-examination ;

the former seems to be a Vanikoro, but the genus of the latter, as Turton said,

is doubtful.

Vanikoro cancellata (Lam.)

Narica cancellata, Chenu, 1859, fig. 2402.

Vanikoro cancellata Sowerby, 1903, p. 229. Smith, 1908, p. 105. Thiele, 1929, p. 241, fig. 249.

Oblique ribs on 1st whorl 12 (13), on and 14 (15), on next half-whorl 10,

after which they become flattened and obsolete. Spiral lirae between suture of

2nd whorl and top of outer lip ¢. 17-18.

Off Rame Head, south of Port St. Johns [not Natal as stated by Sowerby,

1903], 1 dead (Sowerby).

This Pieter Faure specimen (identified by Sowerby) is in the South African

Museum; it seems to differ very little from ligata (specimens identified as

deshayesiana by Tomlin).

Distribution. Mauritius, Persian Gulf, East Indies, Pacific.

Vanikoro ligata (Récluz)

Narica ligata & deshayesiana Récluz, 1844, p. 138.

Vanikoro ligata, Sowerby, 1900, p. 5. Smith, 1908, p. 106. °

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA SI

Oblique ribs 10 (11) on 1st whorl, 12 (13) on 2nd, 10 on next half-whorl,

after which they become evanescent. Spiral lirae c. 25 between suture of 2nd

whorl and top of aperture.

Pondoland (Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus.); Durban (Sowerby); Tongaat

(north of Durban) (S. Afr. Mus.).

ive: 29° 46'.S., 91° 17 E., 110-1390 metres (U:C.T.). Delagoa Bay

(U.W.).

Distribution. East Indies, Philippine Is.

Remarks. Sowerby (1900) had 1 specimen and the South African Museum

has 6 specimens from ‘Pondoland’ (= the Kowie = Port Alfred), collected by

Dr. H. Becker. Turton, at the same locality, obtained neither this species nor

gueriniana.

Vanikoro africana Bartsch

Fig. 13 a, b

Vanikoro africana, Bartsch, 1915, p. 140, pl. 36, fig. 11.

Protoconch 14-2 whorls, smooth, the nucleus up-standing. Postnatal

whorls 2. Oblique ribs on 1st whorl 22, of first half of 2nd whorl 18-19, there-

after evanescent. Diam. 3, alt. 3 mm.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton, 1932).

Off Cape Morgan, 77 fathoms, 1 dead but unworn (S. Afr. Mus. P.F.

coll.).

Fic. 13. Vanikoro africana Bartsch. a, radula teeth. ), shell, spiral striae not completely drawn in.

c, Trichotropis zuluensis n. sp. radula teeth.

Remarks. A high-spired species. Bartsch’s description does not mention

the number of oblique ribs, and the figure is not very clear; apparently there

are about 20 on the visible part of body whorl, corresponding approximately

with the present specimen. Apparently Bartsch’s two specimens were ribbed

up to the outer lip, as he does not mention the ribs becoming evanescent on

the last whorl; the diameter of the ribbed portion, 14 whorls, of the present

specimen is only 2 mm.

82 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Vanikoro natalensis Smith

Vanikoro natalensis, Smith, 1908, p. 113, text-fig.

The height of the last whorl appears in the figure to be nearly half the

vertical diameter of the aperture; it is thus a much higher shell, and less

Sigaretus-like than ligata. Récluz regarded it as a variety of acuta; Smith said

‘very similar to striata’. A more detailed description and better figure are

required.

Scottburgh and Durban (Smith).

Vanikoro sp.

Protoconch consisting of nucleus and one whorl, but junction with Ist

postnatal whorl not distinct except that the protoconch is smooth (? worn

smooth), diam. 0-75 mm. Postnatal whorls, 2, diam. (visible) of 1st 2 mm., of

end 8-5 mm.; both whorls with fine spiral lirae, on back of outer lip mostly

larger and smaller lirae alternating; no axial sculpture. Sutures not indented.

7 xX 8-5 mm. |

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. no. Ag243,

PF. ‘coll:),.

A very low (when lying with the aperture downwards), Sigaretus-like

specimen, to which no specific name is given until material of other species is

available for comparison.

Fam. Pyramidellidae

Fretter & Graham, 1949.

The Peter Faure obtained only a few specimens of this family. On the other

hand, the late Dr. Muir found Still Bay to be an extremely good locality (for

sieving shelly sand), perhaps not as rich as Port Alfred, but he was collecting

for only a comparatively short period before his death.

A thorough revision of the South African representatives of this family

is required, based on good fresh material. Some of the Pieter Faure and Muir

material is reserved for future study.

Fretter & Graham regard these mollusca as parasitic opisthobranchs.

Each species lives on a particular host, usually (as far as known) a tubicolous

polychaet or lamellibranch mollusc.

Pyramidella dolobratus (Linn.)

Obeliscus dolobratus Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 44, 86, 88.

Off Umhloti River (Natal), 27 fathoms, 4 dead; St. Francis Bay, 34

fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Delagoa Bay (U.W.), Inhambane (U.C.T.).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 83

Pyramidella sulcatus (A. Adams)

Pyramidella mitralis Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 44; 86, 88, fig. 21 h.

Kosi Bay (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.; also U.W.) ;

Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Commensal (? parasitic) with the enteropneust Ptychodera flava and the

echinoderm Echinodiscus (U.W.).

Pyramidella tarpera Bartsch

Pyramidella tarpeia, Bartsch, 1915, p. 74, pl. 14, fig. 6 (? pl. 15, fig. 6). Turton, 1932, p. 92

(says figures for this species and hera are misplaced in Bartsch).

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Pyramidella minor (Smith)

Eulimella minor, Smith, 1904, p. 36, pl. 3, fig. 3.

Pyramidella minor, Bartsch, 1915, p. 74

Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

Muir).

Pyramidella aganea Bartsch

Eulimella nivea, Smith, 1904, p. 36, pl. 3, fig. 2 (Eulimella nivea, nom. preocc.). ‘Thiele, 1925, p. 149

pl 25(19) fies. 22, 22 a.

Pyramidella aganea, Bartsch, 1915, p. 73, pl. 14, fig. 9.

Fossil Quaternary: Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); raised

beach, Little Brak River, Mossel Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton).

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Thiele).

Remarks. Perhaps only a white form of capensis; I am assuming that speci-

mens presented to the South African Museum by Turton are correctly named

aganea. P. alfredensis is probably another synonym.

Pyramidella (Syrnola) pyrrha Bartsch

Pyramidella pyrrha, Bartsch, 1915, p. 73, pl. 14, fig. 8.

Protoconch heterostrophic, diam. 0-5 mm. Protoconch plus g whorls:

7 = 2 mm.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton, 1932).

_ Off Cape Natal (Durban), 85 fathoms, 1 dead but fresh, showing the

orange band just above the suture (S. Afr. Mus. no. Ag143. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. The present specimen is too slender for zma Bartsch, unless perhaps

these two species are synonymous. Intermediate in shape between Thiele’s

(1925) two Sumatran species jours and veneris. Straightsided like minerva Thiele,

not slightly convex as in dianae Thiele 1925.

84 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Turbonilla trachealis Gould

Turbonilla trachealis Gould, 1861, p. 407. Bartsch, 1915, p. 82, pl. 17, fig. 1.

Cingulina acutilirata Sowerby, 1892, p. 27, pl. 1, fig. 32.

Cingulina circinnata (non A. Adams), Sowerby, 1892, p. 27.

Turbonilla trochlearis [sic] Gould, Sowerby, 1897, p. 14.

Simon’s Bay (False Bay) (Gould, Bartsch, 1915). Langebaan (Saldanha

Bay) 3([email protected] 2).

34° 5'S., 25° 55’ E., 67 fathoms, 1 broken; off Hood Point (East London),

49 fathoms, 1 apex; off Itongazi (Natal), 25 fathoms, 1 broken; off Tugela

River (Natal), 14 fathoms, 1 apex (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

West coast of Cape Peninsula (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Sowerby (1897) quoted ‘trochlearis’ Gould, Otza conchologica,

p- 151. Bartsch’s index does not include ‘trochlearis’, and his bibliography

does not include Gould’s Otia conchologica. Gould’s papers are not available to

me. Compare Aissoina annulata (p. 184).

Turbonilla pellucida (Sow.)

Cioniscus pellucida Sowerby, 1897, p. 13, pl. 6, fig. 10.

Turbonilla pellucida Turton, 1932, p. 98, pl. 21, no. 718, and var. affinis, p. 98, pl. 21, no. 719.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, 1915, Turton). Kalk

Bay (False Bay) and Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Lightfoot and Muir respect-

ively).

Turbonilla tincta Sow.

Turbonilla tincta, Sowerby, 1900, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 15.

Intervals striate (punctate in worn specimens) between the axial ribs.

Some of the latter, as strong growth-lines, continued across base, as is also the

spiral striation.

Port Alfred (Sowerby, Bartsch 1915, Turton, 1932; also cotypes in S. Afr.

Mus.). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir). Tongaat (Natal) (S. Afr. Mus.).

Turbonilla kraussi Clessin

Chemnitzia lactea (non Linn.), Krauss, 1848, p. 88, pl. 5, fig. 23. Schwarz. 1910, p. 115.

Turbonilla kraussi Clessin, 1890, p. 135, pl. 16, fig. 6. Turton, 1932, p. 93.

No spiral striae in the intervals, which end abruptly at bottom of whorl

and are not continued over perimeter on to base. No spiral striae on base.

Up to 15 mm. long. |

Fossil, Quaternary: Sedgefield near Knysna (coll. A. R. H. Martin);

Port Elizabeth (Schwarz).

Natal (Krauss; also S. Afr. Mus.). Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton). Still

Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir). Langebaan (Saldanha Bay) (U.C.T.); Table

Bay and False Bay (S. Afr. Mus.; also U.C.T.).

Off Knysna, 49 fathoms, and False Bay, 22 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F.

coll.). :

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 85

Remarks. Very common in Table Bay and False Bay. It seems rather

strange that Stimpson on his visit to the Cape in 1853 did not collect any

specimens of this species, but obtained specimens which were described by

Gould as a separate species, renamed and maintained by Bartsch (obeliscus

Gould 1861 = secura Bartsch 1915). Bartsch’s figure (pl. 17, fig. 7) is certainly

not kraussi.

A single specimen (S. Afr. Mus. Ag703) dead, but fresh and glossy, was

obtained at Sta. 189, 33° 50’ S., 17° 21’ E., 600 fathoms (F. H. Talbot, on

R.S. Africana IT, 1959). It agrees with kraussi, though the ribs are less strongly

developed. When more material is available it may prove to be distinct.

Turbonilla bathyraphe Sow.

Fig. 14d

Turbonilla bathyraphe Sowerby, 1901, p. 213, pl. 22, fig. 18.

Protoconch 13-2 whorls (worn), one whorl smooth, next whorl (? Ist

postnatal) with c. 14 indistinct (worn) axial pliculae, next whorl (? 2nd post-

natal) with c. 14-16 pliculae, increasing on later whorls to c. 24-30; crossed by

spiral lirae 2 on 3rd whorl, 3 on the following whorls, the middle one peri-

ect

cClrett

Ae ae

Fic. 14. a, Odostomia ornata Turton. 6, Turbonilla deprofundis n. sp. c, T. frolongata Turton.

d, T. bathyraphe Sow. e, body whorl of T. similans Smith. f, T. tugelae n. sp. g, T. adaba Bartsch.

86 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

pheral, the upper lira beginning weak but becoming equal to the other two

on later whorls, and nearer to the middle one than to the suture above; on 6th

whorl a 4th lira, always weak, between upper lira and suture; base with 2 spiral

lirae, the upper the stronger. 6-5 < 2 mm. (6 postnatal whorls) (Sowerby: 2

plus 7 whorls, 7 <X 2 mm.).

Port Alfred (Sowerby, Bartsch, 1915, Turton, 1932; also S. Afr. Mus.

cotype from Dr. Becker). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

34° 27’ S., 25° 42’ E., 256 fathoms, 1 (protoconch plus 5 whorls); 34° S.,

25° 44’ E., 33 fathoms, 9 (one with 6 postnatal whorls, others juv.); off Cape

Infanta, 46 fathoms, 1 broken (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. These specimens correspond with a cotype received from Dr.

Becker, but not with Sowerby’s description (‘. . . liris spiralibus 4... .’, but the

early whorls are not 4-lirate), and even less with his figure which shows only 2

lirae on the last whorl, only 3 on the others. His figure also shows the pitch of

the whorls as too steep. The identification of the Pieter Faure and Still Bay

examples would scarcely have been possible unless the South African Museum

has possessed a cotype.

Although doubtless carried down to the greater depth of 256 fathoms by

currents, this Peter Faure specimen is in better condition than some of those

from inside Algoa Bay at 33 fathoms.

Turbonilla tegulata Sow.

Turbonilla tegulata Sowerby, 1892, p. 25, pl. 2, fig. 38. Turton, 1932, p. 100, pl. 22, no. 730.

Turbonilla sophia Thiele, 1925, p. 164, pl. 29 (17), fig. 6.

Turbonilla olga Thiele, 1925, p. 165, pl. 29 (17), fig. 7.

Postnatal whorls 8. Axial riblets on 2nd whorl c. 16, increasing to ¢. 28-30

on last whorl. Spiral lirae on rst whorl 1-2, on 2nd and grd 2, on 4th 3, increas-

ing to 5-6 or 7, but often only 3 or 4 distinct on 7th and 8th whorls. 4:5 « 1°25

mm.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, 1915, Turton); Still Bay

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir); Simon’s Bay (False Bay) (Thiele).

Remarks. Among the large number of specimens collected by Muir, there

are a few with a reduced number of axial riblets on the later whorls, c. 20-22

on the last whorl, resulting in a wider mesh cancellation. Such variants seem

to have misled Turton into the manufacture of ‘species’ (cf. intersecta), but his

material needs re-examination.

Tomlin, who saw my provisional identifications of the Muir material,

agreed that Thiele’s two species were synonymous with tegulata.

Turbonilla cf. prolongata W. H. Turton

Fig. 14.¢

Turbonilla prolongata, ‘Turton, 1932, p. 100, pl. 22, no. 727.

Protoconch 2 whorls, worn, heterostrophic. Postnatal whorls 6. Profile of

whorls gently convex, not shouldered. Axial riblets on 1st whorl c. 16-18,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 87

increasing to c. 28-30 on last, slightly sigmoid and slightly retractive, tops

entering suture which is crenulate; spiral lirae 2 on 1st whorl, 3 on and, increas-

ing to 6 on last whorl, one marginal lira on base (possibly more, but riblets

predominating); cancellation square, intersections nodulose. 6 X 1:5 mm.

34° S., 25° 44’ E. (Algoa Bay), 33 fathoms, 2 (1 with 6, 1 with 3 whorls);

off Cove Rock (East London area), 22 fathoms, 1 with 4 whorls (S. Afr. Mus.

nos. Ag165 and Ag166, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Probably identical with Turton’s prolongata, which according to

the figure has 4 postnatal whorls at a length of 3 mm. (text says 6 whorls) ;

the present two smaller specimens have 4 postnatal whorls at a length of

3°3 mm.

Also very like Turton’s intersecta 1932, but seems to be larger: 6 postnatal

whorls at length of 6 mm., instead of 6 (Turton reckoned 7) at 4-2 mm.

Turbonilla bifasciata A. Adams

Turbonilla bifasciata Adams, A., 1851, p. 297. Turton, 1932, p. 97.

Turbonilla fusca Adams, A., 1855a, p. 181. Turton, 1932, p. 97.

Dr. Muir collected a large number of specimens, some of which are

uniformly pale amber-brown, others have 2 distinct narrow bands on a pale

sround-colour. Bleaches to pale buff, cream, or white.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Turton); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.

coll. Muir).

Turbonilla similans Smith

Fig. 14 €

Turbonilla lactea (non Linn.), non Krauss, Sowerby, 1892, p. 26.

Turbonilla similans, Smith, 1903a, p. 386, pl. 15, fig. 13.

Postnatal whorls. 9. Axial riblets 14 on 1st and 2nd whorls, increasing to

c. 18 on last whorl, strong, slightly sinuous and protractive, their tops crenulat-

ing the suture, ceasing abruptly below and not continued across base. 4°5 X I

mm. (8 whorls); 5-5 x 1 mm. g whorls (Smith).

Fossil: Pleistocene, Little Brak River (S. Afr. Mus.).

Port Elizabeth. (Sowerby); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

False Bay, 22 fathoms, (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll. identified by Tomlin).

Remarks. A single specimen from St. Francis Bay (34° 3’ S., 25° 10’ E.,

24-34 fathoms, S. Afr. Mus. no. Agt51, P.F. coll.) with 10 postnatal whorls

measures 6 X 1-5 mm. Differs only from the other examples in having the

axial riblets not so definitely slanting, and 22 on the toth whorl. Provisionally

I assign it to similans.

Turbonilla adaba Bartsch

Fig. 14 g

Turbonilla adaba, Bartsch, 1915, p. 75, pl. 15, fig. 5.

‘Two Pieter Faure specimens, 4 X 1-3 and 3°5 X I-2 mm., with 7 postnatal

whorls, are comparable with Bartsch’s species and are probably conspecific;

88 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

but the whorls are not so strongly shouldered as figured, and there is no definite

spiral lira. In Bartsch’s figure the (upper) lira is scarcely continuous but formed

by slight, not quite contiguous thickenings on the axial ribs. In the present

specimens both ribs and intervals become narrower as they pass over the peri-

meter on to base. No spiral striations visible on base. Suture crenulated by the

tops of the axial ribs, of which there are 28 on last whorl. Angle of spire 20°-25°.

Port Alfred (Bartsch). Off Cove Rock (East London), 22 fathoms, 2 (S. Afr.

Mus. no. Ag156, P.F. coll.).

Turbonilla carifa Bartsch

Turbonilla carifa, Bartsch, 1915, p. 84, pl. 20, fig. 4.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton, 1932). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Turbonilla helena Bartsch

Turbonilla helena, Bartsch, 1915, p. 77, pl. 14, fig. 1.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton, 1932). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Turbonilla cf. columna W. H. Turton

Turbonilla columna, Turton, 1932, p. 93, pl. 20, no. 680.

One worn specimen, 9 X 1:8 mm., with 10 whorls (apical ?3 or 4 whorls

missing) invites comparison with Turton’s columna. Turton said there were

‘about 20’ axial ribs on penultimate whorl, but his figure shows only 6 (or 7)

in face view, i.e. 14 or 16 at most around whole whorl. The present specimen

shows 12 ribs on the first remaining whorl, increasing to 16 on the last (the

ribs rather worn: 18 at most). Angle of spire c. 7° or 8°. Suture not crenulated.

No spiral sculpture visible.

Port Alfred (Turton). Off Cape Natal (Durban) 85 fathoms (S. Afr.

Mus. no. Ag152, -P.F. coll.).

Turbonilla tugelae n.sp.

Pig .A yf

Protoconch 2} whorls, prominent, heterostrophic. Postnatal whorls 13.

Profile of whorls gently convex. Angle of spire c. 12°. Axial ribs 12 on 1st whorl,

increasing to 14. 0n 11th (Type) and 16 on 13th, strong, sharply defined from

the equally wide intervals, distinctly protractive, tops reaching suture which is

slightly undulate (not crenulate), ceasing abruptly below at the suture, not

continued on base, no basal lira, and no spiral sculpture. 7°75 X 1°75 mm.

(Type), 9 X 2 mm. (13 whorls).

Off Tugela River (Natal), 14 fathoms, 1 (Type) and 1 apex, broken;

off Cape Natal (Durban), 85 fathoms, 3; 34° 3’ S., 25° 10’ E., 24-34 fathoms

(St. Francis Bay), 1 and 1 broken (S. Afr. Mus. nos. Ag153-5, P.F. coll.).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 89

Remarks. The St. Francis Bay specimens are indistinguishable from the

others, and are not more worn than those from off Cape Natal.

Although the largest (and complete) specimen is from Cape Natal, one of

those from off the Tugela River (Ag153), also with protoconch, is chosen as

Type because the ribs are not worn and are very distinct.

The axial sculpture is similar to that of e.g. 7. melitta Thiele (1925, p. 163,

pl. 28 (16), fig. 22) from the East Indies. 7. vallata Melvill (1912, p. 248,

pl. xi, fig. 7), from the Persian Gulf, has vertical, not protractive ribs.

Turbonilla deprofundis n.sp.

Fig. 14 5

Protoconch and 1 or 2 whorls missing. Remaining postnatal whorls 13.

Profile of whorls gently convex. Angle of spire c. 10°. Axial ribs 12 on first

remaining whorl, increasing to 18 on last, strong, about as wide as intervals,

distinctly protractive, tops not impinging on the straight suture, scarcely

reaching suture below, or extending on to base; no basal lira; no spiral sculp-

ture. 8-5 X 1-5 mm., diam. at broken apex 0-4. mm.

Off East London, 400-450 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. no. Ag157, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Although the apex is missing, the specimen is in excellent

condition.

Not unlike materna Melvill (1912, p. 247, pl. 12, fig. 13) from the Persian

Gulf, 55 fathoms, but with protractive ribs, and no spiral sculpture.

Turbonilla bathybius n.sp.

Protoconch 2 whorls, heterostrophic. Postnatal whorls 10. Profile gently

convex. Angle of spire at apex c. 10°, but broadening to c. 12°. Axial ribs 14

on Ist whorl, increasing to 19 (20) on last, about as wide as intervals, slightly

protractive on lower half of whorl, tops not impinging on the straight suture,

both ribs and intervals ceasing abruptly below; no basal lira; no spiral sculp-

ture. 8 X 2 mm., diam. protoconch 0:5, of 1st whorl 0-6 mm.

Off East London, 400-450 fathoms, 1 and I apex (protoconch plus 6

whorls) (S. Afr. Mus. Ag175, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. In good condition. Coming from the same bottom-sample, these

two shells were at first considered to be only broader examples of deprofundis;

but there are only 10 whorls at almost the same length as that of the latter

which has 13 whorls. The abrupt ending of the ribs and intervals has the effect

of a slight lira, and produces a very slight angularity at margin of base, whereas

in deprofundis the contour of the whorl and base is evenly rounded.

Turbonilla sp.

Protoconch 2% whorls, heterostrophic. Postnatal whorls 10 (Natal speci-

men), g (East London). Profile of whorls gently convex. Axial ribs 16 on Ist

go ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

whorl, increasing to 20 (Natal), 22 (East London) on last, about as wide as

intervals, straight, very slightly protractive on later whorls, reaching the slightly

undulate suture above, but the intervals ceasing abruptly just above the suture

below and not continued on to base; crossed by spiral lirae (visible mainly in

the intervals) 7-8 on early whorls, increasing to c. 12-15 on later whorls, not

always regular, some being finer than others; base with fine spiral striae. Peri-

meter of base slightly angular, making the outer lip somewhat square-angled.

9°5 X 2°5 mm. (Natal); 9°5 x 2:75 mm. (East London).

Fawn (Natal), 1 fawn, 1 cream (East London).

Off Umkomaas (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1; off Cove Rock (East London), 22

fathoms, 1 and 1 broken (S. Afr. Mus. Nos. Agi58 and Agi59, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. These shells combine the spiral striation of tzncta with the abruptly

ending axial grooves of kraussi. T. rietensis Turton 1932 is similar, but has only

14 ribs on last (7th) whorl, and a smooth base.

The specimens are very much alike except that both the East London

specimens (Ag159) are broader, and the unbroken one has 9 whorls with the

same length as the Natal one (Ag158) with 1o whorls.

It seems inadvisable to name these shells until more material is available.

Turbonilla tefunta Bartsch

Turbonilla tefunta Bartsch, 1915, p. 80, pl. 15, fig. 2.

? Turbonilla sculpturata Turton, 1932, p. 95, pl. 21, no. 695.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

None of Muir’s specimens measures more than 2 mm. long with 4 postnatal

whorls.

Both Bartsch’s and Turton’s species have a columellar fold.

Turbonilla (?) bifilosa n.sp.

Fig. 15 a

Protoconch and apical whorl(s) missing. Remaining postnatal whorls 5,

profile evenly convex. Axial ribs on 1st (remaining) whorl c. 17 (somewhat

worn), on 2nd 18, on 3rd 20, on 4th 22, and on last whorl 24, from suture to

suture, slightly protractive, each rib composed of 2 thread-like riblets, not

extending on to base; in the intervals spiral grooves 5 on 2nd (remaining)

whorl, 6 on 3rd, 7 on 4th and 5th whorls, grooves not quite so wide as the lirae,

the latter not crossing the axial ribs; base with 5 spiral grooves separating

broader flat lirae. Aperture oval, columella straight, umbilicus scarcely indi-

cated. 4 X 1°75 mm.

34° 5° S., 25° 55’ E., 67 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. Ag220, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Similar to T. maia Bartsch (1915, p. 80, pl. 14, fig. 3), which

however has the retractive ribs not only solid but crossing the base. On account

of the resemblance between the two species I place the present species pro-

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA QI

visionally in Turbonilla; perhaps Rissomna might be an alternative; the proto-

conch is required to decide the question.

Odostomia chitonicola Smith

Odostomia chitonicola Smith, 1899, p. 250, pl. 5, fig. 10. Turton, 1932, p.107. Robertson & Orr,

Eaor, p. 97, pl. 6.

Lives commensally, or as an ectoparasite, on the girdle of the large chiton

Dinoplax gigas. Recorded from Umkomaas (Natal) (Smith) and Port Edward

(Natal) (Robertson & Orr). Turton’s specimens were probably not collected

in situ on chitons, but sorted out from beach material.

Fic. 15. a, Turbonilla (?) bifilosan. sp., with portion of axial rib further enlarged. 6, Odostomia

tugelae n. sp. c, Cerithidium fragrans n. sp. d, Amphithalamus muiri n. sp.

Odostomia lavertinae Smith

Odostomia angasi (non Tryon) Sowerby 189g, p. 26.

Odostomia lavertinae Smith, 1901, p. 108, pl. 1, fig. 15. Thiele, 1925, p. 152, pl. 26 (14), figs. 5,

5a.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby). Port Alfred (Bartsch, 1915, Turton, 1932).

East London (Smith). Simon’s Bay (False Bay) (Thiele). Still Bay (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. Muir).

Odostomia aethra Bartsch

Odostomia aethra Bartsch, 1915, p. 89, pl. 18, fig. 7.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton, 1932).

Off Cove Rock (East London), 22 fathoms, several (S. Afr. Mus. no.

Ag160, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Said to be distinguished by the protoconch being more deeply

embedded in the 1st postnatal whorl, and by the narrow umbilicus. I doubt

whether these features will prove sufficiently constant to separate it from

lavertinae, Possibly Bartsch’s cifara and icafra will also fall into synonymy.

g2 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Odostomia crispa (Sow.)

Miralda crispa Sowerby, 1892, p. 37, pl. 2, fig. 55 (misnumbered 57 on plate).

Odostomia crispa Turton, 1932, p. 103, pl. 22, no. 746.

Postnatal whorls 6. First postnatal whorl and first half of 2nd bicingulate,

later part of 2nd whorl and the following whorls tricingulate: the 3 lirae

equally spaced across the whorl, i.e. the top one is near the suture. A plain

marginal lira on base. Thinner-shelled and narrower than agana. 4 X 1-5 mm.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby). Port Alfred (Turton). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.

coll. Muir).

Odostomia agana Bartsch

Odostomia agana Bartsch, 1915, p. 87, pl. 19, fig. 8.

Sculpture as in crispa, but the nodules on the upper (subsutural) lira are

less strongly developed, consequently there is a greater space between this lira

and the middle peripheral lira than between the latter and the lower lira;

also the sutures are not so sunken. Nodules at the intersections weaker than in

CHISfA. 2-2 > h-2 min.

Possibly only a form of crispa, but Still Bay examples can be separated

into two ‘species’.

O. scitula Turton 1932 is probably synonymous, but seems to have fewer

axial riblets.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton, 1932). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Odostomia gea Bartsch

Odostomia gea Bartsch, 1915, p. 90, pl. 19, fig. 1.

[?] Odostomia acrifa Bartsch, 1915, p. 91, pl. 16, fig. 3.

Odostomia agulhasensis Thiele, 1925, p. 153, pl. 26 (14), fig. ro.

Distinguished by the internal plicae on the outer lip (not always easy to

discern). Up to 5 X 2:25 mm., with 7 postnatal whorls.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

34° 51’ S., 19° 37’ E., 80 metres; 35° 16’ S., 22° 26° Blea eameemeen

33° 50'S., 25° 48’ E., no depth given (Thiele).

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, 1; off Umhloti River (Natal), 40

fathoms, 2; 34° 26’ S., 25° 42’ E., 124 fathoms, 3 (S. Afr. Mus. nos. Ag161-3,

PF) coll.)

Also Great Fish Bay, Angola (Thiele).

Odostomia turtoni Bartsch

Odostomia turtoni Bartsch, 1915, p. 86, pl. 19, fig. 3.

Pyrgulina algoensis Thiele, 1925, p. 155, pl. 26 (14), fig. 20.

Tomlin agreed with me on the synonymy.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton). Algoa Bay (Thiele). Also Great Fish Bay,

Angola (Thiele). |

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 93

Odostomia ornata W. H. Turton

Fig. 14a

Odostomia ornata Turton, 1932, p. 101, pl. 22, no. 736.

Odostomia formosa Turton, 1932, p. 101, pl. 22, no. 737.

Postnatal whorls 6. Axial riblets c. 14 on Ist, increasing to c. 26 on last

whorl. The lira at bottom of whorl is slightly undulate (viewed from apex)

where the riblets impinge upon it; this is repeated on the basal lira though

scarcely visible. Fine spiral striae on base in juvenile, but obscure or obsolete

in larger specimens.

The Still Bay material includes protoconchs plus 1 whorl up to proto-

conchs plus 3 whorls. 3:5 X 1:5 mm.

Distinguished from turtont by the retractive axial riblets.

Port Alfred (Turton: juv.). Still Bay, several (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Off Tugela River (Natal), 14 fathoms, 3 (S. Afr. Mus. no. Ag164, P.F.

coll.).

Odostomia jucunda W. H. Turton

Odostomia jucunda Turton, 1932, p. 102, pl. 22, no. 738.

Fossil, Quaternary: raised beach, Little Brak River, Mossel Bay (S. Afr.

Mus.) ; Sedgefield near Knysna (coll. Martin).

Port Alfred (Turton). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Odostomia tugelae n.sp.

Fig. 15 5

Protoconch 14 whorls, smooth. Postnatal whorls 4 (44), profile straight,

eibbous above and below. Axial riblets 14 on 1st whorl (3-4 crowded together

at beginning of whorl), increasing to 20 on last whorl, slightly nodulose at

the intersections with a lira at top and another at bottom of whorl, continued

across the one basal lira (from top of aperture) on to base. Intervals between

riblets below the lower series of nodules deeply pitted. Sutures deep. Columella

tooth (pleat) not strong. 2:25 x I mm.

Off Tugela River (Natal), 65-80 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. Ag225,

EP: coll.)

Remarks. Rather like crispa with deep sutures, but without the midwhorl

series of nodules.

Also rather like Pyrgulina masensis Thiele (1925, p. 156, pl. 26 (14), fig. 23),

but though the riblets are scarcely retractive they are definitely not protractive

as in Thiele’s species.

Odostomia ficara Bartsch

Odostomia ficara Bartsch, 1915, p. 88, pl. 16, fig. 1.

Odostomia crassicostata Turton, 1932, p. 103, pl. 23, no. 749.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

Q4 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Off Tugela River (Natal), 14 fathoms, 9 specimens, some broken (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Although Turton said both ficara and his crassicostata were ‘quite

distinct’, there is little doubt that the latter is a worn juvenile of the former.

Apart from the columella pleat, this species is distinguished from Ruéssoina

annulata (p. 184) by the 3 spiral lirae being unequally spaced (2 above, 1 below),

and by the finer and more numerous lirae on the base.

It was rather surprising to find among the 10 strongly cingulate shells in

this bottom-sample 9 O. ficara and only 1 R. annulata.

Odostomia robusta Sow.

Odostomia robusta Sowerby, 1901, p. 214, pl. 22, fig. 19.

? Odostomia arfica Bartsch, 1915, p. 86, pl. 18, fig. 7.

? Odostomia semiplicata Turton, 1932, p. 102, pl. 22, no. 742.

Port Alfred (Sowerby, Bartsch, Turton). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Fam. Stiliferidae

Macnae & Kalk (1958) record from Delagoa Bay Mucronalia sp. parasitic

on echinoderms (pp. 88, 127), and Stzlifer linckiae Sarasin (p. 111, fig. 30 and

Pp r27):

Sowerby (1897) described Apicalia biformis from Durban, and Thiele

(1925) A? chum from the Agulhas Bank.

Aprcalia leptostoma (Smith)

Eulima leptostoma Smith, 1g910a, p. 204, pl. 7, fig. 16.

Protoconch chipped (? styliform). Postnatal whorls 13; first wherl abruptly

wider than protoconch, following whorls widening evenly, sutures not indented.

No umbilicus. Columella straight, without pleat or denticle. Aperture oval,

outer lip not projecting beyond the profile of whole shell. No sculpture. 18 x 5

mm. White, glossy.

Isezela (Natal) (Smith).

Off Umhlanga River (Natal), 22-26 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. no. Ag168,

PFs GOI);

Remarks. Smith described this fine large species as a Eulima; it may be an

Apicalia. A. biformis Sow. had 10 whorls, the first 5 contracted, the following 5

suddenly widened. Length 12-13 mm. (according to Sowerby’s recollection).

Apicalia sowerbyi n.sp.

Pig. 16

Protoconch broken in both specimens (? styliform). Postnatal whorls 10;

first 3 whorls increasing moderately in width, following whorls more rapidly,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 95

Fic. 16. Left: Apicalia sowerbyin. sp. Right: A. leptostoma (Smith), with apices further enlarged.

but no abrupt increase. Profile of later whorls nearly straight, sutures not

indented. No umbilicus. Columella curved, without pleat or denticle. Aperture

broadly oval, outer lip somewhat expanded and projecting beyond profile of

whole shell. No sculpture. 7-5 x 3 mm.; smaller specimen with 6 whorls

4 Xx 2mm. White, glossy.

Off Hood Point (East London area), 49 fathoms, 2 (S. Afr. Mus. no.

Ag169, P.F. coll.). |

Remarks. In shape not very different from chuni Thiele, but the latter had 9

whorls with a length of only 3:3 mm.

Fam. Melanellidae (Eulimidae)

The South African representatives of this family need revising, when

sufficient material in good condition has been accumulated.

Melanella dilecta (Smith)

? Eulima nitida (non Lam.) Krauss, 1848, p. 87.

Eulima dilecta Smith, 1899, p. 250, pl. 5, fig. 9.

Slightly curved. Up to 8 x 2-75 mm.

Natal (Krauss, Smith). Port Alfred (Bartsch, 1915, Turton, 1932). False

Bay (S. Afr. Mus.). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir, identified Tomlin).

OAs, 25 44. i, 39 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. PF. coll.).

96 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Melanella algoensis (Smith)

Eulima algoensis Smith, 1901, p. 109, pl. 1, fig. 10.

Fossil: Quaternary: Sedgefield near Knysna (Martin).

Algoa Bay (Smith). Port Alfred (Bartsch, 1915, Turton, 1932). Still Bay

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir, identified Tomlin).

False Bay and 34° 51’ S., 19°55 E., 22 metres, (UG {ae

Both Odhner (1919, p. 35) and Dautzenberg (1929, p. 517) record the

species from Madagascar.

Melanella capensis (‘Thiele)

Eulima capensis Thiele, 1915 (in Clark), p. 165, fig. 1. Thiele, 1925, p. 142, pl. 24 (12), fig. 11.

? Melanella carifa Bartsch, 1915, p. 65, pl. 20, fig. 7.

? Eulima quantilla Turton, 1932, p. 87, pl. 19, no. 634.

Simon’s Bay (False Bay), associated with the crinoid Cominia occidentalis

Clark (Thiele, 1915). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Tomlin was undecided about the identity of carifa.

Melanella agulhasensis (‘Thiele)

Eulima agulhasensis Thiele, 1925, p. 142, pl. 24 (12), fig. 12.

BAP ht Oo. £0 -37 1... Sommetresa( Mhicle):

Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Melanella modesta (Thiele)

Eulima modesta Thiele, 1925, p. 142, pl. 24 (12), figs. 13, 13a.

35° 29’ 8.,21 2” E.; 102 metres (Whiele).

Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Melanella elata (Thiele)

Eulima elata Thiele, 1925, p. 143, pl. 24 (12), figs. 14, 14a.

35 29’ S., 20° 12’ E., 126 metres (Thiele).

Off East London, 400 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. no. Agr71, P.F. coll.).

Agrees with Thiele’s species, especially in the long, narrow, oval aperture.

7 whorls. 6 1:5 mm. Glistening white. Probably washed down to 400 fathoms

by currents.

Melanella cylindrica (Thiele)

Eulima cylindrica Thiele, 1925, p. 143, pl. 24 (12), figs. 15, 15a.

34° 51° S., 19° 37’ E., 80 metres; 35° 26’ S., 20° 56’ E., no depth given

(Thiele). Still Bay, very common (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Distinguished by the wide patulous aperture. Tomlin agreed with my

identification. :

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 97

Melanella jucunda (Thiele)

Eulima jucunda ‘Thiele, 1925, p. 143, pl: 24 (12), fig: 18.

Ba te 5., 22° 20 'E.5 155 metres (Thiele).

Off Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. no. Ag172, P.F. coll.).

Agrees with Thiele’s description and figure, but larger: 11 X 3 mm., with 9

whorls.

Melanella gratiosa (Thiele)

Eulima gratiosa Thiele, 1925, p. 143, pl. 24 (12), figs. 16, 17.

B57 16 5., 22° 26° E., 155 metres (Thiele).

a Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. no. Agr73; P.F.

coll.).

Strombiformis bivittatus (H. & A. Adams)

Eulima bilineata (non Alder), Adams & Reeve, 1848, p. 52, pl. xi, fig. 24.

Leiostraca bivattatus Adams, H. & A., 1853, p. 238. Adams in Sowerby, 1854, p. 804, pl. 170,

figs. 18, 19.

Eulima (Liostraca) bivittatus Melvill & Standen, 1901, p. 389.

Sowerby identified the Pieter Faure specimen but did not record it in print.

It is worn and corroded, but shows (better when wetted) two brown spiral

bands, the lower one coinciding with the suture. 13:5 X 3 mm.

Off Umhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. no. A4962, P.F.

colt).

Distribution. Sooloo Sea (Adams & Reeve); Persian Gulf and Gulf of

Oman, including a pure white albino (Melvill & Standen).

A fragmentary specimen consisting of the penultimate and body whorls,

5 mm. long, has a similar elongate narrow aperture; white with one faint

brown band immediately above the suture.

Bdge 25 50, E425 dathoms «(o. Afr, Mus. no. “Ao174, .P.F.

coll.).

Fam. Aclididae

Aclis africana (Bartsch)

Graphis africana Bartsch, 1915, p. 64, pl. 36, fig. 10.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton, 1932). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Fam. Scalidae

Melvill & Standen, 1g0ga, p. 340, pl. 7 (Persian Gulf species).

A family of many species; though it seems that conchologists have not

allowed nature very much scope for variation: ‘shell more conical’, ‘whorls

more globular’, an extra rib or two, are some of the characters which occur

98 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

repeatedly for the purpose of distinguishing ‘species’. ‘The South African fauna

list, based largely on beach material, most probably contains several synonyms,

misidentifications, and ‘collectors’ species’. Perhaps a biological approach will

eventually purge some of these.

Thiele (1925, p. 307) suggested that one shell [of martis], being distinctly

narrower than two others, ‘may have belonged to a male’.

As might have been expected, the Pzeter Faure bottom-samples have yielded

several specimens which do not seem to fit known species or at least modern

species of which there are good descriptions and figures. I am, however,

diffiident about introducing these ‘new’ species.

S. burnupi de Boury, listed by Turton (1932, p. 82), appears to be an

unpublished name.

Scala coronata (Lam.)

Fig. 17a

Scalaria coronata Lamarck, 1816, pl. 451, figs. 5 a, b; Liste p. 11. Turton, 1932, p. 80. with var.

africana.

Epitonium africanum Bartsch, 1915, p. 62, pl. 9, fig. 2.

Scalaria rietensis, albocostata Turton, 1932, p. 80, pl. 19, nos. 577, 578.

Epitonium coronatum Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 306 (listed).

Protoconch 1} whorls, smooth. Postnatal whorls 8. No spiral sculpture

except (in good specimens) extremely fine (and irregular) striae. With a basal

lira. Ribs continuous across sutures, not shouldered, sharp (when not worn),

not reflexed, often with

varicoid thickening, varying

in number from S fo16-

usually 13, next frequent

numbers 12 and 14. Um-

bilicus closed. 35 < 16 mm.

Turton: up to 45 mm.

White, upper whorls

sometimes suffused, with

white ribs (albocostata), a

brown band near upper

suture, and another near or

at the lower suture, with

a series of short oblique

streaks, often obscure or

Fic. 17. a, Scala coronata (Lam.) radula tooth. 6, S. obsolete. between the bands.

bonae-spei n. sp., with one of the jaws and two radula ,

teeth. c, S. bullata (Sow.) radula tooth. Operculum pale horny.

Radula teeth tricuspid.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby, 1892); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton). Tongaat

(Natal), Jeffreys Bay, and Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Living: Fish Hoek (False Bay) (Mrs. Connolly 1962); Durban Bay, and

29° 58’ S. 31° 02’ E., 49 metres (U.C.T.). ;

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 99

Remarks. A variable species. ‘The number of ribs varies from 8 to 16,

according to the available material as follows: 8 ribs—2 specimens, 9 ribs—a2,

Seibs 5, 11 ribs—8, 12 ribs—11, 19 ribs~20, 14 ribs—11, 15 ribs—9, 16

ribs—1. Duplication of ribs may occur, the interpolated rib having no connec-

tion with the ribs on the whorls above or below. Varicoid thickening, often

corresponding in width with 2 or even 3 ribs, may confuse the rib count.

Inter-whorl variation on the same shell may occur, e.g.: 1 specimen had 14

ribs on 2nd whorl, 15 on others; one had 14 on the early whorls, 15 on the 6th,

and 16 on the 7th; one had g ribs on first five whorls, then only 8 on the 6th

whorl; one had 15 ribs on seven whorls but only 9 on the last, the latter number

including 3 double ribs, and one rib very wide on back of the outer lip; one

with 14 ribs had on the back of the outer lip 2 very wide flat varicoid ribs with

a normal thin one between them.

Scala tenebrosa Sow.

Scala tenebrosa Sowerby, 1903, p. 220, pl. 4, fig. 6. Thiele, 1925, p. 139.

Epitonium tenebrosa Bartsch, 1915, p. 63.

Protoconch 14 whorls, smooth. Postnatal whorls 7. No spiral sculpture. No

basal lira. Ribs angularly shouldered near top of whorl, with a small acute

point, slightly reflexed, 14 on 1st whorl, increasing to 18 (the Type has 19 on

6th whorl, and 15 on the last, the latter including 3 varicoid and evidently

double ribs). Umbilicus nearly closed in the 7-whorled Type, but closed in a

4-whorled and a 6-whorled specimen, and in a larger broken specimen repre-

senting the 8th whorl. Type 15 (16) x 6 mm. Diam. of a larger (8th) whorl

8 mm. U.C.T.: 18 x 8 mm. |

Fawn-brown, ribs paler.

Cape St. Blaize, 37 fathoms, 1; 34° 7’S., 25° 43’ E., 55 wee 1 (Sowerby,

Pi. <oll.).

St. Francis Bay, 80 metres; Algoa Bay, depth not stated (Thiele).

False Bay, 32-35 fathoms, 1 whorl only, 1 apex (4 whorls), 1 fragment;

off Cape St. Blaize, 37 fathoms, 1 (6 whorls) topotype; 34° 5’ S., 25° 55’ E.,

67 fathoms, 1 apex (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

ues. 17 Ao E., 149 metres, 1 dead. (Africana HU, per U.G.T.).

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Thiele).

Type in South African Museum (A3599).

Remarks. The 18 mm. Africana specimen is normal as far as the penultimate

whorl, but on this whorl the number of ribs shows a slight increase to 21; on

the back of the last whorl the number increases to 25, plus 10 or 11 which are

closely packed in the last 3 mm. on back of outer lip.

The Africana specimen is also interesting for showing that this species

occurs on the west coast, thus linking up the south coast localities with Thiele’s

record from Angola.

Bartsch’s identification of Port Alfred specimens should be checked.

100 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Scala robillard: (Sow.)

Scalaria robillardi Sowerby, 1894, p. 42, pl. 4, fig. 5.

Scala robillardi Smith 1903a, p. 385. Thiele, 1925, p. 137.

Protoconch 14 whorls, smooth. Postnatal whorls 4. No spiral sculpture.

No basal lira. Ribs (16) 17-18. Umbilicus narrowly open. 5:5-6-0 X 3°75-4:0

mm. (3 whorls, apex missing) ; protoconch plus first 3 whorls 3 <x 2 mm. White.

Durban (Smith); Beira (S. Afr. Mus., identified by Tomlin).

Distribution. Mauritius; Tanga.

Scala trochoides de Boury

Scala trochoides de Boury, 1912, p. 102, pl. 7, fig. 7.

Protoconch missing. Postnatal whorls 6. No spiral sculpture. No basal lira.

Ribs 10, continuous across sutures, angularly shouldered near top, with a rather

sharp point, slightly reflexed. Whorls disconnected except by the ribs at the

sutures, thus leaving between each pair a gap or ‘window’ leading into the

open umbilicus. 11 X 6-5 mm (Zululand), 15 x 10 mm. (Natal). White,

operculum horny brown.

Off Durnford Point (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 1 dead; off Umvoti River

(Natal), 27 fathoms 1 living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. The Umvoti specimen was identified by Tomlin. The animal was

not preserved. I agree with Tomlin’s identification, though both specimens,

especially the smaller, are narrower than the measurements de Boury gave for

the Type: 8 x 6 mm. Otherwise both specimens agree with de Boury’s

description.

The species was recorded from Gorée, West Africa. The distribution is

remarkable, but seems to be paralleled by that of Massa desmoulioides Sow. (see

Part L1-p. 115)

Sowerby records (1892) replicata (Sow.) 1844 from Port Elizabeth. This is

very similar but, according to New Caledonian examples in the South African

Museum, is narrower, 15 X 8mm., and has only 7 ribs on each whorl (Sowerby

said 8).

Scala kraussi (Nyst)

Scalaria lactea Krauss, 1848, p. 94, pl. 5, fig. 27. De Boury, 1913b, p. 90. Turton, 1932, p. 82.

Scalaria kraussi Nyst, 1871, p. 117. Thiele, 1925, p. 138.

Scalaria clathratulum (non Mont) Sowerby, 1892, p. 24.

Epitonium shepstonensis Smith, 1g910a, p. 204, pl. 7, fig. 15.

Protoconch 3 whorls, smooth. Postnatal whorls 7-8. No spiral sculpture.

No basal lira. Ribs 20-25, occasionally 27. Umbilicus closed. 13:5 mm. (Thiele).

Natal (Krauss). False Bay to Port Alfred (auct. and S. Afr. Mus.). 35°

16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres (Thiele).

34° 5 5., 25° 43’ E., 52 fathoms, 5 dead; off Keiskamma Point, 33 fathoms,

2 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). |

me ee

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA IOI

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Thiele).

Remarks. Krauss remarked that the ribs of one whorl alternated with those

on the neighbouring whorl, instead of being continuous across the suture. This

feature is well shown in some specimens, but not in others, and is by no means

a specific character.

Dr. J.. Muir collected at Still Bay a series from the protoconch

upwards.

Turton claimed to have found the European clathratula Mont. (recorded

by Sowerby 1892 from Port Elizabeth) which has spiral striae between the

ribs; but I have not seen one such specimen among the dozens of kraussi

examined.

De Boury did not agree with Nyst about the necessity of altering the name

lactea. 1 have not seen Menke (1830), but if he used the combination ‘Scalaria

lactea’, Nyst’s name is justified.

Scala aculeata (Sow.)

Scalaria aculeata Sowerby, 1844a, p. 12; 1844b, p. 86 bis, pl. 32, figs. 35-37.

Postnatal whorls 6. No spiral sculpture. No basal lira. Ribs (8) 9 (10),

shouldered near top, with sharp point. Sutures deep, but no actual perforation

to umbilicus. Umbilicus closed. 11 X 4:5 to 12 X 5:5 mm.

Durban (Smith); Isipingo (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup).

Scala eborea Smith

Scala eborea Smith, 1906a, p. 50, pl. 8, fig. 1.

Ribs 10, no shoulder. No spiral sculpture. No basal lira. Umbilicus closed.

9 X 3°75 mm.

Port Shepstone and Durban (Smith); Isipingo (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup).

Is this perhaps semplex Sow. 1894 (figured in Sowerby, 1897, p. 12, pl. 6,

fig. 5)?

Scala illovoensis n.sp.

Fig. 18 b

Protoconch 3 whorls, smooth. Postnatal whorls 3. Ribs 11 on each whorl,

not continuous across sutures, but top of one rib contiguous with bottom of

corresponding rib on preceding whorl. Fine lirae in the intervals: 8 on Ist

whorl, 10 on 2nd, ¢c. 12 on 3rd. Sutures not perforate. No basal lira. Umbilicus

closed. 2°75 X 1:75 mm. White.

Off Illovo River (Natal), 27-30 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. no. Ago23,

EF. coll.).

Remarks. Appears to be different from any of the recorded South African

species. Resembles somewhat S. schéde: Thiele (1925, p. 306, pl. 23 (xi), fig. 24)

from Sumatra, but has rounded, unshouldered ribs.

102 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Scala blaisei n.sp.

Fig. 18 4

Protoconch 3 whorls, smooth. Postnatal whorls 3. Ribs ¢c. 48 on last whorl.

No spiral sculpture. No basal lira. Sutures moderately deep. Umbilicus closed.

3:5 X 2 mm. White.

Off Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. no. Ago25, P.F. coll.).

Fic. 18. a, Scala blaisei n. sp. b, S. illovoensis n. sp. c, S. crassilabrum (Sow.), peristome

and back view of body-whorl. d, Acrilla cophinodes (Melvill). e, f, A. natalis n. sp.,

4-whorled and 8-whorled shells, with sculpture on last whorl of latter further

enlarged. g, h, A. analogica n. sp., apical whorls, and 8th-10th whorls (Ago26 and

Ag228 respectively).

Remarks. Has a greater number of ribs than any other South African

species except macromphalus, which, however, is entirely different in shape.

S. algoensis Thiele 1925 has 30-32 ribs.

Scala macromphalus (Smith)

Epitonium macromphalus Smith, 1910a, p. 209, pl. 7, figs. 14,0044.

Tongaat (Smith) ; Isipingo (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup).

Scala gemmula (W. H. Turton)

Scalaria gemmula Turton, 1932, p. 84, pl. 19, no. 6or1.

Port Alfred (Turton). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir). Dr. Muir found

a dozen specimens.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 103

Scala crassilabrum (Sow.)

Bis. 18K

Scalaria crassilabrum Sowerby, 1844b, p. 105 bis, pl. 35, figs. 115, 116.

One broken specimen consisting of half the body-whorl, including the

peristome.

Six bi-angular ribs on the half-whorl, outer lip varicoid; crossed by very

numerous spiral lirae with the interstices between them deeply punctate; about

12 lirae in a space of 1 mm. on middle of back of outer lip varix. Inner peri-

stome nearly completely surrounded by thick varicoid growth. Suture crenulate.

Umbilicus closed. Diameter of body whorl 4-5 mm., aperture 2 x 1-6 mm.

Off Umhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. no. Ago2g. P.F. coll.).

One very worn specimen consisting of 6 whorls (apex worn away) ; a varix

on 4th whorl, and peristome thickened. Bi-angulate ribs on back of last whorl,

but number of ribs on preceding whorls not countable with certainty (? about

Hee Gx 3-25 mm.

Off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 80-100 fathoms. (S. Afr. Mus. no. Agogo.

PF. coll.). :

Distribution. Philippines.

Remarks. Sowerby’s description and figures are quite inadequate, but in

general—6 ribs on half-whorl, spirally minutely striate, suture crenulate—this

specimen agrees.

Melvill (1899, p. 92, pl. 1, fig. 10) described hidryma from Karachi as near

crassilabrum; but the ribs are not bi-angulate. He made no mention of punctae

between the striae.

In sumatrensis Thiele (1925, p. 307, pl. 23 (xi), fig. 26) the ribs are bi-

angulate, and Thiele mentioned the interstitial punctae; but the fine lirae are

far less numerous than in the present specimen.

Odhner’s figures of the Madagascan soror (1919, p. 35, pl. 3, figs. 31-33)

at first sight suggest some similarity with the present specimen. But soror has a

basal lira, and the ribs extend from suture to suture and are not bi-angulate.

It is not absolutely clear whether the microcancellate sculpture is on the shell

or only on the ‘calcareous’ epidermis.

S. texta Smith (1903b, p. 616, pl. 35, fig. 23) from the Maldives, is much

closer, especially as regards the crenulate, almost castellate, suture (upper

margin of whorl). Smith said texta was allied to bicarinata, but did not mention

crasstlabrum.

Scala bullaia (Sow.)

Fig. 17 ¢

Scalaria bullata Sowerby, 1844b, p. 94 bis, pl. 34, fig. 37.

Scala bullata, Smith, 1906a, p. 49. De Boury, 1912, p. 102, pl. 7, figs. 8, 9.

Scala papyracea De Boury, 1912, p. 99, pl. 7, figs. 5, 6.

Epitonium papyraceum Tomlin, 1923, p. 50 (listed).

104 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Sowerby’s young specimen was broader (as figured 19 X 16 mm.) than

de Boury’s measurements of papyracea (20 X 12 mm.) and bullata (as figured

48 X 29 mm., magn. 2). Adults are longer proportionately to breadth than

juveniles. The Hibberdene shell is 12 x 9 mm. No really tangible differences

for separating papyracea were given by de Boury.

The species is distinguished from other South African species by the fine,

filiform, and rather widely spaced ribs.

Radula teeth bicuspid, the subapical tooth bluntly lobed and larger than

the acute apical tooth.

Durban (Smith: bullata); Natal (de Boury: papyracea); in both cases

collected by Burnup. Living: Hibberdene (north of Port Shepstone), Natal

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. Mrs. GC. M. Connolly, 1961).

Distribution. Philippines (Sowerby), Red Sea (de Boury).

Scala multicostata (Sow. )

Scalaria multicostata Sowerby, 1844a, p. 28; 1844b, p. g6dis, pl. 34, fig. 96. De Boury, 1913b, p. 92.

Scala durbanensis Smith, 1906a, p. 49, pl. 7, fig. 17.

Epitonium durbanensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 63.

Scalaria durbanensis Turton, 1932, p. 81.

Durban (Smith); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

Distribution. Philippines (Sowerby).

Scala bonae-spet n.sp.

Fig. 17 b

Protoconch broken. Postnatal whorls 5, moderately convex, sutures

slightly indented, base marked off by a slight angularity. Spiral lirae numerous

and fine, somewhat stronger on lower part of whorls, no basal lira; base with

fine spiral lirae. No axial sculpture except a few slightly stronger growth-lines

at irregular intervals. Umbilicus narrow, concealed (except when viewed

obliquely from below) by the slightly reflexed columella. Aperture oval. 21 X 15

mm. and 15 x 12:5 mm. White.

Operculum thin, semi-transparent, 7 < 6 mm. and 6 x 4 mm.

Foot and head of animal cream-coloured. Proboscis strengthened with

circular bands of ‘conchyolin’ (resistant to KOH) (cf. Sars, 1878, pl. VII,

fig. 12a). Jaws with narrow thickened margin, minutely spinulose (cf. Sars,

1878). A pair of stylets (Sars, 1878, figs. 9 a, b, c, and Thiele, 1929, p. 220) was

not observed. Radula teeth with 2 (occasionally 3) tiny cusps behind the apical

hook; no difference between the teeth on inner and outer areas of the radula.

Off Cape Point: 33° 49’ S., 16° 30’ E., 1,500 fathoms, 2 living; 34° 42’ S.,

16° 54’ E., 1,725-1,780 fathoms, 1 living (S. Afr. Mus. Ag761 and Ag793,

F. H. Talbot coll. 1959).

The specimen from 1,725-1,780 fathoms is intermediate in size:

18°5 & 14°5 mm, |

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 105

Gen. AcriLLA H. Adams

A. acuminata (Sow., 1844a), gracilis H. Adams 1860, minor (Sow., 1874),

thalia Bartsch, 1915, and recreata de Boury, 1921, have been recorded from

Natal and Port Alfred. De Boury (1921) incidentally recorded minor from

Port Shepstone.

Melvill (1903, p. 350) records the first three (from Karachi) as separate

species, though no locality is given for minor.

Smith (1906a, p. 50) put minor as a synonym of gracilis. He recorded (1904,

p. 24) Port Alfred shells as gracilis, but Turton (1932, p. 84) preferred to assign

them to thalia. |

Tomlin (1923, p. 50) considered thalia synonymous with acuminata.

De Boury (1921, p. 235) said recreata could not be confused with juvenile

acuminata, and was nearest to minor.

Both Bartsch’s and de Boury’s figures of thalia and recreata respectively are

not consistent with their text.

Perhaps beach-worn material is responsible for these various opinions!

A. thalia seems obviously synonymous with acuminata; and gracilis may be

a slim form of the same species. Melvill (1903) mentioned the same feature

distinguishing his Karachi shells from typical gracilis as H. Adams (1860)

eave for distinguishing gracilis from acuminata!

There seems to be some discrepancy or variability in size: Bartsch gave

the measurements of two shells, both with 9 postnatal whorls, as 33 x 9g

and 17 X 4.3 mm. The South African Museum has a shell, also from Port

Alfred, with 10 postnatal whorls measuring 23 x 6 mm.

Acrilla cf. cophinodes (Melvill)

Fig. 18 d

Scala ? Acrilla cophinodes Melvill, 1904a, p. 53, pl. 5, fig. 17.

Apex missing. Postnatal whorls 4 present. Ribs c. 40 on the uppermost

whorl, increasing to c. 50 on the last, not shouldered. Spiral striae present but

feeble and obscure. No basal lira. Umbilicus closed. 7°5 x 3 mm.

B20 99:25) 42) E (oft Cape Recife), 124 fathoms, 1'(S. Afr. Mus,

Wow OO27, P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Persian Gulf, 156 fathoms.

Remarks. Appears to agree with Melvill’s species, but the spiral striation

is difficult to see.

Acrilla natalis n.sp.

Pig. 1825 f

Protoconch 34 whorls, smooth. Postnatal whorls 8 (as preserved). Micro-

cancellate, better shown on the later than on the earlier whorls. Early whorls

106 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

slightly turreted. Sutures deep. Ribs c. 36 (on 3rd whorl) increasing to ¢. 55

on last; gently curved, slightly retractive above and protractive below, crossing

the sutures; spiral lirae 12 (on 3rd whorl), increasing to 15-16 on last whorl;

to naked eye or under low magnification the axials and spirals appear to be of

equal strength, but actually the axials are predominant, and where they cross

the lirae are raised into tiny lobes. No varices. No basal lira. Umbilicus closed.

13°5 (peristome broken) x 4.5 mm. (8 postnatal whorls); 3.25 < I°5 mm.

(4 postnatal whorls). White.

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, 1 and 1 apex (S. Afr. Mus. no.

Ago28, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. At first sight the smaller specimen appeared to have some resem-

blance to Scala (Constantia) standeni Melvill (1899, p. 92, pl. 1, fig. 11) from

Karachi, with 42 ribs and 18 spirals. But this somewhat deceptive resemblance

was at once counteracted by examination of the larger specimen. Compare also

S. aspicienda Melvill (1912, p. 242, pl. 12, fig. 3) from the Arabian Sea.

The ribs can scarcely be described as ‘fimbriolate’ (cf. intertexta Melvill &

Standen, 1903b, p. 306), but they do appear slightly beaded (Melvill, 1904b,

p. 62). The present specimens, however, are quite distinct from intertexta.

They may also be compared with S. thielec de Boury (1913a, p. 180, pl. 8,

fig. 8) from Japan and the Philippines.

Acrilla analogica n.sp.

Pie Geet

Protoconch 14 whorls, globose, alt. 0-75, diam. 0-6 mm., smooth. Post-

natal whorls (as preserved) 9. Weak axial ribs c. 22-24 (somewhat corroded in

places, making an exact count difficult), straight, retractive. A varix on each

whorl, Fine spiral lirae c. 24, separated by punctate striae, 2 of the lirae about

in middle of the whorl very slightly larger than the others. A thin basal marginal

lira, distinctive above suture on each whorl. Base obscurely spirally striate.

Protoconch plus g whorls 11-5 X 3°5 mm.; 3 whorls (8th-1oth) 9-10 mm.

long, width of top whorl 2-5 mm., of lower whorl 3:5 mm.

36° 40'S., 21° 26’ E., 200 fathoms, 1 (protoconch plus 9 whorls) ; off Cove

Rock (East London), 18-130 fathoms, 1 broken (8th—-1oth whorls); 34° 27’ S.,

25° 42° E., 256 fathoms, 1 broken (3rd—5th whorls) (S. Afr. Mus. Ago26 (Type),

Ag228, Ag229 respectively, P.F. coll.).

There is a curious resemblance to the European Oligocene + undatella v.

Koenen, figured by de Boury (1913, p. 185, pl. 8, fig. 10). The slope of the

axial ribs (numbering 23) is little different, and de Boury said there was no

trace of punctuations.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 107

Fam. Janthinidae

Gen. JANTHINA Bolten

Laursen, 1953, pp. 1-40, pl. 1 and 41 text-figs (anatomy, reproduction, taxonomy).

According to Laursen (1953) some 60 names have been given to shells of

this genus. Sowerby (1882) reduced the number of what seemed to him valid

species to 11; Tryon (1887) to 7. Laursen recognized only 5.

Laursen’s key to the species may be repeated here.

Shell trochoid. Viviparous a bs ays at .. janthina

Shell globose. Oviparous .. me Ny ois ri Be: 2

Shell furrowed (ribbed) .. ne ish as ve .. exigua

Shell smooth or striated .. Pe sis bie ay oe 3

a. Shell with well-developed keel .. Me aw fl .. umbilicata

3 Shell with poorly developed keel +; bie oc le A

si Keel visible only on last whorl .. fe an ae .. prolongata

4 Keel visible on all whorls . os a Le we .. pallida

Janthina janthina (Linn.)

Janthina janthina Laursen, 1953, p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 1 and text-figs. 5-8, 10, 11, 14, 15-18, and charts.

The synonyms include fragilis Lam., communis Lam., planispirata Ad. &

Rve., britannica Forbes & Hanley, balteata Rve., trochoidea Rve. All these have

appeared in the South African fauna list but should be deleted.

The shape of the shell varies from the typical form to a high trochoid

shape (trochoidea) or to a form with low flattened apex (planispirata) (see Laursen,

fig. 15). Laursen suggested that the variation in shape of the shell might be due,

at least partly, to varying conditions of space in the oviduct while in the

Veliger stage; whereas in the oviparous species the embryos in the egg-capsules

have more or less the same space for development; and in these oviparous

species there is little variation in the shape of the shell.

Viviparous; no egg-capsules attached to the float.

Distribution circumtropical, within a belt with surface temperature not

less than 10° C., preferably 15° C.

Janthina exigua Lam.

Janthina exigua Lamarck, 1816, pl. 456, figs. 2 a, b and Liste p. 12. Laursen, 1953, p. 22, figs, 1,

3, 12, 13, 22-24, and chart.

Normally the ribs are well separated by spaces greater than their own

thickness, but sometimes they are closely aggregated on the last whorl; they

are, however, stronger than the growth-lines in umbilicata, and the latter

species moreover has smooth early whorls.

Occurs in two belts with surface temperature 15°-25° C. north and south

of the equator.

108 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fanthina umbilicata D’Orb

Janthina umbilicata D’Orbigny, 1840, p. 414. Sowerby, 1892, p. 28. Turton, 1932, p. 86.

Laursen, 1953, p. 26. figs. 9, 26-28, and chart.

Algoa Bay (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Turton); 33° 03’ S., 27° 54° E. (off

East London) (Laursen).

Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Dr. Muir found only 4 specimens among very many exzgua.

Janthina prolongata Blainv.

JFanthina prolongata, Laursen, 1953, p. 28, pl. 1, fig. 2, text-figs. 30-35, and chart.

Janthina globosa Swainson, 1822, pl. 85.

Janthina nitens Menke, Smith, 1903a, p. 385.

Fanthina iricolor Reeve, 1858, figs. 16 a, b.

Spire rather depressed, body-whorl globose, columella long, often forming

with the lower part of outer lip an open canal.

36°.S., 20° 27 EH. (Laursen):

Kalk Bay, False Bay (Smith; also S. Afr. Mus.). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.

coll. Muir).

Ovigerous specimens: False Bay, December (U.C.T.).

Janthina pallida (Harvey MS.) Thompson

Fanthina pallida Laursen, 1953, p. 31, figs. 2, 4, 36-39, and chart. ? Turton, 1932, p. 85.

According to Laursen known only from north of the equator, at surface

temperatures above 15° C.

Turton’s description of the lower part of aperture being ‘rounded and

patulate’ certainly fits this species; but umbzlicata is somewhat similar in this

respect. Turton’s shells should be re-examined.

Distinguished from umbilicata (and all other species) by the peripheral keel

being visible on all whorls.

The radula teeth are more robust and hamate than in the other species.

Recluzia jehennei Petit

Recluzia montrouziert Souv., Sowerby, 1892, p. 28. i

Recluzia jehennet Smith, 1910a, p. 202.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Tongaat, Natal (Smith).

A fine specimen, 20 X 15 mm., was found on the shore at Gordon’s

Bay (False Bay) by Dr. H. Ackert, 1960.

Distribution. Red Sea, Mazatlan, New Caledonia, Australia.

Fam. Triforidae

Thiele (1925, p. 126) mentioned the ten species (of Trifora s.s. and Viriola)

up to that time recorded from South Africa (omitting Bartsch 1915 and Sowerby

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 109

1921), stating that the Valdivia had not obtained any of these, but on the con-

trary, had taken ten other species, all of them new. Thiele (1925), however,

unaccountably ignored Bartsch’s (1915) 12 new species.* Sowerby (1921) had

also added one species; and ‘Tomlin added another in 1926. Turton (1932) in

his turn ignored Thiele, and added 12 new species.

Surely among these 46 ‘species’ there must be some synonyms! Although

Bartsch did not say so, his africana is the species formerly recorded as the Euro-

pean perversa. In the sequel I have suggested sinking one of Bartsch’s species,

3 of Thiele’s, and 4 or 5 of Turton’s. But comment on Turton’s beach-worn

‘species’ is impossible without re-examination of his material. With great

diffidence, therefore, I propose 6 new species.

None of the species can be fully accepted unless the description is based on

good material; and a description of the protoconch is essential. Bartsch has

well described the protoconch of africana; and the general characteristics of the

protoconchs of some half dozen other species are known.

The junction of the protoconch and first postnatal whorl is not always

sharply defined, and often it is difficult to decide exactly how many whorls

should be reckoned as protoconchal. Sometimes, however, there is a difference

in colour.

Trifora africana Bartsch

Fig. 19 b

Trifora perversa (non Linn.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 36.

Trifora ajricana Bartsch, 1915, p. 103, pl. 5, fig. 11. Tomlin, 1931, p. 424.

Trifora plebeja Thiele, 1925, p. 129, pl. 22 (10), fig. a1.

Protoconch conical, 44 (5) whorls, alt. 0.5, diam. 0.3 mm., first or first and

a half smooth, the other whorls with 2 fine peripheral lirae, crossed by numerous

fine axial pliculae (c. 25-30 on each whorl), on last whorl the lirae become one

median keel which gradually sinks lower and becomes the lower of the series

of nodules on Ist postnatal whorl. Postnatal whorls 10; first 4 or 5 with 2 spiral

series of nodules, on 5th or 6th a median lira appears which becomes nodulous

and equal in strength (or nearly so) to the other series; axial ribs connecting the

nodules, 16 on Ist, increasing to 22—24 on last whorl]; base with 3 lirae below the

peripheral lira, which is slightly nodulous, and is more or less visible above the

suture between each whorl. 6-6-5 < 1-°5-1.75 mm.

Dark chestnut-brown (when fresh), the upper series of nodules on each

whorl paler than the others, and contrasting with the dark sutural groove.

Fossil: Pleistocene: Sedgefield near Knysna (Martin).+

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton, 1932); Jeffreys

Bay, Still Bay, False Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

* Between the completion of his MS. in 1918 and its publication in 1925, Thiele saw Bartsch’s

paper, as shown by the footnotes he added on pp. 50, 55.

+ Schwarz (1910, p. 114) recorded ‘Triforis punctata Sow.’ from Pleistocene beds at Port

Elizabeth.

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA EET

Bie -o-, 24> 59 1:, co metres; 39° 50° 9., 25° 40° E., no depth; 35° 26'S.,

20° 56’ E., no depth given (Thiele).

34° S., 25° 44’ E., 33 fathoms, several; off Cape Recife, 256 fathoms, 1;

off Illovo River (Natal), 27-30 fathoms, 2; off Umhloti River, 40 fathoms, 3;

off Tongaat, 36 fathoms, 1; off Tugela River, 14 fathoms, several; off Cape

Vidal, 80-100 fathoms, 1; all dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: Still Bay (U.C.T.).

Remarks. The Natal-Zululand examples agree with those from Cape locali-

ties as regards the protoconch and the sculpture of the postnatal whorls.

In the Natal-Zululand examples the development of the median lira may

be delayed until the 7th or 8th whorl, and only on the toth whorl do the

nodules approximate in strength to those of the other two series. But in one of

the Illovo shells the lira appears on the 4th whorl, and on the 7th whorl the

median nodules are almost as conspicuous as the others. On the Cape Vidal

shell the lira also appears on the 4th whorl, but the nodules are not quite so

large as the others, even on the roth whorl.

The conical protoconch, together with that of the next species, is dis-

tinctive among South African species so far as is known.

Trifora morgani n.sp.

Fig. 19 a

Protoconch 5 whorls, 1st smooth, 2nd and grd with 1 peripheral lira, 4th

and 5th with 2 peripheral lirae, crossed by numerous fine axial pliculae. Post-

natal whorls 13, tapering evenly, profile straight; 1st whorl with 2 spiral lirae,

with a 3rd developing at end of whorl, 3rd and following whorls each with 3

lirae; axial ribs c. 18 on Ist whorl, increasing to 28-30 (but difficult to count)

on last, forming blunt nodules at the intersections. Peripheral basal lira weak,

not showing in the sutures; base concave, broken (? without lirae) 8 x 2 mm.

Sandy Point, north of Cape Morgan, 51 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus.

ne:-A9079, .P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Allied to africana by the character of the protoconch, differing

in the straight-sided cuneiform shape as compared with the slightly fusiform

shape and very gently convex profile of africana. The 2nd (and end of the Ist)

postnatal whorl is trilirate, whereas 3 lirae develop only after the 4th or 5th

whorl in africana.

Unfortunately the aperture is broken; the axial pliculae on the protoconch

are definitely present, but cannot be counted with certainty.

Fic. 19. Protoconchs of: a, Trifora morgani n. sp., with 1st postnatal whorl. b, T. africana

Bartsch, with 1st postnatal whorl. c, T. natalensis n. sp., with ist postnatal whorl. d, T.

scala n. sp., with 2 postnatal whorls, and apex of another specimen. e, T. milda Bartsch,

with Ist postnatal whorl. f, T. dagaman. sp., with 1st postnatal whorl. g, T. cerea Smith,

with ist postnatal whorl. h, T. algoensis Thiele. 7, T. madria Bartsch, with 1st postnatal

whorl. 7, I. capensis Bartsch, with 1st postnatal whorl. k, T. shepstonensis Smith, with 1st

postnatal whorl.

112 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Trifora natalensis n.sp.

Fig. 19 ¢

Protoconch 3 (34) whorls, 1st smooth, but with indications of median keel

and axial pliculae towards end of whorl, and and 3rd with median keel and

c. 20 axial pliculae, keel sinking towards end of 3rd whorl to form the lower

series of nodules on the Ist postnatal whorl. Postnatal whorls 9; Ist with 2 series

of c. 16 nodules, the nodules increasing in number to c. 22 on last whorl; a

median lira beginning on 2nd whorl, becoming stronger and nodulose, nodules

almost as strong as the others on 8th and oth whorls; base with slightly nodulose

peripheral lira and 2 lirae below it, peripheral lira visible above the suture

between all whorls. Canal open, outer lip not patulous. 7 * 1:75 mm. Buff,

protoconch darker.

Off Umhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 (protoconch + 9 whorls);

off Umkomaas River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 (protoconch + 7 whorls) (S. Afr.

Mus. nos. Ago71, Ago72, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. This does not appear to be the same as any of Thiele’s (1925) ©

species. It has some resemblance to smith: Bartsch (1915), but the latter, judging

from a worn specimen in the South African Museum (coll. Turton) from Port

Alfred, seems to have had a different protoconch; also the middle nodules are

equal to the others at a much earlier stage.

The larger Umhloti specimen is not fully mature, as shown by the lip and

canal. In the smaller (4 mm.) Umkomaas specimen the 2nd whorl of the

protoconch is slightly bulbcus.

Trifora dagama n.sp.

Fig, 19 7

Protoconch 3 whorls, 1st smooth at the start, later with median keel and

axial pliculae, 2nd with median keel and ¢. 20 axial pliculae, on 3rd the keel

becomes sharper and towards end of whorl] sinks lower to form the lower series

of nodules, the upper ends of the pliculae become nodulous, and a 3rd (median)

series of nodules is interpolated at the (presumed) junction of protoconch and

Ist postnatal whorl. Postnatal whorls 8, each with 3 series of equal-sized nodules,

connected by axial ribs. Base with slightly nodulose peripheral lira and 2 lirae

below it; peripheral lira barely visible in the sutures. Canal closed except at

tip, outer lip patulous. 6 x 1:5-1-75 mm. Buff, protoconch slightly paler.

Off Umkomaas River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 2 (S. Afr. Mus. no. Ago73,

PF. coll));

Remarks. Very like the preceding species (natalensis) but the 1st postnatal

whorl already with 3 series of well-developed nodules.

Trifora cerea Smith

Fig. 19 g

Lrifora cerea Smith, 1g06a, p. 43, pl. 7, figs. 11,11 a. Bartsch, 1915, p.107. Turton, 1932,7p) nny.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA I13

Protoconch 2 (24) whorls, 1st smooth at start, later with 2 spiral lirae, and

with 2 stronger lirae crossed by c. 20 axial pliculae; passing gradually into the

ist postnatal whorl which has 8 spiral lirae, with c. 20 nodules. At the 5th or

6th whorl the nodulose peripheral basal lira becomes almost as strong as the

other 3, consequently the later whorls show 4 rows of nodules. 10°5 X 2°25 mm.

Port Shepstone, Natal (Smith); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton). Still Bay

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Off Cove Rock (East London), 22 fathoms 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. There is a discrepancy between Smith’s description and figure.

The former stated in the Latin diagnosis that there are 4 series of tubercles,

and the English comment said 4 rows on each whorl (italic mine) ; but the figure

shows only 3 rows except on the body whorl where the peripheral basal lira

constitutes the 4th row.

Two Port Alfred shells, 5 mm. long with 7 postnatal whorls (coll. Turton),

seem to be correctly identified.

Trifora capensis Bartsch

Fig. 197

Trifora capensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 105, pl. 5, fig. 4. Tomlin, 1931, p. 425.

Protoconch 3 whorls, 1st smooth, 2nd and grd with 2 series of ¢c. 16 nodules,

feeble on 2nd but stronger on 3rd whorl. Postnatal whorls with 3 series of

nodules. Sutures deeply incised.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton, 1932); Port Shepstone (Tomlin); Still Bay

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Remarks. ‘The Still Bay specimens collected by Dr. Muir show the proto-

conch which was missing in Bartsch’s material; it is also missing in 3 topotypes

presented by Turton.

Trifora milda Bartsch

Fig. 19 €

Trijora milda Bartsch, 1915, p. 102, pl. 11, fig. 3.

Trifora capensis (non Bartsch) Thiele, 1925, p. 128, pl. 22 (10), figs. 18, 18 a.

Trifora barnardi (pro capensis Thiele) Tomlin, 1945, p. 135.

Protoconch 14 (2) whorls, Ist smooth at start, then with 3 spiral lirae,

with indications of axial pliculae on later part. First postnatal whorl with 3

spiral series of c. 20 nodules; c. 26 nodules on 6th (last remaining) whorl.

Peripheral basal lira showing above the sutures; base (in one specimen) with

3 additional lirae. 4-5 x 1-5 mm. Thiele: 8 x 2:25 mm.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton, 1932).

34° 51'5S., 19° 37’ E., 80 metres; 34° 8’ S., 24° 59’ E., 80 metres; 33° 50’ S.,

25° 48’ E., no depth given (Thiele).

34° 5'S., 25° 55’ E., 67 fathoms, 2 dead; 34° 26’ S.,.25° 42’ E., 124 fathoms,

3 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

II4 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Thiele).

Remarks. The present specimens are evidently Thiele’s capensis, but I think

they are also Bartsch’s milda, although they have more nodules than Bartsch

stated: c. 20 on Ist whorl instead of only 14, and 26 on 6th whorl instead

of 22.

The protoconch seems to be distinctive, but may be slightly worn.

The record from Angola should be accepted with caution until con-

siderably more material from both regions is available.

Trifora shepstonensis Smith

Fig. 19 k

Trifora shepstonensis Smith, 1906a, p. 43, pl. 7, figs. 12, 12 a.

Protoconch 2 (24) whorls, smooth. Postnatal whorls 10, each with 3 spiral

series of nodules. Base with 2—3 (4) lirae in addition to the peripheral lira which

is more or less visible above the suture on some of the later whorls, and may be

slightly nodulose on the last whorl. 11-5 (protoconch missing) X 3°5 mm.

Port Shepstone, Natal (Smith); Port Alfred (Bartsch, 1915, Turton, 1932).

East London, Jeffreys Bay, Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Off Cove Rock (East London), 22 fathoms, 5 dead; 34° 5’ S., 25° 43’ E.,

52 fathoms, 3 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. When the peripheral basal lira is visible there is a close resem-

blance to elsa Bartsch (1915).

Trifora madria Bartsch

Fig. 192

Trifora madria Bartsch, 1915, p. 105, pl. 12, fig. 5. Turton, 1932, p. 118, pl. 25, no. 860 (juv.).

? Trifora innocens Sowerby, 1921, p. 126, text-fig.

? Trifora apicibulbus Turton, 1932, p. 118, pl. 25, no. 863.

Protoconch 4 whorls, 1st smooth, 2nd-4th each with 3 spiral lirae; end

whorl sometimes bulbous, forcing the 1st whorl into an oblique position.

Bartsch gave the number of protoconchal whorls as 4; and this is probably

correct. In the present material the nodules are so ill-defined that it is impossible

to trace any junction between protoconch and postnatal whorls.

Two of the 4 Still Bay shells show the bulbous and oblique protoconch,

one more so (figured) than the other. On the base only 2 lirae below the peri-

pheral lira; but 3 topotypes (coll. Turton) also show only 2 lirae with a very

feeble 3rd lira.

6-5 * 2mm. (Bartsch). One of the Still Bay shells with 7 postnatal whorls

measures 4°5 X 1I°5 mm., and is thus more like apiczbulbus in shape.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Tomlin considered apicibulbus was very close to madria; I agree.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA EES

Trifora scala n.sp.

Fig. 19 d

Protoconch 3 whorls, 1st with median keel, and and grd with 2 keels, no

axial pliculae. Postnatal whorls 11, 1st with slight thickening at top near suture

and 2 series of obscure nodules, 2nd whorl with the lira at top stronger and

obscurely nodulose, from about 4th whorl upper series of nodules as strong as

the other two, connecting axial ribs obscure. Base with obscurely nodulose

peripheral lira, visible above sutures in later whorls, one lira below it. Outer lip

patulous, but canal short, not closed. 5-5 X 1:25 mm. (8 whorls), 9 X 2 mm.

(11 whorls).

Off Umkomaas River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 (11 whorls); off Umhloti

River, 40 fathoms, 1 (8 whorls) (S. Afr. Mus. nos. Ago74, Ago75, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. T. helena Bartsch has a somewhat similar protoconch, but the

shell is not so slender (12 postnatal whorls: 8-6 X 2-4 mm.).

Trifora bactron n.sp.

Fig. 20 ¢

Apex worn. 18 whorls; 3 spiral lirae on each whorl, the middle lira nearer

to the upper than to the lower lira, the upper lira scarcely nodulose, merely

undulate, the middle and lower lirae distinctly nodulose, 12-13 nodules on

last whorl. Peripheral basal lira thin, scarcely showing in the sutures, base con-

cave with one lira. 11 X 1-5 mm.

Off Umkomaas River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 (Type); off Umhloti River,

40 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. nos. Ago77 (Type), Ago76, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. This and the following species (daculus) are more slender than

any of the other South African species.

Trifora baculus n.sp.

Fig. 20 b

One specimen with 14 whorls, apex broken, 6-5 x I mm., width where

broken 0-5 mm. Upper 8 whorls with 3 series of 14 nodules, the uppermost

series weaker than the others. On oth whorl a 4th series is interpolated between

the uppermost and median series; the two upper series remain weaker than the

lower two on later whorls. Peripheral basal lira weak, base concave, without

lirae.

Off Sandy Point (north of Cape Morgan), 51 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus.

no. Ago78, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. This slender specimen is nearest to patricia Thiele 1925, but the

latter has only g series of nodules, and the nodules appear (in the figure) to be

more numerous.

T. agulhasensis Thiele 1925 is, as Thiele himself said, very like patricia but

broader: 5 X 1-6 mm. as compared with 7 x 1-6 mm.

IT. whitechurcht Turton 1932 looks to be synonymous with patricia Thiele.

116 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Trifora algoensis Thiele

Fig. 19 h

Trifora algoensis Thiele, 1925, p. 128, pl. 22 (10), fig. 19.

Trifora retusa Turton, 1932, p. 117, pl. 25, no. 855 (= juv.).

Protoconch 14 whorls, with 2 series of 12-14 nodules. Postnatal whorls 12,

Ist and 2nd with 2 series of nodules, a 3rd series interpolated on 3rd (or 4th)

whorl, which on 6th or 7th whorl becomes as strong as the others; nodules

increasing to 28-30 on last whorl, connected by axial ribs. Base with feebly

nodulose peripheral lira, which is more or less visible in the sutures on later

whorls; one strong lira below it. 9°5 x 2:5 mm.

34° 51'.8., 19° 37. E., 80 metres; 34°'8' S., 24° 59 E., G0 metressiae amo.

25° 48’ E., no depth stated (Thiele).

Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Off Tugela River (Natal), 47 fathoms, 1 adult; off Cape Natal, 85 fathoms,

I apex; off Umkomaas River, 40 fathoms, 2; off Cape Morgan, 47 fathoms, 1

adult, 6 immature; off Cove Rock (East London), 22 fathoms, 4; 34° 5’ S.,

25° 55 E., 67 fathoms, 2; 34° S., 25° 44’ E., 33 fathoms, several apices; 34°

26’ S., 25° 42’ E., 124 fathoms, 2; 34° 5’S., 25° 43’ E., 52 fathoms, 1;;0ns@ape

Infanta, 46 fathoms, 3 apices; all dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Thiele).

Remarks. This does not seem to be synonymous with any of Bartsch’s

species. The short, blunt protoconch, nodulous almost from its nucleus, is

distinctive.

The protoconchs and juveniles collected by Dr. Muir show that retusa

is merely the juvenile of algoensis. Turton’s description of 3 rows of tubercles on

each whorl belies his figure.

Trifora cf. superba Thiele

Fig. 20 a

Trifora superba Thiele, 1925, p. 127, pl. 22 (10), fig. 15.

Incomplete and worn specimens, the largest consisting of 10 whorls,

measuring 4 X I°5 mm.

Protoconch worn. Two spiral series of nodules on each postnatal whorl,

connected by narrow inconspicuous lirae; nodules arranged obliquely so that

Fic. 20. a, two whorls of Trifora cf. superba Thiele, showing development of 3rd row of tubercles.

5, one whorl of T. baculus n. sp. c, one whorl of T. bactron n. sp.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA BL?

those of the lower row on one whorl alternate with those of the upper row on

the succeeding whorl, the two series on each whorl also alternating; 14 nodules

on earlier whorls (? 3rd and 4th), 16 on last whorl. At about the 8th whorl a

thin lira develops close below the upper series of nodules, becoming more

median in position as it becomes nodulous. Basal peripheral lira smooth, no

lirae visible below it. Aperture (where complete) nearly circular, with a short,

almost closed canal.

Off Illovo River (Natal), 27-30 fathoms, 2; off Umkomaas River (Natal),

40 fathoms, 3; off Cove Rock (East London), 22 fathoms, 1; all dead (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. These shells may be superba, from 35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres,

which has 14 nodules in each row (6 visible in face view) but not alternating.

Closely resembling regia Thiele 1925 (p. 130, pl. 22 (10), fig. 23) from the

Zanzibar Channel, 463 metres, but with more nodules (7 visible in face view

instead of only 5) and with the thin lira below the upper row of nodules instead

of above, i.e. between the latter and the suture.

T. thetis ‘Turton 1932 (p. 117, pl. 25, no. 853) also has only 2 spiral series

of nodules, but has more nodules (c. 9 visible, i.e. c. 20 around circumference)

which are not so definitely alternating; and apparently there is no thin inter-

mediate lira.

Trifora sabita Bartsch

Trifora sabita Bartsch, 1915, p. 106, pl. 11, fig. 7.

Trifora brevis ‘Thiele, 1925, p. 129, pl. 22 (10), fig. 20.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton, 1932).

33° 50’ S., 25° 48’ E., no depth stated (Thiele).

34° 5° 8., 25° 43’ E., 52 fathoms, 1; off Hood Point (East London), 49

fathoms, 1; off Illovo River (Natal), 27-30 fathoms, 2; all dead (S. Afr. Mus.

Pr...coll.},,

Remarks. The Algoa Bay specimen has the protoconch slightly worn, but

its features, as described by Bartsch (his figure is not good), can be traced. The

interpolated weak median series of nodules on 2nd and grd whorls is very

distinct.

The East London and Natal specimens agree in the latter respect, but

have lost their protoconchs.

T. carteretensis Hinds, recorded from Natal by Krauss (1848), was described

as having the median row of nodules smaller than the others, but has several

more whorls than sabzta. Hinds’s (1844c, p. 31, pl. 8, fig. 17) description and

figure are inadequate for comparison.

Gen. VIRIOLA Jouss.

The species assigned to this genus with smooth spiral lirae are distinct

from those of Trifora s.s. with nodulose lirae. T. helena Bartsch (1915, pl. xi,

118 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

fic. 5) has the lirae very feebly nodulose, but can scarcely be claimed as a

transition.

Viriola corrugata (Hinds)

Fig. 21 b,c

Triforis corrugata Hinds, 1843, p. 18. Hinds, 1844¢, p. 29, pl. 8, fig. 7. Sowerby, 1897, p. 17.

Schepman, 1909, p. 175. Thiele, 1925, p. 129.

? Triforis cingulatus A. Adams, Sowerby, 1892, p. 36.

Protoconch 3 whorls, 3rd with obscure axial pliculae. Postnatal whorls

c. 21; first 6-7 whorls with 2 spiral lirae, slightly nodulose, connected by axial

pliculae in the grooves; from about the 7th whorl a thin intermediary lira

develops between the 2 main lirae, succeeding whorls therefore trilirate, but

the middle lira always remains weaker than the other two (Hinds: ‘carina media

MA aes

Fic. 21. a, Viriola cf. vitrea (Hinds), broken whorl. 6, c, V. corrugata (Hinds), one whorl of

worn Pieter Faure specimen above, and of fresh Durban specimen below.

secondaria’). Axial plicae present on later whorls, moderately regularly spaced,

c. 15 on a half whorl, growth-lines distinct; a thin lira at (above) the suture,

forming on the last whorl the peripheral basal lira; base with 2 additional weak

lirae. On last half whorl of last (21st) whorl a second intermediary develops

between the Ist intermediary and the lower main lira, also on back of outer

lip an intermediary between the lower main lira and the peripheral basal lira.

Canal curved, almost closed in the 19.5 mm. shell, but open in the 11.5 mm.

shell. 5.5 X 1.5, 9 X 2, I1.5 X 2.5-2.75, and 19.5 X 4 mm.

Operculum subcircular, paucispiral, nucleus central.

3rown, lirae whitish; inside of aperture brown with 5 white lines corre-

sponding with the external lirae (2 main, 2 intermediaries, 1 basal).

Radula (of g mm. specimen, A6140) elongate, with numerous tiny oblong

plates in each row, each plate with 3 denticles (cf. Sars, 1878, pl. VII,

fig. 8, Triforis perversa).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA I19Q

Durban (Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup). Natal (no exact

locality) (S. Afr. Mus. no. A6140).

Off Illovo River (Natal), 27-30 fathoms, 1 broken, worn (S. Afr. Mus.

PE. coll:).

Distribution. East Africa, Straits of Macassar, New Guinea, East Indies,

Japan. |

Remarks. One of the two 11.5 mm. shells retains the protoconch except the

actual nucleus; the other 4 shells are decollated. The three larger ones were

more or less covered with a thin whitish deposit (algal growth).

In the corroded Illovo specimen the upper and lower lirae are less sharply

keeled and therefore relatively broader, the middle lira is a mere thread; the

axial plicae show up rather more conspicuously because the growth-lines

have been worn away.

The suggestion may be far-fetched, but is it possible that continued wear

might produce a form like dilecta Thiele (1925, p. 126, pl. 22 (10), fig. 12)?

Thiele’s specimens from 34° 51’ S., 19° 37’ E., 80 metres, were in bad condition,

but showed two spiral grooves.

Viriola alboguttata ‘Tomlin

Viriola albogutiata ‘Tomlin, 1926, p. 294, pl. 16, fig. 7.

Protoconch 44 whorls, each whorl with a sharp median spiral lira with

axial pliculae above and below it. Postnatal whorls 9. Trilirate, the middle

lira feeble at first, later ‘approximating to the strength of the other two’. Shape

(at 5 X 1.75 mm.) ovate, with last whorl contracted; aperture strongly

expanded, with strong sinus at summit. Canal not mentioned, and not clearly

figured (in the figure the aperture appears almost holostomatous).

Scottburgh and Port Shepstone, Natal, living (Tomlin).

Remarks. Seems to be a smaller species than corrugata, but it is very similar

in many structural features as well as coloration. Is it possible, in spite of the

expanded lip, that this is the juvenile of corrugata?

I am inclined to think that Tomlin may have regarded two whorls as

protoconch instead of postnatal.

Viriola cingulata (A. Adams)

Triforis cingulata Adams, A., 1853, p. 279. Sowerby, 1892, p. 36. Smith, 1904, p. 37 (comment

on Sowerby’s identification).

. ashy-grey, 3 smooth keels, interstices strongly striated, somewhat

similar to corrugatus Hinds’ (A. Adams).

Thiele (1925, p. 127) stated that the middle lira was weaker than the

other two.

Smith (1904), in describing his fowr-lirate fuscescens, stated that ‘some of

the shells named cingulatus by Mr. Sowerby . . . belong to the present species,

I20 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

None of them agree with Adams’ species. .. .’ It is a pity Smith did not give

his identification of the other shells which did not belong to his fuscescens.

The occurrence of the Red Sea cingulata in South Africa is therefore doubt-

ful; and a statement of the actual differences between corrugata and cingulata

would be useful.

Viriola cf. vitrea (Hinds)

Triforis vitrea Hinds, 1843, p. 19. Hinds, 1844c, p. 30, pl. 8, fig. 12.

Two thin spiral lirae, 1 in middle of whorl, 1 in lower half, a thinner lira

(peripheral basal lira) at bottom of whorl immediately above the suture; in

apical view the 2 lirae show a slightly undulate circumference, c. 18-20 undula-

tions; obscure axial plicae in the grooves corresponding with the undulations.

Diam. 4.5 mm. Creamy-white.

Off Cape Morgan, 47 fathoms, 1 fragment consisting of 14 whorls (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. ‘coll.).

Distribution. Straits of Malacca.

Remarks. One might suspect this to be the whorl of an adult dilecta Thiele

(1925, p. 126, pl. 22 (10), fig. 6) from the Agulhas Bank. Thiele’s specimens were

in bad condition. Nevertheless, and in spite of the fact that in several gastro-

pods the sculpturing on later whorls may be different from that on the early

whorl, the present specimen is too definitely bi-lirate to be identified with

dilecta.

Moreover, another 12 or 13 whorls would have to be added to the shell

figured by Thiele to get the requisite width of 4.5 mm.; such a shell would be

at least 24 mm. long.

On the other hand there seems considerable similarity with vitrea, although

Hinds’s description and figure are quite inadequate for a definite decision.

Viriola erecta (Thiele)

Figs 22.p sae

Trifora erecta Thiele, 1925, p. 127, pl. 22 (10), fig. 14.

Protoconch 3 (34) whorls, alt. 1-1.25, diam. 0.75-0.8 mm., smooth.

Postnatal whorls 14; first or 1st and 2nd whorls tri-lirate, 2nd or gnd—4th

whorls 4-lirate, succeeding whorls 5-lirate; or 1st whorl beginning 3-lirate

becoming 4-lirate, 2nd whorl 4-lirate becoming 5-lirate. Base with peripheral

lira and 1 or 2 feeble lirae close below it. 16.5 x 3 mm. Creamy-white.

35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres, 1 (Thiele).

Off Sandy Point (north of Cape Morgan), 51 fathoms, 1 fresh; off East

London, 52 fathoms, 1 fresh (largest specimen); 34° 3’ S., 25° 10’ E., 24-34

fathoms, 1 fresh and 1 worn apex; off Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms, 1 broken

and corroded (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Kemarks. Although Thiele’s singleton had lost the protoconch the present

specimens agree in being 5-lirate.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA ed |

Turton’s (1932) sowerbyi could perhaps be synonymous, but has, according

to Turton, only one protoconchal whorl. Re-examination of Turton’s material

might show whether any protoconchal whorls appear to have been worn

away. I think, however, that sowerbyz is more likely to be only one of the varietal

forms of fuscescens.

The worn Cape St. Blaize example has lost the apical whorls, and only 8

remain (probably the 7th—14th whorls); each whorl has only 4 strong lirae,

but the peripheral basal lira appears in the sutures, and if this be counted,

Fic. 22. Protoconchs of: a, Viriola innocens Thiele, non Sow. = thieleinom. nov. 6, c, two examples

of V. erecta (Thiele). d, V. fuscescens (Smith).

each whorl has 5 lirae. In this respect it differs from the other shells in which

the basal lira is concealed by each successive whorl.

Virtola fuscescens (Smith)

Fig. 22 d

Triforis cingulata (non A. Adams) (partim: see Smith), Sowerby, 1892, p. 36.

Trifora fuscescens Smith, 1904, p. 37; pl. 3, fig. 6.

Triforts ima Bartsch, 1915, p. 108, pl. 10, fig. 6.

[?] Viriola sowerbyt Turton, 1932, p. 119, pl. 26, no. 872.

[?] Viriola crebricingulata Turton, 1932, p. 120, pl. 26, no. 873.

Viriola minuta Turton, 1932, p. 120, pl. 26, no. 874 (—juv.).

Protoconch 14 (2) whorls, alt. 0-5, diam. 0-3-0-4 mm., slightly oblique,

smooth, but later part of last whorl! bilirate, junction with 1st postnatal whorl

indistinct. Postnatal whorls 13-16; first 2 whorls bilirate, 3rd trilirate, from

about the 4th or 5th (sometimes 3rd, but sometimes not until 7th or 8th whorl)

4-lirate; uppermost lira usually a little broader than the others. On later whorls

a thin intermediary lira may develop between the 2nd and 3rd lirae, and

another (more rarely) between 3rd and 4th (cf. Bartsch, 1915, p. 109); in the

latter case there are 6 lirae. The increase in the number of lirae is not always

due to interpolation of a newly formed lira, but sometimes to the splitting of a

lira. Base with 2 lirae below the peripheral lira. Up to 13 X 2°75 mm.

D22 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton; also S. Afr. Mus.). Still Bay (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. Muir).

33° 52’ S., 25° 50’ E., 25 fathoms, 2, apices missing; 34° 5’ S., 25° 43’ E.,

52 fathoms, 7; off Cove Rock (East London), 22 fathoms, 4; all dead (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Turton said sowerbyt had 5 lirae ‘on each whorl’ but his figure

shows 3 on the early whorls, 4 on the middle whorls, and 5 on only the later

whorls. T. sowerbyi and crebricingulata were said to have no basal lirae; this point

wants checking on Turton’s material.

Viriola thielei nom. nov.

Rig. 22/4

Trifora innocens (non Sowerby 1921), Thiele, 1925, p. 127, pl. 22 (10), figs. 13, 13 a.

Protoconch 3 whorls, alt. 1, diam. 0-6 mm., smooth, a faint spiral sulcus

on 2nd whorl presages the growth of the subsutural lira at end of 3rd whorl.

Postnatal whorls 9-10, each with 3 lirae, which are subequal in strength, but

on later whorls the upper one tends to become sharper, i.e. tabulate above and

sloping below, so that the groove between upper and middle lirae appears to

be wider than that between middle and lower lirae. Peripheral basal lira weak,

visible in sutures from 1st whorl onwards in one specimen (Cape Natal) (and

on penultimate whorl in Thiele’s figure 13), but not in the other specimen

(Umkomaas); one or two (Thiele: 2) weak lirae below the peripheral lira.

0G ain. xno am

34° 51’ S., 19° 37’ E., 80 metres; 35° 26’ S., 20° 56’ E., no depth given

(Thiele).

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 85 fathoms, 1 dead but fresh; off Umkomaas

River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Fam. Cerithiopsidae

Cerithiopsis alfredensis Bartsch

Fig, 29 ag

Cerithiopsis tubercularis (non Mont.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 27.

Cerithiopsis alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 109, pl. 5, fig. 9. Tomlin, 1931, p. 423. Turton, 1932,

p. 120.

Cerithiopsis nisaba Bartsch, 1915, p. 112, pl. 12, fig. 3.

[?] Cerithiopsis virgo var. fuscescens Thiele, 1925, p. 125, pl. 22 (10), fig. 6 a.

Protoconch 5 whorls, alt. 0-6, diam. 0-3 mm. (solo); protoconch plus 1st

postnatal whorl alt. 0-75, diam. 0-4 mm., smooth. Postnatal whorls 9 (Bartsch:

10). 5 X 1*5-1°6 mm. Brown, protoconch white.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Jeffreys Bay,

Coffee Bay (Tomlin); False Bay and Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B. and

coll. Muir). |

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 123

BA 5’ S., 25 44° E., 33 fathoms, 6; 34° 5’ S., 25° 55’ E., 67 fathoms, 2;

off Cape Infanta, 46 fathoms, 3 (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: False Bay and Knysna (U.C.T.).

Remarks. At Still Bay Dr. Muir collected a series from the protoconch

upwards.

Port Alfred specimens identified as nisaba and presented by Turton do not

seem separable from alfredensis.

Fic. 23. Cerithiopsis rota n. sp. a, later whorls. 6, basal view. c, protoconch and Ist postnatal

whorl. C. exquisita Sow. d, protoconch and Ist postnatal whorl. C. alfredensis Bartsch. e, f, proto-

conch and protoconch with Ist postnatal whorl. Cerithiella nonnitens n. sp. g, protoconch and rst

postnatal whorl. A, Cerithiopsis cf. agulhasensis Thiele. 1, Cerithiella taylori n. sp. (apex magnified

twice as much as base).

Sowerby’s examples from Port Elizabeth, recorded as tubercularis, are

probably referable to alfredensis, if there is any difference between the two

species. Tomlin accepted Bartsch’s species.

Thiele (1925, p. 124) recorded tubercularis from Great Fish Bay, Angola.

Cerithiopsis erna Bartsch

Cerithiopsis erna Bartsch, 1915, p. 110, pl. 12, fig. 6.

[?] Cerithiopsis virgo Thiele, 1925, p. 125, pl. 22 (10), fig. 6.

[?] Certthiopsis scitula and kraussi Turton, 1932, p. 121, pl. 26, nos. 878, 879.

Seems to be distinguished from alfredensis by the fine, slightly nodulose

lira at bottom of each whorl and above the suture, and by the absence of the

strong lira on base. The sutural lira is best seen in the later whorls; in both the

present specimens it is clearly above the suture. 4 x 1:3 mm. (7 postnatal

whorls); 6-75 <x 2 mm. (11 postnatal whorls).

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

e427 9., 25 42 E., 256 fathoms, 2:dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. The protoconch of the larger specimen was possibly plicate, but

is too worn for certainty.

124 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Turton’s scitula and krausst may perhaps be this species.

C. virgo Thiele came from off Cape Agulhas, 80 metres.

Cerithiopsis soror ‘Thiele

Cerithiopsis soror Thiele, 1925, p. 125, pl. 22 (10), fig. 7.

Differs from erna and virgo in having a thin smooth lira at the top of each

whorl, below the suture with preceding whorl.

The following Pieter Faure specimens may belong here, though they have

10 postnatal whorls in a length of 5 mm. whereas Thiele’s figure shows 7.

Protoconch 3 whorls, and and 3rd with broad axial riblets, 14 on 3rd

whorl. Postnatal whorls 14; early whorls with 2 spiral lirae with nodules at

intersections with axial riblets (cf. Thiele’s description but not the figured

specimen), on 6th whorl an intermediary lira appears and on all later whorls

there are 3 nodulose lirae; axial ribs c. 18 on 3rd whorl, increasing to ¢. 26-28

on last. The (additional) thin lira at the top of the whorl remains smooth or

only very slightly nodulose.

Off Umbhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 2 dead (S. Afr. Mus. no. Agogg,

P.¥>coll,).

C. soror came from off Cape Agulhas, 80 metres.

Cerithiopsis exquisita Sow.

Pig29 d

Cerithiopsis exquisita Sowerby, 1897, p. 14, pl. 6, fig. 13. Turton, 1932, p. 121.

[?] Cerithiopsis becki, fulgens, admirabilis Turton, 1932, pp. 121, 122, pl. 26, nos. 881, 886, 887.

Protoconch 34-4 whorls, alt. 0:5, diam. 0-3 mm., smooth. Postnatal

whorls g; profile convex, biangulate. The upper lira with nodules (near the

suture) smaller than the other two lirae. 6 x 1 mm.

Pale or dark brown, glistening, protoconch pale.

Natal (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, 1915, Turton); Still Bay (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. Muir).

34° S., 25° 44’ E., 33 fathoms, 1 juv. (S. Afr. Mus. PF calle

Remarks. Cerithiella argentea Thiele with a silver gloss is very near, in fact

the words ‘anfractus biangulati’ in Sowerby’s description apply better to

argentea. Sowerby’s figure, however, shows 3 spiral lirae, and all the present

material is 3-lirate; there are no fine axial pliculae on the protoconch.

Cerithiopsis rota n.sp.

Fig. 23 a-c

Protoconch 24 whorls, smooth. Postnatal whorls 7; axial ribs 14 on Ist

whorl increasing to 23 on last; spiral lirae 3 on each whorl, on 3rd—6th whorls

the middle lira is more prominent than the others; intersections nodular.

On last whorl the axial ribs are continued over the lowermost lira on to and

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 125

across base, with a feeble costa with feeble nodules in middle of base.

3°5 X 1 mm. Buff, protoconch white.

34°S., 25° 44’ E., 33 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. no. Ago43, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Seems to be distinguished by the basal ornamentation, and the

_ prominent middle lira.

Cerithiopsis cf. agulhasensis ‘Thiele

Fig. 23 h

Cerithiopsis agulhasensis Thiele, 1925, p. 125, pl. 22 (10), fig. 8.

Apex missing, 4 whorls remaining; increase in width very slight, sides

nearly parallel, profile of whorls slightly convex. Axial ribs 22 on top whorl,

23 on last; crossed by 4 spiral sulci, separating 5 lirae; lirae and sulci flat, the

latter slightly narrower than the lirae, the 4th sulcus distinctly narrower. The

sulci divide the ribs into flat squarish areoles (scarcely nodules) ; the sulci better

marked than the intervals between the ribs. Ribs only feebly indicated on top-

most (subsutural) and on lowermost (suprasutural) lirae. Base with one shallow

flat sulcus, and a feeble spiral stria. 8 x 3 mm.

wat ro, 10 37 ., 60 metres (Thiele).

Off Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. Ag224, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Although large for a Cerithiopsis and considerably larger than the

incomplete Valdivia shell, this specimen may be provisionally identified as

agulhasensis. It closely resembles Thiele’s figure, though the sutures are not so

deep and the profile of the whorls are less convex. Thiele’s figure shows approxi-

mately the same number of axial ribs as the Pieter Faure specimen, but much

broader sulci relatively to the lirae.

Compare also Eumeta bia (infra, p. 127).

Subgen. JocuLator Hedley

Several barrel-shaped cerithiopsids with 3 spiral series of tubercles have

been described from South Africa: insignis Smith 1906, nina Bartsch and saba

Bartsch 1915, and 7 or 8 by Turton 1932. C. saba does not seem very different

from nina, and with the exception of whitechurchi all of Turton’s so-called species

seem to be merely individuals of one species in various stages of beach wear.

C. insignis has colour bands around the sutures, and the median tubercles

are smaller than those in other two rows (description, not the figure); whzte-

churcht has the tubercles in the uppermost row smaller than the others.

All the other ‘species’ have 3 rows of equal-sized tubercles. The size ranges

over 1°6 mm. (5 whorls, excl. protoconch), 2-5-3 mm. (6 whorls), 3-3:2 mm.

(7 whorls), and 4 mm. (8 whorls); only saba, 3-8 mm. with 63 whorls, is not

quite in sequence.

The protoconch consists of 4 narrow whorls, which are often decollated,

even in living examples.

126 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Cerithiopsis nina Bartsch

Cerithiopsis nina Bartsch, 1915, p. 111, pl. 12, fig. 3.

[?] Cerithiopsis saba Bartsch, 1915, p. 112, pl. 12, fig. 8.

The following specimens are provisionally identified as nina:

Inhambane and Maxixe (Machiche), Portuguese East Africa (U.C.T.).

Off Illovo River, 27-30 fathoms, 1; off Tugela River, 14 fathoms, 3;

34° 26' S., 25° 42’ E., 124 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Cerithiella taylori n.sp.

Fig, 2992

Protoconch 14 whorls, bulbous, wider than 1st postnatal whorl, smooth.

Postnatal whorls 10. First and second whorls partly corroded; on 3rd whorl

c. 15-16 axial ribs, increasing to 26 on last whorl, as wide as the U-shaped

grooves; crossed by 2 spiral lirae, one near the top, one near the bottom of

whorl, producing a biangulate profile. Noother spiral sculpture. Base with one

lira running from top of aperture, and a feeble one below it. 8-5 X 2°75 mm.

Pale corneous.

33° 26’ S., 16° 33’ E., 1,240-1,300 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. Ag711,

Fi°H Walbot*eolls):

Remarks. Deceptively like argentea Thiele 1925, from 35° 19’ S., 20° 12’ E.,

126 metres, but with more numerous axial ribs, and consequently the rect-

angular spaces narrower, more elongate axially. )

Named after Mr. W. Taylor, Senior Technical Officer of the Africana II,

and previously of the Fisheries Survey ship Pickle, under the direction of the

late Dro J) DE. Gilchrist:

Cerithiella natalensis n.sp.

Protoconch 3 whorls, 2nd whorl bulbous, c. 18 axial pliculae on and and

3rd whorls. Postnatal whorls 8 or g. Spiral lirae 2 on 1st-6th whorls; on 6th a

feeble intermediary lira develops, becoming stronger on 7th—gth whorls,

which are thus 3-lirate; base margined above by a lira from top of aperture;

base with growth-lines and some of the axial riblets more or less traceable.

Axial riblets c. 14 on 1st whorl, increasing to c. 22 on last. 6 X 1°75 mm.

(3 + 9 whorls). Thiele: 5 x 1-5 mm. (3 + 8 whorls).

Pale corneous, protoconch white; no silver gloss.

Off Umkomaas (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. Ago45, P.F.

coll.).

Remarks. Distinguished from argentea Thiele 1925, from the Agulhas Bank,

by having the last 3 whorls tri-lirate.

The plicate protoconch of this and the following species is distinctive

among these small South African cerithiids and cerithiopsids.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 127

Cerithiella vidalensis n.sp.

Protoconch 24 whorls, 1st blunt, not upstanding, last half whorl with

_ broad axial riblets, passing gradually into Ist postnatal whorl. Postnatal

whorls 10, profile slightly turreted; axial ribs 12 on 1st whorl, increasing to 16

on last; each of the 1st-4th whorls with 2 rounded nodules, the upper series

near the suture above, the lower series some little distance from the suture

below; on 5th whorl an intermediary series of nodules begins, continuing on

to last whorl, and becoming as strong as the other series; the profile of the early

whorls thus bi-lobate, of the later whorls 3-lobate. Spiral lirae are scarcely

developed. Surface of base worn, and end of canal broken, but columella

strongly bent. 6 xX 2 mm. White, glossy.

Off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 80—100 fathoms, one dead, but only the base

is worn (S. Afr. Mus. no. Ago46, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Close to aethiopica Thiele (1925, p. 122, pl. 21 (9), fig. 23) from

East Africa, 693 metres, but distinguished by the blunt protoconch, 3 series of

nodules on the later whorls, and by the lower series of nodules being farther

away from the suture below. The first and third features seem to preclude this

_ specimen from being a larger and older individual, with 3 series of nodules on

the later whorls (cf. argentea).

Cerithiella nonnitens n.sp.

His 2309

Protoconch 3 whorls with well-marked axial riblets, 2nd whorl with 12,

grd with 14. Postnatal whorls 14; axial ribs 14 on Ist, increasing to 18 on last,

somewhat oblique (protractively), especially on early whorls; each with 2

rounded nodules, indicating the intersections with 2 inconspicuous spiral lirae;

base bordered above by a feeble lira; columella strongly bent, canal recurved

(outer lip broken). 10 x 2 mm.

Off Cove Rock (East London), 80-100 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus.

no. Ago47, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. This may be a Bittium, but as it has a plicate protoconch similar

to that of argentea, it is provisionally included with Thiele’s species in Cerithiella.

Only the radula can decide the correct position of these species.

Eumeta bia Bartsch

Eumeta bia Bartsch, 1915, p. 116, pl. 12, fig. 4. Turton, 1932, p. 125.

[?] Certthiopsis agulhasensis Thiele, 1925, p. 125, pl. 22 (10), fig. 8.

2°75 X I mm. (4 postnatal whorls). Although lacking the protoconchal

whorls, the present specimen is as large as Bartsch’s specimen which had 3

protoconchal and 4 postnatal whorls. The sculpture, however, agrees.

Port Alfred, 1 specimen (Bartsch).

34° S., 25° 44” E., 33 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. no. Ago44, P.F. coll.).

128 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Remarks. C. agulhasensis Thiele has 4 spiral lirae according to the descrip-

tion; the figure clearly shows 4 lirae (in addition to the smooth basal peripheral

lira) on the lower, but only 3 on the upper of the two whorls. The diameter of

the lower whorl is greater than that of Bartsch’s specimen or the present

specimen, and may therefore be a later (5th) whorl on which 4 lirae are

developed. Complete specimens are wanted to settle the synonymy. ;

Thiele (1925, pp. 121, 125) referred to the alternative generic names

Metaxia Monterosato and Eumetula Thiele.

Seila alfredensis Bartsch

Pic. 2A0¢

Cerithiopsis purpurea (non Angas), Sowerby, 1892, p. 27.

Cerithiopsis trilineata (non Phil.), Smith, 1904, p. 24. Smith, 1906a, p. 44. Thiele, 1925, p. 126

Seila alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 113, pl. 5, fig. 6. Tomlin, 1931, p. 423. Turton, 1932, p. 124.

Seila gloriosa Turton, 1932, p. 125, pl. 27, no. 907.

Protoconch 3-34 whorls, alt. 0-75, diam. 0-4—0-5 mm., smooth. Postnatal

whorls 10. Spiral lirae 4, but the 4th often appears on the 2nd and 3rd whorls

Fic. 24. a, b, Seila africana Bartsch, 2 views of operculum and of protoconch with 1st postnatal

whorl. c, S. alfredensis Bartsch, 2 views of protoconch with 1st postnatal whorl.

only as a thin lira at the bottom of the whorl; grooves (3) between the lirae with

close-set axial pliculae. 11-5 (protoconch missing) x 3 mm.

Brown or orange-brown, uniform or with obscure pale patches, protoconch

white.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton); Coffee

Bay (Tomlin) ; Scottburgh (Tomlin); Tongaat (Natal), Jeffreys Bay, and Still

Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

34° 5’ S., 25° 55’ E., 67 fathoms, 2 dead, broken (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Turton’s figure of gloriosa seems to show 4 lirae though the text

gives only three.

Seila lirata (Sow.)

Cerithiopsis lirata Sowerby, 1897, p. 14, pl. 6, fig. 12.

Seila lineata Thiele, 1925, p. 126. Turton, 1932, p. 125.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 129

One Pieter Faure specimen with 6 postnatal whorls measures 3°5 X 1°75

mm. (an africana of equal length has a width of 1-5 mm.). Spiral lirae 3, with

very fine axial growth-lines in the grooves.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Turton).

34° 5’ S., 25° 55’ E., 67 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Seila smithi Bartsch

Seila smithi Bartsch, 1915, p. 115, pl. 12, fig. 7. Turton, 1932, p. 125, pl. 27, no. go6.

[ ?] Setla capitata Thiele, 1925, p. 126, pl. 22 (10), fig. g.

Protoconch 3 whorls, with 2 spiral threads and numerous axial riblets at

top of whorls (Bartsch). Postnatal whorls 9 (Bartsch).

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

Remarks. Thiele’s capitata, from 35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres, may

perhaps be synonymous. Both these species and shepstonensis Smith in Tomlin

b d

Fic. 25. Radula teeth of: a, Seila africana Bartsch. b, Cerithium morus Lam. c, Terebralia

palustris (Brug.). d, Certthidea decollata (Linn.).

1923 require comparison with naialensis Smith 1914. S. natalensis and shepstonensis

were both obtained at Tongaat.

Seila africana Bartsch

Figs. 24 a, b, 254

Seila africana Bartsch, 1915, p. 114, pl. 17, fig. 6. Tomlin, 1931, p. 424.

