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TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM.

Sir Toomas Murr, C.M.G., M.A., LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.

J. G. VAN DER Horst, Esq.

Prof. Wiit1am ApaAm JOLLY, M.B., Ch.B., D.Sc., F.R.S.S.Afr.

W. J. THORNE, Esq.

W. Brinton, Esy.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN

MUSEUM.

Epwin Leonarp Gitt, D.Sc., Director.

KepreL Harcourt BarnarpD, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Assistant Director; in charge

of Fish and Marine Invertebrates.

Miss STAR GARABEDIAN, M.A., Assistant in charge of the Botanical Department.

REGINALD FREDERICK LAWRENCE, B.A., Ph.D., Assistant in charge of Reptiles,

Batrachians, and Arachnids.

ALBERT JOHN HeEssb, B.Sc., Ph.D., Assistant in charge of the Entomological

Department.

LrguWE Dirk Boonstra, D.Sc., Assistant in Palaeontology.

Stpney Henry Haueuron, B.A., D.Sc., F.G.S., Honorary Keeper of the Geological

and Palaeontological Collections.

Astitey J. H. Goopwin, M.A., Honorary Keeper of the Ethnological and Archaeo-

logical Collections.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

S. GARABEDIAN.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa.

No. 1. List of Grasses. Plate VIII

E: P. PxHiures.

A Contribution to the Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs: with a

Discussion on the Relationships of the Floras of Basutoland, the

Kalahari, and the South-eastern Regions. Plates I-VII

M. A. Pocock.

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. With Field Notes by

J. H. Power. Plates XXV-XXXVII, and Seven Text-figures

M. A. Pocock.

Volvox in South Africa. Plates XX XVIII-XLIX, and Ten Text-figures

F. Ricu and M. A. Pocock.

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. Plates IX-X XIV, and

Six Text-figures

vii

PAGE

381

473

523

DATE OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS.

Part 1, June 21st, 1917.

Part 2, April, 1925.

Part 3, July, 1933.

Wile

VII.

VIII.

TX.-XXIV.

XXV.-XXIX.

XXX.

XXXI-XXXIII.

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI-XXXVII.

XXX VITI-XLIX.

LIST OF PLATES. pe

Lobelia Tysonii Phillips. Anthrixia fontana MacOwan.

Blepharis espinosa Phillips. Utricularia humilis Phillips.

{ Lotononistrisegmentata Phillips. WahlenbergiadepressaW.& E.

\ Lobelia aquatica Phillips.

Euryops Annae Phillips.

( Heliophila basutica Phillips. Psammotropha androsacea Fenzl.

| Wahlenbergia basutica Phillips. W. depressa W. & E.

( Helichrysum calocephalum Schltr. H. radnii Sp. Moore.

\ Crepis polyodon Phillips. H. chionosphaerum D.C.

Map of Basutoland.

Map of South-West Africa.

South African Volvoz.

Volvox gigas.

Volvox gigas and africanus.

Volvox africanus.

Volvox rousseletii forma griquaensis.

Volvox rousseletii forma griquaensis and Kirchneriella africana.

Sphaerocystis poweri.

Volvox in South Africa.

(An index of genera in Part 1 will be found on pp. 372-377.)

Agrostis

Amphilophis

Andropogon

Anthephora

Aristida

Arundo

Brachiaria

Bromus

Chloris

Cymbopogon

Cynodon .

Dactyloctenium

Danthonia

Dichantium

Digitaria .

Diplachne

Echinochloa

Ehrhata

Eleusine

Elyonurus

Elytrophorus

Enneapogon

Enteropogon

Entoplocamia

Eragrostis

Eremopogon

Eriochloa

Eudorina .

Eulalia

Kustachys

INDEX OF GENERA.

Contained in Parts 2 and 3.

PAGE

400

384

386

395

400

398

389

426

421

386

420

422

398

385

388

418

391

425

421

383

426

423 |

420

426

410

385

388

479

383

42]

Xili

Fingerhuthia

Hemarthria

Heteropogon

Hyparrhenia

Imperata .

Kirchneriella

Leptochloa

Leucophrys

Microchloa

Monelytrum

Odyssea

Oropetium

Panicum .

Paspalum

Pennisetum

Pentaschistis

Perotis

Phragmites

Pogonarthria

Polypogon

PAGE

425

383

387

383

389

419

407

419

392

390

396

398

407

399

409

399

XIV

Schismus .

Schizachyrium .

Schmidtia

Setaria

Sorghum .

Sphaerocystis

Sporobolus

Stipa

Themeda .

Trachypogon

Tragus.

Trichopteryx

Tricholaena

Tripogon .

Triraphis .

Index of Genera.

PAGE

426

385

424

393

384

501

407

406

388

387

406

398

394

423

422

PAGE

Urochloa . p ; ; . 390

Vetiveria . ; 3 : . 084

Volvox . : 427, 480, 529, 647

Vossia : A 3 5 Bis}

Wilkommia : : : ~ 419

Xyochlaena : é : . 395

ANNALS

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM.

(Vou. XVI.)

1. -A Contribution to the Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs :

with a Discussion on the Relationships of the Floras of Basutoland,

the Kalahari, and the South-Hastern Regions.—By KE. P. Puiuuipes,

M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Assistant.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Il. InrTRopuUcTION . : ; : ; ? é 2

Il. Tue Lerise Fiora ; ; : 4 : ; ; 3

Orography and Geology. ; : é ha ce

Meteorology : ; : : 2 4

Oecological and Biological iment : ! : ‘ 5

Native Names and uses of Plants . : : : 10

Alien Flora . : : : . 12

Systematic Constituents of the Flora : : : 5 ils}

Ill. Tue Eastern Mountain ReG@ion. — . ; : 5 leh

Orography ; é : . : oe lle

Geolovy : : : : Le PUL?

Meteorology : : : : . : S LY

Systematic Constitucnts of the Flora ¢ ; : ot hee

IV. THe Kauanarr FLora ; : . E : SB

Introduction : : ; : e523

Meteorology : F : 25

Systematic Constituents of the F toes : : : A AD

V. A ComparkisON OF THE FLORAS OF ''H# HASTERN MOUNTAIN bP

AND KaLAHARI REGIONS ; 2 : , : Beau

VI. Tur SourH-Easrern REGION . : : ; P 5 6)

2 Annals of the South African Museum.

VII. A Comparison or THE FLoRA oF THE EastERN Mountain AND

SoutH-EasteErRN Rea@ions . : ; : d > Bil

VIII. Summary ; . 3 ; ; ; : 5 OY

IX. List or Species occuRRING IN THE Eastern Mounrain Ruaion,

witH Descriprions or NEW SPECIES : : 5 33

X. InDEX TO GENERA ‘ : d : : : . 372

I. INTRODUCTION.

THE present paper is the outcome of an investigation undertaken by

the writer, of the flora of Leribe in northern Basutoland. Hitherto

Basutoland has not received the attention from botanical collectors

which it deserves, and the only collections as far as I am aware, are

those of Cooper, who journeyed through Basutoland (unfortunately

his plants are not properly localised); the Rev. J. Buchanan, who

botanised in the Leribe District ; Mr. J. Thode, who collected on the

Basutoland side of the Drakensbergen; and Mr. E. E. Galpin, who

explored the high mountains separating Basutoland from Barkly

East and as far inland as the Buffalo River Waterfall. The results

of Mr. Galpin’s investigations were read before the South African

Association for the Advancement of Science in 1908.

The Rev. H. Dieterlen and his wife, Madame A. Dieterlen, of the

French Protestant Missionary Society, who were stationed for many

years at Leribe, have been deeply interested in the local flora.

Madame Dieterlen has made an exhaustive collection of the native

plants, the bulk of which she forwarded to the South African Museum

herbarium for identification. The writer has thus had unique

opportunities during the past seven years of becoming fairly well

acquainted with a part of the Basutoland flora, and more especially

with that of Leribe. In February 1913, he paid a visit to Leribe

for the purpose of studying the flora on the spot.

When naming Madame Dieterlen’s plants and comparing them

with the specimens in our herbarium, I was particularly struck by the

fact that so many of the species also occurred in the Eastern parts

of South Africa such as the Transkei, Komgha, Pondoland, East

Griqualand, Natal, etc., and then came to the conclusion that

Basutoland ought not to be included in the Kalahari Region. This

led me to make a more detailed study of the subject, with the result

that I have attempted in the following pages to prove what Bolus *

first suggested, viz. that Basutoland and parts of the surrounding

country form a distinct floral area.

* “Sketch of the Floral Regions of South Africa,’ Science in South Africa.

Cape Town. 1905.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 3

The principal collections (besides those of Madame Dieterlen and

my own) which have been examined and embodied in the list at the

end of the paper are the following: Dr. Bolus’ and Mr. H. G. Flana-

gan’s, made in the neighbourhood of Witzie’s Hoek and the Mont-

awux-Sources ; collections made by Messrs. J. Thode, J. M. Wood, and

M. Evans on the Drakensbergen aud the higher parts of Natal ;

Mr. Galpin’s and Drége’s collections from the high mountains

separating Basutoland from Barkly East; Burke and Zeyher’s, from

the Orange Free State.

My thanks are due to Mrs. F. Bolus, B.A., the Curator of the Bolus

Herbarium, South African College, Cape Town, who has allowed me

every facility for consulting that collection, and who has verified the

naming of some species of Orchidaceae and Mesembrianthemum ; to

Dr. 8. Schonland, M.A., of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, who

examined some critical species of Crassulaceae; to Dr. O. Stapf, F.R.S.,

the Curator of the Kew Herbarium, who named some of the Gramineae

anl Cyperaceae ; to the late Dr. J. M. Wood and Mr. E. E. Galpin,

F.L.8S., who kindly sent me for examination some type specimens

which were in their respective collections. ‘lo Madame Dieterlen

I am under a deep debt of gratitude for her hospitality, which was

extended to me and my wife when at Leribe; for her efforts in

obtaining the Sesuto names and uses of the local flora; and for

allowing me the use of her large herbarium. — It is due solely to her

untiring zeal and energy that our knowledge of the Leribe flora has

been gained.

Il. PHE LERIBE FLORA.

OROGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.

The portion of the country investigated botanically was the Leribe

Plateau, its slopes, ravines, and the surrounding piains (see fig. 1).

Leribe Plateau is situated in the Leribe District, Northern Basuto-

land, not far from the borders of the Orange Free State. The plateau

stands as an isolated table-land, 5-6000 ft. high, sharply marked off

from the surrounding plain by walls of rock which rise perpendicularly

for 2-800 ft. The area of the summit is roughly 30 sq. miles. At

the southern end is a peak, Qoqolosi Peak, which reaches nearly

8000 ft. in altitude. The lower slopes of the plateau merge gradually

into the plain, and numerous ravines, with rocky stream-beds, are

found all round its boundaries.

The plateau is built up of Cave-sandstone belonging to the Storm-

berg Series (see also geology of the Eastern Mountain Region) with a

4 Annals of the South African Museum.

capping of dolerite on Qoqolosi Peak. The plain and valley of the

Caledon River are composed of silt washed down by the streams and

mountain torrents which are suddenly formed during the heavy

summer rains.

Ihigets als

LERIBE

PLATEAU oh

LERIBE = DISTRICT

METEOROLOGY.

I have been unable to obtain records of the temperature at Leribe,

but from data available we know that extremes of heat and cold are

experienced during the course of the year. During the months of

June and July the temperature falls below freezing point during the

night. Occasionally frost occurs as early as May and lasts until

September, and snow falls once or twice a year but melts after a few

hours, except on the highest peaks, where it sometimes remains for

days or weeks. In summer, from November to March, severe hail-

storms accompanied by thunder and lightning are frequent, and, as

will be seen from the accompanying table, these are also the rainy

months. ‘The rains are usually preceded by northerly winds, but

strong westerly winds blow from August to October. The country is

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 5

often subjected to drought, when the vegetation presents a scorched-up

appearance.

The mean average rainfall at Leribe during the five years 1909-1918

was 27°01 in., most of which falls from December to March. The

dry months are from June to September.

Rainfall at Leribe Mission Station.*

: 3 Average for

1909. 1910. OTE 1912. 1913. 5 years.

January . 10°12 6°84 225 1°49 Dito 4-68

February . 811 5°96 110 = 10°44 44.2 6:00

March . 3°32 3°14 6°25 1:59 3°75 3°61

April me GO? 0°87 2°75 4:27 1-68 2-11

May ess) 0-64, 97 2°02 0-19 1°44.

June 70700 0-26 0-21 0-79 0-09 0:27

July - Odd O15 0°85 0:24. 0-02 0:27

August . 0°67 0-06 0-76 0:00 = 0°65 0°42

September _1°23 177. 0:05 0-01 0°65 0°74

October . 0°38 5°38 2-29 1:34. 316 2251

November 2°60 1:47 2°24 1:16 2°61 2°01

December 6°06 1°59 0°65 6°28 0°00 2°9]

OECOLOGICAL AND BroLoGicaAL FEATURES.

The general aspect of the plains, slopes, and plateau is that of a

grass-land, though in a few localities thickets composed principally of

Cussonia paniculata and Huclea lanceolata, intertwined with Rhoicissus

cuneifolia, are seen under the precipitous cliffs. The valley and plain

are largely cultivated with maize and Kaffir-corn, while the plateau

affords good grazing for numerous head of cattle, sheep, and goats.

On the plain the predominant grass is Hragrostis plana, among which

many herbaceous and sub-herbaceous plants are found. Owing to

the extensive cultivation it is not surprising to find also a large

number of imported weeds, and such species as Datura Stramonium,

Verbena officinalis, Chenopodium murale, C. ambrosioides, Alternanthera

Achyrantha, Amaranthus paniculatus, ete., are commonly met with.

On the west slopes of the plateau the predominant grasses are

Andropogon hirtus, Eragrostis curvula vay. conferta, Anthisliria

imberbis var. mollicoma, and Hragrostis plana: Tricholaena setifera,

Elionurus argenteus, Setaria flabellata, Andropogon contortus, Penni-

setum Thunbergi are common, while less frequent are Hragrostis

* Records kept by the Rev. H. Dieterlen,

6 Annals of the South African Musewm.

brizoides and E. gummiflua. Growing among the grasses are

numerous annuals and perennials, mostly of a herbaceous character

and low growth, few, except round marshy patches, exceeding 2 ft. in

height. Some of the typical plants found in these localities were

Gnaphalium undulatum, Cynoglossum micranthum, C. enerve, Acrotome

inflata, Cyanotis nodiflora, Conyza podocephala, Helichrysum rugu-

losum, Nemesia foetens var., Rhus Sonderv var., Mahernia coccocarpa,

Zinma multiflora, Salvia repens, Solanum indicum, Sutera filicaulis,

Hieracium capense, Rhus discolor, Polygala rarifolia, Dianthus scaber,

Striga elegans, Berkheya setifera, Vernonia Kraussii. Under, or in

the shade of, rocks or large boulders scattered on the slopes are found

Oldenlandia Heynei, Tephrosia capensis, Stachys aethiopica var., Eucomis

undulata, Richardia albomaculata, Lobelia Erinus, Dicoma anomala,

and numerous ferns, all shade-loving plants. In damp _ patches

Cyperus usitatus is found growing subsocially. The few bushes

present are not sufficiently numerous in individuals to affect the land-

scape. Those which were recorded are Asclepias fruticosa, Leonotis

mollis, Rhus erosa, and, Solanum indicum.

The southern slopes of the plateau do not bear such a luxuriant

grass formation as the western and northern slopes, The predominant

grass present is Hragrostis plana. Eragrostis curvula var. conferta, so

common on the western slopes, is here of secondary importance. It

was on this side of the plateau that the heaths, orchids, and most of

the bulbous plants were collected. The rest of the vegetation is of a

very similar character to that described above, but only more evident

owing to the less dense covering of grass. Many of the species taken

here are common to the other slopes of the plateau, though some,

such as Pentanisia variabilis, Crassula parvula, Monsonia biflora,

Pharnacewm detonsum, Wahlenbergia depressa, Phytolacca heptandra,

etc., were confined to this locality. In some places Salvia stenophylla

and Phytolacca heptandra form large patches to the almost complete

exclusion of other plants.

The western and northern ravines, as stated above, are thickly

wooded. When the sides of the ravine are steep the bush extends to

under the cliffs, but when the sides slope gently to the bed of the

ravine they are covered with grass. Leucosidea sericea is the pre-

dominant tree. ~ Of secondary importance are Kiggeleria africana,

Cassinopsis capensis, Ilex capensis, Rhamnus prinoides, while specimens

of Plectronia ciliata and Celastrus buxifolius are rare. The under-

growth is composed mainly of Myrsine africana, but Huclea coriacea,

Cliytia pulchella and Buddleia salvifolia are common; Rhus pyroides

being less frequent. At Lefi’s Kloof, the grassy slopes on either side

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 7

of the broad shallow opening to the ravine proper are the habitats of

the only Protea found at Leribe, viz. P. caffra. In habit it closely

resembles P. grandiflora of the Western Province, and at a distance

might easily be mistaken for that species. The area which the plants

occupy is very limited, as no specimens are found in the deeper parts

of the ravine. Numerous shade-loving plants, almost all herbaceous,

are found growing in the ravines. Some are found on the damp

grassy slopes in the shadow of the cliffs or under trees, others grow

deeper down in the ravine under rocks. Among many such plants

gathered were Alepidea amatymbica, Hypoxis Gerrardi, Mysotis afro-

palustris, Geranium canescens, Galiumn rotundifolium, Scabiosa Colum-

baria, and numerous ferns. The streams from the ravines, as they

enter the level plain, form small marshes. Such situations are chiefly

occupied by Marisews congestus and Polygonum serrulatum, while

bushes of Cluytia natalensis are common round the wet margins.

The summit of the plateau presents the appearance of a large flat

covered with short grass. Nowhere is there the same luxuriance of

grass-growth as in the valley and on the slopes, and bush of any

description is quite absent. The low grass-formation is due chiefly,

I consider, to the amount of grazing by cattle, sheep, and goats, and

also to the fact that the tall grasses found at the lower levels are

absent on the summit, their place being taken by Aristida adscensionis,

Elionurus argenteus, Digitaria monodactyla, and Andropogon contortus.

It is very possible that the more succulent grasses have been destroyed

on the plateau by overstocking, leaving the coarse grasses in possession.

I might mention that very few, if any, cattle are allowed to graze on

the lower slopes in summer, owing to the difficulty of keeping them

from damaging the crops. Among the plants gathered on the plateau

were Lobelia (Metzleria dregeana), Rhynchosia Totta, Venidium

arctotoides, Alchemilla Woodii, Dicoma anomala, Crassula basutica,

etc. The damp banks of streams and pools were the habitats of

hydrophilous plants such as Polygonum spp., Rumex spp., Salvia repens,

Helichrysum similimum, Xyris capensis, Utricularia spp., Limosella

major, Ranunculus Meyeri, and numerous Cyperaceae.

Qoqolosi Peak carries a different,formation from that of the surround-

ing plain. As the peak is ascended the grasses disappear and their

place is taken by succulent plants, plants of a dwarf habit, and small

shrubs. The succulent plants were mostly species of Crassula ;

Lotononis Woodii, Melolobium adenodes, Heliophila basutica (Pl. V,

fig. 1) were typical of the dwarf plants; Anthospermum pumilum,

Sutera aspalanthoides, S. pristisepala, Melolobium microphyllum were

representative of the stunted bush,

8 Annals of the South African Museum.

Among the plants which go to make up a plant community we may

expect to find plants of very diverse habit and form, and the flora

of Leribe is no exception to this when the individual species are

studied. The conditions under which plants live is the dominating

factor in determining their form, so that it is not surprising to find

that nearly all the species, with the exception of those inhabiting the

damp shady ravines, exhibit marked xerophytic characters, and many,

especially from the higher altitudes, assume a sub-alpine habit. (See

Ase. Vel.)

Annual plants as Cotula anthemoides, Arctotis stoechadifolia, Ursinia

annua, Sebaea exigua and Exochaenium grande, which spring up after

the summer rains have commenced, are not numerous. The majority

of the species are perennials, and exhibit various devices whereby they

are enabled to withstand the extreme drought during the winter

months from June to September, when less than 2 in. of rain falls for

that period. Plants with long tap-roots, thick tuberous roots, and

underground woody stems, are common. Sonchus nanus, Ipomoea

simplex, Arthrosolen gymnostachys, Lotononis basutica, and Argyro-

lobium spp. may be taken as typical of the tap-rooted plants. Senecio

erubescens, S. serra, Helichrysum undatum var. pallidum, H. latifolium,

Gerbera piloselloides, G. viridifolia have many thick roots. Helichrysum

platypterum, H. psilolepis, Othonna natalensis, and Crepis polyodon

(PL. VI, fig. 3) are representative of plants with woody underground

stems. A few plants, such as Brachystelma foetidum and several

Orchidaceae, possess underground tubers. Under this category must

also be mentioned a number of Monocotyledons with underground

bulbs and corms. Plants with a tufted habit forming cushions are

not numerous ; the two most typical representatives of this form are

Gazania armerioides and Psamimotropha androsacea (Pl. V, fig. 2).

Prostrate plants are represented by Helichrysum ericaefolium var.

albidulum, H. caespititium, H. chinosphaerum (Pl. VI, fig. 4),

H. Randii (Pl. VI, fig. 2), Lightfootia denticulata, Lobelia dregeana,

Ursinia montana, Herniaria hirsuta, Argyrolobium nanum, etc. 'The

prostrate creepers met with were Convolvulus capensis var. plicata,

C. ulosepalus, Ipomoea oblongata var. hirsuta, and Dicoma anomala.

The principal climbers noted were Clematis brachiata, Rhoicissus

(Cissus cuneifolia), Cynanchum virens, and Riocreuxia picta. Sarco-

stemma viminale and Helichrysum Sutherlandi were the only two

pendent species met with. They were both growing on cliff faces and

hanging down in festoons. Succulent plants constitute a very small

percentage of the flora both in species and in individuals. Cotyledon

orbiculata may perhaps form an exception to the latter statement, as

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 9

near the cliffs at the entrance of the large ravine between the Mission

Station and Jonathan’s village the writer came across a large area on

which this species was growing. The other succulent plants noted

were Mesembrianthemum spp., Crassula spp., Aloe spp., Bulbine spp.,

and Stapelia flavirostris. Many plants only possess radical leaves

which lie more or less flat on the ground. Some of these recorded

were Wahlenbergia androsacea, Berkheya (Stoebea aristosa), Haplocarpha

scaposa, Gerbera piloselloides. G. viridifolia, Sonchus nanus, Chironia

palustris, Manulea crassifolia and Crabbea hirsuta. For species with

the habit of trees or bush the reader is referred to the enumeration

of plants found in the ravines, with the addition of Printzia pyrifolia,

Osteospermum moniliferum, Rhus spp., Buddleia salvifolia, Halleria

lucida, and Lycium spp., which form bushes from 4-8 ft. high.

The leaves exhibit xerophytic characters in various ways and degrees.

In indumentum all stages from a pubescent to a woolly leaf are met

with. Plants with leaves woolly on both surfaces are Senecio macro-

spermus, Helichrysum callicomum, H. cephaloideum, H. psilolepis, H.

aureo-nitens, H. calocephalum (PI. VI, fig. 1), H. adenocarpum, Leo-

tonyx squarrosus, Sopubia cana, ete. Helichrysum Mundii, H.latifolium,

HI. undatum var., Pentzia pyrifolia, Berkheya Kuntzii, B. onopordifolia,

B. montana, B. alba, Chilianthus corrugatus, Stachys rugosa var. have

leaves woolly on the under-surface only. In Gerbera piloselloides,

Mentha longifolia sub-sp. capensis, Argyrolobium nanum, Lotononis

basutica, etc., the leaves are hairy and not woolly. Solanum indicum

and S. tomentosum have tomentose leaves. The only plants with

glandular leaves are Sutera pristisepala, Drosera burkeana, and D.

ramentacea var. Scabrid-leaf plants were more frequent’ and were

represented by Striga lutea, S.elegans, 8. Thunbergii, Melasma basuticum,

and Verbena venosa. The amount of leaf-surface developed shows the

same great range of variation, viz. from reduced leaves in Wahlen-

bergia denudata and Harveya spp. to the broad leaves of typical

mesophytes found in the ravines. Ericoid leaves were the most

common, and were noted in Helichrysum athriziifolium, H. rugulosum,

H, squarrosum, Pentzia virgata, Athriaia elata, Metalasia muricata,

Stoebe cineraria, Eriocephalus punctulatus, Wahlenbergia depressa,

Inghtfootia denticulata, Lobelia decipiens,and Passerina ericoides. In

Gazania armerioides the leaves are involute: in Sutera atropurpurea,

Selago longipedicellata, and Walafrida densiflora the leaves are small

and faseicled. Among the plants which develop thorns may be

mentioned Lycium spp., Solanum spp., Asparagus spp., and Celastrus

(Gymnosporia) buxifolius.

All the parasitic plants found belong to the Serophulariaceae.

10 Annals of the South African Museum.

There were 4 species of Harveya, 4 species of Striga, and 2 species of

Melasma. Insectivorous plants were represented by 2 species of

Utricularia and 2 species of Drosera.

I should not consider this a floral region of great beauty where the

size and colouring of the flowers are concerned. This conclusion has

been arrived at from a study of the flowers of the various species,

and from an attempt to group them (excluding the Cyperaceae and

Gramineae) into the following three Classes,* viz. :

I. Large, gaily-coloured flowers, or when a number of small flowers

are grouped in large and conspicuous heads.

II. Medium-sized flowers.

III. Inconspicuous flowers.

Class I. (e.g. Brunsvigia, Ipomoea, Gladiolus, ete.), approximately

46 per cent.

Class II. (e.g. Ranunculus, Silene, Erica, Sutera, etc.), approxi-

mately 46 per cent.

Class IIT. (e.g. Rhus, Celastrus, Phytolacca, etc.), approximately

8 per cent.

The great bulk of the species produce dry fruits, either dehiscent or

indehiscent; fleshy fruits are only found in less than 5 per cent. of

the total number of species. The dry dehiscent and dry indehiscent

fruits are represented in about equal proportions. ‘The Compositae,

Gramineae, Cyperaceae, etc., are the largest representatives of the

latter group (included among these are those fruits such as are found

in the Umbelliferae and Labiatwe which split up into one-seeded

portions), while the Liliaceae, Leguminosae, Orchidaceae, Scrophu-

lariaceae, etc., contain the largest number of species which produce

the former type of fruit. It is not within the province of this paper

to go into any further details regarding the fruit and seeds; it will

suffice to mention that such forms of fruit as (1) hairy fruits (e. 4.

Clematis, Compositae), (i1) Spiny fruits (e.g. some Boraginaceae),

(ii) winged fruits (e.g. Rumex) are met with. Hairy seeds occur in

the Asclepiadaceae, Salix, and Hriospermum ; winged seeds in many of

the Monocotyledons (e. g. Gladiolus, Urginea, etc.).

Native Names anv Uses or Puants.

In un interesting paper t on ‘ Zulu Medicine and Medicine-Men,”

= Pay

the author im the Introduction states: “It is by no means an

* O. Stapf, ‘The Flora of Kinabalu,” ‘'I'rans. Linn. Soc.,’ ser. 2, vol. iv, 1894.

+ Rey. Alfred Bryant, “Zulu Medicine and Medicine-Men,” ‘Annals of the

Natal Government Museum,’ ii, 1 (1909).

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 1

exaggeration to affirm that comparatively the average Zulu can boast

of a larger share of pure scientific knowledge than the average

European.” This statement applies with equal force to the natives

of Basutoland.

As the reader will observe in the following list of plants, all the

species collected in Basutoland by Madame Dieterlen and the author

have Sesuto names. In the majority of cases each species has a name

of its own by which it is distinguished from closely allied species or

from plants with a similar appearance, but, as for example in the

Juncaceae, Cyperaceae and Orchidaceae, there is usually but one

“generic”? name which includes all the species of the particular

orders. The natives like the pre-Linnean botanists, in many cases

express the name in a short sentence, using as a basis either the

particular habit of the plant when it presents any striking feature,

such as the development of thorns, excessive hairiness, etc., or its use

when it possesses any medicinal or economic value. It is difficult to

translate into English many of the Sesuto names, and in all cases a

literal translation is given. Where “meaning unknown” appears

after a Sesuto name it indicates that the natives can give no reason

for the plant being so called, not that they do not know it.

All the particulars as to the uses the plants are put to have been

given me by Madame Dieterlen, who has had a unique opportunity,

during her nineteen years’ residence at Leribe, of obtainmg such

information. The reader will notice that no mention is made of the

uses of many of the plants, and this means that the natives from

whom Madame Dieterlen obtained her information either did not

know of any use the particular plant was put to, or would not tell,

fearing that they might be imparting valuable secrets.

In a great many instances, when a native doctor is called to attend

a patient, he first consults his divining-bones to find out the cause

of the ailment, ana after satisfying himself on this point, reconsults

them to find out the particular medicine to be administered.

The Basutos, like other South African natives, are great believers

in witch-craft, and they are firmly convinced that most of their

ailments are due to the evil influence of some person who may be

even living at a distance. To avert such evil influences or to break

their spell when they are at work, the natives employ divers “ medi-

cines”’ and charms. ‘These are administered in various ways, as

decoctions, lotions, powders, etc., or sprinkled in the huts or on their

persons, burnt in their courtyard, etc., as charms. The ‘“ medicines ”

prepared from various plants are supposed to turn away lightning,

bring rain, or increase their crops, and there are few things in their

12 Annals of the South African Museum.

daily life that cannot be affected, either for good or ill, by a particular

preparation from a plant or plants.

ALIEN FLORA.

There is a considerable alien flora at Leribe, consisting of 48 species

spread over 38 genera and 18 Orders. Most of the species are now

widely spread over South Africa. The plants mentioned im the list

below .have not been included in the Leribe flora on the following

pages :

Papaveraceae.

Argemone mexicana, Linn.

Cruciferae.

Brassica pachypoda, Thellung,

var.

Lepidium Schinzu, Thellung.

Nasturtium officinale, R. Br.

Caryophyllaceae.

Stellaria media, Vill.

Spergula arvensis, Linn.

Malvaceae.

Malva parviflora, Linn.

M. verticellata, Linn.

Zygophyllaceae.

Tribulus terrestris, Linn.

Geranvaceae.

EKrodium ecicutarium, L’ Her.

Leguminosae.

Medicago laciniata, All.

Phaseolus Mungo, Linn.

Onagraceae.

Epilobium hirsutum, Linn.

E. tetragonum, Linn.

Oenothera biennis, Linn.

Oe. tetrapetala, Cav.

Oe. villosa, Thunb.

Compositae.

Erigeron canadense, Linn.

Gnaphalium luteo-album, Linn.

Xanthium spinosum, Linn.

Bidens leucantha, Willd.

Senecio vulgaris, Linn.

Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd.

Sonchus oleraceus, Linn.

Solanaceae.

Solanum nigrum, Linn.

Physalis peruviana, Linn.

Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn.

Datura stramonium, Linn.

Nicotiana glauca, R. Graham.

N. rustica, Linn.

Scrophulariaceae.

Vernonia anagallis, Linn.

Labiatae.

Mentha aquatica, Linn.

Amarantaceae.

Amaranthus paniculatus, Linn.

Achyranthes aspera, Linn.

Chenopodiaceae.

Chenopodium ambrosioides, Linn.

C. murale, Linn.

C. album, Linn.

C. foetidum, Schrad.

Roubieva multifida, Moq.

Polygonaceae.

Polygonum aviculare, Linn.

P. lapathifolium sub.-sp. macu-

latum, Dyer & Trim.

Rumex Acetosella, Linn.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 15

Huphorbiaceae. Gramineae.

Kuphorbia Peplus, Linn. Poa annua, Linn.

Bromus unioloides, H.B.K.

Urticaceae. Hordeum secalinum, Schreb.

Cannabis sativa, Linn. Zea Mais, Linn. (cultivated).

Tue SysteEMATIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE FLORA.

The following list deals only with the area discussed in the previous

pages, and unlike most lists of this nature, which after all are only

approximate to the truth, it may be accepted as representing the true

composition of the flora of the Leribe plateau and its environs. I do

not think there is a single species of Phanerogams or Ferns from this

locality that has not been collected by Madame Dieterlen.

° >

Orders. Genera. Species.

Cryptogamia vasculares fe ee lO. 38

Phanerogamia.

Dicotyledons . = G45 220, 920 04:78

Monocotyledons. Seloe ee LOO Re 271

Total (Phanerogams) 77 329 749

Proportion of Monocotyledons to Dicotyledons Teele me

Proportion of genera to species”. : 5 Sis Peay

Orders. ae see

1. Compositae . : . 144 : . 19°22

2 Gramineae . ; 87 SWS!

3. Cyperaceae . , 2 08 a AD

4. Liliaceae. « | Oe 5 P07.

5. Scrophulariaceae . rte AD oa)

6. Leguminosae : Be AS . 8°20

7. Asclepiadaceae . cand 3°60

8. Orchidaceae . -) 25 BERR

9. Amaryllidaceae . Me . 2°80

10. Crassulaceae ok 0)

ll. Iridaceae ae miley, : . 240

12. Campanulaceae lA es MLNS )7/

13. Rubiaceae. ae 1-87

14. Geraniaceae . 13 lee

15. Cruciferae. 12 : BP PRD

16. Anacardiaceae ; 10 : 1:33

17. Labiatae : : : 10 : : 3s

14 Annals of the South African Museum.

18. Umbelliferae A J 9 ; 20)

19. Juncaceae . ; : 8 : » 6-06

20. Solanaceae . , . 8 ; e106

The following are the remaining Orders arranged according to the

number of species in each: Boraginaceae, Convolvulaceae, Ficoideae,

Rosaceae, Santalaceae (7) ; Huphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Polygalaceae,

Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Sterculiaceae (6) ; Cucurbitaceae, Eri-

caceae, Gentianaceae, Thymelaeaceae (5) ; Caryophyllaceae, Ebenaceae,

Selaginaceae (4); Amarantaceae, Commelinaceae, Urticaceae (3) ;

Acanthaceae, Aroideae, Celastraceae, Dipsiceae, Droseraceae, Hyperi-

cineae, Illecebraceae, Lentibularieae, Loganiaceae, Portulaccaceae,

Salicineae (2); Ampelideae, Araliaceae, Bixineae, Capparideae,

Hriocaulaceae, Halogoraceae, Linaceae, Menispermaceae, Myricaceae,

Myrsineae, Naiadaceae, Olacinaceae, Oleaceae, Onagraceae, Papa-

veraceae, Pittosporaceae, Proteaceae, Resedaceae, Restiaceae, Rham-

naceae, Valeriaceae, Verbenaceae, Xyridaceae (1).

The following are the largest genera: Helichrysum (30 species),

Senecio (21), Crassula (13), Andropogon, Cyperus, Hypoxis (11),

Lotononis, Rhus (10), Eragrostis (9), Bulbostylis, Juncus, Schizo-

glossum, Scilla, Scirpus, Wahlenbergia (7), Asclepias, Asparagus,

Digitaria, Gladiolus, Solanum, Sutera, Thesium (6).

There are 189 genera represented by one species only.

Ill. THE EASTERN MOUNTAIN REGION.

All writers on the phyto-geography of South Africa, despite the

divergence of their views as to the subdivisions of South Africa into

botanical regions, have agreed in including Basutoland in a region

generally termed the “ Kalahari Region,” the limits of which vary

according to their individual ideas.* Thus Thodet includes the 8.W.

Protectorate, Bechuanaland, the Orange Free State, Basutoland, the

Transvaal Hoogeveldt (south of the 26th parallel), and parts of the

N.E. Districts of the Cape Province in his “ Kalahari Territory”;

Marloth defines a region which he calls the “ High Veldt,” and while

* The reader should refer to a paper by R. Marloth (“ Wissenschaftliche

ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer, ‘ Valdivia,’ ”

1898-1899, ii, 3, Pls. 4 and 5), where a set of instructive maps is given showing

the historical development of South African Phyto-Geography.

+ Justus Thode, ‘The Botanical Regions of Natal, determined by Altitude,’

Durban, 1901.

t R. Marloth, “The Phyto-Geographical Subdivisions of South Africa,”

‘Report of the Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sc.,’ Cape Town, 1905.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 1153

excluding much which comprises the ‘“ Kalahari Region” of Thode,

agrees so far as to include Basutoland. Marloth however notes that

“In the eastern parts the country is mountainous, and the vegetation

consequently more varied.”’ Bolus,* whose paper is the classic on South

African Phyto-Geography, states in the introduction to the “ Kalahari

Region’: “It must at once be stated that this vast region is as yet so

imperfectly explored as to its physical divisions, its aspect, its climate,

and the systematic constituents of its vegetation, that it is impossible

at present to do more than offer a very general view of a country which

will need many years of study, and which will hereafter almost certainly

require to be divided into several Regions or, at least, to be subdivided

into Provinces.”

As now treated it is bounded on the west by the still less explored

Western Region, on the south by the Upper Region, on the south-east

and east by the mountains of the South-Eastern Coast Region, on the

north by the great Tropical Region, which is beyond the scope of our

inquiry.

It thus includes :

1. The higher eastern mountain country, forming parts of Cape

Colony, Natal, and Basutoland, with an altitude higher than 3500 cr

4000 ft. (This, in our view, will probably hereafter require separa-

tion as a Region or Province.)

2. Almost the whole of the Orange River Colony, of the Transvaal,

and Bechuanaland.

I quote the above in full, as Bolus was the first to realise the

mistake of including Basutoland and parts of the surrounding country

with the major portion of the Orange Free State, the Transvaal, and

Bechuanaland. He was however unable to follow up his view owing

to the lack of sufficient material. In the ‘ Flora Capensis,’ the standard

work on South African Systematic Botany, Basutoland is also included

in a Kalahari Region almost identical with that of Bolus.

It is a portion of the first part of Bolus’ “ Kalahari Region” that

is dealt with in this paper.

OROGRAPHY.

The Eastern Mountain Region, as the writer has limited it for the

present, is a large tract of country lying between the 28th and 30th

degree of latitude, and at its widest lmits extending from the

27th degree of longitude on the west to about midway between the

* H. Bolus, “Sketch of the Floral Regions of South Africa,’ ‘ Scie

South Africa,’ 1905.

16 Annals of the South African Museum.

29th and 30th degree in the east; both at its northern and southern

extremities Sit becomes narrower. A glance:at the map will show

that it has}a well-defined natural boundary on the west in the

shape of a continuous range of mountains running almost parallel

with the Caledon River (Pl. VIT). The change in the flora westward

Fia. 2.

4Q000 F*...... aR

@000 :

6.000

4,000

2000

SEA LEVEL.

points to the above mountain-range being almost a true floral boundary.

The southern limits of this region I have’provisionally regarded to be

the Wittebergen, which separates Basutoland from Barkly*Hast, though

Iam led to believe from a study of] what is known of the flora of

Aliwal North, Wodehouse, and Barkly East, that when these districts

are better explored botanically, the Stormberg Range will prove to be

the southern boundary. On the east the boundary line follows the

contour of the Drakensbergen at an altitude of about 5000 ft., below

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 17

which the flora assumes a different character. The Natal portion of

the Eastern Mountain Region would correspond to Thode’s “ Mountain

Region.”* The northern portion of our Region converges on the

Drakensbergen and does not exceed 50 miles in breadth. I have not

extended my enquiries in detail beyond the 28th parallel, though

Bolus extended this region northward as a narrow strip, as far as

Barberton.

The Hastern Mountain Region as defined above then includes the

whole of Basutoland, a strip of the Orange Free State from Nelson’s

Kop on the north to the Orange River on the south, which forms a

rough horse-shoe, a small portion of the Cape Province on the south,

and a portion of Kast Griqualand and Natal bordering the Drakens-

bergen. This area forms a well-defined elevated table-land above

5000 ft. in altitude on its outermost limits, with a general elevation

of 8000 ft. in the greater part of Basutoland, and rising to peaks

10,000 ft. and over on the Drakensbergen (see fig. 3).

Basutoland, which forms the major portion of the Eastern Mountain

Region, is a great tract of high country, 10,300 square miles in area,

of which the Drakensbergen is the south-eastern edge. The top of

the Drakensbergen slopes gently westwards, and the sloping ground

is covered with grass, heather, bog, and rocks; all the cliffs are on

the Natal side. A long range of mountains, the Maluti Mountains,

traverses Basutoland in a south-westerly direction, but throughout

the country is mountainous and in some parts difficult of access.

GEOLOGY.

For a more detailed account of the geology the reader is referred to

papers by Dr. A. L. du Toitt and Mr. F. F. Churchill,t from which

the following has been extracted.

The whole of Basutoland is built up of Stormberg beds divided up

as follows in descending orders (see fig. 3).§

4. Volcanic beds.

3. Cave Sandstone.

2. Red beds.

1. Molteno beds.

1. Moureno Brps.—This formation crops out over flattish ground

* Thode, loc. cit.

7 A. L. du Toit, “The Forming of the Drakensbergen,” ‘Trans. S. Afr.

Philos. Soc.,’ vol. xvi, 1, pp. 53-57.

t F. F. Churchill, “ Notes on the Geology of the Drakensbergen,” loc. cit.,

vol. x, 3.

§ This sketch has kindly been drawn for me by Mr. 8. H. Haughton, B.A.,

F.G.S.

—

18 Annals of the South African Museum.

at the foot of the Drakensbergen, and on the western borders of

Basutoland.

Fia. 3.

ORANGE

ee Beth leh

FR TATE- pete Leomith: alas 3

Drakensberg Lavas

Storm berg Sedimentary.

3 Ker Aarree Beds. aicies

(0) 4 ower Karrco Beds, Zo: re

me \ Jes a

. “4

: 2? &

re = me LS

be at v i)

Sy § : :

7 4 oS “

& 4 = ¥ 4

~ a =

dd g S <

) «

2. Rep Brps.—These extend into Basutoland, and are exposed in

the valley of the Orange River. They can also be followed along the

flanks of the mountains of the Basutoland border from Kornet Spruit,

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 19

past Mafeteng, Maseru, Tholtse, to the head of the Caledon River.

The high ground to the north of Ficksburg and round Harrismith is

built up of Red beds and Cave Sandstone.

3. Cave SanpsronE.—So called on account of the unequal weather-

ing which causes the formation of large caves. It varies in thickness

from 2-400 ft., and rests on the Red beds.

4. Voutcantc Beps.—Consist almost entirely of basic lavas which

penetrate the sedimentary rocks. On the Natal side of the Drakens-

bergen the dolerite capping does not extend lower than 5900 ft. to

6100 ft. above sea-level.

The whole of these Stormberg beds rest on the Karroo beds which

crop out in the Orange Free State and in the lower parts of Natal

(see fig. 3). The soils derived from the Stormberg Series are very

uniform in texture and fine in grain, and contain relatively large

proportions of lime.*

The reader will have noticed that both the altitude and the geological

formation mark off the Eastern Mountain Region into a well-defined

area.

METEOROLOGY.

The temperature and rainfall records from this Region are very

meagre. What records I have been able to obtain are given in the

following tables :

TasLe I.—Annual Rainfall, 1901-1908.

ore :7 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Mean.

Mafeteng . 5600 — — — 21-66 26:55 25:17 37°37 22°67 26-68t

Mohalie’s Hoek — 27:22 29°74 18°94 20°85 28°72 28-19 41°30 28:02 27:87

Maseru. . 5065 29°46 82°24 23°20 28°47 30°08 30°98 39:09 21:64 24-89

Teyateyaneng. 5690 37:00 33°78 20°52 2449 30°28 28-00 39°30 27-21 30-07

Moyeni Quth-

ing : . 6000 42°81 — 22:01 24°47 37-53 — 4612 — 34587

Quacha’s Nek . 6236 28°74 27:00 27°63 25°31 32°35 27°68 46:19 43°37 32-28

+ Average for five years.

The only other records are for Harrismith, 25-43 inches (1905)

24°91 inches (1918), and Thaba Unchu, 19-09 inches (1904). For the

rainfall at Leribe the reader is referred to a table on p. 5.

* C. F. Juritz, “The Fertility of some Colonial Soils, as Influenced by

Geological Conditions,” ‘ Trans. S. Afr. Philos. Soc.,’ vol. XViil, p. 27.

20 Annals of the South African Musewn.

TasLE Il.—Rainfall during the six Summer Months (October—May),.

1901-1908.

an 1901. 1902, 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Mean.

Mafeteng . 5600 — — — 17:01 19°79 20°03 26°95 15°84 19°20*

Mohalie’s Hoek — 20°67 20°76 12°18 16°62 22:06 23°66 29°64 19°42 20°62

Maseru. . 5065 24°02 22°99 17:10 19:05 25°50 26°37 30°36 15°62 22°62

Teyateyaneng. 5690 30°46 24°96 1430 18°98 25°69 23°58 29°75 20°42 23°51

Moyeni Quth-

ing : . 6000 32°54 — 1460 18°38 2949 — 32°63 — 25°52*

Quacha’s Nek 6236 23°98 21:95 20°30 24°10 28°68 24-82 36°74 — 25 59f

* Average for five years. + Average for seven years.

TasE ITl.—RKainfall during the six Winter Months (April—September),

1901-1908.

Ait JN y901. 1902, 1903. 1904, 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Mean,

Mafeteng . . 5600 677 801 — 465 676 S14 1042 683 694*

Mohalie’s Hoek -— 655 898 676 423 666 458 11:66 860 7°24

Maseru , . 5065 5:44 925 610 442 458 461 873 602 6:14

Teyateyaneng . 5690 654 882 622 551 459 442 955 679 663

Moyeni Quthing 6000 1027 90! 741 609 804 — 1849 — 905+

Quacha’s Nek . 6236 4°76 505 7°35 121 367 2°86 12°45 1035 5:96

* Average for seven years. y Average for six years.

fo) ”

TaBLE 1V.—Rainfall during the Months of May—August, the period

of Least Rainfall.

eee 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Mean.

Mafeteng . . 5600 140 189 — 2:14 266 101 480 3:46 2:48*

Mohalie’s Hoek . — 238 3°78 3:26 1:93 2:66 1:25 491 4:44 3:07

Maseru : - 5065 0:82 3:99 2:02 2:50 1°60 1°20 2°63 271 2175

Teyateyaneng . 5690 1:88 2:11 1°32 3:26 0938 O84 2:91 380 2:13

Moyeni Quthing . 6000 4°19 545 319 295 365 — 587 — 421+

Quacha’s Nek . 6236 1:03 2:90 223 077 0:93 063 2:99 256 1°75

* Average for seven years. + Average for six years.

A reference to the above tables will show that it is a region of

summer rains; over 75 per cent. of the total rainfall takes place from

October to May. The average annual rainfall is about 29°39 in.,

which compares favourably with other parts of South Africa, except

the Karroo, Upper, and certain parts of the Kalahari Regions. The

rainy months are usually January-February, when severe thunder-

storms often accompanied by hail, are frequent. During March and

April the rainfall diminishes, and a “dry period” (May—August),

during which less than 5 in. of rain are registered, intervenes between

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 21

the first rains which begin to fall about September or October, The

“dry period” is not so severe as that which occurs during the corre-

sponding months in the western part of the Kalahari, as a comparison

with the Table VII on p. 25 will show.

The only temperature records available are given in the following

table :

Taste V.—Temperature.

Altitude Number Absolute Absolute

in feet. of years, maximum. minimum.

Teyateyaneng : : 56900 MG) eee S260 Hy . ) 3a05 B

Mohalie’s Hoek : — 5 82:02 30;5eb

Leribe . : ; 5210 2 83:0° F. : 32 2e0ne

Moyeni Quthing . : 6000 2 SPHOP IBS 5 9 Gi0ytehy 10h

Butha Buthe : : 5500 1 Sele BL og | BGR 10

It will be seen from the few data above that the extremes of

temperature are by no ineans great. This table should be compared

with Table VIII on p. 25. The few figures give no indication of the

temperature conditions on the high mountain peaks, some of which

rise to 10,000 ft. or more. These peaks are among the highest found

in South Africa, but none rise above the line of permanent snow,

though in winter many of them are capped with snow for days or

weeks at a stretch. The proper exploration of the peaks in this Region

will undoubtedly yield much that is of botanical interest.

Throughout this Region frosts are of frequent occurrence on the low

ground in winter.

SysTEMATIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE FLORA.

Orders. Genera. Species.

Cryptogamia Vasculares , = : 25 ; 53

Phanerogamia—

Dicotyledons . : 76 ols . 1041

Monocotyledons . 15 , 147 Yao

Total (phanerogams ) oil 466 1558

Proportion of Monocotyledons to Dicotyledons =. 1: 208

Proportion of genera to species. : 7 SU eka)

Predominating Orders.

Number of | Percentage of

species. the whole.

1. Compositae. ; : 286 ; 18:05

2. Gramineae. ; 146 peal

3. Liliaceae : : 101 : 6°37

4. Leguminosae . d : 95 : 5°99

22 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Number of Percentage of

species. the whole.

5. Orchidaceae. : : 89 : 561

6. Scrophulariaceae_ . 86 : 542

7. Cyperaceae . : : 5 : 4°73

8. Asclepiadaceae . : 5 : O21

9. Amaryllidaceae . : 39 : 2°46

10. Iridaceae ; ; : 36 : 2°27

11. Crassulaceae . , ; 35 ‘ 2°20

12. Labiatae , ; : 34 : 2°14

13. Campanulaceae : 31 MOSS)

14, Geraniaceae 29 1°83

15. Selaginaceae 29 1:83

16. Gentianaceae . 21 1-32

17. Umbelliferae . 21 132

18. Cruciferae 20 1:26

19. Ericaceae 20 1:26

20. Rubiaceae 20 1:26

21. Ficoideae 18 L138

The following are the remaining Orders arranged according to the

number of species in each: Polygalaceae (15); Anacardiaceae,

Boraginaceae, Convolvulaceae (13) ; Rosaceae, Solanaceae (12); Mal-

vaceae, Ranunculaceae (11); Polygonaceae, Thymelaeaceae (10) ;

Caryophyllaceae, Cucurbitaceae, EHbenaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Sterculi-

aceae (9); Acanthaceae, Juncaceae, Santalaceae (8); Onagraceae (7) ;

Amarantaceae (6); Chenopodiaceae, Proteaceae, Verbenaceae (5) ;

Celastraceae, Dipsaceae, Naiadaceae, Urticaceae (4); Aroideae, Com-

melinaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Loganiaceae, Oleaceae,

Papaveraceae, Portulaceae, Tiliaceae (3) ; Dioscoreaceae, Droseraceae,

Gesneriaceae, Hypericinaceae, Halogoraceae, Illecebraceae, Lythraceae,

Sapindaceae (2); Ampelideae, Apocynaceae, Araliaceae, Bixineae,

Capparideae, Hydrocharideae, Lllicineae, Lineae, Menispermaceae,

Myricaceae, Myrsinaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Olacinaceae, Passifloraceae,

Piperaceae, Pittosporaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Primulaceae, Resedaceae,

Restiaceae, Rhamnaceae, Salicaceae, Saxifragaceae, Valerianeae,

Xyrideae, Zygophyllaceae (1).

The following are the largest genera: Helichrysum (61 species) ;

Senecio (56); Crassula (30); Erica, Sutera (18); Disa, Lotononis

(17) ; Sebaea (16); Andropogon, Hypoxis (15); Kniphofia, Selago

(14); Argyrolobium, Cyperus, Eragrostis, Eulophia, Gladiolus,

Schizoglossum, Wahlenbergia (13); Berkheya, Euryops, Habenaria,

Indigofera, Pelargonium, Rhus, Zaluzianskya (12).

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 23

Among the Phanerogams enumerated in the list there are 273

species (17-23 per cent. of the total Phanerogamic flora) endemic.

The more important orders, of which more than 20 per cent. of the

species are endemic, are as follows :

Number of Number of

Stet species. endemic species. BEES

Selaginaceae : 29 : 12 ‘ 41:3

Ericaceae. : 20 : 6 : 30:0

Campanulaceae . 31 ; 8 : 25°8

Compositae . . 286 . 74 : 25°8

Crassulaceae , 35 : 7) : 25:7

Leguminosae 95 : 24. : 25°2

Gentianaceae E 21 : 5 : 23°8

Liliaceae : lO : 23 : 22:7

Orchidaceae . : 89 : 20 ; 22°4,

Scrophulariaceae . 86 ; 19 : 22:0

The more important genera, of which more than 20 per cent. of the

species are endemic, are as follows :

Gone: Number of Number of Porcentace

species. endemic species. Be.

Berkheya. : 12 7 58°3

Lotononis . 3 V7 9 52°9

Disperis ; F 10 5 50°0

Euryops : ; 12 6 50°0

Hebenstreitia 3 10 5 50:0

Kniphofia. : 14 7 50°0

Zaluzianskya : 12 6 50:0

Wahlenbergia 13 6 46°1

Stachys : : 3 5 45°5

Alepidea.. A 9 4 44-4,

Selago . : ; 14 6 42°8

Erica . : : 18 6 33°3

Sebaea . ; : 16 5 31-2

Crassula : é 30 9 30-0

Helichrysum : 61 18 29°5

Sutera ; : 18 : 5 : 27°7

Senecio ; ‘ 56 : 12 F 21-4

TV. THE KALAHARI FLORA.

To arrive at the composition and the affinities of the flora of the

Eastern Mountain Region it has been necessary to draw up fresh lists

of the species occurring in the Kalahari and South-Eastern Regions,

24 Annals of the South African Museum.

as for our purpose the lists given by Bolus are useless for comparison,

for the reason, as I have pointed out above, that he included East

Griqualand, Basutoland, etc., in his Kalahari Region, and the former

also in the South-Eastern Region. These fresh lists have been

compiled from the collections in the South African Museum and the

Bolus herbaria, and from records given in the ‘Flora Capensis.’

Bolus was conscious of the heterogeneous nature of his Kalahari

Region, as he states it ‘‘ will hereafter almost certainly require to be

divided into several Regions, or at least to be subdivided into

Provinces.” From an examination of collections made in the Transvaal

round Houtbosch (and Pietersburg) and Barberton (above 4000 ft.),

I also support this view, though I think Bolus was wrong in including

Barberton in his proposed Eastern Mountain Region. Unfortunately

I have not been able to examine sufficiently large collections from

these localities to make any definite statement as to the true affinities

of the floras, but from the data brought together I have no hesitation

in saying that they cannot be included in the Kalahari Region. This

being my view, I have excluded from the Kalahari Region as under-

stood in this paper, all species which occur in the neighbourhood of

the high mountain range forming the northern contination of the

Drakensbergen.

The following reasons have led me to adopt this view:

1. The presence of at least 7 species of Hricaceae in these regions, viz.,

Erica alopecurus, Harv., EH. alticola, G. & B., E. Atherstonei, Diels.,

Hi. cerinthoides, Linn., EF. drakensbergensis, G. & B., FE. subverticillaris,

Diels., and H. Woodii, Bolus.

2. The presence of a large orchid flora. From Barberton 30 species

have been recorded, and from Houtbosch and Pietersburg 44 species.

The Kalahari Region contains 27 species of Orchidaceae, of which

only 7 species are common to either Barberton or Houtbosch. The

presence of epiphytic orchids is also significant. Megaclinium

Sandersoni, Oliv., Angraecum sacciferum, Lindl., and A. pusillum,

Lindl, occur at Barberton: Angraecum sacciferum, Lindl., and

A, tricuspe, Bolus, at Houtbosch.

3. The paucity of species of Asclepiadaceae. ‘This important order

of the Kalahari Region, which ranks fourth (with 119 species) among

the predominant Orders, is as far as my information goes, ouly

represented at Barberton by 16 species and at Houtbosch by 12 species.

This paucity of species is also very noticeable in the Acanthaceae and

Convolvulaceae, both of which are characteristic Orders of the Kalahari

Region.

It is probable that when the floras of Barberton and Houtbosch are

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs.

better known they will prove to be rich in species which do not occur

in the Kalahari Region, as I find from the small collections examined

viz., 3382 species from Barberton, and 424 species from Houtbosch and

Pietersburg, 49°09 per cent. of the former and 50-47 per cent. of the

latter have not been recorded from the Kalahari Region.

METEOROLOGY.

Taste VI.—Rainfall, Kalahari Region.*

Altitude Mean annual fall aise WHTIGTS

in feet. for ten years. TOPE

Upington : oe 2500) ae 8°67 c 2°24.

Prieska . : . 38300 . 11°41 : 3°07

Kimberley : . 4042. 20°44: : 462

Vryburg . : . 4300. 25°50 - 3°85

Mafeking : - 4194. 26°98 5 3°57

Pretoria . ‘ . 4471 ~—~—«. 26°66 : —

Johannesbure . 5 66m << 30°26 a, 4°56

Bloemfontein . . 4510. 25°39 : 6°57

* Ex Bolus.

Taste VII.—Rainfall during the Months of May—August,

of Least Rainfall.

Alt. 1901. 1902. 19032 1904, 1905. 1906. 1907.

Upington : - 2800 0:00 O18 005 0°20 045 1°46 0°52

Prieska : . 8800 O11 O00 O15 049 1°27 1°86 1°59

Griquatown 2 3560) 0:23) (0:70) (0:50 0218 40:92 ko) ASS

Douglas : s 3000) (0:22) 0:79 07349 0:33 E22 4 OAs

Kimberley . . 4042 012 098 O95 O54 O'42 O82 1:04

Vryburg . - 43800 045 O67 OY5 O19 O26 O04 1°56

Bloemfontein . 4510 — — 206 159 067 O67 —

* Average for five years.

Taste VIII.—Temperature, Kalahari Region.*

Alt. Number of Absolute

metres. years. maximum,

Kenhardt . : : 830 6 112°0° F.

Prieska . : LOS ; 1 105;8° 9H.

Kimberley ; . 1248 : 12 107°2° F.

Johannesburg . . 1764 5 96°0° F.

Kroonstad . ; . 1384 : 1 ; 105'8° F.

Bloemfontein . 5 dletes7/ F 12 : 109:0° F.

* Ex Bolus.

Mean fall during Mean fall during

gix summer

months.

6°43

8°34

15°82

21°65

23°41

25°70

18°82

the Period

1908. Mean,

O87 0°46

3°35 1°10

1°32 0°87

113 0-96

erin (ORsii

1°35 0:68

261 0-:94*

Absolute

minimum,

20:0° F.

250° F.

215°

21:0° F.

25:0° F.

16°0° F.

These tables should be compared with those under the Eastern

Mountain Region. The extreme drought, lasting from May to August,

and the greater extremes of temperature are the outstanding differences.

26 Annals of the South African Museum.

SYSTEMATIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE FLORA.

Orders. Genera. Species.

Dicotyledons. . 95 540 : 1752

Monocotyledons : 16 : 129 : 448

Total . dul : 669 : 2195

Proportion of Monocotyledons to Dicotyledons 1: 3°95

Proportion of genera to species ; : lass

Predominating Orders.

Number of Percentage of

species. the whole.

1. Compositae . ; ; 257 : 11-70

2. Leguminosae . : ; 255 : 11-70

3. Gramineae. : ; 140 ' 6°37

4. Asclepiadaceae F . 119 : 5°42

5. Liliaceae : : : 104. . 4-73

6. Scrophulariaceae — . : 95 ; 4°32

7. Acanthaceae . E . 77 ; 3°50

8. Cyperaceae . ; 63 2°87

9. Labiatae ‘ : ; 57 5 2°59

10. Convolvulaceae : : 55 s 2°50

11. Rubiaceze é f : 49 : 2°23

12. Sterculiaceae . 4 ; 49 : 2°23

13. Euphorbiaceae , : 45 : 2°05

14. Inidaceae : : : 42 : 1Oo

15. Ficoideae : : 4 41 ; 1:86

16. Malvaceae : : . 30 : Lesi7

17. Amaryllidaceae : 29 : 133

18. Anacardiaceae , , 28 ‘ 1:27

19. Amarantaceae ; ‘ 28 : 27

20. Orchidaceae. : : 27 : 1:23

21. Verbenaceae . , : 27 : 1:23

22. Tiliaceae : : ; 25 : 1:13

23. Cucurbitaceae : . 24, : 10g

24. Polygonaceae . 22 : 1-00

25. Selagineae : 22 : 1:00

The following are the largest genera: Indigofera (48 species) ;

Helichrysum (45); Senecio (36); Ipomoea (31).; Hermannia (29) ;

Sutera (27); Acacia (26); Rhynchosia (24); Asclepias, Eragrostis

(23); Rhus, Tephrosia (21); Blepharis, Schizoglossum (20); Cro-

tallaria, Mesembrianthemum (19) ; Cyperus (18) ; Andropogon (17) ;

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 27

Aristida (15); Gladiolus, Ocimum (14); Grewia, Lotononis, Ver-

nonia (13); Anthericum, Barleria, Convolvulus, Panicum, Sebaea,

Selago (12).

V. COMPARISON OF THE KALAHARI AND EASTERN

MOUNTAIN FLORAS.*

1. Orders occurring in the Kalahari which are not recorded from

the Eastern Mountain Region:

Nymphaceae, Elatineae, Ochnaceae, Connaraceae, Hamamelideae,

Rhizophoraceae, Lemnaceae, Myrtaceae, Loasaceae, Plumbagineae,

Pontederiaceae (each represented by one species); Malpighiaceae,

Burseraceae (each represented by 2 genera and 3 species); Tune-

raceae (2 genera and 2 species) ; Combretaceae (2 genera and 13

species) ; Sapotaceae (3 genera and 5 species); Rutaceae (5 genera

and 6 species) ; Pedalineae (5 genera and 9 species); Bignoniaceae

(1 genus and 3 species); Plantagineae (2 genera and 2 species) ;

Loranthaceae (2 genera and 5 species) ; Haemadoracea (2 genera and

3 species).

The most striking feature to be noted is the absence of the Com-

bretaceae and the Pedalineae, which are characteristic Kalahari

Orders.

2. Orders occurring in the Eastern Mountain Region which are

not recorded from the Kalahari :

Piperaceae, Restiaceae (1 genus and | species) ; Aroideae (1 genus

and 38 species).

3. Orders well represented in the Kalahari, but poorly represented

in the Eastern Mountain Region :

Kalahari. Eastern Mountain Region.

Order. No. of No. of No. of No. of

genera, species. genera. species.

Capparideae 7 9 : if ; 1

Malvaceae i 30 : 4 a al

Sterculiaceae. 6 . 49 2 9

Tiliaceae 3 25 2 3

Zygophyllaceae . 4 8 if it

Celastraceae 6 v MES iL 4

Rhamnaceae : 4, : ip il i

Ampelideae 5 15 : 1 1

Leguminosae . 51 . 255 eG 95

Lythraceae : A, sea eilul : a 2

Cucurbitaceae. 6 . 24 ; 6 9

* See Fig. 4.

28 Annals of the South African Museum.

Kalahari. Eastern Mountain Region.

Order. No. of No. of No. of No. of

genera, species. genera, species.

Ficoideae . a lel 2 41 : A eels

Rubiaceae . We at i(5) 5. 49 : 9 ey 20)

Asclepiadaceae . 34. 5 LT . 15 5 pl

Loganiaceae : 5 8) 2 : 3 A 3

Convolvulaceae . 7. 5 : 13

Acanthaceae a6 Cs 4: 7 8

Verbenaceae : 7 27 4, 5

Amarantaceae . 14 % 28 4 6

Polygonaceae . 4 oars 2 10

Euphorbiaceae . 15 ~ 45 3 9

Urticaceae ; 5 See! 3 4,

The Capparideae, 'Tiliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Convolvulaceae, and

Acanthaceae are all characterestic Kalahari Orders, the rest occur

commonly in other parts of South Africa, but are better represented

in the Kalahari than in the Eastern Mountain Region.

4. Orders well represented in the Eastern Mountain Region, but

poorly represented in the Kalahari :

Eastern Mountain Region. Kalahari.

Orders. No. of No. of No. of No. of

genera. species. genera, species.

Polygalaceae—. 2 ils 2 2 : 7

Geraniaceae : 5 + 929 : 5 . 18

Crassulaceae . 4 5) : 3 , 2 iG

Umbelliferae . Il ral : 8 6 lil

Ericaceae . ; 2 . 20 ; 1 : i

Orchidaceae es a te : 9 Pee Ah

All these Orders are characteristic both of the South-Western and

South-Eastern Regions. The large predominance of Ericaceae and

Orchidaceae stands out as the striking difference between the Eastern

Mountain Region and Kalahari floras.

5. Predominant genera in the Kalahari compared with the same

genera in the Hastern Mountain Region :

No. of No. of No. of No. of

Genera. spp. in Spp. in | Genera. spp. in spp. in

ki E.M.R.* | ie E.M.R.*

Indigofera . 48 . 12 | Hermannia , ~ 299). 5

Helichrysum. 45 .~ 61 | Sutera. a Re ee 18

Senecio . et ESO. eee OO | Acacia . x it AG Pac ]

Tpomoea. GAP ee 8 | Rhynchosia . 24 7

* E.M.R. (Eastern Mountain Region). K. (Kalahari Region).

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 29

No. of No. of No. of No. of

Genera. spp. in spp. in Genera. spp. in spp. in

Ke E.M.R.* | Ken E.M.R.*

Asclepias . 23 Le eGledwolus. . ida . Is

Eragrostis 23 13° Ocimum 5 LAS ws 0

Rhus 21 12 Grewia . Peasy te Os 2

Tephrosia 21 So ultmetenonise . 18... 17

Blepharis eA 2 Vernonia Als} 6

Schizoglossum 20 15 Anthericum . 12. 6

Crotalaria . 19 ik Barleria. qh as | ae Ht

Mesembrian- Convolvuius . 12 4

fthemum . 419 = . 9 | Panicum 47 Pe 7

Cyperus . See ells | Sebaea . Pes. LG

Andropogon . 17 . 15 | Selago . meee le te eA

Aristida «| llsje 8 |

* E.M.R. (Eastern Mountain Region). K. (Kalahari Region).

The predominance of species of Ipomoea, Hermannia, Acacia,

Blepharis, Crotalaria, Ocimum, Grewia, and Barleria in the Kalahari

should be specially noted.

6. Predominant genera in the Eastern Mountain Region com-

pared with the same genera in the Kalahari:

No. of No. of | No. of No. of

Genera. spp. in| spp. ae | Genera. spp. in spp. in

E.M.R.* | E.M.R.* os

Helichrysum. 61. ye Cyperus. eleanor 10s)

Senecio . 2) 456 36 Eragrostis ~~ 9 is 97 23

Crassula . 30 7 Eulophia Ror Gs) ae 9

Erica. a 18 1 Gladiolus yt AS. ee eek.

Sutera. sis 27 Schizoglossum 13 . 14

Disa. ely. ] Wahlenbergia 138 . 8

Lotononis . 17 13 Berkheya 2» 12 ee 0.

Sebaea . : 16 12 Euryops ; 12 : 5

Andropogon . 15 WE Habenaria . 12. . 6

Hypoxis A AS 9 Indigofera . 12 . 48

Kniphofia . 14 3 Pelargonium. 12 =. 7

Selago . . 14 12 Rhus. SP leo

Argvrolobium 18 5 Zaluzianskya. 12 0

* E.M.R. (Eastern Mountain Region). K. (Kalahari ReeBay,

7. There are 423 species (or 27°19 per cent.) of the Eastern

Mountain Region flora which also occur in the Kalahari, but of this

number 317 species (or 20°42 per cent.) are common to the Kalahari,

the EKastern Mountain Region, and the South-Hastern Region.

30 Annals of the South African Museum.

8. The proportion of Monocotyledons to Dicotyledons is greater

in the Kalahari Region than in the Eastern Mountain Region (viz.

1: 3°28 and 1: 2°03 respectively) though the actual number of species

is smaller.

VI. THE SOUTH-EASTERN REGION.

The South-Eastern Region as defined by Bolus will require some

alteration, as he included in this region the whole of Natal and East

Griqualand, parts of which belong to the Eastern Mountain Region.

Bolus himself recognises this, as he notes “‘ the (boundary) line should

keep to a contour of about 3500 ft. of altitude, above which the vege-

Fia. 4.—Diagrams showing the differences between the predominance of the

twelve largest Orders in the following floras: I. Eastern Mountain Region.

II. Kalahari Region. III. “ Kaffrarian Region.” IV. Natal under

4000 ft. 1. Compositae. 2. Gramineae. 3. Liliaceae. 4. Leguminosae.

5. Orchidaceae. 6. Scrophulariaceae. 7. Cyperaceae. 8. Asclepiadaceae.

9. Amaryllidaceae. 10. Iridaceae. 11. Crassulaceae. 12. Labiatae.

tation begins to assume the character of the steppes of the Kalahari

Region, but no such contour-line is marked on any map.” I am at

present attempting to redefine the South-Eastern Region in the light

of what we now know of the Eastern Mountain Region. As yet my

results are incomplete, though I am led to favour the view of Thode*

that this region can be split up into three provinces. Marlotht

recognised the diversity of the flora when he mapped off a ‘ South-

Eastern Coast Belt.” A flora of East Griqualand, and of King

Williams Town, Komgha, Pondoland, Transkei, and Tembuland (the

latter group I shall now call the ‘‘ Kaffrarian” flora) has been com-

piled for the sake of comparison with the Eastern Mountain Region.

The flora of East Griqualand presents problems which make it

* Thode, loc. cit.

+ Marloth, loc. cit.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 31

advisable to treat the subject in a separate paper, and for comparison

with our Region I will only use the “ Kaffrarian”’ flora and the flora

of Natal wnder 4000 ft., above which it assumes a totally different

aspect.

VII. COMPARISON OF THE FLORAS OF THE EASTERN

MOUNTAIN AND SOUTH-EASTERN REGIONS.*

Taste I.—The Relative Positions of the Five Predominant Orders.

Eastern Mountain “ Kaffrarian ” Natal under

Region. Region. 4000 ft.

1. Compositae. | 1. Compositae. 1. Compositae.

2. Gramineae. 2. Leguminosae. 2. Leguminosae.

3. Liliaceae. 3. Liliaceae. 3. Graminae.

4. Leguminosae. 4. Gramineae. 4. Liliaceae.

5. Orchidaceae. 5. Orchidaceae. 5. Orchidaceae.

The five predominant Orders are the same in each case, the Eastern

Mountain Region differs from the other two floral areas in the

important position taken by the grasses and the comparatively few

Leguminosae. The Compositae also form a far larger percentage of

the total flora than in either the Kaffrarian or Natal areas. Itis only

when the floras are examined more critically that the marked differ-

ence between the Eastern Mountain and the South-Eastern Regions

becomes apparent, as the following table shows:

TaBLeE II,

riers Ne SN ee

Capparideae —. 0 6 : 12

Rutaceae . : : 0 : 10 : 6

Ampelideae 1 13 : 16

A pocynaceae 1 9 1

Gesneriaceae 2 “ 8

Tiliaceae 2 8 13

Oleaceae 3 13 10

Celastraceae 4 34 : 23

Acanthaceae 7 50 f 71

* «K” (Kaffrarian Region). “N” (Natal, under 4000 ft.). E.M.R. (Eastern

Mountain Region).

All the principal genera occurring in the Eastern Mountain Region

are also well represented in the South-Eastern Region with the excep-

* See Fig. 4.

32 Annals of the South African Museum.

tion of Selago, Eragrostis, Schizoglossum, Euryops, and Zaluzianskya,

which are more numerous in the former region.

The large number of Cycadaceae in the South-Hastern Region

should be specially noted, as no member of the Order has yet been

recorded from the Eastern Mountain Region, and it is more than

probable that they are totally absent from this region.

There are in the Eastern Mountain Region 812 species (or 52°31

percent.) which also occur in the “ Kaffrarian” flora, though of this

number 317 species (or 20°4 per cent.) are common to the Kalahari

Region, the Eastern Mountain Region, and the “ Kaffrarian ”

Region. |

VIIl. SUMMARY.

The Eastern Mountain Region is a large plateau lying between the

28th and 30th degree of latitude and the 27th and 30th degree of

longitude. It includes the whole of Basutoland with a portion of the

Orange Free State, the Cape Province, Hast Griqualand, and Natal.

On the confines of its boundaries it has an elevation of about 5000 ft.,

rising to 10,000 ft. and over on the Drakensbergen. The area is built

up of Stormberg beds which he on the Karroo beds. The rainfall

averages about 29°39 inches per annum, most of which falls during

the six summer months. The average maximum temperature is about

82° F., and the average minimum temperature about 33°F. In the

greater amount of rainfall and lesser extremes of temperature the

Eastern Mountain Region shows considerable differences from the

Kalahari Region. The Eastern Mountain Region must be regarded

as a grass steppe, and in this respect differs somewhat from the

Kalahari and South-Eastern Regions, where the Grasses do not form

such a predominant portion of the flora. The paucity of species

of Capparideae, Ampelidaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Convolvulaceae, etc.,

separates it from the Kalahari Region, and the few species of

Acanthaceae, Celastraceae, Oleaceae, Rutaceae, etc., which oceur within

its limits distinguish it from the South-Eastern Region. Among

the genera the number of species of Hrica, Zaluzanskya, Wahlen-

bergia, Hulophia, Disa, ete., which occur in the Hastern Mountain

Region sharply separate it from the Kalahari Region, while the

number of species of Selago, Eragrostis, Schizoglossum, Huryops,

and Zalumanskya distinguish it from the South-Hastern Region.

Speaking generally the Hastern Mountain Region has an affinity with

the South-Hastern Region, but is totally distinct from the Kalahari

Region.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 33

IX. LIST OF SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE EASTERN

MOUNTAIN REGION, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

SPECIES.

DICOTYLEDONS.

RANUNCULACEAH.

CLEMATIS, Linn.

C. brachiata, Thunb.

Mountain Slopes. A creeping or climbing plant, 3-9 ft. high,

flowers white and sweet scented. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 90! climber

on trees in ravine, Phillips, 727! slopes of Lefi’s Kloof, a climber,

flowers white, Phillips, 813 !

DistriputTion: Cape. Swellendam. Uitenhage. Albany. Mur-

raysburg. Somerset Hast. Komgha. East Griqualand. Natal.

Transvaal (Rustenberg).

Sesuto: Morarana oa mafehlo. The creeper for the churning sticks.

The woody part of the plant, being strong and supple, is used for making

churning sticks.

THALICTRUM, ILnnn.

1. T. minus, Linn.

Dongas and mountain slopes. Flowers green. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 380! Caledon River, Zehyer, 41! Doodman’s Krans

Mountain, 8700 ft., March, Galpin, 6568 !

DistRIBUTION : Queenstown. Aliwal North. Griqualand West

(near Kimberley).

Sesuto: Lefokotsane. The small feeble one. Tord ea ngvale. The

hat of the “ngvale.” A ‘“ngvale” is a girl of the initiation school.

The plant is used as a vegetable in the young state.

2. T. rhynchocarpum, D. & R.

De Beer’s Pass, Drakensbergen, 5—6000 ft., Wood, 5971!

Disrripution: Komgha. East Griqualand. Transvaal (Pilgrim’s

Rest).

ANEMONE, Linn.

A. Fanninii, Harv.

Eland’s River Valley, near the Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft., Flanagan,

2126!

Distrisution: Natal.

ey)

Br Annals of the South African Musewm.

RANUNCULUS, Lnnn.

R. pinnatus, Poir.

Damp spots on veld and mountain slopes. Herb, 5-18 in. high,

flowers bright vellow. Summer—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 141!

Distrrpution: Cape. George. Uitenhage. Beaufort West.

Komgha. Tembuland. Natal.

Sesuto: Hilapi. Fish.

R. Meyeri, Harv.

Banks of water courses. Herb, 1—5 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring—

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 599! swampy ground at the base of Doodman’s

Krans Mountain, 8500 ft., March, Galpin, 6566! swampy ground,

near Buffalo River Waterfall, 8150 ft., March, Galpin, 6565! stream

on Leribe plateau, common, flowers yellow, Phillips, 786! Natal, edge

of swamp, Upper Tugela, 5-6000 ft., Wood.

Disrrisution: Somerset East. King William’s Town. Natal.

Transvaal (Dordrecht, Standerton, Pretoria).

Sesuto: Bolila ba linku ba metsi. The water-sorrel of the sheep.

Said to be liked by sheep and goats.

R. Baurii, MacOw.

Herb, 10-20 in. high. Slopes of high mountain, Matchachaneng,

Botha-Botha. A. Dieterlen, 883! without precise locality, Cooper !

Distrisution: Tembuland. Natal.

Sesuto: Qoyoana. The small “ qobo,” so called on account of the

leaves having the shape of those of Gunnera perpensa (Qobo).

In Madame Dieterlen’s specimens there are fruits only, and the

leaves are much larger than in the type.

R. Cooperi, Oliv.

Mont-aux-Sources, 9300 ft., October, Mann in Herb. Marloth;

2880! 7-9500 ft., January, Flanagan, 2124! 2125! Van Reenen,

5-6000 ft., December, Wood, 4537! Oliver’s Hoek, 5—6000 ft., Wood ;

Ben McDhui, 9200-9600 ft., March, Galpin, 6567! A. Bolus in Herb.

Guthrie, 4770 !

Distrisution: Transvaal (Oliphant’s River, 5400 ft., Carolina,

5600 ft.).

R. Drouetii, Godr.

River bed at Hlotse. Herb, 10-30 in. high, flowers white, October,

A. Dieterlen, 808!

DistriputTion: Cape. ‘Transvaal (near Ermelo).

Sesuto: Hlapi ea noka. 'The fish of the river.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 30

R. sp. (probably BR. plebeius, R. Br.).

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 899!

Sesuro: Hlapi ea lati. The fish of the high mountain.

This is a very fragmentary specimen.

R. sp.

Swampy ground near Buffalo River Waterfall, 8150 ft., March,

Galpin, 6565 !

A slender creeping plant, rooting at the nodes. Leaves about 2 mm.

long and 4 mm. broad, cordate and faintly 5-lobed.

MENISPERMACEAE.

STEPHANIA, Louwr.

8. hermadiaefolia, Walp.

Mountain slopes. A climber, flowers cream. Spring-Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 506!

Disrripution : Pondoland. East Griqualand. Natal. Swaziland.

Sesuto: Lesibo. Derived from the verb “ho siba ’—to discover.

This plant is much used by the witch-doctors in working the divining

bones when wishing to discover anything lost, or some secret matter.

PAPAVERACEAE.

PAPAVER, Linn.

P. aculeatum, Thunb.

Veld, and as a weed in cultivated ground. Herb, 6-35 in. high,

flowers reddish-yellow. Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen,347!; mountain

slopes above the Mission Station, flowers brick-red, Phillips, 511!;

Mont-aux-Sources, 8000 ft., April, Dyke in Herb. Marloth, 5407! in

Herb. Musei Austro-Afric. 5521 !

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Somerset East. Murraysburg. Komgha.

Natal. Orange Free State (Sand Drift).

Sesuto: Sehlohlo. He who causes anger. Name given on account

of the thorny nature of the plant.

ARGEMONE, Linn.

A. mexicana, Linn.

Mountain slopes, road-sides, and near villages. Herbaceous plant

10-35 in. high, flowers pale yellow. Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen,

350 |

36 Annals of the South African Museum.

Distrisution: A weed which has become naturalised in South

Africa.

Sresuto: Ntsvantsane. Derived from the verb “ ho tsvantsa ”’—to

describe. Sehlohlo se seholo. The big one who caused anger. Name

given on account of the thorny nature of the plant.

CORYDALIS, DC.

C. pruinosa, HE. Mey.

Banks of Caledon River, Mettolloanany, Leribe District. A herb,

20-32 in. high, flowers light pink. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 873!;

Tsitsa Footpath, Drakensbergen, 6900 ft., March, Galpin, 6569.

Distripution: Somerset East. Murraysburg. Hast Griqualand.

Natal.

Susuto: “Musa pelo oa noka. The river comforter. Literally “‘ The

one who puts the heart (of the river) right.’ Used by doctors for

preparing drugs for comforting people in sorrow, especially in cases of

bereavement.

CRUCIFERAE.

MATTHIOLA, Br.

M. torulosa, DC.

Caledon River, Zeyher, 17! Burke, 203 !

Distripution: Graaff Reinet. Aliwal North.

NASTURTIUM, Br.

N. officinale, R. Br.

In streams. Herb, 6-25 in. long, flowers white. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 746.

DisTRIBUTION : Common throughout South Africa.

Sesuto: Mo-hata-metsi. The one who tramples on the water.

Name given in reference to the floating nature of the plant. Edible.

N. fluvitale, E. Mey.; var. caledonicum, Sond.

Veld and mountain slopes. Herb, 18-58 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer—Autumn. 4A. Dieterlen, 825!; Caledon River, Burke & Zeyher,

227

Distrisution : Transvaal (Pretoria).

Srsuto: Liababe. They are bitter. Used as a vegetable.

var. brevistylum, Sond

Veld and mountain slopes. Herb, 5-22 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer-Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 98b!

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 37

Distrisution : Murraysburg.

Sesuto: Papasane. Meaning unknown. Used as a vegetable.

var.

Mountain slopes and veld, flowers yellow. A. Dieterlen, 98!

ARABIS, Linn.

A. perfoliata, Lamk.

Damp spots. 1-3 ft. high, flowers reddish-mauve. Spring-Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 613!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft. Bolus,

8119!

DistTRIBUTION : Somerset East. Molteno. Natal.

Sesuro: Lefisoana. Small pot. Used as a vegetable.

SISYMBRIUM, Linn.

S. capense, Thunb.

Foot of Mont-aux-Sources, 6800 ft., January, Flanagan, 2084!

Distripution: Uitenhage. Somerset Hast. Alice. Komeha.

var. montanum, Sond.

Veld, damp spots. Herb, 12-30 in. high, fiowers yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 541!; Caledon River, Burke & Zeyher !

DistRisution: Orange River.

Sesuto: Hlaku ea Khomo. Ox leg. Sentlokvana se seholo. The

big “Sentlokvana’’ (meaning unknown). The young parts of the

plant are used as a vegetable.

S. lyratum, Burm.

Mountain slopes. Herb, 8-25 in. high, flowers yellow. January—

April. A. Dieterlen, 836 !

Distrrpution: Malmesbury. Swellendam. George. Knysna.

Albany. Beaufort West.

Sesuto: Sentlokvana se seholo. See S. capense, Thunb. var.

S. Turezaniowii, Sond.

Veld and mountain slopes. Herb, 6-15 in. high, flowers yellow.

Spring-Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 183!; mountain slopes south of Leribe

plateau, Phillips, 911!; Qoqolosi Peak, Phillips, 978! ; Caledon River,

Zeyher.

DisrriputTion: Transvaal (Volksrust).

Sesuto: Sentlokvana. Meaning unknown. Used as a vegetable.

38 Annals of the South African Museum.

HELIOPHILA, Linn.

H. suavissima, Burch.

Leribe plateau, January, fiowers purple or pink. A. Dieterlen, 939 !

partly; grassy spots on slopes of Mont-aux-Sources, c. 8800 ft.,

January, Thode, 1!; near Buffalo River Waterfall, 8220 ft., March.

Galpin, 6570; Satsanna Berg, 9400 ft., Galpin, 6571.

Distrispution: Port Elizabeth, Graaff Reinet.

H. rigidiuscula, Sond.

Mont-aux-Sources, 9950 ft., Flanagan! ; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s

Hoek, 6200 ft., Bolus, 8121! 6500 ft., December, Flanagan, 1846! ;

Ben MecDhui, 9800 ft., March, Galpin, 6572.

DistriBvutTion : Queenstown. Komgha. Transkei. Pondoland. East

Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Barberton, Botsabelo). Swaziland.

H. suleata, Conrath.

Mountain slopes, 8-25 in. high, flowers white. Summer—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 284!; common on mountain slopes and plateau, flowers

white, Phillips, 675! 806! 883! 927! 971!; Bester’s Vlei, near

Witzie’s Hoek, 6500 ft., December, Flanagan, 1856! 5400 ft., Bolus,

8120!; Ladybrand, November, Rogers, 714!

Disrrisution: Namaqualand Minor. Molteno. Aliwal North.

Transvaal (Johannesburg).

Sesuto: "Musa pelo oa mangope. The comforter of the dongas.

Tloko jilvane e kholo. The big ‘ tlokofilvane” (foam or froth).

Semanelvana. Derived from the verb ‘“ ho namela’’—to listen to.

Used by the witch doctors for locating pain by means of sound

(auscultation), especially in chest complaints. It is supposed to

concentrate the pain on one side and thus enable it to be cured.

H. basutica, Phillips, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. i). Suffrutex humilis,

5-9 em. altus. Ramuli scabridi. Folia ‘9-4 em. longa, 5-15 mm.

lata, linearia, apice acuta vel obtusa, integra. Pedunculus 2-7 cm.

longus. nudus vel foliiferus. Pedicellus circiter Lem. longus. Sepala

5°5-6°5 mm. longa, 15-2 mm. lata, oblonga, glabra. Petala 1 cm.

longa, 4°5-6°5 mm. lata, obovata, apice obtusa. Stamina omnia

aequalia ; filamenta 4 mm. longa, linearia; antherae 2°5 mm. longae,

oblongae. Ovariwm sessile, 4 mm. longum, glabrum ; stylus 1:5 mm.

longus ; stigma globosum. Fructus ad 4°7—-5°5 em. longus, 3-3'5 mm.

latus, planus; margines rectae vel undulatae. Semina 2-2°25 mm.

longa, 15-2 mm. lata, discoidea, fere orbiculata, semi-translucida.

A dwarf plant 5-9 cm. high, with thick woody underground stems

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 39

from which short branches arise. Branches minutely scabrid. Leaves

‘9-4 cm. long, ‘5-15 mm. broad, linear, acute or subacute, glabrous.

Peduncles 2-7 cm. long, terete, glabrous, 5-12-flowered. Pedicels

8-1-2 em. long, elongating in the fruit, sometimes minutely glandular,

otherwise glabrous. Buds -9-1 em. long, 2°5 mm. broad, ellipsoid, the

anterior and posterior sepals slightly projecting. Lateral sepals

55 mm. long, 15 mm. broad, oblong-linear, concave, rounded and

saccate at the apex, 3-nerved, glabrous; anterior and posterior sepals

65 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, oblong-linear, concave, rounded and with

a blunt spur ‘5 mm. long at the apex, 3-nerved, glabrous. Petals

1 cm. long, 4:5-6°5 mm. broad, obovate, shortly acuminate, obtuse,

narrowed at the base. Stamens of equal length; filaments 4 mm.

long, linear below, terete above, glabrous; anthers 2°5 mm. long,

linear, shortly and bluntly sagittate at the base. Ovary 4 mm. long,

‘75 mm. broad, terete, glabrous ; style 1°5 mm. long, terete; stigma

capitate. Fruit 4°7-5°5 em. long, 3-3°5 mm. broad, flat; valves with

straight or undulating margins, l-nerved, glabrous. Seeds 2-2:25 mm.

long, 15-2 mm. broad, compressed, orbicular, glabrous; embryo

horse-shoe shaped.

Qoqolosi Peak. January-February, flowers purple or pink, A.

Dieterlen, 939 partly ; Phillips, 975.

Near H. suavissima, Burch., from which it differs in the dwarf

woody habit, and the seeds being without a narrow membranous

margin.

H. sp.

Ben McDhui, 9800 ft., March, Galpin, 6573.

BRASSICA, Innn.

B. pachypoda, Thellung, var.

Veld and mountain slopes. Herb, 6-20 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 165!

Disrrisution: An imported weed.

Srsuro: Sepatla-palla. Derived from the verb “ho phatlalla”’—to

be flat. Sepaile. Meaning unknown. The leaves of this plant lhe

flat on the ground. Used as a vegetable.

LEPIDIUM, Linn.

L. myriocarpum, Sond.

Streams. Herb, 20-30 in. high, flowers dark-mauve. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 542!; Caledon River, Zeyher, 24!

Distrisution : Glenfilling (Lower Albany).

4.0 Annals of the South African Museum.

Sesuro: Lerothd. Dimness. Name probably given to the dark

colour of the flower. Used as a vegetable.

L. capense, Thunb.

Veld, mountain slopes and round villages. Herb, 4-12 in. high,

flowers brownish-red. Spring—Autumn, Dveterlen, 137b!

Distripution: Cape. Swellendam. Uitenhage. Murraysburg.

Komgha. Natal.

Sesuto: Sebitsa. It calls. Used as a vegetable.

var.

Ben MecDhui, 9800 ft., Galpin, 6574; Doodman’s Krans Mountain,

8650 ft., Galpin, 6574a.

L. Schinzii, Thellung.

Veld and round kraals. Herb, 4-18 in. high, flowers white.

Spring-Summer, A. Dieterlen, 137a!

Distripution : An imported weed.

Szsuto: See L..capense, Thunb.

CAPPARIDEAE.

CLEOME, Linn.

C. monophylla, Linn.

Sandy places on mountain slopes. 5-20 in. high, flowers mauve.

January-February. A. Dieterlen, 787 !

Distrisution: §.W. Africa. Herbert. Komgha. ‘Transkei.

Pondoland. Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria, Waterberg, Magaliesberg,

Barberton). Swaziland. Delagoa Bay.

Sesuto: “Musa pelo monyenyane. The small comforter.

RESEDACEAE.

OLIGOMERIS, Cambeso.

0. dregeana, Presl.

Veld and mountain slopes. Small plant, 5-18 in. high, flowers

white. Summer. <A, Dieterlen, 286!; Van MReenen, 5500 as

February, Wood.

Distrispution: Cradock. Graaff Reinet. Somerset Hast. Aliwal

North. Tembuland. Orange Free State (near Bethulie, Bankfon-

tein).

Sesuto: Pheta. Repeat. Used in medicine when working the

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 41

divining bones. A witch-doctor is supposed by this means to be able

to avenge a man who has been bewitched by a distant enemy who has

sent lightning to him or his cattle.

BIXINEAE.

KIGGELARIA, Linn.

K. africana, Linn.

Mountain slopes. <A tree, flowers cream. Spring. A. Dieterlen,

180!; Ravine on western slopes of Leribe plateau, tree 20 ft. high,

Phillips, 743! 755!

Distrisution: Cape. Tulbagh. Hast Griqualand. Natal. Trans-

vaal (Sabie Hoek, Devil’s Kantoor).

Sesuto: Lekhatsi. Meaning unknown. Wood used for lathes.

Used by the witch doctors in compounding a medicine to protect

villages.

PITTOSPOREAE.

PITTOSPORUM, Banks.

P. viridiflorum, Sims.

Mountain slopes and ravines. Tree, 8-10 ft. high, flowers yellowish.

Spring. <A. Dieterlen, 389!

Disrrisution: George. Port Elizabeth. Graaff Reinet. Albany.

King William’s Town. Komgha. Tembuland. Natal. Transvaal

(Magaliesberg, Barberton).

Sesuro: Mosetlela. Meaning unknown. Mohattolle. He who relieves.

Motsosa-nku. The sheep helper. Phukhu e nyenyane. The small

“ Phukhu.” This tree is much used by the native doctors. Itis also

used when working the divining bones to prevent a sick person being

harmed by other people.

POLYGALACEAE.

POLYGALA, Linn.

P, virgata, Thunb. var.

Ravines and mountain slopes. 3-5 ft. high, flowers carmine.

Autumn. A. Dieterlen,577!; Mont-aux-Sources, ¢. 9300 ft. October,

Mann in Herb. Marloth, 2882!

Distrisution: Cape. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Transkei. East

42 Annals of the South African Museum.

Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Barberton, Pilgrim’s Rest, Lyden-

burg). Swaziland.

Sesuro: Hlokoa lelelle. The large piece of grass. Ntsebele ea moru.

Tell me of the woods. Hlokoa is the diminutive form of “ Lefhloko

ana,” meaning ‘‘a piece of grass.” Used as a love philtre.

This specimen does not fit any of the varieties into which Harvey

divides the species. It is an exact match with a plant from Natal

collected by Gueinzius, and more nearly so with the Uitenhage

specimens. The plants from the other localities cited differ in their

broader leaves ; they all, however, form a distinct group in the species.

P. hispida, Burch. \

Mountain slopes. 4-10 in. high, flowers pinkish-mauve. Decem-

ber. Malavaneng, Leribe district. A. Dieterlen, 868!; near Buffalo

River Waterfall, 8220 ft., March, Galpin, 6579; near “ Cave”’ at foot

of Mont-aux-Sources, 6800 ft., Flanagan, 2082!; Gnant’s Castle,

Drakensbergen, 6000 ft., November, A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie !

Disrrisution: George. Uitenhage. Albany. Dohne.

Sesuto: Bolao ba noka. The philtre of the river (or love philtre).

Dr. Bolus notes that Flanagan’s plant is “ probably the same form as

P. erubescens, E. Mey., collected by Drége on the Wittebergen.”’

P. Ohlendorfiana, H. & Z.

Mountain slopes and banks of streams. 5-12 in. high, flowers

carmine pink. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 624!; ravine on west slopes of

Leribe plateau, 4-6 in. high, flowers red, Phillips, 766!; Bester’s Vlei,

near Harrismith, 6200 ft., December, Bolus, 8122!

DistrrputTion : Somerset East. King William’s Town. Stutter-

heim. East Griqualand. Natal. Swaziland.

Sesuto: Mahlakahlaka. Many leaves. Use unknown.

P. amatymbica, HE. & Z.

Mountain slopes, 13-6 in. high, flowers violet. Summer. <A. Dieter-

len, 148 ! |

DisrripuTion: Queenstown. East Griqualand. Tembuland.

Transvaal (Pretoria, Pietersburg, Standerton, Barberton, Rustenburg).

Sesuto: Mohlohlello or Molelabeho 0 monyenyane. Stimulant. Used

as a medicine for cattle.

P. Galpini, Hook.

Sides of Giant's Castle, Sim.

DistriputTion: Transvaal (Vryheid). Swaziland.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 43

P. gymnoclada, MacOw.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-32 in. high, flowers pink. Summer-—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 249!; growing among grass, Lefi’s Kloof, N.E.

slope of Leribe plateau, Phillips, 815!; Near Buffalo River Waterfall,

8220 ft., March, Galpin, 6580.

Disrrisution: Transkei. Hast Griqualand. Swaziland.

Sesuro: Mohloko. Meaning unknown. Hlokoa la tsela. The piece

of grass of the road. Lehlokoana la Balimo. The piece of grass of the

ancestors. Mohlabeho o moholo. The strong stimulant. Nisebele.

Tell me. Used as a love philtre and also when working the divining

bones. Most species of Polygala are used in this way.

P. rarifolia, DC.

Veld and mountain slopes, 5-18 in. high, flowers violet. A. Dieter-

len, 267! 716!; slopes of ravine between the Mission Station and

Jonathan’s village, not uncommon, flowers blue, Phillips, 555!

mountain slopes above Khaniane, south slopes of Leribe plateau,

flowers red, Phillips, 857! Qoqolosi Peak, Phillips, 987 !

Distrreurion: Uitenhage. Stockenstroom. Cradock. Murraysburg.

Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland. Pondoland. East Griqualand.

Natal. Swaziland.

Sesuto: Bolao bo boholo. The big philtre. Lesira. The veil.

Setea-tea. The deciever. Used as love philtres and as a charm to rid

oneself of a tormentor.

Psp.

Ben McDhui, 9260 ft., March, Galpin, 6578; Doodman’s Krans

Mtn., 8500 ft., Galpin, 8578a.

MURALTIA, Neck.

M. divaricata, E. & Z.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 2-4 ft. high, flowers white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 296!

Distrisution: Van Rhynsdorp. Clanwilliam. Tulbagh.

Sesuro: “Ma Motaung. The mother of ‘ Motaung.” Used for

firewood.

M. dumosa, DC.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 707 !

DistrisuTion: Van Rhynsdorp. Tulbagh. Cape. Laingsburg

(Seven Weeks Poort). Albert.

Ad Annals of the South African Museum.

M. alticola, Schltr.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5800-6700 ft., December,

Flanagan, 1842! Bolus, 8123!

Disrrisution : Tembuland.

M. Flanagani, Bolus (= M. ecornuta, N. E. Br.).

Summit Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan, 2020!,

October, A. Bolus! Mann in Herb. Marloth, 2871! 2881!; Natal, Van

Reenen, 6—7000 ft., Wood, 5699 !

DisTRIBUTION : Endemic.

M. saxicola, Chodat.

Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft. October, A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie,

4775!; Bushman’s River Valley, 6—8000 ft., October, Wylie in Herb.

Wood, 10632!; Catkin Peak, Drakeusbergen, 8500-9000 ft., West in

Herb. Musei Austro-Afric., 4555!; Van Reenen, 6900 ft., Schltr.,

6934 !

DistTRiIBUTION: East Griqualand.

This is a plant which I described as M. Westi (Ann. 8S. Afr. Mus.

ix, 11, 15), but the above name has priority.

M. sp.

Bushman’s Caves, Drakensbergen, 7—-8000 ft., Evans, 666.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

DIANTHUS, Linn.

D. scaber, Thunb.

Mountain slopes and plateau, 7-20 in. high, flowers pale pink.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 184!; slopes of ravine between the Mission

Station and Jonathan’s Village, Phillips, 556 !, south slopes of Leribe

plateau, above Khaniane, flowers pale pink, Phillips, 874!, Qoqolosi

Peak, flowers pink, Phillips, 976!; Ben MeDhui and Doodman’s Krans

Mtn., 9900 ft., March, Galpin, 6581 !

Disrripurion: 8.W. Africa. Clanwilliam. Worcester. Tulbagh.

George. Uitenhage. Graaff Reinet. Beaufort West. Aliwal North.

Natal. Orange Free State. Transvaal (Pretoria, Johannesburg).

Bechuavaland (Kuruman).

Sesuto: Tlokofiloane. Big froth. Mogo o. Derived from the

verb “ho qolla “—to choose. Used as a medicine for chest pains. It

is also supposed to relieve one’s fears and emotions.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 45

D. crenatus, Thunb.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., Flanagan, 1861

Disrripution: S.W. Africa. Albany. Komgha. Tembuland.

East Griqualand. Natal.

. D. pectinatus, E. Mey.

eee Vlei, near Harrismith, 5500 ft., December, Bolus, 8124

Distripution: §.W. Africa. Tulbagh. Worcester. Transvaal

(Pretoria, Johannesburg).

SILENE, Linn.

S. capensis, Ott.

Mountain slopes and sides of dongas. Herb, 8-25 in, high, flowers

white. Summer. A. Dieterlen,28!; without precise ocality, Cooper!;

ravine on west slopes of Leribe plateau, flowers white, occasional,

Phillips, 606 !

Distrisution: S.W. Africa. Clanwilliam. Cape. Caledon.

Alexandria. Murraysburg. Beaufort West. Komgha. Natal. Orange

Free State (Vryburg). Transvaal (Rustenburg).

Sesuto: Molokéloko. In sucession. Letomokoana. The small

“ Tetomoko.” Likomana and Lithotana. Small boxes or baskets.

Shetla la moroke. The soft bone of “ Moroke” (a proper name).

Kvagila. Meaning unknown. Used as a medicine in many diseases,

especially in cases of fever and delirium.

S. Burchellii, Ott.

Mountain slopes, 5-20 in. high, flowers pale mauve. Spring. A.

Dieterlen, 362! 610!; Ben MeDhui, 9250-9500 ft., March, Galpin,

6585.

Distripution: Malmesbury. Cape. Caledon. Uitenhage.

Albany. Graaff Reimet. Molteno. Transkei. East Griqualand.

Natal. Transvaal (Rustenburg, Mooifontein, Johannesburg).

Sesuto: Lepatla. Derived from the verb “ hobatla”’—to search.

Lithotvana. Small baskets. Kopane. Derived from the verb ‘“ ho

kopa ”—to surround. Used in the compounding of various medicines.

CERASTIUM, Linn.

C. dregeanum, Fenzl.

Mountain slopes, flowers white, January. Malavaneng. <A. Dieterlen,

935!; Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan, 2076!; Ben

McDhui, 9900 ft., March, Galpin, 6585!; Doodman’s Krans Mtn.,

8500-9650 ft., March, Galpin, 6585a!

46 Annals of the South African Museum.

Distrisution: Cape. Albany. Tembuland. East Griqualand.

Natal.

Sresuro: Qoqgobala ea loti. The “ Qoqobala ” of the high mountain.

Use unknown. See C. Capense, Sond.

C. capense, Sond.

Damp spots on mountain slopes and plateau. Herb, 8-15 in. high,

flowers white. Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 265a!

Distrrispution: Clanwilliam. Tulbagh. Cape. Caledon. Graaff

Reinet. Somerset East. Murraysburg. Komgha. Transvaal

(Ermelo).

Sesuto: Qoqobala. Derived from the verb “ho qodqodbala ”’—to

have superficial roots. Molod oa nku. The bleating of the sheep.

Eaten when young.

STELLARIA, Linn.

S. media, Vill.

Damp and shady spots on mountain slopes. Herb, 3-15 in. high.

April. Morija. A. Dieterlen, 265b!

Disrrisution: Cape. Kaffirland. Natal.

Sesuto: See Qoqobala. See Cerastiwm capense, Sond.

SPERGULA, Linn.

8. arvensis, Linn.

Shady places on mountain slopes. 6-18 in. high, flowers white.

August. A. Dieterlen, 825!

Distrispution: Tulbagh. Cape. Stellenbosch. Natal.

Sesuto: Bolepo ba seokho sa merung. Web of the “spider of the

woods.” Qoqobala. The ‘ Qoqobala” of the lands. Use unknown.

PORTULACEAE.

PORTULACA, Linn.

P. oleracea, Linn.

Veld and mountain slopes. 2-18 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 303 !

Distrisution: S.W. Africa. Albany. Natal. Orange Free State

(Bloemfontein).

Srsuto: Selélé. Slippery. The natives sprinkle themselves with

a preparation of this plant as a charm against illness and lightning.

Eaten as a vegetable.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 47

ANACAMPSEROS, Linn.

A. arachnoides, Sims.

Mountain slopes. 2-8 in. high, flowers pink. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

625 !

DistrisputTion: Uitenhage. Montague. Albany. Prince Albert.

Sresuro: Serelile. Derived from the verb “ho rella’”’—to be

slippery. Used in many medicines by the native doctors; said to be

an emetic. A medicine for a sick orphan child.

TALINUM, Adans.

T. caffrum, E. & Z.

Mountain slopes. 6—20 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer—Autumn.

Thaba Phatsoa, Leribe District. A. Dieterlen, 701!

Distripution: 8.W. Africa. Port Elizabeth. Graaff Reinet.

Queenstown. Komgha. Tembuland. Natal. Transvaal (Pieters-

burg, Rustenberg). Bechuanaland (Kuruman). Bulawayo.

Sesuto: Khutsana. Orphan. This plant is employed by the

native doctors, but no information can be got from them as to its use.

HY PERICINEAH.

HYPERICUM, Linn.

H. aethiopicum, Linn.

Mountain slopes, 6-14 in. high, flowers bright yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 358!; west slopes of Leribe plateau, frequent, flowers

yellow, Phillips, 654! N.E. slopes of Leribe plateau, flowers yellow,

frequent, Phillips, 851!, south slopes of Leribe plateau, flowers

yellow, Phillips, 921!; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper !

Distrisution: Riversdale. George. Knysna. Uitenhage. Graaff

Reinet. King William’s Town. Komgha. Natal. Transvaal

(Pretoria). Swaziland.

Sesuto: Leilane. Derived from the verb “hoila”’—to avoid.

Leilane la Bale. The “ Leilane” of the “Bale” (“Bale” is the

plural of “ Ngoale’’—a girl attending the heathen school of initia-

tion). Bohohoana. Little bread. Tabane. Small matter. This

plant is largely used by the women for young girls who have reached

the age of puberty.

H. Lalandii, Chois.

Damp spots on mountain slopes, 2-12 in high, flowers yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 678!; damp spots near stream on plateau,

48 Annals of the South African Museum.

flowers yellow, Phillips, 792!, south slopes of Leribe plateau, flowers

yellow, Phillips, 905! 914! ;

Disrrisution: George. Uitenhage. Aliwal North. Komgha.

East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Lydenburg, Pietersburg).

Swaziland. Bulawayo.

Sesuro: Bohlokvanyane. Small pain. Used in medicine.

MALVACHAE.

MALVA, Linn.

M. parviflora, Linn. :

Veld, near villages, 3-12 in. high, flowers pale mauve. Summer-—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 110a!

Distripution: An introduced weed.

Sesuto: Mosalasupe. He who remains on the ruins. Qena. Give

upa trip. Tika-motse. Surround the village. Thiba-pitsa. Stop the

pot. Used for making a kind of cement for mending broken pots.

Also used as a lotion for bathing bruised limbs.

This plant is an exact match with a specimen in our herbarium,

collected near Cape Town, and labelled in Harvey’s handwriting

M. parviflora, Linn.

M. verticillata, Linn.

Mountain slopes and veld near villages, 8-35 in. high, flowers pale

mauve. Summer—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 110b!

Distrisution : An introduced weed.

Srsuro: See M. parviflora, Linn.

ABUTILON, Gaertn.

A sonnelatianum, Sweet.

Mountain slopes, 8-22 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer-Autumn.

A. Meterlen, 453 !

DistripuTion: Namaqualand Minor. Swellendam. Uitenhage.

Graafi Reinet.’ Beaufort West. Komgha. East Griqualand. Natal.

Orange Free State (Bloemfontein). Transvaal (Rustenburg). Bechu-

analand.

Sesuto: Lecheane. Derived from the verb ‘ hochea”—to grow

plentifully in one place and yet widely spread. Used as a stimulant

for bulls in the spring.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 49

SPHAERALCEA, St. Hil.

S. pannosa, Bolus.

River banks and mountain slopes. 1}-4 ft. high, flowers pinkish-

mauve. Summer-Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 469!

Distripution: Hast Griqualand. Natal. Hope Town.

Sesuto: LDecheane le noka. The ‘‘ Lecheane” of the river. See

Abutilon sonneratianum, Sweet. Use unknown.

S. prostrata, Harv. var. molle.

Mountain side, near Buffalo River Waterfall, 7740 ft., Shrub 4 ft.

high, flowers pink, March. Galpin, 6586!

Distrisution: Aliwal North.

8. Julii, Bkr. fil.

Banks of Eland’s River, near Witzie’s Hoek, ce. 5700 ft., December.

Thode, 2!; Caledon River, Zeyher, 217!

Distrisution: Aliwal North. Hope Town.

HIBISCUS, Linn.

Hibiscus leiospermus, Harv.

Veld and mountain slopes. 3-15 in. high. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

124!; Van Reenen, 5500 ft., December, Wood, 7467.

Disrrisution: Kast Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (near Irene,

Belfast).

Sesuto: Sefala-bohoho. The crust scraper. Used in medicine for

- colic.

H. malacospermus, H. Mey.

Veld, road sides, and mountain slopes, 3-12 in. high, flowers

carmine and cream. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 276!; Mafeteng, December,

Herman Bolus in Herb. Bolus!; Bester’s Vlei, 5400 ft., December,

Bolus, 8125!

DisTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Aliwal North. Tembuland. East

Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Rustenburg, Lydenburg). Orange

Free State (Bethelem).

Sesuto: Sekutle. Meaning unknown. Seputle. Derived from the

verb “ho putla”’—to cut in two. Bohoyana. Small bread. Used as

a charm to prevent villages being bewitched by enemies or struck

by lightning. Medicinally used as a cure for headache and other

ailments.

50 Annals of the South African Museum.

H. pusillus. Thunb.

Thaba Unchu, Zeyher !

Disrrisution: Port Elizabeth. Albany. Graaff Reinet. Griqua-

land West (Kimberley). Komgha. East Griqualand. Natal. Zulu-

land. Transvaal (Pretoria, Rustenberg). Bechuanaland (Mafeking).

Bulawayo.

H. atromarginatus, E. & Z.

Mountain slopes, 6-20 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 450 !

DistripuTion : Graaff Reinet. Queenstown. Aliwal North. Hope

Town. Komgha. Natal. Orange Free State (Bloemfontein). Transvaal

(Waterberg). Swaziland. Rhodesia (Bulawayo).

Sesuto: Semameloana se seholo. he big “Semameloana.” A

favourite plant with the witch-doctors. See also Heliophila sulcata,

Conrath.

H. Trionum, Linn.

Veld and mountain slopes 3-22 in. high, flowers yellow with a dark

centre, March, A. Dieterlen, 85! 652!; ravine, west slopes of Leribe

plateau, corolla pale yellow with a dark throat, Phillips, 746!, south

slopes of Leribe plateau, Phillivs, 895!; Van Reenen, 5500 ft.,

December—May, Wood, 5705!

Distripution: Cape. Alexandria. Murraysburg. Graaff Reinet.

Beaufort West. Cradock. King William’s Town. Komgha. Transkei.

Kast Griqualand. Transvaal (Pietersburg, Rustenberg, Barberton).

Bechuanaland. Swaziland.

Sesuto: Lereletsane le leholo. The big smooth one (Dicterlen, 85,

which is var. hispidus). Lereletsane. The smooth cne. (Dieterlen,

632, which is var. ternatus).

STERCULIACEAE.

HERMANNIA, Linn.

H. candicans, Ait.

Mountain slopes near rocks. 38-5 ft. high, flowers yellow. Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 555!

Distrisution: Clanwilliam. Stellenbosch. Swellendam. Rivers-

dale. Humansdorp. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Uitenhage. Graaff

Reinet. Worcester (Matjesfontein). Beaufort West. Prince Albert.

King William’s Town. Komgha. East Griqualand.

Srsuto: Lecheane la thaba. The ‘“ Lecheane” of the mountain.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 51

The word “lecheane”’ is derived from the verb “ho cheana’’—to

be dispersed or in rags, though growing abundantly together. Use

unknown.

H. pallens, E. & Z.

Mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring. A.

Dieterlen, 755 !

Distripution: 8.W. Africa. Tulbagh. Caledon. Oudtshoorn.

Uitenhage. Graaff Reinet. Aliwal North. Murraysburg. Beaufort

West.

Srusuto: Motoo oa thaba. The bleating of the mountain. Use

unknown.

H. depressa, N. E. Br.

Veld and mountain slopes. A creeping plant, 4-20 in. long.

Flowers reddish-yellow. Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 107 !

DistriputTion: S.W. Africa. Tembuland. Griqualand East.

Natal. ‘Transvaal (Johannesburg, Rustenberg, Zeerust, Barberton).

Orange Free State (Bloemfontein). Rhodesia (Mazoe).

Sesuto: Seletjane. Meaning unknown. Phate ea ngaka. The

bedding (or carpet) of the doctor. Used by the native doctors when

working the divining bones. A native doctor seldom uses any medicine

without consulting the divining bones, which are supposed to indicate

both the illness and the medicine to be employed. A much renowned

medicine for colic. Also used as a charm against witchcraft.

H. Gerrardi, Harv.

Hillside between Trent Kop and Antelope Park, Dist. Mclear,

ec. 5600 ft. March, flowers creamy white. Galpin, 6589!; Mount

Fletcher, 5000 ft., July, Sim, 2529!

Distrisution: Natal.

H. Woodii, Schinz.

Grassy slopes on Klein Pot River, 4600 ft. March. Flowers pink.

Galpin, 6588 !

Disrrisution: Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria, Magaliesberg).

MAHERNIA, Linn.

M. coccocarpa, E. & Z.

Veld and mountain slopes. 4-15 in. high, flowers dark violet.

Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 338!; mountain slope above the Mission

Station, small shrub 3-6 in. high, flowers red, uncommon, Phillips,

Annals of the South African Museum.

529!, Qoqolosi Peak, flowers pink, Phillips, 953!; Bester’s Vlei, near

Harrismith, 5300 ft., December, Bolus, 8126!; near Mafeteng, October,

Herman Bolus in Herb. Bolus, 4381 !

Disvrrpution: 8.W. Africa. Calvinia. Graaff Reinet. Molteno.

Queenstown. Albert. Aliwal North. King William’s Town. Natal.

Griqualand West (Kimberley). Orange Free State (near Bethulie).

Transvaal (Vaal River). Bechuanaland.

Srsuto: Leilane Boloulo. The loose soft one, who avoids or turns

from. Boulvana. The small loose one. Qena e nyenyane. The

small “qena.” The verb “ ho qena” means to dislike oravoid. Sehlare

sa mollo. Medicine of fire. A preparation for use in burns is made

from this plant.

M. chrysantha, Turez.

Mountain slopes. A creeper, 10-40 in long, flowers cream. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 43a! 43b!; Lefi’s Kloof, N.E. slopes of Leribe plateau,

flowers white, rare, Phillips, 821!; rocky hill near Harrismith, 5000 ft.,

February, Wood, 4723!

Distrisution: Albany. Queenstown. Somerset Hast. Albert. King

~ William’s Town. Stockenstroom. Pondoland. Tembuland. Natal.

Transvaal (Vlakfontein). Bechuanaland.

Srsuto: Khoakhoa. Derived from the verb ‘“ ho khoakhoathelo ”’—

to adhere. Used as a cement for repairmg broken clay pots. A

medicine for heartburn and other complaints. This plant is highly

esteemed and much used for flatulency in pregnant women.

M. cordata, EH. Mey.

Veldt and mountain slopes. 10-22 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 47!; slopes of ravine, flowers yellow, Decem-

ber, A. Dieterlen, 949!; Bester’s Vlei, near Harrismith, 5500 ft.,

December, Bolus, 8127! Flanagan, 1884!; Caledon River, Zeyher!

Thaba Unchu, Burke & Zeyher !

Distrispution: Transvaal (Irene, Heidelberg).

Srsuto: Lecheane, see Hermannia candicans, Ait. Seletjane se

seholo, the big “seletjane.”” Used as a stimulant for bulls in the

spring.

M. oblongifolia, Harv.

Between Thaba Unchu and Caledon River, Burke & Zeyher!

Distrrepution : Aliwal North.

In examining and naming some plants collected in Basutoland by

Madame Dieterlen came across two sheets labelled Mahernia chrysantha,

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 53

Planch., and M. cordata, E. Mey., respectively, but when comparing the

specimens with those in our herbarium and with the descriptions

given in the ‘Flora Capensis’ I found that Harvey had sunk M.

cordata, E. Mey., into M. betonicaefolia, E. & Z.* Following the

description of M. chrysantha, Planch., Harvey adds the following note:

“‘Larger and more woody than M. betonicaefolia, with longer leaves

and flower-stalks, longer and narrower petals, and more acuminate

and more woolly calyx-lobes, but in other respects so similar that we

suspect it is merely a very luxuriant variety, and retain the species

chiefly in deference to the opinion of other botanists.” Among the

specimens quoted by Harvey under the two species M. chrysantha and

M. betonicaefolia, we have in the South African Museum Collection

the following: Melhania chrysantha, E. Mey., collected by Drege ;

Burke's specimen No. 158 from Dornkop, Bechuanaland ; Ecklon and

Zeyher's No. 520 from Katriver and Mahernia cordata, E. Mey.,

collected by Drege at Stormberg. A detailed examination of these as

well as other specimens at my disposal makes me agree with Harvey

that M. chrysantha, Planch., and M. betonicaefolia E. & Z., are

co-specific, but I do not agree with him in sinking M. cordata, E. Mey.,

as a synonym of M. betonicaefolia, K. & Z., and I should prefer to

separate them out as follows:

1. M. chrysantha, Turez (M. betonicaefolia, EH. & Z., Hermannia

geniculata, H. & Z., Melhania chrysantha, E. Mey.).

2. M. cordata, EK. Mey.

The habit of the two species varies: in M. chrysantha the flowers

are always arranged along the length of the stem and arise from the

axils of the leaves, while in M. cordata the flowers are grouped up

in a panicle at the end of the stem. This difference in habit is

always associated with other characters, as the table given below will

show.

M. chrysantha, Turez. M. cordata, KE. Mey.

Flowers large, over 1 em. long. Flowers smaller, under 1 ecm.

long.

Pedicels over 1 cm. long. Pedicels usually less than 1 em.

long.

The calyx is villous within. The calyx is glabrous within.

Lower half of the petals about Lower half of the petals always

9-nerved. 53-nerved

Madame Dieterlen gives the colour of the corolla as yellow in

M. cordata and cream in M. chrysantha, and in most cases this seems

* Szyszylowicz, ‘ Polypetalae Thalamiflorae, Rehmannianae’ (1887), p. 145,

follows the ‘ Flora Capensis.’

54 Annals of the South African Museum.

to hold good, but it is evidently not a constant character, as sometimes

in M. chrysantha (Wood, 4723, FE. & Z., 320, 321) the corolla is said

to be yellow.

M. chrysantha (Turez, in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxi (1858), 1, 219).

A prostrate plant. Stem and branches terete, tomentose. Stipules

‘9-13 cm. long, about *6 em. broad, ovate, acuminate, brown, mem-

branous, glabrous. Leaves petioled, 2-10 cm. long ; petiole 5—2°3 cm.

long, terete, tomentose; lamina 2-8°5 cm. long, ‘8-44 cm. broad,

ovate, oblong, elliptic, ovate-elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse, rounded

or cordate at the base, with crenate margins, stellately tomentose

beneath, glabrous or scantily stellately hairy above. Flowers axillary

along the stem, 1-2-nate. Peduncles up to 5°5 em. long, rarely less

than 3 cm. long, terete, tomentose. Bracts about 1 em. long, linear

or ovate-linear, tomentose. Calyz-tube -5-1 em. long, more or less

campanulate, distinctly 10-nerved within, tomentose without; lobes

5-7 mm. long, very rarely less than 5 mm. long, ovate, subacuminate,

acute, 5-nerved, and tomentose within and without. Corolla white,

cream or yellow. Petals 2 cm. long, 7-8 mm. broad, elliptic or ovate

above, obtuse, and narrowed in the lower half to a concave 9-nerved

pubescent claw. Stamens 5, adnate at the very base; filaments

‘8-1 em. long, linear, widened into two processes about the middle ;

processes covered with stellate hairs; anthers 7 mm. long, produced

into a fine subulate point, sparsely pubescent with a few stiff hairs.

Ovary subsessile, 6 mm. long, elliptic in outline, obtusely 5-angled,

tomentose; style 7 mm. long, terete, glabrous; stigma simple.

Planch. in Herb. Hook. ex Harv. Fl. Cap. I, 218; M. betonicaefolia,

K. & Z. ew Harv., l.c.; Hermannia geniculata, BE. & Z., l.c.; Melhania

chrysantha, EK. Mey. in Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Document, p. 201.

Stockenstroom Division, Kat River, near Balfour, H. & Z. 320;

Albany Division, Grahamstown, Miss M. Daly, 734; Sheldon, Mrs. H.

Hutton, 501; Kaffraria, Cooper, 347; Somerset Hast Division, MacOwan,

1217; near Cookhouse, L. Kensit in Herb. Bolus, 93812; Queenstown

Division, near Shiloh, Drege; Zwarte Kei River, H. & Z., 321;

Bechuanaland, Burke, 158; Orange Free State, near Harrismith,

Wood, 4723; Basutoland, Leribe, Madame A. Dieterlen, 48a, 43b;

Phillips, 821; Tembuland, Cala commonage, Miss A. Pegler, 1628 ;

Bashee River, Collector? 8805; Griqualand Hast, Clydesdale, Tyson,

1635 ex parte.

M. cordata (KH. Mey in Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Document, p. 200).

Stem terete, tomentose. Stipules 6-12 cm. long, ovate or lanceo-

late, acuminate, sometimes 3-toothed, tomentose. Leaves petioled,

2-5-7 cm. long; petiole "8-15 cm. long, terete, tomentose; lamina

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 55

1-5-6 em. long, ‘8-5 em. broad, ovate, elliptic or elliptic-ovate, obtuse,

cordate at the base, with crenate margins, stellately tomentose below,

scantily stellate hairy above. Flowers in terminal panicles. Pedicels

‘*6—1'2 cm. long, terete, tomentose. Bracts about 5 mm. long, linear,

tomentose. Calyz-tube 4-5 mm. long, more or less campanulate,

glabrous and usually 5-nerved within, tomentose without; lobes

2-3 mm. long, ovate, acuminate, acute, tomentose without, glabrous

within. Corolla yellow. Petals ‘9-1 em. long, 4 mm. broad, broadly

ovate above, rounded at the apex, narrowed in the lower half, the

narrow portion being concave, tomentose, and 3-nerved. Stamens 5,

adnate at the very base; filaments 45 mm. long, linear, widened into

two processes above the middle of their lengths; processes covered

with stellate hairs; anthers 3-5 mm. long, acuminate, acute, ciliate

with a few short hairs. Ovary shortly stalked, 2°5-3 mm. long,

obovate in outline, obtusely 5-angled, tomentose; style 1 cm. long,

terete, glabrous ; stigma simple.

Stormberg, Drége ; Transvaal, Hoog Veld above Irene, Burtt-Davy,

31; Heidelberg, Schlechter, 3534; Orange Free State, Bester’s Vlei,

Harrismith, Bolus, 8127, Cooper, Flanagan, 1884, Caledon River

Burke; Basutoland, Leribe, Madame A. Dieterlen, 47; Griqualand

East, Clydesdale, Tyson, 1635 ex parte.

TILIACEAE.

GREWIA, Linn.

G. occidentalis, Linn.

Mountain slopes. 3-8 ft. high, flowers violet. Summer. A. Dieter-

len, 357!

Disrrispution: 8.W. Africa, Cape. Uitenhage. Albany. Cradock.

Komgha. Natal. Transvaal (Potatobosch).

Sesuro: Lesika. Sinew of an ox, or a thread made of sinews of

cattle. So called on account of the long fibres in the bark. Wood

used to lance or scarify and for making pegs. Also used medicin-

ally.

2. G. hispida, Harv.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus, 8129 !;

Eland’s River Valley, near Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft., January,

Flanagan, 2016 !

Distrisution: Natal.

56 Annals of the South African Musewm.

CORCHORUS, Linn.

C. asplenifolius, Burch.

Thaba Unchu, Zeyher, 148! 417!

DisrripuTion : East Griqualand. Natal. Hope Town. Orange

Free State (near Parys, near Modder River). Transvaal (Rustenburg,

Barberton), Bechuanaland (Kuruman, Mafeking). Rhodesia (Vic-

toria Falls).

LINEAE.

LINUM, Linn.

L. Thunbergii, E. & Z.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 7-20 in. high, flowers yellow,

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 444!; damp spots near stream on plateau,

flowers yellow, Phillips, 794!, Lefi’s Kloof, N.E. slopes of Leribe

plateau, Phillips, 845!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft.,

December, Bolus, 8180 !

Distripution: Tulbagh. Cape. George. Uitenhage. Albany.

Graaff Reinet. Aliwal North. Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland.

Pondoland. Natal. Transvaal (Middelberg). Swaziland.

Sesuto: Bohlokvana. The small pain. Used in medicine to relieve

pain and as a cure for snake-bite. A charm to preveut accidents

befalling huts and cultivated lands.

ZYGOPHYLLACHAR.

TRIBULUS, Linn.

T. terrestris, Linn.

Veld and mountain slopes. 6-25 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 127!

Distrisution: S.W. Africa. Namaqualand Minor. Clanwilliam.

Cape. Uitenhage. Murraysburg. Graaff Reinet. Natal. Calvinia.

Griqualand West (Herbert). Bechuanaland (Mafeking). Rhodesia

(Bulawayo).

Sesuto: T’sehlo. Meaning unknown. Used together with Andro-

pogon contortus for rheumatism.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs.

GERANIACEAE.

MONSONIA, Linn.

M. biflora, DC.

Veld and mountain slopes. 4-15 in. high, flowers white or mauve,

March. A. Dieterlen, 82! 82a!; south slopes of Leribe plateau, above

Khaniane, flowers white, Phillips, 860!; Qoqolosi Peak, flowers white,

Phillips, 961!; Caledon River, Zeyher, 300! Tsita footpath, Drakens-

bergen, 6900 ft., March, Galpin, 6590.

DisrrisutTion: S.W. Africa. Graaff Reinet. Herbert. Aliwal

North. East Griqualand. Natal. Orange Free State (Bloemfontein).

Transvaal (Rustenburg, Pietersburg, Aapies River, Middleberg.)

Bechuanaland (Mafeking).

Sesuro: Marorétsvane. Used as a medicine for dysentery and sore

eyes.

M. attenuata, Harv.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus, 8131! ;

Van Reenen, 6000 ft., Schlechter, 6989 !

Distrisution: Natal. Orange Free State. Transvaal (Barberton).

M. brevirostrata, R. Kunth.

Mountain slopes, 4-12 in. high, flowers mauve, summer, A. Dieter-

len, 714!

Distrisution: Tembuland. East Griqualand.

Sesuto: Mokhankha. He who smells odours. Makéritsvane. Use

unknown

M. longipes, R. Kunth (ex descr.).

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400-5500 ft., December—

January, Bolus, 8132! Flanagan, 2086 !

DisTRIBUTION: Riversdale.

GERANIUM, Linn.

G. incanum, Linn.

Damp spots on veld and in dongas. 8-15 in. high, flowers white

or mauve-pink. November. A. Dieterlen, 316!; Giant’s Castle, Alf.

Bolus in Herb. Bolus, 6874!

Distripution : Cape. George. Humansdorp. Uitenhage. Albany.

Molteno. Murraysburg. Natal.

Sesuto: Ngope-selsoha. See G. canescens, L’Her, Tlaka. Scorn,

mockery. Yee. Tea. Used by some of the natives for making a kind

58 Annals of the South African Museum.

of tea. The witch-doctors use this plant when working the divining

bones. If one of the bones falls in a certain direction the doctor

sees in it a proof that the sick person whom he is attending is troubled

in his mind, and he prepares his drugs accordingly to quiet him.

Also used to make milk produce much cream. When the milk of a

cow is watery a bunch of this plant is thrown in the clay pot contain-

ing the milk, and the natives believe that it will make the milk

creamy. Also used to get rid of internal worms called “ Kopane,”

supposed to infest the big intestine.

G. canescens, L’ Her.

Shaded spots on mountain slopes. 15-30 in. high, flowers mauve.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 593!; ravine on south slopes of Leribe plateau

above Khaniane, flowers white, Phillips, 863!; shady spots under trees,

ravine west slopes of Leribe plateau, Phillips, 748!- summit of Mont-

aux-Sources, 9500 ft., Flanagan, 2017 !

Disrrisution: Albany. Natal.

Susuto: Lehloele. Clot. Ngope-setsoha. Something which happens

unexpectedly. Used in cases of dysentery.

G. ornithopodum, EH. & Z.

Mountain slopes, Malaoaneng. Flowers pinkish-mauve. December.

A. Dieterlen, 950!; shaded spots on mountain slopes, 5-25 in. high,

flowers pale mauve, summer, A. Dieterlen, 544!: Mont-aux-Sources,

6000 ft., October, A. Bolus in Herb. Bolus, 6876!; Bester’s Vlei, near

Harrismith, 6200 ft., December, Bolus, 8135 !

Distripution: Cape. Albany. Molteno. King William’s Town.

Stockenstroom. Tembuland. Hast Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal

(Barberton, Pilgrim’s Rest).

Sresuro: Bohila ba thaba. Sorrel or sourness of the mountain.

Makorotsvane. Meaning unknown.

Used to cure children suffering with a cold in the head. The leaves

are bruised and mixed with water, the nose and nostrils are rubbed

with the lotion, to make the child sneeze.

G. caffrum, EH. & Z.

Mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, flowers cream and crimson.

Summer. Sebothvane. Leribe District. A. Dieterlen, 712!

DistrisuTion : Beaufort West. Molteno. Aliwal North. Stocken-

stroom. ‘Tembuland. Natal. Transvaal (Belfast).

Susuto: Khoaara. See Pelargonium Bowkeri, Harv. Makorotsoane.

Meaning unknown.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 59

G. languinosum, R. Kunth.

Giant’s Castle, Drakensbergen, Alf. Bolus in Herb. Bolus, 6875 !

Disrrisution: East Griqualand,

G. pulchrum, N. E. Br.

Natal, on the Drakensbergen, in swamps, 6-7000 ft., January,

Evans, 378.

DistRIBUTION : Endemic.

G. Thodei, R. Kunth.

Doodman’s Krans Mountain, 9650 ft., March, Galpin, 6591!;

summit Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., Flanagan, 2017!; grassy spots

on summit Mont-aux-Sources, c. 8850 ft., January, Thode, 4!

Distripution : Endemic.

PELARGONIUM, L’ Her.

P. pulverulentum, Colv.

Tsita footpath, Drakensbergen, 6900 ft., March, Galpin, 6592.

Distripution : Transkei. Pondoland. Tembuland.

P. aconitophyllum, Harv.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6200 ft., December, Bolus, 8134!

Distripution: Transkei. Tembuland. Natal.

P. caffrum, E. & Z.

Bester’s Vlei, near, Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., Flanagan, 1990 !

Distrisution : Natal.

P. myrrhifolium, Ait.

Makhvarane Mountain, Morija. 12-25 in. high, flowers pink. April.

A. Dieterlen, 989!

Distripution: Van Rhynsdorp. Cape. Worcester. George.

Port Elizabeth. Transvaal (Pietersburg).

Sesuto: Bolila ba thaba. 'The sorrel of the mountain. Makdraots-

vane. Use unknown,

P. grossularioides, Ait.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 4-18 in. high, flowers mauve-pink.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 738!; roadside in Caledon Pass, near the river,

6900 ft., flowers pink, January, Thode, 5!; slopes of Mont-aux-Sources,

7000 ft., January, Flanagan, 2104!

Disrrizution : Namaqualand Minor. Malmesbury. Tulbagh.

Cape. Caledon. George. Oudtshoorn. Uitenhage. Alexandria.

Kast London. Murraysburg. Komgha.

60 Annals of the South African Museum.

Sesuro: Makoritsvane. Khoaara. See note under P. reniforme,

Sims.

P. fumarioides, L’ Her.

Garden of the Residency, Peka. Leribe District. Flowers whitish.

April. A. Dieterlen, 1000! ; Caledon River, Burke !

Distrisutron: Namaqualand Minor. Murraysburg. Graaff

Reinet. Orange Free State (Bethulie).

Sesuto: Makorotsvane 0 manyenyane. The small ‘“ Makorotsvane.”

P. alchemilloides, Willd.

Mountain slopes. Flowers mauve. December. Malavaneng, Leribe

District, A. Dieterlen, 951!; near Buffalo River Waterfall, 8300 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6593 !

Distripution: King William’s Town. Komgha. Tembuland.

Natal.

Srsuro: Bolila ba thaba. The sorrel of the mountain. Makorcts-

vane.

var. dentatum, Harv.

Mountain slopes. Flowers pinkish. January. A. Dieterlen, 246b!

Disrripution: Caledon. Uitenage. Albany. Murraysburg.

Komgha. Tembuland. Hast Griqualand.

Srsuto: Bolila ba litsoene. The sorrel (or sourness) of the monkeys.

Bolila ba thaba, Sorrel (or sourness) of the mountain. A lotion is

made from the cooked roots, with which feverish people are washed.

var. aphanoides, Harv.

Shady spots on mountain slopes and ravine. 8-30 in. high, flowers

pale mauve. Summer-autumn. A. Dieterlen, 246a !

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Philipstown. Graaff Reinet.

Sesuto: See var. dentatum.

P. reniforme, Sims.

Mountain slopes, 8-20 in. high, flowers da:k and light crimson.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 367!; Qoqolosi Peak, flowers dark purple,

Phillips, 974!

Distripution: Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Graaff

Reinet. Murraysburg. Cradock. Aliwal North. Komgha. Tembu-

land. East Griqualand. Transvaal (Oliphant’s River).

Sesuto: Khvaara e nyenyane. The small “ Khvyaara.” The word

“ Khvaara’”’ means to chmb a mountain which has no path in the

stony patches; this plant is found growing on such stony patches.

Used medicinally for colic.

Flora of the Leribe Plateaw and Environs. 61

P. Bowkeri, Harv.

Mountain and hill slopes. 6-20 in. high, flowers dark crimson.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 99!; mountains round Bester’s Vlei, 6000 ft.,

December, Bolus !

DistriputTion: Komagh. Transkei. Natal.

Sesuto: Khvaara. Derived from “ lekhvaara”—a stony ridge.

This plant is usually found growing near stones or rocks. See also

P. reniforme, Sims. The green leaf is eaten by children ; they call it

“Dbolila’’— Sorrel. The dried roots are used by the Bushmen for

making a kind of pap for their babies. Used medicinally for flushings,

colic and diarrhoea.

P. dispar, N. E. Br.

Bushy banks of a rivulet, lower slopes of Auqua Mtn., Witzie’s

Hoek, ec. 6000 ft., March, flowers whitish, strongly scented, Thode, 6! ;

Natal, Tiger Cave Valley, 6-7000 ft., among grass, January, Evans,

Sale

Distrisution: Natal.

P. Schlechteri, R. Kunth. ?

Eland’s River Valley at the foot of Mont-aux-Sources, 6800 ft.,

December, Flanagan !

Distrisution: Tembuland.

OXALIS, Linn.

0. convexula, Jacq.

Veld and mountain slopes. 3-6 in. high, flowers pink-mauve.

Summer—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 170!; ravine, flowers pink, base of

corolla yellow, Phillips, 767, south slopes of Leribe plateau above

Khaniane, Phillips, 925!; Bester’s Vlei, near Harrismith, 5400 ft.,

December, Bolus, 8135! near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., Flanagai, 1936 !

Caledon River, Burke, 441!; Natal, upper Tugela, 4000 ft., January,

Wood, 3505 !

Distrrsution: Cape. Komgha. Albany. Port Elizabeth. Ceres.

Queenstown. ‘Transkei. Tembuland. Orange Free State (Bloem-

fontein).

Sesuto: Bolila. Sorrel or sourness. See O. Smithii, Sond.

Phillips 925 is an exact match with Burke 441 labelled by Harvey in

our Herbarium O. convexula, Jacq., but differs from the description in

the ‘Flora Capensis’ in the peduncles not being bracteate and the

sepals not ciliate.

Mr. F. Bolus, who is revising the genus Ozalis, reports on the

62 Annals of the South African Museum.

above specimens as follows: O. convexula, Jacq. Phillips, 767, Burke,

441. O. convexula, Jacq. var. pubescens. Dieterlen, 170, Flanagan,

1936. O. convexula, Jacq. var. hispida. Wood, 3505.

O. setosa, E. Mey.

Tsita footpath, Drakensbergen, 6900 ft., March, Galpin, 6596!; in

valley at base of Doodman’s Krans, c. 8500 ft., March, flowers pink.

Galpin, 6594 !

Disrrisution: Natal. Transvaal (Belfast). Rhodesia (Gwelo).

0. Smithii, Sond.

Under rocks or shrubs on mountain slopes and ravines. 3-13 in.

high, flowers pink to mauve. March. <A. Dieterlen, 540! 879!

DistrisutTion: Uitenhage. Albany. Komgha. Natal. Transvaai.

(Barberton).

0. corniculata, Linn.

Mountain slopes. 2-16 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 171!; south slopes of Leribe plateau above Khaniane,

flowers yellow, Phillips, 915!

Distripution: Cape. Albany. Somerset East. Aliwal North.

Komgha. Tembuland. Natal. Transvaal (Rustenburg).

Sesuto: Bolila ba thaba. Sorrel (or sourness) of the snakes. A

medicine for snake-bite. The bitten limb is washed with water mixed

with this plant and a ligature tied above the bite. The patient must

be carried across a stream, as the injured portion of the body must not

touch water, otherwise the wound will smell.

ERODIUM, L’ Her.

Erodium cicutarium ? L’Her.

Veld and mountain slopes. 3-20 in high, flowers mauve. Spring.

A. Dieterlen, 642!

Distripution : An introduced weed.

Sesuto: Makorotsvane.

OLACINEAK.

CASSINOPSIS, Sond.

C. capensis, Sond.

Mountain slopes and ravines. Tree, 8-12 ft. high, flowers green.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 345!; tree, frequent, Phillips, 596!

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 63

DistripuTion: Swellendam. Somerset East. King William’s

Town. Komgha. Natal. Transvaal (Barberton, Fountain Grove,

Elandspruitbergen).

Sesuto: Motale.

evergreen tree. Used for building huts.

The green one. So named because it is an

ILICINEAE.

ILEX, Innn.

I. capensis, Sond. & Harv.

Mountain slopes and ravines. Tree, flowers cream. Spring—

Summer. Thaba Phatsoa, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 62!; Leribe,

A. Dieterlen, 392!; ravine on west slopes of Leribe plateau, occa-

sional, Phillips, 726 !

DistripuTion: Worcester. Cape. Stellenbosch. Swellendam.

Port Elizabeth. Albany.” Komgha. Stutterheim. Transkei. King

William’s Town. Natal. Transvaal (Botsabelo, Barberton, Zout-

pansberg). Rhodesia (Mazoe).

Sresuto: Molo a phofu. The bleating of the eland. Phuklu.

Derived from the verb ‘ho phukha”—to break easily. Used for

firewood. Employed by the witch-doctors in conjunction with the

divining bones to prevent a sick person being bewitched. Given as an

enema to children suffering from colic.

CELASTRINEAE.

GYMNOSPORIA, Wight & Arn.

G. (Celastrus peduncularis, Sond.)

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5600 ft., December, Bolus,

8136!

Distrisution: Albany. Stutterheim. King William’s Town.

Komgha. Natal.

According to Galpin used by Kaffirs for making fighting-sticks.

G. acuminata, Szysz. (C. acuminatus, Linn.)

Mountain slopes and ravines. ‘Tree, flowers greenish. Spring.

Thaba Phatsoa, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 553!

Disrripution: Cape. Stellenbosch. Caledon. Swellendam. Port

Elizabeth. Albany. King William’s Town. Komgha. Transkei.

Tembuland. Natal. Swaziland.

Sesuto: Tsikane. Derived from “ litsika ’’—threads. Tepo. Glue.

64 Annals of the South African Museum.

Derived from the verb “ ho lepoloha’’—to trickle down. The wood is

used for making walking sticks; it contains a sticky substance. The

bark is used for building huts.

G. (C. buxifolius, Linn.)

Mountain slopes and ravines. Bush or small tree, 3-10 ft. high,

flowers white or cream. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 75a! 75b!; Ravine

on west slopes of Leribe plateau, tree 12-15 ft. high, Phillips, (22M

Only a few specimens were seen.

Distripution : 8.W. Africa. Clanwilliam. Tulbagh. Cape. Swel-

lendam. Uitenhage. Albany. Graaff Reinet. Oudtshoorn. King

William’s Town. Komgha. Transkei. Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria,

Irene, Barberton).

Sresuto: Sefea-maeba. ‘ Sefea” means strong in throwing stones,

““maeba” is a rock dove. There is no explanation as to why the plant

is so called. Sefea-maeba se senyenyane. 'The small “ sefea-maeba.”

Mixed with parts of snakes it is used medicinally as a cure for snake-

bite.

G. (C. albatus, N. E. Br.)

Mountain slopes and ravines. Tree, flowers green. Spring. A.

Dieterlen, 285!; Van Reenen, 5500 ft., November ; Wood, 6862!

Distrisution: Transvaal (Potatobosch).

Srsuto: Mogai. Meaning unknown. The wood of this tree is

much appreciated for making sticks and knobkerries. Young men

who cannot obtain the wood yet call their sticks “ Moqai,” pretending

that they have been made from this tree.

RHAMNEAE.

RHAMNUS, Linn.

R. prinoides, L’ Her.

Mountain slopes and ravines. Bush, 7-12 ft. high, flowers green.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 79!; ravine on west slopes of Leribe plateau,

tree, leaves shining green above, pale beneath, Phill ips, 742 !

Disrrrpution: Swellendam. George. Port Elizabeth. Graaff

Reinet. Somerset East. Aliwal Nortn. King William’s Town.

Komgha. ‘Transkei. Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria). Rhodesia

(Broken Hill).

Susuto: Nofifi. Darkness. So called on account of the dark

green leaves. Branches of this plant are placed on the top of huts,

in cattle kraals, or in the “ Lekhotla” (the court) to prevent harm

befalling the inmates.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 677

AMPELIDEAE.

RHOICISSUS, Planch.

R. (Cissus) cuneifolia, Planch.

Mountain slopes, trailing on rocks or shrubs, flowers yellowish-

green. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 83!; growing under cliffs on west

slopes of Leribe plateau, Phillips, 620!

Distripution: Uitenhage. Albany. Somerset East. King

William’s Town. Komgha. East Griqualand. Natal. Orange

Free State (nr. Parys). Transvaal (Crocodile and Magalies Rivers).

Bechuanaland. Rhodesia (Gwelo).

Sesuto: Morara. The creeper. The fruits are eaten by children in

late autumn. The plant is cooked and drunk by sterile women in

order to become pregnant. Also used as a charm by a chief when he

establishes a new village.

SAPINDACEAE.

MELIANTHUS, Linn.

M. villosus, Bolus.

Eland’s River Valley, near Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft., January,

Flanagan, 2004!; ona rocky hill, Weenen County, 4—5000 ft., December,

Wood, 4376 !

DistrRiIBuTIoN : Endemic.

GREYIA, Hook & Harv.

G. Sutherlandi, Hook. & Harv.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5700 ft., December, Bolus,

8137!

Distrisution: Stutterheim. Tembuland. Natal. Orange Free

State. Transvaal (Slangapie Mtns., Macamac).

ANACARDIACEAE.

RHUS, Linn.

R. discolor, E. Mey.

Mountain slopes. 1-3 ft. high, flowers yellowish. Summer. 4.

Dieterlen, 29! 29b!; slopes of ravine between the Mission Station and

Jonathan’s village, common, Phillips, 551!; low bush, 9-12 in. high,

common, Phillips, 614! 844!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek,

5500 ft., Flanagan, 1864! December, Bolus, 8138!

66 Annals of the South African Museum.

DisrripuTion: Komgha. Tembuland. Natal. Orange Free State.

Transvaal (nr. Carolina, Irene, Lydenburg, Houtbosch).

Sesuto: Kopshsvane or Kopshane. Meaning unknown. Mohlohlvane.

The thick part or swelling in a root. In autumn the natives make

fires with this plant in the cultivated lands with the idea that a good

crop will result. As the fruits are thickly clustered and brightly

coloured, they think these properties will be imparted to their crops.

Lantana salviaefolia is used for the same purpose. The fruits are said

to cause constipation.

R. divaricata, E. & Z.

Mountain slopes. Shrub, flowers whitish. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

7 Zi!

DIsTRIBUTION: Queenstown.

Sresuto: Kolitsane. Kolitsana. The same word, derived from

“koli’”’—a blot, and “tsane’’—small. The wood is used for making

strong knobkerries. As a medicine, it is mixed with Scabiosa colum-

baria, Linn., and Cussonia paniculata, E. & Z. Used in cases of

colic. The witch-doctors employ this plant for rain making.

R. pyroides, Burch.

(Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 17!). Leribe Mountain. Shrub, 5-8 ft. high,

flowers cream. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 17c!; Ravine on west slopes

of Leribe plateau. A bush, Phillips, 753!

DistriputTion: Knysna. Uitenhage. Natal.

Sresuto: Kolitsane. See R. divaricata, E. & Z.

R. dentata, Thunb.

Mountain slopes. Shrub, flowers cream. Spring-Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 76b!; mountain slopes behind the Mission Station, a low

bush, not uncommon, Phillips, 527!, ravine on west slopes of Leribe

plateau, frequent, Phillips, 581! without precise locality, Cooper, 750! ;

Wittebergen, 4—5000 ft., Drége.

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Albany. Graaff Reinet. Komgha.

Transkei. Tembuland. Hast Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal

(Ermelo).

Susuto: Mabelebele. Much grain, derived from ‘ mabele”—grain.

The red berries, as well as those of R. Sonderi, Engl. var., are eaten

freely.

R. erosa, Thunb.

Mountain slopes and ravines. Shrub, flowers yellow. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 78!; mountain slopes behind the Mission Station, Phillips,

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 67

526 !, Lefi’s Kloof, N.E. slopes of Leribe plateau, frequent, Phillips,

842!, south slopes of Leribe plateau, above Khaniane, Phillips, 892 !

DistTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Cradock. Murraysburg. Tembuland.

Srsuto: Tsilabelo. Ntsilabelo. Tsilabele. The three names applied

to this plant are derived from the verb ‘“ hotsila’”’—to smell, and

““mabele”’—grain. Branches are used for making brooms and build-

ing enclosures. Used by the witch-doctors for rain making and as a

medicine for diarrhoea in men and cattle.

R. Zeyheri, Sond.

Mountain slopes. Shrub, flowers whitish. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

Raa

DistRrisution : Transvaal (Pretoria, Magaliesberg).

Sesuto: Kolitsana. See R. divaricata, EB. & Z.

R. viminalis, Vahl. var. Gerrardi, Engl.

Mountain slopes and ravines. Tree, flowers yellow. Summer.

Khanyane, Leribe District. A. Dieterlen, 691 !

Distrisution : Natal.

Sesuto: Mosilabele. See R. erosa,Thunb. Used for building huts.

R. dregeana, Sond.

Near Buffalo River Waterfall, 7130 ft., March, Galpin, 6599 !

Distrisution: Mooiplaats. (Legit, Drege).

R. lucida, Linn.

Bushman’s River Valley, 6—8000 ft., Wood, 10635 !

Distripution: Cape. Caledon. Riversdale. Albany.

R. Burchellii, Sond.

Mountain slopes and ravines. 2-4 ft. high, flowers yellowish.

Summer, A. Dieterlen, 581!

Distrisurion: §.W. Africa. Clanwilliam. Murraysburg. Aliwal

North.

Sesuto: Mokhoa-phiri or Mokhoa-mphir. Derived from the verb

“ho Khoaphi ritsa’’—to scratch (the plant being thorny). The

Sesuto names are the same word pronounced differently, as e.g. Ellen,

Helen.

R. Sonderi, Engl. var. pilosa, Engl.

Mountain slopes. Shrub, flowers cream. Spring-Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 76a!

Distrisution : Komgha. Transvaal (Pretoria).

Sresuto: Mabelebele. See R. dentata, Thunb.

68 Annals of the South African Museum.

R. sp.

Mountain slopes. Cream flowers. December. A. Dieterlen, 962!

Sesuto: Kopshvane. Meaning unknown.

I cannot match this either in our Herbarium or in the Bolus

Herbarium. The material is too scanty to describe.

SMODINGIUM, JL. Mey.

S. argutum, E. Mey.

Slope of Leribe Mountain near the Matalane Ravine. Shrub, 6 ft.

high, flowers cream. November. A. Dieterlen, 1007!; Natal.

Polela, 5000 ft., Wood, 967! 6—7000 ft., Evans, 684!

Distrisution : Transkei. Pondoland.

Srsuto: T'silabelo e Kholo. The big “ Tsilabelo.” Branches used

to make enclosures.

LEGUMINOSAE.

PLEIOSPORA, Harv.

P. grandifolia, Dimmer,

Side of a grassy hill, Van Reenen, December, Wood, 4516.

Distripution : Orange Free State (no locality).

LOTONONIS, DC.

i: Wyliei, Wood.

Natal. Tabamblope, 6000 ft., October, Wood, 10651 (or 7)!; Mont-

aux-Sources, ¢c. 7200-8100 ft., Hvans, 753.

Distrisution: Zululand.

L. Galpinii, Diimmer.

Summit and upper eastern slopes of the Drakensbergen from Tsitsa

Footpath to Satsanna Berg, 7850-9650 ft., March, Galpin, 6600!

6601!.

Distripution: Endemic.

L. minor, Dimmer & Jennings.

Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 9000 ft., March, Galpin, 6602 also source

of the Tina River, 8750 ft., March, Galpin, 6602! .

Disrripution: Endemic.

L. procumbens, Bolus.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400-6400 ft., December, Bolus,

8139! Flanagan, 2094! Sankey, 44.

Distrinution: Endemic.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 69

L. eriantha, Benth

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 2269; Van Reenen,

5500 ft., December, Wood, 4525; Olivier’s Hoek Pass, c. 5000 ft.,

Wood, 3602.

Distripution : Transvaal (Magaliesberg, Houtbosch, near Lyden-

burg).

var. obovata, Scott-Elliot.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 6—15 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 65!

Disrripution: Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: Molomoo monate. Goodmouth. A Basuto before visiting

a chief bathes in water in which a bruised or crushed plant has been

dipped, or a bit of the plant is chewed, the belief being that it will

bring luck and act as a charm in obtaining the favours of the chief or

other important person visited. It is said to give a ‘ good mouth”’ in

speaking in such a way as to fascinate the chief.

L. foliosa, Bolus.

Drakensbergen, 4—5000 ft., January, Wood, 3542; Bester’s Vlei

near Witzie’s Hoek, 5300 ft., December, Bolus, 8140!; Harrismith,

Sankey, 46.

DistrisutTion: Zululand. Swaziland. Transvaal (near Pretoria,

Pilgrim’s Rest).

L. lanceolata, Benth.

Ravines and mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 437!; Wittebergen, Drége!

DistrisuTion: Transvaal (nr. Johannesburg). Zululand.

Sesuta: Khonathi. Khonathe. Khonatse. Derived from the verb

“ho Khonathela’’—to adhere to. An adhesive preparation is made

from the roots and which is used to stop diarrhea. It is either drunk

or taken as an enema.

L. crumania, Burch.

Basutoland, near sources of the Kuruman River at Little Klibbobik-

honni, Burchell, 2445, 2472; Caledon River, Burke & Zeyher, 4053

Burke.

DisTRiIBUTION : Endemic.

L. laxa, E. & Z.

Mountain slopes. 3-10 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 654b!; Thaba Unchu and Caledon River. Burke, Zeyher,

398, 401, 402.

70 Annals of the South African Museum.

Distrisution : Albany. Queenstown. Graaff Reinet. Colesburg.

Albert. Transkei. Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria).

Sesuto: See L. Weodii, Bolus.

Madame Dieterlen’s specimen is a narrow-leaf form.

L. Woodii, Bolus (= L. montana, Schinz).

Mountain slopes. 3-10 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring. A. Dieterlen,

654a!; Qoqolosi Peak, small shrub, flowers yellow, Phillips, 942! ;

grassy slopes of Matela’s Peak, 7200 ft., January, Thode, 10!; Harri-

smith, c. 5000 ft., Wood, 4788; Mahwaga, 6—-7000 ft. April, Wood,

4603.

Distrisution: Alexandria. Albany. Queenstown. Transvaal

(Standerton).

Srsuto: Musapelo oa matlapa o monyenyane. The small comforter

of the stony ridges (or of the flat stones).

This plant has all the appearance of an Argyrolobium, but the char-

acters of the calyx and the turgid legume would place it in the genus

Lotononis. Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. vii. 30 described it as L.

montana on the specimen Wood, 4603 (this description appeared three

years later than Bolus’), and remarks “the plant was originally

marked as an Argyrolobium, and will be found in most collections

under that genus ; the structure of the calyx makes the position there

impossible, although it certainly in habit recalls several of the prostrate

Argyrolobiums. Phillips, 942, is a form of the species with smaller

leaves which are silvery white.

L. tenella, E. & Z. var. glabra.

Bester’s Vlei, near Harrismith, 6000 ft., December, Bolus, 8141! ;

Natal, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., March, Wood, 6033! 6704!

Distrisution: Aliwal North. Tembuland. Transvaal (Belfast).

L. versicolor, Benth.

Veld and mountain slopes. A creeping plant, 10-20 in. long,

flowers yellow. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 519b !

Distrisution : Uitenhage. Albany.

Sesuto: Senamanama se Seholo. The big one who creeps. Mixed

with other plants and given in milk to children for bronchitis.

L. Rehmannii, Diimmer (ez descr.).

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 280a !

Distrispution: Transvaal (Hooge Veld).

Susuto: See L. calycina, Benth. for name and uses.

L. ornata, Diimmer (ea descr.).

Dry and stony places on veld and in dongas, 13-10 in. high, flowers

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 71

bright yellow. Early Spring. A. Dieterlen, 519a!; Basutoland, without

precise locality, Cooper, 745.

DistriputTion: Endemic.

Sesuto: Senamanana. He who creeps. Mixed with other plants

it is used as a cure for bronchitis in children.

L. calycina, Benth.

Veldt and mountain slopes, 5-10 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 280! ; Thaba Unchu, Burke, 486.

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Somerset East. Albany. Stocken-

stroom. King William’s'Town. Komgha. Pondoland. Natal. Zululand.

Sesuto: Nomele, from “ho nama”’—to extend, to spread, to be

stretched. Mixed with other plants, especially L. versicolor, Benth.,

it is used as a preparation in the cure of bronchitis in children.

L. basutica, Phillips, sp.nov. (§ Leptis.) Planta pusilla. Radix plus

quam 20 cm. longa, 1 cm. lata. Rami pubescentes. Folia trifoliolata,

stipulata, petiolata, 1-4cm., longa. Stipulae solitariae, 4-8 mm. longae,

15-3 mm. latae, ovatae, lanceolatae vel oblanceolatae, subacuminatae,

apice acutae, pubescentes. Foliola 1-3-2 em. longa, *3—1'2 em. lata,

elliptica, lanceolata, lanceolato-elliptica vel oblanceolato-elliptica, apice

acuta vel obtusa, pubescentia. Fores solitarii, terminales vel axillares.

Lobi calycis 6-7 mm. longi, 1-5-2 mm. lati, lanceolati, acuminati, apice

acuti, dense pubescentes; tubus 4 mm. longus, campanulatus. Pedi-

cellus 4 mm. longus, teres, pubescens. Vewillum 1 em. longum, 7 mm.

latum, ovatum, apice acutum, glabrum ; alae 8°5 mm. longae, 3 mm.

latae, oblongae, apice truncatae; carina 8°5 mm. longa, 3 mm. lata,

apice obtusa. Filamenta 7-8°5 mm. longa; antherae globosae vel

lineares. Ovariwm 45 mm. longum, oblongum, villosum ; stylus 5 mm.

longus, arcuatus; stigma globosum. Fructus 1-4 cm. longus, oblongo-

linearis, turgidus, sericeo-pubescens.

Mountain slopes. 5-10 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 268. Rare, flowers yellow, Phillips, 683.

Sesuto: Mohlala.

A dwarf plant with a deep underground cylindric tap root, over

20 em. long and 1 cm. in diameter, with numerous slender branches

arising from the upper end. Branches terete, pubescent. Leaves

trifoliate, stipulate, petiolate, 1-4cm.long. Stipules solitary, 4-8 mm.

long, 15-3 mm. broad, ovate, lanceolate or oblanceolate, subacuminate,

acute, pubescent. Median leaflet 1°5-3°2 em. long, 7-1-2 em. broad,

mostly elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, obtuse or subobtuse, mucronate,

pubescent ; lateral leaflets, 1-2 cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad, lanceolate,

oblanceolate-elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, acute or obtuse, pubescent.

72 Annals of the South African Museum.

Flowers solitary, terminal or axillary, yellow. Calyz-lobes 6-7 mm.

long, 15-2 mm. broad, lanceolate, acuminate, acute, densely pubes-

cent, almost villous; tube 4 mm. long, campanulate. Pedicel 4 mm.

long, terete, pubescent. Vexillum 1 cm. long, 7 mm. broad, ovate,

acute, vlabrous, with a semiterete claw 3 mm. long; alae 8°5 mm.

long, 3 mm. broad, oblong, truncate at the apex, with a narrow

linear claw 3 mm. long; carina 8°5 mm. long, 83 mm. broad, almost

plano-convex in outline, obtuse, with a claw 2°5 mm. long. Stamens

monodelphous, with 6 filaments longer than the other 4; the longer

filaments 8°5 mm. long with globose anthers ; the shorter filaments

7 mm. long with inear anthers. Ovary 45 mm. long, oblong in

outline, many-ovuled, villous ; style 5 mm. long, arcuate; stigma

globose. Fruit 1-4 cm. long, oblong-linear, turgid, silvery-pubescent.

Near L. lava, E. & Z., from which it differs in having larger leaves

and a differently shaped vexillum.

L. Dieterlenii, Phillips, sp. nov. (§ Krebsia). Sufrutex 20-85 poll.

altus. Rami longi, graciles e caudice, dense pubescentes. Folia

petiolata, trifololata. Petiolus 5 mm. longus, pubescens. Foliola

13-19 em. longa, 1-3°5 mm. lata, lanceolata, apice acuta, mucronata,

basi angustata, pubescentia. Stipula circiter 2 mm. longa, linearis.

Inflorescentia laxa, pedunculata, racemosa vel spicata, axillaria.

Pedunculus 2—7 cm. longus, dense pubescens, supra 1—4-florifer, infra

nudus. Bracteae 2-5 mm. longae, 5-1 mm. latae, ineares vel

lanceolato-lineares, pubescentes. Pedicellus 155 mm. longus, teres,

villosus. Tubus calycis 5°5 mm. longus, villosus ; lobi 2 mm. longi,

ovati, acuminati, apice acuti, villosi. Vewillum 9 mm. longum,

ovatum, apice retusum, subtus pubescente ; alae 1 em. longae, 2 mm.

latae ; carina 1 cm. longa, 2 mm. lata, apice obtusa. Ovariwm 4 min.

longum, villosum ; stylus 6 mm. longus, arcuatus; stigma capitatum.

Fructus junior 6 mm. longus, viilosus.

Slopes of high mountains. 20-35 in. high, flowers mauve-grey.

Malavangeng, Leribe District. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 871.

Distripution: Endemic.

Sesuto: Mosita-tlali. See Buchenroedera viminea.

A shrub 20-385 in. high. Branches long, slender, densely pubescent.

Leaves petiolate, 5-foliate, petiole 5 mm. long, pubescent; leaflets

1 3-1:9 em. long, 1-8°5 mm. broad, lanceolate, acute, mucronate,

narrowed at the base, pubescent. Stipules solitary, about 2mm. long,

linear. Flowers in racemose or spicate long-peduncled axillary lax

inflorescences. Peduncles 2-7 cm. long, densely pubescent, bearing

1-4 flowers on the terminal portion, naked below. Bracts 2-5 mm.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 73

long, ‘5-1 mm. broad, linear or lanceolate-linear, pubescent. Pedicel

1-5 mm. long, terete, villous. Calya-tube 5°5 mm. long, villous ; lobes

2 mm. long, ovate, acuminate, acute, villous. Vewillwm 9 mm. long,

ovate, retuse, with a linear channelled claw 5 mm. long, pubescent

without near the margin; alae 1 cm. long, 2 mm, broad, rounded

above, with a linear claw 5 mm. long; carina 1 em. long, 2 mm. broad,

almost plano-convex in outline, obtuse. Ovary 4 mm. long, terete,

villous, many-ovuled; style 6 mm. long, curved; stigma capitate,

Young fruit 6 mm. long, semi-terete, villous, about 4-seeded.

Near L. cytisoides, Bth., L. Wyliei, Wood, and L. Galpim, Dummer,

from all of which it differs in having long peduncles which are up to

4-flowered.

L. trisegmentata, Phillips, sp. nov. (§ Krebsia) (Pl. III, fig. a).

Suffrutex, ‘5-1-2 m. altus. Rami villosi. Folia stipulata, petiolata,

trifoliata. Stipulae 1 vel 2, 3-4 mm. longae, ‘75 mm. latae, lineares,

apice acutae, villosae Petiolus 3-5 mm. longus, teres, dense pubes-

cens. Foliola 5-1 em. longa, 2-3 mm. lata, obovata, oblanceolata

vel oblanceolato-linearia, apice acuta, villosa. Flores solitarii, term1-

nales vel axillares. Pedicellus 3°5 mm. longus, teres, dense pubescens.

Tubus calycis 4 mm. longus, villosus ; lobi 6 mm. longi, ovati, acumi-

nati, apice obtusi, villosi; lobi laterales connati. Veaillum 1:2, cm.

longum, | cm. latum, suborbiculatum, subtus dense villosum; alae

1-2 cm. longae, infra 4 mm. latae, ovato-lanceolatae, apice subobtusae,

glabrae, infra rugosae ; carina 14 cm. longa, 5 mm. lata, apice obtusa.

Ovarium 1 cm. longum, lineare, dense villosum; stylus 7 mm. longus,

arcuatus; stigma minutum, capitatum. Fructus 2°4 cm. longus,

3°5 mm. latus, compressus, rostratus, villosus.

Slopes near the Caledon River. Flowers bright yellow and blue.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 353.

Srsuro: Motoai-toai. He who wanders alone. The Basutos give

the plant this name because individuals do not usually grow together,

but are scattered about.

An erect plant -5-1:2 m. high. Branches terete, villous. Leaves

stipulate, petiolate, trifoliate. Stipules 1 or 2, 3-4 mm. long, °75 mm.

broad, linear, acute, villous. Petiole 3-5 mm. long, terete, densely

pubescent. Leaflets 5-1 ecm. long, 2-8 mm. broad, obovate, oblanceo-

late or oblanceolate-linear, acute, villous. Flowers solitary, terminal,

or axillary. Pedicel 3°5 mm. long, terete, densely pubescent. Calyz-

tube 4 mm. long, villous; lobes 6 mm. long, ovate, acuminate, obtuse,

villous ; the lateral lobes held in close contact with one another by the

interwoven hairs so that the calyx appears to have only 3 segments.

74 Annals of the South African Museum.

Verillum 1:2 cm. long, 1 em. broad, suborbicular, densely villous

without, with a short concave claw 3 mm. long bent at right angles

to the limb; alae 1:2 em. long, 4 mm. broad below, ovate-lanceolate,

subobtuse, glabrous, with transverse ridges on the lower half and a

linear claw 4 mm. long; carina 1:4 em. long, 5 mm. broad, almost

plano-convex in outline, obtuse, with a linear claw 4 mm. long. Ovary

1 cm. long, linear in outline, densely villous; style 7 mm. long,

curved ; stigma minute, capitate. Fruit 2-4 em. long, 3°5 mm. broad,

compressed, beaked, villous.

Closely allied to L. Wyliei, Wood, from which it differs in the less

shrubby habit and in the manner in which the lateral calyx-lobes are

joined.

forma sericea.

Ramuli, folia vexillumque sericeo-pubescentes non villosi.

In this form of the species the branchlets, leaves, and vexillum are

silky-pubescent, not villous, as in the type.

Slopes of Litsoéneng Mountain, Botsabelo, near Maseru. February.

Flowers cream and blue. A. Dieterlen, 1020.

var. robusta, Phillips, var. nov.

A typo habitis robustoribus et ramis rigidis lignosis divaricatis

differt.

This is distinguished from the type by the more robust habit, and

by having stiff woody divaricate branches, otherwise similar to the

type.

Slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, 8000 ft., January, Flanagan, 2095.

forma sericea.

Folia sericeo-pubescentia non dense pubescentia.

Similar to var. robusta, but the leaves are finely silky-pubescent, not

densely pubescent.

Natal, Drakensberg, Polela, 6—7000 ft., February. Flowers light-

blue, Hvans, 634.

The above separation of the species must be regarded as provisional

until more material can be examined. The material at my disposal

certainly showed four distinct forms, which could be easily separated

by a superficial examination. Hvans 634 and Flanagan 2095 differ

from both of Madame Dieterlen’s specimens by their more robust

habit. The branches are from 4—5 mim. in diameter, whereas in the

Basutoland specimens they are only 2 mm. in diameter. Then again

Evans 634 and Dieterlen 1020 agree in having a silky indumentum,

while Flanagan 2095 and Dieterlen 353 have a densely pubescent,

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 75

almost villous indumentum. I could find no characters by which the

specimens could be suitably separated except for the more robust habit

of Evans 634 and Flanagan 2095, and as this gives them such a distinct

appearance from the Basutoland specimens I have thought it advisable

to include them in a var. robusta, and to look upon Hvans 634 as a

silky form of the variety in the same way as Dieterlen 1020 is a silky

form of the type.

ASPALATHUS, Linn.

A. poliotes, E. & Z.

Klein Pot River Drift, 4550 ft., March, Galpin, 6603.

Disrrisution: Swellendam. Albany. Uitenhage.

Dr. Bolus identified Mr. Galpin’s plant as A. frankenioides, DC.

The above name was given by Kew.

BUCHENROEDERA, E. & Z.

B. viminea, Presl.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 10-80 in. high, flowers mauve.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 611!

Disrrisution: Pondoland. East Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: Mosita-tlali. He who overcomes lightning. Mixed with

Dichilus strictus, E. Mey., it is used as a charm against lightning.

B. glabriflora, N. E. Br.

Stony places on slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, $850 ft., January,

Thode, 7!

DisTRIBUTION : Queenstown.

B. lotononoides, Scott-Elliot.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus, 8142! ;

Van Reenen, 6000 ft., February, Wood, 5625.

B. sparsiflora, Wood & Evans.

Bushman’s River Pass, 8—9000 ft., April, Evans, 716.

DistriputTion: Endemic.

MELOLOBIUM, E. & Z.

M. microphyllum, E. & Z.

Ravines and mountain slopes. 2-4 ft. high, flowers yellow. A.

Dieterlen, 163!; Qoqolosi Peak, flowers yellow, Phillips, 956!; near

Caledon River and Orange River, Zeyher, 391!

DistRiBuTIon : Graaff Reinet. Komgha.

76 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Sesuro: Sehlabane. He who pricks. Mofahla-toeba. He who

offends the mouse. The plant is placed under the big grain baskets

and the thorns keep mice away. Bushes are burnt in a sick room and

the smoke acts as a fumigator.

var. decumbens.

Grassy slopes of ‘‘ Matelas Peak,” c. 7200 ft., January, Thode, 11!;

Bushman’s River Valley, 6—8000 ft., October, Wylie in Herb. Wood,

10656.

Disrripurtion : Endemic.

M. alpinum, Linn.

Mountain slopes. 8-30 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 552!: Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6000 ft., December,

Flanagan, 1937!

DisTRIBUTION : Queenstown. Molteno. Hast Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: “Musa pelo o moholo. The big “* Musapelo.” = Motsivhia.

He who oozes. Derived from ‘“ ho busa ’—to bring back, and ‘pelo ”—

the heart. Should be ‘“* Mo-busa-pelo ’—he who brings back the heart

or courage. This name is given to many Leguminosae, which are

largely used by witch-doctors and others in Basutoland as a sedative

for comforting persons who have passed through great sorrow (e.g. a

mother at the death of her child), or who are depressed and sad. ‘The

medicine is supposed to make the person forget his sorrow and to

encourage him to be happy again. It is administered to all heathen

Basutos after the death of a near relative.

M. obcordatum, Harv.

Mountain slopes. 6-25 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring.

Dieterlen, 558!; Qoqolosi Peak, flowers yellow, Phillips, 967!; near

Buffalo River Waterfall, 7500 ft., March, Galpin, 6604

Distrisution: Natal.

Sesuto: Linavana tsa thaba. The small beans of the mountain.

M. Pegleri, Diimmer.

Grassy hills between Matela and the Caledon River, ¢c. 6150 ft.,

January, plant clammy, flowers yellow, Thode, 9!

DistrisutTion : Endemic.

DICHILUS, DC.

D. strictus, E. Mey.

Ravines and mountain slopes. Flowers yellow. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

3791; Eland’s River, at the foot of the Mout-aux-Sources, 5600 ft.,

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 77

December, Flanagan, 1941!; Brakwaal, foot of Drakensburg, 5000 ft.,

November, Wood, 6604.

DistriputTion: Natal.

Srsuto: Lesita-tlali. He who overcomes lightning. This plant

and Buchenroedera viminea are burnt and the ashes mixed with water,

everything and everybody in the village is then sprinkled with the

mixture and are then supposed to be immune to lightning. The

brush used for the sprinkling is called a “ lechoba,”

the long hairs at the end of an ox’s tail. If the tail of a brindled

enu is used the charm is believed to be more effective.

and is made from

var.

Banks of streamlets in the Caledon Range (spur of Drakensbergen),

Conquered Territory, c. 6150 ft., January, flowers yellow, Thode, 8!

Distrisution: Endemic.

CROTALARIA, Linn.

C. distans, Benth.

Veld and mountain slopes. 6-20 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 495!

Distripution: Natal. Bechuanaland.

Sesuto: Modkana. Meaning unknown. Thotsana. A small seed.

Musa pelo a mosehlanyana. The yellowish comforter. Together with

Erythrina Zeyheri, Harv., it is used to make a “thato” or charm

which enters certain medicines.

CYTISUS, Linn.

C. natalensis, Bolus.

Natal. Bushman’s River Pass, ec. 6300 ft., November, A. Bolus, in

Herb. Bolus, 10456 !

DISTRIBUTION : Endemic.

ARGYROLOBIUM, E. & Z.

A longifolium, Walp.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus, 8146 !

DistrisuTion: Natal. Transvaal (Elandspruitberg).

A. tuberosum, HE. & Z.

Mountain. slopes. 6—14 in. high, flowers brown and yellow. Summer,

A. Dieterlen, 590!; Ravine on west slopes of Leribe plateau, alae and

carina yellow, vexillum brown, Phillips, 669!; Bester’s Vlei, near

78 Annals of the South African Museum.

Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December, Flanagan, 1980!; Drakensberg,

5000 ft., January, Wood.

Disrrisution: Knysna. Albany. Transvaal (Magaliesberg).

Sesuto: Lebesana. Little milk. T'soetlae nyenyane. Little “'Tsoetla.”

Lethilimache. Meaning unknown. Children chew the roots.

A. collinum, E. & Z.

Mountain slopes, 8-16 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring. A. Dieterlen,

652!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus,

8147 !

Distrisution: Caledon. Riversdale. Uitenhage. Albany. Graaff

Reinet. Cradock. Rhodesia.

Sesuto: “Musa pelo oa matlapa. The comforter of the flat stones.

A. Andrewseanium, Steud, var. pauciflorum.

Mahwahga, 6—7000 ft., March, Wood, 8256.

Distrisution : Transvaal (Barberton).

A. amplexicaule, Dimmer.

Natal, Giant’s Castle, c. 6000 ft., November, A. Bolus in Herb Bolus,

6878 !

Distrisution: Transkei. East Griqualand.

A. nanum, Schltr.

Veld and road sides. 2-4 in. high. April. Botsabelo, near Maseru,

A. Dieterlen, 1023!; Van Reenen, 4500 ft., December, Wood, 5875 !

Distrispution : Endemic.

Srsuto: Mohlala.

A. nigrescens, Diimmer.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 2179; Harrismith,

Sankey, 56; Natal, Van Reenen Pass, c. 6500-8400 ft., Wood, 4517.

Distrispution: Endemic.

A. Sankeyi, Diimmer (ex descr.).

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December, Flanagan,

1876!; Harrismith, Sankey, 43; Giants Castle, 7000 ft., November,

A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4800

Distrisution : East Griqualand.

A. variopile, N. EH. Br.

Veld and mountain slopes. 4—12 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer-—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 520!; Drakensberg, 5-6000 ft., December,

Wood, 5693, 6355.

Disrrisution: Endemic.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 79

Srsuto: Moomang o monyenyane. The small “ Moomang.” Musa

pelo o monyenyane. The small comforter. See Melolobium alpinum.

On this sheet was mounted a specimen (fruiting) belonging to a

different species, which owing to lack of material I was unable to

determine.

A. cf. A. tuberosum, EH. & Z.

Mountain slopes, 4-8 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

521!; Lefi’s Kloof, N.E. slopes of Leribe plateau, flowers yellow.

Phillips, 825!

Srsuto: Malimantsoetlana. Meaning unknown. The native children

sometimes chew the roots.

This is probably A. tuberosum, E. & Z., but the material is poor.

The plant has a long tuberous root sometimes exceeding 1 ft. in length.

A. sp. (cf. A. pumilum EH. & Z.).

Tsitsa Footpath, Ben Mc Dhui and Satsanna Berg, 7900-9750 ft.,

March. Galpin, 6606, 6607.

A. sp. (deflorate).

Summit Ben MeDhui, 9900 ft., March, Galpin, 6605.

MEDICAGO, Linn.

M. laciniata, All.

Veld and mountain slopes. 6-20 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 147 !

Distripution: Cape. Swellendam. Uitenhage. Albany. Graaff

Reinet. Griqualand West.

Sesuto: Bohomenyana. The small ‘‘ Bohome.” Derived from the

verb “ho homa ”’—to adhere or stick to, referrmg to the spiny fruits

which adhere to the clothes. The plant is well ground and as an

infusion is used as a love philtre.

TRIFOLIUM, Linn.

T. africanum, Ser. var. glabellum, Harv.

Veld, river banks and mountain slopes. A creeping plant, 6-80 in.

long. Summer-Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 94!; In stream on Leribe

plateau, flowers red, Phillips, 803!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek,

5400 ft., December, Bolus, 8148!; Marsh at base of Doodman’s Krans

Mtn., 8500 ft., March, Galpin, 6608!; near Buffalo River Waterfall,

8200 ft., March, Galpin, 6609!

Distrrisution: Tembuland. East Griqualand.

80 Annals of the South African Museum.

Sesuto: Mogopolla thula. Meaning unknown. It is often men-

tioned in the Basuto folklore as being eaten by women. Mokopshoe.

Meaning unknown. Mogophi. He who goes deep (referring to the

root). Palesa e bitsoa moroko. The flower is called “ Moroko.” As

an infusion or chewed raw it is used as a remedy for sore throat or

heart pains. The inflorescence is eaten by children.

I cannot agree with Harvey in separating 7’. Burchellianum, Ser. and

T’. africanum, Ser., as the two species appear to be united by his var.

glabellum. In Madame Dieterlen’s specimens, which show seven

inflorescences, the calyces are wholly glabrous and the peduncles of four

“heads” are quite devoid of hairs. The leaves are typical of T.

africanum, Ser., and perfectly glabrous. The totally glabrous plant

shows a variation in the direction of T. Burchellianum which would

unite this species and T. africanum more closely than Harvey’s var.

glabellum. Galpin, 6608, 6609, are named in his list T. Burchellianum,

Ser.

T. angustifolium, Linn.

Damp spots near fountain, Botha-Botha, Leribe District, flowers

ereyish-mauve. <A. Dieterlen, 931 !

DiIstTRIBUTION: Cape.

Sxsuto: Joang ba mehlaka. The grass of the marshes. Setlama

goapi. A plant resembling an ear of corn.

PSORALEA, Linn.

P. polysticta, Benth.

Ravines and mountain slopes. 30-40 in. high, flowers mauve.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 372!

Disrrisution: Hast Griqualand. Natal. Swaziland. Bechuana-

land.

Sesuto: Mohlonecha. He who makes respectable. A chief who

wishes to have prestige in the sight of his subjects must bathe the

whole of his body with a decoction of this plant. The burnt root is

smoked as a cure for colds in the head.

INDIGOFERA, Linn.

I. spinescens, H. Mey.

Mountain slopes, Berea, Maseru District. 2-3 ft. high, flowers

carmine. Early spring. A. Dieterlen, 575!; Basutoland, without

precise locality, Cooper, 694 !

DistrRrBuTIon : Queenstown. Aliwal North. Orange Free State.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 81

Sesuto: Lehlahla-Barvana. Bush of the small Bushmen. The

Bushmen, naturally short, could hide themselves behind these bushes

when pursued by the Basutos. For colic, a decoction is prepared

from it.

I. dimidiata, Vog.

Mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, flowers red. Summer—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 539!

Distrisution: Philipstown. Komgha. East Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuro: Musa pelo oa thaba. He who brings back the heart of the

mountain. See also Melolobiwm alpinum, Linn.

I. cuneifolia, E. & Z.

Natal, Bushman’s River Valley, 7-8000 ft., October, flowers deep

rose pink, Wood, 10567; Cathkin Peak, 10,000 ft., November, A. Bolus

in Herb. Guthrie, 4804!

Distrirsution: Albany. Philipstown. Somerset East. Queens-

town. Stutterheim.

I. tristis, E. Mey.

Veld and mountain slopes. 20-25 in. high, flowers red. Summer—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 441!

Disrrisution: Komgha. East Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: Musa pelo. See Melolobium alpinum, Linn.

I. fastigiata, E. Mey.

Mountain slopes and river banks. 10-20 in. high, flowers red.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 35!

Distrisution: Komgha. East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal

(Barberton).

Sesuto: Phehléloane. Derived from the verb “ho féehla’’—to

churn. Leta-la-phofu. The saliva of the eland. Crushed and mixed

with other plants it is used as a charm to give prestige to a chief.

The burnt roots, which are smoked, are said to be a cure for headache.

I, Zeyheri, Spreng.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-26 in. high, flowers white or red.

Summer-Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 30! 30b!; flowers pink, occasional,

Phillips, 667 !

Distrisution : Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Alexandria. Albany.

Somerset East. King William’s Town. Natal (near Charlestown,

5-6000 ft.).

Sesuto: ’Musa pelo o monyenyane. The small comforter.

82 Annals of the South African Museum.

I. hedyantha, E. & Z.

Near rocks on mountain slopes. 10-830 in. high, flowers bright red.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 630!; near ‘‘ Cave” at foot of the Mont-aux-

Sources, 6800 ft., January, Flanagan, 1940!

Distrisution: Philipstown. Komgha. Tembuland. Hast Griqua-

land.

Sesuto: “Musa pelo oa mofika. The comforter of the rocks. See

also Melolobium alpinum, Linn.

I. hilaris, E. & Z.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus, 8151 !;

Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., December, Wood, 6240!

Distrisution: Albany. Komgha. East Griqualand. Natal.

Transvaal (Pretoria. )

I. Evansii, Schltr.

Drakensberg, 6—7000 ft., February, Hvans, 636.

DistRIBUTION: Endemic.

I. rostrata, Bolus.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., Bolus, 8150!; Van

Reenen, 5500 ft., December, Wood !

Distrispution : Pondoland.

I. sp.

Natal, slopes of Drakensbergen, 5000 ft., Wood, 3510!

isp:

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus,

8149 !

TEPHROSIA, Pers.

T. polystachya, KH. Mey.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, c. 6000 ft., Thode!

Distrisution: Komgha. Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal.

T. capensis, Pers.

Mountain slopes and plateau. Branches trailing on the ground,

6-25 in. long, flowers bright carmine. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieter-

len, 129! 333!; mountain slopes behind the Mission Station, a

straggling plant or a scrambler, flowers dark red, Phillips, 522! 528!

DistripuTIon: Cape. Swellendam. Knysna. George. Port Eliza-

beth. Uitenhage. Albany. Komgha. East Griqualand. Transvaal.

Flora of the Leribe Plateaw and Environs. 83

Sesuro: Pelo li mardba. The hearts have holes (or are pierced).

The name given in reference to the roots being eaten by worms in

summer. ‘The cooked roots are given in cases of palpitation of the

heart.

On examining many specimens of this species I am unable to

satisfactorily divide them into the varieties proposed by Harvey and

so have not adopted them, though the specimen No, 333 would be

included in his var. angustifolia, and No. 129, which has larger leaves,

perhaps in var. hirsuta.

T.sp.

Veld and mountain slope. 8-20 in. high, flowers carmine. Spring—

summer. A. Dieterlen, 175 !

Sesuto: T'soetla. Tsoetsoetlela. Malintsoetla. Malsoetintsoetla.

Meanings unknown. Native children are fond of the roots of this

plant and go long distances to find them. The shepherd boys say

that it relieves thirst. The fibre is used to make ropes. As a charm

for children, the ground roots are put in incisions made on the body.

SUTHERLANDIA, Br.

S. frutescens, kh. Br.

Mountain slopes and banks of rivers. 3-6 ft. high, flowers bright

red. Spring. Letlapeng, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 643 !

Distrisution: Van Rhynsdorp. Clanwilliam. Tulbagh. Cape.

Swellendam. Molteno. Transvaal.

Susuto: ’Musa-pelo oa noku. The comforter of theriver. Used as

an infusion for dropsy of the heart.

LESSERTIA, DC.

L. perennans, DC.

Damp spots on the mountain slopes. 18-30 in. high, flowers mauve,

Summer—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 360!; slopes of ravine on the west

slopes of Leribe plateau, 1-2 ft. high, flowers pink, Phillips, 587!

DistRiBuTION: Somerset Hast. Komgha. East Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: ’Musa pelo o moholo oaliliba. The great comforter of the

springs. See Melolobum alpinum, Linn.

L. polystachya, Harv.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December, Flanagan,

1882!

Distripution: Natal. Transvaal (Magaliesberg).

Flanagan’s plant is not so hoary as the type (Zeyher, 460) and the

84. Annals of the South African Museum.

pods are longer (up to 8 in. long), but otherwise I can find no specific

differences.

L. depressa, Harv.

Mahobone, Leribe District, flowers pink and purple, November,.

A. Dieterlen, 1008 !

Distripution: Graaff Reinet.

Sesuto: ’Musa pelo.

L. Thodei, L. Bolus.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9800 ft., January, Flanagan,

1939!; grassy and stony places at the summit of the Mont-aux-

Sources, c. 8850 ft., January, Thode, 12!

DistrisutTion: Endemic.

L. stricta, Bolus.

Veld and mountain slopes. 20-85 in. high, flowers carmine pink.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 95!; Natal, Van Reenen, 5—-6000 ft., flowers.

deep pink, Wood, 8846! 10727!

Distrigution : East Griqualand. Transvaal (Scheerpoort, Amers-

poort, Crocodile River).

Sesuro: “Musa pelo o mohola. The big comforter. As a decoction,

preparation made from this plant is drunk every day by a person

who has passed through some affliction until he is better.

L. Dykei, L. Bolus.

Mont-aux-Sources, 8000 ft., October-December, Flanagan in Herb.

Bolus, 8152!, HE. Dyke in Herb. Marloth !

Distribution: Endemic.

ERYTHRINA, Linn.

E. Zeyheri, Harv.

Veld. 15-80 in. high, flowers bright red. Summer. <A. Dieterlen,

547 |

Distrisution: Orange Free State (between Senekal and Bethe-

lem). Transvaal (Magahesberg).

Sesuto: Mofuwmo. Derived from the verb “‘ho fuma’’—to take the

fibres from a plant. The “ fibre” of this plant is not easily stripped

off. They are used to relieve people suffering with asthma. The

red seeds are called ‘‘ Khumoana”’ and used as beads to make neck-

laces.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 85

PHASEOLUS, Linn.

P. Mungo, Linn.

A cultivated plant, flowers mauve. A. Dieterlen, 693 !

Distrrisution: A native of India, said to have been introduced into

Basutoland from Natal primarily as a medicine, now cultivated for

food.

Sresuto: Lehlali. He who observes from above. The seeds are

ground and rubbed intoa scarified tumour or abscess to promote the

formation of pus.

VIGNA, Savi.

V. sp.

Natal, Van Reenen, 6500 ft., March, Schlechter, 6784!

DOLICHOS, Linn.

D. chloryilis, Harv.

Veld and mountain slopes. <A creeping plant, 3-5 ft. long, flowers

green, crimson, and yellowish. December—January. A. Dieterlen, 833! ;

banks of Caledon River, Burke !

Disrrisution: Endemic.

Sesuto: Letimokd. Derived from the verb “ ho tomokela,” to make

a noise (by an assembly of people) with the mouth. This plant is

much used by the witch-doctors when working the divining bones.

Used as a charm to drive away an approaching hailstorm.

RHYNCHOSIA, Lour.

R. hirsuta, E. & Z.

Veld and mountain slopes. A creeping plant 15-40 in. long,

flowers brownish-yellow. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 92!

Disrrisution: Albany. Philipstown. Stockenstroom. Komgha.

Kast Griqualand. Transvaal (Magaliesberg).

Sesuto: Monyatalane. He who passes unripe grain. The roots

are chewed.

R. adenodes, E. & Z.

Veld and mountain slopes. Trailing plant, 10-30 in. long, flowers

yellow. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 112!; Leribe plateau,

flowers, yellow, occasional, Phillips, 674!; Thaba Unchu, Zeyher, 280!

Distripution: Komgha. East Griqualand. Natal. Orange Free

State (Orange River).

Sesuro: Monyamali. He who passes blood (so called on account

86 Annals of the South African Museum.

of the red sap). The roots and stems are crushed and given to calves,

and cattle in milk as a cure for dysentery.

R. Totta, DC.

Veld and mountain slopes. 6-15 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer,

A. Dieterlen, 66! Leribe plateau, flowers yellow, Phillips, 698!;

Caledon River, Zeyher !

Disrrisution: Port Elizabeth. Albany. Queenstown. Philips-

town. Komgha. ‘Transvaal (Magaliesberg, Zeerust, Crocodile

River).

Sesuto: Seoelioetla and Sebelibetloa. Meaning unknown. Seltoli.

He who jumps over. Children eat the roots.

R. craibaea, DC.

Mountain slopes. A creeping plant, 2-4 ft. long, flowers yellow.

February—March, Matalane slopes, Leribe District. A. Dieterlen,

840 !

Distripution: Hast Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: Monyamali. He who passes blood. Morarana oa liphépa-

The creeper of the white clay. A lotion for rheumatic pains is made

from the cooked roots. The dried and powdered roots, taken as a

snuff, is supposed to be a cure for headache. Formerly a decoction of

this plant was used to wash garments made from the skins of sheep

and goats.

R. Woodii, Schinz.

Hill-side, Van Reenen, November, Wood, 6627.

Distrispution: Endemic.

R, Harmsiana, Schltr.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek and Bethlehem, 5300 ft., January,

Bolus, 8154!

DistTRIBUTION: Transkei.

R. sp.

Oliver’s Hoek Pass, 5-6000 ft., January, Wood, 3532.

ERIOSEMA, DC.

E. cordatum, H. Mey.

Mountain slopes. 6-18 in. high, flowers yellow and _ brown,

Summer. <A. Dveterlen, 221!; Lefi’s Kloof, N.E. slopes of Leribe

plateau, Phillips, 830 !

Distrisution: Hast Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 87

Srsuto: Leshetla. Soft bone. Lesapo le letschali. The female

bone. Setléli se sehola. The big jumper. Used as a stimulant for

bulls in spring, but not so powerful as EH. salignum, E. Mey., and

must be mixed with other plants.

E. salignum, E. Mey.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 104!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek,

5300 ft., December, Bolus, 8155!

Disrrrpution: Albany. Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal.

‘'ransyvaal (Barberton).

Sesuto: Lesapo. Bone. So called because the long root is as

hard as bone. Used as a stimulant for bulls in spring.

E. parviflorum, E. Mey. (ex deser.).

High mountain slopes. 15-25 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer.

Malaoaneng, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 866!

Sesuto: Leshetla la loti. The ‘“ Leshetla ” of the high mountain.

Distrisution: Natal.

E. sp.

Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., December, Wood in Govt. Herbarium, 7627.

CALPURNIA, E. Mey.

C. robinioides, E. Mey. (= C. sericea, Harv.).

Ravines and mountain slopes. <A tree, flowers bright yellow.

Spring-Summer. ‘T'sikvane, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 584!;

Basutoland, von Schlicht, 82; Kraai River, Aliwal North, Drége.

Distripution: Endemic.

Sesuto: Motsihlo. Derived from the verb “ ho tsohla,” to chew or

masticate. So called because the branches do not break ‘“ clean,” but

tear. Used as firewood and for building huts.

C. intrusa, E. Mey.

Mountain slopes. Flowers yellow. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen,

37! Lefi’s Kloof, N.E. slopes of Leribe plateau, a large bush 5—6 ft.

high, occasional, Phillips, 835!; Bester’s Vlei near Witzie’s Hoek,

5400-5500 ft., December, Bolus, 8156! Flanagan, 1877!; Natal,

Currie’s Post, 5000 ft., Schlechter, 6811!

Disrrisution: Komgha. Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuro: Tlotle. Tlolé. Meanings unknown. The plant is crushed

and mixed with water, and the mixture is sprinkled over skins (of

freshly killed animals) which have been pegged to the ground to dry.

88 Annals of the South African Museum.

The mixture being bitter, dogs or pigs will not mutilate the skins.

A lotion is also prepared from it to wash bad maggoty wounds of

animals. /

C. Woodii, Schinz.

Slopes of Drakensbergen, 45000 ft., January, Wood, 3516!

Disrrisution : Endemic.

HOFFMANSEGGIA, Cav.

H. Sandersoni, Wood.

Natal. Tabanhlope, 6000 ft., Wood, 10483 !

DistRiIBUTION : Endemic.

ELEPHANTORHIZA, Benth.

E. Burchellii, Benth.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 46!; Caledon River, Burke; Bester’s Vlei,

near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December, Bolus, 8157!

Distripution: S.W. Africa. Queenstown. Komgha. Natal.

Orange Free State (between Senekal and Bethelem). Transvaal

(near Pretoria).

Srsuto: Mositsane. Meaning unknown. The crushed roots, mixed

with water, are used to make skins supple and impart a reddish colour

to them. The roasted seeds are a substitute for coffee. The Dutch

name is “ Elandsbontjes.”” See Kew Bulletin, 1907.

ACACIA, Willd.

A. horrida, Willd.

Veld and mountain slopes. <A tree, flowers yellow. Berea, A.

Dieterlen, 185!

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Komgha.

Sesuto: Ledka. Derived from the verb “ho okamela’’—to hang

over and make shade. The crushed roots are mixed with the food of

infants as a cure for colic. Believed to have been introduced into

Basutoland.

ROSACEAE.

RUBUS, Linn.

R. Ludwigii, E. & Z.

Mountain slopes, near rocks. Bush 3-5ft. high, flowers carmine.

Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 19!

DistrrputTion : Molteno. Queenstown. East Griqualand. Natal.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 89

Srsuto: Monokotsoai oa basali. The mulberry or raspberry of the

women. See also R. rigidus, Sm.

R. rigidus, Sm.

Mountain slopes, near rocks. 3-5 ft. high, flowers carmine.

Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 20!

DisrrrpuTion: Tulbagh. Caledon. Worcester. Swellendam.

Knysna. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Komgha. Natal. Transvaal.

Srsuto: Monokotsoai oa banna. The mulberry or raspberry of the

men. The fruits are edible. A decoction is made from the roots and

given when there is acute pain inany illness. The natives believe that

the prickly nature of the plant will struggle with the pain and so

overcome it.

GEUM, Linn.

G. capense, Thunb.

Slopes of high mountains. 3-15 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer.

Malavaneng, Leribe district, A. Dieterlen, 870!; Drakensbergen,

Schonghong, A. Dieterlen, 736!; summit Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft.

January, Flanagan, 2123!

DistriputTion: Albany. King William’s Town.

Sesuto: Qoyoana ea Lesotho. The small “ Qobo” of Basutoland.

“Qobo” is Gunnera perpensa, which resembles this plant in the

shape of the leaves. Hlapiea loti. The fish of the high mountain.

No. 736 appears to be a dwarf form only 3-8 in. high.

G. sp.

Mountain slopes. Flowers yellow. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 899!

Sesuto: Hilapi ea loti. The fish of the high mountain.

Material too poor for determination, but I suspect it to be only

G. capense, Thunb.

ALCHEMILLA, Linn.

A. Woodii, O. Kuntze.

Damp spots on veldt and mountain slopes. A prostrate plant,

3-12 in. long, flowers pale yellow. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 307!;

Leribe plateau, flowers yellow, Phillips, 700!; stony roadside on the

Caledon River and Conquered Territory, c. 6000 ft., January, Thode,

13!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6200-6700 ft., December,

Flanagan, 1894! Bolus, 8158!; Natal, on a stony hill at Van Reenen,

December, Wood, 4518.

Disrrisution : Endemic.

Sesuro: Mo-lala phika. He on whom the dew remains. Morothetsa.

He who lets (dew) drop little by little. The plant is roasted on hot

ashes and the smoke is supposed to relieve headache.

90 Annals of the South African Museum.

LEUCOSIDEA, E. & Z.

L. sericea, E. & Z.

Ravines and mountain slopes. Tree 8-10 ft. high, flowers yellow.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 164!; Natal up to 6000 ft.; ravine between

Jonathan’s village and the Mission Station, tree 12-15 ft., the principal

tree in the ravine, Phillips, 586!

Distrisution: Tembuland. East Griqualand.

Sesuro: Mosino. Meaning unknown. Theshe or Cheche. These are

Zulu names and the tree is better known by them than the old Sesuto

name of ‘“ Mosino.” Mixed with other plants it is used as a vermi-

fuge. Largely used as firewood.

AGRIMONIA, Linn.

A. Eupatoria, Linn.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 1-84 ft. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. Boriberg, Leribe district, A. Dieterlen, 517!

Distrinution: Knysna. King William’s Town. Komgha. Tem-

buland.

Sresuto: Mosinvana. The little ‘‘ Mosino” (Leucosidea sericea, E. &

Z.). Mixed with other plants it is used as a vermifuge.

CLIFFORTIA, Linn.

C. linearifolia, E. & Z.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6500 ft., December, Bolus,.

8159!

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Natal.

C. juniperina, Linn.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 690!

Disrrrpution: Van Rhynsdorp. Tulbagh. Cape. Paarl. Swellen-

dam, IKynsna.

C. ramosissima, Schltr.

Mountain slopes, Bush 2-4 ft. high, flowers yellowish. Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 71!

Distrispution : Caledon.

Sresuto: Sehalahala sa matlapa. The bushy plant of the flat stones.

Used as firewood.

C. sp.

Ravines and mountain slopes. Shrub 5-7 ft. high, flowers

yellowish. Spring. A. Dieterlen, 288!; Van Reenen, Schlechter,

6748 !

Sesuto: Lenyofane. Meaning unknown. Used as firewood.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. or

This is a fruiting female specimen. I have compared it with a

specimen collected by Schlechter (No. 6748) at Van Reenen, from

which it only differs by the young branchlets being glabrous.

Probably an undescribed species, but the material is too insufficient

to describe.

C. sp.

Natal. Tabanhlope, 6—7000 ft., June, Hvans, 663.

DistTRIBUTION: Endemic ?

SAXIFRAGACEHAE.

VAHLIA, Thunb.

V. capensis, Thunb.

River banks, Metlotloaneng, Leribe district, flowers yellow,

February, A. Dieterlen, 821!

DisrrisuTion: S.W. Africa. Namaqualand Minor. Malmesbury.

Worcester. Paarl. Griqualand West. Transvaal.

Szsuto: Phakisanyana. Make little haste.

CRASSULACEAE.

CRASSULA, Linn.

C. sarcocaulis, E. & Z.

Stony banks of a streamlet, Amaqua Mtn., Witzie’s Hoek, c. 6300 ft.,

February, a shrubby plant with white flowers, Thode, i4! summit

of the Drakensbergen, near the source of the Tina River, 8750 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6614; Wittebergen, 5000 ft., Drege.

DisTRIBUTION: Qu2enstown. Murraysburg.

C. rubicunda, EK. Mey.

Mountain slopes. 8-20 in. high, flowers dark red. Summer—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 239!; ravine on west slopes of Leribe plateau, flowers

dark red, occasional, Phillips, 617!

Disrrisution: Natal. Swaziland.

Sesuto: Khato. Coloured spots (made by a native doctor on a

patient). Feko. Name of a charm supposed to make a_ person

unobserved.

C. brachypetala, E. Mey.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5800 ft., December, Bolus!

Distrisution: Tembuland. Natal.

C. platyphylla, Harv.

Mountain slopes, 8-20 in. high, flowers white. Spring—Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 418b!

Annals of the South African Museum.

Distripution: Orange Free State (Bloemfonteim).

Sesuto: See ©. Turrita, Thunb.

C. rubescens, Schonl & Bkr. f.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan,

1834!; Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 9650 ft., March, Galpin, 6625.

DistRIBUuTION : Endemic.

C. sediflora, E. & Z.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 252a! ex parte; growing on sloping rocks at

side of streams, flowers white, Phillips, 739!; south slopes of Leribe

plateau above Khaniane, Phillips, 885!

DistrRiBuTiIon: Catheart. Stockenstroom.

Sresuto: See ©. basutica, Schonl.

€. tenuicaulis, Schonl.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5500 ft., March, Schlechter, 6964.

Distrispution : Hndemice.

‘C. umbraticola, N. E. Br.

Natal, in moist places under dense shade, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft.,

Wood, 5961, 5969; Evans, 362.

Disrrisution : Endemic.

See note under C. crenatifolia, Bky. f.

C. natans, Thunb.

In a marshy hollow near the village of Matsoeberane, between

Hlohoeng and the Caledon River, 15-4 in. high, flowers reddish, A.

Dieterlen, 942a!; River beds at Hlotse, Leribe District, 2-5 in. high,

flowers white, October, A. Dieterlen, 809!

Distrisution: Malmesbury. Cape. Paarl. Swellendam. Somerset

East.

Ssesuto: Moriry oa mokhoabo. The hair of the marsh. Moriri-oa

nokana. The hair of the small river. Moriri oa liliba. The hair of

the fountains. Mohat’'a metsi 0 monyenyane. The small one who

tramples on the water. This plant is used to make a ‘“ medicine”

called ‘‘ Mohatollo” (meaning deliverance from oppression), and is

used as a charm when a person is suspected of being bewitched. Also

used as a charm in cases of illness. If a child is ill, incisions are

made on its body as well as on the body of the mother, in which the

“medicine” is placed, and some of the child’s blood is put into the

mother and vice versé. In the case of a grown-up person the same

process takes place between him and his nurses.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 93

C. barklyana, Schonl.

Ben McDhui, 9450 ft., March, Galpin, 6626.

DistRIBUTION: Endemic.

C. basutica, Schonl.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 2—12 in. high, flowers white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 252a! ea parte; Leribe plateau, flowers white, Phillips,

716!

Distrisurion: Endemic.

Sesuto: See C. Harveyi, Britt. et Bkr. f. Very closely allied to

C. sediflora, E. & Z., from which it differs in having smooth, not

minutely toothed, leaf-margins. The type specimen in our collection

has no flowers.

C. crenantifolia, Bkr. f.

Natal, Van Reenen, Schlechter, 6925.

DistRisuTion: Endemic.

Dr. Schonland reports “appears to be identical with C. wmbrati-

cola, N. BE. Br.”

C. Cooperi, Regel.

Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 8900 ft., March, Galpin, 6621.

var. ?, Regel.

Basutoland, near the Buffalo River Waterfall, 8250 ft., March,

Galpin, 6624; Doodman’s Kraus Mtn., 9400 ft., March, Galpin, 6623,

6624.

var. robusta, Schénl. forma foliis hispidis.

Banks of river and mountain slopes. 2-10 in. high, flowers white.

Summer. Hlotse, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 877!

Distripution : Hanover.

Srsuto: See 0. Turrita, Thunb.

C. curta, N. E. Br.

Natal, Mahwagqa Mtn., 6—7000 ft., Wood, 4592; Drakensberg,

5—6000 ft., March—April, Wood, 6081.

DistTRIBUTION : Queenstown.

Dr. Schonland reports “ not sharply divided from C. Cooperi.”

C. drakensbergensis, Schonl.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., March, Schlechter, 6962.

DistRisputTion: Endemic.

C. elongata, Schénl. “

Summit Pot River Berg, 6450 ft., March, Galpin, 6620.

DiIsTRIBUTION : Queenstown.

94 Annals of the South African Museum.

C. Galpini, Schonl.

Leribe plateau and slopes of Qoqolosi Peak. 13-5 in. ligh, flowers

redand white. March, A. Dieterlen, 572! 994!; Qoqolosi Peak, flowers

white with a dark red centre, Phillips, 973!; marshy ground at base of

Doodman’s Krans Mtn, 8500 ft., March, Galpin, 6616 !

DistRIBUTION: Queenstown.

Srsuto: Mo-ara-matsi. He who faces the water. Setsdsa. A

scarecrow. In cases of fatigue, and fever accompained by pain, the

body of the patient is washed with a lotion prepared from the bruised

roots.

C. Harveyi, Britt. et Bkr. f. (= C. alp-stris, Harv. non Thunb., C.

laxa, Schonl.).

Mountain slopes and plateau. 3-8 in. high, flowers white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 252!; Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft.,

January, Flanagan, 1823! Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5000-

5400 ft., December—January, Flanagan, 1838! Bolus, 8160!; 'Tsitsa

Footpath, Drakensbergen, 7400 ft., March, Galpin, 6615.

Distripution: Van Rhynsdorp. Clanwillham.

Srsuto: Setsdsa. A scarecrow. Serelinenyana. The small slippery

one. See also C. setulosa, Harv.

C. natalensis, Schonl.

Mountain slopes. 4-15 in. high, flowers white. Summer. Thaba

Pkatsoa, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 696!

Distripution: Natal.

Sresuto: Bohobe ba setsumi. The bread of the hunter. A decoction

is made from the plant and drunk for sore throat. It is also used as a

lotion for sore eyes.

-C. setulosa, Harv.

Slopes of Qoqolosi Peak. 3-8 in. high, flowers white. February—

March. A. Dielerlen, 969! mountain slopes and plateau, 2-10 in.

high, flowers white. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 252c!; Qoqolosi Peak,

flowers white, Phillips, 941 !

DistRiBuTion: Transvaal.

Srsuro: Setsdsa. A scarecrow. Serelilenyana. The small slippery

one. A decoction is made from this plant and given to a child, born

after the death of an elder brother or sister, to drink. It is then

supposed to act as a charm. Mixed with tobacco the plant is smoked.

-C. Turrita, Thunb.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 3-10 in. high, flowers white. Spring—

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 418a !

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 95

Distripution : Uitenhage. Komgha.

Srsuto: Serelilenyana. The small slippery one. Selats?. He who

gives rest to. <A decoction is made from the plant, after prolonged

boiling, and used in chest complaints.

C. rosularis, Harv.

Basutoland, near Buffalo River Waterfall, c. 7800 ft., March,

Galpin, 6617.

Distripution: Natal.

C. transvaalensis, O.K. (= C. subulata, Hook.).

Mountain slopes. 2-6 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 166a! Van Reenen, 5500 ft., February, Wood, 9806.

DistrisuTion: Komgha. Bechuanaland. Orange Free State.

Transvaal.

Sesuto: Moriri oa letlapa. The hair of the flat stones. As a cure

for headache the whole plant is dried, crushed, and then smoked. As

a charm, a lotion is made from it. If a native has disturbing dreams

about his ancestors his body must be bathed with the lotion by an

older person ; this is supposed to bring back dreamless nights.

C. tenera, Schonl, M.S. (= C. mucosa, Harv. non Linn.).

Mountain slopes. 2-8 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 166b!; south and west slopes of Leribe plateau, growing

under shelter of rocks, Phillips, 686! 859! Qoqolosi Peak, Phillips,

980!

DistrisuTiIon: Cape. Albany.

Srsuto: See C. subulata, Hook.

Phillips, 686 is a form of the species.

C. mucosa, Linn.

Basutoland, summit of Buffalo River Waterfall, c. 7800 ft.. March,

Galpin, 6618 !

Distrisution: Natal.

C. sp. (= Bulliarda Vaillantu, DC.).

In marsh at the base of Doodman’s Krans Mts., 8500 ft., March,

Galpin, 6613 ; in Vlei at summit of Barkly Pass, 6500 ft., G. Rattray

in Herb. Galpun, 7295.

DistrrputTion: Malmesbury. Cape. Port Elizabeth. Queenstown.

C. limosa, Schonl. P

Doodman’s Krans Mtn.,, 9125 ft., March, Galpin, 6612.

96 Annals of the South African Museum.

C. sp.

Edge of marsh, Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 8500 ft., March, Galpin,

6627.

DistRIBUTION: Endemic ?

C. sp.

Natal, Drakensbergen, 6—7000 ft., February, Evans, 614.

DistRiputTion: Endemic

GRAMMANTHES, DC.

G. gentianoides, DC.

Mountain slopes Flowers yellow. February. A. Dieterlen, 1001!

Distrisution: Van Rhynsdorp. Malmesbury. Tulbagh. Paarl.

Cape. Stellenbosch. Caledon. Swellendam.

Sesuro: Phalananyana. Small trumpets. Referring to the shape

of the corolla.

KALANCHOE, Adans.

K. thyrsiflora, Harv.

Mountain slopes. 15-26 in. high, flowers yellow. Early spring.

A. Dieterlen, 496 !

Disrrisution : Albany. Queenstown. Philipstown. Hast Griqua-

land. Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria, Barberton).

Sesuto: Serelile. The slippery one. Used as a charm in cases of

difficulty, when matters can be smoothed over. A decoction is made

from the plant after being well cooked and given as an enema for

intestinal worms. Must be carefully used or it may cause harm. A

decoction prepared from the well-cooked roots is drunk by pregnant

women who do not feel well. It is said to ease them.

COTYLEDON, Linn.

C. orbiculata, Linn.

Mountain slopes. 10-30 in. high, flowers reddish-yellow. Spring.

A. Dieterlen, 318!

Disrrisution: Riversdale. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Natal.

Sesuto: Serelile. The slippery one. Of use in many diseases.

Makes a charm for an orphan child. The native children use the

leaves as playthings.

C. Flanagani, Schonl.

Mountain slopes. 20-30in. high. Flowers reddish-yellow. Spring.

A. Dieterlen, 497 !

Distrispution. Komgha.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 97

Sesuto: Serelile. The slippery one. Used asa charm to smooth

matters over when a difficulty arises. Used in confinement cases

where the birth of the child is difficult. The roots, together with

Commelina africana, Linn., are used by barren women.

DROSERACEAE.

DROSERA, Linn.

D. Burkeana, Planch.

Mountain slopes, growing on rocks or sand. 3-9 in. high, flowers

magenta. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 742a!

Disrrisution: Albany. Komgha. Natal.

Sesuto: Tholoa-metsi. Picked up in water.

D. ramentacea, Burch. var. curvipes, Sond.

Mountain slopes and plateau growing in rock crevices. 1-3 in. high,

flowers magenta. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 742b !

DisrrisutTion : Swaziland. Transvaal (Belfast).

Sesuro: Tholoa-metsi. Picked up in water.

HALORAGEAE.

GUNNERA, Linn.

G. perpensa, Linn.

Water courses and damp spots on mountain slopes. 8-30 in. high

flowers crimson and yellowish. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 378 !

DistriputTion: Cape. Murraysburg. Somerset East. Komgha.

Tembuland. Natal. Swaziland.

Sesuto: Qobo. Favourite of a chief. A decoction prepared from

the cooked roots is drunk in cases of colic, used especially by pregnant

women. In certain cases given to cows after calving. The “ stalks”

are edible when fresh.

CALLITRICHE, Linn.

C. Bolusii, Sch. & Pax.

Natal, Drakensberg ex Wood's Natal list.

Disrrispution: King William’s Town.

LYTHRARIEAE.

OLINIA, Thunb.

0. cymosa, Thunb.

Natal, valley in Drakensberg, Evans, 385; Mt. Fletcher District,

in Pot River Berg Forest, 5500 ft., March, Galpin, 6628.

Disrrigution: Cape. Swellendam. Albany. Transvaal (Magalies-

berg).

93 Annals of the South African Museum.

0. micrantha, Decne.

In Pot River Berg Forest, 5500 ft., March, Galpin, 6629; Natal,

Drakensberg, 5-6000 ft., May, Wood, 4957 !

Distrisution: Natal.

ONAGRACEAE.

EPILOBIUM, Linn.

E. hirsutum, Linn.

Dongas and water courses. 18-54 in. high, flowers carmine.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 764!

DisTRIBUTION: Cape. Uitenhage. Stockenstroom. Komgha.

Natal.

Sesuto: Noha. A snake (so called on account of the twisted fruit).

Letsoai la Balisana. Salt of the ‘‘ Balisana’’ (shepherds). The

shepherds lick the leaves and flowers and say they have a pleasant

taste ; they do not, however, chew or swallow them. Mosika-nokana.

He who goes along the small river. The natives believe this plant to

be a cure for warts. A thread is dipped into the sap and by means of

a needle passed through the wart; if more than one, the thread is put

through the largest. The warts will then disappear.

E. flavescens, E. Mey.

Shady spots on mountain slopes. 8-25 in. high, flowers white.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 763 !

Distrisution: Komgha. East Griqualand. Tembuland. Natal.

Sesuto: Noha. A snake.

E. tetragonum, Linn.

Mountain slopes, Malavaneng, Leribe District. 10-18 in. high,.

flowers dark brownish-purple. January-March. <A. Dieterlen, 936},

damp spots on mountain slopes and in dongas, 6-28 in. high, flowers.

white, carmine or pink, A. Dieterlen, 114! 878!; ravines on west slopes

of Leribe plateau, flowers white, rare, Phillips, 584!, on banks of a

stream, flowers white, Phillips, 703!

DisTrRiIBuTION: Cape. Worcester. Uitenhage. Natal.

Sesuto: Noha. A snake. Noha ea loti. The snake of the high

mountain.

LUDWIGIA, Linn.

L. palustris, Ellis.

Mountain slopes. Flowers yellow. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 1002!

Distrizution: Swellendam. King William’s Town. Komgha.

Natal. Transvaal (Magaliesberg).

Sesuto: Se nama thabeng. It spreads on the mountain,

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 99

OENOTHERA, Linn.

Oe. biennis, Linn.

Damp spots near river banks. 13-5 ft. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 633!

DisrriBuTion : Cape. Stellenbosch.

Sresuro: Modpeli oa noka. He who praises the river. See notes

under Qe. villosa, Thunb.

Oe. tetraplera, Cav.

Veld. 5-18 in. high, flowers pure white. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

327!

Distripurion : Introduced.

Sresuto: Modpeli o mosoeu. The white one who praises. Thabela-

bosin. He enjoys the night (the flowers open at sunset).

Oe. villosa, Thunb.

Fields and mountain slopes. 15-30 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 169!

Distrisution: Introduced.

Sesuro: Médpeli. He who praises. The Basutos use the leaves

in the following manner to cure a sick feverish child. A “cake” of

fresh cattle dung is burnt until it is red hot and then placed in the

sick child’s hut; on the glowing embers leaves are thrown, and they

believe that the smoke will drive the sickness and fever away.

PASSIFLOREAE.

GUTHRIEA, Bolus.

G. capensis, Bolus.

Summit and slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, 8-9000 ft., January,

Flanagan, 2103!; Ben McDhui, 9500 ft., March, Galpin, 6630.

Distrisution : Graaff Reimet.

CUCURBITACEAE.

CUCUMIS, Linn.

C. myriocarpus, Naudin.

Mountain slopes near shrubs or rocks. A climber, 3-8 ft. long,

flowers yellow. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 50la! 869!

Distrisution : Cape. Uitenhage.

Sesuro: Monyaku. Meaning unknown. A lotion is prepared from

the boiled plants as a “ medicine” to prevent “ Mashoa,’’ which are

sores that appear on the body of a man who has married a widow

100 Annals of the South African Museum.

who has not undergone certain rites of purification. It is necessary

for both to bathe themselves with the lotion, and for the woman also

to anoint herself with fat mixed with the pulverised plants. Men

suffering from “ Mashoa”’ are not allowed to go among the cattle.

C. dissectifolius, Naudin.

Mountain slopes, twining on rocks, trees, or creeping on the ground.

10-30 in. long, flowers yellow. A. Dieterlen, 511!; south slopes of

Leribe plateau, above Khaniane, flowers yellow, Phillips, 881! 920!

Distrisution : Natal.

Sesuto: Monyaku. Meaning unknown. Lerakana. The small

climber or creeper. A preparation is made from the roots and used

for chest complaints in dogs and tumours in human beings, but must

be used with great care, as it is said to be poisonous. A decoction

made from the boiled fruits is given as an enema in cases of diarrhoea.

C. sp. (near C, hirsutus, Sond.)

Mountain slopes. A creeping plant, flowers yellow. April.

Morija, A. Dieterlen, 999!

Sesuto: Monyaku. Meaning unknown. See under C. myriocarpus,

Naudin.

The material is incomplete. The plant is not so hairy and the leaf

is more acuminate than in a specimen of Wood’s labelled C. hirsutus.

The anthers are not appendiculate.

CITRULLUS, Schrad.

C. vulgaris, Schrad.

Mountain slopes and veld. A creeper, 2-4 ft. long, flowers yellow.

Summer—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 468!

DisrriputTion: Cape. Uitenhage. Albany. Somerset East.

Natal.

Sesuto: Tyoto. Thoomo. Makakavane. Meanings unknown.

Ghomo. An explosion. Used as a charm to prevent worms spoiling

acrop. The fruit is emptied and filled with plants of Dicoma anomala,

DC., and bulbs of Ozalis spp., and then buried in the fields. It is

supposed to drive the worms away. When young, the plant is cooked

as a vegetable.

MELOTHRIA, Linn.

M. punctata, Cogn.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December, Bolus, 8163! ;

in Pot Berg Forest, 5500 ft., March, Galpin, 6631.

Distrinoution: Cape. Uitenhage. Albany. George. Natal.

Bechuanaland. Transvaal (Barberton).

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 101

M. sp.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 949 !

PISOSPERMA, Sond.

P. capense, Sond.

Veld and mountain slopes. 5-15 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring.

Phatsoa, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 194a!; Caledon River, Burke.

Distrirpution : Komgha.

Sresuto: Sesepa se lindha. The soap of the snakes. The crushed

roots mixed with water and sprinkled round the huts in summer is

supposed to keep snakesaway. Together with Gewm capense, Thunb.,

a “medicine” is prepared to prevent ‘“ insects”? being introduced into

the stomach by witchcraft. Said to be a cure for colic.

COCCINIA, W. & Arn.

C. hirtella, Cogn.

Mountain slopes, twining on trees and rocks. 5-8 ft. long, flowers

pale yellow, fruits bright red. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 145!; Lefi’s

Kloof, N.E. slopes of Lebribe plateau, a creeper, flowers yellow,

Phillips, 822 !

Distrisution: Natal.

Sesuto: Leraka la Balimo. The climber of the ancestor. If a

Masuto has unpleasant dreams about his ancestors (‘“‘ Balimo’”’) he is

bathed in a hole dug on the threshold of the “ lelopa” (the circular

yard enclosing a hut) with water in which sun-dried roots and iron-

stone are mixed. This ceremony will relieve him of further dreams.

FICOIDEAE.

MESEMBRIANTHEMUM, Linn.

M. musculinum, Haw.

Mountain slopes. 2-5 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer. Thab

Phatsoa, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 142e!

Disrrisution: Middleburg, C.P.

M. lineolatum, Haw.

Mountain slopes. 1-2 ft. high, flowers magenta. Spring-Summer.

A. Dieteren, 142d!

Distrisution: Caledon. Riversdale.

M. crassulinum, DC.

Ravines and mountain slopes. 4-12 in. high, flowers white.

Spring—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 142c !

Distrisution: Humansdorp.

102 Annals of the South African Museum.

M. incomptum, Haw.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 3-5 in. high, flowers magenta. A.

Dieterlen, 142a!; rocks near stream in ravine on west slopes of Leribe

plateau, flowers magenta, Phillips, 728!

Distrisution : Uitenhage.

M, hirtum, N. E. Br.

Stony places in the Caledon Pass, leading from Witzie’s Hoek into

Basutoland, ¢. 7200 ft., December, flowers purple, Thode, 15!; Bester’s

Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6100 ft., December, Bolus, 8165!; O. F. S.

Ladybrand, c. 4000 ft., Bertha Rogers in Herb. Bolus, 13429!

DistrisuTion : Natal.

M. Mahoni, N. E. Br.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus, 8166!

Distripution : Transvaal (Barberton).

M nubigenum, Schltr.

In fissures of rocks, summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, c. 8500 ft.,

January, flowers yellow, Thode, 17!

Distripution : Transvaal (Magaliesberg).

M. sp. (near M. Mahoni, N. E. Br.).

Mountain slopes. 5-25 in. high, flowers magenta. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 142b!; Qoqolosi Peak, flowers magenta, Phillips, 982!

Sresuto: Sebabetsane. The small bitter one. Mabone. Lights.

Monontsoa. The fattened one. Leghoaba. Meaning unknown. As a

cure for sore and swollen feet the plant is burnt and ground and then

placed in incisions made in the feet. This operation is performed at

the side of a stream in which the patient places his feet, letting the

blood run in the water, and he must remain there until he is relieved.

Burnt and ground to a powder it is mixed with tobacco. The above

Sesuto names and the uses are common to all the species of Mesem-

brianthemum.

This is probably only a robust or luxuriant form of the above

species (vide L. Bolus).

M. sp.

Caledon heights, opposite Berea Mtn. A creeping plant, 1-3 in.

high, flowers yellow. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 142f!

The material is too poor for determination.

PHARNACEUM, Lnnn.

P. detonsum, Fenzl.

Mountain and hill slopes. 3-12 in. high, flowers white. Summer.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 103

A. Dieterlen, 617 !; on south slopes of Leribe plateau, above Khaniane,

flowers white and green, Phillips, 876 !

Distrisution : Uitenhage.

Sesuto: Mabelebele a joang. The profuse Kaffir-corn of the grass.

See note under Psammotropha androsacea, Fenzl.

P. lineare, Linn, f.

Bester’s Vlei, near ‘Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., Flanagan, 1929!

DistrrButTion: Cape.

P. dichotomum, Linn. f.

In gardens of Residency at Peka, Leribe district. Flowers white,

March. A. Dieterlen, 978!; base of Doodman’s Krans Mtn. and Ben

McDhui, 8500-9700 ft., March, Galpin, 6632, 6633.

Distripution: 8.W. Africa. Caledon. Swellendam. Uitenhage.

Albany.

Sesuto: Monyakunyana. The small‘ Monyaku.” See notes under

Psammotropha androsacea, Fenzl.

P. sp.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5300 ft., December, Bolus,

8164!

PSAMMOTROPHA, FE. & Z.

P. androsacea, Fenzl. (P1.,V, fig. 2).

Mountain slopes and plateau. 3-12 in. high, flowers pale yellow.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 295!; growing on a rock, slopes south of the

Mission Station, rare, Phillips, 687! damp bank near stream on

Leribe plateau, flowers green, Phillips, 795!; Mont-aux-Sources,

8000 ft., April, Dyke in Herb. Marloth, 5404! in Herb. Musei Austro-

Afric., 5493!; Doodman’s Krans Mtn. and Ben McDhui, 8600-

9650 ft., March, Galpin, 6634, 6635.

DistRIBUTION : Somerset Kast.

Sesuto: Mothnyoane. Meaning unknown. Senama. He spreads.

A “medicine” for constipation is prepared from the boiled and crushed

roots. Incisions are made round the waist, legs, arms, and forehead

of the patient, and the mixture rubbed in.

var. enervis, Fenzl.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December, Flanagan,

1872!

DistrisutTion: Pondoland. Natal.

P. myriantha, Sond.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January. Flanagan,

104 Annals of the South African Museum.

2131!; Tsitsa Footpath, Drakensberg, 7900 ft., March, Galpin, 6636! ;

Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., November, Wood, 6728!

DistrisutTion: East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Magalies-

berg).

P. sp.

Mont-aux-Sources, ¢. 9300 ft., October, G. Mann in Herb. Marloth,

2865 !

LIMEUM, Linn.

L. glomeratum, E. & Z.

Veld and mountain slopes. 3-10 in. high, flowers yellowish.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 108!; south slopes of Leribe plateau, above

Khaniane, flowers yellow, Phillips, 880! 886!; Caledon River,

December, Burke, 308!

DistRIBUTION : Queenstown. Natal.

Sesuto: Lereletsane le lenyenyane. The small gliding thing.

Thetsvana-Khutsoana, A small deception.

UMBELLIFERAE.

HYDROCOTYLE, Linn.

H. asiatica, Linn.

Damp places in dongas and on mountain slopes. A prostrate plant,

3—5 in. high, flowers mauve. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 619 !

DistrrputTion: Cape. Caledon. Uitenhage. Cathcart. Albany.

Natal.

Sesuto: Bolila ba linku. The sorrel (or sourness) of the sheep.

Sheep are said to be fond of it.

ALEPIDEA, Laroche.

A. amatymbica, E. & Z.

Damp places on mountain slopes. 2-5 ft. high, “flowers ” white.

Summer-—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 32!; common in ravines, bracts

white within, green outside, Phillips, 673! 723! 750! 761!; Natal,

Van Reenen, 5-6000 ft., February, Wood, 5735; between Tent Kop

and Antelope Park, 5600 ft., March, Galpin, 6641.

Distrisution: Albany. Beaufort West. Stockenstroom. Tem-

buland. East Griqualand. Natal. Zululand. Orange Free State,

(Dorn Kop). Transvaal (near Barberton, Johannesburg).

Sesuro: Lesoké. Meaning unknown. See under A. setifera,

N.E. Br.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 105

A. Jacobsziae, Diimmer.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., January—February, Miss

Jacobsz in Herb. Bolus, 6344!; Harrismith, Sankey, 73; Natal, near

Hoffenthal, 4000 ft., Wood, 3502.

DistRIBUTION : Endemic.

A. setifera, N. E. Br.

Stony places on mountain slopes. 1-2 ft. high, “ flowers ” whitish.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 440!; southern slopes of plateau, Phillips, 666! ;

near Brakwaal and Van Reenen, 5000 ft., Wood, 5630.

DistrisputTion : Swaziland. Transvaal (Barberton, Hoggeveldt).

Sresuto: Lesokvana. The small “ Lesoko.” The roots are chewed raw

or a decoction is made from the roots and drunk by persons suffering

with chest complaints.

A. longifolia, E. Mey., var. angusta, Dimmer.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., Wood, 5735.

Distripution: Orange Free State (without locality).

A. ciliaris, Laroche.

Mountain slopes. 15-25 in. high, “flowers”? white. Summer—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 411!; Mont-aux-Sources, 7—8000 ft., January,

Flanagan, 2106!

DistriBuTION: George. Graaff Rienet. Albert. Natal. Transvaal

(Caledon River).

Susuto: Lesdkvane. The small “ Lesoko.” See under A. setifera,

N.E. Br.

’

A. Galpinii, Dimmer.

Ben McDhui on damp slopes, 9200 ft., March, Galpin, 6638.

Distrirpution : Endemic.

A. Galpinii, Diimmer forma.

Ben McDhui, 9700 ft., March, Galpin, 6639.

Distrispution: Endemic.

A. natalensis, Wood & Evans.

Harrismith, 7000 ft., Sankey, 62.

Distrisution: Pondoland, Natal.

A. Thodei, Diimmer.

Ben MeDhui, and Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 8800-9900 ft., Galpin,

6540 ; Mont-aux-Sources, Drakensberg, Thode in Natal Govt. Herb.

10770.

Distrispution : Endemic.

106 Annals of the South African Museum.

CONIUM, Linn.

C. chaerophylloides, Thunb.

Veld, fields, and roadsides. 10-45 in. high, flowers cream. Summer-—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 235!

Distrisution: Caledon. Uitenhage. Herbert. Komgha.

Sesuro: Lefokoli. The feeble one. So called on account of the

stem being easily broken.

A lotion is prepared from the plant with which to wash feverish

patients.

C. sp.

Ben McDhui, 9300-9600 ft., March, Galpin, 6645.

The above determination was given by Kew to Mr. Galpin.

BUPLEURUM, Linn.

B. Mundii, Ch. & Sch.

Mountain slopes, flowers yellow. December—February. Matalane,

Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 832!; southern slopes of plateau, Phillips,

665!; slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, 78000 ft., January, Flanagan,

2107!; Ben McDhui and Doodman’s Krans, 8800-9500 ft., March,

Galpin, 6642.

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Albany. Fort Beaufort.

Sesuto: Lekhase or Lekhasi. A fringe or small leaf. So called on

account of the thin leaves.

HETEROMORPHA, Chan.

H. arborescens, Ch. & Sch.

Ravines, mountain slopes, and dongas. <A tree, flowers yellowish.

A. Dierterlen, 4! Mate, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 661!; ravines

round Leribe plateau, not common, Phillips !

DistriputTion: George. Uitenhage. Albany. Port Elizabeth.

Beaufort West. Komgha. Tembuland. Natal. Zululand. Swaziland.

Sresuto: Monkhvane. Meaning unknown. °’Maka-tlala. He who

imcreases the famine. A preparation is made fiom the leaves and

given to children troubled with intestinal worms which cause fainting.

This tree is planted in every “lekhotla” in Basutoland, which is an

open space near the principal hut of the village chief, where the men

congregate to do whatever work they have on hand; it is also the

court of justice, and the place where strangers and travellers go to

ask for hospitality. An old native doctor informed Madame Dieterlen

that the tree acted as a charm in retaining the people near their chief,

that they may be faithful to him and make the village prosperous.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 107

The Sesuto name for Dieterlen 661 is Mokhvane o monyenyane. The

small “ Monkhvava,” which is not planted in the “lekhotla.” I have

only seen var. trifoliata from Basutoland, which also occurs in Albany

and Komgha. Var. collina has also been recorded from Komgha and

var. integrifolia from the Albany Division. Flanagan, 492 (Komgha),

Wood, 241,602 (Natal), and Pearson, 1396 (Nelspoort), have both

ternate and simple leaves, but the shape of the leaves and leaflets

approach nearer to var. fernata than to the other two varieties.

Stewart, 128 (Swaziland), has 2- and 3-lobed leaves. The leaflets in

Phillips, 595, are sometimes divided, usually the terminal leaflet is

ternate and the lateral leaflets may either be simple or binate.

LICHTENSTEINIA, Cham.

L. interrupta, E. Mey.

Makokoane, Leribe District, November, A. Dieterlen, 937 !

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Komgha. Transkei.

Natal. Zululand.

Sesuto : Tlord ea ngoale. The hat of the “ ngoale’”’ (a girl under-

going the tribal initiation rites).

APIUM, Linn.

A. sp.

Ben McDhui, 9300 ft., March, Galpin, 6644.

The above determination was given by Kew to Mr. Galpin.

SIUM, Linn.

S. Thunbergii, DC.

Water courses. 12-30 in. high. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 410!

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Somerset East. Herbert. Komgha.

Transkei. East Griqualand. Natal.

Sresuto: Lekhapi. Qaqave. Meanings unknown. Lehlatso. Vomiting.

The plant cut in small pieces and boiled in water is used to wash the

bodies of persons suffering with headache.

PIMPINELLA, Linn.

P. caffra, Harv.

Mountain slopes. 15-30 in. high, flowers white. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 460!; Lefi’s Kloof and between the Mission Station and

Jonathan’s Village; Phillips, 570! 848!; Basutoland Mtns., without

precise locality, Thode! ; near Buffalo River Waterfall, 8240 ft., March,

Galpin, 6643!; summit of Mont-aux-Sources, c. 8850 ft., January,

Thode, 18!

108 Annals of the South African Museum.

Distrisution : Somerset East. Stockenstroom. Komgha. Natal.

Swaziland.

Sesuto: Schoetjana. A smallcarrot. Mohopu. Meaning unknown.

Used as a charm to drive away the “nohana” (intestinal worms) and

the ‘‘thokolose”’ (a mysterious spirit which is supposed to appear at

night in certain places and during certain illnesses). As a charm

against the latter, burnt roots are used to fumigate the haunted hut,

and the inmates of the house wash themselves with a decoction made

from the plant. This latter process must be done at night at a

distance from the hut.

ANTHRISCUS, Hoffm.

A. sylvestris, Hoffm.

Mountain slopes. 2—4 ft. high, flowers white. Spring-Summer.

Makokvane, Leribe District. A. Dieterlen, 927 !

Distripution: A native of Europe and North America.

Ssesuto: Lefokoli le leholo. The big feeble one. Lefokoli le linoka.

The feeble one of the rivers. The water in which the plant has been

boiled is used as a lotion when a person is feeling tired or unwell.

See also under Conium chaerophylloides, Thunb.

PEUCEDANUM, Linn.

P. caffrum, Phillips, comb. nov. Caulis teres, striatus, glaber.

Folia radicaha, 10-27 cm. longa, pinnata vel bipinnata; petiolus

2-20 cm. longus, teres, sulcatus, basi dilatus amplexusque, glaber ; pin-

nulae 1-3 cm. longae, obovatae, lobatae vel pinnatifidae, basi cuneatae,

glabrae; apices loborum mucronati. Pedunculus ramis diffundus,

striatus, glaber. Bracteae involucrae basi connatae, aliquando 0,

saepius 5-7, ovatae, acuminatae, apice acutae, glabrae. Umbellae

circiter 15-floriferae. Pedicellus *2-1 cm. longus, glaber. Calyx

obsoletus. Petala 1:75 mm. longa, 1 mm. lata, ovata, acuminata,

apice acuta, incurva, uninervigera, glabra. Stamina incurva; filamenta

1-1'5 mm. longa, glabra; antherae -75 mm. longae, globosae. Ovarium

1 mm. longum, 1:25 mm. latum, ovatum, glabrum ; stylus obsoletus.

Fructus 1-4 em. longus, 6°5 mm. latus, ellipticus, 5-costatus, alatus.

Semen planum, *5 mm. crassum.

Stem terete, striate, glabrous. Leaves basal, 10-27 cm. long,

pinnate or bipinnate; petiole 2-20 cm. long, terete, sulcate,

sheathing at the base, glabrous; pinnules 1-3 ecm. long, obovate

in outline, lobed or pinnatifid, the apices of the lobes mucronate,

wedge-shaped at the base, glabrous. Peduncle branched, terete,

striate, glabrous. Involucre sometimes wanting, usually of 5—7 ovate

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 109

acuminate acute glabrous bracts, connate at the base to form a

shallow saucer-shaped structure. Umbel up to about 15-flowered.

Pedicels 2 mm. long, elongating in the fruit up to | cm. long, glabrous.

Cal yx obsolete. Petals 1:75 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, ovate, acuminate,

acute, incurved, one-nerved, glabrous. Stamens incurved ; filaments

1-1'5 mm. long, terete, glabrous; anthers -75 mm. long, globose.

Ovary 1 mm. long, 1:25 mm. broad, ovate in outline, glabrous; styles

obsolete in the flowering stage. Frwit 1:4 cm. long, 6°5 mm. broad,

elliptic, crowned with the persistent styles, 5-ribbed (3 dorsal and

2 lateral), winged, glabrous: vittae in the furrows. Seed flat, -5 mm.

thick. Seseli caffrum, Meism. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. ii, 583 ;

‘Flora Capensis, i, 549; Anesorhiza caffrum, Bth. & Hook. Gen.

Plants 1.913:

East Griqualand, stony places round Kokstad, 4300 ft., December,

Tyson, 1672; Tyson in Herb. Norm. Austro-Afric., 1279; Natal,

Inanda, November, Wood, 1120; Amanzimtote, 10—50 ft. alt., August,

Wood, 11654; Komgha, grassy hills near Komgha, 2000 ft., November,

Flanagan, 1090; Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 875.

MacOwan recognised that this plant had been placed in the wrong

genus, and he distributed specimens as Peucedanum Meisnerianum

(Herb. Norm. Austro-Afric., 1279). Wood (List of Flora of Natal,

p. 162) quotes this plant under Anesorhiza caffra, Bth. & Hook.

P. reenensis, Reching.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5—€000 ft., Penther, 2776.

DisTRIBUTION : Hndemic.

ARALIACEAE.

CUSSONTA, Thunb.

C. paniculata, E. & Z.

Ravines and mountain slopes. A tree, flowers yellowish. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 122 !; a large tree growing under the cliffs on the mountain

slopes between the Mission Station and Jonathan’s Village, Phillips,

623 !

DistRisutTion: Somerset Hast. Beaufort West.

Sesuto: Motsctse. The bony core of a horn. The natives have a

strong belief that some of their complaints are due to the presence of

beetles and other “insects” in their internal organs, which have been

introduced by witchcraft. A preparation is made from the plant and

taken as an enema to get rid of such “ beetles”? from the intestines.

Mixed with Rhus Zeyheri, R. divaricata, and Scabiosa columbaria, Linn.,

it is used in cases of colic.

110 Annals of the South African Museum.

RUBIACEAE.

CEPHALANTHUS, Linn.

C. natalensis, Oliv.

Natal. Stony hill at Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., Wood, 6621.

Distrisution: Natal (Glencoe).

OLDENLANDIA, Linn.

0. amatymbica, Kuntze.

Veld, mountain slopes and plateau. 20-30 in. high, flowers whitish.

Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 33!

Distrisution: Albany. Queenstown. Hast Griqualand. Natal.

Transvaal (Magaliesberg).

Sesuto: Mohlatsisa. He who causes vomiting. Morokolopoli. The

faeces of agoat (so called on account of round black swellings on the

roots). Matsodne. Meaning unknown. Lehlokoana. The small

piece of grass. “Ma Ngoakoane. The mother of ‘“ Ngoakoane.” A

decoction prepared from the plant is administered to wasting children

to make them fat and well.

0. Heynii, Oliv.

Under rocks and mountain slopes. 2-15 in. high, flowers white.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 266!; slopes above the Mission Station,

growing near rocks, flowers white, occasional, Phillips, 513!

Distrisution: Natal.

Sesuto: Seobi. Meaning unknown.

PENTANISIA, Harv.

P. variabilis, Harv.

Mountain slopes. 7-20 in. high, flowers violet. Summer—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 21!; Lefi’s Kloof on N.E. slopes of Leribe plateau, flowers.

blue, Phillips, 856!

Distrisution: Stockenstroom. Komgha. ‘Transkei. East Gri-

qualand. Natal.

Szsuto: Setima-mollo. The fire extinguisher. (So called because

it relieves the burning pain of boils.) The roots of the plant are well

boiled and the infected limb is placed in the lukewarm decoction ; after

time the boils will discharge and the swelling disappear. The

breasts of a woman, after her confinement, are rubbed with a lotion

prepared from the plant, and in feverish illness the body of the patient

is bathed with the lotion. Asa charm against witchcraft it is mixed

with other plants and rubbed on pegs placed round the “ lelapa’”’; this.

prevents the sorcerer from finding the door of the hut.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. JU Ia E

PLECTRONIA, Linn.

P. ciliata, Sond.

Mountain slopes. A shrub 4-7 ft. high. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

3!; ravine on west slopes of Leribe plateau, a small tree, the only

specimen seen, Phillips, 721 !

Distrisution: Albany. Philipstown. Natal.

Sresuto: Megiane. Seeqane. Kheoha. Mogapane. Meanings

unknown. The leaves and bark are used as an enema for people

suffering with pains in the abdomen caused by “small dung beetles ”

in the intestines which have entered the body through the witchcraft

of anenemy. Hither alone or with Celastrus buwifolius it is used as a

charm to prevent anyone disturbing a body in a grave.

P. sp. (Canthium Gueinzii, Sond.).

Natal, from coast to 6000 ft. alt., Wood.

Distrisution: Transvaal (Rustenburg).

FADOGIA, Schweinf.

F, humilis, Wood & Evans.

Natal, in open ground at Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., December—March,

Wood, 4528.

DisTRIBUTION : Endemic.

GALOPINA, Thunb.

G. circaeoides, Thunb.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, 5-6000 ft., January, Wood, 3560.

DistriputTion : Knysna. Albany. Uitenhage. Komgha. Transkei.

East Griqualand.

ANTHOSPERMUM, Linn.

A. aethiopicum, Linn.

Mountain slopes. 1-3 ft. high, flowers yellow. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 681!

DistriputTion: Cape. Caledon. Worcester. Stellenbosch.

Sesuto: Potsana. The small firewood. Used as fuel.

A. hedyotideum, Sond.

Mountain slopes, Malavaneng, Leribe District, flowers yellow.

January, A. Dieterlen, 908 !

Distrisution: Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland.

Sesuto: Lefero. He who makes a roof. People who have assisted

in nursing a sick person or have taken any active part in the funeral,

112 Annals of the South African Musewm.

must have a drug, in which this plant enters, placed in incisions made

on their bodies. Should they neglect this, their crops will either fail

them or be poor.

A. pumilum, Sond.

Veld and mountain slopes. 3-15 in. high, flowers whitish. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 172! partly ; Caledon River, Burke !

Disrrisution: Komgha. Natal.

Susuto: Phakisane. Small haste. Masdpilohane. He who is

broken (by twisting). Used asa charm to hasten the convalescence

of a sick person. The plant enters into many medicines and is

supposed to hasten healing. A traveller who comes across the plant

on his journey takes it as a good omen, and if he stops and repeats

a few words he will find good food and welcome at the end of his

journey. A native wishing to sell cattle, washes them with an infusion

made from the plant and by so doing will sell well and quickly.

var. pilosum, Phillips, var. nov.

A typo fructubus pilis hamatis tectis differt.

This differs from the type by the fruits being pilose with hooked

hairs.

Mountain slopes. 6-18 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 629; mountain slopes and veld, flowers cream, A.

Dieterlen, 172 partly ; Qoqolosi Peak, common, Phillips, 619, 947.

A. rigidum, E. & Z.

Ravines and mountain slopes. Flowers yellow. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 922! 970! Natal, stony hill at Van Reenen, 4-5000 ft.,

December, Wood, 4531.

Distrisution : Namaqualand. Swellendam. East Griqualand.

Sresuto: Potsana. The small firewood. Phakisane. Small haste.

See also note under A. hedyotidewm.

A. humile, N. E. Br.

Natal, Ulundi, 6—7000 ft., on damp rocks, January, Evans, 370.

Disrrisution: Endemic.

RUBIA, Linn.

R. cordifolia, Linn.

Mountain. slopes, twining on rocks and shrubs. 10-30 in. high,

flowers yellowish. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 331b!

Disrrisution: Uitenhage. Transkei. East Griqualand. Natal.

Srsuro: Seharane. He who entwines. Mo-hlatsoa-meno. He who

washes the teeth. A decoction made from the roots is drunk for colic,

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 113

sore throat and chest complaints ; it is also used to wash the teeth. If

a witch-doctor loses a patient by death, he washes his “ divining

bones” in the decoction to purify them. A man wishing to become a

witch-doctor drinks the decoction; this will give him intelligence and

judgment, and the various ways of using the “divining bones” will

become clear to him.

GALIUM, Linn.

G. wittbergensis, Sond. (ea descr.).

Mountain slopes. Flowers yellow. Spring-Summer. 4. Dieterlen,

50! ex parte; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December,

Flanagan, 1935! Bolus, 8170!; rocky wet places on the Wittebergen,

6—7000 ft., Drege.

Distripution : Endemic.

var. glabrum, Phillips, var. nov.

A typo ramis glabris differt.

This only differs from the specimen cited under the type in having

perfectly glabrous branches.

Mountain slopes. 4-18 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 40! ex parte; flowers yellow, Phillips, 713!

Distrisurion : Endemic.

Sesuro: Morarana oa mangope.

Seharane.

G. dregeanum, Sond. forma.

Mountain slopes, twining on rocks or shrubs. 6-25 in. high, flowers

yellowish. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 331la!

DistrRispuTion : Endemic.

Sresuro: Seharane. Derived from the verb “ho harana ’’—to coil

one with another. See note under Rubia cordifolia.

G. rotundifolium, Linn.

Mountain slopes, under rocks, 3-15 in. high, flowers white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 146!; mountain slopes south of the Mission Station,

flowers white, Phillips, 688! shady places in ravine on west slopes of

Leribe plateau, Phillips, 749! Lefi’s Kloof on N.E. slopes of Leribe

plateau, under rocks, Phillips, 972; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek,

5500 ft., December, Flanagan, 1886!

DistR1IBUTION: Stockenstroom. Somerset East. Natal. Bechuana-

land.

Sesuto: Moriri-oa-lehala. The hair of the cave. Lefero. He who

gets entwined. See note under Rubia cordifolia.

114 Annals of the South African Museum.

var. hirsutum, Sond.

Natal. Oliver’s Hoek, 5000 ft., Wood, 3558.

DistTRIBUTION: Endemic.

VALERIAN EAE.

VALERIANA, Linn.

V. capensis, Thunb.

Mountain slopes on the banks of streams. 10-30 in. high, flowers:

white. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 278 !

Distrisution: Natal.

Srsuto: Motetele. Meaning unknown. The leaves are burnt in the-

hut of a sick person to drive away the illness.

DIPSACEAE.

CEPHALARIA, Schrad.

C. ustulata, R. & Sch., var. pilosa.

Veld, mountain slopes, and river banks. 15-35 in. high, flowers

white. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 161!; Caledon River, Zeyher, 307!

789!; Harrismith, 5000 ft., February, Wood, 4839 !

Distrisution : Endemic.

Sesuto: Tsdene. A monkey. The crushed roots are placed on

embers and used to fumigate a hut visited by a “thokolose” (a

fabulous being believed in by the natives) to drive it away. It is

also used to rid the body of “insects”? which have entered through

the witchcraft of an enemy.

SCABIOSA, Linn.

S. columbaria, Linn.

Veld and mountain slopes. 9-32 in. high, flowers white. Spring—

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 12!; common round the Leribe plateau, flowers

white, Phillips, 583! 763! 769! 946!

DistrisuTion: Natal. Cape. Tulbagh. Albany. Pondoland..

East Griqualand.

Sesuto: Selomi. Colic pains. T'lhaku ea pitsi. The leg of the

horse. Mixed with. Rhus divaricata and Cussonia panicalata it is

employed for colic pains and painful menstruation. Also used im

cases of difficult confinement.

var. dissecta, Sond.

Wolve Kop. Caledon River, Zeyher !

Disrrisution: Cape. Uitenhage. Albany. Komgha.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 115

. africana, Linn.

Natal. Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., March, Wood, 5618. Rare.

DiIsTRIBUTION : Cape.

COMPOSITAE.

VERNONIA, Schreb,

V. Kraussii, Sch. Bip.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-22 in. high, flowers violet.

Summer-Autumn. dA. Dieterlen, 1!; slopes between the Mission

Station and Jonathan’s Village, common, Phillips, 568! Lefi’s Kloof on

N.E. slopes of Leribe plateau, flowers blue, Phillips, 819 !

Distripution: East Griqualand. Transkei. Pondoland. Zulu-

land. Bechuanaland. Orange Free State (Rietfontein, Bloemfontein).

Transvaal (Barberton, Ermelo).

Sesuto: Mofe/a-bana. The wiper of the children. _ Used to wipe

dirt from children. The smoke from this plant is supposed to divert

an approaching hailstorm.

V. natalensis, Sch. Bip.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 944!; summit of the

Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan, 1950 !

DistripuTion: East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Belfast,

Barberton, Lydenburg),

V. pinifolia, Less.

Mountain slopes. 15-30 in. high, flowers purple-lilac. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 368! 876!; ravine on west slopes of Leribe plateau,

common, Phillips, 613 !

Distrisution: George. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. Natal.

Sesuto: Mofefa bana oa thaba. The ‘* mountain” children’s wiper.

See note under V. Kraussii, Sch. Bip.

V. hirsuta, Sch. Bip.

Dongas and mountain slopes. 20-40 in. high, flowers violet.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 373!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek,

6200 ft., December, Bolus, 8174!

Distrisution: Transkei. East Griqualand. Natal. Zululand.

Transvaal (Barberton).

Sesuto: Phefo e kholo. The big wind. Hlelehlele. Meaning

unknown. Seché?. Meaning unknown. Mixed with other plants, is

an antidote for colic pains. The boiled roots are used together , were A

other plants for many diseases. Le)

Syer @ <a

RSS wee (\

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AG Om

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a. AK rm ?

oe * a

116 Annals of the South African Musewm.

var. Flanaganii, Phillips, var.nov. Folia basi angustata non cordata.

Bracteae involucrae longo-acuminatae, pappo aequales.

This differs from the type in the leaves not being cordate at the

base. The involucral bracts are longer and more acuminate, and equal

or exceed the pappus.

Eland’s River Valley, near the Mont-aux-Sources, 6200 ft., Decem-

ber, Flanagan, 1947 ; Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft., October, A. Bolus in

Herb. Guthrie, 4820.

DistriputTion : Endemic.

V. stipulacea, Klatt.

Natal, Drakensberg, Bolus, 3004.

DistRiBuTION : Endemic.

GARULEUM, Cass.

G. Woodii, Schinz.

Basutoland, rocky ridges near the Buffalo River Waterfall, c. 7450 ft.,

March, rays blue, Galpin, 6660 !

Distrisution: Natal (Charlestown, 5—6000 ft.)

ASTER, Linn.

A. petiolatus, Harv.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. A creeping plant, 4-36 in. long,

flowers pink-mauve. Winter-Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 343! ;

ravine on west slopes of Leribe plateau, rays light pink, Phillips, 768! ;

Basutoland, without locality, Cooper.

Distripution: Albert.

Sesuto: Khotéliea ea thaba. The “ Khotohea”’ of the mountain.

(The name “ Khotoliea” is given to many of the Compositae, the meaning

is unknown.) After a native burial, the members of the deceased’s

family, and those who took an active part in the burial, have incisions

made on their bodies by the native doctors and a preparation made

from this plant is rubbed in, the belief being that by so doing they

will have a normal crop of corn and mealies, If this ordeal is

neglected their crops will not produce grain.

I have not seen an authenticated specimen of this species, but our

plant agrees with the description and figure in Harv. Thes. t. 154.

A. natalensis, Harv.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan,

1950!

DistRisuTiIon : Somerset Kast. Transvaal (Devil’s Kantoor).

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 117

A, filifolius, Vent,

Mountain slopes. 13-4 ft. high, flowers mauve. Early Spring.

A. Dieterlen, 27!; grassy stony hillsides at Zaaihoek, Harrismith, c.

5700 ft., May, Thode !

DistrrputTion: Pondoland. Aliwal North. Oudtshoorn. Natal.

Graaff Reinet. Prince Albert. Clanwilliam, Transvaal (Pretoria,

Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Leholo. Meaning unknown. Used as firewood.

A. hispidus, Bkr. non Thunb.

Mountain slopes. 10-22 in. high, flowers violet. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 133! Mechachaneng, Qalo District, January, A. Dieterlen,

907!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6100 ft., December, Bolus,

8176!; Mont-aux-Sources, 8000 ft., October, A. Bolus in Herb. Bolus,

6011!

Distrieution: Natal. King William’s Town. Transkei. Aliwal

North. Albany. East Griqualand.

Sesuro: Phoa. Derived from “ Sephoa’”’—smoothness. The boiled

roots, mixed with Helichrysum callicomum, Harv., and H. rugulosum,

Less., are given as an enema for colic. The plant used with 4H.

callicomum, Harv. alone, makes a “ Lenaka”’ (a protective charm).

A. perfoliatus, Oliv.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December, Bolus, 8175! ;

Cathkin Peak, 8000 ft., November, A. Bolus in Herb. Bolus! ; rocky

hill, Drakensberg, 5000 ft., January, Wood, 3605.

Distrisution: East Griqualand.

A. quinquenervis, Klatt.

Natal, edge of wood, Polela, 5-6000 ft., April, Fowrcade.

Distrisution: Endemic.

A. uliginosus, Wood & Evans.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 11,000 ft., March, Evans, 758!; in

damp places, sources of the Tugela River, Evans, 758.

Distrisution: Endemic.

A. Woodii, Klatt.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5—-6000 ft., December, Wood, 4521.

Distrisution: Tembuland.

. sp.

Natal, in swamps, Mont-aux-Sources, 10-11,000 ft., March, Evans,

739.

DistRiBuTION: Endemic ?

118 Annals of the South African Musewne.

FELICIA, Cass.

F. hirsuta, DC.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., January, Bolus, 8179!

Distrisution: Namaqualand Minor.

F. amelloides, Schltr.

Sandy and stony places on banks of rivulets, summit Mont-aux-

Sources, c. 8700 ft., January. Shrubby, rays blue, Thode, 19!

Distripution : Endemic.

According to the descriptions this is probably the same as

F. drakenbergensis, W. & EH.

F. muricata, Nees.

Veld, mountain slopes, and plateau. 5-15 in. high, rays white or

mauve. Spring to end of Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 263!; south slopes

of Leribe plateau above Khaniane, rays bluish, Phillips, 917! west

slopes of Leribe plateau, and slopes south of the Mission Station, rays

mauve, frequent, Phillips, 636! 661!

Distripution: Natal. Griqualand West. Tembuland. Murrays-

burg. Graaff Reinet. Aliwal North. Transvaal (Carolina).

Sesuto: ’Ma-mileng. Mother of the road. Mohantsoane. Koelehane.

Meanings unknown. A medicine to relieve headaches, and for giving

cows that are ill after calving, is prepared from this plant.

F. drakensbergensis, W. & EH.

Natal, sources of Tugela River, 11,000 ft., Evans, 747.

DistrisutTion : Endemic.

F. linearis, N. E. Br.

Grassy slopes, valley above Buffalo River Waterfall, c. 8400 ft.,

March. Rays blue, Galpin, 6661!; Natal Amawahqua, 6—7000 ft.,

April, Wood, 4631.

Distripution: Endemic.

F. pinnatifida, Wood & Evans.

Summit Mont-aux-Sources, March, Evans, 739!; base of Doodman’s

Krans Mtn., 8500 ft., March. Rays blue, Galpin, 6662 !

DistrispuTiIon : Endemic.

ERIGERON, Linn.

E. canadense, Linn.

Veld and dongas. 6-40 in. high, heads whitish. Summer-—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 88! 339!; west slopes of Leribe plateau, heads

white, Phillips, 616!

Distrisution: Natal.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 119

Srsuto: Mokoteli. He who drives away a calf from its mother

when she is milked. Lehanunyana. The small “ Lehamu” Setsohat-

sana sa Basia. The old woman of the “ Basiea” (a tribe of the

northern Transvaal, related to the Basutos). ‘‘ Oid woman” because

of its greyish appearance. Lehamu. Meaning unknown. A decoction

is made from the leaves and drunk for sore throat. Used for a

preparation to cure ringworms, and to make lotions to wash sick

children. In winter it is used asa fuel. The Basutos distinguish as

separate plants Dieterlen, 88 and 389, and put them to different uses ;

they are merely forms of the one species.

NIDORELLA, Cass.

N. hirta, DC. :

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-30 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen,513!; near Eland’s River at the foot

of the Mont-aux-Sources, December, Flanagan, 1958! Flanagan in

Herb. Bolus, 6471!

Distripution : Transvaal (Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Mokoteli o mosehlo. The yellow “ Mokoteli.” Used for

fumigating a hut when a child is feverish. Burnt in winter as fuel.

N. foetida, DC.

Mountain slopes. 18-380 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer-—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 892!; near Buffalo River Waterfall, 8100 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6663, 6664.

DistRIBUTION: Cape.

Sesuto: Mokoteli. He who drives a calf away from its mother

when she is milked. Used as fuel in winter. |

The above name (Galpin, 6664) was given by Kew to Mr. Galpin,

though Dr. Bolus identified No. 6664 as N. resedaefolia, DC.

N. undulata, Sond.

Mountain slopes. 15-35 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer—

Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 559!

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Albany. Eastern Districts.

Sesuto: Mokoteli 0 moholo. The big ‘‘ Mokoteli.” The name

“ Mokoteli ” is given to all species of Nidorella and a few other plants.

Used in winter as fuel.

N. depauperata, Harv.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-25 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 722!, Corn Exchange, Tsikoane,

A. Dieterlen, 884!, ravine at Matalane, A. Dieterlen, 882!:; Bester’s

120 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5300-5500 ft., December—January, Bolus

8177! Flanagan, 1995 !

DistriputTion: Griqualand West. Griqualand East. Pondoland.

Natal. Queenstown. Transvaal (Ermelo, Pretoria).

Sesuto: Mokoteli. See N. foetida, DC. Used as fuel in winter.

N. polycephala, DC. (ex descr.).

River banks. 3-5 ft. high, flowers yellow. Summer—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 750!

Distrisution: East Griqualand.

Sesuto: Phefo ea noka. ‘The wind of the river. Used as fuel.

This is an exact match with Tyson, 1510, from East Griqualand,

both agree with the description of N. polycephala, DC., though in a

note on a sheet in the Bolus herbarium, Mr. N. E. Brown says ef.

N. polycephala, DC.

CONYZA, Less.

C. podocephala, DC.

Veld, dongas, and mountain slopes. 14—23 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 10!; various localities, round Leribe

plateau, common, Phillips, 520! 605! 670! 924! 938!

Distrisution: Natal. Tembuland. Aliwal North. Orange Free

State (near Bethulie). Transvaal (Middleburg, Oliphant’s River).

Szsuro: Manku a meholo. Many big sheep. Said by the natives

to be a very valuable plant for fumigation purposes in cases of illness.

A decoction is made from the roots and given to feverish patients to

drink.

C. pinnatilobata, DC.

River banks and mountain slopes. 12-80 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 818!; near Buffalo River Waterfall, 8100 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6665.

Distrisution: Natal. Cape. Graaff Reinet. Transkei.

Sesuto: Sekhatlana se seholo. he big leaf. Mixed with Amphi-

doxa gnaphaloides, DC., it is crushed and burnt in a sick room to drive

away the illness.

C. obscura, DC.

Mountain slopes. 12-265 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 628!

Distrisution: Natal. Albert. Swaziland. Graaff Reinet. Trans-

vaal (Houtbosch).

Sesuto: Phefo ea meru. The wind of the forests. See note under

C. podocephala, DC.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 121

NOLLETIA, Cass.

N. ciliaris, Steetz.

Veld and mountain slopes. 5-20 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer—

Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 359!

DistrrputTion: Natal. Griqualand West. Orange Free State

(Bethuhe).

Srsuto: Molodka. He who is straight. The leaves are smoked as a

cure for headache. As a charm against witchcraft, the plant is

reduced to ashes and mixed with goat’s fat and burnt in the hut, the

smoke is supposed to counteract the influence of witchcraft.

N. rarifolia, Steetz.

Natal, slopes of the Drakensberg, 4—5000 ft., January, Wood, 3957.

Disrripution: Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria, Irene).

CHRYSOCOMA, LInnn.

C. tenuifolia, Berg.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-22 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer—

Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 463! Shady places im ravine on west slopes

of Leribe plateau, Phillips, 724! Drakensberg, Wood, 3081.

Disrrisution: Namaqualand Minor. Matjesfontem. Ladysmith.

Prince Albert. Aliwal North. Tembuland. Natal. Orange Free

State (Bloemfontein). Transvaal (Heidelberg).

Susuto: Sehala-hala. A bush.

HETEROMMA, Benth.

H. decurrens, Benth.

Water courses and damp spots on mountain slopes. 1-4 ft. high,

flowers yellow. A. Dieterlen, 438! ravine on west slopes of Leribe

plateau, flowers yellow, Phillips, 777! Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s

Hoek, 6200 ft., December, Bolus, 8178!, 6600 ft., December, Flanagan,

1858!; summit of Drakensberg, near Van Reenen, 6000 ft., February,

Wood, 9294.’

Distripution: East Griqualand.

Sxsuto: Moghoboghobo o mohola. The big ‘ Moqhoboghobo.”

var. pterocaula, Harv.

Basutoland, near Buffalo River Waterfall, 8150 ft., March, a

branching shrublet, 4 ft. high, Galpin, 6666! Rensberg Kop, Orange

Free State, 56000 ft., February, Wood, 9294!

- DistriputTion: Endemic.

122 Annals of the South African Museum.

H. simplicifolia, Wood & Evans.

Drakensberg, near Polela River, 6—7000 ft., February, Evans, 648 ;

Van Reenen, 5500 ft., January, Wood, 10765!

Distripution: Endemic.

TARCHONANTHUS, Linn.

T. camphoratus, Linn.

Mountain slopes. A tree, flowers yellowish. Spring. A. Dieterlen,

565 |

Distripution : Cape. Albany. Natal. Griqualand West. Transvaal

(Barberton, Crocodile River).

Sesuto: Mofahlana. Derived from the verb “ ho fahlo ”’—to dazzle.

The crushed branches are burnt and the smoke inhaled as a cure for

headache. Used as firewood and for making walking-sticks.

DENEKIA, Thunb.

D. capensis, Thunb.

Damp spots. 3-12 in. high, flowers violet, lilac or mauve. Summer—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 530a! also at Tsikoane. A. Dieterlen, 530b!

_ Distrrpution: Albany. East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal

(Pietersburg, Pretoria). Rhodesia.

Susuto: Toane-mohlaka. The “Toane” of the marsh. (“'Toane”

is a name given to many plants with woolly leaves.) Shepherds weave

hats with the plant.

AMPHIDOXA, DC.

A. gnaphaloides, DC.

Veld. 2-12 in. high, flowers white. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 703!

Disrrisurion: Worcester. Wellington. Natal. Transvaal

(Pretoria).

SEesuto: Moswvane ow naha. The “ Mosuvane” of the country.

Toanenyane. ‘The small “'Toane.” See note under Conyza pinnati-

lobata, DC.

GNAPHALIUM, Linn.

G. undulatum, Linn.

Veld and mountain slopes. 6-38 in. high, flowers whitish-yellow.

Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 5!; Doodman’s Krans Mtn., c. 9000 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6688 !

Distripution: Calvinia. Cape. Graaff Reinet. Tembuland. Natal.

Sresuto: Mothepetelle. Meaning unknown. Phefo. The wind.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 123

The plant is burnt, either alone or with other species of Gnaphalium,

in the hut of a feverish child to drive away the illness.

G. luteo-album, Linn.

Mountain slopes. 6-20 in. high, flowers whitish. Autumn. A.

Dieterlen, 315!

Distrinution: Cape. Graaff Reinet. Prince Albert. Transkei.

Natal. Transvaal (Zuikerbosch).

Sresuto: Mosuvane. He on whom skins are rubbed to become

supple. Manku. Many sheep. Bundles of the plant are laid on the

ground to form mats on which skins are worked. See note under

G. undulatum, Linn.

G. sp.

Veld and gardens. 2-12 in. high, bracts yellowish. Spring.

A. Dieterlen, 727!

DisrrrputTion : Somerset East. Tembuland.

Srsuto: Moswane oa mosimo. The “mosuane” of the lands. The

plant is incinerated, crushed, and mixed with fat, this mixture is

smeared on a bamboo which is planted in the village and acts as a

charm against lightning. Together with G. wndulatum and G. luteo-

album it is used to fumigate the room of a sick child.

Dieterlen, 727 = Baur 760. On a sheet in the Bolus Herbarium is

the following note by Mr. N. E. Brown: “This scrap (all that can be

spared) = Macowan 643, Boschberg, distributed as Helichrysum decli-

natum, Less. var. and also = Gnaphalium candidissimum, Lam. «a of

Drége’s distribution. If it is not G. micranthum, Thunb., it is probably

new.’ [have compared this specimen with a sheet in our herbarium

labelled mm Harvey’s handwriting G. micranthwm, Thunb., but the

specimens differ considerably. Not having seen the type, I hesitate to

describe the plant as new. The involucral scales are described by

Harvey as “ snow-white,”’ in Dieterlen, 727, they are “ yellowish.”

Sis HELICHRYSUM, Gaertn.

. capillaceum, Less.

Leribe, ravine and mountain slopes under rocks. 4-10 in. high,

bracts white. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 754!; damp rocks in ravine

between the Mission Station and Jonathan’s village, Phillips, 854! ;

Natal, Polela, Drakensberg, 6—7000 ft., July, Evans, 579!

Distrispution: Cape. Worcester. Albany. Uitenhage. Queens-

town. Murraysburg. Graaff Reinet. Molteno. Komgha. Natal.

Sesuto: Mosuvane oa lehaho. 'he ‘“ Mosuvane” of the cave. Used

to cure chest complaints in children.

124 Annals of the South African Musewm.

H. ericaefolium, Less.

Barkly East at Rhodes, 6150 ft., March, Galpin, 2326!

DistrisputTion: Cape. Natal.

var. albidulum.

Veld and mountain slopes. A creeping plant, 2-8 in. long, bracts:

pink. Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 522!

Distrisution: Albany. Orange Free State (Boshof).

Sesuto: Toane ea matlapa. ‘The ‘“ toane”’ of the flat stones.

H. caespititum, Sond.

Veld, mountain slopes, and plateau. A prostrate plant, 3-8 in.

long. Early spring. A. Dieterlen, 189!; Basutoland, without precise

locality, Cooper, 751 !

DistRiBuTION: Queenstown. Natal. Griqualand West. Trans-

vaal (Rustenburg, Pretoria, Ermelo).

Sresuto: Selelu sa phooko. The chin of the he-goat. Moriri oa

naha. The hair of the country. Moriri oa setsohali. The hair of the

old woman. The plant is crushed and burnt, and the smoke inhaled

as a cure for colds in the head or chest. A decoction of the roots

cures nausea ; it does not bring on vomiting.

H. Sutherlandi, Harv.

Mountain slopes, usually overhanging rocks. 5-80 in. high, bracts

white. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 447 !; on western and southern

slopes of Leribe plateau, Phillips, 730! 873!; Basutoland, without

precise locality, Cooper, 709 ; Mont-aux-Sources, 8000 ft., April, Dyke

in Herb. Marloth, 5429! in Herb. Musei Austro-Afric., 5509!; Witte-

berg, at Caledon River, Rehmann, 3951!; Natal, summit of Mahwaqua,

6800 ft., April, Wood, 972!; Cathkin Peak, 8350 ft., West in Herb.

Musei Austro-Afric., 4585 !

Distripution: East Griqualand (Ingeli Mountain, 7000 ft.).

Susuro: Molepéllé. He who hangs down. Senkotvana. Meaning

unknown. The plant is incinerated and crushed, and the powder put.

in incisions made on the body of a sick person.

var. semiglabra, N. HE. Br.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5000 ft., March, flowers white. Wood, 5702!

DistrRisution : Endemic.

H. Ernestianum, DC.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6000 ft., December, Bolus!,

Flanagan, 1895!

DistrisuTion: Somerset Hast. Graaff Reinet.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 125

H. sessile, DC.

Mont-aux-Sources, ce. 9300 ft., October, Mann in Herb. Marloth,

2875!: Cathkin Peak, 7100 ft., September, West in Herb. Muser

Austro-Afric., 4586!; Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 9650 ft., March, Galpin,

6668 !

Disrrisurion: East Griqualand.

H. chionosphaerum, DC. (PI. VI, fig. 4).

Dry spots on plateau. A creeping plant, bracts white and yellow.

Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 128!:; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s

Hoek, 6500 ft., December, Bolus, 8182!; summit of the Mont-aux-

Sources, 810,000 ft., October, A. Bolus in Herb. Bolus, 6864! ; Natal,

Niginya, 5500 ft., October, flowers white, Wood, 10539!; Caledon

River, Wolve Kop, Zeyher, 22! 8731; Wittebergen, Drege !

DistrrpuTion: Molteno. Albert. East Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: Molépellé. Senkotoana. See meanings under H. Suther-

landi, Harv.

H. marginatum, DC.

High mountain slopes at Machaehe, Thaba Bosin District, A.

Dieterlen, 851!; summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., March,

Galpin, 6675! ; Wittebergen, 7—8000 ft., Drege!

DistriBpuTion : Stockenstroom. East Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: Toane Balingvana e tsceu. The white “Toane” of the

small ancestors..

H. adenocarpum, DC.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 4-15 in. high, bracts pink and white.

Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 272!; Natal, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft.,

Wood, 4530; March, Schlechter, 6927 !; Tsitsa Footpath, Drakensberg,

6900 ft., March, Galpin, 6674!

Disrrisution : Victoria East. Stutterheim. Komgha. Tembuland.

East Griqualand. Swaziland. Transvaal (Volksrust, Barberton,

Lydenburg).

Sesuro: Toane-Balingvana. The “ 'Toane” of the small ancestors,

A decoction is prepared from the roots and used to cure diarrhoea and

vomiting in children.

H. elegantissimum, DC.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan,

1966!; Basutoland, near the Buffalo River Waterfall, 8150 ft., Galpin,

6679.

Disrrisution: Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal. Swaziland.

‘Transvaal (Barberton).

126 Annals of the South African Museum.

H. Cooperi, Harv.

Margin of Forest, Pot River Berg, 5500 ft., March, Galpin, 6678.

Disrrisution: East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Ermelo,

Mac Mac).

This name was given by Kew to Mr. Galpin.

H. setosum, Harv.

Mountain slopes. 12-50 in. high, bracts bright yellow. Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 446! ea parte; Qoqolosi Peak, and common round slopes

of Leribe plateau, Phillips, 677! 783! 871! 875! 954! ; Natal, Ulundi,

—6000 ft. November, Hvans.

Distrisution: Natal. Orange Free State (Parys). Transvaal

(Rustenburg, Barberton, Houtbosch).

Susuto: Phefo ea Thaba. The wind of the mountain. Bohloko,

Suffering. Used to fumigate rooms.

H. falgidum, Willd.

Mountain slopes. 12-80 in. high, bracts bright yellow. Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 446! ex parte; mountain slopes and plateau, 6-15 in.

high, bracts bright yellow. Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 270!;

slopes of Mont-aux-Sources, above the Hland’s River, 8000 ft.,

January, Flanagan, 1961!; Cathkin Peak, 10,000 ft., November, A.

Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4833 !

Distrisution: Graaff Reinet. Queenstown. ‘Transkei. East

Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria, Lydenburg, Waterval

Boven). Delagoa Bay.

Sesuto: Leabane. The small vase. A decoction is used for

washing sore eyes,

H. lanatum, Harv., var. oreophilum, Klatt (= H. oreophilum, Klatt).

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, c. 5500 ft., December, Bolus,

8185!; Natal, Tabanhlope, 6000 ft., October, Wood, 10659!; slopes of

Drakensberg, 4-5000 ft., January, Wood, 3596!

DistRiBuTION : ‘l'ransvaal (Barberton, Belfast).

H. squamosum, Thunb,

Mountain slopes and plateau. 4-13 in. high, flowers yellow.

February. A. Dieterlen, 250!; ravine on west slopes of plateau, bracts

“ old-gold”’ colour, common, Phillips, 624!; Eland’s River, below the:

Mont-aux-Sources, c. 6000 ft., December, Flanagan, 1978! 8186!;

Tsitsa Footpath, Drakensberg, 6500 ft., March, Galpin, 6680!

Distrrisution: Humansdorp. Uitenhage. Albany. Tembuland.

East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Houtbosch).

Sesuto: Hlohvana-Kholvana, The rather large head.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 127

H. splendidum, Less.

Slopes of high mountains, Potsane, Leribe District. 15-80 in.

high, bracts bright yellow. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 760!; in the

valley of the Eland’s River, near the Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft.,

January, Flanagan, 1962!; Natal, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., November,

Wood, 6155!; Tabarihlope, 6000 ft., Wood, 10541!; summit Drakens-

berg, near Luhana’s Pass, 8600 ft., March, Galpin, 2324!

Distripution: Murraysburg. Graaff Reinet. Somerset East.

Molteno, East Griqualand. Transvaal (Barberton, Devil’s Kantoor,

Elandspruitbergen ).

Sesuto: Phefo ea Maloti. (The wind of the high mountain. Toane-

moru. The ‘*Toane” of the forest.

H, psilolepsis, Harv.

Veld and mountain slopes. 8-22 in. high, bracts bright yellow.

Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 173!; western slopes of Leribe

plateau, Phillips, 691!; between Bethlehem and Bester’s Vlei, c.

5000 ft., January, Bolus, 8184!; Cathkin Peak, 8350 ft., September,

West in Herb. Musei Austro-Afric., 4583!

DistriputTion: Graaff Reinet. Komeha.

Sesuto: Toane-khomo. The “Toane” of the cattle. A decoction

of the roots is used for curing painful menstruation. Shepherds.

weave hats with this plant.

H. subglomeratum, Less.

Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 9650 ft., March, Galpin, 6683 !

DistripuTion: Graaff Reinet. Komgha.

var. lingulatum.

Veld, mountain slopes and plateau. 23-20 in. high, bracts yellow.

Antumn—Winter. A. Dieterlen, 151!

Disrrisution: Albany. Graaff Reinet. King William’s Town.

Komgha.

Sesuto: Thethebiyane. Thethebiloane. Meanings unknown.

H. latifolium, Less.

Hollows and dongas on mountain slopes. 6-18 in. high, bracts

dark yellow. Summer-Autumn. A, Dieterlen, 294!:; Bester’s Vlei,

near Witzie’s Hoek, 6000 ft., December, Bolus, 8188!; Flanagan,

1896!

DisTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Fort Beaufort. Komgha, Tembu-

land. Kast Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Devil’s Kantoor, Bar-

berton, Pietersburg, Houtbosch),

128 Annals of the South Ayjrican Museum.

Srsuro: Papetloane ea liliba. The ‘‘ papetloane” of the fountains.

Used for ‘‘ doctoring” people who wish some deed concealed and who

are afraid of being found out.

var. reticulatum.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, bracts brown.

Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 56!

Distrisution: Transvaal (Houtbosch, Barberton).

Sesuto: Papetloane e kholo. The large flat spreading one. Leboko.

Plumpness. Mixed with other plants it is made into a medicine used

for colic. The roots are ground, and burnt near cattle suffering from

“black leg.”

H. undatum, Less, var. pallidum.

Veld and mountain slopes. 8-20 in. high, bracts vellow. Summer—

.Autumn. <A, Dieterlen, 573!

DistrisputTion: Graaff Reinet. Stutterheim. Transkei.

Sesuto: Boleba. Derived from the verb “ ho lebala ’’—to forget.

Bolebatsi. The act of forgetting. A native bathed with a decoction

made from the roots believes that he becomes invisible, or forgotten by

his enemies.

H, alloides, Harv.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., January, Flanagan,

2074!

DistripuTion: Komgha. ‘Transkei. East Griqualand. Natal.

Transvaal (Barberton).

H. leiopodium, DC.

Veld and plateau. 8-25 in. high, bracts yellow. Summer-—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 52! 545!; Thaba Unchu, Burke.

DistriputTion: George. Albany. Uitenhage. Bedford. Aliwal

North. Natal. Orange Free State (Parys). Transvaal (Pretoria).

SesutTo: Mohlomela-tsie oa thota. (545) ‘He of the valley” who

threads the locusts. Mohlomela-tsie oa thaba, (52) ‘‘The mountainous

one’ who threads the locusts. The stems are used to thread locusts

so that they can be easily roasted. A decoction prepared from the

plant is given as an enema to children suffering with colic. Dieterlen,

545, grows in the open veld while No. 52 is found on the mountain

slopes.

H. .cephaloideum, DC.

Mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, bracts bright yellow. Summer-—

Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 448!; Lefi’s Kloof and southern slopes of

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 129

plateau, bracts golden yellow, frequent, Phillips, 657! 855!; Basuto-

land, without precise locality, Cooper, 753!

Distrisution: Albany. Queenstown. King William’s Town.

Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Hoogeveldt).

Sesuro: Mosuvane oa thaba. The ‘‘ Mosuvane”’ of the mountain.

H. appendiculatum, Less.

Mountain slopes. 8-20 in. high, bracts white. Summer. Potsane,

Leribe District. A. Dieterlen, 663 !

Distrrpution: Uitenhage. Albany. Murraysburg. Somerset

East. Transkei. Hast Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Babaan

Vlei).

Sesuto: Senkotoana. Meaning unknown.

H. Mundii, Harv.

Near springs and damp spots on mountain slopes. 18-40 in. high,

bracts whitish Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 554!; western slopes of Leribe

plateau, Phillips, 636 !

Distrreution : Somerset Hast. East Griqualand. Natal. Swazi-

land. Transvaal (Pretoria, Waterberg).

Sesuto: Phefo ea liliba. The wind of the fountains. <A decoction

of the plant is used in chest complaints.

H. platypterum, DC.

Mountain slopes, near rocks. 7-22 in. high, bracts dark yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 423!; Lefi’s Kloof, Phillips, 870! Natal,

Van Reenen, 5500 ft., March, Schlechter, 6972 !

DisTRIBUTION : Somerset East. Transvaal (Barberton).

Sesuto: Papetlvane ea mafika. The flat, spreading one of the rocks.

Lesira. A veil. Leshetla. The spongy part of a bone. A decoction

of the roots is said to renew the virility of men. The shepherd boys

crush and suck the raw roots.

H. gymnocomum, DC.

Mountain slopes. 15-30 in. high, bracts yellow, plant sweet smelling.

Summer-Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 439!; western slopes of Leribe plateau,

Phillips, 775!

Disrrisution : Uitenhage. Albert. Transvaal (Devil’s Kantoor),

Sesuto: Phefo ea setlolo. The wind of the ointment. Used to

fumigate sick rooms. On account of the pleasant smell it is mixed

with fat and used as an ointment. In former times only the wives of

the chiefs were allowed to anoint themselves with it.

130 Annals of the South African Museum.

H. trilineatum, DC.

Wet sandy places near rivulets, at the summit of the Mont-aux-

Sources, c. 8700 ft., January, shrubby plant, 1-2 ft. high, Thode, 24! ;

summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan, 1974. !;

Giant’s Castle, 7500 ft., November, A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4831! ;

Wittebergen, Drege.

DistrisutTion : Graaff Reinet.

var. tomentosum, Harv.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 714; wet sandy places

near rivulets, at the summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, c. 8700 ft.,

January, a shrub 2-3 ft. high, used for fuel, Thode, 25!; Doodman’s

Krans Mtn., 8600-9500 ft., March, Galpin, 6690 ! 6691!; Wittebergen,

6-8000 ft., Drege ; summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January,

Flanagan, 1973! 1975!, Mann in Herb. Marloth, 2872! A. Bolus in

Herb. Guthrie, 8436 !

Distrisution : Endemic.

var,

Stony places in the Caledon Range (spurs of Drakensberg), ec.

6900 ft., February. A shrub, 2-3 ft. high, Thode, 26 !

Distrisution: Endemic.

H. cymosum, Less.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan,

1970!

Disrrisution: Cape. Albany. Transkei. Natal.

H. simillimum, DC.

Mountain slopes. 8-22 in. high, bracts yellow. Summer—Autumn.

A, Dieterlen, 275!; banks of stream on western slopes of plateau,

Phillips, 710!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December,

Flanagan, 1923!; Eland’s River Valley, near the Mont-aux-Sources,

5800 ft., December, Flanagan, 1976!

Disrrisution : Stockenstroom. Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland.

Kast Griqualand. Natal (Charlestown, 5—6000 ft.).

Sesuto: Pulungoana. A small gun.

H. callicomum, Harv.

Veld and mountain slopes. 8-22 in. high, bracts light yellow.

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 126!; Basutoland, without precise locality,

Cooper, 730!

Distrisution : Stutterheim. Hast Griqualand. Tembuland. Natal.

Zululand.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 131

Srsuto: Motoantoanyane. The despicable thing. See note under

Aster hispidus and Helichrysum rugulosum. Used for fuel in winter

when wood is scarce.

H. aureo-nitens, Sch. Bip.

Veld, mountain slopes and plateau. 4-13 in. high, bracts yellow.

Summer-Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 143!; mountain slopes above the

Mission Station, bracts white or yellow,common, Phillips, 521!; Bester’s

Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December, Flanagan, 1924!; Mont-

aux-Sources, 9500 ft., October, A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4835!;

Eland’s River Valley under the Mont-aux-Sources, 5500 ft., January,

Flanagan in Herb. Bolus, 8188 !

Disrrisution: Murraysburg. Aliwal North. Tembuland. East

Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Belfast, Wonderfontein, Johannes-

burg).

Sesuto: Toane-poli. The “Toane” of the goat. Toane-ntja. The

“Toane” of the dog. <A stock of this plant is always found in a

Basuto hut, it being used as tinder to start a fire. The natives also

carry live embers home between some branches and so start a fire of

their own. A decoction is given to children in the habit of “ wetting”

their beds. Shepherds weave hats with this plant.

H. rugulosum, Less.

Veld and mountain slopes. 5-12 in. high, bracts white, pink and

yellow. Summer—Autumn, A. Dieterlen, 255!; common round Leribe

plateau, a small shrub 9-18 in. high, growing in large patches, Phillips,

521! 672! 701!

DistrisputTion: Riversdale. Graaff Reinet. Somerset East. Aliwal

North. King Wilham’s Town. Natal. Transvaal (Elandspruitbergen,

Rustenberg, Pretoria).

Sesuro: Motvantvanyane o monyenyane. The small despicable

hing. Together with H. callicomum, Harv.,and Aster hispidus, Bkr.,

it is used asa protective charm. In cases of colds in children, the

plant is used to fumigate the hut.

H. dregeanum, Sond. & Harv.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 3-12 in. high, bracts dark yellow.

Summer-Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 567!; Veld, near Peka, Leribe

District, A. Dieterlen, 567b!; Wittebergen, Cooper, 617.

Distripution : Aliwal North. Orange Free State (Bloemfontein).

Transvaal (Potchefstroom).

Sesuto: Toane ea thaba. The “Toane” of the mountain. The

leaves are smoked to cure a cold in the head.

182 Annals of the South African Museum.

H. album, N. FE. Br.

Wet rocks on the summit of Mont-aux-Sources, 9000 ft., January,

Thode, 29!, summit Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan,

1972!; Natal, Bushman’s River Pass, Drakensberg, 7—8000 ft.,

Evans, 48.

Distrisution : Endemic.

H. agrostophilum, Klatt.

Mountain slopes. 8-20 in. high, bracts light yellow. Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 827!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6500 ft.,

December, Bolus, 8189 !

Distripution : Transvaal (near Belfast, Barberton, Elandspruit-

bergen, Pietersburg).

Sesuto: Pupetloana ea thaba. The flat, spreading one of the

mountain ‘Together with other plants a preventive “ charm ”’ against

all illnesses is prepared from this species. Burnt in winter as fuel.

H. alticolum, Bolus, var. montanum.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9-11,000 ft., October, A. Bolus in

Herb. Bolus, 10682!, Mann in Herb. Marloth, 2866 !, Evans, 742 !

DistriputTion : Endemic.

H. athrixiifolium, O. Hoffm.

Leribe plateau. 5-12 in. high, bracts yellow. January. A.

Dieterlen, 502! 902!; near Harrismith, 4-5000 ft., February, Wood,

4791!

Disrripution: Natal (Colenso).

Sesuto: Motvantvanyane o monyenyane. The small despicable

thing. The leaves are smoked for chest complaints.

H. calocephalum, Schltr. (Pl. VI, fig. i.)

Mountain slopes, Mathokvane, Leribe District. 4-10 in. high,

bracts pink or white. December, A. Dieterlen, 803!; Mont-aux-

Sources, 7000 ft., December, Bolus! A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4828 !,

9500 ft., January, Flanagan, 1967!

DistrisuTion: Somerset Hast. East Griqualand. Natal.

Susuto: Voane-Balingvana e Kholo. Thebig ‘'Toane” of the small

ancestors. A decoction of the roots is used to cure diarrhoea in

children.

H. confertum, N. E. Br.

Bushman’s River Pass, 7—8000 ft., July, Evans, 49!

DistRisution : Endemic.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 133

H. dasycephalum, O. Hoffm.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 6-20 in. high, bracts yellow.

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 80!; Qoqolosi Peak and on sloping rock

ravine on west slopes of plateau, Phillips, 735! 929!; Natal, Van

Reenen’s Pass, Krook, 1437!

DistRIBUTION : Endemic.

Srsuto: Mogabéla. He who causes to laugh. Senkotoana. Meaning

unknown. Used as fuel.

H. epapposum, Bolus, var. robustum, Bolus.

Tsitsa Footpath, Drakensberg, 7500 ft., March, Galpin, 6681!;

Drakensberg, near Luhana Pass, 8500 ft., March, Galpin, 2325!

DistRiButTion : Endemic.

H. Flanaganii, Bolus.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan,

1964!; Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 9600 ft., March, Galpin, 6682!

DistRiBuTIOoN : Endemic.

H. fulvum, N. E. Br.

Natal, Drakensberg, 5—6000 ft., Hvans, 352!; Van Reenen, Wood,

4533.

DistriBputTIon: Endemic.

H. glomeratum, Klatt.

Plains, Antelope Park, 5900 ft., March, Galpin, 6684!; Natal, grassy

hill at Polela, 5-6000 ft., Wood, 4588!

Distrisution : East Griqualand. Tembuland. Natal.

H. Haygarthii, Bolus.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., February, Wood, 9727.

DistrisutTion: Endemic.

H. infaustum, Wood & Evans.

Mountain slopes. 10-30 in. high, bracts yellow. March. A.

Dieterlen, 708! 708b!; grassy summit of the Mont-aux-Sources,

ce. 8850 ft., January, Thode, 27!; Eland’s River, near the Mont-aux-

Sources, 6000 ft., December, Flanagan, 1977!; Van Reenen, March,

Wood, 5973, 6973!

DistriputTion : Endemic.

Sesuto: Motoantoanyane oa matlapa. The despicable thing of the

flat stones. Mpulutsoana. The small grey one. Used as fuel.

H. lineatum, Bolus.

Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 9000 ft., March, Galpin, 6669 !

DistRiIBuTION : Endemic.

134 Annals of the South African Museum.

H. nanum, Klatt.

Natal, Drakensberg, March, Haygarth (Wood, 5698); Mawahqua,

6—7000 ft., January, Wood, 4593 !

Distrisution: Hast Griqualand.

H. oreophilum, Klatt.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek Pass, 5000 ft., January, Wood, 3596.

DistrRisuTIoN: Endemic.

H. pulvinatum, O. Hoffm.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., O. Kuntze.

DistTRIBUTION: Endemic.

H. plantaginifolium, O. Hoffm.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., January, Bolus, 8187 !

Distripution: Komgha. Tembuland. ‘Transvaal (Wonder-

fontein, Carolina, Pretoria).

H. Randii, Sp. Moore. (PI. VI, fig. 2.)

Veld and banks of Caledon River. 5-10 in. high, bracts white.

A. Dieterlen, 857!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft.,

December, Bolus, 8181!, Flanagan, 1920!; summit Mont-aux-Sources,

8-10,000 ft., October, bracts white, A. Bolus in Herb. Bolus, 6864! ;

Natal, Tugela Falls, 4-5000 ft., January, Wood, 3606!

Distrisution: Molteno. Aliwal North. Tembuland. East

Griqualand. Transvaal (Pretoria, Barberton, Carolina).

Sesuro: Senkotoana. Meaning unknown.

H. retortoides, N. EK. Br.

Rocky places on the summit of the Mount-aux-Sources, c. 8850 ft.,

January, Thode, 28!, 9300-9500 ft., October, Mann in Herb. Marloth,

2874!, A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4530!; Natal, Drakensberg,

6—7000 ft., November, Wilson (Wood, 8265).

Distripution : Endemic.

H. setigerum, Bolus.

Doodman’s Krans Mtn., Ben McDhui, ete. 9550-9900 ft., March,

Galpin, 6670, 6676!; summit Mount-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January,

Flanagan, 1969!

DisrrRiBuTion: Endemic.

var. minor.

Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 9650 ft., March, Galpin, 6686; Van Reenen,

A500 ft., January, Wood, 10771!

Distrisution : Endemic.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 135

H. witbergense, Bolus.

Ben McDhui, 9600 ft., March, shrub 2 ft. high, Galpin, 6692!

DistTRIBUTION : Endemic.

H. sp. (near H. marginatum, DC.)

Doodman’s Krans Mtn. and Ben McDhui, 9500-9900, March,

Galpin, 6677.

H. sp. (cf. H. cephaloidewm, DC., and H. campaneum, Sp. Moore.)

Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 9650 ft., March, Galpin, 6685.

H. sp. (Xerochlaena. )

Natal, Van Reenen, 56000 ft., February, Haygarth (Wood, 9620).

H. sp. (Xerochlaena. )

Natal, Mahwaqua, 6—7000 ft. April, Wood, 4557.

H. sp. (Declivata. )

Natal, Polela, 5-6000 ft., July, Evans, 516.

LEONTONYX, Cass.

L. squarrosus, DC.

Mountain slopes. 2-10 in high, flowers yellowish. Spring. A.

Dieterlen, 648!

DistrisuTion: Piquetberg. Cape. Oudtshoorn. Uitenhage.

Komagh. Transkei. Pondoland. East Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: Mosuwoane. The one on whom skins are made supple.

Toane ea metsi. The “'Toane” of the water or of dampness.

L. spathulatus, Less.

Satsanna’s Peak, Drakensberg, 9400 ft., March, Galpin, 6671!

Distrisution: Cape. Riversdale. Knysna. Graaff Reinet.

PETALACTELLA, N. E. Br.

P. Woodii, N. E. Br.

Rocky hills, near Harrismith, 5-6000 ft., December, Wood, 5139!;

Natal, rocky hills, Drakensberg, February, Wood, 4813.

Distripution: Endemic.

STOEBE, Linn.

S. cinerea, Thunb.

Mountain slopes. Bush, 20-30 in high, bracts golden yellow. May.

A. Dieterlen, 885!

DistrisputTion: Cape. Paarl. Port Elizabeth. Tembuland. Natal.

Transvaal (Waterberg).

136 Annals of the South African Museum.

Srsuto: Sehalahala sa lengope. 'The bush of the river bank. Used

as fuel in winter.

METALASIA, Br.

M. muricata, Less.

Mountain slopes. 15-35 in. high, bracts white. Autumn. A.

Dieterlen, 257!; Basutoland, without precise locality. Bush 2-3 ft.

high, bracts white, Cooper, 704!; Natal, Drakensberg, Polela, 6—7000

ft., Hvans, 542 !

Distripution: Cape. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Prince Albert.

East Griqualand.

Sesuto: Lehlohlo. He who packs (tightly) corn in a basket.

Sehalahala se seputsoa. The grey bush. Together with Hriocephalus

punctulatus used to fumigate a hut during illness or after a death.

Used as fuel.

NESTLERA, Spreng.

N. virgata, N. E. Br.

Natal, Bushman’s River Pass, July, Evans, 50; among grass, sources

of the Bushman’s River, Drakensberg, June, Evans, 643 !

DistRiBuTION: Endemic.

N. acerosa, Harv. (ex descr.)

Slopes and plateau of Thaba Phatosa, Leribe District. 10-22 in.

high, flowers bright yellow. Winter—Spring (July, 1908), A. Dieterlen,

615! 616!; Basutoland Mtns., near Mequeathing, Cooper, 733.

DistrisputTion: Barkly Hast. Albert.

Sesuto: Moholu oa pela. Moholu a lekhoaba.

RELHANIA, L’ Her.

R. pungens, L’Her.

Summit Pot River Berg, 5900 ft., March, Galpin, 6693 !

Disrrisution : Riversdale. Port Elizabeth. Mossel Bay. Albany.

Tembuland. Natal.

MACOWANTIA, Oliv.

M. glandulosa, N. E. Br.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan,

1879!; Natal, Tabatthlope, April, Evans, 412, same locality, 6000 ft.,,

October, Wood, 10629!

Distrisution: Hndemic.

M. pulvinaris, N. E. Br.

Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 9650 ft., March, Galpin, 6694!

DISTRIBUTION : Queenstown.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 157

ATHRIXIA, Ker.

A. elata, Sond.

Mountain slopes and plateau. Flowers yellow and mauve. November.

A. Dieterlen, 236! 926!; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper,

7351: Natal, Giant’s Castle, 5000 ft., Sim.

Disrrispution: Transvaal (Magaliesberg).

Sesuto: Phefshoana ea Basiea. The small wind of the ‘“ Basiea.”

Asa cure for sore feet the Basutos use the plant in the following

manner: The patient places his feet, in which incisions have been made,

over a hole made in the ground ; they are then washed with a decoction

prepared from the leaves and roots. The blood from the incisions

must fall into the hole, which is afterwards filled with earth. Also

used to brew a kind of tea.

A. angustissima, DC.

Slopes of high mountains at Potsane, Leribe District. 6-15 in.

high, rays white. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 676!; ‘‘Cave,” Eland’s

River Valley, at the foot of Mont-aux-Sources, 6800 ft., January,

Flanagan, 1943 !; Albertina, south of Harrismith, 5—6000 ft., February,

Wood, 9726!; Natal, Drakensberg, 56-6000 ft., February, Wood, 9726 ;

Doodman’s Krans Mtn. and Ben MecDhui, 8800-9500 ft., March,

Galpin, 6696! ; Wittebergen, 6—7000 ft., Drége!

DistrisuTion: Tembuland.

Sesuto: Phefshoana e nyenyane. The small wind. See note under

A. elata.

A. arachnoidea, Wood & Evans.

Natal, Polela, 6000 ft., Evans, 613.

DistrisutTion: Endemic.

A. fontana, Macow. (PI. I. fig. B).

Doodman’s Krans Mtn. and Tsitsa Footpath, 8000-8800 ft., March,

Galpin, 6695! 6701; Summit, Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January,

Flanagan, 1952!

Distrisution: Somerset Hast. Tembuland. East Griqualand.

Natal.

A. pinifolia, N. E. Br.

Natal, Bushman’s Caves, Drakensberg, 6000 ft., July, Evans, 59 ;

Bed of stream, Polela, 6—7000 ft., July, rays white or pink, disc yellow,

Evans, 581!; Mont-aux-Sources, ¢c. 6000 ft., October, A. Bolus in Herb.

Bolus, 6880!

DistTRIBUTION: Endemic.

138 Annals of the South African Museum.

BOJERIA, DC.

B. nutans, Bolus.

Basutoland, river banks above Buffalo River Waterfall, 8100 ft.,

March. An erect virgate shrub, 5 ft. high, Galpin, 6659!; grassy

slopes near the summit of Mapedi’s Peak, Witzie’s Hoek, c. 7980 ft.,

February. A clammy scented plant, with greenish heads, T'hode, 21!

Distrisution: Endemic.

PRINTZIA, Cass.

P. pyrifolia, Less.

Mountain slopes. Bush 4-8 ft. high, flowers white. Early Spring

and Winter. A. Dieterlen, 13!; Basutoland, without precise locality,

Cooper, 691!; Orange Free State, Witteberg, Rehmann, 3969 !

Distripution: Somerset East. Komgha. Tembuland. East

Griqualand.

Szsuto: Sephomolo. Derived from the verb “ho phomolo”’—to

rest. Lekhisa. A long hair. A preparation made from the plant is

given as an enema for internal tumours. Used as fuel.

P. asteroides, Schltr.

Natal, Ixopo, 4—5000 ft., January, Evans, 625.

DISTRIBUTION : Endemic.

P. laxa, N. HE. Br.

Natal, Drakensberg, July, Evans, 53.

Distrisution: Endemic.

GHIGERIA, Grissel.

G. passerinoides, Harv.

Veld. Flowers yellow. April. Peka, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen,

991!; Wilge River, Harrismith, 5-6000 ft., June, Wood, 4784!

Distrisution: S.W. Africas Murraysburg. Griqualand West.

Natal. Zululand. Orange Free State (Bloemfontein). Transvaal

(Bloemhof).

Sesuto: Hlohoana-Kholoanyane. Rather big heads. In Autumn

it is burnt in cultivated lands to hasten the ripening of the grain.

The illness of a child is sometimes supposed to be due to “insects ” or

“worms ” in the head, in which case incisions are made on the child’s

forehead, cheeks, and nape of the neck, and a drug prepared from the

plant is rubbed in and it is believed that the “insects” are driven

away through the intestines.

We)

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 18

XANTHIUM, Linn.

X. spinosum, Linn.

Veld and slopes round villages. 6-30 in. high. Summer—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 312!

Disrripution: An introduced weed found in most parts of South

Africa.

Srsuto: Mokéala. Syphilis (in the early stage). Sehlabahlabane.

He who pricks. Said to have been introduced into Basutoland by the

cattle taken as loot during the war with the Zulu chief Lakalebalele

in 1873.

ZINNIA, Linn.

Z. multiflora, Linn.

Veld and mountain slopes. 4-25 in. high, flowers red. Summer—

Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 156!; bush, 3-4 ft. high, flowers brick-red,

common, Phillips, 535!

Distrisution: Komgha. Natal.

Sesuto: Lipii. Trumpets. Lipii-pii. Many trumpets. The

flower-heads make playthings for the native children.

BIDENS, Linn.

B. pilosa, Linn.

Mountain slopes and waste places. 8-86 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 86a!

Distrisution: George. Komgha. Natal.

Sesuto: Moonyane. Meaning unknown.

B. leucantha, Willd.

Banks of water courses on mountain slopes. 6-15 in. high, flowers

yellow. March—May. A. Dieterlen, 86b!

Disrrisution : An imported weed.

Sesuto: Mvoonyane. Meaning unknown.

HRIOCEPHALUS, Linn.

E. punctulatus, DC.

Mountain slopes and plateau. A bush, 2-4 ft. high, flowers white.

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 485!; Basutoland, without precise locality,

Cooper, 692! 744!

Disrrisutrion: Namaqualand Minor. Aliwal North.

Sesuto: Sehalahala sa matlaka. The bush of the vultures. It is

said to grow near places where the vultures roost. It is used together

with Metalasia muricata to fumicate the but of a person suffering with

a cold or diarrheea.

140 Annals of the South African Museum.

E. eximius, DC.

Basutoland, rocky ridges above the Buffalo River Waterfall, c.

7780 ft., March, Galpin, 6697!

DistRIBuTION: Graaff Reinet.

LASIOSPERMUM, Lag.

L. radiatum, 'T'rev.

Mountain slopes. 6-18 in. high, rays white. Summer. <A. Dieter-

len, 16!

Distrrpution: Albany. Murraysburg. Graaff Reinet. Aliwal

North. Komgha. Transvaal (Vereeniging).

Susuto: Sehalikane se seholo. The large roasted one. The plant

has a pleasant smell and is mixed with fat to make an ointment.

Used also to fumigate a sick-room.

ATHANASIA, Linn.

A. punctata, Harv.

Margin of Pot River Berg Forest, 5500 ft., March, Galpin, 6698.

Distrinution: Natal.

A. linifolia, Harv., forma.

Mountain slopes, Malaoaneng, Leribe District. 15-385 in. high

flowers yellow. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 881! 882!

Distrisution : Endemic.

Sesuto: Lelingvana. The small cannibal.

The leaf buds have gone into the knobby, tomentose, winter state.

This woolliness disappears after spring as the inflorescence develops.

A. montana, Wood & Evans.

Natal, sources of the Bushman’s River, 6—7000 ft., June, flowers

yellow, Evans, 662!

DistRIBUTION: Endemic.

A. Thodei, Bolus.

Stony places near the summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, c. 8400 ft.,

January, a plant 4-5 ft. high, clammy and strongly scented, Thode,

23!; Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 9200 ft., March, Galpin, 6707!

DistRIBUTION: Endemic.

EUMORPHIA, DC.

E. sericea, Wood & Evans.

Natal, Bushman’s River Pass, 8-10,000 ft., April, Evans, 715;

stony places, Doodman’s Krans, 9650 ft., March, prostrate, Galpin,

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 141

6700 !, 8640 ft., shrubs 3—4 ft., Galpin, 6699!; summit Mont-aux-

Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan, 1959! stony places on Mont-

aux-Sources, c. 8850 ft., January, shrubby, rays white, Thode, 20!

DistrRipuTion : Endemic.

COTULA, Linn.

C. bipinnata, Thunb.

In marsh at base of Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 8500 ft., March,

Galpin, 6702 !

DistrrpuTion: Namaqualand Minor. Malmesbury. Wellington.

Riversdale. Ceres.

C. anthemoides, Linn.

Damp spots on plateau. 13-6 in. high, flowers greenish-yellow.

Autumn. Cana, Tejatejaneng District. A. Dieterlen, 328!

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Komgha Transkei. Natal. Trans-

vaal (Pretoria). Lourenco Marques.

Sesuto: Hlapi e nyenyane. The small fish. A decoction prepared

from the leaves and roots is drunk for colic.

C. sp. = Schlechter, 3390.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, December, Bolus!

Distrisution: Natal.

C. sp.

In marsh at base of Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 8500 ft., March, Galpin,

6703.

CENIA, Juss.

C. hispida, Bth. & Hk.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 3-15 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 614!; damp spots in ravines, Phillips, 772!

867!; Witzie’s Hoek, c. 6600 ft., February, T’hode!; summit of the

Mont-aux-Sources, January, Flanagan, 2310!; Doodman’s Krans Mtn.,

8500 ft., March, Galpin, 6704!

Distripution: Stutterhein. Komgha. Tembuland. East

Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Oliphant’s River).

Sesuto: Motoantoanyane oa thaba. The despicable thing of the

mountain. Mokubetso. Fumigation. A decoction made from the

roots is drunk in cases of nausea. In summer the plant is burnt in

the fields to increase the crops.

SCHISTOSTEPHIUM, Less.

S. crataegifolium, Fenzl.

Mountain slopes. 7-20 in. high, flowers yellow. Autumn.

142 Annals of the South African Museum.

A. Dieterlen, 289!; Natal, Drakensberg, Wood; Van Reenen, 5500 ft.,

March, Schlechter, 6974!

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Albany. Komgha. Transkei. Tembu-

land. East Griqualand. Natal. Bechuanaland. Transvaal! (Pieters-

burg, Crocodile and Magalies Rivers).

Sesuto: Leapi. Lehakanya. Meanings unknown. Kobokholo.

The big coat. Kobo-tsa-marena. The coats of the chiefs. The

leaves are smoked for chest complaints. A lotion is prepared from

the roots for bathing sore eyes.

GYMNOPENTZIA, Benth.

G. pilfera, N. E. Br.

Natal, Bushman’s Caves, Drakensberg, 6-7000 ft., July, Evans, 51 ;

Source of the Injasuti, 7-8000 ft., June, flowers yellow, Evans, 640!

Disrrispution: Endemic.

PENTZIA, Thunb.

P. Cooperi, Harv.

Mountain slopes at Malavaneng, Leribe District, 25-40 in. high,

flowers yellow. Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 666!; Natal, below the Mont-

aux-Sources, 9—10,000 ft., Hvans, 754! Basutoland, banks of streamlets

above the Buffalo River Waterfall, c. 8200 ft., March, Galpin, 6705!;

Doodman’s Krans, 8640 ft., March, Galpin, 6706!; Basutoland,

without precise locality, Cooper, 711!

DistrisutTion : Graaff Reinet. Albert.

Sesuto: Napshane.

P. virgata, Less.

Mountain slopes. A bush 12 in. high, flowers yellow. January—

April. A. Dieterlen, 844!

DistriputTion: Bushmanland. Swellendam. Worcester. Uiten-

hage. Beaufort West. Middleburg. Komgha. Zululand. Griqua-

land West. Bechuanaland. ‘Transvaal (Sandloop).

Sesuto: Mohantsiane. Meaning unknown.

ARTEMISIA, Linn.

A. afra, Jacq.

Damp and shady spots on mountain. 15-40 in. high, flowers.

yellow. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 96!

Disrrisution: Aliwal North. Natal. Transvaal (Lydenburg).

Sesutro: Lengana. Meaning unknown. Children suffering with

constipation are given a decoction of the plant as an enema. A lotion

for washing the body is also prepared from it.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 143:

CINERARIA, Linn.

C. aspera, Thunb.

Stony spots on mountain slopes. 10-40 in. high, flowers yellow.

Autumn—Winter. A. Dieterlen, 125!; in kloof near Rhodes, 6200 ft.,

March, Galpin, 2331!

Distrisurion: Murraysburg. Graaff Reinet. Middleburg.

Molteno. Aliwal North.

Sresuto: Moholu oapela. The stomach of the rock-rabbits. The

natives say rock-rabbits are fond of this plant. The leaves are

smoked to relieve asthma and tuberculosis. It is said to be as

intoxicating as “ dagga ” (Cannabis indica).

C. erodioides, DC.

Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 9650 ft., March, Galpin, 6718.

Distrisution : Uitenhage.

This name was given by Kew to Mr. Galpin.

C. lobata, L’ Her.

Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 9100 ft., March, Galpin, 6710!; Natal,

De Beer’s Pass, 5—6000 ft., March, Wood, 5191!

DisTRIBUTION: Calvinia. Ceres. Worcester. Somerset East.

Transkei. East Griqualand.

C. lyrata, DC.

Veld and mountain slopes. 8-20 in. high, flowers yellow.

Spring-Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 93!; mountain slopes above the Mission

Station, not common, Phillips, 510!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek,

5400 ft., December, Bolus, 8192!; Tsitsa Footpath, Drakensberg,

7850 ft., March, Galpin, 6711; between Tent Kop and Antelope Park,

5600 ft., March, Galpin, 6708 !

DistrisutTion: Aliwal North» Natal. Transvaal (Standerton).

Sesuto: Khétéliea. Meanins unknown. See note under Senecio:

rhynchlaenus, DC.

C. albicans, N. E. Br.

Natal, Polela, April, Fourcade (Wood, 1895!).

DistrisutTion: Zululand.

C. Dieterlenii, Phillips, sp. nov. Planta herbacea, 12-28 poll. alta.

Ramuli juniores albo-lanati, demum glabri. Folia petiolata, 2°5—7 em.

longa. Petiolus 1-2°5 cm. longus, sulcatus, mox glaber, basi auri-

cularis; lamina 1-45 em. longa, 1-5°5 em. lata, cordata, pinnati-

lobata, glabra; juniores albo-lanata. Inflorescentia terminales vel

axillares ; capitula in laxa panicula vel racemo disposita. Capitulum

144. Annals of the South African Museum.

6-8 mm. longum, circiter 9 mm. latum, obovatum. Bracteae invo-

lucrae circiter 8, 45 mm. longae, 1 mm. latae, oblongae, acuminatae,

apice acutae, glabrae, marginatae. Corolla radii 6 mm. longa; tubus

2 mm. longus, cylindricus, glaber; limbus 4 mm. longus, 2 mm. latus,

oblongus vel elliptico-oblongus, apice minute tridentatus. Ovariwm

13 mm. longum, obovato-oblongum, paullo compressum, glabrum,

marginatum; stylus 3 mm. longus; lobi ‘75 mm. longi, lineares.

Tubus floris disci 4 mm. longus, cylindricus, glaber; lobi -5 mm.

longi, oblongi vel ovato-oblongi, apice obtusi. Filamenta 1 mm. longa,

supra paullo inflata; antherae 1-5 mm. longae, lineares, apice glandu-

losae. Pappus 5 mm. longus, scabridus. Ovarium 2 mm. longun,

‘75 mm. latum, obovato-oblongum, compressum, glabrum, marginatum ;

stylus 45 mm. longus, glaber; lobi -75 mm. longi, truncati.

Plateau and mountain slopes. Flowers yellow. Autumn. A.

Dieterlen, 576.

Distripution : Endemic.

Sesuto: Khotéliea e Kholo. The big * Khotoliea.”” Moholu oa pela.

‘The stomach of the rock-rabbit.

A sub-herbaceous plant 12-28 in. high. Young branchlets white-

woolly becoming glabrous or nearly so. Leaves petioled, 2°5—-7 cm.

long; petiole 1-2°5 cm. long, furrowed, eared at the base, usually

glabrous ; lamina 1—4°5 em. long, 1—5°5 em. broad, cordate in outline,

palmately lobed, glabrous, or the youngest leaves white-woolly. Inflor-

escence terminal or axillary; the capitula arranged in a loose panicle

or raceme. Heads 6-8 mm. long, about 9 mm. in diameter, ovate in

outhne. Involucral bracts about 8, 4°5 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, oblong,

acuminate, acute, glabrous, with membranous margins. Ray-florets

female ; corolla tube 2 mm. long, cylindric, glabrous; limb 4 mm.

long, 2 mm. broad, oblong or elliptic-oblong, faintly 3-toothed at the

apex, 4-nerved. Ovary 1:3 mm. long, obovate-oblong in outline,

slightly compressed, glabrous, with a narrow membranous marginal

wing; style 3 mm. long; lobes *75 mm. long, linear. Dvse-florets

hermaphrodite. Corolla-tube 4 mm. long, cylindric, 5-nerved, glabrous ;

lobes °5 mm. long, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse. Stamens inserted

about half-way down the corolla tube; filaments 1 mm. long, slightly

swollen above ; anthers 1:5 mm. long, linear, divided at the base, with

an ovate-oblong gland -3 mm. long at the apex. Pappus 3 mm. long,

rough. Ovary 2 mm. long, °75 mm. broad, obovate-oblong in outline,

compressed, glabrous, with a narrow membranous marginal wing ;

style 4:5 mm. long, glabrous ; lobes -75 mm. long, linear, truncate.

Allied to C. geifolia, Linn., but differs in having perfectly glabrous

leaves and the achenes without marginal cilia.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 145

C. montana, Bolus.

Natal, Bushman’s River Valley, 6—-8000 ft., October, flowers yellow,

Wood, 10562!; summit Drakensberg, 5-6000 ft., February, Wood, 9925!

Distrisution : Endemic.

SENECIO, Linn.

S. vulgaris, Linn.

Garden of Mission Station, flowers yellow. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

895!

DistRiBvuTION : Cosmopolitan.

Srsuto: Moholu oa pela o monyenyane. The small stomach of the

rock-rabbit.

S. macrocephalus, DC., var. hirsutissimus.

Mountain slopes at Malavaneng, Leribe District. Flowers magenta.

December. A. Dieterlen, 930!; Natal, Giant’s Castle, 38000 ft.,

November, flowers red, A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie.

Distrisution: King William’s Town. Komgha. Transkei.

Sesuto: Se-bea-mollo. It burns. Ngoakoane ea loti. The ‘** Ngoa-

koane” (a young brother or sister of a dead child) of the high

mountains. A medicine for colic is prepared from it.

S. concolor, DC.

Natal, Tabanhlope, 6000 ft., October, flowers purple, Wood, 10478!

Distrisution: Cape. Hast Griqualand. ‘Transvaal (Belfast).

This is probably the same as S. speciosus, Willd.

S. concolor, DC., forma.

Natal, near Polela, 4—5000 ft., April, flowers red, Wood, 4548.

DisTRIBUTION : Endemic.

S. erubescens, DC.

Veld and mountain slopes. 6-25 in. high, rays violet. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 281! 640!; ravines, rays blue, Phillips, 764! 773!; Bester’s

Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus, 8199!

Distrisution: Cape. Humansdorp. Port Elizabeth. Stutter-

heim. Aliwal North. Komgha. Tembuland. Hast Griqualand.

Natal.

Sesuto: Letapiso. The diminisher of strength. The natives mix

the crushed plant with tobacco to make the latter milder. A decoc-

tion of the roots is drunk for nausea and rheumatic fever.

S. barbatus, DC. :

Summit of the Mount-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., J anuary, Flanagan, 1954!

Distrisution: Natal. Hast Griqualand.

146 Annals of the South African Musewm.

S. thyrsoideus, DC.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5-6000 ft., November, Wood, 4777 ; Satsanna’s

Peak, Drakensberg, 9000 ft., March, flowers blue, Galpin, 6717 !

DistRIBUTION: Stutterheim.

S. Sandersoni, Harv.

Orange Free State, near Harrismith, Wood, 4807.

Distrisution: East Griqualand.

8. asperulus, DC.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 6-22 in. high, flowers yellow.

Spring-Summer-Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 61! 580!; Lefi's Kloof and

south slopes of plateau, rays yellow, Phillips, 811! 861!

Distrispution: Between Albany and Somerset East. Graaff Reinet.

Burghersdorp. Aliwal North. Tembuland. Transvaal (Zuikerbosch

Rand).

Sesuto: Letapisoana la naheng. The small “ Letapise” of the

country. Khotoliea ea thaba. The “ Khotolina” of the mountain.

Mixed with tobacco to make it milder.

var. glabrior, Harv.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus, 8200 !

Distrisution : Transvaal (Carolina).

S. serratus, Sond.

Stony spots on veld and mountain slopes. 8-26 in. high, flowers

yellow. Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 644!

Distrisution: Cape. Queenstown. Graaff Reinet. Tembuland.

Natal. Transvaal (Volksrust).

Sesuto: Letapiso. The diminisher of strength. A person suffering

with swollen limbs or internal tumours is washed with a decoction

prepared from the entire plant.

S. hastulatus, Linn.

Mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, flowers yellow. Sunimer—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 344b! 498a!; Basutoland, without precise locality,

Cooper, 715!; near Buffalo River Waterfall, 8200 ft., March, Galpin,

6720 !, Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 9200-9650 ft., March, Galpin, 6721.

Distrisution : Natal.

Sxesuto: Khotoliea ea kholo. The big * Khotoliea.” Sekhatlana.

Small notches.

var. nudiusculus.

Mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring-Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 498b !

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Baoan 147

Distrispution: Uitenhage. Beaufort West.

Sesuto: Sekhatlana. Small notches.

S. hieracioides, DC.

Mountain slopes and banks of streams. Flowers yellow. Summer-—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 344a!; Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 8900 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6718!

Distrisution: Natal.

Srsuto: Khotoliea e kholo. he big “ Khotéliea.”

S. Bellis, Harv. °

Ben McDhui, 9400 ft., March, Galpin, 6722.

S. reptans, Turcz. ¢

‘Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., December, Flanagan,

1951!

Distrinution: Middleburg. Molteno. Griqualand West.

S. dregeanus, DC., var. discoideus.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 12-30 in. high, flowers violet.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 130!

Distrisution: Tembuland. Hast Griqualand. Natal. Swaziland.

_ Sesuto: Sebilvane. The small black stone. Mantvana. Small

feet. Lehlomane le lenyenyane. The small ‘ Lehlomane.” <A decoc-

tion of the roots is drunk to bring on vomiting in cases of a cold in

the chest. It is also given to madmen and is supposed to free them

from their madness.

8. coronatus, Harv.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-22 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer-Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 60! 934!

Distrisution : Port Elizabeth. Albany. Graaff Reinet. Aliwal

North. Transkei. Tembuland. Hast Griqualand. ‘Transvaal (Bar-

berton, Rustenburg).

Sesuto: Motabo. A mixture. Papetloane e tabang koae. The

‘Papetloane”’ to be mixed with tobacco. More-moholo. The big

medicine. Lehlomanyane. The small ‘“ lehlomane.’’ Used as an

emetic, and to mix with tobacco.

Dieterlen 60 is a broad leaf-form, the leaves being from 6°5-7'5 cm.

broad.

S. albanensis, DC.

Malavaneng, Leribe District, flowers yellow. A. Dieterlen, 934! ;

slopes of ravine between the Mission Station and Jonathan’s Village,

common, Phillips, 564!

Distripution: Knysna. Uitenhage. Albany. (Queenstown.

148 Annals of the South African Museum.

var. leiophyllus.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-22 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 477a !

DisrrisutTion: Natal. East Griqualand.

Sesuto: Lehlomanyane. The small ‘“ Lehlomane.” A preparation

for use in colic pains is made from the roots.

S. inornatus, DC. (ex descr.)

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December, Mlanagan,

1870!

Distrisution: Albany.

This plant agrees with the description in the ‘ Flora Capensis.’

The heads are 5—6-rayed, with about 15 disc-florets.

S. monticolus, DC. (ew descr.)

Mountain slopes. Flowers yellow. Summer (December). A.

Dieterlen, 834!; Wittebergen, 3500-6000 ft., Drege.

DistRisution : Endemic.

Sesuto : Lehlomane ba thaba.

S. macrospermus, DC.

Slopes of high mountains at Sehonghong. Flowers yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 784! ; valley above the Buffalo River Waterfall, c. 8000 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6728!; Ben McDhui, 9250 ft., March, Galpin, 6727! ;

Wittebergen, 6000 ft., Drege.

Distripution : Endemic.

Susuto: Poli-tsohana. ‘The white she-goat. Lesira. A veil. A

charm is made from the plant for native warriors to render them

invisible to the enemy.

S. gramineus, Harv. ?

Doodman’s Krans Mtn. and Ben MecDhui, 9000-9700 ft., March,

Galpin, 6724-6726.

S. gramineus, Harv.

Summit of the Mont aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan,

1955!

DisTRIBUTION: Graaff Reinet.

S. polyodon, DC. (ex descr.)

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6400 ft., December, Flanagan,

1843 !

DistrisuTion: Near the Little and Great Fish Rivers.

S. othonnaeflorus, DC.

Veld and mountain slopes. 15-30 in. high, flowers yellow.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 149

Summer. A. Dieterlen,477b!; north slopes of Leribe plateau, Phillips,

676!:; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400-6700 ft., December,

Bolus, 8202! Flanagan, 1847!; Natal, in swamp at Van Reenen,

5-6000 ft., December, Wood, 5842.

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Humansdorp. Albany, Murravsburg.

Graaff Reimet. Molteno. Aliwal North. Stutterheim. East Griqualand.

Transvaal, (Wilge River).

Sesuro: Lehlomanyane. The small “lehlomane.” <A very strong

emetic.

S. rhomboideus, Harv.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5—-6000 ft., December, Wood, 4.535.

Distrisution : Transkei.

§. paucifolius, DC.

Mountain slopes. 12-80 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 412!

DistRisuTIon: Port Elizabeth. Graaff Reinet. Aliwal North.

East Griqualand. Orange Free State (Bloemfontein). Transvaal

(Landspruit).

SesutTo: Lekoto la litsdene. The trickling of rain. Lelulta la pula.

The “ Lelulta”’ of the monkeys. The native doctors believe the plant

to be the female of No. 674.

S. bupleuroides, DC.

River banks and mountain slopes. 9-22 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 403!; north slopes of Leribe plateau, Phillips,

685!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400-6500 ft., December—

January, Bolus, 8195! Flanagan, 1998!

DistriBuTION: Kast Griqualand. Natal. Swaziland. Transvaal

(Pretoria, Johannesburg).

Sesuto: Lehlogoane. 'The small “ Lehlomane.” Lereka. Mercy.

Mixed with other plants, it is highly esteemed in chest complaints.

On the sheet (Bolus, 8195), in the Bolus Herbarium, is the following

note: “ S. bupleuwroides, DC., by its radiate heads, but otherwise it

seems as near or near S. venosus, Harv., and both species are probably

forms of one.”

S. isatideus, DC.

Mountain slopes. 12-40 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 587!; ravine on west slopes of plateau, frequent, Phillips,

598!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus,

8201! Flanagan, 1904!

150 Annals of the South African Museum

Distrisution: Albany. Somerset East. Transkei. Tembuland.

East Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: Lehlomane le leputsoa. The grey ‘* Lehlomane.”

S. Gerrardi, Harv.

Mountain slopes. Flowers violet. Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 635 !

508!

Distripution: East Griqualand. Natal. Zululand. Swaziland.

Transvaal (Houtbosch).

Sresuto: Moroborobo o monyenyane. The small “ Moroborobo.” A

decoction of the roots is drunk as an emetic in bilious attacks.

S. serratuloides, DC.

River Banks at ’Matalane, Leribe District, 3-5 ft. high, flowers

yellow. Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 778!

Distrisution: Port Elizabeth. Komgha. Transkei. Hast Griqua-

land. Natal.

Sesuto: Khotoliea ea noko. The “ Khotoliea” of the river.

S. serra, Sond.

Veld and mountain slopes. 20-45 in., flowers yellow. Summer—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen,113!; ravine on west slopes of plateau, Phillips,

760!; between Tent Kop and Antelope Park, 5600 ft., March, Galpin,

6731; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6200 ft., December, Bolus! ;

Natal, Van Reenen, 8000 ft., March, Schlechter, 6998 !

DistrisutTion: Caledon. Graaff Reinet. Somerset Hast. East

Griqualand. Bechuanaland. Transvaal (Pietersburg).

Srsuto: Lehlomane le leholo. The big ‘“* Lehlomane” (from “ ho-

hloma ’—to plant).

S. tanacetoides, Sond.

Stony places on plateau. 10-25 in. high, flowers yellow. Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 582 !; river at the foot of the Mont-aux-Sources, 89000 ft.,

March, Evans, 756.

DistRIBuTION: Somerset East. Tembuland.

Sesuto: Mosuvane oa matlapa. The “ Mosuvane” of the flat stones.

Molepélle. The hanging one. The leaves are smoked to stop bleeding

of the nose.

S. achilleaefolius, DC.

Doodman’s Krans Mtn., and Ben McDhui, 9600-9800 ft., March,

Galpin, 6732! 6733.

DiIstRIBUTION: Queenstown. Graaff Reinet. Aliwal North. East

Griqualand. Natal.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 151

S. pinnatifidus, Less.

Natal, Polela, 6—-7000 ft., April, Wood, 4598.

DistrrputTion: Piquetberg. Tulbagh.

S. rhyncholaenus, DC.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 5-16 in. high, flowers mauve.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 408!

Disrrisution: Pondoland. Natal. Transvaal (Barberton).

Sesuto: Mahoaneng. Meaning unknown. This plant is largely

used by the native witch-doctors. For colds, either the leaves are

smoked, or the plant is burnt and the smoke inhaled. A decoction

prepared from the roots is drunk to relieve colic pains. To cure sore

feet and hands the patient is taken to some running water and incisions

are made in the limbs in which the ash, from the incinerated plant, is

placed. The blood is carried away by the stream and the pain is

supposed to accompany it.

This specimen matches Wood, 5221, from Mooi River, Natal. The

plants from Barberton (Galpin, 13843) and Pondoland (Flanagan,

2576) are less scabrous and almost glabrous.

S. serrulatus, DC. (ex descr.)

Valley above the Buffalo River Waterfall, c. 8100 ft., March,

Galpin, 6734! ; Wittebergen, 6-7000 ft., Drege.

DisrriputTion : Endemic.

S. brachypodus, DC.

Mountain slopes. 38-5 ft. high, flowers yellow. Autumn—Winter.

A. Dieterlen, 723 !

DistriputTion: Komgha. Transkei. East Griqualand.

Sesuto: Lephoko. Derived from the verb “ho phoka”—to drink

a hot beverage by small sips. Used as an infusion for colds and

chest complaints.

S. speciosus, Willd.

Doodman’s Krans Mtn. and Ben MeDhui, 9300-9600 ft., March,

Galpin, 6714.

See note under S. eoncolor, DC.

S. Baurii, Oliv.

Plains, near Pot River, Maclear District, 4600 ft., March, Galpin,

6730.

DistrRIBUTION: Tembuland.

S. Dieterlenii, Phillips, sp. nov. Herba 26-80 ecm. alta. Folia

4:5-13°5 cm. longa, 2-6°5 cm, lata, elliptica, glabra. Pedunculus

152 Annals of the South African Museum.

30 cm. longus, glaber. Capitula in laxa panicula disposita. Bracteae

3-4 mm. longae, lineares vel subulatae, apice acutae, glabrae. Capi-

tulum discoideum, circiter 1:2 em. longum, 1°3-1'5 cm. latum.

Bracteae involucrae circiter 13,9 mm. longae, 1 mm. latae, lineares,

apice subacutae, vel obtusae ciliataeque, glabrae, marginatae. ‘T’wbus

corollae 6 mm. longus, infra cylindratus, supra campanulatus, elaber ;

lobi ‘75mm. longi, circiter “5 mm. lati, ovato-oblongi, apice obtusi.

Pappus 6-7 mm. longus, barbellatus. Ovariwm 8°5 mum. longum,

1 mm. latum, paullo pubescens; stylus 6 mm. longus, teres, basi

globosus; lobi 1-5 mm. longi. Mructus 4°5 mm. longus, °75 mm. latus,

teres, costatus, paullo strigosus.

Mountain slopes, flowers yellow. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 6741;

Natal, summit of the Drakensbergen, near Van Reenen’s Pass,

5800 ft., November, flowers yellow, Wood, 4764!

(In Wood's List of Natal Plants, Wood, 4764 is given as S. angu-

atus, Linn. f.)

Sesuro: Lekoto la litsiene. Lelutlala pula.

An erect subherbaceous plant, 26-80 em. high, with a woody under-

ground rootstock. Stem leafy, ending in a simple or racemosely

branched peduncle, glabrous. Leaves 45-13°5 em. long, 2-6°5 em.

broad, elliptic, obtuse, sessile or narrowed at the base into a flattened

petiole, subentire or somewhat lobed, glabrous. Peduncle up to 30cm.

long, striate, glabrous. Capitula arranged in a loose panicle. Bracts

3-4 mm. long, linear or subulate, subacute, glabrous. Peduncles

-8-2°5 em. long, glabrous. Capitulum discoid, about 1:2 em. long and

1-3-1:5 em. in diameter, obovate in outline, with 1-2 bracteoles at the

base of the involucre. Receptacle slightly convex. Involucre of about

13 bracts; bracts 9 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, linear, subacute or obtuse,

shortly ciliated at the apex, glabrous, with membranous margins.

Corolla-tube 6 mm. long, cylindric in the lower half, suddenly widened

into a narrow campanulate portion in the upper half, glabrous ; lobes

‘75 mm. long, about °+5 mm. broad, ovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous.

Pappus 6-7 mm. long, barbellate. Ovary 3°5 mm. long, 1 mm. broad,

linear-oblong in outline, scantily pubescent, many-nerved ; style 6 mm.

long, terete, with a distinct central vein, globose at the base, glabrous ;

lobes 1°55 mm. long. Fruit 455 mm. long, ‘75 mm. broad, terete,

ribbed, strigulose.

Near S. rhomboideus, Harv., from which it differs in having more

than nine involucral bracts.

s Evansii, N. EH. Br.

Natal. Drakensberg Mountains. 6-7000 ft., Hvans, 366.

DistRiIBuTIon: Endemic.

Flora of the Leribe Platean and Environs. 153

S. Flanaganii, Phillips, sp. nov. (§ Plantagieni.) Planta simplex,

paullo pilis byssinis tecta vel glabra. Caulis 5-7 mm. latus, striatus.

Folia caudicis 3°5—26°7 em. longa, ‘6-6 cm. lata, lanceolata, apice

obtusa, basi angustata, subamplexicaulia, subtus promineo unicostata ;

juniora interdum pilis byssinis tecta vel glabra; margines calloso-

dentatae. Bracteae 2-32 cm. longae, basi 3-5 mm. latae, ovatae,

acuminatae, pilis byssinis tectae. Capitula 1:3 cm. longa, 15 cm.

lata, discoidea. Bracteae involucrae circiter 15, 7 min. longae,

15-2°5 mm. latae, apice obtusae glandulosaeque, glabrae ; margines

membranaceae. T'ubus corollae 65 mm. longus, basi *5 mm. latus

evlindratusque, supra 1-5 mm. latus campanulatusque; lobi 1:25 mm.

longi, 75 mm. lati, ovati, apice obtusi. Filamenta 1:5 mm. longa,

filiformia, supra dilata; antherae 2°5 mm. longae, lineares. Pappus

7 mm. longus, barbellatus, deciduus. Ovariwm 25 mm. longum,

‘75 mm. latum, striatum, rostratum, glabrum; stylus 6°5 mm. longus,

basi bulbaceus, glaber; lobi 1-5 mm. longi.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400-5500 ft., December-—

January, Bolus, 8193, Flanagan, 2089.

A simple subherbaceous plant. Sten 5-7 mm. in diameter, ribbed,

sparsely cottony, otherwise glabrous. Lower leaves not seen. Cauline

leaves 3°5-26°7 cm. long, ‘6-6 cm. broad, lanceolate, obtuse, narrowing

at the base and subamplexicaule, with callose-dentate margins and a

prominent midrib beneath, the younger leaves sometimes cottony.

Heads arranged in a racemose or panicled manner, the ultimate

branches bearing 2-8 heads. Bracts 2-5°2 cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad

at the base, ovate, acuminate, cottony. Bracteoles ‘6-1 em. long,

linear. Heads 1°35 em. long, 15 em. in diameter, discoid, many-

flowered, calycled at the base. Involucre of about 15 bracts; bracts

7 mm. long, 1-5-2°5 mm. broad, obtuse, glandular and dark-coloured

at the apex, glabrous, with membranous margins. Receptacle flat,

honeycombed. Corolla-tube 65 mm. long, cylindric, and ‘5 mm. broad

in the lower half, campanulate and 15 mm. broad in the upper half,

glabrous; lobes 1:25 mm. long, °75 mm. broad, ovate, obtuse.

Stamens inserted at the junction of the two portions of the

corolla-tube; filaments 1°5 mm, long, filiform, swollen above ;

anthers 2°5 mm. long, linear, with an ovate gland at the apex.

Pappus 7 mm. long, barbellate, deciduous. Ovary 2°5 mm. long,

‘75 mm. broad, terete, striate, beaked, glabrous; style 65 mm.

long, filiform, bulbous at the base, glabrous; lobes 1:5 mm.

long.

Near S. digitalifolius, DC., from which it differs in having radiate

flowers,

154 Annals of the South African Museum.

forma glabra.

A typo caulibus foliisque glabris, etiam floribus capitulisque paullo

minoribus differt.

This is a perfectly glabrous form without the cottony hairs which

characterise the species. The heads and flowers are slightly smaller,

otherwise similar to the type.

Tembuland, Chenkwe Mt., between Maclear and Umtata, 3500 ft.

January, Flanagan, 2656; East Griqualand, in stony places near

Maclear, 4700 ft., January, Bolus, 10152.

Although this form does not come with the region dealt with in this

paper, I thought this the proper place to mention it.

S. harveianus, MacOw.

Veld and gardens. 6-26 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring~Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 50!; on banks of streams and various localities round

Leribe plateau, Phillips, 533! 712! 787!; Qoqolosi Peak, a small bush,

flowers yellow, Phillips, 934!

Distrisution : Natal.

Sesuro: Khotéliea. Meaning unknown.

S. launayaefolius, O. Hoffm. (ex descr.)

Natal, Bushman’s River Valley, 6-8000 ft., October, Wood, 10605 !;

near Hoffenthal, 4000 ft., January, flowers yellow, Wood, 681!

DiIsTRIBUTION : Endemic.

S. macrophyllus, Phillips, sp. nov. (§ Paucifolii). Planta simplex,

subherbacea, 1 m. alta. Cawlis foliaceus, teres, 6-9 mm. latus,

striatus, glaber. Folia sessilia, 9-26°4 cm. longa, 4-5°2 em. lata,

elliptica, acuminata, apice obtusa, basi auricularia, amplexicanliaque,

subtus promineo unicostata et distincte nervigera, glabra. Capitula in

densum corymbum disposita. Pedunceulus 1-15 em. longus, teres,

glaber, nudus vel 1—2-bracteatus. Bracteae 2°5 mm. longae, ovato-

lanceolatae, apice subacutae, concavae, unicostatae, glabrae. Capitula

discoidea, 4—5-florifera. Bracteae involucrae 5, 8 mm. longae, 1:5 mm.

latae, lineares, apice obtusae, trinervigerae, glabrae ; margines mem-

branaceae. T'wbus corollae 6 mm. longus, ‘5 mm. latus, infra

cylindratus, basi paullo dilatus, supra campanulatus, glaber. Filamenta

1:75 mm. longa, supra dilata, glabra ; antherae 3 mm. longae, lineares.

Pappus 7 mm. longus, barbellatus. Ovariwm 3 mm. longum, 1 mm.

latum, oblongum, rostratum, striatum, glabrum; stylus 1 cm. longus,

vlaber, basi bulbaceus; lobi 1-5 mm. longi.

Orange Free State, bank of the Wilge River, near Harrismith,

c, 5000 ft., February, flowers yellow, Wood, 4745; Natal, Newcastle

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 155

and De Beer’s Pass, 5—-6000 ft., December, Wood, 5981; Estcourt,

3500 ft., December, Wood, 3612; Houtbosch, Pietersburg District,

e. 5200 ft., February, Bolus, 10993 ; moist places at Lydenburg,

4800 ft., December, Schlechter, 3956. (Wood on one of his tickets

states that his No. 4745 = Cooper, 990.)

A tall, simple, subherbaceous plant about 1 m. high. Stem leafy

throughout, terete, 6-9 mm. in diameter, ribbed, glabrous. Leaves

sessile, 9-264 em. long, 4-5°2 em. broad, elliptic, shortly acuminate,

obtuse, eared and stem-clasping at the base, dentate, with a prominent

midrib and distinct veining beneath, glabrous. Capitula arranged in

a dense corymbose manner. Peduneles 1-1'5 em. long, slender, terete,

glabrous, naked or bearing 1-2 bracts. Bracts 2°5 mm. long, ovate-

lanceolate, subacute, concave, I-nerved, glabrous. Capitulum

discoid, 4—-5-flowered. Involucral bracts 5, 8 mm. long, 1-5 mm. broad,

linear, obtuse, 3-nerved, glabrous, with membranous margins.

Corolla-tube 6 mm. long, ‘5 mm. broad, cylindric below and somewhat

dilated at the base, suddenly expanded into a short campanulate tube

above, glabrous; lobes 4 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, linear, obtuse,

glabrous. Stamens inserted on the campanulate portion of the

corolla-tube ; filaments 1:75 mm. long, filiform, swollen at the apex,

elabrous ; anthers 3 mm. long, linear, with a narrow ovate-lanceolate

gland at the apex. Pappus 7 mm. long, rough. Ovary 3 mm. long,

1 mm. broad, oblong in outline, beaked, ribbed, glabrous; style 1 em.

long, exserted in old flowers, terete, glabrous, bulbous at the base ;

lobes 1-5 mm. long.

A very distinct plant, near S. isatideus, DC., and S. venosus, Harv.

From the former it differs in being leafy throughout and has

differently shaped leaves, and the styles are much more exserted.

From S. venosus, Harv., it differs in the shape of the leaves and in

having only 4-5 flowers in each head. Bolus 10995 was named

S. venosus at Kew.

S. montanus, Phillips, sp. nov. (§ Sinuosi.) Planta 18-22 cm.

altus. Folia radicalia 2-2°7 cm. longa, ‘6-1-2 em. lata, elliptica vel

lanceolata, apice obtusa, basi attenuata, integra, glandulosa mox

glabra; folia caulina °5-2°3 cm. longa, 1-4 mm. lata, linearia vel

subulata, apice obtusa vel acuta, basi caulem amplexa, glandulosa.

Pedunculus 135-20 cm. longus, unicapitatus. Bracteae imvolucrae

1 cm. longae, 1-1°5 cm. latae, lineares, apice obtusae, marginatae,

subtus glandulosae. Corolla radii bilabiata; tubus 8 mm. longus,

‘5 mm. latus, cylindratus, glaber. Ovarium 2 mm. longum, ‘5 mm.

latum, lineare; stylus 5 mm. longus, filiformis; lobi 1 mm. longi.

156 Annals of the South African Museum.

Tubus disci 5 mm. longus, infra cylindratus, supra campanulatus,

glaber ; lobi °75 mm. longi, 5 mm. lati, ovati, apice obtusi. Wilamenta

I*mm. longa; antherae 1:3 mm. longae, lineares. Ovarium 4 mm.

longum, *75 mm. latum, lineare, circiter 12-costatum, glabrum ; stylus

5mm. longus, basi globosus; lobi 1°25 mm. longi. Pappus 5°5 mm.

longus, deciduus.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., December, Flanagan,

1948.

A simple plant, 18-22 em. high, with 1 or 2 peduncles and radical

leaves. Radical leaves 2-2°7 em. long, ‘6-12 cm. broad, elliptic or

lanceolate, obtuse, attenuate at the base, entire, glandular with multi-

cellular hairs which disappear with age; cauline leaves narrowing

upwards, ‘5-2°3 cm. long, 1-4 mm. broad, broadly linear to subulate,

obtuse or acute, subamplexicaule, glandular with multicellular hairs.

Peduncles 135-20 em. long, one-headed. Capitulum radiate, 1:7 em.

long, 2 em. broad. Receptacle flat, honeycombed. Jnvolucral bracts

1 cm. long, 1-1°5 mm. broad, lnear, obtuse, 1-2-nerved, with mem-

branous margins, densely glandular beneath with multicellular hairs.

Ray-florets blue +, bilabiate (sometimes the lips adhere together),

female. Corolla-twbe 4 mm. long, 5 mm. broad, cylindric, glabrous ;

lower limb 8 mm. long, 2°6 mm. broad, linear-oblong or oblanceolate,

rounded and 3-toothed at the apex, glabrous ; upper lip 8 mm. long,

1 mm. broad, obtuse. Ovary 2 mm. long, ‘5 mm. broad, linear ; style

5 mm. long, filiform, swollen at the base; lobes 1 mm. long. Dise-

florets hermaphrodite. Corolla-tube 5 mm. long, cylindric in the lower

half, campanulate above, glabrous ; lobes °75 mm. long, ‘5 mm. broad,

ovate, obtuse. Stamens inserted at the widened part of the corolla-

tube; filaments 1 mm. long, filiform, shghtly swollen above ; anthers

1:3 mm. long, linear, with an oblong or elliptic gland at the apex.

Ovary 4 mm. long, *75 mm. broad, linear, about 12-ribbed, glabrous ;

style 5 mm. long, filiform, globose at the base, glabrous ; lobes 1°25 mm.

long. Pappus 55 mm. long, deciduous.

Near S. macrocephalus, DC., from which it differs in only having

one head to each peduncle.

S. napifolius, MacOw.

Eland’s River Valley at foot of the Mont-aux-Sources, near Witzie’s

Hoek, 6—7000 ft., December, Bolus, 8198 !

Distripution: Natal (Weenen County, 4—-5000 ft.).

S. seminivea, Wood & Evans.

River banks. A bush 3-43 ft. high, flowers yellow. Autumn,

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 157

Makokvane, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 802!; top of the Mont-aux-

Sources, 11,000 ft., March, Evans, 752 !

Distrisution : Endemic.

Sesuto: Khétéliea ea noka. The “ Khotoliea”’ of the river. Used

as fuel in winter.

This plant apparently only differs from S. achillaefolia, DC., in

having glandular stems and leaves, and may only be a variety of that

species.

S. subcoriaceus, Schltr.

Veld, mountain slopes and plateau. 2-15 in. high, flowers yellow.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 612!

Distripution: Tembuland. Natal. Transvaal (Ermelo, Bethal,

Middleburg, Volksrust).

Sesuto: Ngvakoane. The small ‘“ Nevako” (a child born after an

elder brother or sister has died). The roots are employed in various

illnesses and must only be administered by a ‘‘ Nevako.”

S. tugelensis, Wood & Evans.

Natal, summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 11,000 ft., March, Evans,

750!; Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 8900 ft., March, Guin 6723 !

DistrisputTion : Endemic.

S. subrubriflorus, O. Hoffm. (= S. viscidus, N. E. Br.) (ex deser.).

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400-6000 ft., December, Bolus,

8197 !, Flanagan, 1885!; Witzie’s Hoek, c. 6000 ft., Thode!

DistRiButTion : East Griqualand. Natal.

S. sp.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus, 8196

Distripution : Endemic.

A fruiting specimen only.

S. sp.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5800 ft., December, Bolus, 8194

S. sp. (near S. cordifolius, Linn.)

Natal, Bushman’s River Valley, 8-9000 ft., October, flowers yellow

Wood, 10663!

S. sp. (near S. dregeanus, DC., var discoideus. )

Near Harrismith, 5000 ft., February, Wood, 4754!

The peduncle is scabrid.

S. sp.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 11,000 ft., Hvans, 743!

DistTRIBUTION: Endemic.

158 Annals of the South African Museum.

HERTIA, Less.

H.sp.

Near the Buffalo River Waterfall, 7500 ft., March, Galpin, 6740!

EURYOPS, Cass.

E. multifolius, DC.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 736!

Distrisution: 8.W. Africa. Clanwilliam. Fraserburg. Albert.

Orange Free State (Bloemfontein).

E. oligoglossus, DC.

Basutoland, near the Buffalo River Waterfall, 8100 ft., March,

Galpin, 6735 !

Distrisution: Worcester. Ceres. Queenstown. Murraysburg.

Graaff Rienet. Aliwal North.

E. Candollei, Harv.

Doodman’s Krans Mtn. and Ben MeDhui, 9200-9900 ft., March,

Galpin, 6736!

DIsTRIBUTION : Queenstown. Graaff Reinet.

E. laterifolius, Less.

Valley above the Buffalo River Waterfall, 8100 ft., March, Galpin,

6737 |

Distrisution : Namaqualand Minor. Beaufort West. Murrays-

burg. Hutchinson. Laingsburg. Albert.

E. Annae, Phillips, sp. nov. (Pl. IV.) Suffrutex 15-25 em. altus.

Rami et ramul glabri. Folia 1-3-1'7 em. longa, 1 mm. lata, linearia,

apice acuta, glabra. Injlorescentia axillaris. Pedunculus 1:5-2°5 em.

longus, teres, glaber. Bracteae involucrae 5, basi connatae, 4-4°5 mm.

longae, 1:5 mm. latae, ovatae, acuminatae, apice obtusae, glabrae,

marginatae. Corolla radii 4-2 mm. longa; tubus*75 mm. longus, teres,

glaber; limbus, 5°5 mm. longus, 1-5 mm. latus, oblongus, apice obtusus,

minute 3-dentatus. Ovariwm Imm. longum, 4-gonum, glabrum. Corolla

disci 3°75 mm. longa; tubus 3 mm. longus, infra eylindricus, supra

campanulatus, glaber; lobi -75 mm. longi, ovati, apice obtusi. Fila-

menta 1 mm. longa; antherae 1°5 mm. longae, lineares. Ovariwm

‘75 mm. longum, glabrum. Pappus 1 mm. longus, barbatus, caducus.

Qoqolosi Peak on Leribe plateau, January-February, A. Dieterlen,

941, Phillips, 937.

Sesuto: Sehlakoana se senyenyane. The small ‘ Sehlakoana.”

Sehalahala sa Qogolosi. 'The “ Qoqolosi Bush.” Said to be a very

valuable medicine, also enters largely into the preparation of charms.

Flora of the Leribe Plateaw and Environs. 159

A small shrub 15-20 cm. high. Branches and branchlets glabrous.

Leaves 1°3-1:7 em. long, 1 mm. broad, linear, acute, glabrous. Capitula

axillary, massed at the end of the branchlets. Pedwneles 1°5-2°5 em.

long, terete, glabrous. Involucre of 5 bracts united at the base ; bracts

4-4°5 mm. long, 1:5 mm. broad, ovate, acuminate, obtuse, glabrous,

with narrow membranous margins. Receptacle honeycombed. Ray-

florets female. Corolla-tube ‘75 mm. long, terete, glabrous, limb 3°5 mm.

long, 1-5 mm. broad, oblong, obtuse, minutely 3-toothed at the apex,

A-nerved. Ovary 1 mm. long, 4-angled, glabrous. Disc florets herma-

phrodite. Corolla-tube 3 mm. long, cylindric in the lower half, cam-

panulate above, glabrous ; lobes -75 mm. long, ovate, obtuse. Stamens

inserted in the widened portion of the corolla-tube; filaments ] mm.

long; anthers 1°5 mm. long, linear, with an ovate appendage at the

apex. Ovary °75 mm. long, terete, glabrous. Pappys 1 mm. long,

barbate, caducous.

In appearance this species is very similar to #. linifolius, DC., but

can readily be distinguished from it by the fact that the imvolucre is

only made up of 5 bracts, which are not strongly 3-ribbed. The shape

of the dise-floret is also very different.

E. Evansii, Schltr.

Slopes of high mountains, Pitseng, Leribe District. 4-8 ft. high,

flowers yellow. Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 465!; summit of

Drakensberg, March, Evans, 752.

Distrisution: Endemic.

Susuto: Sehlakoana. Meaning unknown. The stem is burnt and

smoked as a cure for headache.

The species described by the late Dr. M. Wood (Kew Bull, 1914,

335) as E. Dieterlenii is this species.

E. Galpinii, Phillips, sp. nov. Rami et ramuli glabri. Folia

ericaea, patentia, 3-4 mm. longa, basi ‘5-1 mm. lata et saepe margini-

bus glandulosis, super plana, subtus convexa, apice acuta mucronata-

que. Capitula solitaria, axillaria, 4-5 mm. longa, circiter 1 em. lata.

Pedunculus 1:3-2'5 cm. longus, teres, glaber. Bracteae involucrae 8,

connatae, trinervigerae, glabrae; tubus 2°5 mm. longus, 3 mm. latus,

campanulatus; lobi 1-5-2 mm. longi, ovati, apice acuti vel subacuti

glandulosique. Flores radii 6°25 mm. longi; tubus *75 mm. longus,

eylindratus, glaber ; limbus 5°5 mm. longus, 3 mm. latus, ellipticus,

apice obtusus et tridentatus. Ovarivwm 1 mm. longum, *5 mm. latum,

obovatum, glabrum; stylus 15-2 mm. longus, teres; lobi *5 mm.

longi. Pappus 1:75 mm. longus, barbellatus, deciduus. Flores disci

26 mm. longi; tubus 2°5 mm. longus, infra cylindratus, supra

160 Annals of the South African Musewin.

campanulatus, glaber; lobi 1 mm. longi, -5 mm. lati, ovati, obtusi.