Protoconch 3—34 whorls, alt. 0-6, diam. 0.3 mm., smooth. Postnatal whorls

10. Spiral lirae 3; grooves (2) between them with very fine and close-set axial

growth-lines. 8-5 (incl. protoconch) x 2.5 mm.

Operculum subtriangular, convex from side to side, but concave longi-

tudinally, the acute apex with nucleus curved upwards, 1 x 0.8 mm. (cf.

Thiele, 1925, p. 122).

Uniform chestnut or orange-brown, protoconch white, operculum pale

horny.

130 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Radula with at least 80 rows, central plate wider than long, with 3 cusps,

the median one smaller than the side cusps, lateral late transversely quad-

rangular, inner half with 3 graduated cusps on cutting-edge, marginal plates

oblong, widening slightly distally, with strong apical hook.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton, 1932); Coffee Bay (Tomlin); Still Bay

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir; also U.C.T.). Jeffreys Bay and False Bay (S. Afr.

Mus.).

Remarks. The radula is a little different from that of terebralis figured by

Thiele (1929, fig. 220). The lateral plate has 3 cusps instead of one cusp, and

the marginals have only a single strong apical hook instead of 2 hook-like

processes and a tuft of bristles (Borstenbiindel).

Fam. Cerithiidae

Subfam. Cerithiinae

The Challenger is said to have obtained the Mediterranean Cerithium

vulgatum in Simon’s Bay (Watson 1886, p. 532). This record is probably due to

mislabelling, because no Cerithium has been found anywhere in False Bay (or

indeed farther west than Algoa Bay, except as fossils at Little Brak River and

Arniston). Johnson (1904, p. 9) recorded vulgatum as a fossil at Port Elizabeth.

Sowerby (1892, p. 35) recorded both vulgatum and mediterranea from Port Eliza-

beth. These records are not acceptable. The two latter records were probably

misidentifications for rufonodulosum Smith (p. 131).

It is doubtful what was the species which Schwarz (1910, p. 115) identified

as ‘Cerithium oscitans Sow.’.

Cerithium pingue A. Adams

Cerithium pingue Adams, A., 1855a, p. 86. Sowerby, 1855, p. 877, pl. 184, fig. 217. Winckworth,

1930, p. 80.

Cerithium contractum Sowerby, 1855, p. 877, pl. 184, fig. 218. Turton, 1932, p. 125, pl. 27, no. go.

Cerithium taeniatum Sowerby, non Q. & G., 1866, pl. 290, fig. 320.

Postnatal whorls 7-8. Axial ribs 11-13, usually 13 on early whorls (but

scarcely developed before the 4th whorl), 12-15 on last whorl, not extending to

suture above and not crossing base; impressed spiral striae 4 on 3rd whorl,

increasing to 10 on last whorl, regularly spaced but the uppermost one often

separated from suture by a slightly wider space which may form an incon-

spicuous cingulum, sometimes with obscure nodules corresponding with the

axial ribs. 17-18 x 6 mm.

Fulvous or pale brown, the ribs usually worn pale.

Fossil: south of Bogenfels, South West Africa (S. Afr. Mus. coll. S. H.

Haughton).

Port Elizabeth, Natal (auct. and S. Afr. Mus.).

Distribution. Karachi, New Guinea, Philippines.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA I3I

Remarks. In the available material there is no shell young enough or well

enough preserved to check Turton’s description and figure of the sculpture of

the juvenile.

The 6 specimens from Bogenfels appear indistinguishable from Recent

shells.

Haughton (1932, p. 45) did not mention the Bogenfels shells, but recorded

a single example of guinaicum Phil. from Langebaan (Saldanha), identified by

Tomlin. The latter species is quite distinct (see: Sowerby, 1855, pl. 181, figs.

126, 127; and Nicklés, 1950, p. 63, fig. 75).

Cerithium crassilabrum Krss.

Cerithium crassilabrum Krauss, 1848, p. 107, pl. 6, fig. ro.

Cerithium liratula Turton, 1932, p. 126, pl. 27, no. 914.

Two Kowie shells in the South African Museum are 14 and 16 mm. in

length, with 7 whorls (apices worn away).

Natal (Krauss). Tongaat (30 miles north of Durban) (S. Afr. Mus.).

Kowie = Port Alfred (Turton, and S. Afr. Mus.).

Cerithium kochi Phil.

Cerithium kochi Philippi, 1848, p. 21; 1849, pl. 1, fig. 3. Smith, 1878, p. 817, pl. 50, fig. 18.

Schwarz, 1910, p. 115. Turton, 1932, p. 126. Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 127 (listed).

Fossil: Pleistocene: Bluff Beds, Durban (Geol. Surv.); Port Elizabeth

(Schwarz) ; Sedgefield near Knysna (coll. A. R. H. Martin*).

Port Elizabeth and Durban (Sowerby); Port Alfred, one specimen (Tur-

ton). Algoa Bay, dead but fresh (U.C.T.). Delagoa Bay (Macnae & Kalk.).

Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Disiribuiion. East coast of Africa, Red Sea, Madagascar, Mauritius,

Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. Very common in the Sedgefield deposits: e.g. at the 20-21 ft.

level 34% of all shells obtained, but less numerous in later deposits, at 84 ft.

level only 3—4-5°%. Examples up to 33 mm. long.

“The straight Certthium [presumably kochi] . . . and others have sometimes

been picked up by shell-collectors on the beach, mixed with recent shells; but,

possessing none of the fresh appearance of more recent shells, they have always

borne evidence of having been disinterred’ (Stow, 1871, p. 517).

I have not seen any of the Delagoa Bay examples.

Certthium rufonodulosum Smith

Cerithium rufonodulosum Smith, 1901, p. 108, pl. 1, fig. 8. Schwarz, 1910, p. 115.

Fossil: Pleistocene: Port Elizabeth (Schwarz) deposits at mouth of Coega

River, Algoa Bay (Geol. Surv.); Sedgefield, Knysna (coll. Martin); raised

*For description of locality see: A. R. H. Martin. S. Afr. F. Sct. 52, 1956: 187.

132 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

beach Knysna lagoon; raised beach at Little Brak River, Mossel Bay (S. Afr.

Mus.) ; lime pits at Arniston (Bredasdorp District) (S. Afr. Mus.).

Algoa Bay (Smith).

Remarks. Smith referred to the likeness to nigropunctatum Sow. 1855 from an

unknown locality. Even if these two were to be regarded as synonymous, it

would be better to accept Smith’s name.

Smith’s figure shows a worn shell. Possibly it came from the same source

whence the Geological Survey obtained specimens. The question arises whether

the species is living at the present day.

At Sedgefield Dr. Martin (1956) found this species comprised 18-19%

of all shells obtained at the 83—11¢ ft. levels, but was less common in the older

deposits at lower levels.

In some of the Arniston examples, not only are the nodules crimson, but

the whole shell is more or less suffused with pink.

Cerithium rugosum Wood

Cerithium rugosum Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 127 (listed).

Durban (Smith, 1903a); Delagoa Bay (Macnae & Kalk); Beira (S. Afr.

Mus., identified by Tomlin).

I have not seen the Delagoa Bay specimens. The Beira specimens do not

seem very different from juvenile caeruleum.

Distribution. Querimba Island (von Martens).

Cerithium columna Sow.

Cerithium columna Sowerby, 1834, pl. 204, fig. 7; 1855, p. 855, pl. 178, figs. 55-58.

Natal (Sowerby). Beira (S. Afr. Mus., identified by Tomlin).

The single specimen is 20 mm. long and closely resembles a half-grown

caeruleum.

Distribution. Red Sea, Mauritius, Indo-Pacific.

Cerithium morus Lam.

Fig. 25 5

Cerithium morus Lamarck, p. 75. Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 127 (listed).

Radula with 65-80 rows (3 examples examined): see figure.

Fossil: Congella, Durban Bay, 6 feet below present level (Geol. Surv.).

Kosi Bay (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay and Mozambique Island (S. Afr. Mus.

coll. K.H.B.); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Madagascar, East Indies.

Cerithium caeruleum Sow.

Cerithium caeruleum Sowerby, 1855, p. 866, pl. 179, figs. 61, 62.

Radula with c. 70 rows, as in morus.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 133

Durban (Smith, 1903a). Mozambique Island (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

Santa Carolina and Nacala (U.W.).

Distribution. Querimba Is. (von Martens); Red Sea.

Cerithium dialeucum Phil.

Cerithium dialeucum Philippi, 1849, p. 14.

(dialencum (typ. err.), Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 127 (listed)

Radula with c¢. 55 rows (one seen), as in morus.

Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Cerithium rostratum Sow.

Cerithium rostratum Sowerby, 1855, p. 861, pl. 180, fig. 104. Von Martens, 1879, p. 733. Schep-

man, 1909, p. 159. Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 482.

I have seen specimens from Nosy-bé (U.W.); also one from mangrove

swamps, Durban Bay (coll. R. N. Kilburn). 20 mm. Tip of canal black.

Distribution. Querimba Is., Madagascar, East Indies, Philippines.

Cerithium alexandri Tomlin

Fig. 26 a

Cerithium alexandri Tomlin, 1923, p. 48, text-fig. 1.

Protoconch missing. Postnatal whorls 14, possibly 15. Whorls slightly con-

cave a little below the middle, where there is a single impressed spiral stria

(sometimes 2). Low rounded inconspicuous axial ribs very obscure on early

whorls, 9-10 on 1oth or 11th whorl, 10-12 on last whorl, protractive, petering

out in middle of whorl, but reappearing less conspicuously on lower half,

forming a pseudo-varix on left of last whorl (13th in one shell, 14th in two

others). Outer lip externally somewhat thickened above, and with an internal

thickening opposite the parietal callosity. 55 x 18 mm.

White with numerous narrow, continuous, red-brown or orange-brown

spiral lines.

Scottburgh (Natal) (Tomlin); off Cape Morgan, 34 fathoms (Tomlin:

P.F. material).

Off Cape Morgan, 34 fathoms, 4 (one seen by Tomlin) ; off Gape Morgan,

45 fathoms, one apex; off Rame Head (south of Port St. Johns), 43 fathoms,

one; all dead but fresh (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. ‘The Cape Morgan shell seen by Tomlin, and recorded in con-

junction with his description, based on unpublished notes by E. A. Smith, is

not a co-type. It was not sent to Tomlin until after Smith’s death.

The description and figure of the coloration of the Type specimen from

Scottburgh do not apply to the Cape Morgan shell; in fact unless Tomlin had

recorded and returned the latter as alexandri, I should scarcely have recognized

the other Pieter Faure shells as Tomlin’s species,

134 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

In general Tomlin’s description of the morphology of the shell is correct,

though he did not mention the midwhorl stria (pseudosuture), and the spiral

striae in the present specimens are so excessively minute (and only visible in

places) as to be of no importance.

The coloration seems to be the only discrepancy.

Was the Type a very worn specimen in which the continuous spiral lines

had become disrupted into spots? Against this is Smith’s figure (in Tomlin,

Fic. 26. a, Cerithium alexandri Smith (arrows indicate true sutures, dotted lines ‘pseudosutures’).

b, Cerithium macrostoma Hinds. c, Alabina fulua (Watson). d, A. telamon n. sp., with protoconch

further enlarged.

1923) in which the artist (assuming he was accurate) has shown fewer spiral

series of spots than there are lines in the Pieter Faure shells.

In this respect the difference between the two forms is almost strong

enough to justify giving the latter a specific name. But spiral lines of colour

may vary in number, e.g. Marginella musica (Part II, p. 5); and more or less

linear spiral pattern may break up into a series of spots, e.g. Conus infrenatus-

bairstowi (Part I, p. 87). :

Mr. A. E. Salisbury has kindly examined the Type at the British Museum

(Natural History) and informs me that it has actually a few continuous

lines, and also a few lines carrying spots, though the series of spots only

predominate. |

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 135

Cerithium (Colina) macrostoma Hinds

Fig. 26 5

Seer inacrostome Hinds, 1844¢, p. 27, pl. 16, figs. 11, 12. Sowerby, 1855, p. 877, pl. 184, fig.

219.

Protoconch one whorl, smooth. Postnatal whorls 11. Spiral lirae 2 on 1st

and 2nd whorls, 3 on 3rd, 4 on 4th—1oth whorls, 5 on last whorl, nodulose,

the nodules arranged in slightly oblique axial series, 16 on last whorl. A 5th,

feebly nodulose, lira adjoining the lower suture is visible on gth and 10th whorls.

8-5 X 1°5.

Delagoa Bay, one juv. (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.; identified by Tomlin).

Distribution. Straits of Macassar.

Remarks. ‘The specimen is immature with a very thin papery outer lip,

not the expanded patulous lip of the adult. It thus resembles the cigar-shaped

pupaeforme Sow., or more correctly perhaps the ‘pupaeforme-stage’ of some species.

Hinds’ and Sowerby’s descriptions and figures are quite inadequate. Presum-

ably Tomlin compared the present specimen with Hinds’ Type, and his

identification is here accepted.

Bittium quadricinctum Smith

Bittium quadricinctum Smith, 1903, p. 381, pl. 15, fig. 12.

Protoconch 3 whorls. Postnatal whorls 9. 6 X 1:75 mm.

Durban (Smith). Off Umhloti River, 40 fathoms, 2 dead and 2 broken;

off Cape Natal, 54 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Smith’s figure shows transversely elongate nodules on the lirae;

in the present specimens the nodules are less conspicuous. On the back of the

last whorl of one of the broken shells a fine feebly-nodulose intermediary lira

is developed between the 2nd and 3rd, and 3rd and 4th nodulose lirae.

Subfam. Litiopinae

Bartsch, 1915, p. 121 (Litiopidae). Thiele, 1925, p. 118 (Litiopidae). Thiele, 1929, p. 210 (sub-

fam. of Cerithitdae).

Turton’s ‘n.spp.’, founded on single specimens, need not be considered

here.

Thiele’s generic diagnoses give protoconch ribbed in Alaba, smooth in

Diala; if this difference be accepted, pinnae Krss. should be placed in Diala.

Duala capensis Bartsch 1915 was preoccupied by D. capensis Sow. 1889 and

was renamed jordant by Tomlin (19398, p. 159).

Laseron (1956, pp. 454 sqq.) included Diala and Australaba in the Rissoidae.

Diala pinnae (Krss.)

Rissoa pinnae Krauss, 1848, p. 87, pl. 5, fig. 21. Sowerby, 1892, p. 37.

Alaba pinnae Bartsch, 1915, p. 121. Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 306 (listed).

136 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Nuclear whorl smooth (number of whorls composing protoconch?).

Postnuclear whorls 7. First 3 whorls smooth, 4th and following whorls with

g—10(11) axial ribs, on body whorl sometimes only 8, from suture to suture,

but not extending across base, usually slightly angular in lower half of whorl;

crossed by c. 10 weak and often obscure striae; 6—7 additional striae on base.

6-5 X 3 mm. |

Biscuit-colour, translucent when fresh, usually with wavy red- or orange-

brown axial lines. Beach specimens sometimes stained buff, grey, or chestnut-

brown; one specimen dark slaty-grey with the more prominent ribs white,

showing up like varices.

Fossil: Quaternary: raised beach at Little Brak River, Mossel Bay (S. Afr.

Mus.) ; Sedgefield near Knysna (Martin).

Krauss gave no exact locality. Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred

(Bartsch, Turton, 1932); Durban Bay (Day & Morgans). | |

Above jetty in Knysna harbour, brackish water (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Diala capensis Sow.

Diala capensis Sowerby, 18892, p. 12, pl. 1, fig. 17; 1892, p. 27, pl. 1, fig. 28. Schwarz, 1910, p. 114.

Turton, 1932, p. 136, pl. 29, no. 980 (3 figs.).

Nucleus smooth. Postnuclear whorls 8, with one or two more ribs than in

pinnae, 12-14, on last whorl (Turton gave 16, but duplication and formation of

minor riblets, especially on back of outer lip, may occur); spiral striae as in

pinnae. 9°5 X 3 mm.; 11 X 4 mm. (last 2 whorls almost subscalariform).

Colour as in pinnae.

Fossil: Pleistocene: Port Elizabeth (Schwarz).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, 1915, Turton). Still Bay

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Remarks. I doubt whether this is more than a slim and elongate form of

pinnae. Even Turton admitted the great variability of capensis, illustrated by

three figures; the right-hand figure is a typical pinnae.

Diala infrasulcata Sow.

Diala infrasulcata Sowerby, 1892, p. 27, pl. 1, fig. 20. Turton, 1932, p. 136.

Fossil, Quaternary: Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); raised

beach, Little Brak River, Mossel Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, 1915, Turton).

Remarks. Some of the specimens from Little Brak River retain a faint

mottled brown coloration.

Analogous species: D. cacumenata Laseron and vestigia Laseron (1956,

figs. 188, 189) occur on the coast of Queensland.

Diala almo Bartsch

Diala almo Bartsch, 1915, p. 123, pl. 6, fig. 2.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 137

Some specimens from Still Bay (coll. Muir) resemble a Port Alfred speci-

men identified by Turton, which however has not the patulous outer lip

shown in Bartsch’s figure. Most of these specimens are glossy, with fine axial

striae (growth-lines) and show the ‘double suture’ mentioned by Bartsch for

africana (p. 122) and almo (p. 123). Turton was misled by this appearance in a

fresh and translucent shell, calling it czngulifera.

Probably conspecific with africana Bartsch.

Diala sp.

Three specimens from Still Bay (coll. Muir), 3-5 x 1-5 mm. Pale corneous:

one has a whitish band below the suture on body whorl; another has a

faint narrow spiral brown line on back of the body whorl; the third is

unicolorous.

These may be dubia Sow. 18092, or ‘capensis’ Bartsch 1915 (non Sowerby

1889).

Alabina africana Bartsch

Alabina africana Bartsch, 1915, p. 121, pl. 12, fig. 1.

Two specimens found by Dr. Muir measure 1 X 0:5 mm., with 3 postnatal

whorls. Bartsch’s description says there are 4 lirae on the protoconch, but his

figure shows only 3, and the present specimens have only 3, beginning on the

actual nucleus. Bartsch’s specimen with 7 whorls measured 2 X 0-7 mm.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton, 1932).

Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

. Alabina formosa W. H. Turton

Alabina formosa Turton, 1932, p. 136, pl. 29, no. 975. Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 306 (listed)

_ (Alabena typ. err.).

Protoconch 2 whorls, seemingly minutely cancellate or pitted (but shells

not in pristine condition). Postnatal whorls 5. First whorl with median spiral

keel, gnd and 3rd also angular in profile, 3rd with 2 weak lirae besides the

peripheral keel, axial riblets c. 22 on and, but only 16 on 3rd; 4th and 5th

whorls convex in profile, a slight subsutural lira, and 3 other weak lirae in

lower half, 4th with 16, 5th with c. 18 axial riblets, not crossing base. Base with

6—7 lirae. No umbilicus. Outer lip seemingly entire, without anterior canal.

3 X 1°25-1°3 mm. (2 specimens); A third shell with 6 postnatal whorls, body

whorl incomplete: 3 * 1-75 mm. Turton: 3 X 1I°5 mm.

Port Alfred (Turton). Durban Bay (Day & Morgans); Still Bay (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. Muir).

A specimen ex coll. Ross Frames, said to have come from Durban, has 7

postnatal whorls, measuring 7 < 2:25 mm., and agrees in the above characters.

Axial riblets on last whorl faint, but c, 20-22 in number.

138 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Alabina fulva (Watson)

Fig. 26.¢

Alaba (Stiliferina) fulua Watson, 1886, p. 571, pl. 42, fig. 5.

Obtortio fulua Laseron, 1956, p. 461, figs. 199-203.

A specimen from Inhambane with 6 postnatal whorls measures

4:3 X 1°75 mm. It is somewhat worn, but has stronger spiral sculpture and

thus appears cancellate.

Nucleus of protoconch missing, only one whorl remaining. First and second

postnatal whorls seem to have been originally medianly keeled, the 3rd with

indications of 3 spiral lirae; 4th and 5th with 4 lirae, 6th and 7th with 5,

crossed by axial riblets, c. 16 on 3rd—6th, and 18 on last whorl (perhaps 20,

if some rather prominent growth-lines are included), not crossing base; 6

additional lirae on base. No umbilicus. Outer lip entire, no anterior canal.

Inhambane, Portuguese East Africa (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Distribution. Torres Straits, Madagascar.

Remarks. So extremely like fulva that I do not feel justified in separating it;

though possibly fresh material may show tangible differences. It resembles

Laseron’s fig. 199, but not his figs. 200-202.

Laseron included the species in Obtortio (Rissotdae), which Thiele regarded

as a section of Finella in the Cerithiacea.

Alabina telamon n.sp.

Fig. 26 d

Protoconch 3 whorls, smooth. Postnatal whorls 5, the 1st abruptly wider

than protoconch; 1st-3rd whorls smooth, 4th with c. 6-7, 5th with c. 9-10

very faint lirae. Base smooth. Outer lip broken. No umbilicus. 45-5 x 2 mm.

Off Tugela River (Natal), 65-80 fathoms, one fresh, Type; off Umhloti

River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 2 broken and worn; off Illovo (Natal), 27-30

fathoms, one fresh, one broken (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. In general shape this shell bears a resemblance to A. formosa and

fulva, the latter of which Watson placed in the Stiliferina section of Alaba.

Provisionally I include it in the same genus.

Bartsch (1915) and Thiele (1929) are not in agreement as to the validity

or taxonomic position of Alabina.

All the specimens have been bored by carnivorous gastropods; three of

them have two holes side-by-side; in one of these three, one of the holes has

not penetrated the shell, and a third hole has been bored near-by.

Fam. Finellidae

Thiele, 1929, p. 208.

Finella A. Adams 1860 was the original spelling, but was amended by

A, Adams 1864 to Fenella, Thiele reverted to the former.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 139

Thiele made the Australian genus Obtortto Hedley 1899 a section of

Finella. Laseron (1956, p. 460) places Obtortio in the Rissoidae.

Smith (1903a, pp. 383, 384) entered in the South African fauna-list two

species: cerithina Phil. and fulgida Adams, collected by Nevill in Natal and

recorded by him (Nevill 1884, pp. 114 and 116). Smith seems to have overlooked

a third species: pupoides A. Adams (? = virgata Phil.) also recorded by Nevill

(p. 117) from Natal.

Cerithidium fragrans n.sp.

Fie. 15 6

Protoconch 24(3) whorls, smooth. Postnatal whorls 6, profile convex,

sutures indented. Axial riblets 14-15, not prominent on first two whorls, from

suture to suture, but not extending on to base; crossed by spiral lirae 2 on Ist

and 2nd whorls, 3 on 3rd, 4 on 4th, 5 on 5th and 6th, the two original lirae

continuing as the peripheral and lower lirae, the 3rd develops between the

suture above and the peripheral lira and becomes as strong as the original two

lirae; the 4th and 5th lirae also develop between the suture above and the

supra-peripheral lira, but do not become as strong as the others; also a fine

lira at bottom of each whorl, becoming the marginal lira on the base, with 3

lirae below it. Intersection of riblets and lirae nodulose, interstices spirally

oblong. Aperture oval. 3:3 x 1:25 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, raised beach at Little Brak River, Mossel Bay, one with

6 whorls, 4 with 4 whorls (S. Afr. Mus.).

Remarks. One of the 4-whorled specimens is distinctly more slender than

ehevorhers: 2-3 x 0-6 and 2-3 X I mm.

This species has more convex whorls and deeper sutures than F’. natalensis

Smith 1899. Very like F. xanthacme Melvill 1904 from the Persian Gulf, which

has 15 axial riblets and 6 spiral lirae; and 4 protoconchal and 8 postnatal

whorls at a length of 7 mm.

At first glance has a general resemblance to Alabina alfredensis Bartsch

feats pe 121, pl. 5, fie: 7).

Distinguished from Bittium quadricinctum (p. 135) by the fineness of the

upper two lirae, and by the shape of the aperture. B. diplax Watson (1886,

P- 555, pl. 38, fig. 34), transferred to Obtortio by Laseron (1956, p. 466, figs.

227, 228), makes a near approach, but has only 2 spiral lirae on the whorls and

2 on the base.

Although described from fossil specimens, one should not presume that

the species is extinct. Turton did not obtain it at Port Alfred (unless his Alabina

gracilis is the juvenile of it, but gracilis is more likely to be the juvenile of A.

alfredensis) ; nor did Dr. Muir obtain it at Still Bay. No intensive collecting of

small shells has been done in the Mossel Bay area.

Named in allusion to the frequent fragrance of brackish waters.

140 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fam. Potamididae

Tympanotonus fuscatus (Linn.) occurs on the west coast of Africa as far south

as Mossamedes.

The other representatives of the family are found on the east and south-east

coast:

Cerithidea decollata (Linn). occurring along the south-east coast as far west

as Zwartkops estuary (Port Elizabeth).

Terebralia palustris (Brug.) not farther south than Durban.

In addition, C. inaequisculpta Kobelt 1893 and natalensis Kobelt 1893 were

recorded from Durban, and were included in Smith’s 1goga list. In 1926

Tomlin recorded the Red Sea Pirenella catlliaudi (Pot. & Mich.) also from

Durban.

Bullen Newton (1913, p. 347, pl. 24, figs. 5, 6) described Pirenella stowi

from Mio-Pliocene beds at Redhouse near Port Elizabeth.

Mrs. Boswell of Pretoria has shown me a 52 X 19 mm. shell obtained

ex pisce off Durban, which is in general shape and sculpture extremely like

P. stowi. It has 15 whorls (nucleus missing) and seems to increase in width

slightly more rapidly than stowi; there are fine impressed spiral striae over the

whole whorl, 11 on the early whorls, 16-18 on later whorls. As the fine sculpture

is not preserved in specimens of the fossil (except partially on the base), the

living species cannot be identified as stowi. I propose to call it Pirenella boswellae

n.sp.; and hope to give a figure in a later publication. Type in the Helene

Boswell collection.

Figures of the radulae of C. decollata and T. palustris are here given (fig. 25).

See also beckeri.

Gibbula perspectiva Sow.

Fig. 18 0

Gibbula perspectiva Sowerby, 1900, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 17.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 281

Protoconch nucleus plus 6 whorls; conical, profile straight, angulate at

periphery. Apex worn; spiral lirae 4 on 3rd whorl, 5-6 on 4th, 6-7 on 5th and

6th whorls, including one or two fine intermediaries; in addition a peripheral

-carinal lira slightly broader than those above it, but not projecting beyond

profile, divided by 1 (5th whorl) or 2 (6th whorl) faint striae; in apical view the

peripheral keel is slightly undulate; on 6th whorl lirae may be feebly granulate;

suture slightly undulate. Base with 6 lirae. Growth-lines distinct, more or less

pliculose in the sulci. Umbilicus widely open.

Alt. 8-5, diam. 9 mm. (cotype); another: 7°5 <X 7-5 mm. Sowerby:

mo LT mm.

Mottled red on pale ground-colour, faint darker patches from suture

extending more or less across whorl, peripheral carina articulated, basal lirae

spotted (cotype). Another specimen uniform fulvous-brown.

Pondoland coast (Sowerby, also S. Afr. Mus.). A second specimen in the

South African Museum (Juritz coll.) probably came also from Port Alfred, but

possibly from Natal.

Remarks. The present cotype (coll. Becker) is not in very good condition,

but exhibits characteristics (number of lirae) not mentioned in Sowerby’s

description.

| Not taken by Turton at Port Alfred.

Related to townsend: Sow., described from the Mekran Coast, and recorded

by Smith (1903) from Durban.

Cantharidus fulton (Sow.)

Figs. 142, 19

Calliostoma fultoni Sowerby, 1889 b, p. 153, pl. 3, fig. 7 (labelled Trochus stenomphalus); 1892,

p- 43, pl. 2, fig. 43; Schwarz, 1910, p. 115; Tomlin, 1931 a, p. 419 (note on stenomphalus),

Haughton, 1937, p. 22.

Calliostoma farquhari Sowerby, 1892, p. 43, pl. 2, fig. 42; Schwarz, 1910, p. 115; Tomlin, 1931 a,

p. 419.

Calliostoma bisculptum Smith, 1906 a, p. 54, pl. 8, fig. 4.

Calliostoma ? n.sp. Smith in Rogers, 1906 3, p. 293.

¢Calliostoma mosselense ‘Tomlin, 1926 b, p. 81; Haughton, 1926, p. 81 (note on Tomlin); Barnard,

1962, p. 182.

Conical, altitude greater than diameter, but proportionately greater in

large shells than in juveniles. Protoconch nucleus plus 8 whorls; profile straight,

angularly carinate at periphery, sharply on the early whorls but less so on

later whorls, carina often making a slight bulge above the suture. First whorl

obscurely spirally striate, following whorls with spiral lirae, varying in number

from 6 broad flat lirae to 18 fine filiform lirae. Base with 8-13 lirae. Growth-lines

fine, close, oblique. Umbilicus variable, usually almost or quite closed in shells

of about diam. 8-9 mm., but even in largest shells a narrow chink may remain.

Up to alt. 16, diam. 13 mm.

Grey or pale buff, sometimes with a livid or faint greenish tinge, usually

with more or less distinct darker grey protractive axial streaks, flames, or

282 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

zigzags, sometimes in duplicate or bifid towards the periphery, lirae more or

less articulate, peripheral carina distinctly articulated; often 2 thin red spiral

lines, 1 below suture and 1 midwhorl, sometimes a third red line above the

peripheral carina. Base paler, speckled or with axial streaks, and often 1-3

red spiral lines. Juvenile shells often iridescent externally, especially in alcohol.

Some of the Mossel Bay and Sedgefield fossil shells retain traces of the

axial streaks.

Jaws present, without intercalated platelets. Radula with c. 50-55 rows,

central plate expanded laterally, 5 lateral plates with broad cusps, with one

or two serrations, marginal plates not serrated.

Fic. 19. Profiles of Cantharidus fulton (Sow.)

show variation.

Fossil: Quaternary, Klein Brak River (Mossel Bay) (Tomlin: tmosselense) ;

Port Elizabeth (Johnson; Schwarz; Haughton); Sedgefield near Knysna

(A.R.H. Martin); Knysna raised beach (S. Afr. Mus.).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Durban (Smith); Isipingo and Durban

(S. Afr. Mus.).

Off Cape Morgan, 47 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K. H. B.; also U.W.) ; Inhambane

and Maxixe (U.C.T.); Mozambique Island (U.W.).

Remarks. Sowerby’s description of fultoni and Smith’s description of

bisculptum are very similar, sometimes with almost ipsissima verba: (‘strigis

plerumque duplicatis’ and ‘strigis plus minus duplicatis’); Smith, however, did not

mention fultont, and did not compare his species with any other.

Tomlin (1931a) showed that farquhart was only juvenile fulton1; and men-

tioned some features which appeared to separate the unique specimen of

bisculptum from fultoni, but foresaw the possibility of these differences being

bridged by further material.

Tomlin, according to Haughton’s note (1926), had only one specimen

from Mossel Bay, and therefore was unaware of the variation in the liration

and in the umbilicus. His statement that farquhari was ‘much smaller’ than

mosselense was not quite correct: Sowerby gave 12 X 9 mm. for the former,

Tomlin 12 X 10 mm. for the latter.

Both Sowerby and Tomlin regarded fultoni as close to the Madagascan

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 283

Trochus suarezensis Fischer 1880, later transferred to Cantharidus (see Dautzen-

berg, 1929, p. 538). A comparison of a series from Madagascar and the east

_coast of Africa might be interesting.

The radula shows that fultonz is not a Calliostoma.

The variation in the number of lirae is remarkable but not unexpected in

the case of a lirate shell. The most common, and therefore to be regarded as

normal, form is multilirate. There is one 6-lirate shell from Delagoa Bay; but

the longest series from any one locality is that from Mossel Bay, most of which

are in good condition. Variation on the whorl does not always coincide with

that on the base: shells with multilirate whorls usually have a multilirate base,

but not always.

Haughton’s statement (1937) that mosselense was extinct must be qualified.

Like Cerithium kochi (Barnard, Part III, p. 131) this species at one time was

living much farther westwards along the coast than it is today. It is doubtful

if it is living as far south as Port Elizabeth. One may even doubt whether it is

living on the Natal coast; Burnup’s unique specimen of bisculptum (? living)

and 2 dead shells in the South African Museum appear to be the only

records.

In the Mossel Bay raised beach fulioni is one of the most abundant species.

Angaria lacunosa n.sp.

Fig. 20

A worn specimen, the upper surface partially covered with a Polyzoan,

seems to belong to this genus. The upper surface is irregularly oval in outline,

g X 8mm.; a faint suture is visible in places. Three cavities appear to represent

apertural expansions on previous whorls; one such cavity is at the upper

corner of the aperture, and one slightly behind it. Base convex, with traces of

spiral lirae, best seen near the narrow umbilicus, which is not completely

covered by the columellar glaze.

From one of the Prefer Faure bottom-samples from Natal, but exact locality

not recorded (S. Afr. Mus. Ag281, P.F. coll.).

May possibly be atrata (Gmelin).

Fic. 20. Angaria lacunosa n. sp., frontal and apical views.

284. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Umbonium vestiartum (Linn.)

Rotella vestiara Linn., Chenu, 1859, figs. 2592-2603 (coloured).

Recorded by Sowerby (1897) from Durban. The South African Museum

has it from Kentani (coll. Rev. F. C. Kolbe), but the record needs confirmation.

Bartsch’s (1915) ‘Cape of Good Hope’ is not a definite locality, and merely

means that the specimens were in a collection received from “South Africa’.

Turton (1932, p. 183) recorded ‘Omphalius fasciatus Born’, identified by

Tomlin. ‘Smooth, with brown marks and spiral dotted lines... rather like

a Solarium.’ Turton seems to have made some mistake, because his words

suggest Umbonium; Omphalwus is not at all like a Solarium.

Fam. Fissurellidae

Thiele, 1929, i, p. 31.

Tomlin, 1932, p. 159 (South African species).

The radula seems to require further investigation. Powell (1951, p. 87,

fig. G 3) described and figured the radula of Parmaphorella melvilli with an

‘incipient or obsolescent’ 6th lateral plate, and noted that a similar plate is

present in other genera. It seems to be distinct in this genus, and simulates a

lateral plate; but as the fan-like series of marginal plates is closely associated

with this plate, and in Amblychilepas scutella (fig. 21 b) appears to be actually

attached to it, it would be better interpreted as the 1st marginal plate. It is

absent in Pupillaea aperta (fig. 21 e), but its homologue seems to be the alate

Ist marginal plate.

This latter plate may represent an evolutionary stage, because in Diodora

parviforata it is present but lacks the slender process at the outer corner.

Torr (1914, pp. 363, 364) described a double row of marginal plates in:

Megatebennus (Cosmetalepas), Lucapinella, and Emarginula; presumably meaning a

double row belonging to each transverse row of plates on the radula. This,

at least in all the radulae I have been able to examine, is an illusion due to the

series of marginals being directed backwards parallel with the axis of the

radula instead of spreading out more or less laterally. Consequently when the

marginals are numerous, those belonging to one transverse row overlap those

of the row in front (fig. 21 a). In A. scutella (fig. 21 b), however, the marginals

are not numerous, and all are accommodated on the well-‘chitinized’ basal

plate.

Fissurella robusta Sow.

Fissurella robusta Sowerby, 1892, p. 48, pl. 2, figs. 50, 51; Tomlin, 1932, p. 160; Haughton,

1929, p. 38, pl. 9, figs. 1-3; 1932, pp. 23, 27, 29, 30, 42.

Tomlin declined to admit this large species to the list of Recent shells on

account of its fossilized appearance. Probably the original specimen had been

washed out of Pleistocene deposits in the neighbourhood of Port Elizabeth,

like Cerithium rufonodulosum (see: Barnard, Part III, p. 131) and Priotrochus

alexandri (p. 251, supra).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 285

Haughion recorded it from Late Tertiary or Pleistocene deposits north of

Orange River Mouth, Alexander Bay, Port Nolloth, and north of Olifants

. River mouth.

Up to 81 x 62 X 40 mm.

Franca (1960, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 1) recorded 2 large examples of Fissurella,

57 and 62 mm., from Tiger Bay, Angola, and identified them with a query as

F. tanneri Verrill 1883. It seems unlikely that this American species occurs on

the Angolan coast.

Subfam. Fissurellinae

Central plate of radula narrow, 5th lateral plate with 4 cusps.

Fissurella mutabilis Sow.

Big. 21a

Fissurella mutabilis Sowerby, 1834, p. 127; Krauss, 1848, p. 65; Watson, 1886, p. 33; von Martens,

1903, p. 50; Odhner, 1923, p. 32; Tomlin, 1931 a, p. 418.

Fissurella mutabilis var. aurantia Sowerby, 1921, p. 127; Turton, 1932, p. 205.

Fissurella mutabilis var. obtusa Sow., Turton, 1932, p. 205.

Fissurella rota Rve., Turton, 1932, p. 205.

Fissurella sagittata Rve., Turton, 1932, p. 205.

Fissurella alboradiata Turton, 1932, p. 205, pl. 53, no. 1424.

Fissurella indistincta Turton, 1932, p. 206, pl. 53, no. 1427.

Not saddle-shaped, lies flat. Foramen narrow, keyhole-shaped.

Animal, except the head, covered by the shell. Grey or brownish sole pale.

Radula with 45-55 rows, central plate triangular, very narrow in front,

4th lateral plate with an inner flange and tapering apex, 5th lateral with 4

cusps, marginal plates c. 22-26 attached to an alate basal plate but continued

slightly beyond its hind end and attached to the basal membrane of the radula,

thus slightly overlapping the series on the row behind, the hindermost 4-6

obovate, spatulate.

Fic. 21. Radula plates of: a, Fissurella mutabilis Sow., two series of marginal plates, the lower

series not completely drawn; 6, Amblychilepas scutella (Gmelin); c, Megatebennus (Cosmetalepas)

africanus ‘Tomlin, 5th lateral plate; d, Tugalia barnardi (Tomlin) ; e, Pupillaea aperta (Sow.), adult.

286 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fossil: Pleistocene; Algoa Bay (Johnson, 1904); Little Brak River (S. Afr.

Mus.).

Liideritzbucht, Table Bay, False Bay to Port Alfred, and Natal (auct. et

S. Afr. Mus.). 34° 8’ S., 24° 59’ E., 80-100 metres (von Martens). |

Living: Liideritzbucht, Port Nolloth to Langebaan (Saldanha Bay) ; West

coast of Cape Peninsula; False Bay, and various localities to Kleinmond

(Bathurst Div.) (U.G.T.).

Distribution. Madagascar (Odhner); St. Paul and New Amsterdam

(southern Indian Ocean), vide Velain (Faune St. Paul. Moll., p. 120, pl. 4,

figs. 11, 12) and von Martens (loc. cit., p. 71).

Fissurella natalensis Krss.

Fissurella natalensis Krauss, 1848, p. 66, pl. 4, fig. 8; Schwarz, 1910, p. 115; Dautzenberg, 1929,

Pp. 545; Braga, 1952, p. 93, pl. 6, fig. 8; Janus, 1961, p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 7-9.

Diodora natalensis Krauss, Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 306 (listed); Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 127

(listed).

Not saddle-shaped, nor flat, sides slightly concave so that shell rests on

front and hind ends. Foramen keyhole-shaped. Up to 50 X 30 mm.

Animal covered by shell. Dark grey or brown, mottled or speckled, mantle

edge with squarish dark marks, head dark, sole pale.

Radula with c. 55 rows, as in mutabilis.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Port Elizabeth (Schwarz).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby). Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Natal (Krauss;

also 8. Afr. Mus.); Delagoa Bay (Braga).

Living: Richmond (Alexandria Division), East London (U.C.T.), Morgan

Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Mrs. Kerr), Umzimkaba (F. Talbot), Durban and

Umhlali (U.C.T.), Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Lectotype in Stuttgart Museum. -

Distribution. Madagascar (Dautzenberg).

Amblychilepas scutella (Gmelin)

Figs. 21 b, 22 d—f

Fissurella trapezina Sowerby, 1834, p. 126.

Fissurella scutella Gmelin, and var. trapezina Krauss, 1848, p. 63.

Fissurella incarnata Krauss, 1848, p. 65, pl. 4, fig. 7; Sowerby, 1892, p. 47.

Fissurella dubia Sowerby, 1862, p. 193, pl. 244, fig. 208.

Fissurellidea sella Sowerby, 1862, p. 203, pl. 243, fig. 197.

Fissurellidea hiantula non Lam., Sowerby, 1892, p. 48.

Megatebennus (Amblychilepas) scutella Gmelin, Smith, 1903, p. 391; Haughton, 1932, pp. 34, 43-

Fissurellidaea scutella Gmelin, Turton, 1932, p. 207.

Fissurellidaea incarnata Krauss, Turton, 1932, p. 206, and var. maculata, pl. 53, no. 1431.

Fissurellidaea multilineata Turton, 1932, p. 206, pl. 53, no. 1432.

Fissurellidaea albanyana Turton, 1932, p. 207, pl. 54, no. 1433.

Fissurellidaea nigrostriata Turton, 1932, p. 207, pl. 54, no. 1435.

Megatabeunus [sic] scutellum Gmelin, Krige, 1933, p. 37.

Megatebennus incarnatus Krss., Janus, 1961, p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 4-6.

Saddle-shaped, foramen oval; radiating lirae numerous but variable in

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 287

strength: coarser, more or less unequal, some of them especially at both ends

distinctly stronger than others (scwtella), or finer and more regular (ncarnata) ;

- growth-lines subordinate to the lirae but often, especially in dubza-scutella,

forming squamose nodules, sometimes when well developed (and unworn or

uncorroded) forming continuous concentric crinkly lines. Up to 35 xX 22 and

37 X 22 mm., alt. 10-11 mm.; high and low forms, e.g. long. 19 X alt. 5-5 and

18 X 3 mm. Sometimes strongly saddle-shaped, the upper surface nearly

level instead of sloping down from the foramen (sella). Smallest seen: 1°5 X

0-75 mm. (coll. Muir).

Colour on west coast usually grey or drab, with more or less distinct

darker radial streaks; white with black radial streaks (Liideritzbucht); on

south coast often brighter, tending to pink or reddish. Beach shells very variable

in colour and pattern, but probably the colours accentuated by weathering.

Animal much larger than shell, projecting and elevated posteriorly,

propodium projecting triangularly forwards, in preserved specimens usually

concealing the snout in ventral view (contrast mutabilis) ; animal (as preserved)

46 mm. long with shell 33 mm. Surface nodulose and granulose, cirri projecting

from around margin of shell. Chestnut-brown or reddish, sole dark.

Radula with 30-35 rows, central plate narrow in front, broader behind,

ist-3rd lateral plates narrow-oblong, 4th with projecting inner flange and

tapering apex, 5th large, with 4 cusps, marginal plates not numerous, attached

to an oval-alate basal plate, slender, distally minutely serrulate, the hindermost

3-4 elongate-obovate, spatulate.

Fossil: Pliocene; Inhambane, Portuguese East Africa (Cox, 1939).

Quaternary; Hoedjies Bay and Saldanha Bay (Haughton); Klein Brak River,

Mossel Bay (S. Afr. Mus.) ; Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin) ; Durban

(Krige; also Geol. Survey). :

Table Bay and False Bay to Natal (auct. et S. Afr. Mus.).

Off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 22 fathoms, 2 juv. dead, fresh; off O’Neil

Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 2 dead, worn (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: Table Bay and False Bay (S. Afr. Mus.): Hoedjies Bay (Saldanha

Bay), low tide (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.) ; Elizabeth Bay (south of Liideritzbucht),

Groen Rivier and Zout Rivier; Langebaan (Saldanha Bay), False Bay, and

various localities to Durban (U.C.T.).

Lectotype of zncarnatus in Stuttgart Museum.

Remarks. Although the coarsely lirate scutella and the finely lirate zncarnata

appear quite distinct, all transitions can be found in a long series from one

locality (e.g. Still Bay, coll. Muir). Some Durban examples, and the O’Neil

Peak shells, have very coarse lirae with well-marked squamose nodules (dubia) ;

the Cape Vidal unworn juveniles have the concentric crinkly growth-lines more

conspicuous than the lirae.

Juveniles below about 7-8 mm. long, before they have become distinctly

saddle-shaped, are often difficult to distinguish from mutabilis even when the

foramen is undamaged.

288 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM.

In the Muir collection there is a very young shell 1-5 x 0-75 mm. retaining

the protoconch, which appears referable to this species; at 2 mm. long all

trace of the protoconch has been lost.

The fossils from Klein Brak River are very young, the largest only 5 mm.

long, and are narrower than juveniles of similar size from, for example, Still

Bay; they may possibly be mutabilis, though the foramen seems to be oval,

not keyhole-shaped.

Macrochisma africana ‘Tomlin

Macrochisma producta (non A. Adams) Sowerby, 1892, p. 48.

Macrochisma compressa (non A. Adams) Sowerby, 1897, p. I1.

Macrochisma producta A. Adams var., Smith, 1901, p. 105.

Macrochisma africana Tomlin, 1932, p. 161, fig. 3.

Saddle-shaped. The present specimens agree with and add nothing to

Tomlin’s description. The largest specimen is the same size as Tomlin’s Type:

22 x 10, alt. 7 mm. The Pieter Faure specimen is slightly narrower: 17°5

x 7mm.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred, Scottburgh (Natal), and Umvoti

(Natal) (Tomlin). Durban (S. Afr. Mus. coll. R. M. Lightfoot); Scottburgh

(S.. Afr. Mis. coll. Koi.) Bo:

Off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 1 dead, worn (S. Afr. Mus.

P.-E. coll).

Type ? in coll. Tomlin.

Subfam. Emarginulinae

Central plate of radula broad, 5th lateral plate with 2 (occasionally 3)

cusps.

Fissurellidea (Pupillaea) aperta (Sow.)

Fig. 21 €

Fissurella aperta Sowerby, 1825, p. vi.

Pupillaea aperta Sow., Krauss, 1848, p. 62, pl. 4, fig. xi; von Martens, 1874, p. 127; 1903, pp. 55

and 57 note 18.

Slightly saddle-shaped; inner layer of shell projecting beyond the outer

coloured layer; foramen very large, about } length of shell, oval; radiating

lirae more or less subequal, often less strongly developed at sides than at ends;

growth-lines distinct, crinkly where they cross the lirae. Up to 40 x 28,

foramen 15 X 10 mm., and 50 X 32, foramen 15 X 10 mm.; broad and

narrow forms, e.g. 24 x 17 and 28 xX 15 mm. Smallest seen: 10 X 6:5,

foramen 3°5 X 2 mm.

Grey with darker grey or livery radiating stripes of varying width. Beach

shells often buff or fawn with fulvous stripes.

Animal much larger than shell, mantle completely covering shell up to

edge of foramen. Flesh-coloured, grey, dark brown, or blackish, more or less

mottled, sole paler. Up to approximately 110 x 80 mm. (as preserved).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 289

Radula with 30-35 rows, central plate oblique, very broad, front margin

slightly thickened and sometimes extremely finely serrulate, 1st—4th lateral

- plates narrow, with small overturned apices, 5th lateral very large, with strong

uncinate cusp and small external cusp, marginal plates numerous, posteriorly

overlapping the series behind, 1st marginal with alate internal expansion

basally, with a slender process from outer distal corner, 2nd marginal stouter

than the following c. 18 slender marginals, 2nd apically terete, the others

biserrulate, the hindermost 2-3 elongate-obovate.

Fossil: Pleistocene; Algoa Bay (Johnson, 1904).

Kalk Bay (False Bay) (Krauss; coll. Wahlberg); Liideritzbucht (Thiele) ;

Table Bay (von Martens); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch,

Turton); East London (von Martens). Table Bay and False Bay to East

London (S. Afr. Mus.).

Living: Table Bay (S. Afr. Mus.) ; False Bay, littoral to 17 fathoms (S. Afr.

Pius.) PF: coll.; also U.C.T.).

Remarks. The central plate of the radula is relatively wider in the adult

than in juveniles: the front margin about 14 times the combined width of

1st—4th lateral plates in the juvenile, at least twice as wide in adult.

Megatebennus (Cosmetalepas) africanus ‘Tomlin

Pig. 200c

Fissuridea concatenata (non Crosse & Fischer) Sowerby, 1892, p. 48; Smith, 1904, p. 25.

Lucapina concatenata (non Crosse & Fischer) Thiele, 1925, p. 41.

Megatebennus africanus Tomlin, 1926 a, p. 296, pl. 16, fig. 10.

Not saddle-shaped. Foramen about + length of shell, in some shells slightly

coarctate (see Tomlin’s figure). The honeycomb pitting is very close and

regular (quincuncial), the pits elongate-oval in the direction of the growth-lines

on the sides, but subcircular at each end. White. Up to 20 X 15 mm., foramen

5°55 X 3°5 mm. Juveniles (coll. Muir) 1-3 xX 1 mm., and 2 X 1°75 mm.

Animal (as preserved) with undulate mantle-edge, 23 x 20 mm., reflexed

over the 15 X 12 mm. shell, leaving an opening 9 X 7 mm. around the foramen.

Dull yellowish-brown, tentacles brown, eyes at base of tentacles, black (U.C.T.).

Radula with 55-60 rows, central plate oblique, about as broad as long,

5th lateral plate tricuspid, the external cusp more distal than the internal cusp,

Ist marginal plate subtriangular, with c. 12 slender plates apparently attached

to it, followed by c. 20 plates attached to the basal membrane of the radula,

and overlapping the series behind, all apically biserrulate, the hindermost

ones not obovate.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby) ; Port Alfred (Smith, Tomlin, Turton). 35° 26’ S.,

20° 50’ E., no depth given (Thiele). Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Panes 30 47 92030 27° EK. 96 metres, 1 (ULC.T.).

Remarks. The very distinctive sculpturing seems to justify at least a

subgeneric name (Cosmetalepas Iredale 1924, genotype concatenata C. & F.).

290 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Of the distinctions between the Australian concatenata and the South African

africanus given by Tomlin, the relative size of the foramen is not borne out by

his figure: it is said to be one-fifth the length of the shell in concatenata, smaller

in africanus, but the figure shows it larger (4). The sculpture is certainly very

regular in South African shells, and as Tomlin was able to compare shells

from both regions, the South African species can be maintained.

Thiele examined a radula but did not state definitely whether it was from

an Australian animal or from the small corroded Valdivia shell. The radula of

the present specimen—the only one hitherto taken alive in South African

waters—agrees with that figured by Torr for the Australian concatenata, though

I disagree with his interpretation of there being a double series of marginal

plates (see supra, p. 284).

Diodora calyculata (Sow.)

Fissurella calyculata Sowerby, 1823, no. 21, fig. 4; Krauss, 1848, p. 68; Sowerby, 1862, p. 193,

pl. 140 (err. 240), figs. 126, 127; von Martens, 1903, p. 55 (listed).

Fissuridea calyculata Sow., Bartsch, 1915, p. 177; Thiele, 1925, p. 40.

Diodora calyculata Sow., Tomlin, 1932, p. 160.

Up to 26 x 18;-alt. "13 ama:

Knysna; St. Francis Bay; Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Sebastian Bay, low tide, 1; Algoa Bay, 33 fathoms, 4; East London, 20

fathoms, 1 (S. Afr.. Mus. P.F. coll.).

The most westerly locality where this species has been found washed up

on the beach is Cape Agulhas (Krauss). It does not seem to have been taken

alive.

Diodora elizabethae (Smith)

Fissurella sieboldi (non Rve.) Sowerby, 1892, p. 47.

Glyphis elizabethae Smith, 1901, p. 104, pl. 1, fig. 12.

Fissuridea elizabethae Smith, Bartsch, 1915, p. 177.

Diodora elizabethae Smith, Tomlin, 1932, p. 160.

Not saddle-shaped, margin crenulate; foramen subcircular, hind margin

squarish, internal callus truncate behind. Four strong nodulose ribs in front of

and 4 behind the foramen; an additional smaller rib between the front pair

and the hind pair, feeble in juv. at 4 mm. long (smallest seen), but distinct and

noticeable (usually) at 10 mm. long. Up to 44 x 28 mm. High and low forms:

13°X 5, 13° X°4,.14' Ko4, and!zo x 720 66 mama

Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby, Smith) ;

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Tongaat (Natal) (S. Afr. Mus.).

Off Nieca River (East London area), 43 fathoms, 1 dead; off Tugela

River (Natal), 47 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Diodora spreta (Smith)

Fie. 2279

Fissurella fimbriata (non Rve.) Sowerby, 1892, p. 48.

Glyphis spreta Smith, 1g01, p. 104, pl. 1, fig. 18.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 291

Fissuridea spreta Smith, Bartsch, 1915, p. 177.

Diodora spreta Smith, Tomlin, 1932, p. 160.

Not saddle-shaped, margin crenulate; larger shells tending to have sides

concave and to rest on front and hind ends. Foramen subcircular, internal

callus truncate behind. Usually 7 main radiating lirae in front of and 7 behind

foramen, with 1 on either side (total 16), but 1 or 2 (3) intermediaries between

each pair may become almost as strong as the main lirae, which may make the

16-lirate ribbing less conspicuous. Main growth-lines, 8-10 on large shells,

well separated and forming squamose nodules on the lirae. Up to 27 x 18,

alt. 9g mm. Smallest seen 1 < 0-75 mm. The protoconch may persist or remain

traceable as a tiny knob on shells up to 4 mm. long.

rae

ey Rs

7 Ss

“AT ]

Liz

A a

ee ee ave

ZIT

Seuee

Sas aia Ge we Sa a

Z a A

“HY

rh cH i

Vel |

Gay

a & Cc e

SS YAO

g A if

Fic. 22. a, 6, c, Tugalia barnardi (Tomlin), anterior part of shell of Type (a) and two other

specimens, to show variation in strength of lirae; d, Amblychilepas scutella (Gmelin) lateral profiles

of high and low forms; e, the same, aberr. sella (Sow.); f, the same, juvenile 1-5 X 0°75 mm.;

g, Diodora spreta (Smith) juvenile 1 xX 0-7 mm.; h, D. elevata (Dnkr.) juvenile 2 x 1:3 mm.

Brown or fawn, more or less mottled, but seemingly never radially streaked.

Mossel Bay (Smith; also S. Afr. Mus., cotypes); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.

coll. Muir); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

Off Umhloti River and off Umkomaas River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 2 and 3

juv. dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: Still Bay, Breede River mouth and Bashee River mouth (U.C.T.).

Diodora elevata (Dnkr.)

Pie n220/

Fissurella elevata Dunker, 1846, p. 67, pl. 2, fig. 4; Krauss, 1848, p. 67; Sowerby, 1892, p. 47.

Fissurella fumata Watson, 1886, p. 34; Sowerby, 1892, p. 48.

Glyphis elevata Dnkr., Smith, 1901, p. 105; von Martens, 1903, pp. 55 and 57 note 17; Turton,

1932, p. 208.

292 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

? Glyphis levicostata Smith, 1914, p. 2, pl. 1, figs. 3-5.

Fissuridea elevata Dnkr., Thiele, 1925, p. 41.

Diodora elevata Dnkr., Tomlin, 1932, p. 160; Haughton, 1932, pp. 22, 43.

Glyphis anima Turton, 1932, p. 208, pl. 54, no. 1441.

Not saddle-shaped, margin crenulate; foramen subcircular, internal callus

truncate behind. Radiating lirae moderate in early stages, numerous in later

stages: c. 20-23 in shell 2 mm. long, 35 at 4 mm., 45 at 7 mm., c. 70 at 13 mm.,

c. go at 21 mm., and c. 100-114 in large shells, more or less subequal in strength,

but a few slightly stronger than others; growth-lines distinct, forming a clathrate

sculpture with the lirae, which are more or less squamosely nodulose at the

intersections. Up to 30 X 21, alt. 11 mm. 35 X 23, alt. 14 mee

levicostata).

Buff or brownish, often with a greenish tinge, uniform or with radiating

darker brown, greenish or grey streaks, sometimes connected by 2 or 3 irregular

concentric bands.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Angra Juntas, South West Africa (Haughton).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus.); Algoa Bay (von Martens) ;

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Natal (Krauss; also S. Afr. Mus.). Still Bay

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir). Camps Bay (west coast of Cape Peninsula)

(Watson).

Off Umhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 3; off Cape Natal (Durban),

54 fathoms, 1; off Illovo (Natal), 27-30 fathoms, 1; off Cape Morgan, 47

fathoms, 1; off East London, 20 fathoms, 5; off Cove Rock (East London),

22 fathoms, 1; off Nanquas Peak (eastern end of Algoa Bay), 49 fathoms, 4;

St. Francis Bay, 34 fathoms, 1; off Martha Point (Struys Bay), 42 fathoms,

3; False Bay, 23 and 32 fathoms, 3; Hoedjies Bay (Saldanha Bay), 2; all dead

(S.Air, Mush si. (colt).

Living: False Bay, Mossel Bay and Algoa Bay (U.C.T.).

Tongaat and Port Shepstone (Natal) (Smith: Jevicostata).

Remarks. The statement by von Martens (1903, note 17) that parviforata

Sow. 1889 was a synonym of elevata was corrected by Thiele (1925).

The juvenile is distinguished from that of spreta by the more numerous

and more regular radiating lirae.

Smith’s figure of levicostata surely represents an elevata. His description will

fit elevata, except for the statement (in English comment) that the lirae are

‘separated merely by impressed lines or striae’, which applies better to parvi-

forata. It is, however, contradicted in the next sentence by the words ‘in the

grooves between the riblets’.

Diodora australis (Krss.)

Fissurella australis Krauss, 1848, p. 67, pl. 4, fig. 10.

Glyphis fuscocrenulata Smith, 1906a, p. 56, pl. 8, fig. 6; Turton, 1932, p. 208, pl. 54, no. 1442.

Fissuridea australis Krss., Bartsch, 1915, p. 177.

Diodora australis Krss., Tomiie 1932, p. 160 (part: Scottburgh example).

Glyphis australis Krss. eiriad: 1932, p. 208.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 293

Not saddle-shaped, margin crenulate; foramen tilted forwards, subcircular,

internal callus truncate behind, with a small pit. Radiating lirae c. 30, but

_ with intermediaries which often may be nearly as strong as the main lirae,

total c. 50-60, sharp, squamose where they are crossed by the less conspicuous

concentric growth-lines. High and low forms: 15 X 11, alt. 9°5 mm., 21 X 16,

alt. 14 mm. Krauss gave 8 X 5°5 X 4 Paris lines = 18 X 11°5 X 8 mm., but

his figure of the side view measures long. 26, alt. 18 mm., and was thus drawn

from a proportionately higher shell.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Natal (Krauss); Port Shepstone, Umko-

maas, and Tongaat (Smith); Scottburgh (Tomlin); Durban (S. Afr. Mus.).

Off Umhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. St. Paul and New Amsterdam (southern Indian Ocean)

(Velain, von Martens (1903, p. 71)).

Remarks. 1 do not agree with Tomlin’s identification of the Delagoa Bay

shell (see ruppelliz).

Smith (1910, p. 208) recorded a freak from Tongaat without an apical

foramen.

Diodora crucifera (Pilsbry)

_ Fissurella cruciata (non Gould) Krauss, 1848, p. 67, pl. 4, fig. 9.

Fissurella crucifera Pilsbry, 1890, p. 225, pl. 32, figs. 27-31.

Diodora crucifera Pilsbry, Tomlin, 1932, p. 160; Janus, 1961, p. 2, pl. 1, figs. 1-3.

Not saddle-shaped, not very high, margin crenulate. Foramen not tilted

forwards, suboval, internal callus not truncate behind, without pit. Radiating

lirae c. 40-45, nodulose where crossed by the concentric growth-lines which

are conspicuous, forming a cancellate sculpture. 23 x 16, alt. 11 mm. (Krauss;

but measurements of his figure long. 18, alt. 6 mm.).

Natal (Krauss); Tongaat (Natal) (Tomlin).

Lectotype in Stuttgart Museum.

_ Remarks. Seems to be distinct from australis, with well-marked cancellate

sculpture (see Krauss’s figure), and the lirae not squamose, or only slightly so

near the margin.

The 3 worn Tongaat shells identified by Tomlin have more numerous

lirae (main plus intermediary: 60-70) than Krauss gave for his species. The

largest is 19 X 11°5, alt. 6 mm.

Diodora ruppelli (Sow.)

Fissurella ruppelliit Sowerby, 1835, p. 128.

Fissurella dysoni (non Rve) Braga, 1952, p. 93, pl. 6, fig. 9.

Diodora lima Sow., Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 127 (listed).

The following shells are evidently the same as that recorded from Delagoa

Bay, by Braga: 2 from Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. A3620, coll. K. H. B.)

identified and recorded by ‘Tomlin (1932) as australis; 2 living from the same

locality (U.W.); and 6 living from Inhambane (U.C.T.).

294 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

These have a keyhole-shaped foramen, not tilted forwards (slightly so in

the high S. Afr. Mus. Shells), with internal callus not truncate behind and

with no pit. The radiating lirae are very regularly arranged: 20-22 main

lirae and 1 intermediary between each pair (total c. 45). Growth-lines well

marked, forming nodules at intersections with the lirae, and a conspicuous

cancellate sculpture (cf. crucifera).

The two U.W. shells from Delagoa Bay and the Inhambane shells are

brown with 7-8 dark grey-brown radiating streaks.

The radulae of the U.W. and U.C.T. specimens have a squarish central

plate, bicuspid 5th lateral plate, alate 1st marginal plate (as in Pupillaea aperta),

and numerous marginals which overlap the series behind, the hindermost

half-dozen obovate.

Remarks. Braga considered the occurrence of the Honduras species dyson

at Delagoa Bay as a ‘salient’ fact; as it undoubtedly would be if the identifica-

tion were correct. Far more probably these specimens are referable to the

Red Sea ruppellu (Sow.). They have 40-45 lirae which Smith (1901, p. 105)

said distinguished ruppelli from elevata. The species occurs also at Mauritius and

Madagascar.

Another possibility is the Indian lima (Sow.). But without material for

comparison, I assign the present specimens provisionally to ruppellit.

Diodora parviforata (Sow.)

Fissurella parviforata Sowerby, 1889 a, p. 12, pl. 1, fig. 7; 1892, p. 48, pl. 2, figs. 52, 53; Haughton,

1932, Pp- 30, 42.

Fissuridea parviforata Bartsch, 1915, p. 177; Thiele, 1925, p. 41 (correction to von Martens, 1903) ;

Tomlin, 1932, p. 160.

Fissuridea algoensis ‘Thiele, 1925, p. 40.

Glyphis parviforata Sow., ‘Turton, 1932, p. 208.

Not saddle-shaped, margins crenulate. Foramen small, subcircular,

internal callus truncate behind, with a deep pit. Radiating lirae numerous,

more or less equal in strength on later part of shell, though some have evidently

developed as intermediaries on the earlier part, separated by impressed striae

or very narrow grooves, but relatively a little farther apart on early part of

shell, lirae sometimes feebly regulose. Growth-lines distinct between the lirae

on early part of shell, forming a cancellate sculpture, but indistinct on later

part.

23 X 15, alt. 13 mm., 17 X 11, alt. 8 mm. (Sowerby; figure 53 measures

long. 15, alt.'9°5 mm.). 11-5 X 7-5 X 4,14 X 10°5 X 9,14 X 10:5) lQmmane

9°5 X 9, and 17 X 12 X 10 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.). In the 17 mm. shell the

foramen measures I mm., and 2 mm. in the 23 mm. shell. White.

Radula with 60-70 rows, central plate squarish, 5th lateral plate bicuspid,

ist marginal plate triangular, alate, outer apical angle not produced in a

slender process, marginals numerous, overlapping the series behind, hinder-

most half-dozen obovate.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 295

Fossil: Pleistocene, Port Nolloth (Haughton).

Kommetjie (west coast of Cape Peninsula) (S. Afr. Mus.) ; Port Elizabeth

(Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus.) ; Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton; also 8. Afr. Mus.) ;

Kalk Bay (False Bay) and Mossel Bay (Tomlin); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

Muir).

Living: Langebaan (Saldanha Bay); Oudekraal (west coast of Cape

Peninsula) (U.C.T.).

Distribution. St. Helena and Ascension Is. (Tomlin).

Remarks. Characterized by being at first sight lirate only, though closer

examination shows the growth-lines on the early part of the shell. The lirae

are very close together, Smith’s words in connection with his levicostata being

applicable here (see p. 292).

One specimen from Camps Bay (west coast of Cape Peninsula) and 12

others probably from the same locality, are quite white like parviforata. They

manse irom 14 < 9, alt. 6 mm. to 30 X 20 X 15 mm. One of them is very

narrow and high: 22 xX 13 X 14 mm., closely corresponding in form with the

14 X 95 X Q shell mentioned above.

In sculpture they do not seem to be quite typical; some of the lirae at the

ends stand out a little more clearly as main lirae; and the cancellate sculpture

continues, more or less clearly, to the margin in some of the larger shells. Some

of them are not unlike elevata, and possibly the uniform white colour is due to

bleaching.

The white coloration (farblos) seems to indicate that algoensis is a synonym;

the sculpture fits that on the early part of parviforata shells.

Puncturella noachina (Linn.)

Puncturella noachina Watson, 1886, p. 42; von Martens, 1902, p. 243; Sowerby, 1903, p. 231;

Thiele, 1925, p. 39; Powell, 1951, p. 86, fig. G 1 (radula).

Puncturella analoga von Martens, 1903, p. 70, pl. 5, fig. 8.

Off Table Bay, 125 fathoms (Sowerby; S. Afr. Mus. A3574, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Long. 6-5, alt. 4-5 mm. No other specimens of this species have

been found in searching through the Preter Faure bottom samples. There is,

however, the possibility or even probability that the specimen from Simon’s

Bay (False Bay), 70 metres, recorded by von Martens (1903, p. 50) as fastigiata

A. Adams 1851, was a noachina though considerably higher: long. 5:5, alt.

5 mm.

P. noachina has been recorded from Kerguelen, Marion and Prince Edward

Islands and the Straits of Magellan; and the southern examples seem indis-

tinguishable from those of the northern Atlantic as regards shell characteristics,

but the radulae may be different (see: Powell). Thiele pointed out that if

another name is desirable for the southern shell, analoga von Martens must

give place to the earlier princeps Mighels.

Puncturella africana Bartsch 1915 appears to be a juvenile Emarginula.

296 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

P. (Fissurisepta) agulhasae Clarke 1961 was recorded from 2,507 fathoms

in the so-called ‘Agulhas Basin’, about 1,000 miles south-west of Cape Town.*

Gen. EMARGINULA Lam.

Thiele (1925) in claiming his agulhasensis to be the first record of the genus

in South Africa overlooked Smith’s record (1910, p. 209) of micans A. Adams.

And Tomlin (1932) overlooked Thiele’s record when he stated that Smith’s

record was the first ‘and only’ record.

Tomlin doubted whether Smith’s Natal shell was micans, but did not

suggest any other species. There are two shells, said to come from Natal, in

the Ross-Frames collection which are different from any of the other species

here described.

Emarginula agulhasensis Thiele

Pig 2900

Emarginula agulhasensis Thiele, 1925, p. 38, pl. 13 (1), fig. 1.

Apex not overhanging hind margin. Radiating lirae 25 (13 on left, 12 on

right side) with 1 intermediary between each pair, and 4 between the 2 anterior

main lirae, coarsely nodular where crossed by the growth-lines, of which 15

can be counted; the ridges forming the margins of the slit very thin, ¢c. 10

concave pliculae corresponding with the growth-lines. 6:25 x 4, alt. 2-4 mm.

(Thiele). 8 < 5:5, alt. 4 mm.

35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres (Thiele).

Off Cape Morgan, 77 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Although relatively higher, the present shell agrees with the

Valdivia shell in the coarsely nodular lirae.

Emarginula pulchreclathrata Tomlin

Fig. 23 b

Emarginula pulchreclathrata Tomlin, 1932, p. 162, fig. 4.

Apex not overhanging hind margin. Radiating lirae c. 90, approximately

every alternate one being slightly more prominent, all with small nodules where

crossed by the growth-lines, of which c. 40 can be counted; the ridges forming

the margins of the slit thin; c. 20 concave pliculae can be counted, not corre-

sponding with the growth-lines; in the portion figured (about 8 mm.) there are

12 pliculae and 17-18 growth-lines. 19 xX 12°5 mm. (Tomlin); alt. 9 mm.

Off Saldanha Bay, 55 fathoms (Tomlin; S. Afr. Mus. A3617, P.F. coll.).

Off Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. Ag324, P.F. coll.).

Type in the South African Museum.

Remarks. ‘The Cape St. Blaize shell is a younger shell, 8-5 mm. long, agreeing

with the Type in the number of lirae and growth-lines at the corresponding

* ‘The basin south of the Agulhas Bank would be more correctly designated the Agulhas Basin.

The naming of a species from south-west of Cape Town. as agulhasae is misleading.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 2907

stage, and in the growth-lines being more numerous than the pliculae in the

slit. The nodules on the lirae are slightly squamose towards the margin in the

_ smaller shell, and the Type, though slightly corroded, shows similar traces.

Emarginula natalensis n.sp.

Hig. 291¢

Apex vertically over the hind margin, or very nearly (when not corroded).

Radiating lirae c. 55-65, main and intermediary lirae alternating, feebly

nodulose where crossed by the growth-lines, which are as strong as the lirae,

forming a well-marked and regular clathrate sculpture; concave pliculae in

the slit corresponding with the growth-lines. 7 x 5, alt. 3-5 mm. (Type);

one of the Tugela River shells 8 < 5:25 X 4mm.

Hoy

1 Ne tat

_ it

oe el ee

+e,

YEE

Fic. 23. Anterior part of shell of Emarginula: a, agulhasensis Thiele; b, pulchreclathrata Tomlin;

c, natalensis n. sp.; d, vadum n. sp.

Off Cape Morgan, 77 fathoms, 3 (Types); off Tugela River (Natal),

65-80 fathoms, 2; off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 1; off Cape Vidal

(Zululand), 80-100 fathoms, 1; all dead (S. Afr. Mus. Ag325 and Ag326—

6320, PE coll.).

Remarks. ‘The three Cape Morgan shells are the best-preserved and are

therefore chosen as Types.

Emarginula vadum n.sp.

Figs. 23 d, 24 b

Apex extending slightly beyond hind margin. Radiating lirae 6 on each

side, with 1 intermediary between each pair including the hindermost pair,

and 1 between the foremost lira and the thin ridge bordering the slit; growth-

lines very numerous and fine, crossing the lirae, on which they form at intervals

208 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

slight nodules; c. 14 can be counted on the foremost main lira; c. 24 concave

pliculae can be counted in the slit, not corresponding with the growth-lines

(nor with the nodules on the lirae). In lateral view the pliculae project slightly

above the profile. 7 < 4°5, alt. 3-5 mm.

Off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 80-100 fathoms, 1 dead, fresh (S. Afr. Mus.

Ao329, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. The fine growth-line sculpture resembles the ripples in shallow

water at a ford. Quite unlike any of the other South African species.

E. undulata Melvill & Standen (1903, p. 290, pl. 20, fig. 1), from the Gulf

of Oman, appears to have similar close-set growth-lines, but differs in having

more radiating ribs.

Emarginula oppressa n.sp.

Fig. 24a

ape Leer oF cur

TO OF cles

Fic. 24. a, Profile and outline of Emarginula oppressa n. sp. b, E. vadum n. sp. (growth-lines not

completely drawn); ¢, <eidora reticulata A. Adams, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views.

Depressed, scutiform, apex at about % length from hind margin, sides

somewhat concave, shell resting on front and hind ends. Radiating lirae c. 50,

main and intermediary lirae alternating, but all nearly of the same strength,

at least near the margin, squamulose-nodulose where crossed by the growth-

lines which are not so strong as the lirae but form a well-marked and regular

clathrate sculpture; concave pliculae in the slit corresponding with the growth-

lines. 14. X 9, alt. 3mm,

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. Ag330,

P.F. coll.).

Remarks. ‘The specimen is slightly damaged on one side, but otherwise is

in good condition.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 299

Keidora reticulata A. Adams

Bis. 24 ¢

Keidora reticulata A. Adams, Thiele, 1929, p. 32, fig. 17.

In the two Tugela shells: Radiating lirae c. 20, but the posterior ones

indistinct, here and there an intermediary; growth-lines c. 20, but the posterior

ones indistinct, as strong as the lirae, forming with them a clathrate sculpture;

concave pliculae in the slit nearly corresponding with the growth-lines, but

occasionally an extra one. Septum about } length of shell.

In the Sandy Point shell, which is larger than the Tugela shells, radiating

lirae c. 30, and about the same number of growth-lines, but anteriorly the

latter are closer together and not so regularly spaced as on the earlier part of

the shell; convex pliculae in the slit more numerous than the growth-lines,

especially anteriorly. 4°75 < 2°75, alt. 1-25 mm. (Tugela); 7 x 3:5, alt. 2 mm.

(Sandy Point).

Off Tugela River (Natal), 65-80 fathoms, 2 dead, fresh; off Sandy Point

(north of Kei River mouth), 51 fathoms, 1 dead, fresh (S. Afr. Mus. Ag331,

Ag9345, P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Japan.

Remarks. This may be the Japanese reticulata, but the figure in Sowerby

(1863, pl. 245, fig. 3) is too small for a comparison. Thiele’s figure shows (not

very clearly) approximately the same number of lirae and growth-lines as

the present specimens. The septum is too well developed for the Red Sea

XK. (Nesta) candida H. Adams.

There is no great improbability in the Natal specimens being conspecific

with the Japanese species, and I record them as such pending the opportunity

of a direct comparison.

Gen. TUGALIA Gray

Thiele, 1929, p. 33; Tomlin, 1932, p. 163; Powell, 1951, p. 87.

Thiele did not mention Parmaphorella Strebel 1907, even as a synonym,

and accepted Tugalia Gray 1857 with a dozen species in the Indo-Pacific and

Falkland Islands. Powell accepted Parmaphorella with 2 subantarctic species and

the South African species.

The characters given by Tomlin to differentiate Parmaphorella from Tugalia

do not seem very decisive. In P. melvilli (Thiele) he said the ‘rib’ [i.e. the

external ridge corresponding with the internal anal groove] is ‘twice the

breadth of the others’ [= radiating lirae]; but in Tugalia there is ‘no alteration

of sculpture to mark the anal rib’. In all the unworn present specimens (except

one) there is a ridge from the apex ‘regularly crossed by the concentric striae’

in shells up to about 6-7 mm. long; thereafter the ridge is ornamented with

2-4 (5) lirae subequal in strength to the other lirae. In other words, the shell

seems to be a Parmaphorella when young, and a Tugalia in later life. This liration

300 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

on the ridge is seen in both the Type and the broken specimen recorded by

Tomlin.

The exception (from East London, S. Afr. Mus. A3624) shows a broad

ridge unmarked by any lirae and crossed throughout its length (13 mm. long)

by the concentric growth-lines.

The acceptance of Tugalia avoids the paradoxical situation, as Tomlin

expressed it, of the rejection of a name ipso facto constituting publication of

that name.

Tugalia barnard: (Tomlin)

Figs. 21 d, 22 a—c

Emarginula (Tugalia) carinata A. Adams, Thiele, 1925, p. 39-

Parmaphorella barnardi Tomlin, 1932, p. 164, fig. 5.

Internal groove and external ridge distinct on early part of shell, usually

traceable on later part but sometimes indistinct. Radiating lirae over whole

shell, for the most part subequal in strength, but variable, broader and narrower

ones alternating, or 2-3 narrow ones between a pair of broader ones; on

posterior part of shell the lirae tend to be stronger. Concentric growth-lines

with a slight notch where they cross the external ridge, less well marked towards

the margin in older shells, usually stronger than the lirae, and more or less

nodulose at the intersections (when not worn). Up to 24 x 16, alt. 10 mm.

Types VO G12. alt a7 sam

Cream-coloured or greyish-white.

Animal white, mantle edge with black spots (U.C.T.).

Radula with c. 55 rows, central plate oblique, slightly longer than broad,

front margin scarcely turned-over, 1st—4th lateral plates narrow, with small

overturned apices, 5th lateral strong, with long uncinate cusp and small

external cusp, Ist marginal plate narrow-oval, closely adjacent to the first

7 or 8 of the numerous slender plates, which posteriorly overlap the series

behind, hindermost 4-6 elongate-obovate, spatulate.

35° 16’ 8., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres; 34° 51'S., 19° 37 E., So metres ayametes

carinata) .

Cape Point N. 50° E., distant 18 miles, 180 fathoms, 1 living, 1 dead

(Tomlin: P.F. coll.). Off Cape Morgan, 77 fathoms, 1 and 3 juv. dead; off

Cove Rock (East London), 80-130 fathoms, 1 dead (the largest shell) ; 33° 5’S.,

25° 54’ E., 33 fathoms, 1 dead; off Martha Point (Struys Bay), 42 fathoms,

2 dead; False Bay, 9 fathoms, 2 living; Lion’s Head (Cape Town) N. 67° E.,

distant 25 miles, 131-136 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

34° 15’ S., 25° 5’ E., 6 fathoms, 1 living (U.C.T.).

Cape Peninsula, on beach, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus.).

The distribution is thus from Cape Morgan to Cape Point and off the

west coast of the Cape Peninsula.

Type and cotype in the South African Museum (A3623).

Remarks. ‘Tomlin’s statement that the apical beak ‘almost overhangs the

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA ZO!

margin’ is true only of juveniles; in adults, as the figure shows, the apex lies

well within the margin.

Tomlin naturally assumed that as one of the two shells sent to him was

broken, the other (Type) was also a dead shell; inadvertently he was not told

that the animal of the Type was retained at the South African Museum. Both

shells have a somewhat worn aspect, which frequently occurs in shells from

deep water in the Cape Point area.

Although this species has been taken alive in 9 fathoms in False Bay, and

6 fathoms in Algoa Bay (U.C.T.), only one specimen has been found washed

up on the beach, doubtless owing to its fragility.

Unfortunately Tomlin did not refer to Thiele’s record of the Philippine

carinata, or compare the South African shells with any other Indo-Pacific

species.

That the Valdivia and Pieter Faure shells are conspecific can scarcely be

doubted; and Thiele’s identification will probably prove to be correct. No

certain identification can. be obtained from the descriptions and figures in

Sowerby (1863); actual material is needed, and when such is available due

regard must be paid to small individual variations in the sculpture, which are

not specific characters as is shown by the present material.

Scutum unguis (Linn.)

Parmaphorus imbricatus Krauss, 1848, p. 62.

Scutus unguis Linn., Smith, 1879, p. 261; 1903, p. 391; Bergh, 1905, pl. 3, fig. 20; Bergh in

Schepman, 1908, p. 99; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 127 (listed).

Natal (Krauss); Durban (Smith); Delagoa Bay (Macnae & Kalk).

Umpangazi (Zululand), Port Edward, and Port St. Johns (U.C.T.).

Off Cape Morgan, 77 fathoms, posterior half of a broken juvenile specimen,

3 mm. wide (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. This juvenile is not a Cocculina; comparison with the apical part

of a large specimen shows the beginning of the laminated surface characteristic

of Scutum. :

Fam. Scissurellidae

Scissurella smitht Thiele

Scissurella jucunda (non Smith 1890) Smith, 1910, p. 207, pl. 8, figs. 2, 2a; Bartsch, 1915, p. 175.

Scissurella smithi Thiele, 19126, p. 7; 1925, p. 42; Tomlin, 1926a, p. 296 (attributed to Kobelt).

Port Elizabeth (Smith); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Still Bay (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. Muir).

Scissurella agulhasensis ‘Thiele

Scissurella agulhasensis Thiele, 1925, p. 41, pl. 13 (1), fig. 2.

On last whorl above the slit c. 70-75 axial pliculae.

25) 10) (9. 22) 20 WE.. 155 metres, 9)(Whicle).

Off Hood Point (East London), 49 fathoms, 1; 34°:26' S., 25° 42’ E., 124

fathoms, 4; off Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms, 1; all dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

302 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Schismope insignis Smith

Schismope insignis Smith, 1910, p. 208, pl. 8, figs. 4, 4a; Bartsch, 1915, p. 176.

Turton (1932, p. 204) gave the size as 2 mm. The largest shell in the ~

Muir collection is alt. 0-8, diam. 1 mm. Smith gave 0-5 xX 0-8 mm.

Port Elizabeth (Smith); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Still Bay (S. Afr.

Mus. Muir coll.). ;

Fam. Haliotidae

Thiele, 1929, p. 28; Lissmann, 1945, pp. 58-69, graphs, pl. 1 (locomotion).

According to Lissmann’s diagrams the rate of progression of the European

H. tuberculata seems to be 1-2 cm. per second.

Haliotis midae Linn.

Figs. 25 a—c, 26

Haliotis capensis Dunker, 1844, p. 120, pl. 1, figs. 4, 5. |

Haliotis midae Linn., Krauss, 1848, p. 93; Turton, 1932, p. 202.

Haliotis elatior Pilsbry, 1890.

Haliotis midae elatior, and midae capensis, Turton, 1932, p. 203.

Protoconch nucleus plus about ? of a whorl 1-5 x 1 mm., smooth; followed

by fine and regular spiral lirae 6-8 above the foramina, 5-6 between these and

the periphery, 3-4 between latter and edge of columellar plate; increasing to

respectively 25-30, 9-10, and 4 at 12 mm. diam.; 50-60, 10-12, and 6-8 at

40 mm. diam.; thereafter the lirae obscured on upper surface by oblique

corrugations, which develop at first in middle of whorl, then extend across whole

whorl from suture to the foramina; the corrugations usually begin at 40 mm.

diam., but may begin at 35 mm., or occasionally at 30 mm. diam.

Fic. 25. Haliotis: a, radula plates of midae Linn.; 6, protoconch nucleus plus 1st whorl of midae;

c, juvenile of midae, 4°5 X 3:5 mm.; d, protoconch nucleus plus 1st whorl of parvum Linn.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 303

a oS kN

ee oo

Fic. 26. Haliotis midae Linn., views from apertural side, apical end, and columella side: normal,

low form, high form (elatior), and two freak individuals. All approximately 150 x 130 mm.

Periphery never sharply marked, and after about 40 mm. diam. the

profile between the foramina and the columellar plate is evenly rounded; in

large shells it may be concave, with the columellar plate projecting like a

flange.

Up to 188 maj. X 177 min. diam., alt. at apex 72 mm.; also 181 maj. xX

152 X 53 mm.; also 175 X 156 X 58 mm. (f. elatior), and 170 X 140 X 45

mm. Krauss gave 74 x 63 X 2% inches.

Young shells brown, rusty-red, or maroon, the lirae (at least in very young)

paler than the interstices. Protoconch and most of 1st whorl pale.

Radula with c. 60 rows in a shell 25 mm. long, central plate broader than

long, laterally indented, with strong but entire cutting-edge, 1st lateral plate

wider than central plate, with entire cutting-edge, 2nd lateral longer than

wide, 3rd—5th laterals stout, with strong uncinate cusp, the 3rd plate the

largest, marginal plates numerous, with uncinate serrate apices, inner ones not

304. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

much longer than 5th lateral plate, longer and more slender in the middle of

the series, outermost ones widening distally, with slight overturned truncate

apex, the last one usually obovate and pa eh divided.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Algoa Bay.

Saldanha Bay, Table Bay, False Bay to Port Alfred (auct. et S. Afr. Mus.).

Remarks. As Krauss showed, capensis is merely a growth-stage of midae.

The name elatior was given to unusually high individuals; such forms are

reported to be of more frequent occurrence at Saldanha Bay than elsewhere.

Very large shells occur in the kitchen-middens at Cape Hangklip, but

no actual measurements are available.

Owing to injuries, intrusion of foreign bodies between the mantle and the

shell, and lesions by the boring sponge Clzona, various reparations to the internal

surface occur such as baroque nacreous pustules and concretions, and more or

less extensive duplication of the columellar plate.

The muscle scar is traceable, chiefly by a faint but not conspicuous line

on the left side, up to about 90-100 mm. shell maj. diam.; but thereafter the

scar becomes more or less roughened, with a clearly defined outline.

Although young shells are common at Still Bay, Dr. Muir obtained only

I as small as 4-5 X 3°5 mm., and only 1 protoconch plus 1st whorl.

Haliotis sanguineum Hanley

Haliotis sanguineus Hanley, 1841, p. 60, frontispiece, fig. 5; Krauss, 1848, p. 94; Bartsch, 1915,

p- 174; Turton, 1932, p. 203; Macpherson, 1953, p. 169, pl. 1.

Haliotis ficiformis Menke, 1844, p. 98.

Hraliotis pertusa (non Rve.) Bartsch, 1915, p. 175; Turton, 1932, p. 203.

Haliotis nebulata (non Rve.) Turton, 1932, p. 203.

Protoconch nucleus plus about 2 whorl 1-5 x 1 mm., smooth; followed by

spiral lirae 2 above the foramina, 2 below, and 1 below the periphery; increasing

to respectively 10-12, 3, and 2 at 12 mm. diam., c. 18, 4 (5), and 2-3 (4) at

25 mm.; at 35 mm. diam. the lirae on the upper part of whorl evanescent.

Between the foramina and edge of columellar plate 6—7, a peripheral lira not

distinguishable from the others; on the upper part the original 2—4 lirae more

or less bluntly nodulose or pustulose; in large shells the lirae evanescent and

surface smooth.

Growth-lines fine and close, at intervals (periodic cessation of growth)

rather more prominent. In some shells (not under 30 mm. maj. diam.) undula-

tions may occur protractively oblique to the growth-lines, but never as strong

as the corrugations in midae.

Up to 76 x 48, alt. 26 mm., 81 x 50 x 23, and 86 x 54° xXigo,mmm

Fulvous, brown, or greenish-brown, usually with pale streaks and vermicu-

lations in young shells, old shells uniform red-brown or maroon; the pustules

on the lirae usually green or the lirae articulated with green and red; usually

an orange-red suffusion internally at apex.

Radula plates as in midae.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 305

Table Bay and False Bay to Port Alfred (auct. et S. Afr. Mus.). Durban and

Tongaat (Natal) (S. Afr. Mus.).

Distribution. Mauritius, and West Australia (Macpherson).

Remarks. Dr. Muir did not obtain at Still Bay any juveniles under 14 mm.

maj. diam.

Usually when a shell is laid on a flat surface the apex is the highest point,

and the profile between apex and the foramina is slightly concave. Some

examples, however, have a convex profile and the highest point is about in

the middle of the shell, e.g. the 86 mm. shell recorded above.

Some shells with strong undulations resemble at first sight mzdae, but the

few and well-separated lirae between the foramina and the columellar edge

are distinctive of sanguineum.

The muscle scar does not become roughened, even in the largest shells.

The occurrence of living examples on the coast of West Australia (33°

53S.) is interesting. Macpherson compared them with Cape SECON, and

also a Mauritius example, and found no differences.*

Halhotis parvum Linn.

Fig. 25 d

Haliotis parvum Krauss, 1848, p. 94; Smith, 1910, p. 207; Turton, 1932, p. 203.

Haaliotis krausst Turton, 1932, p. 203, pl. 53, no. 1413.

Protoconch nucleus plus about ? whorl 1-5 xX 1:25 mm., smooth; followed

by spiral lirae c. 15 above the foramina, 5 between these and periphery, 2-3

between latter and columellar plate; increasing to respectively 20-25, 6-7,

and 3-4 at 10 mm. diam.; at 40 mm. diam. to respectively c. 60, c. 12, and 8-10.

The peripheral lira is slightly larger than the others and more or less carinate;

but after about 15 mm. diam. while continuing to be slightly larger ceases to

be peripheral, and in large shells there is no distinction between the sub-

foraminal and basal zones.

The midwhorl ridge begins at the same time as the spiral lira and the

foramina, but sometimes is not very conspicuous. In large shells it tends to

become flatter and may sometimes be almost obsolete. Growth-lines on early

part of shell often producing a fine cancellation.

Up to 45 maj. X 34 min. diam. Turton gave 47 mm.

Sometimes nearly uniform pale brown, but usually variously mottled

with rusty-red or maroon patches on a pale ground-colour; beach shells

often more brightly coloured, sometimes uniform orange.

Radula plates as in midae, in a shell 20 mm. long c. 50 rows.

Table Bay (Krauss, Sowerby); False Bay (Bartsch; coll. Stimpson; also

* A paper by Shirley, ‘Marine Mollusca common to Australia and South Africa’ (Proc. Roy.

Soc. Queensland, xxxi, 1919, pp. 83-89), cannot be taken seriously. Only old authors were

consulted, the latest being Bartsch (1915). ‘Shell names common to...’ would have been a

more accurate title.

306 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

S. Afr. Mus.); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby) ;

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton). |

Living: False Bay, 6-14 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.; also U.C.T.).

Remarks. In the Muir series are shells from 6-5 mm. up to 45 mm. maj.

diam.; also a protoconch plus the smooth whorl which shows the beginnings

of the spiral lirae (only just visible) and the mid-whorl ridge, and 3-4 white

dots on a slight ridge but no open foramen.

Haliotis speciosum Rve.

Haliotis speciosum Reeve, 1846, sp. 47; Talmadge, 1958, p. 278.

Haliotis pertusa (non Rve.) Sowerby, 1900, p. 6; Smith, 1903, p. 391.

Haliotis alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 175, pl. 24, figs. 7, 8; Tomlin, 1927, p. 81; Turton, 1932,

P: 203.

Spiral lirae at start 10 between suture and foramina, 4 between these and

periphery, increasing at 17 mm. to c. 40-45, 7-8, and 4-5 below periphery;

at 45 mm. c. 60, 10, and 6—7 respectively, the latter somewhat irregular and the

periphery blunt and obsolescent.

A very faint midwhorl ridge with a very shallow groove above it can

sometimes be seen in profile, or better by oblique lighting on the internal surface.

Growth-lines on early part of shell forming a more or less distinct fine

cancellation, but with the lhrae predominating.

55 maj. diam. X 39°5 mm. min. diam. (Bartsch). ‘About 24 inches’

(Talmadge).

Mottled or blotched with rusty-red or maroon on a pale cream or brown

ground-colour.

Pondoland = Kowie = Port Alfred (Sowerby, Bartsch, Turton, Tal-

madge; also S. Afr. Mus.). Natal (Talmadge: ex Natal Mus.).

Remarks. ‘Tomlin (1926a, p. 296) doubted Bartsch’s identification of

Stimpson’s False Bay examples as fertusa. They are almost certainly sanguineum,

and as such are recorded above. |

Talmadge, by sending a Pondoland specimen to the British Museum to be

compared with the Type series of speciosa, and then to the U.S. National

Museum for comparison with the Type of alfredensis, seems to have satisfactorily

established the correct name for this species.

FHaliotis quekettt Smith

Hlaliotis queketti Smith, 1910, p. 206, pl. 8, figs. 1, 1a; Turton, 1932, p. 203; Macnae & Kalk,

1958, p. 127 (listed) (quecketti [sic]).

Spiral lirae between suture and foramina 7-8 at about the beginning of

2nd whorl (prior to that indistinct from wear), increasing to c. 32-35 at aperture,

2 between foramina and peripheral lira, increasing to 6-7 (8), and 3-4 (5)

below the latter (exposed on the last whorl); all lirae squamose; peripheral

lira distinct, but flattened near the aperture.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 307

Midwhorl ridge feeble and only slightly raised, even the corresponding

groove on internal surface often obscure. Faint oblique undulations sometimes

-present. Foramina prominently raised.

Up to 46 maj. X 32 mm. min. diam.

Pale brown or reddish, with darker maroon or brown blotches, and more

or less distinct radiating streaks near suture, margin below foramina with

alternating olivaceous-brown or red-brown and pale bars.

Isezela (Natal) (Smith). Port Alfred (Turton). Natal (S. Afr. Mus. ex

coll. Ross-Frames). Delagoa Bay (Macnae & Kalk).

Off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 1 (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Smith gave the number of spiral striae as about 12; if counted

along the minor diameter this number corresponds with his figure; but the

latter shows at least 16 at the apertura] margin. In the two present specimens

there are at least 16 along the minor diameter and double that number at the

margin. |

One of the specimens is strongly lirate; the other almost smooth, except

close up under the suture, up to about 40 mm. maj. diam., ending with a

well-marked line indicating temporary cessation of growth; the later addition

to the shell is more normally lirate. The area below the foramina is strongly

lirate (normal) throughout, but shows the line of cessation.

The Pieter Faure specimen is young (¢c. 22 mm. maj. diam.) and almost

completely covered with coralline growth; but the prominence of the foramina

indicates its specific identity.

Aaliotis bistriata Gmelin

Three specimens, identified by J. H. Ponsonby, presented by E. L. Layard,

registered as from ‘South Africa’. This species has been recorded from Mozam-

bique, and probably these specimens were obtained by Layard when he

accompanied H.M.S. Castor up the East Coast of Africa. The South African

Museum has it also from Mauritius (coll. R. F. Lawrence, 1935).

A specimen recently obtained from Bazarute Island is very similar, but

the spiral lirae are much finer than the coarse lirae, in places somewhat nodu-

lose, typical of bistriata. The lirae below the foramina, however, agree with

those of bistriata: 4-5 followed by 3 stronger ones.

Fam. Pleurotomariidae

Pleurotomaria africana ‘Tomlin

Pleurotomaria quoyana (non F. & B.), Fish. Mar. Biol. Surv., 1933, pp. 20-23, fig. of Durban

Museum specimen.

Pleurotomaria africana Tomlin, 1948, p. 2, pl. 1; Barnard, 1963c, p. 156, fig. 2.

[Won] Pleurotomaria [sic] (err. pro Pleurotoma) Wybergh, 1920, p. 66.

The first specimen was taken by the Fisheries Survey vessel Africana on

308 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

21st July 1931, at 29° 50’ S., 31° 19’ E., in 369 metres. It measuredjalieaue,

diam. 115 mm., and was presented to the Durban Museum.*

The second specimen was taken on 27th June 1932, at 29° 48’ S., 31° 23’ E.,

in 366 metres. It was presented to the South African Museum, and was later

described by Tomlin, thereby becoming the Type of the species. Alt. 83,

diam. 100 mm.

In 1948 three more specimens were obtained by the Africana, one of

which went to the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, and the other two to

America.

The South African Museum has an operculum which was also presented

by the Fisheries Survey, but which probably belonged to a larger shell than

the Type, having max. diam. 29 mm. (vzde infra).

So far as I am aware none of the animals taken by the Africana were

preserved. -

A specimen obtained by a deep-sea trawler has been presented, I am

informed, to the British Museum.

Thanks to the kindness of Mrs. H. Boswell of Pretoria, I have recently

(1963c) examined two fine specimens, both larger than the Type, and both

containing the animal with operculum: alt. 104, diam. 125 mm., and alt.

123, diam. 145 mm.

Tomlin assigned two unsculptured whorls to the protoconch in the Type;

this seems to be correct, though the surface is worn and polished. The present

125 mm. shell has 9 whorls, but on the upper two most of the sculpture has

been abraded. On the 145 mm. shell the protoconch and (?) 1st whorl are

worn away; the diameter of the uppermost remaining whorl corresponds

with that of the 2nd postnatal whorl of the Type; on this reckoning there would

be 10 postnatal whorls on this large and seemingly fully-grown shell.

The slot in the Type is not more than 13 inches long; in the 145 mm.

shell it is 7-8 mm. wide and 23 inches long.

A spiral lira in the middle of the cicatrix in the slot begins (as a series of

tiny granules, one on each growth-line) on the 4th whorl; a second one below

it begins on early part of 6th whorl, and a third one (above the original one)

on later part of 6th whorl; on last there are 4 lirae (as Tomlin said) but they

are not continuously distinct. In the 145-mm. shell the 4 lirae are obscured

towards the aperture by the growth-lines becoming very coarse.

The spiral lirae between the slot and the suture below increase from

1 on 2nd whorl to 11 on last whorl; those between slot and the suture above

* These measurements seem to be anomalous in that the altitude exceeds the diameter, though

only slightly. In other specimens the diameter exceeds the altitude. At my request Mr. P.

Elston of Durban measured the specimen in the Durban Museum, and found alt. 102, diam.

110 mm. Scarcely any two people will obtain the same results in the measurement of a shell

(cf. Connolly, 1939, p. 3), and the discrepancy need not be very seriously considered. Neverthe-

less there may be a doubt whether the specimen now in the Durban Museum is the same as

that referred to in the Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey Report, because (so Mr.

Elston informs me) the present specimen bears a label: ‘Dept. of Geology.’

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 309

increase from 2 on 2nd whorl to about 25, with some fine intermediaries,

on last whorl.

The operculum of the 125-mm. shell has max. diam. 28 mm. It corre-

sponds with Dall’s figure of that of adansoniana (18809, pl. 32, fig. 10). Seven

or eight whorls can be counted, but the earliest whorls in the centre are

indistinct. _

The coarseness of the growth-lines towards the aperture, especially those

filling up the slot, together with the broken and worn operculum, in the

145 mm. shell seem to indicate that this is about the maximum size to which

the species grows.

Animal in general resembling adansoniana (Dall, 1889, p. 401). Sole

longitudinally irregularly pleated. Foot dorsally behind the operculigerous

lobe with a deep medio-longitudinal groove to end of foot, transversely rugulose

and with a row of papillose warts on either side of the deeper part of the groove.

Epipodia without cirri or processes; the left extending forwards to the operculi-

gerous lobe, the right to the front of the foot.

Mantle edge papillose. Rachis of each gill anteriorly free and sharply

pointed. Vascular area on dorsal part of mantle well developed, reddish in

colour (after preservation). Rectum not free from mantle distally; containing

an amorphous mass with a few minute Foraminifera, not consolidated into

faecal pellets. According to Thiele (1935, p. 1129) the species of Pleurotomaria

seem to feed chiefly on sponges.

Jaw plates subcircular; very feebly attached (as preserved).

Radula similar to that of adansoniana (Dall, 1889, p. 402, pl. 31, figs. 3-6).

The description of the radula of hirasei is not available.

Ribbon very long: 90 mm., with at least 170 rows. In cross-section

LN S-shaped, the central tooth with its 4. flanking laterals on each side form

a median ridge at the bottom of the groove formed by the arching-over of

the fan-like groups of marginal teeth on either side (see Barnard, 1963¢,

nie. 2),

The 4 laterals flanking the central tooth are stronger and slightly larger

than the following laterals, of which there are about 25, at first decreasing in

size, then increasing and gradually passing into the strong, uncinately curved

teeth with simple acute apices, of which there are about a dozen. These

gradually change into marginals with 1 subapical denticle, and then with 2

denticles; these are succeeded by at least 50 slender marginals with 2 subapical

denticles and a tuft of bristles; the outermost half-dozen marginals are narrow

lamellae with simple subtruncate apices. There is no sharp distinction between

laterals and marginals; most of the latter have the peculiar apical tufts, of

which in adansoniana there are only five (Dall).

The South African species apparently belongs to the subgen. Mikadotrochus,

which has no umbilicus and has the columella margin thickened and twisted

(Lindholm, 1927, not seen). It has been compared with the Japanese species

teramachu Kuroda 1955.

310 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fam. Acmaeidae

Acmaea roseoradiata Smith

Fig. 27 a

Acmaea roseoradiata Smith, 1901, p. 106, pl. 1, fig. 19; Thiele, 1925, p. 38.

Described from Cape Town. The South African Museum has a large

number of dead shells ex coll. J. Juritz, a resident of Cape Town, but without

locality label. Up to 6 X 5 mm.; Smith: 5°75 X 4°5 mm.

35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres (Thiele).

U.C.T. obtained living examples in Simon’s Bay (False Bay) at 23-17

metres.

Fic. 27. Radula plates of: a, Acmaea roseoradiata Smith; b, Patelloida profunda (Desh.); c, Helcion

pectunculus (Gmelin) 3rd lateral plate and indurated cusp of 2nd lateral removed on left side;

d, Cellana capensis (Gmelin), indurated cusp of 2nd right lateral plate removed.

Radula with c. 45 rows, no central plate, 2 lateral plates, one behind the

other, with retrorse cusps, that of the hinder plate bifid, the three cusps forming

an oblique line on each side, no marginal plates.

Remarks. The New Zealand roseoradiata Suter 1907 was renamed suter

by Iredale, 1915.

Patelloida profunda (Desh.)

Bic. 27 5

? Patelloida conoidea Q. & G., Krauss, 1848, p. 57.

Patella profunda Deshayes, 1863, p. 44, pl. 6, figs. 15, 16; von Martens, 1880, p. 299; Tomlin &

Stephenson, 1942, p. 6; Stephenson, 1948, pp. 279, 282; Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 306

(listed).

Helcioniscus profundus Desh., Pilsbry, 1891, p. 150, pl. 65, figs. 94-96, and var. mauritianus, figs.

97-99; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 551.

Acmaea albonotata Smith, 1901, p. 107, pl. 1, figs. 14, 16.

? Acmaea coppingeri (non Smith) Turton, 1932, p. 160, pl. 36, no. 1141.

Patelloida profunda (Desh.) Hodgkin, 1962, p. 5, fig. 1 (radula).

[Non] Patelloida profunda: Turton, 1932, p. 165 (see Tomlin & Stephenson).

I have seen examples from Durban, Morgans Bay, and East London

(U.C.T.) ; and the South African Museum has 3 specimens from Kelso Junction

(Natal) collected by Burnup, and named A. albonotata by him.

Of the latter, only one has the internal margin marked with rufous spots,

though all three have the central area suffused fulvous, as in the specimens of

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA SI!

profunda. Some of these also show indications of spots on the inner margin,

and corresponding streaks on the external surface.

Siete 19 X 14, alt. 11 mm.; also 19, xX 14 X°6 mm.

No circlet of gills around the mantle. So far as I am aware the radula of

Smith’s albonotata has not been examined, though possibly Burnup sent the

animals of his specimens to Prof. Gwatkin, in whose collection (in Brit. Mus.)

there may be a mounted example.

The radula of a Durban specimen is here figured: c. 45 rows, no central

plate, 2 lateral plates, one behind the other, with retrorse cusps, that of the

hinder one bifid, 2 slender curved marginal plates with retrorse spatulate

apices.

Hodgkin’s figure of the radula of Mauritian examples does not show the

apices of the marginal plates as spatulate.

Natal (Krauss); Umkomaas (Natal) (Smith); Kelso Junction (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. Burnup); Umhlali (Natal) to East London (Tomlin & Stephenson,

Stephenson).

Distribution. Mauritius, Ile Europa, Madagascar.

Remarks. Von Martens gave as a reason for transferring this species to

Acmaea the smooth spotted (‘glatte farbig gegliederte’) margin. Pilsbry transferred

it to Helcioniscus, now regarded as a synonym of Cellana (in Thiele, 1929, p. 42,

the date of the latter should read 1869).

There seems little doubt that albonotata should fall into synonymy.

Fam. Patellidae

Gen. PATELLA Linn.

Stephenson, 1936, p. 74 (habits of S. Afr. species); 1939, pp. 512-528 (distribution of S. Afr.

species) ; Tomlin & Stephenson, 1942, pp. 4-9 (comments and corrections to Turton, 1932,

and revised list of S. Afr. species) ; Stephenson, 1948, pp. 274 sqq. (figs. of radulae) ; Koch,

1949, pp. 487 sqq., pls. 17-23 and 22 text-figs. (review of S. Afr. species).

Circlet of gills not interrupted in front. Radula with central plate, 3

lateral and 3 marginal plates; 1 South African species (variabilis) without

central plate.

Recent anatomical and biological researches have drastically reduced the

number of acceptable species living along the South African coast: Tomlin

and Stephenson admitted 12, Koch 11.

Koch’s examination of the radulae seems to have placed the taxonomy

on a firm basis. I have not had similar opportunities of field collecting, or of

examining the radulae of all the species. Those which I have examined confirm

Koch’s observations, and only one or two points seem to require comment.

The difference between the two types of radulae is more lucidly expressed

in the key (p. 512) than in the text (p. 492). The formula for barbara and

compressa includes 4 lateral plates, the outermost pluricuspid [typ. err. pleuri-]

lateral is stated to be divided into ‘two separate teeth’ (barbara, p. 493). This

312 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

is not borne out by figs. 4 and 8, and conflicts with the family diagnosis. There

may be 3 or 4 cusps (teeth) on the 3rd lateral plate, but they all arise from an

undivided basal plate.

In the European species (e.g. vulgata) the innermost (nearest the axis of

the radula) is the smallest of the 3 cusps (Fischer-Piette, 1934, p. 280, figs. 1, 2;

also Eslick, 1940, p. 52, fig. 3); but in the South African species the outermost

cusp is the smallest (Koch’s figures and my observations).

The central plate is always much narrower than the ist lateral plate |

(contrast Thiele, 1929, fig. 23).

The distribution of the eleven recognized species around the South African

coast is shown graphically by Stephenson (19309, fig. 13).

Nardini (1934, pp. 249, 250) records Patella dunkeri | = Helciond.], granularis,

umbella [= miniata] and rustica [= tabularis| from Umkomaas, Natal: “Trovata

fossile per la prima volta.’ Probably these were merely dead shells from kitchen-

middens, not true fossils; there are no Pleistocene deposits at Umkomaas.

For deciding the question whether the South African Patellas are endemic,

or, in some cases, linked with species from other regions (Stephenson, 1939,

pp. 527, 528), it is scarcely necessary to utter the warning that dead shells are

useless. Von Martens (1880, p. 299, 300) stated that Prof. Mobius had brought

a specimen of cochlear from Mauritius, but doubted the provenance of this and

earlier records of granatina, oculus, miniata, compressa, spinifera Lam. [= plicata =

barbara], because these shells so easily get into the hands of collectors. The

reverse process has undoubtedly taken place, and collectors are responsible

for several Mauritian shells having been recorded as South African!

P. cochlear Born. (see: Stephenson and du Toit, 1937, pls. 21, 23; and

Stephenson, 1939, p. 515, text-fig. 8 and pl. 14, fig. 1). The U.C.T. Ecological

Survey found this species from Lambert’s Bay on the west coast southwards

around the coast to Cape Morgan, but not in the Durban area. I have seen a

dead shell from Umsikaba River mouth (north of Port St. Johns) (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. F. Talbot, 1959).

P. granatina Linn. Tomlin (1926 a, p. 297) considered that Acmaea apicina

(Gray) was probably Lamarck’s Patella apicina, which is granatina. The most

northerly locality on the west coast given by Koch is Port Nolloth; Lideritz-

bucht (U.C.T.); Lamy (1931, Bull. Mus. Paris, and ser., III, 3, p. 304) records

it from Walvis Bay.

P. granularis Linn. Recorded as natalensis Krss. from Angola by Nicklés

(1950, p. 39, fig. 13); also Franca, 1957 and 1960). Liideritzbucht (U.C.T.).

P. tabularis Krss. Recorded, as rustica Linn., from Maputo-Zitundo and

Inhambane by Braga (1952, p. 94, pl. 6, fig. 10). The identification is probably

erroneous and may refer to barbara Linn., recorded from Natal by Krauss

(obtecta) and from Delagoa Bay by Macnae and Kalk (1958, pp. 86, 127,

fig. 21 f).

P. variabilis Krss. From Bushman’s River mouth to Natal (Koch, 1949,

p- 510). Inhambane (Braga, 1952, p. 94, pl. 6, fig. 11, as Helcioniscus v.).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 313

Lectotype of P. argenvillei Krss. in Stuttgart Museum figured (Janus,

1961, p. 3, pl. 2, figs. 1-3).

Gen. Hetcion Montfort

Circlet of gills interrupted in front. Central plate of radula more or less

degenerate, 3 lateral plates.

Helcion pectunculus (Gmelin)

Fig. 27 ¢

Patella pectinata Krauss, 1848, p. 57.

Helcion pectunculus Gmelin, Tomlin, 1923, p. 50; Stephenson, 1948, pp. 279, 282, fig. 10 (radula).

Helcion pectinata Krss., Thiele, 1929, p. 41.

? Acmaea ordinaria Turton, 1932, p. 160, pl. 36, no. 1142.

? Acmaea punicea Turton, 1932, p. 160, pl. 36, no. 1143.

Shell high, apex vertically over front margin, or nearly so, in adult; with

numerous squamose ribs. Up to 31 X 27, alt. 14 mm. (highest point behind

the apex). High and low forms: 20 X 17 X 9 and 20 X 17 X 7 mm.

Brown or greenish black, sometimes, especially in brown shells with paler

radiating streaks.

Radula very long. Central plate very narrow, squeezed between the Ist

laterals, 2nd lateral plate a little wider than ist, each with a strong falcate

indurated cusp, 3rd lateral farther back, stouter, with 3 indurated cusps, the

inner one falcate, the middle one ovate, the outermost smaller, triangular;

3 marginal plates, the two inner ones with reflexed cutting-edges, the outer one

broader.

Liideritzbucht, Table Bay, False Bay, Still Bay, Mossel Bay, Algoa Bay,

Port Alfred, Natal (auct. et S. Afr. Mus.). Port Nolloth to East London (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Thiele said the central plate of the radula has a small cutting-

edge, but I have not found this in any of my examples.

Helcion pruinosus (Krss.)

Patella pruinosa Krauss, 1848, p. 56, pl. 3, figs. 9a, 6; Turton, 1932, p. 171, pl. 40, no. 1215.

Patella dunkeri var. approximata Turton, 1932, p. 170.

Patella pruinosa Krss., var. fuscoradiata Turton, 1932, p. 171, pl. 40, no. 1216.

Helcion pruinosus Krss., Tomlin & Stephenson, 1942, p. 8; Stephenson, 1948, pp. 279, 282,

fig. 10 (radula).

Shell low, apex well within the margin, sometimes with feeble radiating

ribs, but usually quite smooth. Up to 28 x a1, alt. 8 mm. (apex usually the

highest point).

Grey, brown, olive, horn-coloured, unicolorous or with radiating streaks,

often with radiating lines of iridescent blue dots.

Radula as in pectunculus.

Liideritzbucht, Table Bay, False Bay, Hermanus, Still Bay, Mossel Bay,

Algoa Bay, Port Alfred (auct. et S. Afr. Mus.). Yzerfontein, Table Bay to East

314 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

London (U.C.T.). Umsikaba River mouth (north of Port St. Johns) (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. Talbot).

Remarks. Juveniles 1-5 mm. long (Still Bay, coll. Muir) have the apex

well within the margin.

Helcion dunkert (Krss.)

Patella dunkeri Krauss, 1848, p. 55, pl. 3, fig. 14; Bartsch, 1915, p. 144; Turton, 1932, p. 170;

Nardini, 1934, p. 249, pl. 18 (5), fig. 19.

Patella dunkeri Krss., var. formosa Turton, 1932, p. 170, pl. 40, no. 1211.

Patella testudinaria non Linn., Turton, 1932, p. 170.

Helcion dunkeri Krss., Stephenson, 1939, p. 524; Tomlin & Stephenson, 1942, p. 8; Stephenson,

1948, pp. 279, 282, fig. 10 (radula).

Radula as in pectunculus.

Cape and Natal (Krauss, ex coll. Wahlberg and Dunker). Table Bay

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. Lightfoot and K. H. B.). Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

Liideritzbucht, Port Nolloth, Lambert’s Bay, Saldanha Bay, Table Bay, Port

Elizabeth, East London, Umhlali (Natal) (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Krauss apparently did not himself collect this species. Its occur-

rence in Natal has not been confirmed. Tomlin & Stephenson have confirmed

the identity of specimens collected by Turton at Port Alfred.

There is great difficulty in separating dunkert from pruinosus. Stephenson

(1939) remarked that it was suspected to be a form of the latter. H. dunkeri,

however, has page precedence; and I would reduce pruinosus to a synonym,

not even a variety of dunkert.

Hf. dunkert is as a rule a little more distinctly ribbed than pruznosus, but

some specimens are almost smooth. Shells which are strongly marked with

black and white rays may be assigned to dunkert. There are not always 11

black rays; some of them may split into 2-4 narrower rays, with a total of

16-18 black rays; on the other hand there may be only 6-7 rays, or the shell

may be black with 2-4 white rays, or completely black. There are also, as

Krauss remarked, other colour patterns, and there may be a blue-green sheen

on some of the stripes.

The only locality in Table Bay known to the late R. M. Lightfoot and

myself where this species (or form) could be found living was the groynes

alongside the sewerage outlet on Woodstock beach. Stephenson also found it

there.

It is also difficult, as Krauss noted, to separate the shell from juvenile

Patella compressa. The latter are oval, depressed but not compressed, and up

to a length of c. 20 mm. lie flat.

Gen. CELLANA H. Adams, 1869

Winckworth, 1928, p. 133.

Tomlin, 1937, p. 176. _

Circlet of gills interrupted in front. Central plate of radula degenerate,

only 2 lateral plates. Shell internally with a satiny, metallic sheen.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 315

Cellana capensis (Gmelin)

Fig. 27 d

Patella capensis Krauss, 1848, p. 53, pl. 3, figs. 13 a-c.

Helcioniscus capensis Gmelin, Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 551; Braga, 1952, p. 94, pl. 6, fig. 12.

Cellana capensis Gmelin, Stephenson, 1939, p. 524; 1948, pp. 279, 282, fig. 11 (radula).

Cellana capensis Gmelin, subsp. karachiensis Winckworth, 1930, p. 80.

Radula very long; central plate a narrow strip without indurated cusp,

squeezed between the ist lateral plates, each of which has a strong falcate

indurated cusp, 2nd lateral with 2 indurated cusps, the inner one apically

bifid, the outer one small, triangular, the composite marginal plate with

one reflexed cutting-edge in front and another behind, about in middle of

plate.

Yellowish or drab, sometimes with faint darker marks on outer surface,

internally with 2, 3 or more dark brown radiating streaks, which are sometimes

broken up into spots, central area more or less mottled with orange-brown or

dark brown (in juveniles 7-10 mm. long, bright orange).

Living: Port Alfred (S. Afr. Mus. coll. E. K. Jordan 1941); East London

(U.C.T.) ; Umsikaba River mouth (north of Port St. Johns) (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

Talbot); Durban (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.); Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

K. H. B.; also U.W.); Bazarute Island (U.W.); Mozambique Island (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. K. H. B.; also U.W.). Recorded by Braga from Inhambane and

Mozambique.

Distribution. Madagascar (Dautzenberg); Karachi (Winckworth).

Remarks. Both Krauss (for his fig. 13 5) and Dautzenberg remarked on the

similarity of capensis with rota (Gmelin). The latter stated that capensis was

larger (!), with the internal central impression white, more or less maculated

with brown or orange (rota: uniform dark brown).

Karachi specimens were described as differing in having more numerous

ribs, alternately larger and smaller, with about 20 (out of 180) stronger ones,

and in being more strongly granulate; and also in having 11 brown rays on

the inside instead of only g. All these characters seem to be variable, and of no

taxonomic value.

Cellana rota (Gmelin)

Helcioniscus rota Gmelin, Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 551; Braga, 1952, p. 95.