Filamenta °75 mm. longa, filiformis ; antherae | mm. longae, lineares.

Ovarium °75 mm. longum, *8 mm. latum, oblongum, glabrum ; stylus

2°56 mm. longus, teres, apice bifidus, basi subglobosus. Pappus

1-75 mm. longus, barbellatus, deciduus.

Tsitsa Footpath on the Drakensbergen, District Maclear, c.

8200 ft., Galpin, 6739.

Branches and branchlets glabrous. Leaves ericoid, horizoutal,

3-4 mm. long, 5-1 mm. broad at the base, flat above, keeled beneath,

acute, mucronate, expanded and flattened at the base, glabrous,

usually with a few stalked glands on the margins. Capitula solitary,

axillary, 4-5 mm. long, about 1 cm. wide when measured across the

rays. Peduncle 13-2°5 om. long, terete, glabrous. Involucre of

8 connate 5-nerved glabrous scales ; tube 2°5 mm. long, 3 mm. wide,

campanulate ; lobes 15-2 mm. long, ovate, acute or subacute, with a

few glandular hairs at the apex. Ray-florets female; tube °75 mm.

long, cylindric, glabrous; limb 5°5 mm. long, 5 mm. broad, elliptic,

obtuse, bluntly 38-toothed at the apex. Ovary 1 mm. long, 5 mm.

broad, obovate in outline, glabrous; style 1-5-2 mm. long, terete;

lobes -5 mm. long. Pappus 1:75 mm. long, barbellate, deciduous.

Disc-florets hermaphrodite; tube 2°5 mm. long, narrow-cylindric in

the lower half, broadly campanulate above; lobes 1 mm. long, -5 mm.

broad, ovate, obtuse. Stamens inserted at the junction of the two

portions of the corolla-tube ; filaments °75 mm. long, filiform ; anthers

1 mm. long, linear. Ovary °75 mm. long, ‘3 mm. broad, oblong in

outline, glabrous ; style 2°5 mm. long, terete, bifid at the apex, sub-

globose at the base. Pappws 1:75 mm. long, barbellate, deciduous.

Allied to E. oligoglossus, DC., from which it differs in the

peduncles being much longer than the leaves and by having glabrous

ovaries.

E. montanus, Schitr.

Tsitsa Footpath, Drakensberg, 9200 ft., March, Galpin, 6738!; stony

places on the summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, c. 9000 ft., January, an

erect or prostrate shrub, Thode, 30!, 9800-10,000 ft., January, Bolus,

6398! Flanagan, 1949 !

DistriputTion: Endemic.

E. multinervis, N. E. Br.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6500 ft., January, Flanagan,

1994!

Distrisution: Endemic.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 161

E. pedunculatus, N. EH. Br.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6400-6700 ft., December, Bolus,

8204! Flanagan, 1854!; Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, 4—5000 ft., January,

Wood, 3601; Hlatikulu, 6—7000 ft., January, Hvans, 397.

Distripution ; Transvaal (Houtbosch, Zoutpansberg). Orange

Free State (no locality).

The specimens collected by Bolus and Flanagan are more robust

than those described by Mr. Brown.

E. setiloba, N. E. Br.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus,

8203 !

DistrispuTion : Natal (Newcastle).

E. Tysonii, Phillips, sp. nov. Rami dense foliferi. Folia imbri-

cata, °8-1°8 cm. longa, 2-5 mm. lata, ovato-lanceolata, lanceolata vel

lineari-lanceolata, raro linearia, apice obtusa, coriacea, glabra.

Capitula axillaria. Peduneulus 25-4 cm. longus, teres, glaber. Invo-

lucrum campanulatum, 6—8-bracteatum, glabrum ; tubus 5 mm. longus,

basi rotundus ; lobi 1-1°5 mm. longi, ovati, apice obtusi et glandulosi.

Tubus radii 1-5-2°5 mm. longus, cylindratus, glaber ; limbus *7-1 cm.

longus, 2°5-5 mm. latus, oblongus vel oblongo-ellipticus, apice obtusus

et tridentatus, 4-nerviger. Ovariwm 1:5-3 mm. longum, *‘5-1'5 mm.

latum, lineare, glabrum. Tubus disci 3-5-4 mm. longus, infra cylin-

dratus, supra campanulatus, glaber: lobi 1 mm. longi, ovati, apice

obtusi. Pappus 2°5-3 mm. longus, barbellatus, deciduus. Filamenta

15 mm. longa; antherae 1:75 mm. longae, lineares. Ovariwm

1-5-2°5 mm. longum, °5 mm. latum, lineare, glabrum; stylus 4 mm.

longus, teres, glaber, basi dilatus; lobi 5 mm. longi, apice ciliati.

On the banks of the Eland’s River, near the Mont-aux-Sources,

6000 ft., January, Flanagan, 2120; rocky places (“krantzes,”) near

and at the top of Plattberg, Harrismith, c. 7200 ft., January, Thode ;

in stony places, Mt. Currie, 6000 ft., February, Tyson, 1495.

Branches terete, densely leafy, glabrous, rough with the remains of

leaf-scars on the’ older portions. Leaves imbricate, ‘8-1°8 cm. long,

2-5 mm. broad, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, rarely

linear, obtuse, with a sunken midrib beneath, coriaceous, glabrous.

Capitula axillary, arranged in a racemose manner at the ends of the

branchlets. Peduncles 2:5-4 em. long, terete, glabrous. Involucre

campanulate, of 6-8 scales, glabrous; tube 5 mm. long, rounded at

the base ; lobes 11:5 mm. long, ovate, obtuse, glandular at the tip.

Ray-florets female. Corolla-tube 1°5-2°5 mm. long, cylindric, glabrous ;

limb -7-1 cm. long, 2°5-5 mm. broad, oblong or oblong-elliptic,

162 Annals of the South African Museum.

obtuse, 3-toothed at the apex, 4-nerved. Ovary 15-8 mm. long,

‘5-1'5 mm. broad, linear or oblong in outline, glabrous. Disc-florets

hermaphrodite. Corolla-tube 5°5-4 mm. long, cylindric in the lower

half, campanulate in the upper, glabrous ; lobes 1 mm. long, ovate,

obtuse. Pappus deciduous, 2°5-3 mm. long, barbellate. Stamens

inserted at the junction of the two portions of the corolla-tube; fila-

ments 1-5 mm. long, filiform ; anthers 1°75 mm. long, linear, with an

ovate gland at the apex. Ovary 1:5-2°5 mm. long, *5 mm. broad,

linear in outline, glabrous ; style 4mm. long, filiform, terete, glabrous,

swollen at the base ; lobes °5 mm. long, ciliate at the apex.

Closely allied to HE. laterifolius, Less., from which it may be distin-

guished by the involucral scales being joined for at least tive-sixths

of their length, and the ovaries being quite glabrous.

var. Dieterlenii, Phillips, var. nov.

A typo pedunculis 1:2 cm. longis et involucris 4-dentatis differt.

This is distinguished trom the type by the peduncle being less than

twice as long as the leaves (up to 12 cn. long), and the involucre being

4.dentate.

Mountain slopes at Sehonghong, Leribe District. Flowers yellow.

Summer (February). A. Dieterlen, 904.

DistRIBUTION : Endemic.

Szesuto: Sehlakoana se senyenyane. The small “ Sehlakoana.”

OTHONNA, Linn.

0. natalensis, Sch. Bip.

Veld and plateau. 8-22 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring-Summer,

8-22 in. high, A. Dieterlen,356!; Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft., A. Bolus

in Herb. Guthrie, 4850 !

DisrriBuTIon: Somerset Hast. Hast Griqualand. Natal. Trans-

vaal (Belfast, Irene).

Sesuto: Naka. A horn. Phela. Live. The roots are used as a

vermituge for calves suffering with intestinal worms.

0. scapigera, Harv.

Summit of Satsanna Peak, Drakensberg, Mount Fletcher District,

c. 9550 ft., March, Galpin, 6741!

Distripution : East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Heidelburg.

Barberton).

DIMORPHOTHECA, Moench.

D. caulescens, Harv.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie's Hoek, 6290-6700 ft., December, Bolus,

8205! Flanagan, 1857 ; summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft.,

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 163

January, rays purple above, yellow beneath, Flanagan, 1956!; Ben

McDhui, c. 9900 ft., March, Galpin, 6742!

DIsTRIBUTION : Queenstown. Natal (Mt. Ingogo, 5000 ft.).

D. Barberiae, Harv.

Veld and mountain slopes. 7-15 in. high, flowers white, cream and

pink. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 159!

Disrrisution: Murraysburg. Komgha. East Griqualand. Natal.

Transvaal (Belfast, Lydenburg, Barberton, Devil’s Kantoor).

Srsuto: Phela. Live. Bohlahloand Mohlalo. The cause of good-

fortune.

D. Zeyheri, Sond.

Veld and mountain slopes. 4—6in. high, flowers yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 568 !

DistRiBuTion : Albert.

Sesuto: Khétoliea. Meaning unknown.

| OSTEOSPERMUM, Linn.

0. moniliferum, Linn.

Mountain slopes. A shrub 4-7 ft. high, flowers yellow. Summer-—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 570!

DistRisution: Common in the Western Province and also in

Knysna, Uitenhage, Albany, Komgha, Pondoland, Natal.

Sesuto: Ntlo ea lekhoaba. ‘The house of the rook. Monokotsvai oa

makhoaba. The mulberry of the rooks. The natives believe that

the leafy branches will cure a madman if burnt in his hut.

0. muricatum, E. Mey.

Veld, near road from Berea to Qoloheng, flowers yellow. April.

A. Dieterlen, 990!

Disrrisution: Stellenbosch. Beaufort West. Aliwal North. Natal.

Zululand. Griqualand West. Transvaal (Pietersburg, Pretoria).

Sresuto: Motlapa-tsunyana. He who provokes the wind.

URSINIA, Gaertn.

U. montana, DC.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 3-10 in. high, flowers yellow.

Autumn. A. Dieterlen,273!; summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500—

11,000 ft., January-March, Flanagan, 1953! Evans, 744!; Drakens-

bergen, 6—7000 ft., February, flowers yellow, Wood, 9808!; Ben

McDhui, 9000-9900 ft., March, Galpin, 6743 !

DistRisuTion : Stockenstroom.

Sesuto: Leabo. A portion or ration.

164 Annals of the South African Museum.

U. annua, Less.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 4-15 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 542 !; Phillips in Herb. Musei Austro-

Afric., 4675 !

Distripution : Namaqualand Minor. Worcester. Graaff Reinet.

Albert. Stockenstroom. Orange Free State (Senekal).

Sresuto: Sehalikane. Derived from the verb “ho halika ’’—to

roast. (The natives say that the plant smells like something being

roasted.) The plant is incinerated, ground to a powder and mixed

with fat for making an ointment, used by women and girls.

U. brevicaulis, Wood & Evans.

Natal, Drakensberg, 6000 ft., Wood, 9808.

DistRIBUTION : Endemic.

U. punctata, B. & M.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek Pass, January, Wood, 3603.

DistriBuTION : Endemic.

U. subintegrifolia, Bolus.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400-6700 ft., December, Bolus,

8206! Flanagan, 1851!

DistTRIBUTION: Endemic.

LANDTIA, Less.

L. sp. cf. L. Riippellii, Benth. & Hook.

Edge of streamlets, Ben McDhui, 8500-9000 ft., March, Galpin,

6744!

The specimen in the Bolus Collection is without flowers. Mr. Galpin

notes that the “‘mature plants have leaves, with peduncle 12-15 in.

long, fleshy, scape 2 inches, flowers yellow.”

HAPLOCARPHA, Leas.

H. scaposa, Harv.

Veld, mountain slopes and plateau. 12-30 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer-Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 55!; mountain slopes between the

Mission Station and Jonathan’s Village, rays yellow, common,

Phillips, 552! Natal, Oliver’s Hoek Pass, 4—5000 ft., January, Wood,

3595.

DistripuTion: Somerset Hast. Aliwal North. Komgha. East

Griqualand, Bechuanaland. Transvaal (Barberton, Potchefstroom,

Aapies River, MacMac).

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 165

Susuto: Papetloane. Derived from the verb “ho papetla ”’—to

flatten. Lengoakv. An orphan (so called because the stem bears a

single flower). Lisebo. Backbitings. Leshala. An ember. Liteno.

An article of a woman’s toilet. ‘I'he crushed leaves are used by raw

native women as an article of their toilet. Also used by the witch-

doctors when consulting the divining bones.

ARCTOTIS, Linn.

A. stoechadifolia, Bere.

Veld and sides of dongas. 4—25 in. high, flowers white and mauve.

Spring-Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 426!

Disrripution: Clanwilliam. Cape. Humansdorp. Prince Albert.

Murraysburg. Colesberg. Aliwal North. Albert. Bechuanaland.

Orange Free State (Bloemfontein, Senekal).

Sesuto: Putsoa-pululu e kholo. The large, grey old man.

VENIDIUM, Less.

V. arctotoides, Less.

Veld. 2-183 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring-Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 51!; Natal, Van Reenen, 5500 ft., November, Wood, 4688 !

Distrisution : Transkei.

Sesuto: Putsoa-pululu. A grey old man.

V. microcephalum, DC.

Natal, Buffalo River, Gerrard & McKen, 1014, March, Evans, 741 ;

Ben MecDhui, 9200 ft., March, Galpin, 6745.

DistRiBuTION: Worcester. Queenstown.

GAZANIA, Gaertn.

G. longiscapa, DC.

Ben McDhui, 9600 ft., March, Galpin, 6746!

Distrisution: Malmesbury. Cape. Queenstown. Cradock.

Graaff Reinet. Aliwai North.

G. serrulata, DC.

Veld and mountain slopes. 2-12 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring—

Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 160!; west slopes of plateau and Qogolosi

Peak, rays yellow, common, Phillips, 625! 985!

Distripution: Natal. Bechuanaland. Transvaal (Middleburg,

Vereeniging, Ermelo).

Sesuto: Tsikitlane. Derived from the verb “ho tsikitlana ’—to

hecome stiff from cold. Palesa e bitosa shoeshoe. The flower is called

“shoeshoe,” ‘The woolly hairs stripped from under the surface of the

166 Annals of the South African Museum.

leaves are rolled into threads from which the skirts, worn round the

waist by young girls, are made. Formerly all the Basuto women wore

these “skirts,” known as ‘“Shethana’’ when made up. The plant,

crushed and mixed with water and put in the ears, is a native cure for

ear-ache.

Dieterlen, 160, differs from Phillips, 985 (and also from the

description of G. serrulata, DC., ‘Fl. Cap.’ i, 475) in having the

peduncles longer than the leaves, and the leaves glandular-setose

above, but I can find no difference in the floral structure.

G. armerioides, DC.

Mountain slopes at Machache. Thaba-Bosin District. Flowers

white. January. A. Dieterlen, 894!; plateau on summit of Drakens-

berg between Doodman’s Krans and Satsanna Berg, 8750 ft., March,

growing in dense tufts up to 12 in. in diameter, Galpin, 6747! ;

Witteberzen, 7-8000 ft., Drége !

Distrisution: Tembuland. Natal. Transvaal (Houtbosch).

Sesuto: Shoeshoe ea loti. The “ shoeshoe”’ of the high mountain.

BERKHEYA, Ear.

B. grandiflora, Willd., var. alternifolia.

Slopes of Machache Mountain, Leribe District. January. A.

Dieterlen, 893!; slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, above the Eland’s

River Valley, 8000 ft., January, Flanagan, 1945!; Mont-aux-Sources,

8000 ft., April, H. Dyke in Herb. Marloth, 5435! in Herb. Musei

Austro-Afric., 5515 !

DistRIBuTION: Endemic.

Sesuto: Ntsdantsane. Derived from the verb “ho tséantsd”’—to

describe.

B. setifera, DC.

Mountain slopes. 2-84 ft. high, flowers yellow. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 234!; mountain slopes between the Mission Station and

Jonathan’s Village, also at Lefi’s Kloof on N.E. slopes of Leribe

plateau, common, Phillips, 563! 841!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s

Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus, 8211!; Eland’s River Valley, near

the Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft., December, Flanagan, 1957 !

DistriputTion: East Griqualand. Natal. Orange Free State (no

locality). Transvaal (Barberton, Carolina).

Sesuto: Leme-la-khomo. 'The tongue of an ox (so called on account

of the rough upper surface of the leaf). Ntsdantsane (see B. Kuntzeii,

Schltr. ).

B. alba, Phillips, sp. nov. Suffrutee 1-15 m. altus. Rami lanati

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 167

vel glabri. Folia 5°5-17 em. longa, 2-6°5 cm. lata, obovato-oblonga,

apice plus minusve truncata vel acuta, basi decurrentia, pinnati-lobata,

spinosa, subtus dense lanata. Capitulum radiatum, 3-7 cm. latum.

Bracteae involucrae, apice spinosae, subtus dense albo-tomentosae.

Corolla radii alba, 2°5 em. longa, 4°5 mm. lata, oblongo-lnearis, apice

4-dentata, subtus paullo glanduloso-pubescens. Corolla disci 8 mm.

longa, supra cylindrata, paullo glandulosa. Pappws coroniformis ;

squamae *5 mm. longae. Ovariwm 2 mm. longum, glabrum ; stylus

9 mm. longus, filiformis, pubescens ; lobi 2 mm. longi, lineares, apice

obtusi, pubescentes. Fructus 4 mm. longus, 4-gonus, glaber.

Slopes of Qogolosi Peak on plateau above the Mission Station,

January-February, A. Dieterlen, 940, Phillips, 981.

Distripution : Endemic.

Sesuto: Néstantsane e tsoeu. The white “ Ntsoantsane.” Mohata

o mosoeu. The white “ Mohata.” Used as a charm for procuring

things wished for.

A bush, 3-4 ft. high. Branches angular, cobwebby, becoming more

or less terete and glabrous above. Leaves 55-17 em. long, 2-6°5 cm.

broad, obovate-oblong in outline, more or less truncate or acute at the

apex, decurrent at the base, pinnati-lobed, the main nerve and the

lateral nerves excurrent into yellow pungent spines ‘7-1 cm. long,

glabrous or faintly cobwebby above, densely clothed with white felt

beneath. Inflorescence 3-7 cm. in diameter, in a loose leafy panicle

at the end of the branches. Outer involucral bracts up to 3 cm. long,

produced into a long pungent spine, entire, with a few marginal

spines, faintly cobwebby above and densely albo-tomentose be eath.

Receptacle 1-6 em. in diameter, convex, honeycombed ; the edges of the

membranous cups fimbriated and produced into long hairs. Ray-

florets neuter. Corolla white, 2-5 em. long, 4:5 mm. broad, oblong-

linear, 4-toothed at the apex, narrowed and tubular at the base,

9-nerved, sparsely glandular pubescent without. Dise-florets herm-

aphrodite. Corolla yellow, 8 mm. long, cylindric above, narrowed in

the lowermost third, sparsely glandular ; corolla lobes 4 mm. long,

linear, obtuse. Stamens inserted about half-way down the corolla-

tube ; filaments 1 mm. long, filiform; anthers 5°5 mm. long, linear, with

a lanceolate obtuse gland at the apex, sagittate at the base. Pappus

a crown of acute scales, 5 mm. long. Ovary 2 mm. long, oblong in

outline, glabrous ; style 9 mm. long, filiform, slightly swollen at the

hase, finely pubescent ; lobes 2 mm. long, linear, very slightly broadened

above, obtuse, finely pubescent. Fruit 4 mm. long, 4-angled, glabrous,

crowned with the persistent pappus.

Differs from all other species of Berkheya by having white flowers,

168 Annals of the South African Museum.

B. bilabiata, N. EH. Br.

Natal, in a valley near Van Reenen’s Pass, 5-6000 ft., Mareh, Wood,

5605.

DistRriputTion : Endemic.

B. latifolia, Wood & Evans.

Natal, side of hill hetween Van Reenen and De Beer’s Pass, June,

Wood, 5960.

DistRIBUTION : Endemic.

B. Kuntzeii, O. Hoffm.

Mountain slopes and ravine. 10-25 in high, flowers yellow. Summer—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 44! 891!; ravine on west slopes of Leribe

plateau, flowers yellow, Phillips, 575 !

Distrisution : Aliwal North.

Srsuro: Ntsdantsdne. Derived from the verb “ho-tsdantso ’—to

describe. Sehlohlo se seholo. The big ‘‘sehlohlo.” Used as a decoc-

tion in illness to pacify a nervous patient. The young leaves are

cooked and eaten as a vegetable.

B. Evansii, Schltr.

Natal, Drakensberg, 6000 ft., February, Hvans, 611.

DistTRIBUTION : Endemic.

B. montana, Wood & Evans.

Mountain slopes. 25-40 in. high, flowers yellow. Autumn. Mala-

vaneng, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 843!; Natal, summit of the

Drakensberg, near Van Reenen, Wood, 5605; between Van Reenen

and De Beer’s Pass, March, Wood, 6978.

DistrRisutTion: Endemic.

Srsuto: Mohatollo. He who relieves. A lotion for bruises is pre-

pared from the roots.

B. (Stobaea cirsiifolia, DC.)

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6200 ft., December, Bolus, 8209!;

Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 8800 ft., March, Galpin, 6753!; near Buffalo

River Waterfall, Basutoland, 8100 ft., March, Galpin, 6752!; Witte-

bergen, 6—7000 ft., Drége !

DistRiBpuTION: Endemic.

B. (S. onopordifolia, DC.)

Veld. 12-35 in. high, flowers bright vellow. Summer—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 627 !

DistRrisuTion : Beaufort West. Orange Free State (Bloemfontein ).

Transvaal (Standerton). |

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 169

Sresuto: Mohato. Derived from the verb ‘ ho hato’’—to oppress.

Used as a charm to detect an evildoer and prevent him from doing

harm. The native doctors use the plant in many feverish illnesses.

Together with Huphorbia basutica it is said by the natives to cure

leprosy.

B. (S. multijuga, DC.)

Slopes of high mountains. 25-40 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 864! summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January,

Flanagan, 2199! 2119! (Flanagan distributed the plant under both

these numbers); Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 8800 ft., March, Galpin,

6751!

Distrisution: East Griqualand.

Szsuto: Nftstantsine ea loti. The “Ntsdantsine ”’ of the high

mountain.

B. (S. aristosa, DC.)

High mountain slopes. 20-32 in. high, flowers yellow, December,

A. Dieterlen, 863!; Natal, Tabanhlope, 6000 ft., October, flowers

yellow, Wood, 10640!; summit of Pot River Berg, 5800 ft., March,

Galpin, 6750 !

Distripution: Tembuland. Hast Griqualand.

Srsuto: Papetloane e mentloa. The prickly “ Papetloane.”

STEPHANOCOMA, Less.

S. carduoides, Less.

Hillsides, Maclear, besides streamlets, 4700 ft., March, Galpin, 6749.

Distrisution: George. Somerset East. Komgha. East Griqua-

land.

CNICUS, Linn.

C. lanceolatus, Willd.

Roadsides and round villages. 1-3 ft. high, flowers violet. Autumn.

Morija. A. Dieterlen, 499!; ravine between the Mission Station and

Jonathan's Village, growing under a rock-shelter where cattle sleep,

flowers pink, Phillips, 759 !

DistrisuTion : An introduced weed.

Sesuto: Ntsdantsine. Derived from the verb “ ho tsoantsa ’—to

draw or depict. Said to have been introduced from the Cape Colony

in forage used for the horses of the troops during the “Gun War” of

1880.

170 Annals of the South African Musewm.

DICOMA, Cass.

D. macrocephala, DC.

Natal, upper Tugela. 45000 ft., January, rare, Wood, 3618.

DistTRIBUTION: Orange Free State (Bloemhof). Transvaal (Water-

burg).

D. anomala, Sond.

Veld and mountain slopes. 4-20 in. high, flowers mauve. Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 58!; slopes between the Mission Station and Jonathan’s

Village, and on west slopes of Leribe plateau, a creeper growing under

rocks, flowers pinkish, Phillips, 572! 715!; banks Klein Pot River,

Maclear District, 4550 ft., March, Galpin, 6754.

Distripution : Albany. Aliwal North. Stutterheim. Natal. Orange

Free State (Bloemfontein). Transvaal (Potchefstroom, Johannesburg,

Rustenburg, Aapie’s River).

Sesuto: Kloenya. To change colour or to blush. Used as a

medicine for colic and toothache.

var. cirsioides.

Natal, Drakensberg, 5-6000 ft., Wood, 3596.

DisTRIBUTION: Transvaal (Wonderboompoort, Aapie’s River).

GERBERA, Gron.

G. piloselloides, Cass.

Veld and mountain slopes. 4-20 in. high, flowers pale yellow.

Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 153! 518!; Natal. Van Reenen,

5—6000 ft., November, Wood, 4772.

DistRiButTion: Cape. Uitenhage. Stockenstroom. King William’s

Town. Komgha. Tembuland. East Griqualand.

Srsuto: Mothuntsetso. He who makes smoke rise. Tsebe ea pela.

The rock-rabbit’s ear. The plant is used to fumigate the hut of a

person suffering with a cold in the head.

G. ambigua, Sch. Bip. _

Mont-aux-Sources, A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4859!; Natal, Mooi

River District, 4-5000 ft., October, Wood, 5469.

Distrisution: Port Elizabeth. Albany. East Griqualand. Natal.

Transvaal (Germiston).

G. viridifolia, Sch. Bip.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-25 in. high, flowers white. Spring

Autumn, A. Dieterlen, 168 !

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 171

DistripuTion: Albany. Komgha. Transkei. East Griqualand.

Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria, Barberton).

Sresuto: Moarubetso. He who fumigates. Ripa-lithata. Cutting

hard things. Sebsko. An assembly. The smoke from a burning

plant is inhaled as a cure for cold in the head.

G. natalensis, Sch. Bip.

Natal, Polela, 5-6000 ft., July, Evans, 515.

DistriBuTIoN: Natal.

This name in the ‘ Flora Capensis’ is sunk under G. viridifolia, but

Wood in his list of Natal Plants keeps them separate.

G. Kraussii, Sch. Bip.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5900 ft., December, Bolus, 8210 !

Distrisution: Transkei. Natal. Swaziland. Transvaal (Barberton).

G. parva, N. E. Br. (= G. alticola, Bolus).

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, c. 10,000 ft., October, G. Mann in

Herb. Marloth, 2879!; Natal, Giant’s Castle, ¢. 9000 ft., November,

A Bolus in Herb. Bolus!; Drakensberg Mtns., 6500 ft., July, Evans, 57.

DistRIBUTION: Endemic.

G. sp.

Natal. Bushman’s River Pass, 10-12,000 ft., December, Thode.

DIsTRIBUTION : Endemic.

HIERACIUM, Linn.

H. capense, Linn.

Veld, mountain slopes, and plateau. 10-25 in. high, flowers yellow.

Spring-Autumn. A. Dieterlen,293!; common in various places round

the Leribe plateau. Phillips, 545! 546! 562! 834! 866!

Distrerpution: Cape. Graaff Reinet. Transkei. Natal. Transvaal

(Belfast).

Sresuto: Fukuthoane. Meaning unknown. Used as a vegetable in

the young state.

var. microcephala.

Natal, Upper Tugela, 45000 ft., January, Wood, 3629.

Distrisution: Bugersdorp. Aliwal North.

CREPIS, Linn.

C. polyodon, Phillips, comb. nov. (Pl. VI, fig. 3). Planta acaule-

scens. Folia radicalia, 3-12 em. longa, 3-2 cm. lata, linearia, lanceo-

lato-linearia vel oblanceolato-oblonga, apice acuta vel rotunda, basi

72 Annals of the South African Museum.

angustata, paullo pubescentia aliquando glabra ; margines dentatae

vel incisae. Peduneulus simplex vel supra aliquando basi aliquando

ramis diffundus, sulcatus, glanduloso-pubescens vel glaber. Capitula

1:1-2 em. longa, 1:2 cm. lata. Bracteae ‘6-2 cm. longa, lineares, apice

subacutae, glabra vel glanduloso-pubescentes. — Bracteae-involucrae

1:2 em. longae, 2°5-8 mm. latae, ovato-lineares, apice subtruncatae,

concavae, subtus glandulosae; margines membranaceae. Tubus

corollae 4 mm. longus, °5 mm. latus, cylindratus, glaber ; limbus

6-5 mm. longus, 1-5 mm. latus, linearis, apice truncatus, 3-dentatus.

Filamenta 1:5 mm. longa; antherae 4 mm. longae, lineares, basi

sagittatae. Pappus 7 mm. longus, barbellatus. Ovariwm 15-4 mm.

longum, °5 mm. latum, lineare, supra angustatum ; stylus 1 cm.

longus, supra pubescens. Fructus ‘9-1 cm. longus, supra attenuatus,

10-costatus, pubescens.

Philipstown and Katrivier, October, Ecklon ; Basutoland, veld and

mountain slopes. 5-20 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring. A. Dieter-

len, 500; Komgha, 2000 ft., December, Flanagan, 895; East Griqua-

land, round Kokstad, 5000 ft., October-December, Tyson, 1097,

1588, Tyson in Herb. Norm. Austro-Afric., 467: Transvaal (Saddle-

back Mtn., Barberton), 44500 ft., September, Galpin, 1027.

An acaulescent plant with a thick woody subterranean stem, simple

or sometimes branched below the ground. Leaves radical, 3-12 em.

long, 8-2 em. broad, linear, lanceolate-linear or oblanceolate-oblong,

acute or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, entire or with

toothed or incised margins, sparsely pubescent, sometimes almost

glabrous. Peduncles 1-3 to each stem, simple or branched above,

sometimes branched almost at the base, ribbed, glandular-pubescent

to almost glabrous. Capitula 1-10 to each peduncle, when more than

one then arranged in a racemose manner on the peduncle, 1-1-2 cm.

long, 1-2 cm. in diameter, ovate in outline. Bracts ‘6-2 cm. long,

linear, subacute, glabrous or pubescent with gland-tipped hairs.

Tnvolucre 2-seriate, bracteolate at the base with 3-6 linear glandular

bracts. Involucral bracts 1-2 em. long, 2°5-3 mm. broad, ovate-linear,

almost truncate at the apex, concave, glandular on the keel beneath,

with membranous margins. Receptacle flat, nude. Corolla-tube 4mm.

long, ‘5 mm. broad, cylindric, glabrous; limb 6°5 mm. long, 15 mm.

broad, linear, truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Filaments 1:5 mm.

long; anthers 4 mm. long, linear, with an ovate obtuse gland at the

apex, tailed at the base. Pappus 7 mm. long, barbellate. Ovary

1-5-4 mm. long, *5 mm. broad, linear in outline, narrowed above and

expanded into a disc bearing the pappus (when young the ovary is

oblong and not produced into a distinct neck); style 1 em, long, fih-

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 173

form, terete, pubescent in the uppermost third; lobes 15 mm. long,

terete, pubescent. Fruit ‘9-1 cm. long, semiterete, narrowed above,

10-ribbed, minutely pubescent. Hieraciwm capense, Fries. Epic. Hier.,

p. 67; Flora Capensis, ii, 530.

This is described in the ‘ Flora Capensis® as a Hieracium, but the

character of the fruit would remove it from this genus to Crepis as

first pointed out by the late Dr. Bolus in manuscript. Mr. Galpin

notes on his ticket “ Klatt reported this as Hypochaeris glabra, Linn.” ;

the nude receptacle, however, would remove it from this genus.

Specimens were distributed as Crepis polyodon, Bolus, in the Herb.

Norm. Austro-Afric., No. 467.

LACTUCA, Linn.

L. eapensis, Thunb.

Veld and mountain slopes. 5-24 in. high, flowers white. Spring-

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 25!; Lefi’s Kloof, on N.E. slopes of Leribe

plateau, Phillips, 840!; south slopes of Leribe plateau above Khaniane,

Phillips, 882!

DistripuTion : Cape. Port Elizabeth. Graaff Reinet. Molteno.

Albert. Komgha. Natal. Transvaal (Rustenburg, Potchefstroom,

Pretoria).

Sesuto: Kholoboto and Lekoloboto. Meanings unknown. LEHaten as

a vegetable when young.

SONCHUS, Linn.

S. ecklonianus, DC.

Veld and mountain slopes. 3-20 in. high, flowers yellow. A.

Dieterlen, 571!

Distrisution : Natal.

Sesuto: Leharasvana. The ragged one. Cooked as a vegetable in

the young state.

S. integrifolius, Harv.

Veld and mountain slopes. 4-15 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 155!

Distrisution: Komgha. East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal

(Pretoria, Volksrust).

Sesuto: Naka la tholo, The horn of the eland. Sethokoyane se

seholo. The big “sethokoyane.” Used as a vegetable in the young

state.

174 Annals of the South African Museum.

S. nanus, Sond.

Veld and mountain slopes. 1-3 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring—

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 34! >

DistRiBuTion : Endemic ?

Sesuto: Sethokoyane. Meaning unknown. One of the first spring

plants, and very much liked by the natives as a vegetable.

S. oleraceus, Linn.

Mountain slopes and river banks. 6-86 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 120! 673!

DistriputTion: Cape. Graaff Reinet. Komgha. Natal.

Sesuro: Leshabe. Derived from the verb “ ho-shaba ’’—to eat with

(bread or other food). Bono-sa-lekhoaba. The tail of the crow.

Very much appreciated as a vegetable by the natives, who eat the

cooked plant with bread.

CAMPANULACEAE.

LOBELIA, Linn.

L. Preslii, A. DC.

Mountain slopes at Malavaneng, Leribe District, flowers blue and

purple. January. <A. Dieterlen, 933!; Natal, Mawahqua Mountain,

6-7000 ft., April, Wood, 4620; Ben McDhui and Doodman’s Krans

Mountain, 9500-9800 ft., March, Galpin, 6755.

Disrrisution: Murraysburg. Tembuland. Hast Griqualand.

Sesuto: Mahlo a Konyana a loti. The “ Mahloa Konyana” of the

high mountain.

L. decipiens, Sond.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 6-15 in. high, flowers blue and

dark violet. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 414!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s

Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus, 8213! Flanagan, 1889!; Drakens-

bergen, 7000 ft., A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4865!

Distripution : Swellendam. Uitenhage. Albany. King William’s

Town. Komgha. Transkei. Natal. Zululand. Transvaal (Magalies-

berg).

Sesuto: Mahloa Konyana. Lambs’ eyes (so called on account of

the fine colour and softness of the flowers).

L. Erinus, Linn.

Damp spots on veld and mountain slopes. 5-15 in. high, flowers

white and sky blue. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 253!

Distrisution: Natal.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 175

Sesuto: Moroho oa likonyana. The vegetable of the lambs. The

plant is said to be liked by sheep.

L. natalensis, A. DC.

Natal, Upper Tugela, 4-5000 ft., January, Wood, 5458.

Distripution : Delagoa Bay.

var. subulifolia.

Mountain slopes at Malavaneng, Leribe District. 8-16 in. high,

flowers blue or pinkish. January. A. Dieterlen, 955! 965!

Distrisution: Natal.

Sesuto: Mohlo a Konyana. Lambs’ eyes. Malan’a Konyana. The

intestines of a lamb.

The above species and variety, I think, are only forms of L. Erinus,

Linn.

L. dregeana, A. DC.

Damp spots on veld. 1-3 in. high, flowers white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 461!; Wittebergen, 6—7000 ft., Drege!

Distripution: East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Vaal River).

Sesuto: Napshane ea phiri. The “ Napshane” of the wolf. This

plant is very much used by the witch-doctors, who make a preparation

from it in which they wash their divining bones, believing that it

makes them more accurate.

L. (Metzleria dregeana, Sond.).

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5300 ft., December, Bolus! ;

Wittebergen, 6—7000 ft., Drége.

Distrisution: East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (near Hebron).

L. aquatica, Phillips, sp. nov. (Pl. III, fig. c). Herba aquatica.

Rhizomata parva. Folia ‘5-2-2 em. longa, supra 3-6 mm. lata, obovata

vel obovato-elliptica, apice obtusa, basi attenuata, glabra. Petiolus

3-8 mm. longus, planus. Pedicellus 3 mm. longus, teres, glaber.

Calye 2°75 mm. longus; segmenta 1:25 mm. longa, ovato-elliptica,

apice subacuta, glabra. Tubus corollae 4 mm. longus, 4°5 mui. latus,

glaber ; lobi 3°5 et 4 mm. longi, 1 et 2 mm. lati, oblongi, elliptico-

oblongi, vel oblongo-lineares, apice acuti, glabri. Filamenta 4 mm.

longa, plana, glabra; antherae 1°75 mm. longae, 2 interiores setosae.

Ovarium 1:5 mm. longum, ovatum, glabrum ; stylus 3°5 mm. longus,

teres; stigma minutum, conicum, ciliatum.

In a marsh at the base of Doodman’s Krans Mountain, Drakens-

bergen, 8500 ft., March, Galpin, 6756. Flowers purple.

176 Annals of the South African Museum.

A small marsh herb with creeping stems rooting at the nodes

Leaves *5-2°2 cm. long, 3-6 mm. broad above, obovate or obovate-

elliptic, obtuse, narrowed at the base into a flattish petiole 3-8 mm.

long, glabrous. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, pedicelled.

Pedicel 3 mm. long, terete, glabrous. Calyx 2°75 mm. long, cut

almost to the base; lobes 1°25 mm. long, ovate-elliptic, subacute,

glabrous. Corolla-tube 4 mm. long, 45mm. broad when flattened out,

elabrous ; larger lobes 3°5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, oblong or elliptic-

oblong, acute, glabrous; smaller lobes 4 mm. long, 1 mm. broad,

oblong or oblong-linear, acute, glabrous. Stamens monadelphous ;

filaments 4 mm. long, flat, glabrous; anthers 1:75 mm. long, the

lower two with a few setose hairs. Ovary 1-5 mm. long, ovate in

outline, glabrous; style 3°5 mm. long, terete; stigma minute, conical,

with a ring of fine hairs.

In habit this plant resembles L. muscoides, Cham., to which it is

allied, but differs in having entire leaves.

L. Tysonii, Phillips, sp. nov. (Pl. I, fig. a). Herba acaulescens.

Folia radicalia, *8-9°5 em. longa, -2-2°6 em. lata, obovata, lanceolata

vel elliptica, apice obtusa, basi angustata, glabra. Peduneulus

7-46°5 cm. longus, glaber. Bracteae 15-3 mm. longae, lineares.

Pedicellus *6-1°2 cm. longus. Tubus calycis 3:7 mm. longus, glaber ;

lobi 2-4 mm. longi, lineares, apice subacuti. Tubws corollae 5 mm.

longus, 4 mm. latus; lobi 8-6°5 mm. longi, obovati, glabri. Filamenta

6 mm. longa, glabra; antherae 2 mm. longae. Ovariwm 1-3 min.

longum, glabrum; stylus 4 mm. longus, teres, glaber; lobi ‘5 mm.

longi, oblongi. Fructus 8 mm. longus, 3°5 mm. latus, 5-costatus,

elaber.

Banks of the Hlotse River, 5-12 in. high, flowers mauve. Spring

(October). Makokoane, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 811; East

Griqualand, grassy places near Kokstad, 5000 ft., November, Tyson,

1889, Tyson in Herb. Norm. Austro-Afric., 571.

Sresuto: Poli ea noka.

A herbaceous plant with radical leaves and long subnude peduncles

arising from the rootstock. Pedwneles glabrous, naked except for

1 or 2 pairs of leaves near the base. Radical leaves -*8-9'5 cm. long,

2-26 em. broad, obovate, lanceolate or elliptic, obtuse, narrowed at

the base into a flattened petiole, entire or remotely serrulate, glabrous.

Inflorescence racemose. Bracts 15-3 mm. long, linear. Pedicels

‘6-12 cm. long, elongating in the fruit up to 5°5 cm. Calya-tube

3°7 mm. long, turbinate, sometimes obovate in outline, glabrous ; lobes

2-4 mm. long, linear, subacute. Corolla-tube 5 mm. long, 4 mm. broad

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 177

when laid open, glabrous; upper lobes 6°5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad,

obovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base; lower lobes 3 mm. long, obovate,

bluntly apiculate, narrowed at the base. Staminal column 6 mm. high ;

filaments linear, glabrous; anthers 2 mm. long, the 2 shortest bearded

at the apex. Ovary 1-3 mm. long, glabrous; style 4 mm. long, terete,

glabrous ; lobes, *5 mm. long, oblong, with a circle of hairs at the base.

Fruit 8 mm. long, 3°5 mm. broad, 2-celled, 5-ribbed, glabrous.

Approaches L. cyphioides, Harv., from which it differs in having

clabrous leaves, longer pedicels, and the calyx-tube being longer than

the lobes.

CYPHIA, Berg.

C. corylifolia, Harv.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., February, Wood, 9203.

Distrisution : Natal.

C. elata, Harv.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 12-25 in. high, flowers pale mauve.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 451; higher grassy slopes of the Mont-aux-

Sources, c. 8100 ft., January, Thode, 31.

Sesuto: Lenkoto.

C. triphylla, Phillips, sp. nov. Scandens, ‘5-1 m. longus. Rami

glabri. Folia subsessilia, trifoliolata. Petiolus 1 mm. longus, linearis ;

foliola 1-3 em. longa, ‘5-1 mm. lata, linearia, apice obtusa, glabra.

Inflorescentia terminalis, 7-20 cm. longa. Pedicellus 2 mm. longus,

teres, glaber. T'ubus calycis 1 mm. longus, campanulatus, glaber ;

lobi 15 mm. longi, lineares, apice acuti, marginati. Segmenta corollae

6-7 mm. longa, lanceolata lineariaque. Filamenta 3°5 mm. longa, supra

anegustata, basi paullo plana, glabra; antherae 1:5 mm. longae, lineares,

glabrae. Ovarium 2°5 mm. longum, ovatum, glabrum ; stylus 15 mm.

longus, teres ; stigma capitatum, ciliatum.

Slopes at Malavaneng, Leribe District. Summer (February). A.

Dieterlen, 945.

Distrisution : Endemic.

Sesuto: Lekotoana la mehlaka. The small “ Lekoto” of the

marshes. Mararana oa mehlaka. The small creeper of the marshes.

A twining plant, 5-1 m. long. Stems glabrous. Leaves shortly

petioled, trifoliate. Petiole 1 mm. long, linear; leaflets 1-3 em. long,

‘5-1 mm. broad, linear, obtuse, glabrous. Injlorescence terminal,

7-20 em. long, leafless. Pedicels 2 mm. long, slender, terete, glabrous.

Calyx-tube 1 mm. long, campanulate, glabrous; lobes 1°5 mm. long,

linear, acute, with narrow membranous wings. Corolla-segyments

6-7 mm. long; the lower lanceolate, attenuate at the base; the upper

178 Annals of the South African Museum.

linear, channelled. Stamens alternating with the corolla segments ;

filaments 3°5 mm. long, narrow above, slightly widened towards the

base, glabrous; anthers 1°5 mm. long, linear, glabrous. Ovary 2°5 mm.

long, ovate in outline, glabrous; style I°5 mm long, terete ; stigma

capitate, fringed with hairs.

Very near C. digitata, Willd., from which it is distinguished by

having glabrous stamens.

C. sp.

Natal, climbing over shrubs at Polela, 5-6000 ft., April, Wood,

4569,

LIGHTFOOTIA, L Her.

L. Huttoni, Sond.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5-6000 ft., January, Wood, 8800.

DisrrisuTion : Stockenstroom. Transkei. Hast Griqualand. Natal.

Swaziland.

var.

Natal, Mawahqua, 6—7000 ft., April, Wood, 4599.

DistRiIBUTION : Endemic.

L. denticulata, Sond.

Hills and mountain slopes. 2-8 in. high, flowers dark violet.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 332!; Caledon River, Burke.

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Natal. ‘Transvaal.

Sesuto: Boloa. A love philter. A decoction is made from the

plant with which women, especially the wives of polygamists, bathe

themselves, believing that by so doing they will be loved by their

husbands.

L. albens, Spreng.

Mountain slopes. 1-3 ft. high, flowers yellow. Summer. A,

Dieterlen, 402 !

DisrriputTion: Caledon. Uitenhage. Komgha. Orange Free

State (Orange River).

Sresuto: Tloatlvatsane. Derived from the verb “ho tloatloatsa ’—

to crack or make a noise. Used as fuel.

L. Dieterlenii, Phillips, sp. nov. Planta 10-82 om. alta. Rami

pubescentes. Folia erecta, ‘41:5 em. longa, *5-2°5 mm. lata, linearia

vel ovato-linearia, apice obtusa, basi semiamplexicaulia, subtus uni-

costata, glabra; margines recurvae, dentatae. Flores axillares vel

terminales. Pedicellus ad 1:5 mm. longus. T'ubus calyer 1-2 mm.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 179

longus, campanulatus, 10-costatus, 5-angulatus, glaber ; lobi 2-38 mm.

longi, lineares vel ovato-lineares, acuminati, apice subacuti, glabri;

margines cartilaginae, integrae vel 1—4-dentatae. T'wbus corollae

15-2 mm. longus, glaber; lobi 5-6 mm. longi, 1-1:25 mm. lati,

lineares, apice subacuti, glabri. Filamenta 15-2 mm. longa, basi

ovata vel orbicultata et ciliata, supra filiformia ; antherae 1-75-2°5 mm.

longae, lineares. Ovariwm 15-2 mm. longum, subglobosum ; stylus

5-6 mm. longus, teres, apice trilobatus.

Veld, mountain slopes and plateau.. 4-18 in. high. Summer-—

Autumn. Flowers violet. A. Dieterlen, 528; Orange Free State,

Harrismith, near the Wilge River, February, Wood, 4815 ; Transvaal,

Witwatersrand, April, Mrs. Hutton in Herb. Albany Museum, 881.

A small shrub 10-23 em. high, with simple. branches arising from

the apex of a thick underground stem, rarety branched above.

Branches terete, pubescent. Leaves erect, ‘4—1°5 em. long, ‘5—2°5 mm.

broad below, linear or ovate-linear, obtuse, half-clasping at the base,

with recurved and denticulate margins and a distinct midrib beneath,

glabrous. Flowers axillary or terminating very short lateral shoots.

Pedicel up to 1-5 mm. long, elongating shghtly in the fruit. Calya-

tube 1-2 mm. long, campanulate, 10-nerved, 5-angled, glabrous ; lobes

2-3 mm. long, linear or ovate-linear, acuminate, subacute, longer than

the tube, with cartilaginous margins, entire or 1—4-toothed, glabrous.

Corolla-tube 1-5-2 mm. long, glabrous; lobes 5-6 mm. long, 1—-1:25

mm. broad, linear, subacute, glabrous. Stamens imserted at the base

of the corolla-tube ; filaments 1-5-2 mm. long, ovate or orbicular and

ciliate below, filiform above; anthers 1:75-2°5 mm. long, linear.

Ovary enclosed in the calyx-tube, 15-2 mm. long, subglobose, 3-celled ;

style 5-6 mm. long, terete, usually thickened above, glabrous ; stigmas

three, 1 mm. long, linear or oblong.

Near L. Huttoni, Sond, and L. wnidentata, Sond. ; from the former

it differs in having toothed leaves and from the latter it may be

distinguished by having a glabrous calyx and corolla.

WAHLENBERGIA, Schrad.

W. montana, A. DC.

Natal, near the Tugela Falls, 5000 ft., Wood, 3613; Ben McDhui,

9250-9800 ft., March, Galpin, 6762.

Distrisution : Stockenstroom. East Griqualand.

_W. Banksiana, A. DC.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December, Bolus, 8212.

DisTRIBUTION : Cape.

180 Annals of the South African Musewn.

W. capillacea, A. DC.

Basutoland, valley above the Buffalo River Waterfall, c. 8200 ft.,

March, flowers blue, Galpin, 6759; Natal, Polela, 5000 ft., Wood,

4604.

Disrrisution: Knysna. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Albany.

Kast Griqualand.

W. denudata, A. DC.

Mountain slopes. 10-25 in. high, flowers violet or hlac. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 119c! 119d!

Distripution : East Griqualand.

Sesuro: Tenane. See W. androsacea.

W. undulata, A. DC.

Mountain slopes. 12-25 in. high, flowers violet. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 119a!; Tsitsa Footpath, Drakensberg, 7600 ft., March,

Galpin, 6757.

DistriIBuTION: Swellendam. Uitenhage. Albany. Alice. Komgha.

Hast Griqualand.

Sresuto: Moopetsane. Derived from the verb “ho opa’’—to clap

the hands. Letoao. Meaning unknown. Tenane. See W. andro-

saced.

W. caledonica, Sond.

Mountain slopes. 10-22 in. high, flowers violet. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 119b!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December,

Flanagan, 1859!; Caledon River, Burke.

DistRIBUTION : Endemic.

Sesuto: Tenane. See W. androsacea.

W. Zeyheri, E. & Z.

Veld and mountain slopes. 6-15 in. high, flowers bluish-mauve.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 119e!; Natal, grassy hill, Polela, 5-6000 ft.,

Wood.

Distrisution: Komgha. East Griqualand.

Sesuto: Tenane. See W. andvrosacea.

W. androsacea, A. DC.

Veld and in cultivated lands. 8-20 in. high, flowers mauve.

Spring-Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 340!; Basutoland, without precise

locality, Kolbe in Herb. Bolus !

Distrisution: Natal. Griqualand West. Orange Free State.

Transvaal. Lourenco- Marques.

Sresuto: Tenane. Derived from the verb ‘“ ho tena ’—to get tired’

of. Used in the form of a decoction for ulcers in the intestines of

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 18]

children. This is one of the first spring plants and grows in quantities

in the lands before ploughing has begun. Women and girls are seen

every day collecting the plant, which they cook as a spinach, but they

soon tire of it.

W. depressa, Wood & Evans. (PI. III, fig. B).

Under rocks on plateau. 4-12 in. high, flowers light-biue. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 529!; Natal, wet rocks on the summit of the Drakensberg,

March, Wood, 5977.

DistRiIBUTION: Endemic.

Sesuto: Bolaoane. The small love-philter. Boea ba ’mutla. The

hair of a hare. - Young men,. wishing to win the love of girls who

refuse to be courted, wash themselves with a decoction prepared from

the plant.

W. depressa, W. & E. forma (PI. V, fig. 4).

Plateau and mountain slopes. 2-5 in. high, flowers white or pale.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 413!; forming mats, flowers pale blue, Phillips ,

901!

Distripution : Endemic.

Sesuto: Moriri oa letlapa.

In habit the above specimens are totally different from the typical

form. Numerous compact slender branches arise from the apex of an

underground woody stem arranged in such a way as to form cushions.

W. basutica, Phillips, sp. nov. (Pl. V, fig. 3). Planta prostrata.

Rami 4-10 em. longi; ramulh pilosi. Folia ‘4-1 em. longa, 1-5-5 mm.

lata, elliptica, obovata, spathulata vel subrotunda, apice obtusa, basi

attenuata, aliquando pilosa; margines integrae, crassae. Flores

terminales, solitaru. Pedicellus ad 5°5 mm. longus, pilosus. Twubus

calycis 3 mm. longus, supra 4 ium. latus, pilosus; lobi 4-5 mm. longi,

basi2 mm. lati, ovati, apice acuti, paullo pilosi; margines crassae.

Corolla paullo pilosa ; tubus 8mm. longus, supra 5mm. latus, campanu-

latus; lobi 6 mm. longi, 4mm. lati, elliptici, apice mucronati ciliatique.

Filamenta 3 mm. longa, lneari-acuminata; antherae 2°5 mm. longae

lineares. Ovariwm 2 mm. longum, circiter 2 mm. latum, subglobosum ;

stylus 8 mm. longus, teres, infra minute pubescens, apice truncatus,

trilobatusque; lobi ‘5 mm. longi.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 2-8 in. long, flowers pale blue.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 622.

Disrrisution: Endemic.

Sesuto: Mafole.

A prostrate plant with creeping branches 4-10 cm. long. Branches

compact, forming tufts; branchlets pilose. Leaves ‘4-1 cm, long,

182 Annals of the South African Museum.

15-5 mm. broad, elliptic, obovate, spathulate or subrotund, obtuse,

attenuated at the base into a flat petiole, entire, with rounded and

thickened margins, sometimes pilose, otherwise glabrous. Flowers

terminal, solitary. Pedicels up to 3°5 mm. long, pilose, sometimes

almost absent. Calyx-tube 3 mm. long, 4 mm. in diameter above,

obconical, pilose; lobes 4°5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad at the base,

triangular-ovate, acute, with rounded and thickened margins, scantily

pilose. Corolla pale blue, scantily pilose; tube 8 mm. long, 5 mm. in

diameter above, campanulate ; lobes6 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, elliptic,

bluntly mucronate at the apex and ciliate with a few hairs. Stamens

inserted at the base of the corolla-tube ; filaments 3 mim. long, linear-

acuminate ; anthers 2°5 mm. long, linear. Ovary 3-celled, 2 mm. long,

about 2mm. broad, subglobose; style 8 mm. long, terete, minutely

pubescent on the lower half, truncate and 3-lobed at the apex; lobes

*5 mm. long, linear, terete. Fruit enclosed in the persistent calyx,

3 mm. long, 2 mm. broad below, conical; seeds -75 mm. long, *5 mm.

broad, ellipsoid ; testa reddish-brown.

Very closely allied to W. montana, DC., from which it is easily

distinguished by the smaller and differently shaped leaves which are

narrowed at the base into a flat petiole. I can find no material

difference in the floral structure. At first I thought this plant should

be regarded as a form of W. montana, DC., but as Madame Dieterlen’s

specimens are so utterly different from, and can so easily be dis-

tinguished from this species, I decided to keep them specifically

distinct.

W. pinifolia, N. E. Br.

Natal, on damp rocks, 5-6000 ft., February, Evans, 348.

Distripution : Endemic.

W. Galpinii, Phillips, sp. nov. Planta pusilla, 7-10 cm. alta. Rami

minute pubescentes. Folia -3-1:1 em. longa, ‘5-2 mm. lata, linearia

vel spathulato-linearia, apice obtusa, basi angustata, glabra. Flores

solitarii, terminales vel axillares. Pedicellus circiter 2 mm. longus,

glaber vel minute pubescens. Tubus calycis 15 mm. longus, glaber ;

lobi 3 mm. longi, ovato-lineares, apice obtusi, glabri. Tubus corollae

3 mm. longus, glaber; lobi 2°5 mm. longi, 1°75 mm. lati, acuminati.

Filamenta 1°5 mm. longa, oblonga, basi 5 mm. lata minute ciliataque,

supra linearia; antherae 1:25 mm. longae, oblongo-lineares. Ovariwm

triloculare; stylus 2 mm. longus, teres, glaber; lobi 3.

Wittebergen, Ben McDhui, Barkly East Division, 9300-9500 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6761.

A dwarf plant 7-10 cm. high. Branches terete, minutely pubescent.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 183

Leaves °3-1:1 cm. long, ‘5-2 mm. broad, linear or spathulate-linear,

obtuse, narrowed at the base, glabrous. Flowers solitary, terminal or

axillary. Pedicels about 2 mm. long, glabrous or minutely pubescent.

Calyz-tube 1:5 mm. long, glabrous; lobes 3 mm. long, ovate-linear,

obtuse, glabrous. Corolla mauve; tube 3 mm. long, glabrous ; lobes

2°5 mm. long, 1:75 mm. broad, bluntly acuminate. Filaments 1-5 mm

long, oblong, and °5 mm. broad in the lower half and very finely ciliate,

linear above; anthers 1:25 mm. long, oblong-lnear. Ovary 3-celled ;

style 2 mm. long, terete, glabrous ; stigmas 3.

Near W. depressa, W. & E., but differs in having flattened non-

ciated leaves.

W. sp.

Harrismith, Krook, 2764 !

ERICACHAE.

ERICA, Linn.

E. cerinthoides, Linn.

Cliffs and mountain slopes. 2-3 ft. high, flowers bright red. Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 123!; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 758.

Distrigution: Worcester. Malmesbury. Cape. Caledon. Rivers-

dale. Knysna. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Tembuland.

Pondoland. Natal. Transvaal (Waterfall Creek, MacMac, Lyden-

burg).

Sresuto: Momonyane or Semomonyane. Derived from the verb

“ho momonya”—to suck up. The flowers are visited by birds for

the nectar. The native children suck the flowers for the sweet nectar.

E. alopecurus, Harv.

Mountain slopesand plateau. 9-20 in. high, flowers mauve-carmine.

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 274!; Basutoland, without precise locality,

Cooper, 756; Luhana Pass, Drakensberg Range, Galpin, 2321; Natal,

near Van Reenen, Schlechter, 6992.

Disrripution: Cathcart. King William’s Town. Stutterheim.

Somerset East. East Griqualand. Transvaal (Gemsbok Spruit,

Komati).

Sxesuto: Chesa-litelu. Burn the beard. Used as fuel. The natives

say a fire made with this plant produces many sparks which fly up and

burn the beards of the men sitting round it.

E. algida, Bolus.

Slopes of high mountains at Malavaneng, Leribe District. 24-4 ft.

high, flowers pink. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 862!; Qoqolosi Peak,

184 Annals of the South African Museum.

Phillips, 990!; Basutoland, Machacha, Bryce; on the higher slopes of

the Mont-aux-Sources, Flanagan, 2030, Thode, 33; Nelson’s Kop,

Cooper, 854; near the source of the Umtjesi River, Thode, 63.

Distrisution: East Griqualand.

Srsuto: Lekhapu le lenyenyane. The small‘ Lekhapu.” Used for

fuel.

E. Flanagani, Bolus.

On the landward slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, above the Eland’s

River Valley, 8000 ft., Flanagan, 2031.

DistRIBuTION : Hndemic.

E. trichoclada, G. & B.

Natal, Polela, Evans, 673.

DistrisuTion : Natal (Liddesdale).

E. Tysoni, Bolus.

Natal, on the Drakensberg Range, at Polela, Evans, 675.

DistriputTion: East Griqualand.

E. drakensbergensis, G. & B.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5-6000 ft., February, Wood, 6066.

DistrisutTion: East Griqualand. ‘Transvaal (eastern portion).

E. sitiens, Klotz.

Natal, Drakensberg, Wood, 9732.

DisTRiBuTIon : Stellenbosch. Caledon.

E. Schlechteri, Bolus.

Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft., Bolus.

DisTRIBUTION : Queenstown. Natal.

E. frigida, Bolus.

Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., Flanagan, 2029, Thode, 3265, Bolus :

Natal, Amawahqua Mtn., Evans, 675, Wood, 4580.

Distrisution: East Griqualand.

E. Woodii, Bolus.

Oliver’s Hoek and Mont-aux-Sources, Thode, 60, 61; Natal, Polela,

Evans, 674; Summit Maclear Pile, 5200 ft., March, Galpin, 6763.

Disrrisution : Clanwilliam. Stutterheim. Graaff Reinet. Orange

Free State (without locality). Transvaal (Barberton, Houtbosch).

E. maesta, Bolus.

Ravine at Leribe, December, A. Dieterlen, 15!; Phillips, 989!; Basuto-

land, without precise locality, Cooper, 759, 760.

Disrripution: Humansdorp. Bedford, Queenstown. Graaff

Reinet.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 185

E. leucopelta, Tausch.

Mountain slopes and ravine. Flowers cream and crimson, November,

A. Dieterlen, 386! 720!

DISTRIBUTION : Stockenstroom.

E. Solandra, Andr.

Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, 7000 ft., Schlechter, 6958.

DISTRIBUTION: George.

E. Cooperi, Bolus, var. Missionis, Bolus.

Eastern slopes of Drakensberg, between Pot River Berg and T'sitsa

Footpath, 6000-7800 ft., March, Galpin, 6765.

Distrisution: Tembuland. East Griqualand.

E. Caffrorum, Bolus, var. luxurians, Bolus.

Natal, foot of the Drakensberg Range, Wood, 3519; Mawahqua

Peak, Polela, Wood, 4281.

DistTRIBUTION : Endemic.

var. aristulata, Bolus.

Drakensberg Range, A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4976.

DistrRiputTion : Endemic.

E. Thodei, G. & B.

Rocky places on the summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, near the

sources of the Tugela River, 9—-10000 ft., Thode, 64; Doodman’s Krans

Mtn., 8650-9000 ft., March, Galpin, 6766.

DisTRIBUTION: Endemic.

E. lasiocarpa, G. & B.

Natal, rocky places near Van Reenen, 7000 ft., Schlechter, 6941.

Distripution: Endemic.

PATER PEAS KT

P. Evansii, N. E. Br.

Natal, near Ulundi, 5—6000 ft., Evans, 62.

Distrisution : Endemic.

PRIMULACEAHE.

LYSIMACHIA, Linn.

L. Woodii, Schltr.

Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, in a damp valley, 5-6000 ft., Wood,

4522.

DistrRIBUTION: Endemic.

186 Annals of the South African Museum.

MYRSINEAE.

MYRSINE, Linn.

M. africana, Linn.

Mountain slopes and ravines. 4-8 ft. high, flowers white. Spring.

A. Dieterlen, 64a! 64b!; common undershrub in ravines, Phillips,

578! 784!; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 738! 2697 ;

Natal, near Van Reenen, Schlechter, 6999.

DistrirputTion: Van Rhynsdorp. Clanwilliam. Cape. Caledon.

Swellendam. Knysna. Uitenhage. Albany. Queenstown. Cath-

cart. Somerset East. Aberdeen. Middelburg. East Griqualand.

Transvaal (Shiluvane, near Blauw Bank).

Sesuto: Thakhisa. A peg. Morokoana-pheleu. He who sews the

rams. Pegs are made from the wood to pin skins to the ground when

drying. Also given to rams to prevent them covering the ewes before

the proper time.

EBENACEKAE.

ROYENA, Linn,

R. lucida, Linn.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 2157; Orange Free

State, Drakensberg, Cooper, 1062!; in Pot River Berg Forest, 5500 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6769; Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, Rehmann, 7242,

5-6000 ft., December, flowers yellow tinged with pink, Wood, 9728!;

Drakensberg, at Mount Prospect, Reimann, 6998 !

Distrisution: Namaqualand Minor. Malmesbury. Tulbagh.

Cape. Caledon. Swellendam. Knysna. Uitenhage. Albany. Fort

Beaufort. Stockenstroom. Cathcart. Somerset East. Hast Griqua-

land. Orange Free State (without locality).

R. villosa, Linn.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 2687 !

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Albany. Bathurst. Natal. Orange

Free State (without locality).

R. hirsuta, Linn.

Mountain slopes. 5-8 ft. high, flowers crimson. Spring. A.

Dieterlen, 144a! 144b!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, Wiss Jacobsz

in Herb. Bolus, 8118!; Natal, near Van Reenen, 5500 ft., Schlechter,

6956, Wood, 5658.

DistriputTion : Namaqualand Minor. Clanwilliam. Malmesbury.

Cape. Caledon. Swellendam, Uniondale. Humansdorp. Albany.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 187

Queenstown: Calvinia. Worcester. Beaufort West. Somerset

Hast. Graaff Reinet. Aberdeen. Griqualand West. Orange Free

State (Bloemfontein). Bechuanaland. Transvaal (Waterval River,

near Johannesburg).

Sesuto:: Ntlo ea makhoaba. The house of the rook. Sendkonaki

and Maehiehe. Meanings unknown. Before the introduction of

matches into Basutoland, a stick prepared from this plant was used to

kindle a fire by means of friction. Used as fuel.

R. sp. (deflorate).

Mountain slopes, Leribe. A. Dieterlen, 715!

Sesuto: Mohloare-thatjane. The hard “ Mohloare”’ (Olive tree),

Walking sticks are made from the hard wood.

EUCLEA, Murr.

E. coriacea, A. DC.

Mountain slopes and ravines. A tree, flowers cream. Spring. A.

Dieterlen, 195!

DISTRIBUTION : Queenstown. Graaff Reinet.

Sesuto: Balikokotana. The father of the round objects (so named

onaccount of the round fruits). Pholo-li-kokoto. The oxen (fruits)

are round. Phele-li-kokoto and Thele-li-kokoto. The fruits which are

round. Used in the form of a decoction together with E. lanceolata

or alone tojwash the divining bones in order to give them accuracy-

Also employed asa purgative.

E. lanceolata, E. Mey.

Mountain slopes. 7-10 ft. high, flowers greenish. Spring. A.

Dieterlen, 63!; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 3464,

3481; im Pot River Berg Forest, 5500 ft., March, Galpin, 6770.

DistrRisuTion: Swellendam. Knysna. George. Uniondale.

Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Queenstown. Calvinia.

Somerset East. Beaufort West. King William’s Town. Transkei.

Natal. Transvaal (Magaliesberg, near Middleburg; Pretoria, near

Johannesburg).

Sesuto: Mohlakolo. He who wipes. Motsetlela. Meaning un-

known. Used as fuel. See also note under HL. coriacea.

E. multiflora, Hiern.

Basutoland (doubtful), Cooper, 3488.

Distrisution: Clanwilliam. Tulbagh. Humansdorp. Uitenhage

Albany. Bathurst. Natal.

188 Annals of the South African Musewin.

E. natalensis, A. DC.

Natal, up to the Drakensberg, July, Wood, 958.

Distripution : Transvaal (Barberton).

E. daphnoides, Hiern.

Natal, Upper Tugela River, Gerrard, 1506, 1606.

DistrrputTion: Swellendam. Humansdorp. Uitenhage. Port

Blizabeth.

OLEACEHAE.

JASMINUM, Linn.

J. angulare, Vahl.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek Pass, 4-5000 ft., January, Wood, 3515.

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Somerset

East. Hast Griqualand. Orange Free State (without locality).

Transvaal (Komati Poort).

MENODORA, Humb. & Bonpl.

M. africana, Hook.

Natal, near the Tugela River, 4-5000 ft., January, Wood, 3550 ;

Bushman’s River, Gerrard, 631.

Disrrisution: Zululand. Griqualand West. Bechuanaland.

Transvaal (near Pretoria, Derde Poort, near Irene, Magaliesberg, near

Lydenburg, near Barberton, near Potchefstroom).

OLEA, Linn.

0. verrucosa, Link.

Mountain slopes and ravines. <A tree, flowers cream. Summer.

A, Dieterlen, 313!

DistRiBuUTION: Cape. Paarl. Uitenhage. East London. Albany.

Queenstown. Cathcart. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. Komgha.

Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria, Magaliesberg).

Sesuto: Mohloare. The olive tree. A preparation used for head-

ache is made from it. Strong walking-sticks and knobkerries are

made from the wood. <A vegetative specimen (A. Dieterlen, 715) I

take to be this species.

APOCYNACEAE.

CARISSA, Linn.

C. Arduina, Lam.

Natal, Polela, 4-5000 ft., Fernando; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s

Hoek, 5500 ft., December, Bolus, 8105 !

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 189

DistRIBUTION: Swellendam. Bredasdorp. Mossel Bay. George.

Uitenhage. Albany. Bathurst. Somerset Hast. Pondoland. Natal.

Transvaal (Klerksdorp, Houtbosch).

ASCLEPIADACEAE.

RAPHIONACME, Harv.

R. divaricata, Harv.

Veld and mountain slopes. 3-12 in. high, flowers violet, early

spring. A. Dieterlen, 158!; Harrismith, Sankey, 19.

Distripution: Alexandria. Albany. Bathurst. Queenstown.

Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal.

Srsutro: Kherenchane. Meaning unknown. A medicine for internal

tumours is prepared from the plant. Recently the plant has been

used by the natives for making a very intoxicating beverage called

“ ghali’’? by mixing it with treacle or sugar, kaffir-corn, and water.

PARAPODIUM, FE. Mey.

P. costatum, EH. Mey.

Veld. 12-25 in. high, flowers mauve. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 189!;

on the Wittebergen, Drege.

DistRisutTion : Orange Free State (Rhenoster River). Transvaal

(Vereeniging, Lydenburg, Magaliesberg, Modderfontein, Johannesburg,

Pietersburg).

Sesuro: Sehamela. He who milks for the goat. Eaten as a

vegetable. Said to be much liked by goats.

P. simile, N. E. Br.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, Bolus, 6348!

Distrisution : Transvaal (near Rustenburg).

XYSMALOBIUM, &. Br.

X. stockenstromense, Scott-Elliot.

Grassy slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, 7800 ft., Thode, 36 !

DistrisutTiIon: Stockenstroom. Stutterheim. East Griqualand.

Natal, Transvaal (Belfast, Carolina, Donker Hoel).

X. undulatum, R. Br.

Veld and mountain slopes. 20-42 in. high, flowers pale cream and

green. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 31!

DisrrreutTion: Paarl. Cape. Swellendam. Alexandria. Albany.

Queenstown. Richmond. Victoria West. Somerset East. Orange

190 Annals of the South African Museum.

Free State (near Seven Fountains). Transvaal (Springbok Flats,

Pretoria, Modderfontein, Johannesburg, Standerton).

Sesuto: Leshokhoa. Meaning unknown. The young leaves are

eaten as a spinach.

X. parviflorum, Harv.

Mountain slopes. 7-20 in. high, flowers greyish violet. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 473!; Basutoland, without locality, Cooper, 934; Bester’s

Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6300 ft., Bolus, 8112; Harrismith, Sankey,

134; Natal, Weenen County, 3-6000 ft., Sutherland, Wood, 4370;

near Van Reenen, Wood, 6633.

Disrripution : Transkei. East Griqualand. Transvaal (between

Waterval River and Zuikerbosch Rand).

Sesuro: Leoto la Khoko. The foot of a fowl. Ntsine. Meaning

unknown. A medicine for colic is prepared from it.

X. Woodii, N. E. Br.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., Wood, 10830.

Distrispution: Endemic.

PERIGLOSSUM, Decne.

P. angustifolium, Decne.

Damp spots on veld. 8-22 in. high, flowers dark yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 491a!

Disrrigurion : Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland. Hast Griqualand.

Natal. Transvaal (Magaliesberg, Johannesburg, Modderfontein).

Sesuto: Sehocte mohlaka. The carrot of the marsh. Sehocte

Ntsiuli. Meaning unknown. The roots of this plant and of all species

of Schizoglossum are eaten, especially by children (Sehoet? = carrot).

SCHIZOGLOSSUM, #. Mey.

S. atropurpureum, E. Mey.

Shady spots on mountain slopes. 30-50 in. high, flowers very dark

brown. Summer.’; A. Dieterlen, 493!!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s

Hoek, Bolus, 8111 !; Harrismith, Sankey, 192; Natal, slopes of the

Drakensberg§ Range at. Oliver’s}Hoek, 5—6000 ft., J anuary, Wood,

3471; on the Wittebergen, 56000 ft., Drege.

Distrisution : Endemic.

SEsuvo : Sehocte-moru.~ The wood-carrot (because the plant grows

on the mountain slopes, near shrubs). The roots are eaten raw.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 191

S. elingue, N. E. Br.

Natal, slopes of the Drakensberg Range, 6—7000 ft., Evans, 358.

DISTRIBUTION : Endemic.

S. flavum, Schltr., var. lineare, N. E. Br.

Natal, Drakensberg, A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4878 !

DIstTRIBUTION : Endemic.

S. stenoglossum, Schltr.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 2722; Harrismith,

Sankey, 191; Natal, Van Reenen, 5500 ft., October-December, Wood,

4561, 4778, 5009; highest grassy slopes of the Caledon Range (spur

of Drakensberg), c. 8100 ft., January, flowers dark purple, Thode, 38!

Distripution : Transkei. Tembuland. East Griqualand. Trans-

vaal (no locality).

S. pachyglossum, Schltr.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 3147; on a hill near

Harrismith, 5—6000 ft., Wood, 5383, Sankey, 178; Bester’s Vlei, near

Witzie’s Hoek, 6000 ft., Bolus, 8110! Flanagan, 1881.

DisrrisutTion: King William’s Town. East Griqualand. Natal.

S. linifolium, Schltr.

Veld and plateau. 12-25 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 26!; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 2727.

Distripution: Riversdale. Humansdorp. Uitenhage. Albany.

Stockenstroom. Queenstown. Cathcart. Somerset East. Cradock.

Aliwal North. Albert. King William’s Town. Komgha. Transkei.

Tembuland. East Griqualand.

Sesuto: Sehocte Ntlhokoe. Meaning unknown. The root is eaten

raw.

§. pumilum, Schltr.

Harrismith, Sankey, 180.

DisTRIBUTION: Orange Free State (Bethlehem). ‘Transvaal

(between the Waterval River and Zuikerbosch Rand).

8. robustum, Schltr.

Bester’s Vlei, near Harrismith, 5500 ft., Bolus, 8108!; near Harri-

smith, Sankey, 177.

Distrisution: Pondoland. Natal. Transvaal (Donker Hoek).

S. pulchellum, Schltr.

Plateau. 6—15 in. high, flowers brown, cream and crimson, Summer,

A. Dieterlen, 801!; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 2729 ;

192 Annals of the South African Museum.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, Flanagan in Herb. Bolus, 8109!;

Harrismith, Sankey, 182; Van Reenen’s Pass, 5500 ft., Wood, 5143!

4.256.

Distrispution: Transvaal (Barberton, near Botsabelo, near Belfast,

near Roodepoort).

Sesuto: Sehocte Mpulutsoana. The greyish carrot. The root is

eaten raw.

S. biflorum, Schltr.

Veld, mountain slopes and plateau. 8-25 in. high, flowers violet.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 370!

Distrisution: Cathcart. Queenstown. Aliwal North. Transkei.

Natal. Transvaal (Klemm Oliphant’s River, near Johannesburg,

Magaliesberg, Modderfontein).

S. araneiferum, Schltr.

Veld. 6 in. high, flowers whitish. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 853b!;

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, Bolus, 8107!

Distrisution: Natal (Newcastle). Transvaal (near Lydenburg).

Ssesuto: Sehoet) Ntlhokoe. The slender carrot. The root is eaten

raw.

S. lamellatum, Schltr.

Veld and mountain slopes. 7—16 in. high, flowers whitish. Spring

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 855a !

DistrRIBUTION: Cape. Wodehouse. Natal. Transvaal (Magalies-

berg, near Johannesburg, Waterval River, Rustenburg, Pretoria,

Pilgrim’s Rest).

Susuto: Sehorte-moro. The juicy carrot. The root is eaten raw.

S. interruptum, Schltr.

Veld, mountain slopes and plateau. 20-48 in. high, flowers

greyish-mauve. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 490! Wittebergen, 5000 ft.

Drege, 3428.

DistrisuTion: Hast Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Ermelo).

Sgsuto: Sehorte Phofu. The carrot of the eland. Sehocte Legala.

The bamboo carrot. Moramaphofu. Meaning unknown. ‘The root

is eaten raw.

ASCLEPIAS, Linn.

A. cucullata, Schltr.

Harrismith, Sankey, 185; Natal, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., November—

December, flowers pink and white, Wood, 4820, 5384! 5667!

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 193

DistrisutTion: Transkei. Natal. Swaziland. Transvaal (Barber-

ton, Zoutpansberg).

A. stellifera, Schltr.

Veld and mountain slopes. 5-12 in. high, flowers mauve and

pinkish. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 261!; Basutoland, without precise

locality, Cooper, 2721, 2735; Natal, Klip River, Sutherland.

DistRIBuTION: Queenstown. Aliwal North. Transkei. Griqua-

land West. Orange Free State (Bethlehem). Transvaal (near

Johannesburg, Barberton, Zuikerbosch Rand, Heidelberg, Springbok

Flats, Modderfontein).

Sesuto: Moholantja. He who attracts dogs.

A. multicaulis, Schltr.

Veld and mountain slopes. A creeping plant, 4-9 in. long, flowers

violet. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 116!; Basutoland, without precise

locality, Cooper, 985; Harrismith, Sankey, 183; Wittebergen, Drége,

Ladybrand, c. 6000 ft., Bertha Rogers in Herb. Bolus, 13430!

DistRipuTion: Queenstown. ‘Transkei. Natal. Orange Free

State (Bethlehem). Transvaal (Witkleifontein).

Sesuto: Lenkiling. Meaning unknown. Lekhoaphéla. He who

draws his legs together when sitting on the ground (an allusion to

the habit of the plant, whose branches lie close to one another on the

ground). The plant is eaten freely, either cooked or raw.

A. brevicuspis, Schltr.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 2721 bis, 2724.

Distrisution: Albany. King Wilham’s Town. Pondoland.

Natal. Zululand. Transvaal (near Piet Retief).

A. gibba, Schltr.

Wittebergen, Drége, 4973; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek,

December, Bolus, 8113!

Distrisution: Albany. Bedford. Stockenstroom. Queenstown.

Somerset Kast. Molteno. Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland. Pondo-

land. Hast Griqualand. Natal. Orange Free State (Vredefort).

Transvaal (near Pretoria, Ermelo, Standerton, Modderfontein).

var. media, N. E. Br.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, Bolus, 8113; Caledon River,

Burke.

Distrisution: Zululand. Swaziland. ‘Transvaal (Standerton,

Magaliesberg, Rustenberg, Nylstroom).

194 Annals of the South African Museum.

A. eminens, Schltr.

Veld. 8-14 in. high, flowers green, pink, and white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 365 !

Distrinution: Orange Free State (Sevenfontein). Transvaal

(Lydenburg, Pretoria, Ermelo, ete.). Natal. Zululand. Swaziland.

Sresuto: Montsuku. Motsoko. Montsoko. Meanings unknown. The

whole plant is eaten raw.

A. aurea, Schltr.

Veld, mountain slopes. 18-22 in. high, flowers yellowish. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 655!

Distrrspution: Cape. Natal. Transvaal (Barberton, Pilgrim’s

Rest, near Johannesburg, Modderfontein, Rustenburg, Zoutpansberg,

Magaliesberg, Malelane, Matebe, Mooi River, Carolina).

Sresuto: Mohlatsisa. He who causes vomiting. Used as an emetic.

var. vittata, N. E. Br.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 982.

Distrisution: Natal. Swaziland. Orange Free State (Bethlehem).

Transvaal (Barberton).

A. schizoglossoides, Schltr.

Natal, Van Reenen. 5-6000 ft., November, Wood, 6576.

Distrisution: Albany. Fort Beaufort. Stutterheim.

A. decipiens, N. E. Br.

Mountain slopes. 20-40 in. high, flowers dark yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 631!; among rocks under cliffs and mountain slopes,

occasional, Phillips, 812! 836!

Distrisution: Natal. Transvaal (near Irene, Wonderboompoort,

Johannesburg, Pretoria).

Srsuto: Moethimdlo oa thaba. He of the mountain who causes

sneezing. Molimola oa thaba. He of the mountain who reveals.

Lebeyana la thaba. The small cream of the mountain. Used as a

snuff and as a medicine for sore breasts.

A. fruticosa, Linn.

Veld and mountain slopes. 30-45 in. high, flowers pale yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 84!; bush 2-4 ft., flowers cream, common.

Phillis. 518!; Harrismith, Sankey, 241.

DistRiBuTION: Cape. Oudtshoorn. Riversdale. George. Knysna,

Queenstown. Graaff Reinet. Colesberg. King William’s Town.

Natal. Griqualand West. Orange Free State (Bethlehem, Vredefort,

Parys) Transvaal (Pretoria, Lydenburg, Platsand, Irene, Fourteen

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 195

Streams, Crocodile River, Johannesburg, Modderfontein, Pilgrim’s

Rest, Hebron).

Szsuto: Moethimolo. He who causes sneezing. Molimolo. He

who reveals. Lebeyana. Small cream. Used as a cure for a cold in

the head. The silky hairs of the seeds are used to make pillows.

A. humilis, Schltr.

Basutoland, Machacha Mountain, Bryce; Mont-aux-Sources,

8000 ft., Flanagan in Herb. Bolus, 8117; Caledon Range, Thode, 39 ;

Wittebergen, 6—7000 ft., Drége, 3240.

DiIstTRIBUTION: Endemic.

A. adscendens, Schltr.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 2720.

Distrizution: East Griqualand. Swaziland. Transvaal (Bar-

berton, Rustenberg, Heidelberg, Pretoria, Springbok Flats, Irene,

Matebas Valley, Modderfontein).

PACHYCARPUS, E. Mey.

P. rigidus, E. Mey.

Mountain slopes. Flowers yellowish-purple. Summer. Sebothvane,

near Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 377a!; Matelas Peak, Thode, 34.

Disrripution: Tarkastad. Aliwal North. Orange Free State

(near Bethlehem). Transvaal (Mooi River, Ermelo).

Sesuto: Phoma-metsu. He who cuts the arrows (or thorns).

Leshokoana. The small * Leshokhoa.” Used for curing colic pains

(the natives compare the pains to arrows piercing the intestines). In

spring the plant is used as a vegetable.

var. tridens, E. Mey.

At the foot of the Wittebergen, Drege, 6393.

DistRipuTion: Queenstown. Orange Free State (Bethlehem).

Transvaal (Witkleifontein).

P. macrochilus, N. E. Br.

Harrismith, Sankey, 181; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek,

6200 ft., Bolus, 8115; Flanagan, 2067 ; Mont-aux-Sources, 7800 ft.,

Thode, 35.

Distrisution: Orange Free State (Bethlehem).

P. stenoglossus, N. E. Br.

Wittebergen, 6—7000 ft., Drege, 3419

DISTRIBUTION: Endemic.

196 Annals of the South African Museum.

P. dealbatus, HE. Mey.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 931; Natal, near

Hoffenthal, 4000 ft., December, Wood, 3473; bank of Tugela River,

4500 ft., January, Wood, 3475.

DistRiBUTION : Swellendam. George. Humansdorp. Uitenhage.

Port Elizabeth. Alexandria. Bathurst. Albany. Queenstown.

Cradock. King William’s Town. Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland.

Pondoland. Hast Griqualand.

P. campanulatus, N. E. Br., var. Sutherlandi, N. E. Br.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 936, 2731; Natal,

Mohlamba Range, 5—6000 ft., Sutherland.

Distrisution: King William’s Town. Tembuland. East Griqua-

land. Transvaal (MacMac, Houtbosch, Barberton, Eland’s River

Mtn., Belfast, Valkfontein Beacon, Spitz Kop, Pilgrim’s Rest).

CYNANCHUM, Linn.

C. virens, Dietv.

Mountain slopes. Climber, 3-6 ft. high, flowers white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 457 !

DisTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Aliwal North. Albert. Griqualand

West. Orange Free State (no locality). Transvaal (near Pretoria,

Irene).

Sesuro: Moldlo. Meaning unknown. In times of famine the roots

were cooked and eaten.

SARCOSTEMMA, R. Br.

S. viminale, R. Br.

Hanging down from a cleft in mountain cliffs behind the Mission

Station, 3-9 ft. long, flowers whitish. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 819!

DistrrputTion. Van Rhynsdorp. Mossel Bay. Knysna. Uiten-

hage. Bathurst. Albany. Queenstown. Prince Albert. Graaff

Reinet. King William’s Town. Komgha. Natal. Griqualand

West. Transvaal (Komati Poort, Potgeiter’s Rust).

Sesuto: Namele ea lilomo. The spreading one of the cliffs.

SISYRANTHUS, EF. Mey.

S. imberbis, Harv.

Mountain slopes and river banks. 20-40 in. high, flowers mauve-

grey. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 277!; Basutoland, without precise

locality, Cooper, 2730.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 197,

Disrrisution: Albany. ‘Transkei. Natal. Orange Free State

(no locality).

Sesuto: Malla a ntebile. Sorrows are facing one. Eaten by young

men who are courting, in order to win the love of the girls and so

avoid sorrow.

RIOCREUXIA, Decne.

R. picta, Schltr.

Mountain slopes, a climber on rocks. 3-6 ft. long, flowers pale

yellow. Summer. Near the River Qalo at the Mission Station,

A. Dieterlen, 711!

DistrRisutTion: Swaziland. ‘Transvaal (Barberton, Houtbosch,

Ingome Range, between Pilgrim’s Rest and Sabie).

Sesuto: Morarana oa noka. The small creeper of the river.

R. torulosa, Decne., var. tomentosa, N. E. Br.

A climber among trees and rocks in ravines. 3-6 ft. high, yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 616!; Basutoland, without precise locality,

Cooper, 2719 partly; MHarrismith, Sankey, 316; Van Reenen,

5-6000 ft., December, Wood, 4539.

DistTRIBUTION : Transkei.

SesuTo! Morarana oa moru. The small creeper of the wood.

CEROPEGIA, Linn.

C. Meyeri, Decne.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek Pass, 5000 ft., January, Wood, 3476.

Distrisution: Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland. Transvaal

(Barberton, Elandspruit Mountains, Masetana Valley).

BRACHYSTELMA, RB. Br.

B. foetidum, Schltr.

Veld and plateau. 3-10 in. high, flowers dark crimson, scented.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 364!; Basutoland, without precise locality,

Cooper, 933; near Harrismith, Sanderson, 6, Sankey, 187, Thode;

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, Miss Jacobsz.

Disrrisution : Orange Free State (Vals River, Parys). Transvaal

(Mooi River, near Elsburg, Potchefstroom, Houtbosch, Modder-

fontein),

Sesuto: Seru. Meaning unknown. Used as a medicine for

children’s colds. The roots are eaten by shepherd boys.

198 Annals of the South African Museum.

B. commixtum, N. EH. Br.

Hills near Riet Valley, at foot of the Wittebergen. 5000 ft., Drege,

3440 partly.

DisTRIBUTION : Endemic.

B. circinatum, E. Mey.

Hills near Riet Valley, at the foot of the Wittebergen, 5000 ft.,

Drege, 3440 partly.

DistriputTion: Transvaal (near Mooifontein).

ANISOTOME, Fenzl.

A. pedunculata, N. E. Br.

Banks of dongas. A creeping plant, flowers mauve. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 800!; Natal, Tiger-cave Valley, Drakensberg Range,

6-7000 ft., Evans, 379; Niginya, 5500 ft., Wylie in Herb. Wood,

10529.

Distrisution : Endemic.

Sesuto: Morarana oa letlapa. The small creeper of the flat stone.

STAPELIA, Linn.

S. flavirostris, N. E. Br.

Mountain slopes. 2-10 in. high, flowers dark crimson, emit a bad

odour. Summer. A. Dieter/en, 298!; Leribe, Buchanan.

Distrisution: Namaqualand Minor. George or Oudtshoorn.

Bedford. Queenstown. Somerset East. Beaufort West. Victoria

West. Richmond. Middleburg. Steynsburg. Albert. Colesberg.

Griqualand West.

Sesuto: Bohatsu. Numbness. For curing numbness, the limb is

bathed with a hot infusion of the plant.

LOGANTACEAE.

GOMPHOSTIGMA, Turez.

G. scoparioides, Turez. .

Banks and beds of stream. 20-35 in. high, flowers white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 538! Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 2870 ;

Natal, Mohlamba Range, 5—6000 ft., Sutherland.

Distrisution: S.W. Africa. Namaqualand Minor. Uitenhage.

Queenstown. Stockenstroom. Prince Albert. Somerset East. Graaff

Reinet. Murraysburg. Richmond. Albert. Colesberg. Hope Town.

Transkei. East Griqualand. Natal.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 199

SESUTO: Moema-thata. He who stands firmly. Mosika-nokana.

He who goes along the little river. Used as an infusion to restore

strength to a tired person.

CHILIANTHUS, Burch.

C. corrugatus, Benth.

Mountain slopes. 5-10 ft. high, flowers cream. Spring. Makokoane,

Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 618!; Witteberg Range, 5-6000 ft., near

streams, Drége, 3618; near Harrismith, Sankey, 243.

Distripution: Natal.

Srsuto: Lelora. He dreams. Used as fuel and for making walking-

sticks.

BUDDLHEIA, Linn.

B. salvifolia, Lam.

Mountain slopes and ravines. 4-8 ft. high, flowers cream or mauve.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 54!; frequent in ravines, Phillips, 579!; Natal,

Cathkin Peak, 6850-9200 ft., September, West in Herb. Musei Austro-

Afric., 4576!; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 695.

Distrisution: Clanwilliam. Caledon. George. Knysna. Uiten-

hage. Bedford. Queenstown. Stockenstroom. Somerset Hast. Graaff

Reinet. Beaufort West. Albert. Tembuland. Pondoland. Natal.

Transvaal (Magaliesberg, near Barberton, MacMac, near Lydenburg,

near Pretoria).

Sresuto: Lelothoane. The small dreamer. The natives avoid

plucking the flowers as they say sore eyes are the result. Used as

fuel.

GENTIANACHAE.

SEBAEA, Soland.

S. mirabilis, Gilg.

Maclear District, between Tent Kop and Antelope Park, 5600 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6772.

Distrisution: Transkei. Tembuland. Natal. Orange Free State.

Transvaal (near Lydenburg).

S. filiformis, Schinz.

Tsitsa Footpath, Drakensberg, 7600 ft., March, Galpin, 6773 ; Natal,

Polela, Wood, 1884.

Distripution: Komgha. Transkei. Transvaal (near Lydenburg,

Zoutspansberg).

200 Annals of the South African Museum.

S. exigua, Schinz.

Veld and plateau. 4-10 in. high, flowers yellow. Summer—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 600!; Barkly East Division, near Rhodes, 6150 ft., Galpin,

2333.

Distrisution: Albany. Colesberg. Aliwal North. Griqualand

West. Orange Free State (near Seven Fountains, Bloemfontein,

Parys). Transvaal (near Klippan, near Johannesburg, near Pieters-

burg).

Srsuto: Moroeroe. Something seen vaguely at a distance.

S. pygmaea, Schinz.

Orange Free State. Top of Moolman’s Kopje, at Zaaihoek, in the

Harrismith District, 6500 ft., Thode.

Distrisution: Transvaal (Houtboschberg).

S. conspicua, A. W. Hill.

In a marsh near Harrismith, 7000 ft., Sankey, 173 !

DISTRIBUTION: Endemic.

S. Drégi, Schinz.

Witteberg Range, 6000 ft., Drege.

Distrisution: Riversdale. Knysna. Graaff Reinet.

S. schinziana, Gilg.

Natal, Bushman’s River, on the Drakensberg Range, Evans, 54.

Distripution: Transvaal (Devil’s Knuckles).

S. macrophylla, Gilg.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 713; Orange Free

State, Witteberg Range, Rehmann, 3999.

Disrrisution: King William’s Town. East Griqualand. Trans-

vaal (near Pilgrim’s Rest).

S. leiostyla, Gilg.

Damp spots on mountain slopes, veldt and plateau. 2-15 in. high,

flowers bright yellow. A. Dieterlen, 74! common on plateau and

mountain slopes, Phillips, 560! 663! 714! 810! 890! near Harri-

smith, Sankey, 175.

DistrisutTion: Natal. Orange Free State (Bethlehem). Trans-

vaal (near Standerton, near Pretoria, Houtboschberg, near Vereeniging,

Ermelo).

Srsuto: Marama a baroetsana. The cheeks of young girls (on

account of the bright colour of the flower).

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 201

S. hymenosepala Gilg., var. grandiflora, A. W. Hill.

Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 8850 ft., March, Galpin, 6776.

DistrisuTIon : Endemic.

S. repens, Schinz.

Damp spots on Qogqolosi mountain slopes. 1—4 in. high, flowers

bright yellow. Autumn—Winter. A. Dieterlen, 725!; Natal, damp

places on flat rocks by the Bushman’s River, 6—7000 ft., Hvans, 56;

Doodman’s Krans Mtn. and Ben McDhui, 8500-9400 ft., March, Galpin,

5777.

DistrisuTton: East Griqualand. Transvaal (Ermelo).

Sesuto: Marama a baroetsana a monyenyane. The small cheeks

of young girls.

S. Marlothii, Gilg.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500-10000 ft., Mann in Herb.

Marloth, 2886 ; Bolus, 12950, 10664 partly.

DistrisutTion: Endemic.

S. procumbens, A. W. Hill.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., Flanayan, 2079.

DistRIBUTION : Endemic.

S. thodeana, Gilg.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 10,000 ft., Mann in Herb. Mar-

loth, 2878, Flanagan in Herb. Bolus, 8216; Natal, near Emengweni,

6-7000 ft., Thode, 67 ; Giant’s Castle, 8000 ft., Guthrie in Herb. Bolus,

4882; Ben McDhui, 9400 ft., March, Galpin, 6777.

DistRisutTion : Endemic.

S. spathulata, Steud.

Basutoland, damp shady banks of the Buffalo River Waterfall,

8100 ft., March, Galpin, 6778; summit of the Mont-aux-Sources,

9500 ft., Flanagan, 2080; Natal, Giant’s Castle, 6000 ft., Guthrie im

Herb. Bolus, 4881; Wittebergen, 7500 ft., Drege.

DistRIBUTION : Endemic.

S. Thomasii, Schinz.

Mont-aux-Sources, 6500-10,000 ft., Flanagan in Herb. Bolus, 8215,

Bolus, 10664 partly; Natal, Tabamhlope, 6000 ft., Wylie in Herb.

Wood, 10639 ; Giant’s Castle, Wylie in Herb. Wood, 10639, Guthrie

in Herb. Bolus, 4882 partly.

Distripution: Fort Beaufort.

202 Annals of the South African Museum.

EXOCHAENIUM, Griseb.

E. grande, Griseb.

Veld and mountain slopes. 8-9 in. high, flowers yellow. Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 262!; plateau and slopes, flowers pale yellow, uncommon,

Phillips, 553! 652! 888!; without precise locality, Bowker!; Thaba

Unchu, Burke, 205; near Harrismith, 5500 ft., Sankey, 176; Caledon

River, Mrs. Barber, 20.

Distrisution: Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland. Natal. Orange

Free State (between Rhenoster River and Vaal River). Transvaal

(various localities).

Sesuto: Liphalana. Small trumpets. This refers to the shape of

the corolla.

CHIRONIA, Linn.

C. palustris, Burch.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. Flowers pale pink. Summer.

Thaba Phatsoa, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 847! ; near Harrismith,

Wood, 4765.

DisTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Wodehouse. Transkei. East Gri-

qualand. Natal. Griqualand West. Orange Free State (Sanddrift

Spruit, Bethlehem). Bechuanaland. Transvaal (Standerton, near

Wilge River).

Sesuto: Lepshetlane. Meaning unknown. See note under C.

Krebsii.

C. Krebsii, Griseb.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. Flowers pink. Summer. Thaba

Phatsoa, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 717!; near Harrismith,

Sankey, 174.

DistrisutTion: Uitenhage. Bedford. Stockenstroom. Somerset

East. Queenstown. East Griqualand. Natal. Swaziland. Trans-

vaal (near Barberton, near Berg Spruit, Athol, Spitz Kop).

Sesuro: Lepshetlane la liliba. The ‘“Lepshetlane” of the

fountains. Tjatane. Derived from the verb ‘ho tjata’’—to have

diarrheea (in children). Used for colicand diarrhoea in children and

for relieving uneasiness in pregnant women.

FAROA, Welw.

F. salutaris, Welw.

Basutoland, Machacha Mtn. Bryce.

Distripution: Endemic.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 208

SWERTIA, Linn.

S. stellarioides, Ficalho.

Mountain slopes. 10-18 in. high, flowers white. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 782!; without locality, Bowker!; marshes near Harrismith,

7000 ft., Sankey, 68; Natal, damp placesnear Van Reenen, 7500 ft.,

Schlechter, 6991.

Distrisution : Transvaal (Donkershoek, Houtbosch, near Lyden-

burg, Lomatie Valley).

Srsuto: Se-nkha-koena. It has the odour of “ Koena” (“ Koena’

means both crocodile and mint; it is not clear to which the name

refers).

BORAGINEAE.

EHRETIA, Linn.

E. hottentotica, Burch.

North slopes of Leribe Mountain. A shrub, flowers lilac. A.

Dieterlen, 867 !

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Albany. Queenstown. Willowmore.

Somerset Hast. Carnarvon. Graaff Reinet. King William’s Town,

Natal. Griqualand West. Beshuanaland. ‘Transvaal (Pretoria.

Barberton, Lydenburg, Waterval River).

Sesuto: Morvbo. Derived from the verb “ho roba’’—to break

(the hunted animals). Hunters anoint themselves with a decoction

of this and other plants when hunting; if they shake their shields the

hunted animal will fall to the ground, its strength being broken.

TYSONIA, Bolus.

T. africana, Bolus.

Natal, foot of the Drakensbergen, 5000 ft., January, Wood, 3557.

DistriputTion: Kast Griqualand.

CYNOGLOSSUM, Linn.

C. enerve, Turez.

Veld and mountain slopes. 8-85 in. high, flowers dark crimson

and violet. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 375!; a subherbaceous plant,

1-2 ft. high, not common, Phillips, 542!; Natal, Polela, 5-6000 ft.,

April, Wood, 4577.

DistriputTion: Cape. Riversdale. Uitenhage. Albany. Bathurst.

Cathcart. Somerset East. Tembuland. Pondoland. Natal. Orange

Free State (no locality). Transvaal (Aapie’s River, Johannesburg).

Srsuto: Bohomenyana. Derived from the verb “ho bohome ”—to.

stick to. Used as a medicine for colic in children.

204 Annals of the South African Museum.

C. micranthum, Desf.

Veld and dongas. 6-30 in. high, flowers blue. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 70!; slopes of plateau, occasional, Phillips, 514! 540! 8971;

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 749 ; Mont-aux-Sources,

8000 ft., April, Dyke in Herb. Marloth, 5486!, in Herb. Musei Austro-

Afric., 5513!

Distripution: Uitenhage. Stutterheim. Somerset East. Tran-

skei. Tembuland. Natal. Orange Free State (no locality). Trans-

vaal (near Blauw Bank, Pretoria, MacMac, Lydenburg, Houtbosch).

Sesuto: Motlepéré. Something wet. Bohdmenyana. See C. enerve,

also note.

ECHINOSPERMUM, Sw.

E. Lappula, Lehm.

Veld, dongas, and cultivated lands. 8-20 in. high, flowers pale

blue. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 330!

DistrisputTion: Swellendam. Uitenhage. Albany. Queenstown.

Somerset Hast. Graaff Reinet. Middleburg. Albert. Komgha.

Natal. Griqualand West. Orange Free State (Leeuw Spruit, Vrede-

fort). Transvaal (Upper Molappo River).

Srsuto: Bohomenyana. See Cynoglossum enerve, also note.

ANCHUSA, Linn.

A. capensis, Thunb.

Damp spots. 15-20 in. high, flowers dark blue. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 341!

Distripution: Namaqualand Minor. Malmesbury. Swellendam.

Albany. Queenstown. Carnarvon. Beaufort West. Aliwal North.

Sesuto: Petleékheme. Meaning unknown. The young plant is eaten

as a vegetable.

MYOSOTIS, Linn.

M. graminifolia, DC.

Wittebergen, 6—7000 ft., Drege.

DistRIBUTION: Endemic.

M. Galpinii, C. H. W.

Mountain Kloof at Rhodes, 6200 ft., Galpin, 2329.

DistriBuTION : Endemic.

M. sylvatica, Hoffm.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., Bolus, 8214; Natal, by

streams on the Drakensbergen, 6-7000 ft., Hvans, 396a (Evans 396

according to Wood’s Natal List).

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 205

DistripuTion: Knysna. Queenstown. Graaff Reinet. Trans-

vaal ?

M. afropalustris, C. H. W.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 6-20 in. high, flowers blue.

Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 326a! 326b!; ravine, flowers blue,

Phillips, 747! 600! 781!; Wittebergen, Cooper, 641.

DistripuTion: Knysna. Natal.

Susuto: Bohamenyana. See Cynoglossum enerve.

var. glabra, C. H. W.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 942.

Distripution: Pondoland. Natal. Orange Free State (no

locality).

LITHOSPERMUM, Linn.

L. papillosum, Thunb.

Caledon River, Burke.

Distripution: Alexandria. Queenstown. Cathcart. East Griqua-

land.

L. cinereum, DC.

Veld and mountain slopes. 6-22 in. high, flowers white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 154!; hills near Harrismith, 5—6000 ft., December, flowers

white, Wood, 5756!; Wolve Kop, Burke.

DisTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Somerset Hast. Graaff Reinet. Natal.

Griqualand West. Orange Free State (no locality). Transvaal

(Johannesburg, Molappo River).

CONVOLVULACEAE.

IPOMOEA, Linn.

simplex, Thunb.

Veld and mountain slopes. 2-4 in. high, flowers white. Summer

(January-February). A. Dieterlen, 557!

Distripution: Uitenhage. Alexandria. Albany. Queenstown.

Komgha. Tembuland. Natal. Orange Free State (Bethlehem).

Transvaal (near Johannesburg).

Sesuto: Seakhoe. Seakhoa. Sehvakhe. Meanings unknown.

The raw roots are chewed by shepherds.

I. argyreioides, Choisy.

Near the Caledon River, Burke.

Distrisution: Albany. Fort Beaufort. Cathcart. Queenstown.

Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. Cradock. Colesberg. Albert.

206 Annals of the South African Museum..

Philipstown. Natal. Griqualand West. Orange Free State (Vrede-

fort). Transvaal (Maquasi Hills, Magaliesberg).

. Greenstockii, Rendle.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 2778.

DisTRIBUTION : Somerset East. Natal. Transvaal (Magaliesberg,

Pilgrim’s Rest, near Johannesburg).

I. ovata, E. Mey.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 2779.

Distrisution: Transkei. Natal. Transvaal (Greyling.)

I. angustifolia, Jacq.

Orange Free State, Wolve Kop, Burke.

Distrisution: Natal. Bechuanaland (near source of Kuruman

River, near Hamaprey). Transvaal (Magaliesberg, Marico District,

Johannesburg, Pilgrim’s Rest).

I. crassipes, Hook., var. longepedunculata, Hallier, f.

Veld. 8-20 in. high, flowers carmine. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

452!; Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, 5-6000 ft., Wood, 4524!; Bester’s

Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5300 ft., December, flowers red, Bolus, 8218 !

DisrripuTion: Orange Free State. Transvaal (near Crocodile

River, High Veld, near Pretoria, near Johannesburg).

Sesuto : Mothdkhvana. Thesmall‘ Mathokho.” Maime. Medicine.

Sekutle. Derived from the verb “ho putla’—to cut in two. Used

by the witch-doctors as a charm to prevent harm befalling villages.

I. oblongata, E. Mey., var. hirsuta, Rendle.

Veld and mountain slopes. A creeper, 15-80 in. long, flowers

magenta. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 311!; slopes above the Mission

Station, a prostrate creeper growing in sand, flowers magenta, Phillips,

538!; south slopes of Leribe plateau, above Khaniane, Phillips, 903 !;

Qogolosi Peak, Phillips, 962!; Caledon River, Burke.

DistrisuTion: Natal. Transvaal (Houtbosch, Magaliesberg).

Sresuto: Mothokho. Meaning unknown. The leaves, mixed with

tobacco, are used as snuff. The smoke from the burning plant is

supposed to drive away lightning.

I. quinquefolia, Hochst.

Sandy spots on mountain slopes. A prostrate creeper. 12-40 in.

long, flowers pale yellow. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 786!

DistRrBuTION: Natal (sandy flats near Mooi River, 38-4000 ft.).

Srsuto: Lerakallana. The small stretched one.

Flora of the Leribe Plateaw and Environs. 207

CONVOLVULUS, Linn.

C. hastatus, Thunb.

Veld and mountain slopes. 8-25 in. high, flowers white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 97b!

DistrisutTion: Clanwilliam. Mossel Bay. Uitenhage. Port

Elizabeth. Albany. Bathurst. Somerset East. Richmond. Trans-

vaal (Lydenburg).

Sesuro: Morarana o monyenyane. The very small creeper. A

medicine is prepared from this to ease pregnant women.

C. ulosepalus, Hallier f.

Veld and mountain slopes. A creeper or climber. 3-5 ft. long,

flowers white. Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 97a!; Natal, Weenen

County, 38-5000 ft., Sutherland.

Distrisution: Albany. Fort Beaufort. Queenstown. Ceres.

Beaufort West. Murraysburg. Graaff Reinet. Richmond. Hope-

town. Colesberg. Albert. Somerset East. Griqualand West.

Transvaal (near Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Moroto oa poho. The urine of the bull. Morarana o

monyenyane. See C. hastatus. Sehoceté sa noka. The carrot of the

river. Used for similar purposes as C. hastatus.

C. boedeckerianus, Peter.

Near the Caledon River, Burke, Zeyher, 1227.

Distrisution : Colesberg. Hopetown. Griqualand West. Trans-

vaal.

C. capensis, Burm. f., var. plicata, Baker.

Veld and mountain slopes. A creeper, 6-25 in. long, flowers

white. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 387!; Qoqolosi Peak, a creeper, flowers

white, Phillips, 966!; near the Caledon River, Burke.

DisrRiBuTiIon : Riversdale. Mossel Bay. Uniondale. Port Eliza-

beth. Albany. Queenstown. Graaff Reinet. Albert. Transvaal

(Hooge Veld).

Sesuto: Tiea maghekvana. Hold fast old women! (Given as a

warning to old people who trip over this creeper.) Liselo. That

which is looked for.

FALKIA, Linn.

F. repens, Linn. f., var. villosa, Baker.

Nieuwjaars Spruit between the Orange and Caledon River. Zeyher.

Distripution: Cape. Uitenhage.

208 Annals of the South African Museum.

SOLANACEAE.

SOLANUM, Linn.

S. nigrum, Linn.

Veld and mountain slopes. 5-30 in. high, flowers white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 157!; ravine on west slopes of Leribe plateau, flowers

white, Phillips, 632!; Qoqolosi Peak, Phillips, 943 !

Distripution: §.W. Africa. Malmesbury. Paarl. Cape. Caledon.

George. Uitenhage. Fort Beaufort. Somerset East. Murraysburg.

Richmond. Herbert. Komgha. ‘Transkei. Tembuland. Natal.

Transvaal (Matebe).

Sresuto: Seshoa Bohloko. Meaning unknown. The young plant is

cooked as spinach. The ripe fruits are edible. The burnt and

powdered roots are rubbed into incisions made on the lower part of

the back as a cure for lumbago.

§. supinum, Dunal.

Roadsides and mountain slopes. 3-15 in. high. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 533 !

DistrrputTion: Albany. Queenstown. Somerset Hast. Graaff

Reinet. Herbert. Griqualand West. Orange Free State (near the

Orange River).

Susuto: Moghinyetsane. He who crushes a soft thing. The

crushed fruits are put into fresh milk to make it sour. At a heathen

wedding, the crushed roots are placed on the undigested grass from

the stomach of an ox (or oxen) which has been killed for the feast.

This rite is supposed to protect the newly married couple from heing

harmed by enemies of the family.

S. aculeatissimum, Jacq.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 18-30 in. high, flowers white.

March. A. Dieterlen, 887!; Natal, near Van Reenen’s Pass, 5500 ft.,

Wood, 4516.

Disrrisution : Uitenhage. Humansdorp. Somerset East. Transkei.

Pondoland. Natal.

Srsuto: Thola e meutloa. The round prickly thing.

S. panduraeforme, E. Mey.

Slope of the T'sikoane Mountain, Leribe District, and also at Leribe,

6-18 in. high, flowers white or violet. Autumn (November).

A. Dieterlen, 433! (ex parte), 928! 713! (ex parte); Thaba Unchu,

February, Burke, 415 !

Disrrispution: Transkei. Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 209

Griqualand West. Orange Free State (Modder River). Bechuanaland

(Barolong Territory). Transvaal (near Pretoria, near Johannesburg,

near Barberton, near Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Tholana. The small “Thola” (round thing). ‘“ Thdla”

is the name of many Solanaceae; it refers to the spherical shape of the

fruit. A medicine for toothache.

S. tomentosum, Linn.

Mountain slopes. 15-30 in. high, flowers mauve. Summer-—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 478! 433! (ex parte).

Distripution: Namaqualand Minor. Clanwilliam. Worcester.

Paarl. Cape. Caledon., Swellendam. Knysna. Humansdorp.

Uitenhage. Albany. Fort Beaufort. Queenstown. Prince Albert.

Somerset East. Beaufort West. Colesberg. Fraserburg. Natal.

Orange Free State (Orange River).

Sesuto: Thola e nyenyane. The small “Thola.” A medicine for

sore throat.

S. incanum, Linn.

Veld, mountain slopes and plateau. 10-35 in. high, flowers white

ormauve. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 103! 713!; mountain slopes above

the Mission Station, spreading bush, 1-3 ft. high, flowers bluish,

common, Phillips, 537!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5300 ft.,

Bolus, 8219.

Distrisution: Somerset Hast. Bedford. Fort Beaufort. Queens-

town. Somerset East. Tembuland. Pondoland. Natal. Orange

Free State (near Orange River, Vredefort). Bechuanaland (Barolong

Territory). Transvaal (near Lydenburg, near Johannesburg).

Sesuto: Thola. See S. panduraeforme and S. tomentosum.

Madame Dieterlen’s No. 103 has the leaves densely tomentose above

and agrees with a specimen collected by Dr. Kolbe at Salisbury which

is labelled S. inecanuwm, Linn., in the Bolus Herbarium.

S. capense, Linn.

Dry places on veldt and by roadsides. 4-12 in. high, flowers white.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 136!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek,

5400 ft., December, Bolus !

DistripuTion: George. Knysna. Humansdorp. Alexandria.

Albany. Fort Beaufort. Queenstown. Prince Albert. Somerset

Kast. Graaff Reinet. Victoria West. Pondoland. East Griqua-

land. Natal. Transvaal (near Johannesburg).

Sesuro: Monyaku. Meaning unknown. Moghinyetsane. For

meaning see S. supinum. Used to sour milk.

210 Annals of the South African Museum.

PHYSALIS, Linn.

P. peruviana, Linn.

Lefi’s Kloof, N.E. slopes of Leribe plateau, flowers yellow with a

dark centre, Phillips, 845!; Basutoland, Mequatleng, Cooper, 710!

Distrisution: Cape. Knysna. Transvaal (near Lydenburg).

This is the “* Cape Gooseberry.”

WITHANIA, Paudg.

W. somnifera, Dun.

Mountain slopes. 10-40 in. high, flowers cream. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 14!

Distripution: 8.W. Africa. Cape. Swellendam. Oudtshoorn.

Uitenhage. Alexandria. Albany. Somerset East. Fraserburg.

Beaufort West. Graaff Reinet. Aliwal North. Tembuland. Natal.

Griqualand West. Transvaal (Wonderboom Poort, Lebombo

Mountains).

Sesuto: Moferangope. He who overhangs a donga. Bofepha.

Meanine unknown., The natives believe that through witchcraft a

small reptile (‘‘ nohana”’) may be introduced into the body. To get

vid of this animal a decoction of the plant is either drunk or taken as

an enema, or the burnt plant is powdered, mixed with fat, and the

anus rubbed with the mixture. Madame Dieterlen states that it is

only since the Morosi war of 1879 that this belief has gained currency

in Basutoland.

NICANDRA, Adans.

N. physaloides, Gaertn.

Mountain slopes and as an escape in gardens. 5-38 in. high, flowers

mauve. Summer. <A, Dieterlen, 621!

Disrripution: Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria, near Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Linyooko. Gall bladders (in reference to the shape of the

calyx).

LYCIUM, Linn.

L. acutifolium, E. Mey.

Mountain slopes. Shrub, 5-8 ft. high, flowers mauve. Autumn,

Cana, Tejatejanay District. A. Dieterlen, 9! (ex parte).

Disrrisution: Transkei. Tembuland. Natal.

Sesuto: Moretlo. Moretloa. Meanings unknown. The smoke

from the burning plant is supposed to drive away an approaching ©

hailstorm.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 211

L. Kraussii, Dunal.

River banks, veld and mountain slopes. Bush, 2-5 ft. high,

flowers pale mauve. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 11!

Disrrisution: Uitenhage.

Sesuto: Mosukutsoane. Meaning unknown. Moferefere. ‘Trouble.

Parts of the plant are smoked as a cure for headache. The branches

are burnt and crushed, and the powder rubbed into incisions made on

the hands or feet as a cure for rheumatism.

L. sp. nov. ?

Branches pilose. Leaves solitary, 1-2 em. long, about 1 em. broad,

elliptic, acute, narrowed into a short petiole below, pilose. This was

a single specimen without flowers, mounted on the same sheet as

Dieterlen, No. 9.

DATURA, Linn.

D. Stramonium, Linn.

Mountain slopes and near villages. 8-42 in, high, flowers white or

mauve. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 91 !

Distripution: Cape. Colesberg. Transvaal (Pretoria, Lyden-

burg).

Sesuto: Lechoe. Letjoi. Meanings unknown. <A decoction is

prepared from the plant with which to bathe bruises. Although a

weed, this plant is found in native villages, where it serves as a

shelter for chiccens that would otherwise fall an easy prey to the

hawks.

NICOTIANA, Linn.

N. glauca, R. Graham.

Kloofs and mountain slopes. Shrub, 6-9 ft. high, flowers yellow.

Autumn. Fubane, Leribe District. A. Dieterlen, 849!

DistRIBUuTION : Common as an escape throughout South Africa.

Sesuro: Tabaka Bume. Tobacco tree (Dutch—* Tabak Boem’’).

N. rustica, Linn.

A cultivated plant. 15-35 in. high, flowers gyellow. Summer—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 45!

DisrriBpution: Introduced.

Sesuto: Koae. Tobacco. The leaves are smoked, also made into

a snuff. Given to children with a cold in the head to make them

sneeze.

(212 Annals of the South African Museum.

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

DIASCIA, Link. & Otto.

D. rotundifolia, Hiern.

Natal, Polela, 4-5000 ft., March, Wood, 4582!

Distrisution: Hndemic.

D. Barberae, Hook. f.

Roadside in the Caledon Pass, leading from Witzie’s Hoek into

Basutoland, c. 7875 ft., December, flowers pink, Thode, 40!; Tsitsa

Footpath, 7600 ft., March, flowers pink, Galpin, 6784!; in Pot River

Berg Forest, 5500 ft., Galpin, 6785!

DistRinuTIon: Somerset East.

D. cordata, N. E. Br.

Natal, Tiger Cave Valley, 6-7000 ft., Hvans, 382 ; Polela, 45000 ft.,

Wood, 4582 !; Giant’s Castle Mtn., 6000 ft., A. Bolus in Herb Guthrie,

4877! partly.

DistRIBUTION: Endemic.

D. integerrima, E. Mey.

Mountain slopes. 1-3 ft. high, flowers bright pink. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 369!; in scrub below Buffalo River Waterfall, c. 7100 ft.,

March, flowers pink, Galpin, 6782!; Basutoland, without precise locality,

Cooper, 743!; rocky places on the Wittebergen, 6—-7000 ft., Drege.

3606c.; Wolve Kop, Burke.

DistTrIBUTION : Queenstown. Middleburg (Cape). East Griqualand.

Sesuto: Bolao ba litocba. The love philtre of the mice. Use

unknown.

D. capsularis, Benth.

Slope of Makhoarane Mtn., Morija District, 6-20 in. high, flowers

bright pink. Autumn (April). A. Dieterlen, 983!

Distripution: Uitenhage. Alexandria. Albany. Somerset East.

Graaff Reinet. Albert. Colesberg. Stockenstroom. Tembuland.

Srsuto: Malan’a konyana a maholo. The intestines of the big

lamb. Bolao ba litoeba bo boholo. The big love philtre of the mice.

D. purpurea, N. E. Br.

Drakensbergen, in Tiger Cave Valley, among grass, 6-7000 ft.,

Evans, 377. Very rare.

Distripution : Endemic.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 213

D. rigescens, HE. Mey.

Mountain slopes. 6-30 in. high. flowers pink. Summer. Mala-

-vaneng, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 874!; Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft.,

October, A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4877! partly.

Distripution: Stockenstroom. Bathurst. Cathcart. Albany.

King William’s Town. Stutterheim. Queenstown. Tembuland. East

Griqualand. Pondoland.

Sesuto: Boloa ba litoeéba. The love philtre of the mice.

NEMESIA, Vent.

N. floribunda, Lehm.

Van Reenen’s Pass, 5—6000 ft., O. Kuntze.

Disrrisution: Cape. Riversdale. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth.

Albany. Catheart. Stutterheim. Fraserburg.

N. diffusa, Benth.

Caledon River, Zeyher, 1263.

Distrisution: Namaqualand Minor. Cape. Knysna. Stocken-

stroom. Alexandria. Cradock. Tembuland. Hope Town?

N. foetens, Vent.

Veld and mountain slopes. 5-20 in. high, flowers pink. Spring-

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 100!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek,

5250 ft., December, flowers pink or white. Bolus, 8224! 82251,

lanagan, 1869!; Mont-aux-Sources, 7—8000 ft., January, flowers

purple, Flanagan, 2083!; Doodman’s Krans Mtn. and Ben MeDhui,

8900-9000 ft., March, Galpin, 6787, 6788; Leribe Common, flowers

pink, lip yellow, Phillips, 523! 541! 678! 922! 931! 958!

Distrispution : Uitenhage. Humansdorp. Albany. Queenstown.

Prince Albert. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. Murraysburg.

Beaufort West. Sutherland. Fraserburg. Aliwal North. Albert.

Prieska. Griqualand West. King William’s Town. Transkei.

Tembuland. Natal. Orange Free State (Bethulie, Vaal River).

Transvaal (Heidelberg, near Pretoria, near Johannesburg, near

Barberton).

Sesuto: Malan ’a Konyana. The intestines of the lamb.

var. latifolia, Hiern.

Mountain slope, Leribe Mtn. above ’Matalane water-course. Flowers

pale pink. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 300a!; Cathkin Peak, 8-10,000 ft.,

November, flowers yellow, A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4876!

Disrrisution: Cape. Albert. East London. Natal. Orange

Free State. Transvaal (Rhenoster Kop, Oliphant’s River).

Sesuto: Malan ’a Konyana. The intestines of the lamb.

214 Annals of the South African Museum.

N. melissaefolia, Benth.

Mont-aux-Sources, 8000 ft., April, H. Dyke in Herb. Marloth, 5415 !

and in Herb. Musei Austro-Afric., 5490 !; near Buffalo River Waterfall,

7100 ft., March, Galpin, 6786.

Distripution: Knysna. Uitenhage. Alexandria. Albany. Fort

Beaufort. Queenstown. Somerset East. Colesbery. Stutterheim.

East Griqualand. Pondoland. Natal. Orange Free State.

N. pubescens, Benth.

Mountain slopes. 5-80 in. high, flowers pale mauve. Spring—

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 300!

Distrripution: Uniondale. Graaff Reinet. Prince Albert. Albert.

Hanover. Tembuland. Natal.

Sresuro: Bohome ba litoala. ‘'Uhe intestines of the lamb.

var. glabrior, Benth.

Thaba Unchu, Burke.

Distrisution : Graaff Reinet. Middleburg (Cape).

N. albiflora, N. E. Br.

Foot of Mont-aux-Sources, near Eland’s River, 6800 ft., January,

Flanagan, 2105! ; Drakensbergen, 6—7000 ft., Hvans, 58.

Distripution: Albert. Orange Free State (Bethlehem).

DICTIS, Benth.

D. reptans, Benth.

Damp and shady spots in ravines and mountain slopes. 3-20 in.

high, flowers white or pale mauve Spring-Autumn. A. Dieterlen,

242! 329!; rocky places at Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft.,

December, Bolus, 8223!; Flanagan, 1862!; Natal, Van Reenen, 5600 ft.,

March, Schlechter, 6982!

Disrripution: George. Knysna. Alexandria. Port Elizabeth.

Bathurst. Albany. Fort Beaufort. Cradock. Stockenstroom.

Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland. Pondoland. Natal. Transvaal

(Spitzberg, Vaal River, near Crocodile River).

Sesuro: Ponye. Meaning unknown. Koenana. The small croco-

dile.

LINARIA, Touwrnef.

L. vulgaris, Mill.

Slopes of Eland’s River Mountains, 6600 ft., Schlechter, 4003.

DistripuTion: Introduced.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 215

HALLERIA, Linn.

H. lucida, Linn. ;

Among rocks on mountain slopes. Shrub, 1-4 ft. high, flowers

reddish-brown. Spring. A. Dieterlen, 179!; Basutoland, without

precise locality, among rocks, flowers yellow, Cooper, 701 !

DisrrigutTion: Clanwilliam. Worcester. Paarl. Cape. Caledon.

Swellendam. Uitenhage. Bathurst. Albany. Somerset East. Wode-

house. Port Elizabeth. King William’s Town. Stockenstroom. East

Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria, Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Lebetsa. He who tbrows. In spring the plant is burnt

and the ashes mixed with fat. The mixture is smeared on pegs which

are placed in the ground round the village and cultivated lands as a

charm against evil. This custom is renewed every year for each

heathen village. In autumn the fruits are buried in the ground to

hasten their ripening. Native children suck the juice from the

flowers.

PHYGELIUS, EH. Mey.

P. capensis, HE. Mey.

Banks of Caledon River, Leribe District. 20-45 in. high, flowers

bright red. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 456!; Eland’s River Valley, near

Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft. January, Flanagan, 2018! 2019!; streamlet,

near Buffalo River Waterfall, 7800 ft., March, flowers red, Galpin,

6790!; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 2818; by streams

on Wittebergen, 5—7000 ft., Drege, 7875.

Disrrisution: Albany. Stockenstroom. Bedford. Queenstown.

Somerset Hast. Graaff Reinet. Murraysburg. Albert. East Griqualand.

Sresuro: Mafifi-matso. Black darkness (so named because the plant

turns black when dried). Me/si-matso. Black water. The powder

from the burnt roots is placed in incisions made on the body to cure

numbness in the limbs. Used by witch-doctors as a charm against

hail damaging the crops.

P. aequalis, Harv.

Eland’s River Mtn., 7600 ft., Schlechter, 3848; Eland’s River, near

the Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft., January, Flanagan, 2019!; Basutoland

at 8000 ft., Sanderson (Mellish), 645.

Distrisution: Natal. Transvaal (MacMac, Barberton, Lyden-

burg).

BOWKERIA, Harv.

B. simplicifolia, MacOw.

Eland’s River, near the Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft., Flanagan, 2000 ;

Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., Wood, 5256.

216 Annals of the South African Museum.

Distripution: Stockenstroom. Queenstown. King William’s

Town. Tembuland. East Griqualand

B. triphylla, Harv., var. pubescens, O. Kuntze.

Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., Kuntze.

DistRIBUTION: Endemic.

MANULEA, Linn.

M. bellidifolia, Benth.

Ben MeDhui, 9300 ft., March, Galpin, 6805! ; stony and rocky places

on the Wittebergen, 7-8000 ft., Drege, 79194.

Distxipution: Alexandria. Bathurst. Albany. Queenstown.

Somerset East.

M. thodeana, Diels.

Mont-aux-Sources, 7—8000 ft., Thode, 72.

DIsTRIBUTION: Endemic.

M. crassifolia, Benth.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-30 in. high, flowers white. Spring—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 24!; damp spots on mountain slopes. 10-20 in.

high, flowers crimson and pink. Summer. Cana. A. Dieterlen, 309!;

frequent round Leribe plateau, flowers white, Phillips, 571! 642! 869!

960!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, flowers

white, Bolus, 8229!; near Harrismith, Wood, 4808; Caledon River,

Zeyher, 1281! Witteberg Range, Drége ; Natal, Drakensbergen Range,

Evans, 381.

Disrrirsution: Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. Murraysburg.

Beaufort West. Wodehouse. Molteno. Albert. Aliwal North.

Transkei. East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (near Kloete, near

Middleburg, Carolina).

Sesuto: Fukuthoane. Meaning unknown. Nohan’ a metsana.

The small snake of the little water. A preparation is made from this

and applied to swollen navels in infants.

M. paniculata, Benth.

Mountain slopes, near rocks. 15-40 in. high, flowers cream or

yellow. Summer—Autumn. dA. Dieterlen, 436!; Caledon River,

Zeyher, 1280!; mountain slopes, south of Mission Station, flowers

white, Phillips, 689! ; slopes south of Leribe plateau, above Khaniane,

flowers white, drying reddish-brown, Phillips, 916!; Wittebergen,

Cooper, 1374.

DistrIBuTION: Somerset East. Wodehouse. Pondoland. East

Griqualand. Orange Free State (Wolve Kop, Bethlehem). ‘T'rans-

vaal (Standerton, Pretoria, Johannesburg).

Flora of the Leribe Plateaw and Environs. 247

Sesuto: Lephdphima. That which boils hard. Bolao. Philtre.

"Ma Machorotsa. The mother of ‘ Machorotsa.” A strong emetic.

As a cure for headache, the head is washed in a lotion prepared from

the bruised leaves and branches.

SUTERA, Roth.

S. polelensis, Hiern.

Drakensbergen, Cathkin Peak, 8000; November, A. Bolus in Herb.

Guthrie, 4949!; near Polela, 6—7000 ft., Hvans, 518.

Disrripution: Endemice.

S. caerulea, Hiern.

Basutoland, near Buffalo River Waterfall, 8250-8400 ft., March,

Galpin, 6800, 6801!; Natal, Mohlamba Range, 5—6000 ft., Sutherland ;

Van Reenen’s Pass and Charlestown, 5-6000 ft., O. Kuntze; Caledon

River, Burke, 222.

Disrrrpution : Van Rhynsdorp. Worcester. Cape. Swellendam.

Riversdale. Mossel Bay. Willowmore. Humansdorp. Wodehouse.

Komgha. Orange Free State (Bloemfontein). Transvaal (Oliphant’s

River, Botsabelo, Magaliesberg, Wonderfontein, Belfast, Lydenburg).

S. neglecta, Hiern.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 6 20 in. high, flowers mauve-pink.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 421!; Mont-aux-Sources, 8000 ft., April,

E. Dyke in Herb. Marloth, 5412!, in Herb. Musei Austro-Afric., 5488 !;

Van Reenen, 5000 ft., March, Schlechter, 6922! 5-600U ft., Wood,

4563; mountain slopes, above Mission Station, flowers mauve, Phillips,

630!; mountain slopes, south of Mission Station at the side of a stream,

flowers mauve, Phillips, 707!; near Harrismith, 5—6000 ft., February,

Wood, 4817!

Disrrizpution: Transvaal (Devil’s Knuckles, Hoogeveld, Lake

Chrissie, Middleburg, near Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Moaldlela. Meaning unkuown.

S. breviflora, Hiern.

Drakeusbergen, Polela, 5-6000 ft., February, Evans, 631 !; Drakens-

bergen Range, Evans, 392.

DistrisuTiIon: Pondoland. East Griqualand.

S. brachiata, Roth.

Slopes of Makhoarane Mount, Morija District. 6-20 in. high,

flowers pink. Autumn (April). A. Dieterlen, 985!; top of Witte-

bergen, Cooper, 2872.

218 Annals of the South African Museum.

Disrripution: Clanwilliam. Piquetberg. Tulbagh. Paarl. Cape.

Stellenbosch. Caledon. Bredasdorp. Riversdale. Albany.

Sesuto: Mopota-mafika. He who surrounds the rocks. Mixed

with Senecio rhyncholoemus, a medicine is prepared for use in chest

complaints,

S. floribunda, O. Kuntze.

Under rocks on mountain slopes. 38-15 in. high, flowers white.

Spring—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 325!; under rocks on summit of Pot

River Berg, c. 6400 ft., March, Galpin, 6802!; Van Reenen’s Pass,

O. Kuntze.

Distrisution : Pondoland. Tembuland. East Griqualand. Orange

Free State (Bethlehem). Transvaal (Houtbosch, Pilgrim’s Rest,

Waterval, Belfast).

Sesuto: Boluma. This is a general name for plants employed to

cure chest colds in children. A decoction is prepared from the roots,

stems and leaves and given to the child in milk or “ pap.”

S. cordata, O. Kuntze, var. hirsutior, Hiern.

Wittebergen, 5—6000 ft., Drege.

Distrispution : Stockenstroom. Tembuland.

S. latifolia, Hiern.

Kornet Spruit, between the Orange and Caledon Rivers, 5—6000 ft.,

Zeyher.

Distrisution : Endemic.

S. Cooperi, Hiern. .

Basutoland, near Bethesda, Cooper, 732.

DistRiBpuTion : Endemic.

S. aurantiaca, Hiern.

Veld and mountain slopes. 2-12 in. high, flowers red or yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 198!; without precise locality, Cooper, 2860 ;

near stream on Leribe plateau, on a damp bank, flowers red, Phillips,

799! 805!; hill near Harrismith, ¢ 5000 ft., February, Wood, 4746! ;

Caledon River, January, Zeyher, 1298!; Natal, Drakensberg, Suther-

land.

DistriputTion: Riversdale. Bathurst. Queenstown. Somerset

East. Cradock. Richmond. Aliwal North. Albert. Colesberg.

Hay. Herbert. Hopetown. Tembuland. Bechuanaland (Kuruman,

Mafeking). Transvaal (Pretoria, Magaliesberg, Lydenburg, Rusten-

burg, Middleburg).

Sesuto: Phiri ea hlaha e nyenyane. The small wolf of the grass.

Use unknown.

ve)

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 21

S. pristisepala, Hiern.

Mountain slopes. 8-25 in. high, flowers cream or yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 424! ; Tsitsa footpath, c. 7250 ft., March, Galpin, 6803! ;

Eland’s River Valley, near the Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft., January,

Flanagan, 2085!; Qoqolosi Peak, flowers dark-coloured, leaves glis-

tening when fresh, scented, Phillips, 951!

DistriBuTion : Endemic.

Sesuto: Phiri ea hlaha. The wolf of the grass. Use unknown

S. crassicaulis, Hiern.

Wittebergen, Drége, 7925, Cooper, 597.

DiIsTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Tarkastad. Graaff Reimet. Aber-

deen. Murraysbure. Albert. Colesberg. Natal (near Charlestown,

5000 ft.). Orange Free State (Sand River). Transvaal (near Stan-

derton).

var. purpurea, Hiern.

Grassy and stony places near Matela, Basutoland, c. 6450 ft.,

January, flowers dark purple or lilac, the whole plant strongly scented,

Thode, 42; top of Mont-aux-Sources, 11,000 ft., Hvans, 760.

Distripution : Endemic.

S. mollis, Hiern.

Near the Caledon River, Burke, 441, 368.

Disrrisurion: Alexandria. Albany. Bedford. Colesberg. Gri-

qualand West.

S. filicaulis, Hiern.

Near rocks on mountain slopes. 4-15 in. high, flowers white.

Spring-Summer—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 260!; in rocky places on the

Wittebergen, 5-6000 ft., Drege, 7924; mountain slopes behind the

Mission Station and N.E. slopes of Leribe plateau, 9-12 in. high,

flowers white, growing under rocks, common, Phillips, 544!, 814!

DistripuTIoN: Endemic.

Sesuto: Mopota-mafika. He who surrounds the rocks. Used as

a medicine for chest complaints.

S. Henrici, Hiern.

In open places at Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft.,

January. Bolus, 8228!

Disrrisution : Tembuland.

S. atropurpurea, Hiern.

Slopes of Qoqolosi Peak. Flowers brown. January. A. Dieterlen,

938!; a small woody bush, Qoqolosi Peak, Phillips, 939 !, 950 !

220 Annals of the South African Museum.

Distripution: S.W. Africa. Riversdale. Mossel Bay. Albany.

Fort Beaufort. Queenstown. Cathcart. Prince Albert. Cradock.

Burghersdorp. Beaufort West. Richmond. Herbert. Kimberley.

Albert. Transkei. Natal. Bechuanaland (near Takun). Orange

Free State. Transvaal (Sandloop, Klippan).

Sesutro: Phiri ea hlaha ea loti. The “high mountain” wolf of the

grass. Use unknown.

S. aspalathoides, Hiern.

O.F.S., Nieuwejaars Spruit, between the Orange and Caledon

Rivers, 4—5000 ft., Zeyher.

DistripuTion: Bredasdorp. Riversdale. Uniondale. Knysna.

Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth.

S. sp.

Basutoland, near Buffalo River Waterfall, 7500 ft., March, Galpin,

6804

ZALUZIANSKYA, F. W. Schmidt.

Z. maritima, Walp.

Mountain slopes. Simple herb, 12-18 in. high, flowers crimson and

white. Summer (January). A. Dieterlen, 909!; Basutoland, without

precise locality, Cooper, 2847; slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, 7000 ft.,

January, Flanagan, 2035!; Ben MacDhui, 9200-9800 ft., Galpin,

6795-6798 ; top of the Wittebergen, Drége, 7895 ; Natal, Oliver’s

Hoek Pass, 5000 ft., January, Wood, 3489.

Disrripution: Cape. Humansdorp. Stockenstroom. Cathcart.

Stutterheim. King William’s Town. ‘embuland. Hast Griqualand.

Transvaal (near the Crocodile River, Barberton, near Lydenburg,

Pilgrim’s Rest).

Sesuto: Theleli ea loti. The ‘“Theleli” of the high mountain.

Lebohlollo. Meaning unknown. Use unknown.

Madame Dieterlen’s 968 is probably this species, but the specimen

is very incomplete.

var. breviflora, Hiern.

Basutoland, Drakensbergen, Sanderson, 647; Natal, near Van

Reenen, Schlechter, 6988!

DisTRIBUTION : Endemic.

Z. capensis, Walp.

Mountain slopes. 3-30 in. high, flowers white and crimson.

Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 407!, 427!; west slopes of Leribe

plateau, corolla lobes dark red, Phillips, 774! ; Qoqolosi Peak, tube

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 221

brown, lobes dark purple, Phillips, 935!, 968!; Bester’s Vlei, near

Witzie’s Hoek, 6000 ft., January, Flanagan, 2033!; 5300 ft., December,

Bolus, 8220!; slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, 7000 ft., December—

January, Flanagan in Herb. Bolus, 8221!; Basutoland, without

precise locality, Cooper, 2843.

Distripution: Cape. Knysna. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth.

Albany. Queenstown. Murraysburg. Graaff Reinet. Aliwal North.

Albert. Transkei. East Griqualand. Natal. Orange Free State.

Sesuto: Selala. He who lies down. Lebohlollo le lenyenyane. The

small “ Lebohlollo.” Theleli. Derived from “ho thella ’’—to glide.

Use unknown.

Z. dentata, Walp.

Damp spots and hollows on plateau. 8-25 in. high, flowers white

and crimson. Spring. A. Dieterlen, 726 !

DistrrputTion: Tulbagh. Paarl. Cape. Caledon. Beaufort

West. Murraysburg. Komgha.

Sesuto: Letaabe. Meaning unknown.

Z. ovata, Walp.

Ben MeDhui, 9700 ft., March, Galpin, 6793; stony places on the

Wittebergen, 7-8000 ft., Drége.

Disrripurron : Queenstown. Natal (near Charlestown, 5—6000 ft.).

Z. distans, Hiern.

Van Reenen’s Pass, 5500 ft., Schlechter, 6944!; 5-6000 ft., December,

flowers white, scarlet beneath, Wood, 5171!

DistrisputTion: Endemic.

Z. montana, Hiern.

Slopes of Malavaneng, Leribe District, flowers white and crimson,

- November—February, A. Dieterlen, 929!, (forma) 959!; Mont-aux-

Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan, 2032 !

DistrRiBuTION: Endemic.

Sesuto: Letaabe. Meaning unknown. T'hreleli ea lati. The

“Theleh ” of the high mountain.

The flowers in Madame Dieterlen’s specimens are smaller than in

the type.

Z. microsiphon, K. Schum.

Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, 6000 ft., Kuntze; Oliver’s Hoek Pass.

Kuntze.

Distrisution: Endentic.

222 Annals of the South African Museum.

Z. crocea, Schltr.

Basutoland, near Buffalo River Waterfall, 8500 ft., March, Galpin,

6791!; top of the Wittebergen, Cooper, 614, 2854.

DISTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Albert.

Z. peduncularis, Walp.

Veldt and plateau. 2-12 in. high, flowers yellow and brown.

Winter and early Spring. A. Dieterlen, 191a!, 191b!

DisrrisutTion: Namaqualand Minor, Bathurst. Albany. Ceres.

Sesuto: Lememee. Meaning unknown. Cooked as a vegetable

when young.

Z. alpestris, Diels.

Mountain slopes. 10-25 in. high, flowers crimson and whitish or

cream. Summer—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 772!; roadside in Caledon

Pass, leading from Witzie’s Hoek into Basutoland, c. 6900 ft., January,

flowers orange-coloured, Thode, 48!; base of Doodman’s Krans Mtn.,

8500 ft., March, flowers orange-yellow, Galpin, 6799 !

DistripuTion : Endemic.

Sesuto: Lebohlollo. Meaning unknown.

Galpin, 6799, is a depauperated specimen.

Z. goseloide Diels.

Stony places close under the summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, c¢.

8550 ft., January, flowers orange-red, Thode, 44!; “cave” at the foot

of the Mont-aux-Sources, 6800 ft., January, Flanagan, 2034!; Natal,

in the valley of the Little Tugela River, 5-6900 ft., Thode, 70.

Distrripution: East Griqualand (Ingeli Mountains).

Z. Flanagani, Hiern.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Hlanagan,

2036!; Ben MeDhui, 9700 ft., March, Galpin, 6792 !

Disrripution : Endemic.

MIMULUS, Linn.

M. gracilis, kh. Br.

Damp spots on veldt and mountain slopes. 5-18 in. high, flowers

white. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 623!

DistriputTion: Albany. Queenstown. Stockenstroom. Somerset

East. Graaff Remet. Albert. King William’s Town. Komgha.

Transkei. Natal. Orange Free State. Transvaal (Houthosch, near

Lydenburg). :

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 223

Sesuto: Sehlapetsu. Meaning unknown. A medicine prepared

from this is taken in cases of irregular menstruation. A lotion for

bathing tired and feverish patients is also made from the plant.

LIMOSELLA, Linn.

L. aquatica, Linn, var. tenuifolia, Hook. f.

River bed at Hlotse. 4-2 in. high, flowers pale mauve. Spring

(October). A. Dieterlen, 810!; marsh at base of Doodman’s Krans

Mtn., 8500 ft., March, Galpin, 6806; top of Quaqua Mtn., Witzie’s

Hoek, Thode.

Distrisution: Albany. Queenstown. East Griqualand. Natal.

Orange Free State. Transvaal (Lake Chrissie, Trigard’s Fontein, near

Bronkhurst River).

Sresuto: Pua-metsi. The water mole. Used by the witch-doctor

when working the divining bones.

L. major, Diels.

Water courses. 2-6 in. high, flowers pale mauve. Spring-Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 535a!; stream on plateau, flowers white, Phillips, 785.

Distrisution: East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Aapie’s

River, near Johannesburg, Houtbosch, near Lydenburg).

Srsuro: Tstka-metsi. Around the water. Yoang ba metsi. The

crass of the water. See note under L. aquatica, var.

L. longiflora, O. Kuntze.

Van Reenen’s Pass, 6000 ft., Kwntze, 108.

DistRiBUTION: Hndemie.

L. capensis, Thunb.

Water courses. 1-2 in. high, flowers mauve. Spring-Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 535b!; Ben McDhui, 9700 ft., March, Galpin, 6807.

Distrisution: §.W. Africa. Malmesbury. Cape. Riversdale.

Swellendam. Uitenhage. Queenstown. Sutherland. Albert. Molteno.

Middleburg. Graaff Reinet. Orange Free State (Sand River Hills,

Zaai Hoek, near Vredefort Road). Transvaal (between Porter and

Trigard’s Fontein).

Sesuto: Yoang ba metsi bo bonyenyane. The small grass of the

water. Tsika-metsi e nyenyane. ‘The small “ Tsika-metsi.” See note

under L. aquatica, var.

L. grandiflora, Benth.

In standing water on plateau. 2—4 in. high, flowers mauve. Summer—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 682!

224 Annals of the South African Museum.

DistTRIBUTION : Queenstown. Riversdale. Uitenhage. Bathurst.

Richmond. Komgha. Natal. Hay. Orange Free State (Kanon

Fontein, Vredefort Road). Transvaal (Vaal River, near Lyden-

burg).

Sesuro: Boliba. Water holes. See note under L. aquatica, var.

CRATEROSTIGMA, Hochst.

C. Wilmsii, Engl.

Eland’s River Valley, at the foot of the Mont-aux-Sources. Bolus,

8230.

DistripuTion: Transvaal (MacMac, Houtbosch, Donkerhoek,

Hell’s Gate, near Johannesburg).

VERONICA, Tournef.

V. anagallis, Linn.

Damp spots on the mountain slopes. 2-25 in. high, flowers bluish-

mauve. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 1385!, 507!; ravine on west slopes of

Leribe plateau, flowers bluish, Phillips, 771!; Basutoland, without

precise locality, Cooper; Natal, Upper Tugela, January, Wood, 3561.

Distrrpution : Namaqualand Minor. Clanwilliam. Malmesbury.

Cape. Knysna. Uitenhage. Albany. Fort Beaufort. Queenstown.

Graaff Reinet. Beaufort West. Komgha. Transkei. Natal. Gri-

qualand West. Orange Free State (Vredefort Road). Transvaal

(Mooi River, near Pretoria, Matebe Valley, Johannesburg). Bechuana-

land (Mooye River).

Sresuto: Moghoboghobo o monyenyane. The small “ Moghoboghobo.”

Moghoboghobo. Meaning unknown.

GLUMICALYX, Hiern.

G. montanum, Hiern.

Slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, 7—8000 ft , Flanagan, 2018.

DistRIBUTION: Endemic.

MELASMA, Berg.

M. scabrum, Berg.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 10-25 in. high, flowers pale yellow

with a brown centre. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 532!; ravine between

the Mission Station and Jonathan’s Village, flowers yellow, Phillips,

720 bis!; Natal, Van Reenen, Wood, 6696; between Trent Kop and

Antelope Park, 5000 ft., March, Galpin, 6808.

Disrripution : Worcester. Cape. Stellenbosch. Caledon. Knysna.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 225

Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Somerset East. Stutterheim.

Tembuland. Pondoland. Zululand. Transvaal (Spitz Kop, near

Barberton, near Lydenburg, Houtbosch).

Sesuto: Tika-letsa. Surrounding the lake (or pond). Use

unknown.

M. capense, Hiern.

Wittebergen, Drege; Natal, 4-7000 ft., Wood.

Distrisution: Swellendam. Humansdrop. Uitenhage. Alex-

andria. Bathurst. Albany. Fort Beaufort. Queenstown. Somerset

East Graaff Reinet. Aliwal North. Colesberg. Albert. Komgha.

Natal. Transvaal (Pere Kop, Lydenburg, Houtbosch).

M. sessiliflorum, Hiern.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 4-12 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 684!

Distripution: Clanwilliam. Tulbagh. Worcester. Paarl. Caledon.

Knysna. George. Cape. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Graaff

Reinet. Komgha. Tembuland. Pondoland. East Griqualand Natal.

Griqualand West.

Srsuto: Mokhéle. The name of a stick decorated with feathers and

carried with the shield as a dance ornament. The plant having leaves

NF:

all along the stem is supposed to resemble the “ Mokhéle.

M. orobanchoides, Eng].

Mountain slopes. 3-12 in. high, flowers dark yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 432a!; Thaba Unchu, Burke, 444.

DistriputTIon: Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. Aliwal North.

Kimberley. Natal. Bechuanaland (Mafeking). Orange Free State

(Sand River, near Bethulie). Transvaal (Pere Kop, Lydenburg

District, Houtbosch Mtn.).

Sesuto: Seona. He who gets spoilt (or withered) quickly. Use

unknown.

M. basuticum, Phillips, sp. nov. Herba parasitica, 10-28 em. alta.

Caules scabridi, pilis bulbosis tecti. Folia 1-3°5 em. longa, ‘7-13 em.

lata, ovata, ovato-lanceolata vel lineari-lanceolata, saepe acuminata,

apice obtusa, super subtusque dense scabrida pilis bulbosis. Flores

axillares, in spicam dispositi. Bracteolae 7-9 mm. longae, 1°5 mm.

latae, lineares, apice acutae, subtus scabridae, intus glabrae. T'ubus

calycis 9 mm. longus, campanulatus, scabridus, intus glaber; lobi

7 mm. longi, basi 4-6°5 mm. lati, ovati, apice acuti, scabridi. Tubus

corollae 1°3 cm. longus, campanulatus, glaber ; lobi 6 mm. longi, 6 mm.

lati, ovati, apice obtusi. Stamina 4; filamenta 7 mm. longa, linearia,

226 Annals of the South African Musewm.

omnia barbata; antherae 3—-3°5 mm. longae, 1°5 mm. latae, oblongae,

mucronatae. Ovarium 4 mm. longum, 4 mm. latum, globosum,

slabrum; stylus 1:4 em. longus, infra compressus, supra carnosus

lingulatusque. Fructus 8 mm. longus, 7 mm. latus, globosus, niger ;

semina 1-5 mm. longa, °5 mm. lata, linearia; testa inflata, membra-

nacea.

A parasitic herb 10-28 em. high, simple or branched at the base.

Stems scabrid, with bulbous-base hairs. Leaves 1-3°5 cm. long,

‘7-1:°3 cm. broad, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, fre-

quently acuminate, obtuse, densely scabrid above and beneath with

bulbous-base hairs. Flowers axillary, arranged in a spike. Bracts

similar to the leaves ; bracteoles 7-9 min. long, 1°5 mm. broad, linear,

acute, scabrid without, glabrous within. Calyz-tube 9 mm. long,

caimpanulate, scabrous without, glabrous within; lobes 7 mm. long,

4—6°5 mm. broad at the base, ovate-triangular, acute, scabrid without.

Corolla yellow, distinctly marked with dark veinings; tube 1:5 em.

long, campanulate, glabrous; lobes 6 mm. long, 6 mm. broad, ovate,

obtuse. Stamens 4; filaments 7 mm. long, linear, all bearded ; anthers

3-3°5 mm. long, 1:5 mm. broad, oblong, mucronate. Ovary 4 min.

long, 4 mm. broad, globose, glabrous; style 1-4 cm. long, compressed

in the lower half, widened into a fleshy tongue-shaped portion above.

Fruit 8 mm. long, 7 mm. broad, globose, black. Seeds numerous,

15 mm. long, ‘5 mm. broad, linear, with a loose transparent veined

membranous testa.

Mountain slopes. Flowers yellow. April. A. Dieterlen, 432b.

DistriIBuTION : Endemic.

Srsuro: Moemadsi. He who stands alone.

Very near M. capense, Hiern, from which it can at once be distin-

guished by the bulbous-base hairs which densely cover the stem and

leaves. The flowers closely resemble those of M. capense, Hiern, but

the stamens are all mucronate, and the upper thickened portion of the

style differs shehtly. Hiern (FU. Cap. IV, 11, 375) mentions that in

M. capense “2 of the filaments densely bearded along one side,” but

I find in a specimen collected by Zeyher at the Zwartkops River, and

cited by Heirn as M. capense, that all the filaments are bearded.

STRIGA, Lowr.

S. orobanchoides, Benth.

Fields and mountain slopes. 3-10 in. high, flowers pale pink.

Summer. A. Dieterlen,150!; ravine on west slopes of plateau, flowers

white, Phillips, 618!; Wittebergen, Drege.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 227

Distrisution: S.W. Africa. Uitenhage. Fort Beaufort. Cath-

eart. Jansenville. Cradock. Graaff Reinet. Komgha. Transkei or

Tembuland. Natal.

Srsuro: Seona. See Melasma orobanchoides. The natives have

observed that when this plant appears abundantly in the lands the

crops suffer. See articles under “ Rooibloem” in the ‘ Agricultural

Journal.’

S. Thunbergii, Benth.

Veld and mountain slopes. 6-15 in. high, flowers dark violet.

Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 527!; Qoqolosi Peak, flowers pinkish,

Phillips, 984!; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 2832 ;

Wolve Kop, Thaba Unchu, and the Caledon River, Burke; Witte-

bergen, Drége, 22974.

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Albany. Fort Beaufort. Queenstown.

Cradock. Graaff Reimet. Albert. Stockenstroom. Komgha.

Transkei. Pondoland. Hast Griqualand. Natal. Bechuanaland

(near Hamaprey). Orange Free State (Bloemfontein). Transvaal

(Johannesburg, near Lydenburg, near Heidelberg, Kudu’s Poort, Pre-

toria, Magaliesberg, Rustenburg).

Sresutro: Seona. See Melasma orobanchoides.

S. elegans, Benth.

Veld, mountain slopes, and plateau. 3-9 in. high, flowers pink or

white. Summer. dA. Dieterlen, 526!; slopes between the Mission

Station and Jonathan’s Village, flowers pale pink, occasional, Phillips,

561!; Thaba Unchu, Burke, 443!, Zeyher, 1278!; between Kraai

River and the Wittebergen, 4-5000 ft., Drége, 3591b; Caledon River,

Burke, 369 !

Disrrisurion: Albany. Queenstown. Cathcart. Stutterheim.

Albert. Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland. Natal. Bechuanaland

(at Hamaprey, between Mafeking and Ramontsa). Transvaal (near

Pretoria, Botsahelo, near Standerton, near Lydenburg, near Bronk-

hurst Road, Johannesburg).

Sresutro: Seona. See Melasma orobanchoides.

S. lutea, Lour

Veld. 3-10 in. high, flowers bright red. Autumn. A. Dieterlen,

699 !

Disrrisution : Fort Beaufort. Bathurst. East Griqualand. Natal.

Delagoa Bay. Bechuanaland (Mafeking). Transvaal (Matabele

Valley, near Pretoria, Barberton, near Lydenburg).

SEesuto: Seona. See Melasma orobanchoides

228 Annals of the South African Museum.

SOPUBIA, Hamitlt.

S. simplex, Hochst.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus,

8232 !

DistriputTion: Knysna. Uitenhage. Komgha. Pondoland. Tem-

buland. Natal. Zululand. Transvaal (Magaliesberg, Devil’s Kantoor,

Heidelberg).

S. cana, Harv.

Veld and mountain slopes. 6-18 in. high, flowers pink. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 336!; ravine (Lefi’s Kloof) on N.E. slopes of Leribe

plateau, flowers pink, among grass at the entrance of Kloof, Phillips,

852!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5000 ft., December, Flanagan,

2087!; Bolus, 8233!

Distrisution: Natal. Swaziland. Transvaal (Barberton, near

Lydenburg, Houtbosch, near Pretoria, Wilge River).

Sesuto: Pulumo-tsoeu. The white gnu. A decoction made from

this plant and Salvia runcinata is taken by pregnant women who are

threatened with a miscarriage; also used in cases of painful men-

struation.

S. trifida, Hamilt.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 7-22 in. high, flowers carmine.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 443.

Distrisution: Natal. Transvaal (Hell’s Gate, Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Khétotieo ea liliba. The “ Khototieo” of the springs.

Lebohlollo. Meaning unknown. Use unknown.

BUCHNERA, Linn.

B. dura, Benth.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 6-22 in. high, flowers white.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 752!

DistriputTion: Ceres. Worcester. Caledon. Knysna. Uiten-

hage. Port Elizabeth. Alexandria. Bathurst. Albany. King

William’s Town. Stutterherm. Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland.

Pondoland. Natal. Swaziland. Transvaal (Barberton, Spitzkop,

near Middleburg).

Sresuto: Seona. See Melasma orobanchoides.

B. reducta, Hiern.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 3-8 in. high, flowers dark violet.

Summer—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 680!

Distripution: Transvaal (no locality).

Sresuto: Seona. See Melasma orobanchoides.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 229

CYCNIUM, FE. Mey.

C. racemosum, Benth.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6300 ft., December, Bolus, 8231! ;

Nelson’s Kop, Cooper, 894; Natal, Cathkin Peak, 6500 ft., A. Bolus

in Herb. Guthrie! ; Drakensbergen, Evans, 355.

DIsTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Stockenstroom. Transkei. Tembu-

land. Pondoland. Natal. Transvaal (Pilgrim’s Rest, MacMac,

Houtbosch, Barberton).

HARVEYA, Hook.

H. coccinea, Schltr.

Mountain slopes. 4-15 in. high, flowers pink. Spring-Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 431!; ravine on West slopes of Leribe plateau, calyx

yellow, inside of corolla pale pink, yellow outside, Phillips, 629!

DistrrputTion: Cape. Bredasdorp. Stockenstroom. Queenstown.

East Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: Seona. See Melasma orobanchoides.

H. pumila, Schltr.

Mountain slopes. 14-23 in. high, flowers dark pink. Spring—

Summer. Sebothoane, Leribe District. A. Dieterlen, 697 !

DISTRIBUTION : Queenstown.

Sresuto: Mo-shoa-feela. He who dies.

H. hyobanchoides, Schltr.

Mountain slopes, Leribe mountains. 6 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 430a!

Distrisution: Albany. Humansdorp.

SEesuto: Seona. See Melasma orobanchoides.

H. speciosa, Bernh.

Mountain slopes and river banks. 5-18 in. high, flowers white.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 430!; near the Caledon River, Burke, 416,

Zeyher, 1279; foot of the Wittebergen, Cooper, 624.

Distripution : Stockenstroom. Bedford. Transkei. Tembuland.

East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (near Barberton, Spitz Kop).

Sesuto: Seona. See Melasma orobanchoides. Mokunyi Derived

from the verb “ho kunya”—to lift up. A medicine supposed to be

a cure for maduess is prepared from this species.

230 Annals of the South African Museum.

LENTIBULARIENE.

UTRICULARIA, Linn.

U. Ecklonii, Spreng.

Water courses and springs on plateau. Flowers white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 781 !

Distrispution : Namaqualand Minor. Tulbagh. Cape. Caledon.

Riversdale. Uitenhage. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. Bechuana-

Jand. Transvaal (Houtbosch).

Sesuto: Tlamana sa metsi. The little water plant. Use unknown.

U. exoleta, R. Br.

Natal, Mohlamba Range, 5—6000 ft., Sutherland.

Disrripution: Uitenhage. Transvaal (Magaliesberg, Rustenburg,

near Crocodile River, Bosch Veld).

U. humilis, Phillips, sp. nov. (Pl. I, fig.B). HMerba aquatica, 1-2 em.

alta, glabra. Folia 1 em. longa, supra °75 mm. lata, linearia, apice

obtusa, basi angustata. Bracteve 1 mm. longae, lineares, apice obtusae.

Sepala 2°5 inm. longa, 1:5 mm. lata, elliptica, apice obtusa. Corolla

6 mm. longa; palatum rugosum. Hilamenta 1 mim. longa; antherae

‘) mm. longae. Ovarium planum, 1 mm. longum, 1 mm. latum,

ellipticum, glabrum; stylus 5 mm. longus; stigma planum, °75 mm.

latum.

Small plants 1-2 em. high. Branches glabrous. Leaves all radical,

about 1 em. long, °75 mm. broad above, lear, obtuse, narrowing and

hyaline towards the base. Bracts 1 mm. long, linear, obtuse. Flowers

solitary, subsessile, 8 mm. long. Pedicel 1 1mm. long, terete. Sepals

2°5 mm. long, 15 mm. broad, elliptic, obtuse, deeply concave, glabrous.

Corolla pink; lower lip 4 mm. long, ovate below, slightly constricted

in the middle and then produced into an oblong portion, truncate ;

upper lip 6 mm. long, hooded, rounded above, produced at the base

into a spur 5 mm. long; palate transversely rugose. Filaments about

1 mm. long; anthers 5 mm. long. Ovary flattened 1 mm. long, 1 mm.

broad, elliptic, glabrous ; style 5 mm. long, thickened ; stigma flattened,

1:75 im. broad. Placenta shortly stalked, about °5 um. long, °5 mm.

broad, ovate, truncate. Ovu/es numerous. Fruit not seen.

Near U. transrugosa, Stapf., but differs in the size and shape of the

flowers.

Leribe plateau. November. <A. Dieterlen, 925.

Distrisution : Endemic.

Sresuto: Tlamana sa metsi. The little water-plant.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 231

GESNERACEAE.

STREPTOCARPUS, Lindl.

S. pusilla, Harv.

Slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, 8000 ft., January, Flanagan,

2099!; Natal, Drakensberg, near De Beer’s Pass, 5-6000 ft., March,

flowers light blue, Wood, 6021!; stony places on the Drakensbergen,

5-6000 ft., November, flowers white and pink, Wood, 6275:!

Distrispution: East Griqualand. Transvaal (Carolina).

S. Rexii, Lindl.

Orange Free State, Drakensbergen, flowers blue and white, Cooper,

1031!; Natal, Van Reenen, 5500 ft., January, flowers lilac, Wood,

10724.

Disrrisution: Somerset East. Stutterheim. East Griqualand.

Transvaal (Kaffir Creek).

ACANTHACEAE.

CHAETACANTHUS, Ness.

C. Burchellii, Ness.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., November, flowers white, Wood,

9722!; Thaba Unchu, Burke.

Disrripution: Hast Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Trigard’s

Fontein, near Lydenburg, MacMac, Standerton, Barberton).

BLEPHARIS, Juss.

B. subvolubilis, C. B. Cl.

Thaba Unchu, Burke.

Distrisution : Transvaal ( Barberton).

B. espinosa, Phillips, sp. nov. (Pl. LI, fig: a). Planta prostrata.

Rami strictis pilis tecti. Folia 1-75 em. longa, 3-13 em. lata,

lanceolata, elliptico-oblonga vel oblonga, apice obtusa, basi attenuata,

glabra, glandulosa. -Inflorescentia 2-4-florifera, 3-3°5 cm. longa,

2-3°5 em. lata. Bracteae 2°5-3 cm. longae, 1-1-2 em. latae, obovatae,

acuminatae, spinosae, glabrae. Bracteolae 1-9-2 cm. longae, 2 mm.

latae, acuminatae, apice acutae, basi angustatae, glabrae, subtus uni-

costatae. Sepulwm anticum 2 cm. longum, supra 5 mm. latum, lineare,

apice bidentatum, basi angustatum concavumque, subtus 2-costatum,

supra paucis pilis tectum; sepalum posticum 2°3 cm. longum, supra

5mm. latum, lineare, apice obtusum, scariosumque, subtus 3-4-costatum

232 Annals of the South African Musewm.

pilosumque ; sepala interioria 1 cm. longa, basi 4 mm. lata, ovata,

acuminata, apice acuta, glabra, supra interdum ciliata. Corolla 3 cm.

longa, supra 2 cm. lata, infra 7 mm. lata, obovata, intus pilosa, ciliata ;

lobi 6 mm. longi, 6-7 mm. lati, subrotundi; tubus 7 mm. longus,

infra ovoideus, supra constrictus, glaber, sed pars constricta glandulosa.

Filamenta 8 mm. longa, subteretia, pauce glandulosa interdumque

pilosa, aliter glabra; antherae 5 mm. longae, 1°5 mm. late, ciliatae.

Ovarium 3 mm. longum, subglobosum, glabrum ; stylus 1:1 cm. longus,

supra subteres, infra paullo compressus, glaber vel supra 5-6 pilis

tectus.

A plant with prostrate branches arising from an underground stem.

Branches up to ‘5 m. long, sparsely covered with short soft hairs.

Leaves 1-7°5 cm. long, *3-1°3 cm. broad, lanceolate, elliptic-oblong or

oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base into a petiole up to 1:5 cm. long,

glabrous, except for a few hairs on the midrib beneath, glandular.

Inflorescence 2—4-flowered, 3-3°5 em. long, 2-3°5 cm. across. Bracts

2°5-3 cm. long, 1-1:2 cm. broad, obovate, acuminate, pungent, with

3-4 spines on either side of the margin in the upper half, 3-nerved,

glabrous, except for a few hairs on the prominent nerves beneath.

Bracteoles 1:9-2 cm. long, 2 mm. broad, acuminate, acute, narrowed at

the base, glabrous, pinnately veined with a prominent midrib beneath.

Anticous sepal 2 cm. long, 5 mm. broad above, broadly linear, 2-toothed

at the apex, narrowing and concave at the base, prominently 2-nerved

beneath, with a few soft hairs on the uppermost third ; posticous sepal

2°3 cm. long, 5 mm. broad above, broadly linear, rounded and some-

what scarious at the apex, with margins partly infolded, prominently

3—4-veined and softly hairy beneath ; inner sepals 1 cm. long, 4 mm.

broad at the base, ovate, acuminate, acute, l-nerved, glabrous, some-

times with long fine cilia on the margins in the uppermost third.

Corolla blue, 3 cm. long, 2 em. broad above, 7 mm. broad below,

obovate, hairy within and with ciliated margins; lobes 6 mm. long,

6-7 mm. broad, subrotund; tube 7 mm. long, obovoid below, con-

stricted above and then expanded into a saucer-shaped structure,

glandular on the constricted portion, otherwise glabrous. Stamens

arising from the saucer-shaped portion; filaments 8 mm. long, sub-

terete, with a few minute scattered glands, and sometimes bearing a

few hairs, otherwise glabrous; processes of the two anticous filaments

curved, 1'5 mm. long, ovate, obtuse; anthers 5 mm. long, 1°5 mm.

broad, with a fringe of hairs along the slit. Ovary 3 mm. long, sub-

globose, glabrous, with two glands on the posticous face; style 1:1 cm.

long, semi-terete above, gradually widening and compressed below,

glabrous, except for 5-6 hairs on the upper half.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 233

Approaches B. Stainbankiae, C. B. Cl., and B. dilatata, C. B. CL.,

but differs from the former in the bracts and calyx being almost

glabrous and having blue flowers; from the latter it differs in not

having spiny leaf-margins and having differently shaped calyx-lobes.

Roadside at Mokollong, Maseru District. Summer (February).

A. Dieterlen, 976!

Srsurto: Mohlahalane. A small swelling. Maraptjane. Meaning

unknown. An infusion made from this plant is said to be valued as

a cure for colds.

CRABBEA, Harv.

C. hirsuta, Harv.

Veld and mountain slopes. 2-5 in. high, flowers pale pink.

Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 243!; west slopes of plateau, leaves

flat on ground, flowers white, occasional, Phillips, 646 !

DistrisutTion: Alexandria. Komgha. ‘Transkei. East Griqua-

land. Natal (Ixopo, 4-5000 ft.). Swaziland. Transvaal (Barberton,

Johannesburg, near Lydenburg).

Sresuto: Letsoeyana. A small breast. Mereko. Meaning unknown.

This plant is much used by the witch-doctors in conjunction with the

divining bones.

BARBERIA, Inn.

B. ovata, E. Mey.

Stony hills near Slojoana’s Kraal, Witzie’s Hoek, c. 6300 ft., January,

flowers purple, Thode, 45!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft.

January, Flanagan, 1988!; near Eland’s River, 6300 ft., December,

flowers blue, Bolus, 8289!; Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., October,

flowers purple. A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4889!; mountains of

Basutoland, Thode!

Distripution: Pondoland. Natal. Swaziland. Transvaal

(Barberton, near Lydenburg, Spitz Kop, Crocodile River).

JUSTICIA, Linn.

J.? Brycei, C. B. Cl.

Basutoland, near the summit of Machacha, 10000 ft., Bryce.

DisTRIBUTION : Endemic.

ISOGLOSSA, Oerst.

I. Macowanii, C. B. Cl.

Mountain slopes. 10-40 in. high, flowers white and crimson.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 578! 578b!

Distrisution: Albany. Somerset East. Natal.

234. Annals of the South African Museum.

Sesuto: Moholu oa pela. The stomach of the rock-rabbit. Bolilana

ba linonyana. The small sorrel (or beer) of the birds. Ha a na morena.

It has no chief. Use unknown.

HYPOESTES, &. Br.

H aristata, R. Br.

Natal, De Beer's Pass, 5-6000 ft., March, flowers white, Wood,

6022!

Distripution: Knysna. Humansdorp. Mossel Bay. Robertson.

Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Bathurst. King William’s

Town. Orange Free State. Transvaal (Houtbosch, Barberton).

SELAGINEAEK.

HEBENSTREITIA, Linn.

H polystachya, Harv.

Orange Free State, Drakensberg, Cooper, 1014; Natal, Oliver’s

Hoek, at the sources of the Tugela River, 5000 ft , Allison.

Distripution: Natal. Transvaal (Spitz Kop, Houtbosch, near

Barberton).

H. Sutherlandi, Rolfe.

Basutoland, 8000 ft., Mellish in Sanderson's Herb., 634.

DistTRIBUTION : Hndemice.

H. comosa, Hochst.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 15-38 in high, flowers white and

brown, sweet-scented. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 247!; ravine on west

slopes of plateau, flowers white, Phillips, 580! N.E. slopes of plateau,

flowers white with a red throat, Phillips, 824:!

Disrripution: East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Pilgrim's

Rest).

Sesuro: T'sitvane. Meaning unknown. Mixed with fat to make a

perfumed ointment.

H. Cooperi, Rolfe.

Basutoland, near Morija, Cooper, 737 !

Distrrispution: Endemic.

H. Cooperi, Rolfe, forma.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan,

1991

DistTRIBUTION : Endemic.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 23

H. fruticosa, Sims.

Mont-aux Sources, 8000 ft., April, #. Dyke in Herb. Marloth, 5419 !

in Herb. Musei Austro-Afric., 5501!; Orange Free State, Wolve Kop

near the Caledon River, Burke.

DistripuTion : Namaqualand Minor. Paarl. Tulbagh. Worces-

ter. Queenstown. East London. Stockenstroom. Somerset East.

Tembuland. Natal.

var. dura, Rolfe.

Caledon River, Burke, 438 !

DisrriputTion: Endemic.

H. dentata, Linn.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 3014; near Buffalo

River Waterfall. 8200 ft., March, Galpin, 6810!, Ben McDhui, c.

9700 ft., March, Galpin, 6811!

Distrisution: Van Rhynsdorp. Malmesbury. Clanwilliam. Cape.

Tulbagh. Caledon. Albany. Stockenstroom. Queenstown. Transkei.

Natal. Transvaal (Lydenburg, Pilgrim’s Rest).

var. integrifolia, E. Mey.

Natal, Tabanhlope, 6000 ft., October, Wood, 105568!; Cathkin

Peak, 10,090 ft., November, A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4078 !

Disrrisution: Clanwilliam. Cape. Queenstown. Graaff Reinet.

Molteng. Pondoland.

H. integrifolia, Linn.

Mountain slopes. 10-22 in. high, flowers purpleand brown. Sum-

mer—Autumn, A. Dieterlen, 38 !

Disrrrpution: Van Rhynsdorp. Clanwilliam. Riversdale. Mossel

Bay. Knysna. Uniondale. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Albany.

Stockenstroom. Bathurst. Aliwal. North. Natal. Bechuanaland.

Transvaal (near Lydenberg).

Sesuro: Lehohlolla. Meaning and use unknown.

H. crassifolia, Choisy.

Orange Free State, Witte Bergen, on shady sides of the mountain

Mrs. Barber and Mrs. Bowker ; near the Caledon River, Burke.

Distrrpution: Namaqualand Minor, Clanwilliam. Tulbagh.

Fraserburg. Sutherland. Beaufort West. Graaff Reinet.

H. basutica, Phillips, sp.nov. Frutex 15-27 cm. altus. Rami foliosi,

pubescentes. Folia -7-2:2 cm. longa, 1-3 mm. lata, linearia, apice

subobtusa, basi angustata, supra serrulata, glabra. Inflorescentia

236 Annals of the South African Museum.

terminalis, 4-6 cm. longa, circiter 15 cm. lata, cylindrata. Bracteae

6 mm. longae, 2°5 mm. latae, ellipticae, acuminatae, apice subacutae,

marginatae, glabrae. Calyx 4 mm. longus, 1°5 mm. latus, apice

obtusus, marginatus, glaber. Tubus corollae 5 mm. longus, cylin-

dratus, glaber; limbus 8 mm. longus, supra 3 mm. latus, planus ; lobi

4, oblongi vel lineares, apice obtusi. Filamenta 1 mm. longa; antherae

15 mm. longae. Ovariwm 1 mm. longum, glabrum ; stylus 5 mm.

longus, teres, glaber; stigma minutum. Fructus 6 mm. longus, 1°75

mm. latus, apice obtusus, glaber.

A woody shrub 15-27 in. high. Branches densely leafy, pubescent

in decurrent lines from the leaf-bases, otherwise glabrous. Leaves *7—

2°2 cm. long, 1-3 mm. broad, linear, subobtuse, narrowed at the base,

with the midrib sunk above, remotely serrulate in the upper half or

uppermost third, glabrous. Inflorescence terminal, 4-6 cm. long, about

1-5 cm. in diameter, cylindric. Bracts 6 mm. long, 2°5 mm. broad,

elliptic, acuminate, subacute, with narrow membranous margins,

glabrous. Calyx4mm. long, 15 mm. broad, concave, obtuse, 2-nerved,

with broad membranous margins, glabrous. Corolla-tube 5 mm. long,

cylindric, glabrous ; limb 8 mm. long, 8 mm. broad above, flattened,

widened above; lobes 4; the two outer 1:5 mm. long, 1 mm. broad,

oblong, rounded above; the two inner 1°5 mm. long, °5 mm. broad,

linear, obtuse. Stamens on the margins of the corolla limb, 2 on either

side ; filaments 1 mm. long, glabrous; anthers 1:5 mm. long. Ovary

1 mm. long, °75 mm. broad, oblong in outline, glabrous; style 5 mm.

long, terete, gradually narrowing upwards, glabrous; stigma minute.

Fruit 6 mm. long, 1:75 mm. broad, oblong in outline, obtuse,

glabrous, subtended by the persistent bract.

Differs from H. Sutherlandi, Rolfe, by the larger flowers. and

from H. fruticusa, Sims, in the leaves being serrulate and not

denticulate.

Malavaneng, Leribe District. Flowers cream and reddish. A.

Dieterlen, 1004

Srsuto: T'sitoane ea setlolo. The ‘Tsitoane”’ for ointment. Mixed

with fat to make a perfumed ointment. Used especially by the wives

of chiefs. This is held in greater esteem than H. comosa as an

ointment.

WALAFRIDA, FE. Mey.

W. apiculata, Rolfe.

Doodman’s Krans Mtn., 8500 ft., March, Galpin, 6812!; summit of

the Wittebergen, 7—8000 ft., Drége.

DistRiIBUTION: Endemic.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 237

W. witbergensis. Rolfe.

Wittebergen, among stones and grass, 5—-6000 ft., Drege.

Distrisurion : Uitenhage.

W. densiflora, Rolfe.

Veld, mountain slopes and plateau. 6-22 in. high, flowers white.

Summer-Autumn. A. Dieterlen,2a!, 2b!; Tlapaneng, Berea District,

A. Dieterlen, 2c!; frequent on slopes round Leribe plateau, a low

shrub, flowers white, Phillips, 512 bis!, 682!, 709!, 887!; Caledon

River, Burke, 422; Ben McDhui, 9700 ft., March, Galpin, 6815.

Distripution : Aliwal North. Natal. Griqualand West. Bechu-

analand, ‘T'ransvaal (Rustenburg, near Pretoria, Houtbosch, Stander-

ton, near Little Oliphant’s River).

Sesuto: Mophethu. Meaning and use unknown.

SELAGO, Linn.

S. pachypoda, Rolfe.

Natal, summit of Amawahqua Mtn., 6800 ft., Wood, 4575; among

stones near Currie’s Post, 5000 ft., Schlechter, 6807.

Distrisution: Tembuland. Pondoland. East Griqualand.

S. Cooperi, Rolfe.

Natal, De Beer’s Pass, 5-6000 ft., March, Wood, 5974!; on the

Rovelo Hills at 7000 ft., Sutherland.

Distrisution: Albert. Pondoland.

S. Sandersoni, Rolfe.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 3011; below the Mont-

aux-Sources, 7-8000 ft., March, Evans, 755.

DistRIBUTION: Endemic.

S. Galpinii, Schltr.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 6-30 in. high, flowers violet or pink,

Summer-Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 8!; Botsabelo, near Maseru, 13-2 ft.

high, flowers purple and mauve, May-June. <A. Dieterlen, 8a!; 1028!;

Tsitsa footpath, Drakensberg, 7000 ft.. March, flowers purple, Galpin,

6813 !

DistRiBuTION : Queenstown, Orange Free State (no locality).

Sresuto: T'sitoanenyana. The small “Tsitoane.” Use unknown.

S. lithospermoides. Rolfe.

Natal, on the Rovelo Hills, 7000 ft., Sutherland.

DistrRinutTion: Endemic.

258 Annals of the South African Museum.

S. Flanaganii. Rolfe.

Slopes of high mountains at Lehonghong. <A bush, flowers mauve.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 785!; summit of the Mont-aux-Sources,

9500 ft., flowers blue, Flanagan, 2108!; Doodman’s Krans Mtn.,

9650 ft. March, Galpin , 6814!

DisTRIBUTION : Endemic.

Susuto: Lenyofane-Khonnokana. The ‘ Lenyofane,” covered by

sand.

S. Schlechteri, Rolfe.

Natal, amone stones near Currie’s Post, 5000 ft., Schlechter, 6810 ;

Basutoland, Buffalo River Waterfall, c. 8200 ft., March, flowers

white, Galpin, 6816 !

DistrRisuTiIon: Endemic.

S. albida, Choisy.

Basutoland, without precise locality. Cooper, 3012 ; Caledon River,

Burke.

Disrripution: S.W. Africa. Namaqualand Minor. Queenstown.

Calvinia. Prince Albert. Somerset Hast. Fraserburg. Sutherland.

Murraysburg. Graaff Reinet. Aberdeen. Colesberg. Middleburg.

Cradock. Albert. Griqualand West. Orange Free State (Bloem-

fontein).

8. scabrida, Thunb.

Kornet Spruit, between the Orange and Caledon Rivers, at the foot

of the Wittebergen, 5-6000 ft., Heklon and Zeyher.

DistriBuTIoN: Clanwilliam. Piquetberg. Malmesbury. Cape.

Stellenbosch. Caledon. Swellendam. Riversdale.

S. hyssopifoha, E. Mey.

Natal, common up to 5000 ft.

Disrripution : Komgha. Tembuland. Pondoland. kast Griqua-

lan. Transvaal (Mac Mac, Lydenburg).

S. monticola, Wood and Evans.

Natal, on the Drakensberg Range at the sources of the Inyasuti

River, 6—7000 ft., Evans, 655.

DistrisputTion: Hndemic.

S longipedicellata, Rolfe.

Malavaneng, Leribe District. 27-89 in. high, flowers pale pink.

October-January. A. Dierterlin, 932!; 1006!; Bester’s Vlei, near

Witzie’s Hoek, 6400 ft., December, flowers white, Bolus, 8236!

Disrrisution: Zululand.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 239

Srsuto: Mophethu oa loti. The ‘‘Mophethu” of the high mountain.

Sehala hala sa bophirimela. The bush of the west. Use unknown.

S. nutans, Rolfe.

Wittebergen, in valleys and rugged grassy places. 4500-7500 ft.,

Drége.

DistripuTion : Endemic.

S. sp. (near S. Schlechteri, Rolfe).

Basutoland, near the Buffalo River Waterfall, 8200 ft., March.

Galpin, 6816.

VERBENACEAE.

LANTANA, Linn.

L. salvifolia, Jacq.

Slopes of Makhoarane Mountain, Morija, flowers pink. Autumn

(April). A. Dieterlen, 980!

Distripution: Mossel Bay. Uitenhage. Alexandria. Albany.

Fort Beaufort. Beaufort West. Graaff Remet. Cradock. Somerset

East. Komgha. ‘Transkei. Tembuland. Natal. Bechuanaland,

Orange Free State (Vaal River). Transvaal (Aapie’s River, Hout-

bosch, near Pretoria. Johannesburg).

Sesuto: Mabelé mabutsoa pele. The first ripened Kaffir corn.

Monokotsoai oa makhoaba a matona. The mulberry of the male

erow. One of the strongly rooted superstitions among the Basutos

is that if a plant whose fruits ripen early is burnt in the lands, the

smoke will cause the grain to also ripen early. This custom is called

“mobe seletso.” Lantana salvifolia is largely used for this purpose.

BOUCHEA, Cham.

B. adenostachya, Schauer.

Oranze Free State, low situations on the Witte Bergen, Bowker,

705.

- DistriputTion: Griqualand West. Bechuanaland.

VERBENA, Linn.

V. venosa, Gill. et Hook.

Mountain slopes, Morija. 6-20 in. high, flowers purple. Summer—

Autumn (April). A. Dieterlen, 997!

Disrrisution: Komgha. Transvaal (Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Moréli. Derived from the verb ‘“‘ho rola ”’—to put down

what one carries on the head (e.g. a hat or pot). A decoction of the

240 Annals of the South African Museum.

roots, which is drunk, is said to be a very valuable medicine for heart

burn and colic.

V. officinalis, Linn.

Damp and shady spots near Maseru. Flowers violet. Summer—

Autumn (December-May). A. Dieterlen, 829!

Disrrisution: Cape. Transkei. Tembuland. Hast Griqualand.

Natal. Transvaal (near Lydenburg, near Pretoria, Magaliesberg).

Srsuto: Seona se seholo. The big ‘“Seona.’’ (‘‘Seona” means

that which withers quickly). Used as fuel in winter when other fuel

is scarce.

CLERODENDRON, Linn.

C. triphyllum, Pearson.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-22 in. high, flowers blue. Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 515!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft.,

December, Flanagan, 1931!

DistrisutTion: Orange Free State (near Sand River). ‘Transvaal

(near Pretoria, Magaliesberg, near Lydenburg, near Johannesburg,

Barberton, Pilgrim’s Rest). Natal.

Sesuto: Mokata. Meaning unknown. Im cases of disease of the

kidneys a decoction of the roots is given as an enema.

LABIATAE.

BECIUM, Lindl.

B. obovatum, N. E. Br., var. hians, N. E. Br.

Orange Free State, Drakensberg Range, Cooper, 824.

Distrisution: Transvaal (many localities), common.

ORTHOSIPHON, Benth.

O. macranthus, Guerke.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5400 ft., March, Schlechter, 6912!, 5500 ft.,

December, flowers pink and white, Wood, 3573

DistrisuTion: Orange Free State (without precise locality).

0. stenophyllus, Guerke.

Natal, Mawaqa Mountain, 6—7000 ft., Wood, 8126.

Distrisution : Pondoland, Kast Griqualand.

0. Bolusii, N. E. Br.

Natal, Giant’s Castle, Drakensberg Range, 9000 ft., November.

A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4894 !

DistTRiBuTION : Endemic.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 241

PLECTRANTHUS, L’ Her.

P. natalensis, Guerke, forma glandulosa.

Damp spots in ravines and mountain slopes. 10-45 in. high,

flowers pale mauve. Summer, A. Dieterlen,417!; growing in shade

of rocks, flowers white, Phillips, 597!; damp spots in ravine, flowers

bluish-white, Phillips, 776!, Lefi’s Kloof, flowers whitish-pink,

Phillips, 817!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December,

Bolus, 8238!, Flanagan, 1927!

DistRiBuTION : Endemic.

Sesuro: Lephelephele. Meaning unknown. Formerly it was used

to wash the sheep-skin coats which were worn by shepherds ; even now

itis used in the washing of cotton garments when soap is not available.

The leaves are glandular-hairy above.

P. transvaalensis, Briq.

Orange Free State, Harrismith, 6500 ft., Sankey, 231.

Distrisution: Natal. Transvaal (Houtbosch).

JAOLANTHUS, Mart.

ZE. canescens, Guerke.

Mountain slopes, growing under rocks. 4-20 in, high, flowers pale

mauve. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 36!; south slopes of plateau,

flowers bluish, Phillips, 910!; Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass in rocky

places, 5500 ft., March, flowers white and purple, Wood, 7187!

Distrisution: Graaff Reinet, Transvaal (Hooge Veld, Houtbosch,

Daspoort, Johannesburg).

Sesuto: Thokoloane. Meaning unknown. Given to children, in

the form of a decoction, as a cure for colds.

MENTHA, Linn.

M. longifolia, Huds.; sub-species polyadena, Briq.

Damp spots in hollows on mountain slopes. 10-35 in. high, flowers

mauve. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 118!; Lefi’s Kloof, flowers

whitish, Phillips, 820!

DistrrBution: Transvaal (near Pretoria).

Sesuto: Koena. A crocodile. An infusion is made with Mentha

longifolia, sub-sp. capensis, and M. aquatica, and drunk as a cure for

colds. These three plants are also put under the bedding of a patient

suffering with a chest complaint, with the belief that they will make

him breathe easier.

242 Annals of the South African Museum.

Sub-species capensis.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 15-40 in. high, flowers a pale

mauve. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 214!; Witteberg Range,

Drege, 4766.

Distripution: Namaqualand. Cape. Swellendam. Uitenhage.

Albany. Queenstown. Ceres. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet.

Griqualand West. East Griqualand.

Sesuto: Koena ea thaba. The crocodile of the mountain. See

M. longifolia, sub-sp. polyadena.

M. aquatica, Linn.

Streams and damp spots on mountain slopes. 8-25 in. high, flowers

pinkish-mauve. Summer, A. Dieterlen, 442!; ravine on west slopes

of plateau, flowers pale blue, rare, Phillips, 585!, south slopes of

plateau, flowers pink, Phillips, 872!; Natal, Mohlamba Range,

5-6000 ft., Sutherland.

Distripution: Cape. Paarl. Knysna. Port Elizabeth. Queens-

town. Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland. East Griqualand. Gri-

qualand West. Orange Free State (without locality). Transvaal

(Ermelo).

Sesuto: Koena e nyenyane. The small crocodile. Koena ea liliba.

The crocodile of the springs. See’M. longifolia, sub-sp. polyadena.

The name “ Koena”’ is given to the above species of Mentha because

they grow in damp spots.

SALVIA, Linn.

S. clandestina, Linn., var. angustifolia, Benth.

Veld at roadside between Berea and Maseru. 6-20 in. high.

Autumn (March-April). A. Dieterlen, 979!

Distripution: George. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. Beaufort

West. Fraserburg. Richmond. Middleburg. Griqualand West.

Sresuto: Mosisili o likhatla. ‘he notched ‘“ Mosisili.”” Use un-

known.

S. triangularis, Thunb.

Slopes of Malaoaneng and at Pitseng, Leribe District. 12-24 in.

high, flowers mauve. Summer (November—February). A. Dieterlen.

957!, LOL!

Disrripution: Uitenhage. Stockenstroom. Somerset East.

Sesuro: Mosisili. Meaning and use unknown.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 243

S. stenophylla, Burch.

Veld and mountain slopes. 8-15 in. high, flowers lilac, Spring—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 196c!; very common, forms large patches,

Phillips, 894!; Orange Free State, Wittebergen, Bowker, 658. Orange

and Caledon Rivers, Burke, Mrs. Hutton; Harrismith, Sankey, 229.

DistrisutTion: Uitenhage. Fort Beaufort. Queenstown. Graaff

Reinet. Beaufort West. Albert. Alice. Natal. Griqualand West.

Bechuanaland.. Orange Free State (Bethlehem). Transvaal (Potchef-

stroom, Warm Bath).

Sesuto: Mosisili. Meaning unknown. Mixed with tobacco to give

it a flavour. The smoke is said to disinfect a hut where there has

been sickness and to drive away bugs.

‘S. runcinata, Linn. f.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, flowers hlac. Spring—

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 1964!

Distripution: Caledon. Riversdale. Uitenhage. Transkei.

Griqualand West. Transvaal (Waterval Boven, Leeuwport, Fourteen

Streams).

Sesuto: Mosisili. Meaning unknown. See S. stenophylla.

S. repens, Burch.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, flowers lilac. Spring—

Summer. A. Dieferlen, 196B!; slopes of Malavaneng, Leribe District.

8-24 in. high, flowers white or mauve, January, A. Dieterlen, 956!,

958!, Potsane, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 923!; common in

ravines and slopes round Leribe plateau, bush 1-2 ft., flowers blue

or mauve, Phillips, 536! 576! 589! 615! 708! 818!

Distripution: Alexandria. Albany. Somerset Hast. Graaff

Reinet. Middlebure. Wodehouse. Albert.

Sesuto: Mosisili, Meaning unknown. Mosisili oa loti (928).

“ Mosisili”’ of the high mountains. See S. stenophylla,

S. Cooperi, Skan.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, December, Bolus, 8237!

Distripution: Hast Griqualand. Natal.

ACROTOME, Benth.

A. inflata, Benth.

Veld, roadside and cultivated lands. 12-80 in. high, flowers a

very pale mauve. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 89!; mountain

slopes behind the Mission Station, a herbaceous plant, 12-18 in. high,

flowers white, occasional, Phillips, 515!

244, Annals of the South African Museum.

DisTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Steynsburg. Albert. Bechuanaland.

Orange Free State (Bloemfontein). Transvaal (Linokana, Nylstroom).

Sesuto: Mohlayoane. Meaningunknown. Se-ea-le-moea. It goes

with the wind. (In winter the dry plant is easily uprooted and blown

about by the wind.) Mixed with other plants it is given to cattle

”

suffering from “ black-leg.

STACHYS, Linn.

S. grandifolia, EH. Mey.

Natal, Polela, April, Fowrcade (Wood, 4556).

Distripution : Swellendam. Queenstown. Somerset East. Graaff

Reinet. Transkei. Transvaal (near Lydenburg).

S. albiflora, N. E. Br.

Natal, Drakensberg Range, 6-7000 ft., Evans, 395.

Distripution : Endemic.

S. Kuntzei, Guerke.

Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, Kuntze; near Van Reenen in rocky

places, 5800 ft., March, Schlechter, 6969!; De Beer’s Pass, 5-600 ft.,

March, flowers white, pink-lined, Wood, 6029!

DistRIBUTION: Orange Free State (without locality). Probably

endemic.

S. parilis, N. E. Br.

Natal, Tiger Cave Valley on the Drakensberg Range, Evans, 387.

_Distrisution : Endemic.

§. aethiopica, Linn., var. glandulifera, Skan.

Mountain slopes near rocks. 6-20 in. high, flowers mauve. Spring—

Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 101!; common round Leribe plateau, usually

growing in shade of rocks, leaves sticky, flowers mauve, pink, or pale

blue, Phillips, 554! 829! 896!

DistriputTion : Uitenhage. Cathcart. East London. Graaff

Reinet. Middleburg. Komgha. Transkei. Natal. Orange Free

State (Bethlehem).

Sesuto: Bokhatla. Meaning unknown. Bolao ba litadla. The

philtre of the divining bones. It is burnt in the hut of a person

suffering with feverish delirium and is said to have a soothing effect.

S. sessilis, Guerke.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 943.

Distrisution: East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Carolina

District).

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 245

S. obtusifolia, MacOw., var. angustifolia, Skan.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6200 ft., December, Bolus, 8240 !,

Flanagan, 1898 !

DistRrBuTiIon : Endemic.

S$. rugosa, Ait. var. linearis, Skan.

Mountain slopes. 12-26 in. high, flowers pink. Summer. Sehong-

hong, on the Drakensberg. A, Dieterlen, 747 !

Disrrisution: Clanwilham. Albany. Calvinia. Somerset East.

Cradock. Graaff Reinet. Murraysburg. Sutherland. Middleburg.

Colesberg.

Sesuto: Taraputsce. Meaning unknowa. Used to brew a kind

of tea.

S. dregeana, Benth.

Mont-aux-Sources, 8000 ft., December, Flanagan in Herb. Bolus,

8241!; Wittebergen, 7—-8000 ft., Drege.

Distrisution: Tarka. Cradock. Albert.

var. lasiocalyx, Skan.

High mountain slopes at Lehonghong, 8-15 in. high, flowers

mauve. Summer—Autumn, A. Dieterlen, 905!; grassy slopes of the

Mont-aux-Sources, 8500 ft., January, flowers pink, Thode, 46!

Distripurion: Endemic.

Sesuto: Selaoane se seholo. 'The big ‘Selaoane.” Use unknown.

var. tenuior, Skan.

Ben McDhui, 9200 ft., March, flowers purple, Galpin, 6817 !

Distrispution : Endemic.

S. hyssopoides, Burch.

Veld and roadsides. 5-20 in. high, flowers pinkish-mauve. Spring—

Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 287!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek,

December, Bolus, 8239! ; Wolve Kop, Burke, 392; Wittebergen, Drége,

3588a.

DistriputTion: Uitenhage. Queenstown. Cathcart. Stocken-

stroom. Tarka. Graaff Reinet. Murraysburg. Victoria West.

Middleburg. Albert. Transkei. Natal. Griqualand West. Bechu-

analand. ‘Transvaal (Magaliesberg, Standerton, Vereeniging).

Sesutro: Selaoane. Meaning unknown. Motlapatsinyana. Mean-

ing unknown.

246 Annals of the South African Museum.

8. caffra, E. Mey.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek Pass, Wood, 3491; Van Reenen, 5500 ft.,

Wood, 5195.

Distripution : King William’s Town. Komgha. Transkei. Pon-

doland. East Griqualand. Orange Free State (without locality).

Transvaal (Pretoria).

LEONOTIS, FR. Br.

L. mollis, Benth. (ex descr.).

Mountain slopes, 1-4 ft. high, flowers reddish-brown. Autumn. <A.

Dieterlen, 106!; mountain slopes behind Mission Station, growing next

to a rock, bush, 4—6 ft., flowers red, occasional, Phillips, 519a !

Disrrisution: Uitenhage. Albany. Queenstown. Somerset Hast.

Graaff Reinet. Beaufort West. Philipstown. Orange Free State

(Sand Drift).

Sresuto: Joala ba linonyana. The beer of the birds. (Birds visit

the flowers for the sake of the nectar). Mixed with tobacco ; also used

as a purgative.

L. latifolia, Guerke.

Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, 5500-6200 ft., Kuntze.

Distrispution: Natal.

L. dysophylla, Benth.

Natal, between the Tugela and Klip Rivers, Gerrard, 393 ; Drakens-

berg, near Ladysmith, Wilms, 2111.

Disrrisution: Transkei. East Griqualand. Orange Free State

(without locality). Transvaal (Rooiplaat, near Heidelberg, near

Lydenburg).

AJUGA, Innn.

A. Ophrydis, Burch.

Veld and mountain slopes. 4-16 in. high, flowers mauve. Spring

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 53!; Basutoland, Drakensberg, 8000 ft.,

Mellish, without locality, Cooper, 290!; Wittebergen, Mrs. Barber and

Mrs. Bowker ; Wolve Kop, Burke; Harrismith, Sankey, 227.

DisrriputTion: Uitenhage. Bathurst. Albany. Fort Beaufort.

Stockenstroom. Cathcart. Somerset Hast. Komgha. Transkei.

Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal, Transvaal (Heidelberg, near

Lydenburg, Vereeniging).

Sesuto: Senyarela. He who looks in from above. Used as a

medicine in cases of painful menstruation.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 24.7

NYCTAGINEAE.

BOERHAAVIA, Vaill.

B. pentandra, Burch.

Caledon River, January, Zeyher, 1453!, Burke.

Disrripution: S.W. Africa. Griqualand West. Bechuanaland.

Transvaal (near Louw’s Creek, Barberton). Natal.

' [LLECEBRACEAE.

POLLICHIA, Sol.

P. campestris, Soland.

Mountain slopes. 3-20 in. high, flowers whitish. Summer. A.

Dieterlen,7!; near stream on Leribe plateau, in damp ground, Phillips,

809!; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 2488 bis.

Distrrpution: Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Queens-

town. Albert. East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Valkfontein,

Waterval Boven, Lydenburg, near Potschefstroom, Hooge Veld,

Bosch Veld)-

Sesuro: Letsoai. Salt. Sefakoana. Small hail-stones. Mono-

kotsoai oa makhoaba. The mulberry of the rooks. Children eat the

small white fruits of the plant.

HERNIARIA, Linn

H. hirsuta, Linn.

Veld and mountain slopes. 2-6 in. high, flowers greenish white.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 152!; Thaba “Unchu, Burke.

DistrreutTion: Cape. Bredasdorp. Aliwal North. Somerset East.

Graaff Reinet. Griqualand West. Transvaal (near Johannesburg).

Sesuro: T'lokofiloane ea lekocba, The overpowering froth of foam.

As a decoction, it is taken as a cure for sore throat.

AMARANTACEAHE.

AMARANTHUS, Linu.

A. paniculatus, Linn.

In cultivated lands. 6-35 in. high, flowers greenish-white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 162!; a herbaceous plant 1-2 ft. high, occasional,

Phillips, 516!

DistRIBUTION: Queenstown. Natal. Transvaal (near Lydenburg,

Standerton).

248 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Sesuro: Theepe ea Bokoni. The “'Theepe” of Kaffraria. A weed

introduced into Basutoland by cattle from the Cape Province. When

quite young it is used as a spinach.

A. Thunbergii, Moq.

Mountain slopes and in cultivated lands. 6-30 in. high, flowers

greenish-white. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 524!, Matsoberane, Leribe

District. Autumn (April). A. Dieterlen, 995!; Basutoland, without

precise locality, Cooper, 3049, 3500.

DistrrputTion: Cape. Uitenhage. Queenstown. Graaff Reinet.

Richmond. Albert. Natal. Bechuanaland. Transvaal (Marico

District, Potchefstroom, Springbok Flats, near Standerton).

Sesuto: Theepe. Meaning unknown, Eaten as a vegetable when

young.

CYATHULA, Lowr.

C. cylindrica, Moq.

Stony spots on mountain slopes. 12-36 in. high, flowers whitish.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 467!; Natal, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., Wood,

5703.

Distripution: Pondoland. Natal. Orange Free State (without

locality). Transvaal (near Aapie’s River).

Sesuto: Bohome bo boholo. he big ‘“‘ Bohome.” Derived from

verb “ho homa ”—to stick to. The roots are used as soap.

C. globulifera, Moq.

Mountain slopes and round kraals. 12-40 in. high, flowers whitish.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 871; ravine on west slopes of plateau, rare,

Phillips, 725!, south slopes of plateau, flowers white, Phillips, 891!

Distripution: Albany. Queenstown. Graaff Reinet. Alwal

North. Komgha. Pondoland. Hast Griqualand. Natal. Orange

Free State (Bloemfontein, Sand Drift Pont). ‘Transvaal (near Lyden-

burg, near Pretoria).

SEesuto: Bohome bo boholo. See C. cylindrica.

ACHYRANTHES, Linn.

A. aspera, Linn.

Mountain slopes near or under rocks. 5-20 in. high, flowers mauve,

Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 41!, on the slopes of Makhoarane

Mountain, Leribe District, 20-35 in. high, flowers purplish-brown.

Autumn (April). A. Dieterlen, 986!; N.E. slopes of plateau, fre-

quent, Phillips, 846!; Natal, De Beer’s Pass, 5—-6000 ft., March,

flowers pink, Wood, 6020!

Flora of the Leribe Plateaw and Environs. 249

DistripuTion: Cape. Uitenhage. Somerset East. Komgha.

East Griqualand. Natal. Griqualand West. Orange Free State

(Modder River Drift, Vet River). Transvaal (near Lydenburg,

Pretoria, Rooiplaat, near Barberton, Potgieter’s Rust).

Srsuto: Bohome bo bolelele (986). The tall “ Bohome.” Mokhoatha-

Khoale (986). He who pokes the partridges. Lenamo (41). He who

spreads. Bohomane (41). The small “ Bohome.” Dieterlen (41) is

a small-leaf form, with the leaves densely pubescent beneath,

ALTERNANTHERA, Forsk.

A. Achyrantha, R. Br.

Garden of the Residency at Maseru. A creeping plant 4-12 in.

long, flowers whitish. Autumn (April). A. Dieterlen, 982!

DIsTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Alice. Pondoland. Griqualand

West. Transvaal (Daspoort).

Sesuto: Bohome bo namang. The creeping “ Bohome.” Use un-

known.

CHENOPODIACHAE.

CHENOPODIUM, Linn.

C. ambrosioides, Linn.

Veld, road-sides, and round villages. 20-50 in. high, flowers cream.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 409!

Disrrisution: Cape. Uitenhage. Albany. Queenstown. Komgha.

Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria).

Sesuro: Setla-bocha. The new-comer. Setlana se habea. The

plant has fits. Mokhankha. He who smells. Péoea e kholo. The big

“Poea.” Derived from the verb “ho boea’’—to return (the plant

appears each season at the same place). A weed introduced into

Basutoland.

C. murale, Linn.

Shady spots on mountain slopes. 6-25 in. high, flowers greenish-

yellow. Winter (June). A. Dieterlen, 824!

Distrisution : Cape. Uitenhage. Albany. Murraysburg. Natal.

Transvaal (Pretoria, near Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Thumana or Thumane. Meaning and use unknown.

C. album, Linn.

Veld and in cultivated lands. 10-650 in. high, flowers green.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 77!

250 Annals of the South African Museum.

Distrisution: Cape. Beaufort West. Murraysburg. Richmond.

Graaff Reinet. Komgha. Transvaal (Standerton, Warm Bath).

Srsuto: Serue. Pagekoane. Meanings unknown. The young

plant is used as a vegetable. Madame Dieterlen states that the dis-

agreeable smell of the fresh plant disappears on cooking, and that it

makes a very pleasant dish.

C. foetidum, Schrad.

Veld and cultivated lands. 5-35 in. high, flowers green. Summer—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 22!; Qoqolosi Peak, flowers greenish, Phillips,

936 !

Distripution : An introduced weed.

Sesuro: Mokhankla. He who smells. Use unknown.

ROUBIEVA, Mog.

R. multifida, Moq.

Veld and mountain slopes. 5-20 in. high, flowers whitish. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 664 !

Disrripution: Cape. Albany. Transvaal (Standerton).

Susuto: Setla boeha. The new-comer. Mokhankla. He who

smells. Use unknown.

PHY TOLACCACEHAE. ,

PHYTOLACCA, Linn.

P. heptandra, Retz.

Dongas and mountain slopes. 6-25 in. high, flowers reddish-yellow.

Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 48a! 48b!; south slopes of Leribe

plateau above Khaniane near rocks, fruits red and fleshy, Phillips,

904!; Harrismith, Sankey, 239; Aliwal North, bank of Orange River,

Burke.

Distripution: Fort Beaufort. Queenstown. Graaff Reinet.

Albert. Transkei. East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Aapie’s

River, near Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Monatja and Monatsoana. Both words mean “a small

pleasant taste (of food).’”” Some natives say that the fruits may be

eaten and have rather a pleasant taste, but that the root 1s poisonous ;

Madame Dieterlen remarks on the fact that everything in the plant

“line” which is edible is eagerly sought for by the natives, so much

so that some species, e.g. Schizoglosswm spp., have become very rare

even within her own recollection, yet the above plant, which is plentiful

round some parts of Leribe slopes, may always be found in fruit,

showing that the natives do not eat them.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs.

POLYGONACEAE.

POLYGONUM, Linn.

P. aviculare, Linn.

Damp spots on veld and mountain slopes, also round Hlotse pond.

A creeping plant, 10-30 in. long, flowers white, pale pink, or crimson.

Summer—Autumn (November—April). A. Dieterlen, 23a, b, ¢!;

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 3057; Natal, Van

Reenen’s Pass, 5000 ft., Wood, 4564.

Disrrisution : Namaqualand Minor. Cape. Riversdale. Queens-

town. Victoria West. Albert. Komgha. Hast Griqualand. Griqua-

land West. ‘Transvaal (Pretoria, Zeerust, Heidelburg, Potchefstroom).

Sesuto: Moraran ‘a nokana. The creeper of the small river.

Moraran ’a letsana. he creeper of the small lake. Use unknown.

P. amphibium, Linn.

Water courses. A floating plant, 10-40 in. long, flowers pink.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 814!

Distripurion: Somerset East. Orange Free State (Sand Ruver,

‘Vredefort). Bechuanaland. Transvaal (Standerton, Klerksdorp).

Sesuto: Sesesi se seholo. The large swimmer. Use unknown.

P. serrulatum, Lag.

Water-courses and damp spots. 8-20 in. high, flowers pink.

Summer—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 563!; near stream at base of

ravine on west slopes of Leribe plateau, Phillips, 627!; Natal, Polela,

Fourcadi in Herb. Wood, 4238; Drakensberg, Rehmann, 7021.

Distrisution: Cape. Caledon. Uitenhage. Somerset East.

Transkei. Natal. Orange Free State (Parys), Transvaal (Barber-

ton, Mac Mac, Leydenburg, Komati Poort, Pretoria).

Sesuto: Tolo la Khongona le lenyenyane. The small knee of the

young cattle.

P. lapathifolium sub-sp. maculatum, Dyer and Trin.

Damp places. 30-48 in. high, flowers pink. Summer—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 109!; banks of streams on Leribe plateau, flowers red,

Phillips, 702!; Harrismith, Sankey, 252.

Distrisution: Cape. Uitenhage. Graaff Reinet. Transkei.

Natal. Griqualand West. ‘Transvaal (Standerton, Lydenburg,

Pretoria, Aapie’s River, Potchefstroom, Springbok flats).

Sesuto: Tolo la Khongoana. The knee of young cattle. Use-

unknown.

‘252 Annals of the South African Museum.

RUMEX, Linn.

R. nepalensis, Spreng.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 20-49 in. high, flowers green.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 382!; Basutoland. without precise locality,

Cooper, 2986 ; Harrismith, Sankey, 255; swamps on the Drakensberg,

Evans, 383; Kraai River, 4500 ft., Drege.

Distripution: Graaff Reinet. Transkei. Transvaal (Fountain

Grove

Sesuto: Khamanee kholo. The large “ Khamane.” Pota ka leleme.

Going round with the tongue. Molokdle. Meaning unknown. A

medicine for newly confined women is prepared from it.

R sagittatus, Thunb.

Mountain slopes. 10-50 in. high, flowers green. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 39!; Harrismith, Sankey, 251.

DistriguTiIon: George. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Albany.

Somerset East. Graaff Reimet. Pondoland. Natal. Swaziland.

Transvaal (near Lydenburg, Valkfontein, Sabie, Pretoria).

Sesuto: Bolila bo boholo. The large sorrel (or sourness). Use

unknown.

R. Acetosella, Linn.

Damp spots. 5-16 in. high, flowers yellowish. Spring-Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 740! 762!

Distrinution: Cape. Humansdorp. Tembuland. Natal. Trans-

vaal (Johannesburg, Pretoria).

Sesuto: Bolilanyana. The small sorrel (or sourness). Use un-

known.

R. Meyeri, Meisn.

Aliwal North, Kraai River, 4500 ft., Drége.

Disrrispution : Beaufort West. Middleburg.

R. ecklonianus, Meisn.

Damp and shady spots. 5-22 in. high, flowers green. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 111!; Lefi’s Kloof, N.E. slopes of Leribe plateau, damp

ground, flowers yellow, Phillips, 807!, south slopes of Leribe plateau

above Khaniane, flowers greenish-yellow, Phillips, 893 !

Distrisution:: 8.W. Africa. Namaqualand Minor. Cape. Rivers-

-dale. Uitenhage. Albany. Graaff Reinet. Colesberg. Tembuland.

East Griqualand. Natal. Griqualand West. Transvaal.

Sesuto: Khamane. Meaning unknown. A hot decoction prepared

with this plant is used for washing wounds and bruises.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 253°

R. Woodii, N.E. Br.

In shade under rocks on mountain slopes. 7-30 in. high, flowers

yellowish. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 466 !

DistRIBUTION: Somerset East. Komgha. Natal. Orange Free

State (Bethlehem). Transvaal (Carolina, Ermelo, Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Bolila ba likhomo. The sorrel (or sourness) of cattle.

The shepherd boys eat this plant raw. A medicine is prepared from

it and given to calves suffering with diarrhea.

PIPERACEAHE.

PEPEROMIA, Ruiz. and Pav.

P. retusa, A. Dietr.

Natal, Van Reenen, 7500 ft., March, Schlechter, 6995!

Disrripution: Cape. Riversdale. Swellendam. Somerset Hast.

Komegha.

PROTEACEAE.

PROTEA, Linn.

P. Rouppelliae, Meisn.

Maluti Mountains, Mafube on Hast Griqualand borders. Bracts

red. February. A. Dieterlen, 946!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s

Hoek, 5600 ft., December, Flanagan, 1849!, Bolus, 8242!, Nelson’s

Kop, Cooper, 952!; Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, Krook, 1586!; Wood,

5632!; slopes of the Drakensbergen, near Tugela Falls, Wood, 3514! ;

Pot River Berg, 5700 ft., March, Galpin, 6822!

Disrripution: Pondoland. Transvaal (near Johannesburg, Hout-

bosch, Barberton, Magaliesberg, Lydenburg). Swaziland.

Sesuto: Segalaba. Meaning unknown. Used for fuel.

P. subvestita, N.E. Br.

Maluti Mountains, near Qacka’s Nek, on the border between

Basutoland and East Griqualand. Autumn (March), bracts pale-

pink. A. Dieterlen, 993!; Natal, Van Reenen, Wood, 5631!; mountain

side, Trent Kop, 5900 ft., March, a shrub 8 ft. high, bracts white or

pink, Galpin. 6824!; summit Omaqua Mountain, Thode, 47!

Distripution : Pondoland.

Sesuto: Seqalaba se sesoew. The white (or lght-coloured)

“Seqalaba.” Used for fuel.

P. caffra, Meisn.

Lefi’s Nek Kloof. Bracts pink and cream. Spring (September—

March). <A. Dieterlen, 319!; Lefi’s Kloof, Phillips!

254 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Distripution: Transvaal (Magaliesberg, Heidelberg, Zeerust,

Rustenburg).

Sesuto: Sekila. Like a fowl’s kidney. Used for fuel. This

Protea is only found in one of the many ravines round the Leribe

plateau; it does not extend far into the ravine, but grows on the

exposed grass slopes. It 1s a tree with the habit of P. grandiflora,

Thunb., and from a distance could easily be mistaken for that

species. Unfortunately it is rapidly becoming exterminated, as the

chief Jonathan now and then has trees cut down for firewood; but

fortunately this is a privilege Jonathan alone enjoys, otherwise the

species would long ago have disappeared from the neighbourhood.

P. multibracteata, Phillips.

On the Drakensbergen, Cooper, 951!

DistrisutTion: King William’s Town. Transkei. Tembuland.

Natal.

P. simplex, Phillips.

Pot River Berg, 5700 ft., March, Galpin, 6823!

DistriputTion: Tembuland. Natal. Swaziland.

THY MELAKACHAKH.*

PASSERINA, Linn.

P. ericoides, Linn.

Mountain slopes. A bush, flowers pink. Autumn. A. Dieterlen,

49!; Natal, near Hoffenthal, 4—-5000 ft., Wood, 3464.

Distripution: Cape. Ceres. Riversdale. Swellendam. Mossel

Bay. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Bathurst. Somerset

East. Molteno. Albert. Orange Free State (without locality).

Transvaal] (Mac Mac). Natal.

Susuto: Lekhapu. Meaning unknown. Used for fuel.

FP. sp:

Natal, Bushman’s Pass, Drakensberg. November, Thode.

STRUTHIOLA, Linn.

S. sp. (near S. parviflora, Bartl.).

Natal, Mont-aux-Sources (ex Wood’s Natal List).

* As this was in the printer’s hands before the publication of Mr. Wright’s

monograph in the ‘ Flora Capensis,’ some alterations will have to be made to

the naming and geography.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 255

GNIDIA, Linn.

G. phaeotricha, Gilg. (ez Wood’s Natal List).

Natal, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft. O., Kuntze.

LASIOSIPHON, Fresen.

L. caffer, Meisn. .

Natal, near Hoffenthal, 4-5000 ft., (no collector given).

L. Meisnerianus, Endl. var.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5—-6000 ft., Wood, 4520.

L. Kraussii, Meisn.

Veld and mountain slopes, flowers yellow. Spring. A. Dieterlen,

178!; Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., October, A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie,

4905!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus,

8246!

Distrisution: Natal.

Sssuto: Thopa. Tooppress. Usedas a decoction to bathe wounds

and bruises. It is said to be poisonous.

L. anthylloides, Meisn.

Mountain slopes. A shrub, 3-5 ft. high, flowers yellow, strongly

scented. Winter-Spring. A. Dieterlen, 121!

DistRiputTion: Riversdale. George. Albany. Transkei. Tem-

buland. Natal. Zululand. Transvaal (Pretoria, Carolina).

Sesuto: Moomang. Derived from the verb “ho omana’’—to

quarrel. Used for fuel only when nothing else is available, as the

natives believe that the smoke bewitches people and makes them

quarrelsome, and that the inmates of the hut in which the plant was

burnt will eventually quarrel.

L. linifolius, Dene.

Veld and mountain slopes. 6-20 in. high, flowers light brown.

Spring. A. Dieterlen,371!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft.,

December, Bolus, 8245 !

DistRipution: Somerset East. East Griqualand. Bechuanaland.

Transvaal (Houtbosch, Barberton).

Sesuro: Thopa e nyenyane. The small ‘Thopa.” Setele. Mean-

ing unknown. Used asa snuff to cure headaches. It is said to be

non-poisonous.

256 Annals of the South African Museum.

ARTHROSOLEN, C. A. Meyer.

A. gymnostachys, C. A. Mey.

River banks and mountain slopes. 4-20 in. high, flowers reddish-

brown. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 422!

Distripution: Natal (South Downs, Weenen County 4—5000 ft.).

Sesuto: Thopananyana. The small “'Thopa.” T'stka-mangotsoana.

Around the small dongas. The leaves are smoked to relieve head-

aches.

SANTALACEAE.*

THESIUM, Linn.

T. sp.

Stony spots on veld. 8-16 in. high, flowers white. Spring. A.

Dieterlen, 620 !

Sesuto: Motayoane. Meaning and use unknown.

i. sp.

Mountain slopes, Malavaneng, Leribe district. Flowers whitish.

Summer (December). A. Dieterlen, 9535!

Sesuro: Marakalle. Derived from the verb “ ho rakalla’—to stand

with outstretched legs. Used as a medicine for colds on the chest.

qT: *sp:

Veld and mountain slopes. 2-10 in. high, flowers white. Spring—

Summer. A. Dicterlen, 647b!

Sresuto: Bohoho. Meaning unknown. Sebitsane. The small

“ Sebitsa.”” Used for chest colds.

Tsp:

Veld and mountain slopes. 14-3 in. high, flowers white. Spring—

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 647a !

Sesuto: Bohoho. Sebitsane. See above species.

Tsp:

Veld and mountain slopes. 8-18 in. high, flowers white. Spring—

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 462b!

Sresuto: Marakalle. See A. Dieterlen No. 953above. Lisin-li-lale.

Let the big grain baskets (“ Lisin”’) remain empty.

* As this Order will soon appear in the ‘ Flora Capensis, I thought it

advisable to defer naming the species until the ‘ Flora’ is published.

“J

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs.

T. sp. (cf. T. angulosum, DC.).

Mountain slopes. 8-18 in. high, flowers white. Summer—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 462a !

Sresuto: Marakalle. See A. Dieterlen No.953 above. Lisin-li-lale.

See A. Dieterlen No. 462b above. Used in cases of heart-burn.

T. sp.

Mountain slopes. 4-15 in. high, flowers white. Spring. A. Dieter-

len, 735 !

Sesuto: Marakalle a manyenyane. The small “ Marakalle.” Used

for chest colds.

COLPOON, Berg.

C. compressum, Berg.

Ravines and mountain slopes. A tree, flowers yellow. Spring. <A.

Dieterlen, 248!

Distrisution: Cape. Riversdale. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth.

Komgha. Natal.

Sesuto: Mofetila. He who causes to change. Used for tanning

skins. Pointed sticks are made from the branches and used for stirring

meat in the cooking-pots.

EUPHORBIACEAE.

EUPHORBIA, Linn.

E. basutica, Marl.

Mountain slopes. Flowers yellow. Summer. Lihlatsoaneng,

Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 415!

DistRiBuTIoNn : Endemic.

Sesuto: Sehloko. Meaning unknown. A lotion is prepared from

this to bathe swollen feet. Together with Berkheya onopordifolia, it is

used us a cure for leprosy. At present there is a native at the Leper

Settlement, Maseru, who pretends to cure leprosy by means of these

plants.

E. striata, Thunb.

Veld and mountain slopes. 15-35 in. high, flowers green and yellow.

Spring—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 551!

Distrisution: Komgha. East Griqualand. Transvaa! (Magalies-

berg.)

Sesuto: Mohlatsisa. He who procures vomiting. Matsoane.

The small black things. Put in sour milk to give it a pleasant

taste.

258 Annals of the South African Musewm.

E. Peplus, Linn.

Shady spots on mountain slopes. 5-12 in. high, flowers yellowish.

Autumn. <A. Dieterlen,, 588 !

DistRiIBputTion: Cape. Komgha.

Sesuto: Lefokotsane le lenyenyane. The small feeble one. Use

unknown,

E. sanguinea, Hochst and Steud.

Ravines and mountain slopes. Flowers yellowish. Summer (Feb-

ruary). A. Dieterlen, 960a! 960b!; garden of the residency at

Maseru and veld at Tlapaneng, flowers yellowish. Autumn (April).

A. Dieterlen, 981!; veld, near a donga on the road from Maseru to

Berea, flowers yellowish. Autumn (April). A. Dieterlen, 988!

Distripution: Natal. Griqualand West. Orange Free State

(Bethulie).

Sesuro: Seloe. Do not fight. Khama-masoana. Strangle the

young bachelors. Tutampoi e nyenyane. Meaning unknown. A

medicine for sore breasts in sucking mothers is prepared from it.

E. sp.

Mountain slopes at Malavaneng, Leribe District. 10-30 in. high,

flowers yellowish. Summer (January). A. Dieterlen, 675a !

Sesuto: Sehlakoana se senyenyane. The small “ Sehlakoana.” Use

unknown.

PHYLLANTHUS, Linn.

P. Woodii, Hutch.

Under rocks and on the banks of streams. 24-18 in. high. flowers

yellowish. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 537!

Distrisution: Natal.

Susuto: Seloe. Donot fight. See note under Huphorbia sanguinea.

P. sp.

Mountain slopes. 6-15 in. in. high, flowers yellowish. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 675b!

Sesuto: Sehlakoana se senyenyane. Thesmall ‘‘ Sehlakoana.” Use

unknown.

CLUYTIA, Linn

C. natalensis, Bernh.

Banks of streams. 1-43 ft. high, flowers cream. Autumn. A.

Dieterlen, 321!; bush in ravines and near water at the entrance of the

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and, Environs. 259

ravines, flowers greenish, Phillips, 582! 622! 637!; Caledon River,

Zeyher, 1512!

DisTRIBUTION: Queenstown. East Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: Mosali e mofubelu. The red woman (so-called because the

stems of the adult plant have a reddish colour). Used to make the

enclosures (“ liotloana”’) surrounding the native huts.

C. pulchella, Linn.

Ravine and mountain slopes. Bush, flowers cream. Spring-Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 258!; bush, 3-4 ft. high ; in ravine, Phillips, 577!

DisYRIBUTION : Cape.

Sesuto: Mohlatsoa-mafi. He who washes thick milk. Used for

fuel.

*C. hirsuta, E. Mey.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5600 ft., December, Bolus, 8250 !

Distrisution: Natal.

‘

*C. nana, Prain.

Mont-aux-Sources, c. 9300 ft., October. Mann in Herb. Marloth,

2870 !

Disrrrpution : Endemic.

*C. alpina, Prain.

Wittebergen, Ben McDbui, c. 9500 ft., March, Galpin, 6827 !

DistRiBUTION: Endemic.

ACALYPHA, Linn.

*A. punctata, Meisn.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5700 ft., December, Bolus, 8251!

URTICACEAE.

CELTiS, Linn.

C. Kraussiana, Bernh.

Dry spots on mountain slopes. A tree, flowers cream. Spring.

A. Dreterlen, 193!

Distrisution: Komgha. Transkei. Natal.

Sesuto: Molutu. Meaning unknown. Mohatl’a-Khomo. An ox

tail. Used for making strong sticks, building huts, and also as fuel.

* These four species were added after I had completed my table showing the

systematic constituents of the Eastern Mountain Region flora.

260 Annals of the South African Museum.

CANNABIS, Linn.

C. sativa, Linn.

Veld and cultivated. 2-5 ft. high, flowers yellow. Autumn. A.

Dieterlen, 115!

Distrisution: Albany. Komgha. Natal.

Sresuto: Matakoane. Matokoane. Matekoane. Meaning unknown.

These are all forms of the same word. ’Moana. Meaning unknown.

Smoked by many of the natives. The seeds are ground and mixed

with bread or “ pap” and given to a child which is being weaned.

URTICA, Linn.

U. dioica, Linn, var. eckloniana.

Mountain slopes. Flowers cream. Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 59b!;

Caledon River, Burke, 306!

DistRIBUTION : Endemic.

Sresuro: Bobatsi. Meaning unknown. A cure for snake-bite is

prepared from this and other plants.

U. Meyeri, Wedd., var. lobulata.

Stony spots on mountain slopes. Flowers cream. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 59a!

Distrisution: Graaff Reinet. Molteno.

Sresuto: Bobatsi. See under U. dioica var. eckloniana.

MYRICACEAE.

MYRICA, Linn.

M. aethiopica, Linn.

Mountain slopes. A bush, flowers yellowish. Summer. 4A. Die-

terlen, 561!

DistRiButTion: Cape. Natal.

Sesuto: Monna e motso. The black man. Maloleka, Maloleha.

Meanings unknown. A medicine given in cases of painful menstrua-

tion is prepared from it. Also used for fuel.

SA LICINEAE.

SALIX, Linn.

S. capensis, Thunb.

Streams in Kloof. <A tree, flowers white. Summer, A. Dieterlen,.

314a!

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 261

DistrisuTion: Namaqualand Minor. Worcester. Ceres. East

Griqualand. Griqualand West. Transvaal (Barberton).

Sesuro: Molwoane. Meaning unknown. A preparation for use in

burns is made from it. The “ Lefthlo,” a stick used in starting a fire

by friction, is made from the branches. Also used for fuel.

S. Woodii, Seem.

Caledon River at Metlotloaneng. Flowers white. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 314b!; a small overhanging tree on the banks of the

Caledon River, Phillips!; Orange Free State, Albertina, 5-6000 ft.,

February, flowers white, Wood, 9769 !

Distrisution: Natal.

Sesuto: Moluoane. Meaning unknown. See notes under S.

capensis.

MONOCOTYLEDONS.

HY DROCHARIDEAE.

LAGAROSIPHON, Harv.

L. cf. L. muscoides, Harv.

River Hlotsi, Makokoane, Leribe District. November. A. Die-

terlen, 1031!

SEesuro: Joang ba metsi. The grass of the water. The specimen

is without flowers or fruit.

ORCHIDEAE.

HULOPHIA, Br.

E. flaccida, Schltr.

Mountain slopes. 10-18 in. high, flowers yellow and green.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 405b!

Distripution: Komgha. Natal.

Sesuto: Lekoesha. The astrigent one (a reference to the astringent

nature of the tubers). Lekhdlela. That which grows of itself (re-

ferring to the fact that the plant propagates itself vegetatively by

means of the underground tubers). Another meaning of the same

word is: ‘ He who tears or snatches away (tlie disease).”” The burnt

tubers are crushed and the powder placed in incisions made on sore

limbs. The natives say the medicine snatches away the pain. Among

the Orchideae the natives only employ species of Eulophia medicinally,

as indicated above. See also under E. hians.

262 Annals of the South African Museum.

E. aemula, Schltr.

Caledon River, Burke; Harrismith, Sankey, 257; Eland’s River

Valley, near the Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft., January, Flanagan, 1984!

Disrrigution: Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland. Natal. Trans-

vaal (Magaliesberg, Barberton, Lydenburg, Pretoria, Heidelber).

E. Flanagani, Bolus.

Methotloaneng, on the banks of the Caledon. 12-20 in. high,

flowers lilac. Spring. A. Dieterlen, 861!

DisrriBuTion : Queenstown. Aliwal North. Komgha.

Sesuto: Lekholela. See H. flaccida. ’Mametsana. The mother of

the little water. This is an allusion to the watery nature of the

tubers. The native children eat the tubers freely, so much so, that

orchids are becoming rare in Basutoland.

E. hians, Spreng.

Veld and mountain slopes. 12-18 in. high, flowers dark violet.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 291!

Disrrisution: Cape. ‘George. Bathurst. Albany. Bedford.

Fort Beaufort. Stockenstroom. Queenstown. Cathcart. Komgha.

Transkei. Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal. Orange Free

State (Bethlehem). Transvaal (various localities).

Sesuto: Maholahanya. Those arising in succession adhering one

with another. (An allusion to the manner in which the tubers are

formed). Moisatelea. He who goes far. (An allusion to growth of

the plant). Ret? la ntja. The testicle of a dog. Lekhdlela. See

Li. flaccida. he tubers of this plant or E. hians (or both) are placed

in a clay pot filled with water. This water is drunk daily by barren

women (the pot being kept full by the addition of fresh supplies)

for four months, after which they become pregnant.

E. robusta, Rolfe.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 12-18 in. high. flowers pale mauve

and violet. Spring. <A. Dieterlen, 134!; Natal, Oliver’s Hoek,

sources of the Tugela River, 4000 ft., Allison, B.; Drakensbergen in

Basutoland, Sanderson, 628.

Distripution: Tembuland, East Griqualand. Natal. Orange

Free State (Bethlehem, Ventersburg). Transvaal (Magaliesberg,

Mooi River, near Heidelberg, Barberton, Pilgrim’s Rest, Johannes-

burg, Pretoria, Carolina).

Sesuto: Lekholela la Matébele. The “ Lekholela” of the Matabele.

Lekoesha. See E. flaccida. Moisatelea. See E. hians. See also note

under EH. hians. |

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 263

E. calanthoides, Schltr.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, sources of the Tugela River, 5000 ft.

Allison; Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., Wood, 5569.

DistRiBuTion : Orange Free State (no locality). Transvaal (near

Nylstroom, Potgieter’s Rust).

E. subintegra, Rolfe.

Natal, damp places Oliver’s Hoek, sources of Tugela River, 5000 ft.,

Allison, 8.

Disrripution: Endemic.

E. Zeyheri, Hook, f.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Bryce; Natal, Oliver's Hoek,

source of the Tugela River, 4000 ft., Allison.

Disrrisution: Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal,

(Magaliesberg, near Johannesbery, near Lydenberg, Potchefstroom,

Ermelo, Pilgrim’s Rest, Heidelberg).

E. leontoglossa, Reichb. f.

Veld and mountain slopes. 5-10 in. high, flowers yellow, or green

and yellow. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 405a! 896!; Witteberg,

Mrs. Barber, 647; in the valley of the Eland’s River, near the

Mont-aux-Sources, 6-7000 ft., January, Flanagan, 1985!; Natal,

near Van Reenen, 5-6000 ft., Wood, 7545; hills Polela, Mrs. Clarke,

49.

Distrisution: Tembuland. East Griqualand. Orange Free State

(Bethlehem). ‘Transvaal (Magaliesberg, Lydenburg, Mac Mac,

Pretoria, Barberton, Johannesburg, Crocodile River).

Sesuto: Lekohlela, and Lekoesha. See E. flaccida.

E. Sankeyi, Rolfe.

Harrismith, Sankey, 306.

DistRisuTION: Endemic.

E. oliveriana, Bolus.

Mountains near the farm, Bester’s Vlei, 6400 ft., December—

January, Bolus, 8300!; in the valley of the Eland’s River and

Bester’s Vlei Mountains, 6000 ft., December—January, Flanagan,

1986!; Natal, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., December, Wood, 7545.

Distrisurion: Stockenstroom. King William’s Town. Tembu-

land. East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Barberton, Hooge

Veld),.

264. Annals of the South African Museum.

E. aculeata, Spreng.

Plateau at ‘‘Lithayaneng.” 12 in. high, flowers pure white. Spring—

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 856!

Distrisution : Cape. Stellenbosch. Caledon. Riversdale. George.

Knysna. Humansdorp. Uitenhage. Port Hlizabeth. Albany.

Somerset East. Tembuland. Transvaal (Barberton).

Sesuro: Lekholela. See E. flaccida.

E. foliosa, Bolus.

Mountain slopes and plateau at Malavaneng. 8-18 in. high, flowers

green, yellow and crimson, or dark violet and green. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 739! 865!; Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, 5-6000 ft., Wood,

5863.

Disrrisution: Transkei. Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal.

Zululand. Swaziland. Orange Free State (no locality). Transvaal

(Houtbosch, near Heidelberg, Carolina, Eland’s Spruit Range,

Belfast).

Sesuto: Lekholela. See EL. flaccida. ’Mametsana. See EF. Flanagani.

MYSTACIDIUM, Lindl.

M. gracile, Harv.

Natal, Niginya, 5500 ft., October, flowers cream, Wood, 10615!

Disrripution: Bedford. Stutterheim.

BRACHYCORYTHIS, Lindl.

B. Allisoni, Rolfe.

Natal, in damp places at Oliver’s Hoek, sources of the Tugela

River, 4000 ft., Allison.

Distrisution: Endemic.

B. Tysoni, Bolus.

Damp spots on slopes and plateau. 8-15 in. high, flowers white

and pink. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 481!; grassy slopes at foot and

near summit of Quaqua Mtn. Witzie’s Hoek, c. 6000 ft., January.

Flowers reddish white. Thode, 51!; Natal, sources of Tugela River

at Oliver’s Hoek, 4000 ft., Allison. :

Disrrisution: Bedford. Tembuland. East Griqualand. Trans-

vaal (Botsabelo, Houtbosch, Belfast).

Sesuto: ’“Mametsana a manyenyane. ‘The little mother of the

small water. The tubers are eaten by children.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 266

B. virginea, Rolfe.

Sides and summit of Mont-aux-Sources, 8-9000 ft., January,

Flanagan, 1982!, October, Mann in Herb. Marloth, 2883!; Natal,

Van Reenen’s Pass, 6—7000 ft., Schlechter.

Distripurion: Endemic. }

SCHIZOCHILUS, Sond.

S. Zeyheri, Sond.

Natal, near swamps, Oliver’s Hoek Pass, summit of the Drakensberg

Range. January. Flowers yellow, Wood, 3425!

Disrrisution: Fort Beaufort. Stockenstroom. King William’s

Town. Transkei. East Griqualand. Natal.

S. angustifolius, Rolfe.

Marsh near Harrismith, Sankey, 256!; Natal, stony slopes,

Drakensberg, near Tugela hills, January, flowers white, Wood,

3444 !

DistRiBuTION: Endemic.

HOLOTHRIX, L. C. Rich.

H. Thodei, Rolfe.

In stony and grassy places at the summit of Quaqua Mountains,

Witzie’s Hoek, 7500 ft., Thode, 48.

Distrrisurion : Endemic.

H. incurva, Lindl.

Stony and grassy places on the summit of Quaqua Mountain,

Witzie’s Hoek, c. 6900ft, February, Flowers greenish, Thode, 48!;

Natal, Drakensberg Range near Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., Haygarth

in Herb. Wood.

Distrirpution: Cape. Swellendam. Knysna.

Thode appears to have collected two species under the above numbers.

In the Bolus Herbarium his No. 48 is H. incurva.

H. parvifolia, Lindl.

Natal, Van Reenen, Kvook, Penther, 3871.

DisrrisutTion: Cape. Swellendam. Knysna.

H. rupicola, Schltr.

Slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, 8-9000 ft., January, Flanagan,

1981!

Distripution: Clanwilliam ?

66 Annals of the South African Museum.

H. orthoceras, Reichb. f.

Natal, Drakensberg Range, Fannin in Herb. Sanderson, 706 ; sources

of the Polela River, 6—7000 ft., Hvans, 617.

Disrripurion: Albany. Stockenstroom. King William’s Town.

Transvaal (Barberton, Houtbosch).

H. scopularia, Reichb. f.

Slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, 8-9000 ft., January, Flanagan,

1980!; Wittebergen, 6—8000 ft., Drege.

Disrrisution: Transvaal (Barberton).

HUTTONAEA. Harv.

H. fimbriata, Reichb. f.

Natal, Van Reenen, Krook, Penther, 320.

DistriputTion: East Griqualand.

H. pulchra, Harv.

Natal, shady places at Van Reenen, 5000 ft., Mareh, Sehlechter,

6921!

DistRIBUTION: Stockenstroom. Transkei. Hast Griqualand.

Orange Free State.

H. oreophila, Schltr.

Natal, near Van Reenen, 6900 ft., March, Schlechter, 6931! ;

Oliver’s Hoek, sources of the Tugela River, 5000 ft., Allison, (he

DistrRiBuTION : Endemic.

H. grandiflora, Rolfe.

Rocky grasssy ledges near the summit of Mapedi’s Peak, Witzie’s

Hoek, c. 7980 ft., February, flowers white, Thode, 49 !

DistRIBUTION : Endemic.

HABENARIA, Willd.

H. anguiceps, Bolus.

Near Harrismith, Krook; Penther, 123; Natal, Van MReenen,

Penther, 87.

Disrripution: Uitenhage. Albany.

H. foliosa, Reichb. f.

Mountain slopes near the Mission Station. 10-24 in. high, flowers

cream or pale yellow, sweet-scented. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen,

688!; grassy slopes of Quaqua Mtn., Witzie’s Hoek, c. 6850 ft.,

February, flowers greenish, Thode, 50!; Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, sources

of the Tugela River, 5000 ft., Allison, 37.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 267

DistRisuTion: Swe lendam. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth.

Bathurst. Albany. Somerset East. Transkei. Tembuland. Kast

Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: ’Mametsana. Mother of the small water.

H. laevigata, Lindl.

Harrismith, 7500 ft., Sankey, 260; near Bester’s Vlei, January—

February, Miss Jacobsz!, Bolus!; near Harrismith, c. 5000 ft., Febru-

ary, Wood!

Disrripution: Albany. Transkei. Tembuland. East Griqua-

land. Transvaal (near Bergendal).

H. malacophylla, Reichb. f.

Natal, in woods at Polela, 4-5000 ft., April, Wood, 4586!

DistRiputTion: Stockenstroom. Transkei. Tembuland. East

Griqualand.

H. Barbertoni, Kriinzl. & Schltr.

Veld and plateau. 12-18 in. high, flowers white. Summer. A.

Deterlen, 480 !

Distrisution: Transvaal (Barberton, Ermelo, Pretoria).

Sesuro: ‘Mametsana. Mother of the small water.

H. polypodantha, Reichb. f.

Natal, in thorny bush by the Upper Tugela River, Gerrard, 1554.

DisTRiIBUTION: Queenstown.

H. orangana, Reichb. f.

Harrismith, 7500 ft., Sankey, 263; Natal, Oliver's Hoek, in wet

places near the sources of the Tugela River, 5000 ft., Allison, 14.

Distripution: Transvaal (Belfast, near Pilgrim’s Rest and Sabie:

Falls, Bamboo Mountains).

H. dives, Reichb. f.

Veld, near the Mission Station. 12-18 in. high, flowers white.

Summer (January). A. Dieterlen, 483 !

Distrisution: Tembuland. Natal.

Sesuto: ‘Mametsana. Mother of the small water. Lekoesha. See

Hulophia flaccida.

H. tetrapetala. Kranz.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, sources of the Tugela River, 5000 ft., Allison ;.

Van Reenen, Krook ; Penther, 71.

268 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Disrrisution: Transkei. East Griqualand. Transvaal (Johannes-

burg, Barberton, Houtbosch).

H. cornuta, Lindl.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, sources of the Tugela River, 5000 tt., Allison, 21.

Disrripution: Transkei. Pondoland. East Griqualand. Trans-

vaal (Houtbosch).

H. clavata, Reichb. f.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 10-20 in. high, flowers green and

white. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 488!; Harrismith, 6500 ft., Sankey,

259; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5300 ft., Bolus, 13459.

Disrripution: Bedford. Stockenstroom. King Williams Town.

Komegha. Transkei. Tembuland. Pondoland. Natal. Transvaal

(Houtbosch, Wilge River, Belfast, Lake Chrissie, Ermelo, Spion Kop,

Barberton, Pietersburg, Wonderfontein).

Sesuro: “Mametsana. Mother of the small water.

H. dregeana, Lindl.

Mountain slopes. 10-15 in. high, flowers greenish. Summer—

Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 487!; Harrismith, Sankey, 261; Natal,

Oliver’s Hoek, source of the Tugela River, 5000 ft., Allison, 24!; Van

Reenen, Penther, 98.

DistriputTion: Stockenstroom. Transkei. ‘Tembuland. East

Griqualand. Transvaal (Lydenburg, Ermelo, Belfast).

Sesuto: “Mametsana. Mother of the small water.

SATYRIUM, Sw.

S. Atherstonei, Reichb. f.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, sources of Tugela River, 5000 ft., Allison, 28.

Distrisution: Albany. Pondoland. Transvaal (Lydenburg,

Mac Mac, Houtbosch, Belfast, Nyl River, Witbank, Merwe Station).

S. microrrhynchum, Schltr.

Tn turf at the summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 11000 ft., Thode.

DistRIBUTION : Endemic. ;

S. parviflorum, Sw.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 10-20 in. high, flowers yellow,

badly scented, leaves shiny. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 494!; south

slopes of plateau, flowers greenish yellow, Phillips, 662 !; Harrismith,

Sankey, 266, 272; Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, sources of the Tugela River,

5000 ft., Allison.

Flora of the Leribe Plateaw and Environs. 269

DistrIBUTION: Paarl. George. Knysna. Port Elizabeth. Uliten-

hage. Bathurst. Komgha. Transkei. East Griqualand. Trans-

vaal (Lydenburg, Spitz Kop, Houtbosch, Oliphant’s River, Belfast,

Barberton, Witbank).

Sesuto: >Mametsana. Mother of the small water (cited in the

* Flora Capensis ” as a locality).

S. aphyllum, Schltr.

Bester’s Vlei, near Harrismith, January, Bolus.

Distrigution: Albany. Queenstown. Cradock. Tembuland.

East Griqualand. Natal. Zululand. Transvaal (Donkerhvek).

S. neglectum, Schltr.

Harrismith, Sankey, 271; Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, sources of the

Tngela River, 5000 ft., Allison; slopes of the Drakensbergen, Wood,

3418.

DistrisutTion: Transkei. East Griqualand. Transvaal (Hout-

bosch, Barberton).

S. longicauda, Lindl.

Veld, mountain slopes and plateau. 12-20 in. high, flowers white

or pink.. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 244! 485!; Harrismith, Sankey,

268, 269; Natal, summit Amawahqua Mtn., 6—7000 ft., April, flowers

a delicate pink, Wood, 4617!; Oliver’s Hoek, 5000 ft., Allison, Q.U.;

south slopes of plateau, flowers pinkish, Phillips, 684!, flowers pale

pink, dark above, Phillips, 865!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek,

5900 ft., December—January, Bolus, 13482 !

Distripution: Albany. Stockenstroom. Queenstown. Komgha.

Tembuland. Pondoland. East Griqualand. Transvaal (Barberton,

Lydenburg, Belfast, near Donkerhoek).

Sesuto: Lekoesha. See Hulophia flaccida. ’Mametsana. Mother

of the small water. (Cited in the “ Flora Capensis ” as a locality).

8. cristatum, Sond.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 12-24 in. high, flowers pink, or

whitish and crimson. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 636a! 636b!; Natal,

Oliver's Hoek, 4000 ft., Allison ; near Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., Wood,

5533.

Distrisution: Port Elizabeth. Bedford. Stockenstroom. Queens-

town. Somerset East. Tembuland. Pondoland. East Griqualand.

Orange Free State (no locality). Transvaal (Houtbosch, Lydenburg,

Barberton, Belfast, Ermelo, Middleburg).

270 Annals of the South African Museum.

SesuTo: “Mametsana. Mother of the small water. Lekhdlela la

Baseng. The “ Lekholela’’ of the Baseng (the name of a Basuto

clan).

S. ocellatum, Bolus.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 12-20 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 486!; Harrismith, Sankey, 270; Natal,

Oliver’s Hoek, 4—5000 ft., Allison, C., 29.

DistrrpuTion: Fort Beaufort. Stockenstroom. Komgha. East

Griqualand. Transvaal (Lydenburg, Houtbosch, Pretoria, Ermelo,

Barberton).

Sesuto: ’Mametsana. Wrongly cited in the ‘ Flora Capensis’ as

a locality.

MONADENIA, Lindl.

M. Basutorum, Rolfe.

Basutoland. Heathy summits of the Drakensberg Range, 10000 ft.,

Thode.

DistRIBUTION: Endemic.

HERSCHELIA, Lindl.

H. Baurii, Kranz.

Natal, Bushman’s River Valley, 6-8000 ft., flowers bluish-purple,

Wood, 10599.

Distripution: Tembuland. Transvaal (Houtbosch, Barberton,

Middleburg. )

DISA, Berg.

D. stachyoides, Reichb., f.

In the valley of the Eland’s River, near the Mont-aux-Sources,

6—7000 ft., January, Flanagan, 1983!; Harrismith, Sankey, 262; Natal,

Drakensberg Range, 5—-6000 ft., Wood, 5146.

Distrisution: Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal

(Lydenburg, Barberton, Elandspruit Mtns., Houtbosch).

D. Sankeyi, Rolfe.

Fikilemutu Pass, Drakensberg, Matatiele Dist., 7500 ft., February,

McLoughlin, 204! ; Harrismith, Sankey, 264.

Distripution: Endemic.

D. fragrans, Schltr.

Grassy slopes of Quaqua Mtns. and Mopedi’s Peak, Witzie’s Hoek,

6800-8100 ft., March, flowers pale purple or whitish, sweet-scented.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 271

Thode, 55; Mont-aux-Sources, 8-9000 ft., Thode; Harrismith, Krook,

Penther, 124; Tsitsa footpath, Dist. Maclear, c. 7550 ft., March,

flowers very pale pink with purple spots, leaves blotched with purple,

Galpin, 6837!; Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, March, Penther, 86!;

summit of Amawahqua Mtn., 6800 ft., Wood, 4565!

DistrisuTion : East Griqualand. Transvaal (Houtbosch).

D. polygonoides, Lindl.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 10-20 in. high, flowers red and pink.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 489!

DistripuTion: Gvorge. Albany. Somerset East. Pondoland.

Natal. Delagoa Bay.

Sesuto: “Mametsana (wrongly cited in the “ Flora Capensis” as a

locality). Lekhdlela la Basotho.

D. chrysostachya, Sw.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 10-20 in. high, flowers yeliow and

red. Summer (December—February). A. Dieterlen, 131!; Natal,

Oliver’s Hoek, sources of the Tugela River, 5000 ft., Allison, 31.

DistripuTion: Cape. Swellendam. Riversdale. George. Knysna.

Uitenhage. Bathurst. Albany. Komgha. East Griqualand. Swazi-

land. Orange Free State (no locality). Transvaal (Barberton,

Botsabelo, Belfast).

Sesuto: Mohopung. Meaning unknown. ‘Mametsana. (Wrongly

cited in the ‘ Flora Capensis’ as a locality.)

D. MacOwani, Reichb. f.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, 4000 ft., Allison, 35.

Distrisution: Victoria East. Cathcart. Transkei. Pondoland.

East Griqualand. Swaziland. Orange Free State (no locality).

Transvaal (Barberton, Botsabelo, Middleburg).

D. rhodantha, Schltr.

Natal, swamps at Van Reenen, Wood, 4527.

Distrisution: East Griqualand. Transvaal (between Middleburg

and Pretoria).

D. Thodei, Schltr.

Grassy banks of a streamlet on the slopes of the Caledon Range,

7900-8300 ft., Thode, 53.

Distripution: Endemic.

D. Cooperi, Reichb. f.

Hollow places on mountain slopes. 15-24 in. high, flowers pink and

white. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 132!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s

272 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hoek, January, Bolus, 8292!; Miss Jacobsz in Herb. Bolus!; near

Zaai Hoek, Thode; near Harrismith, Sankey, 266, Cooper, 1098, 1871 ;

Natal, Van Reenen, 5500 ft., January, flowers rosy-white, Wood, 8751!;

Oliver’s Hoek, 5000 ft , Allison, 27.

DisrripuTion : East Griqualand. Swaziland. Transvaal (Lyden-

burg, Middleburg, Ermelo).

Sesuto: ’Mametsana. (Wrongly cited as a locality n the ‘ Flora

Capensis.’)

D. crassicornis, Lindl.

Wittebergen, 7-8000 ft., Drege, 3577.

Distripution: Knysna. Uitenhage. Bedford. Fort Beaufort.

Somerset East. Stockenstroom. King William’s Town. Komeha.

Transkei. Pondoland. East Griqualand. Natal. ;

D. crassicornis, Lindl., forma.

Ravine and mountain slopes. 9-13 in. high, flowers white with

magenta spots. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 751!

DistTRIBUTION: Endemic.

Sesuto: ’Mametsana. This is a much smaller plant, with smaller

flowers than in the type. Mrs. Bolus, to whom I showed the specimen,

thinks it only a form of the above.

D. frigida, Schltr.

Grassy spots on the summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, c. 8850 ft.,

January, flowers purple. Thode, 54!

DistrisputTion: Endemic.

D. Cephalotes, Reichb. f.

Rocky grassy ledges, near the summit of Mapedi’s Peak, Witzie’s

Hoek, c. 7980 ft., February, flowers white with purple spots, Thode,

56!; Bester’s Vlei, near Harrismith, Miss Jacobsz; Natal, slopes of

the Drakensbergen, near the Tugela River, 5000 ft., Buchanan in

Herb. Sanderson ; Oliver’s Hoek, 5000 ft., Allison, 2; stony hills near

Van Reenen, 7000 ft., Schlechter, 6933.

DistRiBUTION: Stockenstroom. Queenstown. Stutterheim.

Somerset East. Tembuland.

D. oreophila, Bolus.

Harrismith, Sankey, 255; Natal, Oliver’s Hoek Pass, January,

flowers pink, Wood, 3413!; slopes of Drakensbergen, Wood, 3417!

Distrisution: Transkei. Tembuland. East Griqualand.

Flora of the Leribe Plateaw and Environs. 273

D. patula, Sond.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, 5000 ft., Allison, N

Distrrpution: Albany. Stockenstroom. Queenstown. Transkei.

Transvaal (Mac Mac, Lydenburg).

D. nervosa, Lindl.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5-6000 ft., Wood, 6564; Polela, Ixopo River,

Mrs. Clarke, 66.

DistRIBUTION : Pondoland.

D. pulchra, Sond.

Nelson’s Kop, Cooper, 978; Natal, near Polela, Clarke.

Distripution: Fort Beaufort. Victoria East. Stockenstroom.

Queenstown. East Griqualand.

D. porrecta, Sw.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 10-22 in. high, flowers red and

yellow. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 479 |

Distripution: Uniondale. Uitenhage. Albany. Somerset Hast.

Graaff Reinet. ‘Transkei.

Srsuto : ‘Mametsana. “ Lekholela.”’ See Eulophia flaccida. (Wrongly

cited in the ‘“‘ Flora Capensis ”’ as a locality.)

BROWNLEEA, Harv.

B. parviflora, Harv.

Stony spots on the mountain slopes and plateau. 9-17 in high,

flowers white. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 765!; Natal, stony places

near Van Reenen, 7000 ft., Schlechter, 6942.

Distrisution: Albany. Bedford. Victoria East. Stockenstroom.

Queenstown. Stutterheim. King William’s Town. Transkei.

East Griqualand. Somerset East. Transvaal (Barberton, Houtbosch,

Belfast).

Sesuto: ‘Mametsana.

B. Galpini, Bolus.

Mont-aux-Sources, 7-8000 ft., Thode; Natal, near Van Reenen’s

Pass, 4-6000 ft., Wood, 5660; February, flowers white, Wood, 9278! ;

Krook, 88.

Distrisution: East Griqualand. Transvaal (Barberton, Hout-

bosch, Bamboo Mountain).

B. recurvata, Sond.

Drakensberg Range, Satsanna’s Peak, 8750 ft., March, Galpin, 6840.

274. Annals of the South African Museum.

Distripution: Uitenhage. Albany. Stockenstroom. Cathcart.

Somerset East. ‘Tembuland.

B. monophylla, Schltr.

Rocky grassy ledges, near the summit of Mopedi’s Peak, Witzie’s

Hoek, Thode, 52.

Distripution : Endemic.

PTERYGODIUM, Sw.

P. hastatum, Bolus.

Damp and sheltered spots on mountain slopes. 7-13 in. high,

flowers cream. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 687!; rocky grassy spots on

the summit of Quaqua Mtn., c. 6900 ft., February, flowers whitish,

Thode, 57!; Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, 5000 ft., Allison, T.; near Van

Reenen, 5000 ft., Schlechter, 6923.

Distrisution: Transkei. Barberton.

Sresuto: ’Mametsana a manyenyane. Little mother of the small

water.

P. leucanthum, Bolus.

Grassy slopes of Mapedi’s Peak, Witzie’s Hoek, c. 7500-7800 ft.,

February, flowers greenish, Thode, 57b!

Distrirpution: Tembuland. Fingoland.

P. sp.

Fikilemutu Pass, Drakensburg, Matatiele District, 7500 ft., Feb-

ruary, McLoughlin, 202!

This is unnamed in the Bolus Herbarium.

CORYCIUM, Sw.

C. tricuspidatum, Bolus.

Mountain slopes. 6-20 in. high, flowers cream and _ brownish.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 484b !

Distripution: Cradock. East Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: 'Mametsana. ’

C. magnum, Rolfe.

Harrismith, Sankey, 273; Natal, near the Drakensberg Range,

Wood, 3424.

Distrisution: Bedford. Albany. Somerset East. Transkei.

East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Barberton, Houtbosch).

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 275

€. nigrescens, Sond. :

Mountain slopes. 6-20 in. high, flowers brown. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 484a!; Bester’s Vlei, near Harrismith, 5400 ft., January—

February. Miss Jacobsz in Herb. Bolus, 18515!; Harrismith, Sankey,

267; Natal, Van Reenen. March, Schlechter, 6963!; Satsanna’s

Peak on the Drakensberg Range, 9200 ft., March, Galpin, 6844;

Fikilemute Pass, Drakensberg, Matatiele District, 8000 ft., February,

McLoughlin, 200!

Distrrpution: George. Alexandria. Albany. Fort Beaufort.

Stockenstroom. Cradock. Transkei. Tembuland. East Griqua-

Jand. ‘Transvaal (Barberton, near Bergendal, Belfast, Ermelo).

Sesuro: “Mametsana (wrongly cited in the ‘“‘ Flora Capensis”’ as a

locality ).

DISPERIS, Sw.

D. Cooperi, Harv.

Plain on the top of the Drakensberg Range, near Nelson’s Kop,

Cooper, 1100.

Distrreution : Endemic.

D. Allisonii, Rolfe.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, 5000 ft., Allison, 8.

Distrispution: Endemic.

D. Kermesina, Rolfe.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, 5000 ft., Allison, 9.

Distripution : Endemic.

D. Tysoni, Bolus.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 8-13 in. high, flowers carmine.

Summer. A. Dieter/en, 482!; Natal, grassy hill at Van Reenen,

5-6000 ft., March, Wood, 5545!; Bester’s Vlei, near Harrismith,

. 5800 ft., December—January, Miss Jacobsz in Herb. Bolus, 6859! ;

Drakensberg, Satsanna’s Peak, District Mt. Fletcher, c. 93800 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6843 !

Distripution: Somerset Hast. Tembuland. East Griqualand

Transvaal (Belfast).

Sesuto: “Mametsana a manyenyane. Little mother of the small

water.

D. concinna, Schltr.

Natal, Mohlamba Range, 5—6000 ft., Sutherland.

Disrrisution : Transvaal (near Wilge River).

276 Annals of the South African Museum.

D. bicolor, Rolfe.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, 5000 ft., Allison, 4.

DisTRIBUTION : Endemic.

D. flava, Rolfe.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, 5000 ft., Allison, 3.

DistRIBUTION : Endemic.

D. cardiophora, Harv.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek, 5000 ft., Allison, 22; near Van Reenen,

5500 ft., Schlechter, 6957.

DistRiBuTION: Stockenstroom. ‘T'embuland.

D. Macowani, Bolus.

Natal], among shrubs at Van Reenen, 7000 ft., Schlechter, 6937

Distrirpution : George. Albany. Somerset East.

D. Fanniniae, Harv.

Orange Free State, woods on the Drakensberg Range, Cooper, 1092;

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 3615 ; Natal, Drakens-

berg Range, Wood, 626; Oliver’s Hoek, 5000 ft., Allison, Z.; shady

places near Van Reenen, 6800 ft., March, Schlechter, 6929 !

DistripuTion: Transkei, East Griqualand. Transvaal (Hout-

bosch).

IRIDEAE.

MORAEA, Linn.

M. spathacea, Ker.

Damp spots on river banks. 20-30 in. high, flowers yellow and

brown. Spring (September-November). A. Dieterlen, 354!; Natal,

Mooi River, 6000 ft., September, Schlechter, 3340 !

DistrisutTion: Paarl. Knysna. George. Albany. Queenstown.

Stockenstroom. Komgha. Tembuland.

Sesuto: Tele ea noka. The “Tele” of the river. Tele ekholo.

The big “Tele.” The leaves are plaited into ropes.

var. natalensis, Bkr.

Banks of riversand mountain slopes. 46-60 in. high, flowers yellow.

Spring. Mathokone, Leribe District. A. Dieterlen, 737!; Natal, Van

Reenen, 5—6000 ft., December, flowers deep pink with an oblong yellow

‘plotch, Wood, 4526!

DistrisuTion: Komgha. East Griqualand. Transvaal (Barberton).

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 277

Sesuto: Tele-roka. The “Tele” of praise. The leaves are plaited

into ropes.

M. setacea, Ker.

Veld and mountain slopes. 7-25 in. high, flowers mauve. Spring.

A. Dieterlen, 324!

DistRisuTion : Komgha.

Sesuro: Qegoe. Meaning unknown. The native children eat the

corms.

M. natalensis, Bkr.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus, 8255! ;

Natal, summit of Drakensberg, 5—6000 ft., January, Wood, 3442!;

near the sources of the Tugela River, Allison !

Distrispution: Natal.

M. edulis, Ker.

Veld and mountain slopes. 20-50 in. high, flowers mauve or

yellow. Spring. A. Dieterlen, 186! 187!

Distristtion: Malmesbury. Cape. Swellendam. Mossel Bay.

Sesuto: Tele. Meaning unknown. Tele Tsikoane. Meaning un-

known. (‘Tsikoane” is a name of a mountain near Hlotse and also

the proper name of women in Basutoland). Madame Dieterlen notes

that No. 186 (pale mauve flowers with white marking) is rare, only

being known in one locality, while No. 187 (yellow flowers) is a

common weed becoming a pest in cultivated lands. Cattle, if not

accustomed to the plant, die ina few hours after eating it, but if dosed

in time with the ashes from the incinerated plants, mixed with the

dreys of Kaffir beer, they can be cured.

M. tripetala, Ker.

Mountain slopes. 6—10in. high, flowers mauve. Spring (October),

A. Dieterlen, 813!; slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, 7-8000 ft.,

January, Flanagan, 2014! 2037! 2041!; summit of the Drakens-

bergen, sources of Tina River, Dist. Macilear, 8750 ft., March,

flowers white, Galpin, 6846 !

DistripuTion: Van Rhynsdorp. Cape. Paarl. Caledon. Natal.

Sesuto: Theloea noko. The stolen food of the porcupine. Tloang.

Meaning unknown. Khahla e nyenyane. The small thing which

pleases.

M. sp. (material insufficient).

Summit of Drakensberg, near Lehana Pass, 8500 ft., Galpin, 2522!

278 Annals of the South African Musewm.

SYRINGODEA, Hook. fil.

8. Flanagani, Bkr.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan,

2024!

Disrrisution: King William’s Town. Komgha.

8. bicolor, Bkr.

Wittebergen, 7—8000 ft., Drege, 3498.

See note in ‘ Flora Capensis,’ VI, 35.

S. luteo-nigra, Bkr.

Drakensbergen, on Doodman’s Krans Mountain, c. 9000 ft., March.

Flowers yellow, Galpin, 6848 !

Distrisution : Endemic.

ROMULEA, Maratti.

R. Thodei, Schltr.

Wet sandy places on the summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, ce. 8700:

ft., January, flowers purple, T’hode, 58!

Distrisution : Endemic.

ARISTEA, Soland.

A. anceps, Eek.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 54.00 ft., December, Bolus !

Distrrpution: Albany. Aliwal North. Transkei. East Griqua-

land. Natal. Swaziland. Transvaal (Houtbosch).

A. torulosa, Klatt., var. monostachya, Bkr.

Mountain slopes. 7-18 in. high, flowers dark blue. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 434!; mountains near Bester’s Vlei, Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft.,

December, Bolus !

Distrisution : Natal.

Sesuto: Lethepu le lenyenyane. ‘The small ‘ Lethepu.”

SCHIZOSTYLIS, Backh. & Harv.

8. coccinea, Backh. & Harv.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, Miss Jacobsz in Herb. Bolus,.

6478 !

Distrrisution: Stockenstroom. Tembuland. East Griqualand.

Natal. Swaziland. Transvaal (Rhenoster Poort, Lydenburg).

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs.. 279

S. pauciflora, Klatt.

Mountain slopes. 30-38 in. high, flowers ght pink. Summer.

Mechachaneng, Qalo District, A. Dieterlen,917!; Natal, stream near

Van Reenen, 5000 ft., March, Schlechter, 6920!; damp ground at Van

Reenen, 5—6000 ft., February, flowers scarlet, Wood, 5611!

DisTRIBUTION: Orange Free State. Transvaal. No precise

localities.

Sesuro: Khahlana. The small thing which pleases.

HESPERANTHA, Ker.

H. leucantha, Bkr.

Natal, Oliver’s Hoek Pass, Wood, 3437 !

DistrisuTIon: Endemic.

H. Baurii. Bkr.

Mountain slopes. 3-9 in. high, flowers pink-mauve or white.

Spring. <A. Dieterlen, 609!, plateau, 6-22 in. high, flowers pink.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 788!; Natal, Van Reenen, February, Penther,

702!; grassy slopes, farm ‘“ Woodlands,” Dist. Maclear, c. 56009 ft.,

March, flowers pink, Galpin, 6851!

Distrisution: Tembuland. Pondoland. Natal. Zululand. Orange

Free State (no locality). Transvaal (Barberton).

Sesuto: Khahlana. The small thing which pleases (788). Khah-

lana e nyenyane. The small thing which pleases. The “bulb” not

known to be edible. Madame Dieterlen considers her Nos. 609 and

788 as two distinct species, but I fail to see any specific distinctions.

Khukhu. A small bulb (609). Qelo. Asking (609). Qeloe. Asked

(609). So-called because children beg the “ bulbs ”’ from anyone who

has found them. The “bulbs” are eaten.

H. radiata, Ker.

Mountain slopes. 6-20 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring. A.

Dieterlen, 805!

DistriputTion: Van Rhynsdorp. Cape. Tulbagh. George.

Stellenbosch. Victoria West. Murraysburg. Somerset East. Natal.

Sesuto: Nala la nonyana. The nail of the bird. Khahlana. The

small thing which pleases.

ZH. sp.

Valley above the Buffalo River Waterfall, c. 8200 ft., March, flowers

pink, Galpin, 6856!; summit Doodman’s Krans Mountain, c. 9650 ft.,

March, flowers pink, Galpin, 6850!

The material I have seen is very scanty. In Mr. Galpin’s list, the

specimens are cited as Hesperantha longituba, Bkr. ?

280 Annals of the South African Museum.

DIERAMA, K. Koch.

D. pendula, Bkr.

River banks and mountain slopes. 40-60 in. high, flowers pink or

white. Spring. <A. Dieterlen, 254b!, 254a!; Natal, Drakensberg,

Cooper, 3177.

Distrisution: Humansdorp. Port Elizabeth. Alexandria. Albany.

Somerset East. Murraysburg. Stutterheim. Stockenstroom. Tem-

buland. East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Barberton). Orange

Free State (no locality).

Sesuto: Lethepu. Meaning unknown. The plant is carefully

boiled and the preparation is used as a powerful enema. It is some-

sometimes mixed with Pentanisia variabilis to weaken its action.

WATSONIA, Mill.

W. densiflora, Bkr.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 20-85 in. high, flowers carmine.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 233!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6200

ft., December, Bolus, 8254!

Distrisution : Tembuland. Pondoland. East Griqualand. Natal.

Swaziland. Transvaal (Barberton). Orange Free State (no locality).

Sesuto: Khahla. The thing which pleases. The name “ Khahla”

is given to all species of Gladiolus and to many Jridaceae on account

of the fine colouring of their flowers. Given as a medicine to calves

suffering from diarrhoea.

TRITONIA, Ker.

T. lineata, Ker.

River banks and mountain slopes. 13-28 in. high, flowers yellow.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 245!; Basutoland, without precise locality,

Cooper, 3200.

Disrripurion: Mossel Bay. Bathurst. Uitenhage. Albany.

Somerset East. Stockenstroom. King William’s Town. Komgha.

East Griqualand. Natal. Swaziland.

Sesuto: Khetleleli. Meaning unknown.

; GLADIOLUS, Linn.

G. maculatus, Sweet.

Mountain slopes and banks of rivers. 15-30 in. high, flowers

yellow and brown. Spri g. A. Dieterlen, 232!

DistTriBUTION: Cape. Somerset East. Komgha.

Sesuto: Khukhurupa. Meaning unknown.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 281

G. crassifolius, Bkr.

Near Harrismith, Wood, 4825; Natal, near Tugela, 3-4000 ft.,

Wood, 4407 ; Allison; Polela, Wood, 4713.

Distrisution: Pondoland. East Griqualand. Transvaal (Pretoria,

Middleburg).

G. Ludwigii, Pappe.

Natal, Polela. 4-5000 ft., Wood, 4636.

Disrrisution: Tembuland. East Griqualand.

G. ochroleucus, Bkr.

Damp spots on veld. 16-35 in. high, flowers pale yellow and

brown. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 455!

DistrisuTion: Tembuland. East Griqualand. Swaziland.

Sesuto: Khahla. That which pleases. Ntantane. Nice food.

G Ecklonii, Lehm.

Mountain slopes. 12-22 in. high, flowers pink. Autumn. Lelva-

leng, Quthing District. A. Dieterlen, 689!; Bester’s Vlei, near

Witzie’s Hoek, 5300 ft., December, Bolus!; Orange Free State, on

the Drakensbergen, Cooper, 1040, 3194, 3198; Natal, upper part of

Tugela River, Allison; Basutoland, Buwker, 1.

Distripution: Stockenstroom. Fort Beaufort. Stutterheim.

Tembuland. East Griqualand.

Sesuto: Khahla. That which pleases. The corms are crushed

and cooked and the decoction is drunk to relieve (rheumatic) pains.

G. purpureo-auratus, Hook. fil.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, flowers

yellow, common, Bolus, 8252!; Natal, upper part of Tugela River,

Allison.

Distrinpution: Endemic.

G. Salmoneus, Bkr.

Drakensbergen, on T'sitsa Footpath, Dist. Maclear, 7550 ft., March,

flowers pink, Galpin, 6858!

Distripution: Hast Griqualand.

G. Flanagani, Bkr. c

Near the summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 8500 ft., January,

Flanagan, 1832.

DistrisputTion: Endemic.

G. dracocephalus, Hook. fil.

Mountain slopes. 5-6 ft. high, flowers reddish-brown. Summer.

282 Annals of the South African Museum.

A. Dieterlen, 454b!; Natal, at foot of Drakensbergen, Cooper, 3593 ;

upper part of Tugeia River, Allison.

Distripurion: Stutterheim.

Sesuto: Khahla e kholo. The big thing which pleases. One of

the plants met with in a native doctor’s “ Lenaka” (a horn used as

a receptacle for carrying various medicines).

G. psittacinus, Hook.

Mountain slopes. 3-43 ft. high, flowers bright red with yellow

markings. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 454a!; Eland’s River Valley at

the foot of the Mont-aux-Sources, 6000 ft., December, Bolus!;

Wittebergen, 4500-500 ft., Drege, 3502.

Distrisution: Albert. Natal.

Susuto: Khahla e khalo. See under G. dracocephalus.

G. Saundersii, Hook. fil.

Slopes and plateaux of high mountains at Machache, Thaba Bosui

Distr. 26-85 in. high, flowers red with lighter markings. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 774!; Wittebergen summit, Cooper, 605.

Distrisution: Somerset East. Albert. Aliwal North. Natal.

Sesuro: Khahla ea maloti. The “Khahla” of the high mountains.

The cooked corms are mixed with the food of a person suffering with

diarrhoea.

G. edulis, Burch.

Veld and mountain slopes, 22-34 in high, flowers cream and mauve.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 634!; Botsdibelo, Maseru Dist. Flowers

whitish with crimson markings. Winter (June). <A. Dieterlen,

1026!; Bester’s Vlei, near Mont-aux-Sources, 5500 ft., January,

Flanagan, 2038!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft.,

December, Bolus!; Nelson’s Kop, Cooper, 877; Basutoland, Cooper,

3317.

Disrrisution: King William’s Town. Alexandria. Graaff Reinet.

Somerset East. Bechuanaland.

Srsuro: Khahla e nyenyane. The small thing which pleases.

G. Dieterlenii, Phillips, sp. nov. Cormus 2°5 longus, circiter

3 cm. latus. Folia 6-8: inferiora caulem amplexa, glabra, laminis

brevissimis vel 0; superiora 36-43 longa, 2-7 mm. lata, linearia,

acuminata, distincte nervigera, glabra; margines crassae. Pedunculus

teres, glaber. Inflorescentia 9-25 cm. longa, 4-25-florifera. Spatha

1-5-2°5 em. longa, ovata, acuminata, apice acuta. Tubus perianthii

1-1:3 em. longus, cylindratus, paullo curvatus, glaber; lobi 1°5 em.

longi, 8-9 mm. lati, elliptici vel ovato-elliptici, apice retusi mucrona-

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 283

tique, glabri. Filamenta 1:1-1-7 cm. longa, linearia vel teretia, glabra ;.

stamina 6-7 mm. longa, linearia, basi breve sagittata. Ovariwn

2-4 mm. longum, 2 mm. latum, ellipsoideum, trigonum, glabrum ;

stylus 1-8-1-9 cm. longus, teres; lobi 2 mm. longi, spathulato-lineares.

Corm 2°5 cm. long, about 3 cm. broad, covered with fibres which

are produced into a short neck above. Leaves 6-8, the lowermost

or 2 lowermost represented by sheaths only; the upper 36-43 em.

long, 2-7 mm. broad, linear, acuminate, acute, the margins and

mid-rib thickened, distinctly veined, glabrous. Pedunele terete,

glabrous. Inflorescence 9-25 cm. long, 4-25-flowered. Spathe-valves

15-2°5 em. long, 5-6 mm. broad, ovate, acuminate, acute, sometimes

produced in a fine subulate point. Perianth tube 1-13 cm. long,

cylindric, sightly curved, glabrous; lobes 1°5 em. lone, 8-9 mm. broad,

elliptic and ovate-elliptic, retuse and mucronate at the apex, glabrous.

Filaments 11-17 cm. long, linear or terete, glabrous; stamens

6-7 mm. long, linear, shortly sagittate at the base. Ovary 2-4 mm.

long, 2 mm. broad, ellipsoid, trigonous, glabrous; style 1:8-1:9 cm.

long, terete ; lobes 2 mm. long, spathulate-linear.

Mountain slopes, 15-30 in: high, flowers pink, A. Dieterlen, 445;

flowers red, occasional, Phillips, 833; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s

Hoek, 5500 ft., December, Bolus, 8253; Natal, Van Reenen, 7000 ft.,

March, Schlechter, 6943; Highlands, 5000 ft., February, Schlechter,

6848.

Sesuto: Khahla e nyenyane. The small thing which pleases. A

preparation from this and other plants is used as an enema. Also

said to be a cure for headache and lumbago.

Near G. Woodii, Bkr., from which it differs in the lower leaf-sheaths

being glabrous and the flowers pink.

Baker in the “ Flora Capensis” (VI, 144) states that the flowers

of G. Woodii are dark red. Wood on his ticket No. 618 (the type

of the species) notes “ flowers dark brown.”

ANTHOLYZA, Linn.

Antholyza paniculata, Klatt.

Mountain slopes, 30-45 in. high, flowers reddish-brown. Summer.

A. Dicterlen, 458!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, January—

February, Miss Jacobsz in Herb. Bolus, 830!

Disrripution: Namaqualand Minor. Natal. Zululand. Swaazi-

land. Transvaal (Barberton, Mac Mac).

Sesuto: Khahla ea Bokoni. The “thing of Zululand” which

pleases. Molike. The straight one. A preparation of this plant

mixed with water is used as a cure for diarrhoea in people and cattle.

284. Annals of the South African Museum.

AMARYLLIDEAE.

CURCULIGO, Gaertn.

C. plicata, Ait., var. Barberi, Bkr.

Mountain slopes. 3-9 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring. <A. Die-

terlen, 459; Natal, grassy hill at Van Reenen, 5500 ft., November,

Wood, 4689!

DistRIBUTION: Somerset East. Natal. Griqualand West.

Sesuto: Leihlo Khomo. The eye of the cattle. Leihlo la Khomo.

The eye of the cattle. The bulb is edible.

HYPOXIS, Innn.

H. rubella, Bkr.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January. Flowers sub-

merged in water. Flanagan, 2024!

Distrripution : Endemic.

H. milloides, Bkr.

Drakensberg, on Tsitsa Footpath, District Muaclear, c. 6900 ft.,

March, flowers bright deep red, Galpin, 6862 !

Distrisution: Tembuland. Hast Griqualand. Natal.

H. Baurii, Bkr.

Mont-aux-Sources, ¢. 6600-7000 ft., October, Mann in Herb. Marloth,

2869!: flowers lilac. A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4933!; Bester’s

Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6400 ft., December, Bolus, 8258!; Natal,

crevices of rocks at Van Reenen, flowers white to pink, 5—6000 ft.,

December, Wood, 5839 !

Disrrisution: Tembuland. East Griqualand.

H. filiformis, Bkr.

Damp spots on plateau. 2-6 in. ligh, flowers yellow. Spring.

A. Dieterlen, 650!; Natal, Mohlamba Range, 5—6000 ft., Sutherland.

DisTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Komgha. East Griqualand. Natal.

Transvaal (Barberton).

Szsuto: Moliletsane. The slender * Moli.” ‘“ Moli” is the Sesuto

generic name for the genus Hypowis.

H. angustifolia, Lam.

Veld, mountain slopes, and plateau. 4—12 in. high, flowers yellow.

Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 639!

DistriputTion: Stockenstroom. Tembuland. Orange Free State

(no locality).

Sesuto: Molinyana. The small * Moh.”

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 285

H. argentea, Harv., var. sericea, Bkr.

Veld and mountain slopes. 4-10 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring—

Summer. A. Dieterlen,176!; south slopes of plateau, above Khaniane,

flowers yellow, Phillips, 932!

DistRIBUTION : Swellendam. Uitenhage. Stockenstroom. Graaff

Reinet. Somerset East. East Griqualand. Natal. Orange Free

State (Bloemfontein).

Susuto: Letsikitlane. Meaning unknown. The rootstock is eaten

by native children.

var. flaccida, Bkr.

Mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring. A.

Dieterlen, 536! ; damp places in ravine, Phillips, 679! 729! 744!

DistriputTion: Albany. ‘Transvaal (Aapie’s River). Orange Free

State (near Seven Fontein Mission Station).

Srsuto: Leihlo-Khoma le leholo. The big eye of the cattle. The

rootstock is edible. The rootstock is dried, crushed, mixed with fat,

and used to anoint cracks on the teats of cows in milk.

H. villosa, Linn. f., var. scabra (ex deser.).

Veld and mountain slopes. 9-20 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring.

A. Dieterlen, 310!

Distrisution: Mossel Bay. Uitenhage. Albany. Somerset East.

Tembuland.

Srsuto: Moli Letaha. The ‘ Moli” of the damp places. Lehlaba

Kélobe. He who pricks the wild boar. ’Khuoa Ke maoatle. Plucked

by the fools. So named because it is gathered by some of the natives

for making ropes in mistake for H. rigidula, from which strong ropes

are made. Ropes made from the above species soon rot. The root-

stock is used as a charm by the native doctors against thunder.

var. pannosa, Bkr.

Natal, slopes of the Drakensbergen, Wood, 3434.

Distripution: Endemic.

H. obtusa, Burch.

Natal, Drakensbergen, Bolus, 2572.

Distripution: Orange Free State (no locality). Bechuanaland.

Transvaal (Barberton).

H. acuminata, Bkr.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 5-18 in. high, flowers yellow.

"286 Annals of the South African Museum.

Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 290! 709! 924!; Natal, grassy places

at Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., November, Wood, 6120!

DisrrRisuTion : Natal (Inanda). Transvaal (Pietersburg).

Susuto: Moli. The native generic name for Hypowis. Molimot-

sanyane. The “ Moli” of the small village. Moliboea. The hairy

<oMoli.””

H. rigidula, Bkr.

Veld, mountain slopes, and plateau. 10-20 in. high, flowers yellow.

Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 230!; Basutoland, without precise

locality, Cooper, 3241.

Disrrisution: Alexandria. Bathurst. Queenstown. Somerset

East. Albert. East Griqualand. Natal. Orange Free State (no

locality). Transvaal (Wonderfontein).

Sesuto: Tieane. Derived from the verb “ho tiea ’—to be strong

(or firm). Used to make strong ropes. See note under H. villosa

var. scabra.

The lower pedicels are up to 2°5 cm. long.

H. multiceps, Buching.

Mountain slopes. 6-15 in. high, flowers yellow. A. Dieterlen,

149!: Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6500 ft., December, Bolus,

8169!

DistriBution: Catheart. Natal. Transvaal (Barberton).

Srsuto: Molimdtsane. The ‘“ Moli” of the small village. More-

thetho. That which rubs away. Pegs placed in the ground round a

village are smeared with a mixture of this plant and Ipomoea oblongata

as a charm against lightning.

H. hemerocallidea, Fisch. et Mey.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 3242.

Disrrisution : Tembuland.

H. costata, Bkr. (ex descr.).

Mountain slopes, flowers yellow. Summer. A. Dvieterlen, 229b!;

Qoqolosi Peak, flowers yellow. Phillips, 986!; Nelson’s Kop, Cooper,

879.

Distrisution: Endemice.

Sesuto: Moli Kharatsa. The coiling Moh.” Derived from ‘‘ ho

Khara ’’—to coil oneself up. This is in reference to the curved leaves.

H. Rooperii, Moore.

Veld, mountain slopes, and plateau. 8-30 in. high, flowers yellow.

Spring-Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 223! 229a!

Flora of the Leribe Plateaw and Environs. | 287

Distrisution: Albany. Stockenstroom. Komgha. East Griqualand.

Natal. Transvaal (Potchefstroom, Houtbosch, Barberton).

Sresuto: Moli Kharatsa. See H. costata. As a cure for headache,

the rootstock is shaped into a small hollow receptacle in which the

blood from the patient’s forehead is collected. This is then buried

and the patient is cured! Lotsane. The small “lol.” “ Loli” is

the name of Cyperus marginatus, which this plant resembles in

growing erect. Ropes made from the leaves are used in the building

of huts, reed enclosures, and for sewing the grain-baskets. The

natives distinguish No. 223 from No. 229a, and do not use the latter

in their medicinal practices as described above.

H. sp.

Mountain slope. Flowers yellow. Summer. A, Dieterlen, 918!

Sesuto: Molt.

The material is too poor for determination.

ANOIGANTHUS, Baker.

A. breviflorus, Bkr.

Mont-aux-Sources, c. 9300 ft., October, Mann in Herb. Marloth,

2885 !

DisTRIBUTION: Stockenstroom. Fort Beaufort. Somerset East.

Graaff Reinet. Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal. Swaziland.

APODOLIRION, Bkr.

A., of. A. Ettae, Bkr.

Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., October, A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie !

The material is incomplete.

CRINUM, Linn.

-C. longifolium, Thunb.

Veld. 15-85 in. high, flowers pink and white. Spring-Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 304 !

Distripution: Cape. Cathcart. Colesburg. Transkei. Natal.

Griqualand West. Bechuanaland.

Sesuto: Lelutla. He who trickles. Mototse. Meaning unknown.

Used as a medicine in cases of cold.

<. Macowani, Bkr.

Natal, Upper Tugela, Wood, 5614.

Disrrisution: Transkei. East Griqualand.

288 Annals of the South African Museum.

AMMOCHARIS, Herb.

A. faleata, Herb.

Veld. 15-30 in. high, flowers dark crimson. Summer, Hermon,

Mafeteng Distr. A. Dieterlen, 512!; Caledon River, Burke.

DisTRIBUTION: Cape, Uitenhage. Cathcart. Beaufort West.

Somerset East. Albert. Komgha. Natal. Griqualand West.

Bechuanaland. Transvaal (Magaliesberg).

Sesuto: Boka. Meaning unknown. A thick paste is made from

the cooked bulbs with which to repair cracks in clay pots.

BRUNSVIGIA, Heist.

B. Cooperi, Bkr.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 25-30 in. high, flowers dark pink.

Summer (February). A. Dieterlen, 42!; Wittebergen, 5-6000 ft.,

Drége, 3518.

DistRisuTION : Graaff Reinet. Orange Free State (no locality).

Sesuto: Lematla. The strong one. Much used by the witch

doctors who wash their divining-bones in a decoction prepared from

the plant with the idea of imparting greater accuracy tothem. Either

alone or mixed with other plants, a medicine is prepared from this and

used by barren women who wish to become pregnant.

B. sphaerocarpa, Bkr. (ew deser.).

Grassy slopes. Antelope Park, District Maclear, c. 5800 ft., March.

Flowers pink, Galpin, 6863 !

Distrispution: East Griqualand.

B. natalensis, Bkr.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6000 ft., December, Bolus,

8256!

Distrisution: Natal.

The flowers are larger than in the type.

NERINE, Herb.

N. angustifolia, Bkr.

Banks of river in veld. 20-40 in. high, flowers bright pink.

Autumn. L’Esperance. District Ladybrand. Orange Free State,

A. Dieterlen,776!; in boggy grass places at foot of Quaqua Mountain

c. 6850 ft., February, flowers pink. Thode, 59!; Natal, Polela Dist.

Adlam.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 289

Disrripution: Somerset East. Cradock. Komgha. Transkei.

Tembuland. Swaziland. Orange Free State (no locality). Transvaal,

(Lydenburg, Barberton).

Sesuto: Lematlana. The small strong one. The dry bulbs are

erushed and placed in an ox-horn together with other plants and used

as a charm against lightning, illness, ete.

N. pancratioides, Bkr.

Natal. Waterfall No.7. Weenen County, 5-6000 ft., Hvans, 410.

Distrisution : Natal (Greytown).

CYRTANTHUS, Ait.

C. Flanagani, Bkr.

Slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources. 8-9000 ft., January, Planagan,

1824!

Distripution : Endemic.

C. parviflorus, Blr.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 10-20 in. high, flowers reddish-

brown. Spring. A. Dieterlen, 653 !. .

Distripution : Port Elizabeth. Stockenstroom. Komgha. Kast

Griqualand. ‘Transvaal (Barberton).

Sesuto: Mordloanyane ou litsoena. The tiny ‘ Morolane” of the

monkeys. (‘ Morolane” means “ little strength.”’)

C. stenanthus, Bkx.

Slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, 6—-800U ft., December-January.

Flanagan, 2047!; grassy slopes near the top of Plattberg, Harrismith,

c. 6900-7200 ft., flowers reddish-green, Thode !

DISTRIBUTION: Endemic.

C. Macowani, Bkr.

Natal, Polela, 5-6000 ft., flowers scarlet, Wood, 11108 !

Distrisution: Fort Beaufort. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet.

The perianth tube is more slender and the pedicels not so thick as

in the type.

C. O’Brieni, Bkr.

Natal, Drakensbergen, Hort. J. O’Brien; crevices of rocks, valley of

Buffalo River, 5—6000 ft., Wood, 4812.

Distrisution: East Griqualand or endemic.

C. angustifolius, Ait.

Slopes of Hlotse hills. Flowers bright red, Summer (January).

290 Annals of the South African Museum.

A. Dieterlen, 897!; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper,

3224!

Distripution: Cape. Queenstown. Graaff Reinet. King William’s

Town. Natal. Transvaal (no locality).

Sesuto: Mordloane oa litsoene. See C. parviflorus.

C. lutescens, Herb. var. Cooperi, Bkr.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. Flowers yellow. Summer, Poso

Kloof. A. Dieterlen, 830!

Disrrisution : Stockenstroom. King William’s Town Komegha.

Tembuland.

Sesuto: Mordloane oa litsoene. See C. parviflorus.

HAEMANTHUS, Linn.

H. carneus, Gawl.

Caledon River, Burke, 444.

Distripution: Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. ‘Transkei. 'l’em-

buland. Orange Free State (Rhinoster Kop).

H. hirsutus, Bkr.

Mountain slopes. 6-15 in. high, flowers pink. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 509!; foot of the Mont-aux-Sources, 6800 ft., January,

Flanagan, 1830!

Distrisution: Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal

(Barberton).

Sesuto: V'sebe ea phofu. ‘The ear of the eland. WSekitla. The

heavy thing. The crushed bulbs are mixed with water, and the

mixture is sprinkled round huts, etc., to ward off any barm which may

be likely to befall them.

BUPHANE, Herb.

B. disticha, Herb.

Veld and mountain slopes. 7-20 in. high, flowers dark crimson.

Summer—Autumn. A, Dieterlen, 305!; Natal on the Drakensbergen,

Bolus, 2884.

Disrripution : Worcester. Uitenhage. Albany. Somerset Hast.

Victoria West. Komgha. Natal. Griqualand West. Bechuana-

land.

Sesuto: Leshoma. Meaning unknown. Khutsane ea na ha. The

orphan of the veld. So called because the plants are always found

growing quite isolated. Before tin utensils were introduced into

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 291

Basutoland, the shepherd boys used the large bulb in which to warm

milk. ‘The inside of the bulb was scooped out, filled with milk and

then placed on the fire.

VELLOZIA, Vand.

V. viscosa, Bkr.

Mountain slopes, 10-22 in. high, flowers violet. Spring-Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 218!; Qoqolosi Peak, flowers pink, leaves viscid, Phillips,

977 !; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6700 ft., December, Flanagan,

1845 !; Bolus, 8257!; Mont-aux-Sources, 8000 ft., H. Dyke in Herb-

Marloth, 5442!, in Herb. Musei Austro-Afric., 5520!; Natal, on the

Drakensbergen, near Tugela Falls, Wood, 3439.

Distripution: Pondoland. Hast Griqualand. Transvaal (Hout-

bosch).

Sesuto: Mafiroane. Meaning unknown. Used to make ropes.

DIOSCORHACEHAE.

DIOSCOREA, Linn.

D. (Helmia) Mundii, Bkr.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5600 ft., December, Bolus, 8266! ;

Natal, Van Reenen, 55V0 ft., March, Schlechter, 6968 !

Distrisution: Knysna.

TESTUDINARIA, Salisb.

T. sylvatica, Kunth.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500-6000 ft., December—January.

Bolus, 8168!; Flanagan, 2001 !

Distripurion: Humansdorp. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Al-

bany. Somerset Hast. Transkei. T'embuland. Natal. Transvaal

(Barberton).

LILIACHAKE.

ASPARAGUS, Linn.

A. denudatus, Bkr.

Mountain slopes. Flowers cream. Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen

828!

Disrripution: Queenstown. Aliwal North. Orange Free State

(no locality).

292 Annals of the South African Museum.

Sesuto: Leunyeli. Meaning unknown. ‘This is a name in general

use for species of Asparagus.

A. virgatus, Bkr.

Natal, on the Drakensbergen, Cooper, 2248.

Disrrisution: Bedford. Stockenstroom. Somerset Hast. Pondo-

land. Natal. Transvaal (Barberton).

A. declinatus, Linn.

Ravines and mountain slopes. 20-35 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 302! |

DistRIBUTION: George. Knysa. Uitenhage. Alexandria.

Somerset East. Pondoland.

Sesuto: Leunyeli. The young shoots are eaten. To protect a

crop from witchcraft, pegs are dipped in a decoction prepared from

the roots, and placed at the four corners of the field on which the

crop is growing. This, together with A. stellatus, enters the “ Lenaka ”

or protective horn of young girls who are undergoing a course of

initiation in the national customs.

A. stellatus, Bkr. (ex descr.).

Ravines and mountain slopes. Flowers cream. A. Dieterlen, 301!

944! ; Wittebergen, 5—-6000 ft., Drege, 8589 ; ravine on west slopes of

plateau, Phillips, 758!

Disrripurion : Albert.

Sesuto: Lelala-taw and Molata-tau. He who watches the lon.

Lelala-tau le letso. The black “ Lelala-tau.” Parts of the plant are

placed in incisions made on the bodies of young girls undergoing the

initiation rites, to make them strong. See latter note under A.

declinatus.

A. asiaticus, Linn.

Ravine and mountain slopes. 3-5 ft. high, flowers cream. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 346 !

Disrrisution: Colesberg. Aliwal North. Griqualand West.

Bechuanaland. Transvaal (Pretoria). Natal. Delagoa Bay.

Sesuto: Leunyeli. As a charm to ensure victory a Mosuto warrior

dips his weapons into a decoction made from this species. Used as a

purgative to cure a child of colic brought about by sucklin

mother when she is pregnant.

¢ its

A. africanus, Lam.

Ravines and mountain slopes. Flowers whitish. Spring. A.

Dieterlen, 406 !

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 293

Distrisution: Malmesbury. Cape. Swellendam. Uitenhage.

Alexandria. Albany. Graaff Reinet. Somerset East. Pondoland.

Natal. Griqualand West. Transvaal (Barberton). Bechuanaland.

Sesuro: Lelala tau le leholo. The ‘big one” who watches the

lion. The roots are dried and crushed, and the powder rubbed into

incisions made on the bodies of boys undergoing the rites of circum-

cision, to make them brave and strong.

A. scandens, Thunb.

Shady spots in ravine. 15-30 in. high, flowers cream, Autumn.

Pitseng, Leribe District. A. Dieterlen, 707!

Distripution: Cape. Worcester. George. Knysna. Stocken-

stroom. Somerset East.

Sesuto: Khopa. Meaning unknown. The roots are burnt and

erushed and then boiled; this decoction is drunk to cure colic and

also to cure a rash which the natives believe appears on the body after

having seen a snake,

A. medeoloides, Thunb.

Ravines near rocks or shrubs. <A climber, flowers white. Spring.

A. Dieterlen, 102! ; ravine on west slopes of plateau, Phillips, 758 !

Distripution: Namaqualand Minor. Knysna. Bathurst.

Albany. Queenstown. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. Pondoland.

East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Houtbosch, Barberton).

Sesuto: Khopananyana. The very small “ Khopa.” <A lotion is

prepared from the roots with which to bathe sore eyes.

KNIPHOFIA, Moench.

K. breviflora, Harv. (ex descr.).

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, December, Bolus, 8261!; Natal,

Van Reenen’s Pass, 5—6000 ft., Wood, 5606!

Disrrisution: Probably endemic.

K. modesta, Bkr.

Grassy slopes, Glen Airy, District Maclear, c. 5500 ft., March

Galpin, 6864.

Distrreurion: Transkei. Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal.

K. fibrosa, Bkr.

Natal, Mahwaqua Mountain, 6—7000 ft., Evans, 649.

Disrrisution : Endemic,

294 Annals of the South African Museuin.

K. citrina, Bkr.

Swampy ground, Ben MeDhui, 8500-9000 ft., March, flowers flame-

coloured. Galpin, 6865!

Distrisution : Albany.

K. Tysoni, Bkr.

Mountain slopes, 80-45 in. high, flowers red and yellow. Summer-

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 642!

Distripution: East Griqualand.

Sesuto: Lelocle la loti. The “ Leloclé” of the high mountain.

Lelutla. He who trickles. The natives bathe themselves with a

decoction prepared from this plant as a charm against lightning.

K. Nelsoni, Mast. (ea descr.).

Mountain slopes, 20-32 in. high, flowers red. Spring-Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 474!; south slopes of plateau, flowers red, Phillips,

877!

Disrripution : Probably endemic.

Sesuto: Lelocliényana. The small ‘ Lelocle.” See note under

K. Tysoni.

K. Macowani, Bkr.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6—6700 ft., December—February,

Bolus, 8260!, Flanagan, 1841!, Miss Jacobsz in Herb. Bolus! ; grassy

slopes at Zaaihoek, Harrismith District, ce. 5400-5700 ft., February,

flowers orange-scarlet, T'hode.

DistRisutTion : Swellendam. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet.

K. Thodei, Bkr.

Slopes of high mountain, Potsane, Leribe District. 8-15 in. high,

flowers red. Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 872!; grassy slopes of

Caledon Range, 7—8000 ft., January—February. Flowers crimson-

scarlet. Thode, 62!

DistRIBUTION : Hndemic.

Sesuto: Qaloenyana. The small “ Qaloe.”’

K. natalensis, Bkr. var. angustifolia, Bkr.

Natal, Tabanhlope Mountain, 6—7000 ft., Hvans, 411.

Disrripution : Endemic.

K. sarmentosa, Kunth.

Banks of river and mountain slopes. Flowers red and yellowish.

Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 174! 174a!; ravines, rare, Phillips,

574!

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 295

Distripution: Endemic P

Sesuro: Leloclé, Lelol’. Meanings unknown. A decoction pre-

pared from this species is drunk to cure pains in the shoulders.

Women, during the time girls are undergoing the initiation rites, make

use of this plant for some purpose, but this being one of the sacred

rites of the tribe, no further information could be obtained.

K. alooides, Moench.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 3254!; Bester’s Vlei,

near Witzie’s Hoek, 6000-6300 ft., December. Flowers golden,

Bolus, 8259 !, Flanagan, 2050!

Distrrpution: Cape. Uitenhage. Somerset Hast. Graaff Reinet.

Murraysbure. Natal. Transvaal (Barberton).

K. Northiae, Bkr.

District Barkly East, swampy ground at Ben MeDhui, 8500-9600

ft., March, 5-4 ft. high, Galpin, 6866 !

Distrisution: Albany.

K. Schlechteri, Schinz.

Natal, Van Reenen, 7000 ft., March, Schlechter, 6940!

Distripution : Endemic.

K. multiflora, W. & E.

Natal, damp places at Van Reenen, 5-6000 ft., March, flowers white

with reddish-brown buds, Wood, 6684 !

Distripution : Endemic.

ALOE, Lian.

A. Kraussii, Bkr.

Veld and hillsides. 10-25 in. high, flowers yellowish-red. Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 419 !

DistrisutTion: Pondoland. Natal. Swaziland.

Sesuto: Lekhalana. The small “Lekhala” (‘“ Lekhala” is a

general name for species of Aloe). Hloho tsa makaka. Heads of the

“ white-quilled bustards.” Maroba-lihale. Vhose who break gun-

shots. Young girls undergoing the initiation rites must bathe them-

selves, on the first night of their entering the initiation school, with

a lotion prepared from this species. A decoction of the roots is

drunk by barren women so that they may become pregnant. During

her pregnancy she must bathe herself with the same decoction, which

is also drunk at the confinement and after the birth of the child.

296 Annals of the South African Museum.

A. humilis, Mill. var. incurva.

Ravine and mountain slopes. 6-18 in. high, flowers red. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 323!

DistRiputTion : Komgha.

Sesuro : Sereleli. The slippery one. An uprooted plant is placed ona

shelf in the hut of a barren woman ; if it flowers under these condi-

tions she will become pregnant, but will remain barren if it withers.

A. pratensis, Bkr.

Basutoland, living plant in Hort. Hanbur.

DistRiputTion: Somerset East.

A. latifolia, Haw.

Mountain slopes, 15-20 in. high, flowers red or yellow. Spring

(August—October). A. Dieterlen, 337 !

Disrrisution: Albany. Cathcart. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet.

Komgha.

Sesuto: Lekhala la thaba. The “Uekhala” of the mountain. The

plant is burnt, crushed, and boiled ; this mixture, if sprinkled round

a village, acts as a charm against lightning. To stamp out an

epidemic of cold (influenza?) in a village, all the people must bathe

themselves in public with an infusion prepared from the plant. If an

animal breaks a limb, the natives place in the ground under the

broken limb, the ashes of the burnt leaves. This is supposed to heal

the break.

A. ferox, Mill.

Mountains at Leloaleng, Quthing District. Flowers red. Common.

November. <A. Dieterlen, 943 !

Distripution: Graaff Reinet. Komgha. Transkei.

Sesuto: Hlaba. To pierce. Lekhala la Quthing. The “ Lekhala”

(aloe) of Quthing. This forms one of the ingredients found in the

‘‘Manaka,” or horns carried by the witch doctors.

Madame Dieterlen states that in some localities the whole mountain-

side is covered with this species.

BULBINE, Linn.

B. rostrata, Willd.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 12-25 in. high, flowers yellow.

Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 449 !

Distrinution: Albert. Graaff Reinet.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 297

Srsuto: Serelilenyana. The “small” slippery one. The plant is

crushed, dried, and smoked as a cure for a cold in the head.

This is almost exact match with a plant collected by Bolus at Graaff

Reinet.

B. filifolia, Bkr.

Dry spots on mountain slopes. 15-25 in. high, flowers yellow.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 728!

DistrisputTion: Port Elizabeth. Somerset East. Graaff Reimet.

Sesuto: Tsika lilomé. He who is going along the cliffs. Malit-

soane. Meaning unknown.

B. caespitosa, Bkr.

Orange Free State, Caledon River, Burke.

Distrisution : Bechuanaland.

B. asphodeloides, R. & S.

Veld and plateau. 10-20 in. high, flowers yellow, strongly scented.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 308!; Mont-aux-Sources, 8000 ft., April, H. Dyke

in Herb. Marloth, 5441! im Herb. Muse: Austro-Afric., 5519!; Nelson’s

Kop, Cooper, 878.

Distrispution: S.W. Africa. Namaqualand Minor. Cape. Ca-

Jedon. Riversdale. Albany. Somerset Hast. Colesberg. Hanover.

Komgha. Tembuland. Natal. Griqualand West. Bechuanaland.

Transvaal (near Pretoria).

Sesuto: Sehlare sa pekana. A medicine for cracked lips. Sehlare

sa mollo. A medicine for burns. The leaves are used for healing

cracked lips.

B. narcissifolia, Salm-Dyck.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 7-20 in. high, flowers yellow. Spring.

A. Dieterlen, 429 !

Disrrisution: Stockenstroom. Somerset East. Khomgha. Natal.

Transvaal (Matebe Valley).

Sesuto: Khomo ea bashemane. The ox of the young boys. A

decoction of the roots is drunk by barren women who wish to become

pregnant. Given to cows for the same purpose.

ERIOSPERMUM, Jacq.

E. microphyllum, Bkr. (ez deser.).

Veld and plateau. 2-15 in. high, flowers white. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 589!; Natal, Weenen County, 5—6000 ft., Wood, 4394.

Distripution: Endemic.

298 Annals of the South African Museum.

Sesuto: Khongoana-tsingoana. The small cattle of the little fields

(an allusion to the size of the plants and to the fact that they grow

together—as cattle and sheep feed together). The principal use of this

plant is to make dolls for barren women. The crushed roots are

burnt and made into a paste with which the native doctors fashion a

doll (without legs or arms). This doll is clothed and ornamented

with beads and carried on the back as native women carry their

children. The women must pretend to suckle it as if it were a child.

By observing these customs she hopes to become pregnant. The

native name for these dolls is ‘ Ngoan’a Khongoana tsingoana,”

meaning the child of “ Khongoana-tsingoana.”

E. natalense, Bkr.

Natal, in valley near Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., December, flowers

purple with white tips, Wood, 5861!

Disrrirpution: Komgha. Pondoland. East Griqualand. Natal.

E. dissitiflorum, Schltr. (ex deser.).

Mountain slopes. 20-385 in. high, flowers white and reddish.

Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 366!; mountains between Bester’s

Vlei and Mont-aux-Sources, December, Flanagan, 8263 !

DistRIBuTION : Queenstown.

Sesuro: T'scbe ea Khomo. The ear of an ox. Lekoto la litsoéne.

The “ Lekoto” of the monkeys. T'sébe ngoe. One ear.

E. Cooperi, Bkr.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 3307, 3310; Natal, in

a valley near Van Reenen’s Pass, 5—6000 ft., Wood, 4519.

DistRipution : Endemic.

E. sp.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5300 ft., December, Bolus !

There are no leaves on the specimen.

ANTHERICUM, Linn.

A. Cooperi, Bkr.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 3302.

Distrisution : Natal (no locality). Probably endemic.

A. capitatum, Bkr.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., December, Bolus, 8264!

Natal, in swamp at Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., December, Wood, 5483 !,

4795 flowers white, Wood, 9640 !

Distripution : Endemic,

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 299

A. pulchellum, Bkr.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 1-23 ft. high, flowers white.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 271!; flowers white, uncommon, Phillips,

543! 918! 964!; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 3300.

DistrRiBputTion: Queenstown. Albert. Transkei. Tembuland.

East Griqualand. Natal. Bechuanaland. Orange Free State

(Parys).

Sesuto; Lehau-hau. Lehao-hao. Letlao-tlao. Meanings unknown.

Inkonyana tsa ngoawa morena. The lambs of the chief’s child. The

roots are eaten by shepherd boys.

A. elongatum, Willd. (ex deser.).

Mountain slopes, hanging from cliffs. 20-40 in. long, flowers

white. Spring. A. Dieterlen, 669!

Disrripution: Cape. Cradock. Carnarvon.

Sesuto: Lelocliényana la lilomd. The small ‘“ Leloclé” of the

cliffs.

A. Macowanii, Bkr.

Banks of streams on veld and mountain slopes. 5-18 in. high,

flowers white. November—February. A. Dieterlen, 322!; Basutoland.

without precise locality, Cooper, 747, 3298 !

Distrisution: Albany. Queenstown. Graaff Reinet. Prince

Albert. Tembuland. East Griqualand. Bechuanaland. Transvaal

(Matebe Valley).

Srsuto: Motoropo o monyenyane. The small “ Motoropo.”

A. ciliatum, Linn. fil. (ex descr.).

Veld and on banks of streams. 30-40 in. high, flowers white.

Spring (September). A. Dieterlen, 348 !

Disrripution: Namaqualand Minor. Malmesbury. Cape.

Knysna.

Srsuto: Motoropo. Meaning unknown.

AGAPANTHUS, L’ Her.

A. umbellatus, L’ Her.

Natal, Tugela River, Allison.

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Somerset Hast.

Transvaal (Houtbosch, Barberton).

var. minor.

Stony spots on mountain slopes. 25-85 in. high, flowers blue.

500 Annals of the South African Museum.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 385!; ravines, flowers blue, Phillips, 6591;

Mont-aux-Sources, 8000 ft., April, H. Dyke in Herb. Marloth!, in

Herb. Musei Austro-Afric. 5518!

Disrripution: Komgha. East Griqualand.

Sesuto: Leta la phofu. The thick shiny saliva of the Eland. A

lotion made from the crushed roots is used to wash a newly-born

child to make it strong.

TULBAGHIA, Linn.

T. acutiloba, Harv.

Damp spots on veld. 10-22 in. high, flowers greenish-brown.

Spring. <A. Dieterlen, 376!; Mont-aux-Sources, 8000 ft., January,

Flanagan, 2048 !

Distrinution: Cape. Stockenstroom. Queenstown. Somerset

Kast. Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Pre-

toria).

Sesuto: Motsuntsunyane. Meaning unknown. The plant in the

young state is eaten as a vegetable. A lotion is prepared from the

cooked plant with which to wash incisions made on a child and on

the breasts of the mother in cases of depressed fontanel in infancy.

Madame Dieterlen notes that this plant is devoid, or almost so, of scent.

T. alliacea, Linn. f.

Mountain slopes. 10-25 in. high, flowers dark yellow. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 702!

Distrisution: Malmesbury. Cape. Albany. Uitenhage.

Humansdorp. Stockenstroom. King William’s Town. Komgha.

Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria).

Sesuto: Moelela. Meaning unknown.

T. Dieterlenii, Phillips, sp. nov. Folia circiter 7, 10-18 em. longa,

1-1°5 mm. lata, linearia, apice acuta, basi plana, membranacea, 8 mm.

lata, glabra. Pedunculus 20-34 em. longus, 2-3 mm. latus, teres,

supra angustatus. Bracteae 15 cm. longae, 4—4°5 mm. latae, ovatae,

acuminatae, apice acutae, membranaceae, glabrae. Inflorescentia

4—6-florifera. Pedicellus *6-2°5 cm. longus, teres, glaber. T'ubus

perianthii 5 mm. longus, campanulatus, glaber; lobi 5 mm. longi,

3 mm. lati, oblongi, apice acuti, glabri. Corona integra, 5 mm. longa ;

margo undulata. Stamina sessilia; superiora coronae aequalia ;

antherae 2 mm. longae, 1:5 mm. latae, oblongae. Ovariwm 15 mm.

longum, 2 mm. latum, suborbiculatum; stylus -5 mm. longus, ] mm.

latus ; stigma 1°75 mm. latum, capitatum,

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 301

Rootstock with many thick roots. Leaves about 7 to each peduncle,

10-18 em. long, 1-15 mm. broad, linear, obtuse, expanded into a

broad membranous sheath at the base 8mm. wide, glabrous. Peduncle

20-34 em. long, 2-3 mim. in diameter, terete, gradually narrowing

above. Spathe-valves 15 cm. long, 44-5 mm. broad, ovate, long-

acuminate, acute, membranous, glabrous. Flowers 4-6 in an umbel.

Pedicels *6—-2'5 cm. long, terete, glabrous. Perianth-tube 5 mm. long,

campanulate, glabrous; lobes 5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, oblong,

obtuse, 5-nerved, glabrous. Corona entire, 3 mm. long, with an

undulating rim. Stamens in 2 rows, sessile; the upper reaching to

the rim of the corona; anthers 2 mm. long, 1°5 mm. broad, oblong.

Ovary 15 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, suborbicular in outline; style

‘5 mm. long, 1 mm. broad; stigma 1:75 mm. broad, capitate.

Leribe, December, A. Dieterlen, 361.

DistriputTion : Endemic.

Susuro: Sefotha-fotha. That which is smelt from a distance.

This is cooked with Pisosperma capense, and the decoction is drunk

to rid the body of a “snake” which is supposed to have been intro-

duced by the witchcraft of an enemy. Used by some natives to

strengthen tobacco. ‘The plant has a very strong smell of garlic and

is not eaten as is 7’. acutiloba.

Very closely alhed to T. acutiloba, Harv., from which it may be

distinguished by the obtuse perianth-lobes.

ALLIUM, Linn.

A. dregeanum, Kunth.

Orange Free State, Caledon River, Burke.

Disrripution: Namaqualand Minor. Malmesbury. Riversdale.

Queenstown. Graatt Reinet.

MASSONIA, Thunb.

M. tenella, Soland.

Barkly East District, Ben McDhui, c. 9500 ft., March, flowers

white, Galpin, 6868!; Wittebergen, 7-3000 ft., Drege, 3509.

Distrisution : Endemic.

M. Bowkeri, Bkv.

Damp spots on veld and plateau. 1-3 in. high, flowers pure white.

Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 724!

Disrripution: Griqualand West. Orange Free State (no locality).

Sesuro: Lematlana. The small strong one. In certain illnesses,

302 Annals of the South African Museum.

the witch doctors consult their divining bones, and if this plant is

indicated, it is powdered and placed in incisions made on the body of

the patient.

DRIMIA, Jacq.

D. neriniformis, Bkr.

Plateau. 10-28 in. high, flowers white. Spring. <A. Dieterlen,

741!; Bester’s Vlei, 6400 ft., December, Bolus, 8267!; Natal, in

swamp near Van Reenen, 5-6000 ft., November—December, Wood,

4794! 5860!

Distripution : Pondoland.

Sesuto: Hlare sa noko. The medicine of the porcupine. The

burnt roots are powdered and rubbed into external tumours which

have been lanced.

LITANTHUS, Harv.

L. pusillus, Harv.

Crevices of rocks on mountain slopes. 2-3} in. high, flowers white.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 855!

Distripution : Uitenhage. Swaziland.

Srsuto: Khoho ea lefika. The crust of the rock. Together with

certain mosses, the plant is burnt and powdered and rubbed into

incisions made on the forehead as a cure for headache.

DIPCADI, Medic.

D. polyphyllum, Bkr. (ex descr.).

Veld and mountain slopes. 38-20 in, high, flowers reddish-brown.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, Owal

Distrisution: Natal.

Sesuro: Mordtoan ’a phookoana. The urine of the young he-goat.

The plant is burnt and powdered and rubbed into incisions made on

the thumb and index fingers of a man to give him a sure aim when

hunting or fighting. A decoction prepared from the cooked plants is

drunk to cure a sexual disease called by the natives “‘ Mordtoana.”

D. viride, Moench.

Veld and mountain slopes. 7-25 in. high, flowers green. Spring—

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 259!; Caledon River, Burke.

Disrripution: Riversdale. Uitenhage. Somerset Hast. Graaff

Reinet. Albert. Pondoland. Natal. Griqualand West. ‘'Trans-

vaal (Barberton ).

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 303

Sesuro: Morotoan ’a phookoana. 'The ure of the young he-goat.

Thelelimoro or Thebelimoro. The juicy knee-cap. The plant is much

esteemed by the natives as a vegetable.

See also notes under D. polyphyllum.

D. cf. D. umbonatum, Bkr.

Malavaneng, Leribe District. Flowers green. November. A.

Dieterlen, 954!

Sesuto: Mordtoan ’a phookoana. ‘The urine of the young he-goat.

See notes under D. polyphyllum.

The material is too poor for determination.

D. sp.

Mountain slopes near ravine. Flowers yellowish-brown. November.

A. Dieterlen, 1009 !

Sesuro: Mordtoan ’a phookoana. The urine of the young he-goat.

See note under D. polyphyllum.

The material is too poor for a more precise determination.

GALTONIA, Dene.

G. candicans, Dene.

On the Wittebergen Range, 7—-8000 ft., Drege, 3529 ; Orange Free

State, near Nelson’s Kop, Cooper, 3285; Natal, on the Drakens-

bergen, 6—7000 ft., Hvans, 360; sources of the Tugela River, M’ Ken,

5, Allison ; Oliver’s Hoek Pass, Wood, 3498.

Disrripution: Endemic.

G. princeps, Dene. (ex deser.).

Slopes of the Mont-aux-Sources, 7-8000 ft., January, Flanagun,

1825 !

Distrisurion: ‘Transkei. Tembuland. Pondoland. Natal.

Zululand.

ALBUCA, Linn.

A. major, Linn.

Mountain slopes. 20-30 in. high, flowers white and green. Spring

(September). A. Dieterlen, 299 !

DisTRiIBUTION : Cape.

Sesuro: Mototse. Meaning unknown. A highly esteemed plant

with the natives for making charms. As a protection against harm,

parts of the plant are rubbed into incisions made on the body.

304 Annals of the South African Museum.

A. Cooperi, Bkr.

Banks of streams and on mountain slopes. 4-15 in. high, flowers

white and green. Spring (September—October). A. Dieterlen, 204!

DisTRIBUTION : Cape.

Sesuto: Nkonko-phiri. The “ Nkonko” of the wolf. Swa-lilale.

Let the cause of the quarrel rest. Used as a charm to pacify an

enemy ; this is done by sprinkling a lotion prepared from the plant

at some place where one of the parties of the quarrel will pass. Also

a protective charm against lightning. A lotion is prepared with

which to wash wounds in animals.

A. trichophylla, Bkr.

Shady spots on mountain slopes. 8-22 in. high, flowers yellow,

leaves sweetly scented. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 672!; Natal, stony

slopes of Drakensberg, 45000 ft., January, flowers voller Wood,

34.45 !

Disrripurion: Orange Free State (no locality). Transvaal

(Carolina, Lake Chrissie).

Srsuro: Mordtoan ’a phookoana. The urine of the young he-goat,

See note under Dipcadi polyphyllum.

A. minima, Bkr.

Stony grassy places on summit of Quaqua Mountain, c. 6900 ft.,

January, flowers yellow. Thode, 61!

Distrisution : Endemic.

A. viridiflora, Jacq. (ea deser.).

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5300 ft., December, Bolus,

8262 !

Disrripution : King William’s Town.

A. humilis, Bkr.

Natal, wet rocks at the top of Tabanhlope Mountain, 6600 ft.,

Evans, 361.

Disrripurion : Endemic.

URGINEA, Strinh.

U. tenella, Bkr. (ex deser.).

Mountain slopes, crevices of rocks. 13-5 in. high, flowers white.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 656!; Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, in crevices

of rocks, 5000 ft., Wood, 4562.

Distrisution : Endemic.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 305

Sesuro: Lepshetlane le lenyenyane. The small ‘“ Lepohetlane.”

Khoho ea lefika. The crust of the rock.

U. capitata, Bkr.

Mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, flowers white. Spring. 4.

Dieterlen, 363 !

Disrrisution: Komgha. East Griqualand. ‘Transvaal (Bar-

berton).

Srsuto: Moretele. He who causes to glide or slip. Of all the

Basutoland plants, this is perhaps the most esteemed by native

doctors, who prepare from it a powerful charm able to bring good

fortune to friends or inflict harm on enemies. By the use of this

charm the natives believe that they can “ glide”? among their enemies

unnoticed and unharmed. By its use, sorcerers are kept away from

huts, illness and death can be sent to enemies, and the country can

be made to flourish or otherwise. Basuto chiefs are vaccinated with it.

U. rubella, Bkr.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 6-20 in. high, flowers white.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 404! 649!

Disrrisution: Natal.

Sesuto: Khoho ea thaba (649). The crust of the mountain.

Metsane (404). Little water (in the juicy bulb). Qobo la poli (404).

The penis of a goat. A decoction made from the bulbs is drunk for

euring colic.

Dieterlen, 649, is an exact match with Wood, 5720, the type of the

species. Dieterlen, 404, is a form with longer leaves.

U. macrantha, Phillips, comb. nov. Folia 13-2 ped. longa, linearia,

glabra (ex Baker). Inflorescentia racemosa, 30-48 cm. longa, laxe

20-40-florifera. Pedunculus 1-2 m. longus, glaber. Bracteae *7 mm.

longae, 4 mm. latae, acuminatae, basi saccatae, glabrae, caducae ;

bracteolae 1, 2°5 mm. longae, circiter 1 mm. latae, concavae. Pedi-

cellus ad 62 cm. longus, teres, glaber. Segmenta perianthii basi

adnata, 2°7-3°7 cm. longa, 4 mm. lata, linearia, apice obtusa glandu-

losaque, glabra. Filamenta 1:5 cm. longa, basi 2 mm. lata et plana,

supra lanceolata; antherae 4°5 mm. longae, ovato-oblongae, apice

obtusae, basi sagittatae. Ovariwm 6°5 mm. longum, 3°56 mm. latum,

ovatum ; stylus 1:6 cm. longus, apice planus; stigma 3°5 mm. latum,

tri-lobatum.

Bulb large, scaly. Leaves hysteranthous, 11-2 ft. long, linear,

. 20

306 Annals of the South Africun Musewm.

glabrous (ex Baker). Inflorescence racemose, 30-48 em. long, laxly

20-40-flowered. Peduncle 3-6 ft. long, glabrous. Bracts ‘7 mm.

long, 4 mm. broad, boat-shaped, keeled, acuminate, with a short blunt

conical spur at the base, membranous, not spotted with dark markings,

caducous; bracteole 1, 2°5 mm. long, about 1 mm. broad, deeply

concave. Pedicels up to 6°2 em. long in adult flowers, terete, glabrous.

Buds, just before opening, 2°5—3 cm. long, 6-8 mm. broad above, usually

somewhat globose at the base, but cylindric above. Perianth-seqments

cohering at the very base (not truly polyphyllous), 2°7-3-7 cm. long,

4 mim. broad, linear, obtuse, glandular at the apex, glabrous, with

a broad band -6 mm. wide running the length of the mid-rib.

Stamens 1-5 cm. long, inserted at the base of the perianth-segments ;

filaments 1°5 em. long, 2 mm. broad below, flattened, narrowed above

the middle, then lanceolate; anthers 45 mm. long, ovate-oblong

in outline, obtuse, bluntly sagittate at the base. Ovary 65 mm.

long, 3°5 mm. broad below, ovate in outhne; style 16 cm. long,

widened at the apex into a stigma; stigma 35 mm. across the

top, divided into three flat lobes 175-2 mm. long, 2—3°5 mm. broad ;

the broadest lobe semiorbicular; the smaller lobes each forming } of

a circle.

Damp valleys near the Kei Mouth. Peduncle rising to 4 or 5 ft.

from a leafless scaly bulb, flowers reddish, 1500 ft., November,

Flanagan, 468; Transkei, Kentani, valleys; 8-4 ft. high, erect,

leafless ; glossly rich brown raceme, petals thrown back ; occasional ;

1000 ft., November, A. Pegler, 79.

Baker first described this plant as Ornithogalum? macranthum

(Journ. Linn. Soc., xiii, 280), and then changed the name to Drimia

macranthum (Hneler’s Jahrb., xv, Heft in, 7). In the “ Flora

Capeusis ”’ the latter name stands, but the genus is queried.

The flattened filaments and deciduous bracts would remove this

plant from the genus Drimia, while the deciduous bracts and flattened

seeds would also remove it from Ornithogalum.

The deciduous perianth, the single-nerved keel, the insertion of

the filaments at the base of the perianth-segments, the discoid seeds

(seen in U. basutica), and spurred bracts all point to the plant being

an Urginea.

I have inserted the description in this paper so as to compare with

it U. basutica.

U. basutica, Phillips, sp. nov. Folia 36-52 cm. longa, -8-1:3 cm.

lata, linearia, acuminata, apice obtusa, glabra. Injlorescentia ad

27 cm. longa, laxe 12-18-florifera. Pedunculus 35-40 cm. longus,

Flora of the Leribe Plateaw and Environs. 307

glaber. Bracteae *7-1 cm. longae, 3-4 cm. latae, acuminatae, basi

saceatae, glabrae, deciduae ; bracteolae 1, 4 mm. longae, 1:°5—2 latae.

Pedicellus ad 7 cm. longus, teres, glaber. Segmenta perianthii basi

adnata, 2 em. longa, 3°5-4 mm. lata, lineari-oblonga, apice obtusa

glandulosaque, glabra. Filamenta 9 mm. longa, basi 1:75 mm. lata

planaque, supra lanceolata, acuminata; antherae 4 min. longae,

oblongae, basi sagittatae. Ovariwn 5 mm. longum, 2 mm. latum,

oblongum ; stylus 7 mm. longus, apice planus; stigma 2 mm. latum,

paullo tri-lobatum. Fructus 3°5 em. longus, 16 mm. latus, ellip-

soideus, glaber. Semina 7 mm. longa, 5 mm. lata, plana, alata: testa

nigra.

Bulb not seen. Leaves contemporary with the flowers, 36-52 em.

long, °8-1°3 em. broad, linear, acuminate near the tip, obtuse, glab-

rous. Inflorescence racemose, about 27 em. long, laxly 12—-18-flowered.

Peduncle 35-40 em. long, glabrous. Bracts ‘7-1 cm. long, 3-4 mm.

broad, boat shaped, keeled, acuminate, glabrous, with a blunt conical

spur at the base, membranous, dotted with dark markings, deciduous ;

bracteole 1, 4 mm. long, 15-2 mm. broad, otherwise similar to the

bract. Pedicels 1 em. long in young flowers, up to 7 cm. long in

adult flowers, terete, glabrous. Buds, just before opening, 1 cm. long,

4mm. broad above, 3 mm. broad below, cylindric in the lower half,

campanulate in the upper. Perianth-segments cohering at the very

base (not truly polyphyllous), 2 em. long, 3°5-4 mm. broad, linear,

oblong, obtuse, glandular at the apex, glabrous, with a broad band

‘6 mm. wide rnnning the length of the mid-rib. Stamens 9 mm. long,

inserted at the base of the perianth-segments: filaments 9 mm. long,

1:75 mm. broad below, flattened, constricted at the middle, lanceolate

and acuminate in the upper half; anthers 4 mm. long, oblong, bluntly

sagittate at the base. Ovary 5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, oblong in out-

line; style 7 mm. long, widened at the apex imto a stigma; stigma

2 mm. across the top, obsoletely 3-lobed. Capsule 35 cm.. long

16 em. broad, ellipsoid, glabrous, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds

7 min. long, 5 mm. broad, discoid, winged ; testa black.

Mountain slopes. 15-86 in. high, flowers greenish-yellow. Spring

(October-November), Mavana-Masovana, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen,

854.

Distrispution: Eudemic.

Sesuro: Moretele o moholo. The ‘big one” who causes to glide.

See note under U. capitata.

Near U. macrantha, Phillips, but differs in having spotted bracts,

smaller flowers, and differently shaped filaments and stigma. The

leaves are also contemporary with the flowers.

308 Annals of the South African Museum.

EUCOMIS, L’ Her.

E. bicolor, Bkr.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 12-25 in. high. Flowers white

and violet, badly scented. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 505! ;

near “Cave” at the foot of the Mont-aux-Sources, 6200 ft., December,

Hlanagan, 1829!; Natal, Tugela River, Allison, 23; valleys of the

Drakensbergen, in swamps, 6—7000 ft., Evans, 396.

Disrrispution : East Griqualand.

Sesuto: Khapumpu eathaba. The “ Khapumpu” of the mountain.

A medicine for colic.

E. humilis, Bkr.

Natal, summit of Tabanhlope Mtn. 6—-7000 ft., Hvans, 398.

Disrrizurion: Endemic.

E. undulata, Ait. ;

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, flowers green. Summer—

Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 227!; under rocks, flowers green, frequent,

Phillips, 5491; foot of mountains at Bester’s Vlei, 5500 ft., December,

Bolus, 8268!

Distrisution : Uitenhage. Somerset Hast. Graaff Reinet. Coles-

berg. Transkei. Tembuland. Natal. Orange Free State (Modder

River Drift, Bloemfontein). Transvaal (Rustenburg, Johannesburg).

Sxesuto: Khapumpu. Powerful charms are prepared from this

species, used in a similar way to those of Urgenia capitata.

E. amaryllidifolia, Bkr.

Orange Free State, Caledon River, Burke; Natal, Giant’s Castle,

7000 ft., November, flowers white. <A. Bolus in Herb. Bolus, 4940 !

Distripution : Endemic.

SCILLA, Linn.

S. rigidifolia, Kunth..

Wittebergen, 5—6000 ft., Drege, 4506 ¢.

Distrisution : King Wilham’s Town, Tembuland. East Griqua-

land. Natal. Transvaal (Aapie’s River, Barberton).

var. nervosa, Bkr.

Orange Free State, near Nelson’s Kop, Cooper, 882.

Disrrisution: Natal. Griqualand West. Bechuanaland.

var. Gerrardi, Bkr.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 8-15 in. high, flowers white.

———

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 309

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 231!; stony places on summit of Quaqua

Mountain, c. 6900 ft., January. Flowers whitish, Thode 60! ; hill above

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6750 ft., December, Flanagan,

1857!

Distrisution: Albany. King William’s Town. Tembuland. Natal.

Orange Free State (no locality).

Ssesuto: Lenaka la khomo. The horn of the cattle. Sebska. An

assembly (the plant grows in patches). The bulb is crushed and

mixed with the food of a child sufferimg with constipation.

S. natalensis, Planch.

Growing on cliffs in ravines and mountain slopes. 15-28 in. high,

flowers blue. Spring (September—October). A. Dieterlen, 416 !

Distrisution: Komgha. ‘Tembyland. Natal. Orange Free

State (no locality). Transvaal (Barberton).

Sesuto: Kheréré. Meaning unknown. <A medicine given to cattle

suffering with lung sickness. The cooked bulbs are mixed with food

as an aperient. For internal tumours a decoction made from the well-

cooked bulbs is taken as an enema.

S. inandensis, Bkr.

Mountain and hill slopes. 3-8 in. high, flowers greenish-violet,

leaves entirely light green on both sides. Summer. A. Dieter/en,

662 !

Distrisution: Natal.

Sesuto: Beokho. Meaning unknown. <A preparation is made

from this plant and given to women in the fourth month of pregnancy

to soothe them. Given to cows with the idea of being able to have a

succession in the sexes of the calves born.

The leaves are narrower than in the type.

S. Cooperi, Hook. fil.

Mountain slopes. 2-10 in. high, flowers violet, leaves with purplish

marks beneath. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 57a!

Disrripution : Orange Free State (no locality).

Sesuto: Phetola. Derived from the verb “ho fetola”’- to turn

over—to change—to modify. See note under S. inandensis.

S. Galpini, Bkr.

Mountain slopes. 5-6 in. high, flowers violet, leaves entirely purple

beneath. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 57c¢!

Distrisurion: Transvaal (Barberton).

Sesuto: Phetola. See S. Cooperi, and also under S. inandensis.

310 Annals of the South African Museum.

S. lancaefolia, Bkr.

Veld and mountain slopes. 4-15 in. high, flowers violet. Early

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 228!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek,

6400 ft., December, Bolas !

DisrrrBution: Cape. George. Albany. Somerset East. Aliwal

North. Natal. Orange Free State (no locality). Transvaal (Rusten-

burg, Aapie’s River, Mac Mac, near Pretoria, Barberton). Bechuana-

land.

Srsuto: Bookhoc. Boakhoc. Meanings unknown. The split

leaves are woven into ropes used to sew tozether mats made with

various Oyperaceae. A charm to drive away lightning. As a cure

for lumbago the following remedy is applied: The patient hes on his

stomach, the native doctor puts his right foot into a bowl of water

which has been boiled with some of the bulbs, he then places his foot

on the iron portion of a red-hot hoe for a few seconds and rubs

the small of the patient’s back with the sole. This is repeated until

relief is obtained. Pregnant women are not allowed to undergo this

treatment.

S. cf. S. humifusa, Bkr.

Drakensberg, 7000 ft., November, flowers mauve. A. Bolus in

Herb. Guthrie, 4936!

The pedicels are up to 2 em. long.

S. sp.

Mountain slopes, 3-6 in. high, flowers violet, leaves spotted.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 57b.

Susuto: Phetila. See also S. Cooperi, and also note under

S. inandensis.

The material is too poor for a precise determination.

ORNITHOGALUM, Inn.

0. diphyllum, Bkr.

Natal, in swamps at summit of Tabanhlope Mountain, 6—7000 ft.,

Evans, 374!

DisTRIBUTION : Endemic.

0. Flanagani, Bkr.

Summit of Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan, 2028!

DistriputTion : Endemic.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. all

0. gracilentum, Bkr.

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 6000 ft., December, Flanagan,

1893 !

DistrrputTion: Somerset East. Griqualand Kast.

0. Zeyheri, Bkr.

Natal, in marsh at Van Reenen, 5-6000 ft., December, flowers

white, Wood, 4532!; Caledon River, Burke.

Distrisution: Namaqualand Minor. Uitenhage. Alexandria.

Albany. Graaff Reinet. Albert. Transvaal (Hooge Veld, Bosch

Veld, Middleburg). Orange Free State (Parys).

0. natalense, Bkr.

Natal, summit of Amawahqua Mountain, 6800 ft., Wood, 4567.

DistriputTion: Endemic.

0. flavovirens, Bkr.

Natal, Giant’s Castle, 6000 ft., November, flowers white. A. Bolus

in Herb. Guthrie !

Distripution: Somerset East. Aliwal North. Komegha. Transkei.

Tembuland.

0. oliganthum, Bkr. (ex descr.).

Mountain slopes and plateau 3-20 in. high, flowers white.

Spring-Summer (November). Leribe, and at Malaveneng, Leribe

District. A. Dieterlen, 651! 971!

Distrisution: Natal.

Sesuto: Liyo tsa noko. The tood of the porcupine.

The leaves are 1 ft. long

i.e. longer than in the type.

0. graminifolium, Thunb.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 10-25 in. high, flowers white.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 729!

DistrrpuTron: Cape. Paarl. Tulbagh. Murraysburg. Komegha.

Natal.

Sesuto: Metsane a manyenyane. Meaning unknown. Nko ea ntja.

The nose of a dog.

0. Eckloni, Schltr.

Mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, flowers greenish white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 420!

Distrisution: British Kaffraria. Somerset East. Tembuland.

East Griqualand. Natal. Griqualand West. Transvaal (Aapie’s

River, Barberton).

312 Annals of the South African Museum.

Srsuro: Moretele 0 monyenyane. The “small one” who causes

to glide. Used as Urginea capitata but not such a powerful charm.

By means of this charm an enemy can cause one’s cows to miscarry,

or dry up the milk of a suckling cow.

0. capillaris, Wood and Evans.

Between rocks, Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5400 ft., January,

Bolus, 8261!

Disrrisution: Transkei. Natal (Newcastle).

ANDROCYMBIUM, Willd.

A. melanthioides, Willd.

Plateau. 3-10 in. long, flowers white. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

659!: Natal, under the Drakensberg, Keit, 6.

DistripuTion: Worcester (Matjesfontein). Albany. Somerset

East. Murraysburg. Victoria East. Graaff Reinet. Swaziland.

Transvaal (Barberton, Rustenburg, Houtbosch, Johannesburg, Lyden-

burg). Griqualand West.

Sesuto: Khukhoana e nyenyane. The tiny “Khukhu” (bulb).

Mixed with Polygala spp. it is used in the cure of many diseases.

A. leucanthum, Willd.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper.

Disrripution : Namaqualand Minor. Cape. Knysna. Uitenhage.

A. natalense, Bkr.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9800 ft., January, Flanagan,

2026!

Disrripution: Natal.

A. longipes, Bkr.

Veld and mountain slopes. 6-14 in. high, flowers mauve-pink.

Autumn. A. Drelerlen, 516!

Disrripution: Albany. Murraysburg. Somerset Kast. Komgha.

Srsuro: Khukhoana. The small “ Khukhu.” The dried bulbs are

erushed and mixed with fat as an ointment for sore ears.

WURMBEA, Thunb.

W. capensis, Thunb.

Wittebergen, 7-8000 ft., Drege, 3512; Ben McDhui, District Barkly

East, c. 9800 ft., March, Galpin, 6870 !

Distrisution : Malmesbury. Cape. Riversdale. Queenstown.

Stutterheim. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. East Griqualand.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 315

W. Kraussii, Bkr.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan,

2027!; Natal, Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., February, flowers greenish-

white. Wood, 9617!

Distripution: Tembuland. Pondoland. East Griqualand.

W. pusilla, Phillips, sp. nov. Planta pusilla, ad 8 em. alta. Folia 2,

2-4-1 em. longa, 3-8 mm. lata, ovata vel linearia, acuminata, glabra.

Inflorescentia spicata, 2-4-florifera, 15-2 em. longa. Tubus perianthii

75-8 mm. longus, 2-2°5 mm. latus, glaber ; lobi 7°5-8 mm. longi,

1:75 mm. lati, lineari-lanceolati, apice obtusi. Filamenta 3 mm. longa,

glabra; antherae 1 mm. longae, oblongae. Ovariwm 4°5 mm. longum,

2°5 mm. latum, oblongum, glabrum ; stylus 5-5 mm. longus, basi

‘75-1 mm. latus, apice subulatus; stigma minutum.

A small plant up to 8 em. long. Corm not seen. Produced leaves

2, 2-41 em. long, 3-8 mm. broad, ovate or linear, acuminate, clasping

the stem, glabrous; leaf-sheath 7-9 min. long in the lower leaf, 1-8-2

cm. long in the upper. Inflorescence spicate, 2—4-flowered, 1-5-2 em.

long. Tube of the perianth 7-5-8 mm. long, 2-2'5 mm. broad, glabrous ;

lobes 75-8 mm. long, 1:75 mm. broad, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, with

two dark glandular swellings 2 mm. from the base, glabrous. Stamens

inserted at the base of the perianth-segments; filaments 3 mm. long,

lear glabrous ; anthers 1 mm. long, oblong. Ovary 4°5 mm. long,

2°5 mm. broad, oblong in outline, glabrous; styles 3, 5°5 mm. long,

‘75-1 mm. broad at the base, tapering gradually to a subulate apex ;

stigmas minute.

Mont-aux-Sources, 10000 ft., October, flowers pale, A. Bolus in

Herb. Guthrie, 4937.

Differs from W. capensis, Thunb., in the dwarf habit and the short

1-4-flowered inflorescence, sheathed in the upper leaf.

LITTONIA, Hook.

L. modesta, Hook.

Damp places at Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5300 ft., Decem-

ber, Bolus, 8265!; Nelson’s Kop, Cooper, 880.

Disrrrpurion: Pondoland. Natal. ‘Transvaal (Barberton, Lyden-

burg, Belfast).

XY RIDEAE.

XYRIS, Linn.

X. capensis, Thunb.

Marshy places at Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 602!; damp ground near

stream on plateau, flowers yellow, Ph illips, 718 !

314 Annals of the South African Museum.

Distrisution: Cape. Tulbagh. Ceres. Queenstown. Somerset

East. Tembuland. Natal. Transvaal (Ma zaliesberg, Rustenberg).

COMMELINACEAE.

COMMELINA, Linn.

C. benghalensis, Linn.

Shaded and sheltered spots on veld and mountain slopes. A creeper,

10-40 in long, flowers mauve or blue. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 550!

551!; a creeper, flowers blue, Phillips, 847! 912!

Distrisutron: Knysna. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Fort.

Beaufort. Beaufort West. Somerset East. Komgha., Tembuland.

Pondoland. Natal. Griqualand West. Transvaal (Warm Baths).

Sesuto: Khotsoana. The crooked thing. This plant is largely

used by the witch-doctors for various illnesses. A medicine taken by

barren women is prepared from it.

C. africana, Linn.

Veld, mountain slopes, and plateau. 6-18 in. high, flowers yellow.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 105!; a creeper, flowers yellow, Phillips, 552!

659! 884!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December,

Bolus, 8291!; Natal, Cathkin Peak, 10000 ft., November, A. Bolus in

Herb. Guthrie!

Disrripution: Cape. Uitenhage. Natal. Swaziland. Transvaal

(Hooge Veld).

Susuto: Khotsoana. The crooked thing. Khopo e nyenyane. The

small crooked thing. Lekhopshoana. He who is a little crookel.

This plant is boiled with Tephrosia capensis and the decoction is

drunk as a cure for a weak heart or nervousness.

CYANOTIS, D. Don.

C. nodifiora, Kunth.

Mountain slopes. 4-20 in. high, flowers white and sky blue,

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 320a! 320b!; flowers white, rare. Phillips,

519!; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 3326.

DistriputTion: Riversdale. Knysna. Uitenhage. Bathurst.

Albany. Somerset East.. Komgha. Tembuland. East Griqualand.

Natal.

Sesuto: Khopo. Crooked. Theepe Balingoana. The ‘“ Theepe”

(Amaranthus spp.) of the little cannibals. See note under Commelina

benghalensis and C. africana.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 315

JUNCACEAE.

JUNCUS, Linn.

J. glaucus, Ehrh. var. acutissimus, Buchen.

Damp spots, near water-courses. 20-35 in. high, spikes greyish-

brown. Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 217!

DistRiIBuTION: Queenstown. Albert. Orange Free State (near

Winburg).

Sesuto: Rororo. Meaning unknown. This is the common name

for all members of the Juncaceae and for some of the Cyperaceae.

Lehlaka Kolobe, The reed of the wild pig. Lelu-la-lihohoana. The

small frog’s chin. Used for making ropes for sewing the large

grain baskets (“ lisin”’).

J. punctorius, Linn. f.

Leribe. A. Dieterlen, 685b!

Distripution : Clanwilliam. Cape. Tulbagh. Worcester. Stell-

enbosch. Uitenhage. Aberdeen. Somerset East. Pondoland.

Griqualand West. Transvaal (Wonderboompoort).

Sesuto: Rororoana. Meaning unknown.

J. oxycarpus, E. Mey.

River banks. 10-25 in. high, spikelets brown. Summer. 4.

Dieterlen, 767! 767a! 767b!; near stream in ravine, Ph illips |

Disrrisution: Cape. Paarl, Worcester. Caledon. Riversdale.

Uitenhage. Natal.

Srsuto: Rororoana.

J. exsertus, Buchen.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 10-22 in. high, spikelets brownish.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 685a!

Disrrisution: Worcester. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. Orange

Free State (Bloemfontein). Transvaal (Trigard’s Fontein, Pretoria

Yster Spruit).

Sesuto: Rororoana. Lebane-le-metsi. He who faces the water.

Used to plait hats.

J. cephalotes, Thunb.

Water-courses. 3-15 in. high, spikelets brownish. Spring—

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 396!

DIsTRIBUTION: Cape.

Sesuto: Sebokana. The small assembly. Rororo e nyenyane. The

small ‘* Rororo.”

316 Annals of the South African Museum.

J. dregeanus, Kunth.

Mountain slopes. Spikelets brown. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 748b !

Disrripurron: Humansdorp. Uitenhage. Bathurst. ‘Transvaal

(Houtbosch),

Sesuto: Rororoana.

J. capitatus, Weig.

Mountain slopes and plateau. }—-4 in. high, spikelets green and

pinkish. October-November. A. Dieterlen, 806!

Disrrreution: Tropical Africa.

Srsuto: Rororo e nyenyane. The small “ Rororo.”

LUZULA, D.C.

L. africana, Drége.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 6-15 in. high, spikelets brownish.

Spring. <A. Dieterlen, 734!; Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft.; Mlanagan,

2008.

Distrreution : Stockenstroom.

Sesuto: Phororoana. The small water-fall,

AROIDEAE.

RICHARDIA, Kunth.*

R. albomaculata, Hook.

Damp shady spots on mountain slopes. 15-40 in. high. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 306!; under rocks, spathe green without, white within,

common, Phillips, 550! 609!; Orange Free State, Ladybrand,

November, Rogers, 1035!; Wittebergen, 5—6000 ft., Drege.

Distrrpution: Komgha. Transkei. Tembuland. East Griqua-

land, Swaziland.

Sesuto: Mohalalitoe. Meaning unknown. In cases of any very

severe illness the natives use this species in the following manner ;

The rhizomes (for preference) are incinerated on a piece of red-hot

iron (e.g. a hoe) and the charred remains are rubbed on the patient’s

body. This is evidently a last resort in cases which are considered

hopeless, as the native doctors say the patient either recovers or dies.

R. hastata, Hook. f.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 3327.

Distrisution: Natal. Transvaal (near Barberton).

* T have followed the ‘ Flora Capensis’ in the nomenclature.

Flora of the Leribe Plateaw and Environs. 317

R. africana, Kunth.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 2-4 ft. high, spathe white.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 583!

DisrriputTion: Cape. Riversdale. Komgha. Natal.

Sesuto: Moth?be. Meaning unknown. In spring the young leaves

and petioles are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. ‘This species is not

used as is stated above for R. albomaculata.

NAIADACEAE.

APONOGETON, Thunb.

A. spatnaceum, Hook. fil.

Summit of the Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., January, Flanagan,

2025!; Natal, Giant’s Castle, 7500 ft., November, flowers white.

A. Bolus in Herb. Guthrie, 4942!

Distrisution: Port Elizabeth. Transkei. Tembuland East

Griqualand. Transvaal (East Rand).

var. junceum, Hook. fil.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Bowker.

Disrripution: Uitenhage. Somerset Hast. Tembuland, Natal.

Transvaal (Trigard’s Fontein).

POTAMOGETON, Linn.

P. natans, Linn.

Ponds and marshes. Flowers yellowish. Summer (December).

Hlotse. A. Dieterlen, 831!

Disrripution: Natal. Transvaal (sources of Limpopo).

Sesuto: Sesesi. The swimmer. Ntlo ea hlapi. The house of the fish.

P. pusillum, Linn.

In the river Hlotse. Flowers white. Spring (October). Makokoane.

Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 1033!

DistRipution: Cape. Swellendam. Albany. Hast London,

Tembuland. Natal. Zululand. Transvaal (near Pretoria).

Sesuto: Bolele. Water moss. Joang ba metsi bo boholo, ‘The

large water-grass. Nélo ea lihklapi. The house of the fish.

ERIOCAULEAK.

ERIOCAULON, Linn.

E. abyssinicum, Hochst.

Water-courses on plateau. 1-2 in. high. Flowers greyish. A.

Dieterlen, 777!

318 Annals of the South African Museum.

DistRrButTion: Somerset East. Natal.

Sesuro: Se-ea-le-metsi. He goes with the water.

E. Bauri, N. E. Br.

Harrismith, March, Penther, 40!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s

Hoek, 5800-6700 ft., December, Bolus, 8269!, Flanagan, 1863!

Distrisution: Tembuland c. 4000 ft.

E. sp.

Damp spots on top of Quaqua Mountain, Witzie’s Hoek, c. 6900 ft.,

Thode!

DistrRipuTion: Endemic.

Near EH. Bauri, N. E. Br., but differs in the thinner texture of the

leaves and the smaller heads. It is probably an undescribed species,

but the material I have seen is immature.

RESTIACEAE.

RESTIO, Linn.

R. schoenoides, IXKunth.

Stony places on mountain slopes 12-25 in. high, spikelets brown.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 192!; Witte Bergen, 5-6000 ft., Drege, 50.

DisrriputTion : Endemic.

Sesuto: Mofielo oa thaba. The broom of the mountain. Lefieloana.

The small broom. Used for making brooms.

CYPERACEAE.

KYLLINGA, Rottb.

K. alba, Nees.

Veld and mountain slopes. 3-20 in. high, spikelets white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 334!; Caledon River, Burke, 202; Basutoland, without

precise locality, Cooper, 919.

Distrisution: Namaqualand Minor. Queenstown. Komegha.

Natal. Griqualand West. Transvaal (Crocodile River, Houtbosch,

Magaliesberg).

Sesuto: T'soane. The diminutive form of ‘* Motaoataone,”’ a common

name for the Cyperaceae. Meaning unknown. Monokostoui oa litsdene.

The mulberry of the monkeys.

var. alata, C.B.Cl.

Caledon River, Burke, 301; Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 548!

Distrisution: Bathurst. Uitenhage. Natal. Orange Free

State (no locality).

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 319

Sesuto: Qheme. A head ornament consisting of a stick trimmed

with the feathers of vultures. Robo. Meaning unknown.

K. erecta, Schumach.

Damp spots near water-courses. 5-20 in. high, spikelets yellowish.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 211!; Banks or streams, Phillips. 796! ;

Caledon River, Burke. 425.

Disrripution: Uitenhage. Albany, Queenstown. King William’s

Town. Komgha. ‘Transkei, Natal. Delagoa Bay. Transvaal

(Bosch Veld, Hooge Veld, Pretoria).

Sesuto: Sechabo. Meaning unknown. Used as a bed on which to

lay skins that are being rubbed to make them supple.

K. pulchella, Kunth.

Damp spots near water-courses. 6-18 in. high. spikelets brown.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 604!; Phillips, 858 !; 928!

Distrisution: Albert. Somerset East. Komgha. Orange. Free

State (Riet River). Transvaal (Trigard’s Fontein, Houtbosch).

SesuTo: Qogothoane e nyenyane. ‘The small * qoqothoane.” Roro-

ronyana. The small ** Rororo.”

PYCREUS, Beauv.

P. flavescens, Reichb.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 770 ! ;

Distrisurion: Natal. Orange Free State. Transvaal (Hout-

bosch).

Sesuto: Taoane or Motaoataoane Common names for the

Cyperaceae.

P. macranthus, C.B.Cl,

Natal, Mohlamba Range, 5—6000 ft., Sutherland.

Disrrisution : Somerset East. King William’s Town. Komgha.

Tembuland. Natal. Transvaal (Magaliesberg, Houtbosch).

P. Mundii, Nees.

Veldand plateau, Spikelets brown. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen.

910!

Distripution: Cape. Port Elizabeth. Natal. Delagoa Bay,

Transvaal (Matebe River).

Sesuto: Taoune or Motaoataoane.

P. ferrugineus, C.B.Cl

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 597 !

520 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Distrisution: Komgha. Pondoland. Natal.

Srsuto: Motaotaoane 0 moholo oa liliba. The big ‘ Motaoataoane ”

of the springs.

P. umbrosus, Nees.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 8-20 in. high, spikelets light-brown.

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 595a! 596! 771!; in streams, Phillips, 801!;

Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December, Flanagan, 1865 !

DistripuTion: Clanwilliam. Cape. Paarl. Worcester. Caledon.

Riversdale. Knysna. Uitenhage. King Wilham’s Town. East

Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria, Donker’s Hoek).

Sesuto: Motaoataoane oa liliba. The ‘“ Motaoataoane” of the

springs. A medicine for chest colds is prepared from the plant.

The rhizomes are scented; they are dried, scraped, and threaded as a

necklace or put among clothes.

P. oakfortensis, C.B.Cl.

Water courses on mountain slopes. Spikelets brown, A. Dieterlen,

947 |

Distrisution: Natal. Transvaal (Lomati Valley).

Sresuto: Taoane. Meaning unknown.

P. angulatus, Nees.

Water courses on mountain slopes. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 596 b!

DiIsTRIBUTION : Queenstown. Komgha. Tembuland. Pondoland.

Transvaal (Pretoria).

Srsuto: Motaoataoane oa lilibo. The ‘ Motaoataoane”’ of the

fountains.

CYPERUS, Linn.

C. compactus, Lam. var. flavissimus, C.B.Cl.

Veld and plateau. 3-18 in. high. Spikelets yellow. Summer-—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 181!; Phillips, 864!

Distripution: Clanwilliam. Uitenhage. Alexandria. * Bathurst.

Albany. Fort Beaufort. Cathcart. Komgha. Transkei. Tembu-

land. Pondoland. Hast Griqualand. Natal. Orange Free State

(no locality). Transvaal (Magaliesberg, Pretoria, Mooi River).

Sesuto: Leyabutle. He who grows slowly. Monokotsoai oa litsoene.

The mulberry of the monkeys. Girls when going to a feast wear

wreaths made with the bright yellow inflorescences.

C. semitrifidus, Schrad.

Veld, mountain slopes, and plateau. 2-15 in. high. Spikelets

brown. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 398! 595 b; Phillips, 940 !

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 321

Disrrisution : Uitenhage. Alexandria. Somerset Hast. Komgha.

Transvaal (no locality).

Sesuro: Hlohoana ntso. The small black head.

C. difformis, Linn.

Streams on plateau. Spikelets brown. March. A. Dieterlen, Gio

912 !

Distrrsution: Albany. Somerset Hast. Komgha. Transkei.

Pondoland. Natal. Transvaal (Bosch Veld).

Sesuto: Rorotoanyane. Taoane. Meaning unknown.

C. haematocephalus, C.B.Cl.

Veld and water courses on mountain slopes. 15-25 in. high, spike-

lets brown. March-April. A. Dieterlen, 238 b! 775 b!

Distripution: Natal. Orange Free State (no locality). Trans-

vaal (Hooge Veld).

Sesuto: Motolo o monyenyane. The small round thing. Used for

plaiting baskets.