Radiating ribs numerous and regular, sometimes slightly squamulose at

the growth-lines. Up to 25 X 20 mm.

Grey with faint irregular darker marks; interior pale with dark brown

spots or more or less zigzag lines, but not radiate, central area mostly white.

Radula as in capensis.

Mozambique Island (Braga; also U.W.).

Distribution. Suez, Gulf of Akaba; Lindi (Tanganyika); Madagascar.

316 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

TECTIBRANCHIATA

Fam. Actaeonidae

The Angolan species conicus Thiele 1925 was placed in Actaeon with a

query; I consider it more likely to be a Leucotina (Pyramidellidae).

Actaeon flammeus (Gmelin)

Durban (Sowerby). Off Amatikulu River (Zululand), 13-15 fathoms,

1 dead but fresh (S. Afr. Mus. A6552, P.F. coll.).

Actaeon fortis ‘Thiele

Actaeon fortis Thiele, 1925, p. 259, pl. 42 (30), figs. 10, 11.

A Pieter Faure specimen closely resembles Thiele’s fig. 11 of a shell from

the Zanzibar Channel, except that the punctate-striate sculpture is not so

strong on the upper part of the whorl, in this respect being more like fragilis

Thiele 1925 from Angola; it is also proportionately broader (3 whorls: 4 x

2°25 mm.).

As Thiele considered the narrower East Indies shells as conspecific with

those from East Africa, the Natal shell may also be referred to fortis, at least

provisionally.

Off Umhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. Ag407,

P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Zanzibar Channel, 463 metres; also East Indies (Thiele).

Solidula suturalis (A. Adams)

Spire twice (at least) in length of aperture, columella pleat double,

sculpture punctate-striate, striae narrower than the lirae.

Port Elizabeth and Natal (Sowerby).

Off Glendower Beacon (Port Alfred), 39 fathoms, 2 dead and worn

(identified by Sowerby) (S. Afr. Mus. A5640, P.F. coll.).

Solidula sulcata (Gmelin)

Spire 24-2 in aperture; columella pleat double, with an additional costa

posterior to it; sculpture punctate-striate, the striae varying in number from

14 or 15 to 36, 25 being about the average, striae (even when numerous)

narrower than the lirae. Up to 17 xX 8 mm.

White with grey axial streaks, more or less interrupted at level of top and

middle of aperture, thus forming 3 grey zones; in one specimen the streaks are

pink, those on the uppermost zone being somewhat undulate or angular.

Fossil: Pleistocene; Durban North Ridge, 60 feet below sea level (Geol.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 317

Survey); Algoa Bay (Johnson, 1904, as solidula); Sedgefield near Knysna

(A. R. H. Martin); Little Brak River, Mossel Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Durban (sed ?) (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Ross-Frames).

Off Cape Natal, 54 fathoms, 1 juv.; off Tongaat, 36 fathoms, I juv.

(S. Afr. Mus. Ag422, Ag423, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Corresponds with larger examples in S. Afr. Mus. from New

Caledonia.

Solidula niecaensis n.sp.

Spire 14 in aperture; columella pleat double, with an additional costa

posterior to it; sculpture of spiral sulci subequal in width to the lirae, crossed

by axial pliculae producing squarish foveolae; 7 sulci on penultimate whorl,

g on upper part of last whorl, c. 15 on base; on back of outer lip the number of

lirae and sulci doubled by interpolation. 17 x 7:75 mm. White, periostracum

brown.

Off Nieca River (East London area), 43 fathoms, 1 living (S. Afr. Mus.

o40553, EF. coll.).

Remarks. Although the somewhat foveolate sculpture is similar to that of

albus, and the specimen was actually identified by Tomlin as albus, the shell

has a much longer spire relatively to the aperture, and the columella is that of

a Solidula.

The forepart of the animal had been pulled out, and no radula was

obtained.

Pseudactaeon albus (Sow.)

Fig. 28 h

Tornaiella albus Sowerby, 1873, p. 720, pl. 59, fig. 6.

Actaeon albus Sow., von Martens, 1903, p. 50; Schwarz, I9I10, p. 115.

Pseudactaeon albus Sow., Thiele, 1925, p. 257, pl. 46 (34), figs. 3, 3a, 4 (radula).

Spire 2-24 in aperture; columella pleat simple. The sculpture is not

‘punctate-striate’ in the usual sense; the grooves are at least as wide as the

lirae, usually a little wider, and are divided by axial pliculae into squarish

foveolae; at the base of last whorl the sculpture is sometimes almost cancellate.

Up to 15°5 X 7-5 mm. White, periostracum orange-brown.

Radula large, length 3 mm., width when spread out 4 mm. in shell 15 mm.

long; 12 rows, no central plate, 4 widely spaced longitudinal series of small

lateral plates, increasing in size outwards, base narrow, with 3-4 cusps, a

single large marginal plate consisting of a long curved spine on a short base;

when in situ the marginals fold inwards over the laterals.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Sedgefield (A. R. H. Martin); Knysna (S. Afr. Mus.) ;

Zwartkops (Schwarz 1910).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby). 34° 54’ S., 19° 37’ E., 80 metres, 1 living (von

Martens). False Bay, 27-28 metres (U.C.T.).

Off Knysna, 30 fathoms, 1 dead; off Cape Recife, 20 fathoms, 1 dead;

318 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

34° 5’ S., 25° 38’ E., 51 fathoms, 1 dead; off Great Fish Point, 40 fathoms, 1

living; off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Fam. Ringiculidae

Ringicula turtoni Bartsch

Ringicula australis (non Hinds) Sowerby, 1892, p. 25; Smith, 1910, p. 184; Schwarz, 1910, p. 114.

Ringicula turtoni Bartsch, 1915, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 4; Tomlin, 1931 a, p. 442.

Ringicula africana Bartsch, 1915, p. 7, pl. 33, fig. 4; Tomlin, 1931 a, p. 442.

Ringicula agulhasensis Thiele, 1925, p. 261, pl. 42 (30), fig. 16.

Ringicula scalaris Turton, 1932, p. 5, pl. 1, no. 46.

Ringicula solida Turton, 1932, p. 6, pl. 1, no. 47.

The study of nearly 200 specimens, mostly from the Pzeter Faure bottom-

samples, in various stages of growth and of abrasion, convinces me that only

one species occurs in South African waters.

Juveniles are multistriate (agulhasensis), adults paucistriate (turtont), though

more than 6—7 (turtoni, Bartsch’s figure; also scalaris) may persist on to the last

whorl; sometimes only 2 or 3 persist on the lower part of the whorls (just above

the suture) which is the part less exposed to wear than the periphery (africana).

The shape of the adult is usually rather squat (turton:), especially when

the outer lip is well thickened; but high-spired individuals (africana, solida)

occur; scalaris of course is an immature example.

R. acutispira Turton is not a Ringicula, but probably a worn Actaeocina,

or perhaps an Actaeon.

Up to 5:5 X 3:3 mm. A particularly stalwart high-spired adult measures

6-5 X 3°5 mm. (appropriately it came from off Stalwart Point north of Gr.

Fish Point, 53 fathoms).

Fossil: Pleistocene, Sedgefield (A. R. H. Martin); Zwartkops (Schwarz

1QIO).

Dead, but including fresh and glossy, examples were obtained at numerous

localities extending from off O’Neil Peak and Tugela River (Zululand) to

Algoa Bay and St. Francis Bay, in depths of 22-90 fathoms. (S. Afr. Mus.

Ag391—-Ag402, P.F. coll.).

There are no records from any locality farther west; Dr. Muir did not

find it at Still Bay. Recently, however, U.C.T. obtained a dead worn specimen

ALBA; LF) (Oss) 17 4 15) ein COO metres:

Remarks. Formerly recorded as australis Hinds. Thiele (1925, p. 262, pl. 42

(30), fig. 23) recorded the latter species from the Zanzibar Channel and from

the East Indies (p. 348) ; his figure closely resembles an africana. Future investi-

gation of the East African area may possibly show that australis extends farther

south, linking up with Zululand, and that the South African specimens were

correctly named australis.

R. aethiopica von Martens 1903 (also Thiele 1925) from the East coast of

Africa is another form which might be compared when more material is

available.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 319

Incidentally R. congoensis Thiele (1925, p. 260, pl. 42 (30), fig. 15) looks

_ remarkably like the West African conformis Monterosato as figured by Nicklés

(1950, p. 135, fig. 277).

Fam. Atyidae

Hamuinea alfredensis Bartsch

Fig. 28 g

Haminea alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 5.

Fic. 28. a, Retusa natalensis n. sp., with apical view; b, Volvula mutabilis n. sp., with apex of juv.

2°75 mm., and immature shell 3 mm.; c, Actaeocina natalensis n. sp.; d, Actaeocina species A;

e, Actaeocina species B. Radula plates of: f, Haminea gracilis Sow.; g, H. alfredensis Bartsch;

h, Pseudactaeon albus (Sow.), with portion of radula showing lateral plates in situ (semidiagram-

matic) ; 2, Cylichna tubulosa Gould.

This may have to become a synonym of natalensis (Krss.). Turton seemed

to think that the pear-shaped alfredensis graded into the oval natalensis. ‘The

pear shape is more noticeable in the larger shells; juveniles 3-5-4 mm. long

are oval.

But neither in these juveniles nor in any specimen I have seen does the

posterior margin of the outer lip extend so prominently beyond the apex as

in Krauss’s figure. I have seen no Natal specimens.

The largest specimen measures 19 X 13 mm., and came from Little

Brak River estuary, near Mossel Bay.

320 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Stomach plates semicircular, with transverse pleats (cf. Thiele, 1929,

fig. 486, natalensis, after Bergh).

Radula with c. 25 rows, central plate notched on front margin, sharp

median cusp flanked by a rounded lobe bearing when unworn a small cusp,

23-26 hamate lateral plates, decreasing in size outwards, 1st lateral not dentate.

False Bay, Still Bay, Mossel Bay, Plettenberg Bay, Port Alfred (S. Afr. Mus.).

Specimens with egg-ribbons have been found in the estuary of the Silver-

mine River (Fish Hoek, False Bay) in March.

Haminea gracilis Sow.

Fig. 28 f

Haminea gracilis Sowerby, 1897, p. 20, pl. 6, fig. 16; von Martens, 1903, p. 50.

More cylindrical than alfredensis-natalensis, nearly parallel-sided, with

extremely fine spiral striae, some of the growth-lines stronger than others,

subpliculose. 11 X 6:5 mm. Pale straw- or amber-coloured.

Radula with c. 30 rows, central plate feebly indented on front margin,

sharp median cusp flanked by a rounded lobe carrying when unworn a small

cusp, 12-15 similar, simple (non-serrate), curved lateral plates.

Durban (Sowerby). 34° 21’,S., 20° 22’ E., 117 metres; a iingeeen

Martens). Karridene (south of Durban) (S. Afr. Mus.). St. Lucia Bay, 1

lyme (UC 1).

Remarks. The Valdivia shell had the greatest width nearer the middle than

in Sowerby’s figure, and von Martens was unable to find any spiral striation.

Fam. Aceridae

Acera soluta Gmelin

This Indian Ocean species was recorded by Smith (1903, p. 357) from

Durban. I have received living specimens from Port Elizabeth and Knysna.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Port Elizabeth. ‘From the immense numbers of the

Akerae found in it, I have termed it the Akera-stratum’ (Stow, 1871, p. 517).

Fam. Retusidae

Retusa truncatula (Brug.)

Retusa trancatula Smith, 1904, p. 38; Bartsch, 1915, p. 4; Turton, 1932, p. 3, pl. 1, no. 27.

Retusa atlantica Thiele, 1925, p. 269, pl. 43 (31), fig. xi (? fig. 12).

Thiele’s fig. 11 of a South African shell seems to portray the same species

as that previously identified by Smith and Bartsch as the European ¢runcatula.

It came probably from Simon’s Bay where the Gauss obtained other shells

described by Thiele (1912). The specimen fig. 12 from Great Fish Bay, Angola,

however, seems somewhat different; but if the South African shells are really

the European species, the locality links South Africa with West Africa.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 321

I can find no differences between South African and British shells. The

. apical cavity is wide, and the axial riblets show on the sunken penultimate

whorl.

Fossil: Pleistocene, raised beach Knysna (S. Afr. Mus.).

Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton). Still Bay, 0-6 up to 2 mm. (S. Afr.

Mus. Muir coll.).

Retusa agulhasensis Thiele

Retusa agulhasensis Thiele, 1925, p. 270, pl. 43 (31), figs. 10, 10a.

Slightly barrel-shaped, apical cavity narrow, columella with pleat, no

axial sculpture, 4 spiral striae on base. 4-5 X 2-3 mm.

5°20: 9., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres, 2 (Thiele).

No examples of this species were found in the Pieter Faure bottom-samples.

Retusa natalensis n.sp.

Fig. 28 a

Parallel-sided, slightly narrower anteriorly, apical cavity narrow, columella

pleat weak, outer lip carinate on top, not expanded anteriorly, aperture

posteriorly rectangular, no sculpture, fine growth-lines which are best seen

on the shoulder. 4 < 1:5 mm.

Off Umkomaas River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 2 (S. Afr. Mus. Ag4og, P.F.

coll.). |

Retusa cf. nicobarica Thiele

Retusa nicobarica Thiele, 1925, p. 270, pl. 43 (31), fig. 13.

Egg-shaped, columella with blunt projection. The present specimens

agree with Thiele’s description and figure, and are of the same size: 3-3 X2 mm.

If Thiele had recorded specimens also from the Zanzibar Channel,

I would have had no hesitation in identifying the Natal—Zululand shells

with his species; but it is better to record them as only comparable with

nicobarica.

Off Cape Natal, 85 fathoms, 9 dead; off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 85-100

fathoms, 4. dead (S. Afr. Mus. Ag420, Ag421, P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Nicobars (7° 48’ N., 93° 7’ E.), 804 metres (Thiele).

Retusa (Pyrunculus) cf. semen Thiele

Retusa semen Thiele, 1925, p. 271, pl. 43 (31), fig. 17.

Two dead but fresh specimens agreeing with Thiele’s species.

Off Hood Point (East London area), 49 fathoms, 2 (S. Afr. Mus. Ag408,

PE) coll.).

Distribution. Zanzibar Channel, 463 metres; East Indies, 470 metres

(Thiele).

322 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Volvula pia Thiele

Volvula pia Thiele, 1925, p. 272, pl. 43 (31), fig. 21.

Apex rounded, with very small apical pit, no sculpture. 2-6 x 1-1 mm.

84. hl 8.5 10-97, Ea, 80 metres, 1. (hrele),

Not taken by the Pieter Faure.

Volvula mutabilis n.sp.

Fig. 28 b

Nearly symmetrically oval, apex in immature sharply, in adult bluntly

pointed, 5-6 distinct though fine spiral striae at apex and base, middle of

whorl with extremely fine spiral striae, growth-lines fine, columella with pleat,

aperture not expanded anteriorly. Up to 4 xX 1°75 mm.

Off Umhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 3 adult, 1 immature (Types) ;

off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, 1 adult, 1 immature; off Tongaat

River, 36 fathoms, 1 immature (S. Afr. Mus. Ag410 (Types), Ag411, Ag412,

Pie. colle):

Remarks. Although an acute, thorn-like apex is usually regarded as a

specific character, I think the present series, small as it is, shows that the pointed

apex of the juvenile gradually becomes blunter in the adult.

The smallest (2°75 mm. long) of the present immature shells closely

resembles fortis Thiele 1925 from the East Indies, but the latter is larger and is

smooth in the middle between the spiral striae at each end. But the adult is

nearer in shape to suavis Thiele 1925 from Angola.

Fam. Scaphandridae

Scaphander punctato-striatus (Mighels)

Scaphander punctato-striatus Sars, 1878, p. 292, pl. 18, fig. 6 (shell), pl. xi, fig. 14 (radula) ; Watson,

1886, p. 642; Sowerby, 1903, p. 232.

Sowerby saw only 2 specimens; and returned the one from 166 fathoms.

This was a dead specimen, but still retains most of the periostracum. A similar

specimen was obtained in 180 fathoms; 1 living specimen was obtained in

190 fathoms, and 2 in 755 fathoms.

Additional localities: Cape Point N. 50° E. 18 miles, 180 fathoms, 1 dead

but fresh; off Table Bay, 190 fathoms, 1 living; Cape Point NE. x E. } E.

38 miles, 755 fathoms, 2 living; Cape Point NE. x E. } E. 40 miles, 800-900

fathoms, 3 dead; Cape Point N. 58° E. 49 miles, 900+ fathoms, 1 dead;

Cape Point NE. x E. + E. 46 miles, 900+ fathoms, 5 dead; Cape Point

N. 77° E., 660 fathoms, 2 dead; Cape Point NE. ? E. 40 miles, 720-800 fathoms,

2 dead; Cape Point N. 70° E. 40 miles, 800 fathoms, 3 dead (S. Afr. Mus.

P.F coll); |

One living juvenile, 9 mm. long, was recently (1959) obtained by Mr.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 323

Talbot: 33° 453%’ S., 16° 23%’ E., 1,480 fathoms. It has the characteristic

_ sculpture, but the apex is visible, not covered by the advancing outer lip.

Radula as in Scaphander.

Distribution. North Atlantic, West Indies, Mediterranean, Azores.

Scaphander sp.

Four specimens, the largest 7 x 4 mm., are left undetermined pending

further and better material. Surface with impressed spiral striae which are

minutely punctate.

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 85 fathoms, 1 broken; off Cape Vidal (Zulu-

land), 80-100 fathoms, 2 dead; off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, one

dead (S. Afr. Mus. Ag403-5, P.F. coll.).

Bullaria ampulla (Linn.)

Bullaria ampulla Linn., Turton, 1932, p. 5, pl. 1, no. 39 (juv. 1°8 mm. long).

Fossil: Pleistocene, Little Brak River (Smith in Rogers, 19060) ; Sedgefield

(A. R. H. Martin); Knysna raised beach (S. Afr. Mus.); Port Elizabeth

(Johnson, 1904, Schwarz, 1910).

Fresh specimens, including juveniles 7 mm. long, are washed up on the

beach at Still Bay (Dr. Muir); but S. Afr. Mus. has no records from farther

west.

Gen. AcTAEOCINA Gray (syn. Tornatina A. Adams)

Only a dozen specimens were obtained from the Pieter Faure bottom-

samples; none of them is with certainty referable to nitens (Thiele) 1925 or

agulhasensis (Thiele) 1925. Thiele’s nitens from 35° 19’ S., 20° 12’ E., 126 metres,

is not unlike the Natal merzdionalis (Smith) 1902; agulhasensis from 35° 16’ S.,

22° 26’ E., 155 metres, appears to have the columella pleat nearer the base,

and an oblique suture.

Provisional synopsis

Protoconch projecting prominently

Sides parallel; suture horizontal .. ie ss), savithe

Slightly ovate; suture oblique oe ve .. natalensis

Protoconch sunken, hemispherical

Columella pleat at lower one-third

Suture horizontal a ‘be Ee .. meridionalis nitens

Columella pleat at lower one-quarter

Protoconch moderate

Suture oblique .. “i ae .. agulhasensis

Suture horizontal . . eH Ry iz Pspecies A.

Protoconch large (0:25 mm. diam.) .. ae. Species.B

324 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Actaeocina smithi Bartsch

Tornatina voluta (non Q. & G.) Sowerby, 1892, p. 52.

Actaeocina smithi Bartsch, 1915, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 9; Turton, 1932, p. 3.

See synopsis. Extremely fine spiral striae at base. Up to 5.5 X 2.5 mm.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch); East London (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. R. M. Lightfoot); off Cove Rock (East London), 22 fathoms; and

Algoa Bay, 33 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Actaeocina natalensis n.sp.

Fig. 28 ¢

Protoconch prominently projecting, shape of shell slightly ovate, suture

oblique. 5 X 2 mm.

Off Illovo River (Natal), 27-30 fathoms, 2 dead (S. Afr. Mus. Ag388,

PAlecolla:

Actaeocina sp. A

Fig. 28 d

Agrees with agulhasensis in having the columella pleat low down, but has

suture horizontal, i.e. the top of the outer lip is near the top of preceding

whorl. 3°5 X 1°5 mm.

Off Illovo River (Natal), 27-30 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. Ag38o,

PF. .coll):

Actaeocina sp. B

Fig. 28 e

Protoconch conspicuously large, diam. 0:25 mm., sunken, hemispherical,

shape of shell slightly ovate, suture horizontal, columella pleat low down.

OF 11-25 mama.

34° 27 S., 25° 42” E., 256 fathoms, 2 dead; 393° 3° S527 yy eee

fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. Ag390 and Ag406, P.F. coll.).

Cylichna tubulosa Gould

Fig. 287

Cylichna tubulosa Gould, 1859, p. 40; Bartsch, 1915, p. 5, pl. 3, fig. 5.

Cylichna cylindracea (non Pennant) Sowerby, 1892, p. 52.

Cylichna affinis Thiele, 1925, p. 275, pl. 44 (32), fig. 4.

Cylichna algoensis Thiele, 1925, p. 275, pl. 44 (32), fig. 5.

Shell cylindrical, aperture not expanded anteriorly. Very fine wavy

orange-brown spiral lines across whole whorl from apex to base, or reduced to

5-6 at top of whorl; usually a narrow orange-brown band outside the columella.

Growth-lines fine, some of them a little stronger, but scarcely pliculose. Up to

12’ mm. (Turton); 9-3 Kk 3°gmm. (5, Ain ins):

Radula with 20 rows, central plate with finely ctenate cutting-edge,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 325

lateral plate large, uncinate, ctenate on inner margin, 2 simple hamate

‘marginal plates.

Simon’s Bay (False Bay) (Gould, Bartsch); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby) ;

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton). St. Francis Bay and Algoa Bay (Thiele).

False Bay, 14 fathoms, 1 living, 1 dead; 34° 5’ S., 25° 55’ E., 67 fathoms,

3 dead; off Keiskamma Point, 33 fathoms, 2 dead; off Cove Rock (East

London), 22 fathoms, 3 dead; off Cape Natal (Durban), 47 fathoms, 4 dead;

off Umhloti River, 40 fathoms, 3 dead (S. Afr. Mus. A6551, Ag416-8, A5583,

Ag419, P.F. coll.).

Plettenberg Bay, 26-53 fathoms; and 36° 26’ S., 21° 11’ E., 100 fathoms

wee P:).

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Thiele).

Remarks. One of the Cape Natal shells is large (9:3 mm.); all the others

are juvenile (2°5-5 mm.).

C. bistriata Tomlin 1920, with 2 spiral striae at top of whorl, seems distinct

in having the top of the outer lip projecting above the apex.

Cylichna dulcis Thiele

Cylichna dulcis Thiele, 1925, p. 275, pl. 44 (32), fig. 6.

Shell narrowing at base, less conspicuously tubular than tubulosa, outer

lip anteriorly more strongly curved than the bluntly rounded margin of

tubulosa; columella larger, and less oblique to the axis. Surface very finely

spirally striate (Thiele); surface worn in present specimen. 4 X 1°75 mm.

fener WMius.); 9-6 < 1-4 mm. (Thiele).

beeen... 20.50 E., 1. (Thiele).

Off Illovo River (Natal), 27-30 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr. Mus. Ag414,

Bi. coll.).

Roxania utriculus (Brocchi)

Atys utriculus Brocchi, Sars, 1878, pl. xi, figs. 2a, b (radula).

Roxania simillima Thiele, 1925, p. 277, pl. 44 (32), fig. 17, and pl. 46 (34), fig. xi (radula).

Whole whorl closely covered with spiral series of punctae, but with

impressed punctate striae only at top and base. Up to 12 X 8 mm.

St. Francis Bay, 80 metres; Algoa Bay; 35° 29’ S., 21° 3’ E., 102 metres;

Bae. 20 22’ E., 117 metres (Thiele).

Off Kowie (Port Alfred), 40 fathoms, 1 dead; Algoa Bay, 52 fathoms, 1

dead; False Bay, 24 fathoms, 1 living (S. Afr. Mus. A5646-8, P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Thiele). Europe.

Remarks. The three Pieter Faure specimens were identified by Sowerby as

Atys (Roxania) utriculus Brocchi. The Valdivia shells are doubtless conspecific;

and as Thiele recorded the species also from Angola it will probably be found

at other localities on the west coast of Africa linking up with Europe.

Thiele (1925, p. 265) accepted Roxania with subgen. Sabatia in the

326 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Scaphandridae. In 1929 (p. 391), however, he regarded Roxania Gray 1847 as

preoccupied by Roxana Stephens 1834, and adopted Sabatia Bellardi as the

generic name.

Fam. Philinidae

Gen. PuHILINE Ascanius

The species of this genus cannot be diagnosed from the shell alone; giving

names to isolated shells is useless. At present there is only one fully diagnosed

species in South African waters: aperta. P. berghi is known only from a single

specimen, the shell of which was not specifically described (Bergh: ‘... of

usual form’).

It was pure assumption on the part of Bartsch (1915) and Turton (1932)

to identify Port Alfred shells as berghi. Turton’s figure (1932, pl. 1, no. 66)

shows a prominent, almost scabrous, liration on the shell.

P. minuta Thiele 1925 has a finely striate shell, but is only 2 mm. long,

and is surely a juvenile.

Philine aperta (Linn.)

Philine aperta Bergh, 1907, p. 24, pl. 5, figs. 5-10; O’Donoghue, 1929, p. 7, pl. 1, figs. 1-7.

As defined by Bergh this species has stomach plates, radula without

marginal plates (formula 1.0.1), and a smooth non-striated shell showing

growth-lines only. Shell: up to 40 X 31 mm.

False Bay, 10-18 fathoms; off Cape Natal and Umvoti River (Bergh).

False Bay (S. Afr. Mus.; also U.C.T.). Port Elizabeth (P.E. Museum).

Remarks. Presumably Bergh tested the anatomical features of the Natal

examples, and found them corresponding with the Cape examples.

Fossil examples, attributed to aperta, have been recorded from: Pleistocene,

Bogenfels (Haughton, 1932); Sedgefield (A. R. H. Martin); Port Elizabeth

(Johnson, 1904; Schwarz, 1910).

Philine berght Smith

Philine capensis (non Pfr.) Bergh, 1907, p. 27, pl. 5, figs. 11-15.

Philine berghi Smith, 1910, p. 184.

Philine berghit Smith, O’ Donoghue, 1929, p. Io.

With stomach plates, radula with 2 marginal plates (formula 2.1.0.1.2).

Shell presumably smooth; if it had been striated Bergh would surely have

mentioned the fact; he figured only an apical view.

The locality as quoted by Bergh is misleading: the correct locality is

Cape Point bearing SW. x W., i.e. within False Bay (44 miles ‘off Cape

Point’ in a direction SW. x W. would be outside False Bay).

Philine sp.

For purposes of record a single shell from off O’Neil Peak (Zululand),

go fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. Ag385, P.F. coll.),.may be mentioned. Spirally

striate, but finer than in Turton’s figure, pl. 1, no. 66. 10 X 7 mm.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 327

Philine sp.

-Philine berghi (non Smith) Turton, 1932, p. 8, pl. 1, no. 66.

Dr. Muir obtained at Still Bay 4 very juvenile shells, 0-8-1 mm. long, which

correspond with Turton’s figure. The dark band covers 7-8 spiral lirae which

are catenulate (see Turton’s figure and compare Sars, 1878, pls. 18 and 26).

In Turton’s figure of a 5 mm. shell the band covers about 14 lirae.

Fam. Gastropteridae

Gastropteron sp.

Two specimens of a species of this genus were taken by Dr. F. H. Talbot

(Marine Biologist, South African Museum) at the following localities: 33° 52’ S.,

16° 51’ E., 1,380—1,520 fathoms; 34° 05’ S., 16° 58’ E., 1,470-1,490 fathoms

(S. Afr. Mus. A9833, A9847).

Without material for comparison, I attach no specific name to these

specimens. Eyes absent. Radula with 15 rows, inner plates not serrulate.

POLYPLACOPHORA

_ Krauss, 1848, pp. 36-43; Thiele, 1906 6, pp. 328-330 and 335, 336; Nierstrasz, 1906, pp.

487-520, pl. 26, figs. 1-29, pl. 27, figs. 30-53 (explanation of figures on pp. 518-520

incorrect) ; Ashby, 1928, pp. 76—93, pls. 6-8; Thiele, 1929, pp. 1-22; Ashby, 1931, pp. 1-59,

pls. 1-7 and 2 text-figs.

The more important papers dealing with South African Chitons are

listed above. Ashby made no mention of Nierstrasz’s work (except one biblio-

graphic reference to one species) ; references are therefore given here to all the

species recorded by Nierstrasz.

For convenience the arrangement of the families and genera here follows

Ashby (1931), which differs slightly from that of Thiele (1929).

Ashby’s 1928 and 1931 photographic illustrations are of unequal quality,

some are good, others quite useless for showing details.

The radula throughout the group consists of 17 plates in each row, with

only minor modifications in some of the plates.

A study of the aesthetes and eyes on the valves of South African Chitons

has not yet been undertaken.

The breeding habits of South African Chitons also await investigation.

One species, C. nigrovirescens, is known to shelter its young under the mantle

(perinotum). Plate (1899, p. 100, and 1901, p. 477) recorded two similar

cases: I. zmitator from South America and C. poli from the Mediterranean.

He also recorded (SB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1898, p. 217, and 1899, pp. 159-161,

figs. 278, 279) a case of viviparity: Callistochiton viviparus Plate. Recently

Ischnochiton hewittt has been observed to shelter its young.

Fam. Cryptoplacidae

Thiele, 1920, p. 12.

Ashby, 1931, pp. 7, 54 (Acanthochitonidae).

328 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Ashby (1926, p. 10) argued that because neither Cryptoconchus Burrows

1815, Guilding 1829, nor Cryptoplax Blainv. 1818 were recognized as ‘typical’

genera, whereas Acanthochiton Grey 1821 (emend. Hermannsen 1846) Acantho-

chites Leach, Risso 1826 was so recognized, the family name must be derived

(International Rules) from that of the ‘type’ genus. Straightforward priority,

untrammelled with questions of phylogeny or specialization (on which opinions

may differ from time to time) seems preferable.

Iredale (1914, pp. 128, 129) suggested Cryptoconchidae, Cryptoconchus

Burrows 1815 being the earliest name, if its use by Burrows were recognized.

Acanthochiton garnoti (Blainv.)

Acanthochites garnoti Blainv., Nierstrasz, 1906, p. 498, pl. 26, figs. 25-29, pl. 27, fig. 30.

Acanthochiton garnoti Blainv., Ashby, 1931, p. 7, pl. 1, figs. 1-4.

Acanthochiton turtoni Ashby, 1931, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 5, pl. 2, figs. 6-8.

Acanthochiton turtoni var. tenuigranosus Ashby, 1931, p. 10, pl. 2, fig. 13 (useless!).

Valves much subject to corrosion. Low-arched (garnoti) and subcarinate

(turtont) examples can be found in the same locality.

Sculpture on unworn valves: dorsal area finely longitudinally lirate,

pleural-lateral area with close-set flattened circular or oval pustules.

The two slits on the tail valve are widely separated. Ashby said the tail

valves of garnoti and turtoni differed in shape; but his figures (pl. 1, fig 4, and

pl. 2, fig. 8, respectively) are taken from different viewpoints, and that of

turtont has been printed inverted.

Up to 43 mm. (Nierstrasz). Usually brown or greenish-brown, with dark

median stripe flanked by 2 anteriorly diverging white or pale stripes; girdle

dull greenish, with bundles of pale green bristles.

One Cape Peninsula specimen (U.C.T.) has the girdle white with orange-

chestnut bristles, and the small spicules, especially at head and tail ends, black.

A 10-mm. specimen from Algoa Bay (U.C.T.) has the valves deep orange,

the girdle lemon-yellow, the bristles pinkish with white tips.

Radula with c. 60 rows, the major (or hooked) lateral plate tricuspid.

Saldanha Bay, Table Bay, and False Bay to Port St. Johns (auct., S. Afr.

Mus., and U.C.T.).

Remarks. Von Martens (1880, p. 300) recorded garnoti from Mauritius,

and suggested that the South African fascicularis (Linn.) might be the same

species. The latter is recorded from Mauretania and Senegal (Leloup, 1937 3).

Acanthochiton variegatus Nierstrasz

Acanthochiton variegatus Nierstrasz, 1906, p. 500, pl. 27, figs. 31-37.

Illovo or Isipingo (Natal) (Nierstrasz). One specimen 6 X 2:5 mm.

Sculpture as in garnoti. According to the description and fig. 33, the tail valve

has 2 slits which are relatively close together, and thus seem to offer a differential

character separating the species from garnoti. This may, however, be a juvenile

character. As in garnoti there are 18 bundles of bristles.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 329

In spite of Nierstrasz’s express statement that the tail valve had only 2

- slits and was therefore an Acanthochiton s. str., Ashby made this species a synonym

of Notoplax productus.

Notoplax productus (Pilsbry)

Notoplax productus Pilsbry, Ashby, 1931, p. 10, pl. 1, figs. 9-12 (part only of synonymy).

Tail valve with 4 slits (Ashby), but 6 seems more usual.

As preserved up to 50-55 mm. (U.C.T.). Valves dull pinkish-orange, or

pink and white, or the middle valves orange; girdle rose mottled with white,

or bright orange, or crimson; underside of girdle pinkish or greyish (U.C.T.).

Jeffreys Bay (Ashby); False Bay, Danger Point, and Algoa Bay (U.C.T.).

Remarks. The convexity of the tail valve and the plane of the insertion

plate may perhaps change with age. In a young specimen with width of |

tegmentum (sculptured part) of median valve 4 mm. the tail valve is slightly

convex, the insertion plate is in a plane at 45° with it, and is fully visible in

dorsal view. In specimens with valve width 6, 7 and 8 mm. (and larger ones)

the insertion plate is nearly or quite vertical and scarcely visible in dorsal view.

The convexity of the tail valve becomes more conspicuous in larger specimens.

But many more very juvenile specimens must be examined before a change in

the plane of the insertion plate can be regarded as normal.

Another feature which might be determined on living material is whether

the width of ihe girdle relatively to the visible, sculptured width of the median

valve increases with age.

Craspedochiton (Thaumastochiton) isipingoensis (Sykes)

Fis. 209 a,b

Onithechiton ? isipingoensis Sykes, 1901, p. 259, fig. (median and tail valves inverted).

Thaumastochiton isipingoensis Sykes, Thiele, 1909), p. 116.

Craspedochiton (Thamastochiton) isipingoensis Sykes, Iredale, 1914, p. 124; Tomlin, 1926, p. 297.

Notoplax productus Pilsbry part, Ashby, 1931, p. 10.

Notoplax umgaziana Koch, 1951, p. 211, pls. 23-25.

A specimen, identified by Tomlin, from off Umkomaas, Natal, 40 fathoms

(S. Afr. Mus. A5339, P.F. coll.), has been partly damaged. The girdle shows

4 obscure pits in front of the head valve, and others along the sides. The

sculpture consists of close-set flattened pustulate tubercles, increasing in size

outwards; on head valve 5 larger tubercles around the front margin. Dorsal

area of median valves with 2 ribs forming a V, enclosing a few pustules which

form transverse connecting bars.

Head valve with 5 slits (but damaged), middle valves with one slit, tail

valve with 6 slits and some irregular crenulations, the insertion plate descending

vertically, in fact sloping slightly forwards (fig. 29)).

As preserved approximately 18 mm. long.

Isipingo (Natal) (Sykes); Umgazana (south of Port St. Johns (Koch).

go 47 \S., 30° 27: E. (of Port Shepstone, Natal), 96 metres (U.C.T.).

330 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Remarks. Ashby includes Sykes’s species in the synonymy of WNotoplax

productus. The similarity in the dorsal sculpture certainly supports this view,

and I am strongly inclined to agree with Ashby. The greater convexity of the

tail valve in zszpingoensis, becoming conical and upturned in the uwmgaziana

form, is scarcely an impressive difference.

Iredale did not mention WN. productus, but after examining Sykes’s Type in

the British Museum agreed with Thiele that the South African species was

closely related to the Mauritian mébiusi Thiele 1909 (see Thiele, 1929, figs. 6, 7).

Although considerably larger: 48 < 35 mm., Notoplax umgaziana Koch

seems to be synonymous. In dorsal view Koch’s and Sykes’s figures of the tail

valve are much alike, the insertion plate invisible. Sykes said the tail valve

Hifi

Fic. 29. a, b, Thaumastochiton isipingoensis (Sykes), posterior and lateral views of tail valve;

c, d, e, Plaxiphora parva Nierstrasz, right half of middle valve, portion of girdle, and radula plates;

J, g, Dinoplax gigas (Gmelin), dorsal view, with section, of middle valve of high and low shells,

angle of divergence 85° and 135° respectively; h, Lepidopleurus chariessa n. sp., right half of middle

valve; 2, Chaetopleura pomarium n. sp., head, middle, and tail valves; j, k, J, girdle scales of

Ischnochiton textilis (Gray), I. hewitti Ashby, and J. oniscus (Krss.) respectively; m, Chiton ashbyi

n. sp., right half of middle valve (sutural lamina abraded).

<i EA le AOI bh BEG R GAA

Sasa

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 331

was ‘obtusely beaked behind’; Koch said ‘markedly turned up’ and showed it

thus in pi. 24, fig. 3 and pl. 25, fig. 6 b. The original mucro seems to get pushed

up by later growth. There were no specimens in the Transvaal Museum in

1959; and Mr. Koch informed me that his mollusc collection was in storage

and not available for re-examination.

Recently (1963), however, I have seen a specimen from The Haven

(between East London and Port St. Johns) collected by U.C.T., which is

obviously umgaziana. The girdle has a ridge as in Koch’s figure (pl. 23); this

is not distinctive, it occurs in productus and in mébiust. The width of the girdle

almost equals the visible width (sculptured) of median valve. The over-all

length (slightly curved) is 50 mm. (perhaps 55 mm. when alive), width 42 mm.;

length of shell 40 mm., width of median valve (sculptured part) 15 mm. The tail

valve has the mucro upturned, and the insertion plate with 5 or 6 irregular

slits is not visible in dorsal view.

I feel sure that umgaziana is only the adult of zszpzngoensis, and the latter

is very likely a synonym of mébiust. What is the difference between mébiusz

and productus ?

I have also seen a specimen 40 X 27 mm. (girdle slightly shrunken) from

Xora (Elliotdale Division) (between The Haven and Umgazana) (C. Walker,

1961). The tail valve is obtusely beaked behind, but not upturned. Also one

40 mm. in length (inc. girdle) with upturned tail valve, from Kei River mouth

pee. Kennelly). ,

; Cryptoplax sykest Thiele

Cryptoplax cf. striatus Lam., Sykes, 1900, p. 164, figs. 2-5.

Cryptoplax sykest Thiele, 1909), p. 53; pl. 6, figs. 83-86; Ashby, 1931, p. 12, text-fig. 2 a—-d (copy

__ of Sykes’s figs. 2-5).

Umkomaas (Natal) (Sykes).

Remarks. Sykes (1907, p. 33) compared specimens from Zanzibar with the

Australian striatus Lam.

Fam. Lepidopleuridae

Thiele, 1929, p. 6.

Lepidopleurus sykest (Sow.)

Chiton (Hanleya) sykesi Sowerby, 1903, p. 225, pl. 5, fig. 13.

oe sykest Sow., Thiele, 19060, p. 328, pl. 29, figs. 6-8; Ashby, 1931, p. 15, pl. 2, figs.

16-19.

Some examples are more strongly ridged than described by Thiele or Ashby,

having an angle of divergence of 80°. Middle valve up to width 8-5, length 4:5 mm.

Off Cape Point, 210 and 166 fathoms (Sowerby; P.F. coll.).

Off Cape Point, west coast of Cape Peninsula, and Table Bay, 125-230

fathoms, living (Ashby, S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Type in the South African Museum (A5342).

Bee oe low Oomlbes 676 metres: 94.99" Shere 21 E.., $18 metres;

34 220.5., 18" 36 “E., 7o metres (Thiele).

332 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

g1°'50' 'S., 167.50 Bs 3e0 metres (UIC aye

Remarks. At a station NW. of Table Bay, 190 fathoms, the Pieter Faure

obtained about 65 living examples.

Lepidopleurus chariessa n.sp.

Fig. 29 h

Head valve with c. 60 fine radiating moniliform pliculae (or lines of

granules). Middle valves ridged, dorsal-pleural area with c. 50 fine moniliform

pliculae, lateral area not raised (or only very slightly), distinguishable only

from the dorsal-pleural area by the alteration in direction of the pliculae,

and even this is not very clear at the margin, with close-set round granules in

quincunx, becoming more or less radial near margin; growth-lines only near

margin, and feeble. Tail valve with umbo slightly in front of centre, area in

front with c. 45 fine longitudinal moniliform pliculae, area behind umbo with

c. 60 radiating moniliform pliculae.

No insertion plates. Girdle with fine spicules (but not in good condition).

Animal mostly decomposed; enough flesh remained to hold the valves

together, but no radula was obtained.

Width of median valve 5, length 2-3 mm. Angle of divergence c. 105°.

Off Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms, 2 living (S. Afr. Mus. Ag338, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Not so strongly ridged as sykesi; sculpture, though fine and

delicate, not so fine as in sykesi, the latter having for example on head valve

c. 80 rows of granules; moreover the sculpture is definitely more radial and

longitudinal than quincuncial.

The feminine form for the specific name is used because more euphonious

than the neuter ‘charien’.

Fam. Lepidochitonidae

Thiele, 1929, p. 7 (Lepidochitonidae) ; Ashby, 1931, p. 16 (Callochitonidae).

Callochiton castaneus (Wood)

Callochiton castaneus (Wood) Nierstrasz, 1906, p. 496, pl. 26, figs. 22-24; Ashby, 1931, p. 18,

pl. 2, fig. 24, pl. 3, figs. 25-27.

Table Bay, Still Bay, Port Alfred. Port Nolloth to Oudekraal (west coast

of Cape Peninsula); False Bay to East London and Qolora (U.C.T.).

Up to median valve width 30, shell length ¢. 55 mm.

Fam. Mopaliidae

Thiele, 1929, p. 10.

Plaxtphora parva Nierstrasz

Fig. 29 c-e

Plaxiphora parva Nierstrasz, 1906, p. 501, pl. 27, figs. 38-43; Leloup, 1942, p. 31, text-fig. 18 G.

Plaxiphora tricolor Thiele, 1g909a, p. 21, pl. 2, figs. 77-83; Leloup, 19374, p. 167, figs. 12-16.

———————— le re

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 333

Plaxiphora indica Thiele, 19098, p. 23, pl. 3, figs. 15-19.

Plaxiphora platei von Knorre, 1925, p. 617, pl. 32, fig. 56, pl. 35, fig. 59, text-figs. 15-17.

Sculpture over whole surface of all valves consisting of close-set circular

or oval, flattened granules, mostly arranged in quincunx, each with a minute

pore.

Head valve with 7 obscure radial ribs, insertion plate with 7 slits (Nier-

strasz: 8). Middle valves each with a low radial rib on which the granules are

rather larger and more oval in shape, with 2-3 pores; sinus wide, insertion

plate with one slit. Tail valve with apex near hind margin, insertion plate

without slits.

Girdle with minute calcareous platelets and spicules, and longer chitinous

hair-like processes.

5 X 3°25 mm. (Nierstrasz); 7-5 < 4°5 mm. (U.CG.T.).

White mottled with rose, grey, or blackish, girdle grey with brown hairs

(Nierstrasz). Nierstrasz’s coloured figure is buff with a blackish V-shaped

mark on either side on the head and tail valves, the pleural areas on 2nd and

Ath valves grey or blackish.

The U.C.T. example is greenish-blue with faint dark greyish speckling,

head and tail valves pale medianly, umbo of 4th, 7th and tail valves white,

girdle with cream scales and brown hairs.

Gills 13-14 (Nierstrasz: ¢c. 15).

Radula with c. 35 rows, major lateral plate bluntly tricuspid, 1st marginal

plate spatulate; the 2nd marginal appears to have a small inset piece antero-

internally.

Mozambique (Nierstrasz); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Ceylon, Madras.

Fam. Ischnochitonidae

Chaetopleura papilio (Spengler)

Chaetopleura watsoni Krauss, 1848, p. 41 (Ashby quoted papilio in error).

Chaetopleura papilio Spengler, Ashby, 1931, p. 22, pl. 3, figs. 32, 33.

Chaetopleura destituta (non Sykes) Ashby, 1931, p. 26, pl. 4, figs. 37-309.

Dorsal-pleural areas of the middle valves finely and closely longitudinally

lirate, the interstices not punctate; in juveniles the interstices may be minutely

punctate near the beak, and minute punctae may continue to appear at later

stages, but never so definite and conspicuous as in pertusa; lateral areas (when

fresh) feebly radially lirate, with tiny granules. Head and tail valves more or

less distinctly, but feebly, radially lirate, with scattered granules.

The specimen S. Afr. Mus. 4880, which Ashby identified as deséztuta, is

merely a low-arched and somewhat worn example of papilio; the interstices

between the lirae are not punctate, and therefore it cannot be destituta. It has

similar little pale triangular spots near the outer margins of the valves, but not

so numerous and conspicuous as in S. Afr. Mus. 4887 (Ashby fig. 32). Ashby

334 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

returned only the 2nd valve of S. Afr. Mus. 4874, and as can be seen from fig. 38

the sculpturing is the same as that of papilio fig. 32. Ashby himself (p. 27)

admitted that the sculpture ‘approached’ that of papilio, but he seems to have

placed more value on the ‘form of shell’.

The height of the valves (angle of divergence) is a variable character (as

also in Acanthochiton garnott and Dinoplax gigas) and therefore not a good specific

character.

The length given by Ashby for no. 4880 should be 58, not 68 mm.

Valves with a dark brown median stripe flanked more or less distinctly

by buff, laterally with blue zigzag streaks or cuneiform spots, girdle light brown

spotted with darker brown, bristles black. Width (visible) of median valve

up to 34 mm.

Luderitzbucht (Thiele); Saldanha Bay (Melvill & Standen, also U.C.T.) ;

Table Bay (Krauss; also S$. Afr. Mus. coll. K. H. B.); Zout Rivier and Lambert’s

Bay to Table Bay (U.C.T.); False Bay (U.C.T.); off East London, 27 metres

(U.C.T.); 34° 33’ S., 18° 20’ E., 200 metres (R.s. Africana per WEG mae

Chaetopleura pertusa (Rve.)

Chaetopleura pustulatus Krauss, 1848, p. 42, pl. 3, fig. 7; Nierstrasz, 1906, p. 488, pl. 26, figs. 1-7.

Chaetopleura destituta Sykes, 1902, p. 195, text-fig.

Chaetopleura pertusus Rve., Ashby, 1931, p. 23, pl. 3, figs. 34-36.

Ischnochiton pertusus Rve., and punctulatus [sic] Krauss, Turton, 1932, p. 212.

[Non] Chaetopleura destituta: Ashby, p. 26, pl. 4, figs. 37-39. = papilio.

Dorsal-pleural area with numerous more or less granulate longitudinal

lirae, the interstices strongly punctate, sometimes producing a more orlesscancellate

appearance; lateral area more or less distinctly radially lirate, with scattered

granules. Head valve radially lirate, with scattered granules. Most of the

granules are perforated. |

Head valve with 10 slits (Nierstrasz, Ashby, S. Afr. Mus. 6766), 9 (Krauss).

The same specimen S. Afr. Mus. 6766 has 14 slits on the tail valve (as Ashby

stated), but Krauss gave 8, and Nierstrasz 10. Another South African Museum

specimen (4875) has 1o slits.

Radula with major lateral plate bicuspid (Nierstrasz).

Saldanha Bay (U.C.T.); Table Bay (Nierstrasz); False Bay; Mossel Bay,

Jeffreys Bay, and Algoa Bay, 15 fathoms (U.C.T.); Port Alfred (Ashby) ;

Natal (Krauss); Durban (Sykes).

The Pieter Faure obtained only isolated valves at the following stations:

off Cape Point, 145 fathoms; off Cape Infanta, 46 fathoms; off Cove Rock

(East London), 22 fathoms; off Illovo River (Natal), 27-30 fathoms.

kemarks. 1 accept Ashby’s recognition of pustulatus as a synonym of pertusa.

But the variable development of the lirae (sometimes ‘grooves’ is the better

term) and the little granules on the lateral areas of the middle valves indicates

that destituta is merely a smooth variation of pertusa. As stated above the two

examples referred by Ashby to destituta are certainly papilio.

‘

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 335

The record of a small (rolled up 9°5 x 10 mm. [sic]) destituta from Rio

_ de Oro (24° 41’ N., 14° 51’ W.) (Leloup, 1937 5, p. 135, figs. 4-6) is perhaps

a misidentification, especially as Ashby’s 1931 paper is quoted as a reference.

C. papilio seems to occur mainly on the west coast, and pertusa on the

south coast, though they overlap according to the records. Adults are easy to

distinguish, but some juveniles may cause difficulty. This may account for the

record of pertusa from Table Bay and Saldanha Bay, and of papilio from

False Bay.

Chaetopleura pomarium n.sp.

Fig. 29 7

Head valve with c. 15 (smaller) to 18 (larger specimen) radiating lines

of small pustules; middle valves with c. 11-12 lines of pustules on the pleural

area, dorsal area with c. 6-7 lines of finer pustules set closer together, lateral

area with 4—5(6) radiating lines of pustules; tail valve with 6-7 more or less

longitudinal lines of pustules on pleural area, 5 on dorsal area, with radiating

lines of pustules behind the umbo which is slightly in front of centre.

Nearly all the pustules are perforate; surface between the pustules perfectly

smooth; lateral areas of the middle plates scarcely raised but there is a smooth

strip separating the radial lines from the longitudinal lines.

Slits 9 on head valve, 1 on each middle valve, 8 on tail valve (the latter

rather obscure).

Girdle with minute calcareous scales, and long and short chitinous hairs.

Animal 21 X 14 mm.; width of middle valve 12 mm.

Buff, obscurely mottled with brown, valves paler medianly and laterally,

girdle buff with more or less distinct squarish orange spots, one at each valve

(i.e. 6 on each side), 2 (or 4) on tail valve, girdle around head valve uniform

orange.

Gills 25-27. Radula with major lateral plate bicuspid.

Liideritzbucht, 35 metres, Buffels River, south of Port Nolloth, Lambert’s

Bay, Saldanha Bay, and west coast of Cape Peninsula (U.C.T.); Kommetjie

(Mrs. Connolly).

Type in the South African Museum (Ag9339), cotypes in Zoology Depart-

ment.-U.C.P.

Remarks. Nierstrasz’s (1906) fig. 2 of pustulata might seem to represent the

present form as it shows only ro longitudinal lirae on the pleural area; his

text says at least 10, but they are connected by cross-bars as in Krauss’s

description. This would produce a punctate appearance and it is therefore

clear that he had a typical fertusa with punctate interstices between the

lirae.

There is a distinct resemblance between the present form and C. fernandensis

Plate (1899, p. 197, pl. 2, fig. 144, pl. xi, fig. 304) which is closely allied to

C. peruviana (Lam.) (Plate, p. 182); nevertheless I am unwilling to identify the

Cape specimens with a species from the Pacific coast of South America, without

336 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

a direct comparison and a more detailed study. Plate gave the number of gills

for fernandensis as 30-33, and for peruviana as 31-44.

In one of the Lambert’s Bay specimens the pustules are less numerous

on all the valves: 6—7 lines on the pleural areas of the median valves, 2-4

pustules on the lateral areas.

The regularly spaced arrangement of the lines of pustules suggests ae

lines of trees in an orchard.

Gen. DinopLax Carp.

Ashby (1928, 1931) regarded gigas, fossus, and alfredenis as forms of one

variable species; in 1934 he added another variety validifossus. In 1931 (p. 28)

he claimed to have discussed (in 1928, p. 83) the extent of variation ‘very fully’,

although he had only 7 specimens. In 1934 he had about 50 specimens, all

from Durban.

I have examined 24 dry and 16 alcoholic specimens in the collections of

the South African Museum and U.C.T.; also a dozen dry shells in a private

collection. The U.C.T. material (8 alcoholic, 1 dry) has been particularly useful

because it was collected at various localities from False Bay (Cape) to

Umpangazi (Natal). I am also indebted to Prof. Day (U.C.T.) for allowing

me to make use of his observations.

Krauss recorded gigas from Table Bay and Natal. But no Dinoplax has

since been collected in Table Bay or on the west coast either by the South

African Museum or U.C.T., or, as far as I am aware, by private collectors.

There appear to be three forms or species living on the South African coast,

defined as follows:

1. Girdle and membrane between the valves with scattered tufts of

short spicules. Dorsal pleural areas of median valves with fine

punctate-foveolate sculpture, sometimes tending to become

striate; if present the striae converge towards the middle line .. gigas

2. Girdle and membrane densely covered with spicules. In addition

long curved spicules may be present.

(a) Dorsal pleural areas sculptured as in gigas with a tendency

to form deep ‘stab-like’ markings or grooves, more or less

longitudinal .. ve ve iy Me ee on fossus

(b) Dorsal-pleural areas with strong costae radiating from the

beak and diverging from the middle line. Ribs on lateral

areas often few in number, strong, with deep intervening

STOOVES A a be LM au is .. validifossus

The original description is not available, but in all probability it was

based on a specimen from the Cape. I have therefore assumed that gigas as

here defined represents the typical form.

The Pyramidellid Odostomia chitonicola Smith 1899 (see Barnard, Part 3,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 337

p. 91) lives commensally or as an ectoparasite among the spinelets on the

-girdle. It has been recorded on ‘gigas’ at Umkomaas and Port Edward (Natal)

(Robertson & Orr, 1961).

Dinoplax gigas (Gmelin)

Fig. 20 /,52

-Dinoplax gigas Gmelin, Pilsbry, 1892, p. 254, pl. 57, figs. 21-32 (description quoted in Ashby,

1928, p. 82); Sykes, 1899, p. 277.

[Non] Chiton gigas: Krauss, 1848; Dinoplax gigas: Ashby, 1928, 1931 and 1934; Nardini, 1934.

? Bartsch, 1915, Turton, 1932, van Bruggen, 1952.

The girdle and membrane between valves with scattered bunches of

spicules has a very different appearance from that of the densely spiculose

girdle of fossus and validifossus. The bunches of spicules may vary in abundance

and proximity, but they are always separated by bare areas. I have seen no

specimen which could not at first glance be placed in the one or the other

group without the slightest doubt.

The dorsal pleural area in unworn specimens is finely punctate-foveolate

(somewhat similar to fextzlas, but much finer), or ‘chevronate’, the appearance

due to the intersection of very fine more or less longitudinal and diagonally

oblique riblets. On the anterior margin, protected by the preceding valve, the

sculpture frequently becomes striolate. Striations may also develop on the

outer part of the pleural area. These striae are perpendicular, or nearly so,

to the oblique anterior border of the lateral area, and therefore converge

towards the middle line.

The lateral area of the median valves is usually elevated and demarcated

from the dorsal pleural areas. Usually it has radiating ribs, but these may be

obscure in juveniles. The number of ribs increases with age: 3—4 obscure ribs

on valve 7 in a juvenile with valve width 6-5 mm., and on valve 6 only a

suggestion of one or two ribs; on a large valve 75 mm. wide there are c. 50 ribs.

The angle of divergence is normally about 110°; but the South African

Museum material shows a range from 85° to 120°, and in one specimen 135°.

This latter specimen is very flat, and the median valves are short in proportion

to their width; the abnormal growth seems to have been mainly in the central

portion of the valves because the lateral areas are widely separated and do not

nearly reach the middle line.

Up to (dry specimens excl. girdle) 110 X 55 mim., angle of divergence 85°,

and 105 < 60 mm., angle of divergence 135°. Some very large valves from

middens at Cape Hangklip measure 50 mm. from the middle line to the side

margin, and 75 mm. from one side margin to the other (direct); probable

total length of all the valves would be about 150 mm., to which about 10 mm.

might be added fore and aft for the girdle.

A 7-valved specimen, now in the South African Museum, was found at

Still Bay by Dr. Muir. Recently (1962) Mrs. Connolly found one at Cape

Hangklip.

338 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Gills about 40 (juv.) to 55-60. Radula (of juvenile 23 mm. long) with c.

45 rows, major lateral plate tricuspid, major marginal plate spatulate.

False Bay, Cape Hangklip, Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.). Arniston, Mossel

Bay, Knysna (U.C.T.).

Dinoplax fossus Sykes

Chiton gigas (non Gmelin) Krauss, 1848, p. 30, pl. 3, fig. 3.

Dinoplax fossus Sykes, 1899, p. 277, fig. 1.

Dinoplax gigas (non Gmelin) subsp. alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 179, pl. 39, figs. 1, 2.

Dinoplax gigas (non Gmelin) Ashby, 1928, p. 82, pl. 8, figs. 22-243; 1931, p. 27, pl. 4, figs. 40-42;

TOZA, Os) 77s le O,etlssaat 2

Girdle and membrane between valves densely covered with spicules.

In addition long white, curved spicules may be present (possibly always present,

but easily rubbed off). Dorsal pleural area sculptured as in gigas, but with a

tendency to form deep ‘stab-like’ (Sykes) more or less longitudinal marks or

grooves. Lateral area radiately ribbed as in gigas.

Natal (Krauss; Table Bay not acceptable). Umkomaas, Natal (Sykes).

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Ashby, Turton). Durban (Ashby). Umzimkaba (Port

St. Johns) (S. Afr. Mus.). Port Elizabeth, Richmond, Kowie, East London,

Morgans Bay, Imbotje (Port St. Johns), and Umpangazi (Natal) (U.C.T.).

Remarks. The subspecies alfredensis can be ignored, as it was evidently based

on a worn specimen. When a surface with conical pits is abraded, the pits

become smaller and finer.

Dinoplax validifossus Ashby.

Dinoplax gigas (non Gmelin) Nardini, 1934, p. 250, text-fig. 1.

Dinoplax validifossus Ashby, 1934, p. 79, pl. 9, fig. 3 (as var. of gigas).

Girdle and membrane as in fossus. Dorsal pleural area with strong costae

radiating from the beak and diverging from the middle line. Lateral area with

the radiating ribs tending to become fewer, stronger, broader, with deep

intervening grooves.

Umkomaas, Natal, from shell middens (Nardini). Durban (Ashby). Natal

(exact locality ?) (S. Afr. Mus.). Qolora (north of East London) and Port

Edward (south of Port Shepstone) (U.C.T.).

Remarks. The dwerging costae on the dorsal-pleural area are very distinctive.

Nardini’s figure shows that she had this species, not the (assumed) true

gigas. The example ‘found fossil for the first time’ was not a true fossil in the

usually accepted sense, because there are no Pleistocene deposits at Umkomaas.

Shell-middens, however, do occur.

Ischnochiton textilis (Gray)

Fig. 297

Chiton trigrinus Krauss, 1848, p. 38, pl. 3, fig. 5.

Chiton textilis Gray, Krauss, 1848, p. 38, and var. punctulata, p. 39.

ee ea Se tik ae i <r ecrnrtn amide 7

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 339

? Ischnochiton textilis Gray, Nierstrasz, 1905, p. 142, pl. 9, fig. 1 (girdle scale: ? hewitti).

Ischnochiton ludwigi Pilsbry, Ashby, 1931, p. 35, pl. 5, fig. 55 (not good).

_ Ischnochiton textilis Gray, Ashby, 1931, p. 36, pl. 5, figs. 56-58; Stephenson, 1948, p. 268.

Ischnochiton tigrinus Krss., Ashby, 1931, p. 38, pl. 5, figs. 59-62; Turton, 1932, p. 212.

Ischnochiton reticulatus (non Rve.) Turton, 1932, p. 211.

? [Non] Ischnochiton textilis: Nierstrasz, 1905, 1906, = hewitt7.

Head valve with 18 slits, tail valve with 14 (Ashby).

Girdle scales transversely oval, with numerous (18-20) fine pliculae.

Gills 35; I find that 30 is the more normal number.

Radula with c. 35 rows, major lateral plate tricuspid, major marginal plate

spatulate.

Liideritzbucht (Thiele); Saldanha Bay (Melvill and Standen, Ashby,

Sere vus. PF. coll, and U.C.T.); Table Bay; False Bay; St. Sebastian

Bay Mossel Bay (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.); Port Elizabeth; Port Alfred;

Umsikaba River mouth (north of Port St. Johns) (S. Afr. Mus. coll. F. H.

Talbot).

Remarks. Ashby gave as the features distinguishing tigrinus from textzlis:

the carinated valves, the narrower sinus, and the cellular non-linear sculpture

of the dorsal-pleural area. The second and third of these features are clearly

shown in his figs. 57 and 58 as compared with figs. 60 and 61. Unfortunately

these differences are not always so clear-cut, and I doubt whether two species

can be maintained.

The smallest specimen I have seen with longitudinal grooves on the

anterior margin has a valve width of 10 mm. (it has the tigrine stripes). All

specimens smaller than that, e.g. 8, 6, 5, 3, and 2-5 mm. valve width, are without

grooves. Thus apparently at about 10 mm. valve width tigrinus begins to

develop longitudinal grooves and becomes f¢extilis. This, however, should be

checked on more material.

Both forms occur together, and both may, or may not, show the tigrine

colour striping (S. Afr. Mus. series from Table Bay, coll. K.H.B.). Stephenson

came to the same conclusion. )

Nierstrasz (p. 493) quoted the features of punctulata Krss., but omitted

the word obsolete (‘radiatim obsolete striatis’); nevertheless he was probably

correct in regarding this character as not being of varietal value in view of the

occurrence of transitional forms.

In my opinion, however, the specimens described by Nierstrasz in 1905

and 1906 were not the true ¢extilis. His description and figure of the girdle

scales do not apply to textzlis, but they do apply to hewitti. In 1905 Nierstrasz

stated there were 7—11 strong ribs, and he figured a scale much more like that

of textilis.

Krauss himself at first thought of using /udwigi as a species name, but after

seeing Gray’s description he identified his specimens as textilis, and gave a

description of them. There seems no reason why Pilsbry, and after him Ashby,

should have resurrected the discarded ms. name ludwigi.

340 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Ischnochiton delagoaensis Ashby

Ischnochiton delagoaensis Ashby, 1931, p. 40, pl. 6, figs. 63-66.

A species with larger reticulation on the dorsal-pleural area than in

textilis-tigrinus, and with the reticulation extending over the lateral area which

is not ribbed.

Type (head, tail, and 4 middle valves, and part of girdle) in the South

African Museum (A6589).

No further specimens have come to hand in spite of the intensive collecting

done at Inhaca Island by the Zoology Department of the Witwatersrand

University.

Ischnochiton hewitti Ashby

Fig. 29 k

? Ischnochiton viridulus (non Couthouy) Gould, Haddon, 1886, p. 16.

? Ischnochiton textilis (non Gray) Nierstrasz, 1906, p. 491, pl. 26, figs. 10-16.

Ischnochiton hewitti Ashby, 1931, p. 33; pl. 5, figs. 50-53; Leloup, 1939, p. 81, figs. 1-3.

Head valve with 10-13 slits (Nierstrasz), 13 (Ashby). Tail valve with 11-14

slits (Nierstrasz), 12 (Ashby). Girdle scales subcircular or slightly conical,

with a few (3-7) strong plicae. Gills 23-25 (Nierstrasz).

The living Langebaan specimens were blue-green in colour (U.C.T.).

Possession Island (south of Liideritzbucht) (Leloup); Port Nolloth

(Nierstrasz);, Liideritzbucht, Port Nolloth, Langebaan (Saldanha Bay)

(U.C.T.); Sea Point, Table Bay (Nierstrasz, Ashby).

Remarks. Ashby considered Haddon’s record of viridulus from Cape Town

as referable to onzscus; but Haddon stated that the girdle scales were ‘coarsely

striated’, which seems to apply better to hewitti. See also p. 327.

Ischnochiton oniscus (Krauss)

Fig. 29 1

Chiton oniscus Krauss, 1848, p. 39, pl. 3, fig. 4.

Chiton pruinosus (non Gould) Sowerby, 1892, p. 51.

Ischnochiton oniscus Krss., Nierstrasz, 1906, p. 494, pl. 26, figs. 17-21; Ashby, 1931, p. 30, pl. 4,

figs. 43-46 (not good); Turton, 1932, p. 210.

Ischnochiton oniscus Krss., subsp. alfredensis Ashby, 1931, p. 31, pl. 5, fig. 54 (not good).

Ischnochiton oniscus Krss., vars. pyramidalis, aurantius, albocarinatus Turton, 1932, p. 210, pl. 54,

nos. 1458, 1459, 1460.

Ischnochiton eucosmia Turton, 1932, p. 211, pl. 54, no. 1464.

Head valve with 9-12 slits, tail valve with 9-10 slits (Ashby), 10-12 and

9-13 (Nierstrasz). Girdle scales with numerous very fine striae. The ‘chaffy’

appearance (Ashby) of the girdle scales seen in some specimens seems to be

due, sometimes at least, to contraction of the girdle while drying, or to the

method of preservation. Further study of living material should be undertaken.

Sykes (1894, p. 133) considered elizabethensis to be the same as onzscus,

but later (1898, p. 41) reversed his opinion.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 341

Ischnochiton elizabethensis Pilsbry

‘Chiton marginatus (non Pennant) Sowerby, 1892, p. 50.

Ischnochiton elizabethensis Pilsbry, 1894, p. 9; Ashby, 1931, p. 32, pl. 4, figs. 47-49 (not good) ;

Turton, 1932, p. 211.

Ischnochiton elizabethensis Pilsbry, var. piperatus, and var. zebra Krss., Turton, 1932, p. 211, pl. 54,

nos. 1467, 1468.

This is stated to differ from oniscus by having coarser valve sculpture and

larger girdle scales. I doubt whether it is a natural species. The distinctions

given by Ashby are subtle, and merely comparative. A single specimen would

be unidentifiable in the absence of one of the other kind for comparison. Even

in material identified by Ashby I am unable to appreciate the differences.

The name elzzabethensis may, however, be used as a varietal name for

specimens in which the longitudinal grooves on the dorsal pleural area (well

marked in typical onzscus) are restricted to a small or very small part of the

pleural area near the girdle.

Numerous variations in colour and pattern occur (Ashby, 1928, pp. 85

and 87). Often the same pattern is found in both ‘species’. Turton (p. 210)

complained that it was ‘provoking’ to find the same marking in elzzabethensis

as in his new var. pyramidalis!

The distribution is coterminous: False Bay to Natal. The only record

from Table Bay is by Smith (1903, p. 392); if taken from Tryon, the record is

certainly unreliable.

Ischnochiton (Chondropleura) simplicissimus ‘Thiele

Ischnochiton (Chondropleura) simplicissimus Thiele, 19060, p. 335, pl. 29, figs. 21-25.

Valves ridged, angle of divergence c. go°. Valves perfectly smooth, except

for faint growth-lines; lateral area slightly raised. Umbo of tail valve at 4 length.

Head valve with 13, tail valve with 10 slits, middle valves each with one slit.

Girdle with very small scales, without distinct striation, apex with minute

granules.

Animal 16 x 8 mm., width of valve 7 mm. White.

Radula, major lateral plate with simple apical cusp.

34° 33’ S., 18° 21’ E., 318 metres (Thiele). One specimen found among

Lepidopleurus sykesi. Not taken by the Pieter Faure.

Fam. Chitonidae

Chiton tulipa Q. & G.

Chiton tulipa Q. & G., Ashby, 1931, p. 43.

Chiton tulipa Q. & G.., var. alfredensis Ashby, 1928, p. 87, pl. 8, figs. 19-21; 1931, p. 43, pl. 6,

figs. 67-69.

Chiton alfredensis Turton, 1932, p. 212, pl. 54, no. 1474.

There seems no need to bring in the name alfredensis as the short longitu-

dinal grooves adjacent to the lateral area are not constant. They may or may

342 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

not be visible in examples from the same locality. Krauss considered that they

were a juvenile feature which disappeared in later growth; Turton said vice

versa! The smallest specimen I have seen would be about 18 mm. long if

unrolled, from Simon’s Bay (False Bay); it has no indication of the grooves.

In a series from Still Bay (Dr. Muir coll.) the grooves begin to appear at a

length of about 20 mm., and are quite distinct in larger shells, thus confirming

Turton. Sometimes the grooves vary on the two sides of the same animal,

distinct on one side, obsolete on the other side.

When very well developed there is a perplexing resemblance to crawford;

in fact I have seen specimens which cannot be assigned definitely to one or the

other!

U.C.T. has obtained living examples with the following coloration. From

False Bay: rose-red with darker mottling, middle valves maroon, head and

tail valves pink, girdle pink. From 34° 09’ S., 18° 17’ E., 24 fathoms: pink

with crimson markings and a crimson mid-dorsal stripe, girdle mottled pink

and crimson.

The locality Gamps Bay mentioned by Ashby is probably correct, and

although no further examples have been collected there, it is confirmed by the

above U.C.T. locality, Oudekraal, a little farther south off the west coast of the

Cape Peninsula. U.C.T. collected it also at Steenberg Cove on the west coast.

False Bay to East London and The Haven (Bashee River) (U.C.T.).

Umsikaba River mouth (north of Port St. Johns) (S. Afr. Mus. coll. F. H.

Talbot) bridges the gap between Port Alfred (Ashby, Turton) and Natal

(Krauss).

Chiton nigrovirescens Blainv.

Chiton capensis Gray, Krauss, 1848, p. 37.

Chiton nigrovirescens Blainv., Krauss, 1848, p. 38; Haddon, 1886, p. 22; Tomlin, 19314, p. 417.

Chiton nigrovirens [sic] Blainv., Nierstrasz, 1906, p. 503, pl. 27, figs. 44-49; Thiele, 1910, p. 269;

Ashby, 1931, p. 47, pl. 7, figs. 78-81.

Head valve with 11-14 slits, tail valve with 10-16 (Nierstrasz). Girdle

scales rather rough (subgranulose). Gills 22-26. Radula with c. 40 rows, major

lateral plate bicuspid, inner cusp larger than outer cusp, major marginal plate

spatulate.

Up to 25 X 15 mm.

Liideritzbucht (Thiele, and S. Afr. Mus. Coll. J. D. F. Gilchrist) ; Saldanha

Bay (Melvill & Standen); Dassen Island, Table Bay, and False Bay (S. Afr.

Mus.) ; Cape Town (Haddon). Port Nolloth to Oudekraal (west coast of Cape

Peninsula), Cape Hangklip, Danger Point (U.C.T.). Ashby mentioned Port

Alfred, but Turton did not collect it there. Krauss gave Natal (coll. Wahlberg),

but I think this must be an error.

Remarks. Tomlin (1931) pointed out that Blainville’s spelling was nigro-

virescens.

Nierstrasz found minor differences in the radula between his examples

and Thiele’s, and queried the identity of the latter.

—— +?

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 343

Breeding. A feature of this species which has not been observed in any other

South African Chiton is the sheltering of the juveniles under the girdle of the

mother (Thiele, 1910; and K. H. B. in Ashby, 1931). But see p. 327.

Chiton crawford: Sykes

Chiton crawfordi Sykes, 1899, p. 279, fig. 2; Ashby, 1931, p. 44, pl. 6, figs. 70-73.

To the localities given by Ashby can be added: Simon’s Bay (False Bay)

(S. Afr. Mus.) ; Still Bay, dead shells (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir); and 34° 15’5.,

95° 5 E. (St. Francis Bay), 6 fathoms, 1 living (U.C.T.).

The old record from False Bay (Nightingale & Layard) has not been

confirmed by U.C.T. collecting in recent years.

The U.C.T. specimen (St. Francis Bay) is umber-brown, umbo of 2nd

valve white, and white mid-dorsal patches on 3rd—5th valves, also a few white

spots on posterior margins of valves, girdle maroon-brown with paler patches.

The half-grown U.C.T. (St. Francis Bay) specimen, width of middle valve

6 mm., is unworn and shows the longitudinal lirae on the dorsal area of middle

valves extending to the mid-dorsal line, but narrower and finer than those on

the pleural area; the lateral areas have 6-7 radial lirae; the head valve has

c. 40 radiating lirae.

Remarks. Although crawford: is really only a tulzpa with well-developed

dorsal grooves, it may be retained as a species for the time being (vide supra).

Chiton barnard: Ashby

Chiton barnardi Ashby, 1931, p. 46, pl. 6, figs. 74-76, pl. 7, fig. 77.

The whole surface appears minutely shagreened, but this is due to colora-

tion, not to pits or granules; the surface is smooth. The groove between the

2 ribs on the lateral area of the middle valves is pitted (or as Ashby would have

said: the lateral nodules of the ribs bridge the sinus). The longitudinal ribs

on the pleural area of the middle valves are quite simple and straight-sided,

without any lateral nodules or irregularities.

I have seen one specimen, c. 10 mm. long, from Nossy-Bé, Madagascar

(U.W.). The grooves on the middle valves do not extend to front margin of

valve, especially towards the middle line. This is also the case in the one valve

of the paratype (the only valve returned by Ashby).

Pale pinkish, tail valve with black patch on either side, 6th valve with a

small patch on right side only, girdle pale with slightly darker grey patches.

Chiton ashbyt n.sp.

Fig. 29 m

A single middle valve has similarities with barnardi, having the pleural

area longitudinally ribbed, and the lateral area with 2 strong ribs. Pleural

area with 10-11 longitudinal, laterally irregularly nodulose (submoniliform)

344 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

ribs (sometimes bifurcating or anastomosing) ; dorsal area with 4 ribs, slightly

broader and less moniliform (perhaps because more worn); lateral area with

2 very strong nodulose ribs, with a narrow deep sulcus. Umbo corroded. Sutural

laminae and insertion plates worn away. Length 3-3, width 9 mm.

Off Cape Infanta, 46 fathoms, 1 middle valve (S. Afr. Mus. Ag337,

Pveall,):

Remarks. This valve is so unlike any other South African Chiton, except

barnardi, that although the head and tail valves are missing, I propose a n.sp.,

and reciprocate Ashby’s compliment by naming it after him.

It may be a Callistochiton (subgen. of Lorica in Thiele, 1929), several species

of which have a similar sculpture (cf. Nierstrasz, 1905, pp. 143, 146, pl. 9).

Acanthopleura brevispinosa (Sow.)

Acanthopleura brevispinosa Ashby, 1931, p. 49, pl. 7, fig. 82.

In 1905 (Notes Leyden Mus. xxv, pp. 151, 152) Nierstrasz recorded examples -

of spinigera Sow. and granulata Gmelin from ‘Cape of Good Hope’. Ashby

(pp. 49, 53) put the former in the synonymy of brevispinosa, but did not mention

the latter. Smith (1910, Ann. Natal Mus. u1, pp. 211, 212) listed both without

commenting on the locality. It is most unlikely that the West Indian granulata

occurs anywhere in the South African region, and this species should be deleted

from the fauna-list.

A. brevispinosa has been found at Santa Carolina, Bazarute Is. (U.W.),

but so far as I am aware not farther south. Neither myself (1912) nor U.W.

found it at Inhaca Island (Delagoa Bay).

Onithochiton literatus (Krss.)

Onithochiton literatus Krss., Nierstrasz, 1906, p. 505, pl. 27, figs. 50-53; Ashby, 1931, p. 50, pl. 7,

figs. 83-86 (synonymy); Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 127 (listed) (litteratus) [sic].

Plaxiphora wahlbergi Krss., Eyre & Stephenson, 1938, p. 38 (habitat).

Port St. Johns (S. Afr. Mus. coll. G. Shortridge) seems to be the most

south-westerly locality recorded. I have (1962) seen a specimen from Xora

(Elliotdale Division), about 7 miles north of Bashee River mouth; and another

from Coffee Bay, a little farther north. Umhlali, Durban, Umtwalumi (U.C.T.).

Inhaca Is., Delagoa Bay (McNae & Kalk). Krauss described wahlbergi, which

Ashby regarded as synonymous, from Table Bay. This surely is due to some

error in labelling (cf. Dinoplax gigas).

The Xora specimen was mottled crimson.

Gills 35-38 (Nierstrasz). Radula, major lateral plate 4-cuspid (Nierstrasz).

The Mauritian species mazllardi (Desh.) is closely allied.

SOLENOGASTRES

Aplacophora Fischer, 1885, p. 884.

Solenogastres Thiele, 1902, p. 249; Nierstrasz, 1902, p. 1; Thiele, 1913, p. 1; Leloup, 1950, p. 1.

The only Solenogastrid hitherto recorded from South Africa has been

Archaeomenia prisca (infra). In August and December 1959 Dr. F. H. Talbot,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 345

Marine Biologist of the South African Museum on board the Fisheries Survey

Rs. Africana II, obtained several examples at the following stations:

St. Argr1. 33° 36’ S., 16° 15’ E., 1,520-1,570 fathoms.

St. A193. 33° 49’ S., 16° 30’ E., 1,500 fathoms.

St. A316. 34° 42’ S., 16° 54’ E., 1,725~-1,780 fathoms. |

At least two species are represented. One slender species 35-40 mm. long,

I-I-5 mm. diam.; the other 45-50 X 5-8 mm.

The identification of these specimens must wait until sections have been cut.

Archaeomenta prisca Thiele

Archaeomenia prisca Thiele, 1906a, p. 315, pl. 28.

2.9 5., 16 32 E., 564 metres (Thiele).

Two specimens were taken by U.C.T. in False Bay: 34° 23’ S., 18° 40’ E.,

88 metres; bottom: green mud.

The radula of one specimen was extracted, but the number of teeth in

each transverse row, 12 according to Thiele, could not be checked, nor could

any bifid or trifid teeth be discerned along the margin.

SCAPHOPODA

Fam. Dentaliidae

Jaeckel (1932, p. 307) gave a key to the South African species, but evidently

had not seen Tomlin’s paper (19315). His key is now no longer useful.

Dentalium strigatum Gould

Dentalium strigatum Gould, 1859, p. 166; Bartsch, 1915, p. 180, pl. 44, fig. 5; Tomlin, 1931),

P- 337; Jaeckel, 1932, p. 303.

Dentalium dentalis (non Linn.) Watson, 1886, p. 11.

Dentalium lessoni (non Desh.) Sowerby, 1892, p. 48.

Dentalium belcheri Sowerby, 1903, p. 231.

Dentalium novemcostatum (non Lam.) Sowerby, 1903, p. 231.

Dentalium agulhasense Plate, 1908, p. 349, pl. 30, figs. 21-23; Jaeckel, 1932, p. 303.

At the apical end the number of ribs is 9-10, the number increasing later

to 11-12-14; intermediaries if present feeble; no longitudinal striae in the

grooves. Up to 32 mm.

False Bay (Gould); 34° 51’ S., 19° 37’ E., 80 metres (Plate; Jaeckel) ;

East London area to False Bay, 18-46 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). |

E20 9., 247 59 Ee, SO metres; 99°50 S.,25° 48 E.;'95 19 S., 20° 12’ E.,

126 metres (Jaeckel).

Ba08 9., 26.00 at fathoms (U-.C.T.).

Remarks. The Challenger example from False Bay, 15-20 fathoms, should

probably have been identified as strigatum.

The specimens returned by Sowerby labelled belchert and novemcostatum

346 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

do not seem to show any differences. There is no doubt that Plate’s agulhasense

is the same species although Jaeckel accepted it as distinct.

Dentalium plurifissuratum (Sow.)

Schizodentalium plurifissuratum Sowerby, 1894, p. 158, pl. 12, fig. 24.

Fissidentalium plurifissuratum Sow., Pilsbry and Sharp, 1897, p. 82, pl. 6, figs. 87-89.

Dentalium plurifissuratum Sow., Sowerby, 1903, p. 231; Plate, 1908, p. 344, pl. 30, figs. 12-16;

Bartsch, 1915, p. 181.

Dentalium multistriatum (non Desh.) Plate, 1908, p. 347; Jaeckel, 1932, p. 304.

Moderately curved. Ribs numerous, rounded, subequal to the grooves.

Both ribs and grooves finely longitudinally striated. Growth-lines distinct.

Striations and growth-lines sometimes forming a microcancellate sculpture

in the grooves. One to five elongate perforations; sometimes none; sometimes

an apical slit, sometimes an apical slit plus 4-5 perforations (depending on the

length of the apical portion which has been broken off, or absorbed by the

animal).

There is considerable variation in the ribbing. In the smallest specimens

there are nearest the apex 12-14 ribs; at 15 mm. the number has increased by

interpolation to 17-18, at 20 mm. to c. 25-28, at 30 mm. to c. 28-30, at 40-60

mm. to ¢c. 30-34; in the larger shells the average number of main ribs (i.e.

original ribs plus intermediaries which have now become large enough to be

called main ribs) is 26-28, with 4-6 intermediaries. In one 70-mm. shell there

are at a length of 60 mm. 26 + 8 = 34 ribs, but in the last 10 mm. splitting and

interpolation has increased the total number to 58.

Length 5, diam. aperture 0°75, apex '0:-25 mm.3 8 xX: 1-900; @eaeeaee

I°5 X 0°38; 22'X 2°32 X O43 35 X 4 X O75; 55 X & X 13 > Gy eee

JOO or 7 5 aaa

Radula with 14-15 rows, central plate wide, lateral plate unicuspid.

From the East London area extending across the Agulhas Bank, including

Browne’s Bank on the southern point of the Agulhas Bank (approx. 363° S.,

213° E.) to the mouth of False Bay, 40-130 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

34° 8'S., 24° 59’ E., 80 metres; 35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metress ar agua

18° 393’ E., 564 metres (Plate; Jaeckel).

Plettenberg Bay, 60-75 fathoms, Algoa Bay, 99 fathoms (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Angola (16° 26’ S., 11° 41’ E.) (Jaeckel).

Remarks. An abundant and characteristic species. Frequent in the P.F.

bottom samples.

Plate apparently had not seen Sowerby’s 1903 paper in which the

occurrence of this species on the Agulhas Bank was recorded. Sowerby’s

original locality was ‘? Hong Kong’; but his recognition of his own species

may be accepted as indicating this species as South African, not Chinese.

The worn shells referred by Plate to multistriatum should, in my opinion,

have been referred to plurifissuratum although Jaeckel accepted Plate’s identi-

fication.

{

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 34°77

Bartsch’s record is obviously based on a P.F. shell acquired by the U.S.

National Museum from Sowerby.

Verco’s remarks (1904, pp. 136, 137) on the variability of an Australian

species (intercalatum Gould), based on numerous specimens collected by himself,

are here apposite.

Dentalium exasperatum Sow.

Fig. 306

Dentalium exasperatum Sowerby, 1903, p. 225, pl. 5, fig. 12; Bartsch, 1915, p. 181; Jaeckel, 1932,

p- 305-

Dentalium platei Jaeckel, 1932, p. 303, figs. 1, 2.

The microserrulate profile of the ribs, especially noticeable on the earlier

part of the shell, easily distinguishes this species from plurzissuratum, which also

often has microcancellate sculpture in the grooves. The present species has an

apical slit, but no perforations.

At apex (when present) 13 ribs, the number increasing by interpolation

to 40-44 in specimens 40 mm. long.

Benet 1. diam. aperture 2, apex o-3, slit 2 mm.; 27 X 4 X-0°8, ‘slit

2°5; 30 X 4 X 0°75, slit 5; 32 X 5 X I, slit 4; 39 X 5 X 1, slit 4-3; 40 X 5

mm. (apex broken).

Radula with 15 rows, lateral plate unicuspid.

Off Umvoti River (Natal), 44 miles, 27 fathoms (Sowerby).

Pa hes., 19. 37.h., 80 metres; 35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres (Jaeckel).

Off Hood Point (East London), 49 fathoms, 6 dead; off Umvoti River,

56 fathoms, 1 dead; off Umhloti River, 100 fathoms, 4 living, 2 dead; off Cape

Natal, 47 fathoms, 8 dead; off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 2 dead,

rather worn; off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 80-100 fathoms, 2 dead (S. Afr. Mus.

Fe coll, ):

Port Alfred (littoral, dead) (Bartsch, Turton).

Distribution. Angola (16° 25’ S., 11° 41’ E.) (Jaeckel).

Remarks. A 32-rmm. specimen in the South African Museum (A5461) with

Sowerby’s autograph label may be the Type; according to the P.F. number

on the label, however, it was taken with the same bearings off Umvoti but 15

miles off shore in 56 fathoms.

D. plate: is clearly a synonym. In his count of the ribs Jaeckel did not

distinguish main ribs and intermediaries. ‘The specimen referred by Jaeckel

to exasperatum had only to ribs.

Dentalium platypleurum Tomlin

Fig. 30 b

Dentalium platypleurum Tomlin, 1931), p. 339.

The fine raised growth-lines produce a slight moniliform appearance on

the ribs, and in profile a slight crenulation, not scabrous as in exasperatum.

The grooves appear punctate.

348 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Radula with 14 rows, lateral plate unicuspid.

Off Itongazi River (Natal), 25 fathoms, 1 living (Tomlin, P.F. material) ;

also from the same haul 2 dead, not seen by Tomlin.

Off Umhlanga River, 22-26 fathoms, 1 dead; off Morewood Cove (Natal),

27 fathoms, 5 dead; off Umhloti River, 27 fathoms, 4 dead (S. Afr. Mus.

BF coll.)

Type in the South African Museum (No. A3631).

| : c

, . PO

Fic. 30. a, Dentalium subterlineatum Tomlin, with cross-section; b, D. platypleurum Tomlin, with

profile of rib, and sculpture further enlarged; c, D. exasperatum Sow., profile of rib; d, D. capense

Tomlin, with cross-section; e, D. natalense n. sp., two variations, with cross-sections of 6-, 7-,

and 8-ribbed shells; f, D. engischistum n. sp.; g, D. salpinx Tomlin, central plate of radula; h,

Cadulus promontorii n. sp., i, 7, k, lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of apex, /, radula plates.

Dentalium subterlineatum Tomlin

Fig. 30 a

Dentalium subterlineatum Tomlin, 19318, p. 337.

Cape Point N. 86° E., 43 miles, 900 fathoms (Tomlin, P.F. material).

Cape Natal (Durban) N. x E. 24 miles, 440 fathoms, 6 dead (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll:).

The Natal specimens agree perfectly with the Type but are larger: 20,

diam. aperture 2:3, apex 0-5 mm.

Type in the South African Museum (A6192).

Dentalium salpinx ‘Tomlin

Fig. 30 g

Dentalium salpinx Tomlin, 1931), p. 338, text-fig.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 349

In Tomlin’s description the word ‘narrow’ should be inserted after his

words ‘rounded . . . grooves’. The grooves are always narrower than the ribs,

though the latter often vary in width.

The number of ribs in the Type is actually 32. Another specimen 70 mm.

long from the same lot has 37 ribs; other specimens at 15 mm. have 23 ribs,

at 40 mm. 25-27 ribs, at 45 mm. 30 ribs.

The ribs extend for 40-50 mm., sometimes to 60 mm. from the apex, but there-

after are evanescent or obsolete; in one specimen the ribbing ceased at 35 mm.

Up to 80, diam. aperture 10, apex 1-5 mm. No slit.

The smooth, polished, ivory-white basal portion usually contrasts with the

dull grey colour of the rest of the shell; the apical one-third, or even half, of

the shell is usually corroded.

Radula with 17-19 rows, lateral plate unicuspid.

Cape Point NE. ? E. 40 miles, 700-800 fathoms, 15 living (Tomlin,

Et. coll.).

Cape Point NE. x E. } E. 38 miles, 750 fathoms, 4 living; NE. x E. 4 E.

43 miles, 900 fathoms, 11 living; N. 77° E. 660—700 fathoms, 1 living; NE. } N.

46 miles, 760 fathoms, 18 living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Type in the South African Museum (A5459).

Remarks. Some specimens carry a commensal Actinian; cf. D. cornu-bovis

Smith, 1909, pl. 23, figs. 2, 2a.

Dentalium capillosum Jeffreys

Dentalium capillosum Jeffreys, 1877, p. 153; 1882, p. 658, pl. 49, fig. 1; Watson, 1886, p. 1, pl. 1,

fig. 1; Tomlin, 1931), p. 339; Nicklés, 1955, p. 106.

According to Jeffreys very large specimens, size not quoted, were taken by

the Travailleur (this work not available in South Africa).

The specimen identified by Tomlin is 35 (not 38), diam. aperture 3, apex

o-8 mm. There are 20 ribs at apex, 36 at a length of 24 mm., ribs obsolete on

the last 10 mm. on convex side, but on the concave side extending more or

less distinct up to 2-3 mm. from aperture.

A dead specimen 22 mm. long was found in the bottom-sample from the

same haul.

Although capillosum has a wide distribution in the North Atlantic as far

south as 4° 50’ N., its presence off the Natal coast is perhaps rather surprising.

Tomlin’s identification, however, based on comparison with Challenger material,

is here accepted.

Dentalium capense Tomlin

Fig. 30 d

Dentalium capense Tomlin, 19316, p. 340; Barnard, 1963), p. 446.

_ In Tomlin’s description of the position of the lateral keel the words

‘convex’ and ‘concave’ should be transposed: the keel is nearer to the concave

350 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

(dorsal) side. The second lateral keel (‘angular line’) is nearer the convex

side and much feebler; it is not seen in cross-section at the aperture. The keel

on the convex side is not quite so sharp as that on the concave side.

Up to 19 X 2°5 (maj. diam.) mm.; Type 16 X 1-9 mm.

Cape Point N. 86° E., 43 miles, 900 fathoms, 1 dead (Tomlin, P-F:

material).

Cape Natal (Durban), N. x E. 24 miles, 440 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr.

Mus: PF colle): ?

39° 50’ 8., 17° 21° E., 600 fathoms, 1 living, 2 dead (S.)AiVieeeEes Ee

Talbot coll.).

Type in the South African Museum (A6191).

This species and subterlineatum occur in deep water off both Cape Point

and Durban.

Dentalium natalense n.sp.

Fig. 30'¢

Moderately curved. Ribs 6 (4 specimens) or 7 (47 specimens), or 8 (22

specimens); towards basal end indications of 3-4 fine intermediaries (one

between a pair of main ribs); at least 15 fine striae between each pair of main

ribs; growth-lines fine. No slit or perforations. White. Up to 22 X 2-5 (diam.

aperture) mm.

Off Umhloti River (Natal), 100 fathoms, 1 (6 ribs); off Hood Point (East

London), 49 fathoms, 17 (1 with 6, 12 with 7, 4 with 8 ribs); off Cape Natal

(Durban), 85 fathoms, 49 (2 with 6, 32 with 7, 15 with 8 ribs) (Type series) ;

off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 80-100 fathoms, 4 (1 with 7, 3 with 8 ribs); off

O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 2 with 7 ribs; all dead (S. Afr. Mus.

A5482, A9363, Ag364 (Type series), A9365, Ag366, P.F. coll.).

Remarks. All the specimens are dead, and perhaps none of them is fully

grown. .

At two localities specimens with 6, 7 and 8 ribs occur; at one locality

specimens with 7 and 8 ribs, at another locality 2 specimens with 7 ribs, and

at one other locality 1 specimen with 6 ribs. As all the specimens agree except

in the number of main ribs, it is a reasonable assumption that they all belong

to one species.

Compare the variability in the number of ribs in the West African D. coarti

Dautz, 1912; see Nicklés, 1955,°p: 105,

A larger example of octagulatum Donovan (= octagonum Lam.) from

Japan, whose broken apex is of the same diameter as that of the aperture of

the largest Natal shell, shows much stronger intermediaries between the main

ribs.

The 6-ribbed Natal specimens agree with the apical portion of a Chinese

sexcostatum Sow. |

The relative numbers of specimens seem to indicate that the 7-ribbed

form is the normal form, and therefore a n.sp. is instituted.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 351

Dentalium africanum Sow.

Dentalium africanum Sowerby, 1903, p. 224, pl. 5, fig. 10.

Up to 60, diam. aperture 6, apex 1°5 mm. A shell 47 x 5 X I mm. has a

slit 4 mm. long.

Radula with 15 rows, lateral plate unicuspid.

Off Umtwalumi River (Natal), 25 fathoms, living and dead (Sowerby).

Off Morewood Cove (Natal), 27 fathoms, 3 living, 1 dead; off Illovo River

(Natal), 27-30 fathoms, 3 living, 1 dead; off Durnford Point (Zululand),

34 fathoms, 1 living, 3 dead; off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 22 fathoms, 1 living,

2 dead; off Rame Head (south of Port St. Johns), 43 fathoms, 1 dead (S. Afr.

Mins, P.F. ‘coll.).

Cotypes in the South African Museum (A54809).

Dentalium inflexcum Sow.

Dentalium inflexum Sowerby, 1903 (July), p. 224, p. 5, fig. 11.

Radula with 14 rows, lateral plate unicuspid.

Off Tugela River (Natal), 14 fathoms, living (Sowerby).

Off Amatikula River (Natal), 24 fathoms, 1 dead; off Umhloti River,

27 fathoms, 1 living, 1 dead; off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 22 fathoms, 1 dead

(S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Cotypes in the South African Museum (A5470).

Remarks. According to Sowerby, differs from longitrorsum Rve. by being

finely striate; but a Philippine example of the latter in the South African

Museum is finely striate at the apical end.

Smith (1903, Oct., p. 393) recorded longitrorsum from Durban (coll.

Burnup), but had not then seen Sowerby’s description of inflexcum. One or

other of the species names should probably be deleted from the South African

fauna-list.

Dentalium engischistum n.sp.

Pico

Dentalium politum (non Linn.) Sowerby, 1903, p. 231.

Moderately curved when young, straightening later. Surface smooth,

polished, fine growth-lines showing through, but not incised. Slit a mere crack,

long, often one-third length of shell.

Up to 30, diam. aperture 3 mm., slit 8-10 mm.

Radula with 14-15 rows, lateral plate unicuspid.

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 62 fathoms, 7, living and dead (Type series) ;

off Cape Natal, 54 fathoms, about 100, mostly dead but fresh, a few living;

off Umhloti River, 100 fathoms, 8, living and dead; off Cape Natal, 4.7 fathoms,

g living and dead (S. Afr. Mus. A5463 (Type series), A5464, A5465, A5493,

er coll:)).

352 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Remarks. Sowerby (1860, p. 100) stated that politum was ‘distinguished

from all other species by the incised lines which divide its whole length into

oblique rings’, a feature which is clearly shown on his pl. 225, fig. 46 (see also:

Boissevain, 1906, pl. 1, fig. 20, after Deshayes). Sowerby also said that polztum

was very rare in a Recent state but common as a fossil in the Paris basin.

It seems unlikely that the Natal shells, which show no trace of incised

lines, should be identical with a European fossil.

The long apical slit is comparable with that of ‘translucidum’ (non

Deshayes) figured by Sowerby (1860, pl. 225, fig. 47), which was renamed

stenoschizum by Pilsbry and Sharp, 1897 (see Boissevain, 1906, p. 59).

Fam. Cadulidae

Plate, 1908, p. 358 (Szphonodentalidae) ; Thiele, 1934, p. 780 (Siphonodentaliidae).

As Cadulus Philippi 1844 antedates Siphonodentalium M. Sars 1859, the

family name should be taken from the former.

Cadulus booceras Tomlin 1962 and C. plate: Jaeckel, 1932, are the only

species recorded up to the present from South Africa. Among the Pieter Faure

Scaphopods sent to Tomlin, however, were two species. These Tomlin identified

but did not include in his 1931 Report on the Scaphopoda (Ann. 8. Afr. Mus.

XxIX, PP. 337 Sqq.).

Cadulus cylindratus Jeffreys

Cadulus cylindratus Jeffreys, 1877, p. 158; 1882, p. 664, pl. 49, fig. 6.

Smooth, glossy. Symmetrically curved, slightly swollen in middle or

slightly nearer anterior end; aperture slightly oblique, subcircular; apex

transverse, entire, oval, without internal perforated discs. 4-4:5 x 0:8-o-9 mm.

Radula with 14 rows, central plate as long as wide, lateral plate bicuspid,

marginal plate 3 times as wide as long.

Cape Point N. 89° E. 36 miles, 700 fathoms, a dozen specimens, some

living (S. Afr. Mus. A7461, P.F. coll.).

Distribution. North Atlantic.

Remarks. Tomlin’s identification is accepted. The specimens appear to

agree with Jeffreys’s 1882 figure; his 1877 description I have not seen.

Cadulus cf. booceras Tomlin

Cadulus booceras Tomlin, 1926a, p. 298, pl. 16, fig. 11.

A single specimen from each of the following localities: off Cape Vidal

(Zululand), 80-100 fathoms; off Hood Point (East London), 49 fathoms.

Without further material and direct comparison with examples of Tomlin’s

Durban Bay species, it is better to leave these small (4-5 and 5:3 mm.) specimens |

unnamed.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 353

Another single example 8 mm. long, from off Cape Natal (Durban), 85

fathoms, may be a Cadulus (Dischides) or possibly a Siphonodentalium.

Cadulus plate: Jaeckel

Cadulus platei Jaeckel, 1932, p. 311, fig. 11.

Diameter largest in the middle; apex slightly oblique, with internal

perforated thickening; apex and aperture subcircular. 8 x 1-2 mm. (text),

24 Oy fig.).

Bomerg no, 20, 12’ B.,.196 metres, 1 (Jaeckel):

Remarks. The discrepancy in size between text and figure is unfortunate,

and renders identification uncertain.

Cadulus promontori n. sp.

Fig. 30 A—l

Smooth, glossy; curved, swollen at or slightly in advance of anterior third;

aperture oblique, slightly oval; apex with 2 notches on each side, the ventral

notches deeper than the dorsal notches, between them a triangular tooth-like

projection, the dorsal margin between the lateral projections very slightly

arcuate, the ventral margin bilobate. 17-5 mm., width in front (vertical to

axis) 2, at widest part 3, at apex I mm.

Animal (as preserved) with the foot slightly bulbous at the apex, with a

small central pit. Jaw semicircular. Radula amber-coloured, with 15-16

rows, central plate slightly longer than wide, slightly narrower in front, side

margins slightly thickened, lateral plate bicuspid on hinder rows, but blunt

on the front rows, marginal plate 34 times as wide as long.

Cape Point N. 89° E. 36 miles, 700 fathoms, 5 (1 retained by Tomlin)

living (S. Afr. Mus. A7460 (Types), P.F. coll.).

33° 50’ S., 17° 21’ E., 600 fathoms, 3 living (S. Afr. Mus. Ag7o5, F. H.

Talbot coll.).

Remarks. Tomlin identified the P.F. specimens as colubridens Watson, a

species known from New Zealand (Challenger), East Indies (Siboga), and East

coast of Africa (Valdivia). They cannot possibly be this species because of the

indented apex; Tomlin evidently considered the notches to be due to accidental

breakage.

The apex of the shell has a somewhat fanciful resemblance to Cape Point,

flanked on the south-west by Cape Maclear and on the north-east by another

headland.

Some of the Foraminifera found in the pharynx were remarkably large,

and apparently could only have been drawn in through the aperture of the

shell with difficulty.

354 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

REFERENCES

(+ indicates Palaeontological papers)

Apam, W., & LerLoup, E. 1938. Résultats scientifiques du voyage aux Indes Orientales

Néerlandaises de LL.AA.RR. le Prince et la Princesse Leopold de Belgique. Prosobranchia

et Opisthobranchia. Mem. Mus. roy. Hist. nat. Belg. (Hors Sér.) 2, 19: 1-209.

Apams, A. 1850. An arrangement of Stomatellidae, including the characters of a new genus,

and of several new species. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1850: 29-40.

Apams, A. 1853. Contributions towards a Monograph of the Trochidae, a family of Gastero-

podus Mollusca. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1851: 150-192.

Apams, A. 1854. In Sowerby, G. B. Thesaurus Conchyliorum, or Monographs of genera of shells.

2: 827-846. London.

Apams, A. 1860. On some new genera and species of Mollusca from Japan. Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist. (3) 5: 299-303.

Apams, H. & A. 1853, 1854. The genera of recent mollusca: arranged according to their Organization.

3 vols. 1853-1858. London: Van Voorst.

Anton, H. E. 1839. Verzeichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von H. E. Anton befinden:

i-xvi, 1-110. Halle. Anton.

AsuBy, E. 1926. The Acanthoid Chitons of New Zealand. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 17: 5-35.

AsuBy, E. 1928. South African Chitons as represented in the Turton collection. Proc. malac.

Soc. Lond. 18: 76-93.

AsuBy, E. 1931 (August). Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). Ann.

S. Afr. Mus. 30: 1-59.

AsuBy, E. 1934. Notes on the Chiton Dinoplax gigas, with descriptions of the juvenile and various

varieties. Ann. Durban Mus. 3: 77-79.

BAKER, H. B. 1923. Notes on the radula of the Neritidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 75: 117-178.

BARNARD, K. H. 1913. The feeding track of Oxystele impervia Menke. 7. Conch. 14: 80.

BARNARD, K. H. 1951. A Beginner’s Guide to South African Shells: 1-215. Cape ‘Town: Maskew

Miller.

| Barnarp, K. H. 1962. Revised List of South African Late Tertiary and Pleistocene Marine

Mollusca. Tr. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 36: 179-196.

BARNARD, K. H. 1963a. Contributions to the knowledge of South African Marine Mollusca.

Part III. Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata: Taenioglossa. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 47: 1-199. 37

text-figs.

BARNARD, K. H. 19636. Deep Sea Mollusca from west of Cape Point, South Africa. Ann. S. Afr.

Mus. 46: 407-452. 11 text-figs.

BARNARD, K. H. 1963c. Notes on the animals of Gyrina gigantea (Lam.) and Pleurotomaria africana

Tomlin. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 35: 155-158. 2 figs.

3ARTSCH, P. 1915. Report on the Turton collection of South African marine mollusks, with

additional notes on other South African shells contained in the United States National

Museum. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 91: 1-305.

Bercu, R. 1905. Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga-Expedition. Siboga Exped. 50: 1-248.

Bercu, R. 1907. The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. Mar. Invest. S. Afr. 5 (= Trans.

S. Afr. Philos. Soc. 7, part 1): 1-144. [Published 1907 and not, as is often quoted, 1908.]

Bercu, R. 1908. In Schepman, M. M. Appendix zu den Prosobranchiata. Siboga Exped. 49:

99-107.

Borssevain, M. 1906. The Scaphopoda of the Siboga Expedition. Siboga Exped. 54: 1-76, pls.

1-6; 39 text-figs.

Bouvier, E. L., & Fiscuer, P. 1899. Etude monographique des Pleurotomaires actuels. Bull.

Mus. Comp. Kool. Harv. 32: 193-249, pls. 1-4.

BracA, J. M. 1952. Materials para o estudo da fauna malacolégica de Mocambique. Ann. Jia.

Miss. geogr., Lisboa. 7: 3.63-127.

Cuenu, J. C. 1859. Manuel de conchyliologie et de paléontologie conchyliologique. I. Paris: Masson.

CLARKE, A. H., Jr. 1961. Abyssal Mollusks from the South Atlantic Ocean. Bull. Mus. Comp.

Kool. Harv. 125: 345-387, pls. 1-4 (photos not good).

Connotty, M. 1939. A Monographic Survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Ann.

S. Afr. Mus. 39: 596-603, 635.

Cooke, A. H. 1895. Cambridge Natural History. 3. Molluscs. London: Macmillan.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA o15)5)

+ Cox, L.- R. 1939. Depésitos terciarios e post-pliocenos do distrito de Inhambane. Estudo

paleontolégico...de moluscos. Bol. Serv. Industr. Ser. Geol. Lourengo Marques. 3: 65-103,

2 pls.

Dati, W. H. 1881. Reports on the Results of Dredging, under the Supervision of Alexander

Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Caribbean Sea, 1877-79, by the United States

Coast Survey Steamer ‘Blake’, Lieutenant-Commander C. D. Sigsbee, U.S.N., and Com-

mander J. R. Bartlett, U.S.N., Commanding. XV. Preliminary Report on the Mollusca.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. 9: 33-144.

Dati, W. H. 1889. Reports on the Results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander

Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877-78) and in the Caribbean Sea (1879-80), by the U.S.

Coast Survey Steamer ‘Blake’, Lieut.-Commander C. D. Sigsbee, U.S.N., and Commander

J. R. Bartlett, U.S.N., commanding. xxix. Report on the Mollusca. Part II. Gastropoda

and Scaphopoda. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. 18: 1-492, 31 pls.

DAUTZENBERG, P. 1929. Contribution a l’étude de la faune de Madagascar. Mollusca II. Faune

Colon. franc. 3: 321-636.

DAUTZENBERG, P., & FiscHeR, H. 1906. Mollusques provenant des dragages effectués a l’ouest

de l’Afrique pendant les campagnes scientifiques de S.A.S. le Prince de Monaco. Result.

Camp. sci. Monaco. 32: 1-125.

Day, J. H., & Morcans, J. F. C. 1956. The ecology of South African estuaries. Part 7. The

biology of Durban Bay. Ann. Natal Mus. 13: 259-312.

Desnayes, G. P. 1863. Catalogue des Mollusques de I’Ile de la Réunion (Bourbon). Jn Maillard,

L. Notes sur I’Ile de la Réunion (Bourbon). 2, Annexe E: 1-144.

Dunxer, W. B. R. H. See Philippi, R. A.

Esticx, A. 1940. An ecological study of Patella at Port St. Mary, Isle of Man. Proc. Linn. Soc.

Lond. Sess. 152: 45-58.

EutuyM_, le Frere. 1885. Description de quelques mollusques exotiques nouveaux. Bull. Soc.

malac. Fr. 2: 237-255.

Eyre, J., & STEPHENSON, T. A. 1938. The South African Intertidal Zone and its Relation to

Ocean Currents. Part 5. A subtropical Indian Ocean shore. Ann. Natal Mus. 9: 21-46.

FiscHER, P. 1885. Manuel de Conchyliologie. Fasc. 9. Aplacophora: 884-889. Paris.

FiscHER-PIETTE, E. 1934. Remarques des Systématiques et de Biogéographie sur les Patelles

des cétes frangaises. Bull. Mus. Paris (2) 6: 280-285.

Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey. 1933. Report 10 for 1932. Pretoria.

Franca, M. L. P. 1960. Contribuigéo para o conhecimento da fauna malacolégica de Angola

(terceira nota). Mem. Junta Invest. Ultram. 2 ser. 15 (Trab. Centr. Biol. Piscat. 26): 9-40.

7 pls.

Gitcurist, J. D. F. 1916. Observations on South African Marine Invertebrates. Prov. Cape

Good Hope Mar. Biol. Rep. 3: 39-47.

GouLp, A. A. 1859. Descriptions of shells collected in the North Pacific Exploring Expedition.

Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 6, 7, 8.

GouLp, A. A. 1861. Descriptions of new genera and species of shells. Proc. Boston. nat. Hist. Soc. 8.

Happon, A. C. 1886. Report on the Polyplacophora collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the

years 1873-1876. Challenger Rep. Zool. 15: 1-50.

Hantey, 8. C. T. 1840. The young conchologist’s book of species: 1-146. London. Second edition 1842.

| Haucuton, S. H. 1926. The Tertiary deposits of the south- eastern districts of Cape Province.

Trans. geol. Soc. S. Afr. 28 (1925): 27-32.

+ Haucuton, S. H. 1929. The Palaeontology of the Namaqualand coastal deposits: 35-41, pls.

6, 8, 9. In: Wagner, P. A., & Merensky, H. The Diamond deposits of the coast of Little

Namaqualand. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 31 (1928): 1-41, pls. 1-9.

} Haucuron, S. H. 1932. The late Tertiary and Recent deposits of the west coast of South

Africa. Trans. geol. Soc. S. Afr. 34 (1931): 19-57.

} Haucuton, S. H., & others. 1937. The Geology of the country around Mossel Bay, Cape

Province. Geol. Surv. Union S. Afr. Explanation of Sheet 201: 1-48. Pretoria.

Hopcxw, E. P. 1962. Patelloida profunda (Deshayes) from Mauritius. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond.

'35: 5, 6, I text-fig.

TREDALE, T. 1914. Some more notes on Polyplacophora. Part 1. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 14:

123-131.

JAECKEL, S. 1932. Nachtrag zu den Scaphopoden der Valdivia Expedition. Wiss. Ergebn.

‘Valdivia’ 21, 2: 303-315.

356 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Janus, H. 1961. Die Typen und Typoide siidafrikanischen Meeresmollusken im Staatlichen

Museum fiir Naturkunde. I. Gastropoda. Stuttgart. Beitr. Naturk. 70: 1-19, 3 pls.

Jerrreys, J. G. 1877. New and peculiar mollusca of the order Solenoconchia procured in the

Valorous Expedition. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 19: 153-158.

Jerrreys, J. G. 1882. On the Mollusca procured during the “Lightning” and “Porcupine”’

Expeditions, 1868-70. Part 5. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882: 656-687.

+ Jounson, J. P. 1904. Notes on Sections at Shark River and The Creek, Algoa Bay. Tr. Geol.

Soc. S. Afr. 6: 9-11.

KestEvEN, H. L. 1902. The Protoconchs of certain Port Jackson Gasteropods. Proc. Linn. Soc.

N.S.W. 26: 709-716, pls. 35, 36.

Kocu, H. J. 1949. A Review of the South African representatives of the genus Patella Linnaeus.

Ann. Natal Mus. xi: 487-517.

Kocu, H. J. 1951. A new Chiton from South Africa. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 28: 211, 212.

Krauss, F. 1848. Die Stidafrikanischen Mollusken. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Kap- und Natallandes

und zur geographischen Verbreitung derselben, mit Beschreibung und Abbildung der neuen Arten.

Stuttgart: Ebner & Seubert.

Krauss, F. 1852. Neue Kap’sche Mollusken, als Zusatz zu meiner Schrift “Die Siidafrikanischen

Mollusken”. Wiegmann Arch. Naturg. 18, 1: 29-40.

+ Krice, L. J. 1933. The geology of Dackant Trans. geol. Soc. S. Afr. 35 (1932): 37-67.

LaAMARCK, J. P. B. 1822. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertébres. 7. Paris.

LasERON, C. F. 1954. Revision of the Liotiidae of New South Wales. Austral. Zoologist. 12: 1-25.

Letoup, E. 1937a. Notes sur les Polyplacophores. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 22: 163-176.

LreLoup, E. 1937b. Polyplacophora. Résultats scientifiques des Croissiéres du Navire-Ecole

Belge ‘Mercator’. Mem. Mus. roy. Hist. nat. Belg. (2) g: 129-151.

LeLoup, E. 1939. Polyplacophora. Résultats scientifiques des Croisiéres du Navire-Ecole Belge

‘Mercator’. Mem. Mus. roy. Hist. nat. Belg. (2) 15: 81-83.

LeLoup, E. 1942. Contributions a la connaissance des Polyplacophores. I. Pamnlle Mopaliidae.

Mem. Mus. roy. Hist. nat. Belg. (2). 25: 1-64.

LeLoup, E. 1950. Solénogastres provenant des campagnes du Prince Albert rer de Monaco.

Res. Sci. Camp. Monaco, fasc. 110: 1-38.

LissMAN, H. W. 1945. The mechanism of locomotion in Gastropod mollusks. 1. Kinematics.

J. Exp. Biol. Lond. 21: 58-69.

MacNag, W., & Kak, M. 1958. A natural history of Inhaca Island, Mogambique. Johannesburg:

Witwatersrand University Press.

Macpuerson, J. H. 1953. Record of a South African mollusc from Australia (Haliotis sanguinea

Hanley). Mem. nat. Mus. Melb. 18: 169.

+ Martin, A. R. H. 1956. The Ecology and History of Groenvlei. S. Afr. Journ. Sci. 52: 187-192

and 198, 4 figs. (map and sections).

MEGERLE VON MUHLBERG, J. K. 1818. Beschreibung einiger neuen Conchylien. Mag. Ges.

naturf. Fr. Berlin. 8: 3-11.

MELVILL, J. C. 1906. A revision of the species of Cyclostrematidae and Liotiidae occurring in the

Persian Gulf and North Arabian Sea. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 7: 20-28, pl. 3.

MELvILL, J. C., & STANDEN, R. 1903. Descriptions of Sixty-eight new Gastropoda from the

Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend,

of the Indo-European Telegraph Service, 1901-1903. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 289-324,

pls. 20-23.

Menke, K. T. 1843. Molluscorum Novae Hollandiae specimen: 1-46. Hanover.

Menke, K. T. 1844. Zwei neue Haliotis-Arten. Zeitsch. Malak. 1844: 97-99.

Morton, J. E. 1959. The habits and feeding organs of Dentalium entalis. J. Mar. biol. Ass. U.K.

38: 225-238.

} Narpini, S. 1934. Molluschi delle Spiagge emerse del Mar Rosso e dell’Oceano Indiano.

Introduzione e Parte 1 (Gasteropodi). Palaeontogr. Ital. 34: 171-267 (1933).

Nicktés, M. 1950. Mollusques testacés marins de la céte occidentale d’ Afrique. Paris: Lechevalire.

NickLks, M. 1955. Scaphopodes et Lamellibranches récoltes dans l’Ouest Africain. Aélantide

Rep. 3: 93-237, 41 figs.

Nierstrasz, H. F. 1902. The Solenogastres of the Siboga Expedition. Siboga Exped. 47: 1-46.

Nrerstrasz, H. F. 1905. Bemerkungen tiber die Chitonen-Sammlung im Zoologischen Museum

zu Leiden. Notes Leyden Mus. 25: 141-159.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 357

Nierstrasz, H. F. 1906. Chitonen aus der Kapkolonie und Natal. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. 23:

87-520.

Bec, N. H. 1919. Contribution 4 la faune malacologique de Madagascar. Ark. Zool. 12:

6.1-52.

Opuner, N. H. 1923. Contribution to the marine molluscan faunas of South and West Africa.

Géteborgs Vetensk. Samh. Handl. (4) 26: 7, 1-39.

O’DonocuuE, C. H. 1929. Opisthobranchiate Mollusca collected by the South African Marine

Biological Survey. Fish. Biol. Mar. Surv. Rep. 7, Special Rep. 1: 1-84.

Oxproyp, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America. Stanford Univ.

Publ. Geol. Sc. 2, pt. 3: 1-339, pls. 73-108.

Prite, A. J. 1922. Some notes on radulae. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 15: 13-18, figs.

Puiiprr, R. A. 1844-1846. Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer oder Wenig gekannter Conchylien.

Cassell. [See Catalogue of the Library of the British Museum (Natural History).]

Puiuipr1, R. A. 1849. In Martini-Chemnitz. Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet. [See Catalogue of

the Library of the British Museum (Natural History).]

Purssry, H. A. 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. In Tryon, G. W. Manual of Conchology 11, 12, 13, 14.

Pitspry, H. A. 1894. Notices of new Japanese Mollusks. Nautilus 8, 9, 10.