C. marginatus, Thunb.

Water courses. 8-30 in. high. Spikelets brown. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 202!; Basutoland, Zeyher, 8; Caledon River, Burke ;

Boster’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December, Flanagan, 1866!

DistrisutTion: Namaqualand Minor. Clanwilliam. Worcester.

Port Elizabeth. Cathcart. Queenstown. Calvinia. Beaufort West.

Somerset East. Richmond. Colesberg. Albert. Aliwal North.

Komgha. Natal. Griqualand West. Orange Free State (Kaffir-

fontein, Winburg). ‘Traansvaal (Hooge Veld, Vaal River).

Sesuto: Loli. Meaning unknown. Used largely for making mats,

baskets, and beer-strainers.

C. albostriatus, Schrad.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 839 !

Distripution: Port Elizabeth. Alexandria. Albany. Bathurst.

Somerset Hast. King William’s Town. Komgha. Tembuland.

Pondoland. East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Houtbosch).

Sesuto: Tavane. Motavatavane. Meanings unknown.

C. latifolius, Poir.

Between Harrismith and Leribe, Buchanan, 215.

Distrisution: Transkei. East Griqualand. Natal.

C. aristatus, Rottb.

Plateau 3-6 in. high. Spikelets brown. Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 859!

322 Annals of the South African Museum.

Disrrisurion: Transvaal (between Porter and 'Trigard’s Fontein).

Sesuto: Qogothvanenyana. 'The small “ Qoqothvane.”

C. usitatus, Burch.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 188!; slopes behind the Mission Station,

Phillips, 524!, slopes above Khaniane, growing in patches, Phillips,

913!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft., December, Flanagan,

1873!; Caledon River, Zeyher, 1748, Burke, 302; near Buffalo River

Waterfall, Basutoland, 8200 ft., March, Galpin, 6872.

Distripution: Namaqualand Minor. Paarl. Uitenhage. Bathurst.

Prince Albert. Somerset East. Hope Town. Albert. Aliwal North.

Colesberg. Griqualand West. Orange Free State (Bloemfontein).

Transvaal (Bamboe’s Spruit).

Sesuto: Monakalali. Meaning unknown. Mosela-Khaka. Derived

from the verb “ho sela”—to go about looking for food—and

“Khaka ’’—the crowned guinea-fowl (Numida coronata). Children

eat the small bulbs either raw or roasted. In times of famine the

bulbs are crushed and cooked to make a kind of porridge.

C. esculentus, Linn.

Between Harrismith and Leribe, Buchanan, 212.

Disrrisution: East Griqualand. Natal. ‘Transvaal (Pretoria,

Houtbosch),

C. longus, Linn. var. tenuiflorus, Boeck.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 201 !

Disrripution: Clanwilliam. Cape. Paarl. Tulbagh. Worcester.

Swellendam. Queénstown. Prince Albert. Richmond. Albert.

Hope Town. Griqualand West. Transvaal (Pretoria).

Sesuto: Motavatavane. Meaning unknown. See note under

Pycreus umbrosus.

C. fastigiatus, Rottb.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 692!

Disrrisution: Clanwilliam. Cape. Stellenbosch. Riversdale.

Uitenhage. Albany. Queenstown. Aliwal North. Jing William’s

Town. ‘Transkei. Natal. Griqualand West. Orange Free State

(near Winburg). Transvaal (near Klerksdorp, Hooge Veld).

Sesuto: Mothoto. Meaning unknown. ‘The smoke produced when

the plant is burnt is supposed to cure pains in one’s side. The stems

are used for thatching the temporary huts erected in the grain fields,

which serve as a shelter to the person occupied in scaring away birds

from the ripening grain.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 323

C. Schlechteri, C.B. Cl. ;

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 5-15 in. high, spikelets brown.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 757!

Sesuto: Rororoana. The small ‘ Rororo.”

MARISCUS, Gaertn.

M. capensis, Schrad.

Damp spots on veld and mountain slopes. 4-20 in. high, spikelets

greenish. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 603!; slopes behind the Mission

Station, Phillips, 525!; Caledon River, Burke, 303.

Distrrisution : Uitenhage. Somerset East. Bechuanaland. 'Trans-

vaal. Delagoa Bay.

SEsuto: Qogethoane e nyenyane. The small “ Qoqothoane.”’

M. congestus, C.B. Cl.

Leribe, A: Dieterlen, 209!; common in damp places, Phillips, 621!

671! 789! 909! 988!; Natal, Mohlamba Range, 5—6000 ft., Sutherland.

Disrripution: Cape. Paarl. Worcester. Cathcart. Queens-

town. Graaff Remet. Komgha. Pondoland. Natal. Griqualand

West. Orange Free State. ‘Transvaal (Pretoria, Houtbosch).

Sxsuro : Qogothoane. This is a common name for many Cyperaceae.

Used to make baskets and ropes.

ELEOCHARIS, &. Br.

E. palustris, R. Br.

Damp spots on watercourses on mountain slopes. 4—20 in. high,

spikelets brown. Spring. <A. Dieterlen, 731! (ex parte).

DisTRIBUTION : Somerset East. Richmond. Aliwal North.

Komgha. Griqualand West.

FIMBRISTYLIS, Vaal.

F. monostachya, Hassk.

Veld and mountain slopes. 3-15 in. high, spikelets whitish.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 549!

Distrisution: Albany. Queenstown. Komgha. Transkei. Tem-

buland. Natal. Transvaal (Magaliesberg).

Sesuro: Leyabutle. He who comes slowly.

BULBOSTYLIS, Kunth.

B. humilis, Kunth.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 13-8 in. high, spikelets green.

324 Annals of the South African Museum.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 677!; Wittebergen, 5-6000 ft., Drege;

Tsitsa footpath, Drakensberg, 7250 ft., March, Galpin, 6877.

Distrisution : Cape. Ceres. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth.

Somerset East. Transkei. Natal. Orange Free State.

Sesuto: Kaka-hlothoana. Meaning unknown. (This is also the

native name of a bird, viz., Pycnonotus nigricans). Boea ba ntja. The

hair of a dog. Sekdlana. The small head-ornament.

B. striatella, C.B. Cl.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 2-15 in. high, spikelets brownish.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 471!; rocks at side of stream in ravine,

Phillips, 732! 738!; rocks near Harrismith, 5000 ft., Wood (mixed

with No. 4672).

Distrisution: Natal.

Sesuto: Hlohoane tsa lehehemu. The small head of the crane.

Bore ba ntja. The medicine of the dog.

B. schoenoides, Kunth.

Veld, mountain slopes, and plateau. 5-20 in. high, spikelets cream,

brown when mature. Spring-Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 605!; Witte-

bergen, 7—-8000 ft., Drége, 4378.

Distrisution: Stockenstroom. King William’s Town.

Sesuto: Leyabutle le lenyenyane. The small one which grows

slowly.

B. scleropus, C.B. Cl.

Banks of streams on mountain slopes. 6-15 in. high, spikelets

brown. Spring-Summer. A. Dieterlen, 535!

Distrisution: Tembuland. ‘Transvaal (Aapie’s River).

Sesuro: Leyabutle. He who eats slowly.

B. Burkei, C.B. Cl.

Caledon River, Burke, 332.

Distrisution : Endemic.

B. capillaris, Kunth.

Water-courses. 3-6 in. high, spikelets brown. February—March.

A. Dieterlen, 838 !

Distripution: Pondoland.

Sxsuto: Joang ba nokana. The grass of the brook.

B. trichobasis, C. B. Cl.

Stony places on veld and mountain slopes. 3-11 in. high, spikelets

dark brown. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 646!

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 325

Distrispurion : Tropical Africa.

Sresuto: Leyabutle le letsoana. The small black one who eats

slowly.

B. Schlechteri, C. B. Cl.

Mountain slopes, Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 731! (ex parte).

Disrripution: Transvaal (Aapie’s River),

SCIRPUS, Linn.

8. fluitans, Linn.

Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, 5800 ft., Kuntze, 234.

Distrisution: Tulbagh. Worcester. Somerset East. King

William’s Town. Transvaal (Hooge Veld).

S. Ludwigii, Boeck. var. tenuior, Kunth.

Caledon River, Burke.

Distrisution: Alexandria. Uitenhage.

S. setaceus, Linn. :

Damp spots near water-courses. 2-18 in. high, spikelets greenish-

grey. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 706!

DistriputTion: Uitenhage. Graaff Reinet. Transvaal (Hooge

Veld, Houtbosch).

Sesuto: Boleanyana. The small smooth thing. Leshomokho.

Meaning unknown.

S. macer, Boeck.

Water-courses. 4-20 in. high, spikelets brownish. Spring. A.

Dieterlen, 394!; damp banks of stream, Phillips, 788!

Distrisution: Natal. Transvaal (Houtbosch). Orange Free State

(no locality).

Sesuto: Bolibana. The small hole. (‘ Boliba’’ = a deep hole in

a river).

S. cernuus, Vahl.

Damp spots near water-courses. 2-8 in. high, spikelets greenish.

Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 705!

Disrrinution: Namaqualand Minor. Cape. Robertson. Mossel

Bay. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Fort Beaufort. Queenstown.

Somerset East. King William’s Town. ‘Tembuland. Natal.

Transvaal.

Sesuto: Leshomokhoana. Meaning unknown, Ground together

with a locust (which has the same Sesuto name) to make a medicine

for ailing children.

326 Annals of the South African Museum.

var. subtilis, C. B. Cl.

Wittebergen, 5—6000 ft., Drege, 7411.

DisrripuTion: Paarl. Swellendam. Uitenhage. Komgha. Natal.

S. Burkei, C. B. Cl.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 238a!; Buchanan, 150; Caledon River, Burke,

231; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek, 5500 ft,, December, Flanagan,

1875!

DisrripuTion: Transvaal (Magaliesburg, Middleburg, Johannes-

burg).

Sresuto: Motolo. Derived from the verb “ho tolokana,”’ to be

round (referring to the round spikelets). Molika-seolo. He who

surrounds the ant heap. The split stems are used to plait hats

and mats.

S. varius, C. B. Cl.

Basutoland, without precise locality, Buchanan, 225.

DisrriputTion : Transvaal (Aapie’s River, Houtbosch).

S. falsus, C. B. Cl.

Veld and plateau. 10-20 in. high, spikelets blackish. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 594a! 594b!; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek,

5500 ft., December, Flanagan, 1874!; Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft.,

Flanagan, 2010! 2011!; Natal, Bushman’s River Valley, 6-8000 ft.,

October, Wood, 10882!; summit of Doodman’s Krans and Ben

McDhui, 9650-9850 ft., March, Galpin, 6873, 6874.

Disrrispution : Endemic.

Sesuto: Sechaba sa matlapa. The “Sechaba” of the stony places

(or flat stones).

S. paludicola, Kunth.

Water-courses on mountain slopes. 7-36 in. high, spikelets brown.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 733! 769!

DistriputTion: Swellendam. Alexandria. Bathurst. Cathcart.

Queenstown. Beaufort West. Somerset Hast. King William’s

Town. Komgha. East Griqualand. Natal. Orange Free State.

Sesuto: Rororoana. The small ‘Rororo” (‘ Rororo” is the

common name for the Jwncaceae). A medicine for colic is prepared

from it.

S. Hystrix, Thunb.

Water-courses. 1-3 in. high, spikelets greyish. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 835!

Flora of the Leribe Plateaw and Environs 327

Distrreution: Namaqualand Minor. Cape. Paarl. Worcester.

Natal.

Sxsuto: Qogothoanyane. The small “ Qoqothoane.”

S. sp. (cf. S. cernuus, Vahl).

Ben MeDhui, 9300 ft., March, Galpin, 6878.

FICINIA, Linn.

F. filiformis, Schrad.

Mountain slopes near rocks. 6-15 in. high, spikelets brown.

Summer—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 721!

Distrrpution: Cape. Tulbagh. Worcester. Caledon.

Sesuro: Letjotjo. Meaning unknown. Sechabana. The small

* Sechaba.”

F. stolonifera, Boeck.

Natal, Van Reenen, 5600 ft., Kuntze, 235.

Disrripution: Cape. Riversdale. Somerset East.

F. cinnamomea, C. B. Cl.

Wittebergen, Cooper, 635.

Distrisution: Komgha. Natal.

F. gracilis, Schrad.

Mountain slopes and plateau, near rocks. 10-22 in. high, spikelets

brown. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 667 !

Disrripution: Riversdale. Mossel Bay. Humansdorp. Uitenhage.

Albany. Somerset East. Pondoland.

Srsuto: Sechaba sa mafika. The “Sechaba” of the rocks.

FIURENA, fottb.

F. coerulescens, Steud.

Damp spots near water-courses. 6-22 in. high, spielets greenish.

Spring. A. Dieterlen, 504!

DIsTRIBUTION: Cape. Natal.

Sresuto: Sechaba sa liliba. The “Sechaba” of the fountains.

LIPOCARPA, f&. Br.

L. pulcherrima, Ridley.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 901!

Distrisution: Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria).

SEsuro: Qoygothoane e nyenyane. ‘The small “ Qoqothoane.”

328 Annals of the South African Museum.

ASCOLEPIS, Steud.

A. capensis, Ridley.

Nelson’s Kop, Cooper, 911; Bester’s Vlei, near Witzie’s Hoek,

6400 ft., December, Flanagan, 1844!

Distripution : Stockenstroom. Tlembuland. Pondoland. Natal.

Transvaal (Pretoria, Magaliesberg, Komati River).

RYNCHOSPORA, Vahl.

R, glauca, Vahl.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 766a !

Disrriputron: Cape. Natal. Transvaal (Houtbosch, Barberton).

Sresuto: Mohloelo-mayoe. He who spies the stones.

SCLERIA, Berg.

S. dregeana, Kunth.

Plateau, 8-15 in. high, spikelets dark brown. Summer. A. Dieter-

len, 889!; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 3365.

Distr1BuTIoN: Stockenstroom. Komegha. Tembuland. Pondoland.

Srsuto: Motsoctsoc. Dampness (due to water oozing from the

eround after rain).

S. Woodii, C.B. Cl.

Shady spots on mountain slopes. 10-80 in. high, spikelets brown.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 766b!; Drakensberg Range, near Harrismith,

Buchanan, 114.

Distrinurion: Komgha. Natal. Zululand. Transvaal (Oli-

phant’s River).

Sresuto: Mohloelo-mayoé 0 monyenyane. The small one who spies

the stones.

S. Dieterlenii, Turrill.

Plateau. 5-15 in. high, spikelets brown. Summer. <A. Dieterlen,

749 !

DistrRIBUTION: Endemic.

Srsuro : Molika-letosana. He who surrounds the pond.

SCHOENOXIPHIUM, Nees.

S. rufrum, Nees,

Damp spots on mountain slopes. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 759a !

Disrripution: Port) Elizabeth. Queenstown. Somerset Hast,

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 329

Kang William’s Town. Pondoland. Natal. Orange Free State

(without locality).

S. sparteum, Kiik. forma rigidum, Wiik.

Summit Doodman’s Krans Mountain, 9650 ft., March, Galpin, 6879.

The above identification was given by Kew to Mr. Galpin. Dr. Bolus

determined the plant as Carex Bolusti, C.B. Cl.

var. Lehmanii, Kiik.

In Pot River Berg Forest, 5500 ft., March, Galpin, 6880.

This identification was given by Kew. The plant was formerly

determined as Carex esenbeckiana, Boeck.

S. Basutorum, Turrill.

Plateau. Spikelets brownish. December. A. Dieterlen, 948!

DistTRIBUTION : Endemic.

Sesuto: Boleane ba sehlabo. The softness of the plateau.

CAREX, Linn.

C. glomerata, Thunb.

Mountain slopes and plateau, under rocks. 6-25 in. high, spikelets

greenish. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 758! 890!

DistrrputTion : Riversdale. Albany. Uitenhage. Orange Free

State (no locality).

Srsuto: Boleane ba liliba bo bonyenyane. The small smooth object

of the fountain. Sechabana. The small “ Sechaba.”’

C. Phacota, Spreng.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 10-15 in. high, spikelets brown.

Spring. <A. Dieterlen, 860!; Nelson’s Kop, Cooper, 909, 3335.

Distrispution: Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria).

Sresuto: Lesuoyane le lenyenyane. The small ‘‘ Lesuoane.”” Used by

the natives as a mat on which to soften skins.

C. dregeana, Kunth.

Damp spots on the banks of streams. 10-30 in. high, spikelets

brownish. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 393! 759b!

DistrisputTion: Tulbagh. Swellendam. Alexandria. Albany.

Somerset Hast. Tembuland. Natal.

Sesuto: Boleane ba liliba, The smooth thing of the fountains.

330 Annals of the South African Museum.

Lesuoane le lenyenyane. The small “ Lesuoane.” Used as a mat on

which to soften skins. Also used to plait boys’ hats.

C. esenbeckiana, Boeck.

Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, 5800 ft., Kuntze, 290.

Disrripution: Alexandria. Albany. King William’s Town.

C. spicato-paniculata, C.B. Cl.

Orange Free State, on the Drakensberg Range, Cooper, 1066.

Distrispution: Natal. Transvaal (Houtbosch).

C. Buchanani, C.B. Cl.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 759a !

Distrisution: Natal.

Srsuto: Boleana ba liliba bo boholo. The big smooth thing of the

fountains.

C. flava, Linn.

Mont-aux-Sources, 9500 ft., Flanagan, 2013.

DisrrrBution: Endemic to this region, but also found in Europe

and North America.

C. clavata, Thunb.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 20-45 in. high, spikelets brown.

A. Dieterlen, 601.

DistripuTion: Malmesbury. Cape. Paarl. Port Elizabeth.

Bathurst. Orange Free State (no locality).

Sresuto: Lesuane. Derived from the verb “ho sua ”—to make a

skin supple. The natives use it as a mat on which to soften skins ;

also used to make hats. In former times the shepherds used to make

from the stems a roughly plaited coat to wear in the rainy season.

C. drakensbergensis, C.B. Cl.

Drakensbergen, near Harrismith, Buchanan, 112, 136; Ben MeDhui,

9000 ft., March, Galpin, 6881.

DisrriputTion: East Griqualand. Natal. Transvaal (Potchef-

stroom). ;

C. sp. (near C. clavata, Thunb.).

Doodman’s Krans Mountain, 8650 ft., March, Galpin, 6882.

Dr. Bolus determined this as C. clavata, Thunb. The above identi-

fication is from Kew.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. dol

GRAMINEAE.

IMPERATA, Cyr.

I. arundinacea, Cyr., var. Thunbergii, Hack.

Damp spots on mountain slopes anddongas. 18-30 in. high, spikes

whitish. Summer. Common. A. Dieterlen, 212!; between Harri-

smith and Leribe, Buchanan, 206 !

Disrrieution : Clanwilliam. Cape. Humansdorp. Albany. Tembu-

land. Natal. Griqualand West. Transvaal (Pretoria, Matebe Valley).

Bechuanaland (near Kuruman).

Sesuto: Mohlorwmo or Mohlaba-lerumo. Derived from the verb “ ho

hlaba ’’—to pierce and ‘“ lerumo ”—an assegai, in reference to the leaf

being shaped like an assegai. The inflorescence is called “ Qheme,”

which is the name of a head ornament made of a stick decorated with

feathers of vultures. The raw roots are eaten by young herds, and

from the roots also a medicine is prepared and given to children

suffering with a cold on the chest.

SACCHARUM, Linn.

§. munroanum, Hack.

Drakensbergen, near Coldstream, 5—6000 ft., Rehmann, 6876.

Disrripution: Transvaal (Magaliesberg). Rhodesia (Matopo Hills).

ERIANTHUS, Michz.

E. Sorghum, Nees.

Banks of rivers and dongas. 4-6 ft. high, spikes cream-brownish.

A. Dieterlen, 224!; Lefi’s Kloof, N.E. slopes of Leribe plateau, ocea-

sional, Phillips, 850!; near Buffalo River Waterfall, 8000 ft. March,

Galpin, 6890 !

Disrrisution: Tulbagh. Queenstown. Graaff Reinet. Tembu-

land. Orange Free State (Sanddrift Spruit).

Sesuto: Mothala. Meaning unknown. Used for thatching huts.

The leaves cause a rash when rubbed on the skin; the raw roots are

chewed by the native children. Used medicinally.

ISCHAEMUM, Linn.

I. Franksae, J.M.W.

Natal, Tabanhlope, 6—-8000 ft., October, Wood, 10540!

Distripution: Endemic.

332 Annals of the South African Museum.

ROTTBOELLIA, Linn. f.

R. compressa, Linn. f., var. fasciculata, Hack.

Water courses. 20-88 in. high, spikes yellowish-red. Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 574! ; stream on Leribe plateau, Phillips, 804!

Disrrisution: Clanwilliam. Cape. Paarl. Tulbagh. Worcester.

Stellenbosch. Caledon. Swellendam. Uitenhage. Albany. Graaff

Reinet. Tembuland. Natal.

Srsuro: Tayoe. Meaning unknown. Namele. He who spreads.

Marotlo a mafulelu. The red “ marotlo” (meaning of ‘ marotlo” un-

known). Grazed and liked by cattle. Children eat the raw roots.

This is one of the grasses used for building the ‘“seotloana,” an

enclosure near the huts.

URELYTRUM, Hack.

U. squarrosum, Hack.

Between Harrismith and Leribe, Buchanan, 213!

Distrrpution: Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria, near Maquasi Moun-

tains, Mooi River).

TRACHYPOGON, Nees.

T. polymorphus, Hack., var. capensis, Hack.

A rare grass, A. Dieterlen, 210b !

Distrrpution: Riversdale. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Alexan-

dria. Bathurst. Albany. Transkei. Tembuland. Natal. Orange

Free State. Transvaal (Johannesburg, Houtbosch).

Srsuto: Selokana. Meaning unknown.

ELIONURUS, H. and B.

E. argenteus, Nees.

Veld and plateau. 10—22 in. high, spike whitish. Summer. Common.

A. Dieterlen, 177!; mountain slopes behind the Mission Station,

Phillips, 504!, Leribe plateau, Phillips, 693!, south slopes of Leribe

plateau, above Khaniane, Phillips, 933!; Drakensbergen, Giant's

Castle, 8-9000 ft.. October, Wood, 10543 !; Caledon River, Burke, 200 ;

moist rocky places on the Wittebergen, 5—-6000 ft., Drége.

Distripution: Uitenhage. Alexandria. Albany. Fort Beaufort.

Stockenstroom. Albert. Aliwal North. Komgha. ‘Tembuland.

Natal. Zululand. Orange Free State (Draaifontein). ‘T'ransvaal

(Vaal River, Houtbosch).

Srsuto: Hloko. Meaning unknown. A good spring and summer

grazing grass. Used medicinally for colic,

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. B30

ANDROPOGON, Linn.

A. ceresiaeformis, Nees.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 10-18 in. high, spikes reddish.

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 464!; summit of Pot River Berg, 6470 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6898.

Distripution: Pondoland. East Griqualand. Natal. Orange

Free State. Transvaal (Johannesburg, Aapie’s River, Houtbosch).

Sesuto: Mobeseletso or ’Meseletso. Something which is burned for

a purpose. Derived from the verb “ho beseletsa’’—to burn for.

During autumn the natives burn this grass in their cultivated lands,

with the belief that the smoke will help the grain to ripen quickly.

Not much eaten by cattle.

A. eucomus, Nees.

Hill slopes. 10-16 in. high, spikes whitish. Tejatejaneng. April

A. Dieterlen, 816!

Distrisution: Clanwilliam. Cape. Tulbagh. Port Elizabeth.

Albany. Natal. Hay. Bechuanaland (near Kuruman). Transvaal

(Nile river, Houtbosch). Rhodesia (Matopo Hills).

Sesuto: Mohlaala. Meaning unknown.

A. appendiculatus, Ness.

Veld and plateau. 14-42 ft. high, spikes reddish. Summer. Not

uncommon. A. Dieterlen, 3491; without precise locality, Cooper ;

Caledon River, Burke, Zeyher, 1801!; Ben MeDhui, 9900 ft., March.

Galpin, 6896 !

Distripution: Clanwilliam. Tulbagh. Worcester. Uitenhage.

Port Elizabeth. Albany. Fort Beaufort. Queenstown. Albert.

Komgha. Tembuland. Natal. Transvaal (Steel Poort, Johannesburg,

Pretoria, Magaliesberz, Matjesgoed Spruit).

Sesuto: Mochela. Meaning unknown. Not much liked by cattle.

A. schirensis, Hochst., var angustifolia, Stapf.

Stony spots on veld and hill slopes. 10-85 in. high, spikes whitish-

red. Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 397b!; Leribe, Buchanan, 144; near

Harrismith, Buchanan, 120; Thaba Unchu, Burke, 434!

Disrrisution: Natal. ‘Transvaal (Pretoria, Aapie’s River).

Sesuto: Hlokd ea matlapa. The “ Hloko” of the flat stones.

Meaning unknown.

A. amplectens, Nees.

Basutoland, without locality, Marloth, 1114.

Distrisution: ‘lembuland. Natal. Transvaal (Houtbosch,

Makapans Mountains, Dronkfontein, Aapie’s River).

334 Annals of the South African Museum.

A. filifolius, Steud.

Veld and hill-slopes. 10-18 in. high, spikes reddish-yellow.

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 397a!; Giant’s Castle, 8-9000 ft., October,

Wood, 10546!

Distrizution: Port Elizabeth. Alexandria. Bathurst. Natal.

Transvaal (Houtbosch).

SEesuto: See A. Schirensis, Hochst. var. angustifolia, Stapf.

A. distachys, Linn.

Witteberg, near Harrismith, Buchanan, 263 !

Distrisution : Natal.

A. Sorghum, Brot. var. saccharatus, Korn.

Cultivated. 5-7 ft. high. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 698!

Distrisution : Cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions.

Sesuro: Ntsde. Meaning unknown. Said to be indigenous. The

sweet stem is chewed in autumn. A preparation of this plant and

Erigeron canadense, Linn., is used for eczema; it is appled to the

eruption, which is then rubbed with fat. This operation must be

performed by the first cousin of the sick person, otherwise the natives

believe it will have no effect.

A. contortus, Linn.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 210a!; mountain slopes south of the Mission

Station, Phillips, 647! 695!; summit Pot River Berg, 6200 ft., March

Galpin, 6895! ; Caledon River, Burke.

DistrisutTion : Swellendam. tiversdale. George. Knysna.

Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Alexandria. Fort Beaufort. Stocken-

‘stroom. Tembuland. Natal. Prince Albert. Aberdeen. Somerset

Hast. Graaff Reinet. Albert. Hay. Orange Free State (near

Winburg). Transvaal (Pretoria).

Sesuto: Selokana. Meaning unknown. -A spring grazing grass.

Used, together with Tribulus terrestris, Linn., as a medicine for

rheumatism in the hands. (The natives believe that you must use a

stinging plant to cure a disease with acute pain.)

A. Nardus, Linn., var. marginatus, Hack.

Mountain slopes, spikes yellowish. Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 390!;

Butfalo River, Waterfall, 7750 ft., March, Galpin, 6897!

Distripution: Cape. Worcester. Caledon. Riversdale. Aliwal

North.

Srusuto: Lebate or Lebata. Derived from the verb “ hobata ”—to

be cold. Grazed by cattle and goats. Used as a medicine for chest

complaints.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. Bist

A. plurinodis, Stapf (Cymbopogon plurinodis, Stapf).

Between Harrismith and Leribe, Buchanan, 207!

Distrisution : Fort Beaufort. Queenstown. Graaff Reinet. Albert.

Natal. Herbert. Hay. Transvaal (Lydenberg). Bechuanaland.

A. Schoenanthus, Linn., var. versicolor, Hack (Cymbopogon excavatus,

Stapf).

Veld and mountain slopes. 15-38 in. high, spikes yellowish-green.

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 213! ; ravine on west slopes of Leribe plateau,

Phillips, 590!; Caledon River, Burke, 199!

Distripution: East Griqualand. Natal. Hay. Orange Free

State (near Winburg, Bloemfontein). Transvaal’ (Johannesburg,

Aapie’s River, Houtbosch). Bechuanaland (near Kosi Fontein).

Sesuto: Patieane. Meaning unknown. Cattle are not partial to

this grass on account of its bitterness. Woven into rough mats in

which rolls of tobacco are wrapped. Placed under and at the bottom

of the large grain baskets (“ lisin’”’) to keep away rats and mice, which

will not gnaw through it on account of its bitter properties. Mixed

with other plants to make “ medicine.”

A. hirtus, Linn. (Cymbopogon hirtus, Stapf).

Veld and hill slopes. 3—9 ft. high, spikes reddish-yellow. Autumn-

A, Dieterlen, 203! 205!; mountain slopes above the Mission Station,

Phillips, 500!, Lefi’s Kloof, N.E. slopes of Leribe plateau, common,

Phillips, 831!, principal component of grassland of mountain slopes,

Phillips, 849 !.

Distripution : Cape. Worcester. Stellenbosch. Riversdale.

Uitenhage. Albany. King Willam’s Town. Graaff Reinet. Cradock.

Aliwal North. Hay. Orange Free State (Bloemfontein). Transvaal

(near Klippan). Bechuanaland (near Takum).

Susuto: Dieterlen, 203. Modkoana oa tséphe. Small chaff of the

springbok. Moful’ a tséphe. Grazing of the springbok. Grazed by

cattle and horses. (Madame Dieterlen notes that No. 203 is probably

a young state of No. 205, but some of the natives deny this.) Dieter-

len, 205. Mohlomo. Derived from the verb “ho hloma,” to grow

again. Largely used for thatching huts and for making the large

grain baskets (‘‘ isin’).

A. auctus, Stapf (Cymbopogon auctus, Stapf).

Veld, dongas, and hill slopes. 5-8 ft. high, spikes greenish-brown.

Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 206!; mountain slopes above the Mission

Station, Phillips, 500a!; Thaba Unchu, Burke, 427!, Zeyher, 1799.

336 Annals of the South African Museunv.

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Queenstown. East Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: Qokoa. Meaning unknown. Grazed by cattle and horses.

It is said to be the best and most lasting thatching grass.

A. Dieterlenii, Stapf, sp. nov. (Cymbopogon Dieterlenii, Stapf).

Mountain slopes. 28-86 in. high, spikes yellowish. Summer—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 390b!

Distrisution : Endemic.

Sesuto: Lebatjana. The small ‘“ Lebate.” This grass, together

with HKlionurus argenteus, Nees, is burnt and mixed with water, and

used to sprinkle a person suffering with “ Molikana,” a disease which

causes eruptions on the body through not having undergone certain

tribal rites. Also used as a medicine for wounds and as “ Molitola”’

medicine to make young people true and strong men.

ANTHISTIRIA, Linn. fil.

A. imberbis, Retz.

Wittebergen, 7—8000 ft., Drége.

Disrrisution : Clanwilliam. Cape. Worcester. Riversdale.

George. Port Hlizabeth. Alexandria. Albany. Beaufort West.

Queenstown. Albert. Aberdeen. Graaff Reinet. Tembuland. Natal.

var. mollicoma, Stapf.

Veld and mountain slopes. 20-30 in. high, spikes reddish-yellow.

Summer—Autumn. Very common. A. Dieterlen, 381!; slopes behind

the Mission Station, stream on plateau and Qoqolosi Peak, Phillips,

5902! 778! 957!; Caledon River, Burke, 423 !

DisrripuTion: Riversdale. George. Albany. Natal. Griqua-

land West. ‘Transvaal (Wonderfontein).

Sesuto: Seboku. Meaning unknown. A good summer grazing

grass. Used for thatching when no other grass is available.

DIGITARIA, Rich.

D. monodactyla, Stapf.

Plateau. 7-16 in. high, spikes yellowish. Summer. Not very

common. A. Dieterlen, 743!; mountain slopes south of the Mission

Station and on plateau, Phillips, 694!; Drakensberg, near Harrismith,

Buchanan, 121!; Wittebergen, 5000 ft., Drége.

Disrrrsution : Alexandria. Orange Free State (Winburg). Trans-

vaal (Aapie’s River).

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 337

Srsuro: Bohobe ba linonyana. The bread of the birds. Mo-ora-

tlapana. He who faces the small flat stone. A grazing grass.

D. eriantha, Steud.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 12-28 in. high, spikes greenish.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 768!; stream on plateau, common, Phillips,

800!; between Aliwal North and Kraai River, Drege.

DistrrputTion: Uitenhage. Alexandria. Bathurst. Albany. King

William’s Town. Queenstown. Prince Albert. Somerset East.

Graaff Reinet. Tembuland. Natal. Hay. Prieska. Orange Free

State. Transvaal (Pienaar’s River).

Sesuro: ’Moeane. That which comes back at the end of the

season. Derived from “ho boea’—to come back or return. <A

grazing grass.

D. setifolia, Stapf.

Plateau. 10-20 in. high, spikes yellowish Summer. Rare. A.

Dieterlen, 744!

Disrrisution: Albany. 'Tembuland.

Sesuto: Lemoko. Meaning unknown. Lesale. Derived from the

verb “ho sa’’—to be dispersed. A grazing grass.

D. ternata, Stapf.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 472a!

DistRIBUTION: Queenstown. ‘Transkei. Natal.

Sesuto: ’Moeane. See D. eriantha, Steud. A good grazing

Becomes a weed in gardens.

oTass.

D. sanguinalis, Scop.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 472 !

Disrripution: Clanwilliam. Cape. Swellenden. George. Knysna.

Uitenhage. Graaff Reinet. Natal. Hay.

Sesuto: “Moeune. See D. eriantha, Steud A good grazing grass.

Becomes a weed in gardens.

D. tricholaenoides, Stapf.

Veld and mountain slopes. 8-25 in. high, spikes pink, Summer.

Not common. A. Dieterlen, 816! 817!; Lefi’s Kloof, N.E. slopes of

Leribe plateau, occasional, Phillips, 837 !

Distrisution : King William’s Town. Tembuland. Natal.

Sesuto: Mo hlaba-khama. He who pricks the hartebeest. Mo-hloea.

He of the whey. The hollow stems are used to suck up the whey of

sour milk. A grazing grass, not common.

338 Annals of the South African Museum.

PANICUM, Linn.

P. serratum, Steud.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 8-20 in. high, spikes pinkish.

Spring-Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 391!; Qoqolosi Peak, Phillips, 9701;

without precise locality, Cooper, 921.

Disrrrpution: Swellendam. Riversdale. Mossel Bay. Humans-

dorp. Uitenhage. Bathurst. Alexandria. Albany. Fort Beaufort.

Stockenstroom Cathcart. Queenstown. Somerset East. Albert.

Tembuland. Natal. Orange Free State. Transvaal (Wonder-

fontein, near Lydenburg). Bechuanaland (JCuruman).

Susuto: Lengobe la namane. The knee-joint of a ealf. Leholane.

Small weed. A grazing grass.

P. Isachne, Roth.

Veld and mountain slopes. 15-25 in. high, spikes greenish.

Summer. Frequent. A. Dieterlen, 657!; Leribe, Buchanan, 145, 230!

Disrrisution: Transkei. Natal. Bechuanaland (Batlapin

Country).

Sesuto: Kholane. Small weed. Derived from “lehola”’—a weed.

A good grazing grass.

P. Helopus, Trin. var. glabrescens, K. Schum.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, spikes greenish.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 658!; between Harrismith and Leribe,

Buchanan, 211!

DisTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Natal.

Sesuto: Lehola. Weed. Mofuli-Khomo. Grazing of the cattle.

A deeply-rooted erass grazed and liked by cattle in autumn.

P. stagninum, Koenig.

Near the fountain on Hlotse slope. 3-5 ft. high. May. A. Dieterlen,

848 !

Disrrinution: Alexandria. Komgha. Transkei.

Srsuro: Bohome ba liliba. The ‘‘Bohome” of the fountains.

Derived from the verb “ho homa’’-—to stick to one’s clothes. Use

unknown.

P. aequinerve, Nees.

Banks of the Little Pot River, 4550 ft., March, Galpin, 6886 !

Disrripurion: Natal. Pondoland. Transvaal (Houtbosch).

P. laevifolium, Hack.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 543!

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 339

Distrrisution: Transvaal (Donker’s jHoek, near Wigaardsfontein,

Pretoria, near Klippan).

Srsuto: ’Mofa ntso‘e 0 mohola. The big binder of the sugar-cane.

This is an autumn grass and is found abundantly in cultivated lands ;

it is used to make binders for the bundles of sugar-cane (Nésoe).

Makes a very good hay.

P. natalense, Hochst.

Without precise locality, Cooper, 920; Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft.,

December, Wood, 7219!

Disrrrpution: Tembuland. Transvaal (Houtbosch, Stinktontein,

Keeron River, near Crocodile River).

AXONOPUS, Hook. f.

A. semialatus, Hook. f. var. Ecklonii, Stapf.

Drakensberg Range, at Polela, 6—7000 ft., Hvans, 521.

Distripution: Alexandria. Albany. Barkly West. Stockenstroom.

Komgha. Tembuland. Natal.

SETARIA, Beawv.

S. nigrirostis, Durand and Schinz.

Veld and roadsides. 10-25 in. high, spikes violet-whitish. Summer—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 292!; Lefi’s Kloof on N.E. slopes of Leribe

plateau, occasional, Phillips, 838!; Drakensbergen, near Harrisimith, .

Buchanan, 113.

DisTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Komgha. Natal. Transvaal (Klerks-

dorp, Pietersberg

Sesuto: Marotla. Sekhoho. Grass (meaning of both words). A

orazing grass.

S. Gerrardii, Stapf.

Leribe, Buchanan, 224.

Distrinution: Natal.

S. flabellata, Stapf.

On veld, by roadsides and mountain slopes. 1422 in. high, spikes

yellowish. Summer. Not common. A. Dieterlen, 401!; mountain

slopes behind the Mission Station, Phillips, 505!; ravine on west

slopes of Leribe plateau, Phillips, 640!; by the Caledon River,

Burke.

Disrripution : Swellendam. Riversdale. Knysna. Uitenhage.

Port Elizabeth. Alexandria. Bathurst. Tembuland.

340 Annals of the South African Museum.

’

Srsuro: Thusane. Derived from the verb ‘ho thusana”’—to help

one another. A grazing grass.

S. imberbis, Roem. and Schult.

Veld. 10-20 in. high, spikes violet-whitish. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

182!; Van Reenen, 5-6000 ft., March, Wood, 5991; near the Tugela

River, 6000 ft., Buchanan, 176; banks of the Little Pot River,

4550 ft., March, Galpin, 6888 !

Disrrisution: Uitenhage. Queenstown. Komegha. Griqualand

West. ‘l'ransvaal (near Lydenburg). Rhodesia (Matopos).

Srsuto: ’Mofa ntso‘e. The binder of the sugar-cane. When the

sugar-cane is cut in autumn this grass is used to make binders to tie

together the bundles of cane. Makes very good hay.

S. verticillata, Beauv.

Mountain slopes in ‘caves and rocks. 15-40 in. high, spikes greenish.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 297 !

Disrrisurion: Uitenhage. Albany. Graaff Reinet. Transkei.

Tembuland. Natal. Transvaal (Pretoria, Lydenburg, Zoutpans

Berg).

Sesuto: Bohome ba lipoli. The ‘“ Bohome” of the goats.

“ Bohome” derived from the verb “ho homa’—to stick to. Goats

are fond of this grass, and the spikelets are commonly to be found

adhering to their bodies; hence the above Sesuto name. Shepherds

use this grass to weave hats with.

PENNISETUM, Pers.

P. typhoideum, Rich.

Cultivated. 4-6 ft. high, spikes brownish. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

690 ! ;

DistriputTion: Cultivated by the natives in South Africa.

Sesuto: Nyalothie. Meaning unknown. A very intoxicating beer

is made from the grains. A medicine is prepared from it and given

to cows which are not completely delivered at the birth of their calves.

Said to have been introduced into Basutoland from Zululand.

P. sphacetalum, Durand and Schinz.

Damp spots on mountain slopes and veld, spikes whitish, 15-88 in,

high. Spring-Summer, A. Dieterlen, 560!; Leribe, mountain slopes

south of the Mission Station, very common, Phillips, 651!; Drakens-

bergen, Satsanna Berg, 9300 ft., March, Galpin, 6889!; Van Reenen,

5—6000 ft., March, Wood, 5980.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 341

DISTRIBUTION : Queenstown. Somerset East. Aliwal North.

Komgha. ‘Transkei. Orange Free State (Winberg). Transvaal

(Pretoria).

P. Thunbergii, Kunth., var. Galpinii, Stapf.

Damp spots. 15-38 in. high, spikelets reddish. Spring—Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 606 !

Distrisution: S8.W. Africa. Cape. . Caledon. Uitenhage.

Cathcart. Graaff Reinet. Worcester. Transvaal (near Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Lehofe. Meaning unknown. Thitapoho. Strong as a bull.

ANTHEPHORA, Schreb.

A. pubescens, Nees.

Leribe, Buchanan, 134.

Distripution : S.W. Africa. Griqualand West. Transvaal

(Lydenburg).

TRICHOLAENA, Schrad.

T. setifolia, Stapf.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-25 in. high, spikes white or pink.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 215a!; 215b!; mountain slopes behind the

Mission Station, very common, .Phillips, 503!; slopes of ravine

between the Mission Station and Jonathan’s Village, glumes pink,

occasional, Phillips, 569 !

Distripution: Caledon. Uniondale. Uitenhage. Alexandria.

Albany. Queenstown. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. Komgha.

Tembuland. Natal. Griqualand West. Transvaal (Johannesburg,

Pretoria, Houtbosch).

Sesuto: Mohlaha-pele. He who appears first. Lechocho. Meaning

unknown. Nélo ew thaha. The house of the Pyromelana oryx. The

glumes are used by this bird for building its nest. Grazed by cattle.

ARUNDINELLA, Raddi.

A. Ecklonii, Nees.

Along water-courses. 3-4 ft. high, spikes greyish-red. Summer—

Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 207!; ravine on west slopes of plateau,

Phillips, 604!, 705!; Nelson’s Kop, 5-6000 ft., March, Wood, 6003 !

Disrripution: George. Uitenhage. Cathcart. Queenstown.

Komgha. Natal. Transvaal (Johannesburg).

Sesuto: Mahlakamane. Meaning unknown. In summer this grass

becomes bitter and is not much liked by cattle. Used in compounding

many medicines and also to prepare a lotion for washing wounds.

34.2 Annals of the South African Museum.

TRISTACHYA, Nees.

T. biseriata, Stapf.

Basutoland, Leribe, Buchanan, 220.

Distripution : Endemic.

T. leucothrix, Trin.

Veld, mountain slopes, and plateau. 13-22 in. high, spikes reddish-

brown. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 208!

Distripution : Swellendam. George. Uniondale. Humansdorp.

Port Elizabeth. Alexandria. Albany. Somerset East. Stocken-

stroom. Kine William’s Town. Komgha. Tembuland., Pondoland.

Natal. Transvaal (near Lydenburg).

Sresuto: Motsvalle. The friend.

ACHNERIA, Munvo.

A. setifolia, Stapf.

Mountain slopes. 6-22 in. high, spikes greyish-white. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 585!; summit Doodman’s Krans Mountain, 9650 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6912!; Wittebergen on rocks, 7-8000 ft., Drége.

DistrrpuTion : Uitenhage. Graaff Reinet. Stockenstroom. King

William’s Town.

Srsuro: Letswri le lenyenyane. The small “ Letsuiri.” Meaning

unknown. Used by the natives for making hats and baskets. A

grazing grass.

A. Galpinii, Stapf.

Ben McDhui, 9900 ft., March, Galpin, 6915 !

Distripution : Endemic.

ANTHOXANTHUM, Linn.

A. Ecklonii, Stapf.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 219!

DisTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Stockenstroom. Komegha. Natal.

Srsuto: Lethu. Meaning unknown. The green leaves, which have

a pleasant smell, are plaited into necklaces, and worn by women

and girls.

A. brevifolium, Stapf.

Ben McDhui, 9000 ft., March, Galpin, 6884!

DistTRIBUTION: Endemic.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 343

KOELERIA, Pers.

K. cristata, Pers.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 10-30 in. high, spikes greenish.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 388!, 888!; Van Reenen, 5-6000 ft.,

December, Wood, 7215a, 7215!; Bushman’s River Valley, 6—8000 ft.

October, Wood, 10549!; in grassy valleys and gorges, Wittebergen,

6-7000 ft., Drége.

Distrisution: Namaqualand Minor. Clanwilliam. Cape. Tul-

bagh. Bredasdorp. Swellendam. Mossel Bay. Knysna. Uiten-

hage. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Fort Beaufort. Graaff Reinet.

Queenstown. Aliwal North. Stockenstroom. Komgha. Transkei.

Tembuland. Natal. Orange Free State.

Sesuto: Boshoane. Small tumour. Sesoew sa thaba, “Sesoeu”

of the mountain. Used to make hats and baskets. Grazed by cattle.

K. capensis, Nees.

Ben MeDhui, 9900 ft., March, Galpin, 6920.

This identification was given to Mr. Galpin by Dr. Stapf.

AVENASTRUM, Jess.

A. turgidulum, Stapf.

Veld. 10-36 in. high, spikes greenish. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

4001, 753!; Lefis Kloof on N.E. slopes of Leribe plateau, Phillips,

808!; 828!; Ben McDhui, 9700 ft., March, Galpin, 6902!; Witte-

bergen, 45000 ft., Drége.

DistrRIBuTION: Queenstown. Aliwal North. Transkei, Tembu-

land. Natal. Transvaal (Wonderboom Poort).

Sesuro: Litsa tsi pulumo. Hair of the tailof the gnu. Seboeane,

The hairy one. Use unknown.

A. caffrum, Stapf.

Plateau. Spikelets greenish. January A. Dieterlen, 967!; Wit-

tebergen, 7500 ft. Drege.

Distripution : Endemic.

Susuto: See A. turgidulum, Stapf.

PENTASCHISTIS, Stapf.

P. Jugorum, Stapf.

Wittebergen, 7—8000 ft., Drege.

DiIstRIBUTION : Endemic.

344 Annals of the South African Museum.

P. airoides, Stapf.

Veld and mountain slopes. 3-8 in. high, spikes greyish. Summer

and Autumn. A.Dieterlen, 190!

Distrizution: Namaqualand Minor. Van Rhynsdorp. Cape.

Albany. Fort Beaufort. Fraserburg.

Sesuto: Ma/fole. Meaning unknown. Yoang ba Mohlaka. 'The

grass of the marsh. Mixed with parts of a snake (also called “ Mafole ”’)

a charm is prepared and the witch doctors with the aid of the divining

bones can secure a prosperous journey to a traveller.

P. basutorum, Stapf., sp. nov.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-30 in. high, spikelets yellowish.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 222!

DistriputTion: Endemic.

Sesuto: Motala oa hlalo. The neck of the hare. Use unknown.

DANTHONITA, DC.

D. MacOwanii, Stapf.

Doodman’s Krans Mountain, 9150-9650 ft., March, Galpin, 6903,

6904.

DistRiIBuTiIon: Somerset East.

D. disticha, Nees.

Witte Berg, near Harrismith, Buchanan, 260; rocky summit. of the

Wittebergen, 7500 ft., Drege; Doodman’s Krans Mountain, 8500-

9650 ft., March, Galpin, 6907, 6908, 6909.

Distrinution : Swellendam. Riversdale. Uitenhage. Alexandria.

Albany. Queenstown. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. Albert.

D. purpurea, Beauv.

Wittebergen, 7500 ft., Drege.

DisTRIBUTION : Queenstown.

D. stricta, Schrad.

Summit Barkly Pass, 6500 ft., G. Rattray in Herb. Galpin, 7333.

Disrripution: Clanwilliam. Cape. Paarl. Tulbagh. Worcester.

Caledon. Riversdale. Mossel Bay. Beaufort West.

D. subnervis, Stapf.

In marsh at base of Doodman’s Krans, 8500 ft., March. Galpin,

6906.

Disrrreution : Endemic.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. B45

PHRAGMITES, Trin.

P. communis, Trin.

Water courses and marshes. Spikes whitish-grey. Summer—Autumn,

A. Dieterlen, 256 !; Leribe, Buchanan, 122.

DistriputTion : Cape. Worcester. Uitenhage. Albany. Queens-

town. Somerst East. Graaff Reinet. Natal. Hope Town. Prieska.

Orange Free State. Transvaal (near Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Lehlaka. Reed. Used for thatching and making the

enclosures near the native huts. In time of famine the rhizomes are

chewed. The Basutos believe that the human race sprung from a

reed. They have acustom of placing a stem of this grass on the roof

of the hut or in the “lelapa” (a circular courtyard surrounding the

hut) when a female child is born, and two in the case of a male child.

This is their method of informing the village folk of the event, and

no man will dare enter the “ lelapa’’ when such a sign is exhibited.

POLYPOGON, Desf.

P. tenuis, Bronen.

In cave on the Wittebergen, 6000 ft., Drege.

Distrisution: Cape. Tulbagh. Caledon. Uitenhage. Port

Elizabeth.

AGROSTIS, Linn.

A. bergiana, Trin.

Mountain slopes, under a wet rock. 5-12 in. high. Spikes whitish.

February. ‘‘ Posa” Kloof, Leribe. A. Dieterlen, 842!

Distrisution: Clanwilliam. Cape. Tulbagh. Albany. Natal.

SEsuto: Yoang ba phorora. The grass of the waterfall. Used when

working the divining bones.

A. barbuligera, Stapf.

Doodman’s Krans Mountain, 9000 ft., March, Galpin, 6914.

Distrisution: Somerset East. King William’s Town.

A. lachnantha, Nees.

River banks and mountain slopes. 6-40 in. high. Spikes greenish.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 197!, 975!; ravine on west slopes of Leribe

plateau, Phillips, 591!; Drakensbergen, near Harrismith, Buchanan,

119; in acave, Wittebergen, 6000 ft., Droge.

Disrrrpution: Namaqualand Minor. Cape. Tulbagh. Uitenhage.

346 Annals of the South African Museum.

Albany. Cathcart. Queenstown. Graaff Reinet. Aliwal North.

Natal. Griqualand West.

Sesuro: Sesoeunyana. The small white one. Sesoew. The white

one. Chadla or Chabile. The “blossom” of a sheaf of grass which

burns without smoke. Mo-hloa-mafika. He who climbs up rocks.

Derived from the verb “ ho hloa’’—to climb up. This grass is burnt

in huts which have no outlet for smoke. The young shepherds use

the grass for plaiting hats.

A. eriantha, Hack.

Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., March, Wood, 5990.

Distrisution : Transvaal (Pretoria, Middleburg).

A. subulifolia, Stapf.

Ben MeDhui, 9600 ft., March, Galpin, 6911.

Distrrspution : Endemic.

A. sp.?

In marsh at base of Doodman’s Krans Mountain, 8500 ft., March,

Galpin, 6910.

DistRipution : Endemic.

CALAMAGROSTIS, Roth.

C. epigeios, Roth.

At the foot of the Wittebergen, 4500-5000 ft., Drege.

- DistrRiIBpuTION : Swellendam. Hay.

ARISTIDA, Nees.

A. Adscensionis, Linn.

Veld and mountain slopes. 10-20 in high, spikes greyish. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 199)!; ravine on west slopes of Leribe plateau, Phillips,

638!, the slopes of the ravine are mostly covered with this grass ;

various localities on Leribe plateau and slopes, Phillips, 692!, 734 !,

741 !, 790!, 919!

Distrirpution. Namaqualand Minor. Uitenhage. Ceres. Somerset

Kast. Graaff Reinet. Calvinia. Albert. Griqualand West. Orange

Free State (between Kimberley and Bloemfontein).

Sesuto: Lefiela. A broom. Mohlolohali. A widow. Used for

making brooms.

A. angustata, Stapf.

Between Tent Kop and Antelope Park, 5600 ft., March, Galpin,

6901.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. B47

Distrisutton: Cape. Tulbagh. Worcester. Cathcart. Transvaal

(Magaliesberg, Holfontem. Houtbosch, near Klippan).

A. Burkei, Stapf.

Veld and mountain slopes. 12-28 in. high, spikes greyish.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 199a!; Qoqolosi Peak, Phillips, 948!

Distripution: Orange Free State (near the Vaal River, near

Hoopstad).

Srsuro: Lefiilo. A broom. Used for making brooms. A bunch

of this grass is used for sprinkling sick persons with a certain

medicine, and it is believed that by so doing the illness is swept

away from the body, as a broom sweeps dust from a room.

A. bipartita, Rupr. & Trin.

Basutoland, Buchanan, 125.

Disrrizution: Fort Beaufort. Somerset East. Natal. Orange

Free State (Vaal River, Bloemfontein).

A. congesta, Roem. & Schult.

Veld. 15-24 in. high, spikes greenish. Autumn. A. Dieterlen,

383!; mountain slopes, south of the Mission Station, frequent,

Phillips, 655!; south slopes of Leribe plateau above Khaniane,

Phillips, 898!; Leribe, Buchanan, 149.

Disrrisution: 8.W. Africa. Uitenhage. Queenstown. Somerset

East. Graaff Reinet. Colesberg. Albert. Natal. Prieska.

Griqualand West. Orange Free State (Great Vet River, Bloem-

fontein). Transvaal (Lydenburg, Pretoria).

Sesuto: Phutha-likhoba. Gathered by lazy people, Phutha-mahlasoa.

Gathered by careless people. Some of the natives, too lazy to search

for A. Adscensionis, A. Burkei or Eragrostis qummiflua, Nees, which

make good brooms, collect this grass instead for making brooms.

A. vestita, Thunb.

Basutoland, Leribe, Buchanan, 124.

DistripuTion: Cape. Swellendam. Uitenhage. Alexandria.

Cathcart. Queenstown. Prince Albert. Aberdeen. Somerset Hast.

Graaff Reinet. Colesberg. Albert. Hay. Transvaal (Lydenburg,

Potgieter’s Rust, Aapie’s River).

° ~ QIU Af >

A. Galpinii, Stapf. AN 0 <5 eg

VAZOPE NON

Ben MeDhui, 9400 ft., Galpin, 6900. i), CO now (No

DistriIBuTION : Endemic. f ~) eg wel

348 Annals of the South African Museum.

A. bergiana, Trin. forma rigidula.

Summit of Doodman’s Krans Mountain, 9650 ft., March, Galpin,

6913.

DISTRIBUTION: Endemic.

PEROTIS, Azé.

P. latifolia, Ait.

Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., March, Wood, 5990.

Distripution: Transvaal (Klippan).

TRAGUS, Haller.

T. racemosus, All.

Mountain slopes. 6-15 in. high, spikes greyish. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 240!

Distrispution: Uitenhage. Albany. Queenstown. Wodehouse.

Graaff Reinet. Albert. Natal. Griqualand West. Orange Free

State (near Boshof).

Sesuto: Mohloa-tsépe. Iron “mohla.” Meaning unknown. Mabele

a litsoere. Sorghum of the Cape canary. Good grazing grass for

cattle and goats.

SPOROBOLUS, Rk. Br.

S. discosporus, Nees.

Plateau. 2-6 in. high, spikes cream and brown. Summer. Not

common. <A. Dieterlen, 660!; Thaba Unchu, Burke.

Distripution: Colesberg, Aliwal North.

Sresuto: ’Ma-Motsofali. 'The mother of the old one (man or

woman). Mofaho oa linonyane. The provisions of the birds. Use

unknown.

S. centrifugus, Nees.

Plateau. 6-25 in. high, spikes brown. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

671!; Drakensbergen, near Harrismith, Buchanan, 17; Wittebergen,

46000 ft., Drége.

Distripution: Cathcart. Tembuland. Griqualand Hast. Natal.

Zululand.

Sesuto: Mable a linonyana. Kaffir corn of the birds. Grazed

by cattle.

var. angustata, Nees.

Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., December, Wood, 7218.

Distripution: Transkei, Zululand.

—

Ne)

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs.

S. fimbriatus, Nees.

Sides of dongas. 20-36 in. high, spikes dark grey. March. A.

Dieterlen, 880!

DistrisutTion: Uitenhage. Graaff Reinet. Somerset East. Coles-

berg. Natal. Griqualand West. Orange Free State (Winburg).

Transvaal (near Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Matolo a maholo. ‘he big knots in the stems. In time

of famine the ‘‘seeds” are used to make a kind of pap. <A grazing

orass.

POGONARTHRIA, Stapf.

P. falcata, Rendle.

In a field, near the Caledon River. A. Dieterlen, 837!; Leribe,

Buchanan, 128.

Distrisution: Natal. Griqualand West. Orange Free State

(Oliphant’s Fontein, Great Vet River, Bloemfontein). Transvaal

(Bosch Veld, near Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Mongoyane. Little dampness.

DIPLACHNE, Beauv.

D. Eleusine, Nees.

Basutoland. Leribe, Buchanan, 232.

Distrisution: Fort Beaufort. Komgha. 'Tembuland. Transkei.

Natal.

D. fusca, Beauv.

Basutoland. Leribe, Buchanan, 135.

Disrrigurion: Cape. Mossel Bay. Oudtshoorn. Uitenhage.

Albany. Prince Albert. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. Queens-

town. King Wilham’s '‘l'own. Kkomgha. Griqualand West.

Bechuanaland, Transvaal (Klippan, Oliphants’ Poort).

D. biflora, Hack. var. Buchanani, Stapf.

Basutoland, Leribe, Buchanan, 219.

DistRisutTion : Endemic.

ERAGROSTIS, Beauv.

E. caesia, Stapf.

Mountain slopes. 15-26 in. high, spikes greyish. Autumn. A.

Dieterlen, 7791; Leribe plateau, February, A. Dieterlen, 977a!; Ben

McDhui, 9400 ft., March, Galpin, 6923.

Distripution: Catheart. Natal.

350 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Srsuto: Se-rata-majoe. He who likes stones. Molulana. Meaning

unknown. Used to plait hats and baskets.

E. curvula, Nees, var. conferta, Nees.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 352!; mountain slopes behind the Mission

Station, Phillips, 501!, 506!, 547!, one of the principal grasses on

the slopes ; slopes south of the Mission Station, Phillips, 680!; ravine

on west slopes of Leribe plateau, Phillips, 608!; south slopes of

Leribe plateau, above Khaniane, Phillips, 926!, 980!; various

localities, Phillips, 6451, 650!, 658!, 681!, 955!; near Buffalo River

Waterfall, 8200 ft., Galpin, 6925.

Distrisution : Worcester. Swellendam? Knysna. Uitenhage.

Port Elizabeth. Alexandria. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. Coles-

berg. Wodehouse. Komegha.

Sresuto: Matolo. Is the singular form of “ Letola’’ meaning knots

(nodes ?) in the stem of grasses and Cyperaceae. The fruits called

“ Moseka” were used by the Basutos in times of war and famine.

When referring to those times they say, ‘‘ When we lived on ‘ Moseka.’ ”’

E. lehmanniana, Nees, var. ampla, Stapf.

Basutoland, Leribe, Buchanan, 141.

DistRiBputTion : Endemic.

E. chloromelas, Steud.

Veld. 10-28 in. high, spikes greyish. Summer. A. Dieterlen,

216!; Qogqolosi Peak, Phillips, 945!; Van Reenen, 5-6000 ft.,

December, Wood, 7221.

Distrisution : Cathcart. Queenstown. Graaff Reinet. Somerset

Kast. Wodehouse. Natal. Orange Free State. Transvaal (Hout-

bosch, near Potchefstroom).

Sesuto: Seritsoane. Meaning unknown. Tlanyane. Derived from

the verb “ho tlanya’’—to be fond of. A grass very much liked by

cattle. The fruits were used as food in times of war and famine.

E. nebulosa, Stapf.

Leribe. <A. Dieterlen, 317!; between MHarrismith and Leribe,

Buchanan, 209 ; De Beer’s Pass, Wood, 5992; between Tent Kop and

Antelope Park, 5400 ft. Galpin, 6921.

DistriputTion: Swellendam. Riversdale. Natal. Orange Free

State (Hoopstad). Transvaal (Magalesbergen).

Sesuto: ‘'sane (tsésane). ‘Thin. Molelengoane. Derived from

the verb “ho lelemeha ”—to weave, undulate or crouch on the ground

when the wind blows. <A grazing grass, and it is used to make ropes

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 351

and the big grain baskets (“lisin”). The fruits are used in times

of famine to make a moderately good pap.

E. micrantha, Hack.

Near Leribe, Buchanan, 126.

Distripution: Orange Free State (near Draaifontein).

E. plana, Nees.

Veld. 30-40 in. high, spikes greyish. Summer—Autumn. 4A.

Dieterlen, 384!; the principal grass on the slopes of ravine, between

the Mission Station and Jonathan’s Village, Phillips, 566!, south

slopes of Leribe plateau above Khaniane, Phillips, 899!, mountain

slopes south of the Mission Station, common, Phillips, 645 !, 649! ;

between Harrismith and Leribe, Buchanan, 216.

DisTRIBUTION : Queenstown. King William’s Town. Transkei.

Natal. Transvaal (near Lydenburg).

Sresuto: Molula. He who remains. Derived from the verb ‘ ho

lula ’—to remain. Mo-sita-tholo. He who annoys the eland. <A

grazing grass, but not so much liked as some of the preceding species

of Eragrostis. Used to make very strong baskets and hats, and is an

ingredient in many strengthening medicines.

E. denudata, Hack.

Basutoland. Leribe, Buchanan, 132; near the Caledon River |

Burke.

Distripution: Griqualand West. Orange Free State (between

Kimberley and Bloemfontein). Transvaal (near Klippan).

E. chalcantha, Trin.

Veld. 7-20 in. high, spikes grey. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 470!;

Qoqolosi Peak, Phillips, 945!, 949!; De Beer’s Pass, Wood, 5995 ;

Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., Wood, 7225 ; between Tent Kop and Antelope

Park, 5800 ft., March, Galpin, 6924; Caledon River, near Commissie

Drift, 4000 ft., Burke, 114, Zeyher, 1835.

Distrirpution : Swellendam. Riversdale. Uitenhage. Alexan-

dria. Albany. Queenstown. Stockenstroom. Komgha. Tembu-

land. Pondoland. Natal. Transvaal (Mooi River, near Pretoria,

Aapie’s River, Blauw Bank, near Lydenburg).

Susuto: T'sane ea lithota. The “tsane” (thin) of the plains.

Seritsvane sa lithola. The ‘ seritsvane” of the plains. A grazing

grass.

352 Annals of the South African Museum.

E. major, Host.

Veld and gardens. 13-28 in. high, spikelets greenish-grey. Summer—

Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 200!

DistRrIBuTION: Queenstown. Bathurst. Graaff Reinet. Hanover.

Tembuland. Natal. Orange Free State (near Bloemfontein).

Transvaal (near Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Lehéla le letsi la lipere. The black weed of the horses.

A good grazing grass, much liked by horses and cattle. Said to have

been introduced into Basutoland.

E. brizoides, Nees.

Veld, mountain slopes and plateau. 5-28 in. high, spikes yellow

and reddish-brown. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 183!, 665!; mountain

slopes behind the Mission Station, Phillips, 507!, slopes of ravine

between the Mission Station and Jonathan’s Village, Phillips, 565},

573!; south slopes of Leribe plateau above Khaniane, Phillips, 879!;

base of ravine on west slopes of Leribe Plateau, Phillips, 644!; Van

Reenen’s Pass, 5—6000 ft., December, Wood, 7222, 7245; sandy places

at the foot of the Wittebergen, 5000 ft., Drége.

Distrrpution: Clanwilliam. Cape. Tulbagh. Paarl. Stellen-

bosch. Caledon. Swellendam. Riversdale. Uniondale. Bathurst.

Port Elizabeth. Humansdorp. Uitenhage. Albany. Alexandria.

Stockenstroom. Cathcart. Jansenville. Graaff Reinet. Aliwal

North. Transkei. Tembuland. Natal. Transvaal (Klipdrift,

Spitzkop, Aapie’s River).

Susuro: La Baroa. The grass of the bushman. Burnt im culti-

vated lands in autumn with the belief that the smoke will hasten the

ripening of the corn. Shepherd boys play with it. A grazing grass.

In the specimens No. 183 the spikelets are from ‘8-1 cm. long and

contain many florets; in No. 665 the spikelets are -4—5 em. long with

few florets ; but mounted on the sheet of No. 183 is a specimen which

bears both kinds of spikelets, thus connecting the two extreme forms.

E. truncata, Hack.

Basutoland, Leribe, Buchanan, 150.

DistripuTion: Graaff Reinet. Griqualand West. Bechuanaland.

E. gummiflua, Nees.

Veld and mountain slopes. 18-40 in. high. spikelets reddish-

yellow. Summer—Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 225!; mountain slopes

behind the Mission Station, Phillips, 508!; ravine on west slopes of

Leribe Plateau, Phillips, 696!; near Leribe, Buchanan, 140.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 309

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Humansdorp. Uniondale. Queens-

town. Komegha, Transkei. Natal. Transvaal (Bosch Veld, Rusten-

burg, Dwars River).

SesutTo: Thitapoho. Strong as a bull (referring to the plant being

strongly rooted). Makes good strong brooms. Native doctors use

this plant as an ingredient in medicines for keeping or bringing luck.

CYNODON, Pers.

C. dactylon, Pers.

Veld and mountain slopes. 5-10 in. high, spikelets greyish.

Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 220! Common.

Distrizution: Namaqualand Minor. Van Rhynsdorp. Cape.

Tulbagh. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Queenstown. Somerset East.

Transkei. Natal. Orange Free State (between Kimberley and

Bloemfontein). Bechuanaland. Transvaal (Houtbosch and Lyden-

burg).

Sesuto: Mohloa. Meaning unknown. Morara. Creeper. A good

grazing grass for horses and cattle. A medicine called ‘ morarollo ”

is prepared from this by the native doctors by means of which they

ure supposed to be able to solve a difficult matter. This grass,

together with fruits of the Kaffir-corn, sugar-cane, the seeds of a

pumpkin, water-melon, and a kind of native pumpkin called “ Moko-

puntja,” is put in a grave when a Basuto is buried. Mokopu-ntja

means “the pumpkin of a dog,” but up to now no specimens cf it have

been obtainable.

MICROCHLOA, R. Br.

M. caffra, Nees.

Stony places on veld. 5-18 in. high, spikes brownish-grey. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 534!

Disrripurion : Tulbayh. Uitenhage. Cathcart. Albany. Somerset

Kast. Tembuland. Natal. Transvaal (Incomate River).

Sesuto: Young ba matlapa. ‘The grass of the flat stones.

HARPECHLOA, Kunth.

H. capensis, Kunth.

Veld, mountain slopes and plateau. 8-20 in. lugh, spikes dark

grey. Spring and Summer, common. A. Dieterlen, 355! ; ravine on

west slopes of Leribe plateau, occasional, Phillips, 611!, 717!;

Qogolosi Peak, Phillips, 969!; summit Doodman’s Krans Mountain,

9650 ft.. Galpin, 6918.

Bo4 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Distripution: Swellendam. Uniondale. Uitenhage. Port Eliza-

beth. Alexandria. Albany. Queenstown. Somerset Hast. Graatt

Reinet. Stockenstroom. Tembuland. Natal. Orange Free State.

Transvaal (Spitkop).

Susuto: Marapshane. Meaning unknown. Marotlo a lithota. The

“ Marotlo ” of the plains. The inflorescence is called a ‘‘ Mothene”’

crown, and is plaited and worn as a crown by children. A grazing

grass much liked by cattle.

CHLORIS, Sw.

C. virgata, Swartz.

Veld, gardens and roadsides. 10-380 in. high, spikes whitish.

Summer—Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 4281: Caledon River, Burke, 429 ;

Thaba Unchu, Burke; Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., Wood, 5990.

Distrisution: Uitenhage. Queenstown. Aberdeen. Graaff Reimet.

Colesberg. Richmond. Albert. Herbert. Komgha. Transkei.

Natal. Orange Free State (near Oliphant’s Fonte). Transvaal

(near Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Sehabane. Meaning unknown.

C. petraea, Thunb.

Mountain slopes. 6-33 in. high, spikes brown. Summer—Autumn.

Uncommon. A. Dieterlen, 564!; mountain slopes behind the Mis-

sion Station, Phillips, 548!

Disrrisution: Caledon. Riversdale. Uitenhage. Alexandria.

Albany. Queenstown. Graaff Reinet. Albert. Hay. Tembuland.

Natal. Orange Free State. Bechuanaland.

Sesuto: Sebokunyana. The small “Seboku.” Meaning unknown.

ELEUSINE, Gaertn.

E. indica, Gaertn.

Veld and mountain slopes. 6—20 in. high, spikes greenish. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 226 !

Distrisution: Cape. Albany. Komgha. ‘Tembuland. Natal.

Transvaal (Johannesburg). Delagoa Bay.

Sesuto: Mosel. Derived from the verb ‘“‘ ho sela”—to look for

food. Monyakhomo. Meaning not quite clear, but it may mean that

the “ Khomo ” (cattle) remain behind to eat it, cattle being very fond

of this plant. The fruits eaten in time of famine.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 355

CROSSOTROPIS, Stapf.

C. grandiglumis, Rendle.

Leribe. A. Dieterlen, 531!; between the Wittebergen and Kraai

River, 4500-5000 ft., Drege; Caledon River, Burke, 228 ; Commissie

Drift on Caledon River, Zeyher, 1844.

Distrisution: Albert. Hay. Natal. Orange Free State (near

Winburg). Transvaal (near Rustenburg, near Nylstroom). Bechuana-

land.

Srsuto: Young ba tsela. The grass of the road. Some natives say

it is somewhat poisonous. Used by the witch-doctors, and is supposed

to bring harm.

ENNEAPOGON, Desv.

E. scoparius, Stapf.

Stony spots on the mountain slopes. 12-22 in. high, spikes greyish.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 598!

Distrrpution: Graaff Reinet. Colesberg. Philipstown. Albert.

Orange Free State. Transvaal (Klppan).

Sesuro: Yoang ba mafika. The grass of the rocks. Lefitlo. A

broom. Used to make brooms. See also Aristida Adscensionis and

A. Burkei.

LEERSIA, Sw.

L. hexandra, Sw.

Water courses. 2-4 ft., high, spikes pinkish-grey. Summer—

Autumn, A. Dieterlen, 683!

Distrrpution : Robertson. George. Uitenhage. Albany. Komgha.

Tembuland. Natal. Orange Free State (near Winburg). Transvaal

(near Lydenburg). .

Sesuto: Mohlakana. Small marsh. Mahlakamane a manyenyane.

The small ‘“‘ Mahlakamane.”’ A grazing grass.

EHRHARTA, Thunb.

E. erecta, Lamk.

Damp sandy spots on mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high, spikes

whitish green. Spring-Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 395!; Wittebergen,

Drege. --

Distripution: Cape. Paarl. Swellendam. Riversdale. Mossel

Bay. George. Port Elizabeth. Alexandria. Prince Albert. Somerset

East. Graaff Reinet. Albert. King Willam’s Town. Komgha.

Tembuland. Orange Free State (Bloemfontein).

306 Annals of the South African Museum.

Sresuto: Kholane. Small “lehola.”’ ‘“ Lehola” is the native name

for all kinds of weeds,

E. calycina, Sm.

Basutoland, Leribe, Buchanan, 218; near the Buffalo River Water-

fall, 7900 ft., Galpin, 6919.

Disrrizution: Namaqualand Minor. Van Rhynsdorp. Clan-

william. Malmesbury. Cape. ‘Tulbagh. Swellendam. Uitenhage.

Port Elizabeth. Albany. Prince Albert. Natal.

PHALARIS, Linn.

P, arundinacea, Linn.

Van Reenen, 5—6000 ft., December, Wood, 7215 partly; at the foot

of the Wittebergen, 4500-5000 ft... Drege.

Disrripution: Van Rbynsdorp. Malmesbury. Cape. Mossel

River, Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Tembuland.

MELICA, Linn.

M. bolusii, Stapf.

Summit Doodman’s Krans Mountain, 9650 ft., Galpin, 6926

Disrripution : Graaff Reinet.

M. racemosa, Thunb.

Stony places on mountain slopes. 12-20 in. high, spikes greenish.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 796!; without precise locality, Cooper, 3358.

Distripution: Cape. Riversdale. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth.

Alexandria. Albany. Queenstown. Middelburg. Stockenstroom.

King Willam’s Town. Komegha. Tembuland. East Griqualand.

Natal.

Sesuto: Ntlo ea thaba e nyenyane. The small house of the

“Bishop” bird. Nilo ea motinyane e nycnyane. Vhe small house of

the grass warbler or wren. These birds use part of the inflorescence

to build their nests with.

M. decumbens, Thunb.

Stony places on mountain slopes. 10°20 in. high, spikes whitish.

Summer and Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 556!

Distrisution: Fort Beaufort. Queenstown, Somerset Hast.

Graaff Reinet. Albert? Orange Free State.

SEsuto: See M. racemosa, Thunb.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs.

FINGERHUTHIA, Nees.

F. africana, Lehm.

Basutoland, Leribe, Buchanan, 129.

Distripution: Namaqualand Minor. Van Rhynsdorp. Rivers-

dale. Oudtshoorn. Prince Albert. Graaff Reinet. Ceres. Fraser-

burg. Griqualand West.

STIBURUS, Stapf.

S. alopecuroides, Stapf.

Plateau, 8-18 in. high, spikes purplish. April-May. A. Dieterlen,

886!; De Beer's Pass, Wood, 5993; Antelope Park, 5900 ft., Galpin,

6927; summit Barkly Pass, 6500 ft., Rattray in Herb. Galpin, 7352.

Distripution : Pondoland. East Griqualand. Natal.

Sesuto: Morakela. He who comesi}first.

S. Conrathii, Hack.

Plateau, 5-20 in. high, spikes pinkish-grey. Spring. A. Dieterlen,

807 !

DISTRIBUTION :

Sesuto: Mohloéla. He who spies.

LASIOCHLOA, Kunth.

L. longifolia, Kunth,

Summit Barkly Pass, 6500 ft., Galpin, 7331.

DistRiputTion: Cape. Paarl.

TETRACHNE, Nees.

T. Dregei, Nees.

Mountain slopes and banks of rivers. 30-40 in. high, spikes ereyish.,

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 579!; Leribe, Phillips,!; Wittebergen,

4500-5000 ft., Drége.

Distrisution: Queenstown. Colesbere. Graaff Reinet. Albert,

Hope Town.

Sesuto: Thitapoho e nyenyane. The small “'Thitapoho.” See also

Eragrostis gummiflua, Nees. Used by the witch-doctors for protecting

people and villages in time of war and danger.

POA, Linn.

P. binata, Nees.

Damp and shady spots on mountain slopes. 12-20 in. high, spikes

greenish. Summer. Common. A. Dieterlen, 668!; Drakensbergen.

358 Annals of the South African Museum.

near Harrismith, Buchanan, 116; Ben McDhui, 9650 ft., March,

Galpin, 6916.

Distrrpution: Albany. Cathcart. Queenstown. Komgha. Tem-

buland. Natal.

Sresuto: Lehdla. A weed. Yoang ba lintja. The grass of dogs.

A good grazing grass.

P. annua, Linn.

Damp spots on mountain slopes. 5-16 in. high, spikes greyish.

Spring—Autumn. Common. A. Dieterlen, 730!

Distripution: Cape. Albany. Natal.

Srsuto: See P. binata, Nees.

FESTUCA, Linn.

F. caprina, Nees.

Mountain slopes and plateau. 16-80 in. high, spikes greenish.

Summer. Common. A. Dieterlen, 899!; Doodman’s Krans Moun-

tain, Ben McDhui, ete. ; 8600-9900 ft., Galpin, 6885.

DisTRIBUTION: Queenstown. King William’s Town. Orange Free

State.

Sesuto: Boleane. The smooth one. Letsuiri. Meaning unknown.

Used for making ropes and hats. Also put under skins which are

being worked to make them supple.

var. macra, Stapf.

Witteberg, near Harrismith, Buchanan, 262.

Distrisution : Endemic.

F. longipes, Stapf.

Veld and mountain slopes. 18-38 in. high, spikes greenish.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 503 !

DisrrisuTion: Albany. Komgha. King Wilham’s Town.

Stockenstroom. ‘'l'embuland.

Sresuto: Lekoloyane. Meaning unknown.

F. scabra, Vahl.

Leribe, A. Dieterlen, 704!; Ben McDhui, 9600 ft., March, Galpin,

6928; Wittebergen, 7—7500 ft., Drége.

Distrisution: Namaqualand Minor. Cape. Paarl. Worcester.

Tulbagh. Stellenbosch. Caledon. Swellendam. Riversdale. Mossel

Bay. George. Uitenhage. Albany. Graaff Reinet. Komgha.

Tembuland. East Griqualand. Natal. Orange Free State.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. B09

Sesuro: Serakoe. Derived from the verb “ho raka’’—to come first.

Mabélé a litsoere. The Sorgho (Kaffir-corn) of the Cape canary.

F. sp.

Plateau. Spikes greenish. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 916!

DistTRIBUTION : Endemic ?

Sesuro: Lekoloyane. Meaning unknown.

Dr. Stapf reports ‘“ Festuca, near F’. costata, but ovary glabrous.

Material insufficient.”

BROMUS, Linn.

B. leptoclados, Nees.

Veld and mountain slopes. 30-44 in. high, spikes greenish.

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 756!; ravine on west slopes of Leribe plateau,

occasional, Phillips, 607!; near Leribe, Buchanan, 222; Kraai River,

4—5000 ft., Drege.

Disrrirpution: Cape. Swellendam. Bedford. Natal.

Sesuto: Lehdla. A weed. Grazed by cattle and horses, and makes

good hay. Said by the natives to have been introduced into

Basutoland.

B. speciosus, Nees.

Leribe plateau. Spikes greenish. February. A. Dieterlen, 977! ;

summit of Drakensbergen between Doodman’s Krans and Satsanna

Berg, 8600-9550 ft., Galpin, 6905.

DisTRIBUTION : Queenstown. King William’s Town.

Sesuto: Yoang ba lintja. The grass of dogs. Grazed by cattle.

Dr. Stapf, who kindly examined the specimen, reports: ‘“ Status

folus latis planis paniculae ramis scaberuli, sed vix varietatis titulo

dignus.”

B. firmior, Stapf. var. leiorhachis, Stapf.

Witteberg, near Harrismith, Buchanan, 265.

Distrisution: King William’s Town.

B. uniloides, H.B.K.

Leribe. 12-20 in. high, spikes green. Summer. A Dieterlen,

251 a and B!

Distrisution: Cape. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Queenstown.

Natal. Transvaal (near Pretoria, near Lydenburg).

Sesuto: Lehola. A weed. Yoang ba lintja. The grass of the

dogs. A good grazing grass and makes good hay. The natives

believe this grass to have been introduced into Basutoland.

360 Annals of the South African Museum.

BRACHYPODIUM, Beawv.

B. flexum, Nees.

On the Witteberg, near Harrismith, Buchanan, 261, 264.

Distripution: Cape. Swellendam. Uitenhage. Somerset Kast.

Transvaal (Houtbosch).

var. tenue, Stapf.

Tn Pot River Berg forest, 5500 ft., March, Galpin, 6887.

DistriButTion : Natal.

B. Bolusii, Stapf.

Near Buffalo River Waterfall, 8150 ft., March, Galpin, 6929 ;

Satsanna Berg, 9250 ft., March, Galpin, 6950.

DistriputTion: Graatt Reinet.

HORDEUM, Linn.

H. secalinum, Schreb.

Mountain slopes. 8-25 in. high, spikes greenish. Summer. 4.

Dieterlen, 783!; Kraai River, Drege.

Distrizution : Namaqualand Minor. Malmesbury. Cape. Swellen-

dam. Queenstown. Graaff Remet. Victoria West. Albert. Orange

Free State.

Srsuto: Litse ba ntja. Hair of a dog’s tail.

ARUNDINARIA, Micha.

A. tesselata, Munro.

Mountain slopes and banks of water-courses, Leribe Kloof, A.

Dieterlen, 279!; under trees in ravine on west slopes of Leribe

plateau, plentiful, but browsed down by goats, Phillips, 751!; Oliver's

Hoek, 5-6000 ft., January, Wood, 3668; shady places near Van

Reenen, 8000 ft., Schlechter, 6997; near Buftalo River Waterfall,

8-9000 ft., and source of the Tina River, Drakensbergen, 8700 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6931; Wittebergen, in rocky moist valleys, 5—6000 ft.,

Droge; Basutoland, without precise locality, Cooper, 922.

DisTRIBUTION: Queenstown. Stockenstroom.

Sesuto: Legala. Meaning unknown. Used for spear handles and

as laths for thatched roofs, but specially used for building the

entrance to the “ Lelopa,” the reed enclosure round native huts.

ZEA, Linn.

Z. Mais, Linn.

Cultivated. A. Dieterlen, 562.

DisrriputTion : Commonly cultivated throughout South Africa.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 361

Srsuto: Poone mealie. This together with Andropogon sorghum

var. vulgare, forms the principal food of the Basutos. The natives

believe it to have been introduced from Zululand.

DESCHAMPSIA, P. Beauv.

Deschampsia caespitosa, P. Beauv. var. ?

Doodman’s Krans Mountain, 8500 ft., March, Galpin, 6917.

Gramineae (genus ?)

Mountain slopes and plateau. A. Dieterlen, 845!

This specimen was referred to Dr. Stapf, who reports, “I do not

know any Pentaschistis, Pentameris or Danthonia with ligules like

those of this plant.”

Sresuto: Mosea or Moseha. He cuts. Strong ropes, woven into

baskets, are plaited from this grass.

PTERIDOPHYTES.

FILICKES.

GLEICHENIA, Smith.

G. polypodioides, Smith.

Under rocks on mountain slopes. 2-12 in. high. Spring—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 607!

Distrreution: Cape. Worcester. Tulbagh. Caledon. Rivers-

dale. Uitenhage. Albany. King William’s Town. Natal. Orange

Free State (Rouxville). Transvaal (Magaliesberg, Rustenburg).

Sesuro: Phalatsane. Derived from the verb ‘ho phalatsa ’’—to

grope for something in a careless manner and not knowing exactly

where it is. Dehorometso. Derived from the verb “ho horometsa ’’—

to cause (something) to be poured on the ground. Pata-leoana. Hide

the small cave. Lepata-maoa. The hider of the small caves. The

last three names are in general use for all ferns.

G. umbraculifera, Moore.

Drakensberg, at Cathkin Peak (ev Sim).

Distrigution: Tembuland. Stutterheim. King William’s Town.

Natal. Transvaal (near Lydenburg, Pilgrim’s Rest).

362 Annals of the South African Museum.

CYATHHEA, Sm.

C. Dregei, Kunze.

Natal, Drakensbergen, McKen; Buchanan.

DistrinutTion: Stockenstroom. Stutterheim. Pondoland. Natal.

Transyaal (Magahesberg, MacMac).

WOODSIA, Br.

W. burgessiana, Gerr.

Natal, Cathkin Peak, Buchanan; in Pot River Berg Forest,

5500 ft., March, Galpin, 6982.

DistrisputTion: Eastern Province and Transvaal.

DAVALLIA, Smith.

D. concinna, Schrad.

Natal, Cathkin Peak, McKen. i

DistriputTion: Knysna. George. Albany. Stockenstroom.

Transkei. Natal. Transvaal (Houtbosch).

CYSTOPTERIS, Bernh.

Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh.

Mountain slopes on wet rocks. 3-12 in. high. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 795!; Natal, Drakensberg, Wood.

DistRiBuTION : Stockenstroom. King William’s Town. Natal.

Sesuto: Lehorometso. See Gleichenia polypodioides, Smith. The

The rhizomes of the plant, from which a decoction is prepared and

given as an enema, are employed as a vermifuge. Frequently the

rhizomes of Lomaria punctulata, Asplenium furcatum, A. adiantum-

nigrum, A. cuneatum and Pellaea calomelanos are used together with

the above.

ADIANTUM, Linn.

A. reniforme, Linn. var. asarifolium, Willd.

Drakensberg, near Mont-aux-Sources. See Wood’s Natal List.

A. Capillus-Veneris, Linn. var. minor.

Under rocks, shady and wet places. 3-12 in. high. Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 694!

DistrRrBuTION: Cape. Worcester. Albany. Port Elizabeth.

Graaff Reinet. Stutterheim. Komgha. Transkei. Natal.

Sesuto: Lepata-maoa. Pata-leoana. See Gleichenia polypodioides.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 363

The dried leaves are smoked as a cure for colds in the chest and

head. The leaves are placed in a hole in the ground; the native,

lying flat on the ground, inhales the smoke from another hole

connected with the first by a shallow underground channel. “ Dagga”

is smoked in a similar way.

A. aethiopicum, Linn.

Mountain slopes. 3-15 in. high. Autumn A. Dieterlen, 73!:

under rocks in ravines, Phillips, 593!; Natal, Drakensberg, McKen.

Distrisution: Bedford. Albany. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet.

King Wilham’s Town. Natal.

Sxesuro: Pata-leoana. Lepata-maoa. See Gleichenia polypodioides.

See also note under A. Capillus-Veneris. The rachis of the leaf is

woven into the grass hats of shepherds as an ornament.

CHEILANTHES, Sw.

C. hirta, Swartz.

Under rocks and shady places on mountain slopes. 5-20 in. high.

Autumn—Summer. A. Dieterlen, 264a!, 264b!; under rocks, Phillips,

602!

DistR1BUTION : Common throughout South Africa.

Sesuto: Ma Mavaneng. The mother in the caves. Lehordmetso.

See Gleichenia polypodioides. A decoction prepared from the plant is

drunk to relieve colds and sore throat. Formerly the plant was used

alone: now the natives add some ginger. Other ferns are used for a

similar purpose, but this species is said to be the best.

PELLAEA, Link.

P. consobrina, Hook.

Mountain slopes. 10-30 in. high. Summer. A. Dieterlen, 68!;

Natal, Drakensbergen, Buchanan.

Distripution: Knysna. Albany. Somerset East. Graaff Reinet.

King William’s Town. Komgha. Natal. Transvaal (Pilgrim’s Rest).

Sresuto: Lehorimetso. See Gleichenia polypodioides. The crushed

rhizomes are cooked, and the decoction is injected into the vagina of

a cow that has not got rid of all the after-birth in calving. It is this

use of the plant which has given to so many ferns the native name

“ Lehorometso.”

P. involuta, Baker.

Under rocks on mountain slopes. 4-11 in, high. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 637 !

364 Annals of the South African Museum.

Disrripution: Namaqualand Minor. Graaff Reinet. Komgha.

Natal.

Srsuto: Lehorometso. See Gleichenia polypodiodes. See also note

under Adiantum Capillus-Veneris. Mosokelo. A medicine to cure

diarrhoea. For diarrhoea and the bites of spiders the rhizome is

erushed, mixed with milk, and drunk.

P. hastata, Link.

Mountain slopes in crevices of rocks. 6-20 in. high, sporeing in

Autumn. <A. Dieterlen, 546!

Distriputrion : Common throughout South Africa.

Sesuto: Lehordmetso. See Gleichenia polypodioides. See also note

under Adiantum Capillus- Veneris.

P. calomelanos, Link.

Mountain slopes. 2-8 in. high. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 671;

under rocks and in caves. Summer. A. Dieterien, 6381; under rocks,

frequent, Phillips, 517!; Natal, Drakensberg. See Wood's Natal List.

Distrinution: S.W. Africa. Cape Province. Natal. Orange

Free State. Transvaal.

Sesuto: Lepato-maoa. Pata-Leoana. Lehorometso. See Gleichenia

polypodioides. See also note under Adiantum Capillus-Veneris and

Cystopteris fragilis.

PTERIS, Linn.

P. longifolia, Linn.

Near the Caledon River, at the side of a rock. 7-25 in. high. Feb-

ruary. Qalo. A. Dieterlen, 799!; Cathkin Peak. Se

of South Africa.

DistrinutTion: Uitenhage. Komegha. Natal. Transvaal (Maga-

hesberg, MacMac, Pretoria, Aapie’s River).

e Sim's Ferns

Sesuto: Lehorometso. See Gleichenia polypodioides.

P. Cretica, Linn.

Damp shady spots on mountain slopes. 6-25 in. high. Summer.

A. Dieterlen, 282!; under rocks in ravines, Phillips, 594!

DistriputTion : Swellendam. Knysna. George. Uitenhage.

Bedford. Somerset East. King William’s Town. Komgha. Trans-

kei. Natal. Transvaal (Magaliesberg).

Sesuto: Lesira. A veil. Lehorometso. See Gleichenia poly-

podioides. A charm to protect native warriors during battle. Before

proceeding to fight, the warrior must bathe his whole body, early in

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 365

the morning, with water in which the crushed green plant has been

placed. ‘The fronds are also tied to the head-gear, so that they hang

down like a veil, and act as a charm against the enemy’s bullets.

P. Buchanani, Baker.

In caves on mountain slopes. 12-35 in. high. Autumn. <A. Dieter-

len, 761!

Distripution: Knysna. King William’s Town. Transke: Natal.

Sesuro: Lehorometso. See Gleichenia polypodioides. See also

note under Pellaea consobrina.

P. aquilina, Linn.

Rocky places on mountain slopes. 10-30 in. high. Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 69!; 69b!

Disrrisurion : Very common throughout South Africa

Sresuto: Lehorometso. See Gleichenia polypodiordes.

LOMARIA, Willd.

L. inflexa, Kuntze.

Natal, Cathkin Peak, Buchanan, Wood.

Disrrispurion : King William’s Town.

L. punctulata, Kze.

Under rocks on mountain slopes. 4-l4 in. high. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 72!; Natal, Drakensbergen. See Sim’s Ferns of South

Africa.

Disrrisution: Cape. Port Elizabeth. Albany. Pondoland.

Natal.

Sesuro: Lehorometso. See Gleichenia polypodioides. See also note

under Cystupteris fragilis.

ASPLENIUM, Linn.

A. trichomanes, Linn.

Damp spots in ravines and on mountain slopes at foot of a water-

fall. 2-6in. high. Autumn. A. Dieterlen, 569!, 820!; in the shade

of ravines, Phillips, 746!

Distrrpution: Swellendam. Tulbagh. Bedford. Murraysbure.

Graaff Reinet. Somerset East. Molteno. Natal.

Sresuto: Lehdrometso. See Gleichenia polypodiodes. See also note

under Adiantum Capillus-Veneris.

A. monanthemum, Linn.

Rocks on mountain slopes. 3-7 in. high. Summer A. Dieterlen,

710!; Natal, Drakensberg, Buchanan, Wood.

366 Annals of the South African Museum.

DistRiIBpuTION: Cape. Swellendam. Knysna. Albany. Somerset

East. Bedford. Stutterheim. King William’s Town. Transkei.

Sesuto; Lehibmetso. See Gleichenia polypodioides. See also note

under Adiantum Capillus-Veneris.

A. varians, Hk. & Gr.

Natal, Cathkin Peak, Buchanan.

DistrisutTion: Bedford. Somerset East. Stockenstroom. King

William’s Town. Komgha. Natal.

A. protensum, Schrad.

Natal. Drakensbergen. Buchanan.

Disrripution: Knysna. Albany. Somerset East. Stockenstroom.

King William’s Town.

A. adiantum-nigrum, Linn.

Under rocks on mountain slopes. 3-9 in. high. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 241!

Distripution: Cape. Swellendam. Tulbagh. Albany. Graaff

Reinet. Somerset Hast. Cathcart. Alice. Stutterheim. Komeha.

Natal.

Susuto: Lehorometso. See Gleichenia polypodioides. See also note

under Cystopteris fragilis.

A. cuneatum, Linn.

Banks of Caledon River. 2-4 in. high. A. Dieterlen, 914!

Distripution: Albany. Somerset East. King Willam’s Town.

Natal. ,

Srsuto: Lehorometso. See Gleichenia polypodioides. See also note

under Cystopteris fragilis.

A. furcatum, Thunb.

Under rocks and shady places on mountain slopes. 5-13 in. high.

Autumn. A, Dieterlen, 476!; Natal, Drakensbergen, Buchanan.

Distripution: Cape. Paarl. Uitenhage. Port Elizabeth. Bed-

ford. Stutterheim. Transvaal (Magahesberg).

Sesuto: Lehdronetso. See Gleichenia polypodioides. See also note

under Cystopteris fragilis.

A. aspidioides, Schl.

Basutoland, without precise locality. Barkley ; Ben MceDhui, 9550 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6936.

DistrisutTion: Natal.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 367

A. sp.

Under a rock, near Matsoeberane’s Village near Hlehoeng. April.

A. Dieterlen, 992b !

Sesuto: Lehdorometso. See Gleichenia polypodioides.

ASPIDIUM, R&R. Br.

A. aculeatum, Sw., var. pungens, KIf.'

Under rocks on mountain slopes. 3-20 in. high, Summer. 4.

Dieterlen, 695!; under rocks in ravines, Phillips, 588!; 592!; Natal,

Drakensbergen, see Wood’s Natal List; Ben McDhui, 9350-9550 ft.,

March, Galpin, 6934, 6939.

Distrisution : Common throughout South Africa.

Sesuto: Lehorometso. See Gleichenia polypodioides. A decoction

prepared from the rhizomes is used as a vermifuge in humans and for

“bots” in horses. In both cases it is given as an enema.

A. faleatum, Swartz.

Mountain slopes. 10-20 in. high. A. Dieterlen, 826!; Natal,

Drakensberg, MceKen ; Cathkin Peak, Buchanan.

DistrRiszution : Somerset East. Stockenstroom. ‘Transvaal.

(MacMac).

Sesuto: Lehorometso. See Gleichenia polypodioides.

NEPHRODIUM, Rich.

N. thelypteris, Desv.

At side of rocks on banks of dongas. 6-18 in. high. A. Dieterlen,

700 !

Distripution : Worcester. Cape. Paarl. Tulbagh. Swellendam.

Uitenhage. Albany. Somerset East. Komegha. Natal.

Sesugo: Lehorvmetso. See Gleichenia polypodioides. See also note

under Pellaea consobrina.

N. inaequale, Hook.

Mountain slopes and dongas. 6-40 in. high. Summer—Autumn.

A. Dieterlen, 283!

Distrigution: Swellendam. Albany. Bedford. King William’s

Town. Komgha. Natal.

Sesuto: Lehdrimetso. See Gleichenia polypodioides. See also note

under Pellaea consobrina.

N. athmanticum, Hook.

Shady spots on slopes and in dongas. 1-4 ft. high. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 167!

368 Annals of the South African Museum.

Distrisution: Pondoland. Tembuland. Natal. Transvaal

(MacMac, Magaliesberg).

Sesuro: Lehorometso. See Gleichenia polypodioides. Koma-Koma.,

To grumble (an allusion to the noise the enema makes in the intestine).

The species is the most esteemed of the ferns, used as described in the

note under Pellaea consobrina, This is a plant the Basutos call

** Mong a lebitso ”’—‘ The owner of the name or the one for whom the

name has originated,’”’ as the general name for all ferns, viz., “ Leho-

rometso”’ was first applied to this species.

N. sp.

Ben MceDhui, 9550 ft., March, Galpin. 6938.

N. sp.?

Ben McDhui, 9450 ft., March, Galpin, 6937.

POLYPODIUM, Linn.

P. vulgare, Linn.

Natal. Drakensbergen. See Wood’s Natal List; Orange Free

State, Nelson’s Kop, Wood.

DistripuTION: Cape. George. Bedford. Albany. Somerset

East. Graaff Reinet.’ King Willbam’s 'Town.

P. incanum, Swartz.

Natal, Van Reenen’s Pass, Rehmann, 7209.

Disrripurion: Knysna. Uitenhage. Bedford. Albany. King

Wilham’s Town. Komeha. Transkei. Natal. Transvaal (MacMac).

P. lanceolatum, Linn.

Growing in moss on mountain slopes. 23-9 in. high. Spring

(October). Makokoane, Leribe District, A. Dieterlen, 812!; Natal,

Drakensbergen, Buchanan.

DistRipurion : Cape. Swellendam. George. Knysna. Uitenhage.

Albany. Stutterheim. Komegha. Tembuland. Natal.

Srsuro: Lehorometso. See note under Cheilanthus hirta.

NOTHOCHLAENA, Br.

N. eckloniana, I<ze.

Mountain slopes, near or under rocks. 2-12 in. high. Spring—

Summer. A. Dieterlen, 81 !, 608!; Natal, Cathkin Peak, Buchanan.

Disrrisution : Clanwilliam. Cradock. Middleburg. Uitenhage.

Fort Beaufort. Stockenstroom. Stutterheim. King William’s Town.

Komgha. Natal. Transvaal (Magaliesberg, Trigard’s Fontein).

Susuro: Lehorometso. See note under Adiantum Cupillus-Veneris.

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 369

GYMNOGRAMME, Desd.

G. cordata, Schl.

Under rocks on mountain slopes. 3-9 in. high. Autumn. A.

Dieterlen, 566!

DistriputTion : Clanwilliam. Cape. Tulbagh. Uitenhage. Albany.

Colesberg. Graff Reinet. Stutterheim. King William’s Town.

Komgha. Natal. Transvaal (Magaliesberg).

Sesuto: Lehordmetso. See note under Cheilanthus hirta.

G. sp.

Growing under a rock, near Matsoeberane’s village, Leribe District.

4-10 in. high, sori bright yellow. April. A. Dieterlen, 992a!

Srsuto: Lehdrometso. See Gleichenia polypodioides.

VITTARIA, Sm.

V. lineata, Sw.

Natal, Drakensbergen, Buchanan.

DistripuTion: Cape. Worcester. Swellendam. George. Albany.

Stutterheim. King William’s Town. Natal.

ACROSTICHUM, Linn.

A. viscosum, Sw.

Under rocks on mountain slopes. 4-11 in. high. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 679!; Natal, Drakensbergen, Buchanan.

DistRipuTIon : Cape. Worcester. Caledon. Swellendam. Albany.

Stutterheim. King William’s Town. Natal. Transvaal (Pilgrim’s

Rest).

Sesuto: Lehorometso. Tsebe ea’mutla. The ear of a hare. See

note under Cheilanthus hirta.

A. hybridum, Bory.

Natal, Drakensbergen, Buchanan.

Distrisution: Knysna. King William’s Town. Natal.

. OSMUNDA, Linn.

0. regalis, Linn.

Slopes of ravine, near or under rocks on mountain slopes. 5-25 in.

high, sporing in summer (December) and winter. <A. Dieterlen.

586!, 586a!; Natal, Drakensbergen, Buchanan.

Disrripution: Cape. Paarl. Tulbagh. Stellenbosch. Swellendam,

370 Annals of the South African Museum.

George. Knysna. Uitenhage. Albany. Pondoland. Tembuland.

Natal. Transvaal (Pilgrim’s Rest).

Sesuto: Lehdrdmetso. Lesiea. The one who leaves (or goes away).

TODEA, Willd.

T. barbara, Moore.

Natal, Drakensbergen, Kwnze.

Distrisution: Cape. Uitenhage. Albany. Natal.

MOHRIA, Sw.

M. caffrorum, Desv.

Shady spots and under rocks on mountain slopes. 3-18 in. high.

sporing in December. A. Dieterlen, 475!, 841!

Disrripution: Cape. ‘Tulbagh. Caledon. Somerset East.

Stutterheim. Stockenstroom. Komgha. Transkei. Natal. Trans-

vaal (Magaliesberg, Johannesburg).

Sesuto: Lehorometso. See Gleichenia polypodioides. See also note

under Adiantum Capillus-Veneris.

OPHIOGLOSSUM, Linn.

0. vulgatum, Linn.

Under rocks on mountain slopes. 93-9 in. high, sporing in

Summer—Autumn, <A. Dieterlen, 718!

Disrripution: Cape. Beaufort West. Uitenhage. Bedford.

Somerset East. Graaff Reinet. King William’s Town. Tembuland.

Natal. Transvaal (Magaliesberg).

Sesuto: “Maliyo. The mother of food. Tsébe ngoe. One ear.

Tseyananyane. A small ear. When this plant is abundant, the

natives say that there will be a good crop; they explain this by saying

the plant likes moisture, and that when the plant is plentiful it is

due to much rain having fallen and consequently the crops will be

good. A warm decoction of the rhizomes is used as a lotion to bathe

boils.

EQUISETACEAE.

EQUISETUM, Linn.

E, ramosissimum, Desf.

Growing in streams. 6-25 in. high, cones greyish, Summer.

A, Dieterlen, 6!

Flora of the Leribe Plateau and Environs. 371

Distrisution: Clanwilliam. Uitenhage. Somerset East. Graaff

Reinet. Stutterheim. King William’s Town. East Griqualand.

Natal.

Srsuto: Mohlaka-photoane. Meaning unknown. The rhizomes are

cooked and the decoction is drunk by barren women so that they

may become pregnant. As a charm to drive away worms which

destroy the maize, the plant is crushed and mixed with clay; in this

some of the worms are imprisoned and the clay balls are then burnt

in the lands. Horses feeding on the plant become fat, but after a

time it leaves them lean and weak. A medicine for infants suffering

with colds or colic.

LYCOPODIACEAE.

LYCOPODIUM, Linn.

L. saururus, Lam.

Growing on rocks and high cliffs. 2-10 in. high. Spring. A.

Dieterlen, 719!

Disrrisution: Cape. Natal.

Sesuto: Moriri oa lildmo. The hair of the cliff.

L. clavatum, Linn.

In caves and under rocks on mountain slopes and plateau. <A

creeping plant 20-86 in. long. Summer. <A. Dieterlen, 670a!, 670b!

Disrripution: Stellenbosch. Somerset East. Stockenstroom.

King Willam’s Town. Natal. Transvaal (Mac Mac).

Sesuro: Moriri oa mafika. The hair of the rocks. Boriba bo

boholo. The big “ Boriba” (‘ Boriba” is a general name for Mosses,

Lichens and Liverworts) The dried plant, together with Selaginella

rupestris, is smoked as a cure for headache.

SELAGINELLACEAE.

SELAGINELLA, Spr.

S. rupestris, Spreng.

Growing on or under rocks on mountain slopes. Summer. A.

Dieterlen, 117!; Wittebergen, 5—-6000 ft., Dreége.

Distripution: Port Elizabeth. Stutterheim. Stockenstroom.

King William’s Town. Natal. Transvaal (Houtbosch).

Sesuto: Boriba. Moss. See note under Lycopodium clavatum.

24§

( 372 )

INDEX

Mohn. (CeKANW0S Soodasoaooneeseasuder AS

ACACTAN SVZULU se Tacs were sean wnislene sets 88

FNMA DTH — saosqeosonsen cogs eeCsnanceent 259

PAC AUN GIR NCB AGH menses ccomse cece: occas 231

IATGHiME Tae ae esl noe denise ose Sees Oe

Ive ny mermiG OS iecierelacie/ te iceleislei sense: 248

INGROAHO NVI, AAcadonsaddoondncncoo son88e 369

IN CTO LOM Gasenepieccnecas«accseueeeweree rons 243

PATA INGUIN eeyaat acjeneceuesanmaciianer oe 362

iMteolamithius! mesteh ice cece sciseeceicemar 241

“VakGenoenald nis), | aesksago ses ecbene 295505050 299

ANGaratinvoyanet, JC UW cenoocsedq000nI05° 500 90

INRORUIS. cmaeesi teas acs! access emt 345

PASI CA Marne caiebeeels oa's sen sees mee ss oeeeer 246

PANT Cainer one eee con cet eee er ee 303

ANchemullllaspiiigne eee. peccccte scrote 89

Al epid Ga: Aascec noi necteacaceseseesmeteeet 104:

CAM Tn rr e ATs ee Sy Seo ece hace arcane 301

DU Kaye Re a RAS STG Se ACCRA Cea Pee 295

AlliGernani: ermine sereeeee-erecerectce 249

TANIVIVAUR AUNEIWACC Hie SUR ceeciteeaee eens 247

GTN H MGA ee | sooadooosounccoecaduc 247

WDNR NODIEIUDIBVAIS) 5 o5.cnocesnceooe:0e 284

ANrTTeNOOIMENAIS) - |. ogSnconocdoonoscanaaaod 288

JNA BP EED SVAN Tignes o8coodonnbd sonnoosen 65

PATNI MU CLO KAY se aoe eee ae see seinen ses 122

ANSTEKE MOG NXERS _ naseocosaciecaoosasson6e AT

PNINUNOUNI EY DIWCOHBVATO} Ee egosenasesane 65

Am CUSaiN ncn ocns oa eeennacee errs 204

Acadia OGy aU Ae casccease sed see seen 312

ANTIVONHOYSNOFEXONN. — Gogdo5 G2 oonos0axq90K89KN8 353

IAN OMMON Othe: sess ac ceo <eeeeeeees tec eeeeces 33

ANTISOLOMIC eects Sescnccencaayerceeeaese 198

ANON HOE TIS soo Baoosoodnadbn0ocees 55 287

Amthephonaimreesecssceecsse sere natrer 341

PAT MOVTACOWNOT — Sooeaseuassooooabo0noSneSae 298

iAniGhis bir aweeapeeeeeeeeeeeeereneeetaee .. 886

Amtholyza, Seaaeeescccc: socks sec 283

Amibhospenmiumiteny sc. ceeceeclarcnece: gala

Amthoxanbhiuimeemreeeceeceessaccseres 342

Am thriscuis®. <acseeeeice-ce2 teen seenee: 108

PA ILI eee ne eee es Scenic eet seer 107

APO GYONAICHIAGH Meetseees sense ... 188

IN ayoaKo hbaKGYAcoossadavooacosonncenecageaac 287

Aponore tony 2. .saeietertewe css ess. 317

PASRVATIGIUA CTH ANH ep emeeeoeeeeeee snes 109

AraliSiniccseneries tse. eeeteeen testes cone 37

VATCLOGIS: steve eke ac arse atssenee ata cen se 165

TO GENERA.

APOCMONE! ac capeenahcecacecteer eee 35

PNiden ya RO KO) syNDWIAY, Gn oa5cpeenobnobecan asco 77

APISKEEN 0S. seagees eos Rescate nee eee 278

Aristida cocactecsconpeore bare tteree 346

INAOMUDNIUNIS Aeon secqudes sscconacsnscboc 317

JIAPECMAISIA, U5a 5 <acecisquensenacieatsacar 142

AnthrosOlenmesccecssaeeascseessr eee LOO

Aruncinamian ve-eeaimeretessccreecette. 360

Arundinellajppamsccrs-eecee eters 341

ASCLEPIADACEAE ......... ..... 189

ASCLE PIAS irc sswe-caeeoran se ocesoreseeton Oe

PNG) VJ ONS ce roqadadaeecanen soda secacdooo Maes)

JASE EMA sb ca ncsadeace ceuoycseeee aacco © (0)

INSPALRNOUS! 2 to coe-hies. 24 ctsyap lees aete 291

AS PUI face deeens cise sasceecaseeenes 367

A SpLeMIMIN 2ehenpedasse cen aceoten aes 365

INS GON Bate ontsclagicn waceaceee ce nee eee 116

INGHAM ASIA S srccoaes se -ncmeanesceinapeetse 140

AAP UR By oe tar Gog den ele oammneeee atte 137

AVENASELUM 2A onceeenesssoct stn ees B43

Axonopus 3389

IBarbenial eeccese-c- sees sence 233

IBGCIIINS Vian creas comes see Suse ase 240

Berke yal: tees. ap sscessseanessoceians, 166

Biden's a mectenn ccoccchee ence eee oo)

TEXGTINGBY AME) See 3. Seneceeasaeneeseches 41

TBiNKS) DHE 555 aauBeacoosnonE oG0onbes oan all

IBOCTARVAaiee cesnce hasseeeee ene ee eater 24.7

ROY OU ais ieocsiecacatg.che vere ashen e tees 138

IBORGAGIEN RAUB eee eeeee eee eeeer eee 208

ouch ese 7.5.6 osessnuse seseearauroaseneeee 239

IBOWKGrIas Bosc scins teen eek onsen neces 215

Brachycorybhisieessessseeceereeraees 264:

Brachiyj podiums eeesceereeeeceee ere eee 360

Brachystelanay.-c.e. + ssceseeeeeeeeeaces 197

IBTASSICA) che noicte eee rece eenaeee 39

BrOMUS’ echcs satacseros ere coomeeens tees 359

Brow nle@ay cis lassen cece secre eee: 278

IBEMNS VIG la eay paneer aceneoascesscess 288

Buchenroed erases eesessesecceetees 75

Sa KS) ob aq eR Ree a a8 RSC aneaoobRooEdes: 228

IBudalletay cc qostok: setae rose eeeeeee 199

Bulbine) Ve sace othe cnstaee er tae eaees sees 296

Bullbosbylitsizewedesessesone-eenecece sees 323

Biuphane yen. caeeeassrsdee secant 290

BuUpleunuin's..cceeccehseeretesedseces 106

Index to

CalamagrostrisS ccerccceceeee---+--- ... 386

WallnpriGhe: .2ic.toscheeawdcweneos seeee ce 97

@aNPUTMIA 2s. .ee eee. esegerseeneeoe sesso 87

GAMPANULACBHAE ............... 174:

(Chinnrayn OW Hanae Aeeoaroroubooncs pat padace 260

CAPPARIDEAE TERA AL. Nee 40

amex ec sea eee tactmedace canister 329

Wamissaeeasisc cts ocsene merece Stee ene 188

CARYOPHYLLACEAE ............ 44.

IS ASSINOPSIS 1 cece ams Gesaa soe seeeeek cer 62

GCUBNTPAU STU TEN ERY AUET noe seeebeces ese teers 63

QE OUSEIRUSE In det otaacchinosce naan te 63

Wells stata ot ana soeran crneeee 259

ON te chet Sots awe ersistennin Soosaeee nas 141

Wephalanthus © | ...--.0..000-sse.cpe-= 110

(Cajaluga enaich \egeaseanba abbeectcccon sap de: 114.

(CersnGiitihath Duaraas neereososeernodeocso ees 45

Ceropegia BEAR CoA ener cod cicsa Le

Chaetacanthus 231

Cheilanthes... .. 363

CHENOPODIACEAE . See toa 249

O@henopod anes 222.1 2..-s0- og: seeosse ss SAO

Ghilianbhus seen eee coe eS

(Wlhmontale ey) Geena SO se ane 202

(CInIWGT RSs) BAeanbecoetere. Badeoenanc rome imRe 354

(CIMA VEOROMAD, Goo Wudedopecet ben seobcacne 121

(ChiaVOne Neel. aap ached caoSetcoemsaananHence 143

(GRSGU IE: sake Bck ae aU Onn Raat acenoee 65

Giitaculllshese reece oe eens a ceeeee 100

(Chesney oe ses aneasaane Meee che nagectads 33

(ON EiaaVe 8 pesenadconau arabe ao SmBReaAHOre 40

@lerodendron! sess eeee ees aU

(@lafiontiare stearate tees oe cose 90

(OLIN AWE eeeerane en ne Soaks aeaeaneorteece 259

WOCCINIA ” saeks cece Oe SoceR a base eee 101

COlPOON, Gea Sesetmee aoe seae sate 257

Commelina . 314

COMMELINACEAE — a RA eee ee 314

Cnicus . 169

COMPOSITAE . NS

CONWOMV UDA BVA eeceasee eee 205

Convolvulus 207

Conyza 129

CorehOrws; = cascode eee 56

WOvVCUUIM 15:2. 1.5 speeds. saeco oe LU

ConyGalis...---...:es eae OU

atl Aiea cee desis as Sa asa ee ee aL:

Wotyledon 255 --u- 272s senses eeeere 96

(CHEW 0} cyst: Belge ey oe eee reer oe 23:

(CHAVSSTIIEY, eRe ARAN Me wader 91

RFA S Win HVACHT pase eaeeceie 91

Craterostigma 224.

Ore pISMerme et Sonny. csc eines setae: 171

(Crimi reac tcesececieeseaeoes men ceetiee 287

CROSSODLODIS! 2. .1-csy sce sees. eeeoecrr 355

(Choa aa ee), eesey cee Saal paneer sneer OG

COURMW CB SERGAUH 7a. clin 5 taseseesciace 36

Cucumis ...... 99

CUCURBITACEAE _ Se Ce 99

Genera.

(Oummmerihiezo) 5, seoconaogsenvescopbedagaceD

Cussonia ....

Cyanotis

(CAVBRW ANSE gc ndeGo5 200008 oo boo maaoBe scousc

CN ielafbl Ey os gancnoucd cusnocoomace cen cb a6

Onyerabhbhan —oesoaanpteguncoqosadoebodaasIoG:

(Ghiaakshoveloqbiens 5666 enoncocanoansones .deode

(Ghvanwoxe Kova! Goapesoosacevaodas oadsce see aeqpde

CynoglossumM ..........5.2eeeee eee tee ene

CYPERACEAE

Cyperus

ONGOlMEY Ace naccannpcopagddacseeraneoaocc

(Ciena). GoasannoonooananconeeobaRbe

Cystopteris ......... Bese var aooode

Cytisus

Danthonia

Datura

Davallia

DWemekaaie ee eee cosee re oceeenacetceas

Deschampsia

Dianthus

I DIE KS ONG Wasp road epaeanacemer Bonen cunaconacene

Dichilus

Dictis

Digitaria e:sataece cases secs cosa

Dimorphotheca

IDMOREOIRERY asaodoescocdgnansdeo =e Guoone

DIOSCOREACEAE .

Dipeadi

Diplachine were seceeescsetetaas-eeeeaccr

DIPSACEAE

ID NSE iiasobesoot od os csdackdudnocentocdsaado:

Disperis

Dolichos

BOE eIC DOOUOL POUT DU.COOUURUOUUET

ee oe cee cee ee COL wes eseeeesereceeeee

EBENACEAE

Echinospermum

Ehretia

ID)GuAAEn AEN baad cdoddonahoneoyadesbacodeDe

Elephantorhiza

JOY URINaKS), 25, enadak eacoomcesododaeceboaecod

Elionurus

JONKeYoYel oWNS) Goanenceneondonceodas cor oUdEAE

Enneapogon

IDyosil@lewiiiea, 3s cooccmonoeds cosnbaadacoas

EQUISETACEAE

Equisetum

Eragrostis

Erianthus

JOpeIGEY “sAcnonansoee Son srenanceucotTedoaG ac

ERICACEAE

Hrigeron

374

RTO CAUMAHVAUE) Heceeacerae sense 317

IDrAKXCE WICH os. Gan nunepoonoocosendob acs aur 317

Hiri oce phallus wearases-ecn ease aeeee entre 139

Eriosema ances 86

rIOSpermum ;)..cosansesce-eeene wanes 297

HW rodiuml: essa aces are 62

Brythrim al terc-cersneee sees eeseer: 84.

Mucleaysts cs se sa Mere eee eo ee 187

DEK CKOy sau legen se sca aaoncsan condos eetonbene 308

Hiallophiaieseceessseeseee Pass eee eelctes 261

IDMMANOTA WOW 355550540 000000 c0anendobuadeee 140

Huphorbiagaaeeme eae tices ce sac 25

RUIEO RIB WA@ HAVE eeesesctes sce. 257

EMU OPS ie tate ser heer entae noisnswide ss 158

HOC haeniuimesieeeneseeet eee ees ee 202

UA DABS een vane hs acn te atten ha Se 111

IO Way scoupseeeseo SESE Oe ee 207

HALO ARR eete cancncecet nace kets 202

ON CI a. Boacacdae: acanat sense ccug vacteens 118

OS EG e085 5. «dates steosseeae eure 358

CINE eon set os -en sti atee epee: 327

RPC OUD BNATR eos. soteecesn tee 101

Bhnristylis. vist dn cnensscaea sce 323

Hingerhuthia 2.2. ..dsecscotestesenesees 357

HIM OT By. seen vnc oc atte ose ne ee 327

Galliiniss.ssceneosscss. chess eeeie onan 113

Gallopinaypesreie Mesos soeteak chases tas 111

Galitomiay asus nes eterna e nore 303

Garaleum rn, acter tates ceees eee 116

GAA as wer sas d Ohh cece seeeae eae 165

Cele erin A ast eemsteese: eee 138

GEN TUTANACHAH 5.0 secs eeee. 199

GERANIACEAE .................. ... 57

Geranium ...... sabi elsGramcenctemet@emee sc 57

Gerbera ateerrcsn. ee RE eee 170

GESNERACHAE.................00.- 231

GOUT tsar er ee ns 89

GT adioluse src centaec gies sae ace eee 280

GISICHEMIAN s seeseraccnscocsce Greneccte 361

Giumnicallyxe es EM ioe. ss 30. ocean 224

Gnaphalitira Geer eis eeeeesec es 122

Grit Qiao eee Mae see ata sic dese aeee ccles 255

Gomphostigmay $.Js1..s2c0---) a2. sa8 198

GB ASMTENTEVAGEY eee eee ase de eee 331

Grammanthes <.2...ss ss oketeece ee 96

GROW 1a «home coon 9 ieee eee Bae 55

Grovias, oy er toees 25. pees ee ae 65

GUO ras Akg ees cos Sotelo 97

Guithrien ct tas cea. '. secdspaceee ees 99

Gymbosramme e....s...c...fssse0nie 369

Gym Opemtziagessensece.4.c.t eens 14.2

GYMNOSPOLia, JeNAew 7 occ. cece 63

TBE OTETEEY, socacscasacocbbaoooobecnAddence 266

Haomanthssseesecseesee eee ceteees 290

Index to Genera.

alloriany.: ccc -ge0ecoccoseeerrereeaseer 215

JEUNIG OAC A BVAID) oo Sonosanncnoooacbonc 97

laplocarphar s--.-peeraesceereneriete soe 164

Harpechiloay 7...:steec sneorceeeee eects 353°

1A OREN: Wepanoner nce snodoscon0 savassobo hon 229

iHebensbreiay -neeeeteeeeesce nee eaters 234

Melichry sum! fece-cesse-eecoss sere 123

Heliophila .sc:ce-nscessnerso seen: 38

ODA Ot a RRNA RAS Ar A REAOROOOE ee GEG OB RAC 291

Fermanniaes.caeeseees- come ceree trees 50

HMerniaria 4 5.steesescs eee ee ener 247

Herschelia,s, saceees eens 270

Flertia, ieeccte eee tetra eee eee 158

iMlesperanthay e..cs-c -eeeesdeete eo-teee 279

Ee feromimages nce eee eee eeee 121

iEleberonorphajersereseeste ca eeeteee 106

ETUDISCUSW Ee: seerac ce oon ses senteceetee 49

IGS ra Gram oy eos ose cet 171

Hiofimanseg@la ce. ..sssase-cese ceenee 88

IEFolot hari Weer casas tenance Ceuecke eee 265

ord ewan’ s seeaccnedecectecseee eee 360

ut bonaeay accesses ates deseo cee eee 266

EY RO CECA TD HAE ..-eeseeree 26

IF Vdrocoby len aene-teeee eee se eee 104

lel AeSVAKODUIN 5 GocodosenuocoacouuoSenacunes 47

EYaR By RT CNTR AUH) | eee ee eee AT

LY POCSUES SAesuese essence seceonaner ess 234,

BELVO OKIS fp g-teemesswas sales eeuctee sssCe eee 284.

MT Ore ence ccs seco Sree eee A 63

UTR CUUNGRV AGB cc. enoceqateee se meeenee 63

ILLECHBRACBHAE.................. 247

Tam Peratain taste cecerassseosesece see 331

Indic Olera wey -cqsst sess eee eee OO

TOM OCB se. sssedie te anntaeacocnenaeeese eee 205

ERD HAWN ecoseenncicxsccetscdes oueceee 276

IiYoloeeVereahitom gonGansna® acodbaSaononcooesnor 331

TS OGIOSSAcResecanssnc dage-encketee eee 238

ASTI hy co ees ee Ree 186

IWIN CAC IRVAGHT ase easter eee 315

JUNCUS: Pye. ecseas Roeser 315

JUSCICIA se secan ovscesvacereee nee 233

Kalanchoe teesuacc steer 96

RGIS OlATIA, °. 5.3.co004 Ni ones 41

IGralit 0) 0680 Yamane reload: ace picauseenaose 293

IKi@eL era ee ois luce tocol cee eee eee 343

Key dine ai. ::kesckissaces sete eer careeeeee 318

AUS HAMDVASRY (5c bse. cncsst Geer centeeaee 240

ACCU CH 8 sc aici eaten sence ee 173

Ibagarosiphon|..n.scssre-tesssseeeee ree 261

rand Gla. # hic sore tncketcccn toe anos 164

abana erate meee sonst eee 239

Tasio@hloat eo ecstanenccosenensorere 357

Index to

NGASTOSIP HOM a. uacsecs==neeeseensc oes 255

MASTOSPOLMUULM wesjcccsenec esse sees ace 140

PR OOT SUA an cae inite a cctsantbans odiduisitien joes 355

GEG WINEENOSIALB ..5.c0cccccesssseness 68

PENG We AVR RVACH) 225.225 sss'cnc ee 230

RO OMOLIS Hise. cciness Necks ncciinecieetiatise 246

ME OM COMYGee ass eeaeoc sense seeemnlsasc.s 135

IL @yOHG MIEWIN, sigqnabsncenagecadoocsoansenoacc 39

MASSSOT UIA Secs cisoe oie seccten oneness aa 83

METI COSI Canes. sees san soccer son 90

Wir ChibeNSbeINia s.c.cccs cancer eehenscreres 107

IbsiGd ni ROYOT HEY GueoadecoeandeosaaeoAen seco 178

NT OSE as eaawss sca saasocnecesaeoseces 223

TG TEAC BVAUET: ceccacaycececeees so esesees 291

LinTayXn iar eee ee etncee redo acscade ncn con 104

ATUNGACOIBV AUB scconeceessooccemsecscseit 56

1 LTLTE ere sonata adacee castor Man UsOnDBSseaeEOOG 214

]batiaqobad eo neanconoosos Eee etna ek weaaes 56

Lipocarpa ...... Poca reeataceet sess 327

MiG aATG NUS cee sececcecmeane-isesisecnesiese 3802

HiT HOSPerMUM Gee ses .saeeea seerse LOO

WT GO Mil aAerrec temas ocicsci nes solace maison 313

HOD OLB pre cccanc eee section ecioseinne 174

NiO GAUNTWA GC RUAURY) eee. see vemeccece cre 198

MOMMA ae cos cerry coca secon ee oer 365

MOTONONIS ease cceecece rere ac seeceee ect 68

IAIN Alero socdasgasbosnecoonuacooosdbeC 98

UL ZAUN LAr css) eect ais vialtie ociersiese aisieisiolasie cists 316

Hiny CUNO eerietiecienteeecisente.!s osleweleesiee 210

VC OP.ODUACHAW Re. -ccecsss ccc see Bifal

My copodimy een secees sn eens e= o= eine 371

Iinysumachi anne aencarcsecoe. Seen ast 185

IDYAIMI BONA CH DV DY 05 cceomseqooodoncear 97

IMBCOWANTA ts ccsonsnetsacotecessiesme cs 136

IW El rVer nab peer aetonepope scapcacsBaccneoene 51

IW IG WE Reena ee abe aaa aaa nitebeenpnoemonce 48

AVIGAGT VEN CB AUR eee ee enaence techiemace cee 48

Manned. S..sccscesseceseemeecsnesetans oe 216

IMIATISGUS so. occscoscoseeseane mate ene oe aeer 323

IMISSONTD « oacccewesscccmoaeenseessades ses 301

Matihiolai-. jc. sccctosceeconceseesests esters 36

MGA CAGOn ys. .- ee soaeeedanaseonsacc se 79

WETS aaneomenneeccanesoscncouseeqaonco 224.

Mieliamthius) os: <cccesas=tasucssnnesnces 65

IMGT Catenin. chteses con eemanenetcecen aes 356

WIG 0) orithery CoS oocanbooscosdSncebdo sas 15

Melothria ...... Lali Sac eeeac creer ies 100

MENISPERMACEAE ............... 35

Wikerayoys Fond: paaaanpsoRactocsocaessccedeoG0 188

Wiens oc sso-ccanwoswacemenes teetenee sere 241

Mesembrianthemum.................. 101

Weta ASian .o.ck<iacoeacn sseecesesbeeecres 136

MMT CPOCHLOAN sic ceriecisisw aes caste desist 353

I injaaolhvich aoaeneeeecnonercacencacodsececos 222

Wile) races sone Cane eB ene Ene ene tboecedadade 370

IMIOn ad ent anc. cascmas ccs eee os 270

IMGMSOMUA cess: soars oe coe fe set sissereloes 57

WIGTERED coo 665 SSaaseceapiaareaboanone 2annor 276

Mirena. stesso agsin acca Sesie ve vies . 43

Genera. 375

Miy OSObIStecseecer aseesace- recs cs oe 204.

IW AHR) Aoocebocaac oop oooccasoscousconcessec 260

WEY RICA CHAR. 20.5... Berea acertc 260

MivPSING! wacccgagsanenseesemdoreaceredescs LOO

IN DN GLSASH OS EL OVA DY on cade ganonooon coboboonooE 186

Miyista cid nm seseenemacceeccerere eee 264

INGAWIFAUID ACC BAU) eeeeneeciee cea -etseeeee 317

IA GENE ATU. Goncoaccaodeononsacdénsonse 36

INFOEMIESTA Va snees oiect ase cuctkos nacho bone 213

Nephrodiumissscassesseeeee eee 367

INET Ofc ones voces ose ose eee 288

INe@SGIlOT acc ceereh n.d eee esesae: 136

ING Gantcliraien saa iecere cre cide emer ee 210

INT CO GVM aitec: caste aor aes woneeteeone one 211

Nidorellaitsnccwncy teeta ate 119

Noe tial sc Favetescstteodescosceeee oon: 121

INothochilaenaweee eee eaten ene re 368

NEY CAPAC ATINGBV AUB ee ee eee ee 24:7

Menotherars ca ah.e.sscscenee ere eee 99

(OTN GUEST VAIO «oc pocaebadeskaenouoneuc 62

Oldenlandiayeayss eee eine eeee 110

(ODKEE aes cee no HSA RAR Ree a aMCoDH Scere 188

CO] Dr DN OR DUNG DI etek a Hee eRe ee 188

ONG OMeTIS, . Satecns<sewacceseceeeeees 40

LOU Wn Tbe a OnE Ne Se SUR erie i, 97

GINA DENCIBUNTD] Cconsonuna 0 dopsdeseac 98

Ophicglossunae ss. aeeeetee tees 370

COVMOIONDIOVAIB) Aescnonacnconcasee voeee 261

Ornitho gala si saeckssseree dons: cosnen OL

Orthosiphony respec: 240

LOFSHATBIVG ER Se neunecoodes phowtceeuEbAbao cae 369

Osteospermium occu tenor ne serees 163

Othonnia Meee aeee eee ee ee 162

ORAS Orca a Geer eae Wee AUN eat 2 61

Pachy carpus va. s-cececesasesse-sscseaess 195

Pam GUIM SE ce oNaee cae ses setae Receee 338

PA PAVED! a eccencsaceies aoasecaiissseierers 35

IPAUPANVEBY RU ACCIRVAGRY) oa .eu cease cece 35

AMA POCUUM sere doe sceecincseacteceercs 189

PASSELIN Ateneo nace teen 254

TRASIST ORIOLE DEN Die co nconcn cngodesnooed 99

Relarconiumissceeecassecre eeeeee eee 59

IPellasais.; fecctnessseeerec ne een 363

IBENNISCLUM yaant sericea seins 340

Rentanisiameneceseeemieessetett eee oes 110

iIPenbaschishs sees ceoreee aeseee 343

BFS aW EAU Hi Rn G ASSO CHRO C OCR ECHO Een 142

Peperonilamenccsssrecsaacse seacoce ccs 2538

1 etsy avedkoysfsiblidal) ¢ooodaonadanepodsesde0000 50" 190

PGrotise ee Pees ccarectesc saeer seas 348

Petal actelll ateeey ncccsccce.netecosectossc 135

Reucedanume cts... +s esse ee. eee LOS

BRhallarismercreet snc ccgoste «.ceceotins costeecs 356

376 Index to Genera.

Ib harnaceuimne vessel eee sea err 102

Ten OWS) .ogangscasoncen Heep racic ccboce 85

TPAovilG oy OWE \cneaaodadans aoodupoodnacaupanet 185

IBLowEeraaht sss} Gennbeocoeabueoobsodanadone 3sc40,

1 dehy fexesbqhtshenpeaeeanneuacdorsaecncesooKe 7Ab 215

iPhylamthuis! teens cen yereeree aos

Phy sails) S..osfarecetucen seevise coon cass 210

IBay ACOLEKET) poo nopugcocesonaas ce oooonadet 250

PHY TOLACCACHAH).. .4..-..2-... 250

TPrvaay or baVENIEY, 605 ccasoonsbonancda Bote son MOA

TEITPI RO IDVNID) ocasno aaqonandocgaese ene:

IPISOSPELUIA Mrceresassote tse cteting He euch 101

TET EMM ROS Oe DVN} - sncoonocasqeocossee 41.

IPiGLOSPORWIM se seeceedecseeescs< | secle- 4)

blecirambuhus seerecassseaercossaaesree 241

IPLECtrOMMA Perce ter ease essasenecn vou sd Talal

Rlevospondmarererctiemsscder cr seer 68

IP Odie eerneercs uke eeetis Has ue bate a eieieone 357

JEXoyEROIMAE MG), Spoananodoonbaoceaseaoosar 349

JEVVILVOlSN EA "a caassopepesnost mocHEadescaa 247

TRON SENET -. ancog neenoaebonconadeencoddec 41

TEXOUE DCE peu by: WONDUI DI Boeonegaccsnscdses 41

IOI NAC OINUNCIIVN DEES Gaocseancscocone 251

Ietol hy qaxoyah alsa, someeanaseddes aubescneec6ncac 251

Polyjpodinm fee... eee ee eee aoe Otaks}

IeXav iy OOyeXON) Bao nadenasadosnae eH AO ONS SOG 345

Portwlacaiss pn .. i gescessssseieeeences 4.6

POR AUG AC BVA ee hes ee atee 2 EIA 46

TROUTTNOYREKOTN 56“ Gogooncdy «on eoo0000C B17

IER STAVISU MAU CRVAUB) Seeeeceeceeeee-mecess 185

1 SYLVA ee eoudoos ene deanoo aacesecaaoac ede 138

Proteanstaccene uitisce cents eo snes 2538

12 KOMM DV CIDVAID, cocanoetneo = eonnddoene 253

IDEN TATOUPROPOINE!, cooasaucocedonesoo voacbe 103

iPsorall eae ee naacussauesk eccenaees 80

1 SUNS) alka el domes AGE ORDER DC HOMG emanuaa ner 364

Rterycodiam tec: ses ete. 4 ees 274

PY. CECUS! soccenecnseatesmsadestcete sears: 319

RANUNCULACEAE ............... 33

VATMUM CUS Hyeser seoceeeaeececescnee . 84

HVAT MTONACINE .--eeemecuecsecsieceaeeser 189

Rel amiayececme see cece econ see escnces 136

TRIBSUMPAOINAUD) Sojecuseaade sadeopacnds 318

184) Ops] Ol DY: O) WIND Seancecanooooreenoosonee 40

RESO mast tuaescaiackisnisaesetnica tween os 318

1iy] 8 UAW OS[IDUANI BI) Gecye5.0) Sooddde seeecooude 64

VANS Heres cees ce neu sencko mene jeteaer 64

FUWOICISSUS miaqeee ce cuite ca eseeeneeecaenciee 65

EUIUS eo neeecce ees aesesbee cs cc ocnese eae 65

Rhy Chosiateeeeeeteestessecn-cesees so Ske

Rachandiatweeeneetemcssacetcar cco se 317

RIOCTE UTA eRe ee neee ees seen eee os 197

Om ULCA) ae ne ees eee aces teneen bbe 278

TORN OIDVAID aongsnccedoodanueeaseeeeane 88

Rottboellia ............... De aie eae

RYO OREN pas oyocunoscaccudende soacetaeonee 200

TONER Gaoade saconedasuseoonoeceemecetes hele

1] OVE Mi eneecracan ado aan acCUscORS Renee 112

RWIB PAG EVAGH Sen. ceeacpeeeeses eer Palic. 110

IRUWDUS sh. ca hanokeosscehe at ee eneeneeer ee 88

FUMIO ioc oteileats cos ee eRe oe eee 252

RyNChoOspora: --.- ce se-eeae see ee

SHOE MMMM oop tesucsabObtec: soousoon6e 331

SV AC OUUNM OUI, ccooosdosoaposcoso conn 260

Dall xy co:vaadasaetes emt ete Aas 260

Salvia van caacdseeusereasa ine ten cee eeee 242

SVAN AWAY NO IBVAID) Gobandaescs poesansoe 256

SATE TINIDIA\CIREAUE percep eecn ct aoeeeeete 65

SERECOSUTSIEMENE), os poccannsoonosonoueepe ne 196

DA by DUI jas reeeeeedsc cbs ee deee cena 268

SAXTPRAGACEHAE. ............0.00. 91

SCA DIOSA a haractneesc ete cera eee 114

SCHIStOStepP MIU esse cnereeeeeeeeeee 141

ehizochulsssaeceeessacecceee cee eee 265

Sehi7 0S OSSmM senses eas ccersee ease ee 190

SIO MUUACVANISS soonoosaséagasncosce ddan. 278

Schoenoxipliumls.s..c. sss eessseee eee 328

Scull aac saoh ee tesee eesGa ake aeeee ee 308

NCIS DUS Lae cchracseace teen eer et memes 325

ISTO) lg re erg tata enn Sea aati coed. 328

SCROPHULARIACEAE .......... 212

ISO DEICA) ae Marae eet salts ae eke oe 199

SJEIGAGaIINIH AVE} e=aee eee eee eee eee eee 234

Selagimelilam, sresccsssaae hese nenectune 371

SELAGINELLACEAE ............ 371

elaic Olehereessamcuchcce cue eceen eee 237

SCMECION me. stents stale cess aeee eee 145

Sebamta estas sades 2 meebeseecene ane 339

UOMO ee ane delncnis att Seeeaaeeree eee 45

SuiShyaa) oyelebaa, | 5, Gacsadbpencoasosoosn0 ane 37

SHH UMANDIS Gea gudssscoscauposcdessoon 196

eullibaaegasnctond aaaaieidaade noch cbaecote: 107

ShaAOYObHAFEMEUIN, sooepacaosoncsodoponooasdes 68

SOTMAINIAIC HATES caeceereseneeeee- cree 208

SOlAMUMNG. «: cotiae tn bse etiam scenes 208

DONCHUS HW hee cnsacsessuchceloceeceher et aete 178

SOPUWDisiateh es cs.cen ab adesee cones 228

IS) Oar a sl Ey AB pee beam orBeca duccsoddooneceacae 46

Sphaeralcea 07 -fareocceneneene eee 49

MPOLOWOlus’.. cac-naeaseea eset cetera 348

StachySis . sass. ace eeen oan ecene ore 244

tapeliae June co crepe etieee css temere 198

SLgelUE bale Wivenee saancanconunfondousosencone 46

SHAS] OORT ONNEY G55 coneddooaosesasner 169

Stephania | ..s..ceqenseccraccantee aeons 35

SMR CUMEA CH Ath te. .:s cee eee 50

Sl OUEGLESRineE Ss aroocodecrtocceundacssoneGr 357

LOU MED ins Masctocsence cts co ee ore 168

LOSE Eko enasaaenceectacetaeemete ne sone, SD

SoLepLOcarpUS seeeeee- ee eeeeeoeeeeeeere 231

SILO kot: eon Eee Rete Wee cuties SUSNSESR a5 226

SUTEWAM CHOW! Ke copocootes Gaeauases nobbee 254

Suberaycasecyayasetncccoseoena neers 217

Sutherlamdiayenesseccsce sees eee 83

SWELtIG | 253.5: cosmesasee snsaeeeneeeeeeee 203

SyrInGOdea as cssqeasenossaessesacee cee 278

Index to

SNem nTime ee ec aantiehinemerecsesestese 47

WWarehOnanbMUs \s.iccsacesseescssoccstss 122

‘ThejolamR oh ssc seesoecocoondsoopedge 46K 82

THostiiusliats ak seseaons, onopodososee ace sen 291

Metrachinie f 52. osatcot sacs ete. 350

Bibivavl NG tersuatta eos meee toms ceearies 33

TUNE SUUNTIAMEe coe sick aertes sate Rees mhiemiess 256

"EIS YEMUB I ACBVA CH AUK) 2. 052. .05-c0-- 254

MALIN TEA COBPAUR): oc saccicte seston caiaseceiee sone 55

TELS)», se oe ke Ree ee ne 370

Pirackiy POCO .2e..ceereaoecsseecsereees SOF

pe, OUIS ener saree cern r en isesidcscene aoashtede 348

"7 ei] oye lis sper here Mea eas A SE 56

Tricholaena. . Re ee ceed (Oa

Bibra eek. cc sea mca seeeccchianies 79

PlriStaChivitm csrerccesstsccsecs consi vces 342

‘TUR ROTAEE Ny pode soreee Se eenauE Re mea Gene anode 280

piu oao tan a een Aree coat aeisaincessteessecer 300

MEV SONU, sein. du qoececenmlaneuccseuse ence 2038

TWeVRS EG HU BNRYAGBHS ses. ceeecececetiece 104

Wimelytrumrees. sce recess sossederetes 332

Uneeihaerh. eorrocenananecsiporceapansonead 304:

WirSiritay Meee ase recente gece cseeaaaee 163

Oiirs ts Calpe eee eanasuehircenn nelncaciseer 260

LUA Te CVA TR VACHE), eo eee ccicssaiesetsclees 259

Witricullaniaverereee ene eee cere eseecce OO

BV felhallit ety Stee cc aces cee ees yas GTR: 91

Genera. SHE

Wei Grail heaaaweashnsocoscadosar ancveceaes 114

AV PAUIGIE NE WAUNIRVAUR ne eciseeseeisseccies 114

Welloziannnaenecs eee oar ORE acre 291

Wie Gita .pcetnasec sober are et sores see 165

Verbena. co.cc dssumossons astincsone Noone 239

VARESE INVA IBPAGB ee aeee see eeeereeence 239

WiernOntaiecraccuessssnen et acceer erent 115

AViETONTUCAiiaes cctasaseaneoneneaesnnteeenee 224

WGi@a 1). ioe endiononosoananonaedonanabdobco sce 85

Wahaiehat Wine cane A socrasn seek oaneanaeadccac 369

Wiahlenberoiay Ge. ...-6-0.esoesccsnee 179

\iilbhoe Gh Caccoanedbeccasanocosuscaenncos 236

Wisitsomlalaiacreescscosececeee ecceneneciece 280

\iiGie ot heb t: Wonse sacar naan atee ecer 210

WVIGOU SIA ease Aare eee eee 362

Wiurmbeate rents secsaieer cn aeeras 312

aXe

DCE hale] aby bdd ee eps eae Ne Rae Ome ea 139

3.GN01 84) BD DG De eeeserse see tncoeck on unancy alte

EXSVSIS ests ceraae, Semciesaelaeneieoaemeretees 313

CHEMO) ODT Ge scoequpeodobouseeoose be 189

JEMIVWACH HS: AE), socasponcbarcadeoee 6 saa cOr 220

LAER SCR PSOR RGAE ISD EA OO oCe: 360

LAUTAN Sig eee ee ee ese a eae Bee 139

JOSE ECOG IAD IDUNCHOVNID)... Goncasneeose 56

(378 )

INDEX

Amnaey (HUY ODS)) a-seeseteece ese see 158

alba (Berkheya) .............-...00s+ 166

aquatica (Lobelia) .................. 175

basutica (Hebenstreitia) ......... 235

basutica (Heliophila) ............... 38

basutica (Lotononis) ................ 71

basutica (Urginea) ................. 306

basutica (Wahlenbergia) ........ 181

basuticum (Melasma) ............... 225

Basutorum (Pentaschistis)......... 344

caffrum (Anesorhiza) .............. 109

caffrum (Peucedanum) ............ 108

Catimumie(Seseli))i fe.-cesecceecseeet ct 109

capense (Hieracium) .................. lg

Dieterlenii (Cineraria)............... 143

Dieterlenii (Gladiolus)............... 282

Dieterlenii (Lightfootia) ......... 178

Dieterlenii (Lotononis) ............ 72

Dieterlenii (Scleria) .................. 328

Dieterlenii (Senecio) .............. 151

Dieterlenii (Tulbaghia) ............ 300

espinosa (Blepharis).................. 231

Flanaganii (Senecio) ............... 152

TO NEW SPECIES.

Galpinii(uryops)) i: .sa--ss-me-eeee 159

Galpinii (Wahlenbergia) ......... 182

hirsuta var. Flanaganii( Vernonia) 116

humilis (Utricularia) ............... 230

macrantha (Urginea) ............... 305

macranthum (Drimia ?) ............ 306

macranthum (Ornithogalum ?) ... 806

macrophyllus (Senecio) ............ 154

montanus (Senecio) ................. 155

polyodons(Crepis) jew cee eesene sees 171

pusilla (Wurmbea) ........-.:sc.00-5 313

triphylla (Cyphia) ...... saeco lta

triseomentata (Lotononis) .. Senses 73

trisegmentata var. robusta (Loto-

nonis) Pees e oe ee non eoeeoosnean a: 74

Ay soniis (EuiryOpS)\ieeesee sneer eeeeeer 161

Tysonii var. Dieterlenii (Euryops) 162

Mysonii |(Gcbelia) eevee cceccsse eters 176

WwW

wittebergensis var.

(Galium)

glabrum

(379 )

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Puate I.

Fie. A—1. Adult plant. 2. Calyx and ovary. 3. Corolla laid open.

4. Androecium. 5. Top of style.

Fic. B.—1. Adult plant. 2. Ray-floret. 3. Disc-floret. 4. Corolla-lobes.

5. Top of style. 6. Stamen.

Puats II.

Fig. A.—1. Plant (nat. size). 2. Bract. 3. Bracteole. 4. Calyx-segments.

5. Corolla. 6. Stamen. 7. Gynaecium.

Fia. B.—1. Plant (nat. size). 2. Lower lip of corolla. 3. Calyx-segments.

. Upper lip of corolla. 5. Stamen. 6. Gynaecium.

Prats III.

Fig. A.—1. Plant (nat. size). 2. Calyx. 3. Vexillum. 4. ‘Ala. 5. Carina.

6. Gynaecium.

Fig. B.—1. Portion of plant (nat. size). 2. Flower enlarged. 3. Leaf

enlarged. 4. Gynaecium. 5. Stamen. 6. Transverse section of ovary.

Fia. C.—1. Plant (nat. size). 2. Flowerenlarged. 3. Gynaecium. 4. Androe-

cium.

Prats IV.

1. Involucre. 2. Ray-floret. 3. Dise-floret. 4. Corolla-lobes of disc-floret.

5. Style lobes. 6. Stamen. 7. Plant (reduced).

Puates V anv VI.

Photographs showing the sub-Alpine habit of species found in the Eastern

Mountain Region.

Puate VII.

Map showing the Eastern Region with approximate boundaries,

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. Vol. XVI. Plate I.

A, LoBELIA Tysontt, Phillips. B. ANTHRIXIA FONTANA, MacOw.

A.C. Dawson del, € sicco. Adlard 4& Son 4& West Newman, Ltd.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. Vol. XVI. Plate IT.

A. BLEPHARIS ESPINOSA, Phillips. B. UrricuLARIA HUMILIS, Phillips.

E. P,P, del. e siccu, Adlard 4 Son & West Newman, Ltd.

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Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 381

2.—Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa.

1. Inst of Grasses.—By Miss 8. GARABEDIAN, B.A.,

Botanical Assistant.

(With Plate VIII.)

[UNDER the above title it is proposed toissue the resultsof the Botanical

Survey of South-West Africa undertaken by the South African

Museum in conjunction with the Administration of South-West Africa.

The papers will be published from time to time as the material is

worked up.

As in the case of the collateral series of Reports on the Fauna, the

country has been divided into regions for comparative purposes.

Although the limits of these regions are somewhat arbitrary and

vague, yet they followin a general way the topography. Five regions

are adopted: (Great) Namaqualand, from the Orange River to about

latitude 23° S.; Damaraland, from about 23° 8. to a line running

roughly from Franzfontein to Namutoni on the Etosha Pan ; Ovambo-

land, the sandy flat country stretching from the Etosha Pan to the

Portuguese border and from the Okavango River on the east to the

mountainous country on the west called the Kaokoveld, which lies

between Franzfontein and the Cunene River; Namib, the sand-dune

belt which stretches along the coast between the mouths of the

Orange and Cunene Rivers. See map at end of paper.—Eprror. |

The following list of grasses has been compiled from various collec-

tions, and with a few exceptions the specimens quoted have been seen

by the compiler, and representatives of all but a small minority are

in the Herbarium of the South African Museum.

The part traversed has been divided up roughly into the follow-

ing geographical regions: (Great) Namaqualand, Damaraland, and

Ovamboland, thus including the Orange River, about 29° lat., to the

Cunene River, 17° lat., and extending to about 20° long. E. Neither

the region known as the Namib along the coast line nor the Kaokoveld

areincluded. Itis intended to issue a supplementary list of the grasses

of these regions later.

Of the collectors whose names appear frequently in this paper, the

late Dr. H. H. W. Pearson, of the 8.A. College, in the Percy Sladen

DAS)

382 Annals of the South African Museum.

Memorial Expeditions of 1908-1911 and 1912-1913, collected in Great

Namaqualand, particularly in and round the Great and Little Karas

Mountains. Dr. Paul Range in 1906-1913 collected round Angra

Pequenas (Liideritzbucht), Warmbad, Keetmanshoop, and Gibeon.

Miss Bleek and Mr. 8. Gillman in a South African Museum Expedition,

1921-1922, collected in Damaraland round Sandfontein, Grootfontein,

and Gobabis; as also did Miss Wilman, of the M‘Gregor Museum,

Kimberley. Inthe South African Museum Expeditions of 1921 and

1923, Mr. K. H. Barnard collected farther north in Ovamboland, round

the Etosha Pan and as far as the Cunene River. Dr. Hans Schinz

and Dr. K. Dinter have collected in all the regions.

Throughout this paper, F.C.—Flora Capensis, and F.T.A.=Flora

of Tropical Africa; and when reference is made to these works it

is to Volume VII of the former and to Volume IX of the latter; the

page is given in each instance, but the volume number is not quoted.

The genera are arranged according to the key given by Dr. O. Stapf

in the Flora of Tropical Africa—the species within the genera are

arranged alphabetically.

Thanks are due to Dr. O. Stapf, of the Kew Herbarium, without

whose valuable assistance this list would not have been complete ;

and also to Miss D. K. Hughes, at one time Temporary Assistant at

Kew.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

. Baum, H.—Kunene-Sambesi Expedition (1903).

Burtt-Davy, J.—In Transvaal Agricultural Journal, vol. iii, p. 287.

. DintER, K.—In Fedde Repert. Spec. Nov., vols. xv—xix. Bot. Reisen in

Deutsch Siidwest Afrika. F. Fedde, Beihefte, Bd. iii. (1921).

4, Hrrrine and Grimme.—Arbeiten d. Landwirtschafts. Gesells., Heft 197 (1911).

5. Kew Buietin.—(1894), p. 373; (1911), p. 158.

6. Mrz, C.—In Engler Bot. Jahrb., vol. lvii, pp. 185-201.

7. Pearson, H. H. W.—In The Annals of the Bolus Herbarium, vol. i, pt. 3,

p. 107.

8. Pumps, P.—In The Annals of the South African Museum, vol. ix, pt. 4, p. 226.

9. Pirgrr, R.—In Engler Bot. Jahrb., vols. xl, xliti, xlviii, li, liv.

10. Pircer, R.—In Notizblatt Konigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin V., No. 46 (1910).

11. Scuinz, H.—Die deutsche Interessensphire in Siid-West Afrika (1890), in

Jahrb. Mittelschweizerischen Geog. Commerciellen GeselJ. in Aarau.

12. Scurnz, H.—In Mitteil. Bot. Mus. Univ. Ziirich, lv.

13. Srapr, O.—In Flora Capensis, vol. vii, pp. 310-750.

14. Starr, O.—In Flora of Tropical Africa, vol. ix, p. 1.

oo bo

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 383

ANDROPOGONEAE.

1. VOSSIA, F.T.A. 8.

1. V. cuspidata, Griff. F.T.A. 41.

Ovamboland : Cunene banks, in water, Barnard, 1.

One of the principal constituents of the ‘“‘ sudd”’ of the Nile and its

tributaries, and other rivers of tropical Africa.

GENERAL Distrisution: Northern Nigeria, Uganda, Lower

Guinea, Belgian Congo, Nyasaland, Port. E. Africa.

i. HEMARTHRIA, F.T.A. 9.

1. H. fasciculata, Kunth. F.C. 329; F.T.A. 55 (Rottboellia com-

pressa, Linn., f. Suppl., 114; var. fasciculata, Hack., Androp.

in D.C. Monogr. Phan. vi, 286).

South-West Africa (Range) !

GENERAL Distripution: Throughout the warm countries of both

hemispheres, in many localities evidently introduced.

mt HLYONURUS, F.C. 332). HWA 9:

1. E. argenteus, Nees. F.C. 332; F.T.A. 70.

Damaraland : near Windhoek, Gaub (Dinter); Okanokasewa,

Dinter, 639! (F.T.A. 71). Otjitjika, Dinter, 2863 ; Zwartwater, Dinter,

2875. A very sour grass, disliked by all kinds of stock, having a

bitter turpentine flavour (Kew Bull. 1911, 158).

GENERAL DistrrBuTION: French Congo, Belgian Congo, Nyasaland,

Rhodesia.

iv. IMPERATA, F.C. 320; F.T.A. 87.

1. I. eylindrica, Beauv. F.C. 320; F.T.A. 87 (I. arundinacea, Cyr.

Pl. Rar. Neap., fasc. 11, 26, t. 11).

Damaraland: Okosongominja, Dinter, 1767 !

The ‘“‘alang alang”’ of the Malays, often covers enormous areas,

and when entering cultivated land may become a serious pest.

GENERAL DistrrBuTION: In the warm regions of both hemispheres.

v. EULALIA, F.T.A. 10.

1. E. geniculata, Stapf. F.T.A. 101.

Ovamboland: Cunene banks, Barnard, 3!

GENERAL Distripution: Belgian Congo, Rhodesia.

384 Annals of the South African Museum.

vi. SORGHUM, F.T.A. 104.

1. S. bicolor, Moench, var. odoratum, Stapf. F.T.A., 127 (Andropogon

sorghum, subsp. sativus, var. odoratus, Hack.).

Ovamboland: Ondonga; Olukonda, Schinz, 22! 650!

2. S. eaffrorum, Beaw. F.T.A. 150.

Ovamboland: Ondonga; Olukonda, Schinz!

Andropogon sorghum, vars. albidus, usorum, rubicolor, Ondongae,

Koern., are referable to the above.

GENERAL Distripution: Cultivated in South Africa in several

races, also in Mauritius, and, under the name of Kafir, in North America.

3. S. versicolor, J. N. Andersson. F.T.A. 138 (Andropogon serratus,

var. versicolor, Hack.).

Damaraland: Tsumeb, in quartz gravel, Dinter, 2500.

GENERAL DistrrputTion: Nileland, Rhodesia, Mozambique Dis-

trict, also in the Transvaal (Rustenburg, near the Crocodile River,

Burtt-Davy, 9305 !).

vu. VETIVERIA, F.T.A. 10.

1. V. nigritana, Stapf. F.T.A. 157.

Ovamboland: Cunene banks, Barnard, 4!

GENERAL Distrisution: Upper Guinea, Gold Coast, Lower

Guinea, Angola, Rhodesia.

viii. AMPHILOPHIS, F.C. 345; F.T.A. 11.

1. A. pertusa, Stapf. F.C. 345; F.T.A. 175 (Andropogon pertusus,

Willd. Sp., pl. iv, 922).

Ovamboland: Cunene banks, Barnard, 5!

GENERAL DisrripuTion: Cape Verde Islands, Abyssinia, Zanzibar,

German East Africa. In Arabia, and in India from Afghanistan to

Ceylon and Behar. Introduced in Mauritius and Jamaica.

A valuable fodder in India for grazing as well as for stacking ;

very common and characteristic in cattle compounds.

2. A. radieans, Stapf. F.C. 344; F.T.A. 173 (Andropogon radicans,

Lehm.).

Namaqualand: Eastern Karasberg, sandstone plateau upper

Keiap, Pearson, 8501!; sandstone on upper slopes Narudas Siid,

Pearson, 8179! Hereroland: without precise locality, Ltideriz,

69, 74.

GENERAL Distrisution: British Somaliland, Brit. E. Africa, Cape

Colony.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 385

ix. DICHANTIUM, FC. 335); F.T.A. 11.

1. D, annulatum, Stapf. F.C. 350; F.T.A. 178 (Andropogon

annulatus, Forsk, Fl. Aegypt. Arab., 173).

Namaqualand: Kuibis River, Range, 369; Ganaams, among rocks

in Leber River, Pearson, 9370; Awas Mts., in pass between Haris and

Aub, Pearson, 9601. In Aristida-steppe near Quartel (Dinter) ; near

Leber River (Dinter).

GENERAL DistrrBuTiIoN: From Morocco through N. Africa, the

Orient, and India to China and Australia. Considered good fodder

in India.

2. D. papillosum, Stapf. F.T.A. 179 (Andropogon papillosus, Hochst.

ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 11, 457).

Namaqualand: Kuibis River (Range)! Damaraland: Gobabis,

Dinter, 2777! flowering in February. Otavifontein, Heering and

Grimme ; Otjikuaro-Okaharw, Dinter, 3286! Used as fodder.

GENERAL DistrRipuTION: French Guinea, Cameroons, Sudan,

Belgian Congo, Angola, Zanzibar. Also in tropical America from

Mexico to Brazil.

x. EREMOPOGON, F.T.A. 11.

1. E. foveolatus, Stapf. F.T.A. 183 (Andropogon foveolatus, Del. FI.

Kgypte, 16, t. 8, fig. 2).

Damaraland: Omaheke of Otjitjikabergkette (Dinter).

GENERAL DIsTRIBUTION: Cape Verde Islands, Nubia; also in the

Canaries, and from Egypt and tropical Arabia to India, where it is

considered good fodder.

xi. SCHIZACHYRIUM, F.C. 334; F.T.A. 11.

1. S. Engleri, Pilg. in Engl. Jahrb. liv, 281 (1917).

Damaraland: Otjitjika, 35 km. from Grootfontein in Omahake

formation, 1500 m., Engler, 6314a (Dinter).

2. S. Jeffreysii, Stapf. F.T.A. 198 (Andropogon Jeffreys, Hack. in

Proc. Rhod. Scient. Assoc. vil, 11 (1908), 70).

Ovamboland: Cunene; Namakunde, Barnard, 2!

GENERAL DistripuTIion: Rhodesia: Matopo Hills and Bulawayo.

3. S. tenuispicatum, Pilg. in Engl. Jahrb. liv, 282 (1917).

Damaraland: Grootfontein, Dinter, 2840.

386 Annals of the South African Museum.

xii, ANDROPOGON, F.C. 313; F.T.A. 11.

1. A. Sehinzii, Hack. F.C. 341; F.T.A. 245.

Ovamboland: Oshando, very common, Schinz, 670. Damaraland :

Enguruwau, grass-steppe, Dinter, 3307!; Waldau, Dinter, 437.

GENERAL Distripution: Abyssinia, Belgian Congo, Rhodesia,

Griqualand, and Transvaal (Johannesburg).

2. A. eucomus, Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. 104. F.T.A. 230.

Damaraland: Otavifontein, Dinter, 907; Okosongominja, Dinter,

1786.

GENERAL Distripution: Africa south of the Equator, and

Madagascar.

3. A. gayanus, Kunth. F.T.A. 261; var. bisquamulatus, Hack.

Ovamboland: Cunene banks; Amtenya-Katiti, Barnard, 6!

Damaraland: Nels, 76.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : all tropical Africa.

xiii. CYMBOPOGON.

1. C. exeavatus, Stapf. F.T.A. 285 (Andropogon schoenanthus, var.

versicolor, Hack., F.C. 354).

Ovamboland: between Cunene River (Otjimbombe) and Eunda,

Barnard, 7! Damaraland: near Gibeon, sandbank, flowering May,

Range, 1357!; near Klein Witvlei between Gobabis and Windhuk,

Gillman, 16,447! 16,446!; dunes east of Gobabis (Wialman). Herero-

land: Fleck, 77. Namaqualand: Reheboth, Fleck, 920.

GENERAL Distripution: South Africa, extending southwards to

Griqualand (west and east) and the mountains of Natal.

2. C. marginatus, Stapf. K.B. xi, 158; F.T.A. 280 (Andropogon

Nardus, var. marginatus, F.C. 352).

Damaraland: Kamms, flowering April, Range, 295! Hereroland :

Liideritz, 33.

GENERAL DistripuTion: Cape Colony and Natal. No use for

fodder.

3. C. plurinodis, Stapf ex Burtt-Davy. F.C.353; F.T.A. 273 (Andro-

pogon plurinodis, Stapf in Dyer, F.C.).

Damaraland: Kamms River side, 1450 m., flowering January,

Range, 904! Namaqualand: Schakalskuppe hilltops, Pearson, 4252 !;

Akam River bed, Pearson, 4764!; Central Karasberg, near water

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 387

at Krai Kluft, Pearson, 8503! MHereroland: between Haris and

Kurumanas, Fleck, 557.

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION : All over South Africa, with the exception

of the south-west and the littoral in the east.

4. C. suaveolens, Pilg. in Engl. Jahrb. liv, 285 (1917).

Damaraland: Klein Packreim, v. Trotha, 42; Waterburg,

Dinter, 1825.

Probably identical with C, exeavatus, descr. compared.

xiv. HYPARRHENIA, F.T.A. 11.

1. H. rufa, Stapf. F.T.A. 304.

Ovamboland: Omurambas, near Namakunde, Barnard, 8 !

Commonly used for grass fencing in Nigeria, and for thatching in

Angola.

GENERAL DIsTRIBUTION: French Guinea, Abyssinia, Belgian Congo,

Zanzibar, Rhodesia; also in Mascarene Isles and in Brazil.

xv, RACH YPOGON, EH Chsol- aN ieAL 2:

1. T. plumosus, Nees. F.T.A. 403.

Ovamboland: Namakunde, Barnard, 78 |

GreneRAL DistrrputTion: In South Africa, Madagascar, and the

hot parts of America from Texas and Arizona to the Argentine.

xvi. HETEROPOGON, F.C. 335; F.T.A. 12.

1. H. contortus, R.and S. F.T.A. 411.

Ovamboland: Cunene banks; Onambeke, moist ground, Barnard,

9!; Ukualonkathi, Barnard, 10! Damaraland: Tsumeb, in Kamel-

baumbusch on stiff loam at Ovikokorero (Dinter); Otavifontein

(Heering and Grimme); Omusema near Okahandja, Nov., Dinter,

3329! In pure stands of 50 hectares at Eahero Farm (Dinter).

The occurrence of extensive “ sour grass,” mostly H. contortus, in

the Omaheke of Okahandja is very striking. This grass is very much

appreciated by cattle as long as the culms are young; it becomes a

nuisance when mature.

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: Common in the tropics, also in the

Mediterranean region.

2. H. melanocarpus, Benth. F.T.A. 413.

Ovamboland: Cunene banks, Barnard, 11!; Oshando, Schinz, 653.

GeneRAL DistrrpuTion. Widely spread throughout the hot

countries of both hemispheres, probably of American origin.

388 Annals of the South African Museum.

xvii. THEMEDA, F.C. 367; F.T.A. 12.

1. T. triandra, Forsk. F.C. 367; F.T.A. 416.

Var. Burchella.

Ovamboland: Cunene banks, Barnard, 12! Namaqualand:

Eastern Karasberg, sandstone on summit Narudas Siid, Pearson,

8224 !

One of the commonest grasses of the drier regions of Africa, forming

extensive associations. It is the ‘ Rooi”’ grass of 8. Africa and, like

its Australian representatives, Themeda australis, Stapf (Anthistiria

australis, R. Br.), is a most valuable fodder grass (see Trans. Agric.

Journ. ii, 287).

PANICEAE.

i, DIGITARIA, F.C. 313; E-T.A..13.

1. D. eriantha, Steud. F.C. 375; F.T.A. 429.

Ovamboland: Ondonga to Namakunde, Barnard, 14!; Bushveld,

Omusere to Ondonga, Barnard, 16487, in 8.A.M.H.; Cunene banks,

Barnard, 15!; Onambeke, grass steppes, Barnard, 16! Namaqua-

land: Khubgarub, 1500 m., Range, 240!; Schakalskuppe, 1000 m.,

Range, 92!; A. 38!; Kuibis quartz rocks, 1400 m., Range, 651!;

Kuibis quartzite, 1330 m., Range, 853!; Kamms River side, 1450 m.,

Range, 901b! Central Karasberg: Krai Kluft, Pearson, 8516!;

sand near base of kopje, 15 miles south-east of Grundoorn, Pearson,

4556!; rock crevices in kopje between Dabaigabis and Grundoorn,

Pearson, 3168!; stony bed of Akam River, Pearson, 4763 !

Common throughout the eastern half of South Africa, rare in the

west. A useful fodder for cattle.

2. D. marginata, Link. F.T.A. 439.

Namaqualand : Kuibis, in cultivated land, 1300 m., Range, 964 !

GENERAL DistriBUTION: Throughout the warmer parts of the New

and the Old World, but apparently very rare in tropical Africa.

ii, KRIOCHLOA, F.T.A. 14.

1. E. acrotricha, Hack. F.T.A. 499.

Damaraland: Okahandja (Dinter); Nagels Farm, Dinter, 3395 !

GENERAL DistTRIBUTION: Upper Guinea, Lower Guinea, Nile Land,

Mozambique District; also in tropical Arabia and occasionally in

India.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 389

Mie UEUCOPHRYS, BIT.A. 14.

1. L. mesocoma, Rendle. F.T.A. 503 (Panicum mesocomum, Stapf

in Dyer, F.C. 387).

Namaqualand: Dry river bed 20 km. north of Raman’s Drift,

2400 ft., Pearson, 4544 !; sandy valley 20 km. north of Raman’s Drift,

3200 ft., Pearson, 4515; sandy river bed at Buchholzbrunn, 3250 ft.,

Pearson, 3679; clumps in river bed 25 km. north of Warmbad,

Pearson, 4302. Great Karasberg: Pearson, 3519. Little Karas

Mts., western foothills near Holoog, on sandy banks of stream, Pearson,

9740; sandy places in pans between Groot Rozynbosch and Wortel,

Pearson, 3598; on Leber River in white sand at Keetmanshoop

(Dinter).

GENERAL DistriputTion: South Africa (Zeyher in Herb. Hook. ;

Drége in Herb. Benth.), Angola.

2. L. glomerata, Stapf. F.T.A. 504 (Panicum glomeratum, Stapf in

Dyer, F.C. 393).

Damaraland: Welwitsch, Galpin and Pearson, 7427!; North

of Salem on granite, Giirich, 130!; Namaqualand: Garub, granite

rocks, Range, 515!; Bethany District, in sandy places, Range, 1004 !;

near Gibeon Dunes near Elephant river, 1200m., Range, 1438!;

sand dunes at Sandverhaar, Pearson, 4657!; sandy river bed at

Buchholzbrunn, Pearson, 3668!; Schinz, 640!; on dunes at Sand-

verhaar and near Wittvlei (Dinter). Hereroland: sandy banks of

River Suachaub near Hykamchab, 200 m., April, Marloth, 1186!

Liideritz, 37.

GENERAL DistriBution: Angola.

iv. BRACHIARIA, F.C. 383; F.T.A. 14.

1. B. eruciformis, Gris. (B. Isachne, Stapf in F.T.A. 552; Panicum

Isachne, Roth ex Roem and Schult, F.C. 390).

Damaraland: Okahandja River between Okahandja and Osona

(Dinter).

GENERAL Distripution: Nile Land, Mozambique District, and

Zanzibar.

2. B. nigropedata, Stapf. F.T.A. 535 (Panicum nigropedatum,

Munro).

Damaraland: Otavifontein (Heering), between Gobabis and

Gaikus (Gillman)!; between Gobabis and Sandfontein (Gillman) !

16426; dunes east of Gobabis (Wilman) in S.A.M.H.!; between

390 Annals of the South African Museum.

Grootfontein and Lane, Lightfoot, 12733!; between Tsumeb and

Bobos (Dinter) ; Otjisondu (Dinter).

GENERAL DistrinpuTiIon: Brit. East Africa, Rhodesia, Port. East

Africa.

3. B, ramosa, Stapf. F.T.A. 543.

Damaraland: Tsumeb, in quartz gravel on Okongawa Mt. near

Ovikokorero (Dinter).

GENERAL DistripuTION: India and Cape Verde Islands. This is

more likely to be the following species.

4. B, Rautanenii, Stapf. F.T.A.513 (Panicum Rautanenwi, Hack.).

Ovamboland : Cunene banks, in water, Barnard, 17!; Olukonda,

Rautanen (type) B. Rautanenz, see F.T.A. 513.

5. B. regularis, Stapf. F.T.A. 544.

Ovamboland: Omaseru to Ondonga, bushveld, Barnard, 16486 !

GENERAL DistRiBuTION: French Sudan, Nubia, Angola, Zanzibar,

N.E. Transvaal, and Madagascar.

6. B. xantholeuea, Stapf. F.T.A. 541.

Ovamboland: Omaseru to Ondonga, bushveld, Barnard, 16460! ;

Olukonda, Schinz, 139; Onjodjahere, Schinz, 474.

GENERAL DistrRtBuTION: Northern tropical Africa.

v. PASPALUM, F.C. 3138; F.T.A. 14.

1. P. serobiculatum, Linn, var. Commersoni, Stapf. F.T.A. 578.

Ovamboland: Cunene banks, Barnard, 20!

An erect growing annual generally regarded as food by the natives

of India, but it is by no means a wholesome article of diet, and

suspicious cases of cattle poisoning have been connected with this

grass.

GENERAL DistripuTion: Widely dispersed through the tropics of

the Eastern Hemisphere.

vi. UROCHLOAY EC. 418; F.T.A. 15.

1. U. trichopus, Stapf. F.T.A. 589.

Ovamboland: Mafa, Barnard, 16508! Damaraland: Namutoni,

Barnard, 16485!; Otjivero, between Gobabis and Windhoek,

Gillman, 16449 !

GENERAL DistripuTion: French Sudan, Kordofan, Southern

Abyssinia.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 391

2. U. pullulans, Stapf. F.T.A. 590.

Damaraland: Namutoni, Barnard, 16518 !

GENERAL Distripution: Port. E. Africa, Nyasaland.

3. U. brachyura, Stapf. F.T.A. 592.

Ovamboland: Onolongo, Barnard, 21!; Olukonda, Schinz, 638.

4. U. bulbodes, Stapf. F.T.A. 593.

Ovamboland: Mafa, Barnard, 20 !

Excellent fodder for cattle, according to Welwitsch.

GENERAL DistripuTion: Abyssinia, Angola, Belgian Congo,

N. and 8. Rhodesia.

vii. ECHINOCHLOA, F.T.A. 15.

1. E. Holubii, Stapf. F.T.A. 606 (Panicum Holubii, Stapf in F.C.

394).

Damaraland: Okahandja, Dinter, 2769 !

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: King William’s Town, Transvaal, Upper

Zambesi.

2. E. pyramidalis, Hitch and Chase. F.T.A. 615.

Ovamboland: Mafa, Barnard, 16483!; Cunene banks, Barnard,

23! Damaraland: in pools near Otavifontein (Dinter); Otjihangwe

(Dinter).

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: Upper and Lower Guinea, Nyasaland,

Rhodesia.

E. pyramidalis, together with £. stagnina, are the chief constituents

of the great water meadows of the inundation region of the Niger and

of Lake Chad, and also enter largely into the “ sudd ” of the Nile and

other African rivers. According to Chevalier the grains are used as

food in Bornu (vulg. Kreb or Kasha), and in Senegambia, the French

Sudan (vulg. Linguii). Barter states that in Nupe “an impure

salt or carbonate of soda is made by burning this grass, used for

culinary purposes when salt is not to be procured,” and Lécard

describes it as an excellent fodder grass, much relished by animals.

See F.T.A. 615.

3. E. stagnina, Beauv. F.T.A. 617.

Ovamboland : Cunene banks, in water, Barnard, 241; Ukulonkathi,

Barnard, 25 !

GENERAL DistRipuTiIoN: Upper and Lower Guinea, Nile Land,

Rhodesia, Portuguese East Africa. See above.

392 Annals of the South African Museum.

viii. PANICUM, F.C. 313; F.T.A. 15.

1. P. coloratum, Linn. F.C. 409; F.T.A. 713.

Ovamboland: Cunene banks, Barnard, 26!; Onolongo and

Onambeke grass-steppes, Barnard, 27! 28! Damaraland: Sand-

fontein, Wilman!; Namutoni to Otjikito, Barnard, 16497 !

GreNERAL Distripution.: Upper Guinea, Mozambique District,

Nile Land.

2. P. maximum, Jacg. F.C. 404; F.T.A. 655.

Ovamboland: Mafa, Barnard, 30! Namaqualand: Central and

Eastern Karasberg, ravines at base of Scharfenstein, and at Narudas

Siid, Pearson, 8517 !

Very rich in nutritive qualities, and has the reputation of being one

of the best fodder grasses of the tropics, where it is commonly

cultivated.

GENERAL DistrRIBUTION: Throughout N. and 8. Africa, Madagascar,

the Mascarenes, and in Yemen. Introduced and widely spread in

India and America.