Pirspry, H. A. 1900. Catalogue of the genus Phenacolepas. Nautilus 14: 61-63.

Pitssry, H. A., & SHarp, B. 1897. Scaphopoda. Jn Tryon, G. W. Manual of Conchology 17: 1-144.

Pirate, L. 1898. Ueber primitive Organisationsverhaltnisse, Viviparie und Brutpflege bei

Chitonen. SB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin: 213-217.

PxiaTE, L. 1899, 1901. Die Anatomie und Phylogenie der Chitonen. Fauna Chilensis. 2: 1.15-216.

2: 2.281-600. ool. Fb. Suppl. 4, 5

Pirate, L. 1908. Die Solenochonchen der Wald: Expedition. Wiss. Ergebn. ‘Valdivia’ 9:

337-361.

PowELL, A. W. B. 1951. Antarctic and Subantarctic Mollusca: Pelecypoda and Gastropoda.

Discovery Rep. 26: 49-196.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1893. Dates of issue of the Proceedings from 1831

to 1859: 436-440.

Reeve, L. A. 1845-62. Conchologia Iconica. 1846; 1848; 1862. London.

RosBertTson, R., & Orr, V. 1961. Review of Pyramidellid hosts, with notes on an Odostomia

parasitic on a chiton. Nautilus 74: 85-91, pl. 6.

Sars, G. O. 1878. Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Arktiske Fauna. I. Mollusca Regionis

Arcticae Norvegiae: i—xvi, 1-466. Christiania.

SATYAMuRTI, S. T. 1952. The Mollusca of Krusadai Island (in the Gulf of Manaar). I. Amphi-

neura and Gastropoda. Bull. Madras Govt. Mus. (n.s.) Nat. Hist. I. No. 2, pt. 6: 1-267.

ScHEPMAN, M. M. 1908, 1909. The Prosobranchia of the Szboga Expedition. Part I. Rhipido-

glossa and Docoglossa. Part II. Taenioglossa and Ptenoglossa. Siboga Exped. 49: 1-107,

109-231.

+ ScHwarz, E. H. L. 1g10. The Pleistocene deposits of Port Elizabeth. Trans. geol. Soc. S. Afr

E2; 112-118.

Smiru, E. A. 1879. Notes on the species of the genus Scutus. 7. Conch. 2: 252-256.

SmitH, E. A. 1880. Descriptions of twelve new Species of Shells. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1880:

478-485.

SmitH, E. A. 1898-1909. Illustrations of the Zoology of the R.I.M.S. Investigator. Mollusca,

plates I-X XIII. 1897-1909. Calcutta.

SmiTH, E. A. 1899a. On Mollusca from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Ann. Mag. nat.

Hist. (7) 4: 237-251.

SmiTH, E. A. 1899). Descriptions of new species of South African Marine shells. 7. Conch. 9:

247-252, pl. 5.

SmitH, E. A. 1901. On South African Marine Shells, with descriptions of new species. 7. Conch.

10: 104-116.

SmitH, E. A. 1902. Descriptions of new species of marine shells from South Africa. 7. Conch.

10: 248-3109.

SmiTH, E. A. 1903 (Oct.). A list of species of Mollusca from South Africa, forming an appendix

to G. B. Sowerby’s ‘Marine Shells of South Africa’. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 5: 354-402.

SmitH, E. A. 1904. On a collection of marine shells from Port Alfred, Cape Colony. 7. Malacol.

xi: 21-44.

3 58 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

SmitH, E. A. 1906a. On South African marine Mollusca, with descriptions of New Species.

Ann. Natal. Mus. 1: 19-71.

+ Smiru, E. A. 1906). In Rogers, A. W. A raised beach deposit near Klein Brak River. Rep.

Geol. Comm. C. G. H. for 1905. 10: 293-295.

SmirH, E. A. 1910. On South African Marine Mollusca, with descriptions of New Species.

Ann. Natal. Mus. 2: 175-219.

Smiru, E. A. 1911. On a new species of Phasianella from South Africa. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond.

9: 313, 314.

Situ, E. A. 1914. Descriptions of some South African Marine Shells. Ann. Natal. Mus. 3: 1-6.

Sowersy, G. B. 1823. The Genera of recent and fossil shells: London.

Sowersy, G. B. 1825. A Catalogue of the shells in the collection of the Earl of Tankerville, with an

appendix. vii: 92. London.

SoweErsy, G. B. 1835. Characters of undescribed species of shells collected by Mr. Cuming.

Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1834: 123-128.

Sowersy, G. B. 1835. Characters of undescribed species of Shells from the collection of Mr.

Cuming. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1835: 4-7.

SowerRsy, G. B. 1842-1887. Thesaurus Conchyliorum, or Monographs of genera of shells. 2, 1850;

3, 1860, 1862, 1863; 5, 1886. London: Sowerby.

SowErsy, G. B. 1870. Descriptions of Forty-eight new species of shells. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond.

1870: 249-259.

Sowersy, G. B. 1875. Descriptions of ten new Species of Shells. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1875:

125-129.

Sowersy, G. B. 1889a. Some further notes on marine shells collected at Port Elizabeth, South

Africa, with descriptions of some new species. 7. Conch. 6, part 1. 6-15.

SowersBy, G. B. 1889). Further notes on marine shells of South Africa, with descriptions of

new species. 7. Conch. 6, part 4: 147-159.

Sowersy, G. B. 1892. Marine Shells of South Africa: i-iv, 1-89. London: Sowerby.

SowERBy, G. B. 1894. Descriptions of new species of Marine Shells from Hong Kong. Proc.

malac. Soc. Lond. 1: 153-159.

SoweErsy, G. B. 1894. Marine Shells of South Africa. 7. Conch. 7: 368-378.

SowERsy, G. B. 1897. Appendix to Marine Shells of South Africa: i, 1-42. London: Sowerby.

SOwWERBY, G. B. 1900. On some marine shells from Pondoland and the Kowie, with descriptions

of seventeen new species. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 4: 1—7.

SowErsy, G. B. 1901. On seven new species of marine Mollusca collected by Dr. H. Becker at

“The Kowie’, South Africa. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 4: 213-215.

Sowerby, G. B. 1903 (July). Mollusca of South Africa. Mar. Invest. S. Afr. 2: 213-232.

SOwWERBY, G. B. 1904. Mollusca of South Africa. Mar. Invest. S. Afr. 4: 19 (erratum).

SowERBy, G. B. 1921. New shells from Port Alfred, collected by Lieut. Col. W. H. Turton.

Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 14: 125-127.

STEPHENSON, TI’. A. 1936. The marine ecology of the South African coasts, with special reference

to the habits of limpets. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. Sess. 148: 74-79.

STEPHENSON, T. A. 1939. The constitution of the intertidal fauna and flora of South Africa.

Part I. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 40: 487-536.

STEPHENSON, T. A. 1948. The constitution of the intertidal fauna and flora of South Africa.

Part III. Ann. Natal Mus. xi: 207-324. [Official date of issue March 1948; reprints dated

1947-]

STEPHENSON, T. A., STEPHENSON, A. and pu Torr, C. A. 1937. The South African intertidal

zone and its relation to ocean currents. I. A temperate Indian Ocean shore. Trans. roy.

Soc. S. Afr. 24: 341-382.

j Stow, G. W. 1871. On some points in South African Geology. I. §2. The Posttertiary Forma-

tions. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond. 27: 515-522.

Sykes, E. R. 1894. On the South African Polyplacophora. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 1: 132-136.

Sykes, E. R. 1898. Note on Ischnochiton oniscus Krauss, and JI. elizabethensis Pilsbry. Nautilus.

IZ: 41, 42.

Sykes, E. R. 1899. On Dinoplax fossus, n.sp., and Chiton crawfordi, n.sp. from South Africa,

Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 3: 277-279.

Sykes, E. R. 1900. Malacological Notes. 2. On the occurrence of Cryptoplax in South Africa.

J. Malac. 7: 164.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 359

’Syxes, E. R. 1901. Description of Onithochiton (?) isipingoensis, n.sp., from South Africa. Proc.

malac. Soc. Lond. 4: 259.

Sykes, E. R. 1902. Description of Chaetopleura destituta, n.sp. from South Africa. Proc. malac.

Soc. Lond. 5: 195.

Sykes, E. R. 1907. Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. V. On the Poly-

placophora, or Chitons. 7. Linn. Soc. Lond. 31: 31-34.

TALMADGE, R. R. 1958. Haliotis speciosa, a South African species. 7. Conch. 24: 278, 279.

THIELE, J. 1902. Die systematische Stellung der Solenogastren und die Phyllogenie der

Mollusken. Seit. wiss. Zool.. 72: 249-466.

THIELE, J. 1903. Die beschalten Gastropoden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898-1899.

B. Anatomisch-systematische Untersuchungen einiger Gastropoden. Wiss. Ergebn. ‘Valdivia’.

7: 148-180.

THIELE, J. 1906a. Archacomenia prisca n.g., n.sp. Wiss. Ergebn. ‘Valdivia’. 9: 315-324.

THIELE, J. 19065. Ueber die Chitonen der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wiss. Ergebn. ‘Valdivia’.

> 325-336.

aia J. 19094. Cocculinoidea und die Gattungen Phenacolepas und Titiscania. In Martini-

Chemnitz. Conchyliencabinet. 2: 1-48.

THIELE, J. 1909). Revision des Systems der Chitonen. Zoologica 56 (= Bd. 22, Lfg. 1, 2): 1-126.

THIELE, J. 1910. Polyphacophora, Gastropoda marina, Bivalvia. In Schultze, L. <oologische

und anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Stid-Afrika. 4:

269, 270. Jena: Fischer. Denkschr. med.-naturw. Ges. Jena. 16: 269, 270.

THIELE, J. 1912a. Die antarktischen Schnecken und Muscheln. Disch. Stidpol Exped. 13: 185-285.

THIELE, J. 1912). In Kobelt, Martini-Chemnitz. Conchyliencabinet.

THIELE, J. 1913. Solenogastres. Das Tierreich. Lief. 38: 1-57. Berlin.

THIELE, J. 1924. Revision des Systems der Trochacea. Mitt. zool. Mus. Berlin. xi: 47-74.

THIELE, J. 1925. Gastropoda der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. II Teil. Wiss. Ergebn. ‘Valdivia’.

ip 302, 24) pls.

THIELE, J. 1929. Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. I. Part 1. Loricata; Prosobranchia:

ivi, 1-376. Jena: Fischer.

THIELE, J. 1931. Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. I. Part 2. Opisthobranchia: 377-461

Jena: Fischer.

THIELE, J. 1934. Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. I1. Part 3. Scaphopoda: 779-782.

Jena: Fischer.

THIELE, J. 1935. Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. 11. Part 4. Vergleichende Morphologie.

Phylogenie. Geographische Verbreitung: 1023-1153. Jena: Fischer.

Tomuin, J. R. le B. 19214. Six new marine shells from South Africa. 7. Conch. 16: 215-217.

Tomuin, J. R. le B. 19216. Note on the Stomatella bicarinata, S. biporcata, and S. margaritana of

A. Adams. 7. Conch. 16: 237.

Tomuin, J. R. le B. 1923. On South African marine Mollusca with descriptions of several new

species. 7. Conch. 17: 40-52.

Tomuin, J. R. le B. 1926a. On South African marine Mollusca, with descriptions of new species.

Ann. Natal. Mus. 5: 283-301.

7 Tomuiin, J. R. le B. 19265. Description of a new species of Calliostoma from a raised beach at

Klein Brak River. Trans. geol. Soc. S. Afr. 28 (1925): 81.

Tomtin, J. R. le B. 1927. Reports on the marine mollusca in the collections of the South African

Museum. II. Haliotidae. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 25: 81.

Tomin, J. R. le B. 1928. Reports on the marine mollusca in the collections of the South African

Museun. IV. Architectonicidae. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 25: 332-335.

Tomuin, J. R. le B. 1931a. On South African marine mollusca, with descriptions of new genera

and species. Ann. Natal. Mus. 6: 415-450.

Tomuin, J. R. le B. 19315. Reports on the marine mollusca in the collections of the South

African Museum. V. Scaphopoda. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 29: 337-340.

Tomin, J. R. le B. 1932. Reports on the marine mollusca in the collections of the South African

Museum. VII. Fissurellidae. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 30: 159-164.

Tomuin, J. R. le B. 1937. The genus Cellana H. Adams. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 22: 176, 177.

Tomuin, J. R. le B. 1948. A new species of Pleurotomaria. 7. Conch. 23: 2.

Tomuin, J. R. le B., & StEPHENsoN, T. A. 1942. South African Patellidae. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond.

25: 4-9.

360 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Torr, C. M. 1914. Radula of some South Australian Gasteropoda. Trans. Proc. roy. Soc. S.

Austral. 38: 362-368.

Turton, W. H. 1932. The marine shells of Port Alfred, S. Africa: i-xvi, 1-331. Oxford: University

Press.

Turton, W. H. 1933. “The marine shells of Port Alfred, S. Africa.’ 7. Conch. 19: 370, 371.

Van BruccENn, A. C. 1952. Notes on South-African marine mollusca. 2. A collection from

Jeffrey’s Bay. Basteria. 16: 10-24.

VERCO, J. C. 1904. Notes on South Australian Marine Mollusca, with descriptions of new

species. Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 28: 135-145, pl. 26.

Von Knorre, H. 1925. Die Schale und die Riickensinnesorgane von Traokdegnen (Chiton)

cinereus und die ceylonischen Chitonen der Sammlung Plate. Jena <. Naturw. 61: 469-632.

Von Martens, E. 1874. Ueber einige stidafrikanische mollusken. Nach der Sammlung von

Dr. G. Fritsch. 7b. dtsch. malak. Ges. 1: 119-146.

Von Martens, E. 1879. Ubersicht der von W. Peters in Mossambique gesammelten Mollusken.

Mber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. 1879: 727-749.

Von Martens, E. 1880. Mollusken. In: Mobius, K. Beitraége zur Meeresfauna der Insel Mauritius

und der Seychellen: 181-352. Berlin: Gutmann.

Von Martens, E. 1887, 1888. Monograph on Nerita. Jn Martini-Chemnitz. Conchyliencabinet.

349: 1-64. 365: 65-104.

Von Martens, E. 1889. Mollusca. Jn Studer, Th. Forschungsreise S.N.S. ‘Gazelle’. 3

Von Martens, E. 1891. In Thiele, J., & Troschel, F. H. Das Gebiss der Schnecken. 2: 251-334.

Von Martens, E. 1901, 1902. Einige neue Meer-Conchylien von der deutschen Tiefsee-

Expedition. SB. Geb. naturf. Berlin. 1901: 14-26. 1902: 237-244.

Von Martens, E. 1903. Die beschalten Gastropoden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898—

1899. A. Systematisch-geographischer Teil. Wiss. Ergebn. ‘Valdivia’. 7: 1-146.

Watson, R. B. 1879. Mollusca of H.M.S. Challenger Expedition. 2: Solenoconchia. 3: Trochidae.

J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 14: 508-529, 586-606.

Watson, R. B. 1880. Mollusca of H.M.S. Challenger Expedition. 5. 7. Linn. Soc. Lond. 15: 87-126.

WaAron, R. B. 1886. Report on the Scaphopoda and Gasteropoda collected by H.M.S. Challenger

during the years 1873-1876. Challenger Rep. 15: 1-756.

WINcKworTH, R. 1928. Marine Mollusca from S. India and Ceylon. II. Limpets. Proc. malac.

Soc. Lond. 18: 133-136.

WinkwortH, R. 1930. Description of a new Chiton from Karachi [with remarks on Cerithium

and Cellana]. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 19: 78-80.

Woop, W. 1828. Supplement to Index Testaceologicus: 1-59. London.

Woop, W. 1856. Index Testaceologicus, ed. Hanley, S.C.T.: 1-234.

Woop-Mason, J., & Atcock, A. 1891. Natural History notes from H.M. Indian Marine Survey

Steamer. Mollusca. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 8: 443-448.

+ WyBercu, W. 1920. The coastal limestones of the Cape Province. Trans. geol. Soc. S. Afr.

22 (1919): 46-67.

eS thus appear | as Eliane: ak

fauna Sau 2, ae 5. re Friederichsen,

oan 0. 19488. T The sepyehacious pd of oe Pacif. Sci. 8, nae

M NRO, Ge ie A 1933. Notes ona collection of Polychaeta from South Africa.

ae ee nat. Hist. Uy: 1I, pas eoes.

hie EP iercaces nadined:

: ‘I. Synonymy arranged according to Uneloe) of names. —All published scientific names

i ‘which a species has been previously designated (subsequent to 1758) are listed

pec order, with See references to all descri iptions or eae

ration a illustrations mee and figures).

Eulalia (Stegeoa) capensis Schmarda |

CRiilalis: capensis Schmarda 1861, p. 86, pl. 29, fig. 231. Willey 1 1904, p . 259.

Eulalia viridis var. capensis Metnicdh 1903, p. 34. Day 1953, p. 30.

Eulalia viridis cen Muller) Ehlers 1913, p. 455. Day 1934, p. 30.

88 ‘1913. Polychaeta. In Michaelsen, W., ed. Beitrége zur Kenntnis der

The ANNALS OF THE SOU TH AFRICAN MUSEUM are issued i in :

intervals as material becomes available. hp

Out of print: Vol. I, II (Parts a 5, 7-8), III (Parts 1-2, me Vv as

VI (Part 1, Index), VII (Parts 1-4), VIII,

Index), XXI, XXIV (Part 2), XXXI (Parts 1-2).

Current prices:

Vol. II.

III.

IV.

Me 4

VI.

VII.

IX.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV.

XXVI.

XXVII.

XXVITI.

XXIX.

XXX.

INDEX

XXXII.

XXXIITI.

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

XXXVITI.

XXXIX,

XL.

XLI.

XLII.

XLIII.

XLIV.

XLV.

XLVI.

XLVII,

1900-1902

1903-1905

1903-1908

1906-1910

1908-1910

1908-1913

Ig11-1918

IQII—1914

1911-1918

1913-1924

1913-1923

1915-1924

1914-1916

1917-1933

1917-1920

1921

1924-1925

1924-1926

1925-1928

1925-1926

1929-1938

1927-1928

1928

1929

1929-1932

1929-1931

1931-1935

of papers, authors and geisidts published a in ela. I-XXX

1934-1950

1935-1940

1939

1938

1956

1942-1948

1947-1952

1950

1952

1952-1956

1952-1955

1953-1956

1955-1957

1957-1959

1959-1960

1961-1963

1963

The LIBRARIAN, Soutrn Arrican Museum, Care Town.

IX (Parts 1-2), X (Parts 19), ae xt

Zoology and Geology (excl. Parts 1-3, 5, a

Zoology (excl. Parts 1-2, 5) .

Palaeontology ..

Geology, Palacantolaey Zoology, Anthropology (el.

Parts 1-2, 5, 7-9)

Zoology (excl. Part 1, Index) ty a ae

Palaeontology (excl. Parts 1-4)

Botany (excl. Parts 1-2)

Zoology (excl. Parts 1-3) :

Zoology (excl. Parts 2, 7, Index)

Palaeontology and Geology

Archaeology and aoe

Zoology

Botany

Zoology

Zoology ns

Palaeontology ..

Zoology

Anthropology and Ethnology (xel 1 Part a:

Zoology “>

Zoology

Anthropology

Palaeontology ..

Zoology

Palaeontology (excl. Parts 1-2)

Zoology

Archaeology

Zoology

Botany

Zoology

Palaeontology

Zoology and Palagsatoieas

Zoology and Palaeontology

Zoology and Palaeontology i

Zoology and Palaeontology (Parts aes

Zoology (Part 1) f kg

Copies may be obtained from—

ie KNOWLEDGE OF SOUTH AFRICAN

. PART v. -LAMELLIBRANCHIATA

you

as R3.40

une SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

MSS. submitted for publication must be typewritten, double spaced with good

margins, typed on one side of sheet only and sheets numbered. Two MSS. and one

set of illustrations must be submitted. Papers must include a Table of Contents and a”

Summary containing a succinct account of the subject, results obtained and

conclusions. The position of the text-figures and tables must be clearly indicated.

ILLUSTRATIONS. Please must be kept to a minimum and made up to occupy

5" x 7” (full plate excluding captions) or in direct proportion to these measure-

ments if they are to be reduced. A scale (metric Bout must appear with all

photographs. - Bas

REFERENCES. Harvard system—authors’ names and dates of publication given

in the body of the text; references arranged at the end of the paper in alphabetical ‘

order of authors’ names.

Bibliographical arrangement of references at the end of the paper must give: 4 ‘

1. Name of author, followed by his initials. Names of joint authors connected by,

ampersand (&), and not ‘and’.

2. Year of publication. If several papers by the same author in one year are cited, a

suffixes a, b, etc., are used. 4

3. Full title of the paper. Initial capital letters only for the first word ane for proper (

names, except in German, where the usage of the language is followed. q i

4. Title of the journal, abbreviated according to the World list of gui peyeuior

and underlined to indicate italics.

5. Series number, if any, in parenthesis, e.g. (3), (n.s.), (N.F.), (B).

6. Volume number in arabic numerals (without prefix ‘vol.’), with wavy underlinin is

to indicate black type. ) Be,

7. Part number, only if the separate parts of one volume are independently y

numbered. !

8. Page numbers, first and last, in arabic numerals (without prefix “p’).

When reference is made to a separate book, give in the order listed:

Author’s name; his initials; date of publication; title, in italics; edition, if any:

volume number, if any, in black type arabic numerals; pagination, if reference iS

to part of book only; place of publication; name of publisher. |

When reference is made to a paper forming a distinct part of another book or 4

collection, give: F 4

Name of author of paper; his initials; date of publication; title of paper; ‘In?

italicized; name of author of book; his ality) title of book, in italics; edition, 1 De

any; volume number, if any, in black type ani numerals; pagination of paperg

place of publication; name of publisher. ! ah

[CONTINUED ON INSIDE BACK COVER i

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF SOUTH AFRICAN

MARINE MOLLUSCA. PART V. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA*

K. H. BarRnarp

South African Museum, Cape Town

(With 39 figures in the text)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Parts I, II, III, IV, and V of this work have been carried out with the

aid of a research grant from the South African Council for Scientific and

_ Industrial Research. The Council has also made a grant-in-aid towards

the cost of publication of part V, as with parts II, III and IV. This help is

herewith gratefully acknowledged by the Trustees of the South African Museum.

Fam. Nuculidae

Nucula nucleus Linn.

Nucula nucleus Linn., Sowerby, 1892, p. 66; Thiele, 1931, p. 194; Turton, 1932, p. 214.

Nucula tumidula (non Malm.) Thiele, 1931, p. 195.

Nucula distincta Turton, 1932, p. 214, pl. 55, no. 1489 (= juv.).

Teeth at shell length 0-75 mm. anterior 3, posterior 1-2, at 1-5 mm. 4-5 |

and 2-3, at 1:75 mm. 6 and 3, at 3-5 mm. 11 and 5, at 5 mm. 13-14 and 8,

at 10 mm. 20 and 12, at 13-15 mm. 24-25 and 13-14 respectively.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Table Bay

(S. Afr. Mus.); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. Muir coll.); Liideritzbucht, Agulhas

Bank, and Algoa Bay (Thiele). |

Off Tugela River (Natal), 65-80 fathoms; and from East London area to

Algoa Bay, across Agulhas Bank to False Bay, 20-60 fathoms; south-west of

Cape Point, 80 fathoms; living and dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

eee to 2b 40 (E35 fathoms: 93° 03’ S., 28° 11’ E., 31 fathoms;

False Bay, 51 metres; Saldanha Bay; Liideritzbucht, 35-91 metres (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Thiele). N. Atlantic.

Remarks. Thiele identified two shells and a juvenile from the Agulhas

Bank as the North Atlantic tumidula. According to Sars’s diagnosis (1878,

PPp- 32, 33) there seems very little to separate this species from nucleus, except

* Part I. Toxoglossa: Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 44 (4), 1958.

Part II. Rhachiglossa: Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 45 (1), 1959.

Part III. Taenioglossa: Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 47 (1), 1963.

Part IV. Rhipidoglossa, Docoglossa, Tectibranchiata, Polyplacophora, Solenogastres, Scapho-

poda: Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 47 (2), 1963.

361

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 47 (3), 1964, 361-593, 39 figs.

362 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

perhaps the teeth: Sars gave 10-15 ‘anterior’, 23-25 ‘posterior’ teeth* in

nucleus with shell length 12 mm.; for tumidula 8 and 16 at shell length 6 mm.

In view of the increase in number with growth, as shown by examples in the

Muir and P.F. collections, this character seems of little value. The number

given for tumidula approximates to those given above for South African nucleus.

According to Thiele the Valdivia took at one locality one shell of tumidula

together with a pair of nucleus. |

Without more cogent evidence I am disinclined to admit the occurrence

of tumidula in South African waters. |

The Murr series of juveniles shows that distincta Turton is only the juvenile

of nucleus.

Turton’s convexa and the juveniles nos. 1487, 1488, are almost certainly

nucleus.

Nucula pulchra Hinds

Nucula pulchra Hinds, 1843, p. 97; 1844, p. 62, pl. 18, fig. 3; Krauss, 1852, p. 30; Thiele, 1931,

p- 195-

Nucula sculpturata Sowerby, 1904, p. 7, pl. 6, fig. 11.

Nucula rugosa Odhner, 1919, p. 23, pl. 2, figs. 15-18; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 582.

Teeth at shell length 2-5-3 mm. anterior 10, posterior 4, at 5 mm. 10-12

and 4-5, at 9 mm. 17-19 and 7-8. Hinds gave 27-29 and g; Krauss 20-22 and

10; Odhner 22-24 and 9.

Length 9, alt. 7 mm. (Sowerby and S. Afr. Mus.); 13°5 X 10°5 mm.

(Odhner).

Agulhas Bank (Hinds); ‘Cape coast’, coll. Zeyher (Krauss); Port Alfred

(Bartsch, Turton).

33° 3'S., 27° 57’ E., 32-34 fathoms (Sowerby, P.F. coll.).

Same locality, 5 living, cotypes; 34° 3’ S., 25° 10’ E. (St. Francis Bay),

24-34 fathoms, several valves; off Cape Natal (Durban) 47-85 fathoms, a lot,

living and dead; off Umhloti River (Natal) 27-40 fathoms, 2 living, several

valves; off O’Neil Peak and Cape Vidal (Zululand) 80-100 fathoms, several —

valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Br 86 59,..90 94 1.96 metres (Gals):

Cotypes in South African Museum. Reg. no. 14830.

Distribution. Madagascar (Odhner, Dautzenberg); also in Quaternary

deposits (Dautzenberg).

Remarks. Although not based on actual specimens, Thiele’s suggestion that

sculplurata is synonymous with pulchra, seems correct. Hinds gave the number

of ‘posterior’ (i.e. anterior) teeth as ‘27-29’: a misprint for 17-19? In any case

re-examination of Hinds’s type and actual comparison with sculpturata is

desirable, especially because Odhner stated that the ‘corselet’ (escutcheon) in

pulchra was smooth.

* These terms must be reversed. Sars considered the shorter side anterior, but the position

of the animal shows that it is actually posterior (cf. Hanley in Sowerby, 1860, Thes. Conch. iii,

p- 147 footnote).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 363

Odhner gave such excellent figures of his rugosa that the synonymy with

sculpturata (and presumably pulchra) is beyond question, though the radial

sculpture is not so evident. He mentioned the likeness to pulchra and sculpturata;*

but the number of teeth is no objection (especially if Hinds’s numbers are

correct) and the difference in altitude (if any) is negligible.

The species is evidently more at home in the eastern waters of South

Africa, not extending farther south-westwards than East London. The Port

Alfred shells were dead, likewise the P.F. shells from St. Francis Bay. Dr.

Muir did not obtain it at Still Bay; the provenance of Zeyher’s shells may have

been Algoa Bay (see Krauss, 1848, p. 12), but they were certainly dead

shells.

| Melvill (in Melvill & Standen, 1906, p. 791) compared his Persian Gulf

consentanea with the South African sculpturata, ‘the radiating and concentric

sculpture being of the same character’. The diagnosis gave ‘radiatim obscuris-

sime striata’ and the figure, pl. 54, fig. 7, shows no radial sculpture. In sculp-

turata, however, both the concentric and radial sculpture are much stronger

(see Sowerby’s figure).

Nucula trregularis Sow.

Nucula irregularis Sowerby, 1904, p. 7, pl. 6, fig. 12.

The oblique ridges on juvenile and immature shells are cut off obliquely

at the antero-ventral margin. The whole lunule, not only its rim, is crossed by

ridges. ‘The sculpturing is quite distinct from that of pulchra.

Teeth at shell length 3-5 mm. anterior 10, posterior 4, at 6 mm. 17—19(20)

and 7(8). }

Off Struys Point, 48-49 fathoms (Sowerby, P.F. coll.).

Same locality, 2 living, cotypes; off Amatikulu River (Zululand) 24

fathoms, one valve; off Tugela River (Natal) 37 fathoms, 19 valves; off Umhloti

River (Natal) 40 fathoms, 13 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Cotypes in South African Museum. Reg. no. 14834.

Remarks. ‘Vhe type locality is open to doubt. The original label with the

Pieter Faure number is not extant. The label returned with the two cotypes

bears in Sowerby’s writing the Pieter Faure number 15319, for which Struys

Point (approx. 20° 15’ E.) is the correct locality. Nevertheless, the occurrence

of dead valves off the Zululand—Natal coast suggests a possible error in label-

ling: 12319 would indicate a Natal locality, and 13319 or 13519 a locality in

the Cape Morgan—East London area. Living shells in the Zululand—Natal—East

London area and dead shells farther west is in conformity with the direction

of the coastal current, but not vice versa. Probably the original number was

13519.

* He erroneously gave Reeve as the author of pulchra; and sculpta 1908 instead of sculpturata

1904. 1908 is the date of the title-page of vol. 4 of the Marine Investigations in S. Africa, not the

date of Sowerby’s paper in that volume.

Bit

simian MAT #0 1964

364 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Nucula sultana Thiele

| Fig. 15

Nucula sultana Thiele, 1931, p. 197, pl. 7(2), figs. 41, 414.

Length greater than altitude, posterior margin convex. Middle part

smooth, with only growth-lines, but some radial striae show very faintly near

the ventral margin. Anterior and posterior parts with strong, concentric,

curved ridges, cutting obliquely across the growth-lines, c. 30 on anterior, c.

20 on posterior part. Lunule not distinct. ‘Teeth anterior 17-18, posterior 8;

ligament pit oblique; margin internally crenulate.

Fic. 1. a. Leda compta (Sow.), internal view of right valve of cotype. b. Nucula sultana Thiele.

c. N. aequalitas n.sp. d. Leda spreta Thiele, 8 mm. long. e. juvenile, 2 mm. long. f. copy of Thiele’s

fig. 52, 3-4 mm. long.

Length 10°5, alt. 8 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.); 17 X 15 mm. (Thiele).

Delagoa Bay, one living, dredged in muddy channel, harbour entrance

(S. Afr. Mus., K.H.B. coll., 1912); Durban harbour sediments (Dr. Lester

King, 1963).

Distribution. East Africa: 5° 55’ S., 39° 1’ E., 50 metres (Thiele).

Remarks. The Valdivia shell is larger and has 25 anterior and 10 posterior

teeth.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 365

Nucula aequalitas n.sp.

Hise 1

Solid, subtriangular, almost equilateral, upper anterior and posterior

margins converging to a right angle, ventral margin gently convex. Fine

concentric growth-lines only. Teeth 8 on each side of the ligament pit. Margin

internally smooth. Glossy, pale brown. Length 3°75, alt. 3-5, width (valves

together) 2:2 mm.

Off East London, 400-450 fathoms, one living (S. Afr. Mus. Ag472,

PF. coll.).

Remarks. Comparable with guineensis Thiele (1931, p. 193, pl. 7(2), figs.

35, 35a), from the Gulf of Guinea to the mouth of the Congo River, 44, 2278

and 2492 metres; and with verrilliz Dall, 1889 (see references quoted in Thiele),

from the east coast of North America.

Differs in being slightly longer than high, and in having fewer teeth,

equally disposed on each side of the ligament pit. The specific name refers to

this symmetry of the teeth, and the nearly equilateral outline.

| Distinguished from the other South African species by its shape, though

Nucula benguelana Clarke approaches it in this respect (see Barnard, 1963b,

p- 446).

Fam. Ledidae

Leda belcheri (Hinds)

Nucula belcheri Hinds, 1843, p. 98; 1844, p. 63, pl. 18, fig. 11.

Nuculana belcheri Sowerby, 1904, p. 4, pl. 6, fig. 7.

Leda belchert (Hinds), Thiele, 1931, p. 202.

The ridges on the middle part develop only at about shell length 10 mm.,

and are slightly oblique to the concentric growth-lines; they do not extend on

to the posterior dorsal side between the lower oblique rib and the hinge-line,

which is crossed only by fine close-set growth-lines. Teeth at shell length 3 mm.

anterior g, posterior 7, at 4 mm. Io and 8, at 6 mm. 12 and 10, at 10 mm.

18 and 15, at 20 mm. 22 and 20, at 37 mm. 28-30 and 25-26, with 1-3 minute

ones on each side of the ligament pit. Periostracum thin, pale brown, around

both ends and along ventral margin, but usually abraded on middle part of

shell. Up to length 38 mm., alt. 18 mm.

Agulhas Bank, 40-54 fathoms (Hinds).

False Bay, 34 and 42 fathoms; off Cape St. Francis, 75 fathoms; Algoa

Bay, 256 fathoms (Sowerby, P.F. coll.).

Agulhas Bank, 80-102 metres; Simon’s Bay (False Bay), 70 metres, 2 living

(Thiele).

Living: from Cove Rock and Nieca River (East London area) to Algoa

Bay, across Agulhas Bank to False Bay, 30-100 fathoms; one living shell and

several valves were also taken at 34° 27’ S., 25° 42’ E. (south of Cape Recife),

256 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus., P.F. coll.).

366 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Living: False Bay; 34° 33'S., 21° 28° E67 metres; 34° 99 (Siege es

A2 fathoms; and 34° 35 S., 21° 11° E., 75 mewes (UG. 1),

Remarks. This is a characteristic and abundant species throughout the

above-mentioned area, but does not extend farther north-eastwards than the

neighbourhood of East London, not even as far as Cape Morgan. It lives in

False Bay, but does not extend around Cape Point on to the west coast. The

most westerly localities where the Pieter Faure obtained dead shells are: Cape

Point, N. 4 E., 4 miles, 50 fathoms, and Cape Point, N.E. 4 N., 19 miles, 145

fathoms. ,

The locality off Cape Natal given by Sowerby is erroneous, due to a slip

on Sowerby’s part; the specimen returned with his label is clearly lamellata.

The anterior teeth are consistently slightly more numerous than the

posterior teeth.

Leda lamellata (Sow.)

Nuculana lamellata Sowerby, 1904, p. 5, pl. 6, fig. 8.

Ridges developing much earlier than in belcheri, slightly oblique to the

concentric growth-lines; and continued on to the dorsal posterior end, where

they become lamellate; they cross the 2 grooves between the 3 ribs. Teeth at

shell length 3 mm., anterior 9, posterior 9 at 4-5 mm. 12 and 12, at 7 mm. —

14-15 and 15-16, at 10 mm. 15-16 and 17-18, at 14 mm. 17-18 and 21-22

at 17 mm. 20-21 and 22-23, at 20 mm. 24-25 and 28-29, with 1-2 minute

ones on each side of the ligament pit. Length 21, alt. 10-5 mm. Periostracum

thin, pale brown, on hind end and along ventral margin.

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 and 85 fathoms (Sowerby, P.F. coll.).

From the same locality a lot, living and odd valves, cotypes; same locality

47 and 62 fathoms; off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 55 fathoms, 6 living; off Cape

Natal, 250 fathoms, one living, and 440 fathoms, one living; off Hood Point

(East London), 49 fathoms, odd valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Abundant in the Durban area, but no examples were taken farther

south except the dead valves off Hood Point. The specimen from 440 fathoms

is that previously recorded by Sowerby inadvertently as belchert.

Leda gemmulaia (Sow.)

Nuculana gemmulata Sowerby, 1904, p. 6, pl. 6, fig. 9.

Ridges as in lamellata developing early; at posterior end they become

lamellate, and squamose on the 4 ribs; they do not cross the intervening grooves

between the ribs (occasionally some of the growth-lines are lamellate). Teeth

at shell length 15 mm. anterior and posterior 20-21, at 21 mm. 23-25. Length

22, alt. 11 mm. Periostracum thin, pale brown, on posterior end and along

ventral margin.

Off Tugela River (Natal), 37 fathoms; off Umvoti River (Natal), 27

fathoms (Sowerby, P.F. coll.).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 367

Off Tugela River, 37 fathoms, 2 living, cotypes; off Amatikulu River

(Zululand), 24 fathoms, 12 living; off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), go fathoms,

3 living and odd valves; off Durnford Point (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 3 valves;

off Morewood Cove (Natal), 27 fathoms, 4 living and several valves; off Umvou

River (Natal), 27 fathoms, 3 living; off Umhloti River (Natal), 27 fathoms,

_ 3 living and several valves; off Cape Natal (Durban), 47 fathoms, one living

(S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

29° 46’ S., 31° 17’ E., 60-70 fathoms (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Neither living shells nor dead valves of this species have been

found farther south than off Durban.

Leda compta (Sow.)

Fig. 1a

Nuculana compta Sowerby, 1904, p. 6, pl. 6, fig. to.

The number of teeth (not mentioned in the description, but indicated in

the small figure) is, in the cotype, 8-5 mm. shell length, 14 anterior, 17 pos-

terior, with 2-3 minute ones on each side of the very small ligament pit; at

6 mm. shell length 10-11 anterior, 13—14 posterior.

The cotype contained the animal, which however, after over 55 years

preservation in a dry state, was not in very good condition. There is a definite

pallial smus, and the siphons appear to be completely united. The animals in

the two bottom-sample shells were less well preserved.

_ Off Cape Natal (Durban), 440 fathoms, 2 specimens (Sowerby, P.F. coll.)

Bottom-sample from same haul, 2 living, 2 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.)

Remarks. The unopened specimen which contained the animal was returned

by Sowerby and is regarded as the cotype (S. Afr. Mus. Reg. no. 14818). The

specimen figured, showing the hinge teeth (Type) is presumably in the Sowerby

collection in the British Museum.

Two juveniles from off Cape Point, 700 fathoms, which at the time without

close study I thought might be this species, were went to Tomlin; they were not

returned and are presumably in the Tomlin collection in the National Museum,

Cardiff.

Leda sinuata ‘Thiele

Leda sinuata Thiele, 1931, p. 203, pl. 7(2), figs. 53, 534.

A single right valve agrees with Thiele’s description and figure, except

that the teeth number anterior 12, posterior 16, with 4 minute ones on each

side of the ligament pit; but the specimen is slightly larger than Thiele’s shells.

The concentric ridges are weaker anteriorly. Length 8-5, alt. 5-25 mm.

Off East London, 400-450 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. Reg. no.

Ag452 P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Zanzibar Channel, 463 metres (Thiele).

Remarks. Thiele noted the close similarity to the European Tertiary fossil

excisa (Phil.). Examples of the latter living in the North Atlantic, with a

368 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

shallower posterior sinus, have been named subexcisa by Dautzenberg & Fischer

(1897, 1927).

Although Atlantic species have been obtained from the deep water off

East London, e.g. Eudolium crosseanum (Mont.) (Barnard, 1963a, p. 8), the ~

present shell is preferably assigned to the East African species.

Leda spreta Thiele

Fig. 1d,e,f_

Leda spreta Thiele, 1931, p. 203, pl. 7(2), figs. 52, 52a.

Teeth 10-12 both anteriorly and posteriorly, with 3-4 minute ones on

each side of the ligament pit. Length 9, alt. 6-5 mm. A larger shell with broken

umbo has length 10 mm.

85719 'S., 207 12) E., 120ametres (Piniele):

St. Francis Bay, 24-34 fathoms, 14 valves; off Hood Point (East London),

Ag fathoms, 5 valves, 3 juv. living; off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, 2

valves, and 85 fathoms, several valves; off Umhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms,

7 valves; off Umvoti River (Natal) 56 fathoms, 11 valves; off Tugela River

(Natal), 65-80 fathoms, 2 valves; off Durnford Point (Zululand), 90 fathoms,

7 valves; off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 80-100 fathoms, 9 valves (S. Afr. Mus.

PE coll.)

Remarks. 'The presenit specimens are much larger than the Valdivia shells,

but leave little doubt as to their identity. The most obvious difference is in the

posterior end; but when a juvenile 2-3 mm. long is compared with Thiele’s

figure of a 3:4 mm. shell there is very little difference.

Clarke (1961, p. 375) has recorded Nuculana ultima Smith, 1885 from Vema

stations 51 and 52 (45° 34’ S., 6° 2’ E., 2507 fathoms, and 41 °¢ Sao eagene

2711 fathoms) approximately 1,000 and 800 miles respectively south-west of

Cape Town. He regarded modesta Thiele, 1931, from 2,278 metres in the Gulf

of Guinea, and spreta Thiele, 1931, from 126 metres on the Agulhas Bank, as

synonyms of ultima. He may be right in uniting modesta with ultima, but for the

present I prefer to retain spreta from the shallower South African waters as a

separate species.

Fam. Solenomyidae

Solenomya occidentalis Desh.

Ligament posterior, supported internally by a well-developed shelf. No

ridge (or only a very slight one) in front of insertion of posterior adductor

muscle.

Length 38, alt. 13 mm.

Off west coast of Cape Peninsula (Lion’s Head, N. 78° E., distant 12 miles),

60 fathoms, 2 living; False Bay, 22-42 fathoms, 4 and 3 juv., living; off Cape

Infanta, 47 fathoms, 2 living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). Off Saldanha Bay, 75 -85

fathoms (U.C.T.). False Bay (U.C.T.).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 369

Remarks. Sowerby (1897, p. 27) recorded togata Poli (= mediterranea Lam.)

from Durban; but he identified P.F. shells, from the above three localities,

as occidentalis. Turton (1932) recorded Port Alfred specimens as mediterranea.

Macnae & Kalk (1958, p. 129) list S. occzdentalis ?togata from Delagoa Bay.

Fam. Arcidae

Arca navicularis Brug.

Arca navicularis Brug., Smith, 1903, p. 395; Braga, 1952, p. 102, pl. 8, fig. 4.

Fossil: Post Pliocene, Inhambane (Cox, 1939).

Durban (Smith); Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.; also U.W.);

Inhambane (Braga). Durban harbour sediments (Dr. Lester King).

Distribution. East Africa, Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Arca (Trisidos) tortuosa Linn.

Arca tortuosa Linn., Chenu, 1862, fig. 871.

Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

Distribution. Madagascar, East Indies. Not mentioned by von Martens

(1879, 1880) as occurring in East Africa.

Arca semitorta Lam.

Arca semitorta Lam., Braga, 1952, p. 103, pl. 9, fig. 1.

Delagoa Bay (Braga; also 8S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

Arca avellana Lam.

Fig. 25

Arca acuminata Krauss, 1848, p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 11; Turton, 1932, p. 217.

Arca kraussit Krauss, 1848, p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 13; Philippi, 1849, p. 88, pl. 5, figs. 8-10; Cox, 1930b,

p. 154, pl. 17 B; Turton, 1932, p. 217; Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 307.

Arca kraussii var. inflata Krauss, 1848, p. 15; Turton, 1932, p. 217.

Arca scabra (non Poli), Sowerby, 1892, p. 65.

Arca imbricata Brug. and var. arabica Nardini, 1937, p. 242, pl. 15(9), figs. 17, 18; Braga, 1952,

p. 103; Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 307.

Arca avellana Lam., Prashad, 1932, p. 32 (references & synonymy); Adam & Leloup, 1939, p. 38,

pl. 3, fig. 1.

[Non] + Cucullaea kraussii Tate, 1867.

Prodissoconch 0:3 mm., brown, conical, the rim not raised above the

succeeding shell (contrast plicata). Area “white-margined’ (Krauss), i.e. the

ligament does not cover the whole of the area; longitudinally striate, with

dark transverse lines (corresponding to the teeth) showing through the shell

substance; ligament thin, smooth, a slightly oblique groove from umbo to

hinge-line filled with fibrous ligament, 3-4 additional incomplete (not starting

from umbo) grooves (see Krauss’s figure).

Length 26, alt. 16, width (valves together) 15 mm. Krauss gave

18 X 9°5 X 10, Paris lines 38 X 20 X 21:5 mm.

370 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fossil: Mio-Pliocene, Redhouse, Port Elizabeth (Cox 1930); Post Pliocene,

Inhambane (Cox, 1939).

Natal Point (Durban) (Krauss); Umlaas River Mouth (Natal) (S. Afr.

Mus.); Durban Bay and Isipingo (U.C.T.); Inhambane (Braga); Bazarute

Island (S. Afr. Mus.).

I have seen a typical ‘acuminata’, living, from Xora (Elliotdale Division)

(C. Walker coll.).

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, one worn valve, and 85 fathoms,

5 valves; off Tugela River (Natal), 65-80 fathoms, one juv. valve; off Cape

Vidal (Zululand), 80-100 fathoms, one valve; off Cape Morgan, 52 fathoms,

2 valves; of Hood Point (East London), 49 fathoms, one living, 9 valves;

34° 27'S., 25° 42’ E., 256 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Red Sea, east coast of Africa, Mauritius, Madagascar, Indo-

Pacific.

Remarks. Krauss said kraussii was nearest to arabica; von Martens (1880)

recorded both species from Mauritius; Dautzenberg (1929) regarded kraussi

as a synonym of arabica, and the latter as a variety of imbricata.

The name imbricata Brug. is restricted to the West Indies form.

Cox figured a fossil shell from Redhouse, Port Elizabeth, which he thought

was probably kraussiz distorted by growing in a narrow crevice; he did not

mention acuminata Krss., with the figure of which the fossil closely agrees.

Arca (Anadara) uropigemelana Bory

Arca uropigimelana Bory St. Vincent, 1824, p. 156, pl. 307, fig. 2; Adam & Leloup, 1939, p. 42.

Arca uropygmelana von Martens, 1880, p. 320; Lamy, 1907, p. 207; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 580.

Arca holoserica Reeve, 1843, pl. 2, fig. 11.

Area wide, ligament with 2—3 divergent lines. None of the ribs subdivided

by sulci or striae. Length 55, alt. 50 mm. |

Delagoa Bay, Chinde (mouth of Zambesi River), and Beira (S. Afr. Mus.

coll. K.H.B.).

Distribution. Kast coast of Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, East Indies.

Remarks. Sherborn (Index Animal.) gave uropigimelana as ‘n. et f.’ 1.€.

nom. nud., and did not include it in the list of Trivialia.

Anadara morrumbenensis Cox (1939, p. 81, pl. 2, figs. 19 a, b), seems to be

allied, but is proportionately higher: length 39, alt. 38 mm., and has only about

16 ribs.

Arca (Anadara) erythraeensis Jonas

Arca erythraeensis Jonas, Dunker, 1858, p. 123, pl. 40, figs. 6-8; Smith, 1903, p. 395; Braga,

1952, p. 105, pl. 9, fig. 3.

Area wide, ligament with 3 divergent lines. Ribs on anterior part and on

anterior half of middle part subdivided by a:sulcus (on shells over 20 mm.

long); anterior part regulose. Internally white. Periostracum fimbriate. Length

75, alt. 45 mm.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 371

Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist; also K.H.B.; Braga;

U.W.). Durban harbour sediments (Dr. Lester King).

Distribution. Red Sea.

Remarks. Tomlin labelled a specimen ‘erythraeonensis’. Living examples

were obtained by Dr. Gilchrist and U.W.

Arca (Scapharca) natalensis Krss.

Arca natalensis Krauss, 1848, p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 12; von Martens, 1880, p. 320; Dautzenberg, 1929,

p- 580; Lamy, 1931, p. 304; Braga, 1952, p. 103, pl. 9, fig. 2.

[Non] Arca natalensis Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 117, 129, fig. 23 g, h.

[Non] { Arca natalensis Baily, 1855 (nom. nov. bailyi Brnrd., 1962b.)

Right valve smaller than left. Ribs not subdivided. Length 61, alt. 50,

width (valves together) 42 mm.; also 68 x 63 mm.

Natal Point (Durban) (Krauss), Richards Bay (U.C.T.), Delagoa Bay

(Braga). Durban harbour sediments (Dr. Lester King).

Off Tugela River (Natal), 24 fathoms, 4 living; Cape St. Blaize N.E. 3 N.,

8 miles, 36 fathoms, one and one juv. (22 mm.) living, one dead (both valves

intact) (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). 7

gee 9.,29 34 E., 26 fathoms (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Mauritius, Madagascar. Also Quaternary deposits in Madagas-

car.

Remarks. Like inaequivalvis Brug. this species is inequivalve, and it is

questionable whether Smith’s specimen of the former from Durban was not

really natalensis.

The figure given by Macnae & Kalk is the wrong shape for this species;

it is more like erythraeensis or antiquata.

The occurrence of this species living so far west as Cape St. Blaize is

noteworthy; confirmation is desirable. Lamy’s (1931) record from ae Bay

is even less acceptable, without confirmation.

The combination Arca natalensis Krauss antedates the same combination for

the Cretaceous fossil species given by Baily 1855. For the latter I have proposed

Arca bailyi (Barnard, 1962 b, p. 183).

Arca (Scapharca) africana Sow.

Arca africana Sowerby, 1904, p. 4, pl. 6, fig. 4.

Equivalve. Up to length 29, alt. 21, width 19 mm.

Off Tugela River (Natal), 46-55 fathoms (Sowerby, P.F. coll.).

Same locality, one living, 2 valves, cotypes; same locality, 40 fathoms,

several living, and odd valves; off Umhloti River (Natal) 40 fathoms, one

living, 4 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Bere? (O.9°91; Oo Tie 71 metres: (Ul. Ci). ).

Durban harbour sediments (Dr. Lester King).

Cotypes in South African Museum. Reg. no. 14831.

372 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Remarks. Compare Anadara waylandi Cox 1927 (p. 34, pl. 8, figs. 5-7), from

the Lower Miocene, Pemba Island.

Arca (Acar) plicata (Chemn.) Dillwyn

Bigus2ia

Arca plicata Dillwyn, 1817, p. 228; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 577; Prashad, 1932, p. 50 (references

& synonymy); Nardini, 1937, p. 243, pl. 16(10), figs. 1, 2; Adam & Leloup, 1939, p. 44,

pl. 3, fig. 4; Nicklés, 1955, p. 115. )

Arca domingensis Lamarck, 1818, p. 40; Lischke, 1869, p. 142; Melvill & Standen, 1899, p. 186;

Smith, 1903, p. 395; Turton, 1932, p. 216.

Arca gradata Broderip & Sowerby, 1829, p. 365; Turton, 1932, p. 216.

Arca squamosa Krauss, 1848, p. 16.

Arca aghulhasensis Thiele, 1931, p. 177, pl. 6(1), figs. 12, 124.

Fic. 2. Prodissoconch of: a. Arca plicata (Chemn.), b. avelana Lam. c. obliquata Gray. d. internal

view of right valve of Arca (Bathyarca) orientalis Thiele (off Cape St. Blaize). e. anterior teeth of

specimen from Browne’s Bank. f. posterior teeth of specimen from Algoa Bay.

Prodissoconch 0:4 mm., with central conical tubercle, rim raised above

succeeding shell (cf. Thiele). Ligament posterior to umbones, with very oblique

close-set lines. Length 45, alt. 32 mm.

Fossil: Post Pliocene. Inhambane (Cox, 1939).

Natal (Krauss); Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.; also Braga) ;

Umkomaas (Natal) (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup); Port Alfred (Turton); Still

Bay (S. Afr. Mus., coll. Muir), Port Edward (U.C.T.).

34° 51'S., 19° 37’ E., 80 metres; 35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres (Thiele).

Off Durnford Point (Zululand), 13 fathoms, one valve; off Tugela River

(Natal), 24 fathoms, 2 valves; and 47 fathoms, one juv. living, one valve; off

Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, 2 valves; off Illovo River (Natal), 27-30

fathoms, 5 valves; off Cape Morgan, 77 fathoms, one juv. living, several valves;

of Nieca River (East London), 43 fathoms, 4 valves; 33° 3’ S., 27° 57’ E., 32

fathoms, one valve; 34° 5’ S., 25° 43’ E., 52 fathoms, 2 valves (S. Afr. Mus ,

PF, cou):

Distribution. Red Sea, Arabian Sea, sina Ok Indo-Pacific, Cape Verde

Islands, St. Helena.

Remarks. Only the 2 valves from 24 fathoms off Tugela River are large;

all the other P.F. specimens are small (4-21 mm.).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 373

In 1931 (p. 175) Thiele identified some worn shells from 31° 51’ S.,

19° 37’ E., 80 metres, as acerea Melvill & Standen, 1899 (loc. cit. supra), a

species from Torres Straits. From the same station other shells were taken which

Thiele described as agulhasensis, allied to plicata. I consider the former a synonym;

and I am inclined to regard the worn shells as conspecific. It seems unnecessary

to bring into the fauna-list the name of a Torres Straits species when there are

other better known species living in South African waters.

A. acerea is a very low species 15 X 7 mm., whereas Thiele’s measurement

of 18 X 10 mm. exactly fits some of the above-recorded specimens of plicata.

The Pieter Faure obtained no shells of any Arca species from the particular

area west of Cape Agulhas whence the Valdivia obtained agulhasensis and

‘acerea’. Dr. Muir found dead shells of plicata at Still Bay.

Arca (Barbatia) bistrigata Dnkr.

Arca bistrigata Dnkr., Braga, 1952, p. 105, pl. 8, fig. 6.

Upper part of posterior margin almost at right angles to dorsal margin of

hinge-line. Area moderate, ligament with 2-3 divergent lines. Ribs on middle

part subdivided by a sulcus (Braga: 2-3), nodulose; on anterior and posterior

parts undivided, rugulose. Internally greenish. Periostracum fimbriate. Length

28, alt. 15 mm.; Braga: 32 X 16 mm.

Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.; also Braga).

Remarks. ‘The subdivision of the ribs appears to begin at an earlier stage than

in erythraeensis.

Arca (Barbatia) obliquata Gray

Fis. 2c

Arca obliquata Gray, 1837, p. 65; Sowerby, 1892, p. 65; Johnson, 1904, p. 9; Krige, 1933, pp.

51, 52; van Bruggen, 1952, p. 12, pl. :, fig. 1 (worn specimen, bad photo).

Arca alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 182, pl. 46, figs. 9, 10; Turton, 1932, p. 216; Reinhart, 1935,

p- 26; Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 307.

Prodissoconch 0:25 mm., strongly convex, button-like, margin not raised

above succeding shell. In juveniles up to 3-4 mm. long the shape is oblong-oval,

the altitude being nearly the same fore and aft; but thereafter the altitude

increases posteriorly more rapidly than anteriorly. Area narrow, ligament

mostly posterior, with very oblique lines. Up to length 50, alt. 30 (greatest

altitude perpendicular to hinge-line; perpendicular from umbo to ventral

margin c. 19), width (valves together), 18 mm.

Fossil: Post Pliocene, Inhambane (Cox, 1939); Pleistocene; raised beach,

Algoa Bay (Johnson); Durban (Krige; also Geol. Survey specimens seen by

me).

Natal Point (Durban) (Krauss); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred

(Bartsch, Turton); Knysna, Mossel Bay, Still Bay, St. Sebastian Bay, Umzi-

kaba (North of Port St. Johns) (S. Afr. Mus.) ; Scottburgh (Natal) and Delagoa

Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Barzarute Island (S. Afr. Mus.).

374 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

False Bay; Umhlanga (Natal) and Durban Bay (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. This seems to be a littoral species; it was not taken by the Preter

Faure, and does not occur in any of the bottom-samples.

The Muir series from Still Bay includes juveniles from 1:5 mm. upw ards.

Arca (Barbatia) ae Brug.

Arca helblingi Bruguiére, 1789, p. 99.

Arca ovata Gmelin, 1790, p. 3307.

Arca velata Sowerby, 1833, p. 18; von Martens, 1880, p. 320.

Arca nivea Chemn., Krauss, 1848, p. 16; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 576; Turton, 1932, p. 217;

Krige, 1933, p. 51; Nardini, 1937, p. 241, pl. 15(9), fig. 15; Adam & Leloup, 1939, p. 41,

pl. 3, fig. 3.

Arca nivea var. velata Braga, 1952, p. 104, pl. 8, fig. 7.

Ribs on posterior part subdivided by a sulcus; contrast natalensis.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Durban (Krige).

Natal, living (Krauss); Durban and Natal, living (S. Afr. Mus.) ; Delagoa

Bay, living (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Port Alfred ‘very rare’ (presumably

dead) (Turton); Umpangazi, Zululand, living (U.C.T.). Durban harbour

sediments (Dr. Lester King).

Off Umtwalumi River (south of Scottburgh, Natal), 25 fathoms, 3 living;

off Umhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Krauss regarded helblingii as the juvenile of nivea. Sowerby identi-

fied P.F. shells as nea. My larger Delagoa Bay shells were labelled helblingu

by Tomlin.

Numerous odd valves, none over 14 mm. long, from the following locali-

ties: St. Francis Bay 24-34 fathoms; off Hood Point (East London), 49 fathoms;

off Cape Morgan, 77 fathoms; off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms; off

Tugela River (Natal), 65-80 fathoms; off Durnford Point (Zululand), go

fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.) may be referable to this species, which seems

moderately common on the Natal coast.

Arca (Barbatia) decussata Sow.

Arca decussata Sow., Thiele, 1931, p. 174; Prashad, 1932, p. 42 (reference) ; Braga, 1952, p. 105,

pl. 8, fig. 8; Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 307; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 37; Broekhuysen &

Taylor, 1959, p. 292.

Four living specimens from Table Bay, 136 fathoms, the largest 18 xX 10

m. (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.) were identified by Tomlin as decussata Sow.

Similar specimens were obtained at Saldanha Bay by U.C.T. The Pieter Faure

also obtained one living example, 11 mm., off East London, 47 fathoms.

There are no authentic specimens of decussata in South African Museum

for comparison. Braga’s figure of a larger shell is very similar to a shell identified

by Tomlin as helblingii (q.v.). |

Fossil: Post Pliocene, Inhambane (Cox, 1939).

Delagoa Bay (Braga); Kosi Bay and Inhambane (U.C.T.).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 375

Arca (Barbatia) cafria Bartsch

Arca cafria Bartsch, 1915, p. 183, pl. 38, figs. 1, 5.

Noetia cafria (Bartsch), Reinhart, 1935, p. 48.

Cardita rufanensis Turton, 1932, p. 131, pl. 60, no. 1615 (= juv.).

Prodissoconch 0-2 mm., smooth. Obliquely oval, deeper posteriorly;

margin, especially hind margin, scalloped. Radially ribbed, broad and narrow

ribs alternating, the broad ribs may be striated, and are sometimes double;

crossed by growth-lines and more or less nodulose; narrow ribs much more

deeply indented by the growth-lines and consequently beaded or moniliform.

In juveniles up to c. 1-5 mm. there are c. 15 radia] ribs, the growth-lines strong,

and the sculpture clathrate. Thereafter intermediate ribs develop.

Area with transverse grooves; at 5 mm. shell length 2 anterior, at 8 mm.

3 anterior, 3 posterior, at 17 mm. ¢. 7 anterior and 12 posterior. Teeth at 2°5

mm. shell length 10-11, at 4 mm. 16-17, at 7-8 mm. 22-25, at 10-12 mm.

26-28 those in the middle becoming very narrow, linear.

Margin internally crenulate. Posterior adductor scar bordered anteriorly

by a ridge or flange. Periostracum dark brown, fibrous-setose, chiefly in the

grooves between the ribs.

Length 14:2, alt. 8-5 mm. (Bartsch). A worn Port Alfred shell in South

African Museum 17:5 X 13 mm.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

Off Tugela River (Natal), 14 fathoms, 2 living, several valves 2-5-15 mm. ;

and 47 fathoms, 5 valves; off Tongaat (Natal), 46 fathoms, two valves; off

Umbhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 10 valves; off Illovo River (Natal), 30

fathoms, 8 valves; off Umkomaas (Natal), 40 fathoms, 2 valves; off Itongazi

(Natal), 25 fathoms, 2 valves; off Cove Rock (East London), 22 fathoms, 2

valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. The shape and the alternating broad and narrow ribs are distinctive.

Large shells are liable to become distorted from being cramped in crevices,

e.g. the Port Alfred shell mentioned above.

The Pieter Faure took no living shells, but several of the valves are quite

fresh and retain portions of the periostracum. The ligament grooves on the

area appear to be more numerous than shown in Bartsch’s fig. 5.

This species according to Lamy (1931, p. 305) appears to be very similar

to A. (Noetia) lateralis Rve., which he records (p. 304) from Walvis Bay.

The West African gambiensis Rve. also appears to have a similar shape and

alternating broad and narrow ribs.

Turton’s Cardita rufanensis appears to be undoubtedly a juvenile of this

species. There is even a suspicion of taxodont dentition to be seen in the

photograph.

Arca (Arcopsis) gibba Krss.

Arca lactea var. gibba Krauss, 1848, p. 16.

Arca lactea Smith, 1891, p. 394; Sowerby, 1892, p. 65.

Arca gibba Krss., Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 307; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 37, 129.

376 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Area wide. Ligament rhomboidal (triangular on each valve) trans-

versely striated, dark brown or blackish, occupying only about one half the

length of area. Length 17, alt. 12, width (valves together) 11-5 mm.

Fossil: Post Pliocene, Inhambane (Cox, 1939). |

Natal (Krauss); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby) ; Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

Living: Port Elizabeth (R. N. Kilburn, 1960, specimen seen by me);

Umzikaba (S. Afr. Mus.); Scottburgh, Natal (K.H.B.); Umhlanga, Inyoni

and Durban Bay (Natal) (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (K.H.B.; also U.W.).

Off Durnford Point (Zululand), 13 fathoms, 3; off Tugela River (Natal),

14 fathoms, several valves; off Morewood Cove (Natal), 27 fathoms, 2 valves

(S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. One specimen has a linear extension of the ligament posteriorly

along the dorsal hinge-line, but not extending to the end of the area.

South African Museum (coll. R. M. Lightfoot) has one worn valve from

Kalk Bay (False Bay). Unless some error has occurred, this must be a very

unusual ‘wash-up’; the species was not taken by the P.F. nor by U.C.T. in

False Bay; Dr. Muir did not obtain it at Still Bay. The farthest west locality

where it is known to be living is Port Elizabeth.

Thiele (1931, p. 174) considered gibba to be conspecific with afra Gmelin,

which occurs at Querimba Island and other localities on the coast of East

Africa.

Arca (Bathyarca) orientalis Thiele

is, 2c

Arca (Bathyarca) orientalis Thiele, 1931, p. 179, pl. 6(1), fig. 14.

Almost equivalve, but the left valve very slightly the larger, obliquely

inequilateral, hinge-line straight, nearly equal to length of shell. Fine concentric

and radiating ribs forming a more or less distinct cancellate sculpture, visible

on dead shells; on living shells the radial ribs are accentuated by the setose

periostracum, especially towards the margin. Periostracum overlapping margin. —

Teeth (3)4 anterior, oblique, (4)5 very oblique, almost horizontal (parallel

with hinge-line) posterior. Juveniles have 2 anterior and 3 posterior teeth.

Margin internally very obscurely crenulate, visible only near the dorsal margin

anteriorly and posteriorly. Length 5:5, alt. 4, hinge-line 4:5 mm. White with

brown periostracum.

35 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres; 35° 19’ S., 20° 12 Hy i@ommeries

(Thiele).

Off Umhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 3 valves; off Cape Natal (Durban),

40 fathoms, 13 living; off Hood Point (East London), 49 fathoms, 2 living;

33° 4'S., 27° 54’ E., 27 fathoms, one valve; 34° 26’ S., 25° 42’ E., 124 fathoms,

5 valves; off Cape St. Francis, 70 fathoms, 2 living, 2 valves; Browne’s Bank

(approx. 364° S., 214° E.), 80-100 fathoms, 3 living; off Cape St. Blaize, 125

fathoms, 5 living, 17 valves; Cape Point, N. 40° E., 120 fathoms, 3 living;

Cape Point N.E. 4 N., 145 fathoms, one living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

]

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 377

Bory oF, 17. 30 Es, 1,240 metres, 2 and one juv., living; 34° 17’_S.,

igo | r., 920 metres, one living; 34° 51 S., 23° 41’ E., 100 fathoms, one

living (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Dar-es-Salaam and Zanzibar Channel, 404 and 463 metres

(Thiele). 7

Remarks. There is no doubt that the P.F. specimens are conspecific with

those obtained by the Valdivia and described by Thiele. The Valdivia also

obtained specimens off the East African coast, which Thiele considered con-

specific in spite of certain minor differences. That may be correct, but in any

case Thiele, by figuring a specimen from the Agulhas Bank, has fixed this

locality (35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E.) as the type locality for orientalis.

Thiele’s description lacks details. The South African specimens were

stated to have ‘as a rule less numerous teeth’ than the East African specimens,

but the number of teeth in the latter was not mentioned, and no figure of the

teeth was given.

Similar in shape to the North Atlantic pectunculoides Scacchi (see Sars,

1878, pl. 4, figs. 2 a—c), and to the Persian Gulf anaclima Melvill & Standen

(geo. p54, fic. 6; also Thiele, 1931, pl. 6(1), fig. 13).

The posterior teeth in the present specimens are more horizontal than

shown in Sars’s figure. Thiele gave the number of teeth in East African speci-

mens of anaclima as usually 4. Here there are usually 4 anterior and 5 posterior

teeth; there may be only 3 anterior teeth or the outermost may be partly or

completely bifid, making 4 teeth. When there are only 4 posterior teeth, they

are quite horizontal; the outermost may be partly or completely bifid (i.e.

6 teeth, but this occurred in only one shell).

The teeth do not fit the figure of friele (Jeffreys, 1879, pl. 45, fig. 4).

A. profundicola Verrill & Smith (1885, p. 430, pl. 45, figs. 23, 23a) has

almost horizontal posterior teeth, but the total number of teeth is greater, and

the shell is more oblique. Dautzenberg (1927, p. 283) suggested that profundi-

cola and pteroessa Smith (1885, p. 262, pl. 17, figs. 4, 4 a, b) were synonymous;

but Smith’s figure shows the posterior teeth more oblique. Thiele (1931, pp. 172,

178) seemed doubtful about the synonymy.

One of the Hood Point shells is more oblique than the other shells, as

here figured, length 3, alt. 2-3 mm.; the other shell is less oblique, length 2-75,

alt. 2°5 mm.

The Cape Natal specimens are very fragile, but that may be due to long

sojourn in the bottom-sample saturated with formalin.

Gen. DELTAoDON Brnrd.

Barnard, 1962a, p. 249.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, area short and very narrow; umbones

approximate; no ventral gape; margin internally smooth. Anterior teeth

forming a D-shaped group, posterior teeth oblique, a shallow oblique groove

separating the two groups.

378 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Seems to differ from the other Arcid genera and subgenera in the greatly

reduced dorsal area, and the strong hinge with two groups of teeth. The

anterior group as a whole is D-shaped, and the individual teeth radiate and

bifurcate like the river mouths in a delta.

Deltaodon tugelae Brnrd.

Deltaodon tugelae Barnard, 1962a, p. 249, fig. 2.

From a bottom-sample off Natal—Zululand (exact locality not recorded)

(S. Afr. Mus. Ao477, P.F. coll.). One valve attached to a Xenophora pallidula,

trawled off the Zululand coast, 160-180 fathoms. |

Types in South African Museum; two cotypes in Natal Museum.

Named after the Tugela River, the boundary between Natal and Zululand.

Fam. Glycimeridae

Gen. Giycimeris Da Costa

(syn. PEcruncuLus Lam.)

1. Slightly inequilateral. About 24 narrow ribs with 2-4 intermediaries between

each pair i pytorg2 mame) ae j ; ; ae connollyi

2. Equilateral. Numerous ribs qalvecteal in “peat to nee grooves, bem ris and :

grooves finely striated. Up to 60-70 mm. .. ie queketti

3. Nearly equilateral. A few broad ribs, broader isis ae STooves. S. ‘Afcieaen

examples) 18mm. .. a af bi, “ic he ae i cf. pectiniformis

Glycimeris connollyt Tomlin

Bie) 03a ONG

Pectunculus inaequalis (non Sow.) Krauss, 1848, p. 18; Sowerby, 1892, p. 66.

Pectunculus arabicus (non Adams) Sowerby, 1892, p. 66.

Pectunculus castaneus (non Lam.) Sowerby, 1904, p. 4.

Glycimeris connollyi ‘Tomlin, 1923, p. 299, pl. 16, fig. 12; Turton, 1932, p. 215; van Bruggen,

1952, p. 12; Barnard, 1962b, p. 183.

Pectunculus kraussi Thiele, 1931, p. 193.

Glycimeris multistriata ‘Turton, 1932, p. 215, pl. 55, no. 1495.

Length a little more than altitude; slightly inequilateral; posterior margin

slightly pointed (i.e. less rounded than anterior margin). About 20-24 radiating,

narrow, well-defined ribs in middle part, with 4-5 fine riblets in the inter-

vening grooves; anterior and posterior parts with numerous fine riblets of equal

strength. Concentric growth-lines producing a finely beaded appearance on

the ribs, and a more or less punctate sculpture between the riblets in the

grooves. Teeth at 2 mm. shell length 8, at 3 mm. 10, at 5 mm. 12, at 10 mm. 16,

and in adult 20-24, those in the middle feeble and variable. Margin internally

crenulate; on an adult shell 5 crenulations cover 5 mm.

Periostracum thin, shortly fibrous, usually more or less abraded except

on the anterior and posterior parts of shell.

Up to length 31, alt. 28 mm. (Tomlin); 32 x 29 mm. (S. Afr.: Mus.).

Yellowish, marbled with reddish-brown zigzag or cuneiform marks,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 379

- uniform when full grown, periostracum brown. Interior becoming orange-

brown in beach-weathered shells.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

Table Bay (Krauss); False Bay, Mossel Bay (Tomlin); Table Bay, Her-

manus, Still Bay, Mossel Bay (S. Afr. Mus.); Port Alfred (Turton).

Off west coast of Cape Peninsula, 250 fathoms, odd valves (Sowerby,

E> coll.). .

ee 24 GH 93° 50 S., 25° 46" E.; 35°29" S.,. 21° 2’ E., 102

maemnes. 30 26 ., 20° 50’ E..(Thiele).

Dead shells: from numerous localities from Durban area (Umhloti,

Morewood, Illovo, Umkomaas), Cape Morgan and East London area, Algoa

Bay and Agulhas Bank, to False Bay; living: False Bay, 28 fathoms (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

Algoa Bay, Mossel Bay, False Bay, 34° 33’ S., 21° 28’ E., 67 metres,

living (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Tomlin’s specimens were evidently beach-worn, and neither his

description nor his photographic illustration express the characteristic sculptur-

ing of this species. In worn shells the ribs naturally tend to become broader.

In living and fresh shells the main ribs (in middle part of shell) are narrow

(Thiele: ‘fein’), with finer ones between them.

In shells up to c. 6-8 mm. long the ribs are all subequal in strength,

with here and there perhaps a finer intermediary; thereafter intermediaries

develop between each pair of main ribs, increasing in number from 1 to 4 or

sometimes 5. Thiele’s description is correct, except that the word ‘starkere’

seems to be a laps. cal. for ‘schwachere’.

Sowerby’s record of arabicus probably belongs here. If the specimen really

was arabicus, it was probably not South African (the species occurs in the Red

Sea, Madagascar, and possibly along the east coast of Africa).

Sowerby (1904) recorded ‘odd valves’ from the P.F. collection but he

returned 2 complete shells labelled castaneus.

This record, Krauss’s record from Table Bay, and 2 juvenile beach shells

in South African Museum, appear to be the only records from the west coast.

As shown by the P.F. bottom-samples the species is more abundant from Natal

to Algoa Bay, becoming less abundant westwards to False Bay.

Named after the late Major M. Connolly, author of the Monograph of

South African Non-marine Mollusca (Ann. S. Afr. Mus. xxxiii, 1939).

Aberr. an var. (fig. 3c). Among numerous typical examples of connollyz

found by Dr. A. R. H. Martin in Pleistocene deposits at Sedgefield, was a single

valve which has distinctive characters (Barnard, 1962b, p. 183).

The external sculpture is typical connollyi, but the valve is as high as long

(19°5 mm.), with prominent umbo, 8 posterior and 10 anterior teeth, with

feeble linear ones between, and 6 crenulations in a length of 5 mm. on the

margin. The valve is also heavier than equal-sized valves of typical connollyz.

If several examples had been found, a separate specific name might have

380 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

been justified. A parallel case occurs in pilosa-queketti, the fossil pilosa differing

from the living queketti in having more inflated umbones (v. infra). Also in

Tivela compressa—tomlini (p. 506).

Glycimeris queketti (Sow.)

Fig. 39d

Pectunculus queketti Sowerby, 1897, p. 27, pl. 7, figs. 8, 9; Braga, 1952, p. 106, pl. 9, fig. 6.

Glycimeris queketti (Sow.), Bartsch, 1915, p. 181; Krige, 1927, pp. 69, 77; Turton, 1932, p. 215;

Cox, 1939, p. 96; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129 (quecketti [sic]); Barnard, 1962b, p. 183.

Length and altitude subequal, nearly equilateral. Numerous radiating

ribs, rounded and not sharply defined, subequal in width to the grooves; both

ribs and grooves finely striated. Concentric growth-lines, more or less distinctly

marked by punctae when the bristly periostracum is abraded; and producing

an obliquely striate appearance on the lateral areas.

F Sooke

a 7.

Fic. 3. a, b. Glycimeris connollyi Tomlin, with detail of ribbing further enlarged. c. G. connollyi var.

from Sedgefield. d. outline of G. queketti Sow. superimposed on outline (dotted) of Newton’s

figure of {pzlosa.

Teeth at 4 mm. shell length 9-10, at 7 mm. 14, at 15 mm. 18, increasing

to 22-24, with a few feeble and indistinct ones in the middle. Margin internally

crenulate.

Periostracum thin, shortly fibrous, usually abraded except on lateral parts

of shell.

Up to length 65, alt. 65 mm. (Sowerby); 56 X 53 mm., 63 X 58 mm.,

and 78 x 76 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.).

Yellowish-brown, juveniles often with zigzag or arrow-like markings,

periostracum brown; impressions of adductor muscles with orange-brown

radial streaks.

Fossil: Post Pliocene; Inhambane (Cox).

Durban (Sowerby); Port Alfred, dead (Bartsch, Turton).

Natal: from Tugela River to Umtwalumi (between Umkomaas and Port

Shepstone), 27-54 fathoms, living and dead (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Delagoa Bay (Braga: also U.W.).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 381

Remarks. I have not seen the U.W. Delagoa Bay examples.

A comparison between the South African queketit and pectunculus (Linn.),

which occurs at Madagascar (Dautzenberg 1929), would be interesting.

In the Pliocene deposits at Redhouse and Koega River (Port Elizabeth)

very large shells up to 105 mm. occur, which have been identified with pilosa

(Linn.), a species from the European Mio-Pliocene deposits, and also living in

the Mediterranean. The South African fossil shells differ from quekett: in having

inflated umbones (fig. 3 d) (cf. supra p. 380) (Bullen Newton, 1913; p. 333,

pl. 19, figs. 3, 4).

Cox (1939, pp. 67, 82) considered that these fossil shells are probably

conspecific with shells from the Pliocene of Inhambane; and, although very

close to pilosa, regarded them as a distinct species: africana Cox (1939, p. 81,

pee2, fig. 11).

Two valves in South African Museum, the larger length 78, alt. 76 mm.,

are said to have been collected south of Skulpfontein Point, i.e. in the Honde-

klip Bay area (west coast). They do not differ from queketti; the umbones are

not inflated. They are worn nearly smooth externally, but internally the teeth

are not much worn, and the hinge-line area is shiny; there are orange-brown

patches at the adductor muscle scars.

Glycimeris (or Pectunculus) was not recorded by Haughton (1932) although

it had been recorded by Krige (1927, pp. 69, 77) from Velddrift, Berg River

mouth. But the genus occurs in the Bredasdorp Beds at De Hoop (Wybergh,

1920, p. 57).

Skulpfontein as a locality for quekett: is not fully acceptable in spite of

Krige’s west coast record (Barnard, 1962b, p. 183).

Glycimeris cf. pectiniformis (Lam.)

Pectunculus pectiniformis (Lam.), Bruguiére, 1797, pl. 311, fig. 5; Chenu, 1862, fig. 878; von

Martens, 1879, p. 741.

Some worn valves are comparable in general with pectiniformis Lam. as

represented in the figures quoted above.

There are 13-14 (11-12 injuv.) broad rounded ribs, subequal to or slightly

wider than the grooves; the surface is worn, but there do not appear to be any

subsidiary striae on the ribs (as are shown in Chenu’s fig. 877 of delesseriz).

Teeth at 4 mm. shell length g-10, at 1o mm. 12, and 16 in a larger valve.

Length 18, alt. 17 mm. A fragment indicates that the species may reach

25 mm.

Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, 2; off Umhloti River, 40 fathoms, one;

off Illovo River, 27-30 fathoms, one juv.; off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90

fathoms, 3 (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Querimba Island (von Martens).

Remarks. Smith (1891, p. 432) regarded pectiniformis as a synonym of the

earlier Cardium amboinense Gmelin 1790.

382 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

: Fam. Limopsidae

Three of the South African species are now shown to be incubatory:

Philobrya angulata and limoides, and Hochstetterina velaint.

Gen. Limopsis Da Costa

Clear-cut diagnoses of species in this genus seem difficult to formulate.

The varying obliquity of the shell, and the convexity of the anterior and posterior

margins are not helpfully expressed by such words as ‘valde obliqua’, “un peu

plus oblique’, ‘wenig schief’. In spite of this difficulty in defining species,

varieties also have been named, e.g. 5 varieties of minuta, 8 varieties of aurita!

Study of the P.F. material seems to show that there are 3 distinct species

inhabiting the continental shelf down to 200 fathoms, and another species

(recently discovered) living at greater depths.

There is no difficulty in distinguishing these South African species accord-

ing to the diagrams here given (fig. 4). Exact mathematical agreement must

not be expected in every individual shell, especially in worn valves. Two lines

perpendicular to the (upper) hinge-line divide the shell into 3 areas, the relative

proportions of which are easy to measure. Each species may thus be defined by a

formula, supported by other characters such as number of teeth, presence or

absence of crenulations on internal margin, and external sculpture. An addi-

tional perpendicular from the umbo is required in case two species have the

same outline, but differently placed umbones.

1. Altitude usually less than length, sometimes subequal.

(a) Umbo approximately in middle of hinge-line.

1. a twice in m, and 14 times in p. Margin internally crenulate .. Als chuni

li. a 3 times in m, anal 24 in p. Margin internally smooth .. 3 cf. straminea*

(b) Umbo distinctly nearer to anterior end. Shoulders at ends of hinge-line

rectangular. Sculpture cancellate we aii NE B Ae .«, atalis® *

2. Altitude greater than length x Me 7 x: oe he ay anceps

The question, however, arises as to the correct names of the South African

species. There can scarcely be any doubt that Adams obtained a specimen of

one or other of the two species of which numerous examples were later obtained

by the Valdivia and described by Thiele (and also by the P.F.).

Adams (1862, p. 230) stated: ‘This is the species actually dredged from

136 fathoms [sic. Voy. Samarang, p. 76 has: 120], off the Cape, during the

voyage of H.M.S. Samarang.’ His description was quite inadequate, but his

species was synonymized with minuta by both Jeffreys and Smith. Authentic

examples of minuta are not available to me. The figures of minuta differ ; Jeffreys’s

1879 figure shows a shell higher than long; Sars’s 1878 figure shows the height

subequal to the length. Lamy (1912) accepted both figures as applying to

minuta; and also the figures given by Bush (1893); and Verrill & Bush (1898),

which agree with Sars’s figure.

* Barnard, 1963b, p. 449.

** Barnard, Ann. Natal Museum. [In press.]

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 383

In face of this uncertainty only recourse to Adams’s Type (if still extant)

can settle the question. If abyssicolais a high species, Adams’s name will displace

anceps Thiele; if it is subcircular, chuni Thiele will become a synonym. In the

meantime Thiele’s specific names are used here.

All the species have a bristly periostracum which overlaps the margin of

the shell, especially ventrally.

Limopsis chuni Thiele

Fig. 4a

Limopsis chuni Thiele, 1931, p. 183, pl. 6 (1), figs. 18 a—c.

Limopsis agulhasensis Thiele, 1931, p. 183, pl. 6 (1), fig. 19.

Fic. 4. a, b, c. outlines of Limopsis chuni Thiele, anceps Thiele, and a species cf. straminea Smith.

d. L. cf. straminea, foot. e, f. internal and external views of L. multistriata (Forskal).

Subcircular, length slightly greater than altitude. (Formula a twice in m,

14 times in p; b 14 times inc). Concentric lirae, also fine radial striae. Internally

no radial ribs; whole margin finely crenulate. Lower margin of hinge slightly

arched. Teeth interrupted in middle; at 2 mm. shell length 3 teeth on each

side, at 4 mm. 4, at 10 mm. 6—7 anterior, 5—6 posterior, increasing to respec-

tively 8-9 (10) and 7-8 at 33 mm. length.

Up to length 35, alt. 30 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.); 36 x 32-33 mm. (Thiele).

Foot with posterior process, byssus rudimentary.

Beil 3.10 03) Ea) L7oaetress 35.10) 9.) 29% 2" E., 500 metres (chun?)

(Thiele). 35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres (agulhasensis) (Thiele).

From: off Cape Vidal (Zululand) 80-100 fathoms, Cape Natal (Durban),

54 and 85 fathoms, and the East London area, 39 fathoms, to Algoa Bay and

St. Francis Bay, across the Agulhas Bank to Cape Point, off the west coast of

384 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

the Cape Peninsula, off Table Bay (e.g. Lion’s Head S8.E. $ E., 42 miles, 156

fathoms) (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

32° 43’ §., 17° 39’ E., 222 metres, one living (Africana TD pera)

Remarks. Although not recorded by Sowerby in his 1904 Report on the

P.F. Bivalves, specimens were submitted to him, and identified as belcheri

Ad. & Rve.

L. belchert Ad. & Rve. was described (as Pectunculus belchert) in 1850 from

the Cape, but A. Adams in 1862 said it was really obtained in the Korean

Archipelago. Both Krauss (1852, p. 29) and Sowerby (1892, p. 66) listed

belchert from the Cape, the latter in ignorance of, or in spite of, Adams’s

correction.

It is not clear, however, why Thiele instituted agulhasensis. Both species

have approximately the same shape, the same number of teeth, and a crenulate

inner margin. The P.F. material shows that agulhasensis is only the young of

chunt.

The P.F. took living examples off the Zululand and Natal coast, but they

(and the dead shells) are all of small size. The largest specimens came from off

Cape Point and the west coast.

Limopsis anceps Thiele

Fig. 4)

Limopsis anceps Thiele, 1931, p. 184, pl. 6 (1), figs. 20, 20 a.

Altitude greater than length, more noticeable in the larger shells; anterior

margin almost perpendicular to hinge-line. (Formula: a 3 times in m, 2% in pf,

b 1% times in c.) Concentric lirae, also faint striae marking the radial arrange-

ment of bristles. Internally a few rather broad radial pleats anteriorly and pos-

teriorly, with finer ones between the two series; these pleats are in very low

relief, but the stronger anterior and posterior ones form about 6 definite undula-

tions on the margin (best seen in oblique view); Thiele’s fig. 20 a shows these

undulations on the posterior margin only. Lower margin of hinge slightly

angular, as in Jeffreys’s figure of cristata (1879, pl. 46, fig. 8) (contrast minuta

pl 46; ies)

Teeth interrupted in middle, at 2 mm. shell length 2-3 on each side, at

4mm. 3-4, increasing to 5-6.

Up to length 10, alt. 12 mm.

Foot with posterior process, byssus rudimentary.

35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres; 35° 267 S., 20° 56 1H. (ihteleye

From: off Cape Vidal, Durnford Point, and O’Neil Peak (Zululand),

80-100 fathoms, and Natal coast, 30-85 fathoms, to the East London area,

Algoa Bay, and Agulhas Bank, but not west of Cape St. Blaize (approximately

22° E.), except the Valdivia record from 20° 56’ E.

Remarks. More abundant off the Zululand and Natal coast, where nume-

rous living examples were taken, than farther southwestwards; only one living

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 385

_example was taken off Cape Morgan, and only dead shells in Algoa Bay and

on the Agulhas Bank.

Limopsis multistriata (Forskal)

Fig. 4.6, f

Arca multisiriata Forskal, 1775, p. 123.

Limopsis multistriata (Forskal) Chenu, 1862, fig. 881; Lamy, 1912, p. 132; Prashad, 1932, p. 58

(references and synonymy); Nardini, 1937, p. 249.

Pectunculus multistriata (Forskal) Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 582.

Limopsis lata (non Smith), Braga, 1952, p. 107.

Equilateral, subcircular. About 12 riblets on early part of shell (middle

portion), with an intermediary between each pair developing later; at the

margin in the larger shell the intermediaries are almost as strong as the primary

riblets. Growth-lines well developed in the grooves, producing a cancellate

sculpture. Margin internally wide, not crenulate. Largest shell with 27-28,

the 9 mm. shell with 16, smallest with 12 teeth, the middle one or two feeble.

Periostracum fibrous-fimbriate. Length and alt. 4:5 mm.; length 9:5, alt.

9g mm.; length and alt. 24 mm.

Foot with posterior process, byssus rudimentary.

Delagoa Bay, 2 juv. living (U.W.; also Braga); Inhambane, one living

(U.C.T.); Durban, dead valves (coll. Kilburn).

Distribution. Red Sea; Indo-Pacific. Quaternary: Madagascar.

Remarks. This is probably the shell which Braga recorded as the New

Zealand lata Smith; a most unlikely identification.

-Limopsilla pumilio (Smith)

Limopsis pumilio Smith, 1904a, p. 43, pl. 3, figs. 27, 28.

Limopsilla pumilio (Smith), Thiele, 1923, p. 290; 1931, p. 187, pl. 6 (1), figs. 27, 27 a; Turton,

1932, p. 215, pl. 55, no. 1490 (juv.).

Length and altitude up to 3 mm.; Smith, altitude 3-25 mm.

Port Alfred (Smith, Turton); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. Muir coll.).

Boe 4t. oto. 03° E. (Table Bay), 178 metres; 34° 51 S., 19° 37’ E., 80

Memes 192 50 9., 25 48’ EK.; 35 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres; 35 26’ S.,

20° 56’ E. (Thiele).

Umkomaas (Natal), 40 fathoms, one valve; Sandy Point (north of Kei

River mouth), 51 fathoms, one valve; 34° 26’ S., 25° 42’ E., 124 fathoms, 9

walyes: 94° 5 S., 25 55 E., 67 fathoms, 13 valves; 33° 50’ S., 25° 54’ E.,

4 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Thiele).

Pleurodon pretiosus (Gould)

Nuculina pretiosus Gould, 1861, p. 31.

Nuculina ovalis (non Wood), Smith, 1885, p. 230, pl. 19, figs. 1, 1 a, b.

Limopsis pretiosus Thiele, 1931, p. 1873; 1934, fig. 794.

Limopsis sp. Turton, 1932, p. 215, pl. 55, no. 1492.

386 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Up to altitude 4 mm. Living examples are chestnut-brown in colour.

Simon’s Bay (False Bay), 15-20 fathoms (Gould, Smith); Port Alfred

(Turton).

34°51’ S., 19° 31’ E., 80 metres; 34° 8’ S., 24° 50° E., So mewess 42 age

26 Aus wo ( Uele):

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, 2 valves; 34° 5’ S., 25° 55’ E.,

67 fathoms, many valves; 34° 5’ S., 25° 43’ E., 52 fathoms, 6 valves; off Cape

St. Blaize, 60 fathoms, 3 valves, and 125 fathoms, 6 valves; False Bay, 22

fathoms, many valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: Algoa Bay, 68 fathoms, Plettenberg Bay, 43-61 fathoms, and

34° 51’ S., 23° 41’ E., 100 fathoms (U.C.T.). Off Saldanha Bay, 150 fathoms;

off Lamberts Bay, 92 fathoms (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Thiele).

Gen. PuitopryA Carpenter

Philobrya meridionalis (Smith) (see Melvill & Standen, 1907, p. 145) needs

a new name, if it has not already received one (? = desolations Lamy, 1936,

pp. 112, 113). Mytilus meridionalis Smith 1885 was preoccupied by Krauss 1848,

and transference to another genus will not resuscitate a still-born name.

Nevertheless the species was listed by Thiele (1912, p. 268) as Philobrya

meridionalls.

On the other hand, the transference of Hochstetteria limoides Smith 1904

to the genus Philobrya necessitates a new name to avoid conflict with Philobrya

limoides Smith 1907.

Philobrya angulata (Sow.)

Fig. 54

Neocardia angulata Sowerby, 1892, p. 63, pl. 3, fig. 66.

Hochstetteria alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 184, pl. 39, figs. 6, 7.

Philobrya angulata (Sow.), Thiele, 1931, p. 190; van Bruggen, 1952, p. 6, fig. 1 (shell), fig. 2

(map).

Prodissoconch length 9:5, alt. 0-35 mm., slightly domed in middle of hinge-

line, with 5-6 radiating, bifurcate riblets in middle part of shell, anteriorly

and posteriorly 5-6 riblets branch off and curve towards the hinge-line; riblets

not reaching margin which forms a strong raised rim.

Periostracum brown, scarious, especially on the riblets, which makes them

appear broader than they really are, overlapping the margin, sometimes to the

extent of 1 mm.

Up to length 6, alt. 6-75 mm. (P.F. coll.).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); East London

(S. Afr. Mus.) ; Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

False Bay and Port Elizabeth, living, attached to Hydroids; Algoa Bay,

15 fathoms (U.C.T.).

St. Francis Bay, Algoa Bay, and Agulhas Bank (Thiele).

—=~ — sO ee Te

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 387

Common in bottom-samples from numerous localities extending from off

the Tugela River (Natal), East London, Port Alfred area, Algoa Bay, Agulhas

Bank, to False Bay (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

West coast of Cape Peninsula (34° 11’ S., 18° 20’ E.), 15 fathoms, living;

Liideritzbucht, 71 metres (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Thiele).

Remarks. Juveniles are almost subcircular, and not all full-grown shells

are slightly obliquely oblong. The angularity of Sowerby’s figure seems

exaggerated.

I Oe

== a

Fic. 5. Prodissoconchs, with longitudinal and transverse profiles, of: a. Philobrya angulata (Sow.).

b. smithi nom. nov., c. pileata Thiele. d. Hochstetterina velaini (Smith).

Incubating examples were obtained by the P.F. off Cape St. Blaize, 125

fathoms, off Cape St. Francis, 70 fathoms; and by U.C.T. in False Bay and off

Port Elizabeth.

Van Bruggen inserted in his map of the recorded localities ‘Fish Bay’ in its

correct position: west of Cape St. Blaize; but the Valdivia locality was Great

Fish Bay in Angola (Valdivia St. 81. 16° 25’ S., 11° 41’ E.).

Philobrya paramoea (Bartsch)

Hochstetteria paramoea Bartsch, 1915, p. 184, pl. 39, fig. 4.

_ Philobrya paramoea (Bartsch), Thiele, 1931, p. 191.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

4.51 5-, 19° 37. E., 80 metres; 95° 26’ S., 20° 56’ E. (Thiele).

Prodissoconch slightly domed in middle, radiately ribbed, with marginal

rim.

388 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Shell with 8-9 radial ribs, rounded, not slender as stated by Bartsch, nor

sharp as his figure suggests.

Remarks. 1 am uncertain whether this is not a form or variation of angulata.

The present material from Still Bay, and some Port Alfred valves received

from Turton, are worn and do not show the radiating riblets on the prodisso-

conch very clearly, but they probably run in two directions as in angulata.

Philobrya pileata Thiele

Fig. 5¢

Philobrya pileata Thiele, 1931, p. 192, pl. 7(2), fig. 32.

Prodissoconch convex in middle, with 2 strong knobs, and smaller granules,

and short more or less radial ridges, a narrow marginal rim.

Shell with 12-14 rounded radial ribs, slightly nodulose where crossed by

the concentric lirae. 2-1 x 2°5 mm.

SAy iL oes oh ai E., 80 metres; 35° 16’ S., 22° 26" E: (iineley:

34° 5 25 55° E., 67 fathoms, 14 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

34° 48! S. 29 20ebn. ‘Bo fathoms (U.C.T.).

Remarks. A species neatly characterized by its prodissoconch. The ribs

on the shell are rounded as in lzmoides, not sharp as in angulata.

Philobrya smitht nom. nov.

Fig. 5 ob

Hochstetteria limoides Smith, 1904, p. 42, pl. 3, fig. 25; Bartsch, 1915, p. 184; Turton, 1932, p. 219.

Philobrya limoides Smith, 1904; Thiele in Thiele & Jaeckel, 1931, p. 191.

Prodissoconch 0:5 < 0:3 mm., with c. 12 radiating riblets in middle part,

and 6-7 riblets curving upwards in anterior and posterior parts, riblets reaching

the margin which has no raised rim.

Shell up to length 3, alt. 3:3 mm. (U.C.T.). Periostracum thin, pale

brown.

Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton) ; Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. Muir coll.).

34° 51'S. 19" 37’ E., 80 metres; 33° 50’ S., 25° 48’ E.; 35° 16° See

155 metres; 95° 267.8... 20750. E.c(ihiele)-

Many specimens ies two stations in Algoa Bay, 67 and 124 fathoms;

2 valves from off Cape Infanta, 46 fathoms; 4 valves from East London area,

43 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: False Bay, containing juveniles (U.C.T.); 34° 51’ S., 19° 55° E.,

22 metres (U.C.T.); west coast of Cape Peninsula (34° 11’ S., 18° 20’ E.),

15 fathoms (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Philobrya sp. juv. Thiele (1931, p. 193, pl. 7(2), fig. 34) may

perhaps be a juvenile of this species; the shell has 7 ribs in the middle part, but

the anterior and posterior parts are smooth. 1-5 x 1-6 mm. Off Table Bay,

178 metres, one valve (Thiele).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 389

Philobrya africana Bartsch

Philobrya africana Bartsch, 1915, p. 185, pl. 46, figs. 1, 2; Thiele, 1931, p. 191; Turton, 1932,

p- 219, pl. 56, no. 1527.

Philobrya africana var. attenuata Turton, 1932, p. 220, pl. 57, no. 1528.

Prodissoconch similar to that of angulata. Shell smooth. A thin, pale brown

periostracum, slightly scarious along the later growth-lines, and overlapping the

margin. Up to length 5, alt. 6-5 mm.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton) ; Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. Muir coll.).

S4°51 9.,19 37 E., 80 meires; 35° 29'S., 21° 2’ E., 102 metres; 35° 26’ 5.,

20° 56’ E. (Thiele).

Algoa Bay 67 fathoms, several valves; off Gericke Point (Knysna area)

46 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

West coast of Cape Peninsula (34° 11’ S., 18° 20’ E.), 15 fathoms (U.C.T.).

Hochstetterina velaint (Smith)

Fig. 5d

Hochstetteria velaini Smith, 1904a, p. 42, pl. 3, fig. 24; Thiele, 1931, p. 189.

Hochstetteria decafitata Thiele, 1931, p. 189, pl. 6(1), fig. 30.

Hochstetteria kowiensis Turton, 1932, p. 219, pl. 56, no. 1524 (juv.).

Prodissoconch length o-6, alt. 0-5 mm., smooth. Shell with thin brown

periostracum. Length 4, alt. 4-75 mm.

Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton).

Algoa Bay and Agulhas Bank, 80—155 metres (Thiele) ; 35° 16’ S., 22° 26’

E., 155 metres, one valve (decapitata) (Thiele).

Fairly abundant in the P.F. bottom-samples from off the Tugela River

(Natal) to Algoa Bay, across Agulhas Bank, to False Bay, 22-124 fathoms;

but only one valve was taken in False Bay (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

33° 38’ S., 26° 54’ E., 30 metres, living, containing juveniles; also Algoa

Bay, 15-46 fathoms, Plettenberg Bay, 5-60 fathoms, and 34° 51’ S., 23° 41’ E.,

100 fathoms (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Thiele).

Remarks. The shape varies somewhat. The length may equal the altitude,

or occasionally may slightly exceed it (this may perhaps be due to wear).

Older examples tend to be more oblique than younger ones. The prominence

of the umbones also varies; and a very slight tilting of the shell can alter

the appearance. The crenulation of the margin may be complete, or it

may be interrupted in one or more places, especially in dead and worn

shells.

Thus the present material (over 150 specimens) casts doubt on the validity

of decapitata, which was based on a single valve.

Complete (bivalve) examples were taken by the P.F. off Cape Natal, 54

fathoms (7 examples) ; off Tugela River, 65-80 fathoms (2) ; off Cape St. Blaize,

125 fathoms (2) ; and East London area 43 fathoms (one).

390 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fam. Mytilidae

Jukes-Browne, 1905; Soot-Ryen, 1955.

Perna perna (Linn.)

Mytilus perna (Linn.), Krauss, 1848, p. 23; Jukes-Browne, 1905, p. 218; Lamy, 1931, p. 305;

1936, p. 130; Stephenson et al., 1938, p. 12, pl. 3; Eyre & Stephenson, 1938, p. 35; Braga,

1952, p. 100, pl. 9, fig. 4.

Mytilus elongatus Lam., Fritsch, 1868, p. 74.

White line below the ligament (resilial ridge) pitted. No anterior adductor;

anterior retractor byssi long oval, far forward; posterior retractor byssi divided,

forming two separate scars. Hinge with 2 teeth in right, one in left valve (or

vice versa).

Length up to 170 mm. (Thiele: Great Fish Bay).

Fossil: Pleistocene, Durban (Geol. Surv. S. Afr.).

Natal (Krauss). False Bay, Still Bay, Mossel Bay, Durban, Delagoa Bay

(S. Afr. Mus.). Delagoa Bay (Braga; also U.W.). False Bay, Still Bay, Knysna,

Port Elizabeth, East London, Isipingo, Durban, Kosi Bay, Inhambane

(Ue ise

Walvis Bay (Lamy); Swakopmund (S. Afr. Mus.); Liideritzbucht

(CECE

Distribution. Red Sea, Aden, Madagascar, Mediterranean, north-west and

west coast of Africa as far south as Great Fish Bay. Straits of Magellan, Brazil.

Remarks. The only South African Mytilid with a pitted resilial ridge.

Isolated examples have been found on the west coast of the Cape Peninsula,

and at Ysterfontein (between Table Bay and Saldanha Bay) (U.C.T.).

+ Mytilus tomlint Haughton, 1926, may be synonymous. See: Barnard

TOO2D, Oe tag:

Chloromytilus meridionalis (Krss.)

Mytilus meridionalis Krauss, 1848, p. 21, pl. 2, fig. 7; Johnson, 1904, p. 9; Jukes-Browne, 1905,

p. 218; Swart, 1926, p. 275, text-figs. 1-3; Lamy, 1931, p. 305.

Mytilus chorus f. meridionalis Lamy, 1936, p. 144.

Mytilus edulis (non Linn.), Krige, 1933, pp. 51, 52-

Not Mytilus meridionalis Smith, 1885, nom. preocc. See Philobrya (Limopsidae).

No pits on the white line below ligament (resilial ridge). No anterior

adductor. Posterior retractor byssi scars continuous. Hinge with one tooth

(right or left valve) fitting between 2 teeth on opposite valve, or sometimes 2

teeth in both valves. Caecum containing crystalline style very long.

Length up to 114 mm. (Krauss: 44 1n.).

Fossil: Post Pliocene; Inhambane (Cox, 1939); Pleistocene; Durban

(Krige) (sed?), Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

East and west coasts, Elim (Bredasdorp Division) (Krauss) ; Port Elizabeth

(Sowerby) ; Natal and Port Alfred (Bartsch, .Turton); Saldanha Bay, Dassen

Island, Table Bay, False Bay, Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.); Liideritzbucht, Port

Nolloth, Lamberts Bay and Olifants River (west coast), False Bay and Her-

manus (U.C.T.); Walvis Bay (Lamy); Beira (Lamy).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF 8.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 391

Remarks. If the extreme localities (Lamy) are accepted, this species extends

all around southern Africa from Walvis Bay to Beira. There is, however, only

one record from Natal (Bartsch) and no great reliance can be placed on the

provenance of that specimen. Krauss gave east and west coasts, but mentioned

only one locality (Elim) on the south coast east of Cape Point. U.C.T. has not

found it at any locality east of Hermanus; nor has U.W. found it at Delagoa

Bay.

The Beira record therefore should be regarded as due to some error in

labelling; and Port Alfred taken as the extreme easterly limit of this species.

Apparently it has not been taken living in any locality east of Hermanus.

Krige’s fossil material should be re-examined. Material submitted to me

by the Geological Survey South Africa (1958) contained only perna. Cox’s

1939 material might also be re-examined.

Gen. SEmiImyTILus Soot-Ryen

Soot-Ryen, 1955, p- 25.

White line (resilial ridge) below ligament not pitted. Anterior adductor

present. Anterior retractor elongate, divided into two. Posterior retractor (foot

and byssus) continuous. Hinge without any teeth. Lunule small, circumscribed

by a fine line.

The only species is algosus (Gould) from the west coast of South America

(Ecuador to Chile) and Juan Fernandez Islands. See Soot-Ryen, 1955, p. 25,

pl. 4, fig. 17, text-figs. 8, 9, 14, 15, 16. A specimen 28 mm. long is figured.

Specimens collected by U.C.T. at Cape Cross, South West Africa,

July 1957, undoubtedly belong to this genus. Soot-Ryen’s description of

algosus defined the genus but disclosed no characters which might serve as

specific differences between the South American and the present specimens.

They may be conspecific. Aulacomya has an analogous distribution.

Aulacomya magellanica (Chemn.)

Mytilus magellanicus Chemnitz, 1785, p. 164, pl. 83, figs. 742, 743; Lamy, 1936, p. 147.

Mytilus crenatus Lamarck, 1819, p. 38; Krauss, 1848, p. 24.

Mytilus capensis Dunker, 1846, p. 108 (= juv.); Lamy, 1936, pp. 147, 149.

Aulacomya magellanicus Jukes-Browne, 1905, p. 218; Thiele, 1931, p. 169.

Aulacomya ater Soot-Ryen, 1955, p- 33-

No pits on resilial ridge. No anterior adductor, except in juveniles; anterior

retractor byssi elongate; posterior retractor byssi scars continuous, but the

muscles divided into 3 bands; posterior retractor pedis slender. Hinge with a

toothlike projection in left valve fitting into a depression on right valve.

Length up to 82 mm.

Table Bay, Saldanha Bay (Krauss) ; Port Elizabeth and Natal (Sowerby) ;

Port Alfred (Turton) ; Swakopmund, Saldanha Bay, Dassen Island, Table Bay,

False Bay, Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.); Liideritzbucht, Port Nolloth, Lamberts

Bay, Saldanha Bay, False Bay, Hermanus, and Mossel Bay (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Straits of Magellan; Falkland Islands; Kerguelen Island.

392 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Gen. Mopro.us Linn.

Shell typically smooth, lunule dull. Hinge-line and margins not crenulate.

Anterior adductor scar elongate, placed ventrally; posterior retractor and

adductor scars continuous.

Modiolus auriculatus Kuss.

Mics 6ic. 1d

Modiola auriculatus Krauss, 1848, p. 20, pl. 2, fig. 4; von Martens, 1880, p. 318; Smith, 1891,

p. 340; Odhner, 1919, p. 25; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 572; Turton, 1932, p. 228; Lamy,

1936, p. 289.

Tapes [sic] auriculata (Krss.), Schwarz, 1910, p. 116.

The shape varies; individuals cramped for growing space become very

short and deep. Periostracum hairs simple, filiform.

Length up to 53 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene; Port Elizabeth (Schwarz).

Natal (Krauss); Port Alfred (dead) (Bartsch, Turton); Inyoni Rocks,

Amanzimtoti, Natal (U.C.T.); Inhambane (U.C.T.); Mozambique Island

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Suez, Persian Gulf, Seychelles, Diego Garcia,

Anjouan Islands, Europa Island, Madagascar, Mauritius.

Remarks. Shells transitional between auriculatus and philippinarum have been

recorded (Lamy, 1936, p. 287).

Modiolus sirahensis Jouss.

Fig. 6 b

Modiola rhomboidea Hanley [ined.] Clessin, 1889, p. 103, pl. 26, fig. 10; Sowerby, 1904, p. 3;

Lynge, 1909, p. 130.

Modiola rhomboidea Reeve (non Hanley), Tomlin, 1923, p. 51.

Modiola sirahensis Jousseaume, 1891, p. 222; Lamy, 1937, p. 325.

One specimen, 40 16 mm., is quite fresh and was probably taken alive.

The hind end is obliquely truncate, the hind margin very slightly concave.

The growth-lines indicate that even when the shell was only 10 mm. long, the

hind margin was obliquely truncate. The hinge-line is approximately three-

quarters of the total length.

Off Tugela River (Natal), 25 fathoms (Sowerby, P.F. coll.) (S. Afr. Mus.

No. A5393).

Distribution. Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Siam, China, Japan.

Remarks. Sowerby in 1904, and on the label attached to the specimen,

attributed the species to Hanley; Tomlin attributed it to Reeve. Lamy (1937,

pp- 321 and 325) regarded rhomboidea Rve. as a synonym of the West African

stultorum Jouss., and rhomboidea Hanley as a synonym of the Indo-Pacific

sirahensis Jouss. As the South African specimens are far more likely to be the

latter species, I follow Sowerby in identifying them as rhomboidea of Hanley,

and figured by Clessin, for which Lamy adopted Jousseaume’s name.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 393

Modiolus philippinarum Hanley

Fig. 6a

Modiola philippinarum Hanley, 1844, p. 15; 1845, p. 235, pl. 24, fig. 26; Odhner, 1919, pp. 6, 25;

Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 572; Prashad, 1932, p. 72, pl. 2, figs. 25, 26; Lamy, 1936, p. 284;

Cox, 1939, p- 73; pl. 1, fig. 6; Braga, 1952, p. 1o1, pl. 8, fig. 3; Macnae & Kalk, 1958,

Pp. 43, 129, fig. 23d.

Modiola lignea (non Reeve), Sowerby, 1892, p. 64; Johnson, 1904, p. 11; Bartsch, 1915, p. 189;

Marton, 1932, p. 227.

A large specimen identified by Tomlin: greatest length 87 mm., hinge-line

c. 44 mm.

More oblique than szrahensis, especially when old; hind margin convex,

hinge-line approximately one half the total length.

Fossil: Miocene, Inhambane (Cox); Pleistocene, Port Elizabeth (Johnson)

(sed ?).

Z-

Fic. 6. a, Modiolus philippinarum Hanley. b, M. sirahensis Jouss. c, M. auriculatus Krss., three

variations in shape (arrow in largest shell points to position of anterior retractor scar). d, perio-

stracum hair.

Natal (sed?) juveniles 14-30 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.); Delagoa Bay (S. Afr.

Mus. adult coll. K.H.B.; also Braga; also U.W.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. Juvenile shells, 11 mm. long, from 33° 03’ S., 27° 55’ E., 27

metres (U.C.T.), and 4-5 mm. long from False Bay (U.C.T.) correspond in

shape with the growth-lines on the larger juveniles (14-30 mm.) and the adult

specimen recorded above. They are glossy bright brown in colour.

Sowerby (1892), Johnson, Bartsch, and Turton recorded the Australian

lignea Rve. from Port Elizabeth and Port Alfred. The ‘dark brown, very shiny

shells’ (Turton) are more likely to be the juveniles of philippinarum.

Septifer bilocularis (Linn.)

Rice. 7 a, 0

Tichogonia kraussi (Kien.), Krauss, 1848, p. 26.

Septifer kraussii (Kien.), Turton, 1932, p. 227.

Septifer nicobaricus Sowerby, 1897, p. 27.

394 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Septifer bilocularis (Linn.), Odhner, 1917, p. 18, figs. 1, 2; Prashad, 1932, p. 69, pl. 2, figs. 21-24

(references) ; Lamy, 1936, p. 240 (references); van Bruggen, 1952, p. 13; Day & Morgans,

1956, p. 307; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 34, 36, 129.

Modiola subtriangularis Turton, 1932, p. 228, pl. 59, no. 1592 (= juv.).

Fossil: Post Pliocene, Inhambane (Cox, 1939) ; Pleistocene, Durban (Geol.

Surv. S. Afr.).

Off Umkomaas (Natal), 40 fathoms, several juv. valves 4-7 mm.; off

O’Neil Peak (Zululand) 55 fathoms, 1 juv. valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.)

Jeffrey’s Bay (dead) (van Bruggen); Port Alfred (dead) (Turton).

Living: Port Elizabeth (S. Afr. Mus. R. Kilburn coll.); Durban and

Umpangazi (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Fic. 7. a, b, Septifer bilocularis (Linn.), hinge of left valve of

juvenile (total length 5 mm.) and of adult. c, Adtpicola

pelagica (Forbes, Woodward).

Distribution. Red Sea, Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. Turton’s photo of the interior of no. 1592 shows distinctly the

internal shelf not retouched (as is the hinge-line).

Specimens occur in which the margin of the septum is evenly curved,

others in which there is a slight notch (cf. Odhner, fig. 2 b,c).

Gen. BRACHIDONTES Swainson

(emend. Brachyodontes Agassiz, Brachydontes Gray).

Stephenson (1947, pp. 267, 268) mentioned a small purplish-black mussel

common in Natal and referred to in previous papers as variabilis and as capensis.

He said (p. 268) that ‘. . . two forms are figured by Krauss... , and it is very

difficult to make out from the figures which of them applies to the Natal species

—there is little difference between them in any case’ [italics mine]. He identified the

Natal specimens with the figure of variabilis, whereas Tomlin preferred to

identify them with the capensis figure.

Surely (pace Stephenson and Tomlin) Krauss’s two figures clearly show

entirely different species. There is no difficulty in separating the typical form of

variabilis from capensis. There is, however, some doubt as to the correct inter-

pretation of Krauss’s figure of the var. semistriata (v. infra).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 395

Brachidontes variabilis (Krss.)

Fig. 8 a—c

Mytilus variabilis Krauss, 1848, p. 25, pl. 2, fig. 5; Bartsch, 1915, p. 188; Turton, 1932, p. 226.

Brachidontes variabilis (Krss.), Tomlin, 1927, pp. 302, 320; Prashad, 1932, p. 66; Lamy, 1936,

p-. 176; Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 307; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 118, 129.

Brachidontes capensis (non Krauss), Eyre & Stephenson, 1938, p. 35.

- Shape mytiloid, umbones terminal; obliquely oblong, ventral margin

more or less concave, hind margin rounded or sometimes subtruncate; radiating

riblets from dorsal margin to middle of ventral margin, none on anterior part;

ligament groove broadening posteriorly and ending abruptly, its dorsal margin

crenulate, behind it a few denticulations or strong crenulations, followed by

crenulations which continue around margin except antero-ventrally; right

valve with a notch below umbo, left valve with a tooth, in both valves a few

inconspicuous denticles below on anterior margin.

Anterior adductor placed ventrally, scar partly concealed by the shell

margin, posterior retractor byssi strong, forming a single scar joined dorsally

to the posterior adductor, and sometimes exceeding the latter in size.

Length 19-20 mm.

Brownish or blackish, more or less purplish, internally violaceous.

Table Bay and Natal (Krauss); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred

(Bartsch, Turton); Umkomaas (Natal) (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup); Delagoa

Bay and Mozambique Island (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

East London, The Haven, Umtwalumi, Umkomaas, Isipingo, Durban

Umblali, Richards Bay, Umpangazi, St. Lucia Bay, Kosi Bay (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Suez, Karachi, Seychelles, Madagascar, Rodriguez,

East Indies.

Remarks. Krauss seems to have erred in giving Table Bay as a locality.

It has not been confirmed by recent collecting, nor in fact has the species

been found anywhere on the west coast of South Africa. Farther north, however,

it is represented by the very similar puniceus (Gmelin) = senegalensis (Lam.).

Prashad was of opinion that variabilis was quite distinct from the latter species,

but did not state any differential characters.

Var. semistriata Krss.

Mytilus variabilis var: semistriata Krauss, 1848, p. 26, pl. 2, fig. 6; ? Turton, 1932, p. 226.

[?] Mytilus variabilis var. striata [err.| Bartsch, 1915, p. 188.

Krauss sald that in Natal there were transitions from typical variabilis

to a variety which he called semistriata, having radiating riblets only below the

umbonal ridge to the middle of the ventral margin. In old and worn shells,

however, the riblets on the dorsal area are often feeble and obscure.

Two other, more serious, comments are required on Krauss’s figure 6 of

the variety. The ligament groove is shown narrower than in figure 5 of the

typical form. This may be due to perspective, the full width of the groove often

not being seen unless the ventral margin of the shell is tilted up. Assuming,

396 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

a.retr.ped.

i a.add.

~ sy

p.retrped.~>-—'

Pees

vetr. bys. ~

p-vetr. bys Bs

(ae

d p.add.,

eo Xa. rete. ped.

Pic. 8. Brachidontes variabilis (Krss.). a, right valve. b, apex of left valve. c, apical view of left valve.

d, Musculus virgiliae n.sp. e, Lamya capensis (Krss.). f, g, Lamya capensis, pedal and byssal muscles

in retracted and extended positions (semidiagrammatic).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 397

however, that the full width of the groove was portrayed in both figure 5 and

figure 6 by the artist, the difference is noticeable.

The second comment concerns the hinge under the umbo, and the anterior

margin. This detail is not as clear as could be desired either in figure 5 or in

figure 6; but figure 5 (right valve) seems to show a hollow and 2 denticles, as is

found in the present specimens. Figure 6, however, shows a different hinge: a

series of denticles from below, or slightly behind, the umbo, continued around

the anterior margin.

Nevertheless the umbo is shown as terminal, as in the typical form, and

definitely not subterminal as in figure 3 of capensis.

I have seen no specimens with the ‘semistriate’ sculpture; and suggest that

a re-examination of Krauss’s material would be useful.

Specimens of B. karachiensis Melv. & Standen (1906, p. 800, pl. 54, fig. 8)

might perhaps be compared; neither the description nor the figure are adequate.

Gen. Lamya Soot-Ryen

Soot-Ryen, 1958, p. 3423; 1963, p. 127.

Modioliform, umbones subterminal; hinge-line denticulate, the denticula-

tions extending behind the ligament; a slight denticulate callus below the

umbo, anterior margin without denticles.

Anterior adductor scar placed about midway between umbo and ventral

margin, anterior retractor scar round, in the umbonal cavity. The scar of the

posterior retractor is contiguous posteriorly with that of the posterior adductor,

and narrows anteriorly to below about the hind two-thirds of the hinge. The

posterior retractor byssi, however, is divided into a slender anterior branch and

the main posterior portion contiguous with the posterior adductor (contrast

Lanistina) ; the slender posterior retractor pedis is attached contiguous with the

anterior branch of the posterior retractor byssi.

Mantle margin of branchial cavity papillose; gonads entering the mantle.

In 1963 Soot-Ryen thought that Lamya might prove to be a synonym of

Arcuatula Lamy 1919.

Lamya capensis (Krss.)

Fig. 8 e-g

Modiola capensis Krauss, 1848, p. 20, pl. 2, fig. 3; Schwartz, 1910, p. 116; Bartsch, 1915, p. 189;

Turton, 1932, p. 227; Scott, Harrison & Macnae, 1952, pp. 301, 302, 306, 309 (habitat) ;

Day, Millard & Harrison, 1952, pp. 395-398 (habitat).

Modiola tenerrima Smith, 1g904<, p. 42, pl. 3, fig. 26; Bartsch, 1915, p. 188; Turton, 1932, p. 227;

Lamy, 1937, p. 346.

Volsella capensis (Krss.), Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 308.

Lamya capensis (Krss.), Soot-Ryen, 1958, p. 342, 2 text-figs; Barnard, 1962b, p. 183.

[Non] Mytilus capensis Dnkr. (= magellanicus).

Brachidontes capensis Eyre & Stephenson 1938 (= variabilis).

Brachidontes capensis from St. James and Arniston, Stephenson, 1948 (= Gregariella

simplicifilis) .

Modiola capensis Day, Millard & Broekhuysen, 1954, and Broekhuysen & Taylor,

1959 (= Musculus virgiliae).

398 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Obliquely oblong, ventral margin straight or slightly concave, sometimes

distinctly concave; surface smooth, occasionally a few weak and obscure riblets

anteriorly; a slight, feebly denticulate callus below umbo; hinge-line with

crenulations which continue a short distance behind the ligament (feeble

and obscure in some large specimens); rest of margin not crenulate (except

feebly so anteriorly when riblets are developed).

Corneous-olivaceous, usually with concentric undulating reddish cress-bars,

and radiating reddish streaks from umbo to hind margin; internally the reddish

cross-bars are more conspicuous.

Up to 76 x 30 x 20 mm. (Still Bay); 67 x 28-2 x 16-4 mm. (Soot-

Ryen: Zwartkops estuary); 10°3 X 5°5 X 3°3 Par. lines (Krauss: Knysna).

Fossil: Pleistocene, Port Elizabeth (Schwarz) ? (not seen by me); Sedge-

field near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

Klein River estuary, Hermanus (U.C.T.); Breede River mouth (U.C.T.) ;

Still Bay lagoon (Miss Wapenaar, U.C.T.); Knysna River (Krauss); Knysna

lagoon (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.); Knysna lagoon, dredged in 3-5 metres

(U.C.T.); Keurbooms River estuary (Provincial Inland Fisheries Dept.) ;

Zwartkops River estuary, Port Elizabeth (Soot-Ryen; coll. Macnae); Bush-

man’s River, 18 miles from mouth (U.C.T.); Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch,

Turton); Buffalo River, 2 miles above jetty (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.); Port St.

Johns, on piles of footbridge, western estuary (U.C.T.); Salisbury Island,

Durban Bay, floating jetty (U.C.T.); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Bartsch recorded one specimen taken by Stimpson in 1853 in

Simon’s Bay (False Bay). This species has not been recorded from the sea, nor

from any locality west of Hermanus. There is no river or lagoon at Simonstown;

the nearest suitable estuary or lagoon is Muizenberg Vlei; but neither South

African Museum nor U.C.T. has found it there. Presumably therefore

some error in labelling has occurred; or perhaps Bartsch misidentified the

specimen.

I have examined the U.C.T. material collected by Prof. T. A. Stephenson

and his assistants; some of the specimens recorded by these authors had been

misidentified (v. supra).

I have little doubt that Smith’s tenerrima is synonymous; and Soot-Ryen

was inclined to regard it as such pending examination of the animal. Re-exami-

nation of the Type shell should suffice to settle the question.

Up to the present very large specimens have been found at only two

localities: Zwartkops estuary by Dr. Macnae in 1950, and more recently (1960)

in the Still Bay lagoon by Miss Wapenaar (U.C.T.). The latter are the largest

known specimens. At Knysna shells up to 25 mm. long occur, and up to 30

mm. in the Bushmans River and Klein River estuary.

Undulating reddish cross-bars occur in this species, and also in Musculus

virgiliae and in Lanistina cuneata; but capensis is the only South African species

which. has radiating colour streaks.

The anatomy of Knysna specimens (not in very good condition) appears to

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 399

correspond with that of the large Zwartkops (Soot-Ryen) and Still Bay

examples.

Musculus (Musculus) virgiliae n.sp.

Fig. 8d

Modiola capensis (non Krauss), Day, Millard & Broekhuysen, 1954, pp. 143, 153; Broekhuysen &

Taylor, 1959, pp. 284, 285, 292.

Obliquely oblong, dorsal margin straight, ventral margin concave,

umbones subterminal; hinge-line straight, obscurely crenulate along whole

length, or anterior part, of ligament, which is narrow and close to dorsal margin;

denticulations or strong crenulations beginning behind ligament, and continued

as weaker crenulations around margin as far as the non-ribbed area on ventral

margin; anterior margin with 6—8 conspicuous denticles, one or two of them

larger than the others, followed by crenulations extending to the non-ribbed area.

Radiating riblets 7-9, not very strong, on anterior area, numerous and

well developed on posterior area, a smooth intervening area; towards the

margins new riblets are interpolated, the old ones not bifurcating. At shell

length 2 mm. anterior riblets 4—5, posterior c. 25; at 4 mm. anterior 5, posterior

c. 28-32; at 10 mm. anterior 6—7, posterior c. 35-38.

Anterior adductor scar elongate-oval, near antero-ventral margin; anterior

retractor under the umbo; posterior retractors usually with 3 branches, not

extending forwards under the ligament, continuous with the well-developed

posterior adductors.

Margin of upper siphon smooth, of branchial opening papillose.

Length 17-19 mm. Dark olivaceous or coppery brown, sometimes grass-

green, juveniles paler, with transverse reddish wavy bars on the posterior part,

interior violaceous, the cross-bars sometimes showing faintly.

Great Brak River (Mossel Bay), 4 miles from mouth (U.C.T.); Knysna

lagoon, under stones just above Jow water (U.C.T.); Keurbooms River, on

water-logged wood, 5 miles from mouth (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.) (Types) ;

Zwartkops River, Redhouse, Port Elizabeth (S. Afr. Mus.); Bushmans River,

18 miles from mouth (U.C.T.); The Haven (Bashee River mouth) $ mile up

Mbanyana River (U.C.T.); Port St. Johns, piles of footbridge, western estuary

(U.C.T.); Amanzimtoti lagoon (Natal) (U.C.T.); Umzimbezi River mouth

(U.C.T.); Illovo (S. Afr. Mus.); Amahlongwana lagoon (near Scottburgh)

(S. Afr.. Mus. coll. Burnup); St. Lucia Bay and Kosi Bay (U.C.T.); Lagoa

Poelela, Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Type material South African Museum no. A7776.

Remarks. The specimens described above seem to belong to a distinct

species. Externally they closely resemble B. variabilis, and have been identified

as such. They have also been identified as L. capensis, with less justification

because the latter is a smooth species.

Bearing in mind the comments given above concerning var. semistriata,

is it possible to identify the present series of specimens with Krauss’s variety?

400 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Krauss referred to the absence of riblets on the dorso-posterior part of the shell,

but here it is precisely this area which is always clearly ribbed. And in Krauss’s

figure the umbo is terminal.

For these reasons I consider these specimens should be given a specific

name. Virgilia: the botanical name of the Keurboom tree.

Musculus difficilis (Desh.)

Fig. 9 a—c

Modiola difficilis Deshayes, 1863, p. 23, pl. 3, figs. 22-24 [Odhner quoted: pl. 3; Dautzenberg:

pl. 30]; Odhner, 1919, p. 6; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 573.

Modiolaria difficilis (Desh.), Lamy, 1937, p. 36.

Modiolaria africana Bartsch, 1915, p. 190, pl. 41, fig. 2; Braga, 1952, p. 102.

ae ree calacaia

@ars=2-~- 0" og . ‘

4 + aaa £ Se

Fic. 9. a, b, c, Musculus difficilis (Desh.), internal, external, and end view of one valve. d, Lanistina

cuneata (Gould). e, f, Gregariella simplicifilis n.sp., internal view and periostracum hair. g, Gregariella

sp., periostracum hair. h, Crenella striatissima Sow.

Posterior ribbed area crenulated by the growth-lines. 3:5 x 2 mm.

(Bartsch); 5 < 3°5 mm. (Braga); 13 X 6 mm. (Odhner); Port Alfred (dead)

(Bartsch) ; Inhambane (Braga).

Distribution. Réunion (Deshayes) ; Madagascar (Odhner).

Remarks. Odhner mentioned minor differences in his material; but did not

give the number of riblets.

A single flat and ovoid shell may be difficilis as it is similar in form to

africana; but the posterior riblets are fewer (26 instead of 50), and are not

crenulate, the growth-lines being very fine. The posterior retractor muscles are

as in Musculus s. str.

7°5 X 4°5 X (2 valves together) 2:3 mm. Corneous, with irregular, wavy

reddish cross-bars.

Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

“Musculus’ zma (Bartsch)

Modiolaria ima Bartsch, 1915, p. 190, pl. 41, figs. 4, 5; Turton, 1932, p. 228.

Seems to be distinguished by having fewer riblets; but a doubtful species.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 4OI

Two valves in South African Museum (pres. Turton) have at shell length

2°25 mm. anterior 3, posterior 11 riblets; at 3-25 mm. 4 and 14 resp.; Bartsch

gave 4 and 16 at 7 mm. length.

Gen. LANIsTINA Gray

Anterior adductor stronger than posterior adductor. Posterior retractor

divided into a strong elongate anterior portion attached to the shell beneath

the ligament, and a slender posterior branch contiguous with the posterior

adductor.

Soot-Ryen (1955) considered that certain species (e.g. marmoratus) should

be separated from Musculus s. str. on account of the posterior retractor; and

suggested adopting Lanistina Gray 1847 in preference to Modiolarca Gray 1843

(the latter being possibly a misprint for Modiolaria).

Lanistina cuneata (Gould)

Fig. od

~ Modiolaria cuneata Gould, 1861, p. 38; Smith, 1885, p. 278, pl. 16, figs. 7, 7a; 1891, pp. 393, 394

(synonymy discussed) ; Bartsch, 1915, p. 189, pl. 42, figs. 5, 6; Turton, 1932, p. 228.

Musculus cuneatus (Gould), Prashad, 1932, p. 75, pl. 2, figs. 34, 35.

Modiolaria discors (non Linn.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 64; Schwarz, 1910, p. 116.

Modiolaria marmorata (non Forbes), Sowerby, 1892, p. 65; Turton, 1932, p. 228.

At shell length 1-5 mm. anterior riblets 10, posterior 18; at 3-4 mm. I0

and 20; at 7-8 mm. 12-14 and 26-28; at 11 mm. 16 and 30-32 (numbers

approximate); Bartsch’s number ‘17’ posterior riblets is too low, possibly a

misprint for 27.

Valves strongly inflated, thickness (2 valves together 4:5 mm. at shell

length 7 mm.; 6-7 mm. at 11 mm.

Yellowish olivaceous, often with pinkish or reddish mottling, irregular or

forming more or less concentric wavy cross-bars.

Musculature as in marmorata (List, 1902).

Fossil: Pleistocene, Port Elizabeth (Schwarz); Quaternary, Sedgefield

near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

Simon’s Bay (False Bay), ‘imbedded in test of large Ascidian’ (Gould;

also Smith); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); False Bay to Tongaat (Natal)

(S. Afr. Mus.).

Off Cove Rock (East London), 22 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Saldanha Bay, amongst Pyura; Kalk Bay (False Bay) harbour piles; off

Cape St. Blaize (34° 46’ S., 22° 05’ E.), 51 fathoms; Algoa Bay, 6-46 fathoms;

Durban; Kosi Bay (Zululand) ; Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Sydney, Australia, 6-15 fathoms (Smith, 1885); East Indies

(Prashad).

Remarks. Smith (1891) was doubtful about cuneata being synonymous with

marmorata (Forbes) from Europe, Mediterranean, Suez, Persian Gulf, and

Canary Islands. In 1885 he said it was ‘not quite so elongate’ as marmorata,

402 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

and suggested varietal rank for the former. Slight variations in shape and pro-

portions are found in the present material, and do not seem important. After

comparison with List’s (1902) description and figures of shell and anatomy, I

think cuneata should be regarded as a synonym, but pro tem. retain Gould’s name.

The large Ascidian mentioned by Gould is the 6—8-inch-long Pyura

stolonifera, locally known to fishermen as ‘red bait’; several individuals usually

grow close together in clumps, and the mollusca are found in the intervening

crevices, and also embedded in the tests. List records marmorata as living free

or embedded in the test of Ascidians, or even within the mantle cavity (1902,

pht9. figs. 10; 12.136 14)

Gregariella sumplicifilts n.sp.

Fig. ge f

Modiola petagnae (non Scacchi), Sowerby, 1892, p. 64; Turton, 1932, p. 227.

Modiola petagnae var. rietensis Turton, 1932, p. 227, pl. 59, no. 1590.

Modiola rufanensis Turton, 1932, p. 227, pl. 59, no. 1591.

Modiola albanyana ‘Turton, 1932, p. 229, pl. 59, no. 1600.

Brachidontes capensis (non Krauss), Stephenson, 1948, p. 268.

A few feeble and obscure riblets anteriorly; fine radial riblets on the

umbonal ridge and slightly below it, usually more or less concealed by the

simple, unbranched periostracal hairs. Dorsal margin crenulate, crenulations

extending behind ligament, but petering out before reaching the ventral

margin, anterior margin crenulate. Ligament widening posteriorly and ending

abruptly (cf. B. variabilis).

Anterior retractor under the umbo, posterior retractor (pedis et byssi)

compact, contiguous with posterior adductor, which is larger than the anterior

adductor. 3

Up to 14 mm. long. Golden brown.

Gordon’s Bay (False Bay) (no. 6878, Types), Hermanus, Still Bay, Mossel

Bay (S. Afr. Mus.); St. James (False Bay) and Arniston (Stephenson) ;

Plettenberg Bay; Inyoni Rocks, Amanzimtoti, Natal (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Soot-Ryen (1955, pp. 76, 77) suggested that petagnae Scacchi

should be a synonym of opifex (Say), described originally from supposedly

Mediterranean shells; and stated that this species has branched periostracal

hairs.

Sowerby’s identification of the common South African species with simple

hairs therefore seems erroneous. A new specific name seems advisable to place

the South African species on a definite footing, even though it may later have

to be altered.

Gregariella sp.

Fig. 9 g

Deeper and more oval in shape than simplicifilis. Feeble riblets anteriorly,

and fine radial riblets on the umbonal ridge, extending forwards to middle of

‘ = eee ee 5

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 403

-ventral margin. Periostracal hairs branching dichotomously, those on the hind

end nearly half the length of the shell. Dorsal and posterior margins more

conspicuously crenulate than in simplicifilis, the crenulations extending to mid-

way on ventral margin. Ligament not so broad as in szmpliczfilis. Muscle scars

as in the latter species.

RX 3 mm.

Off Umkomaas (Natal), 40 fathoms, one valve; off Umhloti River (Natal),

40 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. nos. Ag475, Ag476, P.F. coll.).

Until further material is available, these valves are left indeterminate.

Crenella striatissima Sow.

Bis..ou

Crenella striatisstma Sowerby, 1904, p. 3, pl. 6, fig. 1; Bartsch, 1915, p. 189; Thiele, 1931, p. 1715

Turton, 1932, p. 228; Lamy, 1937, p. 58.

Crenella alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 189, pl. 41, fig. 1; Turton, 1932, p. 228.

Crenella minuta Thiele, 1931, p. 171, pl. 6(1), fig. 5 (= juv.).

Length (i.e. alt.) 10, width (i.e. length) 8 mm. (Sowerby).

34° 7’ S., 25° 42’ E., 56 fathoms, one living (Type); off Umhloti River

(Natal), 100 fathoms, one valve (fresh) cotype (Sowerby; P.F. coll.}.

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 85 fathoms, 2 living; 34° 5’ S., 25° 55’ E., 67

fathoms, several valves; 34° 26’ S., 25° 42’ E., 124 fathoms, 8 valves; off Cape

Morgan, 45 fathoms, several valves; off Umkomaas (Natal), 40 fathoms,

several valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Port Alfred, dead (Bartsch, Turton).

Baegoyo- 2540 E334 8 5,24 50 -E., 80 metres; 33° 41 S:, 18° 03’ E.

(off Table Bay), 178 metres (Thiele).

Algoa Bay, 14 fathoms; and False Bay, 22 fathoms (U.C.T.).

Type and cotype in South African Museum no. 14855 and 14856

respectively.

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Thiele).

Remarks. Thiele assigned a small (size not given) valve from 34° 51’ S.,

19° 37 E., 80 metres, to Sowerby’s species. Nevertheless he described two valves

from another locality (35° 29’ S., 21° 2:5’ E., 102 metres), one of them nearly

circular (2:5 xX 2:8 mm.), the other more egg-shaped, as a different species;

without stating the differences. Shape, however, is not a differential character,

because the growth-lines on larger shells show that the younger the shell the

more circular its outline; and young shells may vary in this respect. Beach-wear,

of course, may alter the appearance of the shell.

A worn and broken valve from off Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.), shows that the Type is by no means fully grown. Although

the umbo and the part containing the anterior adductor scar are missing, the

specimen is similarly striated and appears to be undoubtedly conspecific.

Length 16, alt. c. 19 mm. (20 if the umbo were present).

404 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Rhomboidella capensis ‘Thiele

Rhomboidella capensis Thiele, 1931, p. 170, pl. 6(1), fig. 4.

Mytilus thalia Turton, 1932, p. 227, pl. 58, no. 1583; Lamy, 1936, p. 179.

Obliquely rhomboidal (approximately as in Thiele’s figure, but slightly

variable), thin, transparent; fine radial striae; growth-lines (or the main ones)

rather widely spaced; margin internally crenulate.

Length 3, alt. 3-5 mm. (Thiele). 5 x 7 mm!) Am, Wines

94° 51 S., 19,37 Ee oOmmetres, one siell (Mlnteley:

St. Francis Bay, 24-34 fathoms, one living; 34° 26’ S., 25° Ae siiened

fathoms, 2 valves; off Cape Morgan, 77 fathoms, one valve; off Umkomaas

(Natal), 40 fathoms, 2 valves; off Tugela River, 65-80 fathoms, 7 valves, fresh

(semitransparent) ; off O’Neil Peak (Zululand) 90 fathoms, 2 living, 2 valves

(S. Afr. Mis; Pik; coll2):

Remarks. Thanks to the kindness of Dr. Cain of the Oxford University

Museum, I have been able to examine the Type of Turton’s Mytilus thalia.

It is rather narrow, compressed antero-posteriorly, and measures length 2:3,

alt. 3:75 mm. In the Pieter Faure collection there are comparable specimens,

e.g. the Cape Morgan valve, 2-5 « 4 mm., and the smaller of the two Umko-

maas valves, 3 X 5:3 mm. The anterior margin canbe straight (slightly convex

in Thiele’s figure), but usually shows a slight concavity, which is more clearly

noticeable in the compressed valves, including the Type of thalia.

Of the three largest valves one comes from off O’Neil Peak, one from off

Tugela River, and one from St. Francis Bay.

Thiele assigned a larger valve (umbo to lower corner 6 mm.) from East

Africa as doubtfully belonging to capensis. As the species is found living off the

Zululand coast, it may well be living farther north.

Adipicola pelagica (Forbes MS., Woodward)

Bie 706 |

Modiolarca pelagica Forbes MS., Woodward, 1854, p. 266, pl. 17, fig. 6.

Myrina denhami Adams, H. & A., 1854, p. 76.

Myrina pelagica (Woodward), Adams, H. & A., 1857, p. 514, pl. 121, figs. 2, 2a, b.

Adula pelagica (Woodward), Tomlin, 1926, p. 299; Lamy, 1937, pp. 186, 190.

Adipicola pelagica (Woodward), Dautzenberg, 1927, p. 274, pl. 8, figs. 15, 16.

Prodissoconch distinct. Concentric growth-lines, but no radial striations.

No trace of crenulations on margin of valve. Ligament wholly internal. Anterior

adductor as large as posterior adductor; anterior retractor pedis + byssi high

up under the margin and immediately in front of umbo; posterior retractor

pedis + byssi contiguous with posterior adductor.

Margins of ventral opening of mantle papillose anteriorly and posteriorly ;

siphon not fringed. |

17 X 5°5 (at umbo) 6 mm. (at end of ligament). Corneous brown, paler

on umbonal region, prodissoconch chestnut-brown.

On floating whale blubber off the Cape (H.M.S. Herald).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 405

Off Dassen Island (Table Bay), 240 fathoms, living in abundance on

water-logged whale skull (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Eccles, 1963).

Distribution. 42° 50' N., 28° 37’ W. ona lump of floating spermaceti; Azores,

1372-1846 metres (Dautzenberg).

Remarks. The specific name denhami appears to have been instituted by

H. & A. Adams in 1854; and in the same year Woodward (1854, p. 266)

used pelagica. These two papers are not available to me to settle the priority,

but H. & A. Adams in 1857 (p. 514) adopted felagica; and later authors

(Dautzenberg 1927, Lamy 1937) have followed suit. It seems a pity if this

species, collected during the cruise of H.M.S. Herald off the Cape in 1850-1,

cannot bear the name of her commander Captain Denham.

Gen. LirHopHaca Réding

Lynge, 1909, p. 136; Prashad, 1932, p. 76; Iredale, 1939, p. 416; Soot-Ryen, 1955, p. 913

Turner & Boss, 1962.

Modiola cylindrica Krauss, 1848, p. 21, pl. 2, fig. 2; Turton, 1932, p. 227.

- Modiola mucronata Phil., Krauss, 1848, p. 21.

Lithodomus lithophagus Linn., Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 37, 92, 119, 129, fig. 23 a.

To the two species recorded by Krauss from Natal, lithophagus has recently

been added from Inhaca Island, Delagoa Bay.

Turton’s specimens from Port Alfred must have been dead shells because

Madrepore corals die out at about Port St. Johns, considerably north of Port

Alfred (Crossland & Stephenson, 1948, pp. 174, 178).

Tomlin identified specimens collected by U.C.T. from Umpangazi and

Umtwalumi as gracilis (Phil.). |

I have seen 3 specimens from Umtwalumi (U.C.T.) measuring 30° x 10,

46 x 16, and 66 x 17 mm. All vertically striated. The hinge-line is longer

than the length of the shell behind it, and the length of the shell (umbo to

posterior margin) makes an angle of 10°-12° with the line of the hinge. The

shell is thus only slightly oblique, nearly cylindrical.

These shells are clearly referable to cylindrica Krss. This may be the same

as gracilis (Phil.), which is regarded as a synonym of teres (Phil.) (see Lynge,

P2130; Prashad; p. 77).

At the same locality U.C.T. took another shell, 65 x 24 mm., without

vertical striations and with a thin chalky incrustation, giving the shell a fretted

appearance, and not extending beyond the valves. The shape is definitely

oblique, the length making an angle of 22° with the line of the hinge. The hinge-

line is shorter than the length of the shell behind it. This shell has the shape of

obesa (Phil.) as figured by Iredale (1939, pl. 6, fig. 30). Iredale said the shape

was distinctive.

L. obesa was recorded from Mozambique by Dunker, and from the Red

Sea by Lamy. L. nasuta (Phil.) has also been recorded from Mozambique.

Some small specimens, the largest 18 xX 9 mm., from corals at Inhaca

Island, Delagoa Bay (coll. K.H.B. 1912) have a thin chalky incrustation not

4.06 | ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

extending beyond the valves, and no vertical striations. The shape is very little

oblique, and the hinge-line is a little more than half the total length. These

specimens may perhaps be juvenile obesa.

Species inquirenda

Modtola pseudocapensis Lamy

Modiola pseudocapensis Lamy, 1931, p. 305; 1937, Pp. 312; Soot-Ryen, 1958, p. 341.

This species, the largest specimen of which measured 52:5 X 25 X 16mm.,

was stated to resemble Lamya capensis externally. Do the words ‘obscure radiatim

striatum’ mean colour streaks (as in capensis) or sculpture? In addition to this

ambiguity, the words in the diagnosis ‘post ligamentum margo cardinalis

crenulatus’ conflict with the statement that all the pseudocapensis shells had no

crenulations, and the species was therefore a true Modiolus. The hinge and the

muscle scars were not mentioned.

Soot-Ryen (1958, p. 341) said he had seen the Type, and that it belonged

to a different group [not Modiolus]; he did not, however, state to what genus

he considered it belonged.

Lamy’s specimens were stated to have been collected at Beira and Walvis

Bay. a

Fam. Isognomonotidae

Prashad, 1932, pp. 81 and 88 (Lsognomoniidae + Vulsellidae).

Thiele, 1935, p. 801. (Vulsellidae).

Iredale, 1939, p. 319 (Lsognomontidae).

Kira, 1955, p. 91 (Lsognomonidae).

The following key combines the generic diagnoses of Thiele and Iredale

(omitting one of the latter’s new genera):

1. A single ligamental cartilage in a pit. Animal occupying only the upper part of

the more or less attenuated shell.

(a) Byssus present. Hinge-line straight, more or less elongated . A oS Malleus

(b) Byssus absent. Hinge-line short. . ay AN bas Se a Ja Vulsella

2. Several ligamental cartilages in pits.

(a) Elongate, animal extending along the shell. Muscle scars separate. . .. Isognomon

(b) Broad, hinge-line very broad. Muscle scars coalescing ; ie Melina

coalescing (S. African species), deeply impressed re .. Parviperna

(d) Oblong-oval, nacreous area not nearly covering whole of i areoun hineelne

crenulate; no byssal sinus be En iby .. ~ Crenatula

Iredale (1939) stated for Melina in He ea p- 319 ‘umbonal area very

shallow’, but in generic diagnosis on p. 325 ‘umbonal area is deep’.

Malleus regula (Forskal) /

Fig. 10 8

Ostrea regula Forskal, 1775, p. 124.

Malleus decurtata Lamarck, 1819, p. 145; Reeve, 1858, ll 3, fig. 10; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 564;

Prashad, 1932, p. 105.

Vulsella nuttalli Conrad, 1837, p. 257, pl. 20, fig. 10; Dall, Bartsch, Rehder, 1938, p. 68, pl. 14,

figs. 6-9.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 4.077

’ Malleus regula (Forskal), Reeve, 1858, pl. 2, fig. 4; Odhner, 1917, p. 17; Dautzenberg, 19209,

p. 564; Prashad, 1932, p. 105 (references).

Malleus tigrinus Reeve, 1858, pl. 3, fig. 7; Sowerby, 1897, p. 27.

Pinna saccata (non Rve.), and var. similis Turton, 1932, p. 218, pl. 56, nos. 1517, 1518.

Pinna aenigmatica Turton, 1932, p. 219, pl. 56, no. 1521.

External concentric growth-lines on the part corresponding with the

nacreous area more or less lamellose, those on the extension irregularly lamel-

late. Faint radiating riblets on early part of shell (up to 3 mm. alt.) in the

Zululand shell, and feeble traces towards the end of the extension, mainly on the

left valve. No riblets traceable on the Mozambique shells.

The internal rib is faintly traceable on the external surface in the Zululand

shell, not as a raised rib but by the greater opacity than the translucent area on

either side of it.

The Zululand shell has the nacreous area very sharply defined from the

thin extension by a raised rim; in the Mozambique shells this raised rim is not

so distinct though the nacreous area is equally sharply defined. In the latter

also the internal rib is not so distinct.

| Minute obscure denticles on the hinge.

White (Zululand) ; brown with irregular ca8taneous or purplish mottling,

the nacreous areas are suffused (Mozambique).

Alt. 23, hinge-line 7 mm. (Zululand); alt. 45, hinge-line 9 mm., and 40 x 9g

mm. (Mozambique). Nacreous area subcircular, length 7, alt. 6-5 mm. (Zulu-

land); oval, length 11, alt. 17 mm., and 15 x 20 mm. (Mozambique).

Durban ebwekby)’ Port Alfred (Turton).

Off Durnford Point a ca 45 fathoms, one living (S. Afr. Mus.

Ag486 P.F. coll.).

Mozambique Island, littoral, 2 living (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Suez, Persian Gulf, Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. It seems amazing that Turton could assign his shells with

‘straight flat top’ to Pinna. Both photos show the longitudinal rib, and this is

specially mentioned for aenigmatica. No. 1518 is more strongly ribbed than the

present shells. Winckworth (1936, p. 21) referred to aenigmatica as ‘This grue-

some piece of beach refuse’. But he missed the one essential clue to its generic

position.

Odhner remarked that this species is easily recognized by the internal rib

on the tongue-like extension. Prashad agreed, but stated that daemonicus Rve.

also had a similar rib.

Malleus anatinus (Gmelin)

Ostrea anatina Gmelin, 1790, p. 3333; Brugiére, 1797, pl. me fig. 14.

Malleus anatina (Gmelin) Chenu, 1862, fig. 816.

One specimen, undulate and semicircularly curved, measures 45 mm.

from umbo to end of posterior hinge extension, vertical from hinge-line to

lowest part of curved margin c. 80 mm., from umbo to end of shell c. 120 mm.,

408 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

interior nacreous area extending c. 30 mm. from ligament. Posterior retractor

united with posterior adductor.

Corneous with scattered black spots and short streaks, nacre violaceous.

29° 58’ S., 31° 02’ E., 49 metres, 3 specimens (U.C.T.).

Distribution. East Indies.

Gen. VULSELLA Bolten

Smith, 1911, pp. 306-312, pl. xi.

Usually living in sponges, in correlation with which habitat apparently

the byssus has been suppressed.

a 6 c

Fic. 10. a, Vulsella minor Réding. b, Malleus regula (Forskal), specmen from Mozambique Island.

c, Isognomon sp., from Delagoa Bay. d, Parviperna dentifera (Krss.).

Vulsella minor Roding

Fig. 10a

Vulsella minor R6ding, 1798, p. 156; Prashad, 1932, p. 89, pl. 2, figs. 46-49 (bad photos).

Vulsella attenuata Reeve, 1858, pl. 1, fig. 5; Smith, 1911, p. 309; Tomlin, 1923, p. 51; Dautzen-

berg, 1929, p. 565.

Vulsella vulsella (non Linn.), Smith, 1910, p. 213.

Umbones widely separated. A deep ligamental fossa in each valve. Radiat-

ing ribs more or less squamose where they are crossed by the concentric growth-

lines, especially on anterior and posterior margins. Brown, radiating lines not

very distinct.

Length 10, alt. 19, thickness (two valves) 8, distance between umbones

6 mm.

Tongaat, Port Shepstone, Alexandra Junction, Umkomaas (Smith) ;

Durban (U.C.T., identified by Tomlin), Port St. Johns, and Umhlali (U.C.T.).

Off Durnford Point (Zululand), 13 fathoms, one living (S. Afr. Mus.

A5395 P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Suez, East Indies, Madagascar.

remarks. The P.F. specimen, measurements given above, was identified

by Sowerby as a young lingulata Lam., but evidently agrees with the Natal

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 409

specimens with widely separated umbones which Smith (1911) called attenuata.

V. vulsella (Linn.) also occurs at Madagascar; it is distinguished by the

umbones being closer together, and the ligament pit not so conspicuous.

Isognomon perna (Linn.)

Perna costellata Conrad, 1837, p. 246.

Melina costellata ‘Tomlin, 1931, p. 446.

Isognomon (Melina) costellata Dall, Bartsch, Rehder, 1938, p. 65, pl. 14, figs. 1-5.

Perna sulcata Deshayes, 1850, pl. 81, figs. 3, 3a.

Melina perna (Linn.), Smith, 1910, p. 213.

Isognomon perna (Linn.), Prashad, 1932, p. 85.

Isognomon roberti Koch, 1953, p. 22, pl. 5.

Rounded quadrangular, with postero-ventral corner more or less expanded,

numerous narrow radiating ribs. Uniform corneous.

Length 66, alt. 66-8, hinge-line 33 mm. (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder);

45 X 48 X 23 mm. (Koch).

Scottburgh (Natal) (Smith); Umtamvuma River (= Port Edward)

(Tomlin) ; Umgazana, 10 miles south of Port St. Johns (Koch).

Distribution. Madagascar, Seychelles, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. Port Edward is about 65 miles south of Scottburgh, and Umgazana

about the same distance south of Port Edward. There is little doubt that

roberti is a synonym of costellata.

Smith accepted sulcata Lam. as a synonym of ferna (Linn.); and the figure

of sulcata in Cuvier corresponds with the figures of costellata in Dall, Bartsch &

Rehder, especially with figures 1 and 2 in which the shell is expanded anteriorly.

In figures 3 and 4 the shell is more expanded posteriorly, as is also the case in

the figure of robertiz. Cuvier’s and Koch’s figures both show the ligament pits

more widely separated than in D, B, & R’s figures 2 and 3.

Prashad stated that perna was a very variable species.

Koch’s figure of the interior of the right valve seems to show an oval

muscle scar attached to the anterior end of the curved posterior adductor scar.

The other figures here quoted do not show the muscle scars.

Isognomon sp.

Fig, 10°¢

Buff or horny coloured specimens, with pale nacreous interior, approxi-

mately 25 mm. length, 60 mm. alt., are probably referable to isognomon Linn. ;

but I do not wish to add another name to those already recorded (anomioides,

perna, vulsella) without comparison with more material.

The posterior retractor scar lies within the curve of the posterior adductor

scar but does not seem to be actually contiguous.

Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. Ag487 coll. K.H.B.); Mozambique Island

GU-W’.)..

410 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Gen. ParviPERNA Iredale

Iredale, 1939, p. 322.

This genus was instituted for some small black species of ‘Perna’. The South

African small black Perna was not mentioned.

The genus was defined as follows: squarish, ovate-oblong not attenuate,

nearly equivalve, byssiferous, umbones terminal, ligamental cartilage pits 4-5;

nacreous area covering nearly whole of the interior, the non-nacreous margin

narrow; muscle scars large, deeply impressed.

The generic key on p. 319 stated ‘small nacreous area, muscle scars not

coalescing’. As the first character conflicts with the diagnosis on p. 322, one

cannot well trust the accuracy of the second character. No figure of the muscle

scars was given. In the descriptions of the two species assigned to this genus,

the words ‘anterior’ and ‘posterior’ [sides of the shell] seem to have been

transposed.

The above diagnosis would include dentifera except for the one doubtful

character of the muscle scars. The deeply impressed muscle scars, including

those of the pallial line muscles, are very noticeable in dentifera. The posterior

retractor and adductor scars are always confluent, and usually the junction

between the two cannot be traced.

I think no great harm will be done if the definition of Parviperna is amended.

by including the words: muscle scars coalescing or (/fide Iredale) not coalescing.

Parviperna dentifera (Krss.)

Fig. 10d

Perna dentifera Krauss, 1848, p. 28, pl. 2, fig. 9; von Martens, 1880, p. 316; Braga, 1952, p. 100,

pl. 8, fig. 9; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 34, 119, 120, 129.

Isognomon dentifera (Krss.), Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 307.

Shape variable, usually oblong-oval, but sometimes subcircular. The short

ridge-like oblique teeth at postero-dorsal corner behind the last ligament pit

may be either one in the left, two in the right valve, or vice versa.

Blackish or brownish, violaceous, interior usually dark violaceous, but

sometimes pale, the narrow non-nacreous margin black, but likewise sometimes

pale.

31 X 19 mm. (Krauss); 23 XK 15 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.).

Natal (Krauss); Scottburgh (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup); Karridene and

Durban (U.C.T.).

Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.; also Braga; also U.W.); Maxixe

(U.C.T.); Mozambique Island (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.; also U.W.).

Distribution. Réunion (von Martens).

Crenatula mytiloides Lam.

Crenatula mytiloides Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 565.

Obliquely ovoid, hind margin straight, oblique to the hinge-line. Length

50, hinge-line 30, alt. 35 mm. Violaceous black.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 41!

Bazarute Island (A. E. Dichmont, 1961).

Distribution. Red Sea, Madagascar.

Remarks. The species of this genus live among sponges; the external surface

is sometimes completely enveloped in sponge. The animal has no byssus, and

there is no byssal sinus in the shell.

Fam. Pteriidae

Pteria chinensis (Leach)

Fig. 12d

Avicula chinensis Leach, 1814, p. 86, pl. 38, fig. 1.

Avicula crocea Lamarck, 1819, p. 148; Chenu, 1862, fig. 786.

Pteria chinensis (Leach), Tomlin, 1931, p. 446; Prashad, 1932, p. 92 (references).

Surface smooth; hind wing bluntly pointed, posterior indent shallow.

Hinge-line slightly callused below and in front of umbo, scarcely nodular, a

long narrow posterior ridge. Scars of the posterior retractor and adductor

| separate.

Dark brown postero-dorsally, reddish-brown radial streaks, mostly narrow

or in pairs or partly united, on a pale ground colour, fading out anteriorly.

Length 78, alt. 28 mm.

Umblali (Natal) (Tomlin, fide Burnup); Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Distribution. Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. I have seen the Delagoa Bay specimens. They are not like Chenu’s

figure of crocea, which has a long hind wing; they are more like his figure of

heteroptera. Prashad, however, said that the hind wing was not so well marked in

young shells.

Pteria zebra (Rve.)

Avicula zebra Rve. Sowerby, 1897, p. 27.

Pieria zebra (Rve.), Odhner, 1917, p. 16, pl. 1, figs. 6-8; Prashad, 1932, p. 91; Day & Morgans,

1956, p. 307; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Electroma zebra (Rve.), Iredale, 1939, p. 333.

A Durban specimen: length 20, alt. 13 mm.; the False Bay specimen:

ip oabr mim.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby).

Living: False Bay, one (U.C.T.).

piaeo5 §O. 20 11 E75 metres, one (St. Sebastian Bay). (U.C.T.);

Durban (S. Afr. Mus. A3656 coll. K.H.B.); Durban and Inhambane (U.C.T.);

Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Distribution. Ceylon, Maldives, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. Dr. Rehder (U.S. Nat. Mus.) saw the U.C.T. specimen from False

Bay, and suggested (in litt. to Prof. Day, 25 March 1955) that it might bear

the name of the oldest species: physozdes (Lam.). It does not differ from Durban

specimens named zebra by Tomlin. Odhner and Prashad have recorded zebra

without reference to physoides; Iredale said the Lamarckian names physoides

412 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

and virens for Australian shells ‘deserve investigation’. The descriptions (at

least in the and edition of Anim. sans Vert. vii, p. 101, 1836) are inadequate.

Meanwhile, therefore, it seems better to record the South African shells under

the well-known name zebra.

Sowerby’s record was almost certainly a dead shell, but the U.C.T.

records from False Bay and St. Sebastian Bay indicate that the species does

occur in Algoa Bay, though rarely. No specimens were obtained by the Pieter

Faure.

Odhner found that the thickness of the stripes varied according to the

species of Hydroid to which the shell was attached. He figured young shells in

which the stripes were longitudinal (but not radiating from the umbo). In later

growth (at about 6 mm. long in the present specimen) the stripes become more

or less zigzag, and on the dorsal area (between hinge-line and the dark stripe

from umbo) become transverse cross-bars almost perpendicular to the hinge-

line.

P. tomlint Prashad (1932, p. 94, pl. 3, figs. 3, 4) appears to differ in having

only cross-bars; no longitudinal stripes are visible on the early part of the shell

in the figures.

Electroma vexillum (Rve.)

Pics 124

Avicula vexillum Reeve. 1858 Avicula. Sp. 70, pl. 17, fig. 70; Herdman, 1906, p. 117, pl.

figs. 33, 34-

Semi-transparent, faintly greenish, usually darker or with a dark and a

whitish stripe from umbo to hind margin, on either side of the median ridge

dark cross-bars, often undulating or zigzag.

Greatest length (left valve) 5:5, alt. 4 mm. Mr. A. E. Salisbury informed

me that the species grows to 18-20 mm. with alt. 12-13 mm.

Delagoa Bay, attached to weed (U.W.).

Remarks. In Herdman’s Report these small molluscs are referred to as

‘false spat’, as opposed to the spat of the Pearl Oyster.

E. pygmea Iredale, 1939, is very similar; but in the present specimens the

cross-bar markings are rather more definite than in either Herdman’s or

Iredale’s figures. Iredale seemed to think his specimens, 8 x 5 mm., were

adult (‘apparently adult’).

Gen. Pincrapa Bolten-Réding

Jameson, 1901, pp. 372-94.

Jameson divided the species into two groups: one without trace of hinge-

teeth, the other with one or two denticles in front of the ligament [i.e. the middle

deeper part of the ligament] and a short ridge behind, nearly parallel with the

hinge-line. This division was weakened by the occasional presence of hinge-

teeth in the young of one of the species of the 1st group (p. 379), and by the

teeth frequently becoming obsolete in the 2nd group.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 413

Herdman (1906, p. 117, pl. figs. 28, 29) figured the hinge of the spat of

vulgaris at 1 mm. diameter with 5 anterior and 5 posterior teeth in each valve.

These teeth disappear with later growth.

So far as I am aware the spat of the Cape pearl oyster has not been

examined. From examination of the limited material at hand, hinge teeth are

present in young shells but obsolete in older ones, in accordance with Jameson’s

end group.

I propose to adopt for the common Cape pearl oyster Sowerby’s name

capensis, leaving future detailed research to determine its identity with, or

relationship to margaritifera and vulgaris.

According to Jameson margaritifera (Linn.) var. zanzibarensis (Jameson),

capensis (Sow.), vulgaris (Schum.) and anomioides (Rve.) all occur at Bazarute

Island off the coast of Portuguese East Africa; according to Sowerby 1897,

Jameson igor, and Smith 1903 vulgaris (Schum.) and natalensis (Jameson)

occur in Natal.

The method of reproduction, and life history of capensis should be investi-

gated. According to Seurat (1904, p. 359) margaritifera is dioecious and oviparous.

Pinctada capensis (Sow.)

Fig. 11 a-c

Avicula margaritifera Linn. var., Krauss, 1848, p. 29.

Avicula meleagrina capensis Sowerby, 1889b, p. 158, pl. 3, fig. 10; 1892, p. 65, pl. 3, fig. 75.

Pteria margaritifera (non Linn.), Odhner, 1923, p. 4.

Pinctada capensis (Sow.), Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 307; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Pieria capensis (Sow.), Franca, 1960, p. 89, pl. 20, fig. 1.

Shell variable in shape, but Sowerby’s figure shows the common shape

when not distorted. Grows to about 130 xX 130 mm. As Krauss noted, large

specimens tend to become thick-walled (10-15 mm.) and heavy.

The anterior tubercle and posterior linear ridge (tooth) are well marked in

a specimen (smallest seen) with hinge-line 11 mm.; but they disappear at

about 35-40 mm. hinge-line; the linear tooth is more persistent than the

tubercle, and may be traceable in shells with hinge-line 50 or 55 mm.

Ground colour buff or corneous; dark brown or reddish-brown radiating

stripes, some of them sometimes double; (pale stripes on a dark ground would

be equally correct); nacre white, margin dark purplish-brown (‘Black lip’).

The dark margin occurs in shells with hinge-line c. 25 mm., but in younger

shells is not so obvious, the external radiating stripes showing through the

thin shell and giving a more or less mottled coloration.

The most westerly recorded locality is Dyer’s Island (off Danger Point)

(Odhner), presumably living. Occurs living in St. Sebastian Bay, low tide,

and in Mossel Bay, 12 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). U.C.T. obtained

young specimens at 33° 38’ S., 26° 54’ E., 30 fathoms, also at Durban and

Inhambane.

Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Bazarute Island (Jameson).

414 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Var. natalensis (Jameson)

Margaritifera natalensis Jameson, 1901, p. 383, fig. 93; Smith, 1903, p. 394.

This appears to be no more than a variety, if even that, of capensis, with

more intense, almost black, radiating stripes.

Described from Umkomaas (Natal), 70 x 70 mm., hinge-line 55 mm.

U.C.T. collected it at Kosi Bay, and I found it at Delagoa Bay and Mozam-

bique Island. Bazarute Island (S. Afr. Mus.). |

The Delagoa Bay specimens, hinge-line 20-35 mm., show the anterior

tubercle and posterior linear tooth.

Fic. 11. Pinctada capensis (Sow.). a, b, a thick heavy shell, and a distorted shell, both 130 « 130

mm. c, hinge of a juvenile (hinge-line 32 mm.). d, Pinctada sp., hinge-line 8 mm., from Mozam-

bique Island. (a, b, right valves; c, d, left valves.)

A small Mozambique specimen, hinge-line 8 mm. (fig. 11 d), has 6(7)

anterior denticles and 2 posterior linear tooth. A juvenile attached to this 8 mm.

shell, with hinge-line 2 mm., has no denticles and no posterior tooth. On the

other hand a specimen with hinge-line 19 mm. has a posterior tooth but no

anterior denticle.

Pinctada margaritifera (Linn.)

Margaritifera margaritifera var. zanzibarensis Jameson, 1901, p. 375.

Meleagrina margaritifera (Linn.), Braga, 1952, p. 99, pl. 8, fig. 1.

Bazarute Island (Jameson); Delagoa Bay (Braga).

Braga’s figure might well portray a capensis shell.

Pinctada anomioides (Rve.)

A single living example from Scottburgh (Natal) (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

K.H.B.) was identified by Tomlin. It has a hinge-line 18 mm., with a posterior

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 415

linear tooth and a feeble anterior tubercle. Translucent white with 4 or 5

opaque white radial stripes on the left valve.

Pinctada sp.

Three shells from Mozambique Island (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.), hinge-

line 17-27 mm., and two shells from ‘South Africa’ (S. Afr. Mus.) hinge-line

27 and 41 mm. with denticle and linear tooth.

Colour gamboge or golden-yellow, with faint indications of radiating

stripes, or irregular markings.

Pinctada sp.

Bie 1236

Hind wing distinct, posterior indent right-angled. Surface smooth in

smaller specimen; larger specimen smooth on earlier part, later lamellose-

squamulose. Hinge with 2 denticles and 2 posterior ridges. Posterior retractor

scar embraced by the crescentic posterior adductor scar. Brown; the smaller

shell with a dark radial stripe from umbo to hind margin on left valve only.

Length 27, alt. 16 mm. (Mozambique); 20 x 13 mm. (Inhambane).

Mozambique Island (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Pinctada sp.

Fis 09 a

A small specimen found in a bottom sample taken off Umkomaas (Natal),

40 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. no. Ag488 P.F. coll.), is a case of incubation. The

specimen is clearly a Pinctada, not an Ostrea.

Shell subcircular, scarcely oblique, with straight hinge-line; right valve

fitting within the left; a slight indent on anterior margin on left valve, a stronger

indent on the right; hind margin slightly indented dorsally. Surface smooth,

with concentric growth-lines. A rather broad non-nacreous margin. Hinge-

line without anterior denticles but with a series of 10-12 minute granules

posteriorly.

When opened the dried shell was found to contain about 12 shelled

juveniles (2 or 3 were broken in opening the shell). The foot and byssus were

intact. The juveniles varied from 0-7 to 1 mm. in length, very slightly oblique,

hinge-line straight, hinge without denticles.

Fam. Pinnidae

Rosewater, 1961.

These shells live in an upright position in gravel or sandy mud, the apex

deeply buried and anchored by the byssus, the posterior end projecting a short

_ distance above the surface. The anatomy of the animal is correlated with the

vertical position of the shell. They are often gregarious, packed closely together

in large colonies (Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 43, 45, 92).

416 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

The small pea-crab (Pinnotheres) lives commensally within the shells;

shrimps (Anchistus, Paranchistus, Conchodytes) have also been recorded as

commensals.

Field investigation into the growth and variability in colonies of Pinnas

would be welcome. Winckworth (1929, p. 284) referred to the different shape

of the shell at different growth stages.

Owing to great variability in shape numerous names have been given to

supposed ‘species’. The recent exposition by Rosewater (1961) reduces the

number of Indo-Pacific (including South Africa) species to nine, of which

five are known from South Africa.

Sowerby (1897, p. 27) recorded squamossima Phil. from South Africa and

serra Rve. from Durban. The former is considered a synonym of serrata, a

West Atlantic species; and the name should be deleted from the South African

list. Winckworth considered serra a synonym of fectinata Linn., a species known

from India eastwards. This species is not likely to be found in South African

waters, and the original provenance of Sowerby’s specimen cannot be checked.

Key to South African species (after Rosewater)

1. Nacreous layer divided longitudinally by a groove. Externally a longitudinal

ridge anteriorly oD, o re 5 : - bs Pinna

(a) Posterior margin squarely truncate. Bees ree scar ee extending

on to ventral lobe of nacreous layer .. ra muricata

(6) Posterior margin arcuate or rounded. Ragen adéngice scar fae Suir

on to ventral lobe ae Eas 4 a Ss Le ee eas bicolor

2. Nacreous layer not divided, no external ridge

(a) nacreous layer occupying whole anterior part of shell ae as ce Atrina

(i) Shell thick, heavy, black .. 3% : Se Be ac ae vexillum

(ii) Shell thin, with squamiferous ainiecilone .. Squamifera

(b) Nacreous lene confined to dorsal anterior part of Geib Usually comianred Streptopinna

Saccata

Pinna muricata Linn.

Pinna muricata Linn., Winckworth, 1929, p. 285, fig.; Rosewater, 1961, p. 188, pl. 139, figs. 1, 2

(embryonic valves), pls. 141-145.

Pinna semicostata Conrad, Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938, p. 74, pl. 18, figs. 7-10.

Pinna aequilatera von Martens, 1880, p. 317, pl. 22, fig. 4.

Avicula [sic] aequilatera (von Mrtns.), Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 307 (listed); Macnae & Kalk,

1958, pp. 65, 92, 129.

Pinna squamifera (non Sow.), Franca, 1960, p. go, pl. 20, fig. 2.

Posterior margin of shell more or less squarely truncate. External ridge

distinct on earlier half or two-thirds. Radiating ribs 12-26, but fewer in

juveniles (e.g. 10 at 25 mm. length). Squamae present or absent. Nacreous

layer occupying anterior half to two-thirds, divided into two lobes by a very

narrow groove; both lobes posteriorly truncate or broadly rounded, the dorsal

lobe extending farther than ventral lobe. Posterior adductor scar on the dorsal

lobe, but usually extending onto the ventral lobe. Pigmented glands (organs

of Will, or so-called ‘eyes’) on the mantle lobes inconspicuous and widely

spaced (contrast bicolor). )

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 417

Upto 311 X 149mm. (Rosewater) ; South African Museum 155 X 59mm.

Cream or pale horny colour, often obscurely blotched or spotted with

brown or greenish-brown, nacreous layer glossy white or silvery.

Port Alfred (Rosewater); Durban (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Col. J. H. Bowker,

1882; also U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Inhambane (U.C.T.); Mozambique

Island (U.W.).

Distribution. East coast of Africa, Indo-Pacific, North Australia, and includ-

ing oceanic islands.

Remarks. Smith (1906, p. 60) included aequilatera von Martens in the South

African fauna-list, with the curious remark that he could find no description of

the species.

Winckworth (1929) accepted natalensis Smith 1906 as a distinct species,

with densecostata Turton 1932 as synonym. Rosewater regards both as synonyms

of bicolor. 1 am more inclined to regard natalensis as a synonym of muricata; but

an examination of the muscle scar might decide the question.

Pinna bicolor Gmelin

Pinna bicolor Gmelin, Odhner, 1917, p. 7; 1919, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 1 (margin broken); Dautzenberg,

1929, p. 568; Winckworth, 1929, p. 286, fig.; Rosewater, 1961, p. 193, pls. 147-153.

Pinna dolobrata Lam., Hedley, 1924, p. 144, pl. 20, fig. 9, pl. 21.

?Pinna natalensis Smith, 1906, p. 60, pl. 8, fig. 9.

Pinna densecostata Turton, 1932, p. 219, pl. 56, no. 1520.

Atrina bicolor (Gmelin) Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 45, 129.

Differs from muricata: posterior margin arcuate or rounded; fewer ribs

(8-17); ventral lobe of nacreous layer rounded posteriorly; posterior adductor

scar not extending onto ventral lobe; pigmented glands on mantle conspicuous

and close together; darker colour, cross-bars on early part of shell, changing

later to radiate streaks, especially at posterior margin.

Up to 495 mm. (Rosewater).

Port Alfred (Turton: densecostata); Durban (Smith: natalensis); Umpan-

gazi, Zululand (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Inhambane (U.C.T.); St.

Carolina, Bazarute Island (Rosewater).

Distribution. East coast of Africa, Indo-West Pacific, Australia, but exclud-

ing oceanic islands.

Remarks. The living occurrence of this species south of Delagoa Bay has

been confirmed by U.C.T. at Umpangazi.

Aitrina vexillum (Born)

Pinna vexillum Born, 1778, p. 118; 1780, p. 134, pl. 7, fig. 8; Sowerby, 1897, p. 27; Winckworth,

1920, p. 287.

Pinna nigra Dillwyn, 1817, p. 325; Braga, 1952, p. 100.

Pinna nigrina Lamarck, 1819, p. 135; Chenu, 1962, fig. 821.

Atrina vexillum (Born), Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129; Rosewater, 1961, p. 204, pl. 139, figs. 3, 4

(embryonic valves), pl. 139, pls. 156-158.

418 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Shell thick, heavy, somewhat inflated, more or less hatchet- or flag-shaped

(ventral margin lobed). Radiating ribs and squamae present or absent. Pos-

terior adductor scar large, projecting (in adult) beyond margin of nacreous

layer.

Up to 480 mm. (Rosewater). Very dark, almost black.

Durban (Sowerby); Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Port Amelia (Braga).

Distribution. East coast of Africa, Indo-Pacific, North Australia.

Remarks. Sowerby’s record from Durban was probably based on a dead

shell. |

Atrina squamifera (Sow.)

Pinna squamifera Sowerby, 1835, p. 85; Krauss, 1848, p. 27, pl. 2, fig. 8; Smith, 1903, p. 394;

Sowerby, 1904, p. 3.

Pinna afra Sowerby, 1835, p. 85.

Pinna kraussii Hanley, 1858, p. 226.

Pinna pernula (non Chemn.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 65.

Atrina alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 183, pl. 40, fig. 3.

Pinna segmenta ‘Turton, p. 1932, 217, pl. 56, no. 1510.

Pinna whitechurcht Turton, 1932, p. 218, pl. 56, no. 1512.

Pinna rufanensis Turton, 1932, p. 218, pl. 56, no. 1513.

Pinna sp. Turton, 1932, p. 218, pl. 56, no. 1516 (= juv.).

Atrina squamifera (Sow.), Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 45, 92, 129, fig. 23 ¢; Rosewater, 1961,

p- 207, pls.

[Non] Franca 1960 (= muricata).

Shell thin, fragile, elongate-triangular, posterior margin rounded-truncate.

Radiating squamiferous ribs 6-12, with several additional on ventral slope,

making this area rugose. Posterior adductor scar not projecting beyond margin

of nacreous layer, the margin of the nacreous layer with a notch ventral to the

scar.

Up to 390 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.). Smallest specimen seen 34 < 14 mm.

Other measurements to show variation in the length/breadth ratio: 64 x 30

and 65 X 24; 72 X 32;°75 xX 43, 95 X 50, 100 X 52, 120 x GOuet gam mame

170 X 85, 250 X 125, 360 x 165 and 390 <X 140 mm. The first and last pairs

are perhaps the most striking.

Light horn colour when young, becoming brown or dark brown.

Fossil: Quaternary, Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

Saldanha Bay, Table Bay, Hout Bay (west coast of Cape Peninsula),

False Bay, Hermanus, Still Bay, Mossel Bay, Knysna, Port Elizabeth (S. Afr.

Mus.) ; Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton) ; Natal (Hanley).

Off East London, 43 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

33° 47’ S., 26° 4’ E., 26 fathoms, and 34° 20’ S., 24° 29’ E., 120 memes

(U.C.T.). Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Remarks. The smallest specimen seen (34 mm.) has no squamae: these

begin to develop at about 40-50 mm. length, at first on the dorsal area, extend-

ing later over the whole width of the shell.

Krauss said he had used the name P. capensis in a preliminary identification

of his specimens but had later come to the conclusion that they were the same

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 419

‘as squamifera, of which he gave a description and figure. Rosewater (p. 210)

has misread Krauss; there never was a type of capensis.

Winckworth (1929 and 1936) rightly put Bartsch’s alfredensis, and some of

Turton’s ‘species’ into synonymy. He did not, nor did Rosewater (1961, pp. 209,

224) recognize that ‘saccata’ and its var. similis were specimens of Malleus,

having a ‘straight flat top’ (see Malleus regula, p. 407).

The most westerly locality given by Rosewater is Jeffreys Bay, though he

mentioned in the synonymy Krauss’s locality Knysna. Consequently he con-

sidered the species was limited to the south-eastern part of South Africa. He

refers, however, to the similarity between squamifera and the European fragilis

Penn. and the West African chautardi Nicklés 1953, the latter extending as far

south as Angola. “These three forms may be remnants of a former continually

[= continuously] distributed species now broken up into isolated populations

which merit specific rank’ (Rosewater, p. 208). Future research may obtain

specimens from localities between Saldanha Bay and Angola, and thus refute

the apparent discontinuous distribution.

Streptopinna saccata (Linn.)

Fig. 126

Pinna nutiallit Conrad, 1837, p. 244.

Atrina nuttalli: (Conrad) Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938, p. 76, pl. 18, figs. 1-4.

Pinna saccata Linn., Sowerby, 1897, p. 27.

Pinna (Streptopinna) saccata Linn., von Martens, 1880, p. 318; Winckworth, 1929, p. 289; Prashad,

1932, p. 138.

Pe caccrta (Linn.), Iredale, 1927, p. 333, pl. 46, figs. 9-11; Rosewater, 1961, p. 221,

pl. 136, figs. 5, 6, pls. 169-171.

[Non] ‘Turton 1932 (= Maileus regula).

A particularly variable species as regards the length/breadth ratio, apart

from the distortion which many of the shells undergo.

Measurements: 85 < 50, 95 X 65, IIO X 50, 115 X 48, and 115 X 51

mm. Two other specimens cannot be measured owing to the strong curvature

of the valves.

In all, except one, of the present 7 shells, the curvature is towards the right,

i.e. the left valve is more or less markedly convex, the right correspondingly

concave. Two shells after growing straight for about 60-65 mm., curve round

at right angles, so that the shell viewed in dorsal aspect is L-shaped.

The dorsal margin may be straight, slightly convex, or concave. The ven-

tral margin is more or less strongly convex, with at about 40 mm. length a

wide and shallow indent, or a sharply marked notch, anterior and posterior

to which the margin is more or less lobate. In later stages of growth the dorsal

margin (beyond the hinge) of the two valves appears to be completely fused.

This is very clearly seen in the two L-shaped shells.

There: are 5—7 broad, low, rounded radial ribs on the dorsal half of the

shell; later (after a length of about 70 mm.) similar but even less conspicuous

ribs appear on the ventral area also, totalling about 12. One very broad example,

420 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

55 X 38 mm. (fig. 12b) has 16 ribs; the length may have been longer, as the

posterior margin is broken.

Nacreous area confined to the dorsal anterior third part of shell, its pos-

terior margin concave dorsally to the posterior adductor scar. Anterior adduc-

tor scar small, on a shelf at the tip of the shell.

Byssus present (Rosewater, p. 222); confirmed in a 38 mm. specimen

(Port St. Johns), and U.C.T. specimens (largest 97 55 mm.).

Up to 235 mm. (Rosewater).

Natal (Sowerby); Durban Harbour (S. Afr. Mus.); Umzikaba, Port St.

Johns (S. Afr. Mus. coll. F. H. Talbot); Umhlali (Natal) (U.C.T.).

Fic. 12. a, Electroma vexillum (Rve.). b, Streptopinna saccata (Linn.) (S. Afr. Mus. no. 5425) half-

grown, 55 X 38 mm. c, Pinctada sp. (Mozambique Island and Inhambane). d, Pieria chinensis

(Leach), Delagoa Bay. .

Distribution. Red Sea, east coast of Africa, Seychelles, Réunion, Mauritius,

Madagascar, East Indies, Pacific.

Remarks. Von Martens recorded that this species lived vertically in hollows

in Madrepore corals; and Rosewater says under and between rocks; such a

habitat would account for the remarkable distortion of some of the shells.

Fam. Pectinidae

Grau. 1959 (Eastern Pacific species).

Some Indo-Pacific species: P. squamosus Gmelin, .Ch. testudineus (Rve.),

noduliferus (Sow.), cuneolus (Rve.) have been recorded from Natal and Durban.

One suspects Sowerby’s (1897) record of squamosus to refer to the later described

natalensis Smith. Ch. noduliferus was sent to Smith by Quekett, Curator of the

Durban Museum; the provenance of a specimen of this Mauritian shell is

suspect, at least one cannot place so much reliance on its being a Natal shell

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 421

as one can on the other species which were forwarded by Burnup. None of

these species has been found in recent years by U.C.T. or U.W.

On the other hand Macnae & Kalk (1958) have listed P. tranquebaricus

and Ch. lentiginosus from Delagoa Bay. The specimens of the former are more

probably referable to senatorius.

The occurrence of a small incubatory Pectinid, here provisionally assigned

to Cyclopecten, is noteworthy.

Pecten sulcicostatus Sow.

Pecten sulcicostatus Sowerby, 1842, p. 47, pl. 13, figs. 35, 36; 1892, p. 89, pl. 5, figs. 97, 98; Schwarz,

IQI0, p. 115; Thiele, 1931, p. 163; Fleming, 1957, pp. 10, 15, 23, 25; van Bruggen, 10961,

pl, fis.’ 4.

Pecten capensis Gray MS. Sowerby, 1892, p. 66 and p. 89 (erratum); Johnson, 1904, p. IT.

Both valves convex and smooth up to 6-7 mm. alt., hinge 5-6 mm.;

thereafter 12-13 ribs develop and the concentric growth-lines become distinct

and lamellose in the grooves; at about 8-10 mm. alt. the 1st sulcus appears in

~ each rib, and at about 13 mm. a 2nd sulcus appears on the left (flat) valve,

a 2nd and grd on the right; increasing in large shells to 5 on the left and 10-12

on the right valve; on the latter the ribs are low, rounded, and not sharply

defined, passing gradually into the shallow narrow grooves, which are also

sulcate, so that one may easily count up to 14 or 15 sulci on a rib; at about

10 mm. alt. one or two (sometimes 3) intermediary riblets appear between

each pair of main ribs on left valve, but at about 25 mm. alt. they peter out.

The lamellose growth-lines cross the ribs on left valve, and continue to the

margin in old shells; on-right valve they show in the sulci on the ribs and in

the grooves, producing a cancellate appearance in early growth, a pitted

appearance in later growth. Ears with 4-5 ribs on left valve, 6-7 on right,

increasing to resp. 5-6 and 8-9, but less distinct in old shells.

Right valve cream, pale buff, or pinkish; left valve pink or reddish;

young shells (up to c. 10 mm. alt.) pale, then left valve suddenly becoming

darker, the junction sharp but irregular; irregular dark red marks may occur

on either valve. A pure white (cream) example has been taken in False Bay

(S. Afr. Mus.).

Length 106, alt. (to hinge-line, excluding the projecting umbo) 90,

thickness (right valve) 30, hinge-line 52 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Port Elizabeth (Johnson, Schwarz); Sedgefield near

Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

False Bay to Mossel Bay, Algoa Bay, and East London (S. Afr. Mus.

P.F. coll.). False Bay 37 metres, and Sebastian Bay, 68 metres (s.s. Africana,

mee w.C.T.).

Remarks. Commoner in False Bay and Mossel Bay than farther east.

In Natal its place is taken by erythraeensis (infra).

Sowerby (1842) said, incorrectly, that the grooves between the ribs on

the left valve were sulcate. The 1892 figure 98 shows them correctly.

422 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Juveniles at about 7 mm. alt., before the 1st sulcus has appeared in the

ribs (left valve) can scarcely be distinguished from equal sized fumatus, except

by the stronger lamellose growth-lines.

The development of temporary intermediary riblets on the left valve is

noteworthy.

Pecten cf. erythraeensis Sow.

Pecten erythraeensis Sowerby, 1842, p. 49, pl. 18, figs. 163, 164; Cox, 1929, pp. 185, 203; Fleming,

1957, PP- 9, 13, 16, 17, 18, 23, 33.

Pecten sulcicostatus Sow. var. casa van Bruggen, 10961, p. 31, pl. 1, figs. 1-3.

Pecten fumatus (non Reeve), Barnard, 1962b, pp. 184, 192.

Prodissoconch smooth, glossy. Both valves convex up to about 5 mm. alt.;

and both smooth up to about 5-6 mm.; thereafter 14-15 ribs develop and

concentric growth-lines become distinct, more or less lamellose on left valve,

smooth on the right; ribs smooth, but crossed by the lamellose growth-lines on

left valve. Ears with 4(5) ribs on left valve, 5-6 on right, in the latter more

distinct on the anterior than on the posterior ear; obscure in large shells.

Pale pinkish buff, left valve at about 10 mm., or even earlier at 4°5 mm.

alt. suddenly becoming deeper pink or reddish-brown, junction sharp but

irregular, and varying; thereafter either uniform or more often similar darker

zones appear, more or less zigzag, or with dark A-shaped marks (pointing

towards the umbo) ; right valve in young shells more or less mottled or blotched

pink or reddish on a pale ground, later more or less uniformly suffused

greyish-red. | |

Length 70, alt. to hinge-line 57, thickness (right valve) 22, hinge-line

35 mm.

Fossil: Quaternary, raised beach at Knysna (S. Afr. Mus.).

Off Tugela River (Natal), 37 fathoms, adult, dead but fresh Morewood

Cove, 27 fathoms; Tongaat, 36 fathoms, living; Umhloti, 40 fathoms, adult,

dead but fresh; Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms; Illovo, 27-30 fathoms, juv.

living Umkomaas, 40 fathoms, juv. living; Umtwalumi, 25 fathoms; Itongazi,

25 fathoms, living; Umhloti and Umkomaas, 40 fathoms, numerous juv.

3-5 mm, alt. (S) Afr. Mus, PiB.vcolle):

; 29° 30 8., 31° 23’ E., 68 metres (s.s. Africana, per UC. ae

Remarks. Distinguished from sulcicostatus by the non-sulcate ribs, and the

absence of temporary intermediary riblets. The growth-lines on the left valve

become lamellose only at about 12-15 mm. alt., sometimes not until much

later at 30-35 mm. alt. |

Pieter Faure specimens were identified by Sowerby as the Australian

Jumatus. In 1962b I accepted this identification, but on further consideration

I think that these South African shells are far more likely to be one of the Red

Sea species. Cox (1929, p. 203) doubted the occurrence of one and the same

species living in the Red Sea and East Australia.

Geological considerations favour a Red Sea species, although the only

fossil occurrence in South Africa is of no great age, and there are no East

—

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 423

coast records (Cox, 1927, did not record erythraeensis from the Zanzibar

deposits).

Cox (1929, p. 186) in discussing erythraeensis, mentioned the following

features as characteristic: on the left valve there are no grooves on the ribs,

and there are (usually) no interstitial ribs. ‘These features. are found in the

South African shells. Presumably the ‘interstitial’ ribs of Cox are the same as I

have here called ‘temporary’ intermediary riblets; Cox did not say whether

they were present only in young shells (in the closely allied benedictus).

Cox (1929, p. 186) said that fumatus was very close to erythraeensis in its

shape and the character of its ribbing, but differed in its dark colour. Mr.

_G. Grau, a specialist on the family, to whom I sent specimens (1962), also

remarked (in litt.) on the similarity of these two species, but preferred not to

express a definite opinion on the identity of the South African shells.

In these circumstances I refer the South African shells to the Red Sea

species, with the hope that future collecting will bring evidence of its occurrence,

fossil and/or living, along the east coast of Africa.

, Von Hochstetter (1866, p. 37) in describing Pleistocene deposits at the

Cape, said that Mr. Layard [Curator, South African Museum] told him that

from the Cape to Port Elizabeth there were ‘mussel-banks’ [ ? kitchen-middens]

20-25 ft., in places 100 ft. above sea-level, containing in addition to living

species of molluscs a species of Pecten which had not hitherto been found alive.

Probably Layard was referring to sulcicostatus, not to the second species here

referred to erythraeensis.

+ Pecten sp.

Haughton (1956, p. 332) quoted Cox’s description of some fossil specimens

of Pecten from Tertiary deposits off the west coast. The right valve was convex,

the left flat, and the latter had ‘fine, evenly spaced concentric threads crossing

the ribs and intervals’. :

Three flat left valves from off Cape Point, 120 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus.

Ag492. P.F. coll. No. 2784) agree with this description. The growth-lines are

of course much closer together on the early part of the valve; but at c. 10 mm.

alt. the rate of growth increased rather rapidly and the growth-lines become

farther apart; towards the margin they are ‘evenly spaced’. They are slightly

undulate, being convex towards the umbo on the ribs, and convex towards the

margin in the intervals.

Equilateral. Ribs 20, without any trace of squamulae. Ears cancellate

with fine riblets and growth-lines.

Length 15, alt. 14:5 mm.; 18 x 20; part of the lateral margin of the

largest valve is missing, alt. 23 mm.

The two smaller valves are slightly worn; the largest is considerably more

worn, the growth-lines showing faintly only towards the margin. Pale greyish-buff.

These three valves are unattached, and show both external and internal

surfaces. But it is questionable whether the species is living at the present day.

424 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Of the specimens attached to glauconitic-phosphatic nodules, some are

internal casts and are greenish-black like the nodules; others still retain portions

of the actual shell, which is whitish.

Chlamys tinctus (Rve.)

Fig. 14.5

Pecten pusio (non Pennant), Krauss, 1848, p. 29.

Pecten limatula var. Smith, 1885, p. 297, pl. 21, fig. 5.

Chlamys humilis Sowerby, 1904, p. 3, pl. 6, fig. 3; Thiele, 1931, p. 163.

Chlamys tinctus (Rve.), Smith, 1906b, p. 59; Turton, 1932, p. 222 and p. 222, pl. 57 no. 1550

(= juv.); van Bruggen, 1952, p. 13, figs. 3, 3a (sculpture).

Pecten (Chlamys) sp. Thiele, 1931, p. 163.

Prodissoconch smooth, glossy. Surface up to 1 mm. alt. minutely granular;

10-11 ribs begin at about 1 mm. alt., growth-lines distinct, crossing the ribs;

at 3 mm. alt. c. 17-18 ribs, at 6 mm. ¢c. 25; 1st intermediaries begin at ¢. 1.75

—2 mm. alt.; adult shells with c. 70 ribs, main, intermediary, and subsidiary

(narrow riblets splitting off from and flanking on one or both sides of a main

rib). Granules or nodules on ribs where crossed by growth-lines beginning at

about 4mm. alt., thereafter developing into more or less conspicuous squamae.

Concentric lamellose growth-lines usually visible in the grooves up to about

10 mm. alt., but thereafter the grooves become relatively narrower owing to

encroachment by the intermediaries and especially the subsidiary riblets, and

the growth-lines become less lamellose, closer together, and much less con-

spicuous. Squamae may be strongly or feebly developed, but the lateral parts

are always more strongly or more profusely squamose.

Colour variable, pale pink, deep red, orange, yellow, violaceous, uniform

or with more or less concentric or zigzag paler bands, e.g. yellow with cream

bands which are edged distally with violet.

Length 32, alt. 37 mm.; two-valved examples: 20 x 24, thickness 9,

hinge-line 13 mm., and 18 x 20 x 8 X 11°5 mm. The length/altitude ratio

varies, €.g.: 16 & 17 (humilis) and 14 X 17 mm. (typical tinctus).

Fossil: Post Pliocene, Inhambane (Cox 1939); Quaternary, Sedgefield

near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

Table Bay, False Bay to Mossel Bay (S. Afr. Mus.); Port Elizabeth

(Sowerby) ; Port Alfred (Smith, Turton); Natal (Krauss).

34° 41’ S., 18° 36’ E., 98 fathoms (Smith: limatula).

Off Great Fish Point, 51 fathoms; Cape St. Blaize, 90 fathoms (Sowerby

1904: humilis).

34° 51’ S., 19° 37’ E., 80 metres; 35° 16’ S., 22° 26 HE.) ij pemmemeas

35 20’ S., 20° 56’ E., 80 metres (Thiele: humilis) and St. Francis Bay, 80

metres (Thiele: Chlamys sp.). |

Off: Tongaat (Natal), 36 fathoms, one living; Cape St. Francis, 75 fathoms,

2 living; Cape Seal, 80 fathoms, one living; Cape St. Blaize, 85-90 fathoms,

2 living; Cape Point, 180 fathoms, one living; and Mossel Bay, low-tide, one

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 425

living; also dead valves from numerous localities from Cape Vidal (Zululand),

Natal coast, East London, Algoa Bay, Agulhas Bank to False Bay (S. Afr.

Wis. PF. coll.).

Distribution. Tristan d’Acunha (Smith: limatula).

Remarks. The figure here given is taken from a series of juveniles from 1 mm.

upwards, collected by Dr. Muir at Still Bay.

Smith (1885) stated that the Challenger specimen of limatula did not corre-

spond precisely with the Type (which had lost the minute sculpture) ; Smith’s

figure, however, does seem to represent tznctus. Several P.F. shells, identified

as limatula by Sowerby, are inseparable from tznctus. As Reeve’s figure 106

(tinctus) has figure precedence over (and presumably antedates) figure 124

(limatula), tinctus is here adopted for this common South African species; and

limatula is excluded from the fauna list.

Among the specimens identified as limatula, Sowerby failed to distinguish

one specimen clearly showing the distinctive sculpture of natalensis, which had

not then been described.

Sowerby also described two shells as humilis n.sp. The cotype of this, from

off Cape St. Blaize, is in South African Museum (S. Afr. Mus. no. 14858). It

is larger than the Type: length 17, alt. 19 mm. Sowerby: did not compare his

species with either tinctus or limatula. 1 am unable to distinguish this cotype

from the specimens identified by Sowerby as lzmatula, or from tinctus; it is more

subcircular (less elevated), and has more ribs than stated in the description

(nearer 40 than 30), but the figure of the Type seems to show more than 30

ribs. Thiele’s specimens, identified as humilis, also had over 30 ribs on a shell of

14 mm. alt.

Thiele’s Chlamys sp., with very fine striae, is not a different species. These

striae can be seen frequently, though not on all shells. Short striae occur between

the lamellose growth-lines on the early part of the shell; later when the growth-

lines become inconspicuous the striae are longer, parallel with the ribs in the

middle part of the shell, but acutely oblique towards the lateral parts. Striae

are present on the sides of the ribs, and sometimes may be seen on the top of

the ribs when the squamae are feebly developed. Although not traceable on

all shells, these striae seem to be a normal feature.

Smith’s specimens apparently did not show these striae, and conse-

quently he maintained tinctus as a species separate from puszo in which he said

the striae were characteristic (1906).

Cox, however (1927, p. 42, pl. 7, fig. 6, and p. 96), stated that he could

find no difference between pusio (Linn.) and tinctus; and said that the former

existed in Lower Miocene times in the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean

before these waters were separated, and occurred in the Zanzibar Pleistocene

deposits; but appeared to have died out in the Indian Ocean except in the

extreme south (i.e. South Africa: tinctus). Cox’s description omits mention of

any intercostal sculpture. In 1939 Cox recorded pusio from the Post Pliocene

of Inhambane.

426 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

The South African Museum has only 4 valves from Cape Town; and the

P.F. took only one worn valve in Table Bay (Lion’s Head S.E. + E., 32 miles,

126 fathoms). U.C.T. had no records from Oudekraal (west coast of Cape

Peninsula) ; or from the west coast as far north as Port Nolloth, until recently

(1962) when specimens were taken at Langebaan (Saldanha Bay).

Ch. tinctus appears to be a free-living species, not (as e.g. distortus da Costa)

a fixed species.

Chlamys natalensis Smith

Fig. 14d

?Pecten squamosus (non Gmelin), Sowerby, 1897, p. 28.

Chlamys natalensis Smith, 1906b, p. 60, pl. 8, figs. 7, 7a, 8, 8a; 1910, p. 213.

Pecten natalensis (Smith), Bartsch, 1915, p. 186; Turton, 1932, p. 222.

Distinguished from tinctus by the more regular ribs, which number 30-36

(S. Afr. Mus.)—40 (Smith); and the criss-cross sculpture in the grooves.

This sculpture occurs in both valves, and is produced by 3—4(5) rows of more

or less triangular squamulae arranged in quincunx (when the squamulae are

blunt the sculpture appears pitted).

Early part of shell radiately finely striate, at 3-4 mm. alt. about 10 ribs,

at 4-5 mm. intermediaries appear, at 5-6 mm. about 16-18 ribs, and the

radial striation (in the grooves) gives place to the quincuncial squamulae.

No concentric growth-lines except towards the margin in adult shell, more or

less squamose, but not so strongly squamose as in typical éinctus. All the ribs

are simple, undivided, and without subsidiaries.

Greyish (Smith); right valve cream, left dull pinkish (S. Afr. Mus.),

purplish-brown, faintly mottled (single valve: S. Afr. Mus.); orange (Smith;

also S. Afr. Mus.).

Length 20, alt. 23:5 mm. (Smith); 12-5 X 15,19 X 22, and 22 x 27 mm.

(S. Afr. Mus.).

Durban (Smith); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

Off Durnford Point (Zululand), 13 fathoms, one living and one valve;

Cape Natal, 54 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. As a living species probably confined to Natal and Zululand;

and even there it is a much rarer species than tunctus.

Presumably all the Port Alfred shells were dead.

Bartsch’s locality ‘Cape of Good Hope’ is inexact, and should not be

taken as a record of this species from anywhere in the south-west Cape

Province.

Cox (1927, p. 43, pl. 7, figs. 5a, b) described and figured tenuisculpta from

the Lower Miocene of Pemba Island. If it is considered desirable to synonymize

fossil and recent species, this name may have to be replaced by natalensis; and

perhaps both may be replaced by kokeniana Noetling 1901, which Cox said

had the same intercostal ornamentation. When discussing palaeogeographical

questions, however, it is sufficient to bear in mind the resemblance between the

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 427

Indian and Zanzibar fossils and the living Natal species, without crystallizing

a definite synonymy.

The Mauritian species croucht Smith 1892 has the whole surface covered

with microscopic reticulations (Eames & Cox, 1956, p. 48).

Chlamys gilchristt Sow.

Chlamys gilchristi Sowerby, 1904, pl. 1, pl. 6, fig. 6.

Left valve slightly convex, 9 main ribs, slightly raised, and numerous

granulose secondary riblets or lirae, one or two on each rib; interstices very

finely radiately striate, growth-lines obscure except here and there. Right

valve slightly more convex, ribs broader and flatter, lirae more strongly

granulose on earlier part of shell, less so later, interstices striate, growth-lines

more prominent near margin where they make the lirae foliate.

Right valve pinkish, left orange, both valves internally orange.

Length and altitude 35 mm., thickness (valves together) 8 mm. Africana

specimens 27 and 32 mm. long.

Vasco da Gama (Cape Point) N. 71° E. 184 miles, 230 fathoms, one,

peagae (Sowerby, PF. coll.). 31° 14’ S., 16° 36’ E., 272 metres, two, 194.7

(s.s. Africana No. AFR. 728, per U.C.T.).

Holotype in South African Museum (No. 14853).

Remarks. I have seen (1960) one specimen in coll. Mrs. H. Boswell, Pretoria,

stated to have been taken off Cape Point.

Chlamys eucosmia (W. H. Turton)

| Fig. 13 6

Pecten eucosmia Turton, 1932, p. 222, pl. 57, no. 1549.

Fic. 13. a, Pinctada sp. Interior of left valve with juveniles; hinge-line further enlarged (S. Afr.

Mus. no. Ag488). b, Chlamys eucosmia (W. H. Turton). Sculpture at beginning of main rib

accessories and at margin; right anterior ear.

428 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Right valve slightly more convex than left. At 0-5 mm. alt. 8 ribs, increasing

to 15 at 3 mm.; thereafter no more intermediaries, but at about 3-4 mm. alt.

an accessory riblet on each side of rib, later two accessories. Main ribs and

accessories with small, spaced squamulae. Ears costate, posterior ears less

strongly so than anterior ears, anterior right ear also lamellose; criss-cross

sculpture in the grooves except on the right anterior ear.

Grooves with criss-cross sculpture, beginning with 2-3 rows of pits at

about where the intermediaries develop, later increasing to 6—7 rows, but

reduced to 4—5 when the width of the groove decreases owing to the formation

of accessories; pits near the rib smaller than those in the middle of the groove.

In the grooves between main rib and accessories 1-2 rows of pits.

Length 12, alt. 13, thickness (valves together) 4:5 mm. Lemon yellow.

Umpangazi, Zululand, one living (U.C.T.).

Port Alfred, dead (? one only) (Turton).

Remarks. The present shell seems to be undoubtedly Turton’s species

described from an 8 x 8 mm. shell. His figure shows criss-cross sculpture on

the right anterior ear, but in the present shell such sculpture is absent from this

ear.

The species differs in shape and number of ribs from natalensis. It resembles

fultont in shape, but has 2-3 fewer ribs. It differs from both these species in

having composite instead of simple ribs.

Chlamys fultont Sow.

Fig. 144

Chlamys fultont Sowerby, 1904, p. 2, pl. 6, fig. 5; Smith, 1906, p. 59.

Left and right valves almost equally convex, but in juvenile the right very

slightly less convex. Ribs (16)17, rounded, subequal in width to the grooves,

ribs and grooves crossed by growth-lines which are very close, slightly lamellose

on the ribs, chiefly on the lateral ones. Ears costate, anterior right ear also

lamellose.

Grooves with extremely fine radiating striae, not always visible; on left

valve grooves normally filled with tiny squamulae arranged in quincunx; on the

right sometimes present, but usually not; sometimes only in the lateral grooves.

Purplish-brown, with irregular white or cream patches or zigzags or

A-shaped marks, sometimes the brown sometimes the pale colouring predomina-

ting. One juvenile uniform orange.

Length 33, alt. 34, depth (valves together) 11 mm.

Off Amatikulu (Zululand), 26 fathoms (Sowerby, P.F. coll.) (erroneously

quoted by Smith as ‘off the Cape’).

Off: Tugela River (Natal), 24 fathoms, 4 living; and 47 fathoms, valves;

Umbhloti, 40 fathoms, valves; Tongaat, 36 fathoms, 3 juv. living and valves;

Morewood Cove, 27 fathoms, valves; Umkomaas, 13 fathoms, 2 valves (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

—

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 429

Se 30° ., 29° 34 E., 26 fathoms, living (U.C.T.).

Delagoa Bay, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

Port St. Johns, one worn valve (S. Afr. Mus.).

Cotype in South African Museum (No. 14970).

Remarks. The number of complete shells and single valves sent to Sowerby

is not recorded. It seems strange that he did not notice the squamulae in the

grooves. The cotype valve (with Sowerby’s label) alt. 18 mm., shows the

squamulae on the middle part, though they are absent from the lateral

parts.

Fic. 14. a, Chlamys fulioni Sow. sculpture on left and right valves, with sections. b, C. tinctus (Rve.)

juvenile 1-5 mm. alt. c, C. bullatus D. & B. sculpture of unworn (left) and worn (right) ribs,

with sections. d, C. natalensis Smith sculpture. e, f, g, Cyclopecten vidalensis n.sp., portion of interior

and exterior, with external sculpture further enlarged. The extremely fine striae on earliest

part of shell (exterior) not shown.

The present material comprises: one large complete shell, 28 mm. alt.,

without squamulae in either valve; this is the only example in which the

squamulae are absent from the left valve.

6 complete shells with squamulae on the left, none on the right valve;

28 left valves all with squamulae; 20 right valves without squamulae;

12 right valves with squamulae, sometimes present only in the lateral grooves.

Most of the right valves with squamulae are from off Morewood Cove,

where there appears to be a colony with this somewhat unusual character

2d, 20 — 60%).

This species probably does not live far beyond the southern limit of Natal;

the Port St. John’s specimen is badly worn.

Chlamys bullatus D. & B.

Fig. 14¢

Pecten (Chlamys) bullatus Dautzenberg & Bavay, 1912, p. 17, pl. 27, figs. 1, 2 (poor).

Subcircular but slightly oblique, both valves convex. Ribs 17-18, each

with 2 rows of squamae which fuse, forming 2 alternating series of vesicles;

430 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

grooves a little narrower than the ribs, with concentric lamellae. Ears with

4(5) ribs, grooves with growth-lines; the rib nearest the hinge on right anterior

ear rather strongly lamellose.

Faint traces of rose and paler mottling.

Length 15, alt. 15, hinge-line 8-5 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.).

Off Tugela River (Natal), 47 fathoms, one valve; Umhloti, 40 fathoms, 7

valves and fragments; Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, 5 valves; Illovo,

27-30 fathoms, one valve; Cape Morgan, 52 fathoms, one very worn valve

(S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. East Indies.

Remarks. All the specimens are more or less worn. Only one valve shows

clearly the peculiar “bivesiculous’ sculpture on the ribs; other valves in different

stages of abrasion show the vesiculous ribs and the worn ‘tripartite’ ribs. A

valve with only the latter sculpture might be mistaken for a different species.

There seems no doubt about the identification. Although the figure is

useless, the original description is explicit: ‘. . . cétes recouvertes par des

squamules élevées qui se rejoignent et se soudent entre elles au sommet de

maniére a former, de chaque coté, une rangée de vésicules disposées en séries

alternantes. .. .’ These words exactly express the distinctive sculpture on the

present specimens. |

Chlamys senatorius (Gmelin)

Ostrea senatorius Gmelin, 1790, p. 3327.

Pecten senatorius (Gmel.) and crassicostatus Sowerby, 1842, pl. 15, fig. 111, pl. 17, figs. 151, 152,

pl. 18, figs. 188-192.

Pecten senatorius (Gmel.), Dautzenberg & Bavay, 1912, p. 4.

Chlamys senatorius (Gmel.), Cox, 1927, p. 45, pl. 7, figs. 1-3, p. 75, pl. 15, fig. 3, pl. 17, fig. 10;

Nardini, 1937, p. 233, pl. 14 (8), fig. 4; Cox, 1939, p. 76, pl. 1, fig. 14.

[ ?] Pecten tranquebaricus (Lam.), Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Ribs 22-27, with small squamae at fairly regular intervals, squamae

becoming stronger and closer together towards the margin in large shells; at

about 20-25 mm. alt. a series of smaller squamae appears on either side of the

ribs, which thus become tripartite; grooves smooth. Up to length 60, alt.

62 mm.

Violaceous, often with paler marks; interior violaceous, a broad submar-

ginal bright orange zone, margin violaceous.

Fossil: Miocene, Pemba Island and Inhambane; Pliocene, Zanzibar and

Inhambane.

False Bay in St. Lucia Bay (Zululand) (Nardini); Delagoa Bay and

Mozambique Island (U.W.). Durban harbour sediments (Dr. Lester King).

Distribution. Red Sea, Madagascar, Mauritius, Indo-Pacific.

Chlamys plica (Linn.)

Pecten plica Linn., Sowerby, 1842, p. 65, pl. 20, figs. 237-239.

Chlamys plica (Linn.), Cox, 1929, p. 201; Nardini, 1937, p. 235, pl. 15 (9), fig. 2; Barnard,

1962b, p. 192 (listed teste Nardini).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 431

Pliocene-Pleistocene: Red Sea, Kenya, Dar-es-Salaam.

Quaternary: False Bay in St. Lucia Bay (Zululand) (Nardini); Durban

harbour sediments (Dr. Lester King, 1963).

Distribution (living). Red Sea, Ceylon, Nicobars, Maldives, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. Nardini had three examples. Dr. Lester King obtained a number

of single valves, all more or less worn, but some showing traces of irregular

brown bands (cf. Sowerby, figs. 237 and 239).

Not recorded by recent collectors. Has the species become extinct along

the Natal coast?

Palliolum vitreum (Chemn. Schroter)

Pecten vitreus (Chem. Schr.) Sars, 1878, p. 21, pl. 2, figs. 5 a, b.

Palliolum vitream (Chem. Schr.) Verrill, 1897, p. 66, pl. 18, figs. 6-9, 9a, 10-12, 124, 13.

Pecten alcocki Smith, 1904b, p. 13; 1907, pl. 18, figs. 4, 4a, b.

Chlamys (Palliolum) vitrea (Chem. Schr.) Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1912, p. 333 (references).

Pecten (Cyclopecten) vitreus (Chem. Schr.) Dautzenberg & Bavay, 1912, p. 27 (references).

Pecten (Pseudamussium) alcocki Smith, Thiele, 1931, p. 164.

Equivalve, subcircular, thin, hyaline, posterior ear scarcely differentiated ;

minutely radiately striate, the striae interrupted by concentric growth-lines,

minute squamulae more or less regularly disposed over the marginal area.

White.

Length and latitude up to 18 mm. Verrill illustrated a shell of 20 mm.

Constable Hill (Saldanha Bay) E. 3? S. 19 miles, 145 fathoms, one living,

one dead but fresh; Lion’s Head N. 67° E. 25 miles (off west coast of Cape

Peninsula), 131-136 fathoms, one living; Cape Point E. 26 miles, 210 fathoms,

one valve; Vasco da Gama (Cape Point) N. 71° E. 18 miles, 230 fathoms, 2

broken valves; off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 80-100 fathoms, one valve (S.

Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

31° 39’ S., 16° 55’ E., 287 metres, two (s.s. Africana No. AFR. 707, per

UCT).

30° 20'S., 30° 30’ E., 1,300 metres, one valve (Fisheries Survey, Africana II).

Distribution. North Atlantic to Morocco, Azores, Teneriffe, Mediterranean ;

east coast of North America; Patagonia and Magellan Strait; coast of East

Africa (6° 18’ N., 49° 32’ E.), off South India, East Indies, Philippines, Japan.

37-4,255 metres.

Remarks. The South African specimens agree with the descriptions and

figures of Sars and Verrill. Thiele was inclined to regard Smith’s alcocki as

merely a variety of vitreum.

The valve obtained by Africana IJ measures 26 x 26 mm. The concentric

srowth-lines up to length of 12 mm. are rather widely spaced (as in other

specimens) and form low corrugations; thereafter they are closer together,

especially near the margin.

Thiele (1931, p. 164) has identified, with some doubt, two shells from

35° 26’ S., 20° 56’ E., 80 metres, and 35° 9’ S., 18° 33’ E., 564 metres with the

North Atlantic Pseudamussium similis (Laskey). The shell from the latter (South

432 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

African) locality measured 6-5 <x 6 mm. I would suggest that these shells

are more probably juveniles of vitreum and I exclude P. similis from the fauna

list until better evidence is available.

Amussium texturatum D. & B.

Amussium texturatum Dautzenberg & Bavay, 1912, p. 37, pl. 27, figs. 19-22.

Agreeing with the description, but larger. Almost equivalve, but the right

valve less convex than the left; in the living example the right valve is turned

up at the margin (at 5:5 mm. alt. in a 6-5 mm. shell) to fit within the left

valve; in the single valves the margin is not turned up, possibly broken or worn

away. Concentric lamellae on left valve beginning at about 0-4 mm. alt., and

6-7 ribs at about 1 mm. alt., intermediaries at about 1-5-2 mm., at 4 mm. I1

ribs, at 8 mm. 21-24 ribs, not counting one or two very faint and short ones

at the margin; at the intersections flat squamulae, more or less imbricate,

especially near the margin where the growth lamellae are close together.

Internal costae at 4 mm. alt. 10-11 (not counting the auricular crurae), at

8 mm. 19-21 (including short intermediaries).

Mostly white or buff, some left valves faintly pinkish, with or without

opaque white specks, or with faint reddish blotches.

Length 9, alt. 8-8-5, hinge-line 5 mm.

Off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 50 fathoms, 2 valves; Durnford Point (Zulu-

land), 90 fathoms, 3 valves; off Tugela River, 65-80 fathoms, one living, 4

valves; Tongaat, 36 fathoms, several valves; Cape Natal (Durban), 54-85

fathoms, numerous valves; off Cape Morgan, 77 fathoms, numerous valves

(S) Afr. Mius.2PoE coll

Distribution. Hast Indies, 275 metres.

Remarks. I have no hesitation in identifying these shells with texturatum-

The radial ribs on the left valve curve posteriorly (as in D. & B.’s fig. 19);

the intermediaries are variable in development.

Single valves were numerous in the bottom samples from off Cape Natal

and Cape Morgan, but the only living specimen was taken off the Tugela River.

Cyclopecten incubans n.sp.

Subcircular, thin, translucent, inequivalve, right valve smaller than left

and slightly less convex, not flattened or turned up at margin, ears distinct,

byssal sinus well marked; earliest part of right valve with extremely fine radial

striae, later replaced by extremely fine and close concentric striae, radial ribs

and (major) growth-lines very obscure, anterior ear obscurely ribbed, posterior

ear concentrically lamellate, interior smooth. Left valve with concentric

lamellae beginning at about 0-4-0-5 mm. alt., very fine radial ribs beginning

at about 0-5-0-75 mm., and intermediaries almost immediately thereafter,

at margin about 45-50 ribs, not very regularly spaced, often in pairs or 3-4

fine ones between two stronger ones, sculpture cancellate, but the concentric

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 433

-growth-lines often stronger than the ribs, especially on earlier part of the shell,

intersections crenulate, scarcely squamulose except feebly so on posterior part;

ears finely cancellate, the concentrics stronger than the radials; interior smooth

with very shallow grooves corresponding with the external ribs, no radial cos-

tae, margin smooth. White, translucent.

Largest single valve: length 5, alt. 4-5 mm.; a double shell: left valve

Aeoas-5, right valve 3-3 <X 3 mm.

The specimen from off Cape Point and one of the Cape St. Blaize examples

contained bivalved juveniles, about 20 in the former, 15 in the latter. Minutely

radially striate, hinge-line 0-3 mm.

Off Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms, 2 living and 8 valves (Types); Cape

Point N.E. 4 N. 19 miles, 145 fathoms, one living (S. Afr. Mus. Nos. Ag493

(Types), Ag494. P.F. coll.).

S407 3.,17 53 E., 320 metres, one living (U.C.T.).

Remarks. So far as I am aware incubation has not been recorded in the

Pectinidae, though some species are known to be monoecious, others dioecious.

The radial ribbing on the left valve is variable, no two specimens being

exactly alike.

Cyclopecten vidalensis n.sp.

Fig. 14 e-g

Left valve only —subcircular, moderately convex, anterior ear larger than

posterior ear; concentric growth-lines showing at 0-5 mm. alt., about 10 ribs

appear at I mm. alt., and intermediaries begin at 2 mm., about 45 ribs (main

and intermediary) at margin of shell; ribs slightly stronger than the concentric

lamellae, together forming a cancellate sculpture, intersections slightly nodular

or squamulose, the latter chiefly on the lateral parts of the shell; earliest part

with extremely fine radial striae which later become stronger and clearly visible

in the hollows of the lattice sculpture; ears with concentric lamellae. Internally

hinge narrow, a small ligament pit, crurae well marked but without ridge or

denticle, no radial costae except 2 short costae and a denticle between them

anteriorly and posteriorly, margin smooth. Dull buff (opaque).

Length and alt. 7-5, hinge-line (chipped) 4 or 4:5 mm.

Off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 80-100 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus.

No. Ag495. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Provisionally placed in Cyclopecten; but if this valve is juvenile,

older shells might show better developed internal costae, which would indicate

removal into another genus.

Fam. Spondylidae

Watson, 1930a, pp. 25-31, and 1930b, pp. 31-36 (anatomy).

Plicatula plicata (Linn.)

Plicatula ramosa Lam., Sowerby, 1847, p. 435, pl. 90, figs. 1-4; Chenu, 1862, fig. 975.

Plicatula imbricata Menke, Sowerby, 1847, p. 437, pl. go, fig. 6, pl. g1, figs. 15-18.

Plicatula plicata (Linn.), Nardini, 1937, p. 228, pl. 13(7), figs. 2-5.

434 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM —

Ribs not very numerous, approximately as wide as the grooves, not

squamose.

Off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 7 dead valves (S. Afr. Mus.

P.F. coll.). Fish Hoek (False Bay), one dead valve; and Still Bay, one valve

(Mrs. Connolly).

Distribution. Red Sea, East Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius.

Plicatula squamosisstma Smith

? Plicatula australis (non Lam.), Krauss, 1848, p. 30.

Plicatula squamosissima Smith, 1899, p. 251, pl. 5, figs. 15, 16; Turton, 1932, p. 222.

Ribs numerous, narrow, and close together, imbricately squamose, as are

also the very narrow grooves.

Dirty white or grey, with small black spots and radial streaks; interior

brownish, with some darker spots. !

Umkomaas, Natal (Smith); Natal (S. Afr. Mus.); Umzikaba, north of

Port St. Johns, living (S. Afr. Mus.); Port Alfred, dead (Bartsch, Turton).

Remarks. For discussion as to status of australis Lam., australis Krauss, and

multiplicata Desh. see: von Martens (1880, p. 313), Lynge (1909, p. 153),

Lamy (1918, p. 513), Prashad (1932, p. 115) and Iredale (1939, p. 380).

Smith’s name will probably become a synonym, but for the present is

retained,

Spondylus hystrix Roding

Spondylus hystrix R6ding, 1798, p. 195; Adam & Leloup, 1939, p. 60, pl. 4, fig. 5; Day & Morgans,

1956, p. 308; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Spondylus nicobaricus Sowerby, 1847, pl. 88, fig. 48.

Chama nicobaricus (Sow.), Turton, 1932, p. 234.

Spondylus ciliatus Sowerby, 1847, pl. 89, fig. 52.

Spondylus sp. Turton, 1932. p. 234, pl. 61, no. 1636 (= juv.).

Fossil: Post Pliocene, Inhambane (Cox, 1939).

Port Alfred, dead (Turton); Umgazana, Port St. Johns, living (U.C.T.); —

Port St. Johns, one dead but valves united (S. Afr. Mus.) ; Umzikaba, north of

Port St. Johns (S. Afr. Mus. coll. F. H. Talbot); Scottburgh, Natal, 4 valves

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Durban, living (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay, living

(U.W.).

Off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, one very worn valve; Umhloti

(Natal), 40 fathoms, 4 valves; Cape Point N.W. x W.4N. 8 miles, 45 fathoms

(mouth of False Bay) one broken and worn valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Mauritius, Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. The occurrence of even a worn valve in the mouth of False Bay

is unexpected, and the record should be accepted with reserve (but see + Spondy-

lus sp., infra). |

The condition of the Port St. Johns shell (S. Afr. Mus. A6649) indicates

that it had lived in the neighbourhood. Both valves are intact but open, and

barnacles have settled on the inside of both valves. Port St. Johns should

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 435

probably be reckoned as the utmost southerly limit at which Spondylus lives

on our coast.

Cox (1927, p. 49, pl. 7, figs. 7, 8 a, b) recorded ornatissimus Bohm from the

Lower Miocene of Pemba Island, remarking that no other species ‘either living

or fossil, is so delicately ornamented’. This seems an exaggeration, because

some of the present valves assigned by Tomlin to hystrix (nicobaricus and ciliatus)

Fic. 15. tSpondylus sp. Valve 150 X 120 mm.,

thickness at <x 8 mm. Portion of margin, with

profile of one rib.

are ornamented as in Cox’s fig. 8b. From the Pliocene of Zanzibar insularis

n.sp. was described (p. 80, pl. 16, fig. 4); this also seems to have a very similar

ornamentation. In both cases the figures are good and allow a critical com-

parison; nevertheless it is always preferable to compare actual specimens.

Sowerby (1897, p. 28) recorded also S. ducalis Chemn. from Natal. The »

shell (if it was really a South African shell) was probably the same as the

436 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

specimens recorded as hystrix; the latter and its varieties and ducalis being

difficult to distinguish (Prashad, 1932, p. 111).

The right valve of the Port St. Johns specimen (S. Afr. Mus. A6649) has a

very long ‘beak’ at the hinge, 20 mm. in a total altitude of 63 mm.

+ Spondylus sp.

Fig. 15

Spondylus sp., Barnard, 1962b, p. 184.

A large flat valve appears to be the left valve of a Spondylus. Unfortunately

the hinge was broken away in extracting the shell from the deposit, and no

attempt was made to obtain it; at least it was not submitted to the South

African Museum.

The outer surface has numerous radiating squamose ridges; the squamae

are blunt, more or less square-ended; but, even allowing for abrasion, not

spiniform. Colour dull orange. 150 xX 120, thickness at x in figure 8 mm.

Limestone deposits, Klein River, Stanford. See: Wybergh, 1920, p. 58;

and Krige, A.V. 1927, p. 51.

Fam. Limidae

Thiele, 1918-1920, pp. 1-66, pls. 1-10.

Synopsis of South African species

I. Inequilateral (oblique)

A. Anterior and posterior ears more or less equal

1. Median ligament pit wider than high. A deep pit in posterior ear below

hinge-line.

(a) Ventricose ne aah a ioe ay is Me .. rotundata

(b) Flat he : bh a Le ae Sragilis

2. Median ligament ae higher dee ie No pit on posterior ear.

(a2) Ribs squamose; grooves more or less punctate a : she lima

(6) Ribs nodulose; grooves with concentric Oa lines ancy a perfecta

B. Posterior ear incurved, not visible in surface view. Ribs: very aoe divaricating abscisa

II. Equilateral (symmetrical)

A. Altitude slightly greater than length .. a whe or . symmetrica

B. Altitude much greater than length .. ae ae Me (imag agulhasensis

From Gough Island, 180 metres, outside the strictly South African region,

Melvill & Standen (1907) described Lima (Mantellum) goughensis.

Lima rotundata Sow.

Fig. 16.4

Lima rotundata Sowerby, 1843, p. 86, pl. 21, fig. 19; Krauss, 1848, p. 29 (quoted reference to

Sowerby as “pl. 22, figs. 39, 40’, which is angulata); Sowerby, 1892, p. 66; Johnson, 1904,

p. 11; Smith in Rogers, 1906c, p. 294; Schwarz, 1910, p. 116; Thiele, 1920, p. 27, pl. 4,

fig. 8; Turton, 1932, p. 223; Day, 1959, p. 538.

Lima hians var. tenera Turton (non tenera Chemn.) Sowerby, 1897, p. 28.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 437

Lima africana Bartsch, 1915, p. 186, pl. 38, fig. 4; Turton, 1932, p. 223.

Lima angulata (non Sow.), Thiele, 1931, p. 166.

Lima subventricosa Turton, 1932, p. 223, pl. 57, no. 1558.

Lima rufanensis Turton, 1932, p. 223, pl. 57, no. 1559.

Oblique, ventricose, slightly gaping posteriorly, more so anteriorly;

median ligament pit wider than the lateral portions, twice as wide as high,

a deep pit below the hinge-line on the posterior ear. Prodissoconch smooth,

glossy. Radial ribs beginning at about 1 mm. altitude, about 10-12 on middle

part of shell, at 10 mm. altitude about 17-20, increasing in large shells to c.

30-35; anterior and posterior ears with finer riblets, which are not included

in the above numbers; ribs mostly smooth on early part, but becoming more or

less nodulose later. Grooves with fine concentric growth-lines.

—imms

vic. 16. a, b, Hinge (left valves) of Lima rotundata Sow. and L. lima (Linn.). c, L. perfecta Smith

Fariations of nodules on ribs. d, L. lima (Linn.) posterior ear. e, L. divaricata n.sp. divaricating

riblets (semidiagrammatic). f, L. abscisa n.sp. internal view of right valve.

White or cream. Animal orange-scarlet.

Length (greatest, parallel with hinge-line) 37. aJt. 42, thickness (one valve)

15, hinge-line 20 mm.

No eyes. Inner mantle fringe wide, the two sides anteriorly united; lips

fused into a transverse tube open at both ends; foot with byssus groove, but no

byssus; no retractors.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Port Elizabeth (Johnson, Schwarz) ; Little Brak River,

Mossel Bay (Smith); Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); Knysna

raised beach (S. Afr. Mus.).

Port Elizabeth and Algoa Bay (Krauss, Sowerby, Thiele); Port Alfred

(Bartsch, Turton) ; False Bay, Still Bay, Mosse! Bay, Port Alfred (S. Afr. Mus.).

False Bay, 20 fathoms, juv. valves; off East London, 27 fathoms, 9 valves

(S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Saldanha Bay; False Bay; Algoa Bay (U.C.T.).

438 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Remarks. Krauss named his specimens rotundata, but gave a reference to

Sowerby’s figures of angulata.

Sowerby identified some small P.F. specimens from False Bay as hzans var.

tenera, probably having in mind his 1897 record of this species; but they are

obviously only juvenile rotundata, which is common in that locality; the identity

is shown by a long sequence of shells collected by Dr. Muir at Still Bay.

Port Alfred specimens received from Turton as africana are also only

juvenile rotundata. Bartsch included in his rib-count (50) all the ribs, which

perhaps is logical, though the ribs on the ears near the hinge-line are often

inconspicuous. The number of ribs is variable.

The length/altitude ratio varies, as is shown e.g. by the following pairs:

length 13 x alt. 19°5 and 13 X 15°5 mm.; 24 X 28 and 26 )@2@G—mam,

26 X 30 and 30 X 30 mm.

The degree of obliquity and inflation are also variable. Old shells are

relatively more ventricose than juveniles, but young shells vary in this respect,

e.g. alt. 15, thickness 4 mm. and 15 X 6 mm.

The height of the median ligament pit also appears to be variable, if only

beach-worn valves are examined; the lower margin of the pit, however, is

rather prominent and liable to abrasion. Turton’s single 8 mm. shell called

rufanensis is probably an aberration in this respect.

The most easterly locality is East London.

Thiele (1920) stated the nearest relative to be the Mediterranean and

Atlantic inflata (Chemn.), but that he had South African shells which were

scarcely distinguishable from European shells. In 1931 he identified an Algoa

Bay valve as the Pacific angulata.

Lima fragilis (Chemn.)

Lima fragilis (Chem.), Sowerby, 1843, p. 86, pl. 22, figs. 34-37; Pelseneer, 1911, p. 33, figs. 1, 3, 9

(anatomy); Thiele, 1918-20, p. 34, pl. 1, fig. 2, pl. 6, fig. 4; Prashad, 1932, p. 124

(references).

Lima arcuata (non Sow.), Turton, 1932, p. 223; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 37.

Thin, oblique, elongate-oval, ears angulate, especially the posterior ear,

gaping anteriorly and posteriorly; median ligament pit wider than high, a

deep pit below the hinge-line on posterior ear. Prodissoconch smooth, glossy.

Radial ribs beginning at 1:5-2 mm. alt., numerous, increasing by interpolation

to 40-50 or more, slender, filiform, non-squamose, ears with growth-lines but

no radial ribs (or a few obscure ones on posterior ear). Grooves with growth-

lines only. Internally the posterior margin formed by a thickened rib.

Length (greatest) 27, alt. 37, thickness (one valve) 3, hinge-line 11 mm.

Semitranslucent white. Animal scarlet.

Fossil: Pleistocene, limestone deposit, Klein River estuary, Hermanus

(S. Afr. Mus.) ; Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

Port Alfred, one valve (Turton); Still Bay, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

Muir) ; Natal (S. Afr. Mus.) ; Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 439

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, 3 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

29° 30’ S., 31° 23’ E., 68 metres (Africana, per U.C.T.).

Distribution. Indo-Pacific.

Lima lima (Linn.)

Fig. 16 b,d

Lima squamosa Lam., Sowerby, 1843, p. 84, pl. 21, figs. 1, 18; Sowerby, 1897, p. 28.

Lima multicostata Sowerby, 1892, p. 66; Schwarz, 1910, p. 116.

Lima lima (Linn.), Thiele, 1918-20, p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 3; pl. 2, figs. 1, 11-13; Cox, 1927, p. 79,

pl. 16, fig. 2; Prashad, 1932, p. 119, pl. 3, figs. 23, 24 (references); Macnae & Kalk, 1958,

p- 129; Kalk, 1958, pp. 214, 236.

Oblique, ventricose, slightly gaping anteriorly and posteriorly; median

ligament pit higher than wide, one or two obscure granules or a small pit on

the anterior and posterior ears. Radial ribs c. 18-20 on early part of shell,

increasing to 25-30 (ribs on ears not included), more or less strongly squamose;

anterior and posterior ears with radial riblets, better marked on the posterior

ear, crossed by numerous close-set concentric (vertical to the margin) costulae.

Grooves on early part with concentric growth-lines, later becoming more or

less oblique, appearing criss-cross punctate, but near the margin of the largest

shell becoming again concentric.

Length 20, alt. 25, thickness (one valve), 5, hinge-line 8 mm.

Fossil: Pliocene, Zanzibar; Pleistocene, Port Elizabeth (Schwarz).

Natal (Sowerby); Tongaat, Natal, beach worn (S. Afr. Mus.); Delagoa

Bay (U.W.).

Off Port Shepstone, 24 fathoms (U.C.T.).

Off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, one valve; off Tugela River, 47

and 65-80 fathoms, 4 valves; off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, 4 valves;

Off Itongazi, 25 fathoms, one valve; off Umkomaas (Natal), 40 fathoms, 4

valves; off Cape Morgan, 47 fathoms, 4 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. Iredale (1939) mentioned (not well shown in his figure) the

sculpture on the posterior area (ear) of his persquamifer (the Australian form of

lima-squamosa), and also stated that the grooves between the ribs were ‘practically

smooth’. In the works available here neither of these two features is mentioned.

The criss-cross pitting in the grooves is very clear in some of the present valves.

The P.F. obtained only single valves, but none of them is very worn;

even the Cape Morgan example retains the squamae on the marginal area.

None of them is so strongly squamose as in Sowerby’s or Prashad’s figures.

The species probably lives as far south as the Natal coast but not very

much farther south.

Macnae & Kalk (1958) list Jima, but in the text (p. 37) they refer to the

habitat of arcuata; Kalk (1958) also mentions only lima.

Sowerby’s 1892 record of multicostata was based on ‘a specimen in the

440 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Bairstow collection’, which, however, does not necessarily denote Port Elizabeth

as the locality where the shell was found. |

Whether the Mediterranean and Indo-Pacific forms are conspecific seems

to be still debated; and also whether the range in variation of the number of -

ribs should include multzcostata.

Turton’s kowvensis is obviously a juvenile, but without examining the liga-

ment pit, no clue to its identity can be obtained.

Lima perfecta Smith

Pigs aoe

Lima perfecta Smith, 19042, p. 43, pl. 3, fig. 29; Thiele, 1918, p. 18, pl. 3, figs. 10, 11.

Very oblique, strongly ventricose; median ligament pit higher than wide,

a small pit (or a granule) on the anterior and posterior ears. Radial ribs 20-21,

strongly squamose, the squamae thick (but variable), nodulose, scarcely

hollowed on the distal side in adult, but definitely hollowed in juveniles, wider

than the ribs which are thus moniliform; ears with nodulose riblets. Grooves

with close-set concentric growth-lines.

Length 11, alt. 13, thickness (one valve) 5, hinge-line 4 mm.; another shell:

Il X 12 X 4 X 3°5 mm. Smith: 12 x 15 xX 10 (valves together) iam

Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton).

Off Sandy Point (north of Cape Morgan), 51 fathoms, 2 juv. valves; off

Cape Morgan, 47 fathoms, 6 valves; off Hood Point (East London), 49 fathoms,

3 valves; off Nieca River (East London), 43 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus.

P.F. coll.).

Remarks. ‘The valves from the P.F. bottom-samples exhibit the charac-

teristic nodules on the ribs. é

Smith gave the number of ribs as about 18, but his figure seems to indicate

more (20), exclusive of those on the ears.

Lima divaricata n.sp.

Fig. 16¢

Oblique, ovoid; median ligament pit higher than wide, a feeble granule

on each ear on left valve, and a slight ridge on the right valve, the ridge on the

anterior ear better developed. Radial riblets numerous, fine, smooth, 4 to 1 mm.

in middle of ventral margin, divaricating at a narrow acute angle in middle

line; ears with a few obscure, broader radial riblets. Grooves too narrow to

show any sculpture. Main concentric growth-lines at intervals, but not at all

prominent. Surface near umbones slightly quincuncial in appearance, due to

Wear.

Length 13, alt. 15, thickness (one valve) 3, hinge-line 5:5 mm.

No trace of colour bands.

Off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 2 valves (Types); off Cape

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 441

' Natal (Durban), 85 fathoms, one worn valve (S. Afr. Mus. Ag5o1 (Types) and

Ag502 P.F. coll.).

Remarks. These valves have no expanded ear as in the Australian alata

Hedley; they are more oblique than in the Indo-Pacific dunkert Smith; they are

nearest to the Chinese concentrica Sow., but have no raised concentric lirae.

The institution of a n.sp. seems advisable.

Lima abscisa n.sp.

Figs 10

Semitranslucent, inequilateral, upper part of hind margin straight,

incurved, anterior margin nearly straight, ventral margin broadly rounded.

Ligament pit high and narrow. Numerous very fine radial riblets, divaricating

in middle line, about 12 to 1 mm. in middle of ventral margin. Two feeble and

obscure radial riblets on posterior ear. Main concentric growth-lines traceable,

but not prominent.

Length 5:5, alt. 5:5, thickness (one valve) 1, hinge-line 1°75 mm.

Off Cape Morgan, 47 fathoms, 3 valves (Types) ; off Tugela River (Natal),

65-80 fathoms, 2 valves (S. Afr. Mus. No. Ag504 (Types) and Ag505 P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Similar to the Australian sydneyensis Hedley 1904 (see: Thiele,

1918, p. 15, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2) but differing in shape, as is indicated by the measure-

ments (sydneyensis: 6 x 8 mm.). Both species are axe-head shaped (Hedley) ;

though it is the flat upper posterior margin (the back of the axe) which appears

cut-off.

Lima symmetrica n.sp.

Equilateral, ears equal; median ligament pit as wide as high (equilateral),

narrower than lateral portions; upper part of anterior margin formed by a

_ thickened rib, ending in a denticle. Exceedingly fine radial riblets, 8-9 in

I mm., not divaricating (except feebly in the lower third), non-squamose;

anterior ear with radial riblets, posterior ear with growth-lines obscuring the

radial riblets. Main growth-lines traceable at intervals, but not at all prominent.