3. P. minus, Stapf, var. plantifoliwm, Stapf. F.C. 410.

Damaraland: Sandfontein, Bleek, 16475! Namaqualand: Kuibis

on quartzite, 1350 m., flowering Feb., Range, 859! 16451; Kunab, on

back sand, April, Range, 1014!; Central and Kastern Karasberg,

granite in ravine base of Scharfenstein, Pearson, 8520!; granite,

lower slopes Narudas Stid, Pearson, 8521!; Warmbad, Pearson,

4031!; Omusema, on granite, Dinter, 3344 !

One of the most valuable forage grasses for moist land of laagtes,

yielding a heavy crop of good forage hay.

Common on old lands, and one of the two grasses sold (in Transvaal)

for sweet grass hay.

4. P. numidianum, Zam. Encycl. i (1791), 172. Dur. et Schinz,

Consp. v, 757.

Namaqualand : Homeib, Schinz, 637. Hereroland: Liideritz, 70.

GENERAL DistRIBUTION : Cape Colony and North Africa, introduced

from Brazil.

5. P. Pearsoni, Bol. f. Ann. Bol. Herb. 1, 107 (1905).

Great Namaqualand: Central Karasberg, sandstone plateau on

summit of Long Hill, east of Krai Kluft, Pearson, 8518 !

6. P. repens, Linn. F.C. 409; F.T.A. 708.

Damaraland: Otavifontein (Heering) ; Swakop River mouth, Galpin

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 393

and Pearson, 7409! Considered a very good fodder and also useful

as a sand binder.

GENERAL DistRIBUTION: Widely distributed on the tropical and

subtropical coasts of both hemispheres and in India and Africa, also

in and along rivers; probably originally a native of the Old World.

7. P. Sehinzii, Hack. ¥.T.A. 715.

Ovamboland : Amtenya-Katiti, Barnard, 29!; Olukonda, Ondonga,

Schinz, 641.

Insufficiently known species—

1. Panicum chromatostigma, Pg. n. sp. in Engl. Jarhb. 33 (1902).

Damaraland: Otjimbingue, I. Fischer, 75 (1897).

2. P. melanospermum, Mez, n. sp. in Engl. Jahrb. 57, 185. Herero-

land: Witzenhaus in Herb. Hamburg.

. erassipes, Mez, loc. cit. Grossarth, 4; Seiner, 126 (typus).

P. kalaharense, Mez, loc. cit. Schultze, 318, 342p, 356c.

P. arbusculum, Mez, loc. cit. Coll. ignot. Herb. Hamburg.

P. radula, Mez, loc. cit. Morgenstern (typus), S.W.A.

Do mR oO

vill. Setaria, F.C. 419; F.T.A. 16.

1. S. appendiculata, Stapf. F.C. 420.

Great Namaqualand: Western, Central, and Eastern Karasberg,

among granite blocks on high plateau east of Wasserfall, Pearson,

8511!; sandy slopes 8.W. of Krai Kluft, Pearson, 8512!; lower

foothills, Narudas Siid, Pearson, 8172!; sandy plains in granite

torrent bed, Narudas Siid, Pearson, 8326!; Garius, Dinter, 4244!

Damaraland : Onguati, chalk bush-steppe, Dinter, 2851 !; near River

Onanis, Belck, 63c.

2. S. aurea, A. Br. F.C. 426.

Ovamboland: Cunene banks, Barnard, 32! Damaraland, in

pools near Otavifontein (Dinter).

Distributed in slightly different forms throughout tropical Africa

and Asia.

3. S. glauca (L.), P. Beauv. Essai Agrost., 1812, p. 51.

Namaqualand : Gamochab, Schinz, 607.

GENERAL Distripution: Widely spread in Africa; cosmopolitan.

4. S. sagittifolia, Walp. Ann. iii, 721.

Ovamboland: Cunene banks, shady places under trees, Barnard,

394 Annals of the South African Museum.

31! Olukonda, Rautanen, 84. Damaraland: Gaub (Dinter); on red

loam and sand at Tsumeb (Dinter), 84.

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: Abyssinia.

5. S. verticillata, Beawy. F.C. 429.

Damaraland: In bed of stream at Windhuk, Gillman, 16451 !;

Orab (Heering), Namutoni, Barnard, 16507!; Okahandja, Dinter,

1626! Namaqualand: Soromas Vlei, 1000 m., flowering April,

Range, 665 ; Kuibis on cultivated ground, Range, 660! Ovamboland :

N. of Ondonga (Ovakuayama), Rautanen, 1 (1906).

A useless annual naturalised weed—tangles wool of sheep and goats.

GENERAL DistripuTIon: Throughout Africa and India to Malaya.

Elsewhere (Europe, Australia, America) only as a weed.

6. S. viridis, Beauv. Agrost. 51.

(ambigua, Guss.)

Damaraland: Hereroland, Hoffner, 114c.

ix. TRICHOLAENA, F.C. 441; F.T.A. 16.

1. T. brevipila, Hack. F.C. 445.

Namaqualand: Gamoxab, Schinz, 631.

2. T. monachyron, Oliv. in Hook. Icon. pl. xxv (1895), t. 2574.

Ovamboland: Cunene banks, Great Falls, and other localities,

growing | to 2 ft. high, flowering March, Barnard, 78 !

3. T. rosea, Nees. F.C. 443.

Ovamboland : grass veld round Andoni, Barnard, 16490!; Kachipu,

near Cunene banks, Barnard, 35!; Onolongo, grass-steppe, Barnard,

33!; Cunene banks, Barnard, 36! Namaqualand: KEastern

Karasberg, sandstone cliffs, Narudas Siid, Pearson, 8513! Damara-

land: between Gobabis and Sandfontein, Gillman, 16441!; Sand-

fontein, Bleek, 16478!; Gaub (Dinter); Kamelbaumbusch, on stiff

loam near Ovikokorero; forming pasture to the exclusion almost of

anything else in thorn bush of Swakop (Dinter) ; Okakueyo, Dinter,

3331! Found plentifully on roadsides and old lands; it makes

good hay.

GENERAL DistripuTion: South and tropical Africa, Madagascar

and South Arabia.

4. T. setifolia, Stapf. F.C. 442.

Ovamboland: Namakunde, Barnard, 34! Damaraland: Awas

Mts., 12 km. E. of Windhuk, on quartzite slopes, Pearson, 9798 !

Namaqualand : N. of Choaberib, in dry stream bed, Pearson, 9412 !

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : Cape, Transvaal, Griqualand West, Natal.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 395

5. T. sphacelata, Benth. in Hook. Nig. Fl. (1849), p. 559.

Ovamboland: Olukonda, Rautanen, 138.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Tropical West Africa.

x. XYOCHLAENA, Stapf in Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 3098.

1. X. arenaria, Stapf, loc. cit., sub. t. 3098 (Tricholaena arenaria,

Nees, var. glauca, Stapf in Dyer, F.C. 446).

Namaqualand: Kamms, Range, A. 39, 91, 297!; Eastern Karas-

berg, among stones in lower foothills, Narudas Siid, Pearson, 8167 !;

Tiras, Schinz, 673; sandy plains in valleys between Ausis and Kuias,

Schenck, 80.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : America.

2. XK. eapensis, Stapf, loc. cit.

Namaqualand: Gabis, Pearson, 4952; dry stream bed between

Dabaigabis and Grundoorn, Pearson, 3119; Garius, Dinter, 4246 !

3. X. monachne, Stapf, loc. cit. (Panicum Madagascariense, Spreng.

Syst. veget. i (1825), 317).

Damaraland: between Nauchas and Areb on plains of granitic

sand, Pearson, 9022! MHereroland: Liideritz, 39; Otjimbingue,

I. Fischer, 60. Hereroland: Fleck, 123.

Var. minus, Hack.

Damaraland: Marloth, 1378.

GENERAL DIsTRIBUTION: Cape Colony, Angola, E. Africa, Senegal,

Madagascar, Mauritius.

x1. ANTHEPHORA, F.C. 440; F.T.A. 16.

1. A. Hochstetteri, Nees in Flora (1844), 249.

Ovamboland: Oshando, Schinz, 611. Damaraland: Otavifontein,

acc. to Heering.

GENERAL DistTRIBUTION: Tropical Africa, Abyssinia.

2. A. pubescens, Nees. F.C. 440.

Ovamboland : grass veld round Andoni, Barnard, 16488 ! ; Damara-

land: Okahandja, Dinter, 1116; between Gobabis and Gaikus,

Gillman, 16433!; Nuragas, uncommon, Lightfoot, 16505! 12738!;

dunes east of Gobabis (Wilman), between Tsumeb and Bobos (Dinter) ;

on quartz gravel on Okongawa Mts. near Ovikokorero (Dinter); in

Kamelbaumbusch on stiff loam at Ovikokorero (Dinter); Waldau,

396 Annals of the South African Museum.

Dinter, 441! Namaqualand: Kamms River side, gravelly places,

1400 m., flowering May, Range, 325!; S. of Aminius, sandy places,

1250 m., flowering Nov., Range, 771!; Kunab, Bethany District, in

black sand, April, Range, 1002!; Eastern Karasberg, Narudas Siid,

Pearson, 8535!; Little Karas Mts., western foothills near Holoog,

on sandy bank of stream, Pearson, 9739!; between Haris and Awas

Mts., Pearson, 9502!; Grundoorn, Pearson, 3126!; Liideritz, 35;

Onanisfluss, Belck, 63b.

Very good fodder grass for all animals.

4. A. undulatifolia, Hack. F.C. 441.

Ovamboland: Cunene banks, .Barnard, 37! Damaraland: on

limestone at Franzfontein, Dinter, 2634!; Okahandja, Dinter, 418!;

Rehoboth-Aub (Dinter); Reheboth, Fleck.

Found in various places, especially sand, and is preferably fodder for

cattle.

3. A. Sehinzii, Hack. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 30, 139 (1889).

Ovamboland: Olukonda near Ondonga, Schinz, 610.

xi. PENNISETUM, F.C. 480; F.T.A. 16.

1. P. cenchroides, Rich. F.C. 433. -

Ovamboland: Uwuthija, Barnard, 38!; Andoni, Barnard, 16523 !

16430! 39! Damaraland: in Kamelbaumbusch on stiff loam at

Ovikokorero; in quartz gravel on Okongawa Mt. near Ovikokorero

(Dinter) ; in Omaheke Island at Otjonzonjati near Okahandja (Dinter) ;

in black humus in fissures of limestone in Kamelbaum steppe at

Enguruwau (Dinter); on granite near Okahandja (Dinter); in large

clumps in slightly brackish flats near Okahandja (Dinter). Namaqua-

land: Kuibis, 1350 m., May, Range, 657 !; Kamms, 1410 m., river-

side, Jan., Range, 902!; Kunab, Bethany District, 1300 m., black sand,

April, Range, 1409!; between Windhuk and Gobabis, Gillman,

16430!; among stones in river bed at Buchholzbrunn, Pearson,

3648!; between Dabaigabis and Grundoorn, Pearson, 3116!; in

sandy places recently washed by rain, 20 km. south of Warmbad,

Pearson, 4032 !; Gawaichab, banks of the Lowen River, Pearson,

4095!; among rocks in dry stream bed near Dabaigabis, Pearson,

4389!; Akam River, among quartzite blocks, Pearson, 4730! ; crevices

in kopje near crossing of the Kalkfontein railway track, Pearson,

4572! 4567!; Eastern Karasberg, among stones on steep hillside,

Narudas Siid, Pearson, 8131!; Haikamchab, Galpin and Pearson,

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 397

7437!; Windhuk, common. on slopes, Pearson, 9361!; Awas Mts.

between Arib and Windhuk, Pearson, 9648; Naukluft Mts. at Kabiras

among granite blocks, Pearson, 9062!; Little Karas Mts., western

foothills near Holoog in sandy banks of Usib River, Pearson, 9316! ;

S. of Choaberib, on stony plains, Pearson, 9450! ; Lowen River, Range,

438!; Farm Gras, Nonikam, acc. to Heering and Grimme.

Frequent, esp. in stony places, good fodder for all animals.

GENERAL DistripuTion: Throughout Africa, in Sicily, and east-

wards as far as North-West India.

2. P. Stapfianum, Bol. f.in Ann. Bol. Herb. i, 108 (1915).

Namaqualand: Central Karasberg, summit of Scharfenstein.

Pearson, 8556 !

3. P. Rangei, Mez, n. sp.,in Engl. Jahrb. lvii, p. 185.

Namaqualand: Lowen River, Range, 438!

4. P, Foermerianum, Leeke, Zeitschr. Naturwiss. ]xxix (1907).

Damaraland: on granite near Okahandja (Dinter); Otjimbingue,

Windhoek, Awasberg, Regenstein, Albers, 170, 363.

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: Mascarene Islands and South Africa.

5. P. Thunbergii, Kunth. F.C. 436.

Namaqualand : Keetmanshoop, Fenchel,3. Hereroland: Liideritz,

50; Hoffner, 84.

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: Cape Colony, Kalahari, and Eastern

Region. A promising perennial grass of wet lands.

6. P. typhoideum, Rich. F.C. 432.

Ovamboland: Olukonda, Schinz, 404; Rautanen, 47.

GENERAL DistTRIBUTION : Cultivated very largely in Amboland and

tropical Africa.

7. P. purpurascens (Schrad), Anderss. in Peters Reise n. Mosamb.

il (1864), p. 522; Dur. et Schinz, Consp. v., p. 783.

Namaqualand: Kuisib, Fleck, 525; without locality, Hoffner, 84.

GENERAL DistRIBUTION: Cape Colony, Zambesi, Natal.

8. P. Myurus, Parl, ex Webb in Hook. Nig. FI. (1849), p. 183; Dur.

et Schinz, Consp. v, p. 781.

Ovamboland: Oshando, Schinz, 609.

9. P. pentastachyum, Hochst. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss., sect. I, n. 315,

Dur. et Schinz, Consp. v, p. 782.

Namaqualand: Reheboth, Fleck, 25.

398 Annals of the South African Museum.

ARUNDINELLEAE.

1, ARUNDO, F.C. 539.

1. A. Donax, Zinn. F.C. 540.

Namaqualand: Haikamchab, Galpin and Pearson, 7433 !

The stems are used for whips and the young shoots yield fodder for

all animals (Pilger in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, v, No. 46).

i, TRICHOPTHRYX, F.C. 449; FTA. 17.

1. T. Dinteri, Pilg. in Engl. Jahrb. 1, 414 (1914).

Damaraland: Gaub, Heisib-Omo, Dinter, 2438.

T. sp. nov., Barnard (Cunene Gt. Falls), 40 ! ( Range !).

2. T. flavida, Stapf. F.C. 451.

Namaqualand: Central and Eastern Karasberg, between Narudas

Nord and Krai Kluft, Pearson, 8491!; in clefts in granite on foot-

hills, Narudas Siid, Pearson, 8490 !

GENERAL Distripution: Kalahari Region, Transvaal, Pretoria.

3. T. ramosa, Stapf. F.C. 451.

Damaraland: on Okongawa Mt. near Ovikokorero, on quartz

gravel (Dinter); Waterberg, Dinter, 1804!; Karibib, Dinter, 2510!

Aris, Dinter, 2241! Namaqualand: Kamms, Range, 903!; Biills-

poort, Dinter, 2115!

GENERAL Distripution: Kalahari Region: Griqualand West.

AVENEAE.

i, PENTASCHISTIS, F.C. 480; F.T.A. 17.

1. P. airioides, Stapf. F.C. 511.

Namaqualand: Kuibis, 1600 m., flowering October, Range, 88!

A. 35!

GeneRAL DisTRiBuTION: Cape Region, Cape Division, Lion’s

Head, etc.

ii, DANTHONTA, F.C. 516; F.T.A. 17.

1. D. pumila, Nees. F.C. 530.

Namaqualand: Pomona, Dinter, 4018!; Range, 1893!; rocky

flora of Nautilusberg, Range, 10!; (near Liideritzbucht), Angra

Pequenas, Galpin and Pearson, 7588!; Liideritzbucht, Dinter, 1260 !

Hereroland: Nels, 74.

GENERAL DistRipution: Cape Colony.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 399

2. D. tenella, Nees. F.C. 531.

Namaqualand: Kubib, 1600 m., Oct., Range, 88! A. 35!

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: South Africa.

3. D. suffrutescens, Stapf. F.C. 533.

Namaqualand: Sandverhaar, sand dunes, Pearson, 6441! 3707;

common in sand dunes at Gorup, Pearson, 496 !

GENERAL DistriBuTION: Central Region, Carnarvon Div., and

Prieska Div.

4. D. glauca, Nees. F.C. 534.

Namaqualand : Covinberg, 600 m., Jan., Range, 180!; sandy dunes

W. of Aubis, 1200 m., Sept., Range, 749!; Bethany District, black

sand at Kunab, 1300 m., April, Range, 1020!; dunes near Elephant

River near Gibeon, 1200 m., May, Range, 1439!; river sand dunes,

50 km. W. of Kuibis near Liideritzbucht, June, Range, 1829!; on

dunes between Garib and Klein Nauas, Dinter, 1947 !

Var. lasiophylla. Rotekuppe, Dinter, 1125!

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: Western Region.

5. D. Rangei, Plg.in Engl. Jahrb. xlii, 386 (1909).

Namaqualand: Aus, 1300 m., Oct., Range, 89!; river bed in

mesembryanthemum steppe at Aus, Dinter, 1173!

ii. PHRAGMITES, F.C. 540.

1. P. communis, 7rin. F.C. 541.

Damaraland: Namutoni, round a water hole, Barnard, 16526!;

creeping with long stolons near Swakop River mouth (Dinter).

Okosongominja, Dinter, 1778. Namaqualand: Bethany, 1000 m.,

March, Range, 1261!; Gibeon; Anobtal near Swartfontein, 1200 m.,

May, Range, 1837.

Var. isiaca, Coss. Namaqualand: Homeib, Schinz, 612. Herero-

land: Liideritz, 44; Kuisib, Fleck, 685.

GENERAL DistriputTion: North Africa, Abyssinia, Cape Colony,

Spain, 8. France.

AGROSTEAE.

i, POLYPOGON, F.C. 543; E.T.A. 18.

1. P. monspeliensis, Desf. F.C. 543.

Namaqualand: Seeheim, Dinter, 4213!; Warmbad, Wandres, 10.

Hereroland: Liideritz, 36; Tsoachaubtal, Schenck, 412. Damara-

land: Swakop River, Sept., Range, 8.7, 31!

400 Annals of the South African Museum.

Very common throughout the Mediterranean region to India,

introduced into most warm countries.

ii. AGROSTIS, F.C. 545; F.T.A. 18.

2. A. Bergiana, Trin. F.C. 547.

Namaqualand: Kuibis, on cultivated ground, July, Range, 643 !

GENERAL DistRiBuTION: Coast Region, Eastern Kalahari, also in

St. Helena.

STIPEAE.

PeA RISTO A EEC sobs si Acels.

1. A. adseensionis, Linn. F.C. 554.

Ovamholand: Cunene banks, Barnard, 41!; Namaqualand :

Kuibis, quartz rock, 1400 m., May, Range, 652!; Bethany District,

black sand at Kunab, 1300 m., April, Range, 1007!; Fish River, sand-

stone at Kainuchas near Gibeon, 1200 m., April, Range, 1399 !; sandy

places near Schakalskuppe, 1500 m., March, Range, 1779!; Great

Karasberg, Pearson, 8493!; Grundoorn, Pearson, 3129!; sandy

grass-steppe at Eahero, Dinter, 3406!; in Aristida-steppe near

Quartel (Dinter).

Common in most dry and hot countries.

A. adscensionis, L. var. coerulescens (Trin. et Rupr.), Dur. et

Schinz, Consp. v (1894), p. 799.

Damaraland : in low plains near Otjimbingue, Marloth, 1379.

GENERAL DistripuTion: Africa, with the exception of the

Sudan; alsoin Asia and Australia.

2. A. alopecuroides, Hack. in Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. xxx

(1888).

Ovamboland: Olukonda, Schinz, 656.

Qa. A, altissima, Arech. in Anal. Mus. Montevid. iv, i, 80.

Damaraland: Eahero, on stiff sandy loam, March, Dinter, 3281!

(very near A, adseensionis, Linn.).

GENERAL Distripution: Uruguay.

3. A. barbicollis, Trin. and Rupr. F.C. 559.

Damaraland : on sandy plateau between Hoffnungsfelde and Haris,

Pearson, 9542.

A hard, wiry, and practically useless grass.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 401

4. A. brevifolia, Steud. F.C. 570.

S.W.A. No locality, Range, 1233! Namaqualand: in southern

part, Fleck, 290a.

GENERAL DistRiBUTION: Central Region, Calvinia, Prince Albert.

5. A. ciliata, Desf. F.C. 563.

Namaqualand: Liideritzbucht, rocky ground, Jan., Range, 204!;

Kubib, meadow-forming grass, March, Range, 222!; Garub, gravelly

places, 900 m., Oct., Range, 522!; Kuibis, quartz rocks, 1400 m.,

May, Range, 654!; near Liideritzbucht, 700 m., Nov., Range, 1064!;

Tsumeb, sandy places, 1300 m., Sept., Range, 1132!; Kainushas,

Fish River, sandstone near Gibeon, 1200 m., April, Range, 1413!; sand

dunes near Elephant River, Gibeon, 1200 m., May, Range, 1429!;

near Liideritzbucht, 90 m., March, Range, 1556! 1564; sandy places

near Liideritzbucht, 300 m., Sept., Range, 1883!; Central Karasberg

in coarse sand on bank of dry watercourse, Krai Kluft, Pearson, 8496 !

Damaraland: on white sand dunes at Witvlei, Dinter, 1972!;

Haikamchab, Galpin and Pearson, 7424 ! 7413 !

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Coast Region, Central, Western and

Kalahari Region. Also in Nubia and throughout southern part of

Mediterranean region ; on sand and on rocky places; good fodder.

Var. villosa. Damaraland: Kubas-Habis, loamy sand, Dinter,

2816! Namaqualand: Orab-Mariental, sandstone, Dinter, 2013!

6. A. coma-ardeae, Mez in Fedde Repert. xvii, p. 152.

Damaraland (Galpin and Pearson).

7. A. congesta, Roem and Schult. F.C. 558.

Namaqualand: In Aristida-steppe near Quartel (Dinter); sandy

places W. of Naossonabis, 1250 m., Nov., Range, 801! Damaraland :

Awas Mts. in pass between Haris and Aub, Pearson, 9542!; Liideritz,

Al, 65.

GENERAL DistrRipuTION: Cape Colony, Transvaal, Orange Free

State, Natal, Bechuanaland.

8. A. damarensis, Mez in Fedde Repert. xvii, p. 512.

Damaraland (Galpin and Pearson).

9. A. Dinteri, Hack. in Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. II, 1, 767.

Damaraland: in acacia-steppe in desert between Karibib and

Welwitsch (Dinter). Hereroland: Kan, Dinter, 1485.

10. A. Dregeana, Trin. and Rupr. F.C. 569.

Namaqualand: Liideritzbucht, in rocky places, Oct., Range, 8!;

Sept., Range, 491! Hereroland: Liideritz, 64, Cape Colony.

402 Annals of the South African Museum.

The so-called ** Toa grass ” of travelling merchants of Namaqualand,

valued as fodder.

11. A. Engleri, Mez in Fedde Repert. xvii, p. 147.

Namaqualand: Kuibis, Hngler, 6371.

12. A. garubensis, Pilg. in Engl. Jahrb. xlvii, 344 (1912).

Namaqualand: Gravelly and rocky places, Garub, 900 m., Oct.,

Range, 508! 536!; granitic rocks near Liideritzbucht, 800 m., Oct.,

Range, 1069 !

13. A. gonatostachys, Pilg. in Engl. Jahrb. xlviii, 343 (1912).

Namaqualand : Rotekuppe, 400 m., Jan., Range, 188; sandy places

near Liideritzbucht, 600 m., Sept., Range, 1177; Namib, in sand,

Dinter, 1022.

14. A. geminifolia, Trin. and Rupr. F.C. 570.

Namaqualand: §8. of Obib, 500 m., Aug., Range, 586!; gravelly

places near Liideritzbucht, 500 m., Sept., Range, 1874!; between

Kalkfontein and Nakob, in sandy places, Pearson, 9709!; Halusberg,

Dinter, 4099 !

15. A. Hermanni, Mezin Fedde Repert. xvi, p. 153.

Angra Pequenas ( Hermann).

16. A, hirtigluma, Steud. in Syn. Pl. Glum, i, 144.

Namaqualand: sandy places near Gibeon, 1000 m., April, Range,

1327!; dunes near 8. Kalahari and Elephant River near Gibeon,

1200 m., May, Range, 1434!; Fish River, sandstone near Gibeon,

1200 m., April, Range, 1408!: on stony soil at Bullsport, Dinter,

2136! Damaraland: Tsumeb, Dinter, 3310!; Okaharui, Dinter,

2074 !

GENERAL DistriputTion: Arabia and Syria, N. and N.E. Africa.

17. A. Hochstetteriana, Beck ex Hack. F.C. 571.

Namaqualand: sandy places near Gibeon, 1000 m., April, Range,

1328a!; near Gibeon, Fish River, sandstone, 1200 m., April, Range,

1415!; common along shallow stream courses 12 km. W. of Sand-

verhaar, Pearson, 4605!; Haikamchab, Galpin and Pearson, 7435!

7594; Quartel, near Reheboth, Dinter, 2172!; on granite 114 km.

from old railway ?, Dinter, 2820!; Liideritz, 66.

Good fodder grass, but not widely distributed—in sandy places,

apparently scattered and rare.

18. A. hordacea, Kunth. Rév. Gram. ii, t. 173.

Damaraland: Tsumeb (Dinter).

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 403

19. A. lanipes, Mezin Fedde Repert. xvu, p. 153.

Namaqualand: Kuibis (Range).

20. A. luteseens, Trin. and Rupr. F.C. 567.

Namaqualand: dunes 8. of Obib, 400 m., Aug., Range, 587 !;

between Nauchas and Areb, on plains of granitic sand, Pearson, 9023 !

Var. Marlothii, Hack. in Engl. Jahrb. xi, 400. F.C. 567.

Namaqualand: Kuwibis River and sand dunes near Liideritzbucht,

500 m., Feb., Range, 1830. Damaraland: Walfish Bay, Marloth, 1176!

21. A. Marlothii, Hack. in Engl. Jahrb. xi, 402 (1889).

Damaraland: in dunes near mouth, Walfish Bay, Marloth, 1039a,

April.

This may be a variety of A. lutescens.

22. A. namaquensis, Trin. F.C. 566.

Namaqualand: up to 1 metre high, very common on borders of

Fish River near Orab, Dinter, 2027!; Kamms River side, 1450 m.,

Jan., Range, 899!; near Liideritzbucht, 770 m., Oct., Range, 1062 !;

sandy dunes W. of Aubis, 1200 m., Sept., Range, 748!; east of

Covinberg, 500 m., Jan., Range, 181!; Little Karas Mts., western

foothills near Holoog on sandy banks of streams, Pearson, 9745! ;

Holoog, in sandy river bed, Pearson, 9714!; below Ababes, in bed of

Tsondab River, Pearson, 9155! Western and Central Karasberg :

dry sandy river bed on high plateau between Krai Kluft and Wasser

fall, Pearson, 8497!; common in sandy ravines, Wasserfall, Pearson,

8078! Damaraland: Haikamchab, Galpin and Pearson, 7426!;

Narris, acc. to Heering. Damaraland: in large aggregations on

white sand at Swakop (Dinter).

A widely spread hard and tenacious fodder grass.

GENERAL DistrRiIBuTION: South Africa, Coast, Western and

Kalahari Regions.

23. A. obtusa, Del. F.C. 567.

Namaqualand: Garub, 95 km. from Liideritzbucht, Dinter, 1056! :

in Aristida-steppe near Quartel, Dinter, 2171 ! 2166! on stony soil at

Bullsport, Dinter, 2137!; Lidfontein, Dinter, 1999!; Maltahdhe

(Dinter); no locality, Range, A. 37!90!: Kubib, Range, 234!; sandy

places, Garub, 900 m., Oct., Range, 523! ; near Wittputz, 1000 m., Aug.,

Range, 587!; dunes W. of Aubis, 1200 m., Sept., Range, 753!; Namib

near Kausib, 400 m., Sept., Range, 1133!; near Gibeon, Fish River,

sandstone, 1200m., April, Range, 1410! 1411!; sand dunes near

Gibeon, 1250 m., May, Range, 1422!; sand dunes 8. of Kalahari and

404 Annals of the South African Museum.

Elephant River, 1200 m., May, Range, 1440!; near Liideritzbucht,

90 m., April, Range, 1560!; sandy places near Schakalskuppe,

1500 m., March, Range, 1780; near Liideritzbucht, 400 m., Sept.,

Range, 1897! Central and Eastern Karasberg: on sandy plains,

Krai Kluft, Pearson, 8494!; among granite blocksin ravine, Narudas

Siid, Pearson, 8498!; sandy plains N.E. of Narudas Siid, Pearson,

8146; Gorup, Pearson, 4197!; North of Raman’s Drift, Pearson,

4009, 4053!; Schakalskuppe, Pearson, 4778!; between Gamis and

Bulls Mouth Pass, in bed of Great Fish River, Pearson, 8939!; Little

Karas Mts., western foothills near Holoog, in sandy river bed, Pearson,

9725!; at Kubib on vlei ground, Pearson, 9492! 9496!; between

Choaberib and Gurumanas, in dry stream bed, Pearson, 9598 !;

Daunabis, Pearson, 6006! Hereroland: Nels, 72.

Very good fodder grass. Characteristic grass of sandy stretches.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Coast, Central, Western, Kalahari

Regions, N. Africa.

24. A. prodigiosa, Welw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii (1869), 80.

Namaqualand: Liideritzbucht, Schinz, 663; on Nautilus peak,

Schinz, 664. Ovamboland: Olukonda, Schinz, 649.

GENERAL DisTRiBuTION: Mossamedes.

25. A. pungens, Desf., Fl. atlant. i (1798), t. xxxv, p. 109.

Namaqualand: Aus, Schenck, 17]

GENERAL Distripution: Egypt, Nubia, Turkestan, and Siberia.

26. A, Rangei, Pilg. in Engl. Jahrb. xlvin, 344 (1912).

Namaqualand: Kuibis, quartz rocks, 1400 m., May, Range, 647!;

rocky places, district Bethany, 1600 m., March, Range, 1270 !

27. A. rigidiseta, Pilg. in Engl. Jahrb. li, 415 (1914).

Damaraland: between Okahandja and Otjisaru, Dinter, 2535;

Okahandja (Grossert), Dinter, 1551; Omuramba and Omataka,

Seiner, 691a; in Omaheke Island at Okaharui (Dinter).

28. A. sabulicola, Pelger in Engl. Jahrb. xl, 81 (1907).

Namaqualand: Elymus, 200 m., Jan., Range, 174!; Covinberg,

Jan., Range, 179! 209!; Kuisib, Gurich, 119-122.

Damaraland : dunes near Rooébank and Walfish Bay, Schultz, 379.

29. A. Schaferi, Mez in Fedde Repert. xvu, p. 152.

Namaqualand: near Pomona (Schafer).

30. A. sieberiana, Trin. F.C. 560.

Namaqualand: Gibeon; sandy places near Uriab near Kalkfontein

Nord, 1200 m., May, Range, 1431!

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 405

GeneraL Disrripution: Transvaal, Delagoa Bay, also in Kor-

dofan and in Southern Palestine.

31. A, stipitata, Hack.in Verh. Bot. Ver. Brand. xxx (1888), p. 243.

Ovamboland : Omatope, Schinz, 658.

32. A. stipoides, Lam. F.C. 562.

Var. meridionalis (Stapf ).

Ovamboland: Mafa, Barnard, 16514! 16470! 16503!; Onolongo,

grass-steppe, Barnard,42! Damaraland : Outjo-Nungobeis (Dinter) ;

grass-steppe Hahero-Enguruwaw, Dinter, 3272! Namaqualand :

Aubis, sandy dunes, 1200 m., Sept., Range, 754! Central and

Eastern Karasberg: summit of Scharfenstein, Pearson, 8494!;

stony flat on river bank, Keiap River, Narudas Siid, Pearson, 8307 !;

Upper slopes, Narudas Siid, Pearson, 8182!; Great Karsberg,

Pearson, 8495 !

GENERAL DistRIBUTION: Kalahari Region and Northern Bechuana-

land.

33. A, subacaulis, Steud. F.C. 568.

Namaqualand: near Liideritzbucht, sandy places, 500 m., Sept.,

Range, 1131!; Welwitsch, Galpin and Pearson, 7466!; Halusberg,

Dinter, 4104!; Autabib, Garob, Dinter, 1961! Hereroland: Nels, 73.

GENERAL DistriBuTion: Cape Colony.

34. A. uniplumis, Licht. F.C. 569.

Ovamboland : grassveld round Andoni, Barnard, 16492 !; Omatope,

Schinz, 659. Damaraland: in Kamelbaumbusch on stiff loam at

Ovikokorero (Dinter); Awas Mts. near Windhoek, Pearson, 9649! ;

Windhoek on shale slope, Pearson, 9628!; Otjitambi, Great Barmen,

Dabib, Narris, Nord Anias, Otavifontein, farm grass ( Heering and

Grimme); railway embankment Okahandja (Dinter); Otjimbingue,

Marloth, 1330. Namaqualand: Kuija, sandy places, 1300 m., May,

Range, 656!; dunes west of Aubis, 1200 m., Sept., Range, 750!;

sandy places west of Naissonabis, 1200 m., Nov., Range, 802!; Kunab,

black sand, April, Range, 1015!; near Gibeon, Fish River sandstone,

1200 m., April, Range, 1412! 1414! 1417!; dunes near Elephant

River, 1200 m., May, Range, 1432!; between Ganaams and Voigts-

grund on dry plains, Pearson, 9364!; N. of Choaberib in dry stream

bed, Pearson, 9413!; between Voigtsgrund and Brekdorn, Pearson,

9350!; Little Karas Mts., western foothills near Holoog, in sandy river

bed, Pearson, 9724!; Ababis, on granitic gravel, Pearson, 9174!;

between Taubgans and Ganaams in stream bed, Pearson, 9390 !;

406 Annals of the South African Museum.

between Gamis and Bullsport in river bed of Upper Fish River,

Pearson, 8940!; on hills behind Gamis farmhouse, among rocks,

Pearson, 8973!; above Ababis in bed of Tsondab River, Pearson,

9182!; Western and Central Karasberg, rough quartz-strewn slopes

200 ft. above Wasserfall Alt, and in dry sandy watercourse on slopes

between Wasserfall Alt and Dassiefontein, Pearson, 7755!; broad dry

sandy watercourse between Kraai Kluft and Wasserfall, Pearson,

8500 !; sandy slope near Kraai Kluft, Pearson, 8499 !

Distributed throughout stony and sandy places; abundant in large

masses ; good fodder for all animals.

GENERAL DistrrBuTion: Central and Kalahari Regions.

Var. Neesii, Walp., Annal bot. i (1852), p. 750.

Namaqualand : Liideritzhafen, Schinz, 662. Ovamboland: Oshando,

abundant in valleys, Schinz, 661.

35. A. vestita, Thbg. F.C. 561.

Namaqualand: Kuibis, quartzite, 1350 m., Jan., Range, 891!;

Bethany, black sand at Kunab, 1300 m., April, Range, 1013!;

S. of Kuwibib, April, Range, 271!; Grundoorn, Pearson, 4554;

Dabaigabis, Pearson, 4406; Alewijnsfontein, Pearson, 3487.

Good fodder grass.

Var. diffusa, Walp. Hereroland: Nels; ‘‘ material incomplete,

and determination insufficient.”

36. A species very near Burkei, Stapf. F.C. 557.

11 ho AG

1. §. namaquensis, Pilg. in Engl. Jahrb. li, 412 (1914).

Namaqualand: Keetmanshoop, in white sand, Dinter, 2602.

2. S. parvula, Nees. F.C. 573.

Namaqualand : Near Haikamchab, April, Marloth, 1202.

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: Cape Colony.

ZOYSIEAE.

i TR ACWS C2576; H.T.A. 18.

1. T, pedunculatus, Prlg. in Engl. Jahrb. xlv, 208 (1910).

Damaraland: Grootfontein, Dinter, 689.

2. T. racemosus, All. F.C. 577.

Ovamboland: Mafa, Barnard, 16457. Damaraland: Gross

Barmen (Heering and Grimme); Okahandja, in dry river beds and

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 407

on mica schist (Dinter); Okongawa Mt., on quartz soil (Dinter).

Namaqualand: Kuibis, in cultivated ground, Range, 843, 968.

A useless annual, which is injurious to wool.

GENERAL DistrRiBUTION: Throughout the warm regions of both

hemispheres.

Var. Berteronianus (Schult), Hack.

Damaraland: characteristic flora of mica schists of Okahandja

(Dinter).

Good cattle fodder.

i. PEROTIS, eC 51a. BRaA. 19:

1. P. latifolia, Ait. F.C. loc. cit.

Damaraland: In Omaheke formation of Otyjitjika, Dinter, 2318!

2865!; Gaube in Omaheke formation, Dinter, 2432!; Waterberg

plateau, Dinter, 584.

Good cattle fodder. ;

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: Tropics of the Old World.

ni. MONELYTRUM, F.T.A. 19.

1. M. Luderitzianum, Hack. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 30,

140 (1889).

Damaraland: Namutoni, in low brackish swamps, Dinter, 2292 !;

in Aristida-steppe near Quartel at Klein Windhuk, Dinter, 2174 !;

Awas Mts. pass between Haris and Aub, Pearson, 9673; 12 km. E. of

Windhuk, on quartzite, Pearson, 9791; Liideritz, 40. Namib:

Kaoko, N. of Walfish Bay to Cunene (Schinz) in Verhandl., loc. crt.

GENERAL Distrisution: Angola, Pearson.

SPOROBOLEAE.

LASLOROBOLUS, H.C, 578: HLA 19:

1. S. barbata.

Damaraland: in Kamelbaumbusch on stiff loam at Ovikokorero

(Dinter).

2. S. densissimus, Pilg. in Engl. Jahrb. xl, 91 (1909).

Damaraland: Okahandja and Barmen, in fine sand, Dinter, 546 !

3. S. Engleri, Pilg.in Engl. Jahrb. 51, p. 413.

Namaqualand : in large shallow pools on Karroo-slate plateau at

Harebis (Dinter): in salty Buschsteppe at Harebis, 40 km. 8.W. of

Mariental, 1220 m., Engler, 6591 !; Kamelboom, March, Dinter, 2070 !

408 Annals of the South African Museum.

4. S. festivus, Hochst. ex A. Rich. F.C. 582, var. ?

Damaraland : Gaub (Dinter).

GENERAL DistriBuTion: Throughout tropical Africa and South

Africa.

5. S. fimbriatus, Nees. F.C. 585.

Damaraland: among quartzite blocks in the Akam River bed,

Pearson, 4724!; river bed between Nauchas and Areb, Pearson,

9030!; Okahandja, edge of Cynodon-formation towards the river

bed (Dinter).

GENERAL DistrrBuTion : South Africa, from Uitenhage and Graaff

Reinet to the Transvaal (Lydenburg) and Natal.

6. S. ineonspicuus, Hack. in Vierteljahrsschs. Nat. Ges. Ziirich,

lvii, 532 (1912).

Ovamboland: Ovakuanyama, Alma Kestila. 18, IT, 1903.

7. S. indicus, R. Br. Prodr. 170.

Damaraland: Otavifontein, acc. to Heering and Grimme. Be-

tween Gobabis and Sandfontein, Gillman, 16443 !

A wiry, tufted, and very strong grass which is usually found on

roadsides, old lands, and farmsteads, and spreads rapidly. It is

readily eaten by stock when young, but soon becomes too tough and

wiry, and is then usually avoided except in scarcity of other food.

8. S.ioclados, Nees. F.C. 583.

Namaqualand: in chalky places near Liideritzbucht, 1400 m.,

Range, 997!; Western Karasberg, in the sandy bed of a watercourse

above Wasserfall Alt ravine, Pearson, 8478 !

GENERAL DistriBuTION: Cape Province, sporadically from Cal-

vinia to Colesberg and Uitenhage.

9. S. lampranthus, P7lg.in Engl. Jahrb. xlviu, 345 (1912).

Namaqualand: Bethany District; Soromas, meadow-forming

grass, 950 m., March, Range, 1263!; Biillspoort on stony soil, Dinter,

2135! Damaraland: Karibib, Dinter, 2517 !

10. S. marginatus, Hochst. ex A. Rich.

Namaqualand: with Eragrostis stenothyrsa, the only two grasses in

Hoachanas, nr. Kl. Nuaus, Dinter, 1967 !

11. S. nebulosus, Hack. in Engl. Jahrb. xi, 402 (1889).

Damaraland : Haikamchab, old river bed, Pearson, 502!; Marloth,

1208; Great Barmen, Voigtsgrund, acc. to Heering and Grimme.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 409

12. Sporobolus panicoides, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 11, 399.

Damaraland: Tsumeb, Dinter, 2785! 3039!; in quartz gravel on

Huttenberg, Dinter, 2786! 1675, 2511; Otavi, Dinter, 618!; grain

used by natives in famine.

13. S. pungens, Kunth. F.C. 587.

Namaqualand : in muddy places near Ratford Bay, Range, 14!; in

gravel near the sea at Liideritzbucht, Range, 1747! 1748! Damara-

land : mouth of Swakop River, sand dunes over Walfish Bay, Pearson,

3381; Galpin and Pearson, 7406; Sandfischhafen, Marloth, 1517.

GENERAL DistrRiBUTION: This species, in the broad sense under-

stood here, is found on the coasts of most warm countries.

14. S. Rangei, Pilg. in Engl. Jahrb. xiii, 385 (1909).

Namaqualand: Kamms, 1200 m., Feb., Range, 470!; in brackish

soil at Enguruwau (Dinter).

15. S. Rehmanni, Hack. in Bull. Herb. Boiss, ser. II, 11, 383.

Damaraland: on hill near river bed, Sandfontein, Gillman, 16438 !

16. S. robustus, Kunth. Rév. Gram. 1, 425, t. 126.

Damaraland: mouth of Swakop River, Jan., Galpin and Pearson,

7401!; Welwitsch, Jan., Galpin and Pearson, 7430!; mouth of

Swakop on sand dunes over Walfish Bay border, Pearson, 3371 ;

Haikamehab, Galpin and Pearson, 7429; in Kamelbaumbusch on

stiff loam at Ovikokorero (Dzinter).

17. S. Sladenianus, Bol. f.in Ann. 8. Afric. Mus. 1x, 236 (1915).

Namaqualand: Central and Eastern Karasberg: high plateau

between Narudas Siid and Krai Kluft, Pearson, 8103!; sandy plains

near Schakalskuppe, Pearson, 4779.

18. S. spicatus, Kunth. Rév. Gram. i, 67.

Ovamboland : Onolongo grass-steppe, Barnard, 44! Damaraland :

in brackish soil at Enguruwau and Namutoni, Dinter, 3392!; in

halophyte vegetation, limestone pan at Otjindaura, near Okahandja

(Dinter).

Insufficiently known species: S, glaucus? S, salsus? S, Seineii ?

(Dinter).

ERAGROSTEAE.

i, POGONARTHRIA, F.C. 589; F.T.A. 19.

1. P. faleata, Rendle. F.C. 589.

Ovamboland: Namakunde, Barnard, 46!; Cunene_ banks,

Barnard, 46a!; Barnard, 16473. Damaraland: Tsumeb (Dinter).

410 Annals of the South African Museum.

GENERAL DistrRipuTION: Kalahari Region, Griqualand West ;

Orange Free State, Transvaal, Eastern Region, Natal ; also in tropical

South Africa as far as the Zambesi.

2. P. leiarthra, Hack. in Vierteljahrs. Naturf. Ges. Ziirich, 57 (1912),

Hft. iu.

Ovamboland : Ondonga ( Rautanen).

3. P. squarrosa (Licht) Pilg. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, 46 (1910),

149.

Damaraland: Tsumeb, on red loam and sand (Dinter).

4. P, tuberculata, Pilg.in Engl. Jahrb. xlii, 92 (1909).

Damaraland: Wilhelmsberg near Okahandja, March, Dinter,

2563! 1584! 1625!; Aris, Dinter, 2223!; Reheboth to Aub, Dinter,

2223!; one of the dominant grasses at Plattsand, N. of Reheboth ; on

quartz gravel on Okongawa Mt. near Ovikokorero; between Oka-

handja and Osona. Very good cattle fodder.

ll. ERAGROSTIS, F.C. 594; F.T.A. 19.

1. E. angusta, Hack. in Bull. Herb. Boiss, ser. II, 1, 772.

Farm Gras (Heering and Grimme)! Damaraland: Chairob, in

Kamelbaumbusch on stiff loam at Ovikokorero (Dinter) ; in slightly

brackish flats, Okahandja (Dinter); Okahandja, Dinter, 1618!

Namaqualand: Tsoachaub, Dinter, 98!

2. E, annulata, Rendle. F.C. 619.

Ovamboland: grass veld round Andoni, Barnard, 16501! Nama-

qualand: Kuibis, 1320 m., May, Range, 662; near Gibeon, on

Kalahari chalk near Elephant River, 1200 m., May, Range, 1436 ;

Little Karas Mts., western foothills near Holoog, in sandy river bed,

Pearson, 9729; Holoog, in bed of Great Fish River, Pearson, 9702 ;

sandy stream bed on stony plain 12 km. W. of Sandverhaar, 3200 ft.,

Pearson, 4621; dry stream between Dabaigabis and Grundoorn,

Pearson, 3117; sand of stream bed W. of Ganus, Pearson, 4477;

among quartzite blocks, Akam River basin, Pearson, 4757. Damara-

land: Karibib, Dinter, 2520; Okahandja, Dinter, 2549; in Omaheke

Island at Otjonzonjati near Okahandja (Dinter).

GENERAL Distripution: Kalahari Region.

3. E. aspera, Nees. Fl. Afr. austr. 408.

Damaraland: Tsumeb, Dinter, 2913.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 411

4. E. Atherstonei, Stapf. F.C. 607.

Ovamboland: grass veld round Andoni, Barnard, 16511!; bush-

veld, Omasere to Ondonga, Barnard, 16463!; Mafa, Barnard, 43!

Damaraland: Sandfontein, Bleek, 16476! Namaqualand: Eastern

Karasberg, among stones on river bed, Narudas Siid, Pearson, 8305 !

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Transvaal.

5. E. auriculata, Hack. in Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. II, i, 773.

Damaraland: Otavifontein (Heering and Grimme). Namaqua-

land: Inachab, Dinter, 1095; Gamis, among rocks on hills behind

farm house, Pearson, 8974; between Gamis and Bulls Mouth Pass,

in bed of Upper Fish River, Pearson, 8936, 8937 ; Tsoachaub, Dinter,

152

6. E. bicolor, Nees. F.C. 605.

Namaqualand: between Hoffnungsfelde and Haris in sandy places

on high plateau, Pearson, 9554!; Great Karasberg, Pearson, 8480! ;

Kubib, on vlei ground, Pearson, 9484!; in sand near Kiubis railway

station, Pearson, 476 !

Var. flexuosa, Nees. In Aristida-steppe near Quartel and Reheboth,

Dinter, 2156!; Okakueyo, Grossart in Herb., Dinter, 1536.

GENERAL DistrrBpution: Central and Kalahari Regions.

7. E. biflora, Hack. F.C. 610.

Damaraland: Wilhelmsberg, Okahandja, Dinter, 2565!; Otjis-

mangombe, under Acacia, Dinter, 3355!; in sand under bushes,

Aris-Windhoek, Dinter, 2232!; near Welwitsch (Dinter); locality ?

Fleck, 281a.

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: Kalahari Region, Orange Free State,

Transvaal.

8. E. brizantha, Nees. F.C. 626.

Namaqualand: Near Gibeon, 1000 m., April, Range, 13286!

1374!; Western, Central, and Eastern Karasberg, watercourse above

Wasserfall Alt ravine, Pearson, 8487!; clefts in sandstone, Upper

Krai Kluft ravine, Pearson, 8486!; rooted among stones in water in

Keiap River, Narudas Siid, Pearson, 8488! ; river bed near Dabaigabis,

Pearson, 4383; sandy valley (dry river bed), 20 km. N. of Raman’s

Drift, Pearson, 4539; Garius, Dinter, 4237; Seskamel Farm on Leber

River (Dinter); between Ausis and Kuias, Schenck, 221; Gobaxab,

between Aus and Orange River, Schenck, 337; Pohle, 17; Inachab,

Dinter, 11094; Tsoachaubmund, Dinter, i. 75; Satansplatz, Dinter,

2044; Inachab, Dinter, 1105; Narib, Dinter, 2990. Damaraland :

Grootfontein, Lightfoot, 12734!; Witvlei dunes, 1250 m., Range, 1421!

412 Annals of the South African Museum.

9. E. brizoides (L.), Nees. F.C. 624.

Damaraland: Okahandja, Hopfner, 69.

A sweet fodder grass.

GENERAL DistrrpuTion: Cape Colony, Transvaal, Natal, Upper

Guinea.

10. E. Burchelli, Stapf. F.C. 608.

Ovamboland: Mafa, Barnard, 16484 ! 16512 !

GENERAL DistrIBUTION: Kalahari Region.

11. E, chaleantha, Trin. F.C. 615.

Namaqualand : sandy plains 8. of Schakalskuppe Station, Pearson,

4773. A good sheep grass.

GENERAL DistriBuTion: South Africa, Coast Region, Kalahari and

Eastern.

12. E. chloromelas, Steud. F.C. 602.

Namaqualand: Eastern Karasberg, sand in river bed, Narudas

Siid, Pearson, 8336!; in Usib River bed 8 km. N.W. of Nomtsas,

Pearson, 9308!; south of Choaberib, Pearson, 9456 !

GENERAL DistrRIBUTION: Coast, Central, Kalahari, and Eastern

Regions.

13. E, erassinervis, Hack. in Bull. Herb. Boiss., II, i, 774.

Namaqualand: Inachab, Dinter, 1099.

14. E. curvula, Nees. F.C. 599.

Namaqualand: Central Karasberg, summit of Scharfenstein,

Pearson, 8476 !

Var. valida, Stapf.

Damaraland: Sandfontein, Gillman, 16453; Nuragas, Lightfoot,

16532.

GENERAL DistriputTion: South Africa, Coast, Central, Eastern

and Kalahari Regions. <A valuable pasture grass.

15. E. eylindriflora, Hochst. in Flora, xxxviii (1855), 324. Abyss.

Ovamboland : Cunene banks, Barnard, 83 !

16. E. eyperoides, Beauv. F.C. 611.

Namaqualand: Liideritzbucht, Jan., Range, 14890; in 8.A.M.!

15! 210! 365!; Angra Pequenas, Pearson, 7569!; Schinz, 616;

Schenck, 4; in dunes near Sandfish Bay, Marloth, 1167.

GENERAL DistRiBuUTION: South Africa, on Milverton dunes taking

the place of Psamma; Western Region; Little Namaqualand.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 413

17. E. denudata, Hack. F.C. 613.

Damaraland: between Haris and Awas Mts. in Kimbis River bed,

Pearson, 950!; Aris, good fodder grass, Dinter, 2239!; Aris-Wind-

hoek, Dinter, 1852!; Bushveld near Grootfontein, Dinter, 2309!;

Oukongo, Dinter, 3382; on quartz gravel on Okongawa Mt. near

Ovikokorero (Dinter); Gross Tutara-Franzfontein (Dinter); Kamel-

boom, Dinter, 2068! Namaqualand: growing with Pappophorum

brachystachyus in small cushions about 5 cm. high at Nomtsas (Dinter) ;

Kubib, Range, 233! 312!; Garub, 900 m., Oct., Range, 510!;

Kuibis, quartz rocks, 1350 m., May, Range, 658!867!892!; Bethany

District : Kunab, 1300 m., April, Range, 1400 !; Central and Eastern

Karasberg: sandstone plateau on summit of Long Hill east of Krai

Kluft, Pearson, 8482; stony flats 8. of Keiap River at Narudas Siid,

Pearson, 8317!; Groot Rozijnbosch, Pearson, 3696!; sandy plains

of Schakalskuppe, Pearson, 4794; common in sand near base of kopje

15 miles S.E. of Grundoorn, Pearson, 4565; very common 18 km.

W. of Aus, Pearson, 4216. Ovamboland: Onolongo, Barnard, 51!;

Cunene banks, Barnard, 50 !

GENERAL DistripuTion: Kalahari Region, Griqualand West,

Bechuanaland, Orange Free State, Transvaal.

18. E. Dinteri, Stapfin Kew Bull. 1906, 29.

Damaraland: near Grootfontein, Otjitjika, April, Dinter, 1518!;

Ossire, Dinter, i, 484!; characteristic grass of Omaheke formation

of Grootfontein, Awas, etc. Okakueyo, Grossart in Herb., Dinter,

2581, 2582, 2579; Otjitjika, Dinter, 2882.

19. E. echinochloidea, Stapf. F.C. 627.

Damaraland: Namutoni, near water hole, Barnard, 54! 16504!

16496!; in bed of Omuramba and Ovamba near Kajas (Dinter) ;

in black humus in fissures of limestone, Okahandja, Dinter, 1629!

Namaqualand: Soromas Vlei, 1000 m., April, Range, 664 !

Grows in sandy places, 70-80 cm. high, and is valued as fodder.

GENERAL DistriBuTIoN: Kalahari Region.

20. E. fastigiata, Hack. in Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. IT, i, 768.

Namaqualand: Inachab, Dinter, 1102.

21. E. gummiflua, Nees. F.C. 629.

Damaraland: Otjihangwe, Dinter, 2763!; Aris, Dinter, 2240!;

Okahandja Otjisazu, Dinter, 2546 !

GENERAL DistRIBUTION: Coast, Kalahari, and Eastern Regions.

414 Annals of the South African Museum.

22. E. hereroensis, Hack. in Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. II, 1, 775.

Damaraland: Nonikam (Heering and Grimme). Namaqualand:

Tsoachaub, Dinter, 256.

23. E. heteromera, Stapf. F.C. 610.

Damaraland: between Gobabis and Sandfontein, Gillman, 16442.

Namaqualand: Western Karasberg, moist patch of gravel in lateral

ravine 100 ft. above Wasserfall Alt, Pearson, 8481 !

GENERAL DIsTRIBUTION : Eastern Region, Natal, Pietermaritzburg.

24. E. karashergensis, Bol. f.in Ann. Bol. Herb., 1, 110 (1915).

Namaqualand: Central and Hastern Karasberg ; river bed between

Krai Kluft and Narudas Siid, Pearson, 8484; Narudas Siid, Pearson,

8485.

25. E. Lappula, Nees. F.C. 627.

Ovamboland: grass veld round Andoni, Barnard, 16502!; Ono-

longo, Barnard, 55.

GENERAL DistRiBUTION: Kalahari and EKastern Region.

Var. divaricata, Stapf. F.C. 628. Amboland: Olukonda, Rautanen.

26. E. laevissima, Hack. in Fedde Repert. x, 170 (1911).

Damaraland: Otavifontein (Heering and Grimme in Arb. d. D.

Landw. Ges. 197, p. 3).

27. E. Lehmanniana, Nees. F.C. 601.

Damaraland: Namutoni, Barnard, 16506; in bed of stream,

Windhuk, Gillman, 16437. Namaqualand: near Gibeon, 1200 m.,

May, Range, 1430; Bethany, Kunab, April, Range, 1011; Kastern

Karasberg ; amongst granite blocks in ravine, Narudas Siid, Pearson,

8477; between Haris and Awas Mts. on high plateau, Pearson, 9504.

Damaraland : between Choaberib and Gurumanas in dry stream bed,

Pearson, 9409; Okajongana, Dinter, 1590 !

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: Central, Kalahari and EHastern Region.

28. E. leptocalymma, P2lg. in Engl. Jahrb. xl, 84 (1907).

Namaqualand: near Gibeon, riverside, 1200 m., April, Range,

1373!; Kalahari, Kohong (Dr. L. Schultze, n. 356b, flowering Jan.

1905), between Sekuma and Kooa (Schultze, n. 342m).

29. E. longifolia, Hochst. in Flora (1841), 23.

Namaqualand : sandy flats between Ausis and Kuias, Schenck, 220.

30. E. macrochlamys, Pilg.in Engl. Jahrb. xlviii (1912).

Namaqualand: Bullsport, April, Dinter, 2140!; Otjisondu, chalk

pan, Dinter, 3383!; mesembryanthemum steppe at Aus (Dinter) ;

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa, 415

Kubub River, April, Range, 269!; Kamms River side, 1450 m., Jan.,

Range, 900!; near Aris, 1500 m., April, Range, 1271!

31. E. major, Host. F.C. 620 (£. multiflora, Aschers).

Namaqualand: Orab (Heering and Grimme). Damaraland: in

Omaheke Island at Otjonzonjati near Okahandja (Dinter), Okahandja,

Dinter, 1628; Waterberg, Dinter, 1799.

Probably introduced; a native of the Mediterranean regions and

India.

GENERAL DistrRiBuTION: Coast, Kalahari, and Eastern Regions.

32. E,. margaritacea, Stapf. F.C. 604.

Namaqualand: Bethany, Kunab, 1300 m., April, Range, 1022!

Ovamboland : Tamansu, common in all Omurambas, Barnard, 50a! ;

Onambeke, apparently rare, Barnard, 50 !

GENERAL DistRiBuTION: Kalahari Region.

33. E. membranacea, Hack. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 30,

148 (1889).

Ovamboland: Schinz, 614 (type); between Ondonga and Ova-

kuanyama, Rautanen, 6; between Olukonda and Ovakuanyama,

Rautanen, 586.

34. E. micrantha, Hack. F.C. 608.

Namaqualand: Gawachab, near high-water mark on bank of

Lowen River, Pearson, 4094 !

GENERAL DistRIBUTION: Orange Free State, Busutoland.

35. E. monanthe, Pilg.

Damaraland: Kl-Nauas-Hoachanas, in red dunes, Dinter, 1946;

Tutara-Franzfontein, Dinter, 2608.

36. E. namaquensis, Nees. F.C. 630.

Var. E, interrupta, Beawv.

Damaraland: Swakopmund, Dinter, i, 85; Okahandja, Dinter,

7!; Ourejo, Dinter, 1577 !

Var. robusta, Stapf.

No locality, Range, 1253! Var. uninodis, Hack.

Namaqualand: near Keetmanshoop, Range, 1319! Damaraland :

Okahandja Otjisazu, 12 km., Dinter, 2560!; Salem, Dinter, i, 140.

GENERAL DistTRIBUTION: Western Kalahari and Eastern Regions.

37. E. obtusa, Munro ex Ficalho. and Hiern. F.C. 625.

Namaqualand: Central and Eastern Karasberg : sandbank in

partial shadow, Keiap River, Pearson, 8483!; Narudas Siid, Pearson,

8484 !

416 Annals of the South African Museum.

GENERAL DistrRIBuTION: South Africa, Coast, Central, and Kala-

hari Regions.

38. E. Pilgeriana, Dinter ex Pilger in Engl. Jahrb. li, 420 (1914).

Damaraland: Okahandja, in great quantities, Dinter, 1657 !

39. E. pilosa (L.), P. Beauv., Essai Agrost. (1812), p. 71.

Namaqualand: Liideritz, 42; Orab ( Heering and Grimme).

GeNERAL DistrIBuTION: Cape to Egypt, 8. Europe, Central

Asia, and America.

40. E. plumosa, Link. Hort. Berol. i, 192.

Syn. FE. retinorrhea, Steud.; £. tenella, R. and 8.

Damaraland: Okahandja, Dinter, 134; Okandu, Dinter, 134;

12 km. from Pad Okahandja-Otjisazu, Dinter, 1384; Okakueyo,

Grossart in herb., Dinter.

41. E. porosa, Nees. F.C. 604.

Ovamboland : grass veld round Andoni, Barnard, 16491! Damara-

land: near Klein Witvlei, Gobabis, Gillman, 16445!; Windhoek, in

bed of stream, Gillman, 16456; Okahandja, Dinter, 1624!; between

Tsumeb and Bobos (Dinter); in Kamelbaumbusch on stiff loam at

Ovikokorero (Dinter). Namaqualand: Kuibis, 1320 m., May,

Range, 622! 732! 888!; Leber River, near base of kopje 15 miles

S.E. of Grundoorn, Pearson, 4538, 4561, 4557; sandy stream bed on

stony plains 15 km. W. of Sandverhaar, Pearson, 4622; among

quartzite blocks, Akam River bed, Pearson, 4742; on kopje near

Grundoorn, Pearson, 3138; Kunab, 1300 m., Range, 1017!; Gibeon,

1200 m., Range, 1428; Central Karasberg, among stones on bank of

dry stream on plains 8.W. of Krai Kluft, Pearson, 8479; Hoffnungs-

felde, Pearson, 6585; Haris, in Kuibis river bed, Pearson, 9558 ;

Satansplatz, Dinter, 2046! 2043!; Okatjongeama (Grossarth),

Dinter, 1581, 1592!; dominant grass with Pogonarthria tuberculata

and Triraphis Fleckii at Plattsand N. of Reheboth (Dinter); Quartel,

Dinter, 2170; between Ausis and Kujas, Schenk, 82.

In sandy places, and along rivers; useful as fodder for all animals.

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: Coast and Kalahari Regions.

41. E. porosa, Nees, forma laxa ?

Namaqualand: Satansplatz, Dinter, 2043!; Lichtenstein, Dinter,

4350 !

42. E. procumbens, Nees. F.C. 620.

Namaqualand: Kuibis, 13800 m., May, Range, 661 !

GENERAL DistTRIBUTION: Central Region, Camdeboo.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 417

43. E. pusilla, Hack. in Bull Herb. Boiss. iv (1896), App. III, 27.

Damaraland: Swakopmiindung and Tsoachaubmund, Dinter, 81.

44. E, ramosa, Hack. in Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. II, 1, 776 (1901).

Namaqualand: Nonikam (Heering and Grimme); river bed near

Chamis (Schultze). Damaraland: Saiem, Dinter, i. 134.

45. E. rigidior, Pilg. in Engl. Jahrb. xlvii, 347.

Damaraland: between Okahandja and Osona (Dinter), Okahandja

(Grossart), Dinter, 1532, 1635; Waterberg, Dinter, 1821, in damp

places along streams.

46. E. sabulicola, Pilg. ex De Wild in Ann. Mus. Congo, ser. V, ii, 15

(1907).

Damaraland: Dunes near Rooibank, Walfish Bay, Schultze, 379,

April. Namaqualand: dunes in Kuisib, Giirich, 119, 122. Nomen

in Schlechter Westafr. Kautschuk. Exped. 260.

47. E. seopelophila, P2lg. in Engl. Jahrb. li, 421 (1914).

Namaqualand: at Tsamkubis on granite, Dinter, 2197. Damara-

land: in Omaheke Island at Otjonzonjati, near Okahandja, and

Okaharui, Dinter, 2197; Wilhelmsberg, March, Dinter, 2564.

48. E. spinosa, Trin. F.C. 612.

Namaqualand: Karinberg, Range, 182!; sand dunes 8. of Obib,

400 m., Aug., Range, 588!; Liideritzbucht, 90 m., July, Range,

1557!; Galpin and Pearson, 7404!; Rotkuppe, 2-ft., sand dunes near

top of Mts., Pearson, 418; Aris Drift, Schenck, 239; Tsoachaub-

mund, Dinter, 14; dry muddy places at Kuisib near Rooibank,

Schultze, 374. Damaraland: Swakop River, Pearson, 505!; growing

in masses, Swakop mouth (Dinter) !

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: Coast Region, Central and Western.

49. E. stenothyrsa, Pelg.in Engl. Jahrb. li, 421 (1914).

Namaqualand: with Sporobolus marginatus, the only two grasses

at Hoachanas (near Klein Nauas), Dinter, 1966.

50. E. superba, Peyr. F.C. 622.

Ovamboland: Mafa, Barnard, 53!; between Ondonga and

Ovakuanyama, Rautanen, 587. Damaraland: Namutoni, Barnard,

16503!; Otavifontein (Heering and Grimme); in Kamelbaum rock

on stiff loam at Ovikokorero and in Omaheke Island at Otjonzonjati,

Dinter; between Gobabis and Sandfontein, Gillman, 16444!; Groot-

fontein, Lightfoot, 12735!; between Hoffnungsfelde and Haris, in

sandy places, Pearson, 9530!; Awas Mts., Windhoek, Pearson,

418 Annals of the South African Museum.

9646!; Okahandja, Dinter, 1613! Namaqualand: in bed of Great

Fish River, Pearson, 9548 !

Found in dry stony and sandy places. A moderately good hay and

pasture grass.

GenERAL DistriputTion: South Africa, Kalahari, Eastern Region.

51. E. trichophora, Coss. et Dur. in Bull. de France. Soc. Bot. ii.

(1855), 811 (#. papposa, Steud., Nom. ed. i, 1, 564).

Damaraland: Voigtsgrund, Otavifontein, Otjitjambi (Heering and

Grimme) and (Schlettwein), comm. Herb. Hamb.

52. E. truncata, Hack. F.C. 624.

Namaqualand: on stony soil at Bullsport, Dinter, 2188! Damara-

land: in Aristida-steppe near Quartel, Klein Windhuk, Dinter, 2165 ! ;

Otjivero, Dinter, 2732!; Awas Mt., Dinter, 1886 !

GENERAL DistTrRIBUTION: Central and Kalahari Regions.

53. E. viscosa, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb., ser. VI, 1 (1831), 397.

Ovamboland: grass veld round Andoni, Barnard, 16464!;

Olukonda, Schinz, 636 (Rautanen). Damaraland: Okahandja,

Dinter, 134.

GrNERAL DistRIBUTION: Abyssinia and India, tropical Asia.

iii, DIPLACHNE, F.C. 590; F.T.A. 20.

1. D. fusea, Beauv. F.C. 591.

Ovamboland: Tamansu, Barnard, 59!; Onambeke, Barnard, 60!;

Cunene banks, Barnard, 61!; Andoni, Barnard, 70! Damaraland:

forming meadows near Namutoni, Dinter, 2293; Oukango, Dinter,

3369! Namaqualand: near Keiap River side, 900 m., April, Range,

1320!; near Gibeon, 1200 m., April, Range, 1375!; Central and

Eastern Karasberg, in shallow drying pools between Narudas Nord and

Krai Kluft (camel path), Pearson, 8489!; rooted among stones in

water in Keiap River, Narudas Siid, Pearson, 8488!; Gamkanas,

Dinter, 1992; Mariental-Orab, Dinter, 2015; Leber River near Ses-

kamelboom, Dinter, 2051.

Widely spread throughout the warm regions of the Old World,

mainly near water.

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: Coast, Central, Western, and Kalahari

Regions.

2. D. Fleckii, Hack. Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv, App. i, 25.

Namaqualand: Reheboth, Fleck.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 419

iv. LEPTOCHLOA, F.T.A. 20.

1. L. monostachya, Roem and Schult., Syst. ii, 580.

Damaraland: Tsumeb, Dinter, 2483!; Otjitjika, Dinter, 2893 |

v. ODYSSEA, in Hook. Icon. Pl. t. 3100.

1. O. paucinervis, Stapf, loc. cit.

Ovamboland: Onolongo, Barnard, 78! Namaqualand: near

Gibeon, meadow-forming grass, 1200 m., April, Range, 1372!; Kalk-

fontein chalk pan, 1200 m., May, Range, 1425! Damaraland :

Swakop, Sept., Range, 36, S. 12!; in saline sandy ground, Barmen

( Lirdner) ; Haikamchab, Pearson, 7439, 7406, 7412, dry bed of Swakop

River, Pearson, 504; Galpin and Pearson, 7412! 7406; Marloth,

1365!; near brackish water along Etosha Pan, dominant grass on

brackish white dunes at head waters of Auob near Lidfontein, Dinter,

1994; in halophyte vegetation of limestone pans near Okahandja,

forming meadows several sq. km. in extent at Namutoni (Dinter).

This plant is found in coast dunes and dry river beds, on sand-flats

inlandinlarge aggregations. Horses, cattle, sheep, and goats devourit.

CHLORIDEAE.

i. OROPETIUM, F.C. 741; F.T.A. 20.

1. O. eapense, Stapf. F.C. 742.

Damaraland : in Omaheke Island at Otjonzonjati, near Okahandja,

Steinhausen, 2780!; Grootfontein, Dinter, 638!; Garub, April,

Range, 259!; Otjiseva, Dinter, 491.

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: Central and Kalahari Regions.

me MUCK OCEMOA. H.C. 635<. HTA.-20:

1. M. eaffra, Nees, Fl. afr. austr.i, 246.

Ovamboland: Olukonda, Rautanen.

2. M. setacea, Rk. Br. F.C. 636.

Damaraland: Tsumeb, Dinter, 645 !

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Transvaal and throughout the tropics.

iii, WILKOMMIA, F.T.A. 20.

1. W. annua, Hack. in Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. xxx (1888), 146.

Ovamboland: Olukonda, Schinz, 625.

420 Annals of the South African Museum.

2. W. sarmentosa, Hack. in Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. xxx (1888),

145.

Ovamboland: Mafa, Barnard, 62; 16452!; Onolonga, Barnard,

63!; Olukonda, Schinz, 626.

iv. CYNODON, F.C. 633: F.T.A. 20.

1. C. dactylon, Pers. F.C. 634.

Ovamboland: Olukonda, Schinz, 623 and 624. Namaqualand :

West Umkoin, 1300 m., May, Range, 479!; Kuibis River side, 1300 m.,

July, Range, 638;! near Keetmanshoop on cultivated land, 900 m.,

Dec., Range, 1613! 1614!; Swartfontein, near Gibeon, alluvial bed

of Tsondab River, Pearson, 9196!; Bethany, in Mission garden,

Schinz, 388. Damaraland: Otavifontein and Orab ( Heering and

Grimme) ; Okahandja, on sandy humus (Dinter) ; Windhoek, Pearson,

9778; Liideritz, 191; Swakopmund, Dinter, 71.

An important factor in the landscape of Hereroland; the grass

forms dense meadows all along the great rivers where the banks are

not occupied by acacia wood, in belts of 150-250 m. along Okahandja

River. These meadows are the best indication of abundant water

in great depths and heavy loam soil which is so valuable for agri-

culture. “‘ Kwek gras”’ forms a dense close carpet, denser than turf of

any kind in Germany, and its stolons, which creep horizontally about

10 ems. below the surface, form a dense felt which cannot be disen-

tangled, so close is it that very few plants can compete successfully.

It is remarkable in that it spreads as much by seed as by its stolons.

When farmers break cynodon land they have to fight for years against

thousands of seedlings which spring up again and again; if neglected,

the land goes back in a short time to cynodon meadow (Dinter in Bot.

Reis. in D.S.W.A. Fedde. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beiheft, Bd. iii, 1921).

C. dactylon yields excellent sweet pasturage on abandoned land.

In the southern United States and in India it makes good hay, which

keeps sweet for years in stack. It grows very freely and to a large

size on cultivated land, but is most valued as a sand binder for the

walls of dams, etc.

GENERAL Distrisution: S. Africa, Coast, Kalahari, and Eastern

Regions. In Old and New Worlds.

v. ENTEROPOGON, F.T.A. 21.

1. E, monostachyus ( Vahl) Pilg. (Syn. E. macrostachyus, Munro ex

Bth.).

Damaraland: Tsumeb, Dinter, 2483: Otjitjika, Dinter, 2893.

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 421

vi. CHLORIS, F.C. 640; F.T.A. 21.

1. C. barbata, Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 200.

Namaqualand: Kuias, Schinz, 620; Tiras, Schinz, 619. Damara-

land: in Okahandja between Okahandja and Osona, Dinter, 1632 ;

Ovamboland: Olukonda, Schinz, 618.

2. C. compressa, D.C., Cat. hort. Mospel. (1813), p. 94.

Namaqualand: Kuisib, Fleck, 530.

GENERAL DistRIBUTION: Cape Colony to Uganda.

3. C. virgata, Swartz. F.C. 641.

Ovamboland: Mafa, Barnard, 64! 16494! Namaqualand:

Bethany District ; Kunab, 1300 m., April, in black sand, Range, 1006! ;

Beersheba District, Mukorup Vlei, 1100 m., April, Range, 1541!;

Kainuchas, near Gibeon, 1200 m.,in black sand, April, Range, 1376 !;

Great Kosis, 1130 m., in muddy places, July, Range, 386! Damara-

land: Tsumeb, Dinter, 2493 ; Windhuk, near native hospital, Gillman,

16427!; between Windhoek and Gobabis, Gillman, 16432 !; Inachab,

Dinter, I, 1096, 1096a.

Widely spread through the tropics of both hemispheres. An annual

weed in old lands, keenly relished by stock, and considered a highly

nutritious fodder; it is largely used for hay, in which character it

commands a good price.

GreNERAL DistrrpuTIon: S. Africa, Coast, Central, Kalahari,

and Eastern Regions.

vii. EUSTACHYS, F.T.A. 21.

1. E. petreae, Desv. in Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. ii (1810), 189 (Chloris

petreae, Pilg., F.C. 643).

Damaraland: Grootfontein, Dinter, 2543.

GenERAL DistrrputTion: 8. Africa, Coast, Central, Kalahari, and

Eastern Regions. Also in tropical Africa.

viii. ELEUSINHE, F.C. 644: F.T.A. 21.

1. E. indica, Gaertn. F.C. 645.

Ovamboland : Ondongua, Barnard, 65!; Damaraland: Tsumeb, on

red loam, Dinter, 1706a, 2512; Franzfontein, Dinter, 2813; Zwart-

water, Dinter, 2704; Outjo, Dinter, 2523.

A troublesome annual weed of no use in winter.

GrnEeRAL DistriButTion: Coast, Kalahari, and Kastern Regions.

Tropics of the Old World, introduced ? in the New World.

422 Annals of the South African Museum.

2. E. verticillata, Roxb., Hort. Beng. and Fl. Ind. i, 346, Géront. Trop.

Damaraland: Tsumeb, Dinter, 2463.

ix. DACTYLOCTENIUM, F.C. 646; F.T.A. 21.

1. D. aegyptiacum, Willd. F.C. 646.

Namaqualand: Gibeon, 1000 m., April, Range, 1338. Damara-

land: Windhuk, in bed of stream, Gillman, 16450; Swakop mouth,

on granite, Dinter; between Okahandja and Osona, near river,

Dinter, 322. Ovamboland: Ondongua, Rautanen, 589.

Good fodder. Widely spread throughout the tropical and sub-

tropical regions.

GENERAL Distripution: Coast, Kalahari, Eastern Regions.

Var. mucronatum, Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss, II (1894), App. 2,

p. 34.

Ovamboland : Olukonda, Schinz, 662 ; in courtyard, Mission Church

in Olukonda, Schinz, 621 (an extraordinarily luxuriant growth).

The type is cosmopolitan, and is chiefly found in warm countries ; the

variety, acc. to Schweinfurth, Beccari, etc., 1s quoted from Abyssinia

and Erythraea. Schinz knowsit from Cape Colony, Transvaal, Natal,

and Port. EH. Africa.

x. TRIRAPHIS, F.C. 650; F.T.A. 22.

1. T. ramosissima, Hack. F.C. 651.

Ovamboland: Cunene banks on stony ground, Barnard, 66!

Namaqualand : Satansplatz, Dinter, 2019!; Klpdams River, 1200 m.,

July, on quartz, Range, 397!; Kuibis, 13550 m., May, quartz, Range,

670!; Bethany District, Kunab, Fish River, sandstone, April, Range,

1003!; near Gibeon, 1200 m., Range, 1416! 1418!; Ganus Vlei,

1000 m., May, Range, 1441!; Maltahohe District, 1000 m., June,

Range, 1816! Western Karasberg, lateral ravine, about 100 ft. above

Wasserfall Alt., Pearson, 8492!; Kalkfontein, Pearson, 4566;

Buchholtzbrunn, Pearson, 3647 !

T. Elliotti, Rendle. F.C. 652.

Namaqualand: Keetmanshoop, Fenchel, 2.

GENERAL Distripution: Little Namaqualand.

2. T. Fleckii, Hack. F.C. 652.

Ovamboland: Tamansu, Barnard, 68!; Amtenya-Katiti, Barnard,

67! Namaqualand: Schakalskuppe, sandy places, Range, 253!;

near Gibeon, Range, 1437!; Liideritzbucht, sandy places near Jackals-

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 423

kop, Range, 1778!; Seeheim (Dinter), Enguruwau, Dinter, 3267 !;

Holoog, on bank of Great Fish River, Pearson, 9813; Haikamchab,

Galpin and Pearson, 7431. Damaraland: Welwitsch, Galpin and

Pearson, 7141; Pearson, 4803; Okakueyo, Dinter, 3332 !

GENERAL DistTRIBUTION: Kalahari Region and Angola.

3. T. purpurea, Hack. F.C. 653.

Namaqualand: Araseb flats 8. of Aus, Schenck, 281; Gubub, near

Aus (Pohle).

T. Schinzii, Hack. in Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. xxx (1888), 147.

Damaraland : Omatope, Schinz, 627; in Omaheke of Otjitjikaberg,

Dinter, 2549!; Waterberg, Dinter, 1792!; characteristic grass of

Omaheke formation of Grootfontein, Auns, etc. (Dinter).

4. T, membranacea, Hack. in Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. xxx

(1888), 148.

Ovamboland: Olukonda (Schinz).

<d. TRIPOGON; ROE Ay 22.

1. T. abyssinicus, Nees ex Steud Syn. Pl. Gram. 301.

Ovamboland: Cunene Great Falls, rock crevices, Barnard, 69!;

Damaraland: Tsumeb, Dinter, 2488 !

PAPPOPHOREAE.

i. ENNEAPOGON, F.C. 654; F.T.A. 22.

1. E, braehystachyus, Stapf. F.C. 654.

Namaqualand: Cubab, 1000 m., Oct., Range, 87!; Kammas,

April, Range, 266!; Kuibis, 1400 m., May, on quartz rocks, Range,

648! 869!; Bethany District, Kunab on black sand, Range, 1008!;

Kainuchas, near Gibeon, 1200 m., Range, 1402! ; near Gibeon, 1250 m.,

Range, 1420!; Kalahari Kalk, near Elephant River, 1200 m., Range,

1435!; crack in granite hill 8. of Tschaub Station, Pearson, 4261.

Damaraland; Welwitsch, Pearson and Galpin, 7421; Okahandja,

along railway embankment (Dinter); Welwitsch, Dinter, 2812!

Very good sheep browsing; acc. to Dinter, grows in small cushions

about 5 ems. high at Nomtsas.

GENERAL DisTRIBUTION: Orange Free State, Griqualand West,

Cape Verdes, Senegambia, and from North Africa to North-West

India.

424 Annals of the South African Museum.

2. E. filifolium, Stapf. M.S. (Pappophorum filifolium, Pilg. in Engl.

Jahrb. 51, p. 419).

Damaraland: Otjitjika, 35 km. from Grootfontein, Hngler, 6347.

3. E. mollis, Lehm. F.C. 655.

Ovamboland: Cunene banks, Barnard, 71; Namakunde, Barnard,

72!; Mafa, Barnard, 73!; grass veld round Andoni, Barnard,

16520. Namaqualand: Kuibis, quartz rocks, Feb., Range, 858!;

Schakalskuppe, quartz rocks, Range, 877!; Kamms, 1450 m., river-

side, Range, 901la!; Kunab, 1300 m., April, Range, 1016! 1021a,

1021b!; near Gibeon River side, 1245 m., Range, 1352! 1397!

Damaraland : Windhuk, in beds of streams, Gillman, 16455! Herero-

land: Nels, 78; Okahandja, Dinter, 337 !

Useful as fodder for all animals.

GENERAL DisrrtpuTion: Central Kalahari Regions, Eastern

tropical Africa, tropical Arabia, and the Punjab.

4. E. seaber, Lehm. F.C. 656.

Namaqualand: Garuberg, 1200 m., Oct., Range, 539; Kuibis

quartzite, 1350 m., Feb., Range, 862, 868; near Liideritzbucht, on

granite rocks, 800 m., Range, 1068, 1193; near Gibeon, 1200 m.,

April, Range, 1407; Maltahdhe District, 1100 m., Range, 1817.

Eastern Karasberg: Narudas Siid, Pearson, 8519, 8514; Little

Karas Mts., western foothills near Holoog, Pearson, 9716; sand near

base of kopje between Dabaigabis and Grundoorn, Pearson, 3162,

4402, 4559; in partial shade, Grundoorn, Pearson, 3140; crevices in

limestone on hilltops at Buchholzbrunn, 3500 ft., Pearson, 3672!;

Seeheim, sandy river bed, Pearson, 3722; near Dabaigabis, Pearson,

4384; among dolerite boulders on hill near Gobas Station, Pearson,

3717; crevices in sandstone, banks of river at Sandverhaar, Pearson,

4647, 4632, 4607; Raman’s Drift, common in dry river course,

Pearson, 4006 ; Leber River, Dinter, 2050! Damaraland: Welwitsch,

Dinter, 2808 !

Found in sandy places, and is useful as fodder for all animals.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : Cape Colony, Algiers, Morocco, Bechuana-

land.

ui. SCHMIDTIA, F.C. 657; F.T.A. 22.

1. S. bulbosa, Stapf. F.C. 658.

Namaqualand: §S. of Ammin, 1250 m., in sandy places, Range,

772!; Western and Central Karasberg, broad, dry, sandy watercourse

between Krai Kluft and Wasserfall Alt plateau, Pearson, 8515!;

Awas Mts. in pass between Haris and Aub, Pearson, 9659, 9699 ;

Contributions to a Knowledge of the Flora of South-West Africa. 425

between Hoffnungsfelde and Haris on plateau, Pearson, 9544!;

Holoog, in bed in Great Fish River, Pearson, 9701; Grundoorn,

Pearson, 4560! Damaraland: Tsumeb (Dinter)!; between Gobabis

and Sandfontein, Gillman, 16454!; Bleek, 16477!; Nuragas, Lightfoot,

16531!; Okakueyo, Dinter, 1615!; Hyphaenewald (Dinter) !

GENERAL DistRIBUTION: Kalahari Region.

2. S. pappophoroides, Steud in Schmidt Beitr. Fl. Cap. Verd. Ins.

(1852), p. 144.

Ovamboland: Onolongo, Barnard, 74!; Namakunde, Barnard,

75!: Mafa, Barnard, 76! Damaraland: Farm Gras, Nord Anias,

Otjitambi, acc. to Heering and Grimme; Osona, Dinter, 123 Ws

Omaheke in Buschfeld, Dinter, 2316 !

Good fodder.

PHALARIDEAE.

i. EHRHARTA, BC) 660). TA 23.

1. E. delicatula, Stapf. F.C. 672.

Namaqualand : Obib, on granite, 550 m., Aug., Range, 572; Garies,

Pearson, 6474; Klinghardtgebirge, Dinter, 3928 !

GENERAL DistrrpuTion: Little Namaqualand and Coast Region.

2. E. longifolia, Schrad. F.C. 667.

Var. ligulis membranaceis, Bol. f.

Namaqualand: Western Karasberg, sandy river bed above Wasser-

fall Alt Ravine, Pearson, 8475 !

3. E. pusilla, Nees. F.C. 674.

Namaqualand: Klinghardtgebirge, Dinter, 3862 !

GENERAL DistRIBUTION: Central Region and Little Namaqualand.

FESTUCEAE.

i. FINGERHUTHIA, F.C. 690; F.T.A. 23.

1. F. africana, Lehm. F.C. 691.

Damaraland: Namutoni to Otjikoto, Barnard, 16521!; Tsumeb.

Dinter, 1698!; Otavifontein, acc. to Heering and Grimme!

Namaqualand: Schakalskuppe, Pearson, 4798; Range, 86, A. 33,

883!; Eastern Karasberg, lower foothills, Narudas Siid, Pearson,

8173!;: Awas Mts., Dinter, 1901!; pass between Haris and Aub,

Pearson, 9672!; Klein Karas, Dinter, 3216!; in Aristida-steppe,

426 Annals of the South African Museum.

near Quartel, Dinter, 2173; Liideritz, 71; Orab-Mariental, Dznter,

2018 !

GENERAL DistTRIBUTION: South Africa, Coast, Central, Kalahari

Regions. Also in tropical Transvaal and on the Afghan-Indian

frontier.

ii. ELYTROPHORUS, F.T.A. 28.

1. E. articulatus, Beawv. Agrost. 67, t. 14.

Damaraland: Okasise (S. Otavi), Dinter, 605.

2. E. globularis, Hack. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 11, ser. II, 935.

Ovamboland: Olukonda (Rautanen); Ukualonkathi, edge of vlei,

Barnard, 79! Damaraland: Okakueyo, Dinter, 1570 !

iii, ENTOPLOCAMIA, F.C. 710; F.T.A. 24.

1. E. aristulata, Stapf. F.C. 711.

Namaqualand: Reheboth, Fleck, 803; Orab, on borders of Fish

River (Dinter); between Narib and Marienthal, in numerous small

inlets of Karroo slate, Dinter, 2984!; near Nomtsas, Dinter, 2014!;

Kuija, 1400 m., sandy places, Range, 310!; Bethany District, 1300 m.,

black sand, Range, 1009!; Kunab, 1300 m., April, Range, 1023! ;

Pearson, 4748!; Farm Gras, Damib, acc. to Heering and Grimme ;

Veldschoenhorn, Dinter, 1, 1098.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Cape Colony.

iv. SCHISMUS, F.C. 692.

1. S. faseiculatus, Beauv. F.C. 693.

Var. tenuis, Stapf.

Namaqualand: Kubib, Range, A. 36-89; Fleck, 287a, no locality.

* GENERAL DistrRisuTION: Cape Colony, North Africa, Canary Isles,

Central Europe, Western Asia.

2. S. ealyeinus ( Loefl), Coss.in Coss. et Durand Expl. scient.

Namaqualand: Inachab, in sand, Dinter, 1107.

v. BROMUS

1. B. unioloides, H. B. Kth. F.C. 734.

Namaqualand: Bethany District, introduced in garden in Kubis,

Range, 1197.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI., Part 2.

Plate VIII.

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3. Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa.—By Fuorence Ricn,

Botanical Department, East London College, University of

London, and Mary Acarp Pocock, Botanical Department,

University of Cape Town.

(With Plates IX-XXIV and 6 Text-figures.)

CONTENTS,

Introduction :

A. Volvox aureus Ehrenb.

1. From Potchefstroom.

2. From Weltevreden West.

3. From N’gamo and Old N’gamo, and from the Linyanti River.

B. Volvox africanus G. S. West

From the Linyanti River

C. Volvox capensis sp. nov.

1. From the Cape Flats.

Forma rhodesiensis f. nov.

(a) From N’gamo and Old N’gamo.

(6) From the Linyanti River.

D. Volvox Rousseletii G. S. West

1. From the Ussangu Desert.

. From Egypt.

. From Rietfontein, Transvaal.

. From Eliazer Pan and Brakpan, Transvaal.

. From Sedudu, Bechuanaland.

6. From Grahamstown.

Forma nov. kaokoensis from Kamanyab, Kaokoveld.

E. Volvox amboensis sp. nov. .

From Ongka, Ovamboland.

Summary

Conclusion

Explanation of Plates

Or em Ww bO

INTRODUCTION,

PAGE

427

439

440

441

Ar the time when, in 1905, Mr. C. F. Rousselet stepped from one

of the trains conveying members of the British Association across

Rhodesia and collected Volvoz from a pool by the side of the railway-

line, very little was known about the occurrence of this genus on the

VOL EexXcVib PART 3:

428 Annals of the South African Museum.

continent of Africa. Volvor aureus Ehrenb. had been noticed by

Schmidle * in material collected in 1899 near the mouth of the Mbasi

River, but other records were very scanty. Mr. Rousselet’s sample

was submitted to the late Professor West + for investigation, and,

though no sexual organs were present, the characters of the vegeta-

tive colonies were considered by him amply sufficient to warrant the

establishment of a new species to which he gave the name Volvoz

Rousseletii. A few years after this, some plankton material collected

by Dr. Jakubski of Lemberg (Lwow) from small, temporary pools

in the Ussangu Desert {| was found to contain sexual colonies which

West stated to belong to this same species, and from an examination

of these he was able to complete the diagnosis.§

In 1907 a curious form of Volvox was obtained by Mr. R. T. Leiper

from the Albert Nyanza; this was at first described by Professor

West || as “ Volvox aureus Ehrenb. (a form),”’ but he subsequently

observed characters scarcely in keeping with those of V. aureus, and

decided to regard it as a “ new species or new race”’ of Volvox for

which he suggested the name V. africanus. It is noteworthy that

no trace of this particular Volvox had been seen in the other large

lakes of Central Africa, even though they had been more thoroughly

investigated than the Albert Nyanza. (It was present, associated

with V. Rousseletii, in the material examined by West from the

Ussangu Desert.) In 1914, amongst some freshwater algae from

Madagascar, Professor F. E. Fritsch ** found a form of V. aureus

which he styled forma madagascariensis, and in the same year

Brunnthaler ++ recorded V. aureus from Egypt. The latter species,

under the name of Volvox minor Stein, was also recorded by Madame

Gauthier-Liévre tf from Algeria in 1925. There was no reason why

such a commonly occurring genus should not have further representa-

tives in Africa, yet, as far as we can ascertain, there are no records of

* Schmidle, W., ‘‘ Algen, insbesondere solche des Plankton, aus dem Nyassa-

See und seiner Umgebung,” Engler’s Bot. Jahrb., vol. xxxii, 1902, p. 77.

+ West, G. S., Journ. Quek. Micr. Club, vol. xi, ser. 2, 1910, pp. 99-104.

{ In what was formerly German East Africa, and is now Tanganyika.

§ West, G. S., Journ. Quek. Micr. Club, vol. xiii, 1918, pp. 425-428.

|| West, G. S., Journ. Bot., vol. xlvii, 1909, p. 245.

4] West, G. S., Journ. Quek. Micr. Club, November 1910, pp. 102-103.

** Fritsch, F. E., Ann. de Biologie lacustre, vol. vii, 1914.

++ Brunnthaler, J., Beitr. z. Siisswasseralgenflora von Agypten. Hedwigia, vol. liv,

ps 219.

tt Gauthier-Liévre, ‘“‘ Quelques observations sur la flore algale de l Algérie dans

ses rapports avec le pH,” 1925, C. R. Ac. Sc., vol. clxxxi, p. 927.

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 429

any (De Toni in his Sylloge Algarum, 1889, gives no references) ; there

are certainly none in the collections examined by the following :—

RaBENHORST, L., Beitr. z. Kryptogamenfl. Siidafrik., Pilze u. Algen,

Allg. deutsch. naturh. Zeit., vol. 1, 1855.

Reinscu, P., “Contr. ad fl. Alg. aq. dulce. Promont. Bon Spei,”

Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot., vol. xvi, 1877.

Norpstept, O., Lunds Univ. Arsskrift, vol. xvi, 1880, “‘ De Algis et

Characeis I ”’ (Senegal).

Wute, N., * Uber einige von J. Menyhardt in Siidafrika gesammelte

Siisswasseralgen,”’ Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr., 1903.

West, W. and G. &S., “ Algae from Central Africa,” 1896, Journ.

Bots, vol) xxxiv:

OsTENFELD, C. H., “ Phytoplankton aus dem Victoria Nyanza,”’ 1908,

Engl. Bot. Jahrb., Bd. 41.

West, G. S., Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. ix, 1912 (South-West Africa).

Fritscu, F. E., Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. ix, pt. 7, 1917 (mostly from the

Cape Peninsula).

Fritscu, F. E., and Stepuens, E., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Afr., vol. ix,

pt. 1, 1921 (the Transkei Territories).

Fritscu, F. E., and Ricu, F., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8S. Afr., vol. xi, pt. 4,

1924 (Natal).

Hopegetis, W. J., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8._Afr., vol. xii, pt. 1, 1925

(Stellenbosch).

Fritscu, F. K., and Rica, F., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Afr., vol. xviii, pt. 1,

1929 (Griqualand West).

HusBer-Pestatozzi, G., Verh. Internat. Ver. Limnol., vol. iv, 1929

(South African plankton).

It was therefore of special interest when the present authors had

the opportunity of examining Volvox material collected in 1926 from

pools on the Cape Flats * by one of themselves and Miss E. L. Stephens

(of the University of Cape Town), and also some from Ovamboland

collected by Dr. K. H. Barnard and Dr. R. F. Lawrence (of the South

African Museum). Two years later, that is, in 1928, Mrs. G. E.

Hutchinson, who with her husband was engaged in making a survey

of the planktonic fauna of South African vleis and pans, found Volvoz

in the Transvaal in five different pieces of water, namely, at Riet-

fontein, Brakpan, Leeuwkraal, Weltevreden West, and Potchefstroom

* We find that Mr. Steer, Miss Stephens, and others had collected Volvox

regularly from the Cape Flats and Lakeside since about 1916, and that Dr. Barnard

had already found some in Ovamboland in 1923.

430 Annals of the South African Museum.

(Eliazer Pan). In July 1930 one of us and Miss Stephens collected

Volvox from a large vlei at Old N’gamo, from pools at N’gamo, from

quiet backwaters of the Linyanti (Chobe) River, and from pans and

vleis left on the south side of this river from the previous wet season.

All these localities, with the exception of the Linyanti backwaters,

are temporary pools * (usually known locally as vleis), the majority

of them grass-bottomed, 7.e. forming grassy meadowland when they

dry up in summer. They occur on soil which is more or less alluvial

in character, consisting usually of a mixture of sand and alluvium.

The paper that follows deals with the results of an investigation of

the foregoing samples, together with one from Egypt collected by

Mr. Douglas Simpson in 1924. It is apparent that Volvoz flourishes

abundantly in Africa, and its absence from earlier collections is a little

difficult to understand.

We, like many of our predecessors, realise that considerable varia-

tions may occur in one and the same species, not only in the number

of constituent cells, in the nature of these cells, in the number of

daughter colonies, and in sexuality, but also in the structure of the

oospore. There is some doubt as to what should be considered

diagnostic features, and there is also some uncertainty as to the

number of species of Volvox. The structure of the coenobium has

been fully described only in the three European species V. aureus

Ehrenberg, V. globator (Linné) Ehrenberg, and JV. tertiws A. Meyer.

The two former are the commonest and best known, and differ from

one another as follows :—

1. The coenobia of V. aureus are usually smaller than those of

V. globator (the latter measure generally 600 to 800 yp).

2. In V. aureus the number of constituent cells is from 200 to 4400 ;

in V. globator from 1000 to 15,000.

3. The number of daughter colonies in the asexual coenobia varies

from 4 to 14 in V. aureus; in V. globator the number is usually 8

(though it may be more or less).

4. The protoplasts of the cells of the daughter colonies are separated

* This is contrary to the experience of Professor Iyengar of Madras, who says

that in Southern India Volvow has never been collected from temporary rain-water

pools (he adds that the trampling of animals tends to make the water of

these pools very muddy), but it agrees with the description given by J. H. Powers

(‘“‘ Further Studies in Volvow,”’ Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., vol. xxviii, 1908, p. 141) of

the occurrence of Volvox in parts of America (particularly Nebraska), where Volvox

was collected mostly from small rain-pools of scarcely a fortnight’s duration,

while ponds 1 to 2 ft. deep yielded no Volvox. The forms of Volvox collected in

Nebraska are very like the South African representatives.

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 431

from one another in V. aureus before escape ; in V. globator they are

still in contact at this stage.

5. The diameter of the daughter colonies on escape is from 200 to

250 p in V. aureus ; 150 to 200 p (rarely to 320 yw) in V. globator.

6. The protoplasts of the somatic cells in V. aureus are almost

round in surface view, more oval in side view ; in V. globator they are

smaller, more closely packed, rather angular in surface view, and

flattened basally in side view.

7. The protoplasmic processes are very delicate in V. aureus; in

V. globator they are thicker, and continuous with processes from the

angles of the protoplasts (the chloroplasts extend into these processes).

8. The sexual colonies in V. aureus may be exclusively male or

female, i.e. dioecious, or they may be monoecious, and may or may

not contain daughter colonies as well; in V. globator they are almost

invariably monoecious (7.e. they contain both antheridia and oogonia),

and do not, as a rule, contain daughters.

9. The antheridia in V. aureus are numerous (as many as two-

thirds of all the cells may form sperm bundles) ; in V. globator there

are only from about 5 (or fewer) to 15.

10. The sperm bundles measure from 12 to 18 w in diameter in

V. aureus, from 23 to 34 win V. globator.

11. Each sperm bundle is composed of 16 or 32 spermatozoids in

V. aureus, from 64 to 256 or more in JV. globator.

12. The spermatozoids in V. aureus have a spherical nucleus and

terminal cilia ; in V. globator they are more slender, with an elongated

nucleus, and the cilia may be either laterally or terminally attached.

13. The oospores in V. aureus number from 1 to 15 (usually 3 to 8) ;

in V. globator they number from 12 to 69 (usually about 30).

14. The oospore in V. aureus measures from 60 to 75 yu in diameter,

and its outer wall is smooth ; in V. globator it measures from 44 to 56 p,

and its outer membrane, when ripe, is covered with conical spines.

15. A still more fundamental difference between the two was

demonstrated by Meyer * during an investigation into the structure

of the membrane of the coenobium. In V. aureus the somatic proto-

plast is embedded in a thick gelatinous wedge-shaped mass extending

far into the interior of the colony, where the radial walls join a central

massive star-shaped body (see fig. 1, A:); in J. globator it is enclosed

in a short five- or six-sided gelatinous prism tapering very slightly

towards the interior of the coenobium from which it is delimited

* Meyer, A., ‘‘ Die Plasmaverbindungen und die Membranen von Volvox, etc.,”

Bot. Zeit., vol. liv, 1896, p. 187.

Fic. 1.—Volvox membranes, stained with methylene blue.

A, V. aureus. B, V. africanus. C, V. capensis sp. nov. and V. Rousseletit.

In each: 1, Optical section of whole colony.

2, A small portion further enlarged.

3, Cells in surface view.

In V. aureus the central star-shaped mass stains deep purple; in V. cupensis

the mucilaginous content of the hollow sphere stains slightly lighter purple. In

V. africanus the inner membrane is regular and clearly defined when the colony

is young, later becomes displaced and distorted by the developing daughter

colonies. A,, B,, C; x60; A, x 100; others x 500 (roughly).

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 433

by a flat wall, and the cavity of the coenobium within the layer of cells

is occupied, according to Meyer, by a watery fluid. It will thus be

seen that the differences between these two are greater than is usually

the case between two species of the same genus, and it is not surprising

that the suggestion has been made that they should be separated. In

1922 Shaw * placed V. aureus in a new genus which he named Janeto-

sphaera, retaining V. globator in the genus Volvox, while he placed

V. tertius, in which there are no protoplasmic connections between the

protoplasts, in another distinct genus Merrillosphaera.

Of these, Volvox is represented in Africa by several species, of which

V. Rousseletii is widespread ; the present paper describes further species

and forms belonging to this section. Janetosphaera is represented by

J. aurea (=V. aureus), differing in no marked degree from that found

in Europe, while V. africanus belongs to the third section (= Merrillo-

sphaera africana, according to Shaw).

None of the recently published comprehensive accounts, however,

has adopted Shaw’s nomenclature, hence the present writers are not

using it. All who have worked at the group agree that a revision is

necessary, cf. Pascher f and Printz.t The latter divides the genus

Volvox into subsections, to which he applies Shaw’s generic names.

G. 8. West considered that V. africanus was the African species

comparable with the European V. aureus, and that V. Rousseletii was

similarly comparable with V. globator. The present authors feel

that the resemblance between the two latter is greater than that

between V. africanus and V. aureus. Moreover, V. aureus itself

occurs extensively in Africa. V. africanus is more nearly com-

parable with the European species V. tertiws Meyer, its membranes

being similarly constructed to those of the latter (see text-fig. 1, B).

The features on which West§ based his two African species may

be usefully enumerated here as follows :—

Volvox africanus :

1. The coenobia, though approximately the same size as those of

V. aureus, are of adifferent shape, being constantly ovoid or egg-shaped.

2. The constituent cells number from 3000 to 8000.

3. The daughter colonies vary in number from 1 to 4 (3 isa common

number).

* Shaw, W. R., The Philippine Journ. of Sci., vol. xx, 1922, p. 478.

7 Pascher in Die Siisswasserflora Deutschlands, Osterreichs und der Schweiz,

vol. iv, 1927, p. 462.

{ Printz, Volvocaceae in Engler’s Nat. Pfl. fam. Ed. II, vol. iii, 1927, p. 59.

§ West, G.S., op. cit., 1918, p. 426.

434 Annals of the South African Museum.

4. They grow until they almost fill the internal cavity of the parent,

becoming flattened by compression; they themselves show well-

developed daughter colonies long before their escape from the mother

colony, and even a fourth generation is not uncommon.

5. The somatic protoplasts are almost globose, with long, delicate

protoplasmic strands (Shaw,* however, disputes the presence of these

strands, and in his earlier account West } states that no protoplasmic

connections could be observed).

6. The number of oospores averages 74 (70 to 80); wall of oospore

thick and smooth.

The diagnosis of this species was amplified by Shaw from material

collected near Manila in July 1914 and subsequently. He found no

protoplasmic connections between the cells; in his material there

were sometimes as many as 6 or 8 daughter colonies, the oospores

varied from 12 to 43 per coenobium, measuring 43 to 45 w when ripe.

The oospores were sometimes associated with from 2 to 6 sperm plates,

but more usually the latter were found in colonies producing no other

reproductive cells (100 to 400 per coenobium). He was not able to

count the number of sperms—evidently most of his antheridia were

still young—but thought it was either 64 or 128 per platelet ; he gives

the dimensions of one antheridium in the 32-celled stage (26 yz) and of

one mature sperm plate (7 uw thick by 20 w wide). The antheridium

mother-cell often reached 19 yx before dividing to form a platelet or

hollow cup of sperms. According to West this African species differs

from V. aureus in the ovoid-ellipsoid shape of its asexual colonies,

in the larger number of constituent cells, and in the nature of the

daughter colonies.

Volvox Rousseletii is described by West as follows :—

1. The asexual coenobia are large, having a diameter of from

1125 to 1240 » when fully mature.

2. The number of constituent cells is large, 25,000 to 50,000, and

they are rather closely aggregated.

3. The somatic protoplasts are somewhat angular, with relatively

broad connecting strands.

4. Daughter colonies regularly 8.

5. The sexual colonies are dioecious.

6. Sperm bundles are numerous.

* Shaw, W. R., loc. cit., vol. xxi, 1922, p. 118; vol. xxu, 11928) pp: 189

and 197.

t West, G.S., loc. cit., 1910, p. 103.

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 435

7. The ripe oospores number from 120 to 150; they show a decided

concentration towards one pole of the coenobium.

8. The wall of the oospore is clothed with strong conical spines ;

average diameter without spines 44 pw, length of spines 11 to

12 p.

The foregoing description of V. Rousseletii is somewhat incomplete ;

for instance, the sperm bundles, though shown in the microphotographs

published by West, are not described by him.

West considered that V. Rousseletii differed from V. globator in its

larger colonies and the much greater number and closer aggregation

of the constituent cells, in the sperm bundles being far more numerous,

and the oospores about four times as numerous and showing a con-

centration towards one pole; * he also adds that the long conical

spines on the oospore “‘ are very different in appearance from the

depressed conical warts on the oospores of V. globator.” + The question

arises as to how far the peculiarities just enumerated are to be looked

upon as of specific importance, and whether they may not, after all,

be due to differences in nutrition, insolation, temperature, and so on,

but it is not the purpose of the present writers to discuss these points

here.

We could not help feeling some doubt as to whether the sexual

colonies obtained from the Ussangu Desert did really belong to the

same species as the asexual colonies collected in Southern Rhodesia,

and we considered that if living material could be obtained from the

* The present authors, however, find a concentration of the oospores towards

one end in all the coenobia of V. globator that they have been able to examine.

+ Surely this is a rather misleading description of the oospores of V. globator.

It is possible that more than one race has been ascribed to this species, but in the

figures given by Janet (Le Volvox, Deuxieme Mémoire, 1922, pl. iii, fig. 25, and

Troisitme Mémoire, 1923, pl. xx, fig. 4) the spines are shown as bluntly pointed

cones, neither depressed nor wart-like. Shaw, in his key to the species of Volvox

(loc. cit., May 1922, p. 503), describes the wall of the oospore as “ angularly wavy ” ;

yet in another place (p. 486) he speaks of the oospore as having “ a stellate prickly

outer membrane ’’—two descriptions which are not in accord with one another.

It is possible that observations may have been made on immature specimens, for all

spiny oospores show a wavy outline before the spines are fully grown (see fig. 4, C

and D). Klein (Vergleichende Untersuchungen iiber Morph. u. Biol. der Fortpfl. bei

der Gattung Volvox, Ber. d. deutsch. Naturf. Ges. zu Freiburg i. B., 1890, p. 84)

described the exine of the oospore as spiny (stachelartig). In material from

Baden-Baden kindly sent us by Mr. Scourfield are colonies containing 12 to 16

ripe and nearly ripe oospores; these have a well-developed spiny exine, the

conical spines are from 5 to 8 yw long, the oospores, including spines, having a

diameter of 49 to 55 wy.

436 Annals of the South African Museum.

identical pool in which Mr. Rousselet originally found it, very satis-

factory further information concerning it might be obtained. Conse-

quently an attempt was made by Miss EK. L. Stephens in 1927 to

locate the spot indicated by Rousselet in his paper to the Royal

Microscopical Society in 1906,* and as a result of her inquiries

she came to the conclusion that Rousselet had made his collection

at Old N’gamo, 5 miles north of the present N’gamo station and

23 miles north of Gwaai. She visited the vlei, which is an extensive

one several acres in area in the wet season, with the railway on

an embankment built across it, and collected Volvor. An accident

unfortunately happened to the material and all the Volvor perished

before it could be examined. In July 1930, however, Miss Stephens

and one of us were able to revisit the vlei and we found Volvor swarm-

ing in parts of it, chiefly in the deep part alongside the embankment.

It was particularly abundant in the partially shaded water in a culvert

under the line connecting the two parts of the vlei; this part is prob-

ably the last to dry up, and it may have been here that Mr. Rousselet

collected. On this occasion the dominant form was V. aureus, but

another form, very like V. Rousseletiz but still more like the form

found on the Cape Flats, was present as well, in all stages both sexual

and asexual.

But subsequently we found another more detailed account by

Rousselet,f made several years later, in which he states explicitly

that he collected the Volvor at Gwaai station: “the train stopped

for half an hour at this station by the side of a shallow pool formed

by the Gwaai River.” Thus his two accounts are contradictory. It

has not yet been possible to revisit Gwaai, but we know that there

too, for part of the year at any rate, are pools close to the station.t

Probably no one can now prove which of Rousselet’s two accounts is

the correct one. If the first account is correct, then Old N’gamo must

have been the spot where he collected, and it would appear that the

doubt expressed above was justified, for while the material found at

* Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1906, p. 393. Mr. Rousselet says that he had col-

lected it at ‘‘ a station beyond Gwaai, where a stream forms a rather shallow pool

close to the station.” Formerly the Victoria Falls train stopped at Gwaai, and also

23 miles farther north (to take in water) at what is now Old N’gamo. Gwaai at

present is an unimportant siding and Old N’gamo not even a halt, while a new

station has been made at N’gamo.

+ Rousselet, C. F., Journ. Quek. Micr. Club, vol. xii, ser. 2, 1913-1915.

t In April 1925 one of us, unconsciously imitating Rousselet, jumped from

the train during an all too brief halt at Gwaai and secured several dips from

adjacent pools, but unfortunately without finding Volvox. It was the end of a

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 437

Old N’gamo (and also at N’gamo) possesses asexual colonies like those

described by West for Rhodesia, the sexual colonies associated with

them are not of the type described from Ussangu and presumed by

him to belong to the same species.

In any case, the existence of two distinct types has been established,

and we have been fortunate enough to obtain from Rhodesia and other

localities sexual and associated asexual colonies of both types—the

Ussangu type from Egypt, Rietfontein (Transvaal), and Sedudu (N.

Bechuanaland Protectorate), and the Old N’gamo type from the

Cape Flats as well as from other parts of Rhodesia and the Bechuana-

land Protectorate.

The main point of difference between these two types is that in one

the sexual colonies are dioecious, in the other they are monoecious.

Now, whereas in V. globator the sexual colonies are consistently

monoecious, it is well known that in V. awrews monoecious as well as

the more usual dioecious colonies may occur, and we should hesitate

to make this a character of diagnostic importance were it not for

(a) its constancy in a particular type, and (0) its association with other

slight but well-defined differences.

With regard to (a), cultures of the Rietfontein Volvor have been

watched constantly for a period of over eighteen months, and the

colonies have been found to remain dioecious, with very rare excep-

tions in which a few antheridia developed in otherwise preponderat-

ingly female coenobia (the reverse—oospores in a male coenobium—

was never once seen), while the Cape Flats Volvor during some years

of observation (which was particularly close and detailed in.1930 and

1931) has been found to be consistently monoecious.* These two

examples, from Rietfontein and from the Cape Flats, are cited in

particular, since they are the two whose life-history has been methodi-

cally observed, but collections of Volvor from elsewhere appear to

confirm these observations.

In view of the existence of these two types we propose to create a

new species to include the type found at Old N’gamo and on the Cape

Flats, and, since it has been fully known longer from the latter locality,

to name it V. capensis. It will be seen that this species shows several

particularly wet rainy season, and it seems probable that Volvox does not develop

in that region until later in the season when the water has grown shallower. It is

obviously widespread in Rhodesia.

* The results of these observations are embodied in a paper by M. A. Pocock

forming the third of the series on Volvox in Africa, and appearing in Part 4

of this volume.

438 Annals of the South African Museum.

characters in common with V. globator, and that it is intermediate

between that species and V. Rousseletit.

Before proceeding to describe the forms we have found, we think

it advisable to enumerate the features on which Shaw laid stress in

describing new species and genera from Manila.* In addition to

the recognised significance of dimensions, presence or absence of

connecting protoplasmic strands, and variations in the oospore wall,

he considered of importance the size attained by the gonidia (the

asexual reproductive cells) before dividing, and whether or not they

become segmented before the birth of the young coenobia in which

they occur. Another point of importance, in his view, is whether

all the daughter colonies are born through one opening in the wall

of the mother colony, or whether each daughter is born through a

separate opening ; a study of this in preserved material is, of course,

very unsatisfactory. Shaw also laid stress on the migration of the

gonidia from the outside to the inside of the developing embryo, but

the subsequent or almost simultaneous work of Kuschakewitsch ft

has shown that on completion of cell-division of the developing

gonidium the young coenobium (embryo) undergoes complete inver-

sion, whereby the inner surface comes to lie outside.{ Shaw further

pointed out that it was important to make observations during the

night or late afternoon, when he believed many of the changes in the

life-history usually occur. We have acted on this hint, but so far

our results do not confirm Shaw’s opinion—it is possibly correct as

regards actual cell-division, but all other stages have been observed

during the day as well as at night ; in fact, inversion appears to take

place more commonly during the day, which perhaps explains how it

came about that Shaw during his extensive studies on Volvox over-

looked this phenomenon.

In the following account we deal with the forms of Volvox we have

examined from different localities, placing each under the species to

which it belongs.

* Shaw, W. R., op. cit., vol. xv, 1919; vol. xx, 1922; vol. xxi, 1922; vol. xxii,

1923.

+ Kuschakewitsch, Bull. Acad. Sc. de !Oukraine, vol. i, 1922, p. 1.

t Both Kuschakewitsch and Zimmermann (Naturwissenschaften, 1925, p. 401)

thought that inversion preceded cilia formation. Recent observations of the South

African forms, however, show that the cilia are being formed during the process,

and that probably the mechanism of inversion is intimately connected with cilia

formation.

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 439

A. Volvox aureus Ehrenb.

Present in Eliazer Pan (Potchefstroom) and Weltevreden West

(Ermelo), Transvaal, vleis in the N’gamo district (S. Rhodesia) and

along the Linyanti River (N. Bechuanaland Protectorate).

1. From Potchefstroom. (Collected from Eliazer Pan, where it is

associated with V. Rousseletii (Plate IX, fig. A).)

The colonies are spherical or sub-spherical, from about 300 to 500

in diameter, and usually contain one type of reproductive cell only ;

mixed colonies occur very rarely. The protoplasts of the somatic

cells are rounded, with slight indications in surface view of angles

where the protoplasmic connecting strands are attached. They

measure from 6 to 9 yz across, and are from 1 to 4 diameters apart ;

they are rather more closely packed * at the posterior pole (this is

true of all three types of colonies). The protoplasmic connecting

strands are very fine and thread-like; they do not preserve well,

but usually show fairly clearly when stained with methylene blue.

The number of daughter colonies varies from 4 to 13 (Plate X, fig. A),

8 being a frequent number; the size on escape is not less than 180 w; the

gonidia at birth are most often undivided, or else are at an early stage

(4- to 8-celled) of division. The sexual colonies are mostly dioecious,

rarely monoecious, a little smaller than the asexual. The male

coenobia are similar to those figured by Janet (Le Volvox, 1912, fig. 15,

J) ; they are shown in the microphotographs (Plate IX, figs. B and D,

and Plate XI, fig. A). In all these photographs the male colonies

are somewhat young, with a large number of antheridia in various

stages of development. They measure about 400 to 450 yz in diameter.

The number of antheridia is very large (in two cases 403 and 605

respectively were counted), scattered thickly over three-quarters of

the colony, leaving the anterior quarter free; somatic cells occur

among them. The sperm bundles (Plate X, fig. C) are saucer-shaped,

measuring from 14 to 20 » across, and each is composed of 32 sper-

matozoids.

The female coenobia (Plate IX, figs. B and C, and Plate X, fig. D)

are slightly larger than the male, diameter 450 to 520 p, and usually

contain about 8 oospores, but the number varies from 4 to 11. The

* We have noticed closer packing at the posterior pole in English specimens

of V. aureus, though no reference is made to this in the text-books. Shaw

mentions it in connection with V. aureus from California (Op. cit., vol. xx, May

1922, p. 484).

440 Annals of the South African Museum.

oospore measures from 64 to 73 yw in diameter, with smooth, thick

outer wall (Plate X, fig. E). A comparison was made with V. aureus

forma madagascariensis (Professor Fritsch’s material), but we find

it agrees more closely with the type than with this form.

2. From Weltevreden West (only asexual colonies were collected).

3. From N’gamo and Old N’gamo (S. Rhodesia), and from vleis along

the Linyanti River (Bechuanaland Protectorate), particularly at

Kazungula and Kabulabula (Plate XI, figs. B, C).

V. aureus is evidently widespread in this region of Africa. The

collections were made in July, 7.e. midwinter, when the vleis left by

the rains of the previous wet season (ending March or April) were still

extensive. It was usually associated with V. Rousseletii and Pleodorina

californica (Plate XI, fig. B), and a rich phytoplankton of desmids, and

other unicellular, colonial, and filamentous algae.

Except for its greater size it is similar to the V. aureus found at

Potchefstroom, and is characterised by the small degree of differentia-

tion reached by the third generation at the birth of the daughter

colonies, and the marked rarity of mixed colonies, the great majority

producing either only gonidia, only antheridia, or only oogonia.

The number of cells is usually between 1000 and 3000, the protoplasts

are from 6 to 9 in diameter. The greatest size noted for asexual

colonies was 782 x 816 jz; female colonies up to 604 x 625 uw, and males

up to 539 x 560 w, were measured (these measurements were all made

free on the slide, not under the pressure of a cover slip). The smallest

free colony measured was 182 x 194 yw, but daughters in situ with a

diameter of 243 w were seen; the largest number of daughters per

coenobium observed was 11.

Platelets, always of 32 spermatozoids, measured 20 uw; oospores

(up to 11 per colony) from 65 to 84 yw in diameter.

B. Volvox africanus G.S. West. Plate XII, figs. A, B.

Late in our investigations we found this species in material from

a pool near the wagon road leading from Kazungula to Kasani, on

the Linyanti River. The pool was long and shallow, about 1 foot

deep, and fairly clear. The Volvoz association was rich—large colonies

of V. capensis predominated, with V. aureus, V. africanus, and

Pleodorina californica mixed with them. The colonies of V. africanus

were comparatively few, and all asexual; in most, the daughter

colonies numbered 4—the 2 larger opposite one another in the

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 441

equatorial plane, the 2 smaller near the posterior pole—but the

number varied from 1 to 6. In most cases where an unpaired daughter

occurred, the other member of the pair was represented by an abortive

gonidium. So far as could be seen the daughters themselves were all

asexual. The smallest colony seen with mature daughters measured

345 x 431 uw, and contained a single well-developed daughter; the

largest, 603 x 646 x, with 4 daughters one of which measured 218 x

258 x; each of these 4 daughters bore 2+2 gonidia in early stages

(2- to 4-celled) of division.

This Volvo agrees very closely with the description given by West,*

except that no trace whatever of protoplasmic connections between

the cells in the adult colonies, or even in young colonies, could be

made out. (This is in accord with recent observations made by

Professor Lyengar on a small form of V. africanus collected in Southern

India.t See also Shaw’s remarks quoted above.) In unborn daughter

colonies, however, after treatment with methylene blue, a connection

between the cells is here and there observable; this resembles the

state of things described by Meyer for JV. tertius.t

C. Volvox capensis sp. nov.

Volvox monoicus; coenobiis sub-globosis vel late ellipsoideis ;

coenoblis asexualibus majoribus usque ad 1-3 mm. latis, cellulis ca.

9000-23,000, plerumque 18,000—20,000, in parte posteriore densiore

ageregatis ; coenobus infantibus 3-20, plerumque 6-10, saepe 8, in

planis duobus alternantibus, 170-430 yw, plerumque 200-300 p latis ;

coenobiis sexualibus usque ad 1 mm. latis, bisexualibus protandreis ;

androgonidiis 4-23, plerumque 6-10, similiter coenobiis infantibus

dispositis ; spermatozoidis 512 rarissime 256, in globoidis depressis

40-44 pw latis; oosporis 60-160, plerumque ca. 120, diametro sine

spinis 37-49 y, in parte tertia anteriore coenobii absentibus ; spinis

cavis conicis usque ad 5-8 yp longis obtectis.

This species is intermediate between V. globator and V. Rousseletii.

From the former it is distinguished by (1) greater size; (2) larger

number of somatic cells ; (3) antheridia more numerous, developing

uniformly into depressed hollow globoids of 512 (rarely 256) spermato-

zoids, never into platelets; (4) much larger number of oospores,

averaging 120 per coenobium as compared with 30 in V. globator ;

(5) spines of exine longer and stouter, less numerous as seen in optical

* West, G.S., op. cit., 1918. + In the press.

+ Meyer, Bot. Zeit., vol. liv, p. 200.

442 Annals of the South African Museum.

section. From the latter it is distinguished by (1) smaller size of

coenobia, which are subglobose to broadly ellipsoid instead of ovoid ;

(2) slightly smaller number of somatic cells ; (3) sexual colonies always

monoecious and protandrous; (4) antheridia much fewer—at most

23 or 26 as against several hundreds in V. Rousseletii—and developing

differently ; * (5) oospores less numerous, as large or larger, but spines

usually shorter.

The gonidia are differentiated before completion of cell-division, and

can be clearly seen in daughter colonies which are about to invert.

They remain undivided until after the birth of the daughter colony,

but are easily distinguished by their greater size (diameter 11 to 15 pu

as compared with 4 to 5 w in the case of the somatic cells). The

sexual reproductive cells may also be distinguished before birth, but

are smaller than the gonidia (diameter 6 to 8 4).

Under normal conditions the coenobia are markedly globose ; the

polar axis in young colonies is a little longer than the equatorial

diameter, becoming more so as the colony ages, particularly in the

sexual colonies, but less markedly so than in V. Rousseletii. Usually

the two poles are similar in form (see Plate XII, figs. C, D, and Plate

XIII, fig. A), whereas in the latter species the tendency is for one or

other pole to become broader (cf. Plate XVIII, figs. A-C, Plate XX,

fig. F, and text-fig. 2, G). In both species during cold weather the

anterior pole sometimes protrudes in a peculiar and characteristic

manner (see some of the coenobia in Plate XVIII, fig. D).

In this species we include the Volvox occurring in many vleis on the

Cape Flats, and which we regard as typical, and that collected in

Rhodesia (N’gamo, Old N’gamo) and the Bechuanaland Protectorate

(backwaters and vleis of the Linyanti or Chobe River). It was at

first thought that the latter formed a distinct variety, but after obsery-

ing V. capensis on the Cape Flats during an unusually late season—

November 1931—at temperatures much higher than are usual for

Volvor in these parts, we had to modify this opinion. The chief

features considered characteristic of the Rhodesian form—.e. large

size, unusually large number of daughter colonies and of sperm

bundles per coenobium—were found appearing, though to a less

marked degree, in the Flats Volvox, in those vleis which still retained

water (e.g. Ottery Road, and Belvedere Road Vlei III). The

Rhodesian and Bechuanaland material is therefore described merely

as a form of V. capensis and not as a variety.

* Pocock, M. A., this volume, Part 4.

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 443

1. From the Cape Flats.

The “ Cape Flats ” is the name given to the strip of low-lying land

forming the isthmus which joins the Cape Peninsula to the mainland.

The greater part is covered by blown sand, but near Table Mountain

are fairly extensive stretches of alluvial soil (Plate XXIV, fig. D).

During the winter months shallow pools, some of considerable extent,

form on the flats, and these yield a rich algal flora. In several of

those on the alluvial soil Volvox has been found ; all dry up very soon

after the south-east winds of early summer begin, so that as a rule

Volvox is found only in winter and spring, only very rarely is it

found as late as November, as in 1931.

In October 1927 Volvox was collected from two of a series of vleis

near Belvedere Road * (between Keurboom and St. Michael Roads),

Claremont, and from Scanlan’s Vlei, Wetton Road, a few miles

distant ; observations were started on the living material, but the

supply ran short just when further investigations were desired. The

following season (1928) was a particularly good one for Volvor, whereas

that of 1929 was very unfavourable—the winter rains accompanied

by cold weather were late, the late rains were poor, and many

vleis did not fill up at all. At first a fair amount of good Volvox

material (all asexual) was collected, but later on in the season repeated

efforts to obtain sexual material were entirely unsuccessful. In one

case a promising pool in a ditch near the farm Vaderlandsche Rietvlei

yielded on a second visit plenty of coenobia, but in every case they

were inhabited by a Rotifer busily eating away daughter colonies and

parent cells,t and no sexual colonies were present (Plate XIV, figs.

B-D). Other pools previously full of Volvox had now scarcely any

water in them and consequently no algal growth.

The winter of 1930 was exceptionally dry, particularly on the Cape

Flats—one farm on Princess Vlei recorded a total rainfall of only 4

inches for the year (considerably less than the Kalahari)—and in most

parts the rain simply soaked into the ground, no pools being formed.

The Wetton Road Vlei, however, was an exception to the general rule ;

* Of these, one of the best has since become part of Ackerman’s Sports Ground,

and is in process of being filled up with rubbish and sand.

+ A photograph of this Rotifer has been sent to Mr. C. C. A. Monro, Assistant

Keeper in the Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History), who

has been kind enough to examine it. He says the photograph appears to corre-

spond most nearly to Ascomorpha volvocicola Plate. Several species of Rotifer are

known to live in Volvoz. Many individuals and their eggs were often observed

inside a single coenobium. Even when half the cells and the daughter colonies

had been devoured the colonies were still active and strongly phototactic.

VOL. XVI, PART 3. 29

444 Annals of the South African Museum.

it lies near Wynberg, a part which has more rain than the rest of the

district, was fairly full of water and yielded abundant Volvox in very

good condition. Later in the season the Volvox in the main vlei

(Scanlan’s) was badly attacked by Rotifers, but a ditch nearby con-

tained particularly large and healthy colonies for some time longer.

In 1931 good rains in May, followed by warm sunny weather,

resulted in a fine crop of Volvox; the Volvor supply continued good

right through the winter—now in one vlei, then in another—and well

into the summer, some of the most interesting observations being

made from the Ottery Road Vlei, Wynberg, and Belvedere Road Vlei

as late as November. It was found that Volvox reached its optimum

development in the unusually high temperatures of a week of hot

weather in November (water temperature over 90° F.).

The study of this living material has thrown light on several per-

plexing points, and has enabled the second author of this paper to

write on the subject much more extensively.

The coenobium is usually a prolate spheroid, with the polar axis a

little longer than the equatorial, but the shape varies considerably,

and the equatorial diameter may equal, or sometimes in mature

asexual colonies even exceed, the polar axis. As a rule, the sexual

colonies are more elongated than the asexual.

The number of cells in mature colonies varies from about 9000 to

23,000, most often lying between 18,000 and 20,000 in a vigorous

mature strain. The number drops in colonies produced in cold weather

and as the strain ages. The protoplasts are more closely aggregated

towards the posterior pole. As seen in side view they are somewhat

pear-shaped (Plate XV, figs. Aand B). The apices of the cells do not

quite reach the outer membrane. When young the protoplasts appear

star-shaped in surface view (Plate XIII, fig. B) ; the angles are drawn

out to form relatively thick protoplasmic connections into which the

chloroplast extends, so that the whole coenobium appears covered

with a green network. This shows up clearly even when the colony

is rotating ; it is seen most beautifully if the colonies are examined

with a fairly low objective against a black background. As the colony

matures, the protoplasts become further apart and smaller, and the

connecting strands more finely drawn out, so that the star-shaped form

is more or less lost; the chloroplasts too are withdrawn from the

strands.

There is a single chloroplast filling the base of the cell and extending

up one side to the cell apex at the points of insertion of the cilia ; in

the massive bowl-shaped basal portion is embedded one large pyrenoid.

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 445

The two long cilia are inserted separately at opposite corners of

the cell apex as in V. Rousseleti (see text-fig. 3, A); at the point of

insertion of each is a highly refractive granule. The basal quarter of

the cilium projects from the enveloping membrane at right angles to

the surface, and is rigid and immobile, with the remaining three-

quarters lashing vigorously with a rotary motion in a spheroidal plane

parallel to the outer wall of the coenobium. In the anterior cells the

large lenticular orange-red eyespot or stigma lies in the upward

extension of the chloroplast, a little below the apex, and symmetrically

between the points of insertion of the cilia always facing towards the

anterior pole (Plate XV, fig. A). At the anterior pole it is about 2

in diameter, becomes smaller towards the equator, and disappears

entirely as a pigmented spot in the cells about the posterior pole. In

the latter its place is occupied by a highly refractive granule, just as

described by Janet * for V. globator and V. aureus.

From two to four contractile vacuoles with a periodicity of from

15 to 30 seconds, more or less, occur in the angles of the base of the

protoplast near the connecting strands, and probably one or two

smaller vacuoles are situated in the colourless throat of the proto-

plast near the apex ; the latter were, however, seldom distinguishable.

Occasionally contractile vacuoles may occur in the connecting strands

themselves.

The number of daughter colonies early in the life of a strain is

usually 8, arranged alternately in two planes (Plate XIII, fig. D).

Plate XII, fig. C, shows a group of colonies from a very young strain,

collected about a week after rain had fallen and formed a pool in the

vlei. It includes several “juveniles,” + formed on germination of

oospores, each with one or two daughter colonies. The latter may

give rise to from 4 to 6 daughters, and the third generation to 8. If

conditions are favourable—in particular if the weather be warm—the

number of daughters increases ; in a vigorous strain there are usually

from 9 to 12 daughters, or even more. During the succeeding sexual

phase (Plate XII, fig. D) the number may drop, but this is not always

the case (Plate XIII, fig. A, and Plate XIV, fig. A). The latter figure

shows a group of colonies in which the number of daughters was

abnormally high—as many as 20 were seen, while from 15 to 18 were

common. This case, from Belvedere Road Vlei No. 3, has already

been referred to, and it seems certain that the high number of daughters

was directly connected with the unusually high temperature.

* Janet, C., Le Volvox, 1912, p. 48.

+ These juvenile forms are described fully in paper No. 3.

446 Annals of the South African Museum.

The daughter colony rotates for some time within its vesicle (the

enlarged gonidium wall), finally escaping outwards through a pore

which it bores in the wall of the coenobium. Normally, in a healthy

colony each daughter escapes thus through its own pore ; the daughter

colonies do not rotate freely within the hollow of the parent; each

vesicle remains intact until broken by the escaping daughters in the

region where it forms part of the outer membrane of the colony.

The sexual colonies are usually globose (Plate XIII, fig. C) or

broadly ellipsoidal, somewhat smaller than the asexual colonies,

monoecious and strongly protandrous, with well-marked polarity,

the anterior end always being clear of reproductive cells. Unless the

strain is an old one nearing the end of sexual activity it is most

unusual to find daughter colonies in a sexual coenobium. The

antheridia vary from about 4 to 20 in number, usually from about

6 to 10. Asin the case of the gonidia, there appear to be 8 primary

antheridia arranged similarly, 7.e. alternately in two planes. More

than 13 were found only in the hot weather form from Belvedere Road.

The mature sperm bundle is a depressed hollow globoid of 512 sper-

matozoids, the central hollow appearing circular in surface view,

narrowly elliptical in side view (Plate XV, figs. C and D). The cilia

are very long. Like the daughter colony, the sperm globoid usually

escapes outwards; occasionally, however, it escapes inwards, and

may disintegrate within the hollow of the parent. The spermatozoid

is similar to that of V. Rousseleti (text-fig. 3, D).

When the sperm globoids are fully developed, the oospheres are

still immature ; only very rarely are sperm globoids and oospores to

be found in the same colony. Gaps in the cell network show where

the globoids have developed and escaped (Plate XIII, fig. C).

The oosphere (Plate XII, fig. E) is deep green, very broadly flask-

shaped, the broad apex a little below the outer surface of the parent.

After fertilisation it rounds off, lying below the level of the inner

membrane, enclosed within the delicate vesicle formed from the much

enlarged wall of the oogonium, which in its early stages develops

similarly to the young antheridium. Within this vesicle the oospore

develops. At first it is bounded by a thin wall; the outline becomes

irregular, and an outer hyaline wall of spirally arranged conical spines

is formed, the green protoplast extending into the spines. When this

exospore has been secreted, the green protoplast is withdrawn from

the spines, rounds off once more, and the inner wall is laid down (text-

fig. 4, C, and Plate XV, fig. F). This again consists of two layers—a

thick mesospore and a very delicate endospore bounding the protoplast.

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 447

The colour of the protoplast changes from green to orange-red, and the

oospore is ready for liberation, which is brought about by the disinte-

gration of the parent. This takes place very soon after the change in

colour, so that on the Cape Flats colonies containing ripe oospores are

remarkably rare (Plate XIII, fig. E, and Plate XV, fig. E).

Oospores in various stages of development are shown in text-fig. 4,

C,. 1-3.

Dimensions, etc., of V. capensis from the Cape Flats.

Mature asexual colony, 667 x 754 wz to 1250 x 1292 w; average about

800 x 850 pu.

Mature sexual colony, 495 x 560 w to 928 x 1034 w; average about

625 x 660 p.

Mature daughter colony, 129 x 139 w to 431 x 495 w; average about

200 x 230 p.

Somatic cell: anterior pole 12 to 18 2; posterior pole 11 to 13 p.

Somatic protoplast: anterior pole 6 to 11 w; posterior pole 5 to 9p;

average 5 to7 p.

Somatic protoplast in daughter colony before birth, 4 to 5 p.

Gonidium protoplast in daughter colony before birth, 11 to 13 p.

Sexual cell protoplast in daughter colony before birth, 6 to 7 p.

Number of somatic cells, 9000 to 23,000, most often 18,000 to 20,000.

Number of daughter colonies, 4 to 12 ; in very warm weather up to 20.

Number of sperm globoids, 5 to 13; in very warm weather up to 19.

Number of oospores, 60 to 160; average 120.

Size of sperm globoid, 33 to 44 p.

Size of oospore with spines, 49 to 62 4%; without spines, 37 to 49 w;

spines, 5 to 8 p.

2. V. capensis forma rhodesiensis f. nov.

Forma magna, antheridiis numerosioribus, usque ad 35, oosporis

majoribus quam in forma typica.

From N’gamo and Old N’gamo in Rhodesia, and from vleis and

backwaters of the Linyanti, Bechuanaland Protectorate.*

(a) From N’gamo and Old N’gamo (Southern Rhodesia).

Near N’gamo station there are several small vleis from which Volvox

was collected at the beginning of July 1930. The following day the

vlei at Old N’gamo, 5 miles north, was visited ; Volvox was collected

* Geographically parts of both Northern and Southern Rhodesia and the

Bechuanaland Protectorate are one region. Their boundaries meet on the Linyanti

near Kazungula, hence the regional name may appropriately be used for the form.

The word N’gamo is probably of Bushman origin, meaning water.

448 Annals of the South African Museum.

in several parts, but chiefly in the deep channel to the east of the

railway embankment. V. awreus predominated, but a fair amount

of the monoecious V. capensis was found. There were indications -

that the latter species was in an early stage of development, e.g. the

presence of one or two “juveniles” from recently germinated oospores,

and the rarity of colonies with developing or mature oospores.

Both asexual and sexual colonies are globose when young (Plate

XVI, fig. A), the polar axis only slightly longer than the equatorial,

but the sexual colonies often become considerably elongated during

the ripening of the oospores. The asexual colonies resemble those

from Rhodesia photographed by West in 1910 (Op. cit., pl. 11, figs. 1-7).

The average number of daughters is 8, but the number varies con-

siderably. There is also considerable variation in the size of the

protoplasts ; often these are similar in size to those of typical adult

colonies from the Cape Flats (5 to 7 » in diameter), but other colonies

of approximately the same age occur in which the protoplasts are

considerably larger (8 to 10 y), giving the cell network a very much

coarser appearance. A similar variation was observed on the Cape

Flats, but there nearly always correlated with either the age of the

strain or the individual, or with external conditions. Here and on

the Linyanti, however, the various types occur side by side, and it

is impossible to say from the preserved material, collected over a

total period of only three weeks for the whole district, whether this

variation is characteristic of the form as a whole, or whether different

forms are actually present.

Plate XVII, fig. A, shows a young sexual colony which was of the

large-celled type ; 5 or 6 mature sperm bundles and numerous young

oospheres are visible ; gaps in the cell network indicate positions of

sperm bundles which have escaped. Plate XVII, fig. B, shows in

more detail a small portion of the cell network with a very young

oogonium in the early stage of enlargement. This can be distinguished

in fig. A as a larger black cell a little below the centre to the left, next

to the oosphere directly above the large gap in the network seen near

the posterior pole of the colony. These photographs and Plate XVI,

figs. B-E, show what beautiful preservation may be obtained by

using Powers’ Iodine method of fixation.* In Plate XVII, fig. B, the

star-shaped cells are practically undistorted ; the protoplasmic con-

nections are clear, but since they dip down below the point where

they unite with the protoplast they appear discontinuous.

The sexual colonies are large in proportion to the asexual, but few

* See Chamberlain, Methods in Plant Histology, 4th ed., pp. 178-179.

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 449

really mature asexual colonies are present in the preserved material,

and they probably reach a considerably larger size during the asexual

phase. The number of sperm globoids is generally high ; from 7 to 20

per coenobium were counted, while 15 to 18 are common. They are

composed of 512 spermatozoids, and are similar in structure and

appearance to those from the Cape Flats but somewhat smaller

(Plate XVI, figs. B and C).

The oospores are large (Plate XVI, fig. E), of the same type as those

of the Cape Flats, but the spines are a little longer and more strongly

developed (text-fig. 4, D).

Plate XVI, fig. D, shows a nearly mature oosphere which had sperms

swarming round the base. The broad apex is sunk slightly below the

neighbouring somatic cells, with which it is still in protoplasmic

connection ; the broader rounded base, enclosed in the vesicle outside

which are the sperms, projects into the cavity of the parent colony.

The rounded central body is the nucleolus, the rest of the large

nucleus being obscured by the massive chloroplast.

Dimensions of V. capensis f. rhodesiensis from N’gamo and Old

N’gamo.

Asexual colonies (immature), 800 x 858 px to 1034 x 1142 p.

Sexual colonies, 603 x 624 px to 1292 x 1335 p.

Daughter colonies, 345 x 388 p.

Somatic protoplasts, 5 to 9 p.

Sperm globoid, 30 to 35 w; 7 to 20 in number.

Oospore with spines, 64 to 69 jz; without spines, 40 to 46 yw; spines,

9 to 13 p.

Number of oospores, 50 to 220.

(b) From the Linyanti River (Plate XVII, figs. C, D).

On the south bank of the Linyanti or Chobe River, near its junction

with the Zambesi River, a number of pans and vleis of varying extent

form during the rainy season, while farther west there is extensive

swamp-land, also bordered by a series of similar vleis. In most of

these pans and vleis, and in many quiet backwaters of the river itself,

Volvor was found. The district is obviously very rich in Volvoz,

and would probably well repay a prolonged and intensive study of

the group on the spot. In the majority of cases V. awreus and a form

of V. capensis were present in varying proportions ; in one vlei near

Kasani V. africanus was found, and in a few cases, e.g. at Sedudu,

the dioecious V. Rousseletii was also collected. The collections are,

however, too limited—usually not more than one from each locality—

450 Annals of the South African Museum.

to arrive at any clear idea as to the conditions governing the appear-

ance of any one species.

As a whole, the material of V. capensis is very like that described

above from N’gamo, but there are a few points which may be noticed

here. The variation in the size of the protoplasts is even more marked

than in the N’gamo material. The number of sperm bundles is

greater, as many as 35 having been counted in a single large coenobium.

The oospores, on the other hand, although very large, have as a rule

relatively shorter spines, and are more like the Flats form than are

those from N’gamo; in some localities, however, the longer-spined

form also occurs.

Dimensions of V. capensis f. rhodesiensis from the Linyanti River.

Asexual colonies, 625 x 667 ys to 1323 x 1357 wp.

Sexual colonies, 539 x 646 yw to 1252 x 1313 p.

Daughter colonies, 322 x 344 «; 5 to 19 in number.

Somatic protoplast, 5 to 10 p.

Sperm globoids, 32 to 38 w; (?) 7 to 35 in number.

Oospore with spines, 58 to 70 3; without spines, 43 to 53 p;

spines, 7 to 11 p.

Before concluding our notes on V. capensis we wish to draw atten-

tion to the resemblance between it and V. barbert Shaw,* which,

however, appears to have a somewhat different cell structure. We

have had the opportunity of examining some of Shaw’s Philippine

material, and we find that the spines which he gives as about 4 wu high

really measure from 5 to 7 ps, or even up to 9 x, numbers which agree

well with those found by us for V. capensis. In general appearance,

however, V. barberi is more like V. globator.

D. Volvox Rousseletii G. S. West.

West placed in this species the Volvox whose asexual + and sexual

colonies he obtained from the Ussangu Desert. The asexual colonies

were presumably considered by him to be identical with those he had

* Shaw, W. R., loc. cit., vol. xx, No. 5, May 1922, p. 496.

+ West did not distinctly state, but left it to be inferred, that asexual colonies

from Ussangu were examined by him. Thanks to the kindness of Professor Stiles,

we have been able to examine West’s slides of this material, and we find that

asexual colonies are present. (We have also been able to examine Mr. Rousselet’s

slides of the Volvoz from Rhodesia, thanks to Mr. Scourfield, to whom the slides

were lent by Mr. Bryce.)

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 451

previously described from Southern Rhodesia in material collected

by Mr. Rousselet, material which, as we stated above, was destitute

of sexual colonies. As we have examined West’s slides, we give first

a supplement to his description of this Volvor, and after that we

describe the similar forms we have obtained from Egypt and

Rietfontein.

1. From the Ussangu Desert. (Preserved material only. Associated

with V. africanus.)

The sexual colonies have already been described (see pp. 434, 435

of the present paper). To that description we make the following

additions: The asexual colonies are broadly ovoid in shape, the

posterior end being usually more pointed than the anterior. Length

from 850 to 1200 yw, width from 810 to 1040 x. The somatic cells are

more densely packed at the posterior end, distance between centres

here being 9 uz, while at the anterior end it is 11 uy. The daughter

colonies vary in number from 6 to 10 (7 and 8 being the most usual

numbers), and they reach a diameter of over 300 y while still in the

parent. Of the sexual colonies there are four good photographs by

West (Op. cit., 1918); they are dioecious, more pointed at the posterior

end, and a little smaller than the asexual colonies. The sperm bundles

are very numerous, and are crowded into the posterior four-fifths of

the male coenobium ; they measure from 29 to 32 » in diameter, and

are similar to those which we shall describe from Rietfontein. A

drawing of a mature oospore is given in text-fig. 4, A.

2. From Egypt. (Preserved material only ; rather scanty.)

This Volvox was collected in April 1924 by Mr. Douglas Simpson,

who says that it appeared in rock-pools, after rains, in the Wady

Khafur, Egypt. The asexual colonies are subglobose or ellipsoidal (see

text-fig. 2, A), and measure up to 1000 p in diameter. The protoplasts

of the somatic cells are somewhat angular (text-fig. 2, B, C, and D),

and measure from 4 to 6 px. The protoplasmic connections are

relatively short and stout. The number of daughter colonies observed

was either 2 or 4, but it is extremely likely that had more coenobia

been present a greater number of daughters in some of them would

have been noticed ; this seems to be a very variable feature in one

and the same species of Volvor, depending apparently not only on

inherent characters, but also to a large extent on external conditions.

The cells of the daughters show very little differentiation before

escape. The sexual coenobia are dioecious, broadly ovoid in shape,

452 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fia. 2.—V. Rousseletii, from Egypt.

A, Asexual coenobium (somatic cells omitted), x 230.

B, C, D, Somatic cells in surface view. 1000. (B, stained with methylene

blue ; C, with Delafield’s haematoxylin.)

E, Oospore (not fully mature). x 400.

F, Portion of oospore wall more highly magnified.

G, A male coenobium, 170.

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 453

and the more rounded (anterior) end is free from sexual elements.

The male colonies (text-fig. 2, G) are from 300 to 950 pw in diameter ;

they sometimes contain daughter colonies, and appear to be very

similar to the photograph taken by West from the Ussangu material.*

The sperm bundles are numerous, and measure from 35 to 42 yz across

(usually 36 yx). Two of the female coenobia measured respectively

850 x 1000 p, and 1100 x 1200 p. The oospores are numerous,

up to nearly 200, and are thickly covered with spines which are

broadly conical in shape (text-fig. 2, E and F), their bases almost

touching. The oospores (not perfectly mature) measure 36 mw in

diameter ; length of spines 5 to 6 p.

It appears then that this Volvox differs only from the Ussangu one

in the following respects :—

(1) The number of daughter colonies is less.

(2) The spines on the oospore are shorter (probably less mature

material).

3. From Rietfontein (Transvaal). (Preserved and living material

abundant.)

In January 1928 Mrs. Hutchinson collected Volvor from Riet-

fontein ; in February 1930 Mr. Steer (of Sea Point) obtained vigorous

cultures of Volvor from dried mud from the same pool. From his

original culture it was transferred to a large tub, whence it

spread to other tubs in the garden and to his fishpond, the water of

which (4 to 3 feet deep) was green with it for three or four months

of 1931. Altogether Volvox continued in abundance in Mr. Steer’s

garden for over eighteen months. One of us was able with this very

plentiful material to obtain a series of microphotographs showing

details of structure and development, the inversion of the sperm

globoids, and the subsequent escape of the spermatozoids. It was

found that after cold weather and rain the amount of Volvor dimin-

ished and that the coenobia were smaller. Usually the first, purely

asexual, stage was followed by a sexual stage, and this in turn was

succeeded by a second asexual one, the Volvor then as a rule dis-

appearing altogether to reappear after some weeks. The Volvoxr

in culture remained similar to that collected at Rietfontein. When

young the coenobia are globose, very like those of V. capensis, but

as they develop they become markedly ovoid, particularly in the

case of the sexual colonies ; usually the anterior pole is broader than

the posterior, but this is not always so. The number of cells is from

* West, G.S., op. cit., t. 29, 1918, fig. 1.

454 Annals of the South African Museum.

15,000 to 42,000 (average 20,000 to 23,000). The mature asexual

colonies in a vigorous strain (Plate XX, fig. A) range from 690 x 754 ju

to 2058 x 2100 4; very large colonies were, however, rare, and were

only seen during the early stages of the original culture; but at the

height of development of any one culture colonies about 1300 x 1500 ju

or even larger were common.

The number of daughter colonies is most often 8, but varies from

4 to 16 (see Plate XVIII, fig. A). The 8 primary gonidia are arranged

alternately in two planes, one approximately equatorial, the other

half-way between equator and posterior pole. The gonidia are

differentiated before birth—probably either before or immediately

on completion of cell-division (Plate XVIII, fig. E); they are at any

rate distinguishable from the somatic cells very soon after inversion

of the daughter colony by their greater size and by the possession of

more than one pyrenoid. They do not begin to divide until after

birth. At birth their diameter is about double that of the somatic

cells (gonidia 11 to 12 px, somatic protoplasts 4 to 5 w). The daughters

at birth are usually large (up to 473 x 539 jx), but there is a wide range

in size. The smallest free colony measured was 182 x 204 yp, while the

largest in situ was 630 x 672 yw, but this was exceptional.

The number of daughters depends partly on the phase reached,

partly on external conditions, mainly temperature and supply of

nutritive material. The groups shown in the microphotographs

(Plate XVIII, figs. A—D) illustrate excellently the characters seen in

successive phases (A, C, and D were from one culture, B from a

later one, as the corresponding phase had been missed in the earlier

series) :—

A, 22nd February 1930. Mr. Steer’s original culture at the height

of the first asexual phase. Daughter colonies up to 13 in number.

Colonies large—at about this time the largest colonies (over 2 mm. in

diameter) were seen.

B. 11th January 1931. From a culture derived from the above:

sexual phase at its height, male colonies large, the majority of the

sperm globoids having already escaped ; female colonies with ripening

oospores predominating. Asexual colonies with few daughters.

C. 23rd March 1930. Original culture—end of sexual phase ; male

colonies very few, with scattered male globoids. Asexual colonies

with 2 to 5 daughters.

D. 28th March 1930. Second asexual phase. Daughter colonies

very few—l1 to 3, most often 2. Soon after this date Volvor practi-

cally disappeared from the culture for some weeks.

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 455

The vegetative cell is similar in structure to that of V. capensis.

Plate XIX, fig. A, shows the appearance of cells at the anterior pole

of a mature colony (7.e. one with nearly mature daughters). The

position of the eyespot relative to the pole is well seen. The outer

membrane shows clearly, the inner only faintly. These cells were

living, the outer portions of the cilia lashing vigorously, and appear-

ing as a blurred zone outside the limiting membrane; the basal

quarter, which does not move, shows clearly, as does the mode

of insertion, the bases of the two cilia being wide apart from one

another.

The four other microphotographs in this plate show the difference

in the arrangement of the cells at the anterior and posterior poles

of a colony, as seen in surface view. B and C are portions of a

young middle-aged colony treated with iodine. In B, the connecting

strands and cell walls show clearly ; in C, from near the posterior pole

the cells are closely packed, and several show contractile vacuoles ;

near the bottom is an undivided gonidium. D and E are from

an older colony, living and unstained, slightly more enlarged. The

protoplasts are further apart and are becoming smaller, particularly

in the posterior zone, fig. E, where many strands are seen to be

anastomosing, and several contractile vacuoles in diastole are visible.

The walls show faintly in D. Text-figs. 3, A-C, show the structure

of cells from the anterior and posterior poles in greater detail.

The sexual colonies are dioecious, and the anterior region is free

from reproductive elements. The male colonies (Plate XX, fig. B)

are usually elongated, with numerous antheridia which develop at

varying rates. Thus any one coenobium may contain all stages, from

antheridial cells which are still in early stages of enlargement, up to

mature sperm globoids, and in addition may show gaps where sperm

globoids have formed and escaped. The colony shown in fig. B

illustrates this particularly well. The number of antheridia varies

from about 120 (probably more) to over 200. The sperm globoids are

even more depressed than in V’. capensis, and slightly smaller, with

the 512 spermatozoids closely packed (Plate X XI, figs. Aand B). In

general the male globoid escapes outwards, as in V. capensis, and

moves freely in the water for a time before the sperms escape. The

delicate surrounding vesicle is left when the globoid escapes, and

numerous empty vesicles can be seen in any male colony from which

globoids have been escaping. The spermatozoid (text-fig. 3, D) is

elongated, 10 to 13 » long, 2 x wide, with thickened base sometimes

drawn out into a short point, has an elongated chloroplast with one

Fia. 3.—V. Rousseletii.

A-C, Details of cell structure.

A, Four cells at the anterior pole.

B, Cells from region of posterior pole.

C, Single cell (side view) from equatorial region.

D, Group of spermatozoids.

s. =eyespot ; c.v.=contractile vacuole ; b.g. = basal granule ; n.=nucleus ;

nl. =nucleolus ; f.v.=food vacuole ; p.=pyrenoid ; g.=glycogen.

A-C x 2000 ca. =D x 2500.

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 457

pyrenoid, central elongated nucleus, red eyespot, and 2 contractile

vacuoles near the anterior end, below the base of the elongated hyaline

beak. At the apex of the beak are inserted the two long backwardly

directed cilia (up to 23 pw in length). The spermatozoids swim

actively in the water, or they may be seen inside the coenobium, where

they move in an amoeboid manner, the cilia remaining motionless.

The female coenobia are usually slightly larger than the male;

they produce from 60 to over 200 oogonia, each of which develops

a single large flask-shaped oosphere (Plate X XI, fig. D), the apex of

which les a short way below the surface of the colony and is con-

nected by protoplasmic strands with neighbouring cells. Later, pre-

sumably after fertilisation, the oospore rounds off and lies entirely

within the peripheral zone of the parent (Plate X XI, fig. E). In the

young colony shown in optical section in Plate XX, fig. D, most of the

oospores have sunk inwards, but a few flask-shaped oospheres are still

visible round the wall. The oospore develops as in V. capensis ; the

shape of the conical spines, however, is different—they are longer,

shghtly narrower, and usually more numerous in an optical section

(Plate XXI, fig. C, and text-fig. 4, B). The size of the oospore,

including spines, is about the same as in V. capensis; hence since the

spines are longer, the spore body in V. Rousseletii is actually

slightly smaller. Plate XX, figs. E and F, show two large female

colonies with nearly mature oospores. The absence of gaps in the

cell network is noticeable.

Occasionally mixed colonies containing asexual daughters and

either sperm globoids (Plate XX, fig. C) or oospores are seen. Accord-

ing to our experience these mixed colonies may occur in any of our

forms as the strain advances in age, hence usually towards the end

of the sexual phase, never in the early stages of development.

In V. Rousseletii as a rule the sexes are quite distinct, but very rarely

a male globoid occurs in an otherwise purely female coenobium. Such

cases occurred so rarely during the time (18 months) that the Riet-

fontein cultures were under observation, that they may be regarded

as exceptions to the general rule.

Dimensions of V. Rousseletii. (Mr. Steer’s Rietfontein culture.)

Mature asexual colony, 690 x 754 pw to 2058 x 2100 p.

Mature sexual colony, male, 646 x 753 wz to 1184 x 1378 x; average

700 x 770 p.

Mature sexual colony, female, 646 x 711 yz to 1058 x 1292 w; average

840 x 960 p.

458 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fia. 4.—Volvox oospores. A, B, V. Rousseletii. A, from Ussangu.

B, from Rietfontein.

C, V. capensis, from the Cape Flats.

D, V. capensis f. rhodesiensis, from Old N’gamo.

E, V. amboensis.

C and D show different stages of development.

A, B, C;, D;, and D, are mature oospores with fully developed exospore.

D, and D, are from the same coenobium.

All figures x 600.

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 459

Mature daughter colony, 182x204 uw to 630x672 w; average

diameter 300 to 400 p.

Somatic cell: anterior pole 11 to 17 ~; posterior pole 6 to 11 p.

Somatic protoplast: anterior pole 5 to 8; posterior pole 3

to 6 p.

Somatic protoplast in daughter colony at birth, 4 to 6 pw.

Gonidium protoplast in daughter colony at birth, 13 to 15 p.

Number of somatic cells, 14,000 to 42,000; average 20,000 to

23,000.

Number of daughter colonies, 1 to 16, usually 6 to 10.

Number of sperm globoids, 108 to 214, probably more.

Number of oospores, 60 to 201; average 160 to 170.

Size of sperm globoid, 35 to 43 p.

Size of oospore with spines, 44 to 59 2; without spines, 35 to 44 yw;

spines, 5 to 10 p.

4. From Eliazer Pan (Potchefstroom) and Brakpan, both in the

Transvaal.

At Potchefstroom a similar Volvox with both male and female

colonies was found associated with V. aureus (Plate IX, fig. A). From

Brakpan no sexual colonies were obtained.

5. From Sedudu, Linyanti River, Bechuanaland Protectorate.

In most of the vleis, etc., examined in this district the monoe-

cious V. capensis was present. At Sedudu, however, in a small pan

V. Rousseletit with typical male colonies containing numerous an-

theridia (between 200 and 300) was found (Plate XXII, fig. A)

associated with ovoid asexual colonies; the cell network appears

finer than in V. capensis. V. Rousseletii was also found in some of

the backwaters of the Linyanti River itself.

6. From Grahamstown, Cape Province. (Collected by Miss L. Britten.)

The material was nearly all asexual, somewhat badly attacked by

Rotifers. From the ovoid form of the large asexual colonies, and from

the single young sexual colony with large oospheres and no sign of male

elements, this Volvor is probably V. Rousseletiz, but further sexual

material is necessary before it can be fully identified. The asexual

colonies are large—of those measured, all immature, the dimensions

ranged from 948 x 990 px to 1120 x 1184 w, with from 8 to 12 daughters,

of which most had still not inverted. The single sexual colony

measure 495 x 559 yx, and contained about 40 large bodies, apparently

eggs which had rounded off but had not yet laid down their walls.

VOle XVis PART 3. 30

460 Annals of the South African Museum.

Protoplasts range in size from 5 to 8 y. The record is interesting,

since it is the first from the Eastern Province.

From the foregoing the Volvox which now follows appears to differ

5 AS ea —

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Fia. 5.—V. Rousseletii f. nov. kaokoensis.

A, Asexual coenobium with 8 daughters. x 60.

B, C, Somatic cells and gonidia (g) in surface view. x 1000.

D, Sperm globoids and peripheral cells, (a) antheridial cell. x 900.

in certain respects, chiefly in the form of the oospore, but we have

examined only two samples (preserved). The material was mixed

with Lemna paucicostata and a large Oedogonium, and was somewhat

scanty. It was collected on two separate occasions from one locality.

In the absence of fuller material we classify this tentatively as a form

of the above.

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 461

7. V. Rousseletii forma kaokoensis f. nov.

Forma oosporis paullum minoribus, spinis conicis brevioribus quam

in forma typica.

From the Kaokoveld, South-West Africa. Collected by Dr. R. F.

Lawrence in 1925, and by Dr. K. H. Barnard in February 1926, from

a small rain-water pool on granite at Kamanyab in the Kaokoveld.

The asexual colony is subglobose to ellipsoidal, 800 to 1600 yp in

diameter, with the broadest part often a little anterior to the equator.

The distance between the centres of the somatic cells is from 9 to 15 p ;

protoplasmic connections are distinct (Plate X XIII, fig. D), and appear

to be commonly four (sometimes five) in number (text-fig. 5, B) ; thus

there may be a difference between these cells and those of the other

forms described. Some markedly ellipsoidal daughters were observed

(text-fig. 5, A), but these are the exception, the shape usually being

subspherical (Plate XXII, figs. B and C). The number of daughters

varies from 2 to 9, though 7 is the commonest; the size on escape is

from 300 to 500 p, that is, rather large.

The sexual colonies are dioecious. The male colony (Plate XXII,

fig. D) is ovoid, with 120 to 150 or more antheridia which develop

into typical depressed globoids of 512 sperms, 30 to 43 w in diameter

(text-fig. 5, D, and Plate XXIII, figs. H and F). The female colony

(Plate XXII, fig. H, and Plate XXIII, fig. A) is broadly rounded at

the anterior end. From 120 to 227 oospores have been counted.

The oospore wall is covered with conical spines, which may be straight

or curved (Plate XXIII, figs. B and C).

This form of Volvox differs from the preceding in the occasional

elongated shape of its daughter colonies, possibly in the nature of its

somatic protoplasts, and in the form of the ripe oospore.

Dimensions of V. Rousseletia forma kaokoensis.

Mature asexual colony, 525 x 600 to 1240 x 1260 (to 1600) p.

Mature sexual colony, male, 657 x 730 to 876 x 905 pw.

Mature sexual colony, female, 700 x 755 to 714 x 777 pw (few seen).

Mature daughter colony, 294 x 315 to 379 x 481 wp.

Somatic cell, 9 to 18 p.

Somatic protoplast, 5 to 7 p.

Somatic protoplast in daughter at birth, 4 to 5 w.

Gonidium protoplast in daughter at birth, 9 to 13 p.

Number of somatic cells, 21,000 to 30,000.

Number of daughter colonies, 2 to 9, most often 7.

Number of sperm globoids, 120 to 150 or more.

462 Annals of the South African Museum.

Number of oospores, 130 to 227.

Size of sperm globoid, 30 to 43 p.

Size of oospore with spines, 44 to 46 4; without spines, 35 to 38 p;

spines, 5 to 7 p.

E. Volvox amboensis sp. nov.

We proceed next to describe a Volvox we obtained from Ovam-

boland ; this, though resembling V. Rousseletii in many ways, differs

from it rather markedly, and we have decided to institute for it a new

specific name. We have been able to observe it only in preserved

material, and from one collection, and we have not been able to obtain

satisfactory photographs, as the large coenobia are very fragile and

readily collapse. The name amboensis is proposed to indicate its

occurrence in the land occupied by the Ovambo tribes.

Coenobiis asexualibus late ovoideis, 220-1300 uw (plerumque 800-

1000 j) latis, cellulis ca. 30,000-50,000, in parte posteriore densiore

ageregatis ; coenobiis infantibus 1-14 (vulgo 8), interdum in coenobiis

sexualibus inclusis. Coenobiis sexualibus majoribus, usque ad 2 mm.

latis, bisexualibus ; ovoideis; antheridiis 31-33 y latis; oosporis

numerosis (ad 700) arcte congestis, in ca. tertiam partem coenobiis

carentibus (interdum in utroque polo absentibus), sine spinis 30-34 w

latis, spinis cavis, conicis, acutis, ad 5-7 p longis obtectis.

Collected by Dr. K. H. Barnard in February 1921, and by Dr.

Barnard and Dr. R. F. Lawrence in February 1923, from Ongka in

Ovamboland, South-West Africa. Dr. Barnard states that he visited

the water-hole in which it occurred on two separate occasions,

and that both times the water was green with the Volvox (no

filamentous algae were present). The locality is about 15 miles north

of Ondongua.

This is a large and very variable Volvox with an astonishingly large

number of oospores. The asexual coenobia are broadly ellipsoidal in

shape and vary in size, a large one measuring 1200 x 1300 pp. The

number of cells has been roughly computed as from 30,000 to 50,000 ;

they are densely packed at the posterior end. The somatic proto-

plasts are pear-shaped in side view (text-fig. 6, C). The protoplasmic

processes are difficult to see (the materia] is preserved in alcohol) ;

stained with gentian violet they appear as fine strands, sometimes

anastomosing (text-fig. 6, B). The two cilia are inserted near together

at the pointed end, which reaches nearly to the surface of the common

envelope. There is one pyrenoid in each cell, large and nearly filling

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Fic. 6.—V. amboensis sp. nov.

A, Unusually small asexual coenobium with 5 daughters. x 90.

B-D, Somatic cells: Band D in surface view, C in side view. B x1000; C, D

x 700.

E, Female coenobium. x 40.

F, Female coenobium containing 4 young daughter colonies. x 30.

G, An irregular coenobium containing 19 oospores, 3 sperm bundles, and 1 daughter

colony. x70.

464 Annals of the South African Museum.

the protoplast. The cells vary very much in size, not only according

to age, but also according to the position in the coenobium. They are

more closely packed in asexual than in sexual colonies. The distance

between their centres may be twice as great at the anterior as at the

posterior end (of a sexual colony)—20 to 10». The gonidia are late

in developing ; a free coenobium measuring 640 x 680 2 was noticed

with a few cells only just beginning to be differentiated. The daughter

colonies vary in number; sometimes only 1 is present, though 8 is a

common number. Several colonies were found with 9 daughters,

three with 10, three with 12, and one with 14. On escape they

measure from 135 to 200 1. Sometimes daughter colonies are found

in coenobia containing male and female elements (text-fig. 6, G).

The sexual colonies (text-fig. 6, E and F) are apparently monoecious

and protandrous ; they may contain daughter colonies. The anterior

end is sometimes more pointed than the other. They are ovoid in

shape, often with only a slight difference in the length of the two axes

(Plate XXIV, figs. Aand B). They are larger than the asexual colonies,

some attaining a diameter of 2 mm., though others are quite small.

The material to hand was over-ripe and male elements were rare,

but a few scattered sperm bundles in the midst of ripe oospores were

observed, 31 to 33 win diameter. Asa rule the oospores are crowded

into about two-thirds of the coenobium ; sometimes a free space is

observed at both ends (text-fig. 6, F). The number of oospores is very

variable ; occasionally in an unusually small coenobium there are only

20—mostly there are several hundreds, even up to 700. This is a

larger number than has been recorded for any previously described

Volvox: in V. globator there are generally 30, though the number may

be 64; V. Rousseletii has 200, V. Barberi about 224, V. perglobator

from 300 to 400.* The oospore is densely covered with conical

pointed spines, spirally arranged, about 16 or 17 visible round the

periphery (text-fig. 4, E, and Plate XXIV, fig. C). The diameter

without spines is from 30 to 36 4; the spines vary in length from 5

to 7 w; frequently the measurements are 30 ~ without spines, 40 ~

with spines. The oospores, it will be seen, are rather small. The

spines are hollow, and are rather more pointed than in the forms above

described (recalling those of V. Merrilli Shaw,t but shorter), the tip

* Powers, J. H., Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., vol. xxviii, 1906, p. 162. V. perglobator

is comparable to the Ovamboland Volvox in size and in its large number of

oospores, but is dioecious, and the somatic protoplasts form a reticulum, the

cell-body becoming hardly noticeable.

+ Shaw, W. R., loc. cit., vol. xx, No. 5, 1922, pl. i, fig. 3.

_ Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 465

is often inclined a little to one side, the bases are narrow. Two

oospores from one coenobium are shown in text-fig. 4, KE, drawn on

the same scale as the oospores of V. Rouwsseletii and V. capensis to

facilitate comparison.

Dimensions of V. amboensis sp. nov.

Mature asexual colony, largest seen 1200 x 1300 p.

Mature sexual colony, 1100 x 1500 »—over 2 mm.

Mature daughter colony, 135 x 200 p.

Somatic cell: anterior pole 20 w; posterior pole 10 p.

Somatic protoplast, 5 to 7 p.

Number of somatic cells, 30,000 to 50,000.

Number of daughter colonies, 1 to 14, most often 7 to 8.

Number of sperm globoids—not known.

Number of oospores, 20 to over 400.

Size of sperm globoid, 30 to 33 p.

Size of oospore with spines, 40 to 50 4; without spines, 30 to

37 2; spines, 5 to 7 p.

This Volvoz is specially noticeable on account of its variability, the

large size of the sexual coenobia, the mixed colonies, and the number

of rather small oospores with pointed spines.

In order to compare the species of Volvox referred to in this paper,

some of their characteristics have been set out in parallel columns in

the table on p. 466.

SUMMARY.

In the foregoing paper a short history of Volvox in Africa has been

given.

The occurence of V. aureus Ehrenb. has been noted in several

localities from which it was not previously known, viz. the Transvaal

(Kliazer Pan, Potchefstroom, and Weltevreden West), Rhodesia

(N’gamo and Old N’gamo), and the Bechuanaland Protectorate (vleis

and backwaters of the Linyanti River).

V. africanus, G. S. West, which had been recorded previously only

from Albert Nyanza, the Ussangu Desert, and the Philippines, has

been described from pools in the neighbourhood of Kazungula on

the Linyanti River (asexual only).

A Volvox from the Cape Flats has been described as a new species,

Volvox capensis, intermediate in character between V. globator and

V. Rousseletti. A slightly divergent form of this species has been

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466

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 467

described from Rhodesia (N’gamo) and the Bechuanaland Protectorate

(vleis and backwaters of the Linyanti River).

V. Rousseletii G. S. West, previously fully known only from the

Ussangu Desert, has now been described from Egypt, from the Trans-

vaal (Rietfontein, Eliazer Pan, and Brakpan), from the Bechuanaland

Protectorate (Sedudu), and from the Eastern Province (Grahamstown).

Individuals from Rietfontein have been studied in the living condition,

and our knowledge of the species has been extended. A form from

the Kaokoveld (South-West Africa) has been noted which seems to

show certain different peculiarities.

A new species, V. amboensis, from Ongka in Ovamboland, has also

been described.

CONCLUSION.

From the above it is obvious that the genus Volvox in its broadest

sense is widespread in Africa, and includes many distinct species and

forms. ‘There is here an extensive field for study, and it remains for

further research to find whether some of these forms are not merely

local variations of a single very variable species, or whether they

remain true if grown under different conditions.

The authors desire to express their gratitude to Professor F. EH.

Fritsch, F.R.S., of the East London College, University of London,

for his very kind and valuable help and advice.

The senior author is indebted to the Carnegie Corporation for the

Advancement of Research for a grant, made through the Research

Grant Board of the Union of South Africa, towards the expenses

incurred in this work.

The microphotographs illustrating this paper have all been taken

by the junior author, with the exception of two of V. amboensis

kindly taken for us by Professor Iyengar.

468 Annals of the South African Museum.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Puate IX.

Volvox aureus Ehrenb., from Eliazer Pan, Potchefstroom, Transvaal.

FIG.

A. With V. Rousseletii (the latter larger and darker). 38.

B. Group showing male, female, and asexual coenobia. x 70.

C. Young female coenobium. x 108.

D. Young male coenobium. x 116.

PLATE X.

V. aureus Ehrenb., from Potchefstroom.

. Asexual colony with 6 daughters, one half-inverted. x 150.

. Somatic cells, protoplasmic connections just visible. x 800.

. Sperm platelets. x 1000.

. Female colony (polar view) with 11 ripening oospores. x 108.

. Two oospores in situ (still young). x 280.

HOOPS

PuatEe XI.

V. aureus Ehrenb.

. 6 and 2 colony from Potchefstroom. x 83.

,C. From Old N’gamo. B, two female colonies, 1 male colony, and a colony

mature daughters. x 83.

cols

Puate XII.

A, B. V. africanus G. 8S. West, from the Linyanti River.

Two asexual colonies with 3 and 2 large daughters respectively. x 110.

C-E. V. capensis sp. nov., from the Cape Flats.

normal asexual colonies and a few ‘‘ juveniles’ formed on germination of

oospores. x 36.

D. Group from an older strain ; asexual colonies, young sexual colonies with sperm

bundles and oospheres, older sexual colonies with nearly ripe oospores.

The large daughters in the colony near the top on the right are preparing

to invert. Several colonies contain Rotifers and show signs of the damage

they do. x28.

E. Portion of sexual colony showing nearly mature oospheres (one detached) and

a single sperm globoid. x 400.

FIG.

Be ©

rANs

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 469

PuatE XIII.

V. capensis sp. nov., from the Cape Flats.

Group of asexual and sexual colonies ; of the latter some show sperm plates

and oospheres, the others ripening oospores. Several attacked by a fungal

(Chytridiaceous) parasite. x 40.

. Portion of a young asexual coenobium showing form of the cells, and a

developing daughter colony. x 300.

. Young sexual colony. x 102.

. Asexual colony, polar view. x83.

. Sexual colony with nearly mature oospores. x 65.

Puate XIV.

V. capensis sp. nov.

From Belvedere Road, Cape Flats. Hot weather form, November 1930. x 30.

B, C. From Scanlan’s Vlei, Wetton Road. B, with 2 Rotifers and 6 eggs. x 83.

rb OQ

How

C, attacked by fungus. x 40.

Rotifer parasitic on Volvox (Wetton Road). Individual freed from the colony

(killed with osmic acid). x 400.

PLATE XV.

V. capensis, from the Cape Flats.

. Living cells from the anterior pole. = 1000.

. Cells killed with iodine from the posterior pole of a nearly mature asexual

colony. x 1000.

. Mature sperm globoid in side view; D, the same in surface view. x 1000.

. Group of nearly ripe oospores in situ. x 500.

. Single oospore further enlarged. x 800.

Prate XVI.

V. capensis f. nov. rhodesiensis, from N’gamo.

. Group of young (and one mature) sexual colonies, with a single immature

asexual colony. x40.

. Sperm bundle in side view; C, the same in surface view. x 1000.

. Young oogonium with sperms round the base. x 1000.

. Nearly mature oospore. x 750.

470 Annals of the South African Museum.

Puate XVII.

V. capensis f. rhodesiensis. A and B from N’gamo; C and D from a pool

near the wagon road from Kazungula to Kasani, on the Linyanti River.

FIG.