Surface near the umbo with slight quincuncial appearance.

Length 13, alt. 15, thickness (one valve) 3, hinge-line 5:5 mm.

Off Cape Vidal (Zululand) 80-100 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus.

No. Ag503 P.F. coll.).

Remarks. ‘The valve is almost symmetrical, and owing to the obscurity of

the adductor scar, the anterior and posterior margins are not to be determined

with certainty; one margin is slightly more curved than the other, and the

latter being thickened above, is considered to be the anterior margin.

Lima (Limatula) agulhasensis Thiele

Lima (Limatula) agulhasensis Thiele, 1920, p. 48, pl. 9, fig. 12; 1931, p. 167; Barnard, 1963¢, p. 15.

Lima (Limatula) exigua Thiele, 1920, p. 48, pl. 9, fig. 13; 1931, p. 168.

Lima (Limatula) densecostata Thiele, 1920, p. 49, pl. 9, fig. 143; 1931, p. 167.

442 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Symmetrical, or sometimes very slightly oblique, ears not marked off by a

concave margin (or sometimes a very slight concavity). Ligament pit subequal

in width (at the hinge-line) to the area on either side of it. Numerous radial

riblets, 4-5 or 6 to 1 mm. at an altitude to c. 4-5 mm., with or without inter-

polated riblets, becoming slightly nodulose towards the ventral margin in the

larger shells. Fine concentric growth-lines visible in the grooves (except when

they are very narrow owing to interpolated riblets).

Up to length 5:5, alt. 9, thickness (one valve) 2°5 mm.

35° 06’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres (agulhasensis & densecostata); 34° 51’ S.,

19° 37’ E., 80 metres, 35° 26’ S., 20° 56° E., 80 metres (ex7gua) { Uinteleye

Off Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms, 6 valves; Algoa Bay, 52 fathoms, 10

valves; off Sandy Point (north of Cape Morgan), 51 fathoms, 2 valves; off

Umkomaas (Natal), 40 fathoms, 4 valves; off Illovo, 27-30 fathoms, 2 valves;

off Cape Natal (Durban), 85 fathoms, one valve; off 'Tugela River, 47 fathoms,

one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. With the specimens at hand, some of them from a locality not far

removed from the Valdivia localities, there is difficulty in distinguishing more

than one species. As Thiele did not give the thickness (crassitude) of the shells,

nor any apical or lateral views, the distinction between ‘massig gewolbt’ and

‘starck gewolbt’ is difficult to assess. The figure of exzgua scarcely conforms with

the description ‘deutlich schief”.

The riblets are variable. Interpolated riblets occur, and when they do

occur they may be either completely or partially separated from the neighbour-

ing riblets; a main riblet may appear double (two adnate riblets of equal

strength). Specimens with more, and specimens with less densely crowded

riblets are found together in the same locality (e.g. Cape St. Blaize and Algoa

Bay). The Natal specimens have the riblets less dense, and do not appear to

be prone to interpolating extra riblets.

The largest specimen is from off the Tugela River.

Fam. Anomiidae

Winckworth, 1922, pp. 32-34, pl. 1.

From a preliminary examination of the living material obtained by U.C.T.,

the three genera mentioned by Winckworth are represented.

Gills W-shaped.

3 distinct muscle scars .. 4 ie Ae Ay sie us Anomia

2 muscle scars, separate or contencus) ; Ae Monia

Gills -shaped; right gill shorter than left. Two Panett: maneele scars .. Heteranomia

South African Museum has: upper (left) valves of A. ephippium Linn. from

‘South Africa’ (probably ‘Table Bay or False Bay); also as Quaternary fossils

from Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin) ;

Greenish valves of Monia squama (Gmelin) from Table Bay, Still Bays

Mossel Bay.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 443

Turton’s (1932) identifications and ‘n.spp.’ cannot be accepted for inclu-

sion in the fauna-list. His Saxicava rufanensis may be an Anomiuid.

U.C.T. has taken Heteranomia cf. squamula Linn. at 33° 48’ S., 25° 47’ E

27 metres; and Monia cf. squama Gmelin at Arniston, Still Bay, Mossel Bay,

Storms — and Knysna.

Fam. Ostreidae

Orton, 1928; Thomson, 1954; Korringa, 1956.

Korringa’s investigations at Knysna seem to have disentangled the taxo-

nomy of the two or three South African oysters which are of commercial

importance.

He recognized three species: Ostrea algoensis, O. atherstonet, and Crassostrea

margaritacea. ‘The second of these was originally described as a Quaternary

fossil, and it is questionable whether a name applied to a fossil shell should be

applied also to a living species. In the taxonomy of this family conchology

plays a subordinate role as opposed to anatomy and physiology. The shell

named atherstonet may appear conchologically to be an Ostrea, but, to be strictly

scientific, we can never know whether it was larviparous or oviparous, and

therefore an Ostrea or a Crassostrea. Its name should be + Gryphaea atherstonet

(Newton).*

The living large Red Oyster, which Korringa identified as atherstonet, is

thus bereft of a specific name. Korringa was convinced that it was specifically

distinct from the small ‘weed oyster’ algoensis (p. 38). Further research may or

may not confirm this. In the meantime I refer to the Red Oyster as Ostrea sp.

(cf. + Gryphaea atherstonet).

Korringa examined the Saldanha Bay shells and considered them to be

atherstoner. We did not discuss the fossil shells from the diamondiferous areas

farther north, but said (p. 39) ‘Maybe oysters really occur in that forbidden area

[mouth of the Orange River]. If so, in all probability it will be Ostrea ather-

stone’. ‘The fossil oysters from that area, recorded and figured by Haughton

(1932) as prismatica, were, however rostrate, sometimes strongly rostrate; and

in that respect unlike atherstonei (Barnard, 1962b, p. 184).

Discussions, however, about the identity of fossil oysters (e.g. Cox, 1927,

and Haughton, 1929, p. 37) are inconclusive. Therefore the shells recorded

from the west coast as Ostrea prismatica (and typ. err. imbricata) (Haughton,

1929, 1932) are not considered here, although they appear to be margaritacea.

By a wise decision the generic name Gryphaea is henceforth to be used only

for fossil oysters (Opinion 338, Intern. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. 1955).

Ranson’s ignorance of the South African oyster fauna and his consequent

vacillations in identifying specimens (Korringa, p. 37), and his ‘fantastic

* Korringa (p. 38) said he saw in the South African Museum ‘several fine specimens of

Ostrea atherstonei classified under a variety of names’. This is not quite correct. At the time of his

visit the only named specimens in the Oyster Exhibit were specimens of hyotis and cucullata,

neither of which could possibly be mistaken for atherstonei. Maybe he meant ‘from various

localities’.

444 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

hypotheses’ (Korringa, p. 39) as to the source whence South Africa’s oyster

population is maintained, impair the value of his work.

Gen. OstTREA Linn.

Hermaphrodite (Monoectostrea Orton). Eggs relatively large. Larviparous,

i.e. the eggs are fertilized and incubated within the mantle. No promyal cavity.

Suprabranchial chamber large.

Fixed (left) valve without umbonal cavity; with chalky deposits below the

gills and suprabranchial chamber (such deposits also in the flat (right) valve

in old shells) (Korringa, pl. 13, fig. 2). ‘Gatch’ area of adductor muscle forming

more than 50 per cent of the scar. Upper valve with denticles (granules). on

either side of hinge, fitting into pits on lower valve.

Prodissoconch with 2 grooves at each end of the hinge (provinculum),

internal ligament below hinge or at its anterior end (Ranson, 1951, fig. 7).

Ostrea algoensis Sow.

Ostrea algoensis Sowerby in Reeve, 1871, pl. 26, fig. 65; Korringa, 1956, pp. 35 et sqq., pl. 14,

fig, 2, pl. 16, fig. 2 (lett)r

Ostrea stentina Ranson, 1951, pp. 9, 10, 18, text-fig. 7 (prodissoconch).

Surface of flat valve smooth. Upper valve with a series of marginal denticles

near the hinge, fitting into pits on lower valve. Adductor muscle scar oblique

and lying wholly on posterior side of middle line drawn from the ligament.

Larval shell nearly symmetrical (equivalve).

Yellowish-grey, sometimes with broad dark purple or blackish radial

stripes on flat valve; both valves internally faintly greenish-grey.

Algoa Bay (Sowerby); Knysna (Korringa); False Bay (S. Afr. Mus.)

BA 29° 9., 16 Al Eno metres (ss) Ajmcana per Wl@ alee

Remarks. A small-sized species, scarcely exceeding two inches; and slow

growing. Regarded by Korringa as a ‘weed’ oyster, not worth cultivation.

Spawns in December and early January.

‘Ranson presumes that algoensis may be identical with the widespread

Ostrea stentina Payraudeaw’ (Korringa, p. 36). )

Ostrea sp. (cf. + Gryphaea atherstonei (Newton))

References to the fossil atherstonei:

Ostrea atherstonei Newton, 1913, p. 327, text-fig. and pl. 17, figs. 1, 2, pl. 18, fig. 1; Haughton,

1932, PP- 34, 42.

Ostrea redhousiensis Newton, 1913, p. 329, pl. 18, fig. 2.

References to the living Red Oyster:

Ostrea margaritacea (non Lam.), Ranson, 1951, p. 4, text-figs. 4, 5, pp. 17, 19.

Ostrea cf. atherstonei Newton, Korringa, 1956, pp. 37 et sqq., pl. 16, figs. 1, 2 (right).

Surface of flat valve rough, scaly, imbricate. Marginal denticles and pits

often indistinct in large shells. Adductor muscle scar nearly central and nearly

parallel with the hinge-line.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 445

Flat valve vinous red, without stripes, lower valve pinkish; internally

pinkish.

Fossil: (atherstoner): Late Tertiary, Zwaitkops River valley, Port Elizabeth

(Newton, Haughton); Klein Brak River, Mossel Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

Haughton).

Saldanha Bay (Korringa); Knysna, Keurbooms River lagoon (Korringa;

also S. Afr. Mus.); False Bay (S. Afr. Mus.; also U.C.T.).

Remarks. ‘The Red oyster lives below low water of spring tides.

Korringa regarded dark radial stripes on the flat valve as characteristic

of the small algoensis. There is, however, a pear-shaped flat valve, 105 mm.

altitude (S. Afr. Mus. A6167. coll. Haughton, 1920) from Saldanha Bay with a

somewhat oblique muscle scar, and externally about 10 violaceous stripes of

varying width. Should this be regarded as a large algoensis, or a striped

‘atherstonev’ ? :

This raises a doubt whether the position and obliquity of the muscle scar

(Korringa, pl. 16, fig. 2) is always a reliable distinction between these two

species; variability in the shape of the shell sometimes makes it difficult to

decide exactly where the middle line runs.

A very flat and smooth specimen was removed from the supply tank at the

St. James Marine Biological Station (now demolished) on 10 November 1g11.

The tank had been emptied and cleaned 3 months earlier. The oyster had

grown to a length (i.e. altitude) of 50 mm. in 3 months or less.

Cox (1939, pp. 67, 82) identified Pliocene specimens from Morrumbene

(Inhambane) as cf. atherstonei, stating that they did not appear to be referable

to any species known to be living off the African coast.

Gen. CRASSOSTREA Sacco

Sexes separate (Dzoeciostrea Orton). Eggs relatively small. Oviparous, i.e.

the eggs are shed direct into the sea and there fertilized. Promyal cavity present.

Suprabranchial chamber small.

Fixed valve with umbonal cavity; without chalky deposits below the gills

and suprabranchial chamber. The presence of a promyal cavity displaces the

adductor muscle towards the distal margin (Korringa, p. 13, fig. 1). ‘Catch’

area of the muscle forming less than 30 per cent of the scar.

Prodissoconch with 2 grooves at each end of provinculum, internal liga-

ment anterior, a little distance from the provinculum (Ranson, 1951, fig. 1).

Crassostrea margaritacea (Lam.)

Piss 1716.0

Ostrea margaritacea Lamarck, 1819, p. 208.

Ostrea tuberculata (non Lam.), Krauss, 1848, p. 30.

Ostrea cochlear (non Poli) Odhner, 1923, p. 3 (part: the Cape (G. de Vylder) specimen).

Ostrea procellosa Val., Lamy, 1929.

446 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Ostrea iridescens Gray, Stephenson, Stephenson & du Toit, 1937, p. 378; Stephenson, 1948

p. 267.*

Ostrea prismatica Gray, Haughton, 1929, p. 36, pl. 8, figs. 7-10, pl. 9, figs. 4-7, also pl. 6 (as

imbricata typ. err.) ; Stephenson, 1948, p. 267.*

Gryphaea margaritacea (Lam.), Ranson, 1949, p. 251; 1951, p. 3, figs. 1-3, 6 [not figs. 4, 5 =

atherstonet |.

Crassostrea margaritacea (Lam.), Korringa, 1956, pp. 34 et sqq., pl. 14, fig. 1, pl. 18, figs. 1, 2;

Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Surface of flat valve with close-set radial riblets. Internally flat valve with

or without a series of marginal denticles (granules) near hinge-line fitting into

pits in lower valve. Adductor muscle scar distal to the middle of length (altitude)

of valve. Shell shape variable, lower valve often with a long umbonal ‘beak’:

e.g. a shell from Still Bay 180 mm. long (alt.) has a beak 95 mm.

Larval shell markedly inequivalve, umbo of the left valve prominent.

Corneous or violaceous, lower valve uniform or with darker pinkish or

violaceous radiating stripes.

False Bay to Natal, but rare in Natal. Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Remarks. Neither Ranson nor Korringa refer to Krauss, who identified the

common South African oyster with tuberculata Lam. Presumably the Australian

tuberculata, which name antedates margaritacea eee Pp. 358, pl-G7e aieana as

to be regarded as a separate species.

The common South African oyster spawns from mid-January i the end

of February or early March.

Korringa did not discuss whether the Madagascan shells, referred by

Ranson to margaritacea, were identical with the South African species.

Ranson saw Odhner’s specimens, and identified the specimen from the

Cape (G. de Vylder) as margaritacea.

Crassostrea cucullata (Born)

Ostrea cucullata Born, 1778, p. 100; 1780, p. 114, pl. 6, figs. 11, 12; Krauss, 1848, p. 30; Roughley,

1926, p. 446; Nardini, 1937, p. 226, pl. 12(6), figs. 4, 5; Stephenson, 1947(48), p. 267; Braga,

1952, p. 96, pl. 7, fig. 5.

Crassostrea cucullata (Born) Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Durban and Umkomaas (Nardini).

East London (rare) northwards to Natal (Stephenson); Delagoa Bay

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.; also U.W.); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Madagascar, Indo-Pacific. Also (Nicklés) tropical Atlantic to

Angola.

Remarks. Braga’s identification of cucullata was probably correct, but his

records of vitrefacta Sow., pes-tigris Hanley, plicata Chemn., folzum Linn. require

confirmation. The last three (pl. 7, figs. 2, 3 and 4) probably represent merely

differently shaped shells of cucullata. Franca (1960, pp. 91, 92, pl. 23, figs. 1, 2,

pl. 24, fig. 1) recorded mytiloides Lam. plicata Chemn., and vitrefacta Sow.,

but regarded them as forms of cucullata.

* Ann. Natal Mus. xi, part 2, issued March 1948, but reprints dated 1947.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 447

Nardini’s specimens from Durban were probably, and those from Umko-

maas certainly, from shell-middens.

Gen. PycnoponTa (F. de W.) Sow.

Sexes separate. Eggs small. Oviparous. Promyal cavity present.

Large heavy shells. No strongly marked umbonal cavity. A series of

vermiculate grooves perpendicular to the margin on either side of hinge-line

in both valves. Inner layers vacuolated (fig. 17 ¢).

Fic. 17. Crassostrea margaritacea (Lam.). a, fixed left valve (right valve removed) to show umbonal

cavity (black), and animal with black bar passing through the promyal cavity. b, right (flat)

valve of juvenile, 25 mm., to show close-set radial riblets. Pycnodonta hyotis (Linn.). c, hinge-line,

and portion of vacuolated inner layer of shell.

Prodissoconch with 5 crenulations on the provinculum, and 10 crenula-

tions anterior to the provinculum (Ranson, 1941, p. 61, fig. 1).

Ranson (1949) accepted only 3 species: hyotis (Linn.) Atlantic and Indo-

Pacific; cochlear (Poli) Atlantic only; and numisma (Lam.) Indo-Pacific only;

but he gave no differential characters.

Associated with coral reefs.

448 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Pycnodonta hyotis (Linn.)

Le 8 1G

Pycnodonta hyotis (Linn.), Ranson, 1941, p. 86, figs. 1-6; 1949, p. 451; Macnae & Kalk, 1958,

p. 129.

Ostrea hyotis Linn. Nicklés, 1950, p. 183, fig. 340.

Durban Bay, on floating log (S. Afr. Mus.) ; Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 80-100 fathoms, one upper valve, 33 x 27

mama. (Se, Ate Mars. es eneollae

Distribution. Red Sea, Mauritius, Indo-Pacific. Atlantic: St. Helena and

Lobito Bay (Ranson).

Remarks. Four specimens from the woodwork of a wreck in Steenberg

Cove (St. Helena Bay) (S. Afr. Mus.) may be this species. All were attached by

the whole lower surface; two have the upper valve more or less radially plicate.

One of the others, antero-posterior length 130, dorso-ventral altitude 110 mm.,

shows on the attached surface the graining of the wood, and this is exactly

repeated over the whole surface of the upper valve, which becomes plicate or

sharply crenulate only at the margin.

The Cape Vidal specimen is probably referable to this species.

Pycnodonta cochlear (Poli)

Ostrea cochlear Poli, Odhner, 1923, p. 3 (part: the Cape Infanta specimen); ? Nicklés, 1950,

p- 183, fig. 341.

Pycnodonta cochlear (Poli), Ranson, 1949, pp. 448, 450.

Off Cape Infanta, 45 fathoms (Odhner, confirmed by Ranson).

34° 24’ S., 18° 41’ E., 106 metres (U.C.T. teste Ranson 1949).

Distribution. Atlantic only (Ranson).

Remarks. Ranson’s identification of Odhner’s specimen from Cape Infanta

conflicts with his statement that this species occurs only in the Atlantic.

The figure given by Nicklés shows denticles near the hinge (not vermicu-

lations, as in the figure of hyotis), and therefore does not appear to represent

a species of Pycnodonta.

I have not seen the U.C.T. specimens, which seem to have been retained

by Ranson.

Fam. Astartidae

Astarte agulhasensis J. & T.

Pic rato

Astarte agulhasensis Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931,* p. 212, pl. 8(3), figs. 78, 78a.

Lunule distinct in the early stages, bordered by a slight step, which

becomes evanescent in later stages. No radial striation or ribbing. All sulci

* See Introduction, p. 161, and explanations of plates 8—10 (3-5) for division of work and

authorship of new species.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 449

evenly curved; beginning at a very early stage of growth. On a juv. 3 mm. alt.

(unworn) 10 oblique sulci and one incomplete at margin; at 5 mm. alt. 15,

and at 8.5 mm. c. 20, becoming closer together as they approach the margin.

Margin internally crenulate.

Up to length 9:5—10, alt. 8-5 mm. (P.F.).

Some valves show traces of pinkish-red mottling, or radiating streaks;

one valve has 2 A-shaped reddish marks, one within the other, the apices

pointing towards umbo.

35° 26’S., 20° 56’ E., 80 metres; 35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres (Jaeckel

& Thiele).

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, one valve; off Sandy Point (north

of Kei River mouth), 51 fathoms, 4 valves; off East London, 22-32 fathoms,

many valves; off Great Fish Point, 51 fathoms, 3 valves; off Nanquas Peak

(east end of Algoa Bay), 49 fathoms, 10 valves; Algoa Bay, several stations,

25-52 fathoms, many valves; off Cape Infanta 40-46 fathoms, 4 juv. living,

several valves; off Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms, several worn valves (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

e413 5., 26° 04’ E., 68 fathoms (U.C-T.).

Astarte (Digitaria) africana Bartsch

Digitaria africana Bartsch, 1915, p. 194, pl. 45, fig. 4; Turton, 1932, 0. 233.

Astarte (Digitaria) africana Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 212.

Port Alfred, 2 valves (Bartsch, Turton).

waters. 1G 37 E. GO memes; 95),20 9., 21 2 E., 102 metres; 35°

26’ S., 20° 56’ E., 80 metres; valves only (Jaeckel & Thiele).

Astarte (Digitaria) lunulata n.sp.

Fig. 18 5

Closely resembling africana, and more inequilateral than agulhasensis.

Lunule distinct, with 3 radial grooves interrupting the concentric sulci.

Sulci beginning at a later stage than in agulhasensis, the first sulcus not

completed until the shell is c. 1-5 mm. alt. First 2 or 3 (or 4) sulci angular,

thereafter gradually becoming evenly curved. At 2 mm. alt. 2 complete and

5-6 incomplete sulci; at 3 mm. about a dozen complete, and on anterior part ’

about 30 total, the sulci becoming closer together as they approach the margin.

Margin internally crenulate.

Length 3-5, alt. 3 mm.; also 4 X 3, and 4 X 3°5 mm.

34° 26’ S., 25° 42’ E., 124 fathoms, 3 valves (Types); off Cape Morgan,

47 fathoms, 5 valves (S. Afr. Mus. Ag506 (Types), and Ag507 P.F. coll.).

Remarks. From the angular shape of the 1st sulcus one would expect these

Pieter Faure valves to be africana, but they are regarded as a different species

for the following reasons. Bartsch mentioned and figured radial riblets around

the whole shelJ, but the present valves show no trace of such; on the other hand

450 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Bartsch did not mention a lunule with 3 distinct grooves anteriorly, which are

the chief feature of the present valves.

Bartsch had one beach specimen, but considerable abrasion would be

required to obliterate the lunule and its grooves, and any riblets on the main

surface would be completely lost. Turton found another valve, and maintained

the presence of riblets. a

Jaeckel & Thiele recorded their examples of africana without any comment.

Perhaps a re-examination of the Valdivia material would show some of the

valves to be the present n.sp.

Fic. 18. a, Astarte agulhasensis J. & T. b, A. lunulata n.sp., above 2.25 xX 2, below

3°5 X 3 mm.

Cuna bartscht nom. nov.

Cuna concentrica (non Hedley 1902), Bartsch, 1915, p. 191, pl. 47, fig. 3, pl. 52, figs. 11, 12.

Cuna concentrica Hedley, Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 215.

Length 2, alt. 2:5 mm. Bartsch gave length and altitude 1-2, but the

(enlarged) figures measure (external view) 31 X 35 (internal views), 28 X 35

mm.

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

35° 26’ S., 20° 56’ E., 80 metres (Jaeckel & Thiele).

34° S., 25° 44’ E., 30 fathoms, 6 juv. living, 6 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F.

coll.).

Remarks. Although Jaeckel said he found no difference between Hedley’s

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 451

Australian concentrica and Bartsch’s species of the same name, it seems preferable

to have a separate name for the South African shell.

Cuna gemmula W. H. Turton

Cuna gemmula Turton, 1932, p. 231, pl. 60, no. 1613.

This may possibly be a Cuna, but is certainly a juvenile, not an adult as

Turton thought.

Fam. Crassatellidae

The shape of the shell may vary at different stages of growth. Very young

shells are subtriangular with a prominent projecting prodissoconch; they then

become oval-triangular, and eventually attain the adult shape.

Jaeckel & Thiele (1931, p. 215) record two valves of an unnamed species

appearing to differ from any other South African species by having, znter alia,

the internal margin smooth. This, however, seems to be a juvenile character.

E..g. in tenuis examples up to about 25 mm. long have a smooth margin, but

thereafter crenulations are developed. In crebrilirata crenulations are already

present at 15 mm. long; and in natalensis at 10 mm. long.

Cardita wregularis Turton 1932 is probably a worn Crassatella.

Crassatella tenuis Sow.

Crassatella tenuis Sowerby, 1904, p. 10, pl. 6, fig. 17.

Eucrassatella tenuis (Sow.), Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 214.

Transversely oblong, compressed, thin in juv. but not particularly thin in

adult, obtusely angular behind, rounded in front, umbonal ridge very feeble;

very fine radial striae, often obscure; concentric lirae thin, sharp, erect, rather

distant; at alt. 2-5 mm. 10-11, at 5 mm. 15, at 28 mm. c. 28-30, the marginal

4. or 5 close together, subimbricate. Anterior lunule moderately narrow.

Margin internally crenulate (except in juv.), adductor scars impressed. Perio-

stracum in larger shells somewhat fibrous at the margin; corneous brown.

Length 40, alt. 27, thickness (valves together) 15 mm.

Cape St. Blaize N. x E. } E., distant 65 miles, 85-90 fathoms, one living

(Sowerby. P.F. coll.).

wt 9-, 19.37 ,E., Go metres; 35° 29 -S., 21; 2’ E., 102 metres; 35°

16° S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres; 35° 26’ S., 20° 56’ E., 80 metres (Jaeckel &

Thiele).

Cape St. Blaize N. x E. 3 E., 73 miles, 105 fathoms, 3 living; Cape St.

Blaize N. x E. $ E., 67 miles, go-100 fathoms, 3 living; Cape St. Blaize

N. X E., 73 miles, 125 fathoms, 18 juv. and half-grown valves 4-28 mm. long;

Brown’s Bank (approx. 363° S., 21° E.) 80-100 fathoms, one valve; 34° 26’ S.,

25° 42’ E., 124 fathoms, 2 juv. valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

36° 25’ S., 21° 08’ E., 177 metres (s.s. Africana per U.C.T.).

S42 51 9., 23° 41K.) 100 fathoms (U.C.T.).

Type in British Museum.

452 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Remarks. This is quite distinctive among the South African species, and

therefore Jaeckel & Thiele’s identification may be accepted, whatever the

specimens from the same localities, identified as subquadrata, may prove to be

(see under gilchristz).

Distinguished by the shape of the concentric lirae, which in profile form

a series of inverted Vs, in contrast with those of other species which are inverted

Us.

With the exception of the 2 juv. valves from Algoa Bay, and one from

Brown’s Bank all the P.F’. specimens were taken in one rather circumscribed

area off Cape St. Blaize; The Valdivia obtained it as far west as 19° 37’ E., but

whether alive or dead was not stated.

Crassatella ?tenuis aberr.

A curious specimen from off Cape St. Francis 75 fathoms, living (S. Afr.

Mus. no. 14846. P.F. coll.). |

Subtriangular, inflated, rounded in front and behind, postero-dorsal

margin convex, antero-dorsal margin straight, ventral margin convex, no

umbonal ridge; anterior lunule rather wide and deep, posterior lunule wide;

very fine radial striae; sharp concentric lirae from anterior to posterior margin,

about 35 from umbo to about 5 mm. from ventral margin, where they become

evanescent and succeeded by crowded growth-lines. Adductor scars impressed ;

margin internally crenulate. Pale, brownish towards the umbones and in the

lunules. Length 29, alt. 24, thickness (valves together) 19 mm.

Sowerby identified this specimen as a ‘somewhat abnormal’ pallida Ad. &

Rve. 1848; Tomlin later saw the specimen and agreed with this identification.

I decline, however, to admit a Chinese species to the South African fauna-list

on the strength of a single specimen. I see no reason why it should not be a

‘somewhat abnormal’ tenuis. The sculpture is that of tenuis; only the shape is

remarkable. In addition to the shortness of the shell, the two valves are not

quite equally ventricose.

Crassatella capensis Lamy

Crassatella africana (non Marrat), Sowerby, 1904, p. 9, pl. 6, fig. 13.

Crassatella capensis Lamy, 1917, p. 237 (nom. nov.); Tomlin, 1931, p. 446.

Crassatella capensis Odhner, 1923, p. 4, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2 (n.sp.); Tomlin, 1926, p. 300.

Crassatella odhneri Tomlin, 1930, p. 35 (nom. nov. for capensis Odhner).

Ovate-oblong, obtusely angled behind, rounded in front, a slight umbonal

ridge; very fine radial striae, often obscure; numerous rounded concentric

lirae, at least as wide as the grooves, often wider (especially in juv.), becoming

obsolete posteriorly in shells of about 10-15 mm. alt., continuing on main part

of shell and anteriorly up to alt. c. 30 mm., but thereafter evanescent and merg-

ing in the rather coarse growth-lines; in juv. at 2°5 mm. alt. 12 lirae, at 5 mm.

22-23, and at 30 mm. c. 55, becoming closer together and indistinct near the

margin; anterior lunule narrow; margin internally crenulate; adductor muscle

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF 8.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 453

‘scars impressed. Periostracum in larger shells rather rough and fibrous around

the margin; yellowish-brown, fulvous, or (large shells) dark brown.

Up to length 45, alt. 30, thickness (valves together) 17 mm. The length/

altitude ratio varies slightly, e.g. 43 x 29 and 43 X 32 mm.

Off Cape Infanta, 43 fathoms, one (Sowerby. P.F. coll.).

Off Cape Infanta, 40 fathoms, one valve (Odhner).

Off Mound Point (north of Kei River, Cape Morgan), 34 fathoms,

one living, 2 valves; off Cape Morgan, 36 fathoms, one living, and 52 fathoms,

one juv. valve; off East London, 27 fathoms, 6 juv. valves; off Nanquas Peak

(east end of Algoa Bay), 49 fathoms, 2 juv. valves; Algoa Bay, 67 fathoms, 7 juv.

valves; off Gericke Point (Knysna area), 46 fathoms, 2 juv. valves; St. Francis

Bay, 24-34 fathoms, 2 juv. valves; off Cape Infanta, 40 fathoms, one living, 2

juv. valves, and 47 fathoms, 2 living; 44 fathoms, one living, one valve, and

46 fathoms, 2 very juv. valves; False Bay 42-47 fathoms, one living and one

juv. valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Sebastian Bay 30-40 fathoms, one living (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

False Bay, and 34° 48’ S., 22° 06’ E., 55 fathoms; and 34° 33’S., 21° 52’ E.,

42 fathoms; living (U.C.T.).

Hout Bay (west coast of Cape Peninsula), 9-20 fathoms, 2 living (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

Type ? in British Museum.

Remarks. Odhner’s capensis is obviously the same as Sowerby’s africana,

though the outline of the latter as figured may give a false impression. The

present material, however, shows that the shape and the length/altitude ratio

may vary. |

Juveniles are sometimes difficult to separate from juveniles of gilchristi,

though the concentric lirae are usually clearly more numerous in capensis.

Living examples have been taken in the Cape Morgan area, the Cape

Infanta area, and at the mouth of False Bay; the species seems to be more

abundant in the Cape Infanta area than elsewhere.

Two living examples were obtained at Hout Bay on the west coast of the

Cape Peninsula, according to the Pieter Faure number 2276. This locality is

rather surprising. An error in transcribing the number may have occurred;

the original P.F. label is not extant. No other 4-figure number beginning with

2 offers a better locality; there are no 5-figure numbers beginning with 2;

P.F. 1276 would give Cape St. Blaize, 34 fathoms, which would be acceptable.

However, the occurrence of Crassatella on the west coast is supported by the

recent capture of a living gilchristz at nearly the same locality by U.C.T.

Crassatella sowerbyi Lamy

Crassatella acuminata (non Kobelt), Sowerby, 188gb, p. 156, pl. 3, fig. 6; 1892, p. ce pl. 2, fig. 69.

Crassatella sowerbyi Lamy, 1917, p. 236; Turton, 1932, p. 230.

Crassatella sowerbyi var. rubrolineata Turton, 1932, p. 231, pl. 60, no. 1611 (3 figs.).

Crassatellites sowerbyi (Lamy), Tomlin, 1931, p. 447.

454 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Concentric lirae low, rounded-flattened, about as wide as the grooves,

when not worn both lirae and grooves with very fine radial striae. Uniform

yellowish-brown, or with faint radial stripes, or with longitudinal (antero-

posterior) wavy or zigzag reddish bars, continuous or disrupted.

Length 35, altitude 22 mm. (Sowerby).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton; also S. Afr.

Mus.).

Off Cove Rock (East London), 22 fathoms, 5 worn valves; 33° 50’ S.,

25° 54” E., 30 fathoms, one worn valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Two of the Cove Rock specimens retain some of the periostracum,

but only one is fresh enough to show the radial striation.

Turton’s lower right-hand figure agrees well with Sowerby’s figure; but

his other two figures of smaller shells show a slightly angulated postero-dorsal

margin.

Of the present material (only 7 valves!), 2 of the Cove Rock valves can be

described as acuminate, but the other 3 have a convex (though slightly angular)

postero-dorsal margin, almost as in gilchristz. The smaller Algoa Bay specimen

and a very worn valve from the Kowie (Port Alfred) are also slightly angulated,

producing a slightly truncate posterior margin. Is the acuminate shape due to

abrasion ?

This species has never been taken alive. ‘The concentric liration is very like

that on gilchristz.

Crassatella gilchristt Sow.

Crassatella gilchristi Sowerby, 1904, p. 8, pl. 6, fig. 14; Lamy, 1917, p. 238.

Transversely oblong, obtusely angled behind, rounded in front, postero-

dorsal corner rounded, ventral margin rather straight or slightly convex,

sometimes slightly concave; umbonal ridge obscure; very fine radial striae

and concentric growth-lines; concentric lirae broad, about equal in width to

the grooves, rounded-flattened (not due to abrasion), obsolescent anteriorly

and posteriorly, in juv. at 2°5 mm. alt. 9 lirae, at 5 mm. 15-16, at 21-26 mm.

c. 30. Anterior lunule long, narrow; margin internally crenulate; adductor

scars impressed. Brown.

Length 29, alt. 21-5, thickness (valves together) 14 mm. (Sowerby) ; single

valves (S. Afr. Mus.) 27 X 19, 29 X 21°5, 34 X 22°5 mm.; U.C’D) 97) )@aaoe.

14. mm.

Martha Point, Struys Bay (between Cape Agulhas and Cape Infanta),

42 fathoms, one (Sowerby. P.F. coll.).

Martha Point, 42 fathoms, 10 valves, Topotypes; off Cape St. Blaize, 39.

fathoms, 2 half-grown valves; 34° 5'S., 25° 43’ E., 52 fathoms, 5 juv. and 2 ad.

valves cs Air, Mis) P oF: doll),

34° 09' S., 18° 16’ E. (off Hout Bay, west coast of Cape Peninsula), 41

fathoms, one living (U.C.T.).

Type ? in British Museum.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 455

Remarks. Tomlin informed me that he considered this a synonym of

subquadrata Sow. 1870; but he also said that tenuis was a young subquadrata.

This cannot be correct, because tenuis and gilchristi are quite distinct. Sowerby

(1904) said tenuis resembled subquadrata. Lamy also noted the resemblance

between subquadrata and tenuis, and regarded gilchristt as a distinct species.

Jaeckel & Thiele (1931) recorded both subquadrata and tenuis, stating that

the latter was very near the former but distinguished by the thin shell, fine

radial sculpture, and prominent anterior end. All the Valdivia localities are on

the Agulhas Bank and fall within the area of distribution as shown by the P.F.

material; for distributional purposes therefore they may be disregarded, while

the identity of the shells remains sub judice.

The shape of the largest shell in South African Museum, 34 x 22:5 mm.,

is notably more elongate than usual.

The 10 topotype valves are from the bottom-sample of the same haul

which obtained the single specimen described by Sowerby.

Only 9 others are referable to gilchristz: 2 from Algoa Bay measure 22 and

25 mm. in length, the latter with rather strongly convex ventral margin, but

otherwise typical; the 5 juv. measure 3—8 mm. in length. The 2 from Cape St.

Blaize are half-grown, length 15 mm. and 17 mm., and like the juveniles flatter

than the larger shells; faint brown radiating streaks are visible.

Crassatella crebrilirata Sow.

Crassatella crebrilirata Sowerby, 1870, p. 249; Lamy, 1917, pp. 237, 238.

Crassatella angulata Sowerby, 1904, p. 9, pl. 6, fig. 16.

Transversely oblong, angularly truncate behind, rounded in front,

umbonal ridge (Sowerby, 1904: ‘angle’) well marked but rounded; very fine

concentric growth-lines, becoming coarser and subliriform after shell has

reached an altitude of c. 12 mm.; obscure radial striae seen after removal of

periostracum. Anterior lunule rather long; margin internally crenulate;

adductor scars raised, the posterior one more so than the anterior one. Corneous,

fulvous, or pinkish, sometimes with faint pale radiating streaks.

Length 28, alt. 18, thickness 13 mm. (Sowerby: angulata; also S. Afr.

Mus.).

Agulhas Bank, 15 fathoms (Sowerby: crebrilirata).

Off Umhlangakulu River (Natal), 50 fathoms, one (Sowerby: angulata.

Eel eoll.).

Off Sandy Point (north of Kei River), 51 fathoms, one ad. and 2 half-

grown living, and 5 valves; off Cape Morgan, 45-52 fathoms, 4 worn valves;

Nanquas Peak (east end of Algoa Bay), 49 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus.

EF. ,coll.).

Type of angulata ? in British Museum.

Remarks. ‘Tomlin informed me he agreed with Lamy that angulata was

synonymous with crebrilirata.

456 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

The Type of angulata was originally entered in the South African Museum

The non-lirate early part of the shell distinguishes this species from

capensis, as do also the raised adductor scars, particularly the posterior one.

The Nanquas Peak specimen is covered from anterior to posterior margin

with close-set concentric orange-brown zigzags.

Crassatella abrupta Sow.

Crassatella abrupta Sowerby, 1904, p. 10, pl. 6, fig. 15.

Subtriangular, with strong rounded smooth concentric lirae, as broad as,

or slightly narrower than the grooves, c. 19 at alt. 5-6 mm., 22-23 at 9 mm.,

obsolescent posteriorly on older shells; extremely fine radial striae seen in the

grooves and on the later formed lirae but worn off near the umbones.

Length 16, alt. 14, thickness (valves together) 10 mm. (Sowerby).

Off Umhloti River (Natal), 100 fathoms (Sowerby. P.F. coll.).

O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 6 living, 4 valves, and one very juv.

valve; off Cape Natal (Durban), 85 fathoms, 3 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

20° 46/'S), 31 17) 160-70 fathoms (URC an):

Type in British Museum.

Remarks. C. indica Smith 1895 (1897, pl. 4, figs. 3, 3a, b) is comparable, but

the abrupt posterior endings of the lirae, not clearly shown in Sowerby’s

figure distinguishes the South African species. According to Smith (1906a,

p- 258) Crassatellistes [sic] omanensis from the Gulf of Oman, 230 fathoms, is

even closer to abrupta, but grows to a larger size and is more compressed:

35 X 28 X 17 mm.; and has continuous lirae.

Crassatella burnupi Lamy

Biss 19a

Crassatella burnupi Lamy, 1920b, p. 153, text-fig.

Worn valve—subtriangular (Lamy: subquadrangular), obliquely truncate

behind, broadly rounded in front, umbonal ridge distinct; concentric lirae

broad, flat; radial striae visible in umbonal region. Length 50, alt. 41, thickness

(one valve) 15 mm. (Lamy).

Umkomaas, Natal (Lamy. coll. Burnup circa 1900).

Type in Paris Museum.

Remarks. No further specimens of this curious form seem to have been

recorded; which is perhaps not surprising because wave action and weathering

do not always produce the same shape from shells originally alike. Lamy did

not suggest to what extent the posterior margin was due to wear. How thick

is the margin ? Such a specimen should not have been described as a new species.

It is scarcely eligible for inclusion in the fauna-list.

A free-hand copy of Lamy’s photographic text-figure is here given for

comparison with the next species.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 457

Crassatella natalensis n.sp.

Fisk 10/0

Subquadrangular, moderately convex, obliquely truncate behind, rounded

in front, umbonal ridge distinct, postero-dorsal margin straight, posterior

margin straight, sometimes very slightly concave, ventral margin not very

convex; faint traces here and there of very fine radial striae on some valves

(sed ?); concentric lirae c. 10 at 2 mm. alt., 18-20 at 5 mm., 29-35 at 14 mm.,

rounded, about as wide as the grooves but sometimes narrower, up to alt. 2mm.

evenly rounded from anterior to posterior margin, thereafter rather sharply

bent at right angles at the umbonal ridge. Adductor muscle scars impressed,

margin internally crenulate. The freshest valves with faint traces of orange

radial, somewhat discontinuous stripes.

Fic. 19. a, Crassatella burnupi Lamy. copy after Lamy. ), C. natalensis n.sp., with profile, c, C. pilual

n.sp., with profile, and profiles of lirae at different stages.

Length 20, alt. 14, thickness (one valve) 4—5 mm.

Off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 11 valves; off Umhloti River

(Natal), 40 fathoms, one valve; off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, 4 valves

and onejuv. (Types) (S. Afr. Mus. Nos. Ag509 (Types), Ag510, Ag511. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. If these smaller valves should prove to be burnupi, the ‘cause

accidentale’ (Lamy) of only one worn valve of burnupi having been washed

ashore might perhaps be the deep water habitat at which the present valves

were dredged.

The feature distinguishing these valves from other South African species

is the right-angled bend of the lirae at the umbonal ridge (more marked than

in tenuis). This appears also in burnupi, but in the latter the shape of the area

encompassed by the umbonal ridge, the anterior and the ventral margin

approximates far more to an equilateral triangle than in the present valves.

The course of the lirae is somewhat similar in tenuis, but in natalensis the

lirae are not A-shaped, and the umbonal ridge is more distinct.

Crassatella pilula n.sp.

Fig. 19 ¢

Strongly convex, short quadrangular, rounded-subtruncate behind,

rounded in front, postero-dorsal margin straight, antero-dorsal margin straight

or very slightly concave, sloping, approximately at right angles to the postero-

458 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

dorsal margin, posterior margin nearly straight, ventral margin convex; fine

radial striae, best seen posteriorly where the grooves are not so narrow as else-

where; numerous concentric lirae from anterior to posterior margins, flattened,

about as wide as grooves in early stages, but later wider than the grooves, the

latter often and especially near the ventral margin becoming mere impressed

lines due to the distal margin of the lirae projecting over the grooves like eaves

on a house; at 2 mm. alt. c. 15 lirae, at 5 mm. 26, at 11 mm. c. 53. No umbonal

ridge; anterior lunule broad (length 4, width 2-5 mm.). Adductor muscle scars

impressed, margin internally crenulate. Yellowish-buff, one valve with faint

traces of orange radial streaks.

Length 13, alt. 11-5, thickness (valves together) 9°75 mm.

Off Cape Morgan, 77 fathoms, 3 living, 7 valves (S. Afr. Mus. No. A3665.

Poke coils):

Remarks. Shorter and more inflated than any of the other South African

species. More obese than indica Smith 1895, but otherwise very similar. The

subimbricate lirae on the later part of the shell are rather distinctive.

Fam. Carditidae

Turton’s Cardita rufanensis is Arca (Barbatia) cafria; and C. irregularis 1s

probably a worn Crassatella.

Cardita variegata Brug.

Cardita variegata Bruguiére, 1792, p. 402; 1797, pl. 223, fig. 6; Krauss, 1848, p. 13; Jaeckel &

Thiele, 1931, p. 215; Prashad, 1932, p. 143 (references); Nardini 1937, p. 250, pl. 16(10),

fig. 15; Stephenson, 1948, p. 267; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 37, 120.

Cardita variegata var. turgida Krauss, 1848, p. 13.

The smallest present shell 12 mm. in length shows no trace of the formation

of a brood chamber. In some of the shells the ventral margin may be slightly

concave, but there is no notch or indent as in T. concamerata.

Fossil: Post Pliocene; Inhambane (Cox 1939); Pleistocene, Geol. Surv.

S. Afr. Durban, Zanzibar (Cox).

Natal (Krauss; also S. Afr. Mus.).

Umpangazi (Zululand) to Port St. Johns (Stephenson, U.C.T.).

Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.; also U.W.); Bazarute Island

(S. Afr. Mus.).

35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres, one valve (Jaeckel & Thiele).

Off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, one worn valve (S. Afr. Mus.

PF. coll.).

Distribution. Red Sea, East Africa, Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Cardita pulcherrima Sow.

Cardita pulcherrima Sowerby, 1904, p. 7, pl. 6, fig. 2.

Subcircular, with 19 radial riblets, ornamented with close-set, longitudinally

oval bead-like nodules. Buff, obscurely variegated with orange-brown.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 459

Length 10, alt. 10, thickness (valves together) 6-5~7 mm. One of the worn

valves from Cape Natal, 85 fathoms 11 x II mm.

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms (Sowerby, P.F. coll.).

Same locality, 4 living, 6 valves, cotypes; same locality, 85 fathoms, 2

valves; off Umhloti River, 40 fathoms, 6 valves (one of them juv.) ; off Umko-

maas, 40 fathoms, one living, 16 valves (from 3 mm. upwards); off Tugela

River, 65-80 fathoms, 3 valves; off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 4

valves; off Hood Point (East London), 49 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus.

PF, coll.).

Type ? in British Museum. Cotypes in South African Museum (No.

Ag512).

Remarks. Has the same beaded (like little sausages) riblets as Carditella

rugosa, but differs in shape.

The figure of pelseneert Prashad (1932, p. 147, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2), from the

East Indies, appears very similar.

Thecalia concamerata (Brug.)

Fig. 20a

Cardita concamerata Brug. Krauss, 1848, p. 13; Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 216; Turton, 1932, p. 232.

Thecalia concamerata (Brug.), Stephenson, 1948, p. 267.

Cardita rietensis Turton, 1932, p. 232, pl. 60, no. 1616 (= juv.).

Radial riblets on the part anterior to the ventral notch (which indicates

the brood chamber) 7-8 (9), posterior to the notch (6)7—12; usually squamose,

sometimes strongly so, but variable.

The brood chamber begins to develop at about 8-10 mm. length. Exter-

nally it is marked by an indent or notch. In large examples the shell posterior

to this notch is much deeper than the anterior part.

The smallest shell containing juveniles in the brood chamber is 11 mm.

in length; but at this length the chamber is not always fully developed. A fully

developed chamber may occupy about one quarter of the area of the valve,

e.g. in a shell length 15, alt. (deepest part) 11 mm. the chamber measures

6-5 X 5 mm.

Juveniles with prodissoconch from 0-25 up to 0-5 mm. are found in the

brood chamber; they seem to be liberated at a length of 0-5-0-75 mm., at

which stage they are oval in shape and equilateral. At about 1 mm. length the

radial riblets c. 11-12 begin to appear; the junction between the prodissoconch

and later growth persists as a raised collar, which can be seen in (unworn)

shells up to about 8 mm. length. At 2 mm. length the shell is definitely

inequilateral.

Length up to2I mm.

Saldanha Bay, Table Bay, False Bay to Mossel Bay (S. Afr. Mus.); Port

Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Natal (Krauss).

Port Nolloth to Table Bay, and False Bay to Kleinmond (Bathurst

Division) (U.C.T.).

460 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

34° 51’ S., 19° 37’ E., 80 metres; 35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres, valves

(Jaeckel & Thiele).

Algoa Bay, 67 fathoms; off Cape Morgan, 47 fathoms; and Cove Rock

(East London), 43 fathoms, all dead valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Off Table Bay, 131-136 fathoms, living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Stephenson (U.C.T.) obtained no material, identifiable with

certainty as concamerata, east of Kleinmond. The species occurs as far as Port

Alfred; but Krauss is the only author to record it from Natal.

Turton refers to the suggestion (cf. Smith 1885, p. 215) that shells without

brood chambers are male. Among dozens of this common shell I have not

seen one over 10 mm. in length without indication of the formation of a brood

chamber; but I have no suitably preserved material to determine whether the

species is di- or monoecious.

Fic. 20. a, Thecalia concamerata (Brug.) prodissoconch. b, c, Carditella rugosa Sow., juvenile with

prodissoconch, 0.75 mm.; prodissoconch and umbo of shell 1-3 mm. long (antero-posterior).

d, e, Venericardia elata (Sow.) right valve of juvenile 1-25 x 1-5 mm., left valve of adult, with

profile. f, V. minima (Smith) left valve. g, V. fortisculpta n.sp. left valve, with profile. h, C. laticosta

Smith juvenile 1-5 x 1-3 mm. 7, C. capensis Smith two radial ribs with profile. j, C. similis J. & T.

two radial ribs with profile.

Venericardia elata (Sow.)

Fig. 20 d,e

Cardita elata Sowerby, 1802, p. 63, pl. 3, fig. 67; Turton, 1932, p. 232.

Venericardia elata (Sow.), Bartsch, 1915, p. 192; Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 216.

Venericardia africana Bartsch, 1915, p. 192, pl. 48, fig. 3, pl. 54, figs. 5, 6.

Cardita africana (Bartsch), Turton, 1932, p. 232.

Prodissoconch separated from succeeding growth by a slight collar, 0-3 mm.

wide (antero-posteriorly), 3 riblets beginning at collar but soon, at alt. 0-5 mm.,

with an additional one, making the 4 main ribs which demarcate the middle

area of the shell, and from which the anterior and posterior areas slope away;

posteriorly this slope is slightly but usually distinctly concave; additional riblets

develop by interpolation between the 4 main ribs, also on the anterior area,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 461

up to a total of 16-17. Close-set concentric growth-lines crossing the ribs and

erooves, undulate, often somewhat lamellose and imbricate. Margin internally

crenulate.

Up to length 6, alt. 6-5 mm.; but usual size 4-5 x 5 mm.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby). Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton).

wio 5., 24-50 E., 30 metres; 95° 29 S., 21° 3’ E., 102 metres (Jaeckel &

Thiele)

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 85 fathoms, 20 valves; off Illovo, 27-30 fathoms,

one living, 7 valves; off Cape Morgan, 45-52 fathoms, 3 living, 23 valves;

Sandy Point (north of Kei River), 51 fathoms, 2 living, 7 valves; off Cove

Rock (East London), 22 fathoms, 16 valves; Algoa Bay, 33 fathoms, one living,

10 valves; St. Francis Bay, 24-34 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

False Bay, 22 fathoms (U.C.T.).

Remarks. ‘The present material, living, fresh and in various stages of wear,

juvenile and adult, leaves no doubt as to the above synonymy. Neither Bartsch

nor ‘Turton seem to have realized that elata has more ribs than africana merely

because the former is a larger and older shell.

The raised median area with its four main ribs is characteristic; though

some specimens may not be too easily distinguished from minima.

In some valves decomposition of the surface produces a series of pits along

one or more of the growth-lines in the grooves between the ribs.

Venericardia minima (Smith)

Ries 20 f-

Cardita minima Smith, 19044, p. 41, pl. 3, fig. 22; Turton, 1932, p. 232.

Cardita minima var. uniradiata Turton, 1932, p. 232, pl. 60, no. 1621.

Cardita formosa ‘Turton, 1932, p. 232, pl. 60, no. 1622.

Mhiodontiscus minima (Smith), Bartsch, 1915, p. 193.

Venericardia (Miodontiscus) agulhasensis Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 216, pl. 8(3), figs. 82, 82a.

Profile from anterior to posterior margins evenly curved. Juveniles (minima)

with only close-set concentric growth-lines; radial ribs (agulhasensis) beginning

at about 2-2-5 mm. alt., but sometimes earlier 1-5-2 mm., always subordinate

to the growth-lines which in adult become undulate, sublamellose and imbricate.

Length 5:5, alt. 6-5 mm.

Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton). Still Bay, juv. only (S. Afr. Mus.

coll. Muir).

yee S19 97 “EL. oO metres: 95° 20 S.,.21 3° E., 102 metres; 95°

ats. 20 50 E., So metres (Jaeckel & Thiele).

Algoa Bay 33 and 67 fathoms, 4 juv. living, and numerous juv. and ad.

valves. Off Cape St. Blaize, 37 fathoms, one juv. (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

33° 58’ S., 25° 42’ E., 14 fathoms (U.G.T.).

Remarks. ‘The numerous specimens from Algoa Bay show the change from

minima to agulhasensis.

462 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Venericardia fortisculpta n.sp.

Fig. 20g

Profile from anterior to posterior margins evenly curved. Seven narrow

and shallow radial grooves separating 8 low, broad, rounded ribs. Growth-lines

well separated. Margin internally undulate, corresponding with the external

ribbing.

Length 3:3, alt. 3-5 mm.

Port Alfred, one worn valve (S. Afr. Mus. coll. et don. W. H. Turton,

labelled africana).

Algoa Bay, 52 fathoms, 4 valves (S. Afr. Mus. Ag519 Types. P.F. coll.).

Venericardia nuculoides n.sp.

Subtriangular, a little longer than high, slightly oblique, the gently

convex postero-dorsal margin a little longer than the straight (or very slightly

concave) antero-dorsal margin, umbones curving forwards but not hook-like

as in elata. Prodissoconch distinct, smooth and polished, but no definite collar;

20-24 low, flat radiating riblets, never conspicuous, often indistinct. Fine close-

set growth-lines, smooth. Margin internally crenulate, corresponding with the

external ribbing.

Length 5:5, alt. 5 mm.

Periostracum pale brown or corneous, the umbonal region usually more

or less corroded.

Sea Point (Cape Town) (S. Aft. Mus. Nos. 5001, 5002, A7447).

Living: 32° 5’ S., 18° 17’ E., 15 fathoms (Types); 32° 5 (S20 augeee

20 fathoms (U.C.T.).

Types in South African Museum (S. Afr. Mus. Reg. no. A2g661). ~

Remarks. 'The slight obliquity and the colour give this species a Nucula-like

appearance. The obliquity distinguishes it from Carditella subradiata, the latter

moreover having stronger radial sculpture.

Incubatory.

A small living specimen from Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. Ag508 coll. Muir)

is probably this species; but as the species has not been found in False Bay,

further material is required to confirm its occurrence on the south coast.

Fam. Condylocardiidae

Carditella rugosa Sow.

Pig, \2010516

Carditella rugosa Sowerby, 1892, p. 63, pl. 3, fig. 65; Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 213; Turton,

1932, p. 233, pl. 61, no. 1625 (3 figs.).

Adult inequilateral. Prodissoconch 0-5 mm. long (antero-posteriorly),

with collar, succeded by a smooth space and a second collar; at this stage

length 1 mm., after which the riblets (14)15 appear; these ribs run to the

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF 8.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 463

margin without any additional ribs being interpolated, except one or-two at

the anterior or posterior margin, making a total of 16-17. Up to 3:5 mm.

length the shell remains equilateral. Growth-lines close. Ribs with oblong-oval

beads.

Up to length 10, alt. 8 mm.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton); Still

Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

e451 5.519 397 H., So metres; 34° 8’ S., 24° 59’ E., 80 metres; 35° 16' S.,

eae or, 155 metres; 35° 29 S., 21° 3° E., 102 metres; 35 26’ S., 20° 56’ E.,

80 metres (Jaeckel & Thiele). 3

Off Cape Morgan, 52 fathoms, one living, several valves; off East London,

22-9 fathoms, 2 living, numerous valves; Algoa Bay, 25-67 fathoms, numerous

valves; off Cape St. Blaize, 39 fathoms, 6 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Growth-lines on the smooth area within the 2nd collar seem to

be accentuated by wear, usually two as shown in Turton’s lower right-hand

figure. Very young shells up to 2 mm. might be difficult to distinguish from

those of Thecalia concamerata except for the double collar. After 2 mm. 7.

concamerata is inequilateral, and becomes far more inequilateral than rugosa.

A specimen at the 2nd collar stage, sent to the South African Museum by

Turton, was misidentified by him as Condylocardia io Bartsch.

Carditella laticosta Smith

Fig. 20h

Carditella laticosta Smith, 1904a, p. 41, pl. 3, fig. 23; Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 212.

Cardita laticostata [sic] Bartsch, 1915, p. 192; Turton, 1932, p. 231, pl. 60, no. 1614 (adult & juv.).

Oval, inequilateral, compressed; 12-13 radial ribs, not squamose or

beaded; very fine close-set concentric growth-lines crossing ribs and grooves.

Prodissoconch with inconspicuous collar; at 1°5 X 1:3 mm. equilateral, with 5

riblets, including the thickened antero- and postero-dorsal margins, increasing

by bifurcation.

Length 7-5, alt. 4:5 mm.

Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton).

34° 51’ 8., 19° 37 E., 80 metres, one valve (Jaeckel & Thiele).

Algoa Bay, 67 fathoms, 7 valves, including one very juv. ; off Cape Morgan,

52 fathoms, 8 valves; off Cape Infanta, 46 fathoms, one valve; off Cape St.

Blaize, 37 fathoms, one worn valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Carditella valdiviae J. & T.

Carditella valdwwiae Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 212, pl. 8(3), fig. 79.

Oval, inequilateral, somewhat similar in shape to Jaticosta, but with c. 20

radial riblets, crossed by irregular concentric growth-lines. Length 6:5, alt.

5 mm., and 7-5 x 6 mm.

464 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

34° 51’ S., 19° 37’ E., 80 metres; 35° 26’ S., 20° 56’ E., 80 metres jaeckel

& Thiele).

Off Cape Infanta, 46 fathoms, one valve; Hood Point (East London),

4g fathoms, 2 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Jaeckel & Thiele had several valves, some of them damaged;

and probably they were all more or less worn. The only P.F. specimen which

resembles the figure is worn, but appears to have had nodulose ribs.

Carditella capensis Smith

Fis. 20%

Carditella capensis Smith, 1885, p. 216, pl. 15, figs. 7—7¢; Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 213.

Equilateral. Prodissoconch with a collar, succeeded by a smooth area,

usually showing one or two accentuated growth-lines, bounded by a and

collar as in rugosa, length (antero-posteriorly) 0-5 mm. Ribs 17-18(19), no

interpolated ribs except one or two at antero- and postero-dorsal margins,

with raised squamulae (Smith: ‘compressed nodules’) where crossed by the

concentric growth-lines; intervening grooves well marked, only slightly

narrower than the ribs. Length 5:3, alt. 4:75.; Smith: 4 x 3°5 mm.

Simon’s Bay, False Bay, 15-20 fathoms (Smith).

33° 50’ S., 25° 48’_E.; 35° 20’ S., 21° 3’ E., 102 metresm(@aceme mcs

Whiele):

False Bay, including the type locality, 14-45 fathoms, living and valves;

off Cape St. Blaize, 60 fathoms, 7 valves; off Cape Infanta, 46 fathoms, one

living, 3 valves; off Sandy Point (north of Kei River), 51 fathoms, one living,

one valve; off Saldanha Bay, 37 fathoms, 2 living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

34° 17’ S., 17°53 E., 320 metres, one juv. living (UC) 2) alkene.

7 fathoms, Algoa Bay, 42 fathoms (U.C.T.). Liideritzbucht, 73 metres

(OC):

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Jaeckel & Thiele).

Remarks. Incubatory. The profile of the ribs is serrate.

The Saldanha Bay specimens are somewhat corroded, but show the

characteristic features (see similis).

Carditella similis J. & T.

Fig. 20)

Carditella similis Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 214, pl. 8(3), fig. 81.

Equilateral. Prodissoconch with collar, and smooth area bounded by a

2nd collar, as in rugosa and capensis. Ribs 20-21, with flat nodules, oval-subcircu-

lar in early growth, becoming transversely quadrangular later, and then near

the margin in adult shells narrow transverse bars; intervening grooves very

narrow, sometimes like mere knife cuts. Length 8:5, alt. 7-25 mm.

33° 50 S., 25 48’ E.; 35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E.,. 155 ametres; 99 seme

18° O’ E., 178 metres (off Table Bay) (Jaeckel & Thiele).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 465

Algoa Bay, 52 fathoms, several living and valves; off Cape St. Blaize, 125

fathoms, several living and valves; Cape Point N.E. 4 N. (off west coast of

Cape Peninsula) 145 fathoms, one living; Lion’s Head (Table Mt.) S.E., 95

fathoms, 2 living; off Paternoster Point (Saldanha Bay), 31 and 80 fathoms,

several living, corroded (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Mit Saldanha Bay, 150 fathoms (U.C.T.). 34° 51’ S., 23° 41’ E., 100

fathoms (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Distinguished from capensis by the very narrow grooves, and the

flat nodules on the ribs; the profile of the ribs is not serrate, except somewhat

bluntly near the margin in adult shells. Incubatory.

A very similar sculpture is seen in Cuna gambiensis Nicklés (1955, p. 147;

fig. 20 A).

The specimen from off the west coast of the Cape Peninsula is not corroded ;

the larger of the two from off Table Bay is slightly corroded at the umbones.

But the Saldanha Bay specimens are all more or less badly corroded, including

living shells, a condition which is found in several other shells from this area.

Carditella subradiata J. & T.

Carditella subradiata Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 213, pl. 8(3), fig. 80.

Equilateral. A smooth area succeding the prodissoconch with growth-lines

only, but not so distinct as in the other species, and without a collar separating

it from the ribs. Ribs 22-24, smooth, crossed only by very fine and close-set

concentric growth-lines; grooves shallow, narrower than the ribs. Length 3:8,

alt. 3-5 mm. Jaeckel & Thiele record some specimens exceeding these measure-

ments by 1 mm.

Baa 3. 20 50° E., Go metres; 95° 29’ S., 21°" 3’ E., 102 metres (Jaeckel

& Thiele).

Off Tugela River (Natal) 65-80 fathoms, one valve; off Umhloti River

(Natal), 40 fathoms, 23 living, 12 valves; off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms,

3 living, 2 valves; off Umkomaas (Natal), 40 fathoms, 5 living, 27 valves; off

Hood Point (East London), 49 fathoms, one double-valved but dead; Algoa

Bay, 67 fathoms, 18 valves; off Cape St. Blaize, 37 fathoms, 2 valves (S. Afr.

Mus.,P.F. coll.).

Algoa Bay, 14 fathoms (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Seems to be a Natal species, as all the P.F. valves from farther

south are worn.

Fam. Corbiculidae

Corbicula africana (Krauss)

Corbicula africana (Krauss), Connolly, 1939, p. 619, pl. 18, figs. 10-14.

This fluviatile species is mentioned only to record a single valve taken by

the Pieter Faure off Nanquas Peak (eastern end of Algoa Bay) N.W. }N. distant

15 miles, 49 fathoms.

4.66 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fam. Kellyellidae (Vesicomyidae)

Vesicomya valdiwiae J. & T.

Vesicomya valdiviae Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 229, pl. 9(4), fig. 101.

Shell large, 60 * 37 mm., oval, thick, chalky, with concentric growth-

lines. In each valve 3 stout cardinal teeth, and an anterior lateral tooth.

Specimens of this species are recorded as having been obtained in the

North Atlantic (24° 35’ N., 17° 4’ E., 2,500 metres), and also on the Agulhas

Banki\95° 10° 5.3; 23°°2" Ey Zoo metres:

‘The genus occurs in deep water in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, and

its occurrence on the south-eastern slope of the Agulhas Bank is not very

surprising.

This area was not explored by the Pieter Faure, whose main objective was

the fishing areas on the Agulhas Bank itself. Browne’s Bank on the southern tip

of the Bank was dredged, but no specimens of, or fragments referable to

Vesicomya were obtained. |

The record requires confirmation.

Fam. Ungulinidae

Two gill lamellae on each side (tetrabranch). Foot long, apically swollen.

Anterior adductor scar continuing the direction of (united with) the pallial line.

(See: Pelseneer, 1911, pl. 13, fig. 6.)

For Ungulina alfredensis Bartsch see: Thracia alfredensis (p. 573).

For Cryptodon eutornus Tomlin see: Lucina edentula (p. 470) ; for C. subradiatus

Gould see: Phacoides valida (p. 472), and Erycina subradiata (p. 481).

Gen. DreLopontTa Bronn

Jaeckel & Thiele (1931) recorded:

' Diplodonta africana Bartsch from 34° 51’ S., 19° 37’ E., 80 metres.

Diplodonta (Felania) rosea Récluz from 35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres,

and 35° 20 .S,, 2179 E102 metres.

Diplodonta (Felania) agulhasensis n.sp. see below.

Felamella alfredensis Bartsch from 35° 26’ S., 20° 56’ E., 80 metres.

The Pieter Faure obtained several valves which can be assigned to one of

the species hitherto recorded from South Africa, all of which seem to be flattish

(complanate). She also obtained several valves, mostly in the Natal area,

which are definitely ventricose, and which are here referred provisionally to an

East African species.

The specimens on which Turton (1932) based three ‘species’ of Diplodonia

and one of Felania require re-examination; some of the figures look as if they

might be Crassatella.

Diplodonta (Felania) subradiaia (Sow.)

Fig. 21a

Felania subradiata Sowerby, 1892, p. 62, pl. 3, fig. 73; Smith, 1904a, p. 25; Turton, 1932, p. 236;

Cox, 1939, p. 100.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 467

! Felania whitechurcht Turton, 1932, p. 236, pl. 62, no. 1649 (juv.).

Tellina crassa (non Pennant) Turton, 1932, p. 249, pl. 67, no. 1755.

Complanate, suborbicular, but slightly trigonal, antero- and postero-

dorsal margins gently convex, declivous, umbo subtending an angle of ¢. 115°,

nearly equilateral in adult, but anteriorly slightly bulging in juvenile; no

lunule; concentric growth-lines only; two cardinal teeth, the anterior in the

left, the posterior in the right valve bifid, no laterals.

Length 19-20, alt. 20 mm., thickness (one valve) 4:5 mm.

Fic. 21. Hinge (right valve) of: a, Diplodonta subradiata (Sow.). 5, D. agulhasensis J. & T.c, tD. cf.

senegalensis Rve. Internal view of d. Thyasira polygonia (Gould). e, Phacoides saldanhae n.sp., with

intercostal sculpture further enlarged.

Externally and internally white or pinkish, with or without pink radiating

rays; periostracum yellowish-brown; when rays are present they are usually

more distinct internally, especially on the ventral margin.

Fossil: Post-Pliocene, Inhambane (Cox).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Smith, Turton) ; Still Bay (S. Afr.

Mus. Mrs. Connolly coll.).

Off Tugela River (Natal), 37 fathoms, 5 valves; off Morewood Cove

(north of Durban), 27 fathoms, one valve; off Umkomaas, 40 fathoms, 5 valves;

off Nieca River (East London), 43 fathoms, one valve; off Cape Infanta, 46

fathoms, 5 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

False Bay, 26 fathoms, living (U.C.T.; also S. Afr. Mus. coll. Dr. Ackert

1960).

34° 51’ S., 23° 41’ E., 100 fathoms; and Algoa Bay, 14-25 fathoms

(UC. T.).

Remarks. ‘The present series shows that young shells, even up to 15 mm.

468 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

long, are distinctly though slightly inequilateral, but the largest shells are almost

equilateral.

The specific name refers not to any external surface sculpturing, but to the

internal pink rays, often obscure.

Details of the coloration of 4 valves (shells taken alive at Gordon’s Bay

(False Bay) by Dr. H. Ackert): Length 20, alt. 20 mm. white with two pink

rays; 17:5 X 17mm. white with pink patches on internal margin; 17 X 16mm.

8 or g pink rays on internal margin; 14 X 13 mm. internally pinkish-brown,

with rays at margin.

Thanks to Dr. Cain, Oxford University Museum, I have been able to

examine Turton’s ‘Tellina crassa’; it is obviously a D. subradiata; and white-

churchi is merely a juvenile.

Diplodonta (Felania) agulhasensis J. & 'T.

ie 2

Diplodonta (Felania) agulhasensis Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 218, pl. 9(4), fig. 88 (juv.).

Complanate, subcircular but slightly ovoid, being longer than high,

nearly equilateral, but posterior half appears slightly larger because the antero-

ventral margin is somewhat oblique, antero- and postero-dorsal margins nearly

straight, not declivous, umbo subtending an angle of c. 130°; no lunule;

concentric growth-lines only; 2 cardinals, the anterior in the left, the posterior

in the right valve bifid, no laterals.

Length 20, alt. 18:5, thickness (one valve) 3:5 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); Little

Brak River, Mossel Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

35° 26’ S., 20° 56’ E., 80 metres (Jaeckel & Thiele).

Off ie River, BG fathoms, one valve; off Morewood Cove (north of

Durban), 27 fathoms, 5 valves; off Nanquas Peak (eastern end of Algoa Bay),

49 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Juveniles of this species and subradiata are not distinguishable

with certainty; and as there will always be this uncertainty, it is preferable to

utilize the name agulhasensis rather than to institute a n.sp.

Also, the fossil 15-20 mm. shells may be only immature examples of the cf.

senegalensis recorded from the same deposits (v. infra).

Diplodonta cf. sansibarica J. & T.

? Diplodonta rotundata Mont., Smith, 1903, p. 398.

Diplodonta sansibarica Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 218, pl. 9(4), fig. 87.

Ventricose, subcircular or a little longer than high, whole circumference

evenly curved; no lunule; fine concentric growth-lines producing on live shells

a silky appearance, here and there slightly stronger growth-lines indicating

resting periods; two cardinals, the anterior in the left, the posterior in the right

valve bifid, no laterals.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 4.69

Length 16, alt. 14, thickness (one valve) 5-5°5 mm.; 14 X 12 X 5 mm.

Dirty cream or white, some of the valves (Umhloti) with a faint pinkish

tinge.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Durban north bridge, 60 feet below sea level (Geol.

Survey).

Durban (Smith).

Off Tugela River (Natal), 65-80 fathoms, 3 valves; off Tongaat, 36

fathoms, 7 valves; off Umhloti River (Natal), 40 fathoms, 24 valves; off Cape

Morgan, 77 fathoms, one valve; off Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms, one valve;

False Bay, 42 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Off Dar-es-Salaam (Jaeckel).

Remarks. The specimens are probably conspecific with the shell recorded

with a query as rotundata by Smith from Durban.

+ Diplodonta cf. senegalensis Rve.

nie 21¢

Diplotodon [sic] cf. senegalensis Rve., Smith in Rogers, 1906c, p. 294.

Diplodonta cf. senegalensis Rve., van Hoepen, 1940, p. 191; Barnard, 1962b, p. 185.

Cf. Diplodonta diaphana Gmelin, Nicklés 1950, p. 188, fig. 351.

Subcircular, equilateral, no lunule; growth-lines moderately regular on

early part, but later varying in strength; 2 cardinals, the anterior in the left,

the posterior in the right valve bifid, no laterals, ligament deep.

Length 40, alt. 42, thickness (one valve) 13 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Little Brak River, Mossel Bay (Smith in Rogers;

van Hoepen; also 8. Afr. Mus. coll. S. H. Haughton); Zwartkops (Port Eliza-

beth) and Keurbooms River (van Hoepen) ; Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H.

Martin); Knysna raised beach (S. Afr. Mus.).

Remarks. Nicklés recorded D.(F) diaphana from the Quaternary of Benguela,

and living from Mauritania to Angola, but did not mention senegalensis.

One suspects that the two are synonymous, but having no material for compari-

son I record the present specimens under Reeve’s name which has already

been used in South African literature by Smith and van Hoepen.

Thyasira investigatoris (Smith)

Cryptodon investigatoris Smith, 1895, p. 13, pl. 2, figs. 6, 6a; 1897, pl. 3, figs. 2-2b; Sowerby,

1904, p. 12.

Thyasira investigatoris (Smith), Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 218.

Length 30, alt. 26, thickness (valves together) 22 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.).

Cape Point N.E. ? E. distant 40 miles, 720-800 fathoms, one presumably

living (Sowerby: P.F. coll.).

33° 50’ S., 17° 21’ E., 600 fathoms, one right valve (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

F. H. Talbot, 1959).

470 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Distribution. Off Colombo, Ceylon, 142-400 fathoms (Smith); 1° 50’ N.,

96° 53” E.,/ 1,143 metres (Jaeckel:

~ Remarks. The P.F. shell (paired valves) was probably taken alive and

preserved in formalin before being sent to Sowerby; it is now badly corroded

and. flaked.

Compare T. excavata Dall (1901, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxiii, p. 818, pl. 39,

figs. 12, 15) from California.

Thyasira polygonia (Gould)

Mic, 21d

Cryptodon polygonius Gould, 1861, p. 174.

Thyasira polygonia (Gould), Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 217.

Subcircular, equilateral, 2 shallow grooves on the posterior part (or as in

Gould’s description: 2 low ‘angles’, i.e. ridges), ventral margin evenly curved.

Concentric growth-lines.

Length and alt. 8 mm. Gould: 4 < 3:5 mm. Faintly pinkish.

Simon’s Bay (False Bay) (Gould, collected by W. Stimpson, 1853);

St. Francis Bay, 80 metres, and Algoa Bay (Jaeckel & Thiele).

Simon’s Bay, 22 fathoms, one living, 2 valves; False Bay, 32 fathoms, 2

living; False Bay, 45 fathoms, 4 valves; Cape Point N. 20° E., 14 miles, 85

fathoms, one living; 34° 5’ S., 25° 55’ E., 67 fathoms, 8 living, 10 valves (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

32° 23’ S8., 17° 48” E., 143 metres, 3 living (s.s. Africana Tj pene ee

Off Saldanha Bay, 75-150 fathoms; off Lamberts Bay, 92 fathoms

CUeGals)e .

34° 26’ S., 21° 48’ E., 37 fathoms; False Bay, 44 fathoms; Plettenberg

Bay, 26-61 fathoms; 34° 51’ S., 23° 41’ E., 100 fathoms; Algoa Bay, 68 fathoms

(OG rales),

Remarks. As Gould said, this is ‘more equal in its diameters’ than flexuosus

(Mont.).

Fam. Lucinidae

Only one gill on each side (dibranch). Foot variable, vermiform, not

apically expanded. Anterior adductor scar projecting within the pallial line.

(See: Pelsenecer, 1910.7 pl. 13) te 18 cpl wa hies), yom

Lucina edentula (Linn.)

Lucina fragilis (non Phil.), Krauss, 1848, p. 5.

Axinus globosus (non Forskal), Sowerby, 1880, p. 157.

Loripes globosus (non Forskal), Sowerby, 1892, p. 61, pl. 4, fig. 91; Wybergh, 1920, pp. 58, 67.

Cryptodon globosus (non Forskal), Schwarz, 1900, p. 61; Smith, 1904a, p. 25; Smith in Rogers,

1906c, p. 2943 Schwarz, 1910, p. 116.

Lucina globosus (non Forskal), Bartsch, 1915, p. 1943; Braga, 1952, p. 118, pl. xi, fig. 6.

Loripes edentula (Linn.), Chenu, 1862, fig. 581; Stow, 1871, p. 517.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 471

: ' Lucina pmale (Chenu), von Martens, 1897, p. 229, pl. xi, figs. 1, 2; Lynge, 1909, p. 167; Prashad,

1932, p. 154 (references); Thiele, 1935, fig. 826; Barnard, 1962b, p. 185.

Cryptodon eutornus Tomlin, 1921, p. 215, pl. 8, fig. 5; Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 307; Macnae &

Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Lucina (Cryptodon) eutornus (Tomlin), Turton, 1932, p. 235.

Length 66, alt. 53, thickness 49 mm. (Tomlin); 60x 53 x 44 mm.;

60 X 56 X 23 (one valve) mm.; 65 x 54 X 24 (one valve) mm. (S. Afr. Mus.).

Fossil: Pleistocene; Klein River estuary, Hermanus (Wybergh); Keur-

booms River estuary, Plettenberg Bay (Schwarz; also S. Afr. Mus. coll.

K.H.B.); Little Brak River, Mossel Bay (Smith in Rogers; also 8. Afr. Mus.) ;

Sedgefield near Knysna (S. Afr. Mus. coll. A. R. H. Martin); Knysna raised

beach (S. Afr. Mus.); Zwartkops valley, Port Elizabeth (Krauss, Stow,

Schwarz).

Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir); Port Elizabeth and Zwartkops estuary

(Sowerby, Bartsch); Port Alfred lagoon (Smith, Bartsch, Turton); Port St.

Johns (S. Afr. Mus.); Durban (Sowerby, Tomlin; also 8S. Afr. Mus.); Delagoa

Bay (Braga; also U.W.).

Living: Knysna (U.C.T.); Durban Bay (U.C.T): Delagoa Bay (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Seychelles, Madagascar, Mauritius, Madras, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. Examination of examples taken alive showed the dibranch

character of the animal.

This estuarine species does not seem to have occurred anywhere on the

west coast. The most westerly locality along the south coast at which fossils

have been obtained is the Klein River estuary, Stanford. Apparently it is not

living there today (1952, Scott, Harrison, & Macnae). It has been found living

in the Knysna lagoon by U.C.T., but not recorded (1952, Day, Millard &

Harrison).

The correct name for this ‘fine and well-known South African bivalve’

(Tomlin 1921) was first given by Stow. He perhaps identified it from Chenu’s

figure 581, as he attributed the authorship to Chenu; or he may have obtained

it from W. S. Dallas of the Geological Society of London, to which Society he

sent his collection of recent and fossil shells (Stow 1871, Editor’s footnote p.

515).

Unfortunately Tomlin was not aware that Lynge (1909) had examined

some of Krauss’s specimens from Zwartkops, and had thereby confirmed the

identity.

Prashad (1932) correctly included Sowerby’s 1889 record in his biblio-

graphy of L. edentula; but incorrectly included Sowerby’s 1892 and Smith’s

1904a records in his bibliography of Diplodonta globosa. Lynge (p. 176) doubted

whether Sowerby’s 1892 figure 91 was globosa Forskal.

Tomlin did not have an animal to examine; but the inset anterior adductor

_ scar shows that the species is a Lucinid, not an Ungulinid.

Cox (1927) did not mention L. edentula among the Zanzibar fossils.

472 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Gen. PHACcOIDEs Blainv.

This name is said to have been used only as a vernacular name, and

therefore Dentilucina Fischer has been adopted by Iredale and Prashad. Dall,

Lamy, Thiele, and other authors, however, retain Phacotdes.

Phacoides rosea (Angas)

Lucina rosea Angas, 1878, p. 860, pl. 54, fig. 6; Smith, 1910, p. 217.

Lucina columbella (non Lam.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 61.

Lucina despecta Smith, 1904a, p. 40 (nom. preocc. Phil.).

Phacoides despecta (Smith), Bartsch, 1915, p. 195.

Lucina contempta Cossmann, 1921, p. 181 (as quoted by Tomlin, 1931) (nom. nov. for despecta

Smith preocc.); Tomlin, 1931, p. 447.

Loripes rosea (Angas), van Bruggen, 1952, p. 15.

[Non] contempta Turton 1932 (= liratula).

Subcircular, equilateral, a slight groove on posterior part. Regular,

close-set concentric costae. Lunule large. Two cardinal teeth and anterior and

posterior lateral denticles in both valves. Ligament external (partly). Margin

internally finely crenulate.

Up to 20 X 20, thickness (one valve) 6—7 mm.

Natal (Angas); Tongaat (Natal) (S. Afr. Mus.); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby, van Bruggen,

S. Afr. Mus.); Jeffreys Bay (van Bruggen) ; Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Phacoides valida (Smith)

Lucina valida Smith, 19042, p. 40, pl. 3, fig. 19; Turton, 1932, p. 235.

Phacoides valida (Smith), Bartsch, 1915, p. 194.

Lucina liratula (non Sow.), Turton, 1932, p. 235, pl. 62, no. 1640.

Inequilateral, but adult less so than juvenile, in the latter antero-dorsal

margin more concave and umbo prominent. Radial riblets begin on posterior

part of shell at about 2-5 x 2 mm. and on anterior part at about 3:5 x 3mm.,

and thereafter on the intervening part. Lateral teeth well developed. Margin

internally smooth.

Up to length 12, alt. 11 mm.; juveniles are relatively longer, e.g. 4:5 X 3°75

mm.

Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir) ;

Kalk Bay, False Bay, living (S. Afr. Mus.).

Remarks. Turton has confused valida and liratula.

Bartsch (1915) had examples of valida but did not compare them with the

type of Cryptodon subradiatus (transferred to Evycina, and in error credited to

Carpenter instead of Gould). In some respects Gould’s description points to a

Lucinid, but Dr. Rehder of the U.S. National Museum kindly compared

specimens of valida sent to him, and found the two species quite distinct.

A worn and broken valve from off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 80-100

fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. Ag678. P.F. coll.) is very similar to valida, but in the

absence of any records from the coast of Natal, is not definitely assigned to this

species.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 473

Phacoides capensis J. & T.

Barns

Phacoides capensis Jacckel Thiele, O2ts ps 221, plo (4) us. 92.

Subcircular, or slightly longer than high, equilateral, no groove on posterior

part; close-set concentric costae, more or less lamellose, especially near postero-

dorsal margin in juveniles, but never very prominent, about 15-20 costae ina

distance of 10 mm. on middle part of an adult shell; traces of wrinkles (minor

erowth-lines) in the intervals. Lunule narrow, elongate; escutcheon narrow.

Two cardinal teeth and an anterior dentiform lateral in both valves. Ligament

external. Inset part of anterior adductor scar narrow, elongate. Margin

internally smooth.

Up to length 37, alt. 34, thickness (one valve) 9 mm.

Algoa Bay (Jaeckel).

Algoa Bay, 52-67 fathoms, 17 valves; off Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms,

one valve; 36° 40’ S., 21° 26’ E., 200 fathoms, many valves, fresh and worn;

off Sebastian Bluff, 40 fathoms, one living, one valve; Struys Bay, 42 fathoms,

one valve; 34° 34’ S., 18° 32’ E., 100 fathoms (mouth of False Bay) one living;

Simon’s Bay, False Bay, 22 fathoms, one valve; off Cape Point, mouth of

False Bay, 32-42 fathoms, 3 valves; south of Cape Point, 50 fathoms, 2 valves;

Cape Point N. 2° E., 85 fathoms, one living, 2 valves; south-west of Cape Point,

120 fathoms, 3 valves; off Table Bay, 104 fathoms, one living (S. Afr. Mus.

i coll. )..

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Jaeckel).

Remarks. The examples from off Sebastian Bluff, from mouth of False Bay,

and from off Table Bay were identified by Sowerby as borealis (Linn.), but not

recorded in print. This species has been recorded from the North Atlantic,

Azores and Canary Islands, Persian Gulf, East Indies and Philippines; it may

therefore inhabit South African waters.

P. capensis, so far as Jaeckel’s incomplete description goes (he did not

mention the lunule) is clearly conspecific with the larger shells identified by

Sowerby. Jaeckel did not suspect he had only juveniles. One has the choice of

accepting or ignoring Sowerby’s identification. As there are in the P.F. collec-

tion half-grown and adult shells from Algoa Bay, one of the type localities for

capensis, 1 adopt the latter course.

The largest valve in the P.F. collection came from Algoa Bay, the next

largest, 33 < 32 mm., from off Sebastian Bluff.

The moderately long series of 78 valves, ranging from 12 to 28 mm. in

length, from 36° 40’ S., 21° 26’ E., shows that there is a slight variability in

shape. The number and closeness of the concentric costae also varies: between

4 and 10 mm. alt. (the very early part of the shell is often corroded) there may

be 12-15 costae, sometimes as many as 20; between 10 and 20 mm. alt. 15-20

costae.

Odhner (1923, p. 8, pl. 1, figs. 3-5) described Lucina (Cavilucina) semilirata

from Port Alexander, based on a single empty shell 8 x 7 x 3:7 mm. Port

474 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Alexander and Great Fish Bay are not much more than 50 miles apart. Odhner’s

specimen should be compared with the Valdivia shells.

Phacotdes aequalis J. & 'T.

Phacoides aequalis JaeckeN\& Thiele1931, p. 221, pl. 9(4), fig. 93.

One specimen, 12 X 10°5 X (valves together) 4-5 mm., agrees with the

specimens assigned to capensis except in having a shorter and broader lunule,

2 x (valves together) 1 mm., and a broader escutcheon.

Jaeckel did not mention the lunule in his descriptions of either capensis

or aequalis; it is therefore uncertain whether the P.F. material has been correctly

assigned to the respective species. The Valdivia material should be re-examined.

34°: 8 S., 24° 59° E., 80 metres (Jaeckel).

Off Cape Infanta, 45 fathoms, one living (S. Afr. Mus. No. 14849. P.F.

coll.).

Two specimens, the larger the same size as the above, agree in the shape

of the lunule and escutcheon, but the surface is almost smooth, without costae

and with only very feebly raised growth-lines.

Buffels Bay, False Bay, 35 fathoms, one living, one valve (S. Afr. Mus.

A29662. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Further research will probably show that aequalis is- only a

synonym of capensis.

Phacoides saldanhae n.sp.

Pie. 21 2

Subcircular, equilateral, not hollowed on posterior part but the upper

half of the posterior margin slightly flattened in the 51 mm. shell and the 22 mm.

juvenile. No high keel on either side of the ligament or lunule. Widely spaced

(more widely spaced than in capensis) lamellose concentric costae, and fine

wrinkles in the intervals, variable in number: 5-7 on early part, increasing to

8-10(12) on later part. Umbones corroded. Lunule narrow, elongate. Two

cardinal teeth and an anterior dentiform lateral in each valve. Ligament

strong, external, in a shallow groove. Inset part of anterior adductor scar

narrow, elongate. Margin internally smooth.

White, with a thin buff-coloured, or (in the juvenile) pale pinkish-brown,

periostracum; ligament brown.

Length 54, alt. 50, thickness (valves together) 30 mm.; and 51 X 45 X 27

mm.; half grown 22 « 20 X 8-5 mm.

Saldanha Bay area: off Baboon Point, 31 fathoms, 2 living, Types; off

Paternoster Point, 80 fathoms, one juv. living (S. Afr. Mus. A4473 (Types), and

A5379 (juv.)s.o. Air. Mus. P:F,) coll.)

St. Helena Bay (32° 27’ S., 18° 06’ E. and 32° 29’ S., 17° 48’ E.) 66 and

143 metres, living (s.s. Africana, per U.C.T.). Walvis Bay, 99 metres (U.C.T.).

Remarks. The two large P.F. specimens were identified by Sowerby as

Loripes philippinarum Hanley. They resemble Hanley’s figure of a subcircular

_ CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 475

shell, and the words in his description: ‘distant lamellar ridges, whose intervals

are unsculptured’ are applicable if by ‘unsculptured’ he meant without radial

sculpture (Hanley, 1842-56, p. 348, Suppl., pl. 14, fig. 18 [not ‘t.12.f.42’ as

given in text]). |

Smith (1895, p. 13) identified an Indian Ocean shell as Cryptodon philip-

pinarum (Hanley), but the figure (1897, pl. 4, figs. 6, 6a) shows an oblong-oval

shell (¢. 18 X 15 mm.) with closer concentric costae. Jaeckel (1931, p. 221)

identified an East Indies shell with this figure, but transferred the species to

Phacoides, although Smith’s figure seems to show a Cryptodon-hinge without

teeth.

The present specimens agree with the Californian heroicus Dall (1901,

p. 828, pl. 41, fig. 1); in fact almost every word of Dall’s description is applicable

to them, except that they lack the flexuosity on the posterior margin. That,

however, might be an individual feature; Dall did not state how many specimens

he had.

The Eastern American filosus Stimpson differs in having a high keel on

either side of the ligament and lunule (Dall, 1901, p. 824).

The 54 mm. P.F. specimen is thicker walled than the 51 mm. specimen,

and has 6 costae between 10 and 20 mm. alt., whereas the latter has only 5;

towards the margin in the former the costae become evanescent.

The juvenile has the posterior margin slightly flattened, and there are 8

costae between 4 and 10 mm. alt., and 8(9) between 10 and 20 mm. alt. Even

with this increased number, the costae are quite distinctly more widely separated

than in P. capensis, and there are several minor wrinkles in each interval as in

the larger shells.

The largest Africana shell is 47 X 45 X 24 mm.

Although a separate name is here suggested for the Saldanha Bay and

St. Helena Bay shells, based on the more widely spaced concentric costae, these

shells may be only local variants of capensis. Jaeckel & Thiele recorded capensis

from Great Fish Bay. More material is required to show whether typical

capensis occurs at other localities on the west coast, or transitional forms render-

ing the name saldanhae unnecessary.

Phacoides semperiana (Issel)

Lucina semperiana Issel, 1869, p. 82; Melvill & Sykes, 1898, p. 46, pl. 13, fig. 1.

Phacoides (Belliucina) semperiana (Issel), Lamy, 1920a, fig. 211; Pallary, 1926, p. 104, pl. 12, figs.

121, 127; Dautzenberg, 19209, p. 622. |

Phacoides (Parvilucina) semperiana (Issel), Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 221.

Shell thick, tumid, antero- and postero-dorsal areas marked off, lunule

deep; about 14—15 strong concentric costae, the 13th and 15th sometimes dupli-

cated; finer growth-lines in the intervals; numerous radial riblets in the inter-

vals, but not on the dorsal areas and not actually crossing the summits of the

costae. Lateral teeth strong. Margin internally strongly crenulate.

Length and alt. 6, thickness (valves together) 5 mm.

4.76 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Living: Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Madagascar, Ceylon, Singapore. Off Dar-es-Salaam,

50 metres (Jaeckel).

Remarks. Mr. A. E. Salisbury kindly compared a specimen with the des-

cription in Issel, whose work is not available to me.

Prashad (1932) described P. macassart from the East Indies, which seems

very much like semperiana. ,

Melvill & Sykes (1898, p. 46, pl. 3, fig. 1) figured a specimen 11 X 10°5

mm. from the Andaman Islands. It appears to be less strongly sculptured, and

the radial riblets less closely packed than in the present specimens.

Phacoides peritaphros n.sp.

Fig, 22

Shell thick, tumid, inequilateral, juvenile ovoid, adult with altitude nearly

equal to length, antero- and postero-dorsal areas not marked off, anterior mar-

gin rounded, posterior margin flattened, lunule distinct; strong concentric

lirae, mostly close-set and regular, but at intervals a bare space (sulcus) equal

in width to one or two (occasionally 3) lirae, no radial riblets between the lirae

or on the bare spaces. Right valve with 2 cardinal teeth, and an anterior and

posterior lateral; left valve with one cardinal and an anterior and posterior

lateral pit. Margin internally crenulate.

Length 5, alt. 4:8, thickness (valves together) 3-3 mm. Young shells

slightly longer than high, but altitude becoming proportionately greater with

age, €.8.: 2°5 X 2, 3°2 X 2°75, 3°5 X 3,4 X 3°5,4°5 X 4,5 XK 48,65 KeGe5

mm.

Off Nieca River (East London area), 43 fathoms, one living, 3 valves

(Types) ; off Nanquas Peak (eastern end of Algoa Bay), 49 fathoms, 2 valves;

34° 5’ S., 25° 55 E., 67 fathoms, several valves; 34° 5’ 'S., 25) (jaune

fathoms, several valves; off Cape St. Blaize, 125 fathoms, several valves (S. Afr.

Mus. Nos. Ag524 (Types), Ag525—-Ag9528 P.F. coll.).

BA O31 92,02) 50 Ae tiataoms, (WaGs la:

Remarks. Allied to the West African lamothe: Dautzenberg (1912, p. 100,

pl. 3, figs. 50-54) and congoensis Jaeckel & Thiele (1931, p. 220, pl. 9(4), fig. 91);

differing from the former in having more numerous lirae and no radial riblets,

from the latter in shape (congoensis is subcircular at alt. 2-5 mm.). The distinctive

feature is the deep sulci due to periodic non-formation of the concentric lirae.

Up to an altitude of c. 2 mm. the lirae are formed regularly, but thereafter

irregularity sets in; 3 or 4 bare sulci usually occur, with 4-6 (occasionally as

many as 8) lirae between them. The relative height of the lirae and depth of

the sulci varies. A shell may reach an altitude.of 3-5 mm. before a bare sulcus

appears.

Jaeckel made no mention of any irregularity in the lirae in his description

of congoensis, but his figure shows two sulci.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 477

Lucina tabulata Desh. appears from Chenu’s figure (1862, fig. 569) to have

a somewhat similar periodic variation in the formation of the lirae.

Loripes philippinarum (Hanley)

Lucina philippinarum Hanley, 1842-56, p. 348. Suppl. pl. 14, fig. 18 (not ‘t.12.fi.42’ as given in text).

Equilateral, rather convex, antero- and postero-dorsal margins nearly

straight, slightly sloping, the ventral margin between them evenly curved.

Widely spaced, narrow but not lamellose concentric costae, 7 in the first 2 mm.

alt., 6 in the next 5 mm., and 7 in the later 11 mm., total 20 (another is just

due to be formed at the margin); intervals with fine regular costulae, 5-6 on

Fic. 22. Phacoides peritaphros n.sp. Anterior view, and lateral views of two shells to show variation

in the sulci.

the early part, increasing to 7-8 near the margin. Lunule well marked but not

sunken, 3-5 long, 1 mm. wide. Escutcheon narrow, elongate. Two cardinal

teeth, both bifid, and an anterior dentiform lateral. Ligament internal. Inset

part of anterior adductor scar only half as wide as the upper oval part. Margin

internally crenulate. Buff.

Length 16-5, alt. 15, thickness (one valve) 5 mm.

Off Umhloti River (Natal) 40 fathoms, one right valve and one broken

(S. Afr. Mus. Ag534. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Provisionally identified with Hanley’s species.

This is not the Cryptodon philippinarum as figured by Smith (1897, Moll., pl.

Ames. 0, Od).

Loripes clausus (Phil.)

Lucina lactea (non Lam.), Krauss, 1848, p. 4.

Loripes lactea (non Lam.), Sowerby, 1889b, p. 155.

Loripes lacteus (non Linn.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 61.

Loripes flexuosus (non Mont.), Johnson, 1904, p. I1.

Loripes leucoma (non W. Turton), Krige, 1933, p. 51.

Loripes clausus (Phil.), Sowerby, 1894, p. 378; 1897, p. 26; Schwarz, 1900, p. 26; Smith, 1904a,

p- 40; Smith, 1906b, p. 67; Schwarz, 1910, p. 116; Bartsch, 1915, p. 194; Lamy, 1915,

2.0575 Lomlin, 1921; p: 2575 Cox, 1927, p. 101,/ pl. 19, fig, 2; Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931,

p- 220; Turton, 1932, p. 235; Braga, 1952, p. 118, pl. xi, fig. 5; Day & Morgans, 1956,

p. 307; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 41, 1209, fig. 235; Broekhuysen & Taylor, 1959, p. 292.

[ ?] Lucina jacksoniensis (non Smith), Braga, 1952, p. 117.

478 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Subcircular, equilateral, antero-dorsal part well marked, margin promi-

nent, a slight hollow on posterior part. Fine close-set regular growth-lines,

interspersed with stronger lines, surface smooth. Lunule short, deep. Cardinal

teeth feeble, anterior and posterior lateral better developed in the left than the

right valve. Ligament internal. Inset part of anterior adductor scar elongate,

tapering. Margin internally smooth.

Up to length 30, alt. 27-28, thickness (valves together) 14 mm.; Single

valves: 35 < 32 X 7, 33 X 32 X 7, 33 X 31 X 11 mm. (8) Ale

Fossil: Pleistocene; Zwartkops valley (Krauss, Johnson, Schwarz);

Keurbooms River (Schwarz); Durban (Krige, also Geol. Survey); Zanzibar

(Cox).

Knysna (Krauss) ; Port Elizabeth (Krauss, Sowerby); Port Alfred (Smith,

Bartsch, Turton); Durban (Krauss); Delagoa Bay (Braga); Mozambique

(Br. Mus. teste Sowerby).

Off Port Shepstone (Natal), 250 fathoms, one valve; 36° 40’ S., 21° 26’ E.,

200 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). :

Living: Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir); Knysna (P.F. coll.); Durban

(U.C.T.); Kosi Bay (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Zanzibar; Madagascar.

Remarks. Braga’s identification of 2 valves from Inhambane as the Aus-

tralian jacksoniensis is not acceptable; probably they were clausus or perhaps

rosea.

Loripes rosacea Smith

Loripes rosacea Smith, 1899, p. 251, pl. 5, figs. 12, 13.

Lucina rosacea (Smith), Cox, 1939, p. 99, pl. 2, figs. 16, 17.

Inequivalve, the left valve convex, the right quite flat. Close-set regular

concentric growth-lines, interspersed with sulci (periodic cessation of growth).

Pale rose.

Length 17, alt. 18, thickness (valves together) 6 mm. (Smith).

Fossil: Post Pleistocene; Inhambane (Cox). ,

Durban (Smith).

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 54 fathoms, 2 right valves; off Umhloti River,

40 fathoms, 2 right valves; off Tugela River, 37 fathoms, 3 right valves; juv.

(S. Air. Mus. PF: coll.)

Remarks. Smith’s description did not mention the sulci, and his figures are

ambiguous: the thick dark lines might be either the shadows of raised costae

or sunken sulci. Cox’s photographic figures are better.

The Pieter Faure took only right valves.

Divaricella dalliana Vanatta

Lucina (Divaricella) quadrisulcata (non D’Orb.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 26; 1894, p. 378.

Lucina (Divaricella) dalliana Vanatta, 1901, p. 184, pl. 5, figs. 10, 11; Smith, 1903a, p. 399;

1903b, p. 626.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 479

On the early part of the shell the impressed lines are arcuate, angle of

divergence obtuse, but gradually they become more angular, the angle of

divergence less obtuse, and on later part of large shells almost a right angle.

The smooth radial band, caused by the absence of the impressed lines, begins

at about 10-12 mm. alt., but may not occur until 15-20 mm. alt. Two cardinal

teeth in left, one in right valve, an anterior dentiform lateral in both valves.

Margin internally finely crenulate.

Up to length 29, alt. 28, thickness (one valve) 8 mm.

Natal (Sowerby; also in S. Afr. Mus., without exact locality); Tongaat

(30 miles north of Durban) (S. Afr. Mus.); Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Distribution. Maldive Islands (Smith).

Remarks. The smooth band is constant in all the present valves, and is

not due to abrasion.

This smooth band is said to distinguish this South African form from quad-

risulcata; but does it also distinguish it from angulifera von Martens (= ornata

Rve., non Agassiz) which occurs at Mauritius, Madagascar, Seychelles, and

Red Sea? Von Martens’s figure of angulifera (1880, p. 321, pl. 22, figs. 14, 142)

shows no break in the angular lines on a shell alt. 24 mm. (See also: Lamy,

repre, Pp. 18°77.)

+ D. mozambicensis Cox (1939; p. 99, pl. 2, fig. 18) from the Post Pliocene

of Inhambane is very similar. The single valve measured 12:5 X 12 mm.,

and therefore would be comparable with juveniles of dallzana before the smooth

band has appeared.

A similar smooth band occurs in perparvula Dall (1901, pl. 30, fig. 8) from

the west coast of Mexico. The figured specimen was 7 mm. in length and the

smooth band occupies the distal half of the shell.

Divaricella liratula Sow.

Lucina (Divaricella) liratula Sowerby, 1889b, p. 155, pl. 3, fig. 5; 1892, p. 61, pl. 2, fig. 63.

Lucina liratula (Sow.), Smith in Rogers, 1906c, p. 294; Haughton, 1932, p. 35.

Lucina contempta (non Cossm.), ‘Turton, 1932, p. 235, pl. 62, no. 1641.

[Non] liratula Turton 1932 (= valida).

Subcircular, equilateral, a very slight hollow on posterior part. Fine

regular concentric costulae, nearly straight in middle part but undulate

anteriorly and posteriorly, obliquely truncated by the major growth-lines which

_ occur at intervals (see Turton’s figure), but do not form raised costae. Extremely

fine radial striae, often obscure. Lunule narrow. Cardinal teeth 2 in left, one

in right valve. Ligament internal. Anterior adductor scar nearly the same width

throughout its length.

Up to length 14, alt. 13-5 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.).

Fossil: Pleistocene; Geelbek, Saldanha Bay (Haughton); Little Brak

River, Mossel Bay (Smith in Rogers; also S. Afr. Mus.); Sedgefield near

Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); Knysna raised beach (S. Afr. Mus.) ; Keurbooms

River (Haughton).

480 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Turton); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.

coll. Muir).

Remarks. Turton gave a good photo of this species, but in addition to mis-

naming it, he considered that the sculpturing was abnormal and indicated that

the animal had had an ‘anxious and troubled life’; the distinctive sculpturing,

to which the geological term ‘false bedding’ might well be applied, is of course

quite normal.

Dr. Martin found it very abundant in the Sedgefield deposits.* Also very

common in the Mossel Bay deposit. I have not seen the Geelbek (Saldanha

Bay) shells, and accept Haughton’s identification.

Dr. Muir found only three valves at Still Bay.

Codakia punctata (Linn.)

Lucina (Codakia) punctata (Linn.), Tomlin, 1931, p. 447.

Codakia punctata (Linn.), Prashad, 1932, p. 155 (references); Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129,

fig. 23k (labelled exasperata).

Flat radial ribs, broad but variable, and narrow shallow grooves; fine

regular concentric growth-lines.

Length 71, alt. 69 mm. (Lamy, 1915).

Durban (Tomlin); Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Distribution. Mauritius, Madagascar, Seychelles, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. Both this species and the next, tigerina, occur at Delagoa Bay,

but I feel doubtful about their /zving in Durban Bay. U.C.T. did not obtain

either species at Durban, nor at Kosi Bay.

Codakia tigerina (Linn.)

Lucina tigerina (Linn.), Krauss, 1848, p. 5.

Lucina exasperata Sowerby, 1897, p. 26.

Codakia exasperata (Sow.), Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Codakia tigerina (Linn.), Prashad, 1932, p. 156 (references).

[Non] Codakia exasperata, Macnae & Kalk, 1958, fig. 23k (= punctata).

Cancellate; narrow nodulose radial ribs, not wider than the grooves.

Up to length 83, alt. 73, thickness (valves together) 48 mm. (U.W.).

92 X 73 mm. (Lamy, 1915).

Durban (Krauss, Sowerby); Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Mozambique Island

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

Distribution. Mauritius, Madagascar, Seychelles, Indo-Pacific.

Codakia pecten (Lam.)

Lucina (Codakia) pecten (Lam.), Sowerby, 1894, p. 378; 1897, p. 26.

Lucina ( Fagonia) pecten (Lam.), Dautzenberg, 1912, p. 100; Lamy, 1915, p. 158.

This is a West African shell. I suggest the possibility that Sowerby’s shells

from Port St. Johns and Durban might have been the Indo-Pacific divergens

* For description of these deposits see: Martin, S. Afr. J. Sci. 52, p. 187, 1956.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUS@A 481

(Phil.). The provenance of those shells cannot be checked, and I exclude the

species from the South African fauna list.

Fam. Erycinidae

Two gills on each side.

The South African representatives of this, and the following family

Montacutidae require anatomical investigation. At present the number of names in

the current fauna-list is certainly excessive; both Bartsch and Turton accepted

Nature’s beach-worn playthings as examples of ‘speciation’.

Further, species have been removed from one genus to another, or even

from one to the other family. It may be noted that Kellza natalensis Smith 1903

(Rochefortia in Bartsch 1915) is not the same as Montacuta natalensis Smith 1899.

To add to the confusion Thiele (1934) made Rochefortia a synonym of Mysella

in the Montacutidae.

Many of the species are known to be incubatory, retaining the larvae in

the gill-pouches until the shelled-stage; then follows a lengthy pelagic stage

until the velum is lost and the mollusc settles down.

Erycina subradiata (Gould)

Cryptodon subradiatus Gould, 1861, p. 33.

Erycina subradiata Carp. [sic = Gould] Bartsch, 1915, p. 197, pl. 46, figs. 5, 6, pl. 49, fig. 2

(= juv.); Jaeckel-& Thiele, 1931, p. 222.

Erycina alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 197, pl. 43, figs. 7, 8, pl. 50, figs. 1, 2 (= juv.); Jaeckel &

. Thiele, 1931, p. 222.

Erycina rifaca Bartsch, 1915, p. 198, pl. 39, fig. 3, pl. 50, figs. 7, 8 (= juv.).

Erycina rugosa Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 223, pl. 9(4), fig. 95 (= adult).

Prodissoconch minute, but distinct. At 0-5 mm. alt. a constriction occurs,

marking off a false prodissoconch; thereafter up to c. 2 mm. alt. 3 or 4, some-

times 5, corrugations or wrinkles; thereafter growth-lines only; surface smooth,

but extremely finely shagreened (mentioned for alfredensis and rugosa) ; in each

valve an oblique cardinal tooth, anteriorly and posteriorly a lateral lamella

(zahnartige Leiste, Jaeckel; see Bartsch’s figures).

Length 9:5, alt. 8, thickness (one valve) 2 mm.

Simon’s Bay (False Bay) (Gould, coll. W. Stimpson; Bartsch); Port

Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

St. Francis Bay, 80 metres, and Algoa Bay (Jaeckel).

Simon’s Bay, 22 fathoms, 14 valves; Buffels Bay (False Bay), 35 fathoms,

7 valves; Algoa Bay, 67 fathoms, 5 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

False Bay, 17-44 fathoms, and Plettenberg Bay, 43 fathoms (U.C.T.).

One juvenile from Liideritzbucht, 26 metres (U.C.T.) may be this species.

Remarks. The 14 valves, from 3-6 mm. long, from the type locality, together

with larger ones from the neighbouring Buffels Bay, demonstrate that sub-

radiata was founded on a juvenile, and that rugosa is the adult. It is a pity that

the latter more distinctive and appropriate name must fall into synonymy.

482 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

The distinctive wrinkles around the umbo resemble ripples around a stone

dropped into water. They are variable, and sometimes evanescent or even

obsolete; which explains why they were not mentioned in the original descrip-

tion or Bartsch’s redescription. Often the one or two last formed wrinkles are

slightly indented.

Jaeckel’s 9 X 7-5 mm. specimen, which he referred to alfredensis, was

evidently a nontypical specimen without wrinkles.

Very fine radiating striae are occasionally visible either externally or

internally. The umbonal constriction was mentioned in the description of

rifaca, and is clearly shown in Bartsch, pl. 46, fig. 6. This constriction, marking

off a false prodissoconch or umbonal boss, is always traceable even when no

wrinkles are formed; but is particularly noticeable in strongly wrinkled shells.

Bartsch’s other two species from Port Alfred: ima and carifa, of which I

have seen specimens identified and presented by Turton, also appear to be

synonymous; also Turton’s becki, rietensis, and nympha, each founded on a single

valve, and all from Port Alfred. The supposed differences, magnified by an

uncritical desire for ‘n.sp.’, are merely due to the varying effects of beach wear.

Both Bartsch and Jaeckel attributed subradiata to Carpenter instead of to

Gould.

Bartsch’s figure of carifa shows well-spaced radiating lines somewhat

resembling Carditella subradiata Jaeckel, but his figure of the hinge isnot thatof a

Carditella. .

Gen. SoLecarpiA Conrad (ScinTILLA Desh.)

In addition to one Philippine species reported from Natal, 6 species have

been described from South Africa: 4 from Durban, 2 from Port Alfred. The

number of specimens on which these 6 species were based is not recorded,

except in the case of turtoni Bartsch: 6 valves, and ovalis Turton: several valves.

The differences between the species appear to be: equilateral or nearly so,

or slightly inequilateral; valves a little gaping, scarcely gaping, not gaping, or

with ventral gape; oval (5 species) or elongate (one species). Obviously further

study is required, especially the study of living examples in the field, and the

possible variation in shape, before these ‘species’ can be accepted.

Turton (1932) also regarded Kellia crassiuscula Smith 1890 from St. Helena

as a Scintilla, and burdened his list of Port Alfred shells with it.

Jaeckel (1931) recorded a shell from Algoa Bay which might be referable

to compta Sow.

The South African Museum material is as follows:

S. quekettt Sow. one shell identified by J. H. Ponsonby; presumably from

the original material on which Sowerby based his description, and thus pre-

sumably a cotype or topotype. The valves do not gape. One cardinal tooth in

each valve (but somewhat obscure) 10 x 6 mm.

Two living specimens from Umzikaba (35 miles north of Port St. Johns)

12 X 7°5 mm. and 6:5 xX 4 mm. (coll. F. H. Talbot, 1959).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 483

S. durbanensis Sow. Three shells from Delagoa Bay, living (coll. K.H.B.,

1912). With ventral gape. One cardinal in one valve, 2 in the other valve.

Shape as in Sowerby’s figure, but a little longer (not as elongate as in elongata),

11°5 X 6 mm. The surface is minutely and irregularly pitted.

Scintilla sp. Four valves from Still Bay (coll. Dr. Muir) largest 10 x 8 x

(one valve) 2-5 mm. Not gaping. Hinge-line worn. One shell from False Bay

(U.C.T.), 4:5 X 3°2 mm., seemingly conspecific. One cardinal in one valve,

2 in the other valve. Possibly turtont Bartsch, of which ovalis W. H. Turton 1932

seems to be a synonym.

Kellya rubra (Mont.)

Bornia seminulum Phil., Krauss, 1848, p. 2.

Lasaea australis Souv., Sowerby, 1892, p. 62.

Lasaea rubra Mont., Smith, 1903a, p. 395.

Lasaea turtoni Bartsch, 1915, p. 201, pl. 42, figs. 9, 10, pl. 50, figs. 3, 4; Tomlin, 1931, p. 448.

Kellya adansoni Nicklés 1950, p. 193, fig. 363.

Tomlin stated that the previous records of australis and rubra were due to

misidentification, and adopted Bartsch’s specific name. Neither Bartsch nor

Tomlin detailed the differential specific characters of turtoni. Smith identified

Burnup’s Natal specimens as rubra; Dautzenberg (1929, p. 584) recorded rubra

from Madagascar, and regarded the species as cosmopolitan, viz. Europe,

West and South Africa, St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands, Japan, Magellan

Straits. Dr. R. K. Dell of New Zealand told me (in litt. 19.1.61) that he was

of the same opinion.

On the material at hand I fail to distinguish more than a single species

living around the coast of South Africa. The Inhambane specimens do not

seem to differ from Natal and Cape specimens.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton); Umko-

maas (Natal) (Smith).

Table Bay, False Bay, Still Bay, Port Elizabeth, Scottburgh (Natal) (S. Afr.

Mus.); Inhambane (U.C.T.). Buffels River and Groen River (south of Port

Nolloth) (U.C.T.).

From among the tubes, and in empty tubes of Vermetus corallinaceus at

Oudekraal (west coast of Cape Peninsula) (U.C.T., also K.H.B.).

Incubatory; larvae retained in the gill-pouches until they have reached

the shell stage.

Tellimya rotunda (Desh.)

Erycina rotunda Deshayes, 1856, p. 181.

Kellia rotunda (Desh.), Smith, 1885, p. 202, pl. xi, figs. 5, 5 a, b; Sowerby, 1892, p. 62, pl. 4,

fig. 93; Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 224.

Kellya rotunda (Desh.), Lynge, 1909, p. 178.

Bornia (Pythina) rotundata [sic] Bartsch, 1915, p. 199, pl. 51, figs. 5, 6; Turton, 1932, p. 229.

Length 10 mm. (Lynge); 10-11 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.); 14 mm. (Smith).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton); Algoa

Bay (Jaeckel) ; False Bay and Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

484 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Off west coast of Cape Peninsula (Lion’s Head N. 78° E.), 60 fathoms,

one living; Buffels Bay (False Bay), 32 fathoms, one living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F.

coll.).

False Bay and Plettenberg Bay, 17 and 60 fathoms; also Mossel Bay

(WEG):

Distribution. New South Wales, and South Australia; Siam.

Remarks. Tomlin saw South African Museum specimens from False Bay

and apparently accepted the identity of South African examples with the

Australian species, as did Sowerby, Bartsch, Jaeckel.

If Smith and Lynge are correct, rotunda becomes a synonym of the British

suborbicularis (Mont.) 1803.

The animal agrees with Pelseneer’s figure of ‘Kellya sp.’ (1911, p. 41, pl.

15, fig. 9). Mantle edges anteriorly forming an inhalent siphon; posterior

opening (exhalent) small. Free edges of mantle without papillae. Two gills on

each side.

Tellimya biradialis n.sp.

Fig. 234 |

Shell thin, semipellucid, nearly equilateral, oval, anterior and posterior

ends broadly rounded, ventral margin gently convex; anteriorly and pos-

teriorly 3 or 4 faint radial riblets; whole surface, including riblets, very minutely

shagreened. ‘wo cardinal teeth below umbo, and a posterior lamellar lateral

tooth. White.

Length 5:5, alt. 4-3 mm.

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 85 fathoms, 2 left valves (S. Afr. Mus. No.

Ag535. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. In general shape resembling Lepton fortidentatus Smith, Bornia

africana Bartsch, Bornia oblonga W. H. Turton, Rochefortia convexa (Gould)

(figured by Bartsch 1915), and Rochefortia thalia W. H. Turton.

Tellimya trigona n.sp.

Bie 23.0

Rounded-triangular, equilateral, umbo slightly in advance of middle line;

anterior and posterior margins slightly convex, the anterior margin sometimes

convex above and straight below, ventral margin gently convex. Fine close-set

concentric lirae; no radial striations, no puncticulation. One cardinal, one

anterior and one posterior lateral tooth in each valve.

Two gills on each side.

4°3 X 4°3 mm. White or creamy-white. |

Langebaan (Saldanha Bay) and Liideritzbucht, living (U.C.T.); Cape

Flats, sandy deposit inland from present shore line on False Bay coast (S. Afr.

Mus.).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 485

Remarks. Mr. Dance (British Museum) to whom specimens were submitted,

considered this near to Pythina triangularis A. Adams, 1856 from the Philippines ;

but the latter has a nearly straight, or even slightly indented, ventral margin,

and is divided in the middle by an impressed radial line. |

The convex anterior margin in some of the Cape Flats shells is rather

noticeable, but there is no difference in the sculpture or the hinge.

a c b

Fic. 23. a, Tellimya biradialis n.sp., with surface sculpture further enlarged. b, 7. trigona n.sp.,

right valve (upper), left valve (lower) of variety from Cape Flats (sculpture only partially shown).

c. Cf. Montacuta substriata (Mont.), with hinge.

Tellimya natalensis (Smith)

Kellia natalensis Smith, 1903a, p. 396, pl. 15, fig. 8.

Four valves from P.F. bottom-samples appear to be Smith’s species, though

they are not nitidulous, and the growth-lines are very distinct, close-set, regular

and lirate. 8 x 5:5 mm.; thus slightly larger than Smith’s example(s).

Durban (Smith).

Off Cape Natal (Durban), 85 fathoms, 3 valves; off Cape Vidal (Zululand),

80—100 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Lepton sp.

Shell nearly equilateral, compressed, anterior and posterior margins

rounded, ventral margin almost straight. Surface with close-set granules in

quincunx. Largest specimen length 6°5, alt. 4-5 mm.

Algoa Bay, 67 fathoms, 2 valves; off Cape St. Blaize, 37 fathoms, one valve

(the largest) (S. Afr. Mus. Ag536, Ag537. P.F. coll.).

j Apparently related to sqguamosum, but differing in shape.

486 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Lepton fortidentatum Smith

Lepton fortidentatus Smith, 19042, p. 41, pl. 3, fig. 20.

Lepton fortidentatum Sowerby [err. = Smith] Jaeckel, 1931, p. 223.

Bornia fortidentata (Smith), Bartsch, 1915, p. 198, pl. 50, figs. 9, 10 (hinge) ; Turton, 1932, p. 238.

Whole valve strongly and closely pitted. Lower margin gently convex.

Hinge teeth strong. Pale straw-colour. Up to 6-5 x 5 mm.

Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton); Still Bay, and St. James, False Bay

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir, and Purcell resp.).

34° 51’ S., 19° 37’ E., 80 metres; 35° 26’ S., 20° 56’ E., 80 metres | Jaceuel).

34° 5’ S., 25° 55’ E., 67 fathoms, one valve; off Cape Infanta 46 fathoms,

one valve; off Cape Morgan, 77 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Great Fish Bay, Angola (Jaeckel).

Lepton puncticulatum J. & T.

Lepton puncticulatum Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 223, pl. 9(4), fig. 96.

Very finely shagreened at both ends, but in the middle showing growth-

lines only. 9 X 7 mm. 7

34 5 CD: ae a7 E.., 80: metress 35 «207 5:, 21. 3" E.., 102 metres (Jaeckel).

34° 5'S., 25° 43’ E., 52 fathoms, 4 valves; 34° 5’S., 25° 55’ E., 67 fathoms,

2 valves (S. Ae. Mus. PF. coll.).

Remarks. 1 suspect that this is only a large form of Mysella convexa (Gould)

(see p. 488).

Pythina mactroides Hanley

Pythina mactroides Hanley, 1857, p. 340; Nickles, 1950, p. 193, fig. 364.

[?] Kellia mactroides (Hanley), Sowerby, 1892, p. 62, pl. 4, fig. 92.

Shagreened like Lepton (or Bornia) fortidentatus Smith, but more finely.

Also distinguished from the latter by the more triangular shape and nearly

straight ventral margin.

Specimens 4:25-4:75 mm. long from ‘S. Africa’, identified by J. H. Pon-

sonby at the British Museum, are in South African Museum. Specimens from

Still Bay, and Port Elizabeth correspond. The East London P.F. specimen is

5 mm. long, and the Knysna one 6:25 mm. The Algoa Bay P.F. specimens

assigned to puncticulatum (supra) range from 6-5 to 10 mm. Nicklés gave 7-12

mm. for mactrotdes.

Cape of Good Hope (Hanley) ; Port Elizabeth (Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus.,

littoral, living); Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton).

Off Illovo River (Natal), 27-30 fathoms, one valve; off Nieca River (East

London), 43 fathoms, one valve; Algoa Bay, 25 fathoms, one valve; off Knysna,

46 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Mauritania and Senegal (Nicklés).

temarks. It should be noted that Sowerby’s figure of Kellia mactroides

scarcely differs from that of Montacuta capensis. Both are small figures, and

useless for critical comparison.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 487

Sowerby’s figure of mactroides is very different from that given by Nicklés;

the latter is more triangular, with a straight or slightly concave ventral margin,

whereas Sowerby’s figure (as also that of M. capensis) shows a convex margin

as in fortidentata.

Cf. Tellimya similis Smith.

Pythina paula A. Adams

Fig. 24.4, 6

Pythina paula A. Adams, 1856, p. 47; Smith, 1885, p. 203, pl. 12, figs. 1, 1 a, b.

Pythina peculiaris A. Adams, 1856, p. 47.

Tellimya paula var. peculiaris (A. Adams), Smith, 1903a, p. 396.*

Montacuta (Tellimya) paula (A. Adams) Lynge, 1909, p. 182.

Montacuta (Mysella) paula (A. Adams) Prashad, 1932, p. 172.

Durban (Smith); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

—S

ar es

Wen

oats

zzz

Fic. 24. a, Pythina paula A. Adams, normal form (5 mm.), 6, distorted form (6 mm.). c, Roche-

Jortia agulhasensis J. & T., right valve above, left below.

Distribution. Torres Strait; New Guinea; Siam: East Indies; Ceylon;

Aden.

Remarks. The name pecularis was given to unusually distorted examples of

paula.

Bornia africana Bartsch

[?] Montacuia macandrewi (Fischer), Smith, 1904a, p. 26; 1906b, p. 64.

Bornia (Pythina) africana Bartsch, 1915, p. 199, pl. 42, figs. 1, 2, pl. 51, fig. 3 (hinge). Turton,

1932, P- 239.

Bartsch said the outer surface had ‘minute tubercles which lend it a

shagreened appearance’. None of the specimens I have seen, including one

from Port Alfred (coll. & pres. by Turton) have this appearance. Turton said

there were ‘fine radiating threads’.

In living specimens the periostracum is more or less abraded on the upper

(umbonal) half of the shell; but towards the margin it has tiny fimbriate pro-

cesses along each growth-line. These processes on successive growth-lines are at

* Smith quoted his earlier paper as: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii (1891), p. 235. Lynge and

Prashad quoted it as: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) viii, p. 230; Prashad added: pl. 12, figs. 1, 1 a, b.

This reference to the illustration is the same as in the Challenger Report (1885), which seems

unlikely. I am not able to check the reference.

488 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

regular intervals so that they form radial lines, which are still faintly traceable

as radiating ‘threads’ when the periostracum is abraded.

Mantle margin with tiny papillae. Two gills on each side.

Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, ‘Turton) ; Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir) ;

Gordon’s Bay (False Bay) (Dr. H. Ackert); Simonstown (False Bay) (living,

Mrs. Connolly).

Remarks. Turton considered this the same as the Port Alfred specimens

previously identified by Smith as the Iberian macandrew1.

Fam. Montacutidae

Only a single gill on each side.

Cf. Montacuta substriata (Mont.)

Fick, 997

Montacuta substriata (Mont.), H. & A. Adams, 1857, 2, p. 476, pl. 114, figs. 10, 10 a, b; Thiele,

1934, Pp. 875, fig. 830.

Closely resembling the above quoted figures, but with only 5 or 6 very

faint radial riblets in the middle section of the shell. 3 x 2:5 mm.

94° 51 ., 237/40 oie, TOO dathoms, one et ae)

Remarks. Although cnly partly ribbed this single shell agrees well with the

European species; but a definite identification would be injudicious.

Mysella convexa (Gould)

Kellia convexa Gould, 1861, p. 34.

[?] Montacuta capensis Sowerby, 1889b, p. 157, pl. 3, fig. 8; 1892, p. 61, pl. 2, fig. 62; Turton,

1932, p. 239.

Rochefortia convexa (Gould), Bartsch, 1915, p. 199, pl. 45, figs. 1, 2, pl. 47, fig. 4 (juv.), pl. 51,

figs. 7, 8 (hinge); Turton, 1932, p. 240.

Triangularly oval, lower margin nearly straight. Minutely shagreened

over the whole shell in juveniles up to length c. 2-2:5 mm., thereafter confined

to anterior and posterior areas. An anterior and a posterior lamellar lateral

tooth in each valve, and a central cardinal tooth in left valve. Creamy white

(Bartsch: wax yellow). Up to length 7, alt. 5:5 mm.

A long antero-ventral pallial opening, and a posterior opening, mantle

edges fused for a short distance between the two openings; free mantle edges

without papillae. A single gill on each side.

Simon’s Bay, 12 fathoms (Gould) ; Simonstown, littoral (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

Mrs. Connolly); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Cape Agulhas, littoral, living (U.C.T.).

? Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); ? Port Alfred (Turton).

Remarks. There is no doubt that the present specimens from the type

locality are referable to Gould’s species. It is a very common species.

Bartsch did not mention any sculpture except growth-lines in his descrip-

tion of Gould’s cotypes. His figure 2 on pl. 45 exaggerates the length of the

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 4.89

lateral teeth; figure 7 on pl. 51 omits the cardinal tooth in the left valve,

unless the up-turned hook at the proximal end of the anterior lateral tooth is

intended to represent it.

Montacuta capensis Sow. is probably a synonym, but the fine surface texture

was not mentioned. :

Specimens in South African Museum (no. 5609), probably from False Bay,

identified by Ponsonby as mactroides Hanley 1856, resemble convexa; and a

direct comparison of Simon’s Bay specimens with Hanley’s Type (if extant)

may show that convexa should become a synonym of mactrovdes.

Sowerby’s figure (1802, pl. 4, fig. 92) of mactrozdes is very different from that

given by Nickles (1950, fig. 364), and is more like his figure of Montacuta

capensis (1892, pl. 2, fig. 62); but both figures are small and useless for critical

comparison. The finer surface sculpture was mentioned by Nicklés, but not by

Sowerby.

Some specimens from Port Elizabeth (coll. R. Kilburn) are more strongly

shagreened, almost punctate, but not as strongly as L. fortidentatum; the hinge

resembles that of convexa, not as strong as that of fortidentatum.

Lepton puncticulatum J. & 'T. (see p. 486) has the same sculpturing which is

characteristic of convexa, and may also become a synonym when more material

(living) has been examined.

Rochefortia agulhasensis J. & T.

Bigs 24 1¢

Rochefortia agulhasensis Jaeckel & Thiele, 1931, p. 225, pl. 9(4), fig. 97.

Subtrigonal, anterior end rounded, posterior end somewhat pointed.

Surface with growth-lines only, not pitted. In right valve a ‘thick plump’

anterior tooth and a posterior lamella; in left valve a small median cardinal,

in front of which the margin is thickened, no posterior tooth or lamella. Pallial

sinus wide but shallow.

Length 4-5, alt. 3-5 mm. (Jaeckel); 8-75 x 6-5 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.).

35° 26’ S., 20° 56’ E., 80 metres, 4 right valves (Jaeckel).

Algoa Bay, 52 fathoms, one left valve; off Cape Infanta, 46 fathoms, one

left valve; off Cape Morgan, 45 fathoms, one left valve; off Illovo (Natal),

27-30 fathoms, 2 right valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Although twice as large, the P.F. specimens are clearly referable

to agulhasensis. Similar to the North Australian Montacuta acuminata Smith 1885,

but with stronger hinge teeth.

The ‘thick plump’ tooth in Jaeckel’s description appears to be the ligament

shelf, with a small sharp ridge-like tooth.

Fam. Chamidae

Odhner, 1919, pp. 1-102, 8 pls.

490 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Chama gryphoides Linn.

Chama gryphoides Krauss, 1848, p. 19; Jaeckel, 1931, p. 226.

This Mediterranean species has twice been recorded from South African

waters (Sowerby, 1892, p. 61 merely repeated Krauss’s locality): by Krauss

from recent deposits (Meeressandstein-Terrassen) on the Natal coast, and by

Jaeckel from dredging on the Agulhas Bank.

The lower valve of a Durban specimen (S. Afr. Mus. No. 5582. don. Col.

J. H. Bowker, 1888) measures length 36, alt. 39 mm. (aperture 33 < 33 mm.).

Both valves are covered with half-cylindrical squamulae arranged concentrically

and more or less also radially. The umbonal spiral is clock-wise on the lower,

counter clock-wise on the upper valve. Whole margin of both valves finely

crenulate. White.

A fresh upper valve from Durban (S. Afr. Mus. A7448. coll. K.H.B., 1912),

23 X 23 mm., is similar, but some of the squamae near the ventral margin are

lengthened to 6—7 mm. and flattened. Pale buff.

The Pieter Faure obtained valves at three localities: off Tugela River, 14

fathoms, 14 valves; off Cape Natal, 54 fathoms, one juv. 5 mm. valve; off

Umkomaas, 40 fathoms, one 3 mm. juv. valve. The Tugela specimens measure

up to 15 X 15 mm. None of the upper valves are strongly beaked. Sculpture

similar to that of the Durban specimens, and margin internally crenulate (cf.

Odhner, 1919, 6, pl. 3, fig. 37, C. spinosa).

The Valdivia obtained young shells at 35° 16’ S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres,

which Jaeckel referred to gryphoides.

The Durban shell No. 5582 was identified by J. H. Ponsonby as gryphozdes

with the comment: *. . . but there is little character in the species of this genus’.

Sowerby (1894, p. 378, and 1897, p. 26) reported zostoma Conrad from

Natal. A Red Sea and Indo-Pacific species. See: Odhner (1919, p. 76), Prashad

(1932, p. 296), and Dall, Bartsch & Rehder (1938, p. 151, pl. 40, figs. 1-4).

Turton’s material needs re-examination. His aenigmatica (1932, p. 234, pl.

61, no. 1634) however, might be a very worn valve comparable with -the

Pieter Faure specimens.

+ Chama sp.

Fig. 25

+ Chama sp. Barnard, 1962b, p. 185.

Somewhat different in character are some fossil (or ‘subfossil’) shells from

deposits in the Keurbooms River estuary (S. Afr. Mus. A7650, coll. K.H.B.

1931). No Chama has been recorded from the South African Pleistocene deposits,

and it is especially remarkable that none were found by Schwarz when he

examined the area (1900, p. 61) because he reported ‘Cryptodon globosus’

(= Lucina edentula) which occurs along with the Chama shells.

These shells vary greatly in shape; some are subcircular with a low ‘beak’,

others ovoid with high ‘beaks’, sometimes very high, like a Gastropod. Measure-

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 491

ments: largest ‘low-beaked’ lower valve length 40, alt. 45 mm.; *high-beaked’

lower valves 45 X 55 and 30 x 60 mm.; the apertures measure respectively

38 X 38, 40 X 40 and 28 x 42 mm. The largest upper valve is 42 X 42 mm.

The umbonal spiral is clock-wise in the lower, counter clock-wise in the

upper valve. Lower valves with concentric ridges, more or less lamellose,

sometimes strongly so, but irregular; lamellae undulate but not forming

separate squamae. In some specimens fine radial striae can be traced on some

parts. Upper valve with concentric, more or less lamellose ridges, sometimes

near the margin closely imbricate and markedly crinkly. Margin internally

in both valves crenulate, but most of the specimens are worn. One upper valve

is dull pinkish-orange.

Fic. 25. tChama sp. Keurbooms River estuary.

Among the circa 50 specimens collected there are three pairs, i.e. two lower

valves firmly grown together, indicating a gregarious habit; and all these have

narrow oval apertures and high ‘beaks’.

There are also three lower valves and one upper valve from a deposit

between Oakhurst and the coast near the Wilderness (George District).

Specimens were submitted to Tomlin, who said ‘cannot identify with any

Recent species’. This is perhaps too wide a statement in view of Ponsonby’s

comment (supra). In spite of Tomlin’s dictum, I think it would be possible,

with material for comparison, to assign the name of some Recent ‘species’ to

these Pleistocene fossils; perhaps one of the Red Sea forms, e.g. cornucopia

492 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Rve. (ruppellii Rve.). Cox (1927, p. 98) recorded plinthota Cox (nom. mut. for

imbricata Brod., non Lam.) from the Quaternary of Zanzibar.

Krauss’s specimens of gryphoides were roundish or oval, some with low

beaks, others with strongly projecting beaks, with a left to right spiral twist.

Fam. Cardiidae

In addition to one specimen of Papyridea papyracea, which dwells in lagoons

or sheltered bays, the Pieter Faure obtained only a very few specimens of Cardium

gilchristi and asiaticum, a moderate quantity of C. turtont, and a single worn valve

of Fragum sp.

Smith’s (1885, p. 162) record of the West Indian semisulcatum Gray 1825

(ringiculum Sow. 1841 (not 1848 as in Smith)) from Simon’s Bay cannot be

accepted, as in the case of some West Indian Crustacea (Barnard, 1950, Ann.

S. Afr. Mus. 38, p. 3).

Cardium turtoni Sow.

Cardium fasciatum (non Mont.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 61; Johnson, 1904, p. 11.

Cardium turtoni Sowerby, 1894, p. 37; 1897, pl. 25, pl. 7, fig. 4; Schwarz, 1910, p. 115; van

Bruggen, 1952, p. 16.

Cardium papillosum (non Poli), Jaeckel, 1931, p. 227 (part).

Radial ribs (25) 26-27 (28), covered with triangular nodules some of

which, chiefly on the anterior and posterior parts and near the margin in large

shells, may be subsquamiform; grooves narrower than the ribs, with transverse

(i.e. anterior to posterior) punctae.

Length 14, alt. 13 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene; Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); Knysna

raised beach; Port Elizabeth (Johnson, Schwarz); Durban north bridge, 65

feet below sea level (Geol. Survey).

False Bay to Natal (auct. and S. Afr. Mus.).

False Bay, Struys Bay, off Cape St. Blaize, Algoa Bay, East London area,

Umkomaas (Natal) to Tugela River, 22-54 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). —

False Bay (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Obviously the Valdivia specimens, which Jaeckel identified as the

European and West African papillosum, belong to the species known in South

Africa as turtoni. The two species seem to be somewhat similar, and papillosum

has been recorded as far south as Great Fish Bay, Angola (Jaeckel). Between

Angola and the Cape there are no records; U.C.T. has not obtained it on the

west coast, and some worn valves in South African Museum labelled as from

‘Sea Point, Cape Town’ were probably collected at Kalk Bay on the other side

of the Peninsula.

Cardium gilchristi Sow.

Cardium gilchristi Sowerby, 1904, p. 11, pl. 7, fig. 1. }

Sculpture bipartite: anterior half very finely cancellate, punctate; pos-

terior half with about 18 narrow prickly ribs, with 2-3 (4) closely punctate fine

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 493

grooves between them; minute prickles may appear near the margin in the

intervals between the main ribs. Margin finely serrulate.

Length 12, alt. 13, thickness (valves together) 11 mm. (Sowerby); the

Algoa Bay valve in South African Museum 15 xX 16 X 6:5 mm.

Algoa Bay, 15 fathoms (Sowerby; P.F. coll.).

Off Cape St. Blaize, 32 fathoms, 2 living; Algoa Bay, 30 fathoms, one

valve; off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 80-100 fathoms, one living, 4 valves (S. Afr.

Mus. No. 14854, Ag673 and Ag674. P.F. coll.).

Type ? in British Museum.

Remarks. Evidently a rare species. Although recorded from 15 fathoms in

Algoa Bay, it is probably too fragile to be washed ashore either whole or in

recognizable fragments. Only one valve was found in the numerous bottom

deposits from this area.

Cardium asiaticum Brug.

-Cardium asiaticum Brug., Krauss, 1848, p. 12; Braga, 1952, p. 109, pl. 9, fig. 8.

Cardium lima Gmelin, Sowerby, 1892, p. 61.

Cardium burnupit Sowerby, 1897, p. 25, pl. 8, fig. 25; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Ribs 29-31, anterior ribs retrorse-subsquamose, median ribs serrate, pos-

terior ribs spinose; grooves narrower than ribs, which slope up from the flat

floor of the grooves, the line of junction sharply defined; growth-lines fine;

ribbed internally except when young.

Length 44, alt. 43 mm.

Fossil: Lower Miocene, Inhambane district (Cox, 1939, with a ?).

Natal (Krauss); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Delagoa Bay (Braga; also

U.W.). Durban harbour sediments (Dr. Lester King).

Off Umvoti River (Natal), 27 fathoms, 2 living, 2 valves; off Tugela River,

40 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. Sowerby in 1892 recorded lima, in 1897 described burnupz inter-

mediate between lima and aculeatum Linn., and later (sometime after 1901)

identified Pieter Faure shells as lima.

Cardium flavum Linn.

Cardium flaoum Linn., Bruguiére, 1797, p. 297, fig. 2; Cox, 1927, p. 99, pl. 19, fig. 1; Prashad,

1932, p. 266 (references).

Cardium rugosum Lamarck, 1819, p. 10; Sowerby, 1897, p. 25; Nardini, 1937, p. 253, pl. 16(10),

fig. 17, pl. 17 (11), fig. 1; Braga, 1952, p. 110, pl. 10, fig. 3; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 117,

129, fig. 23 7.

Cardium pectiniforme Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 588.

Durban, Natal (Sowerby; S. Afr. Mus.); Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Mozam-

bique (Braga, Franca).

Distribution. Red Sea, Indo-Pacific. Fossil: Quaternary Zanzibar (Cox).

494. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Laevicardium (Discors) lyratum (Sow.)

Cardium lyratum Sowerby, 1841, p. 109; Hanley, 1843, p. 141, pl. 17, fie 1; Nardini, 1937,

p. 254, pl. 17(11), fig. 3.

Discors lyratum (Sow.), Kira, 1955, p. 108, pl. 54, fig. 19. |

I have seen one shell from Inhaca Island (Delagoa Bay) obtained by

U.W.

Distribution. Philippines; Japan. Red Sea (fossil).

Papyridea papyracea (Brug.)

Cardium papyraceum Bruguiére, 1789, p. 260; Gmelin, 1790, p. 3254.

Cardium natalense Krauss, 1848, p. 12, pl. 1, fig. 9; Sowerby, 1892, p. 61; Turton, 1932, p. 243.

Cardium natalense var. adjacens Turton, 1932, p. 243, pl. 65, no. 1710.

Cardium tenuicostatum (non Lam.), Sowerby, 1897, p. 25; Braga, 1952, p. 109, pl. 9, fig. 7.

Living shells externally pale olivaceous, more or less faintly mottled with

paler yellowish markings, violaceous near the umbones; internally bright

chestnut or maroon. In worn shells the internal coloration fades either com-

pletely, or remains as a pinkish radial streak from the umbo, together with a

pinkish suffusion posteriorly and on margin.

The largest shell present is from Durban (coll. Burnup): length 45, alt.

43 mm.; one from Port Elizabeth 36 x 33 mm.; a worn valve from Still Bay

31 X 28 mm.; the living shell from Still Bay 22 x 20 mm.

Beach valves tend to be more oblong owing to wear on the ventral margin ;

hence Turton’s varietal name is quite unnecessary.

Fossil: Pleistocene, raised beach at Little Brak River (S. Afr. Mus.).

Still Bay, one living, several valves (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir); Pletten-

berg Bay (Inland Fisheries, Cape Province); Knysna (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.) ;

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby; also living, coll. R. Kilburn) ; Bushmans River mouth

(U.C.T.); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Natal (Krauss: natalense; Sowerby:

papyraceum) ; Delagoa Bay (Braga); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. All the shells at hand, from Still Bay and Knysna to Inhambane,

are Clearly conspecific. What name is to be used for them? Sowerby (1892) '

identified natalense from Port Elizabeth, and in 1897 added tenuicostatum and

papyraceum from Natal to the fauna-list; Burnup and Tomlin both used papy-

raceum, ignoring natalense.

No material is available for comparison, but Fulvia bullata and australis,

judging by figures 3 and 4 on pl. 5 of Kira (1955), are closely allied.

Nardini (1937, p. 255, pl. 17 (11), figs. 4, 5) recorded tenuicostatum as a

fossil from the Red Sea, and discussed the synonymy.

Fragum fragum ann, )

Cardium fragum Linn., von Martens, 1880, p. 324.

Fragum fragum (ian Prashad, 1932, p. 274. (references).

A single worn valve corresponds in shape with the figure of unedo in Chenu,

1862, figure 522. Any differences there may be between the ‘White Strawberry’

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 495

_ (fragum) and the ‘Red Strawberry’ (unedo) have been lost on the present valve.

Length 12:5, alt. 12 mm.

Off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), go fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. Ag540.

Ebecoll.).

Distribution. Red Sea, east coast of Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Indo-

Pacific.

Remarks. Differing in shape from Fragum (Afrocardium) shepstonense Tomlin

(1931, p. 449, pl. 33, fig. 8), which has no distinct umbonal ridge. ?

Lunulicardia retusa (Linn.)

Lunulicardia retusa (Linn.), Chenu, 1862, figs. 524, 525; Prashad, 1932, p. 287 (references) ;

Gravely, 1941, p. 46, fig. 19 d.

The occurrence of this species as far south as Delagoa Bay requires con-

firmation. It was not recorded by Braga (1952), Macnae & Kalk (1958), nor

Franca (1960). Two valves in South African Museum are alleged to have been

found at Delagoa Bay.

Distribution. Red Sea, east coast of Africa, Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Cardium sp.

Fig. 264

Subcircular, but with the postero-dorsal margin somewhat rounded-

quadrate, equilateral; 25 ribs, the anterior 5 with rounded nodules, the median

ribs with transverse bar-like nodules, and the posterior 6 or 7 with obliquely

transverse nodules like those on the median ribs but stronger; grooves narrower

than ribs. White. Length 7:5, alt. 8 mm.

Inhambane, one living (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Appears to be very similar to the Mediterranean papillosum, as

figured in Hanley, 1842-56, pl. 17, fig. 6.

tp;

Fic. 26. a, Cardium sp., Inhambane. b, Chione (Timoclea) costellifera (Ad. & Rve.).

496 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fam. Tridacnidae

The species cannot always be distinctly defined because the shells vary in

shape and sculpture according to habitat, and according to age.

Tridacna elongata Lam.

Tridacna elongata Lam., Smith, 1906b, p. 64; Hedley, 1921, p. 167, pl. 30, fig. 8; Prashad, 1932,

p. 293; Adam & Leloup, 1939, p. 76, pl. 5, fig. 9, pl. 6, figs. 2 and 4.

Smith identified a young shell from Durban (coll. McBean) as probably

elongata. So far as I am aware no other specimen had been found on the Natal

coast until recently a specimen 61 X 29 mm. was found (by Mr. E. W.

Meggersee, 1962) in a brain-coral in a sheltered gully at Chaka’s Rock (North

coast) Natal. The specimen is now in the South African Museum.

Up to 150 mm. (Hedley).

Distribution. Mozambique, Red Sea, East Indies, Indo-Pacific.

Tridacna squamosa Lam.

Tridacna squamosa Lam., Hedley, 1921, p. 172, pl. 28, fig. 3; Prashad, 1932, p. 290 (references) ;

Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 37, 90, 119, 129, fig. 23 C.

Mantle purple and green spotted (Macnae & Kalk).

Up to 370 mm. (Hedley).

West shore, old coral reefs and coral reef fringe, Saco coral reef, Inhaca

Island, Delagoa Bay (Macnae & Kalk).

Distribution. Madagascar, Red Sea, East Indies, Indo-Pacific.

Fam. Veneridae

Venus verrucosa Linn.

Venus verrucosa Linn., Krauss, 1848, p. 10; Sowerby, 1892, p. 60; Johnson, 1904, pp. 9, 11;

Schwarz, 1910, p. 116; Bartsch, 1915, p. 204; Haughton, 1932, p. 35; Day & Morgans,

1956, p. 308; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129; Franca, 1960, p. 34.

Venus verrucosa var. capensis Sowerby, 1889a, p. 14; Turton, 1932, p. 244; Day 1959, p. 539.

Venus intersculpta Sowerby, 1904, p. 11, pl. 7, fig. 2; Jaeckel, 1931, p. 234.

Ventricola verrucosa Newton, 1913, p. 336, pl. 18, figs. 3, 4.

Up to length 60, alt. 53 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene; Geelbek (Saldanha Bay); Little Brak River (Mossel

Bay) ; Sedgefield near Knysna; Knysna raised beach (S. Afr. Mus.) ; Keurbooms

River (Plettenberg Bay); Port Elizabeth.

Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Natal (Krauss; U.C.T.); Algoa Bay (Krauss,

Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Durban, Mossel Bay, Still Bay,

False Bay (S. Afr. Mus.). Saldanha Bay (U.C.T.).

Bird Island Passage, Algoa Bay, 10-16 fathoms (Sowerby: intersculpta).

35 160'S., 22° 26’ E., 155 metres (Jaeckel: intersculpta).

Off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 22 fathoms, one living; off O’Neil Peak

(Zululand), 55 fathoms, 2 valves; off Itongazi and Umbhloti (Natal), 25-40

fathoms, 4 valves; off Cape Morgan, 52 fathoms, one valve; East London area,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 497

22-39 fathoms, one living, several valves; off Great Fish Point, 51 fathoms,

one valve; Algoa Bay, 30 fathoms, 3 juv. valves; St. Francis Bay, 24. fathoms,

one valve; Knysna, low tide, one living; False Bay, 32 fathoms, 3 valves (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

Type of zntersculpta ? in British Museum; cotype in South African Museum

(No. 14841).

Distribution. Mediterranean, Atlantic, Canaries, Cape Verdes, west coast

of Africa south to Mossamedes.

Remarks. The whole description of zntersculpta is applicable to young

verrucosa; and the cotype, returned by Sowerby with his label, is in fact only a

young verrucosa.

Although distributed around the South African coast, this species seems

to be nowhere common; only a few valves were found in the Pieter Faure

bottom-samples.

Smith (1901, p. 116) reported V. declivis Sow. 1853 from Durban, and also

from the gulf of Guinea; was this a misidentification, or is declivis only a young

verrucosa?

Venus arakana (Nevill)

Cryptogramma arakana Nevill, 1871, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 16.

Venus arakanensis Nevill, 1871, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 16 [quoted from Smith 1903a]; Smith 1903<, p. 397.

Venus layardi (non Rve.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 60.

Venus arakana Sowerby, 1897, pp. 24, 33; Smith, 1906b, p. 65; Cox, 1939, p. 102.

Venus malonei Vanatta, 1901, p. 185, pl. 5, figs. 4, 5. .

Chione curiosa Turton, 1932, p. 244, pl. 65, no. 1720 (= Jjuv.).

Up to length 25, alt. 17 mm.

Fossil: Post Pliocene: Inhambane (Cox, 1939); Pleistocene; Durban

(Geol. Survey); Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

Durban (Sowerby, Vanatta): Port Alfred (Turton).

Living: from Cape Vidal (Zululand), 80-100 fathoms, southwards as far

as Cape Natal (Durban), 22-54 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). Particularly

common in the Preter Faure bottom-samples from off Morewood Cove (north of

Durban), 27 fathoms.

MGth 9., 91° 02 F., 49 metres (U.C.T,).

Disiribution. Arakan, Penang, Singapore (Nevill) ;* Ceylon (Smith).

Remarks. Sowerby’s record from Port Elizabeth was probably based on a

specimen brought to Port Elizabeth by human agency; unless it had been

washed out of some Pleistocene deposit. Not a single valve, or recognizable

fragment, was found in any of the Pieter Faure bottom-samples from south of

Durban, except two worn valves from off Cape Morgan, 45 fathoms. Turton,

however, found 2 juv. valves at Port Alfred; and in Pleistocene times it extended

as far as the Knysna area.

* These three localities taken together indicate that Arakan is off the coast of Burma; not

the Arakan in the Arabian Gulf, 25° N., 63° E., quoted by Bisacchi (1930, p. 61).

498 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

A distinctively sculptured shell, even quite small fragments of valves from

bottom-samples being easy to recognize.

Chione (Timoclea) siamensis Lynge 1909, however, is very similar.

Venus reticulata Linn.

[?] Venus listeri Gray, Sowerby, 1897, p. 24.

Venus reticulata Linn., Franca, 1960, p. 96, pl. 27, fig. 4.

Antigona reticulata (Linn.), Tomlin, 1931, p. 449; Prashad, 1932, p. 249 (references).

Hinge-line usually red in fresh examples. Length 52, alt. 45 mm. (S. Afr.

Mus.).

Umkomaas (Natal) (Tomlin) ; Natal (S. Afr. Mus.) ; Delagoa Bay (Franca;

also 8. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.). Durban harbour sediments (Dr. Lester King).

Distribution. Indo-Pacific. Fossil: Pleistocene; Red Sea, Zanzibar (Cox).

Remarks. V. listert Gray is a West Indies species. There appears to be very

little difference between the two species, except that listert does not have a red

hinge-line.

Venus lamellaris (Schum.)

Antigona lamellaris (Schum.), Prashad, 1932, p. 247 (references).

In South African Museum there are two valves labelled ‘mouth of the

Limpopo’ (i.e. Chai Chai, Portuguese East Africa) ex coll. P. Ross Frames.

The provenance of these may be accepted because Ross Frames obtained

shells of two undoubted South African species: Bullia natalensis and mozambicensis,

at the same locality (Barnard, 1959, pp. 135, 137).

Venus tiara Dillwyn

Chione tiara (Dillwyn), Prashad, 1932, p. 259 (references).

Anaitis foliacea (Phil.), Braga 1952, p. 113, pl. 10, fig. 11.

Venus foliacea Phil., Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129; Franca, 1960, p. 96, pl. 27, fig. 3.

Delagoa Bay (Braga, Franca; also U.W.; also S. Afr. Mus. coll. Dr. J. D. F.

Gilchrist, and K.H.B.). Durban harbour sediments (Dr. Lester King).

Distribution. Red Sea, Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Chione (Timoclea) mindanensis (Smith)

Fig. 27

Venus (Chione) mindanensis Smith, 1885, p. 130, pl. 3, figs. 4, 4a, b.

Chione (Timoclea) mindanensis (Smith), Prashad, 1932, p. 254, pl. 6, figs. 21, 22.

Subcircular, posterior margin slightly flattened. Radial ribs from (or

nearly so) umbo, continuous to margin without bifurcation, and a few inter-

polated ribs, c. 45-50 near the margin on a 10 mm. valve, but those near the

postero-dorsal margin difficult to count. Concentric lirae beginning at about

I°5-2 mm. alt., 7 at 4 mm. alt., but thereafter subsidiary ones appear irregu-

larly, towards the margin of the larger valves the lirae may be crowded together,

¢. 25-30; lirae crossing the ribs, slightly lamellose posteriorly, and near the

margin on larger valves nodulose. Lunule radially striate. Anterior lateral

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 499

tooth feeble. Pallial sinus shallow, about } distance between adductor scars,

rounded. Whole margin finely crenulate internally.

The living shell, and some of the fresher valves, slightly salmon tinted.

Length ro, alt. 9 mm. The living shell (valves together) 6 X 5-5 X 4 mm.

Off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 11 valves; off Cape Natal

(Durban), 54 fathoms, 33 valves; off Umkomaas, 40 fathoms, one living, 14

valves; off Hood Point (East London), 49 fathoms, 2 valves (S. Afr. Mus.

FF coll.).

Distribution. Philippine Islands, 82 fathoms; East Indies, 55-390 metres.

Fic. 27. Chione (Timoclea) mindanensis (Smith).

Chione ( Timoclea) costellufera (Ad. & Rve.)

Fig. 266

Venus costellifera Adams & Rve., 1848, p. 79, pl. 21, fig. 18; Sowerby, 1853, p. 718, pl. 157,

fig. 106.

Chione costellifera (Ad. & Rve.), Prashad, 1932, p. 256 (references); Braga, 1952, p. 113.

Subtriangular, but slightly longer than high, nearly equilateral, but slightly

longer posteriorly. Radial ribs c. 50, from umbo to margin, a few intermediaries

on anterior half, some of the ribs slightly larger than others towards posterior

end, wider than the grooves. Crossed by concentric sulcate growth-lines; at the

intersections flat squarish nodules, towards the margin and especially pos-

teriorly projecting, almost squamose. Lunule radiately striate. Pallial sinus

shallow, rounded. Margin internally finely crenulate.

Length 10, alt. 8 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

Inhambane (Braga).

Off Nanquas Peak (eastern end of Algoa Bay), 63 fathoms, one valve

(a. Air. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Persian Gulf, [ed po acine

500 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Remarks. Dr. Martin found two valves, the right valve slightly smaller than

the above measured left valve. The Pzeter Faure took only one somewhat worn

valve.

The concentric ridges are not really squamose or lamellose posteriorly

as in marica Linn. or recognita Smith (see: Smith 1885, p. 126). There seems to

be a close resemblance to the Atlantic Venus (Chione) congoensis Jaeckel (1931, in

Thiele & Jaeckel, p. 234, plioi@) is. 107):

Comus platyaulax (Tomlin)

Venus latilirata (non Conrad), Sowerby, 1897, p. 24, pl. 6, fig. 24.

Venus platyaulax Tomlin, 1924a, p. 114.

Comus platyaulax (Tomlin), Cox, 1930a, p. 20, pl. 4, figs. 2a—c, 3a, b.

All the specimens in South African Museum are worn. The number of

concentric ridges therefore uncertain: 8 are visible on the largest valve, but on a

smaller valve (alt. 22 mm.) with the umbonal region less worn, there are 9;

often a smaller intermediary ridge between the 4th and 5th, or 6th and 7th

(visible) ridges. No pallial sinus.

Cream, faintly speckled with pink, 2 carmine radiating streaks. Up to

length 31, alt. 28 mm.

Durban (Sowerby); Natal (no exact locality) (Cox; also S. Afr. Mus.);

Pondoland coast (seen by me in a private collection).

Off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 55 fathoms, one juv. valve; off Cape Morgan

45 fathoms, 2 very worn valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Type in Durban Museum (1958. List of Kool. Types in Southern Africa

I, pt. 1, p. 5. Transvaal Mus. Pretoria).

Remarks. Cox’s statement that this species had not been taken alive is

still true. Cox described also a species from the Pleistocene of Mombasa which

appears to belong to this genus.

Sunetta contempta Smith

Sunetta contempta Smith, 1891, p. 422; Sowerby, 1897, p. 24; Wybergh, 1920, p. 66.

Meroé ovalis Sowerby, 1892, p. 59, pl. 3, fig. 69; 1897, p. 33.

Sunetta ovalis (Sow.), Bartsch, 1915, p. 203; Jaeckel, 1931, p. 232; Turton, 1932, p. 244, pl. 65,

no. 1718; Franca, 1960, p. 95, pl. 26, fig. 5.

Sunetta ovalis Martin, van Bruggen, 1954, p. 49, fig. 1 d, e, f-

Sunettina sunettina Jouss., Lamy, 1931, p. 306.

Pallial sinus rounded. Length 35, alt. 26 mm. (Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus.) ;

Franca mentioned specimens up to 39 mm. long.

Fossil: Post Pliocene; Inhambane (Cox, 1939); Pleistocene; Bredasdorp

Beds (Wybergh) ; Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin, 1956); Durban

(Geol. Survey).

Port Elizabeth and Durban (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton) ;

Tongaat (Natal) living (S. Afr. Mus.); Still Bay, one valve (S. Afr. Mus.coll.

Muir); Delagoa Bay (Franca); Beira (Lamy).

33° 50° S., 25° 48’ E.; 35° 26’ S., 20° 56’ E80 metres ( Jaeckel:

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 501

Off Morewood Cove (Natal), 27 fathoms, 4 valves; off Umkomaas, 40

fathoms, 2 valves; off East London, 27 fathoms, 13 valves; Algoa Bay, 25

fathoms, one living, one valve; False Bay, 42 fathoms, one large valve (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Aden.

Remarks. The Adenese contempta Smith has been recorded from Natal by

Sowerby. The present material seems to show that only one species occurs in

South African waters, from False Bay to Delagoa Bay; but from the latter

locality Braga (1952, p. 112, pl. 10, fig. 6) has recorded S. truncata Desh., a

" synonym of scripta Linn.

The single valve from False Bay (P.F.) equals in size the one recorded by

Sowerby in 1892.

Van Bruggen, after comparing Tertiary fossils from Java, considered that

the name ovalis Sow. 1892 was preoccupied by Martin 1880. Comparison of

fossil and Recent shells from widely separated localities is unsatisfactory, especially

in the case of specimens of Sunetta; but apart from the possible identity of the

two forms, the transference of ovalis Sow. from Meroé to Sunetta makes ovalis Sow.

ipso facto a nom. preocc. (presuming Martin put his species into Sunetia).

Van Bruggen gave sunettina Jouss. 1891 as a synonym of ovalis Martin, but

Fischer-Piette (1939, p. 144) made sunetiina a synonym of contempia Smith.

In these circumstances one may adopt Smith’s name, which has already

appeared in the South African fauna-list.

Circe scripta (Linn.)

Circe scripia (Linn.), Prashad, 1932, p. 233 (references); Braga, 1952, p. 111, pl. 10, fig. 5.

Gafrarium scripia (Linn.), Franca, 1960, p. 95, pl. 26, fig. 4.

Delagoa Bay (Braga, Franca; also U.W.). Durban harbour sediments

(Dr. Lester King).

Distribution. Red Sea, east coast of Africa, Indo-Pacific.

Circe gucunda Smith

Circe yucunda Smith, 1885, p. 144, pl. 2, figs. 3, 3a, 5b.

Subcircular ; sculpture of concentric growth-lines and radial ribs, the inter-

sections nodulose; ribs gently arcuate, divaricate, 12 anteriorly, 17 posteriorly.

Length 4, alt. 3-75 mm.

Off Cove Rock (East London), 22 fathoms, one right valve (S. Afr. Mus.

No. Ag541. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Cape York, North Australia, 28 fathoms.

Remarks. Corresponds with Smith’s description and figure. Smith assigned

some Honolulu specimens to jucunda; but Hawaiian examples have since been

described as a different species in a different genus (Dall, Bartsch, Rehder,

1938)!

Both nana Melvill 1808 from the Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean and East

502 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Indies, and salamensis Jaeckel & Thiele 1931 from Dar-es-Salaam differ in

having far more numerous radiating ribs; salamensis may well be a synonym of

nana.

Gafrarium pectinatum (Linn.)

Circe pectinata Linn., Smith, 1904a, p. 25; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Circe alfredensis Bartsch. 1915, p. 203, pl. 46, figs. 3, 4. —

Circe savignyi Lamy, 1931, p. 306.

Gafrarium pectinatum (Linn.), Prashad, 1932, p. 228 (references); Adam & Leloup, 1939, p. 81,

pl. 5, fig. 2.

Gafrarium aduncum Franca, 1960, p. 94, pl. 26, fig. 2.

Not: Crista pectinata Braga, 1952 [= divaricata].

Retains the oval shape of the juvenile throughout life.

Fossil: Post Pliocene; Inhambane (Cox, 1939).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton); Natal

(Krauss) ; Tongaat (Natal) living (S. Afr. Mus.); Delagoa Bay (Franca; also

U.W.); Chinde (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Beira (Lamy).

Off Tugela River (Natal), 37 fathoms, 2 valves; off Umkomaas, 40 fathoms,

one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Madagascar, Mauritius, Indo-Pacific.

Gafrarium divaricatum (Gmelin)

Circe (Crista) divaricata Gmelin, Sowerby, 1897, p. 24.

Gafrarium divaricata (Gmelin), Adam & Leloup, 1939, p. 82, pl. 5, fig. 4; Macnae & Kalk, 1958,

p- 129.

Gafrarium dispar Prashad, 1932, p. 230 (references)

Gafrarium discors Franca, 1960, p. 94, pl. 26, fig. 3.

Crista pectinata (non Linn.), Braga, 1952, p. 111, pl. 10, fig. 4.

Juveniles oval, but a little deeper than pectinata of same length, then

becoming rounder, and when adult somewhat pointed or cuneiform posteriorly.

Natal (Sowerby); Delagoa Bay (Braga, Franca; also U.W.; also S. Afr.

Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Inhambane (Braga).

Distribution. Red Sea, Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Pitaria hebraea (Lam.)

Venus paupercula var. abbreviata Krauss, 1848, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 10.

Chione kraussit Deshayes, 1853, p. 54; Schwarz, 1900, p. 61.

Tapes kraussi (Desh.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 60.

Cytherea hebraea Lam., Smith, 1885, p. 138; Sowerby, 1892, p. 59; Day, Millard, Harrison, 1952,

p. 410.

Meretrix (Pitar) hebraea (Lam.), Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 597; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Caryatis hebraea hebraea (Lam.), Jaeckel, 1931, p. 233.

Not: Cytheraea hebraea, Sowerby, 1851, p. 641, pl. 134, figs. 143, 144, 148 [= sowerbyi Desh.

1853].

Length 37, alt. 30, thickness (valves together) 23 mm. (Durban specimen).

Broad concentric zones of russet-brown with narrow white intervening zones,

uninterrupted or variously interrupted by white radiating streaks of varying

width, anterior and posterior margins white. Sometimes zigzag brown markings.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 503

Fossil: Pleistocene; Knysna (Schwarz).

Natal (Krauss, Sowerby); Durban Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup);

Delagoa Bay (U.W.). Durban harbour sediments (Dr. Lester King).

Agulhas Bank from St. Francis Bay to False Bay (Jaeckel).

Living: Knysna, and 34° 15’5S., 25° 5’ E., 6 fathoms; 34° 29’S., 21° 49’ E.,

40 fathoms; 34° 37’S., 21° 56’ E., 47 fathoms; Algoa Bay, go fathoms. (U.C.T.)

Off Great Fish Point, Algoa Bay, off Knysna, Struys Bay, False Bay,

32-63 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Also valves from the same P.F. localities, and intermediate localities,

including Brown’s Bank (approx. 364° S., 214° E.), 80-100 fathoms.

Distribution. Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. The figure of abbreviata corresponds so closely, including the

pallial sinus, with specimens identified by Sowerby and Tomlin that I do not

hesitate to bring Krauss’s variety, later named kraussi by Deshayes, into the

synonymy.

Pitaria florida (Lam.)

Cytherea florida Lamarck, 1818, p. 565.

Venus pulchra Wood, 1828, pl. 2, fig. 16.

Cytheraea pulchra (Wood), Sowerby, 1851, p. 624, pl. 130, fig. 73.

Cytheraea semisulcata Sowerby, 1851, p. 624, pl. 131, fig. 82.

Cytheraea erycinella Sowerby, 1851, p. 624, pl. 131, fig. 85.

Macrocallista florida Tomlin, 1923, p. 51.

Anterior half concentrically grooved, posterior half smooth.

Length 39, alt. 27, thickness (valves together) 18 mm.

Durban (Tomlin); Inhambane (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Ross-Frames). Durban

harbour sediments (Dr. Lester King).

Distribution. Red Sea, Mozambique, Madagascar, Seychelles.

Pitaria manillae (Sow.)

Cytheraea manillae Sowerby, 1851, p. 634, pl. 136, figs. 180, 181; ? Sowerby, 1897, p. 24.

Dione manillae (Sow.), Deshayes, 1853, p. 75.

Pitar manillae (Sow.), Prashad, 1932, p. 221 (references).

+ Chamelea schwarzi Newton, Barnard, 1962b, p. 185.

Prashad seems to agree with Roémer that young shells are less trigonal

(pointed posteriorly) than shown in Sowerby’s figures; this is not very noticeable

in the present material. One of the larger valves nearly coincides with the

outline of Sowerby’s figure 181, but the postero-dorsal margin is slightly convex;

cf. figure 188 of belcherz.

Shells taken alive are cream or fawn, internally white or faintly pinkish.

Length 21-5, alt. 19 mm. (a Durban valve); a living Tugela shell:

20 X 17°5 X 13 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, raised beach Jeffreys Bay (A. V. Krige, 1927), also

Knysna (S. Afr. Mus.).

Durban (S. Afr. Mus. coil. Burnup) ; Tongaat (north of Durban) (S. Afr.

Mus.); Port St. Johns, one valve (S. Afr. Mus.).

504 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Off Umhloti River, 27 fathoms, 7 living, several valves; also 40 fathoms,

A living, several valves; off Tongaat, 36 fathoms, many valves; off Tugela River,

11-14 fathoms, 2 living; also 50 fathoms, 7 living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

29° 53° 8°91 100" EX rmetresy lime U7 a):

Distribution. Philippine Islands.

Remarks. Prashad (loc. cit., p. 222), after examination of the specimens

recorded from Natal by Sowerby in 1897, regarded them as misidentified; but he

did not state to what species he thought they should have been referred. Burnup

identified his Durban specimens as manillae; and Sowerby identified Pieter Faure

specimens as manillae.

I maintain the name pro tem. as it has appeared in the South African

fauna-list; but Sonth Africau specimens should be compared. with belchert, Sow.

1851.

I consider the fossil Chamelea schwarzi Newton 1913 (with rogersi Newton

1913 as synonym) from the Zwartkops deposits, Port Elizabeth, to be corroded

examples of manillae. Specimens of schwarzi vary in size from 22 mm. long

(S. Afr. Mus.) to 29 mm. (Type: schwarzi), 36 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.) to 45mm.

(Type: rogersi). The pallial sinus corresponds with that of manillae.

C. kriget Hghtn. 1926 from deposits on the west coast and from the Bredas-

dorp beds, is larger, up te 57 mm. long, but otherwise distinguishable only by a

slightly wider pallial sinus.

Pitaria kochi (Phil.)

Venus kochii Philippi, 1843, p. 41, pl. 1, fig. 5; Sowerby, 1853, p. 738, p. 158, figs. 147-151.

Venus paupercula (non Chemn.), Philippi, 1844, p. 63, pl. 4, fig. 5.

Chione kochit Deshayes, 1853, p. 150.

Chione ambigua Deshayes, 1853, p. 153; Smith, 1903a, p. 397; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Gomphina ambigua (Desh.), Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 307.

Tapes kochi Sowerby, 1892, pp. 59, 60.

Meretrix kochi (Sow.), Smith, 1904a, p. 25.

Marcia kochit (Sow.), Jukes-Browne, 1915, p. 284.

Anomalocardia alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 203, pl. 44, figs. 3, 4; Turton, 1932, p. 244; Franca,

1960, p. 96, pl. 27, fig. 5.

Cryptogramma alfredensis (Bartsch), Braga, 1952, p. 112, pl. 10, figs. 8, 9.

Length 40, alt. 30, thickness (valves together) 25 mm. A single Still Bay

valve 42°5 X 31 mm. A fossil valve 40 X 32 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene; between Oakhurst and the coast (George—Wilderness

district) (S. Afr. Mus.); Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); Durban

(Geol. Survey).

Port Alfred, estuary of the Kowie River (Smith, Bartsch, Turton); Keur-

booms River estuary, Plettenberg Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Still Bay

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir) ; Durban Bay (Krauss; also U.C.T.; also S. Afr. Mus.) ;

Umlalazi, near Richards Bay (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (Braga, Franca; also

U.W.; also S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Beira (S. Afr. Mus. coll. R. M. Light-

foot). Durban harbour sediments (Dr. Lester King).

Distribution. Mozambique, Zanzibar (Sowerby).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 505

Remarks. Turton stated that the bivalve described by Bartsch as a n.sp.,

had previously been identified by Smith as kochi. It would indeed be surprising

if this common species had remained undescribed until 1915.

It occurs in lagoons and estuaries, and in enclosed bays as at Durban and

Delagoa Bay; and consequently was not taken by the Pieter Faure.

There is in South African Museum one shell, 24 x 15 X 10 mm., from

Durban, which is relatively more elongate than the shells referred to kochit.

The umbones are 9 mm. from the anterior margin, the postero-dorsal margin

is straight, the postero-ventral margin not indented. Cream, with 2 widely

separated brown radiating streaks. It resembles Sowerby’s figure 160 on pl. 159

(1853) of the West and East African floridella (Gray), except for the straight

postero-dorsal margin.

Macrocallista lilacina (Lam.)

Cytheraea lilacina Lamarck, 1818, p. 564; Sowerby, 1851, p. 626, pl. 1930, fig. 74.

Macrocallista lilacina (Lam.), Haughton, 1932, p. 36; Barnard, 1962b, p. 185.

The Geelbek specimens, 67 X 47 mm., were thus identified by Tomlin.

A Redhouse valve, 73 x 50 mm. (S. Afr. Mus. Palaeontol. Reg. No. 7722),

has a similar shape and hinge-teeth, but a more broadly rounded pallial sinus.

The Knysna valves, the largest 54 < 37 mm., have the pallial sinus as in the

Geelbek specimens.

I have no material for comparison, and record these specimens under the

name suggested by Tomlin. The shell of this species is grooved throughout.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Geelbek (Saldanha Bay) (Haughton); Redhouse (Port

Elizabeth) (S. Afr. Mus.); Knysna raised beach (S. Afr. Mus.).

Distribution. Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. Cox (1927, p. 58, pl. 9, figs. 7, 8) recorded the Indo-Pacific M.

erycina (Linn.) from the Lower Miocene of Pemba Island.

Gen. Tiveta Link

The three species: compressa, polita, and natalensis are distinct, but the status

of dunkeri, hartvigii, transversa and rejecta is uncertain.

Pallial sinus subacute, its dorsal margin sloping downwards towards ventral margin.

Fawn, uniform or with radial streaks, escutcheon reddish-brown.

Length-height e.g. 19 X 16 mm., 42 X 34 mm. ae es ae .. compressa

Length-height, G2. 25-5. xX) 15°95 mm., 49-5 xX. 9 mm. .. transversa

Pallial sinus subacute, its dorsal margin horizontal and its se sostee slightly

upwards Rc : ie a re ye bas aie we =e dunkert

Pallial sinus panecieds

Postero-dorsal margin convex.

Length-height e.g. (juv.) 15°55 X 14 mm. .. sy ae .. natalensis

Length-height e.g. 15°5 X 11-5 mm... si xf its ee rejecta

Postero-dorsal margin straight sf) = ey, wie ns 4 polita

Tivela compressa (Sow.)

Cytheraea compressa Sowerby, 1851, p. 616, pl. 128, figs. 33, 34.

Tivela compressa (Sow.), Smith, 1914, p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 6-8; Wybergh, 1920, p. 66; Jaeckel, 1931,

p- 232.

Twela tomlini Haughton, 1932, p. 36, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2; Barnard, 1962b, p. 186.

506 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Uniform fawn coloured, or more usually cream with fawn radial streaks

varying in number and width; the escutcheon deeper fawn or reddish-brown.

Up to length 61, alt. 50, thickness (one valve) 15 mm. Other shells (valves

together) 19 X.16 X.Q; 47°75 X 41 X 23347 x AQ) (20mm,

Fossil: Pleistocene; Bredasdorp Beds (Wybergh); Little Brak River

(S. Afr. Mus.); Langebaan (Saldanha) (Haughton: tomlinz).

False Bay to Natal (auct.); False Bay, 10-14 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F.

coll.) ; False Bay (U.C.T.).

Remarks. | have examined the Type of tomlznz; it is a rather heavy example

of compressa. The pallial sinus, faintly seen in figure 2, agrees with that of

compressa.

Tivela transversa (Sow.)

Cytherea transversa Sowerby, 1897, p. 23, pl. 7, figs. 2, 3.

Tivela transversa (Sow.), Jaeckel, 1931, p. 232; Barnard, 1962b, p. 186.

Pallial sinus and coloration as in compressa. The following measurements of

(2-valved) shells seem to indicate that transversa is an elongate form of compressa:

21°5 X 15°5 X 8-5 (False Bay, together with typical compressa); 26 x 20 X

10°53 27°5 X 21 X 11°53 32 K 22:5 X 11°53 33 XK 25 X 13°55 8 SG eee

15°53 40°5 X 32 X 17; 42°5 X 31 X 16; and 50-5 < 30-5 >@l@zcgumueeee

Fossil: Pleistocene; Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); Little

Brak River, Mossel Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Natal (Sowerby) ; St. Francis Bay, 80 metres (Jaeckel).

Off Durnford Point (Zululand), 13 fathoms, 2 living; off Umtwalumi

River (Natal), 25 fathoms, one living; off Hood Point (East London), 26

fathoms, one living; Algoa Bay, 33 fathoms, one valve; St. Francis Bay, 24-34

fathoms, one valve; Mossel Bay, 14 fathoms, 2 living; False Bay, 9-14 fathoms,

2 living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. The Zululand, Natal, and Mossel Bay specimens were identified

by Sowerby. They all possess the pointed pallial sinus characteristic of compressa.

Sowerby’s original figure shows a rounded sinus; but perhaps this may be taken

as an error, unless examination of the Type shows it to be correct.

A comparable species T. petit2 Dautzenberg (1929, p. 594, pl. 7, figs. 1-5)

has been described from Madagascar.

Tivela dunkert (ROmer)

Venus dunkert Romer, 1864, p. 5, pl. 5, fig. 1 [quoted from Smith].

Tivela dunkeri (Romer), Smith, 1914, p. 4, pl. 1, figs. 9, 10.

Smith’s figure shows a pointed pallial sinus, as in compressa and. transversa,

with its apex slightly upturned, as is seen in some of the above-recorded shells

of transversa, though the upper margin tends to slope downwards.

A sumilar pointed and apically upturned sinus is seen in a 15 X IO mm.

shell from off Cape Vidal (Zululand) 22 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. No. 14874.

P.F. coll.), which Tomlin identified as an elongate example of hartvigii Dnkr.!

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 507

As a synonym of this latter species Tomlin regarded rejecta Smith (1914, |

pl. 1, fig. 11) figured with a narrow and apically rounded sinus.

I therefore regard dunkeri, hartvigit, and rejecta as requiring further investi-

_ gation before admitting them to the fauna-list.

T. lamyi Dautzenberg (1929, p. 592, pl. 6, figs. 1-6) from Madagascar,

is donaciform, with the anterior end longer than the posterior, but with the

pallial sinus apically rounded.

Tivela polita (Sow.)

Cytheraea polita Sowerby, 1851, p. 618, pl. 127, fig. 14.

Cytheraea dolabella Sowerby, 1851, p. 619, pl. 127, fig. 15.

Tivela dolabella (Sow.), Smith, 1877, p. 720; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 592; Lamy, 1931, p. 306;

Cox, 1939, p. IOI.

Cream or pale buff, often with a bluish tinge, or livid concentric bands,

uniform or with faint radial streaks, internally violaceous.

Length 46, alt. 36, thickness (valves together) 16-5 mm.

Fossil: Post Pliocene; Inhambane (Cox, 1939); Pleistocene; Durban

(Geol. Survey). |

Natal (Sowerby; also 8. Afr. Mus. coll. L. Kent); St. Lucia Bay, Zululand

(U.C.T.); Chinde (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Beira (Lamy). Sowerby’s 1892

record (of dolabella) from Port Elizabeth can be ignored.

Distribution. Red Sea; Quelimane; Madagascar.

Remarks. A specimen 20:5 X 18 mm. from Chinde has very prominent

umbones, especially the right one; the cardinal teeth in the left valve are more

or less fused into a conical mass which fits into a hollow on the right valve,

anterior lateral tooth present in both valves.

Sowerby’s statement (1892, p. 58) that his polita is ‘merely the young’ of

compressa is obviously incorrect.

Tivela natalensis Dnkr.

Tivela natalensis Dunker, 1864, p. 101; Turton, 1932, p. 243; van Bruggen, 1952, p. 16.

Cytherea alucinans Sowerby, 1897, p. 24, pl. 7, figs. 5, 6.

Juvenile with fawn or orange-brown transverse irregular wavy or zigzag

markings, adult uniform cream or fawn.

Up to length 81, alt. 67, thickness (valves together) 37 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.).

Fossil: Post Pliocene: Inhambane (Cox, 1939). Pleistocene; Durban (Geol.

Survey).

Natal (Sowerby) ; Durban Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Col. J. H. Bowker, 1887).

Turton reported examples from Port Alfred, and van Bruggen one from Jeffreys

Bay; but it is very doubtful if this species lives as far south even as Port Alfred.

Remarks. Juveniles may be distinguished from polita not only by the zigzag

markings, but by the convex postero-dorsal margin. Not so flat as + baini

Newton 1913 (see Barnard, 1962b, p. 186).

508 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Tapes corrugata (Gmelin)

Venus obsoleta Chemnitz, 1784, p. 50, pl. 42, fig. 444.

Venus corrugata Gmelin, 1790, p. 3280.

Venus senegalensis Gmelin, 1790, p. 3282.

Tapes pullastra Montagu, 1803, p. 125; Sowerby, 1852, p. 693, pl. 149, figs. 85, 86.

Venus pullastra (Mont.), Krauss, 1848, p. 12.

Tapes dactyloides Sowerby, 1852, p. 691, pl. 150, fig. 129; Schwarz, 1910, p. 116; Lamy, 1931,

p. 306.

Paphia dactyloides (Sow.), ‘Turton, 1932, p. 245.

Tapes corrugata (Gmelin), Sowerby, 1852, p. 691, pl. 150, figs. 121, 122; Smith, 1904a, p. 25;

1906b, p. 65; Smith in Rogers, 1g06c, p. 294; Schwarz, 1910, p. 116; Wybergh, 1920,

p. 66; Day, 1959, Pp. 539-

Venerupis cordieri (non Desh.), Sowerby, 1892, pp. 59, 60.

Venerupis rugosa (non Desh.), Sowerby, 1892, pp. 59, 60; Schwarz, 1910, p. 115.

[?] Venerupis lajonkari (non Payr.), Sowerby, 1897, p. 25.

Venerupis robusta Smith, 1904a, p. 25.*

Venerupis corrugata (Gmelin), Nicklés, 1950, p. 203, fig. 388.

Venerupis corrugata var. senegalensis Nicklés, 1950, p. 204, fig. 389.

Tapes disrupta Romer (non Sow.), Smith, 1903a, p. 397.

Paphia disrupta Romer (non Sow.), Bartsch, 1915, p. 204.

Paphia corrugata (Gmelin), Haughton, 1932, p. 36; Turton, 1932, p. 245.

Venus corrugata Gmelin, Lamy & Fischer-Piette, 1939, pp. 464, 465.

Young shells up to c. 15 mm. long finely cancellate with concentric and

radial striae; later the radial striae become evanescent and obsolete, while the

concentric lirae become stronger, posteriorly more or less lamellose, medianly

and anteriorly more or less rugose and corrugated. Shells living in sheltered

situations (e.g. Langebaan) may retain the smooth, finely cancellate surface

(senegalensis (syn.) pullastra) until larger (up to 35 mm. long or even larger),

than those living in exposed situations. The development of the A-shaped

rugosities varies; sometimes it may be present only on the middle part of the

shell, which is anteriorly lirate and posteriorly lamellosely lirate. The change

from the smooth (senegalensis) to the rugose (corrugata) may be abrupt.

The shape also varies, e.g. 34 X 20 and 32 X 24 mm., and distorted shells

are not infrequent.

Up to length 77, alt. 48 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene; Bredasdorp Beds; Little Brak River (Mossel Bay) ;

Keurbooms River (Plettenberg Bay); Port Elizabeth; Saldanha Bay, Bogenfels

(South West Africa). (See: Haughton.)

Walvis Bay and Saldanha Bay to Natal (auct.). Walvis Bay, Lambert’s Bay,

Table Bay, False Bay, Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.). False Bay, o-11 fathoms (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.). Liideritzbucht, and Langebaan (Saldanha Bay) (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Europe, Mediterranean, west coast of Africa to Angola.

Tapes textile (Gmelin)

Tapex textile (Gmelin), Sowerby, 1852, p. 681, pl. 146, figs. 26-28.

Tapes textrix Sowerby, 1892, p. 59.

One valve, 32 * 17:5 mm., from black clay, East Cylinder, Grain Elevator,

Durban (Geol. Survey), may be this species, or perhaps undulata (Born.)

* ? a laps. cal. for Venerupis rugosa, or for Petricola robusta.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 509

_ The differences are given by Prashad (1932, p. 241) but I have no material for

comparison.

Recorded from Durban by Sowerby (1892).

Tapes deshayesu Hanley

Tapes deshayesii Hanley in Sowerby, 1852, p. 685, pl. 146, figs. 34-38; 1892, p. 59; Smith in

Rogers, 1906c, .p. 294.

Paphia deshayesii (Hanley), Haughton, 1932, p. 36.

Fossil: Pleistocene; Little Brak River, Mossel Bay (Smith in Rogers; also

S. Afr. Mus.); Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); raised beach

Knysna lagoon; Saldanha Bay (Haughton).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby).

Remarks. South African specimens require re-examination.

Tapes malabarica (Chemn.)

Tapes malabarica (Chemn.), Sowerby, 1852, p. 682, pl. 145, figs. 6-8; Braga, 1952, p. 114, pl. 10,

fig. 10; Franca, 1960, p. 96, pl. 27, fig. 6.

-Pullastra malabarica (Chemn.), Chenu, 1862, fig. 413.

Tapes (Protapes) malabarica (Chemn.), Lynge, 1909, p. 237.

[?] Tapes sp. Etheridge, 1904, p. 82, pl. 1, fig. 9.

Paphia (Protapes) cf. gallus (Gmelin), Cox, 1939, p. 84, pl. 2, fig. 14.

Pallial sinus obliquely ascending towards umbo.

Fossil: Cretaceous, Zululand (Etheridge); Pliocene, Inhambane (Cox);

Pleistocene, Dar-es-Salaam.

Durban harbour sediments (Dr. Lester King).

Distribution. Persian Gulf, Indian Seas, East Indies, China, Philippines.

Remarks. “Venus gallus Spengler’ is only a ‘Museum’ name and cannot

be accepted (Lynge, p. 238).

Gen. Dosinia Scop.

The present material, ranging from Lobito Bay around the coast to

Delagoa Bay, is divisible into three lots on morphological characters, and

presumably represents three species.

A Lobito Bay example was identified by Tomlin as africana, and Jaeckel

was inclined to consider shells from the Agulhas Bank as also africana. Lamy

reported consobrina from Walvis Bay, and followed Rémer in making it a

synonym of subquadrata Krss. Sowerby identified Pieter Faure shells as lincta;

in 1892 he regarded africana as a variety of lincta, and consobrina as a variety of

hepatica.

Smith reported pubescens from Natal, and Pieter Faure shells from Natal

were identified also by Tomlin as pubescens.

For two of the lots I accept Tomlin’s identifications, and for the third I

follow Krauss. 7

Lunule deeply circumscribed

Concentric lirae simple : ee ag’ Ls oe africana

Concentric lirae anteriorly and posteriorly lamellose_.. Bee ae .. pubescens

Lunule indistinct. Interior violaceous .. oA Ey ae ae i oe hepatica

510 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Unlike several other Venerids, Dosinia is a comparatively deep burrower,

with long siphons. The shell lies in the sand with the ligament uppermost and

parallel with the surface (Ansell, 1961, p. 512, fig. 15).

Dosinia africana Sie

Arthemis africana Gray, 1838, p. 309.

Dosinia africana (Gray), Dollfus, 1911, p. 52, pl. 3, figs. 19, 20; Dautzenberg, 1912, p. 91.

Dosinia consobrina Deshayes, 1853, p. 10; Lamy, 1931, p. 306.

Dosinia cretacea (non Rve.), Sowerby, 1899), p- 157.

Dosinia lincta (non Pult.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 60; Wybergh, 1920, p. 66.

Dosinia pubescens (non Phil.), Gevers, 1932, p. 74.

Dosinia lupinus Linn. var. afra Gmelin, Nickles, 1950, p. 201, fig. 381.

Lunules circumscribed by a deep groove which forms a distinct notch in

the outline in front of the umbo. Concentric lirae simple; at 10 mm. alt. 3

lirae in a space of 1 mm. in middle of the valve. Buff or cream, no dark rays,

not violaceous internally.

Up to length 52, alt. 50, thickness (valves together) 28 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene; Cape Cross, South West Africa (Gevers) ; Bredasdorp

Beds (Wybergh) ; Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); Port Elizabeth

(Johnson, 1904, lincta, but identification requires confirmation).

Walvis Bay (Lamy; also S. Afr. Mus.); False Bay and Mossel Bay (S. Afr.

Mus.).

34° 8’ S., 24° 59° E., 80 metres; 93° 50' S., 25° 48° E. (Jackel

Saldanha Bay, 31 fathoms, several living; off Cape Point, 45 fathoms,

several valves; False Bay, 32-45 fathoms, several living, and valves; off Struys

Point, 48 fathoms, several living; off Cape St. Blaize, 36 fathoms, 2 living;

off Gericke Point (Knysna area), 46 fathoms, 2 valves; Algoa Bay, 31-59

fathoms, several living, and valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Off Lamberts Bay (west coast) 30-92 fathoms; Liideritzbucht, 35-160

metres: (UC. 1),

Distribution. Senegal; Mauritania to Ivory coast; mouth of Congo (Jaeckel) ;

Lobito Bay (S. Afr. Mus. identified by Tomlin); Great Fish Bay, Angola

(Jaeckel).

Remarks. 'The most easterly locality at which the Pieter Faure obtained speci-

mens was False Island near the mouth of the Bushman River, 26° 40’ E.

The Saldanha Bay shells are often more or less corroded, like several other

molluscs in that area.

I have examined the Cape Cross examples.

A single specimen from Algoa Bay (off Bird Island) 22 fathoms (S. Afr.

Mus. No. 14959. P.F. coll.) is noticeably more compressed: 19:5 X 19 X 8

compared with other specimens, e.g. 18:5 X 17°5 X 10 mm.

Jaeckel recorded orbignyi Dnkr. from Great Fish Bay, Angola; Nickles

recorded the same species from Cameroon to Angola, and also zsocardia Dnkr.

from Mauritania to Angola, the latter species being “extrémement variable de

forme’.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA RLY

7 Dosinia pubescens (Phil.)

Cytherea pubescens Philippi, 1847, p. 24, pl. 8, fig. 3.

Artemis pubescens (Phil.), Sowerby, 1852, p. 672, pl. 144, fig. 72.

Dosinia pubescens (Phil.), Smith, 1903a, p. 396; Prashad, 1932, p. 245 (references).

Dosinia japonica (non Rve.), Franca, 1960, p. 96, pl. 27, fig. 2.

Lunule circumscribed by a deep groove which forms a notch in the outline

in front of the umbo. Concentric lirae simple in middle of shell but lamellose

anteriorly and posteriorly, the escutcheon thereby clearly demarcated; at

10 mm. alt. 3(4) lirae in a space of 1 mm. in middle of valve.

Buff or pale fawn, or cream, without rays externally, or colouring internally.

Up to length 53 mm. (Franca); 28 x 28 x (one valve) 8 mm.

Delagoa Bay (Franca).

Off ‘Tugela River, 40 fathoms, one valve; off Tongaat, 36 fathoms, 17

valves; off Umhloti River, 25 fathoms, 8 valves; off Cape Natal, 54 fathoms,

one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). |

Distribution. Aden, Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Dosinia hepatica (Lam.)

Cytherea hepatica Lam., Krauss, 1848, p. 10.

Cytherea hepatica var. subquadrata Krauss, 1848, p. 10.

Dosinia hepatica (Lam.), Schwarz, 1900, p. 61; 1910, p. 116; ? Turton, 1932, p. 242; Braga,

1952, p. 112, pl. 10, fig. 7; Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 307; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129;

Broekhuysen & Taylor, 1959, p. 292; Franca, 1960, p. 95, pl. 27, fig. 1 (bad photo).

[?] Dosinia becki Turton, 1932, p. 243, pl. 65, no. 1715.

Lunule shallow, circumscribed by a feebly impressed line which makes

scarcely any indent in the outline in front of umbo. Concentric lirae simple; at

10 mm. alt. 5-6 in a space of 1 mm. in middle of valve.

Buff, more or less livid at umbones, often with radiating streaks but often

unicolourous, internally violaceous.

Length 24:5, alt. 23-5, thickness (valves together) 12 mm.

Fossil: Post Pliocene; Inhambane (Cox, 1939); Pleistocene; Durban

(Geol. Survey) ; Port Elizabeth (Schwarz); Knysna (Schwarz) ; Sedgefield near

Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); Little Brak River, Mossel Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Knysna (Krauss; also U.C.T. teste Rehder); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

Muir); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus.); Port Alfred (Smith,

Bartsch, Turton) ; Durban Bay (U.C.T.) ; St. Lucia Bay and Kosi Bay (U.C.T.) ;

Delagoa Bay (Braga, Franca; also U.W.; also S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.);

Beira (S. Afr. Mus.). Durban harbour sediments (Dr. Lester King).

Distribution. Red Sea, Mozambique, Madagascar.

Remarks. Krauss mentioned the external colour rays and the violet interior.

Turton said bluish inside, and when fresh dark radiating streaks, but he also

mentioned a ‘notch in front of the umbone’, which is in conflict with the present

material.

The concentric lirae are finer than in the other two South African

species.

512 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Together with one shell externally livid and internally violaceous, I

obtained at Delagoa Bay one completely white specimen. The Beira specimen

in South African Museum is also white.

Venerupis macrophylla Desh.

Venerupis macrophylla Deshayes, 1855, p. 193, pl. 18, fig. 8; Sowerby, 1854, p. 763, pl. 165, fig. 20;

Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 605; Prashad, 1932, p. 263 (references); Gravely, 1941, p. 52,

fig. 20 k.

[?] Venerupis rugosa (non Desh.), Sowerby, 1892, pp. 59, 60.

[?] Venerupis lajonkari (non Payr.), Sowerby, 1897, p. 25.

Venerupis multicostata Turton, 1932, p. 245, pl. 66, no. 1731.

Saxicava sp. Day, Millard, Broekhuysen, 1954, p. 153.

Concentric lirae more or less lamellose, especially posteriorly ; fine close-set

radial pliculae. Internally brown or purplish-brown at hind end.

Length 29, alt. 21 mm. (Delagoa Bay); 24 = 13 mm. (St. Lucia Bay).

? Durban (Sowerby, as lajonkari); Port Alfred, dead valves (Turton) ;

St. Lucia Bay, dead valves (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay, 2 living (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

Distribution. Madagascar, Madras, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. The Pieter Faure specimens identified by Sowerby as V. rugosa are

Tapes corrugata. Sowerby’s other records of the Mediterranean lajonkari and the

Californian cordieri are also probably misidentifications.

Clementia papyracea (Gray)

Clementia papyracea (Gray), Cox, 1927, p. 54, pl. 4, figs. 3, 4; Prashad, 1932, p. 262 (references).

Clementia mcclellandi Tomlin, 1921, p. 215, pl. 8, fig. 6.

With all respect to Tomlin, I must decline to include C. meclellandi in the

South African fauna-list. It is quite incredible that such a large shell should

have remained undetected and unreported from Muizenberg or any other

part of False Bay.

Shore collecting from early days, e.g. Andrew Smith (1825-1837), Baron

von Ludwig (a resident of Cape Town), Wahlberg, Krauss, Fritsch (1863-

1866), down to more recent times, e.g. South African Museum (coll. R. M.

Lightfoot, W. F. Purcell, K.H.B.) and the University of Cape Town (Prof.

Stephenson, Prof. Day and their assistants and students), has not produced a

single specimen of this genus.

Dredging by Stimpson (1853, Simon’s Bay), the Challenger, the Valdivia,

the intensive work of the Peter Faure and Africana I and II, has been equally

unproductive.

In spite of its large size, 80 x 78 mm., I think that meclellandi is only

another synonym of papyracea, which is very variable (Cox). And in my opinion

the valves seen by Tomlin had come from some other locality, not South

African. McClelland (1864-1943) was a private collector who ‘amassed a large

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 513

world-wide collection’. In such cases, as is well known, the localities (if any)

attached to the specimens are apt to be unreliable.

Fossil: Quaternary: Zanzibar; East Indies.

Recent: Arabian and Persian Gulf, Indo-Pacific.

References are here given as the species may possibly be found, fossil or

living, on the east coast of Africa south of Zanzibar.

Fam. Petricolidae

For Petricola ventricosa Krauss see: Gastrana abildgaardiana, p. 550.

Petricola bicolor Sow.

Peiricola bicolor Sowerby, 1854, p. 776, pl. 166, fig. 22.

Peiricola typica (non Jonas), Sowerby, 1892, p. 60; 1897, p. 33; Turton, 1932, p. 246.

Petricola robusta (non Sow.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 61; Turton, 1932, p. 246.

Petricola ponsonbyi (non Sow.), Bartsch, 1915, p. 204.

Petricola albanyana Turton, 1932, p. 246, pl. 66, no. 1737.

Peiricola sp. Turton, 1932, p. 246, pl. 66, no. 1734.

Radial ribs extending uninterruptedly from umbo to margin, but inter-

sected by the concentric growth-lines; ribs coarser than in ponsonbyi, none of

them bifurcate or divaricate, fine intermediaries may develop on the later part

of the shells.

Drab, grey, brown, usually the hinder part darker brown both externally

and internally, but more strongly so internally.

Up to 25 mm. (Turton). Examples of variation in shape: length 14, alt. 13,

thickness (valves together) 9:5 mm., and 17 x 11 X 8 mm.

West coast: Walvis Bay; Lambert’s Bay; Table Bay (S. Afr. Mus.);

Milnerton, Table Bay (U.C.T.).

South coast: False Bay, Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.); Port Alfred (Smith,

Bartsch, Turton); Durban (Sowerby).

Remarks. Described originally from an unknown locality. Dr. Rehder of the

U.S. National Museum suggested to Prof. Day (U.C.T.) that the South African

shells formerly recorded under the names typica (West Indies) and robusta

(Panama) should be identified as bicolor. It is quite likely that Hanley obtained

the specimen, described by Sowerby, from the Cape. I adopt Dr. Rehder’s

suggestion.

It is possible that an abnormally elongate example of this species is

responsible for Sowerby’s record (1892) of cultellus from Port Elizabeth.

Peiricola ponsonby: Sow.

Petricola ponsonbyi Sowerby, 1892, p. 61, pl. 3, fig. 68; Turton, 1932, p. 246.

[Non] Petricola ponsonbyi Sow. Bartsch, 1915, p. 204 [= bicolor].

Fine radial riblets, later becoming stronger, those on the hinder part

diverging from those on the middle part, the line of divergence running from

umbo to postero-inferior corner of the shell.

White or cream, often with a faint lemon-yellow tinge, umbo pinkish.

514 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Length 25, alt. 17 mm.; also 16 < 12, and 16 x 16 mm. (5) Aime)

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Turton); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.

coll. Muir). |

Remarks. Judging by the numerous valves collected by Dr. Muir this species

is less liable to variation in shape, possibly owing to living in a more open

habitat; distortion, however, does occur, as e.g. the circular valve mentioned

above.

One Still Bay valve shows an abnormal sculpture: up to 8 x 5 mm. the

fine pliculae, including the posterior bifurcate ones, are normal; on the later

growth the pliculae are more spaced and their course is interrupted by growth-

lines; a zone of about 2-3 mm. width in which they are straight and radial

(curving slightly anteriorly) is followed by a zone in which they form a more or

less zigzag sculpture.

Fic. 28. a, Donacilla africana W. H. Turton, outline of shell (left valve) with projecting foot and

siphons. b, D. delagoae n.sp., inner view of right valve.

Petricola (Choristodon) divergens (Gmelin)

Venus divaricata Chemnitz, 1788, p. 357, pl. 172, figs. 1666, 1667.

Venus divergens Gmelin, 1790, p. 3269.

Petricola divaricata (Chemn.), Sowerby, 1854, p. 776, pl. 166, figs. 24, 25.

Choristodon divaricata (Chemn.), H. & A. Adams, 1857, p. 442, pl. 110, figs. 2, 2a; Chenu, 1862,

fig. é

Petricola pe (Gmelin), Prashad, 1932, p. 264 (references).

Radial pliculae forming longitudinal series of zigzags; posteriorly 8-9

radial lamellose ribs.

Length 22:5, alt. 18, thickness (valves together) 15 mm.; also 21 X 18 X

15 mm.

Delagoa Bay, two living (S. Afr. Mus. Ag542. coll. K.H.B.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Mauritius, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. In having radial lamellose ribs on the hinder part these shells

resemble Sowerby’s figure of lapicida Chemn. (1854, pl. 166, fig. 26).

Fam. Mesodesmatidae

Donacilla africana W. H. Turton

Fig. 28a

Donacilla africana Turton, 1932, p. 252, pl. 68, no. 1782.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA HES

Donaciform, very inequilateral, strongly produced anteriorly, umbones

near posterior end (not anterior as in Turton), surface sculpture of growth-lines

only. No pallial sinus (cf. Turton’s photo).

Foot very large, more or less triangular; siphons distally separate, apices

papillose.

White. Length 7:5, alt. 4 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

Port Alfred (Turton); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir); Breede River

mouth, and Great Brak River mouth (U.C.T.).

Inhambane, living (U.C.T.).

Types in S. African Museum (A 29742), cotypes in Witwatersrand

University.

Remarks. Very common at Still Bay. I can find no differences in the

Inhambane examples.

Donacilla delagoae n.sp.

Fig. 28 5

Externally very similar to africana, but not so strongly produced anteriorly.

A small semicircular pallial sinus, approximately equal in size to the posterior

adductor scar. Foot and siphons as in africana. White. Length 6, alt. 3-5 mm.

Inhaca Island, Delagoa Bay, living (U.W.).

Remarks. It is curious to find a different species at Delagoa Bay, while the

South African africana. extends farther northwards to Inhambane. The pallial

sinus, however, is distinctive.

Gen. ErvitiA Turton 1822

Smith (1906b, p. 66) accepted Sowerby’s identification (1904, p. 15) of

shells from the Buffalo River (East London) as Ervilia ? purpurea Desh. ined.

The former’s description and figure (pl. 8, figs. 10, 11), however, were based

on Red Sea examples in the British Museum. He regarded purpurea as the same

as scaliola Issel.

The Buffalo River specimens returned by Sowerby with his label are not

Ervilia, but Psammotellina capensis.

Smith had previously (1903a, p. 399) recorded from Durban the Japanese

and Siamese species Frvilia bisculpta Gould (Lynge, 1909, p. 219, pl. 4, figs.

14-16).

Nevertheless until confirmation is forthcoming, it is better to exclude the

genus Ervilia from the South African fauna list.

Fam. Mactridae

Lamy, 1917/18, pp. 173-411, pls. 6, 7.

Gen. Mactra Linn.

In the case of isolated specimens coming into the hands of specialists, minor

differences tend to acquire the status of specific characters. About a dozen names

516 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

of Mactra ‘species’ appear in the South African fauna-list, but only five species

seem to be actually inhabitants of South African waters, or six if Schizodesma

be included. M. laevis Dnkr. (1871, p. 171) from Mossel Bay (Lamy, p. 188,

footnote 2) seems to have been overlooked by Sowerby, Smith, and Tomlin,

compilers of the ‘official’ list.

Tomlin (1923, p. 52) introduced rochebrunei Lamy (hians Phil., non Pulteney,

Wood) into the list, based on Natal specimens sent to Lamy by Burnup. But

Lamy (l.c., p. 215) mentioned no such specimens; and he gave Zanzibar as the

nearest locality to South Africa for this species. Burnup did, however, send to

Lamy examples of aequisulcata (p. 211) and intuspicta (p. 229). M. rochebrune

is here excluded from the fauna-list.

I. Umbones close together.

A. Ventral lamella of anterior lateral tooth in right valve entire (Mactra s.s.)

1. Concentric sulci over whole shell. Tumid . : .. aequisulcata

2. Concentric sulci dorsally on each side of umbo, 20 sigs + on ane half

in shells larger than c. 25 mm. long : a wit wa oi lilacea

3. Concentric sulci on each side of umbo oe

(a) Oval-triangular, compressed. Cream or fawn : Bt as glabrata

(6) Subtriangular, tumid. Violaceous, especially arene 4 Re cuneata

B. Ventral lamella of anterior lateral tooth in right valvebilobed (Mactrotoma).

A distinct ridge from umbo to postero-ventral corner. No sulci on any

part of shell .. ties a Es He be 5 nf na ovalina

II. Umbones far apart. Ligament in a deep curved groove. Lateral teeth granulate

(Schizodesma) .. - BY) o =A! bs oa Le sn ae spengleri

Mactra aequisulcata Sow.

Mactra aequisulcata Sowerby, 1894, p. 376; 1897, p. 21, pl. 8, fig. 26; Lamy, 1917, p. 211; Braga

1952, p. 116, pl. x1, fig. 2; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Tumid. Regular concentric sulci over whole shell. In large shells the median

part near the umbo becomes worn more or less smooth.

Fawn or yellowish-brown, uniform.

Length 66, alt. 53 mm.; 54 < 44 X (valves together) 31 mm.

Durban (Sowerby) ; Tongaat (Lamy; coll. Burnup) ; Delagoa Bay (Braga;

also U.W.); Chinde, low-tide, living (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Bazarute

Island (U.W.).

Off Amatikulu River (Zululand), 26 fathoms, 4 living (S. Afr. Mus.

P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Madagascar.

Mactra lilacea Lam.

Mactra lilacea Lamarck, 1818, p. 479; Lamy, 1917, p. 203, pl. 6, fig. 6; Franca, 1960, p. 97;

pl. 28, fig. 3.

Mactra decora Reeve, 1854, sp. 80; Deshayes, 1855, p. 63.

Mactra adansoni (non Linn.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 55.

Mactra adansoni var. semistriata Turton, 1932, p. 255.

Mactra intuspicta (non Desh.), Lamy, 1917, p. 229; Tomlin, 1923, p

[?] Mactra glabrata (non Linn.), Braga, 1952, Pp. 115 (= uy.) eee & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Mactra semisulcata Braga, 1952, p. 116, pl. xi, fig. 4.

ages i

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 517

Oval. Concentric sulci on each side of umbo, but no sulci elsewhere until

the shell reaches a length of 25-35 mm., when they begin to appear on the

anterior half.

Length 68, alt. 47 mm.

Delagoa Bay (Braga, Franca; also S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Inhambane

(Braga; also S. Afr. Mus. coll. Ross-Frames).

Distribution. Red Sea; Karachi (Melvill & Standen as glabrata ? non Linn.,

apud Lamy); Nossi Bé (U.W.); Madagascar.

Remarks..Sowerby (1889, p. 156) came to the conclusion that adamsoni [sic]

and decora were conspecific. But Lamy (p. 197 and p. 206 footnote) suggested

that Port Elizabeth specimens identified by Sowerby as adansoni were really

lilacea; Lamy on both pages erroneously added to the reference to Sowerby a

reference to the figure of Crassatella acuminata Sow. I think it very unlikely that

the Port Elizabeth shells, if they really came from that locality, were lilacea;

they were probably adansoni (glabrata) ; and Sowerby erred in regarding adansoni

and decora as conspecific.

Lamy made semisulcata a synonym of olorina Phil. 1846, another Red Sea

species which also has the concentric sulci confined to the anterior end of the

shell.

Mactra glabrata Linn.

Mazira adansoni Philippi, 1849, p. 152; Sowerby, 1889, p. 156 (adamsoni [sic]); Schwarz, 1910,

p. 115; Bartsch, 1915, p. 209; Turton, 1932, p. 255.*; Day, 1959, p. 539.

Mactra adansoni var. decora (non Desh.), Turton, 1932, p. 255.

Mactra adansoni var. elongata Turton, 1932, p. 255, pl. 69, no. 1804.

Mactra laevis Dunker, 1871, p. 171.

Mactra glabrata Linn., Sowerby, 1897, p. 32 (? = decora = lilacea); Smith in Rogers, 1906c,

p- 294; Lamy, 1917, p. 195 (references); Jaeckel, 1931, p. 240; Turton, 1932, p. 256;

Nicklés, 1950, p. 208, fig. 395.

[Non] Braga, 1952, p. 115 [= Jilacea juv.].

Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129 [? = lilacea].

Concentric sulci on each side of umbo, but not elsewhere. Cream or fawn,

uniform or with faint radial streaks.

Length 100, alt. 73 mm.; 82 X 57 xX (valves together) 42 mm., and

52 X 42 X 23 mm. Juveniles tend to be proportionately a little less high:

compare 52 X 42 and 23 X I7 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene; Little Brak River, Mossel Bay (Smith in Rogers) ;

Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin) ; Port Elizabeth (Johnson, Schwarz) ;

Durban (Geol. Survey).

Mossel Bay (Dunker); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Algoa Bay (Jaeckel) ;

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Durban (Sowerby).

False Bay, Hermanus, Still Bay, Sebastian Bay, Mossel Bay, Algoa Bay

(S. Afr. Mus.).

* Turton is slightly in error. Lamy in his monograph 1917 (not 1923) did not ‘say doubtfully

that it [adansoni] is the same as lilacea’. Lamy considered that Sowerby’s Port Elizabeth ‘adansoni’

was probably Jilacea. It is now impossible to say what Sowerby’s shells were, but at a guess they

were probably adansoni (glabrata).

518 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

False Bay, 9 fathoms, one living; off Cape Infanta, 40 fathoms, one valve;

off Umkomaas (Natal), 40 fathoms, one valve; off Cape Natal (Durban), 54

fathoms, 6 valves; off Morewood Cove (north of Durban), 27 fathoms, several

valves; off Amatikulu River (Zululand), 26 fathoms, 12 living (S. Afr. Mus.

PF eal). |

Saldanha Bay, and False Bay (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Cape Blanco to Angola (Nickles).

Remarks. None of the Natal and Zululand specimens exceed 25 mm. in

length. They appear indistinguishable from Cape and Agulhas Bank specimens.

If they are conspecific, the occurrence off the Zululand coast lends credence to

the Delagoa Bay (U.W.) and Inhambane (Braga) records; and also to the

Karachi record (Melvill & Standen) which Lamy doubted (p. 197 footnote 3)

and assigned probably (p. 206, footnote 1) to lilacea.

In separating glabrata and lilacea size must be taken into account, because

the concentric sulci on the anterior end of the latter are not present in juveniles

(p. 517 supra). Juveniles (under 25 mm. long) of the two species are impossible

to separate.

M. largillierti Phil. from Gaboon and Angola (Lamy, 1917, p. 198; Nickles,

1950, p. 208, fig. 396; Franca, 1957, p. 5) 1s said to be distinguished by a more

transversely oval shape.

Mactra cuneata (Chemn.) Gmelin

Mactra australis (non Lam.), Krauss, 1848, p. 1.

Mactra cuneata Lamy, 1917, p. 229 (references).

Mactra intuspicta (non Desh.), Lamy, 1917, p. 229; Tomlin, 1923, p. 51.

Mactra lurida Braga, 1952, p. 116, pl. xi, fig. 3; Franca, 1960, p. 98, pl. 28, fig. 4.

Tumid, subtrigonal, postero-dorsal margin straight (seen from inside).

Concentric sulci on each side of umbo, but not elsewhere. In right valve the

anterior branch of the A-shaped cardinal tooth is in the same line with the

dorsal \amella of the anterior lateral tooth.

Greyish-violaceous, paler towards umbo, sometimes faintly radiately

streaked, internally violet.

Length 32, alt. 25 mm.; 28-5 x 22 x (valves together) 18 mm.

Natal (Krauss); Durban (Lamy; Tomlin); Delagoa Bay (Braga, Franca;

also S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B. living); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Ceylon; East Indies.

Remarks. Obviously the Durban specimens identified by Tomlin and Lamy as

intuspicta, and Braga’s specimens identified as lurida, are one and the same species.

Krauss also had the same species, as shown by the description and colour

which he gave. But he was incorrect in erie the Cape (in addition to Natal)

as a locality.

Mactra (Mactrotoma) ovalina Lam.

Mactra capensis Sowerby, 1892, p. 55, pl. 3, fig. 72; Johnson, 1904, p. 11; Jaeckel, 1931, p. 241;

Turton, 1932, p. 255; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 519

Mactrinula ovalina (Lam.), Sowerby, 1897, p. 22; Schwarz, 1900, p. 61.

Mactra ovalina Lam., Smith, 1904a, p. 25; Turton, 1932, p. 255.

Mactra alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 209, pl. 44, figs. 6, 7; Turton, 1932, p. 255.

Mactra depressa Spengler (non Lam.), Lamy, 1917, p. 253, pl. 6, fig. 1 (references).

Mactra fragilis (non Chemn.), Franca, 1960, p. 97, pl. 28, fig. 2.

Oval, compressed, thin; a distinct ridge from umbo to postero-ventral

corner, dorsal to the ridge one or two feeble radial ribs and surface irregularly

rugulose; no concentric sulci anywhere, but fine concentric growth-lines over

whole shell, with a few stronger ones on anterior side of umbo.

Cream or pale fawn, covered with a thin pale yellowish periostracum,

thicker and somewhat fibrous or wrinkly on the postero-dorsal area.

Length 39, alt. 29 mm.; 25:5 X 19 X (valves together) 9-5 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene; Port Elizabeth (Johnson); Knysna (Schwarz) ; Sedge-

field near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton); Durban

(Sowerby); Delagoa Bay (Franca).

False Bay, 22-47 fathoms, 4 living, one valve; off Cape St. Blaize, 37-42

fathoms, one living, one valve; off Nanquas Peak (eastern end of Algoa Bay),

49 fathoms, 4 valves; off East London, 32-43 fathoms, 2 living, 6 valves (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

False Bay (U.C.T.); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Zanzibar; Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. M. capensis was mentioned by Lamy only in two footnotes (pp. 188,

190), where he suggested that it is very near to corallina Linn. var. stultorum

Linn. Sowerby also said (1892) that his capensis ‘somewhat resembled’ stultorum.

Both statements are curious, because Sowerby’s figure bears no resemblance to

stultorum. On the contrary, Lamy’s pl. 6, fig. 7, of Lamarck’s brasiliana (= fragilis

Chemn.) bears a very close resemblance to Sowerby’s figure.

Evidently the Indo-Pacific ovalina is very similar to the Atlantic fragilis.

Maybe they cannot be distinguished, and thus form a parallel with glabrata

which has been recorded from both the west and east coasts of Africa, with

South Africa as a connecting link.

In this subgenus the anterior cardinal tooth in both valves has an accessory

lamella; in the right valve the cardinal, accessory lamella, and the anterior

lateral are in the same straight line (or very nearly so) and together form a

trilobed lamella; in the left valve the accessory lamella and the lateral form a

bilobed lamella, not quite in line with the anterior cardinal (cf. Lamy. loc. cit.,

figs. p. 179).

Schizodesma spenglert (Linn.)*

Mactra spengleri Linn.; von Martens, 1874, p. 122.

Schizodesma spengleri (Linn.), Newton, 1913, p. 342, pl. 22, figs. 1-3; Barnard, 1962b, p. 186.

Spisula (Schizodesma) spengleri (Linn.), Lamy, 1918, p. 328, fig. on p. 295.

Macira (Schizodesma) sp. Turton, 1932, p. 256, pl. 69, no. 1815.

* Sherborn, Index Anim., 1758-1800, p. 916: sprengleri [sic]; also Curculio sprengleri. The

12th edition of Linne is not available here for checking the original spelling; but sprengleri

seems to be an obvious misprint.

520 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Very young shells are relatively higher than larger shells: length 1:5,

alt. 1°25 mm., and 1-75 X 1°5 mm. The ridge from umbo to postero-ventral

corner distinct, postero-dorsal margin convex.

The figure of rufanensis Turton (1932, pl. 69, no. 1805), 4 X 3°5 mm.,

shows a similar convex postero-dorsal margin, but not an angular postero-

lateral corner, and Turton made no mention of a ridge from the umbo to this

corner. Nevertheless rufanensis may prove to be merely a juvenile spengleri.

Up to length 113, alt. 80 mm.; 94 x 68 x (valves together) 45 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Port Elizabeth. The reported occurrence (Krige, A. V.,

1927) in a raised beach at Velddrif, Berg River (west coast) is not acceptable

unless confirmed.

Common in False Bay; recorded also from Port Elizabeth (von Martens)

and Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

Remarks. According to von Martens this is the type species of Linnaeus’s

genus Mactra, but apparently nowadays corallina-stultorum is regarded as the

genotype (Lamy 1917, Stewart 1930, Prashad 1932).

The deep ligament-pit, widely separated umbones, and granulate lateral

teeth seem sufficient to characterize a genus separate from either Mactra or

Spisula.

Gen. LuTraria Lam.

Holme, 1959, pp. 557-568, 2 pls. & text-figs.

Specimens of Lutraria have been recorded from South Africa under three

names: capensis Rve. (or lutraria var. capensis) , intermedia Sow. 1859 (non Deshayes

1854), and oblonga (Chemn. Gmelin).

Only a small number of local specimens is available for study, and no

European species for comparison. They appear separable into three living

species, and one fossil species.

1. Dorsal margin sharply cristate, external surface not visible in internal view.

Ante-umbonal length 14 (juv.)—2 in post-umbonal length.

(a) Altitude slightly less than 2 (juv. 20 mm. ene to 2 (adult) in length. Pos-

terior dorsal margin convex .. Ns a a lutraria

(b) Altitude 2} in length. Posterior dee. wees seein x xe .. ? oblonga

2. Dorsal margin not cristate, concave on either side of umbo, external striated

surface visible in interior view.

(a) Ante-umbonal length 1% in post-umbonal length. Altitude 18 in length.

Posterior dorsal margin convex . angustior

(6) Ante-umbonal length 12 in poseumibancl ened Altitude 24 in 1 lenge

Posterior dorsal margin straight we Hf ae oF $i ae } sp.

I have seen no specimens of the two following species, and do not know

whether they fall into the first or the second major group of the above conspectus.

(a) Ante-umbonal length 2} in post-umbonal length. Altitude 2} in length.

Posterior dorsal margin straight (or slightly concave) (H. & A. aia pl.

101, fig. 5) : oe oblonga

(b) Ante. umbonal length 12 in post- dean fener Altitude 24 in ength.

Posterior dorsal margin straight (or slightly convex). Hind end acuminate.

(Nicklés, 1950, fig. 404) 7 a ad AY sid te ra elongata

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 521

Lutraria lutraria (Linn.)

Fig. 29 4, b

Lutraria elliptica Lamark, 1801, p. 120; Turton, 1932, p. 256.

Lutraria elliptica var. intermedia (non Desh.), Sowerby, 1859, pl. 4, fig. 1; 1892, p. 56.

Lutraria capensis Desh. MS. Reeve, 1854, pl. 3, fig. 9; Sowerby, 1889b, p. 156; 1892, p. 56;

Bartsch, 1915, p. 210; Lamy, 1918, p. 306; Turton, 1932, p. 256; ? Haughton, 1932, p. 38.

Lutraria lutraria (Linn.), Lamy, 1918, p. 363, fig. on p. 360 (hinge) (references) ; Nicklés, 1950,

p- 211, fig. 403; Holme, 1959, p. 560, pl. 2, figs. 1-3, text-figs. 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, c; Barnard,

1962b, p. 186.

Lutraria albanyana Turton, 1932, p. 256, pl. 69, no. 1815.

[Non] Lutraria capensis Smith in Rogers, 1906 [= fossil species (v. infra)].

Anterior and posterior dorsal margins raised into a thin sharp crest,

forming when viewed internally the dorsal outline of the shell, slightly concave

below the umbo and gently convex on each side. Near the posterior dorsal

margin fine radial puckerings, usually best seen when the periostracum is

intact. Anterior and posterior latera] teeth in left valve present but weak, in

right valve the anterior lateral combined with the anterior branch of the

cardinal to form a bilobed lamella; posterior lateral weak. Scar of lower border

of pallial sinus running close to the pallial line, but not confluent with it except

distally where they form a slightly enlarged oval scar.

White with olivaceous brown periostracum.

Length 143, alt. 75 mm.; also 120 X 63, 118 x 66, 116 x 60, 106 X 59,

mem oe O7 X< 54-5, 76 X 41, 97 X .18'5, 24°75 XK 12°5 mm.; also 116 x 75

mm., but the growth-lines more normal in its younger stages, e.g. 94 X 54

gach bo >< 390° mm. .

A slightly malformed specimen from Table Bay (S. Afr. Mus. No.

5508 bis), ventral margin nearly straight, posterior margin very bluntly

rounded, especially in the smaller valve; left valve 68 x 36, right valve

gi 8o mim.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Bogenfels and Angra Juntas, South West Africa

(Haughton); Langebaan, Saldanha Bay (Haughton).

Table Bay, False Bay, Hermanus (Walker Bay), Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.) ;

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby) ; Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

False Bay, 10 fathoms, 4 valves (labelled by Sowerby; intermedia); Algoa

Bay, 49 fathoms, one juv. valve; off Umhloti River (Natal), 27 fathoms, 5 juv.

valves (broken, hinge-line only present) (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

False Bay, Saldanha Bay, and Liideritzbucht (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Mediterranean and Atlantic coast of Europe. ? West Africa

and Senegal.

Remarks. The thin crest-like dorsal edge is easily worn away in beach

examples; in which case sometimes the growth-lines on the external surface,

especially anteriorly, become partly visible in internal view.

L. capensis is said to differ from typical luiraria by having the altitude a

little more than half the length (Lamy, p. 368; also Reeve’s figure).

522 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Lutraria ? oblonga (Chemn. Gmelin)

| Fig. 294

Lutraria oblonga (Chemn., Gmelin), Sowerby, 1889b, p. 155; 1892, p. 56; 1897, p. 32; Lamy,

1918, p. 370, fig. on p. 361 (hinge) (references).

Lutraria oblonga var. australis Lamy, 1918, p. 370.

Dorsal margin cristate as in lutraria, but postero-dorsal margin straight,

not convex. Altitude 2-24 (2+) in length. Hinge teeth and pallial sinus as in

lutraria.

White with grey-brown periostracum.

Length 112, alt. 56 mm.; also 105 < 48, 85 x 39, 84 X 37,60 X 27 mm.

Off Tugela River (Natal), 37 fathoms, one (bivalve, but periostracum

abraded) and 2 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). |

Fic. 29. a, Outlines of Lutraria: lutraria, Table Bay, — — — angustior, Table Bay, .....

? oblonga, Knysna, —--—.- — }tLittle Brak River, raised beach. b, c, hinge of right valve

of L. lutraria (Linn.) and angustior Phil., with sections.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 523

Durban harbour sediments (Dr. Lester King).

Knysna, living (Prof. Day, U.C.T. 1960).

Remarks. These specimens are probably the same as those recorded as

oblonga by Johnson from Port Elizabeth, and by Sowerby from Port Elizabeth

and Natal. Lamy recorded var. australis from Zanzibar. Cox (1939) identified

specimens from the Miocene of Mozambique as cf. philippinarum Rve.

In the right valve the anterior branch of the cardinal tooth forms with the

anterior lateral a bilobed lamella (as in lutraria, supra); not a bifid tooth as in

Lamy’s figure of oblonga; nor does the anterior lateral in the left valve approach

and simulate a second cardinal tooth.

Therefore the name oblonga is here used only pro tem, pending further

investigation.

Lutraria angustior Phil.

Fig: 29 a, ¢

[?] Lutraria senegalensis Gray, 1837, p. 374, fig. 32.

Lutraria elliptica var. angustior Philippi, 1844, p. 7.

Lutraria lutraria var. angustior (Phil.), Lamy, 1918, p. 365 (references).

Lutraria angustior Holme, 1959, p. 557, pl. 1, pl. 2, fig. 4. text-figs. 1b, 2b, 3b, 40.

Shell thicker than equal-sized Jutraria. Anterior and posterior dorsal

margins not raised, nor forming a sharp edge; outline viewed internally concave

on both sides of umbo, especially anteriorly, revealing the striated external

surface. Hinge teeth as in lutraria.

There is one specimen in South African Museum from Table Bay (S. Afr.

Mus. No. 5568), 130 x 80 mm., which accords with Holme’s description

(perhaps not very clearly expressed on p. 559) of the dorsal outline. But the

lower border of the pallial sinus runs parallel for its whole length with the

pallial line, the two uniting only distally to form an oval scar. Also the

fine radial puckerings on the posterior dorsal surface are present (as in

lutraria).

Lamy regarded angustior as a variety of lutraria, separated merely by

differences in size and shape. Holme, however, gave reasons for regarding

angustior as a distinct species. Some of the characters he relied upon seem to be

somewhat variable, as he himself admitted, and as is shown by the present

specimen. But the dorsal outline is a clear-cut character which may prove of

specific value.

In the present specimen the striated dorsal surfaces in front of and behind

the umbones form, when the valves together are viewed dorsally, a sort of

pesudo-lunule and (less marked) a pseudo-escutcheon.

L. angustior has been recorded from the Mediterranean and west coast of

Europe. Lamy considered that specimens from Senegal were very close to

angustior. Further research may show that Philippi’s name should give place to

Gray’s senegalensis.

U.C.T. has a specimen from Langebaan (Saldanha Bay).

524 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

+ Lutraria sp.

Fig. 29 4

Lutraria capensis (narrow form) Smith in Rogers, 1906c, p. 204.

Smith recorded a narrow form of capensis from a raised beach at Little

Brak River, Mossel Bay. From this deposit South African Museum has one

(bivalve) specimen. It measures 83 x 34 mm.; the ante-umbonal length is

29 mm., which is thus not quite twice in the post-umbonal length. Neither the

anterior nor the posterior dorsal margins are raised enough to conceal entirely

the growth-lines on either side of the umbo, and the posterior outline shows a

distinct downward bend just beyond the posterior lateral tooth. The posterior

dorsal margin is straight or very slightly concave. The hinge-teeth are as in

lutraria (supra). The lower border of the pallial sinus is confluent with the pallial

line for at least three-quarters of the length of the sinus.

This specimen would seem to be a narrow form of angustior rather than of

lutraria-capensis. But more material is desirable.

Another specimen, 115 X 57 mm., has the cristate dorsal margin and

slightly convex postero-dorsal margin of lutraria, but is slightly narrower and

has not the typical oval shape with convex lower margin.

The hinge of a right valve was found by Dr. A. R. H. Martin in the deposit

at Sedgefield near Knysna, with cristate dorsal margin, and presumably belong-

ing to a shell similar in shape to the last mentioned Little Brak River shell.

Lutraria elongata Gray “

Lutraria elongata Gray, Lamy, 1918, p. 369; Nickles, 1950, p. 211, fig. 404; Franca, 1957, p. 6.

Lamy considered this species to be well characterized by its shape:

anteriorly bluntly rounded, posteriorly elongate and acuminate (see Nickles’s

figure). Shape alone is inadequate to define a species, and further details are

required for a diagnosis.

Lobito Bay (Lamy) ; French Congo to Angola (Nickles); Angola (Franca).

Standella nicobarica (Gmelin)

Mactra nicobarica Gmelin, 1790, p. 3261.

Mactra aegyptiaca Chemnitz, 1795, p. 218, pl. 200, figs. 1955, 1956.

Standella aegyptiaca (Chemn.), Smith, 1910, p. 214.

Standella (Eastonia) nicobarica (Gmel.), Lamy, 1918, p. 389; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 617.

Eastonia nicobarica (Gmel.), Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Standella rugosa (non Helbling), Franca, 1960, p. 98, pl. 28, fig. 5.

Numerous fine radial ribs, nearly equidistant and equal in size, from

anterior end to a line from umbo to middle of posterior margin; dorsal to this

line finer and closer-set, somewhat undulate pliculae diverge towards the

postero-dorsal margin.

Length 54, alt. 37 mm.

Siphons completely united, enclosed in a brown epidermis, 14-2 times the

length of the shell, nonretractile.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 525

Fossil: Pleistocene; Congella (Durban) 6 feet below original floor (Geol.

Survey).

Congella (Durban) (Smith); Delagoa Bay (U.W. living; also S. Afr. Mus.

coll. K.H.B. living; also Franca); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Aden, Djibouti, Muscat, Zanzibar, Madagascar, Australia.

Remarks. Although Lamy placed this species in the subgen. Eastonia, the

present specimens have the hinge-teeth as in Lamy’s figure (p. 382) of Standella

pellucida, not as in his figure (p. 383) of Eastonia rugosa, i.e. the two branches of

the A tooth in the left valve diverge at circa go°.

Externally this species somewhat resembles Tapes bruguiert (Veneridae) as

figured by Gravely (1941, fig. 20 0) but the latter has no fine divaricating pli-

culae posteriorly. Also similar is Asaphis deflorata (Linn.) (Psammobiidae).

Standella (Eastonia) solandert (Gray)

Spisula solanderi Gray, 1837, p. 373.

Standella solandri [sic] (Gray), Sowerby, 1892, p. 56; Smith, 19044, p. 25.

Eastonia africana Bartsch, 1915, p. 209, pl. 43, figs. 5, 6; Turton, 1932, p. 256.

Standella (Eastonia) solanderi (Gray), Lamy, 1918, p. 391; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 617; Haas,

1936, p. 147, fig. 12; van Bruggen, 1952, p. 17, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3.

Numerous radial ribs, none of them coarse, but varying in size and distance

apart, from anterior end to a line from umbo to postero-ventral corner, the

hinder ribs more or less cristate, especially the last one; dorsal to the last rib

the surface with concentric growth-lines only.

Length 36, alt. 30 mm.

Dead valves: Jeffreys Bay (van Bruggen); Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch,

Turton) ; Durban (van Bruggen).

Distribution. Red Sea, east coast of Africa, Madagascar.

Remarks. ‘The shape varies, and distorted specimens living in corals may

occur, e.g. ‘Petricola lyra’ Melvill (1898, p. 204, pl. 12, fig. 13) which Melvill

later (1899, p. 97) recognized as S. solandert. H. C. & R. Winckworth (1935,

p. 162) found LEastonia rugosa burrowing in limestone near low-water on the

Portuguese coast, together with Pholas and Barnea. Presumably nicobarica and

solandert have a similar habitat.

The A-shaped cardinal tooth in the left valve is compressed, the branches

diverging at c. 45°, but the anterior lateral tooth in all the present specimens is

oblique, not nearly vertical as in Lamy’s figure (p. 383) of Eastonia rugosa.

Fam. Donacidae

The locality ‘Cape of Good Hope’ for scortum Linn. given on the explana-

tion to pl. 280, figs. 1-3, of Sowerby’s Thesaurus, cannot be taken seriously.

The occurrence of the West African elongatus and owenii on the South

African coast, as reported by Sowerby 1802, and the latter also by Johnson

1904, seems unlikely; and the record of lubricus Hanley (? = bicolor Lam.,

= cuneata Linn.) needs confirmation.

526 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Pilsbry (1901) not only described a new species but recorded four other

species of Donax all from ‘ballast from South Africa’. As Smith said (1906b,

p. 65), this is a ‘rather unsatisfactory locality’. Two of the species recorded,

however, are known South African (Natalian) species; thus the other two:

erythraeensis Bertin and spiculum Rve. may also eventually be found living in

South African waters. |

Lamy (1931) recorded D. incertus Bertin 1882 from both Walvis Bay and

Beira.

Donax serra (Chemn.) Bolten

Donax serra (Chemn.) Bolt., Krauss, 1848, p. 5; Jaeckel, 1931, p. 239; Lamy, 1931, p. 306;

Turton, 1932, p. 253.

Donax serra var. aurantiaca Krauss, 1848, p. 6; Turton, 1932, p. 253.

Donax ringens Chenu, 1862, fig. 316 (not good).

Donax ? helena Turton, 1932, p. 254, pl. 69, no. 1791 (= juv.).

Fossil: Pleistocene, Angras Juntas, Oranjemund (South West Africa),

Alexander Bay (Haughton); Sedgefield (A. R. H. Martin).

Table Bay, and False Bay to Port Alfred (auct. and S. Afr. Mus.), Durban,

juv. (S. Afr. Mus. coll. T. D. Butler, Museum taxidermist, 1894).

Saldanha Bay; and Klein River estuary, Hermanus (U.C.T.); Walvis

Bay (Lamy).

The var. aurantiaca Krss. has been recorded from Mossel Bay and Port

Alfred. I have seen specimens from Muizenberg (False Bay).

Donax sordidus Hanley

Donax sordidus Hanley, 1845, p. 15; Krauss, 1848, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 4; Reeve, 1855, Donax, pl. 5,

fig. 32; Sowerby, 1892, p. 58; Turton, 1932, p. 253.

Donax semisulcatus (non Hanley) Turton, 1932, p. 253.

Trigonal, ventral margin slightly arcuate in the middle; finely and regu-

larly radially striate except near the antero-dorsal margin, a very obtuse ridge

from umbo; posterior part cancellate with radial and concentric lirae, the

latter on the earlier part more widely spaced than the actual growth-lines, and

continued over the ridge as oblique lirae, extending a varying distance, some-

times nearly half-way across the median area. Margin internally crenulate.

White or cream, sometimes with a fawn or pinkish tinge, internally

suffused with orange or salmon, and sometimes more or less violaceous anteriorly

and posteriorly; periostracum corneous.

Length 29, alt. 20 mm.; also 30 X 20, and 28 x 21 mm.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby) ; Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton) ; Natal (Krauss) ;

False Bay, Mossel Bay, Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Remarks. ‘The enlarged semilamellate lirae on the posterior area only begin

at about alt. 1-5 mm.; thereafter they may or may not be continued on to the

median area. They may be feebly or well developed, but even when con-

spicuous they cease when the shell has reached an altitude of 6-7 mm.

Hanley mentioned these ‘raised oblique lines’ as a striking characteristic

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 527

of sordidus ; his description also mentioned the arcuate lower margin; he gave the

Cape of Good Hope as a definite locality. Hanley gave no such distinctive

characters for semisulcatus from an unknown locality (1843, p. 5). Turton (1932)

confused these two species, ascribing the presence of ‘slanting lines’ to semi-

sulcatus instead of to sordidus.

D. semisulcatus should be deleted from the fauna-list.

More strongly radiately striate than aemulus, and the arcuate lower margin

is distinctive; as is also (when present) the patch of oblique lirae below the

umbo. 7

Donax aemulus Srnith

Donax aemulus Smith, 1877, p. 721, pl. 75, figs. 23-25; Sowerby, 1897, p. 23; Dautzenberg,

1929, p. 606.

Donax simplex Sowerby, 1897, p. 23, pl. 8, figs. 18, 19; Turton, 1932, p. 254.

Donax elegans Odhner, 1919, p. 10, pl. 1, figs. 5-8; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 608.

Donax productus Odhner, 1919, p. 28, pl. 2, figs. 22, 23; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 610.

[ ?] Donax lubricus (non Hanley), Krige, 1933, p. 52.

Inequilateral, cuneate, anteriorly smooth, becoming finely radiately striate

medianly, and distinctly lirate towards the posterior area which is not bounded

by a distinct ridge; posterior area sharply cancellate with radial and concentric

lirae. Ventral margin evenly convex. Margin internally crenulate.

Buff, fawn, grey, pinkish or violaceous, juveniles usually with violaceous

rays; internally with a more or less distinct salmon or yellowish flush in the

middle, and with or without violet rays, or sometimes violet with one or two

white rays. |

Length 34, alt. 23 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, raised beach Durban, half mile south of Umgeni, alt.

375 ft. (Geol. Survey) (? recorded by Krige as lubricus).

Durban and Umzinto (Natal) (Sowerby); Isezela and Durban (Natal)

(S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup) ; Tongaat (north of Durban) living (S. Afr. Mus.) ;

Delagoa Bay, living (U.W.); Inhambane, living (U.C.T.); Beira (S. Afr. Mus.

coll. Ross-Frames) ; Chinde, living (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

Distribution. Madagascar.

Remarks. Dautzenberg accepted both elegans and productus, as well as

aemulus as valid and distinctive species. A series from Nossi Bé (U.W.). shows

that elegans is only the adult of aemulus.

Distinguished from sordidus by the even curve of the lower margin, and the

feebler radial striation medianly and its absence anteriorly, and by the absence

of any oblique lirae near the umbo in the early stages.

Donax bipartitus Sow.

Donax bipartitus Sowerby, 1892, p. 58, pl. 3, fig. 74; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 608; Jaeckel, 1931,

p- 239; Cox 1939, p. 100.

Elongate trigonal, cuneate, anteriorly smooth, medianly radiately striate,

ridge distinct, posteriorly cancellate with radial and concentric lirae, the latter

528 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

continued over the ridge and extending a variable distance on the median part,

often farther near the ventral margin than near the umbo. Margin internally

crenulate.

White or cream, internally with an intense violet streak posteriorly.

Lensth 21, alt. 12 mim,

Fossil: Post Pliocene, Inhambane (Cox).

Durban (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup; also coll. L. Kent) ; Tongaat (north of

Durban) (S. Afr. Mus.).

35° 26’ S., 20° 56’ E., 80 metres, one (Jaeckel).

Distribution. Madagascar (Dautzenberg).