A. Young sexual colony with sperm globoids and oospheres. x 83.

B. Cell detail from the same colony. x 1000.

C. Young asexual colony with 19 daughters in early stages of cell division. x 52.

D. Colony with nearly ripe oospores ; about ten rounded gaps in the cell network

indicate the positions of escaped sperm globoids. x 63.

Prate XVIII.

V. Rousseletii (Mr. Steer’s Rietfontein culture).

A-D. Successive phases showing varying proportions of asexual to sexual col onies

and varying numbers of daughter colonies. Description in text.

E. Mature daughter in situ showing gonidia (under cover slip).

Avand D’ x15. B x12. (Cex255 Ex 150:

PraTE XIX.

V. Rousseletii (Mr. Steer’s Rietfontein culture), cell detail.

A. Living cells from the anterior pole of a mature colony, showing shape and

position of eyespots, and insertion of cilia. 1000.

B. Cells from the anterior pole, and C, from the posterior pole, of a middle-aged

colony killed with iodine. x 800.

D, E. Similar cells (living) from an older colony. x 900.

PLATE XX.

V. Rousseletii, from Rietfontein.

A. Asexual colony showing arrangement of daughter colonies (8th gonidium,

abortive, on the right).

B. Mature male colony ; C, mixed colony with 3 daughters and numerous sperm

globoids.

D-F. Female colonies: D, still young, some oospheres not yet fertilised; E, F,

nearly mature.

Aand F x60. Band D x65. C x50. E x70.

Puate XXII.

V. Rousseletii (Mr. Steer’s Rietfontein culture).

A. Free sperm globoid (killed with csmic acid) in surface view. x 750.

B. Young globoid soon after inversion, in side view. The line of demarcation

between green base and colourless anterior portion shows clearly. x 1000.

C, E. Nearly mature oospores in situ. x 800 and x 325 respectively.

D. Mature oosphere in side view. x 800.

Observations on the Genus Volvox in Africa. 471

PuatE XXII.

FIG.

A. V. Rousseletii, male colony from Sedudu. x 83.

B-E. V. Rousseletii f. kaokoensis: B, asexual ( x50), C, mixed ( x50), D, male

( x 63), E, female colonies ( x 35).

Puate XXIII.

V. Rousseletit f. nov. kaokoensis.

A. Colony with ripe oospores (stained Delafield’s haematoxylin). x 55.

B, C. Oospores. x 800.

D. Cells from a male colony with a developing sperm globoid (bowl stage). x 800.

E, F. Sperm globoid in surface view and side view. x 800.

PLaTE XXIV.

A-C. V. amboensis sp. nov.

A, B. Female colonies: A, with anterior pole; B, with posterior pole tipped

towards observer. x40. (Microphotographs by Professor Iyengar.) A,

1100 x 1500 uw.

C. Mature oospore. x 800.

D. A typical Volvor vlei on the Cape Flats (Ottery Road, Wynberg). Oxalis

natans in flower on the water.

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Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI.

AFRICAN VOLVOX.

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Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XIV.

SOUTH AFRICAN VOLVOX.

Photos M.A, P. Neill & C9., Ltd.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XV.

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SOUTH AFRICAN VOLVOX.

Photos M. A. P. Neill d&: Co., Ltd.

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XVI.

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SOUTH AFRICAN VOLVOX.

Photos M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

Aun. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI Plate XVII.

SOUTH AFRICAN VOLVOX.,

Photos M. A. P Neill & Co., Ltd.

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XVIII.

SOUTH AFRICAN VOLVOX.

Photos M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd,

Plate XIX,

Vol. XVI.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus.,

SOUTH AFRICAN VOLVOX.

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XX.

SOUTH AFRICAN VOLVOX.

Photos M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate X XI.

SOUTH AFRICAN VOLVOX.

Photos M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

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Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XXII.

SOUTH AFRICAN VOLVOX.

Photos M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XXIII.

SOUTH AFRICAN VOLVOX.

Photos M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

Plate XXIV.

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI.

AFRICAN VOLVOX.

SOUTH

Neill & Co., Ltd.

A and By Prof. Iyengar.

Photos:

( 473 )

4. Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley.—By M. A. Pocock,

Ph.D., F.L.S. With Field Notes by J. H. Powsr, F.Z.S.,

F.R.S.S. Africa.

(With Plates XXV-XXXVII and 7 Text-figures.)

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Part I. Introductory . : 5 : : ; : : . 473

Part Il. Description of the Bpecies é ° : : : : . 479

Eudorina elegans Ehrenb. : : : F : 5) cory)

Volvox gigas sp.nov. . . ; : : : . 480

Volvox africanus G. 8. West . : F ; , j . 492

Volvox Rousseletii G. S. West

forma griquaensis f. nov. . : ; é : . 498

Sphaerocystis Powerit sp. nov. : 3 : : : . 501

Kirchneriella africana sp. nov. : : : : 5 . 506

Part III. Field Observations and Records F ; : é : 2» 509

Summary. 5 ; ; : : : : : ; . 513

Discussion and Gonciusion : : . ; : 6 : : . 514

Bibliography : : : : : : : . ; : a {ellis

Description of Plates. c : : : : : é é Os

Part J.—INTRODUCTORY.

Towarps the end of the year 1931, while examining pools in the

neighbourhood of Kimberley for fresh-water crustacea, Mr. J. H.

Power found Volvoz in abundance in a small quarry pool. The

material collected was sent, with the crustacea, to the South African

Museum and handed to the writer for investigation. The Volvox

proved to be a large form, apparently of the type of Volvox Rousseletii

West, but as it was purely asexual an exact determination could not

be made. A request for further material, however, resulted in a

second collection made early in December, in which there was abund-

ant sexual material of all ages, the sexual colonies if anything out-

numbering the asexual. The provisional diagnosis made from the

first material was in the main confirmed; but although obviously

very closely allied to the material from Rietfontein (Rich and Pocock,

1932, p. 455), which may be regarded as typical, it yet differed from

it in some details. It was thought, therefore, that it might be

VOL. XVI, PART 3. 31

474 Annals of the South African Museum.

instructive to watch its development, and this was fortunately made

possible by having on the spot a keen and experienced collector in

the person of Mr. Power.

When next visited, on the 22nd of December, the pool was com-

pletely dry, but this rainy season in the Kimberley district proved

to be a somewhat abnormally prolonged one, characterised by a

succession of distinct downpours separated from one another by

several weeks of dry, hot weather. Consequently the various pools

dried up completely and refilled several times during the summer.

During the succeeding three months (January to April 1932) Mr.

Power kept the first Volvox pool under frequent observation, visiting

it at intervals of two or three days whenever it contained water, and

the present paper is the result of his observations and collectings.

Although a very incomplete record of the seasonal history of the pool,

the results are instructive, especially when compared with the facts

known about the behaviour of Volvox in other areas, and are par-

ticularly noteworthy as illustrating the extraordinarily rapid develop-

ment of certain forms of Volvo in a region of intermittent summer

rainfall, and the much greater rapidity of development under identical

conditions found in some species than in others.

Meanwhile search for Volvox was continued in other local pools

without success, until late in the season, when it was found in two

more small pools, called Pools II and III respectively in this paper.

All three pools are formed in quarries from which building material

has been removed, and are therefore probably of comparatively recent

origin. Pool I is in typical red Kimberley soil, a mixture of clay

and very fine-grained sand, drying very hard; owing to the fineness

of the particles it forms a thick suspension in the water, which is

consequently opaque and of a deep reddish colour throughout the

existence of the pool—very unlike the clear water characteristic of

Volvox vleis on the Cape Flats. In Pool II, on the other hand, the

water is clear, the sides and bottom of the pool being formed of broken

stone, while Pool III is of yet a third type, since it is in limestone tufa,

of which material the sides and bottom are composed. The water is

muddy and has a higher lime-content than usual in the district.

A point which may possibly have some bearing on the behaviour

of Volvox during its life-cycle, namely the Hydrogen-ion concentration

of the water, has not so far been investigated. Keeping in mind the

high day temperature, the rapid evaporation of the water, and the

enormous quantity of animal life present, it is probable that the pH

alters considerably and rapidly, and it is perhaps to this that we must

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 475

look for the explanation of a phenomenon already observed elsewhere,

but as yet nowhere to such a marked extent as in these Kimberley

pools, namely, the sudden and complete disappearance of Volvox

which often occurs when the water reaches a certain degree of lowness,

usually about 4 inches in depth, but long before the pool is nearly

dry and while associated animal (mainly crustacean) and plant life

continues unabated for some days longer. This disappearance is not

heralded by any apparent falling off in numbers or development, but

comes with remarkable suddenness, often apparently at the height of

development of the strain. A very few colonies continue for a time,

but the majority disappear completely in the course of a few hours.

High temperature * alone does not seem sufficient explanation, nor

can the crustacea be entirely to blame.

To give an idea of the sequence of events it is necessary first to

describe briefly the nature of the fauna and flora of the pool, or rather,

of the plankton, as revealed by Mr. Power’s collections ; the attached

algae, of which some at least certainly occur, were not collected. All

collecting was done with a small net swept through the surface layers

of the water, so that planktonic life alone, and at that only the larger

species, was collected.

The fauna consisted almost entirely of crustaceans of various kinds,

Streptocephalids being particularly abundant. It would be interest-

ing to correlate the appearance and numbers of the various species

with those of the associated algae, but that is not possible here. In

addition, a few Protozoa were noted; Rotifers were scarce as com-

pared with other Volvox inhabited pools, but in one collection a few

individuals of Proales parasita were found in colonies of V. Rousseletiz.

The parasite never obtained a very great hold on the Volvox, however,

probably owing to the brief duration of the pools.

As regards the flora, besides two species of Volvox in Pool I it con-

sisted almost entirely of colonial forms belonging to the Tetrasporales

or Protococcales, with some Hudorina, while in Pools I and III Volvox

only was found, two species in Pool II, one only in Pool III, the latter

being the form of V. Rouwsseletii which is common to all three pools.

In the case of the two latter pools, however, too few collectings could

be made to establish much beyond the fact of the occurrence in them

of certain forms of Volvoz.

* A similar phenomenon was observed on the Cape Flats in November 1931,

when such a sudden disappearance followed on a day of very great heat, when

the water (3-4 inches deep) in the pool reached a temperature of over 32° C. at

midday.

476 Annals of the South African Museum.

The common Volvox is undoubtedly very near to V. Rousseletia

West ; but since, as mentioned above, certain marked characteristics

distinguish it from the typical form, it is described here as a form of

that species to which the distinguishing regional name Griquaensis

is applied. It develops very quickly and is associated in Pool I with

a second species much slower in development. The young colonies

of the latter were frequent in the third collecting and somewhat

suggested V. africanus in appearance ; but whereas V. Rousseletii was

already in an advanced sexual phase this second species was obviously

still very young, with numerous large but still undivided gonidia.

In succeeding phases it never appeared in the first collectings. In

the first phase the pool dried up before any further stages could be

obtained, but, when next formed, the pool had a longer existence and

more advanced stages of the species were obtained in the later collec-

tions. These proved truly startling—V. Rousseletii, previously

regarded as an unusually large species of Volvox, was completely

dwarfed by the maturing asexual colonies of the new species; the

diameter of most of the colonies containing embryo colonies was well

over 2 mm., while colonies of 3 mm. or over were not unusual. The

first microphotograph (Plate XXV, A) shows the relative sizes well ;

in the centre are an average-sized male colony and an immature

asexual one of V. Rousseletii forma griquaensis, with a young colony,

such as was first observed, of the giant, and round these are four

maturing colonies of the latter, with fully formed daughters and

undivided gonidia. The group, as in the case of the other low-power

photographs reproduced, was floating in water in a glass dish and not

compressed by its own weight on a slide. When placed on the slide

such colonies flatten out enormously, appearing among associated

V. Rousseletii colonies as large, clear, nearly colourless circular

patches.

It is considered that the name Volvox gigas can with justice be

given to this magnificent species.* No trace of sexual organs could

be found in this material nor in the succeeding collection during this

phase of the pool’s existence ; but during the next phase, from the

third collecting onward, Volvox gigas became more and more abundant

until on 16th March it was the dominant organism among the plants,

showing all stages in sexual reproduction. Thus by repeated collec-

tions made at frequent intervals very rich material has been obtained

and consequently as full a description can be given as is perhaps

* A specific name in honour of its collector was barred by the previous existence

of Volvox Powersii (= Besseyosphaera Powersi Shaw), Printz. See p. 492.

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 477

possible from the examination of preserved material only. Observa-

tion of living material is of course needed to fill in details of habit and

general behaviour, such as reaction to light, and of some phases of

development, as, for instance, certain stages in the development of

the embryo colonies, and the mode of escape on maturity. As

regards response to light, since the eyespots in the anterior part of

the colony are particularly large and well developed, there 1s no doubt

that this species, like the other members of the Volvocinae, is strongly

phototactie.

Soon after the appearance of young colonies of Volvox gigas in the

pool non-motile gelatinous colonial algae begin to be prominent in

the phytoplankton. As development in the pool proceeds and the

water grows lower, these increase enormously in amount, while the

Volvox decreases, until finally it disappears altogether and the flora

is composed entirely of these gelatinous forms. Thus during the

existence of the pool there are several distinct stages, each character-

ised by the appearance or dominance of a different alga or group of

algae: first, Volvox Rousseletii develops in enormous quantities, then

Volvox gigas appears, and sometimes, but not always, becomes domin-

ant; about the same time the other colonial algae begin to get

numerous, subsequently increasing greatly, until finally they alone

survive.

These colonial algae included at least four different forms, all of

which at first appeared to belong to different genera. On further

examination, however, three proved to be forms of one extremely

polymorphic species which has been identified as belonging to the

genus Sphaerocystis Chodat (1897a, p. 119). In its first mature form

this is a striking and very beautiful alga, very unlike anything hitherto

seen (Plate XXXVI, B). The colony is usually an almost perfect

sphere with 16 or 32 (occasionally 8) ellipsoidal groups of large green

spherical cells placed symmetrically within the periphery of the

sphere. The regularity of the arrangement of these groups within

the common envelope, the uniformity of the number and size of the

cells composing the groups in any one colony, and their symmetrical

spacing distinguish it from anything as yet described (Chodat, 18976,

p- 293, emphasises the irregularity often seen in his species, Sph.

Schroeteri), and it is therefore regarded as a new species to which the

name Sphaerocystis Poweri, in honour of its collector, is given (Plates

XXXVI and XXXVIL.)

But in addition to this striking spherical form other forms appear,

and, since there are transition stages present, all evidently belong to

478 Annals of the South African Museum.

the same species. The second conspicuous form, which eventually

becomes dominant, consists of irregularly rounded, lobed or elongated,

sometimes branched masses composed of large numbers of rounded

cells in a gelatinous matrix, very similar to a Tetraspora, but showing

no signs of pseudocilia. As there has in the past been considerable

difference of opinion as to whether similar masses found associated

with Sphaerocystis Schroetert were actually a phase in the life of that

alga or a species of Tetraspora (West, W. & G. S., 1912, p. 413) it

was particularly interesting to find the two forms here, linked up by

every stage in transition from one to the other.

Finally, a third striking form, comparatively rare and only seen

during fairly early stages of development of the pool, consists of

botryoidal clusters of rounded aggregates of groups of very small

cells, similar to very young spheres of the first stage. These have no

firm exterior lamella to the gelatinous envelope, the presence of

which cannot be detected until after treatment with some stain,

e.g. iodine or methylene blue. When first seen such colonies suggested

a Dictyosphaerium or Westella in general form, but no signs of con-

necting strands could be distinguished. It is apparently inter-

mediate between the spherical form and the Tetraspora-like phase ;

the gelatinous envelope of a sphere in which the cells of the groups

have already divided loses its firm outline, and the daughter spheres,

instead of escaping separately, remain in contact with one another,

without developing outer membranes. Continued division soon

results in an amorphous gelatinous mass containing numberless cells

such as is characteristic of the palmelloid Tetraspora-phase.

Obviously a study of living material of this very interesting and

somewhat puzzling alga is highly desirable.

Mixed with the various forms of Sphaerocystis is yet one more

arresting alga, a very large species of Kirchneriella Schmidle. It is

characterised by the large size of the colonies, often over 2 mm.,

sometimes as much as 4 mm. long, and the great number of cells

composing them. It is usually much less abundant than the Tetra-

spora-form of Sphaerocystis which it much resembles in general form

and appearance ; but in fairly early stages of the pool’s development

(e.g. 8th February, see Table I) it may far outnumber the latter,

and is then usually associated with comparatively numerous colonies

of the botryoidal form of that alga.

These gelatinous colonial algae can evidently thrive in quite

shallow water in which the temperature at midday must be high,

continuing to do so for some days after conditions have become

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 479

impossible for Volvor. Eventually, as the water dried they formed

a compact gelatinous mass at one end of the pool. Further, if the

pool refilled even after a very short period (in one case only three or

four days) of dryness, V. Rousseletii developed again with great

rapidity (cf. Phase 3), yet if rain refills it towards the end of a phase

when the Volvox has already disappeared, but before the pool has

quite dried up, this alga does not reappear. This is seen at the end

of this same phase, when on 18th March light rain prolonged the life

of the pool. Although collections were made for twelve days after

that date, in all of which the non-motile algae were most abundant,

only occasional colonies of V. gigas were found and no V. Rousseletit.

This seems to indicate the need for at least a brief period of dryness

to mature the oospores of the latter form of Volvor before they can

germinate.

Part II.—DEscRIPTION OF THE SPECIES.

A. VOLVOCALES.

I. Genus Euporina Ehrenberg.

Eudorina elegans Ehrenb.

Coen.. : ; . 53-215 pw x 62-258 pp

Cellos e . : iy

Coen. c. embryon. . 366 x 430 p

Embryon. . ; . 44x53 pw

Occasional, among Volvox, etc. in Pool I, particularly during the

earlier stages.

Except for its somewhat unusually large size this material seems to

conform to typical #. elegans. Mostly large 32-celled colonies, often

with daughter colonies fully formed, were seen, small colonies being

very rare. In some, all the 32 cells had formed daughter colonies ;

in others, several cells had remained undivided.

It is probable that this species is actually far more abundant than

the number of colonies noted would indicate, since the collecting was

done mainly for Volvox and not for the finer plankton.

480 Annals of the South African Museum.

II. Genus Votyox (Linnaeus) Ehrenberg.

Section MrRRILLOSPHAERA (Shaw) Printz.

1. Volvox gigas sp. nov.

(Text-figures 1-3, Plates XX V-XXX.)

Volvox maximus, coenobiis asexualibus mixtisque sub-globosis,

usque ad circa 3 mm. latis; cellulis rotundis, circa 1000-3000, sine

connexionibus ; coenobiis infantibus permultis usque ad ca. 82,

plerumque 30-60, interdum cum numerosis oosporis mixtis ; coeno-

biis prorsus sexualibus minoribus quam asexualibus vel mixtis ;

coenobiis masculis oviformibus usque ad circa 1 mm. latis, 1-3 mm.

longis, vel rotundis, minoribus; antheridiis numerosis usque ad

circa 600-700 in parte quarta anteriore absentibus, spermatozoidis

longis, 16,32,64, vel 256,512 coalitis in globulis 18-22 yp, vel 40-49 p

latis ; coenobiis femineis globosis usque ad 2-25 mm. latis, oosporis

numerosis, globosis, membrana duplici, episporio levi, aliquanto

crassi, endosporio tenue.

Coen. asex. et mix.. . 1615-2800 p x 1700-3135 pw

Coen. masc. . : . 132-1141 p x 797-1292 p

Coen. masc. min. . . 246- % px242- 2% pw

Coen. fem. . : . 1679-2154 p x 1723-2206 p

Coen. infant. . ; . 108-388 p x 129-431 pe

Cell. veg. : : . 26-84 p

Pplast. veg. . : . 9-13 p; Stigma, 3-4 p

Gonidium : . 35-49 p

Glob. sperm. . . 18-22 pw; vel 40-49 p

Spermatozoid. : . 24 pxI11-17 p; cilia, 14-19 p

Cell. num... : . 1000-38000

Coen. infant. num. . . ad 82; pler. 30-60

Glob. sperm. num. . . ad ca. 600 vel 700

Oospor. num. : . ad ca. 300 vel 400 (?)

Found in Pool I only.

This remarkable member of the Volvox group is outstanding on

account of : (1) its size, completely dwarfing the form of V. Rousseletiz

—a fairly large one—with which it is associated ; (2) the large number

of daughter colonies, as many as 82 having been counted in one

coenobium, while 30 to 60 per coenobium, often associated with

numerous oOospores, are common; (3) the slow development; the

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 481

gonidia are quite clearly differentiated from the somatic cells at a

very early stage, certainly very shortly after inversion of the embryo

colony, and continue to enlarge with the somatic cells within the

parent and after birth, but do not begin to divide until the colony

has reached a large size, usually over 1 mm., when the gonidia may

be as much as 44 to 49 yw in diameter ; and (4) the structure and dis-

tribution of the sperm bundles; in the posterior part of the male

colony all the cells become antheridium mother-cells, 7.e. they are not

mixed with somatic cells; the size of the antheridium mother-cell,

and consequently the size of the resultant sperm bundle and the

number of spermatozoids composing it, all vary greatly.

Membranes and Cell Structure.—The membranes (fig. 1) are similar

in arrangement to those of V. tertius Meyer and V. africanus West.

In the recently inverted embryo the polygonal (usually hexagonal)

protoplasts are in contact, but begin at once to separate from one

another. At birth and for some time after, treatment with methylene

blue shows the cell membranes as more or less hexagonal in outline

(fig. 1, B) ; as development proceeds and the cells become further apart,

each protoplast is seen to be enclosed in a wide, lenticular membrane,

which is in contact with the outer limiting membrane over a circular

or elliptical area above the protoplast (fig. 1, A, D). The membranes

of adjacent cells are at first in contact, but in adult colonies they may

be completely isolated from one another (fig. 1, E, K). Even in this

stage, however, it is sometimes possible to distinguish faint hexagonal

markings on the outer membrane of the colony (fig. 1, J). The spaces

between the cell membranes stain faintly purple, while the membranes

themselves are deep reddish purple. The appearance after treatment

with methylene blue, as seen in surface view at different focal depths,

is shown in fig. 1, F—H, while J and K show corresponding views from

an older colony.

In young colonies the peripheral gelatinous layer is wide, and more

so in the posterior than in the anterior region of the colony, about

60 to 70 w at the anterior, 70 to 80 x at the posterior pole (fig. 1, A) ;

as the colony gets older it becomes narrower and less regular (fig. 1, C),

varying considerably in one and the same colony. It is bounded on

the inside by a purple-staining membrane, similar to but more delicate

than the outer membrane. The fluid filling the central hollow

appears to be slightly mucilaginous, but shows no definite structure.

The daughter colonies develop within the much enlarged gonidium

walls, lying between the inner and outer membranes ; hence, prob-

ably, the elongated shape of the young embryos (fig. 1, E).

Fie. 1.—Volvox gigas, membranes.

A, Young asexual colony with undivided gonidia showing inner and other envelopes

and membranes of individual cells ; B, part of peripheral layer of very young

colony at about time of birth; C, the same of a mature asexual colony, one

embryo beginning to invert; D, E, portions of A and C respectively on a

larger scale ; F—K, cells in surface view; F, top, G, middle, and H, bottom,

focus of cells from colony A; J, K, top and middle focus of cells from

colony C.

A x40; C x100; B, D-K x 200; all approximately.

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 483

The somatic cells (fig. 2, A, B) are practically spherical, sometimes

showing a very slight anterior projection ; they lie below the surface

membrane suspended in the non-staining vesicle enclosed by the

lenticular cell membrane. The extensive lobed chloroplast lines

the whole wall except for a small area at the apex; there is a large

basal pyrenoid from which several smaller pyrenoids later separate

off, and a central nucleus; with methylene blue the whole proto-

plast stains blue, the nucleus and pyrenoids more deeply than the

cytoplasm. In the anterior part of the colony each cell contains a

large lenticular orange-red eyespot (3 to 4 uw in diameter), which, as

in all other colonial members of the Volvocinae as yet examined,

occupies a definitely orientated position in the cell, 7.e. it lies on that

side of the cell farthest from the anterior pole. The eyespot is

usually rather low down, about midway in the cell (fig. 2, A).

The cilia are inserted separately, diverging slightly before they

reach the surface membrane. No indication whatever has been seen

of protoplasmic connections in mature coenobia, although in colonies

of V. Rousseletii in the same material they showed clearly. In young

unborn daughters, however, here, as in V. africanus, occasionally a

connection may be seen between adjacent cells. Such connections

are rare and at the best of times obscure, at any rate in preserved

material (but see later, in connection with inversion).

Reproduction.—The reproductive cells are variously distributed ; a

coenobium may produce only gonidia which develop into embryo

colonies (Plate XX VI, C, D, E), only male or female organs (Plate

XXV, B 1 and 2), or all three. As a rule, however, the sexes are

separated, sperm bundles rarely occurring except in exclusively male

coenobia, although mixed colonies producing daughter colonies and

oospheres are common (in one case over 70 embryos and about 43

oospheres were counted in a single colony), and reach a large size

(Plate XX VI, B, and Plate XXX, B). Purely female colonies, on the

other hand, are little larger than the male colonies, but usually rounder

in shape. The four types of colonies, 7.e. asexual, male, female, and

mixed, and their relative shapes and sizes, are well illustrated in the

group figured on Plate XXV, D. In this group, too, a few very

young colonies are included.

(a) Asexual.—As already stated, the gonidia are differentiated

early, but undergo a prolonged period of enlargement before division

begins (cf. Plate XXVI, A). Colonies of over 1 mm. diameter in

which the gonidia show no sign of division are often seen.

Structure and Development of the Gonidium.—When young the

484 Annals of the South African Museum.

gonidium is distinguished from the somatic cells by its larger size and

more numerous pyrenoids; the apex of the chloroplast is lobed, so

that the colourless anterior area appears more or less star-shaped

Fia. 2.—Volvox gigas.

A, Somatic cell from anterior pole; B, young gonidium and two somatic cells ;

C—O, development of the embryo ; C, gonidium viewed from above ;_ D, first

division; E, F, four-celled stage seen from above and in side view; G, eight-

celled stage ; H—O, inversion of fully formed embryo ; H and J, preparatory

stages in optical section ; K, general view ; L—N, actual inversion in process ;

O, inversion complete, cilia appearing (L—O semi-diagrammatic).

A,B x500 ca.; C-F x250ca.; H-O x350 ca.

when seen from above (fig. 2, C). The cilia are lost early in the

period of enlargement.

As is the case throughout the group, the first two divisions of the

gonidium are longitudinal, in two radial planes at right angles to one

another. The separation of the apices of the resultant cells is apparent

even in the 2-celled stage (fig. 2, D), while the hollowing to form a

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 485

bowl-shaped structure is well defined in the 4- and 8-celled stages

(fig. 2, E-G), becoming more and more pronounced as development

proceeds. Once division has started it proceeds rapidly to completion,

so far as could be ascertained following the scheme of division already

described by Janet (1923, p. 109 et sec., Plates VII to XVII) for Volvox

aureus (Janetosphaera aurea) ; as in that species, the number of cells

is comparatively small, despite the much greater size of V. gigas.

Usually the number of cells is about 1000 (21°= 1024), z.e. there are

probably at least 10 successive divisions in normal embryos, and not

more than 12, since the highest number of cells counted was about

3000 per coenobium.

Inversion.—Completion of cell division is followed by inversion of

the embryo, resulting in the characteristic football-shaped daughter

colony lying between the inner and outer membranes of the parent.

In proportion to the number of embryos, the number of inversion

figures seen in the material was extraordinarily small. This may be

due to the fact that the process of inversion is a rapid one, or in part

at any rate to the time of collecting, since the evidence in other species

points to an optimum time for inversion about midday (Pocock, seq.

p- 579). Inversion figures are commoner in some tubes than in others,

though never very abundant. In spite of their comparative rarity,

however, sufficient were seen to indicate the method of inversion

which, as was to be expected, isa simple one, on the whole following the

lines described for V. tertius Meyer by Kuschakewitsch (1922 and1931),*

but in some ways more like that seen in sperm bundles of V. capensis.

* Kuschakewitsch (1931, p. 328) states that the stages in inversion in V. awreus

are so like those in V. tertius that a separate description for the former species was

not necessary in his short paper. Janet (1923, p. 127, and pl. xviii) agrees with

Kuschakewitsch, giving a single description for the process in the two species.

Zimmermann (1925, p. 51), however, working with V. awreus, found considerable

difference in detail in that species from the description given by Kuschakewitsch

for V. tertius. Thanks to the kindness of Mr. Scourfield, samples of both V. aureus

and V. tertius from Europe were available for comparison. These contain a few

good inversion figures of which those in V. awrews include an early stage and the

stages figured by Zimmermann as fig. 2, g and h, while in JV. tertiws stages corre-

sponding to Kuschakewitsch, Taf. 20, B and E, and Janet, pl. xviii, C and D,

were seen. Hence it seems probable that the descriptions and figures given by

Kuschakewitsch and Janet must be regarded as applying to JV. tertius only, while

those given by Zimmermann are correct for V. aureus.

The fundamental difference in the two methods is that in the JV. tertius type of

inversion actual inversion starts by the lip of the phialopore turning outwards,

while in V. aureus inversion begins behind the lip, which remains doubled inwards

until a late stage, when it finally straightens out. A comparison of fig. 2, H-N,

with fig. 5, BF, will make this clear, since in V. africanus inversion is of a similar

type to that in V. aureus.

486 Annals of the South African Museum.

A colony with undivided gonidia and developing embryos, including

several in various stages of inversion, is shown in fig. B, Plate XX VI.

The earliest stage seen (fig. 2, H) shows a widening 4-sided phialopore

with 4-lobed lip, depressed and curled inwards, while the whole

embryo shows some denting and distortion. In the next stage (fig. 2,

J, K) the denting disappears, a slight constriction forms, and the lip

begins to straighten out and rise. The phialopore continues to widen

and the lobes turn outwards, becoming very distinct in the process ;

the cells at the edge are as a consequence in a state of tension, slightly

separated from one another, and at this stage protoplasmic con-

nections between the cells could be clearly seen (fig. 2, L, and Plate

XXVII, A). These connections continue to show distinctly in the

lobes as they fold back (fig. 2, M, and Plate XX VII, B, C). Character-

istic ‘‘ hat” stages follow (fig. 2, N, Plate XX VI, F, and Plate XX VII,

D), and finally the edges of the phialoporic lobes meet and inversion

is complete (Plate XX VII, E). At first the phialoporic side is flatter

than the anterior pole, the ends of the elongated cells are rounded and

separated from one another, and the very short developing cilia are

visible (fig. 2, O, and Plate XXVII, F). The cilia lengthen rapidly,

the cells alter in shape, becoming shorter, wider, and more compact,

and the common envelope is formed (Plate XX VII, G) ; enlargement

follows, and soon the gonidia are distinguishable from the somatic

cells (Plate XXX, D).

The whole process of inversion is very like that observed in the germ

colony formed on germination of the oospore of Volvox Rousseletii (ef.

succeeding paper, p. 622); there, on completion of cell division the

hollow globoid hes freely in a fairly wide vesicle much as does the

young embryo of V. gigas, which, owing to the absence of intercellular

protoplasmic strands, has no connection with the neighbouring

somatic cells. The surrounding vesicle in the latter shows clearly

in several of the microphotographs, e.g. Plate XXVII, C, D. This

type of inversion would appear to be the primitive one characteristic

of the simpler multicellular members of the Volvocales, in which the

cell-number is several hundreds, but in general not more than 1000 to

2000.

A very interesting point emerged from the study of the inversion

figures in this species. In his description of V. tertiws, Meyer (1896,

p- 200) states that although in the adult coenobium there are no proto-

plasmic connections between neighbouring cells, yet in living unborn

embryo colonies such connections are readily visible. In both V. gigas

and V. africanus protoplasmic connections can occasionally be seen

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 487

in embryo colonies before escape, but are entirely absent in the adult.

At certain stages of inversion of the embryo in V. gigas, as described

above, relatively stout protoplasmic connections between the cells

became obvious in those parts of the embryo which are being stretched,

and are certainly present throughout, although owing to the small size

of the embryo and the close packing of the cells, except at the edges,

they are not distinguishable. Now it must be remembered that the

cells of the young embryo are not enclosed in a common membrane,

but lie in close contact with one another. During inversion the cells

act in concert with one another, but each is at the same time altering

its shape and must to some extent act independently ; while some are

being compressed, others are in a state of great tension, tending to

separate from one another. Obviously, since the globoid inverts as

a whole, the connection between the component cells must be very

intimate. It would appear that this is obtained by the presence of

protoplasmic connecting strands, which therefore play an important

role in the process of inversion, on completion of which they become

functionless and are withdrawn, one only surviving here and there

to a later stage in development. A further advance in complexity

of structure is reached by those species which retain the protoplasmic

connections throughout their life, e.g. V. aureus, while the members

of the globator group have progressed yet a step further, since in these

the connections develop as the colonies mature, reaching their maxi-

mum thickness when the reproductive cells are developing.

Development of the Embryo subsequent to Inversion.—The embryos

are very small at the time of inversion (e.g. 58 x 66 uw, 71 x53 yw) and

enlarge considerably before birth (Plate XX VI, E). The component

cells very soon begin to separate from one another, enlarging as they

do so, while the gonidia now become very distinct from the somatic

cells (Plate XXVI, E, and Plate XXX, D), their diameter at this

stage being nearly double that of the latter ; for example, in an embryo

measuring 77x87 the vegetative cells measured 3 to 4, the

gonidia 5 to 6 yz. As the embryo develops the proportion between

the two types of cells remains approximately constant, until the

somatic cells reach their maximum size, after which the gonidia still

continue to grow until finally they are three times the diameter of the

vegetative cells, or even more. Young oospheres are considerably

smaller and increase in size more slowly, while the majority of the

antheridium mother-cells do not grow much larger than the somatic

cells until late in development (Plate XXVIII, C), although in some

male colonies a few here and there enlarge similarly to the gonidia

488 Annals of the South African Museum.

(Plate XXVIII, A, B). The relative sizes of recently inverted and

mature embryo colonies can be seen in Plate X XVI, E.

In addition to the typical ellipsoidal embryos composed of over a

thousand cells there are often scattered among them others, usually

rounded, composed of far fewer cells, in some cases as few as 64, but

more often 128, 256, etc. ; in these the majority of the cells enlarge

proportionately more than in typical embryos, e.g. in one such colony,

already free, measuring 58 pw in diameter and composed of 128 cells,

the majority of the cells measured 10 , while a few at one end were

smaller. Such “ dwarf” colonies appear to be male colonies in which

nearly all the cells function as antheridium mother-cells ; the develop-

ment of the sperm bundles, however, does not take place until after

escape, and such small males are rare compared with the larger egg-

shaped male colonies. The small colony shown in Plate XXV, C,

contains young male colonies of this type and a few oospores.

(b) Sexual.—(1) The male reproductive cells are nearly always

found in exclusively male colonies, which are slightly smaller than

the purely female colonies and which often become markedly egg-

shaped as the sperm bundles develop (Plate XXV, B), or more rarely

they may be such rounded dwarf colonies as are described above.

Occasionally, however, sperm bundles have been found in female or

mixed colonies, where one or two sperm bundles were scattered among

the developing oospheres. As, however, such bundles are small and

easily mistaken at low powers of magnification for oospheres just

beginning to enlarge, it is quite possible that they may be of more

common occurrence than would appear to be the case.

In the male colonies all the cells in the posterior half become

antheridium mother-cells (Plate X XIX, A), a small anterior portion

remains somatic, while between the two lies a zone where male initials

and somatic cells are mixed (Plate XXVIII, C). Thus some three-

quarters or more of the total number of cells in the male colony may

develop into sperm bundles.

The antheridium mother-cell varies enormously in size—it may

divide on reaching a diameter of 18 to 20 yp, or division may be delayed

until it is more than double that size, 7.e. as large or nearly so as a

mature gonidium. The number of divisions undergone depends on

the initial size of the cell; most often it is 5, resulting in a bundle of

32 sperms, but bundles of 16 and 64 occur, while in many male colonies

scattered among these smaller sperm bundles are others very much

larger, containing a much greater number of spermatozoids—256, 512,

or possibly even more. The latter are not unlike sperm bundles of

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 489

V. Rousseletti, in which closure has not been complete and which have

not yet undergone subsequent compression (fig. 3, H, J, and Plate

XXIX,E). Inside view such bundles, like the smaller ones, are bowl-

shaped, almost globular, but flattened at the open side. Thus in one

and the same colony sperm bundles of several different sizes may

occur (Plates XXIX, A, C, and XXX, A).

Stages in the development of sperm bundles are shown in fig. 3.

Division of the antheridium mother-cell (fig. 3, A, B) follows the

usual lines, resulting in the formation of a more or less rounded hollow

bowl or globe according to the number of divisions undergone ; where

the divisions are few the resultant structure is more open and bowl-

shaped, or, even in the case of the smallest bundles, saucer-shaped,

while the very large type is almost globular (fig. 3, C). On completion

of cell division inversion takes place; although few stages could be

made out, sufficient were seen to indicate the type of inversion. In

the case of the smaller bundles it is similar to that seen in Hudorina,

while in the larger, many-celled bundles it is naturally rather more

elaborate, approaching that seen in the case of the asexually formed

embryos. Fig. 3, D, shows a medium-sized bundle in which the

phialopore is opening preparatory to inversion, while fig. 3, E, shows a

recently inverted small bundle with elongating cilia. Fig. 3, F and G,

show optical sections of bundles of 64 and 128 spermatozoids re-

spectively, while the largest-sized bundles are shown in different views

in fig. 3, Hand J. An early stage in the development of such a

bundle is shown in Plate XXIX, fig. B, in which the second cell

division is not quite complete ; the separation of the cell apices is

particularly clear, while the surrounding vesicle is faintly discernible.

The adjoining microphotograph (EK) shows the appearance of the

mature bundle.

Examples of male colonies are illustrated on Plate XXVIII. Of

the four male colonies depicted, one (C) contains only small and

medium-sized sperm bundles, while the other three all contain a

number of the largest sized as well. These appear in the photographs

as very dark, rounded bodies. Of the smaller bundles many are in

early stages of division, others are inverting. Colonies A, B and C

are of the characteristic egg-shape; D is more nearly spherical.

Plate XXIX, figs. A, C, and D, show portions of male colonies further

enlarged to show details of structure and development of sperm

bundles of various sizes.

The spermatozoids (fig. 3, K) are found in great numbers swarming

on or within the peripheral layer of colonies containing oospheres

VOL. XVI, PART 3. 32

490) Annals of the South African Museum.

Fia. 3.—Volvox gigas. A—E, development of Androgonidium.

A, two-celled, and B, four-celled stage; C, cell division complete; D, bundle

inverting (phialoporic view); EE, inversion complete, cilia lengthening ;

F, G, optical sections of bundles of 32 and 128 spermatozoids respectively ;

H, largest-sized bundle (512 spermatozoids) viewed somewhat obliquely from

below ; J, phialoporic view, optical section ; K, spermatozoids found swarm-

ing in female colony ; L, M, spermatozoids swarming round oospores; N,

ripe oospore.

8, eyespot ; n, nucleus; c¢.v., contractive vacuole.

K x 2000; other figures x 500; all approximately.

(Plate XXX, C, D). They are long (11-17 2) and of rather distinctive

form; as a rule there appears to be a central wider region (3-4 p)

with an elongated nucleus and narrower anterior and posterior

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 49]

portions. The colourless beak ends in a blunt point, the cilia, usually

a little longer than the spermatozoid itself (14-19 jx), being inserted at

opposite sides of the apex and directed sideways and forwards, not

backwards as in the globator and aureus types; in this respect they

resemble the spermatozoids of Hudorina elegans. At the point of

insertion is a refractive granule. At the apex of the chloroplast and

near the base of the beak is a small red eyespot and adjacent to it are

two contractile vacuoles. Most often only one vacuole could be

distinguished, hence their periodicity is probably more or less alter-

nating. The narrow posterior part may be prolonged into a delicate

point or it may be rounded ; probably the posterior process may be

withdrawn or prolonged at will during the movement of the sper-

matozoid, as is the case in Hudorina. From the contorted shape of

many of the spermatozoids the movement is evidently a combined

amoeboid and ciliary one. In addition to the normal spermatozoids

numerous long-drawn out, structureless ones, particularly common

in older colonies, had evidently died before the material was fixed

(Plate XXX, C). In developing and mature sperm bundles starch is

present, but none could be detected in the free spermatozoids. They

are rather longer than usual in Volvoz.

(2) The female reproductive cells develop directly into oospheres ;

at first these can be distinguished from neighbouring somatic cells

only by the presence of more numerous pyrenoids, but the size con-

tinues to increase and the cilia are soon lost; mature oospheres

vary a good deal in size, and are practically spherical in shape.

Spermatozoids swarming round the oospheres are common (fig.

3, L, M).

The oospores are comparatively small (31-44 w), with smooth

fairly thick exospore, within which, when ripe, the protoplast, enclosed

in the delicate endospore, les somewhat eccentrically (fig. 3, N;

Plate XXX, C). When ripe they are reddish gold in colour—even

in preserved material the large colonies with ripe oospores glitter

with a golden sheen when viewed by reflected light. The number

per colony is large, certainly several hundred, but probably not so

great as the number of androgonidia in the male colonies. In mixed

colonies the number varies enormously. Purely female colonies are

in general smaller than the mixed ones, which attain nearly, if not

quite, as great a size as the purely asexual ones (Plate XXV, D).

From the above description it will be obvious that Volvox gigas

is a very distinctive, if somewhat primitive, species. The only form

as yet recorded which approaches it is that described by Powers

492 Annals of the South African Museum.

(1907, p. 123) * without name, as a “ second form” of Volvox, from

Nebraska. Subsequently Shaw (1916, p. 253) named it Besseyosphaera

Powersi (= Volvox Powersii Printz, p. 59), the asexual colonies alone

having been observed by Powers; apparently, since there are no

further references to it in the literature, it has never again been

recorded. It resembles the present species in (1) the great size of

the colonies, often over 2 mm. and up to 2-5 mm. in diameter, and (2)

the large number of daughter colonies, up to 78 being recorded.

Further, judging from Powers’ remarks it is slow in development.

But, according to Shaw, the gonidia are not differentiated until after

birth, and on this feature, combined with the absence of protoplasmic

connecting strands, Shaw founded his new genus Besseyosphaera,

which he regarded as intermediate between Pleodorina Shaw and

Volvoz.

Powers found the asexual colonies in a pond which was deeper

than those in which Volvor usually occurs in Nebraska, and “ found

nothing resembling it ’’ subsequently (Powers, 1908, p. 142). It

seems possible that on a fuller examination it might prove to be

identical with the Kimberley material described here as Volvox gigas.

On the existing descriptions, however, it must be regarded as distinct.

The resemblance of V. gigas to Pleodorina is certainly very remote ;

it is unmistakably much more nearly allied to Volvox than to Pleo-

dorina, and seems to be a somewhat primitive form belonging to the

section Merrillosphaera (according to Printz, genus according to Shaw).

Powers’ photographs of other species of Volvox are so excellent

that it is most unfortunate that he apparently published none of

either this ‘“‘ second form ” described in his first paper or of another

outstanding species which he named Volvox perglobator and which

closely resembles V. Rousseletii G. S. West.

The field observations given below (pp. 38 to 39) show how much

slower in development V. gigas is than the associated V. Rousseletiv.

2. Volvox africanus G. 8. West (1910, p. 102, and 1918, p. 1).

(Text-figures 4 and 5, Plates XXX (fig. E) to XX XIII.)

Asexual colonies in all stages of development. No sexual colonies

seen. Mature colonies large, over 1 mm. in length and nearly 1 mm.

in width.

* Unfortunately, Powers’ original paper has not been available for reference ;

the substance has had to be gathered from references by other authors, particularly

Shaw, and from Powers’ own remarks in his subsequent paper (1908, p. 142).

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 493

Daughter colonies most often eight, arranged symmetrically in pairs,

two pairs nearly equatorial, two nearer the posterior pole. The pair

most nearly equatorial develops first, other pairs develop successively

in order of their position, the most posterior developing last. Anterior

pairs may have inverted and may contain developing gonidia before

cell division in the posterior pair is complete. In some of the young

coenobia the four central daughters were in early stages of division,

while two pairs of undivided gonidia still in the stage of enlargement

and 35 « and 28 pw respectively in diameter occupied positions near

the posterior end. Sometimes fewer, rarely more than eight, daughters

develop ; colonies with six, five or even fewer embryos were observed,

while in one case there were nine, an extra one having developed near

the equatorial plane. If an odd number develops, an abortive

gonidium representing the missing member of the pair is usually, but

not invariably, traceable.

The protoplasts of the somatic cells are rounded, without proto-

plasmic connections. In the developing embryo, however, inter-

cellular protoplasmic strands are present until inversion is achieved,

and occasionally one here and there survives and can be seen in the

unborn embryo.

Coen. asex. . : : . 9366-926 pw x 387-1077 pw

Embryo, inverting . : BT SY cs) 7

Embryo, mature. : . 366x451 pe

Gonidium, mature . : . 28-44 p

Gonidium in inverting embryo. 9-16 pw

Somatic cell . : - . 16-20 p

Somatic protoplast. : . OTp

No. of cells. : . 3000-7000

Found in Pool II only ; rare, associated with V. Rousseletit.

This species was found in Pool II late in the season, after the last

rains. It was present in very small quantities mixed with numerous

very large, vigorous, but young asexual colonies of V. Rousseletii ;

not a single sexual colony of either species could be found, although

the pool was visited several times until it was completely dry. It is

to be hoped that next season it will be possible to keep this pool

under observation for a longer period and that sexual material will

be obtained so that the description of the species may be amplified,

since West did not obtain satisfactory male material, and even Shaw,

in his extended description (1923, p. 197), does not describe the male

reproductive organs fully, and differs from West in some details.

494 Annals of the South African Museum.

The species is very distinctive, in some ways the most beautiful

of all the African species of Volvox (Plate XX XI, A-D). Its fairly

large ellipsoidal colonies with symmetrically arranged pairs of embryo

colonies are quite unmistakable, even in the absence of sexual

reproductive organs. The two poles are usually equally rounded,

though occasionally one, usually the anterior, but sometimes the

posterior pole, may become slightly broader than the other.

The Kimberley material includes colonies considerably larger

than any yet described, and, in spite of its rarity, there was sufficient

material to add several details to our knowledge of the species. It

is therefore described here in some detail.

Membranes.—Diagrams showing the form of the membranes in

this species have already been published (Rich and Pocock, loc. cit.,

Fic. 4.—V. africanus, treated with dilute methylene blue to show the

membranes.

A, Young colony, optical section, polar view; B, older colony after escape of

equatorial embryos. Side view. x about 45.

p. 432, fig. 1, B). As, however, no detailed description of them was

given they are briefly described here.

As in Volvox gigas and Volvox tertius, each cell is enclosed in a

lenticular membrane which is united with the outer common envelope

above the protoplast. The adjacent cell membranes are often sepa-

rated from one another, but never to so great an extent as in the

mature colonies of V. gigas.

The inner limiting membrane is fairly distinct and regular in young

coenobia, the developing embryos in their surrounding vesicles lying

in the peripheral layer between the inner and outer membranes

(fig. 4, A). As the embryos develop, however, they grow very large

and push aside the inner membrane, displacing it considerably

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 495

(fig. 4, B). The microphotograph reproduced in Plate XX XI, C, shows

a mature colony from which the equatorial embryos have already

escaped, the respective pores of escape of two of them showing clearly

at the two sides near the equator. The posterior embryos, of which

three are seen, have continued to grow after the others had escaped

and nearly fill the posterior half of the parent. The membranes

surrounding the embryo colonies show clearly, and the inner mem-

brane of the parent can just be distinguished above the latter and in

the anterior part of the coenobium. The colony had been treated

with methylene blue and was photographed free on the slide to avoid

undue distortion. The same colony, unstained, appears in the

group (Plate XXXI, A) just above. The position of the embryos

between the two membranes in J. africanus, as in V. gigas, probably

accounts for the lateral compression and elongated shape often

characteristic of young embryos; but in the former species they

attain a very much greater size in proportion to the parent than in

the latter, and soon become wider than the peripheral zone, hence

the great distortion of the inner membrane.

Inversion of Embryo Colonies.—Inversion figures are not abundant

in the material, but in proportion to the number of embyro coenobia

examined they are far more numerous than in V. gigas, and what

there are are excellent, particularly in the iodine-fixed material,

showing no appreciable distortion. Probably the process is a much

lengthier and more complicated one than in that species; this was to

be expected from the fact that the cells are far more numerous in

proportion to the size, and further, that the gonidia are already large

before inversion takes place. On the completion of cell division, the

gonidia, particularly the two equatorial pairs, are large and project

far inwards from the peripheral layer of somatic cells. In one

inverting embryo the size of the gonidia varied from 9 yp at the

posterior (phialoporic) end to 16 yx at the equator.

So far as could be made out from the available material the stages

in inversion are as follows :-—

There is a well-marked preparatory stage characterised by the

infolding of the four lobes of the phialopore and more or less extensive

denting such as is seen in V. Rousseletii and V. capensis, etc. (fig. 5,

A, B). At this stage the vesicle sometimes has a curious dumb-bell

shaped appearance. The phialopore enlarges considerably without

the lip becoming straightened out, and a constriction appears some-

where between the equatorial and the posterior gonidia; the upper

(outermost) part, still double, folds back (fig. 5, C), and the “ hat ”

496 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fic. 5.—V. africanus. Inversion of the embryo (diagrammatic).

A, B, Preparatory stages, showing denting and incurving of lip of phialopore, and

position of gonidia before inversion; C, early stage of inversion, infolded lip

curving back; D, side view of the same colony, slightly tilted, on a smaller

scale; H, a later stage, the infolded portion opening out; F, G, inversion

nearly complete, but phialopore not yet closed; F, as seen from the side, G

from above; three pairs of gonidia of different sizes can be seen projecting

from the surface of the inverted embryo; H, detail of relation of gonidium

to the somatic cells (1) directly after inversion, (2) later when in-sinking of

the gonidium has begun, and (3) in final position.

D x150; others x 260, approximately.

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 497

stage begins (fig. 5, D, Plate XX XIII, A, B). In Plate XXXITI,

in A a gonidium shows at the angle of the fold on the right, B is of the

same coenobium seen with slightly different focus, while C shows the

phialoporic view; the four-sided opening is clear, with projecting

gonidia visible on two sides, while a larger one shows in the fold at

the top on the right.

The infolded lip now begins to straighten out, forming a wide fringe

round the centre of the embryo, nearly filling up the lenticular vesicle.

Plate XXXII, E, shows this stage as seen from above, fig. 5, EK, and

Plate XXXII, D, as seen from the side. Again, the four-angled open-

ing and large gonidia can be seen. The other member of this pair of

embryos, nearly at the same stage of development, is shown in the

microphotograph C, Plate XXXII.

In the next stage found inversion was almost complete and the

phialopore beginning to close (fig. 5, F, G, and Plate XXXIII, E).

The opening is irregularly lobed, the four lobes being of somewhat

different sizes. The embryo is now a very striking and peculiar

looking object ; in polar view it is four-sided, with rounded angles.

From the centres of the four sides the relatively huge gonidia project,

the narrower inner end being sunk in the peripheral layer of cells,

while the broad end now projects outside the embryo (Plate XXX,

D, and Plate XX XIII, D). The position of the gonidia is readjusted

by the gradual insinking of the gonidia until the anterior ends are

on a level with those of the somatic cells (fig. 5, H, 1 to 3, and Plate

XXXIII, F).

In one large colony (Plate XXXII, A and B) the two posterior

daughters were inverting (Plate XXXII, C and D), of the next pair

one was in the stage of projecting gonidia (Plate XXX, D, and Plate

XXXII, F), while in the other the gonidia had already sunk into

their final position. In the four equatorial embryos the central

gonidia had already started dividing, while the posterior pairs were

still enlarging.

Microphotographs showing several corresponding stages, notably

‘hats’? and recently inverted daughters with projecting gonidia,

are given by Powers (1908, pl. xxiv, figs. 25, 28 to 32) for Volvor

Weismannia (Merrillosphaera Carteri (Stein) Shaw, var. Wersmannia).

Good as these few inversion figures in V. africanus are, a study of

living material is essential for a full account of the process of inversion

in this species ; it seems, on the whole, to approximate to the type of

inversion described for V. aureus by Zimmermann (1925, p. 51; see

note above, p. 485), but even these few stages in preserved material

498 Annals of the South African Museum.

are sufficient to show that there are several differences in detail, and

the whole process of inversion is complicated by the large size of the

gonidia.

The two new records for V. africanus, i.e. from the Linyanti River

(Rich and Pocock, loc. cit., p. 441) and the present one from Kimberley,

are interesting, extending its range in Africa considerably. It is

evidently widespread in the warmer regions of the world, having now

been recorded from Albert Nyanza, Tanganyika, Rhodesia, and

Kimberley in Africa, the Philippines, and 8. India (Iyengar, 1933).

So far, it seems to be nowhere abundant. Possibly, like V. gigas,

it is slow in developing and undergoes a prolonged asexual phase

followed by a relatively brief period of sexual activity. It will be

especially interesting if it proves possible to study it in life, since

so far, apparently, all descriptions, even Shaw’s, have been made

from preserved material only.

The Kimberley material is outstanding both from its larger size

and the very regular development of four pairs of embryos; in the

earlier collectings two and four have been the usual numbers of

embryos, with six occasionally, although Shaw, 1923, p. 197, found

in the Manila material a small proportion of colonies containing

eight.

Section Eu-Votvox Printz.

3. Volvox Rousseletii G. S. West.

Forma griquaensis f. nov.

(Plates XXXIV to XXXV, A to E.)

Forma coenobiis sexualibus majoribus quam in forma typica,

antheridus oosporisque permultis.

Coen. asex. ; . 710-1809 pw x 904-1900 pw

Coen. masc. . 471-1443 p x 559-1550 p

Coen. fem. : : . 600-1464 pw x 644-1636 pw

Coen. infant. . . $494 x ? -517p

Cell. veg. . : ; 3 C-l5u

Pplast. veg. ; : =e One

Glob. sperm. . ; . 385-41 px 18-22 p

Oospor.. ; ; . 40-53 p

Oospor. sine sp.. . 935-40 pw

Spin. long. : , . 5Dp

Cell. num. ; : . ad ca. 43,000

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 499

Coen. infant. num. . . 419

Glob. sperm. num. . . #800

Oospor. num. . : . %655

Coen. juvenil. . ; . 215-322 p x 258-366 uw

Coen. juvenil.embryon. . 129-215 uw x 139-240 p

Coen. juvenil. cell. num. . ca. 330-418

Found in all stages in Pool I; asexual only in Pools IT and III.

This form combines characteristics of various forms of Volvox

Rousseletii and its allies—the very large number of sperm globoids

(Plate XXXV, A, B) suggests the material from Ussangu (West,

1918, p. 2), while in the unusually high number of oospores (Plate

XXXV, D, E), often several hundreds, it resembles Volvox amboensis

(Rich and Pocock, loc. cit., p. 462); on the other hand, the sexual

colonies, although on the whole larger than usual, do not reach

anything like the size attained in the Ovamboland material, and very

large asexual colonies are on the whole rare and slightly below the

maximum size observed in the Rietfontein cultures.

It is typically dioecious, the male colonies (Plate XX XV, A, B, D)

being better developed and more numerous than in any other form

as yet examined; but an occasional sperm-globoid in otherwise female

colonies is not unusual, this again suggesting a resemblance to

V. amboensis. The oospores (Plate XXXV, F) are usually slightly

smaller than in the Rietfontein material, with shorter spines, and are

intermediate between that form and the form from the Kaokoveld

(forma kaokoensis, Rich and Pocock, p. 460).

The asexual colonies are often markedly egg-shaped, particularly

in the purely asexual material from Pools II and II which is in-

cluded here, although sexual colonies are lacking. In the more egg-

shaped coenobia the embryo colonies are nearer the posterior pole

than usual, even the most anterior being definitely posterior to the

equator. In purely asexual material the number of embryo colonies

is high, usually over eight, as many as 19 having been counted, while

12 to 14 are common. During the sexual phases the asexual colonies

are smaller and contain fewer daughters, usually under eight (Plate

XXXIV, A, B).

The Juvenile form (Plate XXXIV, G, E) was collected in great

numbers on one occasion, and is similar to that of V. Rousseleti

and of V. capensis, but is slightly larger, composed of rather more

cells, and usually produces two or three embryos (Plate XXXIV, C),

while as many as five were seen.

500 Annals of the South African Museum.

The most striking characteristic of the form, however, is the great

rapidity of development; this is brought out clearly in the field

notes given below (p. 509), but the most marked and at the same time

most complete record may be summarised here :—

The pool had dried up completely by 24th February 1932. Three

days later heavy thunder-showers during the night of Saturday,

27th February, filled the pool once more. The following Wednesday

(2nd March) a fine crop of Juveniles, with a few very young second-

or third-generation colonies, was obtained. Two days later (7.e. in

less than a week after the rain) among large asexual colonies containing

up to 10 embryos were a number of sexual colonies, mostly young

(Plate XXXIV, A), while by 7th March it had reached the height of

the sexual phase, and a week later had almost disappeared, although

the pool did not dry up until some time later.

Obviously it is a form well adapted to the local conditions, which

are such that any pools formed can have only a short existence,

although they may form several times during a single season. From

observations made on the Cape Flats during last year one is forced

to the conclusion that a relatively high temperature is beneficial to

both the rate and degree of development, provided the water does

not fall below a certain depth.

The behaviour of Volvor in the neighbourhood of Kimberley is

very suggestive of the notes made by Powers (1908, p. 141) in Nebraska,

where conditions appear to be very similar to those prevailing in some

parts of Africa where there is a summer rainfall.

V. Rousseletii was found in all stages in Pool I each time it filled,

and after the last rainfall in asexual stages only in Pools II and III.

The identification of the latter is therefore only provisional; at

present, however, there is no reason to regard the latter material as

at all distinct from that from Pool I. Other pools in the neighbour-

hood were examined for Volvox but so far without success.

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 501

B. TETRASPORALES, PALMELLACEAE.

Genus SPHAEROCYSTIS Chodat.*

Sphaerocystis Powert, sp. nov.

(Fig. 6, and Plates XXXVI, XXXVILI.)

Familiae formae pervariantes, aut (1) familiae plerumque conspicuo

perfecte globosae in tegumento gelatinoso hyalino vel sub-flavo

involutae ; cellulis 32, raro 8 vel 16, regulariter ad peripheriam

dispositis, plerumque omnibus extemplo partitis in sub-familiis

similis ellipsoideis 8- (raro 4-), vel 16-, vel 32-cellularum compositis,

ad peripheriam aequabilitissime dispositis ; aut (2) familiae magnae

amorphae, interdum fere rotundae, plerumque elongatae irregularitae,

fere teretes; cellulis permultis, rotundatis, parvis, in tegumento

gelatinoso hyalino ; zoosporis utrobique parvis vel paullum majoribus,

ovatis, interdum leviter obliquis; aut raro (3) familiae botryoidae,

sub-familis pluribus, cellulis minimis in tegumento gelatinoso hyalino

irregulariter lobato consociatibus.

1. Fam. glob. diam.. . 140-1615 p

Cell. diam. . ; . 6-16 w; plerumque, 16-20 p

Subfam. 22210 we xD Ie OB at

Zoospor. . ; - 4-5 xi1-9 ye; vel Su x10 ay

2. Fam. palmell. long. . ad 2-5 mm.

Cell. diam. . ; . 4-10 (-13) p

Zoospor., Vv. supra.

Found in Pool I only, most abundant in the later stages of each

phase, finally forming the bulk of the phytoplankton as the water

dried up.

In the early stages of the pool’s existence, among masses of Volvox

Rousseletii_ colonies, small rounded Hudorina-like gelatinous colonies

containing usually 32, occasionally 8 or 16, cells are fairly common

(fig. 6, A). They are distinguished from the Hudorina colonies

which are present in the same material by (1) absence of cilia, (2)

* Wille (1903) and Lemmermann (1915) sink this genus in Gloeococcus A. Braun,

but Chodat (1904) contested this, and West (1916, p. 186) accepts Chodat’s genus

as distinct. As it does not appear that any fresh facts have been added to the

knowledge of the two species constituting Braun’s genus (cf. Lemmermann, loc.

cit., p. 32) which are still described as “‘incompletely known,” and in which there

is apparently nothing whatever to correspond to the very characteristic spherical

form described by Chodat, West is followed here, and Chodat’s genus accepted

(see p. 505). Oltmanns (1923, vol. i, p. 243, etc.) also accepts Chodat’s genus.

502 Annals of the South African Museum.

thicker but less regular outer membrane with numerous attached

granules of foreign matter, (3) more closely adpressed cell membrane

round the constituent cells, and (4) different behaviour when treated

Fic. 6.—Sphaerocystis Powerit, sp. nov.

A, Eudorina-form ; B, typical spherical colony ; C, botyroidal form ; D, transition

from spherical to Tetraspora-form ; E, Tetraspora-like colony ; F, cell from

spherical form; G—H, motile stage of either spherical or palmelloid form ;

G, division of a cell to form two zoospores; H, mature zoospores—a, b, smaller

type seen from the side and from the back respectively; c, larger, more

rounded type.

A x100; B,D x35; C xl50; E x30; F—H x1000:

with methylene blue, the mucilaginous envelope and matrix reacting

differently to the stain.

The small Hudorina-like colonies appear very soon after the pool

has formed; for example, in the third phase they occur with the

Volvox “‘ Juveniles”’ collected on 2nd March (Plate XXXVI, A),

and may be either spherical or slightly elongated. One measured

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 503

141 x 163 w and contained 32 cells 19 yz in diameter, of which one

had already divided once. In this material practically all contained

32 cells; the colonies varied from 49x57 yw to 215x236 p. It

appears to be a very early developmental stage, and during the

later development of the plankton is very rare. The individual cells

soon divide up into groups; and the resultant colonies, containing

usually 16 or 32 groups of 8, 16, or 32 cells each, are the characteristic

spherical colonies which form such a striking constituent of the

phytoplankton (cf. Plate XXVI, B). The groups are placed at

regular intervals within the periphery of the sphere; the cells of

each group move apart and are themselves arranged regularly

within the much enlarged wall of the parent cell, the resultant group

being elliptical in radial section (fig. 6, B, and Plate XXXVI, B).

Later, each cell of the group divides similarly, the group becomes

spherical, the surrounding membrane more clearly defined, the

parent envelope alters, and the daughter colonies escape, with their

constituent groups already fully formed (Plate XXXVI, C to E).

Throughout this phase there is extraordinary regularity in the numbers

of cells and their spacing, division evidently going on more or less

simultaneously throughout the colony, both before and after birth.

Occasionally spheres in which the full number of groups had not

formed were seen, but, as a rule, the number is very regularly 16 or 32,

and in the majority of cases, if one group contained 16 cells, all the

others had a like number. In colonies where division was going on

the constituent groups may not all be exactly at the same stage of

development (Plate XXXVI, C, D), but, as a rule, all divide very

nearly simultaneously (Plate XX XVII, A).

The cells (fig. 6, F) are spherical or very nearly so; each is sur-

rounded by a delicate wall, usually only apparent on staining, has a

massive bowl-shaped chloroplast, a single very large basal pyrenoid,

and a central nucleus with a large nucleolus (or “inner body’).

Much starch is formed, the whole chloroplast becoming packed with

it. The vesicle surrounding each group, 7.e. the enlarged wall of the

parent cell, is hardly visible without staining in young colonies, but

in older colonies it may show fairly clearly (Plate XX XVII, A).

Apparently reproduction by the formation of daughter colonies,

as described above, may continue for some time, each daughter

colony escaping and developing separately. Or the gelatinous

envelopes may soften, and the daughter colonies, instead of escaping

separately, each enclosed in a firm membrane, remain in contact

with one another, forming an irregular botryoidal mass (fig. 6, C,

504 Annals of the South African Museum.

and Plate XX XVII, B), in which no limiting membranes can be seen.

Even the gelatinous matrix is invisible until stained. With methy-

lene blue it turns purple, and it is clear that there is no differentiation

of a surface membrane. Apparently this botryoidal form only

arises from very young colonies, since the spheres and their con-

stituent cells are always very small and delicate. This form was the

rarest, and occurred most abundantly in material which contained

fairly advanced stages of Volvox gigas.

Finally, yet a third form, the Tetraspora-like form (fig. 6, E),

occurs at first in small quantities (Plate XXV, D, top left-hand

corner), but rapidly increases until it forms nearly the whole of the

phytoplankton (Plate XXXVI, H, and Plate XXXVII, EK). Appar-

ently it may arise either from the botryoidal form or from the

spherical. In the former case the constituent cells divide repeatedly,

the gelatinous matrix extends and its composition alters slightly,

the outer layers becoming denser. Transition stages from one form

to the other are occasionally seen, though they are not common.

When a colony of the spherical type is passing over into the Tetraspora-

type (fig. 6, D, and Plate XXXVII, D, E), the cells of the groups

divide as if to form daughter colonies, but the resultant cells continue

to divide more or less irregularly (Plate XX XVII, D), some at any

rate forming biciliate zoospores which move through the gelatinous

matrix; this has meanwhile been losing its firm outline, often

becoming irregularly lobed (fig. 6, D). Eventually all trace of

grouping of the cells is lost, and an irregular gelatinous mass, packed

with small rounded cells (Plate XX XVII, C) similar in structure to,

but smaller than, those of the spherical form of the alga, is formed.

There is no trace of pseudocilia, and here, as in the spherical form,

zoospores of two sizes are often seen, some ranging from 4x7 py to

5x9 p, others from 8 x 10 w to 9 or 10x11; the cilia are equal in

length to, or slightly longer than, the protoplast, the chloroplast

cup-shaped with nearly central pyrenoid. The zoospore is elongated,

slightly oblique, with a very small apical protuberance and central

pyrenoid (fig. 6, H).

Thus the characteristic Tetraspora-like palmelloid stage consists

of irregularly shaped gelatinous masses containing very large numbers

of rounded cells without ciliary appendages of any form, except

where the round cells have divided to form small elongated bi-ciliate

zoospores. The colonies may be more or less rounded, but are more

often elongated, irregularly lobed or branched, often 2 mm. or more

in length. The cells, similar in form and structure to those of the

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 505

spherical phase, but smaller, usually show no grouping, but some-

times grouping in fours or even eights is very marked. This

probably depends on the rate at which division is proceeding—unless

the rate is high the daughter cells separate before the next division

takes place, and all trace of grouping is lost. In some colonies the

number of zoospores among the round cells is very great.

The four stages are so very distinctive that were it not for the

intermediate stages which occur they might easily be taken as

belonging to different genera.

The entire absence from all stages except that of the motile zoo-

spores of any trace of cilia or pseudocilia distinguishes this genus

not only from the Tetrasporaceae, but also from Gloeococcus, as defined

by Braun. It is difficult to understand the view taken by Wille

(1903) and Lemmermann (1915, p. 31) in regarding Sphaerocystis

Chodat as identical with Braun’s genus, since Braun in his definition

of the genus (as quoted by Rabenhorst, 1868, ili, p. 36) explicitly

describes the presence of cilia: “ Cellulae ovales, virides, in parte

antica ciliis vibratoriis binis . . . instructae”’ (cf. also Chodat, 1904,

p. 233), and in the following description amplifies this, stating that :

“ The cells in all the succeeding generations which take place during

the formation of these families except the transitory generations (in

the case of repeated division) are provided with two very long per-

sistent moving cilia which only disappear at the beginning of division”’

(Braun, 1851, quoted by Chodat), whereas in Sphaerocystis cilia are

present only in the zoospores.

In the Kimberley material the palmelloid colonies may reach a

fair size, up to 3 or 4 mm. in length, but this is a very different matter

from families the size of an apple or a hazel-nut which characterise

the two species of Gloeococcus on which Braun founded his genus.

W. and G. 8S. West (1912, p. 413) found that Sphaerocystis Schroeteri

formed a large part of the phytoplankton of Loch Lomond during the

warmer months only (July to October), and was not seen during

the colder periods of the year. Although even then the temperature

of the water (59° F. or 15° C.) was very much lower than that of the

Kimberley pool (25° to 30° C.), yet the observation is suggestive. No

doubt, at least, a part of the associated palmelloid material which

these workers diagnosed as Tetraspora lacustris was actually the

corresponding form of Sphaerocystis, since it is evident that pseudo-

cilia were not seen in this material (West, 1916, p. 186).

The spherical form of Sphaerocystis Power: differs from Sphaerocystis

Schroeteri Chod. (1897a, p. 119, and 1897, p. 292), in the very great

VOL. XVI, PART 3. 39

506 Annals of the South African Museum.

regularity of development and arrangement of the constituent groups

of cells; the almost perfect spheres with their symmetrically placed

groups of equal numbers of equally spaced similar cells are very

beautiful objects, and very different from the spheres containing

groups at all stages of development characteristic of Chodat’s species ;

this irregularity of development is well shown in the figures accom-

panying his description (1897), pl. ix, particularly figs. 1, 5, and

7), and was so striking that Chodat made special mention of it as a

characteristic feature of the species.

The following examples are chosen from the many examined to

give an idea of the spherical colonies :—

No. of cells or

Colony. groups: Constitution of groups.

49x ST p 32 cells Cells rather close together.

(very young)

160 x 170 p | 16 cells (20 p) | Cells arranged peripherally.

215 x 236 pw 32 cells 1 cell dividing.

500 x 500 pw 8 groups Each containing 16 cells.

S90R<1990) Lose = 5 Gua

990i 990in 1673s Each containing 16 cells, each

already divided into 8.

1012 x 1012 pw 32s Each containing 8 cells (13 p).

1012 x 1012 pz O25 ie - OR (LOU):

1500 x 1500 x a2) es a ss 32 ,, (15-18 p).

1615 x 1615 pu a2 Bs . 32 ,, (20-26 p).

1000 x 1000 yu 1G ee Each containing 16 cells, some

already div ided. |

C. PROTOCOCCALES, SCENEDESMACEAE.

Genus KIRCHNERIELLA Schmidle.

Kirchneriella africana sp. nov.

(Fig. 7, and Plate XXXV, G, H.)

Familiae magnae, usque ad 2-4 mm. longis, juvenae fere rotundae,

maturae plerumque fere teretes saepe lobatae vel ramosae; cellulis

permultis, in tegumento gelatinoso hyalino sine regula dispositis,

magnitudine variis; cellula trilobata, basi rotunda, apice profunde

emarginato, lobis lateralibus divergentibus, interdum sub-recurvis;

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 507

chromatophora late patenti, parietali, lobata, pyrenoide singulo in

parte basal.

Fam., 322 x 430 pw, 1290 x 2350 pw, 1400 x 2910 pw, 862 x 4000 p, ete.

Cell., 4x5 p-16 x 13 p.

Cellre.g. 9x9 pu, V2x Tl pe, 16x13 pp, 13x14 p.

Found in Pool I associated with Sphaerocystis Poweri, Volvox

Rousseletit forma griquaensis and Volvox gigas.

Sarineeity

Si Lys

mae VA

”

Fic. 7.—Kirchneriella africana, sp. nov.

A, B, Typical colonies. A, young, rounded colony ; B, older, much lobed, elongated

colony of large size; C, 1-7 cells of various shapes and sizes from a single

colony ; D, group of four cells formed by division of a single large cell, the

empty wall of which lies adjacent to the group; cells show the characteristic

shape even at this stage; E, two very young cells, one nearly straight, the

other three-lobed ; F, large cell with nucleus already divided and pyrenoid

dividing.

A x70; B x30; C-F x1500.

A very large form; the gelatinous colonies are more or less rounded

when young (fig. 7, A), later becoming elongated and irregularly

lobed or branched (fig. 7, B), often 1 to 2 mm. in length, while the

largest colony as yet observed measured 4 mm. in length by nearly

1 mm. in the widest part.

The cells are very numerous, embedded without definite orientation

within the colourless gelatinous matrix, very variable in size and form

in one and the same colony (fig. 7,C; Plate XX XV, H), usually tending

508 Annals of the South African Museum.

to be three-lobed; basal lobe massive, rounded, apical lobes usually

widely divergent, separated by a wide and deep cleft somewhat

V-shaped, but with rounded base. Typically this cleft is about one-

third the total length of the cell in depth, more rarely it may be

quite shallow (fig. 7, C 3). The apices of the lobes are more or

less narrowly rounded, sometimes slightly recurved. The parietal

chloroplast is extensive, slightly lobed, lhning most of the cell

except a small part beneath the cleft; in this the nucleus lies (7.e.

approximately in the centre of the cell). The single large pyrenoid

lies in the massive basal part of the chloroplast. The cells are rich

in starch, and contain, in addition, refrangent globules, probably

volutin, generally most conspicuous in the apical lobes. The wall

is delicate, closely adpressed to the protoplast, only becoming

apparent on staining, e.g., with iodine or methylene blue. With the

latter the gelatinous matrix stains faintly bluish purple, the protoplast

deep blue.

The cells divide to form 4- or 8-celled groups (fig. 7, D) ; the empty

wall of the parent cell is often visible near such groups of young cells.

The three-lobed structure is apparent at a very early stage (fig. 7, D),

but sometimes the young cells appear almost straight (fig. 7, E).

As the cells thus formed grow they diverge from one another, and all

trace of grouping is soon lost.

This species appears to be nearest K. Malmeana (Bohlin) Wille,

(cf. Brunnthaler, 1915, p. 181, fig. 266), but the cells are typically much

more deeply incised and more distinctly three-lobed, with rounded

apices, than in that species, although some cells occur in which the

anterior end is only slightly concave (fig. 7, C, 3). The mature cells

here are larger than in most species and the colonies very much larger

than anything as yet recorded for the genus; the number of com-

ponent cells, too, is exceptionally great.

Large cells in which the nucleus or pyrenoid had already divided,

presumably preparatory to cell division, were occasionally seen

(Caney, 1, I)

On and inside many of the colonies biciliate motile cells were often

found, but, as these are identical with the zoospores of Sphaerocystis

Poweri, it is almost certain that they belong to that species, and

have penetrated the matrix of the Kirchneriella colonies. In the

same way they may enter older Volvox colonies of either of the

associated species (cf. Plate XXX, B).

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 509

Part IJJ.—FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND RECORDS.

Pool I.—The pool where Volvox was first found lies in an excava-

tion roughly 40 yards in diameter and about 3} feet deep in the

deepest part. It was made some eight years ago by the removal of

red clay for building purposes, and the bottom and sides are com-

posed of this red earth. Any water which lodges in it is very muddy

and of a reddish colour. It lies about a mile to the S.E. of

Kimberley, just off the Samaria Road and close to the Bultfontein

Floors.

Volvoz was first collected here in November and again early in

December 1931. The pool dried up about the middle of December,

but was filled again by a thunderstorm during the afternoon of

Saturday, 23rd January, and remained in existence for about four

weeks, the last collection being made on 18th February. By 24th

February it was completely dry.

The third phase was started by a thunderstorm during the night

of Saturday, 27th February, and this time the pool had a rather longer

existence, another storm on 19th March partially refilling it before it

had quite dried, so that it continued some days longer; but it was

dry again by 2nd April, and with that date the observations on this

pool finish. Volvox disappeared from it about the 19th of March,

and did not reappear.

Pool II.—No other Volvox pools were found until after the last rains,

when Volvox was collected in two more quarry pools. The second

one lies about 4 miles 8.W. of the town. The sides and bottom are

of broken stone and the water clear.

The phytoplankton consisted entirely of asexual material of Volvox

Rousseletii, with a very small proportion of Volvox africanus mixed

with it. Streptocephalids, abundant in all the pools, were particularly

so here.

Pool II1I.—The third pool is of yet a third type, though it also

is in a quarry. This quarry, however, is in limestone tufa which

forms the sides and bottom of the excavation; the latter is covered

with mud and the water is very muddy.

The pool lies about 1} miles N.E. of Kimberley ; it was fast drying

up when Volvor was first found in it and was only visited twice.

The Volvox was very scarce, and consisted entirely of asexual colonies,

mostly immature but large, markedly egg-shaped, and containing

numerous embryo colonies.

On analysis, the water was found to contain -92 per cent. lime and

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512 Annals of the South African Museum.

‘004 per cent. sodium chloride, 7.e. about twice and three times

respectively the normal amount in Kimberley tap-water.

Most of the collecting was done from Pool I—when the pool filled

and the water was comparatively deep it was from the surface layers

only; for instance, on 3lst January: “‘ The water was about 6 inches

to 1 foot deep where the collecting was done, and the net was never

immersed more than 3 inches. The Volvox [i.e. V. Rousseletii] was

very plentiful, one sweep of the net being sufficient to collect quite a

quantity.” It is possible that the non-motile algae are as a rule not

actually at the surface but floating in a somewhat lower stratum, and

that therefore the collecting at the beginning of each phase does not

present the phytoplankton in its entirety ; at the same time it seems

improbable that this is the whole explanation of the increasing

proportion of these algae as the water grows lower. There is certainly

a continual increase in their number and bulk as the pool ages; but

possibly, if deeper collectings were made in the early stages of the

pool’s existence, the number of individuals of these species would be

found to be more numerous, and a more complete picture of their

development could be given. As it is they are a sufficiently striking

constituent of the vegetation of the pool. On the last occasion that

a collection was made from this pool (2nd April) the gelatinous algae

are described as forming “a solid mass at the N.W. side of the pool,

making the water there a vivid green. Eventually, when the pool

dried up, they formed a thick green layer in several small depressions

in the mud. The temperature of the water varied from 25° to 30° C.

during the whole period of collecting. The collecting was usually

done between the hours of 9.30 a.m. and 12 noon.”

The amount of Volvox often varied in different parts of the pool

according to the prevailing wind; when a strong wind was blowing

the Volvox tended to collect at the leeward end of the pool.

The table on pp. 510, 511 shows the succeeding changes in the pool

and its vegetation during the time it was under observation, the

latter as shown by the material collected and preserved at each visit

to the pool. It must be emphasised that this does not pretend to

be the full history of the phytoplankton, since, as the collecting was

done entirely with a view to the study of Volvox, no attempt was

made to obtain its finer constituents apart from those incidentally

collected with Volvoz.

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 513

SuMMARY.

1. Volvox has been found in three temporary rain-water pools in

quarries near Kimberley ; these pools may fill and dry up several

times during a single season, Volvox disappearing before the pool is

dry and reappearing soon after it refills.

2. Of these three pools the first one found—Pool I—was visited

repeatedly from November 1931 to the beginning of April 1932,

during which time it came into existence on three separate occasions,

the duration of the pool varying from three to five weeks, alternating

with periods of dryness varying from a few days to several weeks.

On each visit collections were made and preserved in formalin or

iodine. The other two pools were not discovered until late in the

season, after the last heavy rain, and the collections from these are

consequently few and scanty.

3. Three species of Volvox were found: one, a local variant of the

widespread V. Rousseletii, was common to all three pools; the second,

a startlingly large one, sometimes as much as 3 mm. in diameter, is

diagnosed as a new species to which the name Volvox gigas is given.

It was found in Pool I only. The third is a very large form of Volvox

africanus G. 8. West, usually containing four pairs of embryos; it

occurred in small quantities, entirely asexual, in Pool IT only.

4. In Pool I three other algae are associated with the two species

of Volvor, namely:

(a) Eudorina elegans, mainly large colonies, occurring in small

quantities in the tubes, probably very much more numerous

in reality ;

(b) An interesting, very polymorphic gelatinous non-motile alga,

described as a new species, Sphaerocystis Poweri, one form of

which eventually becomes the dominant alga in the pool ;

and

K. africana sp. nov.

5. The phytoplankton of Pool I shows an interesting succession,

of which the following are the main phases :—

(a) Volvox Rousseletii dominant, Sphaerocystis present in small

quantities, and, towards the end, young colonies of V. gigas.

(b) Volvow Rousseletii becoming less numerous, V. gigas increasing,

sometimes becoming dominant, Sphaerocystis and Kurch-

neriella increasing ;

514 Annals of the South African Museum.

fairly numerous;

(d) Vegetation consisting almost entirely of the palmelloid form of

Sphaerocystis Powerit ; pool almost dry.

6. A summary of the seasonal history from November 1931 to

April 1932 of Pool I and its vegetation is given in tabular form.

Discussion AND CONCLUSION.

Occurrence in a region of summer rainfall appears to be peculiarly

favourable to the development of Volvox—all the three species found

in the Kimberley district are outstanding either for their size, e.g.

V. gigas and V. africanus, or for the extreme richness of development,

e.g. the reproductive cells of V. Rousseletii, particularly the sexual

cells. With this may be compared V. amboensis, Rich and Pocock

(loc. cit., p. 462), from a region which has very similar climatic conditions

to Kimberley. That a comparatively high temperature is favourable

for development in Volvox was also suggested by observations in 1931

of V. capensis on the Cape Flats.

The same is true of the associated algae, all of which are nese of their

kind—even the Hudorina colonies are unusually large, the Kirchneriella

is larger than anything previously recorded for the genus, while

Sphaerocystis Poweri shows great luxuriance of growth.

Of recent years much work has been done on the algae of South

Africa, but mainly from the systematic standpoint, consisting in the

identification and description of species and records of occurrence as

shown by more or less isolated collections. As yet the ecological

aspect has hardly been touched; quite recently an ecological study

of the plankton of various pans and other inland waters has been

published (Hutchinson, Pickford, and Schuurman, 1932), but even

this very interesting piece of work deals with seasonal observations

in two only of the localities under review. A more detailed study

of the seasonal changes in planktonic life, extending over a period of

two years, was made in the case of Florida Lake, Johannesburg,

by Miss Schuurman (1932). Both these papers deal only with the

plankton. As yet no study of the seasonal succession of the algal

vegetation as a whole has been published for any piece of water in

South Africa. Further, in most cases the pans or vleis concerned in

these two papers are either permanent (e.g. Florida Lake), semi-

permanent, or extensive artificial bodies of water very different from

the small temporary pools near Kimberley. Such rain-water pools,

either as in this case in artificially made hollows in the surface of the

Volvor and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 515

ground or in natural depressions, are very characteristic of large areas

in Africa. If the rains are good they may fill up yearly or several

times each year; on the other hand they may remain dry for several

years in succession. When they do fill, their duration is often very

brief, often only a week or two, yet in that time an extraordinarily

rich algal flora often develops. Obviously such pools would often

form most favourable subjects for intensive observation. The Kim-

berley pool is apparently of comparatively recent origin, and it seems

probable that far richer results could be obtained by a systematic

study of some of the many small temporary pools which form in

natural hollows in high veld regions one wet season after another,

and have probably done so from time immemorial.

The present account is as far as is known the first attempt as yet

made to describe the seasonal changes in a part at least of the flora of

such a transitory pool, and since it is compiled from a series of observa-

tions and collections made with one object only, namely the study of

the behaviour of the single genus Volvoz, it will be obvious that its value

as a general seasonal history of the pool is small. It may, however,

serve to illustrate the interest and value of a detailed study of the algal

vegetation of individual pools of this kind, and it seems time that such

seasonal studies should be initiated to supplement our growing

knowledge of the systematic side of freshwater algology in South

Africa, and to correlate it with the occurrence of the various con-

stituents of the rich and varied algal flora of this country under

varying local and seasonal conditions.

RONDEBOSCH, CAPE PROVINCE,

July 1932.

; BIBLIOGRAPHY,

Most of the papers named here are referred to in the text ; a few are not speciti-

cally alluded to but were consulted during the work. Those marked * have not

been seen in the originals.

*Bravn, A., 1851.—Verjung. i. d. Natur., p. 170, fig. 43, b-k.

Brawn, A., 1855.—Algarum unicell. gen. nova et minus cog., ete. Lipsiae.

*Bravn, A., 1886.—‘* Uber Chytridium, etc.,” Abh. der konigl. Akad. d. Wissensch.

zu Berlin.

BRUNNTHALER, J., 1915, in Pascher, Siissw. Flora, vol. v, p. 180.

Cuopart, R., 1897.—(a) ‘“‘ Algues pélagique nouvelle,” Bull. de ? Herb. Boiss., vol. v,

p. 119.

Cxopat, R., 1897.—(b) ‘‘ Etudes de Biologie lacustre,” ibid., p. 289.

Cuopat, R., 1904.—‘‘ Quelques points de nomen. algolog: 1. Sphaerocystis

Chodat, ou Gloeococcus A. Braun,” ibid., vol. iv (2me. ser.), p. 233.

516 Annals of the South African Museum.

Hvrcuinson, PickrorD, and ScuuuRMAN, 1932.—‘‘ A Contribution to the Hydro-

biology of Pans and other Inland Waters of South Africa,” Archiv fur

Hydrobiologie, Bd. xxiv, 8. 1-154.

IYENGAR, 1933.—‘‘Contribution to our Knowledge of the Colonial Volvocales of

S. India.”’ (In the Press.)

JANET, C., 1923.—Le Volvox: III. Limoges.

*K USCHAKEWITSCH, S., 1922.—‘‘ Zur Kenntn. d. Entwicklungsgesch. von Volvox,”

Bull. de ’ Acad. de Sci. de ?Oukraine, vol. i, p. 31.

KuscHakeEwItscu, S., 1931.—‘‘ Zur Kenntn. d. Entwicklungsgesch. von Volvox,”

Archiv f. Protistenk, Bd. 73, p. 323.

LEMMERMANN, E., 1915, in Pascher, Siissw. Flora, Heft v.

Meyer, A., 1895.—‘ Uber d. Bau v. V. aureus Ehrenb. and V. globator Ehren.,”

Bot. Centralbl., vol. Lxiii.

*Mryer, A., 1896.—‘* Die Plasmaverb. u. Membranen v. Volvox, etc.,” Bot.

Zeitung, vol. liv, pp. 187-217.

Ottrmanns, F., 1923.—Morph. u. Biol. d. Algen., Aufl. ii, vols. i and iii.

Pascuer, A., 1927.—Siissw. Fl. Deutschlands, Osterreichs u. d. Schweiz., Heft iv,

Volvocales, etc., 1.

*Powers, J. H., 1907.—‘‘ New Forms of Volvox,” Trans. Am. Micro. Soc., vol.

XXVi, p. 31.

Powers, J. H., 1908.—‘‘ Further Studies in Volvox,” ibid., vol. xxviil, p. 141.

Printz, H., 1927, in Engl. Prantl, Pflanz. Fam., Aufl. ii, Heft 3.

RaBenuorst, L., 1868.—Flora Europaea Algarum, vol. iii (Gloeococcus A. Braun,

pp. 6, 36).

Ricu, F., 1932.—‘‘ Phytoplankton from §8.A. Pans and Vleis,” Trans. Roy. Soc.

SeeAtres vOle xexe 949),

Ricu, F., and Pocock, M. A., 1932.—‘‘ Observations on the Genus Volvox in

Africa,” Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xvi, p. 427.

ScnuuRMAN, J. F. M., 1932.—‘‘ Seasonal Study of the Microflora and Microfauna

of Florida Lake,” Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Afr., vol. xx, p. 333.

Saw, W., 1894.—‘‘ Pleodorina: A New Genus of the Volvocinae,” Bot. Gaz.,

VO leeexdx.

Suaw, W., 1916.—‘t Besseyosphaera: A New Genus of the Volvocacae,” ibid.,

vol. Ixi, p. 253.

SHaw, W., 1922.—* Merrillosphaera,”’ Phil. Journ. Sc. Manila, vol. xxi, p. 87.

SHaw, W., 1923.—‘‘ M. africana at Manila,” ibid., vol. xxii, p. 185.

West, G. S., 1910.—‘‘ Some New African Species of Volvox,” Journ. Quek. Mier.

Club, Ser. 2, vol. xi, p. 99.

West, G. S., 1918.—‘‘ A further Contribution to our Knowledge of the Two

African Species of Volvox,” ibid., vol. xiii, p. 425.

West, G. 8., 1916.—Algae, vol. i (Cambridge).

West, W., and West, G. S., 1912.—‘*‘ On the Periodicity of the Phytoplankton

of some British Lakes (Loch Lomond),”’ Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot., vol. xl. (May).

*WittE, N., 1903.—Algolog. Not. in Nyt Mag. f. Naturvidensk Christiania,

pp. 90-176.

WitLE, N., 1909.—Chloroph. u. Conj. in Engl. Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Nachtr. zu Teil i,

Abt. 2.

ZIMMERMANN, W., 1925.—Die Ungeschl. Entw. v. Volvox. Die Naturwissen-

schaften, vol. xix, p. 397.

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 517

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

The number in brackets at the end of each description denotes the reference

number of the original negative.

PLATE XXV.

Volvox gigas sp. nov.

FIG.

A. Group, four large asexual colonies with young embryos and gonidia, and a

very young colony; in the centre an asexual and a mature male colony of

V. Rousseletii forma griquaensis (602).

Dimensions: V. gigas (1) 2000 mu, (2) 2148 x 2590 yw, (3) 2222 x 2660 nu,

(4) 2814 x31ll yu. V. Rousseletii: asexual 1111 4, male 740 x 880 yu.

B. Male and female colonies, the latter with large scattered oospheres ; the male

colony in B2 typically egg-shaped. In both males all the cells in the posterior

part of the colony are developing into sperm bundles; spaces among the

cells show where sperm bundles have already escaped (627).

C. Small mature colony with few-celled embryos, probably males (compare with

Plate X XVI, E), and a few oospores (694).

D. Group, showing very young and nearly mature asexual colonies (one with

between 50 and 60 embryos), mixed colonies with eggs and embryos, and

pure male and female colonies ; at the top left-hand corner are two spherical

and three or four palmelloid colonies of Sphaerocystis Poweri, while near the

bottom right-hand corner is a small spherical colony beginning to show

transition to the palmelloid state (639).

AL x 13:5) Bx 25.) C385 EDP ><l6:

Purate XXXVI.

Volvox gigas. Stages in development of asexual colonies,

. Young colony with undivided gonidia, many still enlarging (634).

. Older colony with several embryos inverting (631).

C. Daughter colonies fully formed but still very small. Colony 2283 x 2498 1,

with 64 daughters (629).

D. Colony with 42 daughters in various stages of enlargement, gonidia distinguish-

able in the larger (618).

E. Daughter colonies 28, mature and ready for escape; gonidia distinct. On the

right, part of a colony with recently inverted daughters (617).

fF. Inverting embryo in “ Hat” stage ; side view showing wall of parent colony,

adjacent somatic cells and older embryo slightly out of focus (685).

A x70) B x45, Cito Bex255) He390:

Prats XXVIII.

Volvox gigas. Inversion of embryo.

A. Phialopore wide open, lips nearly straight ; protoplasmic connections between

the cells at the edge of the lip were clearly visible (689).

518 Annals of the South African Museum.

FIG.

B, C. Lobes of the phialopore folding back. In B the connections between the

cells can just be seen in the central lobe. C shows the same colony further

enlarged, focussed to show the four-sided opening (684, 688).

D. “Hat” stage (cf. Plate X XVI, F), wall of vesicle and parent showing clearly

(687).

E. Inversion just completed, phialopore (in centre of flattened side) nearly closed

(686).

F. Cilia beginning to elongate (690).

G. Cilia fully developed, common envelope forming (691).

Pirate XXVIII.

Volvox gigas. Male colonies.

A, B, D with large and small sperm bundles, C with small bundles only. In A,

C, and D are numerous gaps left by sperm bundles which have already escaped.

B was focussed down through the colony on to the under side, hence the

sperm bundles, etc. are seen from the back (633, 640, 641, 610).

Puate XXIX.

Volvox gigas. Development of the Antheridium.

A. Portion of male colony showing antheridia in various stages of division and

inversion, and sperm bundles of three sizes. Note absence of somatic cells

(624).

B. Largest sized antheridium before second division has been quite completed ;

the dividing line is clearly defined in the centre but has not yet extended

to the edges, whereas the line of the first division is well defined right across.

The commencement of the hollowing to form the bowl-shaped sperm bundle

is already distinct (605).

C to E. Mature sperm bundles of three sizes in situ (607, 608, 606).

A x330. B x1000. Cto E x 750.

PLATE XXX.

A to D. Volvox gigas. KE. Volvox africanus.

A. Portion of male colony showing antheridium mother-cells undivided and in

various stages of division and two mature sperm bundles of different sizes

(636).

B. Mixed colony with daughter colonies and developing oospheres ; to the left of

the centre the colony has been invaded by Sphaerocystis zoospores, which

have settled down and rounded off in the gelatinous envelope of the coenobium

(612).

C. Two oospores, one nearly ripe, and two oospheres or very young oospores with

several long drawn-out spermatozoids (probably already dead when the

material was fixed) (635).

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 519

FIG.

D. Portion of mixed colony with young daughter colony in which the difference

between gonidia and somatic cells is already well defined, a young oospore,

two somatic cells, and several scattered spermatozoids (623).

E. Volvox africanus, recently inverted daughter colony showing the four equatorial

gonidia projecting from the periphery (657).

INC 5454) eB x40.) D5 E: xa330:

PuaTE XXXI.

Volvox africanus G. S. West.

A. Group of colonies showing general appearance ; embryos in all stages of

development from undivided gonidia to mature daughter colonies ready to

escape and containing embryos already in advanced stages of division (649).

B, C. Colonies with maturing embryos, C stained with methylene blue to show

the membranes. The gap left by the escape of an equatorial embryo shows

at each side; the three remaining daughters have developed from the more

posterior gonidia, pushing up the inner membrane of the parent colony as

they increased in size. This colony, unstained, is on the right in the group

above (650, 652).

D. Younger colony with four large equatorial and a very much younger pair of

posterior embryos (651).

A x25, SB ton DD) s<70:

PuaTE XXXII.

Volvox africanus. Inversion of embryo.

A, B. Large colony with two pairs of maturing embryos (equatorial), one pair

recently inverted, in one of which the gonidia have sunk into position, while

in the other they are still projecting (see Plate XXX, E), and one pair in

the process of inversion. A, top, and B, median focus (654, 653).

C, D. Inverting daughters from the above, side view. In D the folded-back lip

is straightening out, forming a wide fringe round the embryo (656, 655).

E. Phialoporic view of D; four large gonidia lie in the depression just outside

the four sides of the pore (659).

A,B x70. C,D x330. E x520.

Pirate XXXII.

Volvox africanus. Inversion of the embryo, continued.

A, B. Early “ hat” stage of inversion, edge of phialopore folding back doubled

up; in A a gonidium shows at the bend on the right. 5B, the same colony

with slightly different focus, showing the pointing of the outer ends of the

cells in the posterior region (666, 670).

C. Phialoporic view of the same colony (668).

520 Annals of the South African Museum.

FIG.

D to F. Inversion nearly complete. D, median focus showing the two pairs of

equatorial gonidia projecting; cilia just beginning to appear. E, same

colony, top focus showing the edges of the closing phialopore. The cells

round the edge show connecting protoplasmic strands ; in the background,

out of focus, the four equatorial gonidia, and on the left one of the posterior

gonidia, are just discernible. F, recently inverted colony at a slightly

later stage, the phialopore nearly closed and the gonidia sinking inwards to

their final position (669, 671, 660).

A x340. B, DtoE x520. C x680.

PLATE XXXIV.

Volvox Rousseletit G. S. West, forma griquaensis, f. nov.

A. Group of asexual, male and female colonies fairly early in the sexual phase ;

some males very large, larger than any females present. One asexual colony

with 11 embryos (575).

B. Four colonies, one asexual, one very young female with developing oospheres,

and two males, one young with numerous developing antheridia and a few

mature sperm globoids, the other mature (cf. Plate XXV, D, A, and B) (577).

C. Group of ‘‘ Juveniles,” with one, two, or three daughter colonies and three free

second-generation colonies ; below on the left a young Sphaerocystis colony

in the Hudorina stage (700).

D, E. ‘‘ Juveniles’? produced by germination of oospores. D, a young Juvenile

with gonidia just beginning to divide and a young colony of the second

generation recently escaped from its Juvenile parent. E, an older Juvenile

with three developing embryos and an undivided gonidium. The large size

of the cells and the protoplasmic connections are distinctive (700, 703).

IN IPE IY (Ci scatsy, 1D) Seytek di So Koy

PLATE XXXYV.

A to F, Volvox Rousseletii £. griquaensis.

A, B. Male colonies: A, young; B, mature (578, 579).

C. Two mature sperm globoids in situ, seen in side and surface view respectively

(574).

D, E. Female colonies; A, very young, oospheres still enlarging; E, mature,

oospores orange in colour (580, 581).

F. Group of nearly ripe oospores in situ (582).

G, H, Kirchneriella africana sp. nov.

Portions of two colonies showing cells of various shapes and sizes facing in all

directions, and some groups of young cells formed by division of a single

parent cell; empty cell walls appear like two triangles standing on a common

base (680, 695).

AUB Dh 560) C, EF x4265. "Gisc383q eb 3405

Volvox and Associated Algae from Kimberley. 521

PLATE XXXVI.

Sphaerocystis Poweri sp. nov.

FIG.

A. Early stage, ‘‘ Eudorina Form,” with a Juvenile colony of V. Rouwsseletii f.

griquaensis containing a nearly mature embryo (702).

B. Large colony of the typical spherical form containing 32 groups of 32 cells

each (611).

C, D. 16-celled groups from a mature spherical colony in which some of the

cells are dividing to form sub-groups, also 16-celled, preparatory to the

formation of daughter spheres. Stained with methylene blue to show the

enveloping membranes. The large pyrenoid shows clearly (663, 661).

E. Group showing various forms and stages. On the left a young typical sphere ;

in the centre a large sphere in which the cells of the groups have divided

and the daughter colonies rounded off, the outer membrane of the parent

is firm, the inner gelatinous matrix partially collapsed, membranes of the

daughters thin but firm. Some of the daughters have already escaped,

two of these appearing on the right. Round the edge are portions of rounded

and lobed masses of the palmelloid stage or “* Tetraspora Form ”’ (681).

Ax 100: (BY 545 (C2 D325) Bi x4 bs

PLraTE XXXVII.

Sphaerocystis Powerit.

A. Sphere containing daughter colonies entering transition stage to palmelloid

condition ; zoospores and young cells in peripheral layers (693).

B. Two colonies of the ** Botryoidal Form ” (683).

C. Cells and zoospores from a colony of the Tetraspora type. Larger cells mature,

smaller still in groups derived from the division of older cells: on the right

one zoospore shows clearly (696).

D, E. Transition from spherical to palmelloid form. In D the four young

colonies in the centre have escaped from the colony above ; on the left is a

colony in which cells from the groups have divided to form zoospores which

have migrated to other parts of the matrix and have there settled down

and rounded off. On the right, portions of two other colonies in the transition

stage (697).

In E, in the centre, is a typical sphere of 32 groups, some of which contain 16

and some 32 cells; round it are two transition stages and two colonies of

the Tetraspora type showing crowding of the cells within the gelatinous

envelope. Stained with iodine (704).

A x100. B x70. C x400. D, E x38.

VOL. XVI, PART 3. 34

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XXV.

VOLVOX GIGAS.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd,

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI.

VOLVOX GIGAS.

Plate XX VI.

Neill d: Co., Ltd.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate X XVII.

VOLVOX GIGAS.

Photos = Ni Ae Ps Neill & Co., Ltd.

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XXVIII.

2 3.

VOLVOX GIGAS.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate X XIX.

VOLVOX GIGAS.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XXX.

VOLVOX GIGAS anp AFRICANUS.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XX XI.

VOLVOX AFRICANUS.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XXXII.

VOLVOX AFRICANUS.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Lid

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XX XIII.

VOLVOX AFRICANUS.

Photos: M. A. PB. Neill & Co., Ltd.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XXXIV.

VOLVOX ROUSSELETII Forma GRIQUAENSIS.

Photos: M. A. P. Veill & Co., Ltd.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XXXV.

VOLVOX ROUSSELETII rorma GRIQUAENSIS ann KIRCHNERIELLA AFRICANA.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

Ann. 8. Afr.

Mus., Vol. XVI.

late XXXVI.

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40m Oe

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Photos: M. A. P.

SPHAEROCYSTIS

POWERI,

Neili & Co., Lid.

Ann. S. Afr.-Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XX XVII.

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SPHAEROCYSTIS POWERI.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

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5. Volvox in South Africa—By M. A. Pocock, Ph.D., F.L.S.

(With Plates XX XVIII-XLIX and 10 Text-figures.)

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Introductory ; : 0 : : : A : . 525

Aim and Results of lnivestication : : é C C : . 526

Methods . : : : : ‘ F : : . 527

Occurrence of Volvox in Weiton : : ; 3 - : : . 529

Habitat of Volvox in Africa. é : 5 : : : : . 530

V. Rousseletii and V. capensis. I. The Adult Form . : : : ool

Distinguishing Features. : ; : 5 : : : 5 Geil

Parasites of Volvox . : : : : : : . : » 533

Macroscopic Observations . ; : : 5 : : 3 . O34

Movement ; Phototactism . : ‘ ‘ : : i . 535

Sequence of Asexual and Sexual Pisses : : : 9 : . 538

Observations on the Cape Flats . : : : : é : . 539

Constitution and Size of the Coenobium : : : : : . 543

The Somatic Cell : : ‘ : : : ; : é . 546

Size of Cell : : : : : : ; ; , . 547

. Cell Membranes . ‘ : : ‘ : : : . 548

3. Protoplast, Form and Stricture : : : : : . - 590

(i) Nucleus . é E : ; : ; ; : soo

(ii) Chloroplast. : : : c : c : . 652

(iii) Pyrenoid. : F P ; ‘ : j f . 552

(iv) Cilia : , : . : : : : ; - 503

(v) Eyespot . : : : : - . . : . 554

(vi) Protoplasmic Connections . : : ‘ : : - 556

(vii) Contractile Vacuoles. : c : : : . 558

Entity and Interdependence of the Somatic Cells ; 2 : : . 559

Change in Appearance as Coenobium Ages . é : A . 559

Cell-structure compared with that of V. globator_ . : : , - 560

Reproduction . : 2 : : - 560

Number and Anraneciiont of Rapiodicee Cells : ? ; - 562

A. Asexual. : P : : : : : : : 2) O02

B. Sexual, Male . : ‘ A ; , : ; : 7) O04

C. 33 Female : : ; : ; ; : 5 - 565

Development of Reproductive Cells . é : : c : - 566

A. Gonidium é : ; 3 3 : : 5 : - 566

Enlargement : : : : . : : : - 566

Division . c 5 : : . : : 5 - 567

Period of Re-orientation : : : B , . = eiz/il

(a) Preparation : ; : : : : : - O12

(6) Inversion . ‘ ; < . : ° : . 574

524 Annals of the South African Museum.

Reproduction—continued.

Development of Reproductive Cells—continued. PAGE

A. Gonidium—continwed—Results of Inversion : : : 5 OT

Time of Inversion 6 : : : : : : ors

Discovery of Inversion. , : : . : c OS

Daughter Colony. : : : : : : > 582

(a) Development after inversion c . ; 5 : . 582

(6) Birth . ; : : : ‘ : ; , - 583

B. Male Initial Cell. ; : 3 ‘ : : : . 585

1. V. Rousseletit . : : ‘ ; : : ; . 587

Enlargement ; . : : : ‘ : . 587

Shifting of Polar Axis . : ; ‘ ‘ : : ool

Division : ; : : : é : . 588

Preparation for Inversion : : : : 2 . 590

Inversion é c 592

Sperm Globoid, Maturation : ; é : é . 593

Escape 2 : : : : : : . 594

Life Free in Water : : : : : : . 596

Escape of Sperms. : ° é c : : . 596

Structure of Sperms . ; : : ‘ : . 598

2. V.capensis . 2 : C : : ‘ P . 599

C. Female Initial Cell . ; é : : : : ; > 601

Enlargement é . : : : : : : = oOl

Mature Oosphere : : 5 : : : - 603

Homologies of the Reproductive Cells 5 : : : : . 603

Fertilisation . : ; : : : : . 606

Oospore, Development ntver Bertiteation : : : : ; . 609

Size and Appearance in the Two Species : : ; , 5 Oe

Liberation . : A , 3 3 ; : : : 5 Il

Juvenile Form, Discovery : ; ; . . : : - 612

Oospore Cultures ; Collection of Oospores : ; , , . 614

Culture Methods and Results : ; ‘ : ‘ : . 614

Germination of Oospore ‘ : : ‘ ‘ , : 2 616

Zoospore, Structure. ; : : ; : : : 5 (ale

Division. : ; 5 . : 5 : O20

Inversion of the Germ Oslony é ; : ; : : 5 ey

Appearance after Inversion . : : : : é . . 624

II. The Juvenile Form, Structure . : : : : : ; 4 625

Development of Second Generation ; : : ; : - 626

Previous Accounts of Germination . : . : : ; : » 627

Discussion. : : : : 0 : ‘ : : . 629

Ie Geonimation : : : : : . 629

2. Form of the Germ Colony aveniion : 5 6 é : . 630

3. The Process of Inversion . ‘ : : : , - 631

4. Variation in Number and Form of Cells : : : : > 631

5. Systematic Aspect . ; 3 : . ; ; : . - 632

Summary . 0 c ‘ : ‘ ‘ i ; Ose

‘Anpendis = Ocspore Galtares : : 5 é ; : é é . 636

Note—Volvox from Grahamstown . : : : : : 3 . 638

Bibliography c : ; 6 : 6 5 : : ; . 639

Description of Plates. 2 : : : é b : c . 642

Volvox in South Africa. 525

INTRODUCTORY.

From the time when Volvor was first observed and described by

Leeuwenhoek (1719, p. 149) it has been a favourite object for micro-

scopic study, and there has sprung up an extensive literature on the

genus Volvoz, fruit of the labours of both botanists and zoologists

as well as microscopists.

Nevertheless, even in such well-known forms as Volvox globator (L.)

Ehren. and Volvox aureus Ehren. (=Janetosphaera aurea Shaw)

certain points in the life-history remain obscure. Pascher (1927,

p. 450, note) points out that his account of the genus can only be

regarded as provisional owing to the lack of comparative studies

from wide areas. Again, he emphasises the need for further investi-

gation by means of careful fixation, sectioning, etc., but above all

for numerous studies of living material.

That there has been a tendency to neglect the latter is well exem-

plified by the fact that the inversion of daughter colonies subsequent

to the last cell division in the development of the gonidium was

accurately described for the first time as recently as 1919 by

Kuschakewitsch (1922), although it had actually been observed by

Powers years earlier (1908, p. 158), and this despite the fact that if

a small quantity of a well-developed, actively reproducing gathering

of Volvox is placed in a watch-glass of water and observed for half

an hour or so under a low power of the microscope, some of the

daughter colonies are almost certain to show inversion, in living

material a most striking and very easily observed phenomenon.

In his critique of Kuschakewitsch’s paper, Zimmermann (1923, p. 85)

remarks: ‘‘ The discovery (7.e. of inversion) shows perhaps even more

markedly than the discovery of the gametophyte generation in

Laminariaceae how fundamentally wrong it is to assume, even in

such fully investigated organisms as Volvoz, that the earlier in-

vestigators fully elucidated all points, even if only in the external

course of development.”

Volvox has been known from Rhodesia since 1905 (Rousselet,

1906, p. 393 ; and West, 1910, p. 99), from the Cape Flats from about

1915, and more recently from various other localities in South Africa.

Little has, however, been done on the South African forms beyond

describing them generally (as a rule from preserved material only)

and recording their occurrence. No systematic observations of the

behaviour and development of Volvor in this country have been

526 Annals of the South African Museum.

published, although the Cape Flats form has for some years past

been collected fairly regularly during the winter months.

In February 1930 Mr. E. J. Steer succeeded in obtaining a rich

growth of Volvox from soil brought by Miss E. L. Stephens from

Rietfontein, near Johannesburg; the culture was first made in a

small glass tank, later established in a large tub, whence it spread

to other tubs and fish-ponds in Mr. Steer’s garden at Sea Point. It

has now continued to flourish in one or other of its chosen spots for

over two years, for a great part of which period it occurred in very

large quantities. Thus a continuous, unlimited supply of vigorous

living material became available, and it seemed a good opportunity

to carry out detailed observations on Volvox, in the hope, first, of

clearing up various points as regards the identity of the South African

species, and, secondly, of possibly adding to our knowledge of the

genus Volvox as a whole. At the same time a careful study of the

form of Volvox found in various vleis on the Cape Flats was started,

and its structure and behaviour compared with those of the Riet-

fontein material. This was made possible in the beginning by the

fact that, although the year 1930 was a very bad one for Volvox on

the Flats in general, yet in one locality (Scanlan’s Vlei, Wetton

Road) Volvox was even more abundant than usual, while the following

year (1931) there was an exceptionally good and prolonged season

(May to November) for Volvoz in most of the localities near Cape Town

in which it is known to occur.

Aim of the Investigation.

The aim of the investigation, then, is twofold :

(1) To carry on a detailed observation of two of the forms of

Volvox found in South Africa—Volvox Rousseletii West, as it appeared

in cultures of soil from Rietfontein, and Volvox capensis Rich and

Pocock (1932, p. 462), from the Cape Flats—more or less on the lines

followed by Klein (1889 a and 6, 1890), Janet (1912, 1922, 1923), and

other workers in the case of V. globator and V. aureus in Europe,

supplementing microscopic observation of the living organism with

observations carried on in the field, and more detailed observation

of prepared sections of carefully fixed material ; and

(2) To supplement, if possible, the facts already known as to the

life-history and structural details of Volvox in general.

Volvor in South Africa. 527

Results of the Investigation.

Mr. Steer’s material proved exceptionally favourable in many

respects, and, as a result, not only has it been possible to obtain full

details as regards the structure and habits of the two South African

species in question, but also to extend our knowledge of the genus

Volvox as a whole, filling up several gaps in the life-history. The

most important of these are the following :—

1. Changes in the daughter colony and its component cells on

completion of cell division preparatory to and during inversion.

2. Inversion of the “ male colony ” formed by division of the male

initial cell to form the sperm globoid.

3. Formation of a free, motile zoospore as the result of the germina-

tion of the oospore.

4. Development of this zoospore to form a new colony, which

inverts on completion of cell division.

5. Form and structure of the resultant young colony, the

“juvenile ” form.

Methods.

As already mentioned, the main investigation has consisted of

detailed observation of living material. The author was, un-

fortunately, not successful in establishing vigorous permanent Volvox

cultures (cf. Klein’s observations of the capriciousness of Volvox in

captivity : . cultures, so successful the previous year .

failed . . .,”’ 1890, p. 2), hence visited Mr. Steer’s garden at frequent

intervals for Volvor Rousseletii, noted the amount and state of

Volvoz in the various tubs and pools, made collections of the material

and examined it in greater detail as soon after as possible. In cool

weather it could be kept healthy indoors for some days or even weeks,

but in summer it soon became abnormal and degenerated, cf. again

Klein (1889 a, pp. 45-46).

The same was done in the case of vleis on the Cape Flats ; in the

collections from the latter, however, degeneration was usually more

rapid, probably largely owing to the greater wealth of animal life

present. In both cases, colonies of various kinds were placed in a

watch-glass of water to avoid the distortion due to the weight of the

colony resting on the slide (in the case of large colonies this is con-

siderable even in a comparatively big drop of water), and measured

under the microscope. Many photographs were taken of the colonies

as a whole under low powers of magnification ; this necessitated the

killing of the colonies to prevent movement, the method used being

528 Annals of the South African Museum.

usually the addition of a drop of 1 per cent. osmic acid to the water

containing the Volvox. By the use of a Davis shutter for attachment

to the microscope objective, kindly lent by Mr. Steer, additional

focal depth was obtained ; this was most useful in photographing the

colonies in the round. Cell detail was photographed under higher

powers—in many cases it was found possible to observe and photo-

graph successfully, while actually living, single cells or groups of cells,

using a 1/12” oil-immersion lens. In this way a surprising amount of

detail as nearly free from distortion as possible could be obtained.

Further, by the use of panchromatic plates, in some cases, e.g. in the

study of oospores, details of structure almost or completely imper-

ceptible by the eye are recorded by the camera.

In the case of inverting daughter colonies, the pressure of the

cover-slip supported on pieces of cover-slip glass keeps the parent

coenobium in position without interfering with the process of inver-

sion, so that it could be followed photographically by a series of

fairly high-power photographs taken at intervals of a few minutes.

The male bundles are, of course, very much smaller, and in the

study of their development the oil-immersion objective (Bausch and

Lomb, 1:9 mm.) was used with a Leitz 3 optical. In the process of

photographing with high powers there was often considerable diffi-

culty owing partly to the fact that the slightest change in pressure

on the cover-slip may cause the object to slide slowly out of the

field, but more particularly because here, as in the developing daughter

colony, the whole structure and the individual cells composing it are

slowly but continuously moving and altering their shape. Thus the

range of possible exposure is very limited. In the case of inverting

sperm bundles when the fastest available panchromatic plates were

used with a powerful projector illuminant, the minimum exposure

for good results was 8-10 seconds, and even this usually gave slight

blurring in some parts owing to the movement of the cells (cf. Plates

XLII and XLIV). This, of course, applies much more to the cilia,

of which in living cells only the basal, non-moving parts appear

clearly in the photograph, the upper parts showing only as a blurred

outer zone parallel to the surface of the colony (see Plate XIX, A).*

In addition to the photographs, careful drawings were made

throughout.

Records were kept as to the state of the Volvor in Mr. Steer’s

* For reasons of economy, photographs and diagrams already reproduced in

the former paper on Volvox in Africa (Rich and Pocock, 1933) are not repeated

here, although referred to in the text.

Volvox in South Africa. 529

various pools and in the vleis on the Cape Flats, the latter being

correlated as far as possible with weather conditions.

Further, material has been fixed in various ways, embedded and

microtomed to supplement the details observed in living material,

particularly with regard to inversion.

Since in some respects it has been possible to follow out the life-

history in the case of the Rietfontein Volvox (Volvox Rousseletir)

more fully than that of the Cape Flats Volvox (V. capensis) that

form will be described fully, the points in which the latter differs

from it being considered as they arise. Where nothing to the con-

trary is stated, the account given applies equally to both species.

Although much of the detail repeats the findings of earlier workers

(e.g. Cohn, Klein, Overton, Janet) in the case of V. globator in

Europe, it is given fully here, since V. Rousseletii and V. capensis,

though undoubtedly very closely allied to V. globator, yet differ

from it in many details, and it is important that they should be

known in every aspect. Moreover, there is at present no recent

comprehensive account of Volvor in English, Shaw’s papers (1916,

1919, 1922, 1923) dealing more particularly with the classification of

the group.

Occurrence of Volvox in South Africa.

Since the occurrence of Volvox in South Africa has already been

dealt with (Rich and Pocock, p. 427), it will be sufficient here to give

a very brief summary of the records.

Shaw (1922) has subdivided the genus Volvox into several new

genera, retaining the name Volvox for that section of which V/V.

globator is the type. As yet his classification has not been generally

accepted in its entirety, but both Pascher (1927, p. 462) and Printz

(1927, p. 58) agree that some reclassification is necessary, and the

latter, while not accepting Shaw’s new genera as such, uses his

nomenclature to denominate subsections of the genus. Of these

subgenera or subsections three have so far been recorded from

Africa :

1. Merillosphaera, represented by Volvox africanus West (Merril-

losphaera africana according to Shaw), apparently restricted in its

distribution, since it has been recorded only from Lake Albert

Nyanza, the Ussangu desert in Tanganyika (West, 1910, p. 102,

and 1918, p. 1), and more recently from the Linyanti, where it was

collected by the writer and Miss E. L. Stephens, and from Kimberley,

collected by Mr. Power (Pocock, 1933, p. 492). Possibly, like

530 Annals of the South African Museum.

V. tertius in Europe, it is more widely distributed than would appear

from the records, since it is fairly easily confused, particularly when

young, with V. aureus. To this must be added the very interesting

giant form also collected by Mr. Power near Kimberley, and named

V. gigas (Pocock, loc. cit., p. 480) (= Merrillosphaera gigas according

to Shaw).

2. Janetosphaera, the representative of which apparently differs

in no essential from the European species V. aureus Ehren. (=J. aurea

Shaw), and is fairly widespread in warmer subtropical and tropical

Africa (Transvaal, Zambesi, Egypt), but does not appear so far south

as the Cape.

3. Volvox, in the more restricted sense in which Shaw uses it,

which is by far the most abundant and widespread, ranging from the

Cape to the Zambesi, from Tanganyika to Ovamboland, and found

also in N. Africa (Egypt). It is represented by several distinct species

and forms, including V. Rousseletii West and V. capensis Rich and

Pocock.

These three sections of the genus are sharply distinguished from

one another by the form of the cell membranes. If dilute methylene-

blue solution is used as Meyer (1895, p. 229) directs, the membranes

and mucilaginous content of the spheroid stain purple, the proto-

plasts blue, and the form of the membranes can then be seen with

very little difficulty. The three types of membrane found in the

African species have already been described and figured (Rich and

Pocock, p. 431, and fig. 1; and Pocock, pp. 481, 494, and fig. 1).

The present paper is concerned solely with Volvox in the narrower

sense and with two-species only of this section, the dioecious Riet-

fontein Volvor, V. Rousseletii, which is apparently widespread in

regions of summer rainfall, and the monoecious Cape Flats Volvoz,

V. capensis, which has been found at the Cape, in Rhodesia at

N’gamo, and on the Linyanti, a tributary of the Zambesi. In the two

latter localities it differs somewhat from the Cape form (see Rich and

Pocock, p. 452).

Habitat of Volvox in Africa.

Apart from the records of Volvox africanus from Lake Albert

Nyanza, and of V. Rousseletii and V. capensis from backwaters of

the Linyanti, all the records so far as can be verified are of collections

from temporary pools or vleis (7.e. more or less extensive sheets of

water formed either by rain-water collected in shallow depressions,

or left by receding flood-water near rivers, as on the Linyanti), which

Volvox in South Africa. 531

dry up completely for several months of the year, during which they

become grass-covered flats. Even in the case of the Linyanti back-

waters, it is possible that the water dries up more or less completely,

since this river, like all the large tributaries of the Zambesi, is subject

to very great fluctuations in water-level throughout the year.

Thus the life-cycle is dependent very largely on seasonal rainfall ;

moreover, as the vleis dry up and become shallower, Volvox is sub-

jected to very much higher temperatures than are the European

forms. At the other extreme, however, it is seldom subjected to

very low temperatures, rarely if ever having to cope with even a

few degrees of frost. The vleis in which Volvox is found may dry up

very gradually, in which case it often happens that the life-cycle

has been completed, sometimes more than once, and only the resting

form remains, the ripened oospores being hidden in the soil at the

bottom of the vlei; but very often the water dries up with astounding

‘rapidity, and Volvor may be cut off at the height of its development.

This occurs not only in regions of summer rainfall such as Kimberley,

where the great heat causes the pools to dry very soon after formation,

but also on the Cape Flats, where the beginning of summer is usually

_marked by the coming of strong south-east winds, which lick up

the water from the remaining pools almost more rapidly. Instances

of this sudden drying of the vleis will be described in more detail

later.

Votvox ROovUSsSELETII AND VOLVOX CAPENSIS—I. THE ADULT FoRM

Distinguishing Features.

Before describing the observations on the life-history and habits

of the two species of Volvor concerned, it will be as well to summarise

the outstanding characteristics which distinguish them from one

another.

A. Volvox Rousseletii West (1910, p. 101, and 1918, p. 1).

The colonies are globose when young, with slightly elongated

polar axis, usually becoming markedly egg-shaped when adult, the

sexual colonies more so than the asexual (Plate XVIII, B, C).

The colonies are of three main types: (1) purely asexual, pro-

ducing from 1 to 16 daughter colonies, most often 6 to 8 arranged

alternately in two planes (Plate XX, A); (2) male colonies, pro-

ducing from about one to several hundred sperm globoids; and (3)

female colonies, producing from 60 to 300 or 400 oospores, average

532 Annals of the South African Museum.

number 180 (Plate XX, B-F). To these must be added occasional

“mixed” colonies containing both asexual daughter colonies and

either sperm globoids or oospores (Plate XX XVIII, B, C). Such

colonies were comparatively rare in the Rietfontein material, but

less so in that from Kimberley. Even rarer were female colonies

with occasional sperm globoids, often somewhat abnormal, which

were very occasionally seen in the latter material. The anterior pole

is always free of reproductive cells, these being as a rule confined to

the posterior half in the case of the asexual gonidia, to the posterior

two-thirds or three-quarters in the case of the sexual cells.

At the height of its growth, under favourable conditions it is one

of the largest forms of Volvox yet recorded, occasionally reaching a

diameter of over 2 mm., though this is exceptional. In a typical

healthy, well-grown strain, however, the mature asexual colonies

are mostly over 1-5 mm. in equatorial diameter. The sexual colonies

are in general smaller than the asexual, but even they are often

over 1 mm. in diameter. The only recorded forms which exceed it

in size are V. (Besseyosphaera) Powersii (Shaw), Printz (Shaw, 1916,

p- 253), 1-8-2-5 mm. diameter, and the recently discovered ‘ Kim-

berley Giant,” V. gigas, which may reach the huge size of 3 mm. or

over; both these species belong to different sections of the genus.

In the ELu-Volvox section the only form which is possibly at times

larger is one from 8.W. Africa, V. amboensis, Rich and Pocock (loc. cit.,

p. 462).

West (1918, p. 2) remarks on the marked ovoid shape character-

istic of the mature sexual colonies as opposed to the ‘‘ globose ” form

of the asexual, but all the latter shown in his photographs are still

young. When mature, the asexual colonies, too, may be ovoid,

though in general less elongated than the sexual individuals (Plate

XVIII, B-D); the external form, however, varies greatly, being

influenced markedly by external conditions.

The number of cells composing the colony is large, usually 20,000

to 30,000, though as many as 50,000 were estimated in some cases

by Rousselet (1914, p. 393) and West (1910, p. 101); the proto-

plasts themselves are small, with well-marked protoplasmic connec-

tions, larger and more widely spaced at the anterior than at the

posterior pole.

Reproductive cells are differentiated by size before birth, but

undergo no divisions until some time subsequent to birth. The

sperms are formed in more or less completely closed globoids, never

platelets, while the oospheres ripen into spiny-coated oospores.

Volvox in South Africa. 533

B. Volvox capensis, Rich and Pocock (1932, p. 442).

The colonies here are globose when young, and generally remain

so throughout their life, even in the case of mature sexual colonies ;

sometimes, however, older colonies may become ovoid.

There are only two main types of coenobia: (1) asexual, with

from 2 to 20 daughter colonies, but, as in V. Rouwsseletii, most often

6 to 8, arranged as in that species ; and (2) sexual colonies producing

from 4 to 23 sperm bundles and from 60 to 180 oospores (average

number 120). The antheridium mother-cells divide very early,

and the sperm bundles have usually matured and escaped before

any oospheres are ready for fertilisation, so that a colony with ripe

oospores appears purely female; gaps in the cell network, however,

show where sperm globoids have formed and escaped.

The mature colony is somewhat smaller than in V. Rousseletii—

adult asexual coenobia in a strong strain average about 1 mm. in

diameter-—and is composed of fewer cells (18,000 to 20,000). The

sperm globoids are very similar to those of V. Rowsseletii, and the

oospores here, too, are enclosed in a spiny exospore, but the spines

are slightly shorter and broader, while the protoplast is larger.

This species is very closely allied to V. globator, and is intermediate

between it and V. Rousseletii. Further divergences in structure and

development are referred to in the course of the ensuing investigation.

Parasites of Volvox in South Africa.

On the Cape Flats there are two very prevalent parasites of Volvoz.

One is amoeboid, attacking and ingesting single somatic cells of either

parent or daughter colonies, and often assuming strange shapes.

It has been observed frequently in various localities, most often during

or just after a spell of cold weather; the most marked occurrence

as yet noted, however, was in the deep ditch between the road and

the Wattle thicket near Dabchick Vlei (5th September 1932), where,

although Volvox was present in very large quantities, scarcely a single

healthy colony was to be found. The water of the ditch on being

tested was found to have a pH concentration of 8-4, while in the

neighbouring pools the water was approximately neutral (pH 7-3)

and the Volvor particularly abundant, large, and healthy.

The second common parasite is the Rotifer best known as attacking

Volvor—Proales (Notamata) parasita (Plate XIV, D); it has been

found in many vleis, but in some appears to be more prolific than in

others. Frequently several individuals and eggs may be seen in

534 Annals of the South African Museum.

one coenobium, or adult rotifers may be watched eating their way

into a colony from the outside. A large proportion of the somatic

cells may be eaten away before the colony ceases to move, while the

developing embryos are more or less completely destroyed, or else are

malformed and distorted owing to the activities of the destructive

little parasites during the course of their development.

While in the case of the amoeboid parasite low temperature and

high hydrogen-ion concentration seem to be predisposing causes of

susceptibility to attack, in the case of the rotifer long-continuance

of Volvox in the pool in question would appear to favour the develop-

ment of the parasite, which is rarely seen early in the season. During

the subsequent appearances of Volvor as the season advances,

however, it becomes increasingly abundant. This has been noted

in several vleis, particularly Scanlan’s Vlei (Wetton Road) and

Vlei III, near Belvedere Road.

The almost complete absence of the rotifer from the Kimberley

Volvox—one or two individuals were noticed in some of the last

collections—is confirmatory of this, since there the duration of the

pool after each rain was very brief, and normally the pool dried

completely between successive phases.

The crustaceans found with Volvox do not appear to have much

power of attacking the uninjured colonies, but may apparently feed

to some extent on coenobia which have been distorted or torn in some

way. Very occasionally fine fungal hyphae were observed in the

mucilaginous content of the hollow spheroids.

When badly parasitised, Volvox shows the effect macroscopically

by the pale yellowish-green colour of the colonies; if this is due to

the activity of rotifers, peculiarly dark opaque bodies (the eggs of

the rotifer) inside the colonies may be distinguished from the young

daughter colonies by the naked eye.

Macroscopic Observations.

If active living material of Volvox is placed in a clear glass tube

and held up to the light, a number of features are distinguishable

by the naked eye. In a quantity of a well-advanced strain of

V. Rousseletii so examined, the following details may be seen :—

The colonies are a bright, clear leaf-green, swimming about actively,

rotating about a polar axis which is perceptibly greater than the

equatorial diameter in the older colonies, although the smaller ones

appear spherical. The pole which is directed forward as the colony

moves is lighter in colour than the posterior half, in which in addition

Volvox in South Africa. 535

very dark green bodies can in many cases be seen. Usually the axis

lies somewhat obliquely during movement, due probably to the

greater weight of the posterior half. In the larger colonies the

arrangement of the daughter colonies in two planes may sometimes

be made out. Other colonies appear bright reddish orange—these

contain maturing oospores, the red colour of which masks the green

of the vegetative cells. Such reddish colonies, when present, are

very conspicuous among the predominating green of the majority.

Among the latter closer inspection can differentiate various types,

besides those containing daughter colonies. Some are darker green

and very finely punctate; these are young female colonies whose

eggs have not yet changed colour. Others are lighter in colour than

the asexual colonies, and they too appear finely punctate except at

the anterior end—these are male colonies with sperm globoids, which

are visible among the vegetative cells owing to their greater density

and size, not from stronger colouring as in the case of the eggs.

Finally, large, clear, nearly colourless colonies may also be seen—

asexual colonies from which all the daughter colonies have escaped,

or mature male colonies in which few or no sperm globoids remain.

Both may continue moving slowly among the younger colonies for

some time after the loss of the reproductive bodies, whether asexual

daughters or male globoids, before finally degenerating.

Movement.

With the assistance of a good hand lens the movement of the

coenobia may be seen to be twofold, a rotation on the polar axis

and a movement forward in the direction of the anterior pole, which

is in general directed towards the light. In addition to the colonies

which are actively moving, it is usually possible to see others in which

the voluntary movement has ceased, and which are as a consequence

slowly dropping downwards through the water, the heavier posterior

end always lowest.

The rotation on the axis is not always in the same sense. In

favourable material, the majority of the coenobia can be seen to be

rotating in a clockwise, others in a counter-clockwise, direction. If

one colony be singled out for observation, it may often be seen to

pause momentarily in the rotatory movement and to resume in the

opposite sense. Janet (1912, p. 133) and Klein (1889, p. 168)

observed the same behaviour in the case of the European JV. globator.

If active material be placed in a watch-glass with plenty of water

536 Annals of the South African Museum.

and lighted strongly from one side, the colonies can be watched

swimming towards the light; in a very short time all the colonies

are collected on that side of the glass nearest the light, moving about

and jostling one another. This is specially marked if the material

has been kept in the dark or badly lighted for some time previously.

In half a minute practically all the colonies have passed to the side

nearest the light. Reverse the position of the light without moving

the watch-glass, and the colonies immediately start in the opposite

direction, again collecting on the side nearest the ight. This gives

an average rate for the crowd of about 6 to 8 cm. per minute, but

some individuals obviously attain a much higher speed (cf. also

Klein, 1889, B, p. 47, for V. globator).

From a few such simple experiments it becomes obvious that

Volvox is strongly phototactic, and that in this pursuit of light the

anterior pole is directed towards the light; it would thus appear

that this pole is the light-sensitive region of the coenobium.

Under natural conditions, of course, the upper surface of the

pool is the most strongly lighted, hence during its voluntary move-

ment Volvox tends to swim upwards and collect in the upper layers

of water. In the watch-glass experiment, however, if the one-sided

illumination continues to operate for a lengthened period, there

comes a time when the stimulus is no longer effective, the colonies

cease to respond, become quiescent, and gradually sink under their

own weight, collecting at the bottom of the glass. Similar behaviour

may be seen in their natural surroundings ; after remaining motile

near the surface for some time, if the light is strong, the coenobia

soon become quiescent, and slowly sink. Possibly this may be a

question of “ fatigue,” the cells ceasing to respond if the stimulus

is long continued. However that may be, the alternate swimming

towards and dropping away from the light is probably directly

connected with photosynthetic activity—during exposure to light

carbohydrates are actively formed, accumulate in the cell until a

certain concentration is reached, when active movement ceases and

the plants slowly sink under their own weight. Further, it would

appear that the stimulus of light is necessary to initiate the move-

ment of the cilia, since at night the colonies collect at the bottom of

the vessel containing them.

Interesting observations on the vertical distribution of Volvox in

deep waters at different times of the day were carried out on Lake

Monona, Wisconsin (Smith, 1917), but conditions there are, of course,

very different from those obtaining on the Cape Flats. Further

Volvox in South Africa. 537

observations of the response of Volvox to light, carried out in the

field or with large tub cultures imitating as far as possible natural

conditions, might prove very instructive in this connection. Con-

siderable difficulty, of course, attends such work in the field, and so

far experiments on phototropism in Volvor have been mainly con-

fined to the laboratory. The most detailed are those carried out by

Oltmanns (1917, p. 280), who attributes the sinking during the

quiescent period to geotaxis. This certainly seems sufficient explana-

tion for this part of the process; even in preserved material, if the

tube containing it is shaken up and then left to settle, the colonies

can be seen dropping slowly, the axis often slightly oblique, but the

posterior pole, which with its closely packed somatic and numerous

reproductive cells is undoubtedly the densest part of the coenobium,

always on the under side. The specific gravity of the living colony

is evidently a little higher than that of the surrounding water.

The movement was most beautifully seen on a large scale one

morning of February 1931. On that date Mr. Steer’s fishpond * was

particularly rich in Volvor—the strain inhabiting it was almost at

its optimum development—the clear water in the centre of the pool

being green with Volvor. To the north of the pond is a fernery

protected by a roof of wooden slats an inch or so apart. The morning

sun shining on this roof threw its shadow on the water, making

alternate bars of light and shade. In each bar of light was a column

of moving green spheroids swimming upwards and moving about

near the surface, jostling one another as they moved. The light

reflected from the countless moving bodies gave the bars of light a

scintillating appearance, like motes in a ray of sunshine, most striking

even at a distance, while the bars of shadow, on closer examination,

were found to be practically free of Volvor. Among the mass of

upward-moving bodies others could be seen slowly sinking without

other movement.

In the field it is seldom possible to observe the movement so well.

To begin with, at the Cape at any rate, there is seldom such a quantity

of Volvoxr in so small a space, and, further, conditions are much less

favourable for observation. Still, when Volvox has been particularly

abundant on the Flats, it has sometimes been possible, by wading

out into the middle of the pond and watching carefully, to see similar

* A cement pool about 6 by 8 feet in area, 4 to 6 inches deep at one end, 2 to 3

feet at the other, with various water plants, Arrowhead, Cyperus, Limnanthemum,

etc., growing round the edge, the centre fairly clear, inhabited by tame frogs,

small fish from the Flats, and so on.

VOL. XVI, PART 3. 35

538 Annals of the South African Museum.

behaviour in the case of V. capensis in both the Ottery and Wetton

Road vleis.

Henneguy (1876, p. 288) states that in V. aureus the mature

female colonies exhibit negative phototropism, actually swimming

away from the light. This has not been observed in the case of the

African species; indeed, colonies red with ripening oospores have

been watched joining in the mass movement, but as they grow older

their activity decreases and they tend to collect at the bottom of the

water. But when watching a dish of Volvor brought into the light

it is obvious that the horizontal movement is not invariably directly

towards the light. Some colonies at first swim in other directions,

occasionally even directly away from the light ; eventually, however,

all become similarly orientated, and move towards the illuminant.

Sequence of Asexual and Sexual Phases.

In both V. Rousseletii and V. capensis the appearance of the various

types of colonies, provided external conditions are favourable,

follows the same sequence :—

1. Asexual Phase.—Soon after rain has fallen and pools have

formed—if the weather is warm, within four or five days—‘“‘Juv-

eniles,” resulting from the germination of oospores, appear (Plates

XLVII and XLVIII). They are quickly replaced by normal asexual

colonies, which by the third or fourth generation have the full com-

plement of cells and sometimes a large number of daughter colonies

(cf. Plate XVIII, A). This asexual phase may be prolonged, all the

daughters produced being themselves asexual, or it may be short

and soon succeeded by the sexual phase, the duration apparently

depending to a great extent on the temperature.

2. Sexual Phase.—The sexual phase begins with the appearance

among the asexual colonies of occasional sexual individuals; the

proportion of sexual to asexual colonies rapidly increases, until the

former may actually outnumber the asexual colonies, which are,

however, always present (Plate XVIII, B). In V. capensis the

number of sexual colonies is relatively smaller than in V. Rousseletia

(Plate XII, D). In the latter, at the beginning of the sexual phase,

male colonies are often present in large numbers, sometimes out-

numbering the female colonies. Usually, however, the latter pre-

dominate, while, as the phase advances, the number of male colonies

falls rapidly (Plate XVIII, B). It is usually at this stage that mixed

colonies occasionally appear; in V. Rousseletii these contain asexual

Volvox in South Africa. 539

daughters and either sperm bundles or oogonia (Plate XXXVIII,

B, C), while in V. capensis both kinds of sexual organs are usually

present. As the sexual phase advances in V. Rousseletii coenobia

containing ripe or nearly ripe oospores may actually predominate,

whereas in V. capensis the proportion of such colonies is always

relatively small; very few colonies red with ripening oospores are,

as a rule, found at one time.

3. Second Asexual Phase.—After a longer or shorter time sexual

activity begins to wane, the proportion of asexual colonies again

increases, and finally all sexual colonies disappear. Sometimes, as

this phase advances, e.g. in the Rietfontein cultures, there is a marked

diminution in the number of daughter colonies formed in each

coenobium ; as few as two, or even one, may be formed. Often, too,

the colonies are smaller and composed of fewer cells (Plate XVIII, D).

This is, however, not always the case, and is probably affected to some

extent by external conditions.

Observations on the Cape Flats.

From observations made on the Cape Flats in 1931, it was sus-

pected that in Volvor capensis at any rate there might be several

successive phases during the seasonal existence of any one vlei, but

the observations made were not sufficiently detailed to confirm or

refute this. In order, therefore, to obtain further evidence on this

point, during the season May to November 1932 attention was con-

centrated on the chain of vleis running parallel to Belvedere Road,

Claremont. These vleis were visited regularly at intervals of a few

days throughout the greater part of this period, and the occurrence

of Volvor noted in various parts. As a result several interesting

facts emerge :—

(1) The appearance of Volvox is extraordinarily local—it may be

swarming in one part of the vlei and absent from other parts. This is

entirely independent of the direction of the wind. Possibly the

phanerogamic and larger algal flora may to some extent prevent the

spread of Volvox from one part of the vlei to another, but as the same

phenomenon was noted in an extensive open stretch of water with

scarcely any such vegetation, it seems more probable that the hori-

zontal range of Volvor is very limited. If it is found at one particular

spot in the vleiit is because it has developed at or very near that spot.

(2) In every case it was found that Volvox disappeared and re-

appeared several times (most often thrice) during the season. The

540 Annals of the South African Museum.

length of the periods during which Volvox was present in any one vlei

or part of a vlei varied from two to six weeks, most often lasting

for from three to five weeks. The time elapsing between disappear-

ance and reappearance at the same spot likewise varied; usually

periods of from one to two weeks during which no Volvoxr could be

found separated each two successive phases, but in one vlei on one

occasion Volvox disappeared for as long as five weeks. In the latter

case the prolonged disappearance was both preceded and followed

by comparatively lengthy (four and and six weeks respectively)

periods of great activity, during which large numbers of oospores

were produced.

(3) “ Juvenile’ colonies, resulting from the germination of oospores,

were collected at the beginning of the season only. Judging from

observations made elsewhere (notably near Kimberley), the obvious

explanation of the reappearance of Volvox after each total disappear-

ance is, that some of the oospores formed during the previous phase

ripen quickly and germinate at once without undergoing a period of

drying, and it was hoped that this would be demonstrable by the

presence of Juveniles at the beginning of the successive phases, but

none were found.

Nevertheless, the failure to detect Juveniles cannot be regarded

as proof of their absence. So far, whenever Juveniles have been

collected, it has been soon after the pool has formed (3 to 5 days)

and usually while it is still small. Hence, firstly, the many oospores

dormant in the soil have all, after a period of dryness, been suddenly

re-immersed in water under the same conditions, and it is only to be

expected that large numbers would in such circumstances germinate

simultaneously, whereas when oospores germinate without previous

drying it is probable that germination is sporadic, spread over a

longer time, and depending in part on the age of the various

oospores. Secondly, the very small size of the Juveniles (about that.

of large Eudorina colonies) must be taken into consideration—in

larger expanses of water the difficulty of collection and detection is

enormously increased unless they are present in very great numbers.

The present field observations then can only be taken as showing

that several successive growths of Volvox capensis may occur in a

given piece of water during the season. The probability is that

this is due to the germination of oospores formed during the preceding

phase, of which some at least may undoubtedly germinate without.

previous drying, but more exact investigation is necessary to prove

it, since so far field observations give negative results. The difficulties

Volvox in South Africa. 541

of exact observations in the field are obvious, and so far the Flats

Volvox, unlike the Rietfontein one, has proved peculiarly intolerant

of culture conditions.

Incidentally, observations of Volvox in Africa suggest an explana-

tion for the non-observance of Juveniles in V. globator—it seems that

these are formed in large numbers at one time, only when rain has

fallen and refilled the pool after a dry period, and that when oospores

germinate without drying, germination is much more sporadic. Con-

sequently the number of Juveniles present at any one time is compara-

tively small, and their presence proportionately difficult to detect.

Observations on external conditions, in particular temperature

and hydrogen-ion concentration of the water, were carried on side by

side with those on Volvox. Here again more extensive observations

are necessary before it is possible to arrive at definite cenclusions.

At present, however, the following facts seem to be fairly well

established :—

1. Effect of Temperature.—Other conditions being favourable,

comparatively high temperatures are conducive to increased rapidity

and extent of development. The most luxuriant growths of Volvor

on the Cape Flats have always coincided with warm, bright weather.

In May 1931 a spell of unusually hot weather at the beginning of

winter, immediately following good rains which had caused the for-

mation of small pools, resulted in a very rich crop of Volvor. Again,

in November of the same year, one of the richest growths of Volvox

as yet observed on the Flats occurred in Belvedere Road Vlei III,

when the temperature of the water at midday was over 90° F. on

several successive days. In 1932 there were no very warm spells

during the winter; in the vleis under observation Volvox was never

very abundant till well on in the season when, with warmer weather,

there came a succession of very rich crops in several pools—e.g. De

Klip, Belvedere Road Vlei III and parts of Vlei II.

2. Hydrogen-ion Concentration.—At the Cape the water of those

vleis and ditches where Volvoz occurs is always either approximately

neutral or slightly on the acid side, the pH ranging from 6-5 to 7-3,

most often from 6-7 to 7-0; on the other hand, the pools producing

Hydrodictyon are almost always on the alkaline side, pH 7-6 to 9-0,

and very rarely are the two algae found in the same vlei. Occa-

sionally H. africanum and V. capensis occur together, e.g. in the

Wood pool next to Dabchick Vlei, but so far the writer has never

found Volvor associated with the second form of Hydrodictyon

(H. indicum ?) which occurs on the Flats. On one occasion, in a

542 Annals of the South African Museum.

ditch at the side of the road near the farm Vaderlandsche Rietvlei,

a very rich growth of the latter Hydrodictyon was found, the pH

of the water being 8-3. <A mile or so along the road Volvox was

abundant in the ditch, while Hydrodictyon was not present, the pH

here being 7:3.

Even more striking is the case of De Klip, a granite outcrop in the

Flats. The granite forms a ring of fair-sized bosses round which

is a chain of small pools, while two larger pools lie between the

granite bosses. The former, in which the pH ranged from 6-7 to

7-3, yielded fine crops of Volvor and no Hydrodictyon, while the

position was reversed in the inner pools where the pH was 7:6 to

8-5; here only a few yards separated the pools.

The one exception to this rule as to the acidity of the water

inhabited by Volvox is that already mentioned as occurring in the

ditch near Dabchick Vlei (p. 533), which was accompanied by patho-

logical symptoms in the Volvor. On other occasions the pH of the

water from this ditch was that normally found in Volvox pools, and

the colonies were quite healthy.

It was thought that changes in the hydrogen-ion concentration

might possibly have some connection with the periodic disappear-

ances of Volvox, but so far the observations made do not support

this theory. The fluctuations in the pH of any one pool throughout

the season were comparatively small; for example, in Belvedere Road

Vlei III A, from May to November the pH ranged from 6-4 to 7-1,

the neutral point being approached five or six times during the

season, always after heavy rain. In the main pool the range was

similar, although even when the two pools were continuous the pH

values of the two were seldom identical. In Vlei II the pH ranged

from 6-5 to 7-2, in Vlei I (Ackerman’s) 6-4 to 7-4, while the remaining

Volvoz vleis all gave similar values.

So far, then, observations of external conditions offer no full

explanation of the termination of a growth phase in Volvor. Occa-

sionally it is possible to point to unduly high temperature as a possible

cause, but the probability seems to be that there is an inherent

time-limit to the duration of the alga, at any rate in South African

waters under natural conditions. Probably the duration of any

one phase is modified by external factors, but these are only secondary

in their effect. Given favourable conditions, the Volvor oospores

germinate, a brief asexual phase is followed by a sexual one, and

this in turn by a second asexual phase which may continue for a

shorter or longer time, but ultimately ends, and the alga disappears

Volvox in South Africa. 543

completely, until germination of oospores again initiates a period

of activity. If a rise in temperature coincides with a period of

renewed activity, then the greater warmth is beneficial, speeding up

the life-processes and resulting in a specially rich growth both as

regards numbers and size of individual colonies.

Mainx (1929, p. 205), working with cultures of V. awreus in earth-

decoction, found that slight changes in temperature or alkalinity

of the culture medium might hasten the onset of the sexual phase,

but that in general low temperatures delayed it. The observations

made on the Cape Flats suggest that the same would apply to V.

capensis.

Very often, of course, the time-limit is determined by the drying

up of the vlei. For instance, in 1931 a vlei near Ottery Road, Wyn-

berg, was under observation. Volvox was in good condition, the

vlei containing plenty of water, when a south-east wind sprang up

and continued for some days, sweeping across the flats and licking

up the water in all the unprotected vleis. The vlei was visited on

Monday, 2nd November; the south-easter was blowing lightly, the

vlei, though low, was continuous. Two days later (4th November)

at 6 p.m. it was again visited ; the south-easter, though still not very

strong, had been incessant, and the vlei was reduced to a few isolated

pools, very rich in Volvox in beautiful condition (sexual and asexual),

and swarming with tadpoles, mayfly and dragon-fly larvae, and minute

fish, probably the young of the Cape minnow (Galaxias punctifer).

By 11 a.m. next day even these pools had disappeared, and save for

two or three patches of churned-up mud and dying tadpoles no

free water remained. Yet the previous day Volvox was at the height

of its development.

However, before attempting a complete solution of the problem

of the behaviour of Volvox, detailed observations over long periods

are necessary, not only observations of Volvox itself, but also of

the organisms associated with it, the changing composition of the

surrounding medium, its hydrogen-ion concentration, temperature,

and weather conditions in general, in relation to its occurrence in

Nature, supplemented by carefully controlled culture experiments.

Constitution and Size of the Coenobium.

As in Volvox globator, V. Rousseletii and V. capensis are built up

of a very large number of cells arranged in a single layer round the

periphery of a hollow, prolate spheroid.

544 Annals of the South African Museum.

Each cell consists of a relatively small protoplast occupying the

outer third to two-thirds of a prism bounded by delicate cell mem-

branes. The membranes forming the ends of the prism are slightly

convex, and are fused to form continuous outer and inner mem-

branes, the space between which is divided up into polygonal prisms

by the fused side-walls of adjacent cells (fig. 1, A-D). The hollow

of the spheroid is filled with a mucilaginous liquid.

Size of the Coenobium.

The range in size of the colonies is very great. If a small quantity

of V. Rousseletii material is examined, all sizes from very young

colonies recently liberated up to senile colonies approaching their

end are seen. But apart from this, even among adult colonies, 7.e.

asexual colonies with rotating daughters about to escape, male

colonies in which the majority of the sperm globoids have already

been liberated, or females with ripe oospores, there is consider-

able diversity in size. Mature asexual colonies range from 601 x

687 w (in a vigorous strain, smaller in one which is growing weak)

to 2037 x 2100 yu, while colonies of over 1-5 mm. are common. The

sexual colonies never reach quite such a large size, but even they

may attain over 1 mm. diameter.

In V. capensis the colonies are smaller, mature asexuals ranging

from 495 x 540 to 1250 x 1292 yw, colonies of 1 mm. diameter being

common at the optimum, while sexual colonies again are slightly

smaller, ranging up to 1077 x 1098 yx, average size 820 x 860 up. In

the Rhodesian form the size is somewhat greater.

Number of Cells constituting a Coenobium.

The number of individual cells is very great, always several

thousand, except in the Juvenile formed from the germinating

oospore, but here too the limits within which variation is possible

are wide.

In V. capensis the range is from 9000 to 23,000, the average in

a strong strain lying between 18,000 and 20,000.

In V. Rousseletii the number is slightly greater, ranging from

14,000 to 42,000, the average lying between 20,000 and 23,000.

West (1910, p. 101) and Rousselet (1914, p. 393) place the upper

limit at about 50,000, but in the Rietfontein material such a high

number was never found.

The methods used in counting were mainly two: (1) Estimate the

Volvox in South Africa. 545

surface of the colony, regarding it as a sphere of diameter equal to the

mean diameter of the spheroid, divide by the area of the cell regarded

as a regular hexagon; result, the number of cells in the coenobium.

Obviously this method is only very approximately correct; the

diameter of a cell and that of the spheroid are quantities of a different

order of magnitude, and the measurement of the former can only be

approximate with the means at one’s disposal, the probable error in

proportion to the size of the diameter being consequently very high.

Further, the size of the cell varies in different parts of the coenobium.

(2) The second method, based on the same considerations, has

been reduced to a formula by Janet (1912, p. 28): the square of the

number of cells seen on a great circle multiplied by -367 gives the

total number of cells composing the colony. This should give com-

paratively more accurate results, but here too the percentage of

probable error is high, since, owing to the great number, it is

by no means easy to count the cells round the edge of the colony

accurately.

Theoretically, since the colony is held to arise by successive

simultaneous bipartitions from a single mother-cell (the gonidium),

the resultant number of cells should always be a power of two.

Zimmermann (1921, p. 260, note 2), in the case of V. aureus, states :

“The cells of a colony divide constantly simultaneously, and in a

healthy culture degenerating cells scarcely occur.” And again (1925,

p- 397, and note 3): “ Die Furchung .. . ist eine fortgesetzte

synchrone Zweiteilung simtlicher Zellen,’ adding to this a note

that, according to older statements, from the 8-celled stage onwards

a part of the cells may no longer divide.

This statement may be correct as regards V. aureus, where the

total number of cells is 4096 at the outside, often as few as 1024.

In the case of the globator section, however (Hu-volvox), the number

of cells in question is very much higher, and in the two South African

species at any rate there are indications that the cells do not all

divide simultaneously, that in a division some cells may fail to

participate without in any way degenerating, sometimes merely

missing a division. Further, in V. capensis the gonidia are clearly

differentiated before the daughter colony inverts, and always have

at least two pyrenoids. The conclusion seems obvious that they are

cells which have not taken part in at least the last, probably

several cell-divisions (fig. 1 E).

If Zimmermann’s statement were invariably correct, the possible

numbers of cells, including the reproductive cells, would be four only,

546 Annals of the South African Museum.

viz. 8192 (238), 16,384 (224), 32,768 (215), and 65,536 (216), since no

observer yet has computed more than 50,000 cells per colony. Even

allowing a large margin of error in counting the cells, these numbers

scarcely cover all observed variations. Irregularities in division,

e.g. a number of cells at one stage or another undergoing an extra

division or failing to participate in a division, would account very

simply for considerable variation in the number of constituent cells.

As a strain ages, or if external conditions are unfavourable (e.g.

in cold weather), not only does the size of the coenobium tend to

decrease, but the number of cells per coenobium also decreases, some-

times proportionately more than the size. In such cases the cells

(or rather, protoplasts) are usually larger, and the colonies as a con-

sequence appear different, the network being coarser in texture, 7.e.

there is a tendency to return to the type of structure found in the

very early (second and possibly third) generations of the strain. This

has been observed repeatedly in cultures of the Rietfontein V. Rous-

seletwi and in V. capensis on the Flats. Thus, in both very young and

very old strains, the cells are usually fewer and larger than in strains

that are at the height of their development.

Types of Cells composing the Coenobium.

Two types of cells are found in the coenobium: (1) Vegetative or

somatic cells, the “ Arbeitzellen ”’ of Klein (1890, p. 47), forming the

“working partnership’ which Klein regarded as mainly nutritive.

These cells have lost the power of further division. (2) Specialised

reproductive cells which are differentiated from the somatic cells

at an early stage prior to the inversion of the embryo, either at the

last cell-division or earlier. These are of three kinds: (a) Gonidia

(the “‘ Parthenogonidia”’ of the earlier writers), which give rise

by repeated division to the daughter colonies ; (6) male initial cells,

which in the same way give rise to globoids of spermatozoids ; and

contains a single oosphere (Plate XX XIX, E).

The reproductive cells are never found at the anterior pole; the

gonidia are confined to the posterior half, the sexual initial cells to

the posterior two-thirds or three-quarters of the coenobium.

The Somatic Cell.

The somatic or vegetative cell consists of a ciliated protoplast

enclosed within more or less gelatinous walls bounded by limiting

Volvox in South Africa. DAT

membranes, neighbouring protoplasts being connected with one

another by strands of protoplasm. As the colony grows, the space

enclosed within the cell walls continually increases in size, whereas

the protoplasts, which at first grow too, soon cease to enlarge. As

a consequence the protoplasts in adult colonies are some distance

from one another, separated by clear spaces which are not coloured

by the stains normally used, and which are traversed by the proto-

plasmic strands connecting adjacent protoplasts.

Among the somatic cells themselves there is some differentiation

intimately connected with light perception. The presence or absence

of a pigmented eyespot, its size and position are dependent on the

position of the cell in the coenobium, and with this variation in the

eyespot go the differences found in the shape of the cell. In the

anterior half of the colony the cells show distinct dorsi-ventrality

(fig. 1, A, B); the colourless ventral side, 7.e. that part of the cell

which faces towards the anterior pole, is often somewhat flattened

and usually contains two small contractile vacuoles, while the eye-

spot is situated on the green dorsal side, its position relative to the

apex of the cell varying slightly according to the position of the

latter in the coenobium (Plates XIX, A; XXXVIII, E). In the

posterior half of the coenobium the dorsi-ventral aspect is less pro-

nounced, becoming progressively less so in respect to cell-form as the

posterior pole is approached. Even in this region, however, it is

still possible to trace a definite orientation of the cell in the coenobium

by studying the insertion of the cilia (fig. 1, C).

1. Size of Cell—The diameter of the cell from membrane to

membrane varies according to its position in the colony and the

age of the latter. In a very young colony the cells are small and

the protoplasts very close to one another, almost touching (Plate

XXXVIII, F); as the colony develops the cells enlarge, the proto-

plasts becoming further apart, particularly in the anterior region.

In still older colonies the enlargement of the cells continues, but the

protoplasts begin to get smaller, particularly in the posterior half of

the coenobium (Plate XIX, B—E).

The variation in the size of the cell and the protoplast in V.

Rousseletii, according to the position in the colony, is indicated in

the following table of measurements :—

[TABLE

548 Annals of the South African Museum.

Type of coenobium. Position. Protoplast. Cell.

1. Mature asexual Anterior Pole 6 13-18 p

1335 x 1508 pu Posterior Pole 5 p 9-13 pe

2. Mature female Anterior Pole 5-T p 11-13 p

963 x 1050 pu Equatorial 4-5 pw 1-9 p

Posterior Pole 4-5 w 7 pb

3. Young asexual Anterior Pole 6-8 p 10-12 p

1120 x 1120 p Equatorial 4-5 pw 7-9 pw

Posterior Pole 4 (ya

2. Cell Membranes.—The cell membranes can usually be seen in

living, unstained material; sometimes, however, they do not show

clearly, and careful focussing 1s always necessary. If a drop of a

dilute aqueous solution of methylene blue is run in, the membranes

show up very distinctly; in living material, if the solution is

sufficiently dilute, the colonies continue moving for some time, and

the action of the cilia can be followed. The protoplasts with their

connecting strands stain blue, the limiting membranes clear, rather

deep purple, the “ wall between the protoplast and the

limiting membranes very faint purple. This method works equally

well in living or preserved material.

gelatinous ’

The outer cell membranes are united to form a common wall to the

whole spheroid ; this is somewhat thickened and is mucilaginous on

the outside. In large mature colonies it generally forms a continuous

curve (Plate XV, B), but sometimes, particularly in smaller colonies,

the component curves formed by the slight convexity of each cell

wall may be distinguished. In the inner membrane, distant usually

about 22 p (18 to 24 x) from and concentric with the outer membrane,

the corresponding curves are usually more clearly marked; it is

slightly thinner than the outer membrane (Plate XV, A).

Within the inner membrane, and occupying by far the greater

part of the spheroid, is a hollow filled with a mucilaginous liquid.

When stained with Delafield’s haematoxylin, gentian violet, safranin,

or methylene blue this fluid appears as an irregular network of

coloured strands, the meshes remaining unstained (cf. Pl. XLI, I).

No trace was seen in either living colonies or prepared sections of

any regular radial arrangement of strands such as Janet (1912, pp.

35-37, figs. 1 and 2) describes and figures for V. globator.

Fic. 1.—V. Rousseletii and V. capensis. Cell detail.

A, B, Cells from the anterior pole—A, side, and B, front view; C, cell from posterior

pole ; D, cell as seen from above ; E, F, V. capensis—k, cells in surface view

prior to last division, gonidium already much enlarged ; F, section through

inverting colony (infolding complete) showing a gonidium on the right.

G, H, V. Rousseletii—G, cells from a young male colony in surface view ; one

male initial cell much enlarged, three others still small but distinguished by

the presence of two pyrenoids; H, pyrenoids showing varying numbers of

starch slabs (stained iodine).

A-D «3000; E,G «1500; F x300; H x5000; all approximately.

550 Annals of the South African Museum.

Occasionally in older colonies the central mucilage may become

yellowish brown in colour. The inner membrane then shows very

clearly even under low powers of magnification (Plate XX XVIII, A).

A similar discoloration in senile colonies of V. globator was noticed

by Klein (1889, p. 157) and ascribed by him to bacteria. In some

but not all the colonies showing this discoloration in V. Rousseletii

bacteria were seen; the discoloration of the mucilage would appear

not to be caused entirely by bacterial action.

In surface view, or cut tangentially, the cell prisms are polygonal

in outline, most often hexagonal, but occasionally pentagonal or

heptagonal. They appear in living unstained material of V. capensis

in Plate XXXVIII, D; fig. G on the same plate shows the mem-

branes stained with Delafield’s haematoxylin. This photo is part of

a mature asexual colony, showing the pore above a daughter colony

which had been removed by the pressure of the cover-slip. It illus-

trates the fact that, unless previously carefully fixed, the protoplasmic

strands may be withdrawn before the stain takes effect.

3. Protoplast.—Not only the size, but also the shape, of the proto-

plast depends on the age of the cell and its position in the coenobium.

Before birth it is oblong in side view, its apex nearly reaching the

outer membrane, and polygonal in surface view owing to mutual

pressure (Plate XX XIX, A, B). After birth, as the colony matures,

the shape of the protoplast changes. Near the anterior pole it

remains ovoid or becomes broadly pear-shaped in side view, while

elsewhere in the colony it becomes markedly pear-shaped with broad

basal portion and more or less attenuated apical outer half (fig. 1,

A, B). In mature colonies the cells near the posterior pole are often

very characteristic—above the broad basal part the protoplast

narrows to form a neck, then at the apex suddenly widens again to

form a structure like the head of the hammer-head shark, the cilia

being inserted at the two ends of the hammer (fig. 1, C).

After birth, the protoplast of the somatic cell continues to in-

crease in size for some time. After a while, however, about the time

that the reproductive cells begin to divide, enlargement ceases, the

protoplasts for a time remain the same size, then, as the colony

begins to mature, the protoplasts slowly dwindle, particularly in the

posterior region.

In surface view in a middle-aged colony the protoplasts appear

star-shaped, the rays being formed by the relatively broad proto-

plasmic connections. The points of the rays reach the centres of

the sides of the polygonal membrane, there meeting and fusing with

Volvox in South Africa. 551

corresponding rays of the neighbouring cells (fig. 1, D, and Plate

XG B).

With age, as the central protoplast becomes smaller and the

connecting strands grow finer, the star shape tends to disappear, the

protoplasts and connecting strands now appearing as a fine network

of which the protoplasts form the nodes (Plate XIX, D, E).

Structure of the Protoplast.—The protoplast consists of a very thin

limiting layer, the ectoplasm, a more or less massive chloroplast,

and an inner colourless endoplasm in which the nucleus lies and

which is continuous with the ectoplasm in the front of the cell—this

colourless “ throat” is on that side of the cell which faces towards

the anterior pole, or away from the posterior pole, 7.e. on the ventral

side of the cell.

In the endoplasm it is sometimes possible to distinguish a com-

paratively large vacuole containing one or more highly refractive

granules showing Brownian movement ; occasionally similar smaller

vacuoles may be seen in addition (fig. 1, A, D). These are not to be

confused with the contractile vacuoles, from which they are quite

distinct. Their content has not been tested, but they are probably

similar to the vacuoles described by Dangeard (1924, p. 1041) in the

case of V. globator.

Each protoplast has a single large pyrenoid, protoplasmic strands

connecting it to its neighbours, two long cilia, and a varying number

of pulsating vacuoles, while in the anterior part of the colony each

contains a large red eyespot or stigma.

Parts of the Protoplast—(i) The Nucleus.—In the somatic cell the

nucleus is small andinconspicuous. In healthy, fairly young coenobia

it is sometimes possible, by using a ;'y-inch oil-immersion objective, to

make out the nucleus, or rather the nucleolus, in cells of the anterior

region. It lies in the colourless hollow portion formed by the

cup-shaped chloroplast. Treatment with iodine renders it clearer,

staining the nucleolus faintly yellow. In fixed and sectioned material

it is clearest when the material has been fixed in a dilute solution

of iodine in potassium-iodide, and subsequently hardened in dilute

chrome-acetic. In such preparations the nucleolus appears to be

composed of several small granules, staining much less deeply than

in the reproductive cells. At the best of times, however, in the

mature vegetative cell it is inconspicuous, and all nuclear study up

to the present has been done on the reproductive cells and the

products of their division.

As compared with Janet’s figures for V. globator (1912, fig. 6), the

552 Annals of the South African Museum.

nucleus in V. Rousseletii and V. capensis is apparently a good deal

larger.

(1) The Chloroplast.—Kach cell contains a single large chloroplast

consisting of (1) a massive, saucer-shaped portion filling the broad base

of the plastid and extending into the protoplasmic connecting strands,

and (2) a broad, strap-shaped portion which extends from the basal

part of the cell right up the dorsal side to the apex, sometimes even

beyond it and a little way down the ventral side. Usually there is

only one such extension, but occasionally one or two smaller processes

extend upwards from the base, almost enclosing the central colourless

portion ; this is, however, rare except in very young cells. In shape,

then, the chloroplast may be compared to a thick-bottomed cup with

a large piece broken away in the front half. As the cell ages, the

chloroplast becomes much less clearly defined and considerably

smaller, no longer extending into the protoplasmic connections.

When young the whole chloroplast is saturated with chlorophyll of

a clear, vivid green colour; with age the colour becomes much lighter.

From the above description and from the figures (fig. 1, A—D) it

will be seen that the form of the chloroplast differs considerably

from that shown by Janet (1912, p. 45, fig. 6) for V. globator, par-

ticularly as regards the posterior elongation—here the latter is

definitely extended right up into the apex of the cell, where it is in

connection with the cilia, whereas in V. globator Janet shows the

chloroplast as saucer-shaped, the back only shghtly higher than the

front and not reaching the apex.

(iii) The Pyrenoid.—In the development of the gonidium, after

the last cell-division prior to inversion, as a general rule each cell

contains a single pyrenoid. Occasionally vegetative cells with two

pyrenoids are seen, but as a rule when cells with more than one

pyrenoid are found they are probably not somatic cells but young

reproductive cells (most often male) which have not yet developed

beyond the first stage in differentiation (fig. 1, G).

The pyrenoid is embedded more or less centrally in the massive

basal portion of the chloroplast. In life the structure shows a dense

central portion surrounded by a lighter zone. Starch is formed in

rods, platelets, or more irregularly shaped masses on the outside of

the central mass. Stained with iodine, these slabs of starch show

very clearly, varying from two to five per pyrenoid, four being a

common number in mature cells, giving the pyrenoid a cruciform

appearance when stained (fig. 1, H).

It is a moot point as to whether the pyrenoids arise always from

Volvox in South Africa. 553

division of a pre-existing pyrenoid or de novo. Microtomed sections

of iodine-fixed material yield some evidence to show that the pyrenoids

divide, and examination of young developing daughters in life tends

to support this theory of the origin of the pyrenoids from pre-existing

ones, but further investigation is necessary to show if this is always

the case. Zimmermann (1921, p. 264), like Overton (1889, p. 147),

at first regarded the formation of pyrenoids de novo as probable,

but later (1925, p. 397, note 2), having given more attention

to living material, saw reason to doubt the validity of his earlier

view.

The form of the pyrenoid and the starch secreted by it, as seen here

in living or freshly killed material, agree very closely with the

observations made by C. Lander (1929, p. 433) in preserved and

sectioned material of V. globator.

In older vegetative cells as well as in reproductive cells, besides

the starch-sheath surrounding the pyrenoid, there are often minute

scattered grains of starch. Older cells often contain in addition

one or more fairly large, highly refractive globules, probably of

volutin, which in unstained material may give to the cell the appear-

ance of possessing more than one pyrenoid (fig. 1, C).

(iv) Cilia.—Every Volvox cell when young has two cilia; the

reproductive cells lose theirs at an early stage of development, but

the somatic cells retain theirs throughout their life.

The cilia are long, about treble the length of the protoplast (23 pu

approximately), delicate, and colourless; they can, however, usually

be fairly easily seen in living colonies even at comparatively low

powers of magnification—particularly beautifully in young daughter

colonies rotating within the vesicle before birth. The rapidly moving

cilia en masse appear like a greyish, undulating sheath surrounding

the young deep-green colony (cf. Plate XLVIII, F).

The cilia are inserted separately at the apex of the cell (fig. 1, A-D),

one on each side of the strap-shaped extension of the chloroplast,

and are always definitely orientated—the line joining the bases of a

pair of cilia is at right angles to the antero-posterior plane of the cell.

Thus the members of a pair of cilia are equidistant from the pole of

the colony. Consequently, if the cells of a colony have suffered no

distortion, and the colony is lying on the side, the two cilia in most of

the cells are in the same line of vision and appear to be inserted at

the same spot, except near the poles. If, however, the colony is

lying with its polar axis at right angles to the slide, optical section

gives an equatorial view, the majority of the cells are seen in either

VOL. XVI, PART 0. 36

554 Annals of the South African Museum.

back or front view, and the space between the cilia is very clear

(cf. Plate XX XIX, A).

At the point of insertion of each cilium is a highly refractive

granule, the “‘ Basal Granule ” of Zimmermann (1921, p. 285). These

are beautifully seen if the microscope is focussed well above the

surface of a colony held in place by a supported cover-slip, and

then gradually lowered. As the objective is focussed down the

lashing upper portions of the cilia first appear and the circular move-

ment can be watched, then the two bright basal granules, the space

between them sometimes nearly half the diameter of the protoplast,

then the eyespots (if cells in the anterior half are in question), and,

finally, the broad base of the cell with its central pyrenoid and con-

necting strands.

The base of the cilium just above the basal granule is slightly

thickened; as the cilium passes through the outer membrane it

thins down, the projecting part being apparently of almost uniform

thickness, tapering very slightly at the end. The projecting por-

tions of the cilia are differentiated into a more rigid lower third

and a flexible outer part, which lashes vigorously, describing a curve

in a plane more or less concentric with the surface of the colony

and separated from it by the length of the rigid lower portion. The

rapid movement of the cilia in the natural state makes the study of

their action difficult, but if the coenobium is held in place by the cover-

slip, after a time the action begins to slow down and the actual move-

ment of the flexible part can be watched. The action is most easily

explained by comparison with a whip which has a short, rigid handle

and a long lash, which, after lashing forward, is drawn back with a

circular movement. In fixed material the cilia often show a spiral

twist at the base of the flexible part.

No rhizoplast connecting the cilia to the nucleus could be seen

either in living material or in freshly killed preparations, but signs

of such a structure have been traced in some of the microtomed

sections, though without sufficient definition to arrive at any con-

clusion as to its structure or nature. Zimmermann (1921, p. 218)

failed to see rhizoplasts in the vegetative cells of V. globator, but

considered that they were probably present, just as in the repro-

ductive cells.

The cilia become very evident if the colony is killed by running in

a drop of iodine solution, and even more so if dilute osmic acid is used

as the killing agent. In section the cilia stain well with gentian violet.

(v) Eyespot or Stigma.—The eyespot or stigma is a very con-

Volvox in South Africa. 555

spicuous constituent of the cells in the anterior part of the coenobium

(fig. 1, A, B). Situated in the dorsal strap-shaped prolongation of

the chloroplast symmetrically beneath the points of insertion of the

cilia (fig. 1, D), the eyespot is easily distinguished under comparatively

low powers by its bright orange-red colour and high refraction, and

since it remains unaltered both in size and colour as the cell ages,

while the chloroplast grows smaller and paler, it is even more con-

spicuous in old than in young colonies.

Viewed from the front or back of the cell it appears as a circular

dise 1-5-2-2 uw, most often 2, in diameter. More often it is seen

in side view. It is a lenticular structure, convex towards the inside

of the cell, 7.e. on its anterior side, concave at the back (fig. 1, A, B,

D; Plate XX XVIII, D).

Towards the equator of the colony the eyespots become smaller,

usually disappearing completely as pigmented spots in the posterior

quadrant. As a rule, however, even in these cells a small, highly

refractive granule may be distinguished, which, although it contains

no haematochrome, probably represents a vestigial eyespot, since it

occupies the position of that organ.

As in the case of the cilia, the position of the eyespot has a definite

orientation in relation to the axis of the colony, always occupying

a position between the points of insertion of the cilia, but well below

them, in the upper part of the chloroplast on the dorsal side of the

cell, z.e. facing in the direction of the anterior pole (Plate XV, A;

Plate XIX, A). Its position in relation to the apex of the cell appears

to depend somewhat on the position of the cell in the colony. At

the anterior pole it is often rather low down in the cell, rather higher

further back in the colony.

The photograph shown in fig. D, Plate XX XVIII, was taken from

a colony of V. capensis, from one of the Belvedere Road vleis at

Claremont (Cape Flats). The living colony was lying on the slide

with its anterior pole upwards, so that it was possible to focus down

directly on to the pole, which les practically in the centre of the

photo. The objective (1-9 mm. oil immersion) was focussed down

on to the plane in which the eyespots le, just below the insertion of

the cilia and thus well above the protoplasmic connections, which

consequently do not show at all. The eyespots, as seen from above,

show well, as do the walls of the cells. The outline of the protoplast

is not very sharp, but sufficiently clear for the position of the eyespot

in the cell to show, and the shape of the latter as seen in optical cross-

section shows very clearly in some of the cells.