Remarks. Neither Sowerby nor Bartsch (1915) gave a precise locality.

Turton did not find it at Port Alfred. It is evidently a tropical species. It was not

taken by the Pieter Faure, and the Valdivia locality seems exceptionally far west,

unless the fossil ‘owen’ recorded by Johnson (1904) from Port Elizabeth was

misidentified (Barnard, 1962b, p. 187).

Donax madagascariensis Wood

Donax madagascariensis Wood, 1828, p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 3; Chenu, 1862, fig. 315 (not good); Sowerby,

1866, p. 306, pl. 280, fig. 16; Smith, 1877, p. 721; 1906, p. 65; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 609;

Donax exaratus Krauss, 1848, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 5; Turton, 1932, p. 253, pl. 68, no. 1788; Cox, 1939,

p.1Or-

Trigonal, cuneate, a well-marked posterior ridge; fine radial striae visible

across middle part and especially on posterior part, crossed by oblique costae

running from the posterior part, over the ridge and parallel with the antero-

dorsal margin; these costae begin when shell has reached an altitude of 1-5-2

mm., at first thin and sharp, later becoming broader, closer together, and

bluntened. Margin internally crenulate.

Pale buff or cream, umbones often livid or violaceous, interior more or less

violaceous, especially an anterior patch and a posterior streak; periostracum

yellowish-brown.

Length 24, alt. 17 mm.

Fossil: Post Pliocene, Inhambane (Cox); Pleistocene, Durban (Geol.

Survey).

Natal (Krauss); Durban, living (S. Afr. Mus.); Tongaat (S. Afr. Mus.) ;

St. Lucia Bay, Zululand (U.C.T.) ; Chinde, living (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

Distribution. Quelimane (Smith); Madagascar (Dautzenberg).

Remarks. Smith remarked that the growth-lines were visible on the oblique

costae but not in the intervals; in young shells they are visible, but in older

shells when the costae have become broader they are usually not visible; the

costae also obscure to a large extent the radial striae, except on the posterior

part.

Donax faba Gmelin

Donax radians Chenu, 1862, fig. 310.

Donax faba Gmelin, Sowerby, 1866, p. 312, pl. 283, figs. 108, 109; Prashad, 1932, p. 204 (refer-

ences); Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 36, 92, 129, fig. 21 c; Franca, 1960, p. 98, pl. 28, fig. 6.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 529

Ovoid, not cuneiform, antero-dorsal margin convex, no ridge posteriorly,

posterior part with concentric more or less rugulose lamellae crossed by fine

radial striae. Margin internally smooth (subgen. Latona).

Colour variable: greyish, violaceous, pinkish, buff or yellowish, uniform

or more usually with radiating streaks (see Macnae & Kalk, p. 92).

Length 25, alt. 19 mm.

Delagoa Bay (U.W.; also Franca).

Distribution. Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. Although Dautzenberg (1929) recorded both abbreviatus Lam. and

faba, and Prashad did not include the former in the synonymy of the latter,

there seems to be a very close similarity. In the present material the shape

varies, some shells resembling Sowerby’s (1866) figures of faba, others thefigures

of abbreviatus. In any case faba has priority.

Braga (1952, p. 114, pl. 10, fig. 12) recorded the very closely allied cuneata

Linn. also from Delagoa Bay.

Donax incarnatus (Chemn.) Schroter

Donax incarnatus (Chem.) Schrot., Chenu, 1862, fig. 307; Sowerby, 1866, p. 311, pl. 283, figs.

98, 99; Lynge, 1909, p. 215, pl. 4, figs. 12, 13; Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 609; Macnae & Kalk,

1958, pp. 92, 129. :

Subtriangular, elevated; height about 14 in length, ventral margin

flattened; posteriorly cancellate with radial striae and concentric undulating

rugae.

Length 19-20, alt. 16 mm. (Sowerby’s figure); 22 x 17 mm. (Lynge’s

figure).

Delagoa Bay (Macnae & Kalk).

Distribution. Madagascar; India; Siam.

Donax bertini Pilsbry

Fig. 30 5

Donax bertini Pilsbry, 1901, p. 189; Turton, 1932, p. 254.

Donax nereia Turton, 1932, p. 254, pl. 69, no. 1794 (= juv.).

[Non] Dautzenberg 1929, p. 607 (nom. preocc., for granosus ROémer, non Lam.).

Elongate, anteriorly acuminate, posteriorly rounded, umbo at posterior

third, ridge feeble; faint radial striae medianly (also anteriorly but very faint),

posteriorly with 12-14 ribs, oblique to the dorsal margin, with regular radial

striae in the intervals. The ribs are slightly bent dorsally before they cross the

umbonal ridge, not very noticeable in lateral view, but clearly seen in posterior

view. Margin internally crenulate.

White, fawn, or violaceous.

Length 15:5, alt. 6 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Durban (Geol. Survey).

In ballast from South Africa (Pilsbry). Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton) ;

530 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

East London (S. Afr. Mus.); Durban, living (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup) ;

Durban Harbour, one living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Inhambane, living (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Sowerby identified the P.F. specimen as nitidus Desh., and Burnup

likewise identified his shells as nitzdus. All the present specimens are quite

different from Sowerby’s description of the East Australian nitidus (1866,

Pp. 314, pl. 282; fie. 75)

Turton claimed to have found a single shell at Port Alfred which agreed

with ‘nitidus from S. Africa’ in the British Museum, and thus added another |

name to his list.

Turton’s nereza is the juvenile: the riblets described as being on the ‘anterior’

end, and shown in the photo on the posterior end clearly indicate the synonymy.

Fic. 30. Posterior end of: a, Donax burnupi Sow. b, bertini Pilsbry. c, Donax sp., off Tugela River.

subgen. CAPSELLA

Thin, without posterior ridge, margin internally smooth.

Donax (Capsella) burnupi Sow.

Fig. 30a

Donax burnupi Sowerby, 1894, p. 377; 1897, p. 23, pl. 6, fig. 26; Turton, 1932, p. 253, pl. 68,

no. 1789.

Elongate oval, smooth, umbo about ? from posterior end, posteriorly with

spaced sulci obliquely crossing the growth-lines, 8-10 on shells ¢. 15-20 mm.

long, 12 on a shell 27 mm. long.

Externally buff, fawn, or brown, almost uniform or with brown rays on

pale ground, or vice versa; internally brown, fawn, or violaceous, often with an

orange flush in middle, both ends being violaceous.

Length 27, alt. 12°5 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Sedgefield near Knysna: (A. R. H. Martin).

Natal (Sowerby) ; False Bay and Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.); Port Elizabeth,

living (S. Afr. Mus. coll. R. Kilburn); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

False Bay, 10-13 fathoms, 2 living; also 42 fathoms, one valve (together

Pee

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 531

with longissimus) ; off Cape Infanta, 40 fathoms, one valve; Algoa Bay, 10-16

fathoms, one living; off Nieca River (East London area), 43 fathoms, one

valve; Natal (no exact locality), 3 valves; off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 22

fathoms, one valve (with many longissimus) (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

False Bay, 27 metres (U.C.T.).

Remarks. In the valve from False Bay, 42 fathoms, 25 mm. long, there are

only 2 sulci near the umbo; and in the valve from Cape Vidal, 21 mm. long,

there are only 3.

Donax (Capsella) longissimus J. & 'T.

Donax (Capsella) longissimus Jaeckel, 1931, p. 240, pl. 9(4), fig. 116.

Elongate oval, smooth, umbo a little behind middle, no sculpture except

growth-lines.

Buff or cream, umbones brownish, with 2 or 3 darker rays, internally

fawn.

Length 36, alt. 15:5 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

Algoa Bay, and 35° 26’ S., 20° 56’ E., 80 metres (Jaeckel).

Keurbooms River beach (Plettenberg Bay), 6 valves (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

False Bay, 42 fathoms, 8 valves; off Cape Infanta, 40 fathoms, 4 valves;

Algoa Bay, 30 fathoms, 4 juv. valves; off Umkomaas (Natal), 13 fathoms, 16

valves; off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 22 fathoms, 115 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F.

coll.).

Remarks. It is a little remarkable that this shell should have remained so

long undescribed, if indeed it is not merely a perfectly smooth form of burnupz.

Valves from Cape Vidal were identified by Sowerby as burnupi, as were also 2

examples of typical burnupi from other localities.

The growth-lines on the posterior part are frequently slightly enlarged,

as seems to be indicated in Jaeckel’s figure. But the sulci as found in burnupi cut

across the growth-lines, and when present are immediately noticeable.

In the present material there are many more valves of longissimus than of

burnupt. Among 75 (not counting circa 40 worn valves) smooth valves from Cape

Vidal only one burnupi was found; but among 9 valves from False Bay there

was one burnupi; and in the Sedgefield collection (as submitted to me) there

was one of each species.

A little more evidence would be welcome, but I think there is little doubt

that longissimus will eventually be merged with burnupi.

Jaeckel said his species belonged to the same group (Capsella) as the West

African owenit (Gray) Hanley, although the latter appears (Chenu, 1862,

fig. 318; and Sowerby, 1866, pl. 280, fig. 8) to have a different shape and

also a distinct posterior ridge; in fact, Sowerby said ‘area postica biangulata’.

Does owenii belong to the subgen. Capsella?

532 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

It seems scarcely possible that Sowerby misidentified the Port Elizabeth

shell (1892, p. 58) as oweni; but the provenance of that shell cannot now be

checked.

Donax (? Capsella) sp.

Ric, 3010."

A single worn valve from off Tugela River, 37 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus.

No. Ag544, P.F. coll.) differs from both bertint and burnupi in the posterior

sculpture.

No posterior ridge. Margin internally not crenulate (but worn). Posteriorly

with ¢. 15 or 16 sulci; as in burnupi they do not extend below a line from umbo

to posterior corner (contrast bertini); they are slightly curved, more or less

concentric with the dorsal margin, whereas in burnupi they are straight.

Length 23 (but posterior corner broken), alt. 11-5 mm.

More material is required.

Fam. Psammobiidae

Psammobia costulata ‘Turton

Psammobia costulata Turton, 1822; Reeve, 1857, pl. 6, fig. 38; Smith, 1885, p. 90; Jaeckel, 1931,

Pp. 239.

[ ?] Psammobia vespertina (non Gmelin), Sowerby, 1892, p. 56.

Equivalve, equilateral, oval, rounded at both ends; fine concentric growth-

lines; between postero-dorsal margin and a line from umbo to postero-ventral

corner about a dozen radial costulae, often with very fine intermediaries.

Pallial sinus extending to vertical from umbo, its lower margin united for most

of its length with the pallial line.

More or less pink, especially in front of umbo, often with disconnected

radial splashes.

Length 24, alt. 13, thickness (valves together) 5:5 mm.

Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby).

35° 29'S., 21° 3’ E., 102 metres; 35° 26’ S., 20° 56’ E., 80 metres (Jaeckel).

False Bay; Algoa Bay; off Nanquas Peak (east end of Algoa Bay); Kowie

area; East London area; Illovo, 'Tongaat and Umhlanga (Natal); to Tugela

River; 22-66 fathoms; living and valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Europe, Mediterranean, Madeira, Canary Islands.

Remarks. Examples from the Pieter Faure collection were identified by

Sowerby as costulata, but not recorded in his report in the Marine Investigations.

Hence Jaeckel’s statement that this species was an addition to the fauna-list.

Common and widely distributed from False Bay eastwards, but not

reported from the west coast of South Africa.

In view of the P.F. locality records, Sowerby’s record of vespertina probably

applies to the present species. Moreover he identified a P.F. specimen from

False Bay as vespertina, which does not differ from specimens (some of them also

from False Bay) he identified as costulata.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 533

Psammobia maculosa Lam.

Psammobia maculosa Lamarck, 1818, p. 513; Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1914, p. 215, pl. 6, figs. 1-3.

Psammobia ornata Sowerby, 1897, p. 22.

[?] Psammobia albanyana Turton, 1932, p. 250, pl. 67, no. 1770.

Gari maculosa (Lam.), Prashad, 1932, p. 298 (references).

Durban (Sowerby, Smith; also S. Afr. Mus.). ? Port Alfred (Turton).

St. Lucia Bay and Kosi Bay (U.C.T.).

Algoa Bay 52 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. Smith said. corrugata was always distinguished by the wrinkles on

the posterior area, but there are no wrinkles on the specimen, 45 xX 24 mm.,

identified by Tomlin as ornata. Prashad regarded these two species, and also

marmorea and rubicunda, as synonyms of maculosa, based on variations in colour

and the coarseness of the posterior sculpture.

The single valve from Algoa Bay is 27 X 15 mm., and does not differ

except in size from the above specimen identified by Tomlin.

A specimen said to have come from ‘Cape Peninsula’ has been in the

South African Museum for many years. As the donor kept a small private

museum for teaching Natural History, I formerly doubted the provenance of

this specumen. Recently (1961), however, 3 specimens were obtained in the

Simon’s Bay area in False Bay. The largest is 65 & 35 <.18 mm. All of them

resemble the other specimens here recorded in having no corrugations. Now

there are specimens also from Gordon’s Bay (False Bay) (Dr. Ackert); and

from Still Bay (Mrs. Connolly).

Psammobia pallida Desh.

Psammobia pallida Deshayes, 1855, p. 323; Smith, 1885, p. 93; 1903, p. 398.

Posterior margin obliquely subtruncate; obliquely striated from above

downwards and forwards, ceasing at a line separating the anterior-median

glossy area from the matt posterior area.

Cream with lilac or violaceous tinge, with darker rays.

Length 40, alt. 20, thickness (valves together) 8-5 mm. Length up to

50 mm. (Smith, 1903).

Fossil: Pleistocene, Durban (Geol. Survey).

Durban (Smith); Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Indo-Pacific.

Psammotellina capensis Sow.

Psammotellina capensis Sowerby, 1889a, p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 19; 1892, p. 56, pl. 2, fig. 61; Turton,

KOS, p. 251:

Psammotellina capensis var. livida Turton, 1932, p. 251.

Psammotellina lara Turton, 1932, p. 251, pl. 68, no. 1775.

Psammotellina pyrrha ‘Turton, 1932, p. 251, pl. 68, no. 1778.

Ervilia purpurea (non Desh.), Sowerby, 1904, p. 15.

534 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Pallial sinus not very deep, extending to about midway between posterior

adductor scar and vertical from umbo (cf. Turton, pl. 68, no. 1775, internal

view).

Length 17, alt. 10, thickness (valves together) 6 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton). Cape

Flats, False Bay side, recent estuarine deposit (S. Afr. Mus.). Still Bay (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. Muir). Keurbooms River estuary (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

Buffalo River, East London (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Breede River mouth, Great Brak River mouth, Sundays River mouth,

Bushmans River mouth, Hamburg (between Port Alfred and East London)

(QO Ceiba |

Remarks. Common in lagoons and estuaries.

Sowerby (1904) identified the Buffalo River examples as Ervilia purpurea

with a query; the specimens he returned (one bivalve shell and one valve) are

P. capensis.

Psammotaea lunulata (Desh.)

Capsa (Capsella) lunulata Deshayes, 1855, p. 349.

Psammotaea lunulata (Desh.), Smith, 1903a, p. 398; Turton, 1932, p. 251.

Oval, with growth-lines only. Pale, with dark greenish-brown periostracum,

internally violaceous.

Length 35, alt. 20, thickness (valves together) 10 mm.

Durban (Smith; also 8. Afr. Mus. coll. Ross-Frames) ; Scottburgh, Natal

(S. Afr. Mus. coli. Burnup); Port Alfred (Turton).

St. Lucia Bay, Amatikulu estuary, and Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Ceylon, Philippines.

Asaphis dichotoma (Anton)

Sanguinolaria dichotoma Anton, 1838, p. 4.

Asaphis deflorata von Martens, 1880, p. 330; Cox, 1927, p. 81, pl. 16, fig. 3.

Asaphis dichotoma (Anton), Prashad, 1932, p. 306 (references).

Numerous radiating ribs, some of them dichotomous a short distance from

the umbo, with occasional intermediaries, the ribs slightly stronger and more

spaced on the posterior area.

White, yellowish near umbo; internally suffused with yellow, the whole

margin, especially posteriorly, and including the posterior adductor scar,

deep blackish-violet, shading through pinkish into the yellow suffusion.

Length 55, alt. 34, thickness (valves together) 26 mm.

Fossil: Pliocene, Zanzibar (Cox).

Mozambique Island (S. Afr. Mus. A7449. coll. K.H.B.). ;

Distribution. Red Sea, east coast of Africa, Madagascar, Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. Prashad followed Anton, Mérch, and Bertin in separating the

Indo-Pacific dichotoma from the West Indies deflorata Linn. on account of the

dichotomous ribs.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 535

Fam. Semelidae

Semele radiata (Riippell, Rve.)

Amphidesma radiata Riippell MS. Reeve, 1853, pl. 2, fig. 12.

Semele radiata (Riipp. Rve.), Lamy, 1914, p. 337; Braga, 1952, p. 119, pl. xi, fig. 8; Franca,

1960, p. 99, pl. 28, fig. 8.

Delagoa Bay (Braga, Franca; also U.W.).

Distribution. Madagascar.

Remarks. Braga’s and Franca’s identification is accepted in the absence of

material of other species for comparison.

Sowerby (1897, p. 22) listed cordiformis (Chemn.) from Natal.

Lacra seychellarum (A. Adams)

Scrobicularia seychellarum Adams, 1856, p. 53.

Tacra seychellarum (Adams), H. & A. Adams, 1856, p. 409; Sowerby, 1897, p. 22.

Syndesmya (Iacra) lactea Odhner, 1919, p. 28, pl. 2, figs. 20, 21.

Tacra lactea (Odhner), Dautzenberg, 1929, p. 635.

Sculptured with divaricating lirae separated by impressed striae: on

anterior half they are concentric and parallel with the growth-lines and antero-

ventral margin; at the half-way line the striae bend downwards at c. 140° and

run obliquely; at a line from umbo to postero-ventral corner they cease, and an

independent series of finer oblique striae slopes upwards to the dorsal margin.

At 10 mm. alt. there are 4 concentric lirae in a space of I mm.

The postero-dorsal lirae on two left and two right valves from Natal are

noticeably finer and closer together than either the oblique or the concentric

lirae. On a Nossi Bé shell, however, they are fine on the left valve, but on the

right valve are as coarse as the other lirae or even coarser near the margin.

Pallial sinus in left valve reaching to the anterior adductor scar, but not

so far in the right valve.

Length 15, alt. 12 mm.

Natal (Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup, and coll. L. Kent) ;

Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

Distribution. Seychelles. Nossi Bé (U.W.).

Remarks. Odhner identified his Madagascan specimens as lactea Dnkr.,

which he thought was probably the same as seychellarum.

lacra trotteriana (Sow.)

Strigillia trotteriana Sowerby, 1894, p. 376; 1897, p. 23, pl. 6, fig. 32.

Sculpture similar to that of seychellarum, but striae more widely spaced:

thus at 10 mm. alt. only 1} concentric lirae in a space of 1 mm.; also the

concentric sculpture is less conspicuous. Pallial sinus as in seychellarum.

White, internally with a salmon or yellowish flush.

Length 14, alt. 13 mm.

Durban (Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup, one living); Tongaat

(S. Afr. Mus.).

536 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Remarks. The internal ligament pit shows that this is not a Strigilla. Probably

only a form of seychellarum.

Theora ovalis Smith

Theora ovalis Smith, 1904a, p. 39, pl. 3, fig. 17.

[?] Aligena ovalis (Smith), Bartsch, 1915, p. 202; Turton, 1932, p. 243.

Almost equilateral, and regularly oval. Port Alfred specimens sent to

South African Museum by Turton have an oblique internal ligament pit,

but Smith’s words ‘fossa ligamenti margine incrassato pone limitata’ do not

apply. This thickened upper margin, like a flange, is well shown in Bartsch’s

pl. 49, figure 3, of alfredensis. Unfortunately Smith did not figure the hinge.

The right valve has an anterior and posterior lateral groove, but in the

left valve the (lamellate) teeth are evanescent. The pallial sinus is not clear.

Length 9°5, alt. 7 mm. (Smith).

Oval specimens similar to those from Port Alfred are in South African

Museum from Table Bay and False Bay.

Off Saldanha Bay, 87 fathoms (U.C.T.).

Theora alfredensis Bartsch

Theora alfredensis Bartsch, 1915,.p. 206, pl. 45, fig. 8, pl. 49, fig. 3; Jaeckel, 1931, p. 238.

Bartsch illustrated a shell slightly less in altitude, and bluntly pointed at the

posterior end (? Bartsch: anterior). The incrassate dorsal margin of the liga-

ment pit in the present specimens as in Bartsch’s figure. The lateral ‘teeth’ as

above described for ovalis.

Length 9:2, alt. 5-5 mm. (Bartsch); 9°5 x 6,10 X 6:5, and 10:75 X 7mm.

(S. Afr. Mus.).

Fossil: Pleistocene, Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); Knysna

raised beach (S. Afr. Mus.).

Port Alfred (Bartsch); St. Francis Bay, 80 metres (Jaeckel).

Algoa Bay, 52 fathoms, 4 living, 6 valves; off Hood Point (East London),

49 fathoms, 5 valves; off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, 12 valves

(S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). |

29° 53 8., 31 06’ E., 71 metres, 2 living; 31° 41’ S., 29° 93° Eevog@mmemes:

2 livin (Cra

Remarks. 'Two species, differing only slightly in shape, seem to be indicated.

The Zululand valves appear to be conspecific.

The single fossil valve is broken at both ends, but has the incrassate dorsal

margin of the ligament pit.

Abra longicallus (Scacchi)

Abra longicallus (Scacchi) Barnard, 1963b, p. 450.

I have seen one living specimen in coll. Mrs. H. Boswell, taken off Cape

Point together with Surcula sulcicancellata Brnrd. (1958), the depth being prob-

ably about 200 fathoms.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 537

Leptomya psittacus Hanley

Leptomya psittacus Hanley, 1882, p. 576; 1883, p. 541, pl. 12, fig. 6.

Described by Hanley from an unknown locality. The measurements given:

1-2 X 1 in., do not quite correspond with the figure which was stated to be

natural size. In fact the present valves when superimposed on Hanley’s figure

correspond exactly not only in size but in outline. There can be little doubt,

therefore, about the specific identification. There appear to be no other records

of this species since its description.

Upper margin of pallial sinus descending in a nearly straight line from the

posterior adductor scar to midway between adductor scar and vertical from

-umbo, where it joins the pallial line with only a slight bend.

Length 32, alt. 23 mm. Pure white. |

Bazarute Island, Portuguese East Africa, 2 shells collected alive by Mr.

A. E. Dichmont, 1959 (S. Afr. Mus. Ag546).

Remarks. From Dar-es-Salaam Jaeckel & Thiele (1931, p. 241) recorded

-Raeta bracheon Sturany, which closely resembles R. pulchella Ad. & Rve., as

Lynge (1909, p. 224) pointed out. Lamy, however, (1918, p. 358, footnote 2)

stated that bracheon was a Leptomya: L. cochlearis Hinds.

The Dar-es-Salaam specimen should be re-examined; it may be a Lep-

tomya, not a Raeta, and possibly the same as psittacus. L. cochlearis as figured by

Hanley (1883, pl. 12, fig. 8) and Gravely (1941, fig. 22 e) differs slightly but

distinctly in shape from psittacus. It occurs in India and Gulf of Suez (bracheon).

Fam. Tellinidae

The names of several well-known Indo-Pacific species of Tellina have been

recorded from Durban or Natal, but there is some doubt as to their being

inhabitants of South African waters. Tellina being one of the favourites among

collectors, the suspicion arises that some of the records in question were based

on specimens which emanated originally from Mauritius, the east coast of

Africa, or even farther afield.

For YT. crassa Turton, 1932 (non Pennant), see Diplodonta subradiata.

Tellina madagascariensis Gmelin

Fig. 31a

Tellina madagascariensis Gmelin, 1790, p. 3237; Jaeckel, 1931, p. 236; Gevers, 1932, p. 74;

Nickles, 1950, p. 224, fig. 435.

Tellina rosea Spengler, 1798; Johnson, 1904, p. 11; Smith in Rogers, 1906c, p. 294; Schwarz,

IQI0, p. 115; Haughton, 1932, p. 37.

Tellina cf. perna Newton, 1913, p. 341, pl. 22, figs. 4, 5; Barnard, 1962b, p. 187.

Tellina albinella var. alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 205, pl. 46, figs. 7, 8; Turton, 1932, p. 246.

[Non] Tellina madagascariensis Gmelin, Smith, 1891, p. 426 [= manumissa Melvill, 1898].

Right valve nearly flat, left valve convex; umbonal ridge more distinct

on right valve. Pallial sinus not reaching anterior adductor scar, its upper

border evenly curved, joining the pallial line at about 60°-80°, not curving

backwards.

538 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Length 78, alt. 43 mm.; also 67 x 42,°57 x 32, 52 Kig@;ateme.

81 X 15, 23 X 12, 20 X 10, 15 X75 mm. Valves togethers 7amayiam ann,

AI X 22 X 7, and 29 X 15 X 4 mm. Length up to 90 mm. (Nickleés).

Fossil: Pleistocene, Cape Cross north of Swakopmund (South West Africa)

(Gevers); Saldanha Bay (Haughton); Port Elizabeth (Johnson, Schwarz,

Newton); Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); Knysna raised beach

(S. Afr. Mus.) ; Little Brak River (Smith in Rogers).

SOS

Fic. 31. Inner views of right valve of: a, Tellina madagascariensis Gmelin. b, gilchristi Sow. c, analo-

gica Sow. d, Macoma litoralis (Krss.) with short ligament; upper figure and the dotted line in

lower figure, with long ligament. e, ordinaria Sow. f, crawfordi Sow. g, retrorsa Sow. h, levior Sow.

1, inclinata Sow.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton); Hout

Bay (west side of Cape Peninsula), False Bay, Hermanus, Knysna (S. Afr. Mus.).

Algoa Bay, 21 fathoms, 7 living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.); False Bay

(WAG.

Distribution. Madagascar (Gmelin, von Martens, Dautzenberg); Great

Fish Bay, Angola (Jaeckel); Loango (von Marten , Jaeckel); French Couse

to Angola (Nickles).

Remarks. The altitude in juveniles is twice in the length, but increases in

older shells until it is about 1% in the length.

I have seen Newton’s specimen from Redhouse, Port Elizabeth: it is this

species, not perna. He contrasted it with perna, but did not compare it with

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 539

rosea, previously recorded by Johnson and Schwarz from the same district.

If he had done so, he would have noticed the difference in the pallial sinus; in

perna the anterior border curves backwards before joining the pallial line at a very

acute angle. The narrowness of Newton’s shell is due to abrasion of the ventral

margin.

Tellina triangularis Chemn.

Tellina triangularis Chemn., Hanley in Sowerby, 1846, p. 294, pl. 60, fig. 150; Turton, 1932,

p. 247.

Right valve with oblique striae at posterior end; sometimes a few also on

the left valve, but much less distinct. Pallial sinus in left valve extending to the

anterior adductor scar; in right valve not quite reaching the scar, a gap of

about 2 mm. in a 25 mm. long shell, about 4 mm. in a 45 mm. long shell,

bending down to join the pallial line perpendicularly. Two cardinal teeth in

right valve, the posterior one bifid, one bifid cardinal in left valve, a dentiform

anterior lateral near the anterior cardinal in right valve.

Length 49, alt. 35 mm.; valves together: 45 < 33 X IImm., 30 X a1 xX 6,

Bata 5. 16°5 XK ITI X 3°5° mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Alexander Bay (Haughton 1932); Velddrif, Berg River

(west coast) (Krige, A. V. 1927); limestone deposits Klein River estuary, Her-

manus (S. Afr. Mus.); Little Brak River, Mossel Bay (S. Afr. Mus.) ; Sedgefield

near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); raised beach deposit Knysna lagoon.

Cape (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton).

Table Bay and False Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Saldanha Bay and False Bay (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Turton has mistaken the anterior and posterior ends. The oblique

striae are shown in Hanley’s figure but not mentioned in his description.

Tellina analogica Sow.

ies ost e

Tellina analogica Sowerby, 1904, p. 12, pl. 7, fig. 4.

Hinge teeth and pallial sinus as in gilchristi.

Saldanha Bay, 55 fathoms (Sowerby, P.F. material).

Off Baboon Point (Saldanha Bay), 31 fathoms, 4 living, one valve (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

St. Helena Bay (32° 24’ S., 18° 07’ E.), 69 metres, living (s.s. Africana per

UC. T.).

Type ubi?

_ Like several other molluscs living in the Saldanha Bay area the shells are

more or less corroded.

One specimen from St. Helena Bay, length 18, alt. 14 mm., is subtrigonal,

almost equilateral, the antero- and postero-dorsal margins subtending an

angle of 100°, the antero-inferior margin rounded.

Not sharply distinguished from gilchristi.

540 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Tellina gilchristi Sow.

Fig. 31

Tellina natalensis (non Phil., Krauss), Smith, 1885, p. 102.

Tellina gilchristi Sowerby, 1904, p. 12, pl. 7, fig. 3; Jaeckel, 1931, p. 237.

Tellina vidalensis (non Sow.), Bartsch, 1915, p. 205; Jaeckel, 1931, p. 237.

Tellina becki ‘Turton, 1932, p. 247, pl. 66, no. 1741.

Tellina sp.? Turton, 1932, p. 249, pl. 67, no. 1754 (?).

Nearly equilateral, anterior part 14-14 in posterior part, antero- and

postero-dorsal margins subtending an angle of c. 130° (120°-140°), postero-

dorsal margin straight, posterior margin obliquely subtruncate; concentric

growth-lines forming fine close costulae, some of them slightly sublamellate on

posterior area. Right valve with 2 cardinal teeth, the posterior bifid, an anterior

and a posterior dentiform lateral tooth, the anterior much nearer to the

cardinals; left valve with 2 cardinals, the anterior bifid, the posterior weak, no

laterals. Pallial smus extending to near the anterior adductor scar, its anterior

border curving slightly backwards to join the pallial line at the vertical from

top of anterior adductor scar.

White or pinkish, often with darker zones, and frequently with pink radial

streaks.

Length 27, alt. 15:5, thickness (valves together) 6 mm.; 24 X 15 X 6mm.

(Sowerby).

False Bay, 30-50 fathoms (Sowerby, P.F’. material).

False Bay, 7-20 fathoms (Smith); St. Francis Bay and Algoa Bay, 80

metres (Jaeckel) ; Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

False Bay, off Cape Infanta, Sebastian Bay, off Cape St. Blaize, Mossel

Bay, St. Francis Bay, Algoa Bay, off False Island and Nanquas Peak (east end

of Algoa Bay), off Kowie (Port Alfred); 22-50 fathoms, living shells and

numerous valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Living: False Bay; 34° 35’ S., 21° 11’ E., 75 metres; and Algoa Bay, 17

fathoms; Langebaan (Saldanha Bay) (U.C.T.). St. Helena Bay (32° 24’S.,

18° 07 E.), 69 metres (S.s. Africana per U.C.T,):

Distribution. Jaeckel recorded it from Great Fish Bay, Angola; the identifi-

cation requires confirmation; it may possibly be analogica.

Remarks. Although he had numerous examples, Sowerby seems to have

given measurements of, and figured, a rather short example; normally the

length is greater proportionately to the altitude.

There is no doubt that the specimens taken by H.M.S. Rattlesnake and

H.M.S. Challenger in False Bay (Smith 1885) were conspecific with the species

later described by Sowerby. It is very common in that area, although seemingly

never washed up on shore. At least there is no record, and South African

Museum has no valves collected on the beach.

The specimens collected by Stimpson in 1853 and identified by Bartsch as

vidalensis are also undoubtedly gilchristi. Dr. Rehder (in litt. to Prof. Day,

University of Cape Town, March 1955) suggested that these same specimens

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 541

collected by Stimpson might be tulipa Hanley 1844 and 1846, from an unknown

locality. It is better, however, to ignore early ‘collector’s species’, especially

from unknown localities.

Smith (1885) had no choice except to identify his specimens with natalensis

or institute a new species. In doing the former he seems to have relied on colour,

and ignored Krauss’s statement that natalensis had no lateral teeth.

Tellina natalensis Krss.

Tellina natalensis Krauss in Philippi, 1846, p. 91, pl. 4, fig. 4; Krauss, 1848, p. 3; Smith, 19o04a,

Pp. 25; Bartsch, 1915, p. 205; Turton, 1932, p. 247.

Tellina prismatica Sowerby, 1897, p. 22, pl. 6, fig. 29.

Tellina scalpellum (non Hanley), Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 308.

Tellina planissima (non Anton), Sowerby, 1897, p. 22.

[Non] Yellina natalensis Krss., Smith, 1885 [= gilchristi].

Inequilateral, anterior part twice in posterior part (Krauss 13-2 (S. Afr.

Mus.), postero-dorsal margin steeply sloping, slightly convex, forming a blunt

_ corner with the ventral margin; fine close growth-lines, not forming costulae,

but some of them slightly raised (sublamellate) on posterior area. Right valve

with 3 cardinal teeth, the posterior one bifid, the middle one smaller than the

others, left valve with 2 feeble teeth (Krauss: a thick bifid tooth), both valves

without lateral teeth. Pallial smus extending to near anterior adductor scar,

its anterior border curving backwards to join pallial line.

Rose-red, with 3-4 pale radial streaks (Krauss). Iridescent (Sowerby).

8-7 X 4:8 Par. lines (Krauss) = c. 18 X 10 mm.; 16 X 8 mm. (Sowerby).

Fossil: Pleistocene, Durban (Geol. Survey).

Natal coast (Krauss); Durban (Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus.) ; Port Alfred

(Smith, Bartsch, Turton) ; 29° 53’ S., 31° 06’ E., 71 metres (U.C.T.). Inham-

bane (U:C.T:).

Remarks. Distinguished from gilchristi by shape, growth-lines not forming

costulae, and absence of lateral teeth in both valves; from widalensis by the two

latter characters.

Tomlin identified a Durban specimen as the Philippine scalpellum Hanley

1844, but without suggesting that natalensis was synonymous. The types of

Hanley and Krauss might be compared. I was responsible for the Day & Mor-

gans (1956) record of scalpellum, having compared U.C.T. specimens with the

shell identified by Tomlin as Hanley’s species. But further study has convinced

me that the shell identified by Tomlin is really Krauss’s natalensis. The latter

name is therefore retained.

Krauss said the pallial sinus was very large, but did not state how far it

actually extended anteriorly. I have not seen the figure in Philippi.

Tellina vidalensis Sow.

Tellina vidalensis Sowerby, 1904, p. 13, pl. 7, fig. 5.

Not Bartsch 1915, nor Jaeckel 1931, = gilchristi.

Inequilateral, anterior part 12-2 in posterior part, postero-dorsal margin

sloping, convex, posterior margin obliquely subtruncate; close concentric

542 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

growth-lines forming fine costulae, some on the posterior area slightly raised.

Right valve with 2 cardinal teeth, the posterior bifid, anterior and posterior

laterals about equidistant from the cardinals, left valve with a strong bifid ante-

rior and a feeble posterior cardinal, laterals obsolescent. Pallial sus extending

nearly to anterior adductor scar, anterior border curving slightly backwards to

join the pallial line.

Salmon pink or rose.

15°5 X 8-5 X 4:25 mm. (Sowerby); 19 X 10 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.).

Off Cape Vidal (Zululand), 13 fathoms, one living (Sowerby, P.F.

material). |

Off Tugela River, 37 fathoms, 10 valves; off Morewood Cove, 27 fathoms,

28 valves; off Umhloti River, 40 fathoms, two living, 6 valves, all juv.; and

27 fathoms, one valve; off Umhlanga River, 22-26 fathoms, 2 valves (S. Afr.

Mus. P.F. coll.).

Type in South African Museum. Reg. no. 14848.

Remarks. Distinguished from gilchristt by being more inequilateral, and

having a distinct (though not strong) posterior lateral tooth in the left valve.

Jaeckel picked out one left valve from numerous examples of gilchristi

taken in St. Francis Bay, and said it might belong (diirfte gehoren) to vidalensis.

Far more likely it was a siightly abnormal or worn gilchristt.

Cape Vidal. The headland near St. Lucia Bay was named after Vice-

Admiral A. T. E. Vidal, R.N. (1790-1863). As Capt. Vidal he surveyed and

charted the Azores, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, and the coast of

west Africa. I am indebted to the South African Naval Hydrographic Office,

Mowbray, Cape Town, for obtaining this information from the Admiralty

Hydrographer, London. See also Memoirs of Hydrography by Dawson, 1885.

Specumina inquirenda

Living specimens from Durban Bay and Richards Bay (U.C.T.) are a

little difficult to refer to gilchristi, natalensis, or vidalensis, because the pallial sinus

meets the lower corner of the anterior adductor scar and joins the pallial line

without any recurrent bend.

Shells from both localities resemble natalensis in shape. The teeth of the

Durban shells resemble those of vidalensis. In the single shell from Richards Bay,

however, the cardinals resemble those of natalensis, the anterior one in the

right valve forming a rather conspicuous knob; and the lateral are stronger

than in any of the above three species.

Much more material of these pink Natal Tedlinas should be studied.

Tellina ludwigit Krss.

Tellina ludwigit Krauss, 1848, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 2; Barnard, 1962b, p. 194.

Tellina queketti Sowerby, 1897, p. 22, pl. 8, figs. 16, 17; Schwarz, 1910, p. 115 (quecketti [sic]) ;

Broekhuysen & Taylor, 1959, p. 292.

Tellina queketti var. radiata Sowerby, 1897, p. 22.

ew ie

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 543

Broadly oval, nearly equilateral; smooth, with fine growth-lines only.

Cardinal teeth often indistinct, no lateral teeth. Ligament very short, its

supporting ridge prominent. Pallial sinus extending to about midway between

anterior adductor scar and vertical from umbo, curving backwards to join

pallial line at about vertical from umbo.

Cream or pinkish, with dull violaceous radial streaks, which also show

internally; one shell (S. Afr. Mus.) pure white.

About 18 X 14°5 (Krauss); 15°5 X 11°5 mm. (Sowerby); 23 X 17 mm.

(S. Afr. Mus.).

Fossil: Pleistocene, Port Elizabeth (Schwarz, 1910).

Coast of Natal (Krauss); Durban (Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus.); Kosi

Bay (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Inhambane

(U:C.T.).

Remarks. It seems strange that Sowerby described quekett: without recog-

nizing ludwigiz, and that Tomlin when identifying South African Museum

material should have chosen the former name.

Named after Baron von Ludwig, a Cape Town naturalist and horticul-

turist in the beginning of the 19th century; and Mr. J. F. Quekett, curator of

the Durban Museum (1895-1910). .

Tomlin (1926, p. 301) recorded a shell from Durban as doubtfully yemenen-

sis Melvill 1898. The doubt was probably due to Melvill’s omission to describe

the hinge-teeth. The Durban shell agreed with the Aden species in colour, but

Tomlin did not state which of the three colours (white, pink, flesh) given by

Melvill. The shell was probably a ludwigii.

Tellina regularis Smith

Tellina regularis Smith, 1904a, p. 39, pl. 3, fig. 8; Turton, 1932, p. 248, pl. 66, no. 1749.

Oval, inequilateral, postero-dorsal margin steeper and shorter than antero-

dorsal margin; very fine close-set subcostulate growth-lines, not decreasing in

number posteriorly, microscopic radial striae sometimes visible in the sub-

stance of the shell. Right valve with 2 cardinals, posterior bifid, anterior lateral

near the cardinals, posterior lateral feeble, left valve with 2 cardinals, anterior

bifid, no laterals. Pallial sinus not extending to anterior adductor scar, anterior

border curving slightly backwards to join pallial line at vertical from upper

corner of anterior adductor scar.

White, semipellucid, sometimes yellowish towards the umbones.

Length 14, alt. 10, thickness (valves together) 4:5 mm. (Smith).

Fossil: Pleistocene, Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton); Port Elizabeth and Jeffreys Bay

(coll. Kilburn, seen by me); Still Bay, living and valves (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

Muir). -

Remarks. Deeper, more broadly oval and less acuminate posteriorly than

gilchristt, especially juveniles of the latter.

544. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Tellina ponsonbyi Sow.

Tellina ponsonbyi Sowerby, 1889b, p. 155, pl. 3, fig. 1; 1892, p. 56, pl. 2, fig. 58; Turton, 1932,

p. 248, pl. 66, no. 1745.

Tellina rietensis Turton, 1932, p. 248, pl. 66, no. 1747.

Tellina kraussi Turton, 1932, p. 248, pl. 66, no. 1748.

Numerous fine radial pliculae crossed by slightly costulate growth-lines,

forming a cancellate sculpture. Dentiform lateral teeth well developed, cardi-

nals rather weak. Pallial sinus extending beyond the vertical from umbo, its

lower border not fusing with pallial line except at posterior end.

Length 31, alt. 26 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.); also 33°5 X 27-5 mm.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby) ; Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton); Durban

(Kilburn, 1961).

Off O’Neil Peak (Zululand), 90 fathoms, one worn valve; off Tugela

River, 14 fathoms, one living, 9 valves; off Cove Rock (East London), 22

fathoms, one valve; off Keiskamma Point, 33 fathoms, one valve; Algoa Bay,

52 fathoms, 2 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). Mossel Bay, living (U.C.T.).

Remarks. The concentric costulae are often sublamellate on the anterior

and especially the posterior areas. Sometimes there is a distinct resemblance to

the sculpturing of Gastrana abildgaardiana, but the two species are easily separated

by the hinge.

The change in shape from markedly oval to ee oval (e.g. from 6 X 4 mm.

to 18 X 15°5 mm.) is well shown by the growth-lines in examples from the

mangrove swamps in Durban Bay.

The large 31 X 26 mm. valve came from Algoa Bay; the largest I have

seen (33°5 X 27°5 mm.) was in a private collection.

Tellina (Angulus) immaculata Phil.

Tellina immaculata Philippi, 1849, p. 55, pl. 5, fig. 2.

Thin, compressed, equivalve, without flexure, inequilateral, oval, posterior

margin slightly obliquely truncate, internally a rib from umbo to postero-

ventral corner (in front of posterior adductor scar) with a feebler one in front of

it. Fine concentric growth-lines. Two cardinal teeth, the posterior in the right,

anterior in the left valve bifid, a dentiform anterior lateral near the cardinals

in right valve. Pallial sinus extending nearly to anterior adductor scar, curving

slightly backwards to join pallial line at vertical from upper end of anterior

adductor scar.

Rose-pink, 2 whitish radial streaks posteriorly, the hinder one correspond-

ing with the internal ribs.

Length 27, alt. 18-5, thickness (valves together) 4. mm.

Chinde, mouth of the Zambezi River; and NDelaeoe Bay; low tide (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

Remarks. Identified by Tomlin. Not hitherto recorded from east coast of

Africa south of 15° S. latitude; but probably the same as opalina Chemn.

recorded by Smith (1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 720) from Quelimane.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 545

Hanley in Sowerby (1846, p. 295, pl. 59, fig. 124, pl. 62, fig. 197) considered

that opalina Chemn. Schréter was the white variety of planisstma Anton 1839

from the Moluccas. Dautzenberg (1929) recorded opalina (with planissima as

synonym) from Madagascar. Tomlin’s identification is accepted; I am not ina

position to decide the status of immaculata.

Tellina (Scissulina) dispar Conrad

Tellina dispar Conrad, 1837, p. 259; Hanley in Sowerby, 1846, p. 306, pl. 59, figs. 108,113,114;

Sowerby, 1897, p. 22.

Tellina fabula (non Gmelin), Krauss, 1848, p. 3; Turton, 1932, p. 248, pl. 67, no. 1751.

Right valve with fine oblique striae except on postero-dorsal area behind

the umbonal ridge; left valve smooth, with growth-lines only. Hinge as in

Macoma (no lateral teeth); upper border of pallial sinus rising rapidly to a

right-angled peak, then descending to join pallial line a short distance behind

anterior adductor scar.

White, pale orange, or pink.

Length 21, alt. 14 mm.

Natal Bay (Krauss); Natal, without exact locality (Sowerby; also S. Afr.

Mus.) ; Port Alfred (Turton).

Distribution. Querimba Island (von Martens); Madagascar, Mauritius,

Indo-Pacific.

Remarks. 'The identification of Natal shells with an Indo-Pacific species is

preferable to identifying them with a European species (fabula). No European

material is available for comparison.

Macoma litoralis (Krss.)

Bissioi d

Tellina litoralis Krauss, 1848, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 3; Sowerby, 1892, p. 57; Johnson, 1904, p. 11.

Tellina calcarea (non Chemn.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 57.

Macoma calcarea (non Chemn.), Schwarz, 1900, p. 61.

Macoma litoralis Smith, 1904, p. 40; Bartsch, 1915, p. 206; Turton, 1932, p. 249.

Tellina (Macoma) rousi Sowerby, 1892, p. 57, pl. 3, fig. 70; Turton, 1932, p. 249.

Macoma neptunt Turton, 1932, p. 249, pl. 57, no. 1759.

[?] Macoma patula Turton, 1932, p. 249, pl. 57, no. 1761.

Pinguitellina cf. culter Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 307.

Hinge and cardinal teeth relatively strong. Upper border of pallial sinus

extending to anterior adductor scar, lower border fused with pallial line.

Periostracum, thin, pale brown, fawn, or pinkish.

Length 29, alt. 22-5 mm.; said to reach 35 mm. long (Smith). Type of

rousi 35 X 25 X (valves together) 12:5 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Port Elizabeth (Johnson) ; Keurbooms River (Schwarz).

‘Cape and Natal’ (Krauss) ; Port Elizabeth (Sowerby) ; Port Alfred (Smith,

Bartsch, Turton) ; Keurbooms River estuary, living (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.) ;

Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir); Delagoa Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

546 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Off Cape St. Blaize, 44 fathoms, 2 valves; Buffalo Rivery estuary (East

London) low tide, 3 living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Bushmans River mouth, Umkomaas (Natal), Durban Bay, Richards Bay,

St. Lucia Bay, and Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Estuaries of several rivers between East London and Port St. Johns

(Inland Fisheries, Cape Province). |

Type of rousi Sow. in McGregor Museum, Kimberley.

Remarks. Thanks to the Director of the Museum at Kimberley I have ee

able to examine the Type of rousz; it is not specifically distinct from /ztoralis.

Turton’s photo of neptunt shows the pallial sinus reaching to the anterior

adductor scar, and also the rather strong hinge-teeth; but in the photo of patula

the extent of the sinus is not clear; nevertheless patula is probably only a litoralis

of slightly different shape.

Variation

While collecting in the Morumbene estuary, Inhambane, Prof. Day and

his assistants noticed two forms of this bivalve externally indistinguishable

except that one had a short, the other a long ligament.

Further examination of these shells shows that a long ligament seems to be

correlated with a narrow gap between the end of the pallial sinus and the

adductor scar (see dotted line in fig. 31 d). Also the anterior lateral lamella in

the right valve tends to develop a denticle.

In the short-ligament form the ligament extends backwards to about

midway between the umbo and the vertical from anterior edge of posterior

adductor scar. In the long-ligament form it extends to the vertical from the

scar or slightly farther. The difference is not great but immediately noticeable

when examples are placed side by side.

On beach valves the extent of the ligament is not determinable with

certainty. But in a series of 60 valves collected by Dr. Muir at Still Bay about

37 have the pallial sinus extending to the adductor scar, and about 23 have a

narrow gap between the sinus and the scar (some valves do not show the

difference very clearly). The difference occurs in both right and left valves.

The gap may be very narrow, and in some valves the end of the sinus just

touches the lower corner of the scar.

From Prof. Day’s experience, and Dr. Muir’s collecting, the two forms

occur together. Much more material, collected alive, should be examined.

Inhambane, living (U.C.T.). Bazarute Island, one living (S. Afr. Mus. coll.

E. K. Jordan).

Also 3 valves from Durban North bridge, 60 ft. below sea level (Geol.

Survey) appear to belong here, though the altitude is somewhat less propor-

tionately to the length: 32 x 22, 28 x 20, and 24 x 16 mm. The smallest

valve is a right valve and has a distinct denticle on the anterior lateral lamella.

It is debatable whether this species should not be returned to Tellina

where Krauss originally placed it.

_ ee

Xa re ie aes

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 547

Macoma ordinaria Sow.

. Fig. 31 ¢

Tellina (Macoma) ordinaria Sowerby, 1904, p. 14, pl. 7, fig. 7.

Pallial sinus reaching to midway between anterior adductor scar and

vertical from umbo, its lower border uniting with pallial line at vertical from

umbo. Hinge and cardinal teeth relatively weak. Periostracum thin, pale fawn.

Beach valves may be yellowish internally.

Length 24, alt. 18 mm.

Saldanha Bay, 10 fathoms (Sowerby, P.F. material).

Off Baboon Point (Saldanha Bay area), 31 fathoms, one (S. Afr. Mus.

FF? coll.)

Table Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Layard, and coll. Lightfoot).

Langebaan (Saldanha Bay), St. Helena Bay, 6 fathoms, and off Lambert’s

Bay 10-90 fathoms; Liideritzbucht, 9-35 metres (U.C. my

Cotypes in South African Museum.

Remarks. Table Bay examples, some of which were collected by Layard

many years ago, were formerly named calcarea, but Tomlin identified them as

ordinaria. | agree that they are indistinguishable from Saldanha Bay examples.

The description of Macoma schultzei Thiele 1910, from Liideritzbucht,

contains no differential characters; the pallial sinus was not described. It is

larger (28 X 21 mm.) than either ordinaria or crawfordi, but would fit ltoralis.

The latter has not been found on the west coast. Probably schultzei is the same

as the shells from Great Fish Bay identified by Jaeckel as africana (v. infra).

At present it cannot be admitted to the fauna-list.

Macoma crawford: Sow.

Pigs 31 f

[?] Tellina nobilis (non Hanley), von Martens, 1874, p. 122.

Tellina (Macoma) crawfordi Sowerby, 1892, p. 57, pl. 3, fig. 71; Jaeckel, 1931, p. 238; Turton,

1932, P- 249.

Tellina (Macoma) cumana (non Hanley), Sowerby, 1892, p. 57; Smith, 1go4a, p. 25.

[?] Tellina tenuis (non da Costa), Sowerby, 1892, p. 56.

Macoma africana Sowerby, 1904, p. 14, pl. 7, fig. 8; Jaeckel, 1931, p. 238 (part: the St. Francis

Bay specimens) ; Turton, 1932, p. 249.

Pallial sinus extending a little beyond midway between anterior adductor

scar and vertical from umbo, lower border joining pallial line at vertical from

umbo. Hinge line narrow. Periostracum thin, pale buff or fawn. Internally

pale orange or yellow.

Length 26, alt. 20 mm.

Port Elizabeth (cumana and crawford:) and Algoa Bay 16 fathoms (africana)

(Sowerby). St. Francis Bay, 80 metres (Jaeckel).

Kalk Bay (False Bay) (S. Afr. Mus. coll. R. M. Lightfoot).

False Bay, 50 fathoms, 4 living, and valves; St. Francis Bay, 24-34 fathoms,

one; off Cape Infanta, 45 fathoms, one living; Algoa Bay, 10-31 fathoms, several

548 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

living and many valves; off Kowie, 40 fathoms, several living; off East London,

32 fathoms, 2 living, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.). Off Cape Barracouda,

50 metres, 5 living (S. Afr. Mus.).

False Bay; Algoa Bay, 15-17 fathoms, off East London, 30 fathoms

(WC: ;

Remarks. Sowerby remarked on the narrow hinge in his descriptions of

both crawford: and africana. The former was based on beach material, the latter

on dredged material.

Jaeckel had shells from St. Francis Bay, and managed to distinguish two

species.

I do not accept Jaeckel’s record of africana from Great Fish Bay, Angola;

the shells were more likely either ordinaria or cumana, if these can be distinguished.

In fact it is questionable whether crawford: (africana) should be distinguished

from ordinaria, but in the present material the shells from the south coast are

less high proportionately than those from the west coast. The extent of the

pallial sinus is the same in both.

Macoma levior Sow.

Fig. 31h

Tellina (Macoma) levior Sowerby, 1904, p. 13, pl. 7, fig. 6.

Pallial sinus extending to about midway between anterior adductor scar

and vertical from umbo, lower border meeting pallial line at vertical from

umbo. Hinge-line narrow. Periostracum very thin, cream, more or less dis-

coloured by adherent mud around the margin.

Length 19, alt. 15-16 mm.

Off Amatikulu River (Zululand), 26 fathoms; off Tugela River, 25 fathoms

(Sowerby, P.F. material).

Same localities, several living and valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Off Umkomaas (Natal); 29° 53’ S., 31° 06’ E., 71 metres; 31° 38° S.,

29° 34’ E., 26 fathoms (U.C.T.). Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Cotypes in South African Museum.

Remarks. Very like ordinaria, but there is an obscure umbonal ridge which

causes a slight angle at the margin.

Macoma retrorsa Sow.

Higa

Tellina (Macoma) retrorsa Sowerby in Reeve, 1867, fig. 234; Smith, 1901, p. 116.

Tellina (Macoma) candidata Sowerby, 1894, p. 375; 1897, p. 23, pl. 6, fig. 25; Turton, 1932, p. 250.

Length 16, alt. 12 mm. (Sowerby). Turton gave length 20 mm.

Durban (Sowerby, Smith). Port Alfred (Turton).

Off Amatikulu River (Zululand), 24 fathoms, one living (S. Afr. Mus.

PF. coll);

Delagoa Bay, living (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Inhambane, living

(U.C.T.); Beira (S. Afr. Mus. coll. D. Dods).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 549

Remarks. Jaeckel assigned, with doubt, 2 examples from 35° 9'S., 18° 33’ E.,

564 metres, to candidata, agreeing with Sowerby’s description but with a Tellina

hinge. He apparently did not know Smith’s 1901 paper.

Macoma inclinata Sow.

Big oted

Tellina (Macoma) inclinata Sowerby, 1904, p. 14, pl. 7, fig. 9.

Elongate-oval, hind margin slightly flexuose. Pallial sinus extending to

midway between anterior adductor scar and vertical from umbo, lower border

meeting pallial line at vertical from umbo. Hinge line narrow.

Length 33, alt. 19 mm.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Durban (Geol. Survey).

Off Tugela River, 27 fathoms (Sowerby, P.F. material).

Same locality, 46-55 fathoms, 3 living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

e141, 5.29 39 E. (off Port St. Johns), 90 metres, 3 juv., living (U.C.T.).

+ Macoma chakeénsis Cox

Macoma chakeénsis Cox, 1927, p. 59, pl. 8, figs. 9, 10.

Large, rather solid, oval, outer surface with growth-lines only; lower

border of pallial sinus meeting pallial line at vertical from umbo. 68 x 47 mm.

Fossil: Lower Miocene, Pemba Island (Cox).

Durban harbour sediments, numerous examples (Dr. Lester King, 1963).

Remarks. An interesting discovery. It was not found in the Inhambane

deposits (Cox, 1939), and has not been found in any other locality, fossil or

living. Some of the present specimens appear quite fresh.

The occurrence of this Miocene fossil in the Durban harbour sediments is

no indication that all, or any of these deposits date back to the Miocene. The

question of their age will be discussed by Dr. Lester King; here only the locality

is recorded. |

Apolymetis orbicularis (Sow.)

Tellina orbicularis Sowerby, 1889 a, p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 20; 1892, p. 57, pl. 3, fig. 64.

Tellina umbonella (non Lam.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 57.

Macoma orbicularis (Sow.), Newton, 1913, p. 341, pl. 18, fig. 5.

Metis orbicularis (Sow.), Bartsch, 1915, 206; Turton, 1932, p. 249.

Length 63, alt. 53 mm. (Newton: fossil); 50 < 45 mm. (Sowerby); worn

wees OO X 55, 52 x 46, 41 xX 33, and 29 x 22 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.).

The more oval-oblong shape of the 29 and 41 mm. long valves conforms

with the growth-lines on the larger valve at corresponding sizes. Cf. also

Sowerby’s figure.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Redhouse, Port Elizabeth (Newton); Sedgefield near

Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); Knysna raised beach (S. Afr. Mus.) ; Little Brak

River (S. Afr. Mus.).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton); Mossel Bay

(Dr. H. Ackert) ; Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir) ; False Bay (Mrs. Connolly).

550 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Cape Point S.W. W. 2 W. 33 miles (False Bay), 32 fathoms, one valve

(S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. A rare species. The original specimen came from Port Elizabeth;

Turton found 2 valves; Dr. Muir found 3 valves; the P.F. took only one half-

grown valve. : :

Sowerby (1889) did not compare this species with any other, nor did

Newton (1913). But comparison might be made with the Red Sea fossil papy-

racea Gmelin (lacunosa Chemn.); see: Sowerby, 1846, pl. 65, fig. 252; Nardini,

1937, pl. 18(12), fig. 19.

Gastrana abildgaardiana (Spengler)

Tellina abildgaardiana Spengler, 1798, p. 90.

Gastrana abildgaardiana (Speng.), Schwarz, 1900, p. 61; Johnson, 1904, p. 11; Schwarz, 1910,

p. 116; Haughton, 1932, p. 38; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129; Franca, 1960, p. 99, pl. 29,

hoe ite

enisile ventricosa Krauss, 1848, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 1.

Shape normally ovate, broadly rounded in front, somewhat acuminate

behind, longer than high; but the proportions may vary, and examples with

indented margin or otherwise distorted may occur (see below).

Length 43, alt. 33 mm.; also 44 < 31, 31 X 23, 20)Ke2Queney ame

91 X 15, 20 X 13, 18 X #4 mm. Valves together: 35 <x 26 <) 1GBGupaee

U5 5s 27 1X 20K 4 and 18 >< 12a) marian

Fossil: Pleistocene, Saldanha Bay (Haughton); Klein River, Stanford

(S. Afr. Mus.) ; raised beach Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.) ; Sedgefield near Knysna

(A. R. H. Martin); Knysna and Keurbooms River (Schwarz); Port Elizabeth

(Schwarz, Johnson). :

Dunes near Zoetendal Vlei (Bredasdorp Division) (Krauss); Still Bay

(S. Afr. Mus.); Keurbooms River estuary (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Port

Elizabeth (Sowerby; also S. Afr. Mus.); Port Alfred (Smith, Bartsch, Turton) ;

Natal (Krauss); Durban (S. Afr. Mus.; also U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (S. Afr.

Mus. coll. K.H.B.; also U.W.; also Franca).

Off Tongaat (north of Durban), 36 fathoms, one valve; off Tugela River,

65-80 fathoms, 2 valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Karachi (Melvill & Standen).

Remarks. A small globose example, 10 X 9 X 7 mm., was found wedged

in a crevice in coral at Delagoa Bay, and also a single valve, 12 X 10 mm.,

with an indent in the ventral margin (K.H.B. 1912).

G. matadoa (Gmelin) (guinaica Chemn.) (1846, Hanley in Sowerby, p. 320,

pl. 59, fig. 130) occurs on the west coast of Africa (Mauritania, Senegal), and

G. suarezensis Bertin at Madagascar.

Without material for comparison, I cannot say whether the Saldanha Bay

fossil shells should be assigned to the West African matadoa or to abildgaardiana,

presuming there is a specific difference. Melvill & Standen (1906) recorded

‘guinaiwca Chemn. = abildgaardiana Spengler,’

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 551

Fam. Solenidae

Solen capensis Fischer

Fig...99:a,.D

~ Solen marginatus Koch (non Pult.), Krauss, 1848, p. 1; Sowerby, 1892, p. 543; Schwarz, 1900, p. 61;

Johnson, 1904, p. 11; Schwarz, 1910, p. 116.

Solen capensis Fischer, 1881, p. 155 (nom. nov. for marginatus Koch, non Pulteney); Haughton,

1932, p. 38; Scott, Harrison, Macnae, 1952, p. 310; Day, Millard, Harrison, 1952, pp. 393,

394, 410.

Solen alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 208, pl. 40, figs. 1, 2; Turton, 1932, p. 254.

Anterior margin exsert, causing a definite groove which extends in half-

grown and adult shells from dorsal to ventral margin; in large shells the anterior

margin is thickened and shows growth-lines. Anterior adductor scar nearly as

long as ligament.

Length 158, alt. 22 mm. (Still Bay); also 150 x 21 mm. (Keurbooms

River).

ay arb

eo , ; a b c

_ Fic. 32. a, b, Solen capensis Fischer, anterior end of adult and juvenile to show groove. c, S. corneus

Lam., or gould: Conrad, anterior end without groove. d, Solen sp. St. Lucia Bay, internal view.

e, Siliqua polita (Wood), internal view, with hinge above. f, S. radiata (Linn.) the same.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Bogenfels, South West Africa, Saldanha Bay (Haugh-

ton) ; Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin); Keurbooms River (Schwarz) ;

Port Elizabeth (Johnson, Schwarz). !

Kromme River mouth (Krauss); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred

(Smith, Bartsch, Turton); Jeffreys Bay (S. Afr. Mus.); Keurbooms River

estuary (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir); East

London (S. Afr. Mus.). Riet Vlei estuary, Table Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

Off Nanquas Peak (east end of Algoa Bay) 49 fathoms, one broken valve

(S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

West coast: Olifants River mouth; Milnerton lagoon, Table Bay; south

coast: Klein River estuary, Hermanus; Knysna lagoon; Sundays River mouth;

Bushmans River mouth; Hamburg; Port St. Johns (U.C.T.).

Estuaries of several rivers between Keiskamma River and Port St. Johns

(Inland Fisheries, Cape Province).

Remarks. ‘The smallest valve in a series from one locality (Still Bay) is

49 mm. long. The groove is distinct. The next smaller valve is one 36 mm. long

552 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

from Mossel Bay; this has a shallow groove dorsally, none ventrally, and the

anterior margin is exsert dorsally (i.e. projecting perpendicularly to the shell

surface) but projecting forwards (porrect) ventrally. This Mossel Bay specimen

was identified by Tomlin as corneus; an identification which I am disinclined to

accept. A study of very young shells should be made, and their growth traced

up to the half-grown shells.

Krauss gave the locality ‘mouth of the Kromme River in Uitenhage

District’. In those days the confines of the ‘Districts’ were larger than those of

the present day ‘Divisions’; presumably Krauss’s locality is the Kromme River

flowing into St. Francis Bay in the Humansdorp Division.

Solen gouldi Conrad.

Fig. 32¢

Solen gouldi Conrad, 1862, p. 26; Sowerby, 1892, p. 54; Day & Morgans, 1956, p. 308; Macnae &

Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Anterior margin not exsert, no definite groove at anterior end. Anterior

adductor scar nearly as long as ligament.

Length 70, alt. 11 mm.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby; also, living, S. Afr. Mus.) ; Kowie, living (S. Afr.

Mus.); East London, living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.); Durban Bay, living

(U.C.T.); Umlalazi, near Richards Bay (U.C.T.); Delagoa Bay (U.W.);

Inhambane and Maxixe (Machiche) (U.C.T.); Mozambique Island (U.W.).

Off Umhlanga (Natal), 22-26 fathoms, one broken valve; off Tugela

River, 37 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Japan.

Remarks. The P.F. example from East London was identified by Sowerby

as gouldi. Without material for comparison I am fain to accept this identifica-

tion; and the above specimens are recorded provisionally as gould, though

perhaps they are more probably corneus Lam., which Sowerby (1897) recorded

from Durban, and Smith & Bloomer (1906) from Zanzibar.

Solen roseomaculatus Pilsbry

Solen roseomaculatus Pilsbry, 1g901b, p. 399, pl. 19, fig. 13; Jaeckel, 1931, p. 240; Kira, 1955, pl. 61,

fig. 4; Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Slightly curved, roseomaculate, 31 <x 6:3 x 3°8 mm. (ex Pilsbry). The

Inhambane specimen measures 25 X 5 mm., is roseomaculate, slightly curved,

with truncate posterior margin. The anterior adductor scar is as long as the

anterior margin (4.mm.) and as long as (or a trifle longer than) the ligament.

Delagoa Bay (U.W.); Inhambane (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Japan (Pilsbry); off Dar-es-Salaam, 50 metres (Jaeckel).

Remarks. ‘This Japanese species having been found off the coast of East

Africa, its occurrence farther south is not unlikely.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 553

Pilsbry described the hinge-teeth, but did not mention the anterior adduc-

tor scar. His figure showed the posterior margin truncate.

The following specimen appears to be closely allied.

Solen sp.

Bie. 99d

Slightly curved, anterior margin straight, posterior margin rounded;

anterior margin exsert, causing a slight groove, but only on the dorsal half

_(? juvenile); anterior adductor scar only about # length of ligament, oval, 33

times as long as broad; posterior adductor scar triangular; a single cardinal

tooth in both valves; in left valve a slight projection behind the cardinal, which

may be a lateral tooth or merely an accidental crack in the shell.

Uniform corneous. Length 23, alt. 5, thickness (valves together) 4 mm.

pe. Lucia Bay (U.C.T.).

Remarks. Resembles roseomaculatus in being slightly curved. This feature

and the shortness of the anterior adductor scar distinguishes this single specimen

from the other examples of Solen in the present material.

Pharus sp.

Straight, rounded at both ends, altitude greater posteriorly than at umbo,

which is 5:5 mm. from anterior end. Hinge with 2 teeth in right valve, 3 in left,

the posterior one of the latter bifid. Ligament 6—7 mm. long. No internal ridges.

Anterior adductor scar elongate (7 mm.), somewhat dumbbell-shaped, the

anterior part subcircular, posterior part oval. Posterior adductor triangular.

Lower broder of pallial sinus mostly fused with pallial line. Periostracum

yeliowish-brown.

Siphons short, united except at very end. Foot apically obliquely truncate.

Mantle edge fringed anteriorly, dorsally and ventrally. Gills smooth.

Length 35, alt. (at umbo) 8-5, (greatest) 10-5 mm.

28° Ab’ S., 16° 27’ E., 38-42 metres (s.s. Africana, per U.C.T.).

Appears to be a species of Pharus, but differs from legumen by the forward

position of umbo, rounded hind end, and absence of internal thickenings. Shape

resembling Solen gaudichaudi as figured by Chenu (1862, fig. 92).

Phaxas pellucidus (Pennant)

Solen pellucidus Pennant, 1777, p. 71.

Cultellus pellucidus (Penn.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 543 Jaeckel, 1931, p. 240.

Cultellus decipiens Smith, 1904a, p. 39; Turton, 1932, p. 254, pl. 69, no. 1798.

White or cream, with corneous periostracum, darker in large specimens

than in juveniles.

Length 57, alt. 15-16 mm.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Smith, Turton); Liideritzbucht

(Thiele 1910); Table Bay (S. Afr. Mus.); Algoa Bay (Jaeckel); mouth of

‘Kaffirkuils River, Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir).

554 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

False Bay, 22-30 fathoms, 4 living; off Cape St. Blaize, 37 fathoms, one

living; Algoa Bay, 22-31 fathoms, 4 living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

- Saldanha Bay; off Hout Bay (west side of Cape Peninsula), 41 fathoms;

False Bay; off Port St. Johns, 26 fathoms (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Europe.

Remarks. The P.F. examples do not exceed 30 mm. in length; Dr. Muir

obtained one 46 mm.; the largest were obtained on Woodstock beach, ‘Table

Bay by R. M. Lightfoot. ;

It seems doubtful whether decipiens can be maintained, but I have no

European material for comparison.

Phaxas cultellus (Linn.)

Cultellus cultellus (Linn.), Chenu, 1862, fig. 98.

Cultellus (Ensiculus) cultellus (Linn.), Lynge, 1909, p. 276.

Cultellus (Cultellus) cultellus (Linn.), Prashad, 1932, p. 312.

Phaxas cultellus (Linn.), Gravely, 1941, p. 63, fig. 23 a.

[?] Cultellus pellucidus (non Penn.), Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Slightly curved, ventral margin more convex than dorsal margin. Anterior

adductor scar elongate. One narrow cardinal tooth in right valve fitting between

two in left valve, posterior lateral tooth lamellate, with dentiform projection,

especially in left valve; anterior lateral more or less dentiform, above the

anterior end of adductor scar.

More or less mottled with purplish-brown.

Length 70, alt. 18 mm.

Off Tongaat, Morewood Cove, and Umhloti (Natal), 25-40 fathoms,

one juv. living, several valves, more or less broken (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Mozambique Island (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

? Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Madagascar, India, East Indies, Philippines, China,

Japan.

Remarks. The P.F. juvenile and one of the valves were identified by

Sowerby.

Szliqua polita (Wood)

Fig. 32 ¢

Solen polita Wood, 1828, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 6 [n. et f. only, teste Sherborn]; Sowerby, 1902, p. 100;

Macnae & Kalk, 1958, p. 129.

Siliqua japonica Sowerby, 1892, p. 54.

Oblong, dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight and subparallel.

Anterior arm of the A-shaped cardinal tooth in right valve fitting between 2

prominent cardinals in left valve, posterior arm in right valve and the corre-

sponding groove in left valve weak. Internal rib narrow, not widening ventrally.

Pale greyish, periostracum with a more orange zone around the margin.

Length 30, alt. 11 mm.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 555

Off Amatikulu River (Zululand), 24 fathoms (Sowerby, P.F. material) ;

off Tugela River, 12-14 fathoms, 2 living, one valve (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Japan.

Remarks. The locality Port Elizabeth, even for dead shells washed ashore,

seems unlikely. Sowerby did not return the Zululand specimens; but returned

those described above, with the label ‘Siliqua sp.’. Presumably they are

conspecific.

Sowerby (1902) regarded folzta and japonica as synonymous. Kira’s (1955,

pl. 61, fig. 12) figure of japonica Dnkr. is coloured as in radiata, but is too small

to show the shape properly. Gravely (1941, p. 63) refers to a species ‘parallel-

sided with broadly rounded ends and very pale which may possibly be S.

albida’.

Siliqua radiata (Linn.)

Big oo6.

Siliqua radiata (Linn.), H. & A. Adams, 1855/56, p. 345, pl. 93, figs. 3, 3a; Lynge, 1909, p. 2773

Gravely, 1941, p. 62, fig. 23 c.

Machaera radiata (Linn.), Chenu, 1862, fig. 102.

Oval, dorsal and ventral margins convex. The A-shaped cardinal tooth in

right valve fitting into a V-shaped groove between the 3 teeth in left valve.

Internal rib widening from umbo to ventral margin.

Pale fawn or fuscous, with 3 or 4 white radiating rays, the anterior one

corresponding with the internal rib, the 4th (if distinct) near the postero-dorsal

margin.

Length 25, alt. 10 mm.

Durban (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Burnup) ; Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Off Umhloti River (Natal), 27 fathoms, 8 valves (S. Afr. Mus. Ag553.

PF. coll:).

Distribution. India, East Indies, Siam.

Remarks. Differs from the preceding species in shape, hinge-teeth, internal

rib, and coloration.

Without material for comparison, these specimens are provisionally

assigned to radiata. The outline does not quite conform with that in any of the

above quoted figures, the postero-dorsal margin being more sloping and the

shape more evenly oval.

Fam. Saxicavidae

In 1861 Gould described S. flaccida from Hong Kong and Simon’s Bay,

admitting he was uncertain whether the shells from the two localities were

specifically the same. He mentioned the post-umbonal ridges as being some-

times spinulose. It seems highly probable that he had some specimens of

arctica from Simon’s Bay; and so far as concerns the South African fauna-list,

flaccida should be regarded as a species delenda.

5 56 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

S. arctica and rugosa have been considered synonymous, the former being

more free-living individuals, the latter boring into rocks. The larval develop-

ment, however, seems to show that they are distinct species (Lebour, 1938,

pp- 138, 139, fig. 5 4-4).

| Saxicava arctica (Linn.)

Saxicava arctica (Linn.), Krauss, 1848, p. 2; Jaeckel, 1931, p. 241.

Two squamiferous ridges radiating from umbo to posterior margin; these

are visible on unworn shells at the 1 mm. stage. The squmae vary in size, some-

times long and almost spiniform, e.g. on a 7 mm. shell from Browne’s Bank

some of the squamae near the margin are 1:5 mm. long.

The largest P.F. shell is 20 X 10 mm. Periostracum rusty-brown.

Knysna (Krauss); Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Port Alfred (Turton).

Algoa Bay and Agulhas Bank, 80-155 metres (Jaeckel).

34° 41’ 8., 18° 36’ E., 98 fathoms; 35° 4’ S., 18°.37° Eieg@maaonne

(Smith, 1885).

From East London to Algoa Bay, Agulhas Bank (incl. Browne’s Bank

approx. 364 S., 214 E.) to False Bay, off Cape Point, west side of Cape Penin-

sula to Table Bay, 30-150 fathoms, living and valves (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

34° 59’ S., 22> 18’ E., 58 fathoms; 34° 48’ S., 22° 06 ELS a aiiaememaa.

SAU Se, ow20; Bee tathomsn( WiC lene

Distribution. Europe, Canaries, Azores, Mauritania, St. Helena, Marion

and Prince Edward Islands, Kerguelen. Also west coast of North America,

Japan, Australia.

Remarks. Dead valves are frequent in most of the P.F. bottom samples

from the Agulhas Bank.

Krauss found his specimens in the hollow scales on Pinna squamifera.

Saxicava rugosa (Linn.)

Saxicava rugosa (Linn.), H. & A. Adams, 1855/56, p. 349, pl. 94, figs. 1 a, b.

Saxicava australis (non Lam.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 55.

Less rectangular than arctica, and both radiating ridges weaker, especially

the one near the dorsal margin, and without squamae.

14 <x 8 mm. (shell without extension of periostracum) (S. Afr. Mus.).

South Africa (Sowerby); Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir); False Bay

11 fathoms, one living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.); False Bay, littoral (U.C.T.).

Distribution. Europe.

Sowerby said “The specimens shown me from South Africa look very much

like the British S. rugosa’, but he recorded them as australis. Any doubt these

words might imply as to provenance of the specimens is dispelled by finding

examples in False Bay. These look very much like rugosa.

The Muir collection contains a series from 1-5 mm. up to 7 mm. long.

None of these shows any trace of squamae; the three largest are considerably

distorted.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 557

Saxicava sp.

Fie. (99'a

A single valve, rather like a plough-share in shape, may possibly be a

rugosa slightly distorted. It is, however, sufficiently distinct to merit a figure.

Length 6, alt. 3 mm.

Simon’s Bay (False Bay), 22 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. Ag554. P.F. coll.).

Fic. 33. a, Saxicava sp. (S. Afr. Mus. No. Ag554), with hinge. b, Cryptomya philippinarum (A.

Adams) from Sedgefield deposits, external view, hinges of left and right valves, dorsal view of

former with projecting ligament pit.

Gen. PANOPEA Ménard

Ménard, 1807, p. 135.

Panopea aldrovandt Ménard

Panopea aldrovandi Ménard, 1807, p. 136; Nicklés, 1950, p. 228, fig. 444; Franca, 1960, p. 37.

Panopaea australis non Sow., Valenciennes, 1839, p. 1. [Not in Sherborn, Ind. Anim; quoted by

H. C. and R. Winckworth, 1935]; Chenu, 1843-53, pl. 8, figs. 1-9 [quoted from Smith,

1903].

Panopaea aldrovandi Lam., Woodward, 1856, p. 218, text-fig. (anatomy).

Panopaea aldrovandi Ménard, Dautzenberg, 1910, p. 148; 1912, p. gg.

Glycimeris rugosa Bosc, H. & A. Adams, 1855, pl. 94, figs. 2-2b; 1856, p. 350.

Panopaea natalensis Woodward, 1856, p. 220; Smith in Rogers, 1906, p. 294; Schwarz, 1910,

p. 115.

Panopea natalensis Woodward, Smith, 1903a, p. 399; Barnard, 1962b, p. 187.

Panopea attenuata Sow., Reeve, 1873 (1874), pl. 3 [quoted from van Hoepen]; Sowerby, 1889b,

p. 156.

Panopea dreyeri van Hoepen, 1940, p. 186, pls. 10, 11.

Pallial line continuous; sinus extending to vertical from hind end of liga-

mental ridge (or nearly as far). Growth-lines show that the anterior margin

becomes increasingly more obliquely subtruncate in the half-grown to adult.

558 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Length 204, alt. 124, thickness (valves together) 98 mm. (Hopefield) ;

190 X 125 X 96 and 180 X 106 X 72 (Little Brak River); 245 x 145 X (one

valve) 50 mm. (Meob Bay).

Fossil: Pleistocene, Little Brak River, Mossel Bay (Smith in Rogers; van

Hoepen; also 8S. Afr. Mus. coll. S. H. Haughton); Port Elizabeth (Schwarz).

Berg River near Hopefield (S. Afr. Mus.; ? fossil).

Meob Bay, Liideritz district (opposite Hollam’s Bird Island) washed up by

extra high tides (Geological Survey, and Staatsmuseum, Windhoek).

Distribution. ‘Sur la céte Natal, baie des Tigres, par 16° 40’ de latitude sud’,

living (Valenciennes). Baia dos Tigres, and Baia de Mocamedes (Franca).

Mediterranean, Atlantic coast from Portugal to Dakar (Nickles).

Remarks. Woodward quoted (from Forbes, who quoted from Valenciennes)

an account of how Capt. Cecile* of the French frigate Heroine obtained these

large shells in the sandy bays of ‘Port Natal’ [sic]. H. C. & R. Winckworth

(1935, p. 162) gave the locality more correctly as “Tigers’ Bay in Angola’, with

their comment: ‘Curiously said to be in Natal’.

The occurrence of a Panopea on the Natal coast is due solely to Woodward

(or Forbes) having quoted only the first part of the locality given by Valen-

ciennes, and changed ‘céte Natal’ into Port Natal (= Durban). Only the

second part of Valenciennes’s locality is acceptable, because there is not, nor

has been so far as I can discover, any Tiger Bay on the coast of Natal; whereas

Tiger Bay in Angola zs situated in 16° 40’ S. latitude.

Woodward based the name of the species on a misquoted locality!

Have any examples of Panopea been collected on the Natal coast, more

particularly in Durban Bay? Apart from several shell collectors in Natal,

Durban Bay has been dredged for harbour and scientific purposes. Neither the

Pieter Faure nor Prof. Day’s party (1956, Day & Morgans, p. 260) obtained this

shell. There are no recent records, and so far as I am aware there are no speci-

mens in existence from this locality.

Port Elizabeth is therefore the most easterly locality where Panopea has

been obtained, and moreover only as a fossil (Stow, 1871, p. 518).

No locality was given for the single valve recorded by Sowerby (1889)

under the name attenuata, but probably it came from the same source as the

specimen(s) recorded by Stow (1871) and Schwarz (1910).

The exact locality in the Great Berg River is not recorded; the donor

resided at Hopefield, on the Zout River, a tributary of the Great Berg River;

but the specimen is more likely to have come from the estuary of the latter

debouching into St. Helena Bay, where there are extensive mud flats and sand

banks.

The specimen is bleached, but does not appear to be fossilized as are the

shells from the Little Brak River deposit.

* As spelt by Woodward. Probably the same as l’amiral Cécille, referred to by Dautzenberg

(1927, p. 346). I have not been able to trace the paper by Forbes from which Woodward quoted.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 559

Woodward. said that natalensis was very like aldrovandi; and in 1962 I

provisionally retained the name. But in fact there seems to be considerable

resemblance between the so-called species, both fossil and living, of Panopea.

Are there any clear-cut characters, apart from minor and inconstant differences

in shape due to growth changes, which will serve to differentiate these so-called

species ?

Externally the South African specimens agree with Nicklés’s figure of

aldrovandi; and with Chenu’s figures (1862) of australis and faujast.

The recent discovery of specimens in South West Africa bridges the gap

in the distribution of Panopea between southern Angola and Hopefield (Cape) ;

and raises the expectation that specimens will be found in the gap between

the former and Dakar.

For the above reasons I adopt Ménard’s name for the South African

specimens instead of Woodward’s inappropriate and misleading name.

Fam. Aloididae

| Aloidis Megerle 1811 replaces Corbula (Brug.) Lamarck 1799, nom. preocc.

Réding 1708.

7 Aloidis valdiviae (Jaeckel)

Corbula rugifera A. Adams MS. in Cuming collection; Smith, 1903a, p. 99, pl. 15, figs. 9, 10

(nom. preocc. H. Adams).

Corbula valdiviae Jaeckel, 1931, p. 241, pl. 9(4), fig. 117.

Corbula tahitensis (non Lam.), Braga, 1952, p. 117.

Inequivalve, oblong, a ridge from umbo to the more or less sharply

angulate postero-inferior corner. Strong and rather sharp concentric lirae,

which posteriorly to the ridge are obliquely wrinkled (Smith; blatterig, Jaeckel) ;

anteriorly and medianly fine radial striae in the sulci between the lirae, extend-

ing up the dorsal slope of the lirae to their crest, but not so far up on the ventral

slope. No pallial sinus. The tooth (anterior) in the right valve much stronger

than the tooth (posterior) in the left valve.

Length 15°5, alt. 9 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.); 13 x 8 X 5°5 mm. (Smith).

Umkomaas, Natal (Smith); Tongaat and Richard’s Bay (S. Afr. Mus.) ;

Inhambane (Braga).

Off Tugela River (Natal), 47 fathoms, 2 valves; off Umkomaas, 40 fathoms,

3 valves; off Hood Point (East London), 49 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus.

E-F_ coll).

Distribution. Off Dar-es-Salaam, 50 metres (Jaeckel).

Remarks. Smith made no mention of the radial striations in the sulci, but

they are very distinct in the P.F. specimens, and can be faintly traced on

beach-worn valves.

The identity of valdivia with Smith’s rugifera is clear from Jaeckel’s descrip-

tion and figure. Jaeckel said the species was similar to the Red Sea fossil C.

acutangula Issel. :

Comparison should also be made with A. socialis (Martin) (Cox, 1927,

560 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

p. 60, pl. 9, figs. 5 a, b; Nardini, 1937, p. 264, pl. 18(12), figs. o} rome ax

made no mention of radial striae. Nardini distinguished soczalis from acutangula.

Melvill & Standen (1906, p. 843) record a Corbula rugifera H. Adams;

presumably therefore rugifera Smith is preoccupied and must give place to

valdiviae.

Aloidis tunicata (Hinds)

Corbula tunicata Hinds, 1843, p. 55; 1844, p. 68, pl. 20, figs. 4, 5.

Corbula cuneata Hinds, 1843, p. 56; 1844, p. 68, pl. 20, fig. 6.

Aloidis tunicata (Hinds), Prashad, 1932 p. 310.

Agulhas Bank, 70 fathoms (Hinds). For tunicata Hinds gave also Straits of

Macassar; and Sowerby (1892, p. 55) said both species were common in the

China sea. Neither the Pieter Faure nor the Valdivia obtained any specimens on

the Agulhas Bank.

Both species are posteriorly rostrate; and it seems probable that cuneata,

figured as being 14 X II mm., is only a younger shell of tunicata, figured as

being 26 x 19 mm., though neither Smith (1885) nor Prashad suggested this.

Aloidis persica (Smith)

Corbula persica Smith, 1906a, p. 262.

Very inequivalve, right valve inflated, umbonate, with c. 28 strong rounded

concentric lirae, intervals narrow; left valve smaller and flatter, fitting within

the right valve, with concentric growth-lines only. No pallial sinus. The tooth

(anterior) in right valve stronger than that (posterior) in the left valve.

White, with yellowish-brown periostracum, which is thicker on the left

valve and overlaps the margin.

Right valve: length 6-75, alt. (overall) 6-75, internal (excl. umbonal pro-

jection) alt. 4-5 mm.; left valve length 5-5, alt. 4 mm.

Off East London, 36-42 fathoms, one living (S. Afr. Mus. Ag555, P.F.).

Distribution. Persian Gulf, 47 fathoms (Smith) ; Gulf of Oman, 156 fathoms

(Melvill & Standen).

Remarks. Identified by Tomlin as fersica. Agrees also with Jaeckel’s figure

of andamanica (Smith). The latter (Smith, 1906a, p. 263) from the Andaman

Islands, 100 fathoms, and from off Dar-es-Salaam 50 metres (Jaeckel, 1931,

p-. 242, pl. 9(4), fig. 120) (right and left valves), is so closely similar to persica

as to be probably synonymous.

Smith stated that the left valve had a few radiating lirae; in the present

specimen they seem to be absent, but except near the umbo the shell is con-

cealed by the thick adherent periostracum. 7

Fam. Myidae

In Bartsch’s (1915, p. 251) list of species ‘reported from South Africa’ are

included. Sphenia decurtata A. Ad., mindorensis (Ad. & Rve.), and philippinarum

A. Ad. I have not discovered who reported these species from South Africa.

They are not in the ‘Official list? (Sowerby, Smith, Tomlin).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 561

Cryptomya philippinarum (A. Ad.)

Bie 325d

Sphaenia philippinarum A. Adams, 1851, p. 89, pl. 10, figs. 7-9.

Cryptomya philippinarum (A. Ad.), H. & A. Adams, 1855/56, p. 358, pl. 95, figs. 5, 54, 0.

| Posterior two-thirds (except postero-dorsally) with fine radiating riblets,

anterior third with growth-lines only. Ligament pit in left valve sliding under

the hinge in right valve.

One left valve 8-25 x 5 mm., and a broken larger right valve probably

c. 16-17 mm. when unbroken.

Fossil: Pleistocene, Sedgefield near Knysna (A. R. H. Martin).

Distribution. Philippine Islands.

Remarks. The external sculpture corresponds with fig. 56, and the original

description which said ‘posterior side striated’. The shape is more like that of

figure 5, but is not so high, and with a less curved ventral margin (figs. 5 and

54, 5 differ in shape). In decurtata the whole shell would seem, from the descrip-

tion, to be radiately striated. Mya mindorensis (Ad. & Rve. 1848, p. 82, pl. 23,

fig. 13) has no sculpture.

Fam. Gastrochaenidae

Lamy 1925, pp. 284-319.

Gastrochaena cf. dubia (Pennant)

[Cf.] Rocellaria dubia (Penn.), H. & A. Adams, 1855/56, p. 336, pl. 91, figs. 2-2c.

Gastrochaena sp. Bartsch, 1915, p. 210; Barnard, 1962b, p. 187.

Gastrochaena ? retzi Turton, 1932, p. 258.

Gastrochaena cf. ruppellit Check-list Mollusca, False Bay, Mem. Conch. Soc. 8. Afr., 1960, i, p. 15.

Length up to 16 mm., alt. at umbo 4, greatest alt. (posteriorly) 7 mm.

-Umbo near anterior end; dorso-anterior corner rectangular. Sculptured

with lines of growth only, fine but somewhat irregular in strength. Hinge-line

below umbo incrassate, forming a small projecting tooth.

Fossil: Pleistocene, limestone deposit, mouth of Klein River, Stanford

(S. Afr. Mus.).

False Bay (S. Afr. Mus.); also False Bay, 9-14 fathoms (S. Afr. Mus. P.F.

coll.) ; Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Muir); also Kalk Bay harbour (False Bay)

@e.Ger.).

Port Alfred (Bartsch, Turton).

Remarks. This species is not cuneiformis, and certainly not retzz (= Spengleria

mytiloides). It might, however, be the European and Mediterranean dubia

(Pennant). I have no material for comparison.

The tubes of the fossil examples are about 23 mm. long (probably 25 mm.

when unbroken), greatest diameter about 9, and at the aperture 5 mm. They

appear to be simple tubes without extraneous objects, lining c. 0-5 mm. thick,

slightly thicker near posterior end where there appears to be a slight constriction

of the lumen, as if a septum had once been present. It is impossible to say

562 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

whether the tubes lay free in soft sand, or whether the animals had bored into

the consolidated sand-(lime-)stone.

Gastrochaena cuneiformis Spengler

Gastrochaena cuneiformis Speng., Chenu, 1862, fig. 73; Lamy, 1925, p. 295 (references) ; Dautzen-

berg, 1929, p. 618.

Gastrochaena cuneiformis var. ruppellu Lamy, 1925, p. 295.

Gastrochaena lamellosa Smith, 1885, p. 28, pl. 7, figs. 2, 2a, b.

Gastrochaena dubia (non Pennant), Macnae & Kalk, 1958, pp. 37, 92, 129.

Anterior end viewed laterally acuminate, viewed dorsally almost a right

angle, posterior end rounded, umbo at about } length from anterior end, growth-

lines regular, raised, lamellate. Length 25 mm.

Inhaca Island, Delagoa Bay (U.W.).

Distribution. Red Sea, Mauritius, Bourbon, Indo-Pacific.

Fistulana sp.

Fig. 34

Cf. F. agglutinans Desh., 1855, p. 330; Lamy, 1925, p. 318.

One specimen collected by U.W. at Inhaca Island, Delagoa Bay.

Tube composed of agglutinated sandgrains and incorporating broken

pieces of mollusc and barnacle shells. ‘There is a hint of transverse segmentation.

Length 23 mm. Aperture oval, perpendicular to the plane of the tube as here

drawn, with a slight kee! on each side incompletely dividing the lumen into

two canals; an internal septum at c. 5-6 mm. from the end of the tube, with an

oval perforation.

Shell 14-15 mm. long, bluntly rounded anteriorly, umbo near anterior

end, a very feeble ridge from umbo to the rounded-subtruncate posterior margin,

sculpture of growth-lines only.

A commensal flat-worm (Trematode ?) was found in the tube.

Fic. 34. Fistulana sp., Delagoa Bay. Tube, with sections at aperture and internal septum near

aperture; lateral, dorsal, and internal views of left valve.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 563

Fam. Pholadidae

Heppell, 1963, p. 33 (diagrams of shell and muscle-scars; key to British

species).

Pholas dactylus Linn.

Pholas dactylus Linn. Sowerby, 1849, p. 485, pl. 102, figs. 10, 11, and pl. 105, fig. 45 (dwarf and

distorted) ; 1892, p. 54; Turton, 1932, p. 258, pl. 70, no. 1830.

Pholas jordani van Hoepen, 1941, p. 171, pl. 9, figs. 3-7, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2.

Postero-dorsal and ventral margins gently converging posteriorly; hind end

rounded. Prickles at intersections of the radial and concentric lirae squamose,

diminishing slightly in size towards the anterior groove; dorsal half of groove

with growth-lines only. Prickly concentric lirae farther apart in juveniles than

in adults (cf. van Hoepen, pl. 9, fig. 7).

Up to length 117, alt. 40 mm. (van Hoepen, specimen from Port Alfred).

Fossil: Pleistocene, Port Elizabeth (van Hoepen).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); East London, Port Alfred, Algoa Bay, Jeffreys

Bay, Great Brak River (Mossel Bay) (van Hoepen).

| Strandfontein and Gordon’s Bay (False Bay), Still Bay, Knysna (S. Afr.

Mus.).

Distribution. Europe.

Remarks. The long description of jordani discloses no features separating it

from dactylus. Van Hoepen made an ex cathedra statement that the South African

shells were not the same as those figured by Sowerby (1872) and other authors;

but comparison with a figure is not always very conclusive. No differences were

specified, except such slight differences as are attributable to individual

variation. .

In support of his contention that the South African Pholas is distinct from

daciylus van Hoepen quoted a statement by Tomlin. A large 117 mm. long

valve from Port Alfred (figured nat. size by van Hoepen, pl. 10, fig. 1) was

apparently seen by Tomlin (van Hoepen, p. 174). As quoted by van Hoepen

(p. 174) Tomlin is alleged to have said: ‘Not at all the same as our British

dactylus. 1 have always expected that Bartsch’s alfredensis would occur very

much larger than he described it. This is evidently the same species [ital. mine]’.

Tomlin would not have regarded a shell with umbonal partitions (Pholas) as

the adult of a species without such partitions (Barnea) ; of course alfredensis is

not the same as dactylus. But van Hoepen seems to have misconstrued Tomlin,

and casuistically seized upon ‘Tomlin’s words ‘not at all the sameas . . . dactylus’

as justification for his jordani n.sp.

I have compared South African shells in South African Museum with a

series of British dactylus, and can find no specific differences.

The number and proximity of the radial and concentric lirae varies. In

one valve (Gordon’s Bay) the concentric lirae, including those on the younger

part of the shell, are more numerous than usual; and the radial lirae in a space

of 25-30 mm. below the umbo are very closely crowded together. The altitude

564 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

of the shell is at least 33 mm., but the hinder part is broken away; on the

remaining portion the growth-lines are more broadly rounded than in normal

shells.

Barnea alfredensis Bartsch

Pholas fragilis (non Sow.), Smith, 1904a, p. 25.

Barnea alfredensis Bartsch, 1915, p. 210, pl. 44, figs. 1, 2; Turton, 1932, p. 258; van Hoepen,

1941, p. 168, pl. 8, figs. 1-4.

Pholas alfredensis Bartsch, Jaeckel, 1931, p. 243.

The postero-dorsal and ventral margins converge posteriorly to the

narrowly rounded hind end. There is some variation in the amount of conver-

gence, but the hind end can always be described as acuminate. The raised

prickles at intersections of the radial and concentric lirae are more or less

squamose, i.e. hollowed ventrally; they diminish in size towards the anterior

groove; dorsal half of the groove with growth-lines only. Accessory plate

(protoplax) linguiform, 12 x (posterior width) 6-5 mm. on a shell 35 mm.

long.

Length 46, alt. 17 mm.; also 43 x 17,and 41 X 17mm. Bartsch: 41 X 12

mm. ;-van Hoepen’ 20 013) 92) <o13) 34) 119-5 mane |

Port Alfred and Kowie (Smith, Bartsch, Turton, van Hoepen).

St. Francis Bay and Algoa Bay (Jaeckel).

Table Bay, Gordon’s Bay (False Bay), Still Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

Off Cape Seal, 30 fathoms, 2 living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

Remarks. Dr. Muir obtained one beach-worn valve at Still Bay; one shell

was extracted from rock at Gordon’s Bay; the Table Bay specimens were

extracted from a block of indurated limestone at Woodstock. In the latter

block the depth of the burrows was 55-60 mm.

Barnea manilensis ( Phil.)

Pholas manilensis Philippi, 1847, p. 72.

Pholas manillensis [sic] Smith, 1891, p. 395.

Barnia [sic] erythraea Gray, 1851, p. 382.

Pholas erythraea (Gray), Sowerby in Reeve, 1872, sp. 48; Cox, 1927, p. 61, pl. 9, figs. 4a, 4b.

Barnea durbanensis van Hoepen, 1941, p. 169, pl. 8, figs. 5-8, pl. 9, figs. 1, 2.

Postero-dorsal and ventral margins converging posteriorly, hind end

narrowly rounded, acuminate. The raised prickles at intersections of radial and

concentric lirae are solid, conical granules, except in the anterior groove where

they increase in size and form flat imbricate points; dorsal half of groove with

growth-lines only.

Length 78, alt. 24 mm. Van Hoepen: 78 x 26 and 89 X 25 mm.

Durban and St. Lucia Bay (van Hoepen). Also Algoa Bay (58 x 25 mm.)

(van Hoepen).

St. Lucia Bay (S. Afr. Mus.; also U.C.T.) ; Chinde, mouth of the Zambezi

River (S. Afr. Mus. coll. K.H.B.).

Distribution. Philippines; Red Sea. Zanzibar (fossil).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 565

Remarks. Dr. Rehder in litt. to Prof. Day considered the St. Lucia Bay

shells to be probably erythraea. Smith considered the latter a synonym of

manillensis [sic].

Barnea truncata (Say)

Pholas truncata Say, 1822, p. 321; Sowerby, 1849, p. 488, pl. 104, figs. 29, 30.

Barnea truncata (Say), Nicklés, 1950, p. 232, fig. 454.

Postero-dorsal and ventral margins scarcely converging posteriorly,

subparallel; hind end broadly rounded, subtruncate. Prickles on intersections

of radial and concentric lirae squamose, diminishing in size towards anterior

groove; dorsal half of groove with growth-lines only.

Length 62, alt. 27 mm.

Table Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. C. A. Fairbridge).

Distribution. West Africa from Senegal to Angola. East coast of North

America.

Martesia striata (Linn.)

Martesia falcata (non Gray, non Wood), Sowerby, 1892, p. 54.

Mariesia striata (Linn.), Lynge, 1909, p. 283 (references); Smith, 1910, p. 216; Turton, 1932,

p- 258; van Hoepen, 1941, p. 175, pl. 8, figs. 9, 10, pl. 10, figs. 7-9; Nagabhushanam, 1958,

p- 10, figs. 2a, b, and pl. 1, fig. 1.

Length 31, alt. (protoplax in situ) 15 mm. (U.C.T.: Durban). 42 x 16-4

mm. (Nagabhushanam).

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby); Tongaat (Natal), in seeds of Barringtonia

(Smith); Durban and Port Alfred (van Hoepen); Durban Bay and Richards

bay (W:C.T-.).

Delagoa Bay, in floating wood, living (S. Afr. Mus. coil. K.H.B.).

Bredasdorp coast, in lump of resin washed ashore (S. Afr. Mus.).

Distribution. Zanzibar, Dar-es-Salaam, Mozambique, Indo-Pacific. Also

East coast of North and South America, West Indies, Europe, Mediterranean.

Fam. Teredinidae

The classic species 7. navalis Linn. was recorded by Calman (1920) from

‘Simonstown dockyard; but this material was later referred to another species

(robsont) .

Hammersley-Heenan (1889, p. 313) gave an account of the ravages of

“Teredo navalis’ in bridges over the Zwartkops River at Port Elizabeth.

For specific determination the pallets are essential, the shells of the different

species being less well differentiated. Realization of the usefulness of the pallets

in distinguishing species was a step forward in the taxonomy of the family, but

there seems to be a danger of its leading modern investigators into excessive

species-mongering.

Some species, e.g. navalis, are incubatory, retaining the larvae in the gill-

pouches until the shelled stage; when liberated they swim actively around the

wood in which the parent bores, and settle down almost immediately

(Lebour, 1938).

566 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Teredo robsont Roch

Fig. 35 a, b

Teredo navalis (part, non Linn.), Calman, 1920, p. 2092, fig. 1B.

Teredo robsoni Roch, 1931, p. 209, pl. 23; Moll & Roch, 1937, pp. 169, 178.

Stalk of the pallet passing eradually into blade, which is oblong, slightly

constricted near the end, distally covered by brown cuticle enclosing a cal-

careous knob.

Simonstown (Calman; Moll & Roch).

Fic. 35. Pallets of Teredinidae: a, Teredo robsoni Roch, after Calman. ), after Roch. ¢, mannii

(Wright) after Wright, and Roch & Moll. d, after Calman.* e, massa (Jouss.) Lamy, after Roch &

Moll. f,; specimen from East London. g, h, specimens from Knysna. i, petersi Moll, after-Moll.

Jj, alfredensis vy. Hoepen, after van Hoepen. k, clava Gmelin, after Roch & Moll. 1. Bankia stutch-

buryt Leach, Sow. m, capensis (Calman).

* Does not apply to mannii; see text.

Remarks. Calman regarded pedicellata Quatrefages as possibly a synonym

of navalis, and in the absence of a satisfactory definition of the former, recorded

the South African examples as navalis.

Moll & Roch (1931) figured the pallets of navalis, pedicellata, and robsoni;

navalis has the outer surface excavate distally, and no calcareous knob; the

other two are not excavate but have a knob surrounded by cuticle. There seems

no tangible difference between pedicellata and robsoni; and the former has been

recorded from as far south as Lobito Bay, and St. Helena; in view of the north-

wacd-flowing Benguella current, might one perhaps say robsoni has been

recorded as far north as Lobito Bay and St. Helena? (cf. Moll & Roch, 1937,

p. 180). In other words, is robsoni only a synonym of pedicellata?

Nevertheless the occurrence of navalis in South Africa seems not unlikely.

Some specimens from wharfpiles at Mossel Bay (U.C.T., 1957) have pallets

shaped like those of navalis. The distal margin is exacavate between the two

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 567

_ lateral horns (fig. 35a, after Calman, 1920, fig. 1 B), and there is no calcareous

knob (cf. definition in Bartsch, 1922, p. 17, and pl. 32, fig. 2). Other specimens

from Port Elizabeth and East London are similar as regards the valves, but

the pallets are missing.

Teredo mannu (Wright)

Bio. 3h ¢

Kuphus mannii Wright, 1866, p. 565, pl. 65, figs. 1-8.

Teredo mannii (Wright), Roch & Moll, 1929, p. 15, fig. 14; Moll & Roch, 1931, p. 210, fig. 26;

1937, pp. 164, 176, 185, 187, chart 1.

Teredo (Kuphus) manni [sic] (Wright), Roch, 1955, p. 126, fig. 1.

[Non] Teredo mannii Calman, 1920, p. 395, figs. 2, 3; Nagabhushanam, 1958, fig. 1 1 = Dicyathifer

caroli Iredale, 1936.

Blade of the pallet triangular, distally excavate on outer side, divided by a

median rib which projects more or less beyond the distal margin. Calman’s

(1920, fig. 2) and Nagabhushanam’s (1955, fig. I 2) specimens have been

referred to a different species.

Mozambique, Beira, Tongaland (northern Zululand) (Moll & Roch,

1937):

Distribution. East Africa, Querimba Islands, Comoro Islands and Madagas-

car, Réunion, East Indies, Australia.

Teredo massa (Jouss.) Lamy

Fig. 35 e-h

Teredo massa Jousseaume, 1923, p. 176, figs.; Roch & Moll, 1929, p. 14, fig. 13; Moll & Roch,

1931, p. 210, fig. 23; 1937, pp. 165, 176, 183, 184, 185, 187, chart 1.

Pallet with a deep cup-shaped excavation, distally with projecting cuticle.

Durban (Moll & Roch, 1937).

Distribution. Aden, Erythraea; Madagascar.

Remarks. Some specimens in South African Museum from Knysna (coll.

K.H.B. 1938) and East London (fig. 35 f) appear to be nearest to this species in

the shape of the pallets. In the Knysna examples (fig. 35 g, h) the blade of the

pallet is broader than long, and the stalk long and slender.

The Knysna specimens were incubatory.

Teredo peterst Moll

Fig? 9%

Teredo petersi Moll, 1929, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 3; Thiele, 1935, fig. 855; Moll & Roch, 1937, pp. 172,

176, 185, chart 1.

[?] Teredo gregoryi Dall, Bartsch, Rehder, 1938, p. 212, pl. 55, figs. 1-5.

Pallet ‘finger-nail’ shaped, the nail portion with a median groove on one

side and a ridge on the reverse side.

Querimba Island, Portuguese East Africa (petersi). ? Hawaii (gregoryi).

Remarks. The description of the shell of alfredensis van Hoepen (1941, p. 176,

pl. 10, figs. 3-6) discloses no specific characters strong enough to justify a n.sp.

568 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

The pallet (fig. 357), however, belongs to the group of species with ‘finger-nail’

shaped pallets, viz. malleolus, gazellae, diederichsem, and peters: (figures in Roch &

Moll, 1929), thomsonit Tryon (figure in Bartsch, 1922, pl. 34, fig. 4) and gregory

(loc. cit., supra).

Another species with comparable pallets, without median groove on the

nail-like portion, is spdrcki Roch (1922, no. 13, p. 15, pl. 2, fig. 4) from the

Philippines.

The Port Alfred pallet shows no median groove on the outside surface of

the nail-like portion, thus differing from peters. Nair, however, figured (1954, |

fig. 7c) a Madras example of the Hawaiian gregory: without a median groove.

Teredo clava Gmelin

Fic. 3h k

Teredo (Hyperotus) gregata (non Lam.), Sowerby, 1892, p. 54.

Uperotis clava (Gmelin), Smith, 1910, p. 217.

Teredo clava Gmelin, Roch & Moll, 1929, p. 8, fig. 9; Moll & Roch, 1937, pp. 172, 176, 186, 187,

charts 1 and 3; Nair, 1956, p. 407, figs. 8 a—-c.

Shell short (antero-posteriorly), middle part elongate (dorso-ventrally),

auricle narrow. Pallet thick, distal portion of blade with radiating riblets.

Port Elizabeth (Sowerby: ‘S. Africa’); Port St. Johns, Port Grosvenor

(Moll & Roch); Tongaat (Natal) (Smith); Tongaland (northern Zululand)

(Moll & Roch).

Distribution. Mauritius, Ceylon, India, East Indies, Australia.

Remarks. Lives in floating seeds of the mangrove Xylocarpus granatum

(= Carapa moluccensis). Smith recorded the Tongaat specimen from the seeds of

Barringtonia. Moll & Roch’s chart 3 shows the coinciding distribution of the

Teredo and Xylocarpus, the South African records being due to drifting in the

Mozambique current.

The seeds of Xylocarpus and Barringtonia have been found washed ashore

as far west as Still Bay and the coast of the Riversdale Division (Muir, 1937,

pp: 26, 27, 44, 75).

Teredo ancilla n.sp.

Fig. 36

Shell narrow (antero-posteriorly). Anterior part with c. 30 rasping ridges.

Median part consisting of the anterior area only; ends of the ridges on the

posterior margin forming an irregular series of small lobules, which become

stronger ventrally. No middle area with groove. A smooth and very narrow

flange seems to represent the posterior part, expanding dorsally into the auricle;

no line of junction demarcating the auricle. Internally, the anterior edge of

anterior part and median part thickened. Anterior and median parts dorsally

inflexed to form a smooth ledge, from which the blade depends; in side view the

ridged and smooth areas meet in a sharp keel. Dorso-ventrally 13 mm., antero-

posteriorly (fig. 36 6) 8 mm.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 569

‘Pallet club-shaped, total length 11 mm., stalk 7 mm.; club broader than

long, 7 X 4 mm., externally slightly hollowed, internally slightly biconcave

with feeble median rib; distal margin with slight median projection. Brownish.

Animal (as preserved slightly curved) c. 40 x (anteriorly) 12, (posteriorly)

10 mm. Dirty white. The mantle collar in front conceals the auricle and narrow

_ flange-like posterior part of the shell. Ventrally an elongate oval grey area

Fic. 36. Teredo ancilla n.sp.

Fic. 36. Teredo ancilla n.sp. a, animal (ridges on the valve not shown). b, c, d, three external

views of valve. e, internal view. f, g, external and internal views of pallet.

where the mantle is very thin, with the gonads and the black intestine showing

through. Inhalent and exhalent siphons separate throughout their length, the

former with a few inconspicuous, but probably extensible, papillae around its

opening. | |

Umlalazi estuary, Zululand, from a log in mangrove swamp, one specimen

pee: 1).

Remarks. Compared. with most species of Teredo this specimen has a short

and stout body, at least as preserved. It is soft and pliable, but the gills in the

hinder half of the body are crumpled. Thus there seems to have been a certain

amount of contraction in preservation, and perhaps a quarter of its present

length could be added to give its length when extended.

The pallets somewhat resemble those of 7. mannit and Bactronophorus

thoracites, but without the distal protuberance of the latter. The club, however,

is broader relatively to its length.

570 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

The valves are remarkable for the reduction in width (1.e. in the axis of the

animal) of the median part, involving the suppression of the middle area with

its usual groove. In the literature available to me, two illustrations appear to

represent an intermediate stage in reduction of the median part: Wright’s

(1866) pl. 64, figs. 11, 12, of ‘Calobates’ thoracites, and Nair’s (1956) figs. 8 a,

b of T. clava. Further, Moll & Roch (19314, pl. 24, fig. 24 right) have given a

figure (seemingly a retouched photograph) of the front end of the animal of

T. arenaria, which shows the right valve and the mantle collar resembling very

closely the present specimen.

T. (Kuphus) arenaria (Lam.) is a sand-dwelling species with a characteristic

tube (Thiele, 1934, p. 935). Pallets attributable to this species are only known

from a specimen consisting of the posterior (siphonal) end (50 cm. x 5 cm.)

(Moll & Roch, 19314, p. 15; and 19310, p. 210, pl. 24, fig. 24 left).

As regards the right-hand figure in this last reference, Moll & Roch made

no mention of a specimen of the anterior end with the valves, and gave no

explanation of the inclusion of a photograph of such a specimen in figure 24.

In 1931c (p. 17) they merely repeat that only the siphonal end is known. The

latter is in the British Museum, and presumably the anterior end is also there.

Thiele (1934, p. 935) said the valves of arenaria were not adequately known.

Sivickis (1928) described and figured the valves of Teredo dubia, a species

related to arenaria, and like the latter a sand-dweller. When young the valves

were described as broad like those of a ‘normal’ Teredo; but in the adult they

become eroded and narrow, and have the same appearance as the right-hand

figure in Moll & Roch (1931a). The pallets of dubia are similar to those of

arenaria, and the former may prove to be a synonym of the latter.

Although the valves of the present specimen appear to resemble those of

dubia and also those presumed to belong to arenaria, the pallets are different,

and the animal is a wood-borer. The institution of a n.sp. seems advisable

(from the resemblance of the pallet to a dust-pan: ancilla, a housemaid).

IT. radicis Moll (in: Moll & Roch., 1937, p. 182), living in the roots of

mangroves at East London and ? East Africa, was very briefly described.

Pallets semicircular, distal margin straight or slightly concave, stalk awl-

shaped; valves with anterior part large and rhomboidal, anterior middle area

narrow, rasping-ridges numerous (c. 100). The description of the pallets might

possibly apply to the present specimen, but not that of the valves.

Bankia stutchburyi Leach, Sow.

Fig. 35 /

Xylotrya stutchburyi (Leach, Sow.), Smith, 1910, p. 216, pl. 8, fig. 8-80.

Bankia stutchburyi Leach, Sow., Roch & Moll, 1929, p. 19; Moll & Roch, 1931, p. 213, pl. 24

(useless photo).

[?] Teredo stutchburyi (Leach, Sow.), Turton, 1932, p. 259, pl. 70, no. 1833.

Pallet composed of 12-14 clearly separated triangular segments with cuti-

cular spines at the distal corners. Length and alt. of shell 6 mm., pallet c. 10-12

mm.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 571

Port Elizabeth and Durban (Smith).

Off Cape St. Blaize, 30 fathoms, in waterlogged timber (S. Afr. Mus. P.F.

coll.).

In planks dredged off Still Bay (34° 40’ S., 21° 35’ E.), 70-77 metres

eee. T.).

Distribution. East Indies, Christmas Island.

Remarks. Better South African material is required. B. indica Nair, 1954

(p. 393, fig. 3) seems closely allied and may possibly be a synonym.

Bankia capensis (Calman)

Fig. 35 m

Xylotrya capensis Calman, 1920, p. 402, figs. 9-11.

Bankia capensis (Calman), Roch & Moll, 1929, p. 21, fig. 20; Jaeckel, 1931, p. 243; Moll & Roch,

1931, p. 215, fig. 41; 1937, pp. 176, 180, chart 1.

Pallet feather-like, composed of a large number of short and broad cres-

_centic segments, the lateral apices produced as fine filaments, stalk granulose.

Length of valve 15, alt. 14 mm.; pallet 30 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.); Calman:

I2°5 X 11°5, pallet 46 mm.

Simonstown (Calman). Liideritzbucht and Swakopmund (Roch & Moll);

Plettenberg Bay (Jaeckel). False Bay (S. Afr. Mus. coll. Mrs. Connolly).

St. Helena Bay, boring into Eucalyptus piles (S. Afr. Mus.).

Remarks. Compare the Pacific Ocean B. setacea Tryon (pallet figured in

Bartsch, 1922, pls. 4, 5, and 30, fig. 3; and in Roch, 1931, fig. 11).

Fam. Lyonsiidae

Bartsch recorded the genus Lyonsza from South Africa in 1915, and Turton

described the species densecostata (1932, p. 229, pl. 59, no. 1602) from Port

Alfred.

Lyonsia formosa Jeffreys

Lyonsia formosa Jeffreys, 1881, p. 930, pl. 70, figs. 1, 1a.

The posterior half and the hinge of a very thin and delicate right valve

appear to agree with the description and figure of this species.

Cape Point N. 86° E. 43 miles, g00—1000 fathoms, one valve (S. Afr. Mus.

No. A3671. P.F. coll.).

Distribution. Atlantic, Canaries; Gulf of Mexico. 349-620 fathoms.

Fam. Pandoridae

Prashad (1932, p. 322) used Calopodium Bolten-Réding 1798 (Fam.

Calopodidae) because Pandora Hwass in Chemnitz 1798 was not used binominally,

and is therefore inadmissible. Thiele (1934), however, retained the more

familiar name Pandora.

572 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Pandora dissimilis Sow.

Fig. 37 a-d

Pandora dissimilis Sowerby, 1894, p. 374; 1897, p. 21, pl. 6, fig. 33.

Nearly equivalve, but left valve slightly convex, right valve almost flat.

Antero-dorsal margin may be slightly concave in young shell, but later becomes

straight or slightly convex; postero-dorsal margin straight or very slightly

convex (when not distorted), In young shells a very shallow groove from umbo

to near postero-dorsal corner, less obvious in older shells. Left valve with an

anterior and posterior lamellar lateral tooth; right valve with a very strong

Fic. 37. Pandora dissimilis Sow. a, left valve hinge

with dorsal view, diamond-shaped scar against

which right cardinal tooth impinges. b, right

valve hinge with dorsal view. c, d, ventral and

posterior views of cardinal tooth in right valve.

e, f, P. similis Sow. hinges of left and right valves.

cardinal tooth, lamellate where attached to the shell, but expanding into a

diamond-shaped apex which leaves a similar-shaped scar where it impinges

against the left valve. Adductor muscle scars not sunken, though the antero-

dorsal margin of the anterior adductor may be slightly impressed.

Length 45, alt. 25 mm. (Sowerby); 40 x 24 mm. (S. Afr. Mus.) ; smallest

seen: 15 X 8 (at vertical from umbo) or 9 mm. (greatest altitude).

Cape Town (Sowerby); Table Bay (S. Afr. Mus.).

False Bay, 23 fathoms, one living (S. Afr. Mus. P.F. coll.).

False Bay (34° 19’ S., 18° 30’ E.), 52 metres, living (U.C.T.).

Cotype in South African Museum. Reg. No. 5622.

Remarks. Varies somewhat in shape, e.g. 30 X 19 and 30 X 14 mm.

(greatest alt.); and sometimes distorted, e.g. 35 x (vertical from umbo) 18,

(greatest alt.) 23 mm., and 32 X g and 14mm.

Pandora similis Sow.

Fig. 37¢,f

Pandora similis Sowerby, 1897, p. 29.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF S.A. MARINE MOLLUSCA 573

In shape resembling znaequivalvis (Linn.). Inequivalve, left valve convex,

right smaller (dorso-ventrally), flat or sometimes slightly subconcave. Antero-

dorsal margin sloping to rounded anterior end; postero-dorsal margin concave.

Two low ridges from umbo to subrostrate hind end following the curve of the

dorsal margin; covered distally with crinkly periostracum. Left valve with long

ridge-like posterior lateral tooth, and a feeble anterior lateral, a A-shaped

cardinal tooth; right valve with short posterior lateral ridge, a slender anterior

ridge, and 2 diverging cardinals. Adductor muscle scars sunken, the anterior