556 Annals of the South African Museum.

Mast (1923, 1927, etc.) has studied the structure and function of

the eyespot in great detail. He finds that it is essentially similar

throughout the Volvocales, reaching its highest development in Volvoz,

where the light is received by a hyaline lens situated in the hollow of

the cup-shaped red structure, 7.e. on the dorsal side of the cell, and

that the yellow and red rays are transmitted through the eyespot into

the cell, while the green and blue rays are reflected, the resultant

bluish-green ray being distinguishable in certain circumstances

(1927, p. 206). The stigma directly controls the action of the cilia.

(vi) Protoplasmic Connections.—The protoplasmic connections be-

tween adjacent cells probably originate in the incomplete division

of the cytoplasm during the division of the gonidium—while the

greater part of the cytoplasm rounds off round each daughter nucleus,

bridges of cytoplasm remain between neighbouring cells. In the

two species here in question these “ bridges ”’ persist throughout the

life of the coenobium.

In fairly young colonies the protoplasmic connecting strands are

comparatively thick and distinct ; their appearance depends to some

extent on the age of the colony and on external conditions. In

colonies before and immediately after birth the connections are diffi-

cult to see and are merely very small, thread-like bridges between

adjacent cells (cf. fig. 1, G). After birth, as the protoplasts separate

from one another, they get drawn out, and in a typical young middle-

aged colony, 7.e. one in which the gonidia are still in the stage of

division (Pl. XIII, B) or, if sexual, where the oospheres are about

ready for fertilisation or the sperm bundles beginning to form, the

protoplasmic connections are best seen by examining living indivi-

duals under a low power against a black background. Since the

chloroplast extends into the protoplasmic connections, the whole

network is a vivid green colour, the denser protoplasts forming the

nodes of the net, the protoplasmic connections the green sides of the

mesh.

Examined under higher powers, the strands are seen to be, in part

at least, tapering elongations of the broad basal part of the proto-

plast, broad at their commencement, where contractile vacuoles

often occur, dipping slightly downwards and becoming narrowest

where they reach the dividing membrane; there is usually a slight

thickening at the junction of the two strands, 7.e. where they pass

through the wall. Whether this is actually a thickening of the

strand or, more probably, due to the structure of the wall, was

doubtful. Not infrequently a contractile vacuole occurs in the

Volvox in South Africa. 557

strand near this junction node, but this is usually in older colonies.

As the growth of the coenobium continues, the connections become

progressively more attenuated and lose their green colour.

In life, in normal conditions, the protoplasmic connections are

usually sufficiently obvious, but in fixed material it is often a very

different matter (cf. Plate XX XVIII, G). If the fixative used is

alcohol, the connections often disappear more or less completely.

Formalin is better if the right strength (about 3 per cent.) is used,

but even with formalin they are sometimes lost. From this point of

view as well as others the best fixative for use in the field is undoubt-

edly an aqueous solution of iodine in potassium iodide (see Chamber-

lain, 1924, p. 178), allowed to act for 24 hours or even longer before

washing, after which the material is transferred to 10 per cent. gly-

cerine. In material fixed by this method the protoplasmic strands

are beautifully clear and the cells undistorted (Plate XVII, B).

Even in living material, however, the protoplasmic strands may

sometimes be withdrawn completely, either from a part or the whole

of a colony. Colonies have been seen in which the strands had dis-

appeared from the anterior quadrant, where the cells were rounded

in outline, while elsewhere in the colony the protoplasmic strands

were quite normal. In material brought indoors, particularly in

warm weather, the connections sometimes disappear. Probably their

absence is always a pathological condition.

Usually the strands connect two cells directly, but not infre-

quently, particularly in older colonies, the strands show considerable

anastomosing. A strand from one protoplast branches, the branches

passing to different protoplasts or different points of the same neigh-

bouring protoplast (Plate XIX, E), or neighbouring strands are con-

nected with one another by more delicate cross strands.

A comparative study of the process of inversion of the daughter

colonies in the various South African species of Volvox throws

interesting light on the probable history of the evolution of the

protoplasmic connections in Volvor. The subject has already been

discussed briefly elsewhere (Pocock, p. 486), and the data are still

incomplete, since as yet it has not been possible to procure living

material of the other species in question (V. gigas, V. africanus, and

V. aureus). The assumption made there, that the various forms

constitute a progressive series culminating in those species which

in the adult have well-developed connections between adjacent cells,

is based not only on general principles but also largely on the

degree of complexity in the development of the daughter colonies,

558 Annals of the South African Museum.

particularly in their mode of inversion. The subject is an interest-

ing one and would probably repay further study.

(vii) Contractile Vacuoles.—In addition to the highly refractive

food vacuoles already referred to, each cell possesses a varying number

of contracting or pulsating vacuoles. They may occur in the colour-

less throat (7.e. upper ventral portion) of the cell, in the outer layers

of the broad basal part usually near the bases of the connecting

strands, or actually in the strands themselves (fig. 1, Plate XIX,

C-E).

Those in the upper part of the cell are usually difficult to distin-

guish, particularly in the anterior part of the colony; in the cells

near the posterior pole they are often clear, especially in older colonies.

Whether they are always present in this region is not clear; more

than one in the throat of a somatic cell was rarely seen. In the basal

part of the cell, on the other hand, they are very easily seen in surface

view, particularly if the oil-immersion lens is used. In number they

vary considerably, one cell may show only one vacuole in this region

or as many as four or five. They appear to be within the outer layer

of the chloroplast, since in diastole a thin layer of green is sometimes

distinguishable outside the vacuole. When the vacuoles occur in

the connecting strands, usually in old colonies, they show very clearly.

As the colony ages, the number and size of the contractile vacuoles

tend to increase. This also depends to some extent on external

conditions; for instance, material which has been kept in culture for

some time often becomes strongly vacuolate, as noticed by Klein

(1890, p. 9) in the European species.

The period of pulsation for any one vacuole remained fairly con-

stant during the time of observation, and varied from 15 to 55 seconds

in those which were timed. Most often the period was in the neigh-

bourhood of 30 seconds. No relations could be found between the

periods of the various vacuoles of any one cell.

In the reproductive cells the number of vacuoles is fairly high,

but there, too, excessive vacuolation would appear to be a patho-

logical sign.

The system of pulsating vacuoles here observed is obviously very

similar to that found’in V. globator and described by Klein (1890,

p- 9), Janet (1912, pp. 52-53), etc., the chief differences from their

descriptions being the presence apparently of only one, or possibly

not even one, vacuole in the throat of the cell, and the position of the

vacuole, apparently within the outer layer of the chloroplast, not

merely within the ectoplasm.

Volvox in South Africa. 559

Entity and Interdependence of the Volvox Cell.

The vegetative cells of a Volvox colony are interdependent and

intimately united with one another by the protoplasmic connecting

strands. Yet they retain their individuality—each is in itself a

complete individual in so far as its own immediate life-processes are

concerned; it absorbs, manufactures food, initiates movement, etc.,

but it has lost the power of further division or of reproduction. Yet

it is possible for it to continue existence if separated from its sister

cells, although this separate existence is very short-lived.

If the colony is slightly crushed by pressure on the cover-slip it is

sometimes possible to separate the vegetative cells, or rather the

protoplasts, more or less completely without injuring them. Such

naked protoplasts may continue moving in an aimless way for some

time. Relieved from mutual pressure and strain, the protoplast

alters in shape, becoming an elongated pear shape with rounded

base, all angles disappearing, so that it looks not unlike a form of

Chlamydomonas. Such separated cells may be seen in Plate XLV, F,

mixed with free sperms from which they are distinguished by their

larger size, large chloroplast (stained dark by iodine), and rotund

shape ; one shows a very large eyespot at the apex.

Change in Appearance of the Vegetative Cells.

As the colony ages, the appearance of the cell network constantly

alters. At first the closely packed cells form a dense green network,

which often appears as though built up of a number of green 5- or

6-rayed stars united to one another by the points of the rays (Plate

xT B)

As the distance between the protoplasts increases, the connecting

strands become more and more drawn out, the green colour disappears

from them entirely except just at the broad base, the protoplasts

themselves become smaller and paler with ill-defined chloroplasts,

and the whole network is very fine, with delicate attenuated meshes

connecting the small nodes (Plate XIX, D, E). The pyrenoids grow

smaller, and highly refractive globules of volutin or other metabolic

substances, as well as the contractile vacuoles, become proportionately

more conspicuous. Since the eyespots in the anterior cells do not

change, in such old colonies they show up very clearly.

Thus it is possible to judge of the age of an individual colony by

inspection of the vegetative cells alone, irrespective of the state of

the reproductive cells or the size of the colony.

560 Annals of the South African Museum.

Comparison of Cell Structure in V. Rousseletii and V. capensis

with that of V. globator.

From the foregoing account it will be seen that the structure in

the two South African species in question is essentially similar to

that of V. globator as described by the workers quoted, though

differing from these descriptions in some details. It must, however,

be emphasised that, whereas in these two species the structure has

been studied in the living cell, V. globator has only been seen by the

writer preserved or in section, so that for comparison of cell structure

it has been necessary to depend entirely on the published accounts.

To study the form of the chloroplast in particular, living material is

essential—‘‘ the best stain for protoplasm is chlorophyll ”—it is

possible that if V. globator were studied side by side with these two

South African species the apparent differences in cell structure would

disappear, particularly as regards the shape of the chloroplast and

the distribution of the contractile vacuoles.

In spite of the very marked likeness to the known structure of

V. globator, the cell constituents have been described here as fully as

possible, since only thus can we hope to arrive at a clear conception

of the group as a whole and of the inter-relationships between the

species. Lack of such detailed descriptions from living material is

responsible for a great deal, if not all, of the confusion in our know-

ledge of the whole genus or group of genera. In this connection the

remarks of Pascher in his account of the genus Volvor may be again

recalled (1927, p. 450).

It may be as well to emphasise here the very great advantage

gained by using the 7':-inch oil-immersion objective for examination

of the living cell; details in structure, as, for example, the dorsal

extension of the chloroplast, can be seen clearly examined thus which

can hardly be distinguished with the usual high-power objective.

Reproduction.

Differentiaton of Reproductive Cells —As already stated, at an

early stage of the development of the daughter colonies reproductive

cells are distinguishable from the somatic cells by their greater size

and two or more pyrenoids. The stage at which this is first seen

varies, but in both species it is long before birth (Plate XX XIX, B).

In the cultures of V. Rouwsseletii from Rietfontein, at birth these

cells, if asexual gonidia, are about twice the diameter of the vegetative

cells, with a large well-marked nucleus. As regards the sexual cells,

Volvox in South Africa. 561

while some are already well developed, others, particularly the male

cells, remain small till much later. It could not be determined whether

in this species the reproductive cells are differentiated before inver-

sion or immediately subsequent thereto. In a few cases inverting

daughters showed cells rather larger than the majority, but in most

cases no difference between the component cells could be detected

before inversion (cf. Plate XLI, G, H). Very soon after completion

of inversion, however, they become conspicuous.

In V. capensis, from the Cape Flats, on the other hand, abundant

evidence was forthcoming to show that the reproductive cells are differ-

entiated before inversion and before the last cell division (fig. 1, E, F;

Plate XLI, A). The inference seems inevitable that here, at any rate,

the reproductive cells are cytologically equivalent to at least two

vegetative cells, possibly more; this is also suggested by the larger

number of protoplasmic connections between the gonidia and the

neighbouring somatic cells.

In both species no division of the reproductive cells takes place

until some considerable time subsequent to birth; during the inter-

vening period the only visible changes which take place in them are

further increase in size and in the number of pyrenoids and, later,

loss of the cilia. The sexual reproductive initials are smaller than

the asexual at birth, and show great variation in size in one colony,

particularly in the case of the male.

Types of Reproductive Cells and their Distribution.—The three types

of reproductive cells are at first similar to one another in structure

and appearance, but are distinguished by their subsequent behaviour :

1. The Gonidium, by repeated division, gives rise to a daughter

colony similar to the parent.

2. The Male Initial Cell, Antheridium Mother-cell, or Androgonidium

by a similar method gives rise to the sperm globoid.

3. The Female Initial Cell, Oogonium Mother-cell, or Gynogonidium

produces a single large oosphere.

The terms Androgonidium and Gynogonidium were introduced by

early workers and have been very generally used subsequently.

They are convenient terms by which to describe the large cells which

eventually give rise to the male and female gametes, but since their

use is controversial they are avoided here. The homologies of the

various reproductive cells are discussed later.

In V. Rousseletii the three types of reproductive cells are in general

found in separate colonies, while in V. capensis male and female cells

are formed in the same colony, the former always in much smaller

562 Annals of the South African Museum.

numbers than the latter. An area of varying extent about the

anterior pole is always free of reproductive cells of any kind.

Number and Arrangement of Reproductive Cells.

A. The Gonidium.

The gonidia are usually confined to the posterior half of the colony.

In both species the number of gonidia which develop is most commonly

8, arranged alternately in two planes, one plane approximately

equatorial, the other half-way between equator and posterior pole.

There appears to be no rule governing the order of development, nor

is there any variation in size attributable to position in the colony

(Plate XIII, D, and Plate XX, A). The number is, however, by no

means constant ; it may vary in V. Rousseleti: from extreme cases of

1 up to 16 (cf. Plate XVIII, A to D) or in V. capensis to 20, the highest

number as yet seen in one colony of this species (Plate XIV, A).

Sometimes a number of gonidia which have not divided, or have

divided once or twice and then ceased development, can be seen in a

colony ; particularly if fewer than 8 have developed, the full number

is usually made up by such abortive gonidia (Plate XX, A).

In V. capensis it is not unusual to find cells which are like the

majority of the somatic cells, but are very slightly larger and richer

in food reserves, often without visible protoplasmic connections. It

is possible that these represent incipient gonidia as postulated by

Klein in V. globator (1890, p. 18). They are, however, very different

in appearance from the undoubted abortive gonidia which in colonies

with few daughters are nearly always to be found in the positions

which daughters should normally occupy. More probably these

aberrant cells are somatic cells which have in some way been cut off

from their neighbours by the withdrawal of the connecting strands

and in which metabolic substances have accumulated.

When more than eight daughters develop they tend to lie more or

less in the same two planes as the eight primary ones (Plate XVIII, A),

but are not confined to these planes. They are rather more regularly

disposed in V. Rousseletii than in V. capensis.

West’s (1910, p. 102) description of the daughter colonies in V.

Rousseletii as “ regularly eight ” is misleading and founded on observa-

tion of a single collecting of material obviously at an early stage of an

asexual phase. In his account (1918, p. 1) of the second lot of material

from Ussangu West makes no further remark on the asexual colonies,

and his figures show only sexual colonies.

Volvox in South Africa. 563

If, as has been done in the case of both V. Rouwsseletii from Riet-

fontein and of V. capensis from the Cape Flats, a single Volvox strain

be kept constantly under observation throughout a development

period, the number is found to vary greatly, according partly to the

age of the strain, partly to external conditions. The following

observations illustrate this point:

1. V. Rousseletii—Mr. Steer’s original culture from Rietfontein

soil.

22nd February 1930 (a fortnight after the culture was started).—

Volvox abundant, entirely asexual. Daughter colonies most often

8, but often more, up to 13 (Plate XVIII, A). Size of mature

individual very large. Largest seen 2058 x 2037 yz, with 9 daughters;

many over 1500 p.

8th March.—Many young sexual colonies present, males specially

abundant. Daughter colonies 4 to 8.

23rd March.—Mainly sexual. Asexual with 2 to 6 daughters

(Plate XVIII, C).

28th March.—Sexual colonies very few. Asexual with I to 3,

rarely 4, daughters. Size much smaller (Plate XVII, D).

The colonies had become much smaller in size, with far fewer

daughters. It continued thus reproducing vegetatively for some

time, then entirely disappeared, only to reappear in the same culture

some weeks later.

A similar sequence of events was observed later in the case of an

offshoot of this culture which had established itself in Mr. Steer’s

fishpond, though here the number of daughter colonies per coenobium

never rose so high. Towards the end of the period of activity the

average number of daughter colonies dropped to 3-4.

2. V. capensis, on the Cape Flats.

V. capensis appears to be particularly sensitive to temperature

changes. On the Flats it appears in the winter months, since then

only do pools form in this area. Early in the season the maximum

number of daughter colonies is 8, often fewer, but if there is a spell

of warm sunny days the number rises considerably. In 1931 some

vleis persisted unusually late in the season, right into November,

in which month there was a spell of very hot weather. During this

the activity increased enormously, as many as 20 daughters having

been counted in one colony, while 15, 16, 17, and 19 daughters were

common. The temperature of the water at noon was frequently

over 90° F. just below the surface, some 6° cooler at a depth of 8 or 9

564 Annals of the South African Museum.

inches. Finally a temperature of 96° F. at noon was recorded, and the

rampant growth of the Volvox was cut short—the following day

hardly any Volvox remained although water still stood in the pools

to a depth of 4 inches, and on the previous day both sexual and

asexual colonies were abundant. Two days later not a trace of Volvox

could be found. Whether this disappearance was due entirely to too

high a temperature, or to a sudden altering of the surrounding medium

by a shower of rain that fell on the succeeding day, or to some quite

different cause, is a problem still awaiting solution. Certainly during

this hot spell in general appearance and behaviour this Cape Flats

Volvox became very similar to the form of the species collected in

Northern Rhodesia (Rich and Pocock, p. 449).

A similar sudden cessation apparently at the height of its develop-

ment has recently been observed in V. Rousseletii at Kimberley.

In this case, too, it occurred when the level of the water in the pool

fell to 4 or 5 inches.

B. The Male Initial Cell, Antheridium Mother-cell, or Andro-

gonidium.

1. V. RousseletiiitThe male initial cells are found in purely male

colonies ; very rarely isolated ones develop in the female colonies,

the sperm bundles formed from them being often slightly abnormal.

Such globoids were not seen in the Rietfontein material, but in

exceptionally rich sexual material from Kimberley they are not

uncommon here and there in otherwise purely female colonies.

Such occurrences are, however, exceptional, and the rule is for

this species to be dioecious.

The male initial cells are scattered thickly over from two-thirds

to three-quarters of the surface of the coenobium, leaving free only

a comparatively small area at the anterior pole (Plate XX, B, D).

Owing to the varying rate of development it is difficult to obtain

accurate counts, since some have matured and the sperm bundles

have escaped, while others are still only at the first stage of enlarge-

ment. Inthe Rietfontein cultures, however, repeated camera-lucida

counts of isolated male colonies gave 150 to 200 as the average

number, but this should probably be rather higher. In the Kimberley

material, however, this number was enormously exceeded—one very

large male colony gave a count of over 800 androgonidia in all stages,

from young ones still enlarging to mature sperm globoids—which

amply justifies West’s (1918, p. 2) description of ‘“ androgonidia

very numerous, usually several hundred.”

Volvox in South Africa. 565

2. V. capensis.—In V. capensis, however, as in JV. globator, the

sexual colonies are monoecious and strongly protandrous. If mature

sexual colonies are under examination they appear purely female,

containing only oospores (Plate XIII, E). But small, fairly regular

gaps in the cell network are invariably present, indicating the positions

where sperm globoids have matured and escaped. Only very rarely

are sperm globoids seen in a colony with well-developed oospheres.

Usually they are seen in young colonies only, where the oospheres

are still in the stage of enlargement (Plate XIII, C) and not nearly

ready for fertilisation.

As in the case of the daughter colonies, the male globoids seem

often to average 8, arranged similarly in two planes, but in addition

to these 8 primary male cells there are often considerably more in

the colony. The total number varies greatly and it is difficult to

fix the minimum, since here, too, some may have escaped before some

of the others, even of the primary 8, have developed. Colonies

with 2 or 3 sperm globoids only have been seen, but gaps in the

cell network showed that more had been formed. The following

observations give some indication of the variation in numbers :—

(1) Of 19 colonies examined at various times from Ottery Road,

10 had 8 male globoids, 4 had 10, 2 had 9, 2 had 5 but in one of

these a gap was seen, | had 4 but showed 3 gaps.

(2) In the Belvedere Road Vlei II] towards the end of the 1931

season the number of sperm bundles was high; 8 was still a common

number, but colonies with 12, 13, and as many as 19 were found.

(3) In the material from N. Rhodesia the number of globoids is

usually high, much higher than has ever been observed at the Cape,

as many as 35 having been counted in a single colony.

When more than 8 globoids are formed, the arrangement in two

planes becomes obscured, the extra androgonidia being scattered

about among the young oospheres, although usually the positions

of the original 8 can be traced.

As in the case of the asexual daughters, there is some evidence to

indicate that the number of sperm globoids is influenced by external

conditions, particularly temperature.

C. The Female Initial Cell, Oogonium Mother-cell, or Gyno-

gonidium.

1. V. Rousseletii—The female initial cells occur in the posterior

two-thirds to three-quarters of the female colony and are generally

numerous, the majority coming to maturity as spiny-coated oospores.

566 Annals of the South African Museum.

In the Rietfontein cultures numerous counts gave from 102 to 230

per colony, with an average of 180, but occasionally counts as low as

60 to 70 were made, while in the Kimberley material the numbers

were very much greater—in one large colony over 400 were counted.

2. V. capensis.—On the Cape Flats the average is about 120, but

as in V. Rousseletit the limits of variation are wide, from 60 to 160.

Occasionally a strain has been found which has a very low average

of oospores, 7.e. 60 to 70, but usually the number is over 100.

As with the other reproductive cells, external conditions as well as

inherent characteristics are operative, higher temperatures apparently

causing the production of large numbers of oospores.

Development of the Reproductive Cells.

A. Gonidium.

1. In both V. Rousseletii and V. capensis the gonidium is at first

distinguished from the vegetative cells by its larger size, somewhat

darker colour, two or more pyrenoids, and large nucleus and nucleolus.

Like the vegetative cells it has two long cilia and several contractile

vacuoles. In surface view it 1s more or less star-shaped, and is

surrounded by a ring of some 9 to 12 vegetative cells with which it is

connected by a number of stout protoplasmic strands (fig. 2, A, B,

Plate XXXVIII, G). After the birth of the colony the gonidium

continues to enlarge, and during this second phase of enlargement

the cilia are lost, the gonidium sinks inwards, and the shape alters

considerably. In side view it is very broad in proportion to its polar

diameter, with a massive basal chloroplast and large conspicuous

nucleus; in surface view it appears round instead of star-shaped,

and the connecting strands are becoming drawn out (fig. 2, C).

Since this enlargement takes place within the peripheral layer of

vegetative cells, the latter are not much displaced thereby, except

that as the gonidium sinks from its original place in the outer layer

it draws down with it the circle of cells with which it is in direct

protoplasmic connection (Plate XX XVIII, E). Thus the developing

daughter lies beneath a marked depression in the parent, this depres-

sion or pore being floored with the outer wall of the original gonidial

cell. Eventually this becomes the pore of liberation for the mature

daughter. The space occupied by this pore is not much larger than

that occupied by the gonidium in its later phase of enlargement.

The fact that the number of cells round the gonidium is about double

that round any one somatic cell is another argument for regarding

Volvor in South Africa. 567

the gonidium as really equivalent to two if not more somatic cells

(Plate XX XVIII, G).

The cell membrane of the gonidium has meanwhile enlarged

considerably, forming a large delicate vesicle projecting far into the

interior of the parent, and thus well protected while at the same

time maintaining its contact with the surrounding water through the

outer wall of the gonidial cell. This vesicle continues to enlarge as

the daughter develops, and always encloses it. Even when the

daughter is mature and already moving, the vesicle is intact and is

sufficiently large for the young daughter to turn and twist in any

direction. Similar vesicles are formed in the case of the sexual cells

(Plate XLI, I).

In the mature gonidium, as in the sexual reproductive cells, the

structure of the resting nucleus can, to a certain extent, be made out,

even in the living cell. Treated with iodine it becomes clearer.

The nucleolus is a dense, rounded body, more or less central in the

clear, colourless cytoplasm, which stains very faintly yellow with

iodine, the nucleolus staining brownish yellow. The delicate nuclear

membrane is sometimes partly visible, but usually the whole or a

part is hidden by the dense, bowl-shaped chloroplast. The nucleus

usually shows best in surface view (cf. Plate XLII, D, male initial

cell in surface view).

2. Period of Cell Division.—Some time subsequent to birth, while

the colony is still young, the gonidium begins to divide. The first

division is longitudinal, i.e. radial in relation to the parent, and

divides the gonidium into two halves placed symmetrically in relation

to the pore above (fig. 2, D). The second division is also in a plane

parallel to a radius of the parent, but at right angles to the first

plane of division. Hence, in surface view the daughter now appears

as composed of four equal cells arranged in a cross. From the

beginning of cell-division the formation of a hollow spheroid is fore-

shadowed—the apices of the two cells formed by the first division

are inclined inward ; in the second division this is more marked, while

the broadening of the basal portions causes the apices, containing

the conspicuous nuclei, to separate slightly (fig. 2, E).

In the third division the planes of division are oblique to the

preceding, so that the 8-celled stage is bowl-shaped (fig. 2, F). In

other words, the physiological polar axes of the component cells are

constantly becoming more and more inclined to one another, the

apical pole always being directed inwards (Zimmermann, 1923, p. 290).

Very soon the plane of division in each cell is radial to the spheroid,

568 Annals of the South African Museum.

and continues to be so throughout the succeeding divisions. The

bowl at first has a wide opening, the phialopore, but as division

proceeds the bowl becomes more and more a rounded hollow, and the

opening grows progressively smaller, until on completion of cell-

division only a very small pore is left (fig. 2, G—L). In the earlier

stages of division all the resultant cells are connected protoplasmi-

cally with the parent, but from the 16-celled stage onward only the

cells round the phialopore are so connected (fig. 2,G, H). At first,

as these cells divide, the outermost of the two retains the con-

necting strands, but after a time, as the cells grow progressively

smaller, this ceases to be the case, and several series of cells are cut

off within the ring of connecting strands (fig. 2, I, J). Finally,

when the divisions are completed the resultant spheroid is attached

to the parent by a ring of protoplasmic connecting strands attached

round the small phialopore, but at some distance from its edge,

which thus forms a free lip to the pore within the ring of protoplasmic

strands (fig. 2, K).

The sequence of divisions and the arrangement of the resultant

cells have been worked out very fully in the case of V. aureus to

the tenth division by Janet (1923 pp. 97 et seq.).

Such a detailed study of the division is beyond the scope of the

present investigation, but, so far as could be ascertained, division

proceeds on essentially the same lines in V. Rowsseletia and V. capensis,

although, as already indicated, probably with less regularity in syn-

chronisation of the divisions of the whole mass of cells. The number

of successive divisions varies considerably in individual cases, but is,

of course, always very much greater than in V. aureus. At any

given time, in addition to the large mature colonies, there are always

present smaller mature colonies composed of fewer cells. On the

whole, however, the number of successive divisions 1n a strong strain

at its optimum development cannot be less than fourteen (214 = 16,384)

nor more than sixteen (216= 65,536), while in very old or very young

strains, or in adverse conditions, particularly cold weather, the

number drops to thirteen or possibly even lower.

During the early stages of division the cells of the colony are about

as wide as they are long, or even wider, presenting a large area to the

surface of the colony, the large chloroplast being spread out near this

surface, filling the whole base of the cell. Although the ratio between

the axes alters as division proceeds, the surface area always remains

large in proportion to the size of the cell, the plane of division being

perpendicular to the surface. The chloroplast is deep green, with

Fic. 2.—V. Rousseletii and V. capensis. Development of the gonidium.

A, Gonidium and somatic cells from recently inverted colony ; B, C, side and surface views of enlarging

gonidia before and after loss of cilia ; D—F, the same of 2, 4, and 8-celled stages ; G, 16-celled stage ;

H—J, sections of developing embryos to show formation of free lip of phialopore ; K, L, phialopore on

completion of cell-division ; in K, surrounding cells of the parent colony shaded.

A x 2000; B-G x 1000; H-—J x 300; K, L x 1250; all approximately.

VOL. XVI, PART 3. 37

570 Annals of the South African Museum.

several pyrenoids—all characters indicating great metabolic activity

in the dividing cells themselves, and although the daughter is always

in protoplasmic connection with the parent it is improbable that

much nutritive material is derived from the parent ; some, no doubt,

passes in through the connecting strands, since the cells immediately

surrounding the pore above the developing daughter are usually

nearly devoid of starch, but it seems certain that the bulk of the

necessary food, which must be considerable, is manufactured by

the daughter itself. It must be remembered that the vesicle sur-

rounding the colony is in direct contact with the surrounding water

just as is each cell of the parent colony ; thus the water can easily

enter the vesicle and flow over the surface of the daughter colony,

which also receives an ample supply of light. Further, the content

of the vesicle shows no trace of the mucilaginous substance which

fills the hollow of the parent colony (Plate XLI, I), although some

mucilage may be formed inside the developing daughter even before

inversion. The protoplasmic strands get drawn out as development

proceeds (cf. Plate XXXVIII, G), and latterly at any rate they

probably serve mainly for the support and anchorage of the developing

daughter, at the same time helping to keep the phialopore open.

As development proceeds, the colony increases considerably in

bulk, but increase in size is not proportional to the rate of cell-division ;

hence in each division the cells are smaller than in the preceding one.

When division is complete, the daughter colony is a hollow oblate

spheroid, somewhat flattened on the outer side, with the shorter

diameter perpendicular to the surface of the parent ; the cells com-

posing it are somewhat irregular in surface view, and rather broad in

proportion to their length. In V. capensis at this stage the gonidia are

already clearly differentiated and show well in microtomed sections

as well as in living material (fig. 1, E) ; they are very distinct in sections

of inverting daughter colonies (fig. 1, F). In V. Rowsseletii, on the

other hand, it is usually very difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish

the gonidia until after completion of inversion: apparently, if they are

already differentiated, as seems probable, they are very much smaller

than in V. capensis and only enlarge subsequent to inversion. Each

cell has an extensive chloroplast occupying the outer superficial

region of the cell and containing a single large pyrenoid, except in

the case of reproductive cells which contain at least two pyrenoids.

The phialopore or ostiole is a small opening in the flattened side

lying immediately below the parent “ pore” or shallow depression

in the periphery of the parent. It is somewhat irregular in outline

Volvox in South Africa. 571

(fig. 2, K, L; Plate XL, A), and may be either quadrilateral or tri-

angular in shape, in V. capensis more often the latter. The two shapes

may occur side by side in young daughters of the same parent.

Microtomed sections of the developing daughter show the cells

as broadly wedge-shaped, the broad chloroplast-containing base

directed outwards, the roundly pointed colourless apex towards

which the nucleus lies directed inwards.

When the development and structure of the gonidium is compared

with the accounts given in the cases of V. aureus and V. globator by

Janet and others the following points emerge :—

(1) The shape of the gonidium prior to the first division differs from

that in V. awreus, where it is described as almost spherical (Janet,

1923, p. 109).

(2) The number of successive divisions is in general greater than in

V. globator and much greater than in V. aureus.

(3) The phialopore or ostiole always lies symmetrically beneath

the area of attachment to the parent, and the protoplasmic strands

connecting daughter to parent are attached in a ring round the phialo-

pore, but in later stages of division not to the cells immediately abutting

on the pore. Several rows of cells form a free rim to the pore within

the connecting strands (fig. 2, J, K).

(4) The connections between mother and daughter remain intact

till a much later stage in development.

In V. globator, wherever the attachment of daughter colony to

parent is shown, the protoplasmic strands are always depicted as

attached to the cells immediately round the pore (cf. Janet (1912,

p- 35, fig. 1), Zimmermann (1925, p. 399, fig. 1)). Possibly it is a detail

of structure which has escaped notice in that species; the preserved

material of V. globator available for comparison is not sufficiently

well preserved to show the mode of attachment of the embryo.

3. Period of re-orientation—Inversion.—How long an interval, if

any, elapses between the completion of the last cell-division in the

daughter colony and the initiation of the changes that lead to the

eventual re-orientation of the cells composing it has not yet been

determined. It is probably short.

The process of inversion is essentially similar in V. Rousseletti

and V. capensis; variations were noticed, and it was thought that

there might be specific differences, but further observations showed

that these are not constant specifically but are differences in behaviour

of individual daughters.

The process falls into two well-marked stages, the second only

572 Annals of the South African Museum.

of which has as yet been described for any species. The first, the

Preparatory Stage, lasts for some time, probably at least 2 to 4 hours;

the second, the actual process of Inversion, when once it has com

menced, is more rapid, being completed in from 30 minutes to an hour,

the average time taken being about 40 minutes.

A. Preparatory Stage.—(1) At the end of cell-division the ostiole

or phialopore is very small, sometimes almost obliterated, with rather

ill-defined outline (Plate XL, A). The first sign of change preparatory

to inversion is seen in the lip; the outline becomes more definite

(Plate XL, B; Plate XLI, A), the cells forming the lip more regular

in outline and darker in colour, while the ratio between the axes of

the cells alters, the radial axis elongating at the expense of the

equatorial. Meanwhile the free edge of the lip curls gradually

inward and downward into the hollow of the daughter, the position

of the connecting strands often showing very clearly at this stage

(fig. 3, A, and Plate XL, C).

(2) Almost coincident with this change in the lip of the pore,

the daughter colony, which at the end of cell-division presented a

firm rounded outline flattened on the outer side, begins to dent

irregularly. Dents appear first at one point then at another, becoming

progressively deeper and more extensive as the lip curls further in-

ward. During this denting period the young colony has a distinctly

battered appearance and is in a state of highly unstable equilibrium

(fig. 3, A-C; Plate XL, C, D). In preserved material, unless special

care has been taken in fixing, colonies at this stage nearly always

appear completely collapsed.

(3) After some time the dents begin to disappear, the lip to straighten

out, and the colony has once more a firm, rounded outline (fig. 3, D;

Plate XL, E, F). Now, however, the size of the colony is slightly

smaller; the radial diameter is no longer the shorter, it is either equal

to or a little longer than the equatorial. The cells are longer and nar-

rower and more regularly polygonal, as seen in surface view. Both

the movement of the lip and the denting of the young colony are caused

at least in part by this change in the shape of the cells, which con-

tinues during the next stage of the process. The change does not take

place simultaneously in all the cells of the colony, but first in one

part, then in another; hence the irregular appearance and disappear-

ance of the dents. What role exactly the free lip plays in the process

is not clear. It is evidently important, and apparently the change

in shape of the cells is initiated there, and yet later in the process it

is these cells which are most distorted and pulled out tangentially.

ase

Y Mas

: LA

| Ca ee

G 12.30 p.m

J 12.60 p.m. a p.m.

Fic. 3.—V. Rousseletii and V. capensis. Inversion of the daughter colony.

A-D, preparation ; E-—L, inversion.

A, Lip of phialopore depressed, denting beginning ; B, denting more extensive ;

C, dents smoothing out, lips straightening ; D, lip straight, colony rounded

out again; E, equatorial constriction forming (‘‘ Hour-glass” stage); F,

contraction spread over posterior half ; G, infolding of posterior half beginning ;

H, infolding complete ; I, posterior half beginning to emerge through much

enlarged phialopore (“‘ Hat” stage); J, “‘ Flask” stage beginning; K,

“Flask” stage ending ; L, inversion complete, lobes of phialopore closing.

All x 200 approximately.

574 Annals of the South African Museum.

The straightening of the lip, almost closing the ostiole, marks the

end of the preparatory stage, and is usually slightly subsequent to

the final ironing out of the dents and is completed some two hours

or more after the first signs of change are seen (fig. 3, D; Plate

XL, F). In Plate XL, B, a colony of V. capensis with 8 daughters

all in the preparatory denting stage is shown—evidently the dents

were already beginning to disappear, and during the time that elapsed

between the taking of this photograph and the one shown on Plate

XLI, A, of the central upper daughter (lower, as the photograph is

mounted), this daughter at any rate had smoothed out, although the

phialopore lip is still depressed. The camera was focussed on to the

lip, which is obviously at the same level as the region near the outside

of the colony, 7.e. just above the equator. These colonies already

showed well-developed reproductive cells, probably gonidia, some of

which are just discernible in the photograph. The parent had split

under its own weight in the first photograph, but in the latter it was,

of course, under a cover-slip.

B. Inversion.—(4) ‘‘ Hour-glass” Stage. Without perceptible

break the further changes which produce the actual turning inside

out of the colony follow. These changes first become apparent

in the equatorial region of the young colony; a slight constriction

appears in this region, or it may be shifted slightly towards either

pole (fig. 3, E; Plate XL, G). Externally this constriction appears

slightly darker than the rest of the colony, which has now a shape

rather like an hour-glass. In optical section the cells in the region of

the constriction are seen to be narrower and more elongated, the inner

apex clear, the outer part dense, dark green, and rounded. Micro-

tomed sections reveal the fact that at this stage the cilia begin to

form, not subsequent to inversion, as Zimmermann (1925, p. 401)

and Janet (1923, p. 129) describe in V. globator ; the inner apex of

the cell becomes long drawn-out and pointed in the process, and it

appears probable that cilia formation and the subsequent activity

of the rudimentary cilia play an important part in the process of

inversion. In living material the cilia were not observed until a

later stage, and possibly they are too small to be seen except in micro-

tomed sections.

(5) Starting from the equatorial constriction these changes gradu-

ally spread over the whole posterior portion, which consequently

now appears much darker and considerably smaller than the anterior

half (fig. 3, F; Plate XL, H). The posterior cells are narrow, elon-

gated, and pointed at both ends, the pointed outer ends often being

Volvox in South Africa. 575

continued as mucilage-strands. Cells in this stage bear an extra-

ordinary resemblance to sperms, not only in shape but also in the

lateral flattening of the cell constituents, pyrenoid and nucleus in

particular (fig. 4, B).

(6) The posterior half begins to fold into the anterior half, the

infolding starting at the original constriction (fig. 8, G) and gradually

extending towards the posterior pole until the whole of the posterior

hemisphere is folded into the anterior (fig. 3, H; Plate XL, I, J).

At this stage the posterior cells are in a state of compression ; during

the following stages, on the other hand, they begin to expand again,

while the anterior cells (eventually to become posterior in the mature

colony) are in a state of tension, particularly those near the pore.

(7) As the infolding approaches completion, the pore enlarges

greatly (fig. 3, E-H; Plate XL, H—J), continuing to stretch until

it is as wide as the colony. Up to now the daughter has been kept in

position by the ring of protoplasmic strands connecting it to the parent.

These strands have stretched until finally as the enlargement of the

pore continues they break and the daughter is entirely free in the

vesicle; very occasionally a few strands may remain attached

somewhat longer. As a consequence at this stage the daughter is

very apt to turn over and present a polar instead of a lateral view

to the observer (cf. Plate XL, K), making it very difficult to obtain

a good complete series of photographs of one and the same inverting

daughter; hence the earlier stages are illustrated by photographs of

one daughter (Plate XL, C—J), the later stages more clearly by those

of another which is more favourably placed (Plate XLI, B—F).

As the pore enlarges the cells round it are pulled apart ; the proto-

plasmic connections between the cells, very difficult to distinguish

hitherto, get stretched and are very plainly seen, while the cells are

contorted into strange shapes (fig. 4, A). It seems probable that

Klein (1890, fig. 24) was observing cells in this state when he drew

his figure of ‘‘ abnormal cells from the anterior half of an asexual

colony of V. aureus.” This stage is well illustrated in the photo-

graph of the large colony shown in Plate XLI, G.

(8) ‘‘ Bowler-hat ’’ Stage.—The posterior half, with the pole still

dented inwards, begins to emerge through the much stretched pore

(Plate XLI, B); at this stage ciliary action was first observed in

living material. The short, developing cilia may sometimes be seen

lashing vigorously while still within the anterior half.

As the dense, dark green posterior half emerges, the paler, stretched

anterior half slips down forming the brim of a hat-shaped structure

576 Annals of the South African Museum.

of which the posterior part forms the crown (fig. 3, 1; Plate XLI,

C-D).

(9) ‘Flask’? Stage-—As more and more of the colony emerges

the structure assumes the shape of an inverted flask with dented

base and turned back flange (the lip of the phialopore) round the nar-

rowing neck (fig. 3, J ; Plate XLI, E, F). The changes in shape of the

cells and cilia formation have gradually spread into the anterior half,

at this stage the flange alone remaining in the stretched condition.

This flange or fringe is sometimes distinctly three-, more rarely four-

lobed, more often it is very irregular in appearance.

(3) 112 p.m.

Fia. 4.—Inversion of daughter colonies. Cell detail.

A, Cells and protoplasmic connections from anterior half about stage G; B, cells

from posterior pole, stage F, G; C, cells from recently inverted colony ; D,

closing phialopore of colony shown in fig. 3.

A-C x about 2500; D x about 1250.

(10) The cells of the fringe contract, become more closely packed,

the lobes fold inward to fill up the contracting pore. The dent at

the opposite anterior pole of the inverted colony gradually straightens

out (ig. 3, K, Lb; Plate XLI, F).

(11) The daughter colony begins to move slowly, at first with a

slight rocking movement, probably due to incomplete co-ordination

of the ciliary movement. Soon, however, this rights itself and a slow

but steady rotary movement sets in.

(12) Meanwhile the pore, which may sometimes still be seen even

after movement has commenced, has continued to close and finally |

becomes completely obliterated (fig. 4, D). In healthy colonies no

trace whatsoever of the pore can be seen. Zimmermann (1925,

Volvox in South Africa. 577

‘

p. 401) states that it remains recognisable as a clear “ cell-free ”’

spot, apparently in V. globator as well as in V. aureus, but he is not

quite clear on this point. In these African species certainly no such

spot can be traced.

The cilia are still very short on completion of inversion, and con-

tinue to elongate for some time. :

Results of Inversion.

Inversion is now complete, the inner pole of the developing daughter

has become the anterior pole, while the phialoporic pole is now the

posterior pole of the rotating daughter. Further, the orientation of

each cell has been inverted, the polar axis has been turned through

an angle of 180° so that the pole innermost in cell-division is now

outwards, while the chloroplast-containing end is on the inner side

of the young colony. The elongation of the polar axis of the young

colony is sometimes apparent immediately after inversion, sometimes

does not appear till later. Occasionally the daughters remain practi-

cally spherical till after birth.

After inversion the daughter is actually slightly smaller in size

than on completion of cell-division, since the long axis of each cell

is now the radial one. The cells are closely packed together and have

entirely lost their sperm-like appearance ; in an optical section of a

young inverted colony the cells appear oblong in form, both outer and

inner ends broad and slightly rounded (fig. 2, A, and fig. 4, C; Plate

XXXIX, A). The outer end is colourless, containing the fairly large

nucleus and bearing the two cilia, while the inner two-thirds is filled

by the deep-green chloroplast with the pyrenoid.

The above details have been obtained primarily by continuous

observation of living material. Daughters have been watched during

periods of several hours, from the very first sign of preparation for

inversion that could be detected until inversion was complete, and

it is only such continuous observation that allows the sequence of

events to be followed. This has been supplemented by examination

of sections of material specially fixed with a view to obtaining good

inversion figures (hence killed with dilute osmic acid or iodine solution).

Such preparations confirmed the observations already made in living

material of the change in shape of the cells, showing the very sharp

pointing of the ends (fig. 4, B, and Plate XLI, H). Further, in iodine-

fixed material the rudimentary cilia can be seen at a very early

stage. Apparently the elongating and pointing of the cells is directly

578 Annals of the South African Museum.

connected with cilia formation. As each part escapes through the

widening pore the pointing of the cells disappears again, and the cells

assume the palisade-like form described above, and already beginning

to be apparent in the section of the ‘“‘ Flask” stage (Plate XLI, I).

At this stage there is no common envelope. The limiting mem-

branes or cell walls are laid down subsequent to inversion. Traces

of secretion of mucilage into the hollow of the inverted daughter

appear early; in sections appropriately stained the dilute mucilag-

inous content of the daughter colonies, though much less deeply

stained than that of the parent, is clearly contrasted with the clear,

unstained cavity of the vesicle surrounding the colony.

Kuschakewitsch (1931, p. 330) suggested that the secretion of

intercellular jelly which “‘according to Overton” (1889) intervened

between completion of cell-division and appearance of the cilia,

might be in causal connection with the process of inversion (cf. also,

Janet, 1923, p. 129). Again, Zimmermann (1925, p. 400) states

that the process of ‘‘Exkurvation” is manifestly caused by the

swelling of the intercellular substance between the apical cell ends.

These explanations seem very inadequate. The fact that the

emission of the cilia coincides with the beginning of the actual

process of inversion and is not subsequent to inversion, however,

offers a much more probable explanation of the mechanism of in-

version, while the changes that take place in the shape of the cells

in the earlier stages might account for many of the phenomena

observed. It is possible that the formation of mucilaginous substance

between the cells assists in the process. The existence of protoplasmic

continuity between the cells enables the whole mass to act as a single

entity (see Pocock, loc. cit., p. 486).

Time of Inversion.

Both V. Rousseletii and V. capensis were examined at all hours

of the day and most of the hours of the night, except between 5 and

8 a.m. Inverting daughters were observed at all hours of both day

and night. At first it was thought that inversion took place only

during the day, and that by bringing coenobia that had daughters in

the stage succeeding completion of division from the dark into the

bright light of the microscope illuminant, these were stimulated to

invert. But material which had been standing in the dark was

examined at 8.45 p.m. and showed daughters already half inverted,

hence in this case, at any rate, inversion had started in the dark.

Volvox in South Africa. 579

Fuller observations are necessary before reaching a final conclusion

on this point} not only on the time of inversion itself, but also as

regards the time at which nuclear division takes place. There is

probably a close relation between the two, since inversion follows

closely on completion of division. Shaw speaks of “. .. night...

a time when so many of the changes in the life-history of Volvox

occur.” Karsten (1918), working with various algae, found that, in

general, nuclear division is initiated by change in light intensity, e.g.

from light to dark, and concludes that by day the cells assimilate COg,

and at night use up the food stored during the day in cell-division.

In Volvox as yet it has not been possible to determine whether

cell-division is confined to certain periods of the 24 hours. So far

as external observations go, the results obtained do not support Shaw’s

remark so far as concerns the African species. In V. aureus Zimmer-

mann (1921, p. 270) certainly found nuclear division proceeding during

the day, as he describes various stages of cell-division from material

fixed at 3 p.m.

The results of observations as to the time at which inversion takes

place though inconclusive are perhaps worth recording. Although

inversion was at various times observed at all hours of the day,

there seem to be certain optimum times which, however, depend to

some extent on external conditions. Material examined between

8 and 10 a.m. usually showed many daughters in the preparatory

stages. From 10 a.m. to about noon many inverting daughters

were seen; thence onwards the number usually decreased markedly,

increasing again somewhat towards the late afternoon or early

evening, after which it again falls. Inverting daughters were more

numerous in warm weather, but this was to be expected since a rise

in temperature evidently speeds up development in general.

Fization.—To obtain good inversion figures the best method was

found to be killing with dilute osmic acid, then washing in several

changes of water, and fixing in dilute chrome-acetic, as used in

Flemming’s Fluid No. 2, overnight. Good results were also obtained

by using Powers’ iodine method.

The Discovery of Inversion.

It is hardly credible that in so well known an organism as Volvoz,

which has been investigated again and again during the last two

centuries, a phenomenon so striking as that of inversion of the daugh-

ter colonies should have been completely overlooked. Yet such is

580 Annals of the South African Museum.

apparently the case. No mention of it can be found in the extensive

Volvox literature until Powers (1908, p. 158) recorded its occurrence

in his description of species of Volvox from Nebraska, and photographed

some of the stages. It struck him as most interesting, and he sought

for it successfully in most of the other species with which he worked.

Unfortunately, he was unable to watch the complete process in living

material, and as a consequence misinterpreted the sequence of events.

For example, his figure of the “‘ kettle” stage shows an early, not a

late stage of the process. Further, in the absence of knowledge of

the cytology of Volvox, he failed to recognise the full interest and

importance of the phenomenon. As a result, Powers’ discovery,

although it is referred to by both West (1916, p. 179) and Shaw (1922,

p. 109), failed to obtain the recognition it undoubtedly deserved.

His photographs are, nevertheless, excellent so far as they go, and

enable one to determine which type of inversion exists in the species

he figures.

In 1921 Zimmermann (1923, pp. 584-585) worked at the cytology of

Volvox (chiefly V. awreus), and as a result realised that the orientation

of the cell constituents during cell-division, as compared with that

in the mature daughter colony, involved a complete inversion of every

cell. At the time he thought that this turning of the cell axis through

an angle of 180° took place in each individual cell, as did Merton

(1908, p. 470) in the case of Pleodorina illinoissensis. The following

year there was published a short paper by Kuschakewitsch (1922,

p- 131) describing observations actually made by him three years

previously, in the summer of 1919, which threw a flood of light on

the whole problem. From this it became apparent that no shifting

of the cell constituents takes place within the cell, but that when

cell-division is complete the whole hollow spheroid formed turns

inside out, thus reversing the orientation of the individual cells.*

Zimmermann (1923, p. 584) published a very interesting critique

on this paper by Kuschakewitsch and subsequently investigated the

process in both V. aureus and V. globator, in the case of the latter

giving a series of photographs of successive stages of inversion.

His account of the process in V. aureus differs in certain points from

* Unfortunately, this paper has not been procurable for reference ; both Janet

(1923, p. 127) and Zimmermann (1923, pp. 584-585) refer fairly fully to Kuschake-

witsch’s work, and their accounts were at first followed for the details given

here. Quite recently, however, Kuschakewitsch’s paper has been republished

in the Archiv fiir Protistenkunde (Bd. 73, 1931, p. 324) and has therefore become

more accessible.

Volvox in South Africa. 581

that of Kuschakewitsch for V. tertiws and V. aureus, as will be most

clearly seen by a comparison of his figures (1925, p. 399, g-k) with

those given by Janet (1923, Plate 18, fig. 104). Although the process

in these two species does not concern us directly here, it is interesting

when we come to consider inversion in the case of the sperm globoids

and germ colonies. Pascher’s account (loc. cit., p. 457) is based on

Zimmermann’s work. The subject has already been discussed else-

where (Pocock, p. 485) in connection with V. gigas and V. africanus.

Inversion has been described in Eudorina and Gonium by

Hartmann (1921, p. 223). Subsequent observers have noted it not

only in all the regular colony forming members of the Volvocales

but also in other members, e.g. Haematococcus. Thus the phenomenon

of cell-division to form a hollow sphere followed by inversion is

characteristic of the Volvocales as a whole, showing progressive

advance in complexity throughout the group as the number of

constituent cells in the colony increases, and culminating in the

species of Volvor of the Eu-Volvox section, of which V. Rouwsseletir

and V. capensis are members. The known facts are ably sum-

marised by Pascher (1927, p. 457) in so far as concerns the asexually

formed daughters. Logically, one is led to expect the same sequence

of events wherever in any member of the group a single cell divides

to form a spherical mass of cells, 7.e. in Volvox in the development

of the sperm bundles and in the colony formed from the oospore.

The present investigation shows this expectation to be justified in

both cases.

Powers describes the process as the “invagination and final in-

version”’ of the young colonies (1908, p. 141); Kuschakewitsch (1931,

p- 328) makes a similar use of the term invagination in describing

the first half of the process, and later in his discussion (p. 331) on

the significance of his discovery he considers the development of

the daughter colony from the gonidium to be a sort of internal

budding comparable to the invagination of a part of the wall of the

parent colony. The term has, unhappily, been used to describe the

whole process of re-orientation by subsequent workers in America,

either misunderstanding the use of the term made by these writers

or misled by a superficial resemblance at an early stage of the pro-

cess to the invagination of the blastula in animal embryology, e.g.

that of Amphioxus (Dendy, 1914, p. 47, fig. 13). But, whereas

there the essential part of the process is the infolding of one hemi-

sphere against the other to form a double wall, the cells of the two

layers of the wall being inversely orientated, in Volvor, although

582 Annals of the South African Museum.

the beginning of inversion resembles the infolding of the blastula, the

resemblance is but a temporary one, and the final result entirely

different.

The use of the term invagination in this connection, then, is to be

avoided. Kuschakewitsch describes the process as one of “* pseudo-

gastrulation,’ but that, too, is apt to give rise to misconception.

Janet makes use of the term ‘‘ Extroversion,’ and Zimmermann

uses “‘ Inkurvation”’ for the first half, ‘“‘ Exkurvation”’ for the

second half of the process. But as the existing English word “ Inver-

sion’ has already been used and, while non-committal, describes the

process sufficiently accurately, it seems unnecessary to coin a new

word.

Development of Daughter Colony after Inversion.

After inversion is completed the daughter colony, still enclosed

in its vesicle, remains within the parent rotating on its axis, which

itself is constantly altering its position. If the reproductive cells

have not become apparent before inversion, they are very soon

clearly distinguishable in the embryo colony (Plate XXXIX, B).

The daughter increases in size, both somatic and reproductive cells

becoming larger, and the cilia lengthening proportionately.

Shaw (1922a, p. 491), who had certainly never seen living material

of V. Rousseletii, thought that in this species the gonidia were not

differentiated in size until some considerable time after birth, but

he is mistaken in this; they are quite distinct very soon after inver-

sion, long before the colony escapes, though they do not divide until

later.

Zimmermann (1925, p. 401) states that in V. globator the size

increases rapidly by separation of the cells due to continuous swelling

of the intercellular substance, “so that sooner or later the daughter

colony squeezes itself into the interior of the mother colony.”

However that may be in the European species, it is certainly not

the case in healthy colonies of either V. Rousseletii or V. capensis,

unless very exceptionally. However large or numerous the daughter

colonies may be, each remains enclosed in the vesicle formed from

the gonidium wall, which enlarges with the developing colony and

remains intact right up to the birth of the latter. It is large enough

to allow ample room for the daughter to move freely within it.

Volvoxr in South Africa. 583

Birth of the Young Colony.

From a very early stage in the development of the gonidium, as

has already been described, the area where the outer gonidium wall

is In contact with the surrounding medium forms the floor of a shallow

pit, or depression, in the surface of the mother colony, for convenience

spoken of as the parent pore (fig. 3; Plate XXXVIII, E, G), and

this continues to be the case after inversion.

When the daughter is ready to escape, however, the pit disappears,

and instead of being depressed this area of the parent surface begins

to protrude. The daughter shows a kind of boring movement,

apparently pressing on the parent wall, and the cells round the pore

begin to separate. It appears as if the daughter secretes a ferment,

which digests the substance forming the walls between the plastids

without attacking the latter or their connecting strands. It might

perhaps be possible to test the truth of this theory by micro-chemical

methods, but as yet no attempt has been made to do so. Whatever

the cause, whether simply increased pressure by the daughter or

ferment action, the area of and round the parental pore disintegrates,

and the daughter squeezes its way out, leaving behind it a large,

irregularly circular gap in the parent (Plate XXXIX, C, D). In

the figure the partially separated cells show on each side of the outer

pole of the escaping daughter, while the second figure shows the

daughter free in the water, and in addition two other colonies showing

gaps left by escaping daughters. The edges of the gap sometimes

fall back into position, but from the mode of its formation it is

obvious that, once formed, it can never completely close again. Each

daughter makes its own pore of escape in the same way.

The exceptions to this rule are so rare that it may be regarded as

constant. As an instance the following may be quoted—the only

case of its kind yet observed: On 16th October 1930 a large colony

of V. capensis, measuring 1258 x 1344 yw on the slide and containing

8 large mature daughters, was under observation. The smallest

daughter measured 286x315 yp, the largest 329 x 358 pw, hence all

were very near in size. The notes made at the time are: ‘‘ Daughters

all moving, some escaping, boring their way outwards; the cells of

the parent separating, some of the protoplasts swimming away.

Two, however, did not escape out, but zmwards, and swam about

inside the parent (the first case observed) for a short time, then

escaped. Gonidia large and distinct, but undivided.” But this

colony was not freshly collected—it was brought in from the ditch

584 Annals of the South African Museum.

that runs along near the Wetton Road vlei on 12th October, and

thus, when these observations were made, had been kept in culture,

although in vlei water, for four days. Further, even if this had not

affected it, when a colony of such a size, especially when so loaded

with daughters, is placed on the slide a great part of its weight is

no longer supported by water, and it is very liable to split merely

under its own weight. Hence, though interesting, it is an exception

on which much reliance cannot be placed, since conditions were

certainly far from natural.

The parent colony may continue active for some time after the

escape of the daughters, even though it has several large gaps in its

posterior half. Eventually, however, it disintegrates.

As the daughters escape their rate of rotation and progression

becomes very high, and they swim about exceedingly rapidly. At

first they are very deep green owing to the close juxtaposition of

the component cells, but as development proceeds the protoplasts

become further and further apart owing to the gelatinisation of the

intervening walls, the protoplasmic connections become more

apparent, the eyespots in the anterior half become well developed,

and soon the gonidia begin to divide.

In vigorous strains young escaped daughters of all ages are seen

moving about among the mature colonies. The daughter colonies

are large at birth, on the whole larger in V. Rousseletit than in V.

capensis, but the actual size varies enormously ; this depends partly

on the age of the strain, partly on external conditions, but also to a

great extent on individual idiosyncrasy of the gonidium, ef. Plate

XIV, A, where all 14 daughters in the large colony are mature, but

show very great variation in size.

In V. Rousseletii one of the smallest daughters seen free measured

182 x 204 px, while the largest seen in situ was 630x672 uw. This

was, however, exceptional, although daughters over 500 y in dia-

meter (e.g. 525x567 jw) are not uncommon at times. The average

in vigorous normal strains les between 300 and 400 yp, falling

considerably as the strain ages.

In V. capensis the largest daughter colony measured in situ was

467 x 482 «; colonies averaging 320 x 360 x are common, but here

again the size decreases with the age of the strain. In cold weather,

too, the daughters are noticeably smaller and composed of fewer cells.

In general, the size of the daughter at birth is directly proportional

to the size at the beginning of inversion, and this, too, varies greatly.

Daughters were measured at the beginning of the preparatory stage,

Volvox in South Africa. 585

i.e. when denting was first appearing. Of these the largest measured

274 x 257 ys (nearly always before inversion the polar diameter is the

shorter). Another measured 164 x 164 before inversion, 125 x 133 p

immediately after inversion. Yet another, 125 x 121 in the dent-

ing stage, measured 116 x 125 w on completion of inversion.

B. Male Initial Cell, or Antheridium Mother-cell.

In the case of the development of the male initial cell, V. Rows-

seletii is a far more favourable object for investigation than JV.

globator or even than V. capensis. The very large number of sperm

bundles found in one colony, and the fact that they develop at very

diverse rates, makes it possible to find every stage of development,

from young, still ciliated mother-cells to escaping sperm globoids,

in one and the same colony. Further, the course of development

is extraordinarily constant—it is very rare indeed in a healthy

vigorous strain to find sperm globoids that vary in either structure

or number of sperms. When such do occur it is almost invariably

in material which shows other signs of abnormality; for example,

material which has been subjected to unfavourable conditions, has

been kept for some time in culture, or is nearing the end of its

period of sexual activity.

In both V. Rousseletii and V. capensis the mature sperm globoids

are similar in appearance and structure, but there are several inter-

esting divergences in the course of their development. In both, the

life of the antheridium mother-cell and the sperm globoid which

develops within it can be divided into distinct periods, viz. :—(1)

period of enlargement, (2) period of cell-division, (3) period of re-

orientation, including preparation for inversion and inversion proper,

(4) maturation of sperm globoid within the parent, (5) escape from

the parent, (6) life subsequent to escape culminating in (7) escape of

the sperms from the globoid.

Much of the life-history is common to both species. The develop-

ment and structure will be described in detail in the case of V. Rous-

seletii, partly because it was in this form that it was first studied,

and partly because it is undoubtedly the most favourable for observa-

tion. Then the points in which V. capensis differs from it will be

considered.

It was endeavoured to obtain as full a photographic record as

possible of the successive stages. It was of course impossible to do

this for one individual androgonidium, but photos have been taken

showing most of the early stages in development (not the later

VOL. XVI, PART 3. 38

586 Annals. of the South African Museum.

stages of cell-division) in different androgonidia, and the course of

inversion in single individuals. The difficulties in obtaining good

photographs are considerable. After the first few cell-divisions we

are dealing with a dense, very small individual (diameter about

30 4 when mature) suspended inside the parent. When young the

latter, too, is comparatively dense, hence the best results were

obtained from large, fairly mature colonies where many of the globoids

had already escaped, and the cells of the parent were wide apart

and consequently not very dense; even late in life such colonies

often still contain young developing antheridium mother-cells, and

thus offer favourable subjects for observation.

In the case of the earlier stages a fortunate chance helped consider-

ably. A young male colony with antheridia in all stages happened

to get split by pressure of the cover-slip, one half lying with the

hollow inside facing upwards. Along the free edge of this several

antheridium mother-cells and antheridia in the very early stages of

development, each with its vesicle intact, were exposed, and pre-

sented specially good subjects for photographing (cf. Plate XLII,

D-J), since they were not masked by over-lying cells. The best

results were obtained from living material, using the 1-9 mm. oil-

immersion objective and a Leitz-3 ocular. The stronger oculars

were less satisfactory, cutting off too much light, with some loss of

definition. It was found preferable to obtain the additional magnifi-

cation by using a greater extension of the camera attachment.

In obtaining the series showing inversion, it proved exceedingly

difficult to obtain a good, complete series. To begin with, the pre-

paratory stage is prolonged, and it was extremely difficult to be sure

when a bundle was just beginning to invert. Then it involved

keeping the chosen bundle under observation with the oil-immersion

lens for several hours without any crushing or drying. In several

cases a good series was begun, only to be spoilt in the middle. Series

which proved excellent at some stages were spoilt by sight movement

of the object at crucial moments. In a series where the end was

good, the beginning was often unsatisfactory, and vice versa. The

one chosen to illustrate this paper (Plate XLIII) is in some ways

not the best obtained, nor is it complete, since after the twelfth

negative had been exposed, the projection lamp came to the end of

its life, and work was held up for some days before another could be

procured. As a consequence the last three photographs showing the

completion of the process were underexposed, and these stages have

had to be supplied from another series. But the early stages on the

Volvox in South Africa. 587

whole show well in the series chosen, and the next three photographs

(Plate XLIV, A-C), though of another globoid, serve sufficiently

well to complete the pictorial record of inversion, while the third

series (Plate XLIV, D-—F) illustrates rather nicely individual varia-

tion in form, and shows the “‘ Hat” stage viewed from a different

angle.

V. Rousseletii.—1. Period of Enlargement and Shifting of

Polar Axis.

The young male initial cell is similar in form and structure to the

gonidium—more or less broadly pear-shaped, with clear anterior

end bearing two cilia and containing a large nucleus with well-defined

nucleolus (Plate XLII, A, B, D), there is a massive cup-shaped

chloroplast with several pyrenoids and a varying number of contractile

vacuoles. Owing to their large number and presence still undivided

in quite large mature colonies, it is much easier to observe the early

stages than in the case of the gonidium. Unlike the gonidium, the

male initial cell does not broaden out before division commences.

At first it stands in rank with the neighbouring somatic cells (Plate

XLII, A, and fig. 5, A), its apex on a level with theirs, distinguished

from them only by its greater size and dense cell contents; even

at this stage the inner wall begins to protrude into the hollow of the

parent, thus commencing the enlarging process whereby the sur-

rounding vesicle is formed. As the cell enlarges the pyrenoids

multiply, and the cell begins to drop inward away from the upper

surface, the vesicle enlarging inwards correspondingly (fig. 5, B).

The cilia disappear (Plate XLII, C, E), the apex occasionally getting

somewhat drawn out, and for a time the bases of the cilia may be

traced between the cell apex and the outer membrane (fig. 5, C). The

fully grown cell has a diameter of about 15 to 20 pu (cf. Overton, 1889,

p- 213, in the case of V. globator, “‘ Gerade vor der Theilung besitzen

die Antheridium-Elternzellen meist einen Durchmesser von 15 p2”’).

Up to now the polar axis of the mother-cell has been radial to the

parent colony, hence at right angles to its surface, but at this stage

there usually takes place a re-orientation of the cell constituents

without any disturbance of the outer cytoplasmic layer, the ectoplasm,

which remains as it is, connected with the neighbouring cells by the

protoplasmic connecting strands. The whole chloroplast, with all the

cell constituents enclosed in it, swings round until the anterior pole,

the clear end of the cell containing the nucleus, points sideways or

inwards (fig. 5, D to F; Plate XLII, F). Thus the physiological

588 Annals of the South African Museum.

axis of the cell turns through an angle of from 90° to 135°, sometimes

even more. As a consequence, since the anterior pole of the cell

will eventually become the phialoporic pole of the developing body,

it follows that the phialopore of the young male bundle instead of

lying immediately below the parent pore, as in the case of the young

daughter colony formed from the gonidium, is turned sideways or

inwards. In the photographs this is well seen in succeeding stages

(Plate XLII, G to L). Very occasionally developing males are found

with their phialopore directed outwards, but in this species this is

exceptional.

A similar shifting of the polar axis of the cell has been described by

Zimmermann (19235, p. 289) in a number of algae.

2. Period of Cell-division.

Cell-division does not begin till after the birth of the parent colony,

and then only in some of the male initial-cells, others remaining dor-

mant until later. The shifting of the polar axis within the protoplast

is soon followed by cell-division. The first division is always longitud-

inal,—that is, the physiological polar axis lies in the plane of division

which is either perpendicular or inclined at an angle to the radius

passing through the mother-cell (fig. 5, G; Plate XLII, G, H, 1).

In Plate XLII, I, the separating of the anterior ends of the two cells

is already evident; the nuclei, or rather the nucleoli, of the cells

are visible, that in the right-hand cell particularly clear. In Plate

XLII, fig. H, the nucleolus of the nearer cell, the protoplasmic con-

nections, and the vesicle are particularly clear.

The second division is also longitudinal, in a plane at right angles

to the first (fig. 5, H; Plate XLII, J). The hollowing to form a

cup is more marked, though in the 4- and sometimes even in the

8-celled stage the curvature is sometimes very slight (Plate XLII, K).

The 8-celled colony here shown, however, is somewhat unusually flat.

In succeeding divisions the polar axes of the individual cells become

constantly more inclined inwards, just as in the case of the asexual

daughter colony. Up to the 4-celled stage the size of the cells does

not differ markedly from that in the corresponding stage of division

of the gonidium, but from thence onwards a distinct difference begins.

There is some enlargement of the whole mass during division—the

undivided mother-cell may reach 20 yw in diameter, the hollow spheroid

at the end of division measures just over 40 yz in longest diameter (e.g.

that shown on Plate XLII, N, was 33 x 41 2), but a great part of this

Fic. 5.—V. Rousseletii. Development of male initial cell.

A-C, Period of enlargement; D-—F, shifting of the physiological axis of the cell; G—K, 2-, 4-,

8-, 16-, and 32-celled stages, the latter “‘ bowl ’’-shaped, with phialopore directed obliquely

downwards; L, cell-division complete, phialopore lateral.

All x about 1000.

590 Annals of the South African Museum.

is occupied by the hollow centre; hence, the enlargement is far less

than in the case of the asexual daughter colony and the resultant

cells at any stage consequently far smaller.

The total number of divisions is nearly always nine, resulting in a

hollow oblate spheroid, more or less kidney-shaped, as seen in side

view, nearly circular in polar view, composed of some 512 cells.

Very occasionally only eight divisions take place, giving half-size male

bundles.

From the 16- to the 64-celled stage the structure appears as a wide-

mouthed bowl (fig. 5, J, K; Plate XLII, L, M), the mouth of which

gradually grows smaller in succeeding divisions. As a result of the

shifting of the polar axis the protoplasmic strands connecting the

developing male bundle to the parent are not attached round the

phialopore, as in the case of the asexual daughter, but to one side of

the colony, round the outer end, thus leaving the lip of the phialopore

entirely free. The connecting strands show well in figs. H, K, L on

Plate XLI.

At completion of division the globoid lies inside its vesicle within

the hollow of the parent, its long axis more or less radial to the

parent (Plate XLII, N); the cells are similar in form to those of the

daughter colony, but smaller. Each contains a single pyrenoid in

a deep green chloroplast lying adpressed to the outer surface of the

cell, the inner clear end containing the nucleus. The phialopore is

small and rounded in outline (fig. 5, L). Mucilage strands extending

across the central hollow between the cells can often be seen even in

living material, and more clearly in stained microtomed sections.

3. Period of Re-orientation of the Sperm Bundle.

(a) Preparation.—Owing to the small size it is more difficult to

watch the changes in cell form than in the case of the daughter colony.

Here, as there, the first signs of preparation for inversion are most

clearly seen at the phialopore. The lip becomes depressed, curling

inwards into the hollow of the spheroid, until it may almost reach the

centre (fig. 6, A; Plate XLIII, A, B; Plate XLIV, D), hence it is

accompanied by a widening of the pore, as seen in surface view. The

denting so characteristic of this stage in the daughter colony is not

seen ; evidently “‘ denting ”’ is correlated with the much greater size

of the daughter. But the change in the shape of the cells soon

becomes very apparent—the outer wall is rounded, the long axis is

now radial, and the clear inner apex more pointed and well defined.

Volvox in South Africa. 591

J 8.22 p.m. K 9.16 p.m.

Fia. 6.—V. Rousseletii. Inversion of sperm globoid.

A, B, Preparation; C—K, inversion; L, fully formed, recently inverted globoid.

All x 750 approximately.

592 Annals of the South African Museum.

This part of the preparatory stage lasts a considerable time.

Kventually the lip of the phialopore begins to rise, and straightens

out, more or less completely closing the phialopore (fig. 6, B; Plate

XLII, C). At this stage it is often almost impossible to distinguish

the position of the phialopore, the young colony appearing broadly

elliptical or round in optical section, with an uninterrupted wall.

The change in shape of the cells is accomplished or immediately

followed by the commencement of cilia formation.

(b) Inversion—There is no perceptible pause separating the two

phases—perhaps the moment when the lip begins to straighten out

should really be regarded as the end of preparation and the beginning

of inversion proper. After the lip has straightened out completely

the pore begins to widen, and continues widening until it almost

reaches the diameter of the whole bundle (fig. 5, C, D; Plate XLIII,

D to F)—the “ Thimble ”’ stage.

Meanwhile the change in the shape of the component cells con-

tinues, the cells having become very much elongated, the outer ends

sharply pointed, especially in the posterior part, often long drawn

out, the clear inner ends also sharply pointed (fig. 6, E). At this

stage the incipient cilia were first detected—in favourable material

the very short cilia may be seen moving in the hollow, while in sections

they show distinctly.

As the pore reaches its maximum extension the edges begin to bend

outwards and gradually fold back, making a very pretty series of hat-

shaped figures—first a cléche hat, then a bowler, then wider brimmed

hats (fig. 6, F to H; Plates XLIII, G to K, and XLIV, A, E), the

brim constantly enlarging at the expense of the crown. During the

“hat ” stages the protoplasmic strands connecting the young male to

the parent finally part, and the hat sometimes rolls over slightly, but

the displacement is much less marked than in the case of the daughter

colony.

As inversion continues, the crown of the hat gradually flattens out,

the brim closes over the top, and usually the pore is completely

obliterated (fig. 6, Ito K; Plate XLIV, B, C, F). Sometimes, how-

ever, mature globoids were seen which still had a pore, usually round

in outline but sometimes either triangular or quadrilateral, in the

centre of the upper surface. This was, however, not seen in young

vigorous material, and is probably a sign of advancing senility in the

strain or colony, or of untoward conditions.

Volvox in South Africa. 593

4. Maturation of Sperm Globoid within the Parent.

As soon as inversion is complete—before the pore has quite closed—

the globoid begins to move, rotating slowly with a rocking of the polar

axis, like a very flat top. The cilia are already long and soon attain

their full length (Plate XLIV, G). At first the central hollow is

broadly elliptical, but as development continues the globoid becomes

more and more flattened until in side view the hollow is almost

obliterated, appearing as a very narrow ellipse. The phialoporic

upper surface is convex, the lower more or less flattened. The

component cells are long and narrow with bluntly rounded ends,

the apices are clear, the inner two-thirds filled with the fairly dark

green chloroplasts, the line of demarcation between the outer colour-

less zone and the inner green zone being very clean cut (cf. Plate

XLIV, C, F). This contrast between the inner and outer zones is

very characteristic of recently inverted globoids, later becoming far

less well defined (fig. 6, K, L).

Owing to the movement, photographs of living material cease to

be possible as soon as inversion is completed—later stages have to be

obtained from material which has first been killed. After an hour

or two the globoid has reached its maximum depression, the chloro-

plast is more diffuse and lighter in colour, and the coloured zone is no

longer sharply differentiated from the colourless outer zone but passes

gradually into it. The component cells are more elongated, radiating

from the central hollow, with very long cilia, the arrangement of which

is very: characteristic—from the centre of the under side they radiate

out, those near the edge bending round it and upwards, while those of

the upper surface stretch up in the direction of the phialoporic pole

(fig. 6, L). Powers (1908, p. 164) gives an excellent description of the

appearance and movement of the mature sperm globoid in V. per-

globator which applies equally here. The pyrenoid in the base of the

cell is small, oval in outline, and the nucleus elongated ; the small

eyespots are sometimes visible. The cilia are very much longer in

proportion to the size of the cells than in the daughter colony (cf.

Plate XXI, A). Soon after inversion a delicate wall is laid down on

the outside; traces of the beginning of this wall may be seen in

sections where the colourless ends of the sperms are edged with mucila-

ginous matter. So far as could be seen, no membranes separate

the sperms nor bound the central hollow. Even the outer wall is

very difficult to distinguish ; it only becomes clear as the sperms are

liberated.

594 Annals of the South African Museum.

During the development of the sperm globoid the vesicle formed from

the wall of the mother-cell enlarges greatly, allowing ample room for

the movement of the globoid within it. Not only does it remain

intact throughout development, but even after the globoid has

escaped the vesicle can be seen unbroken, except at the pore of

escape. In fairly old male colonies such empty vesicles often show

clearly among developing sperm globoids.

Time taken for Inversion.—lIt is very difficult to determine exactly

when the preparatory stage begins, but it is clear that it is prolonged.

There is apparently considerable variation in the time taken over

inversion. For instance, in one case a male bundle came under

observation when the lip was already rising. In 14 minutes it had

straightened out and in another 80 minutes had completely inverted

and started moving. This was unusually quick.

In another (Series X, shown in Plate XLIII, figs. A to K) when

first observed the lip was already depressed but did not reach maximum

depression for another 35 minutes. During the next 75 minutes it

was slowly rising, finally straightening out. The opening of the pore

to its widest extent (Thimble) took 1 hour 55 minutes, the actual

inversion took another 1 hour 48 minutes—total, 5 hours 33 minutes.

After inversion is complete the final depressed form may be attained

in from 45 minutes to an hour, or longer.

In several cases a given male bundle was under observation for over

6 hours, by the end of which time the globoid had started moving.

To this time, however, must be added an unknown, probably varying,

time for preparation before the bundle came under observation.

As a general rule, the process is very slow up to the “ Thimble ”

stage ; but once the pore has reached its maximum size, which corre-

sponds with the minimum size of the bundle as a whole, and the lip

has started to curl outward, the rate rises and the actual process of

inversion takes place comparatively rapidly. In general the period

of preparation lasts for at least 2 to 3 hours, often more, while the

period of inversion proper takes another 1 to 3 hours, while after

inversion is complete another hour or more elapses before the globoid

has assumed its characteristic form.

5. Escape of Sperm Globoid.

After the globoid has reached the stage described above it remains

within the parent colony for some time, exactly how long has not been

determined. The movement which started as soon as inversion was

Volvox in South Africa. 595

complete continues uninterruptedly ; the globoid rotates on its axis,

which at the same time is constantly changing its direction, the

very characteristic peculiar compound motion resulting.

Eventually the sperm globoid, which measures from 40 to 44 jw in

equatorial diameter and about half as much in polar diameter, is

ready to escape. In general it escapes towards the outside, but a

small number may escape inwards into the hollow centre of the

mother colony, whence they may eventually escape whole through

some pore already present, but more usually they break up into their

constituent sperms within the body of the parent. Under normal

conditions such cases are, however, exceptional.

As liberation approaches, the sperm globoid is seen to be moving

in the outer part of the vesicle, which begins to bulge outward, push-

ing apart the neighbouring vegetative cells ; the cilia bunch together

into this bulge, a small part of the wall becomes disintegrated, suggest-

ing strongly some form of enzyme action, and the sperm globoid

squeezes through, often showing considerable distortion as it does so,

but recovering immediately on reaching the outside. It reminds one

strongly of the distortion seen in an Oedogonium zoospore during

escape (Plate XLV, A, B).

There is no tearing of the neighbouring cells as in the escape of the

larger daughter colonies, and after escape the cells fall back into

position so that the gap left is merely the space in the peripheral layer

originally occupied by the enlarged male initial cell. Further, the

inner part of the vesicle remains intact, and thus, even when the

majority of the sperm globoids have escaped, the parent colony is

not laid open to attack from outside and remains healthy and vigorous.

Since the escape of the several hundreds of globoids which such a

colony may contain is spread over a considerable period, probably

some days, this is an important consideration.

In the case of a single large male colony under observation for

over an hour in the evening of 3lst January 1931 the following

observations were made :—

Between 10 and 10.30 p.m.—Six globoids were liberated out-

wards.

10.50 p.m.—One globoid escaped into the hollow of the parent.

10.55 p.m.—Watched a globoid escape at edge of colony—outer

wall bulged slightly outwards, projecting part broke (or was

digested) and the globoid squeezed through sideways, being

considerably distorted in the process, but at once regained its

normal shape.

596 Annals of the South African Museum.

11.5 p.m.—Another globoid escaped, this time without visible

distortion.

The regular gaps left by escaped globoids are a very distinctive

feature of maturing male colonies (cf. Plate XX, B).

6. Life of Globoid free in the Water—Escape of Sperms.

As the globoid escapes, its rate of movement increases greatly and

it moves here and there on the slide with great rapidity, rotating on

its axis all the time. No phototactism was detected, nor could it be

decided what caused change in direction. The energy used in move-

ment must be enormous in proportion to the size of the individual

cells (sperms), the cilia being much longer than the body of the sperm

(fig. 7, D). Probably a great part of the food-store is consumed during

this movement, but since the sperms contain chlorophyll, photo-

synthesis may continue during the free life.

The globoid may continue moving intact for some hours or the

sperms may begin to escape almost at once. Apparently globoids

liberated into the cavity of the parent break up more rapidly than

those free in the water, but it is possible that in the cases observed

this was due to exceptional sexual activity.

The surface of the mature globoid is divided very regularly into

small, more or less hexagonal areas, formed by the anterior ends of

the sperms, which are truncate, with the cilia inserted to one side

(fig. 7, A). The first sign of breaking up is seen in a blurring of the

outline of these divisions and a general loosening of the compact sperms.

Strictly speaking, the liberation of the sperms is not a process of the

breaking up of the globoid, but of the escape therefrom of the individual

sperms; it must be remembered that the sperms are enclosed in a

delicate membrane, and this can be seen partly or entirely empty

as the sperms escape. The pore of escape is the pore of closure of

the inverting male bundle. The exact mechanism of escape is very

difficult to see, but appears to be as follows :—

The sperms draw their cilia back through the common membrane

and can be seen actively moving about inside it (fig. 7, B; Plate

XLV, C, D). This takes place gradually, and as long as any of the

cilia still project they continue to move the globoid very actively,

and usually before all are withdrawn a number of sperms have par-

tially freed themselves, and in their endeavours to get quite free

continue moving the whole mass—the globoids shown in these two

figures were by no means quiescent and had to be killed before they

Coes g ne

BEAD

ses Bc See

een yaa

G 2.40 p.m.

H 2.43 p.m. | 2.45 p.m. J 2.50 p.m.

Fic. 7.—Development of sperm globoid (continued).

A-D, V. Rousseletii—A, Cells from recently inverted globoid; B, C, escape of the

spermatozoids, B, beginning of escape, C, escape nearly complete, a few still

swimming round inside the vesicle wall which is now distinguishable ; D,

spermatozoids. E-J, V. capensis—E-I, Inversion of sperm bundle showing

position of the phialopore; J, globoid in surface view immediately after

inversion, cilia lengthening. :

A x1750; Bx 800; Cx900; D~x3500; E-J x 750, all approximately.

598 Annals of the South African Museum.

could be photographed. Fig. C shows the sperms just beginning

to escape; the majority of the cilia have been withdrawn, except

near the pore, where a number of sperms are backing out of the

globoid. As they do so they move actively in endeavouring to free

their cilia.

Fig. D shows a globoid with a fair number of sperms already

free, but the majority were still moving actively inside the globoid

wall when the whole mass was fixed with iodine. As the sperms

escape, the delicate wall of the globoid gradually becomes visible

(Plate XLV, F), until, as it empties, its very characteristic form shows

clearly (fig. 7, C); the upper surface becomes raised with the pore

of escape in the centre, the lower surface remaining very slightly

curved. The membrane is extremely delicate, and so far it has

never yet been possible to distinguish it until the escape of the sperms

is nearly complete.

Structure of the Sperms.

On escape from the globoid the sperms show great activity, moving

about rapidly as soon as they have freed their long cilia from the mass

of their fellows (Plate XLV, F, G).

The sperm (fig. 7, D) is an elongated narrowly pear- or spindle-

shaped structure, with a long slender beak forming the anterior pole ;

this beak is apparently formed during escape, as in the globoid itself

the anterior pole of the sperm is truncate, and the beak is already

developed when the sperm emerges. The broader end is either

rounded or pointed, both forms occurring side by side; probably the

form of both ends alters as the spermatozoid moves about. The

body of the sperm is 2-4 » wide, the total length 10-12 pw, with cilia

twice, or more than twice, that length. In the basal half is an elongated

chloroplast containing a single small pyrenoid. Separately the sperms

appear almost colourless, but in bulk they are seen to be a clear though

somewhat pale yellowish green. The chloroplast has much the same

structure as in the vegetative cell, 7.e. a basal portion filling the posterior

end of the cell and an elongation up the dorsal side of the cell apparently

reaching to a short way below the base of the beak, where a small red

eyespot is situated. In the hollow of the chloroplast, nearly central

in the cell, lies the elongated nucleus, with a very small nucleolus,

which can only be seen in prepared sections.* Near the eyespot

but on the clear ventral side of the sperm are two small contractile

* Overton (1889, pp. 242-243) describes the sperm of V. globator as ‘‘ more highly

specialised ” than that of V. aureus (V. minor)—elongated and without nucleolus.

Volvox in South Africa. 599

vacuoles, the periods of which do not coincide, nor exactly alternate.

With the oil-immersion lens they can be seen very clearly. Im-

mediately above the position of the eyespot and vacuoles the sperm

narrows suddenly to form the long, narrow hyaline beak, at the apex

of which the two long cilia are inserted. They are directed back-

wards, and this fact probably gave rise in V. globator to the idea that

the cilia are sometimes inserted laterally near the eyespot (Klein,

1890, p. 33, and Table III, fig. 23). The spiral twist often seen in the

sperms is very apt to make it appear as though the cilia were inserted

at the base of the beak (cf. the two central sperms in fig. G, Plate XLV),

but in life in the African species it is quite evident that this is not

the case; the insertion of the cilia is apical, or so nearly apical that

it is impossible to detect the difference.

Except for the slight variation in the posterior end—either rounded

or drawn out into a short point—and an equally slight one in the

shape of the whole, the sperms are very uniform in size and form.

Often the body has a slight spiral twist, apparently consequent on

the rapid movement. The beak, sometimes equal to one-quarter

the total length of the sperm, is an extraordinarily mobile structure,

and seems to function in some way in the location and penetration of

the oosphere.

Living sperms were watched inside female colonies, where they tend

to collect round the egg-containing vesicles ; probably owing to the

greater viscosity of the mucilaginous fluid filling the cavity of the

coenobium, the cilary action so characteristic in water was seldom

seen, the movement of the sperms being of an amoeboid type. The

beak is constantly bending and turning, often apparently with a boring

movement. They were often seen close to the vesicle surrounding an

egg, the beak apparently trying to bore into the wall, while the cilia

‘OO?

floated out motionless behind (fig. 8, B, C; Plate XLVI, A).

Volvox capensis.

In the main the above account of spermatogenesis in V. Rousseletii

applies also to V. capensis, but there are several points where the

process in the latter differs markedly from that in the former.

In the first place, the number of male initial cells is always very

much smaller and the sexual colonies are always monoecious and

protandrous. As a rule, the 8 primary antheridia develop more or

less simultaneously, others often developing much later, but usually

all are liberated before the oospheres are ready for fertilisation. As

600 Annals of the South African Museum.

a natural result, the range of stages of development seen in one colony

is very much smaller than in V. Rowsseletti.

Secondly, there are certain outstanding differences in development,

the significance of which is difficult to understand: (1) The mother-

cell passes through the period of enlargement with loss of cilia and

subsequent down-sinking into the parent colony just as in V. Rousse-

letwi, but no change in the orientation of the cell constituents follows ;

as a consequence the polar axis of the cell remains radial, the first

two divisions take place in two radial planes at reght angles to one

another, and the phialopore is directed outwards (fig. 7, E), lying

immediately below the parental pore formed by the sinking of the

initial cell, and surrounded by the ‘

plastids (Klein, 1889, p. 20).

Here and there a similar case is observed in V. Rousseletii, while,

conversely, a shifting resulting in the pore being placed laterally is

‘ perigonidial crown”? of somatic

occasionally seen in V. capensis; but in general the above rule holds

for the two species respectively.

At first it was thought that this curious divergence in development

might be correlated with the direction of escape of the mature male

globoid, that the shifting might result in a globoid which escaped

outwards, while its absence resulted in a globoid which would eventu-

ally escape inwards into the hollow of the parent, and that it was

consequently to be correlated with the distribution of the sexual

cells, but there seems to be no evidence to support this view. In

both species the rule is for the globoid to escape outwards into the

surrounding medium and only exceptionally inwards into the parent.

Further, since the parent vesicle which encloses the mature male

globoid is amply large enough for it to rotate freely within it, there

seems no reason for the orientation of the globoid during develop-

ment to determine the direction of escape. |

(2) Possibly the difference of position may be connected with the

second divergence in behaviour—this is in the rate at which inversion

proceeds. As yet inversion has only been watched in comparatively

few cases in V. capensis, but in every case it was found that the rate

of inversion was far more rapid than in V. Rousseletii ; whereas

in that species the stages from the opening of the pore to completion

of inversion took from forty-five minutes to two hours or more, in

V. capensis they are usually completed in under half an hour, and

although the process follows similar lines the successive “ hat”

stages were not nearly so clearly defined (fig. 7, E—J). It is possible

that the position of the connecting strands relative to the phialopore

Volvox in South Africa. 601

may have something to do with this difference in the rate of in-

version. As far as could be made out, the number of sperms forming

the globoid is the same in the two species, so that difference in

number is not the cause of the difference in rate of inversion.

(3) The mature globoid is similar in size and appearance to that

of V. Rousseletii, except that, as a rule, it is not quite so much

depressed, and the central hollow as a consequence is wider as seen

in side view, and, further, the sperms appear to be somewhat less

tightly packed (cf. Plate XV, C, D, and Plate XXI, A, B).

In one case accidental crushing of a sperm globoid directly after

inversion resulted in the partial separation of the constituent cells,

the structure of which was thus well seen (cf. fig. 7, A). The outline is

oblong, ends truncate, slightly rounded, cilia inserted to one side of

the anterior end, eyespot and nucleus near the clear end, the massive,

slightly oblique chloroplast with pyrenoid filling up the posterior

two-thirds. As the globoid ages, the form of the component cells

gradually approximates to that of the mature sperms. In a mature

globoid, 42 w in diameter, the central hollow seen in optical equatorial

section measured 20 pz, the sperm cells 10 w—after liberation the sperms

are longer by the length of the beak, 2-3 z—while the nucleus is placed

centrally.

C. The Female Initial Cell—Oogonium Mother-cell, or Gynogonidium.

1. Enlargement.—The very young female initial cell (fig. 8, A) 1s

similar to the gonidium and male initial at the same stage. But

very early in development, while still ciliate, it becomes distinguished

from them by the deepening of its colour to a strong dark green.

This shows well in the photograph of portions of a male and a female

colony of V. Rousseletii lying side by side (Plate XXXIX, HK). In

the female colony are several mature oospheres seen in surface view

and a younger one in side view, with its apex very near the outer

membrane, while in the male colony are two young undivided

antheridium mother-cells, one seen side view, the other surface,

showing the nucleolus, and a mature sperm globoid in surface

view.

As the oosphere enlarges (fig. 8, B, C), the posterior portion

projects further into the hollow of the parent, the apex remains

near the surface, and the whole in general becomes distinctly

flask-shaped (Plate XXI, D), though the shape varies a good deal.

The neck of the flask is sometimes very much shorter and broader

than the one here shown. In general, in V. Rousseletii the oosphere

VOL. XVI, PART 3. 39

Fic. 8.—V. Rousseletii. Development of the oospore.

A, Female initial cell enlarging, still ciliate; B, enlargement continuing, cilia lost ;

C, nearly mature oosphere in side view ; in B and C spermatozoids are shown

in the hollow of the parent colony outside the oogonium vesicle ; D, oospore

sunk within peripheral layer; EK, F, 2- and 4-celled oospheres; in F the

surrounding parent cells are shaded; G, H, formation of the spiny exospore ;

in H the fixation has caused the dark green protoplast to shrink away from

the outer wall which it is secreting and which is still thin and delicate.

All x about 1000.

Volvox in South Africa. 603

has a narrower, more elongated neck than in V. capensis (Plate

XVI, D), but this is not always the case. The pyrenoids become

very numerous and the whole structure so dense that it is only by

very careful focussing, and then by no means always, that it is

possible to distinguish the large central nucleus. A small area at

the apex remains clear, and in this it is sometimes possible to see one

or two small contractile vacuoles. The cilia are retained well into

the period of enlargement; when they are eventually lost the two

basal portions are distinguishable for some time between the outer

membrane and the apex of the oosphere (fig. 8, B). The protoplasmic

connections between the oosphere and the neighbouring cells are

usually attached to the upper angle of the neck.

2. Structure of the Mature Oosphere-—When mature, 7.e. ready for

fertilisation, the oosphere is a massive, flask-shaped body, the neck

of the flask projecting between the neighbouring cells to within a

short distance of the outer membrane, the enlarged base protruding

into the hollow of the parent, enclosed in the delicate vesicle formed

by the much enlarged wall of the mother-cell. The bulk of the

oosphere is intensely dark green, the large central nucleus almost

enclosed in the massive, bowl-shaped chloroplast, very rich in chloro-

phyll and containing a large number of pyrenoids; the nucleolus

is large and conspicuous. There is a large reserve of food, chiefly

starch and fatty oils. The apex remains clear and has all the appear-

ance of a receptive spot. In addition to the apical contractile

vacuoles, others in the basal part may sometimes be seen, but such

vacuoles in a healthy oosphere are comparatively small and rare;

much vacuolation is usually a pathological sign. In surface view the

oosphere is circular and about 30 pz in diameter (Plate XLVI, A).

Homologies of the Reproductive Cells.

From the foregoing it is clear that the three types of reproductive

cells, the gonidium and the sexual initial cells, are similar in origin,

in structure, and in the first stages of development, but very early

in the latter divergences appear. In the case of the gonidium and the

male initial cell, however, development continues on similar lines

right up to the formation of the sperm globoid which is essentially

similar in structure to the asexual colony but smaller, resulting

from fewer successive cell-divisions ; as in the embryo colony, inver-

sion is followed by the secretion of a common envelope, formed

from the fused outer portions of the cell-walls. Whether here, too,

these walls are continuous round the protoplasts could not be deter-

604 Annals of the South African Museum.

mined—if so, then they disintegrate before or during the liberation

of the spermatozoids. As is the case with the daughter colony, so

with the sperm globoid, the whole structure when mature escapes

into the surrounding water and there assumes an active independent

life. But the end result is different, since, whereas the embryo

colony consists of both somatic and reproductive cells, the sperm

globoid is composed of reproductive cells (the male gametes) only,

and these, after escape from the globoid, lead for a brief period an

independent flagellate life which must, however, soon terminate in

fusion with a female gamete, or they perish.

From the initial similarity many workers, notably Klein in his

later work (18896, p. 47) and Janet (1912, p. 78; 1923, p. 55) believe

the three types of cells to be homologous, and the sperm bundle

homologous to the coenobium, regarding it as a dwarf male colony

composed of cells each of which functions as an antheridium, pro-

ducing a single spermatozoid. Janet, as is only logical, extends the

homology to the oosphere, regarding it as a colony in which cell-

division has been partially or entirely suppressed. He considers

that either the content of the gynogonidium may round off without

division to form a single large oosphere or female gamete, and that

this is probably the case in V. aureus (1923, p. 58), or that a certain

number of divisions may take place as a result of which one nucleus

only persists, and, surrounded by the bulk of the cytoplasm, develops

into the oosphere, while the remaining nuclei abort. This he believes

to be the case in V. globator, where he found surrounding the oosphere

a ‘‘ follicle’? of about 63 chromatic bodies which he regarded as

abortive nuclei, the whole corresponding to a colony formed by six

successive nuclear divisions, 7.e. he holds that in this species there is

a ‘“‘ blastéa oosphérienne ” as well as a “ blastéa spermienne ” (1923,

p- 57). As against this view it may be remarked that other considera-

tions point to V. globator being more highly evolved than V. aureus,

and that therefore one would expect to find traces of such a reduced

‘female colony” in the latter rather than in the former species.

Further, as yet no trace of such nuclei has been found in microtomed

sections of either of the two South African species in question, and

these are undoubtedly very close to V. globator. On the other

hand, however, on several occasions living oospheres of V. Rous-

seletia with two or four equal-sized nuclei have been observed—as,

for example, in material from Rietfontein culture on 28th April 1931

(fig. 8, E, F), while in microtomed sections oospores with two nuclei

of equal size are not uncommon. But quite different interpretations

Volvox in South Africa. 605

of these phenomena are possible—the former may quite conceivably

be cases of parthenogenetic development 7 situ of unfertilised oospheres

such as is recorded by Overton (1889, p. 32) and Klein (1890, p. 23),

while the latter may be fertilised eggs in which fusion of the male

and female nuclei has been delayed.

Other workers—for example, Cohn (1875, p. 170), Overton (1889,

p- 245), Zimmermann (1921, p. 275), and Fritsch (1927, p. 81, and

MS.)—take a different view of the homologies of the reproductive

cells. Although similar in origin they do not consider them homolo-

gous to the gonidium, since the ultimate products of their develop-

ment are different. These workers regard the male and female

initial cells as the mother-cells of the antheridium and oogonium

respectively, the contents of the former dividing repeatedly to form

the sperm bundle, while the latter, without division, forms an oogonium

containing a single large oosphere. In the latter case this view

presents no difficulty—the Volvox oogonium is comparable with the

equivalent structures found elsewhere among the algae, where a

single cell becomes more or less flask-shaped and the contents,

enormously enlarged with food reserve, after union with a male

gamete clothe themselves with a several-layered wall and form a

zygote. In the case of the ‘“ antheridium,” however, the matter is

not so simple, since here not only do the contents of the mother-cell

divide repeatedly, but the mass of cells so formed undergoes very

complicated developmental processes, at the end of which it clothes

itself with a delicate wall, escapes from the parent, and for a time

leads an independent existence. If, therefore, this view is accepted,

we have under consideration an antheridium of quite exceptional

type differing in several ways from all other antheridia. As, however,

the forms included under the general name Volvox constitute a very

highly specialised group, standing in many ways by itself as the

culminating point of one line of evolution, and showing several

characteristics which are found nowhere else among plants, notably

the formation of asexual reproductive cells (gonidia) which develop

in situ to form embryo colonies, it is not surprising if they also show

peculiarities in the formation of their sexual organs.

Accepting the latter interpretation, then, the whole structure

derived from the initial cell, including the much enlarged wall or

vesicle, constitutes a highly specialised antheridium in which the

contents form a mass of spermatozoids, the sperm bundle; this for

a time acts as a unit, and as such leads an independent life. In

the species of the Hu-Volvox section the term “ globoid” suggested

606 Annals of the South African Museum.

by Powers (1908, p. 164) in the case of V. perglobator is descriptive

and appropriate.

Fertilisation.

Unfortunately the behaviour of the sperms has not been observed

except immediately after liberation. No authentic case of sperm

attraction by oospheres has been seen nor any entry of sperms into

female colonies, although they have often been seen already inside

such colonies. Hence the act of fertilisation in Volvoz still remains

a mystery.

Sperms have been watched repeatedly inside both monoecious and

dioecious colonies (i.e. in both V. capensis and V. Rousseletii); in

many such cases the sperms were moving about and apparently

trying to effect an entrance through the vesicle wall (fig. 8, B, C).

This seems to be a very common state of things, as it was observed

in V. globator by many of the earlier workers, e.g. Cohn (1875, p. 104),

Klein (1889), pp. 35-36). But although many observers have

watched sperms inside the colony apparently swarming round young

oospheres, no one has as yet recorded the entrance of the sperm into

the oosphere in any such case (Mainx, 1929, p. 210). Klein mentions

that he frequently found dead sperms within colonies with ripening

oospores.

A priori it seems contrary to expectation that sperms liberated

into the water should have to penetrate the massive parent colony,

and thus make their way to the back of the oosphere while all the

said oospheres have their anterior ends (where in general throughout

many groups of oogamous plants receptivity is localised) so near the

surface of the parent that penetration there must be at least as easy

as, probably much easier than, entry into the parent. Further,

subsequent to inversion of the colony the phialopore in general

closes completely, leaving no traceable pore which could serve as the

regular means of entry for the sperms, such as the “polar plateau”

described by Overton (1889, p. 243) in the case of V. aureus. It is

true that in V. capensis as in V. globator there are always the gaps

left by escaped sperm globoids, and that these gaps are always in the

midst of developing oospheres, yet they must be regarded as more

or less fortuitous, and, moreover, are generally closed on the inside by

the empty vesicle of the escaped globoid.

From consideration of the structure of the colony and oosphere,

then, the expectation is that fertilisation should take place from the

outside, entry being effected at the apex of the oosphere. Moreover,

Volvox in South Africa. 607

after fertilisation the oosphere rounds off completely, the connecting

strands disappear, the neck is withdrawn, and the oosphere lies

completely within the peripheral layer of the parent (fig. 8, D).

On the other hand, as yet there are no observations of the entry of

sperms into the egg (or rather oosphere) to confirm or refute the

justice of this expectation, while there is abundant evidence to sug-

gest that the sperm enters the hollow of the parent, and thence

penetrates the oosphere.

The only two workers who describe male nuclei within the oosphere

are Overton (1889, pp. 245-246, t. iv, fig. 29) and C. Lander (1929,

p. 434, pl. xv, figs. 4-17), and in neither case is the evidence given

convincing, and it appears at least possible that in both cases what

the observer actually saw were binucleate oospheres such as those

described above and not sperms entering the oosphere, and this

for the following reasons :—

1. Overton, describing and figuring sperms, lays stress on the fact

that in V. globator the sperm nucleus contains no nucleolus (1889,

pp. 245-246, t. iv, fig. 29), yet in his drawing of a fertilised oosphere

(fig. 29) he shows the male nucleus as a body of diameter about

equal to a third that of the female nucleus, with a large well-defined

nucleolus.

2. In Miss Lander’s paper, again, whereas her drawing of a sperm

(fig. 11) shows it as possessing a very small nucleus with minute

nucleolus, the drawings showing the supposed male nucleus within

the oosphere depict it as much larger than the whole spermatozoid,

about two-thirds the size of the large female nucleus, and with a

nucleolus which is only a little smaller than that of the oosphere

(figs. 13-16). Here, too, it seems possible that she is figuring stages

in the division of an oosphere nucleus, and not a case of fertilisation.

Further, her drawing of the pore by which the sperm is said to gain

entrance to the lateral receptive spot is far from conclusive—it has

very much the appearance of a tangential section of a sperm adpressed

to the oogonium wall.

Careful search has been made for similar structures in both living

and sectioned material of these two African species, so far without

success; two doubtful cases were found where the wall of the

oogonium in a corresponding position showed some unevenness,

but compared with the hundreds of healthy normal oogonia which

showed no trace of any such structures their value is negligible.

These two authors may be quite correct in their observations on

fertilisation, but as yet, apart from the very common occurrence of

608 Annals of the South African Museum.

sperms inside the parent colony, no evidence in the African material

has been found to support them. Probably this is a case where

prolonged and careful observations of suitable living material will

reveal the true story.

So far, then, this investigation adds nothing to our knowledge of

the process of fertilisation. The present position may be summed

up as follows :—

1. In V. Rousseletii in general the male globoids are produced in

great numbers in separate colonies from the eggs, very occasionally

one or two appearing in preponderatingly female colonies. In

V. capensis a comparatively small number of male globoids (5 to 22)

are produced in the same colony as the oospheres ; always where the

colonies are monoecious they are strongly protandrous.

2. In both species male globoids are liberated outwards, and

eventually dissociate in the water; more rarely liberation takes

place inwards, and dissociation follows within the body of the parent

colony.

3. The apex of the flask-shaped oosphere remains near the surface

of the parent colony, and has the appearance of a receptive spot.

4. Later, presumably after fertilisation, the neck of the oosphere

is withdrawn, the oospore rounds off, clothes itself with a several-

layered wall, and is deep sunk within the parent.

5. Sperms are frequently found in both species within the colony,

apparently swarming round young oospheres and endeavouring to

penetrate the surrounding vesicle.

6. No posterior pore can be detected in the parent colony after

the closure of the phialopore.

From these facts the following deductions can be made :—

(a) If fertilisation takes place it must in general be cross fertilisa-

tion, since ripe oospheres and mature sperm bundles are very rarely

met with in one and the same colony even if monoecious.

(6) Judging from the behaviour of the oospheres, fertilisation from

without via the neck of the oosphere would seem probable, but at

present there is no further evidence of such being the case, while

the frequent presence of sperms within the colony indicates that

by some means the sperms penetrate into the hollow of the parent

colony, and may thence enter the oosphere by the broad basal

part.

Overton, by means of isolation experiments (1889, p. 245), demon-

strated that in V. globator self-fertilisation could take place, and he

held that self-fertilisation was usual, a conclusion with which Klein

Volvox in South Africa. 609

disagrees (1890, p. 35). Apparently Overton’s experiments with

V. globator have not been repeated by any later investigator. Mainx

(1929, p. 210) found that parthenogenetic development of eggs is a

common phenomenon in V. aureus, and possibly the same may be the

case here, but considering the large number and vigorous nature of

the sperms one is chary of adopting such a view. It is possible that

a closer study of germinating oospores will provide a criterion for

determining whether a resting spore is in truth a zygote or only a

parthenospore. The need for observations and experiments with

living material is very obvious in this connection.

Development of Oospore subsequent to Fertilisation.

As already stated, at a certain stage of development, presumably

after fertilisation, the oospore rounds itself off and sinks further into

the parent until it lies well within the peripheral layers; at first a

marked enlargement takes place, and since at this time all proto-

plasmic connection with the parent has ceased, this enlargement

must be due to the photosynthetic activity of the egg itself. Soon

integuments begin to form within the oogonium vesicle. The oospore

first lays down the spiny outer coat—the outline of the dense green

protoplast becomes uneven (fig. 8, G), spirally arranged portions

project, and over them the conical spines of the outer coat form. At

the base of each of these projections is usually a pyrenoid. In living

material the green core of each spine can often be very beautifully

seen; in formalin-fixed material the green core may often shrink

away from the colourless integument, the green projections corre-

sponding to the outer spines then showing very clearly (fig. 8, H).

When the spines have about reached their maximum size the

green projections are withdrawn, the protoplast rounds off, and the

inner coats are formed. These consist of a relatively thick, smooth,

outer coat, the mesospore, and a very delicate inner wall or limiting

layer, the endospore, surrounding the protoplast ; as a rule the latter

does not become apparent till later in the history of the oospore.

Janet (1912, p. 99) distinguishes only two layers in V. globator, the

spiny exine (exospore) and a single intine (endospore), but he

evidently never saw oospores germinating, when the double nature

of the inner coat would have become apparent (cf. Plate XLVI, G, H).

After the formation of the integuments the colour of the oospore

begins to change—the intense bright green gradually changes to a

reddish gold and ultimately to golden brown, the chlorophyll being

610 Annals of the South African Museum.

replaced or masked by Haematochrome. Colonies containing ripe

oospores present a very beautiful appearance macroscopically—placed

in a small glass tube and held up to the light so that the sunlight is

reflected off the rapidly moving spheroids, those with ripe oospores

appear bright golden red among the bright green of the other colonies.

The oospore contains large food reserves, chiefly of starch in the

outer layers, volutin and fatty substances in the inner. Sections show

the large central nucleus connected by a network of protoplasmic

strands with the outer layers of the cytoplasm occupied by the

massive chloroplast and the numerous pyrenoids.

Size and Appearance of the Oospore in the Two Species.

The above general account applies equally to both V. Rowsseletii

and V. capensis, but the mature oospores in the two differ considerably

in appearance. In V. Rousseletii the spines are usually longer, rather

more slender and sharply pointed, and with rather more tendency to

hooked ends than in V. capensis. The limits of size, including spines,

is much the same in the two species; if anything, the oospere of

V. capensis is rather larger than that of V. Rousseletii (V. capensis

49 to 62 p, V. Rousseletii 46 to 58 yw), so that when allowance is made

for the greater length of the spines in the latter the actual spore, the

part contained within the mesospore, is a good deal greater in

V. capensis (V. capensis 40 to 49 yx, V. Rousseletii 35 to 43 1).

The differences in appearance and structure, difficult to define in

words, are well brought out in the photographs of separate spores and

spores in situ shown in figs. H, F, Plate XV, and figs. C, E, Plate X XI.

They are mainly differences of degree ; length and shape of the spines

may vary considerably within one colony, but whereas in V. Rows-

seletiz they vary about the type shown in fig. C, Plate XXI, in V. capensis

they vary about the type of fig. F, Plate XV. One spore of JV.

Rousseletii may, for instance, have less well-developed spines than its

neighbours, and consequently approach the capensis type, but on the

whole the appearance is quite distinctive.

In V. capensis, even at the height of its development, there are

rarely found a very large number of colonies containing ripe oospores,

whereas in V. Rousseletii during sexual activity a very great pro-

portion of red colonies, 7.e. females with ripe oospores, may be found.

It would appear that in V. capensis the ripening oospores are not

retained so long within the colony as in V. Rousseletii, that very soon

after the colour has changed the colonies disintegrate and the ripening

Volvox in South Africa. - 611

process continues at the bottom of the pool, whereas in V. Rousseletii

the ripening oospores are retained much longer in the parent colony,

which moves about among the others retaining its firm outline and

shape for a considerable period before disintegration finally takes

place.

Very occasionally in V. capensis abnormal oospores with thick

smooth walls were seen in specially active material during unusually

hot weather (Plate XX XIX, F).

Liberation of the Oospores.

The method of liberation of the oospores is sharply contrasted with

that of either the sperm globoids or daughter colonies. In both the

latter the liberation was, as it were, a voluntary act on the part of the

young organ. The oospores, on the other hand, are entirely passive.

When the requisite degree of ripeness is reached the whole parent

colony disintegrates, sometimes very rapidly ; the protoplasts fall

apart and the membranes apparently dissolve.

A single colony of V. capensis which contained reddened oospores

had apparently reached the limit of its life, for when placed on the

slide it collapsed under its own weight and disintegrated, liberating

the oospores ; it had not been killed nor fixed in any way, nor had it

had the pressure of a cover-slip on it. No similar case has been

observed in V. Rousseletii, but probably a similar breaking up takes

place there, although more slowly.

There are several indications that the oospores have not reached

full maturity when this takes place, but continue to mature in the mud

at the bottom of the pool. The speed with which maturity is reached

appears to vary considerably, largely depending on external conditions,

of which temperature is certainly one of the most important. The

observations on a form of V. Rousseletii at Kimberley, already recorded

(Pocock, p. 499), show that there maturation is very rapid, sometimes

at any rate complete within two or three weeks.

It is evident that the oospores are very efficiently protected and

able to retain their viability for a number of years. In 1928 Volvor

capensis was found in large quantities in shallow pools inside wattle

scrub near Dabchick Vlei; the two succeeding winters were dry, and

no pools formed in this spot, but in 1951 one pool partly filled and

Volvor Juveniles promptly appeared. The pool soon dried up,

however, and no sexual colonies were found. In 1932 a very much

larger area of the thicket was inundated, far more than in 1928, and

612 Annals of the South African Museum.

over practically the whole area Volvox was soon abundant, the

colonies being exceptionally large for this species. Obviously the

oospores had retained their viability for three and four years respec-

tively. That the spiny outer coat is an excellent protection against

attack by small animal organisms became very apparent in the

oospore culture experiments described below—while the smooth,

round spores after escape from the spiny coat were repeatedly seen

in the alimentary canals of Paramoecium and various small worms,

complete spores were never so observed.

Subsequent Development of the Oospore in V. Rousseletii and

V. capensis.

When one considers that the average adult colony in either of these

two species contains between 20 and 30 thousand cells, the product

of some 14 or 15 successive cell-divisions, that the oospore, including

the spiny covering, measures only some 50 to 60 » and the actual

spore-protoplast only about 44 py, that the spore is free in the soil at

the bottom of the water and must contain sufficient food stored within

it to carry the young colony through all the stages of cell-division and

subsequent development, until it reaches the motile state, it seems

difficult to conceive of such a colony being produced directly from

division of the oospore. Apart from the question of size, the risk

of injury or destruction would be enormously increased if develop-

ment were prolonged. Evidently the germination processes must

be rapid, for within 4 or 5 days of the forming of a pool, well-developed

Volvox colonies may be found.

Discovery of the Juvenile Form.

In May 1931 at the beginning of the month there were several

showers, sufficient to moisten the earth on the Cape Flats but not to

form pools. About 11th May further rain fell, and pools formed on

the grassy common which is bounded on two sides by Belvedere

and Keurboom Roads. Near Keurboom Road one elongated de-

pression annually forms a pretty little vlei,* usually producing much

Volvox. On 15th May this was visited and found to contain a small

pool of water. The use of the collecting net revealed the presence

of fair-sized colonies of Volvox and also, particularly from one spot,

* Unfortunately soon to be a thing of the past, as it lies within the boundaries

of what is now Ackerman’s Sports ground, and is being filled in.

Volvox in South Africa. 613

quantities of very minute green motile bodies individually only just

visible to the naked eye, but fairly clear in bulk. Examined micro-

scopically, the collection was found to contain, in addition to typical

Flats Volvox in young stages (some with inverting daughters) and a

great deal of very beautiful Eudorina, a third type of motile green

spheroid, which was at first sight taken for a new species of Volvox

with very few large cells (Plate XLIX, A). But in these tiny spheroids

were one or occasionally two (very rarely three) well-developed

daughter colonies of the same type and very nearly as large as those

found in typical colonies of V. capensis; one of the larger of these

small colonies measured 284 x 292 yx, and contained a single large

daughter, 151 x 155 pw, rotating within it. Hence it was concluded

that these beautiful little spheroids were the product of the germina-

tion of oospores of V. capensis.

These ‘‘ Juvenile’ forms are always small, composed of 256 to

512 cells or thereabouts, the component cells being very much larger

and more widely spaced than in the adult form, but otherwise similar

(Plate XLVIII, E, F). A more detailed description of the Juvenile

is given below (p. 625). Later in the season similar Juveniles were

collected at Dabchick Vlei, and one or two were seen in preserved

material from Rhodesia, while quite recently they have been collected

in enormous numbers in the case of V. Rousseletii at Kimberley.

Although the evidence was strong that the supposition as to their

true nature was correct, it was most satisfactory to have it proved

beyond a doubt when ripe spores of the Rietfontein material were

obtained in masses and by suitable methods induced to germinate.

As a result, Juveniles of exactly the same type as those collected

from the Cape Flats were produced (Plate XLVII, H-L; Plate

XLVIII, A-D). The results of these germination experiments were

extremely interesting, and proved to be what might be expected from

the study of the life-history of the nearest Volvox allies, Pleodorina,

Eudorina, etc., as revealed by the work of recent investigators such

as Hartmann (1918) and Schreiber (1925), but contrary to the pub-

lished accounts of the behaviour of Volvoz.

Development of Oospore subsequent to Liberation.

Since at liberation the oospores, in some cases at any rate, are not

quite ripe, the process of maturation continues in the water and is

probably assisted by subsequent drying. Apparently temperature is

an important factor in the process. When fully ripe the oospore

614 Annals of the South African Museum.

is a deep golden brown, and if it has been dried the protoplast

enclosed in the delicate endospore is usually contracted away from

the mesospore and often placed somewhat eccentrically in it, sepa-

rated from it by a clear space.

A more or less prolonged resting period may intervene before

germination, or the oospore may germinate immediately. Here

external conditions appear to be of paramount importance, always

allowing, however, for some individual idiosyncrasy of the oospores.

During the resting period no further change takes place in the appear-

ance of the oospores.

Collection of Oospores.

For obtaining ripe oospores for germination experiments, V.

Rousseletii affords extremely favourable material—not only does it

contain more oospores per colony than V. capensis but female

colonies are produced in larger numbers and retain the ripening.

oospores to an advanced stage before disintegrating. In February

1931 Mr. Steer’s Rietfontein cultures provided particularly rich sexual

material in an advanced stage of development, hence with abundance

of ripe or nearly ripe oospores. A quantity of this material was placed

in an old glass battery jar 5 inches square, half filled with water. As

the female colonies ripened and disintegrated, the oospores collected

at the bottom of the jar as a red-brown sediment; the bulk of the

soft part of the detritus was consumed by various organisms, chiefly

rotifers and Paramoecium. The spiny coats of the oospores evidently

form an efficient protection, since complete oospores were never seen

inside these voracious little creatures, whereas after germination

had begun and the spore enclosed in the smooth inner wall had escaped

from the spiny covering, the still undigested red-brown spores were

frequently seen in the digestive organs, of Paramoecium in particular.

On 17th February some of the oospore sediment was placed on

slides and put aside to dry. The rest was left untouched for some

months. The jar stood near a window with a southern aspect, so

that, though well lighted, direct sunlight never fell on it. The water

gradually evaporated, but was never allowed to dry up completely.

Culture Methods.

Nothing further was done in the matter until the end of June;

then germination experiments were started and carried on through

July and August, when the supply of material was exhausted. These

experiments were of four main types, and in each case both material

Volvox in South Africa. 615

dried on the slide and material transferred direct from the stock

bottle (7.e. without previous drying) were used :—

(1) Oospores placed in tank-water * and kept indoors.

(2) Oospores placed in tank-water and placed outside in the sun.

(3) Oospores placed in water obtained from Volvox vleis and

strained, placed in the sun.

(4) Oospores placed in pond-water plus a small quantity of culture

solution (Uspenski and Uspenskaja, 1925, p. 397).

To prevent overheating and to reproduce as far as possible the

conditions of lighting obtaining in the natural habitat, the small

glass culture-dishes (2 to 4 inches in diameter, about 2 inches deep,

wide open at the top) were sunk in a layer of garden soil in a large

basin of water and the whole placed in a spot where the morning sun

falls but which by noon is in shade.

From these four experiments the following results were obtained :—

No. 1 was practically barren of results; a few eggs hatched out

from their outer spiny coats, but did not develop further.

Of the three placed in sunlight, all yielded some Juveniles essen-

tially similar to those collected on the Cape Flats, 7.e. some at any

rate of the oospores germinated completely.

In No. 2 no further stages were seen, but in Nos. 3 and 4 develop-

ment continued to the second generation, possibly further.

The addition of small quantities of the culture solution was bene-

ficial, but the use of the full strength solution did not give good results,

causing pathological phenomena in the developing colonies.

For observation of the stages in germination the most convenient

method on the whole was the placing of oospore material on slides

and allowing it to dry out completely, subsequently immersing the

whole slide in the culture medium. For observation the slide was

lifted out and the material examined without disturbing it—with

care cover-glasses can be used and later removed without injuring

the material on the slide.

Although the culture experiments were aimed primarily at obtaining

good germination stages and not at studying the conditions necessary

for germination and were therefore not at all exactly carried out,

the following facts emerged :—

1. Direct sunlight is necessary for the germination of the oospores.

Two years previously oospores of V. capensis were kept in a jar of

* The tank is filled by rain-water from the house-roof. Since Cape Town’s

ordinary water-supply is chlorinated before distribution from the reservoirs it

is best to avoid using it in culture experiments.

616 Annals of the South African Museum.

vlei water for six months in a similar place to that in which the oospore

stock jar stood, 7.e. in a south window, where no direct sunlight ever

fell. Other algae in the water flourished, but the Volvox oospores,

though quite healthy, showed no signs of germination. Also the

oospores in the stock bottle were in water, yet did not germinate.

2. Complete drying is not essential, but is beneficial. Oospores

transferred direct from the stock bottle to the culture germinated

in a few cases, but more oospores germinated if the material containing

them had been completely dried, even if for a short time only, before

being placed in culture. In one case oospores from the stock dish

were put in a small dish and allowed to dry completely. The following

day, 4th August 1931, water was added and the whole placed in the

sun. The two succeeding days were wet and overcast, but were

followed by two warm, sunny days; on 9th August the material con-

tained many Juveniles, some free in the water, others still contained

in the surrounding vesicle.

3. The oospores are not necessarily fully mature when liberated

by the break up of the parent colony. In V. capensis, at any rate,

they appear to need a further period in water before drying completely.

In November 1931 colonies of V. capensis from Belvedere Road

containing apparently ripe oospores, including one which was liber-

ating the oospores by disintegrating (see p. 611), were placed on slides

and allowed to dry. Two months later culture experiments were

started, but all the oospores, most of which had remained bright

red-gold in colour, disintegrated ; a very few only which had turned

dark golden brown showed early stages in germination, but developed

no further. So far the oospores of V. capensis have not been success-

fully germinated, but everything points to the process there following

exactly the same lines as in V. Rousseletit.

Germination of the Oospore.

The successive steps in germination are as follows :—

Stage 1.—The spiny epispore cracks and the spore enclosed in

meso- and endo-spore either escapes into the water (Plate XLVI,

B-F) to continue development free in the water, or more rarely

remains more or less enclosed in the cracked epispore, developing

within it (Plate XLVI, H).

On escape the spore consists of a deep golden-brown spore-body

(protoplast), in the centre of which careful focussing sometimes

reveals a single large nucleus, enclosed in a delicate limiting membrane

Volvox in South Africa. 617

(the endospore) and lying more or less eccentrically in the hyaline,

rather thick mesospore from which it is separated by a clear empty

zone. The escaped spore is 31 to 35 yz in diameter, the brown content

27 to 31 p (Plate XLVI, E).

Stage 2.—The spore content increases in size until it completely

fills the mesospore (Plate XLVI, F); the contrast between the

appearance at the beginning and end of this stage is well shown in

the photograph. The size of the whole increases considerably.

These two stages may sometimes be reversed, the enlargement taking

place before escape from the spiny epispore (Plate XLVI, D), but in

the majority of cases seen development proceeds in the order given.

It is at this stage that the oospores are often consumed by para-

moecium, worms, etc.; the comparatively thin-walled, immobile,

spherical structures seem peculiarly vulnerable.

Probably during this period of enlargement reduction division takes

place. In life, division of the nucleus has not as yet been detected,

although spores have been seen with their contents divided into four.

The spore now measures 35 to 40 p.

Stage 3.—The mesospore splits and the delicate endospore pro-

trudes, enlarging to form a vesicle into which the content of the spore

passes. Usually this already shows the form of a large zoospore

with clear, bluntly pointed anterior end (Plate XLVI, G); sometimes,

however, more than one zoospore appears to be formed (Plate XLVI,

H). This point has not as yet been cleared up, and it is possible

that not more than one zoospore survives, although the appearance

in the few such cases seen does not suggest this, as, for example, in

the spore shown in this figure, where it certainly looks as if four

equal sized zoospores were being formed. Such structures were far

less common in the Rietfontein material than those of the type shown

in Plate XLVI, G, and, with one possible exception, in these no traces

of vestigial zoospores such as are found in Eudorina, etc. were seen.

Stage 4.—Escape of Zoospore.—The zoospore escapes from the endo-

spore vesicle into the water, two cilia are emitted, and a delicate loose

wall is formed at first close to the zoospore (Plate XLVI, I), later

enlarging, and the zoospore begins to move about in the water, at

first slowly, later with some rapidity (Plate XLVI, J).

Structure of the Zoospore.

The zoospore is a large Chlamydomonas-like structure, broadly

ellipsoidal but slightly asymmetric in form, of a deep golden-brown

colour, except at the clear bluntly pointed end and here and there

VOL. XVI, PART 3. 40

618 Annals of the South African Museum.

near the surface. The posterior half is slightly broader than the

anterior, the pole broadly rounded. The chromoplast is massive,

cup-shaped, and uniformly golden brown, except now and again at

the edge where patches of green may show. The large nucleus with

conspicuous round nucleolus rests in the hollow of the cup, approxi-

mately in the centre of the cell (fig. 9, A, B).

The zoospore is enclosed in a delicate hyaline wall which is at first

closely adpressed to the protoplast (fig. 9, A), but soon enlarges to

form a loose cover comparable to the vesicle surrounding a develop-

ing gonidium (fig. 9, B). At the anterior end, attached to the beak,

which is very short and placed somewhat asymmetrically, are two

cilia which diverge widely, penetrating the wall at two spots well

apart from one another. Immediately after liberation the cilia are

short but gradually lengthen until they are about as long as the

zoospore. The whole organism is very like a large golden-brown

Chlamydomonas, but with a loose wall which, so far as could be made

out, is not connected to the protoplast by protoplasmic strands as in

Sphaerella (Haematococcus), nor is the chloroplast like those usual

in the latter genus. It is far more like the cup-shaped structure

characteristic of Chlamydomonas, while the wall is similar to that

seen in several species of this genus (cf. C. angulosa Dill, Pascher, 1927,

pp. 231-232, C. pteromoniodes Chodat, loc. cit., p. 208).

No eyespot could be detected, nor would one appear to be necessary,

always assuming the eyespot to be the light-perceptive organ, since

the work of the zoospore is primarily cell-division and not food-making,

as it contains in itself sufficient food reserve to carry it over this first

phase in its existence. Nothing, therefore, would be gained by the

zoospore moving towards the light. On the contrary, such action

on its part would probably increase the danger of destruction. So

far as could be determined throughout its existence as a free unicellular

organism and well into the period of division it moves about on the

floor of the pool in which it lives (in cultures on the surface of the slide),

its power of movement undoubtedly acting as a means of protection

against predatory animal organisms.

Soon after liberation the zoospore measures about 30x 40 pw; it

enlarges slightly as it ages—an hour later the same zoospore measured

36 x 46 p (i.e. in both cases, the protoplast, not including the loose

cell-wall). The enlargement appears to be due to a decrease in the

density of the protoplast, which becomes slightly lighter in colour,

particularly at the surface, where the green patches may begin to

extend.

JU 9pm. K 10.15 p.m. Lo 12 midnight

Fic. 9.—V. Rousseletii. The zoospore and its development.

A, Zoospore recently escaped from endospore (9.15 p.m.); B, the same zoospore

forty minutes later; C, D, first division ; in D the beak is drawn out into a

hammer-shaped projection; E, F, side and ventral views respectively of a

developing zoospore which shows unequal division; G—L, stages in division

of a single germ colony, which remained motile until after the 32-celled stage

was reached.

All x about 500.

620 Annals of the South African Museum.

Development of the Zoospore.

(a) Period of Cell-Division.—The duration of the life of the zoospore

as a unicellular organism is not long; soon cell-division commences

and continues just as in the case of the male initial cell, except that

the zoospore retains its cilia (cf. development of daughter colony in

Eudorina, Pascher, 1927, p. 48), and continues motile until several

successive divisions have taken place.

Apparently here, too, there is slight shifting of the polar axis of the

cell; the protoplast is slightly oblique from the beginning, as the

photographs suggest, and this obliquity appears to increase before

division begins. In any case, the plane of the first division is not

exactly longitudinal to the external form of the zoospore but slightly

oblique, so that it does not pass through the beak. Hence one of the

resultant cells retains the beak with the two cilia, the other cell is

non-ciliate (fig. 9, C, D). Often the beak gets drawn out much as

do the apical portions of cells near the posterior pole of an adult

colony, so that the cilia are attached by a hammer-shaped proto-

plasmic protuberance to one of the cells derived from the zoospore

(fig. 9, D to F). In some zoospores the first plane of division is

uneven and the cilia-bearing cell is the smaller; when its sister cell

next divides it remains undivided (fig. 9, KE, F). In others the two

first cells are apparently equal and divide again simultaneously, e.g.

in the one whose development is shown in fig. 9, G to L, but here

there are indications that in later divisions the cilia-bearing cell does

not divide at the same rate as the others and is rather larger. The

period during which movement continued varied considerably—in one

case the developing colony moved actively right up to the 32-celled

stage, but ceased to move before the next division was complete

(fig. 9, K). In another, movement ceased after the second division and

before the third was complete (7.e. at the end of the 4-celled stage).

Probably the period is determined by the rate of division of the cilia-

bearing cell. There must be a minimum size below which the cell is

no longer capable of working the long cilia; hence, if the cilia-bearing

cell remains larger than its sister-cells, the period may be prolonged,

whereas if it divides at the same rate its size rapidly decreases and

movement ceases correspondingly early. The cilia may remain

attached to the cell for a time, but eventually become disconnected ;

even when the young colony is fully formed and rotating within the

vesicle the cilia may still be seen attached to the latter, often “ frozen ”’

in a spiral twist. This was the case in the young colony which was

Volvox in South Africa. 621

the first sign of germination observed in the cultures (Plate XLVII, G)

and was in itself a sufficiently startling discovery.

Cell-division proceeds apace, one division following another in

rapid succession. It differs from that of the male initial cell and still

more from that of the gonidium in that there is no increase in size,

the resultant colony when fully formed being scarcely larger than the

zoospore-protoplast and, moreover, being hollow.

The number of cells produced varies. Sometimes there may be

as many as nine successive divisions resulting in about 500 cells; in

the majority of cases, however, there are eight divisions giving about

240 cells, occasionally not more than seven when the number of cells is

just under 128 (Plate XLVII, L)—always, apparently, shghtly fewer

than the corresponding power of 2, which would be accounted for by

the failure of the cilia-bearing cell to participate in one or two divisions

before movement ceases, and later possibly by gonidia-formation at

the time of one of the last divisions.

On 4th September 1931 material collected near Dabchick Vlei,

Cape Flats, in the wattle-scrub pool, yielded numerous Juveniles, all

extraordinary uniform in size and cell number. Repeated counts

gave the cell number usually as under 256 but much above 128 (e.g.

196, 209). In the oospore cultures there was much less uniformity—

while some (cf. Plate XLVIII, C) were like these “ wild” Juveniles,

others varied considerably (cf. Plate XLVII, H to L).

Cell-division proceeds without a pause, and may be complete within

six hours. The germ colony of which the final stages in development

were photographed (Plate XLVII, A to F) came under observation

at 6.30 p.m., when it was already in the 4-celled stage (fig. 9, G); it was

moving about fairly vigorously but with a somewhat restricted range.

It was kept under observation through the night until 3.17 a.m., by

which time it had completed cell-division, inverted and emitted cilia,

and was rotating within the vesicle to which the long cilia of the

zoospore were still attached. Unfortunately at this stage it was lost,

so that the mode of escape from the vesicle was not observed. The

length of the life of the zoospore as such is unknown—probably not

long, possibly at the outside 24 hours, probably not more than 2 or 3

hours.* After the 4-celled colony was first seen successive cell-divisions

followed one another rapidly, at intervals of about an hour; at 9 p.m.

* In one culture experiment germ colonies enclosed in the zoospore vesicle were

obtained the evening of the day after that on which the experiment was started,

i.e. in less than thirty-six hours. See Appendix, Oospore Culture, I.

622 Annals of the South African Museum.

the 32-celled stage had been reached, the whole still being motile,

but by the time the next cell-division had taken place it had become

quiescent, and the cilia, though still attached to the vesicle wall, were

no longer connected with the cell protoplasts. Owing to the smallness

and density of the dark golden-brown spheroid it was difficult to

determine with certainty when division was actually completed, since

the last one or two divisions made little difference in its appear-

ance. It was certainly complete very soon after, if not before, mid-

night, but from 10.30 p.m. onwards the form of the colony showed

very little change. Apparently between 10.15 p.m. and 12.30 a.m.

there were two more divisions, making eight in all—six divisions

between 6.30 p.m. and midnight giving an average rate of one cell-

division per hour. Fig. 9, G to L, shows diagrammatically the

appearance of the colony at 6.30, 7.0, 8.30, 9.0, 10.15 p.m., and

midnight respectively. There was little further change apparent

in the appearance of the young colony until 1.30 a.m., at which time

inversion began.

On completion of cell-division the whole mass of cells measured

40x44 py, the vesicle 48 w; since zoospores measure 36 x 46 w there

is very little increase in size.

(b) Inversion.—The pause, lasting perhaps one to three hours, which

succeeds completion of cell-division is no doubt the period of prepara-

tion for inversion, but the small dark-brown body was too dense for

much detail to be visible (Plate XLVII, A), so that inversion had to

be studied from the outside appearance only. During the quiescent

period the somewhat kidney-shaped colony contracted slightly ; after

some time it was seen to undergo a kind of spasm inside the vesicle,

during which a shallow depression appeared near the phialoporic

end (fig. 10, A, 1.20 a.m.). In five minutes it had recovered and

resumed its former shape.

Very soon one end was seen to be slowly protruding, and in this

a lighter cross-shaped area began to appear—the phialopore was

opening with four distinct lobes (fig. 10, B, C; Plate XLVII, B,

2.35 a.m.). These four lobes opened out widely (Plate XLVII, C,

2.45 a.m.) and began to turn back (D, 2.49 a.m.), much as in the male

globoid, and clearly defined “hat ”’ stages quickly followed—the brim

turned back over the crown (EK, 3.0 a.m.), the crown rounded out, and

inversion was complete (F, 3.4 a.m.). Almost immediately (3.6 a.m.)

the movement of the very short cilia could be detected, and by 3.17

a.m. the cilia had already lengthened considerably and the colony,

after a little preliminary oscillating, was rotating slowly within the

Volvox in South Africa. 623

/) oN ) 3.17 A

Fic. 10.—V. Rousseletii. Development of the germ colony (continued).

A-I, The same colony as in fig. 9; A, preparation for inversion; B—H, inversion;

I, fully formed germ colony, rotating within vesicle, cilia lengthening ; J,

optical section of an older germ colony still enclosed in the vesicle; K (from

a photograph), small portion of a fully developed Juvenile showing three

cells from the equatorial region and part of the developing daughter colony,

already inverted, with a gonidium.

A-I x about 500; J x about 600; K x 875.

624 Annals of the South African Museum.

vesicle. The diagrams A to I in fig. 10, from drawings made at the

times stated, show the successive stages more fully than the incomplete

photographic record.

The method of inversion is very like that foundinthe male globoid,

but the four lobes to the phialopore are far more distinct, and the whole

process more rapid. Judging from the inversion figures of daughter

colonies seen in V. gigas, inversion of the germ colony is even more

like inversion in the latter than in the sperm globoid, but living material

of that species has not as yet been examined (Pocock, p. 485).

In another case observation started with the 2-celled stage half

an hour afternoon. By 8 p.m. the 128-celled stage had been reached,

after which again observation was unfortunately interrupted by the

loss of the object in question.

The need for speed in development is obvious. Except for its

power of movement in the earlier stages of development and the pos-

session of the delicate vesicle membrane, the zoospore and its product

are entirely unprotected and very liable to destruction. Of necessity

the cases quoted were under constant and very strong light, and it is

impossible to say what effect, if any, this would have on the rate of

division. It might quite conceivably exercise a retarding influence.

A series of experiments on the effect, if any, which light intensity

or continuity has on the development of the zoospore would be most

interesting.

The difficulty of getting good accurate drawings is extreme, while

photography from the life is next to impossible—to begin with, apart

from its small size the colour is so dark that, in addition to high

magnification, long exposure is necessary to obtain detail; the earlier

stages are motile, and later the tiny object is rolled here and there by

the slightest current in the water or the movement of any of the

numerous motile unicellular plants or animals found with it—in this

case, for instance, a very small and active chlamydomonas was most

trying. Finally, as soon as inversion is complete movement within

the vesicle begins.

Appearance of the Young Colony after Inversion.

On completion of inversion the young colony is somewhat reniform

in shape (Plate XLVII, G), soon becoming more or less spheroidal.

Immediately after inversion it measured 40 jz in diameter, 44 yw before,

in a vesicle of diameter 55 p.

Another, slightly older, measured 40 x 44 w in a vesicle 58 x 60 p.

The cells are deep brown in colour and closely packed, and the cilia

Volvox in South Africa. 625

short. The whole appearance except for the colour is very like that

of a sperm globoid at the same stage, but the common wall soon

becomes clearly apparent outside the whole colony (Plate XLVII, L).

Enlargement, still within the vesicle, follows; the protoplasts in-

crease in size and become more distant, and the cilia lengthen till

the whole vesicle is filled (fig. 10, J).

The vesicle finally disappears. The young colony was never actually

seen escaping, and there is some evidence that the vesicle wall dis-

integrates—in one case, while the vesicle was intact in parts, in others

the cilia were protruding through it; possibly here, too, there is

enzyme action on the part of the young colony, or possibly the action

of the latter in its now fairly active movement is sufficient to destroy

the aged and much-stretched vesicle wall. Colonies as large as 53 w

and 66 pw were seen still within vesicles which measured 62 w and 75 pu

respectively. In the first of these the cilia were sweeping the inside

of the vesicle and some protruding from it where the wall had been

destroyed.

Meanwhile the colour of the protoplasts has been growing lighter.

The haematochrome is gradually replaced by chlorophyll, remaining

here and there as red globules, sometimes collected near the centre,

sometimes near the apex of the cells, and finally disappearing entirely

except in the large eyespots, which now for the first time become visible

in the anterior cells (Plate XLVIII, B, C).

This colour-change begins while the colony is still enclosed in the

vesicle, but is not completed until after it has been moving freely

for some time. With the differentiation of the eyespots the colony

first becomes phototactic.

II. Tue JuvENILE Form.

The young colony is now growing into the very characteristic

Juvenile form, a small structure sharply distinguished from the Adult

form—the typical Volvox colony—by its much smaller size and few,

considerably larger, cells.

The vegetative cells are essentially similar in structure to those

of the adult, but the protoplasts are larger and more widely spaced

with very strong thick connecting strands, the two cilia are inserted

wide apart, and the limiting membranes are very distinct (fig. 10, K).

The inner and outer wall of each cell forms a well-marked curve,

so that both inner and outer membranes, instead of appearing each

as a more or less continuous curve, are built up of a series of separate

626 Annals of the South African Museum.

curves, this structure being more marked than in any adult form.

Among the vegetative cells are found a varying number of repro-

ductive cells, gonidia, distinguished by their greater size, richer cell

contents with several pyrenoids, and greater number of connecting

strands (Plate XLIX, B).

This description of the Juvenile form, as of the second generation

which follows, holds equally for V. Rousseletii and V. capensis.

In the latter, however, no stages in germination between the first

(escape of spore from the epispore) and free-swimming Juveniles

have as yet been seen.

In the collections of Juveniles from the Cape Flats (Plates XLVITI,

E, F; XLIX, A) there has been remarkable uniformity of shape,

size, and number of component cells. The same holds for the rich

collection of Juveniles of V. Rousseletii from Kimberley. In the cul-

tures of V. Rousseletii oospores from the Rietfontein material, how-

ever, the Juveniles showed much more variation in the form and size of

the young colonies, and also in the number of component cells—some

with as few as 60 cells and others with as many as 375 occurred,

although the majority had in the neighbourhood of 240. This varia-

bility is probably attributable to the artificial conditions of the cul-

tures. It is well illustrated by the series of photographs of Juveniles

from the oospore cultures (Plates XLVII, H-L; XLVIII, A-D).

Development of the Second Generation.

At a very early stage in the life of the Juvenile, before it has escaped

from the vesicle, some larger cells can be distinguished in the posterior

half (cf. Henneguy, 1879, p. 94, in the case of V. aureus). These

are the gonidia, probably usually four in number, although as many as

five developing daughters have been seen. Usually of these only one

or two (Plate XLVIII, D), more rarely three (Plate XLVIII, A, B),

develop. In the first collection of Juveniles from Keurboom Road

one was the usual number, two the exception. Later in the year, in

the very vigorous Dabchick Vlei collection, more Juveniles contained

two than one, while in the Kimberley material nearly 25 per cent.

contained three young daughters, while in one Juvenile as many as five

were seen. In the latter material, too, the Juveniles were unusually

large—several about 322 x 345 yw with rotating daughter colonies up

to 194 x 215 px were seen, while one of 322 x 366 w had a single mature

daughter of 215 x 240 p.

These daughter colonies of the second generation develop and escape

Volvox in South Africa. 627

from the Juvenile parent quite normally (Plate XLIX, A, C, D),

but are always fewer and larger celled, and on the average consider-

ably smaller than typical adults (Plate XLIX, E). They undoubtedly

constitute a transitional stage, and are fairly easily distinguished from

the true adult which appears in the next generation, 7.e. in their grown-

up daughters. In the oospore cultures colonies of the second genera-

tion containing from four up to ten daughter colonies were obtained ;

in the majority of cases, however, both from cultures (Plate XLIX, E)

and in the field the number of gonidia which develop in the second

generation is comparatively small—in the photograph, in addition to

the four developing daughters, two abortive gonidia can be seen.

This photograph also shows very well the coarse appearance of the

cell network due to the large size of the cells; the difference in

texture between the second and subsequent generations is indicated

in the group from the Flats (Plate XLIX, A); on examination of

the colonies included in it, it can be seen that the lower one on the

right, in proportion to its size, is composed of fewer and considerably

larger cells than the large upper colony on the left. While the cells

in the anterior part of the colony are more widely spaced than the pos-

terior (Plate XLIX, F, G), the difference is on the whole less marked

than in typical adult colonies, the cells in both regions being markedly

larger than those in corresponding regions of the latter. These

photographs should be compared with the similar ones from a normal

colony of V. Rouwsseletii already figured (Plate XIV, B and C, D and

E); the colony from which they were taken was rather younger than

that shown in the adjacent photograph.

So far as has been observed, the colonies of the second generation

are invariably asexual; sexual cells are not differentiated until some

generations later.

With the second-generation colonies the life-cycle is complete.

Previous Accounts of Germination in Volvox.

Accounts of germination of the oospore in Volvox founded on

actual observations are meagre in the extreme, and such as there are

refer exclusively to V. aureus.

The only reference found to germination in V. globator is con-

tained in a brief note describing a “ growing slide’ devised by the

Rev. A. Pagan (1887, p. 81), where it is stated that he observed “the

growth of spores of Volvox globator after they had been confined to

the slide for six weeks, the actual process of germination taking

628 Annals of the South African Museum.

three days to complete.” No further description or drawings are

given.

In V. aureus, Cienkowski (1870) observed germinating oospores

as far as the second division and believed that each sphere of seg-

mentation eventually became a coenobium.

Henneguy (1879, p. 93) germinated spores from material collected

in a deep basin in the Jardin des Plantes, and describes stages in de-

velopment briefly but clearly ; he observed the escape of the spore

from the hard exospore, projection of the swollen endospore, division of

the spore contents into 2 equal parts, which by successive bipartitions

give rise to 4, 8, 16, etc., small cells, thus forming a “ blastoderm

analogous to the blastoderm of a holoblastic ovum.” Inversion

was not noticed, but the formation of the cilia within the endospore,

subsequent disappearance of the latter, and development of the young

colony are mentioned. No reference is made to any difference between

the latter and the ordinary adult colony. Kirchner (1879, p. 99)

also published an account of germination in V. aureus with figures,

and on his paper most of the accounts included in descriptions of the

genus are based, e.g. by Pascher (1927, pp. 66, 462), Oltmanns (I, p. 230,

figs. 6, 7, 236), Printz (1925, p. 3, fig. 21). Unfortunately Kirchner’s

paper has not been available in this country for reference, but from

the details given by the authors quoted above he adds little or nothing,

apart from the diagrams, to the details given by Henneguy. Nowhere

is any reference made to the intervention of a “Juvenile” form, and

each writer expressly states that no motile zoospore is formed.

Zimmermann (1921, p. 274) refers to Kirchner for the external

course of development, and confines himself to the cytological aspect,

finding that the first division is heterotypic and is followed by suc-

cessive divisions of the usual type. Thus he too agrees that in V.

aureus no motile zoospore is formed, and that all four cells resulting

from reduction division combine to form the single young colony.

Mainx (1929, p. 211) found that in V. aureus in certain conditions

oospheres ripened parthenogenetically into oospore-like structures,

and that these parthenospores germinated exactly as described by

Henneguy, Kirchner, and Zimmermann for the zygote. At the same

time Zimmermann’s observation of reduction division goes to show

that some at least of the resting spores are true zygotes.

Previous accounts of germination in Volvoz, therefore, are all based

on only two or three observations of V. aureus and can be taken only

as referring to that species, not to the genus as a whole.

Thus the above account of germination in V. Rousseletw fills a

Volvox in South Africa. 629

gap in the existing knowledge of the life-history of the globator

section of the genus (Hu-Volvoz), and is of particular interest in that

it is the first record of the formation of a motile zoospore within the

genus. A brief summary of the results of the oospore cultures are

given in an appendix.

Discussion.

1. Germination of the Oospore.—From the summary of accounts of

germination in V. aureus given above, it would appear either that the

process there is very different from that in V. Rowsseletii (which is

probably common to the whole Eu-Volvox section), or possibly that

some confusion has arisen consequent on the formation in that species

of parthenospores. Perhaps the accounts, few in number, which

exist describing germination in V. aureus, do not tell the whole story.

While it is obviously dangerous to generalise for a large group

such as Volvox from observations made in the case of only one or two

members thereof, yet V. Rousseletii is obviously so closely allied to

V. capensis, V. globator, V. perglobator, and other species described

from America, that the expectation of similar phenomena in those

species is certainly justified. It remains for further research to show

whether this expectation is confirmed by the facts.

As regards the other members of the group, of which only JV.

aureus has so far been investigated and that not recently, with

respect to the external course at any rate, it is possible that their

behaviour during germination is different. Since, however, there

are many indications that the members of the Hu-Volvoz section are

the most highly organised of the group, one would expect that if

zoospore formation is found in the highest members it would occur

also in the relatively simple members. If the difference does actually

exist, it is an additional argument for dividing the genus Volvoz into

subgenera.

It is very important to find whether reduction division invariably

precedes zoospore formation. If the supposed oospore is in truth a

zygote—the result of fertilisation—then reduction division is obvi-

ously a necessity. The same applies in the possible case of a nuclear

fusion other than true fertilisation. Although this is unlikely, yet

the finding of multinucleate oospheres makes it a possibility to be

considered.

The experience Mainx had of development of parthenospores in

V. aureus indicates the possibility of some at least of the apparent

oospores being actually parthenospores. If this is so they may be

630 Annals of the South African Museum.

expected to behave differently during germination, and it seems

within the bounds of possibility that the early descriptions of

germination in V. aureus really apply not to oospores but to

parthenospores.

The present investigation has not been decisive as regards the

number of zoospores formed, nor has it dealt with reduction division.

Further, except in one case, and that a doubtful one, no sign of

vestigial zoospores has been seen within the vesicle containing the

single large zoospore. Occasionally there have been seen zoospores

containing more than one (up to four) nuclei, and it is possible, though

not probable, that three of the nuclei resulting from reduction division

may degenerate without any corresponding division of the cytoplasm

occurring.

To sum up, then, the present investigation leaves several very

important problems for future research :—

(1) Does reduction division take place as supposed during the

period of enlargement of the spore subsequent to escape from the

spiny epispore ?

(2) Does reduction division always occur in the germination of the

apparent oospore, or only in certain cases ?

(3) If the latter is true, are some of the resting spores really

parthenospores ?

(4) When a single zoospore is formed, is it a result of reduction

division or not? If not, then it is presumably formed from a

parthenospore.

(5) If the single zoospore results from reduction division, do the

remaining three nuclei degenerate without corresponding division of

the cytoplasm, or are vestigial zoospores formed within the endospore ?

A few details, notably the mode of formation of the endospore

protuberance, the actual escape of the zoospore, and the escape of

the Juvenile from its surrounding vesicle, in addition to the all-

important act of fertilisation, still remain to be observed.

2. Form of the Colony resulting from Germination.—No distinctive

Juvenile form has ever been recorded for Volvor, yet in both JV.

Rousseletii and V. capensis the Juvenile is so remarkable that it might

easily be mistaken for a distinct species. Probably it is only in those

forms of Volvox where the number of cells is exceedingly large that

such a transitional form is produced, while in the other sections of

Volvox, all of which have comparatively few cells (1000 to 4000),

the difference between the first-formed colony and later generations

is so shght that it hardly constitutes a distinct form. In V. globator

Volvox in South Africa. 631

and its near allies, however, it seems probable that a similar Juvenile

is formed, although it has not hitherto been described.

3. The Process of Inversion.—The present investigation shows, in

V. Rousseletii and V. capensis at any rate, that wherever a single

reproductive cell divides to form a new spheroid, whatever its nature,

the type of cell-division is such that on completion of cell-division

re-orientation of the cells by means of inversion of the whole spheroid

must inevitably follow; this is without doubt true throughout the

group.

The point needs emphasising, since recent workers, while agreeing

with the descriptions of inversion in the case of the daughter colonies,

have either doubted its occurrence elsewhere (for example, Kuschake-

witsch in the case of the colony formed from the oospore), or denied

its existence (as, for instance, Pascher (1927, p. 461) in the case of the

sperm globoid), while in neither case has the process been previously

described or figured.

The fact that inversion in the germ colony and the sperm globoid

is of a similar type to that found in the daughter colonies of V.

tertius and V. gigas, while that found in the asexual daughter colony is

of the type already described for V. globator, and that the inversion of

the daughter colonies of V. aureus is of an intermediate type, indicates

a further affinity between these species, but also indicates that the

differences seen in the process are directly connected with the number

of cells composing the spheroid in question.

It would appear that as the number of cells increases the com-

paratively simple type of inversion found in young germ colonies,

in sperm globoids, and in asexual daughters of V. gigas, V. tertius,

etc., becomes unsuitable, and is replaced by the progressively more

elaborate types of inversion found in V. aureus, V. africanus, and

finally in V. globator and its allies, the latter being an adaptation to

the much larger number of cells composing the daughter colony in

those species.

4. Variation in the Number and Form of Vegetative Cells.—The

study of these two African species throughout the life-cycle shows

that the number of constituent cells, their size, and form may all

vary enormously in one and the same species in a single season.

These features, therefore, cannot be taken by themselves as criteria

for establishing new species. The same applies to the protoplasmic

connections. Allowance must be made for the great plasticity of

the Volvox cell. At the same time in classification these details must

be considered in conjunction with the nature and distribution of the

632 Annals of the South African Museum.

reproductive cells, particularly the ripe oospores, always allowing a

very wide margin within which variation may take place.

5. Systematic Aspect.—At present our knowledge of the behaviour

of the different forms of Volvor under varying conditions is still so

scanty that the existing classification can only be regarded as pro-

visional. Continuous observation in the field and repeated breeding

experiment as far as possible under natural conditions are badly

needed.

Lacking a comparative study of the various forms in the living state

it seems best to accept existing species as described and to create

new species for new forms as they are discovered, particularly if

found in a different part of the world, giving at the same time as

fully illustrated and detailed a description as possible.

But it is very difficult, if not impossible, to draw hard and fast

lines between closely allied “ species.” V. Rousseletii and V. capensis

provide a case in point. Both, particularly the former, are wide-

spread in Africa, and seem consistently distinct. Further, when

observed over long periods, as has been done for both species—V/.

capensis in its natural habitat of the Flats and V. Rousseletii in

Mr. Steer’s Rietfontein cultures—though very variable, they are

found to vary about a type which is distinct for the two. Yet the

differences are largely differences of degree, and when V. capensis

is found in warmer regions side by side with V. Rowsseletii it un-

doubtedly approaches the latter more nearly, though still distinct.

Therefore, they must, for the present at any rate, be regarded as

distinct species.

Again, on the one hand, V. capensis approaches very closely to

V. globator, while on the other V. Rowsseletii seems almost identical

with Powers’ (1908, p. 162) species V. perglobator from America, so

far as one can judge in the absence of certain descriptive details and

figures of the latter species.

As regards the two former, whereas typical V. capensis is very

distinct from typical V. globator, yet the cold weather form of the

former approaches so much nearer to V. globator as to suggest the

possibility of the two being merely regional forms of the same species.

But without the necessary experimental evidence, or a detailed study

in the field of both members of the allied pairs, it is better at present,

for the sake of clearness if for no other reason, to retain the separate

specific rank. Possibly later, when the group is re-studied as a whole

and our knowledge of the various species has been extended by

experiment and study of living forms, some of the existing species

Volvox in South Africa. 633

may be sunk as regional forms or even as phases in the life-cycle of

other pre-existing species.

Most emphatically study of preserved material of one or two small

collectings and those incomplete as regards the various reproductive

cells, without corroborative studies of living material, is in general

insufficient for creating new species; existing descriptions based on

such material are, as a rule, extraordinarily lacking in important

details.

SUMMARY.

Two species of Volvox, V. Rousseletii G. 8. West and V. capensis

Rich and Pocock, have been studied in the life, living as far as possible

under natural conditions, the former in tub and pond cultures at

Sea Point, the latter in its natural habitat on the Cape Flats. Both

are very closely allied to V. globator as regards cell-structure and life-

history.

The vegetative cells are normally far more numerous than in that

species, are similar in structure, but differ in the shape of the chloro-

plast from the descriptions given of V. globator. Throughout the life-

cycle of a given strain there is great variation in both the number

and the form of the constituent cells.

Asexual reproduction follows the same general lines as in V. globator.

The changes preparatory to inversion are described for the first time.

Inversion of the daughter colony is similar to the description of the

process in that species, but the connections between daughter and

parent are attached in a ring some distance from the edge of the

phialopore and not to the cells immediately round it. The phialopore

closes completely after inversion. The inverted daughter develops

within the much enlarged gonidium vesicle, never free within the

hollow of the parent. When mature, each daughter escapes outwards,

forming its own pore of escape. Liberation inwards was only once

observed and was probably pathological.

Sexual Reproduction.—V. capensis is monoecious, V. Rousseletii

dioecious. In the former the colony produces 4 to 22 sperm globoids

and 60 to 150 oospores, and is strongly protandrous. In the latter

the male colony produces from 100 to several hundred sperm bundles,

the female 150 to 200 or more oospores.

The male initial cell in V. Rowsseletii in general shows a shifting

of the polar axis of the cell before division, the phialopore of the

sperm globoid being consequently directed sideways or inwards

during development. In V. capensis there is no such shifting of the

VOL. XVI, PART 3. 4]

634 Annals of the South African Museum.

physiological axis of the initial cell, and the phialopore is consequently

directed outwards. Otherwise division is similar in the two, the

same number of cells (512) being formed. Completion of cell-division

is followed by inversion, similar to the type found in asexual daughters

of V. gigas. Preparation and inversion are described and figured

fully for V. Rousseletii, are similar in V. capensis, but differ in some

details.

The oosphere is similar in the two species; in V. Rousseleti it

usually has a more marked neck than in V. capensis. At first the

apex of the oosphere is near the surface, after fertilisation it rounds

off and is sunk deep in the parent. As in the daughter colony both

sperm globoid and oospore are enclosed in a vesicle which remains

intact throughout development.

The mature sperm bundle escapes outwards, the sperms escape

from the enveloping wall and may be seen swimming in the water.

The sperm is elongated, similar to those of V. globator, but with

cilia which, though directed backward, are actually inserted at the

apex.

Fertilisation was not observed, but in both species sperms were

repeatedly seen inside colonies with young oospheres.

The oospore in both has an outer covering of strong conical spines,

longer in V. Rousseletii, while in V. capensis the spore without the

spines is slightly larger.

The germination of the oospore results in the formation of a large

motile zoospore, possibly in some cases 4 zoospores, thus differing

from all previous accounts of germination in Volvox which, however,

are only of V. aureus. Germination is described in detail as far as

regards external appearance.

The zoospore divides, continuing motile up to the 3rd or 5th

division. After from 7 to 9 divisions a short period of preparation

follows, after which the young colony inverts similarly to the male

bundle, has cilia, and rotates within the vesicle. It eventually

escapes and develops into the characteristic Juvenile form.

The Juvenile form produced when oospores germinate was first

collected on the Cape Flats, later raised from oospore cultures. It

is few and large celled, and very distinct from the Adult form. It

produces 1 to 3, very rarely more, up to 5, daughter colonies.

The second-generation colonies are very like the Adult, but composed

of fewer and larger cells. Their daughters have the full complement

of cells.

Inversion is an inevitable consequence of the type of cell-division

Volvox in South Africa. 635

in the group, wherever a single reproductive cell divides to form a

spherical bundle of cells. In every case the cilia are formed during,

and not subsequent to, the process of inversion. The emission of the

cilia plays an important part in bringing about inversion.

The changes brought about by varying conditions and ageing of

the strain are indicated, and the great variability of the members

of the group illustrated by the behaviour of the two species.

The existing classification of the group can only be regarded as

provisional, but before a detailed revision can be attempted extensive

observations of and experiments with living material of the various

species are necessary.

The above in the main formed the subject of a thesis submitted

in March 1932 for the degree of Ph.D. of the University of Cape

Town. The thanks of the author are due to Mr. E. J. Steer, not only

for an unfailing supply of material, but also for the use of certain

pieces of apparatus, to Professor Fritsch and Miss F. Rich of the

East London College, University of London, and to various members

of this university:—to the Librarian and staff of the Jagger Memorial

Library for facilities accorded while consulting various works bearing

on the subject, to Miss E. L. Stephens for the use of her collection of

Algal literature, to Mrs. Levyns and to Professor Adamson, Harry

Bolus Professor of Botany, for much helpful criticism and encourage-

ment during the course of the investigation.

DEPARTMENT OF Botany,

UNIVERSITY OF CAPE Town,

December 1932.

636 Annals of the South African Museum.

APPENDIX.

OosporeE Cuttures, V. Rousseletiz.

Very rich sexual material containing many colonies red with

ripening oospores was obtained from one of Mr. Steer’s tubs early

in February 1931. Some of this was put in an old battery jar half

full of water, and placed in a south window. The female colonies

disintegrated, and the oospores and detritus collected at the bottom

of the jar as a red-brown sediment, most of the detritus eventually

being destroyed by the animal organisms present.

Some of this oospore material was left in the jar, some was placed

on slides and allowed to dry.

Culture I.

5th July.—Material from the stock jar, containing unaltered oospores

and spores escaped from their exospores, was transferred to a

small vessel to which strained water from the Wetton Road vlei

was added. It was placed on soil in a basin of water and put

where it would get the morning sun.

6th July, 6 p.m.—Examined ; many oospores with exospore cracked

and spores escaping, and golden-brown spores already free from

exospore.

7.45 p.m.—Examination continued. Found (1) golden-brown

germ colony, 40x44, moving inside a delicate vesicle

58 x 60 pw, (2) spore with endospore protruding and contents

partly in it, mesospore still enclosed in spiny exospore (see

Plate XLVEi on):

9.20 p.m.—Germ colony still dark brown, but clearer; cilia

much longer, very active. A second colony, recently inverted,

with very short cilia.

7th July—Again put in sun during morning. Paramoecium eating

many of the smooth-walled spores which had escaped from the

spiny outer coat.

9th July.—Two more germ colonies seen rotating in vesicle; this

time, attached to the vesicle-wall, two long, motionless cilia were

clearly visible. Count of cells round the edge 34, 36, giving a

cell number of 395 to 471, 7.e. intermediate between 28 and 2°

(Plate XLVII, G).

Culture II.

Oospore material from stock jar transferred to a small dish and

allowed to dry out completely.

3rd August (Monday).—Water added as soon as dry, placed in sun

as in first culture. Wednesday to Friday, wet and overcast ;

Saturday afternoon and Sunday, warm and sunny.

9th August (Sunday).—Many small Juveniles present, ranging in size

from 53 x 53 p in vesicle 66 w and 44 x 66 yu (free) to 80 x 80 p,

very active, gonidia 1 to 4.

Volvox in South Africa. 637

11th August.—Juvenile 120 x 133 pw, gonidia dividing; in structure

and appearance exactly similar to those found on the Cape

Flats.

13th August.—Mature Juvenile with daughter about to invert.

15th August, 6.30 p.m.—Germ colony in 4-celled stage found,

moving actively. Watched through completion of cell-division

and inversion until 3.17 a.m., when the colony was beginning

to rotate within the vesicle, after which the colony was lost.

This developing colony continued motile until after the fifth

cell-division ; before the 64-celled stage the zoospore cilia ceased

to function (figs. 9, G-L, and 10, A-I; Plate XLVII, A-F).

28th August.—Many Juveniles, up to 199 x 208 pw, and second genera-

tion colonies up to 667 x 689 yw with from 4 to 10 daughters.

Culture III.

17th February.—Oospore material from stock jar put on slides and

left to dry ; put on one side for later use.

24th July.—Slides placed in dish in water, and the whole placed as in

Culture I.

7th August.—Strained vlei water with a small quantity of Uspenski’s

culture solution added.

21st August.—Slide lifted out of dish and examined. (1) Many

oospores in various stages of germination. (2) Zoospore escaping

from mesospore into protruding endospore (Plate XLVI, G).

(3) Zoospores moving about on slide (Plate XLVI, I, J). (4)

Zoospores in various stages of division—2-, 4-, 8-, 16-celled, etc.

22nd August.—More of the above, and in addition a mature Juvenile

with nearly mature daughter.

23rd August, 12.30 p.m.—Two-celled stage found and watched through

stages of division up to 128-celled stage at 8 p.m. Movement

here ceased after the 4-celled stage, before the third division.

Many Juveniles of all sizes, some just changing colour—green

with a few globules of the red pigment.

Colonies of the second generation up to 244 x 267 yw with from

5 to 9 gonidia mostly in early stages of division.

31st August.—Zoospores in various stages of cell-division.

N.B.—Whereas most second generation colonies were obtained

from Culture II, the method used in Culture III, 7.e. letting oospore

material dry on a slide and later emersing it in water or other culture

medium, is undoubtedly far the best for observation of the zoospore

and its development. Of other cultures, those not in the sun did

not go beyond the first stage in germination—a few spores escaped

from the spiny exospore, but most showed no sign of germination.

If the culture solution (Uspenski’s) was used full strength, the

Juvenile colonies which developed showed abnormalities, the cells

tending to separate from one another.

Faw ut C vA{~

cS “W588 WS

Lo~

t/a ats, Se

= A i

Ll LiBs R

Ze Beye p iG

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—_ :

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638 Annals of the South African Museum.

Note.—Volvox from Grahamstown.

In the paper entitled “Observations on the Genus Volvox in

Africa (Rich and Pocock, 1933, p. 460) a form of Volvox is recorded

from Grahamstown. The material was nearly all asexual and in

the absence of mature sexual colonies was provisionally included

under Volvox Rousseletii West.

Quite recently a further supply has been sent by Miss Britten

(Britten, 4170, 4173, 12th-14th March 1933). This includes a small

number of sexual colonies in various stages of development.

The oospores are still green even in the oldest colonies, but are

quite clearly of the V. capensis type, the spines being broader and

shorter than in V. Rousseletit.

Male reproductive bodies are unfortunately scarce, but there are no

separate male colonies and the few mature sperm-globoids seen are

all in young monoecious colonies associated with numerous very

young oospheres, 7.e. this Volvor is a monoecious species with

oospores similar to those of the Cape Flats form.

It must therefore be diagnosed as Volvox capensis and not as

V. Rousseletit as previously thought.

Its occurrence is curious—so far, in the Grahamstown district it

has been found in one locality only, a rocky pool in quartzite forma-

tion at the foot of a small cliff in the woods near the Mountain Drive.

It appears to be somewhat capricious in its periodic appearances |

and when seen by the writer has always been somewhat unhealthy

looking, although fairly large. The first collection was rather badly

attacked by Rotifers, the second by an amoeboid parasite. This

may perhaps be connected with the fact that the pool in which it

occurs is among trees and gets little direct sunlight.

Dimensions.

Asexual colonies . : 2 909 oe ee

Daughter colonies ; SS O22 Xe ot om eu pao

8 per coenobium

Sexual colonies . : . *-1012% x ? -1098p

Oospores (immature) with

spines. : ; . 48- 50p

Oospores (immature) without

spines. : ; o0- 38

Sperm globoid . : . dsT- 40p

Volvox in South Africa. 639

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640 Annals of the South African Museum.

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Volvox in South Africa. 641

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642 Annals of the South African Museum.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

The numbers in brackets are the index numbers of the negatives from which

the photographs are taken.

PuaTE XXXVIII.

A-C, E-F. V. Rousseletii. D. V. capensis.

FIG.

A. Mature female colony, mucilaginous content of central hollow discoloured

(yellowish) showing inner membrane (310). x 48.

B, C. Mixed colonies. B, Abnormally shaped colony with 2 large daughters and

a number of oospores (311). x 48.

C. Young colony containing 7 developing daughters, several mature sperm

globoids, and numerous developing male cells in all stages (249). x 65.

D. V. capensis. Cells at anterior pole (living, unstained) focussed to show eyespots

(559). x 1000.

E. V. Rousseletii. Developing daughter colony showing attachment to parent (159).

x 30.

F. Living cells from posterior pole of young colony (94). x 900.

G. Part of mature asexual colony showing pore above a daughter colony (removed).

Protoplasmic connections mostly not visible owing to faulty fixation.

Stained Delafield’s Haematoxylin to show cell walls (32). x about 650.

PuatE XXXIX.

A, B, and F. V. capensis. C—E. V. Rousseletii.

A. Cell detail, equatorial plane, and portion of daughter colony shown in B,

showing palisade of closely packed cells. Living (560). x 1000.

B. Young daughter colony, living, in situ; recently inverted, showing gonidia

and part of the periphery of the parent (561). x 465.

C. Escape of daughter colony. One in the act of escaping, pore left by another

showing as a flattening on the right (24). x 45.

D. Escape of daughter colonies; group including the above with daughter now

free, one with 3 daughters showing position whence fourth has escaped, and

a third with all the daughters gone (25). x 16.

E. Portions of a female colony with 1 developing and 3 or 4 mature oospheres

on left; on right part of a male colony with 2 undivided male initial cells

(side and surface view) and a mature sperm globoid. Living (198). x 500.

F. V. capensis. Part of a colony showing ripening oospores, 2 with thick, smooth

walls ; the rest normal, covered with stout conical spines (553). x 290.

PuLaTE XL.

Inversion of the daughter colony.

A, B. V. capensis. Preparation.

A. Young daughter just prior to completion of cell-division, showing phialopore

(153). x 290.

B. Colony with 8 daughters, living, showing denting preparatory to inversion.

Lip of phialopore depressed, outline definite (547). x 80.

Volvox in South Africa. 643

C-K. V. Rousseletii. Inversion ; living, all x 200.

FIG.

C, 11.10 a.m. Preparation ; colony dented, lip depressed (262).

D, 11.55 a.m. Denting more extensive, lip rising (263).

E, 12.5 p.m. Dents disappearing, lip straightening (264).

F, 12.10 p.m. Dents smoothed out, lip nearly straight (265).

G, 12.15 p.m. Beginning of inversion proper —‘‘ Hour-glass ’

constriction appearing (266).

H, 12.17 p.m. Contraction extending over posterior hemisphere, cells sharply

pointed, pore opening (267).

I, 12.24 p.m. Infolding beginning (268).

J, 12.30 p.m. Half infolded, pore enlarging, connections breaking (269).

K, 12.45 p.m. Connections with parent broken, colony turned over showing polar

view of “ Flask” stage with contracting pore (270).

’

stage, equatorial

Puate XLI.

Inversion of daughter colony, continued.

A. V. capensis. Preparation.

Lower central daughter from colony above (Plate XL, B) a few minutes later—

dents have disappeared, lip is still depressed, gonidia visible. Living (548).

x 300.

B-I. V. Rousseletii. Inversion.

B-F. Series showing later stages in inversion. Living. x 200.

B, 12.20 p.m. Infolding complete (241).

C, 12.22 p.m. Beginning of “‘ Hat’ stage, posterior part (to become anterior pole

of inverted colony) beginning to emerge through pore (242).

D, 12.27 p.m. End of ‘‘ Hat ” stage (243).

E, 12.29 p.m. “ Flask ’’ stage (244).

F, 12.36 p.m. End of ‘‘ Flask” stage, pore contracting, lip rapidly closing (245).

G. Another larger colony partly infolded, showing more detail—cells in anterior

part stretched and pulled apart, those in posterior half compressed, sharply

pointed, and very dense. Living (254). 200. (See text-fig. 4, A, B.)

H. Section through a colony in the same stage, showing “

cells (513). x 300.

I. Section of “‘ Flask” stage, intermediate between E and F (530). x 300.

pointing” of posterior

PuatE XLII.

V. Rousseletii. Development of male initial cell (living).

A-E. Period of enlargement: A shows 2 young ciliated male initials in different

stages (213). 1000. 5B, a very young stage in surface view (250). x 1300.

C, cilia lost (195). 1000. D, surface view showing nucleolus (335).

x 1000. E, enlargement complete (336). x 1000.

F. Rotation of physiological axis—nucleolus lies inwards on left. The arrow

indicates the position of the axis (186). x 940.

G-N. Period of cell-division.

644 Annals of the South African Museum.

FIG.

G-I. First division complete: G, axis approximately tangential to parent (188).

x 940. H, axis almost radial, connections and vesicle well defined (185).

x 940. I, axis oblique, nucleoli showing near inner end of cells, particularly

in the right (189). x 1000.

J-N. Later stages in division: J, 4-celled (184). 720. K, 8-celled, show-

ing connections and vesicle (194). x 1000. L, optical section of ‘‘ Bowl”

stage (203). x 750. M, surface view of later ‘“‘ Bowl” stage (180). x 720.

M, division complete, globoid in side view, phialopore on right (208). x 750.

PuatTEe XLIII.

V. Rousseletii. Development of sperm globoid, continued.

Series, living, showing inversion up to “ Hat” stage. x 750.

A, 8.20 p.m. Lip curving inwards (314).

B, 8.55 p.m. Lip at maximum depression (315).

C (from another series). Lip straight, pore almost closed (202). In the main series

this stage was reached at 10.10 p.m., but movement spoilt the photograph.

D, 11.20 p.m. Pore beginning to open (318).

E, 11.50 p.m. Widening of pore continuing (319).

F, 12.5 a.m. “ Thimble ” stage, pore wide open (320).

G, 12.20 a.m. Edges of lip beginning to turn back (321).

H, 12.35 a.m. “ Hat” stage beginning (322).

I, 12.45 a.m. | (323).

J, 1.0 a.m. ;Successive ‘‘ Hat ”’ stages - (324).

Kewl oa asm | (325).

PuatTe XLIV.

V. Rousseletii. Development of sperm globoid, continued.

Series A-C. Later stages of inversion. x 750.

A, 12.9 a.m. ‘‘ Hat” stage well developed (237).

B, 12.15 a.m. Brim curving over crown (238).

C, 12.22 a.m. Inversion complete, pore closing and movement about to begin (239).

D-F. Stages from a third series. x 750.

D, 6.27 p.m. Preparation (373).

E, 1.30 a.m. ‘‘ Hat” stage seen from above (384).

F, 2.5a.m. Inversion nearly complete, pore still wide, line of demarcation between

colourless ends and chloroplast-containing bases clearly defined.

G. Mature globoid in surface view (killed, iodine). On the left an undivided male

initial cell with apex turned inward (21). x 800.

PLaTE XLV.

V. Rousseletii. Escape of sperm bundles and sperms.

A. Sperm bundle about to escape; cilia bunched towards the outside, pushing

through the outer wall (182). 720.

B. Escape further advanced ; some distortion of bundle apparent (183). x 720.

C-E. Escape of spermatozoids from globoid.

Volvox in South Africa. 645

FIG.

C. Contents of globoid loosening, cilia nearly all drawn into vesicle, a few spermato-

zoids nearly free (331). x 750.

D. Globoid from which a number of sperms, some of which are seen free, have

escaped ; many still moving inside. Fixed, iodine (201). x 750.

E. Escape nearly complete ; a few sperms still active inside the wall of the globoid,

which is now clearly visible. Above, part of a large mass of sperms escaped

from this and other globoids (308). 750.

F. Group of spermatozoids from globoid shown in D, with somatic cells (dark)

torn from the parent colony. Fixed, iodine (200). 1000.

G. Free sperms. Killed, osmic acid (229). x 1000.

Puate XLVI.

V. Rousseletii. The oospore and its germination.

In A, F, 1, and J vesicie wall, sperms and cilia slightly emphasised ;

photographs otherwise untouched.

A. Mature oosphere with sperms swarming outside the vesicle wall (429). x 1000.

B-D. Germination of oospore, first stage: escape from spiny exospore. x 500.

B, two spores, the one on the right escaping from exospore (436). C, one

spore free from the exospore, which lies empty on the left. In D, exospore

is split, the spore-protoplast has enlarged (430).

E. Spore after escape from exospore; the protoplast, enclosed in the delicate

endospore, lies eccentrically within the mesospore, which is stretching and

becoming thinner (437). x 970.

F. Second stage: the spore on the right is similar to E, that on the left has en-

larged considerably (431). x 500.

G, H. Third stage: protrusion of endospore from mesospore, and passage into it

of the protoplast. 500. G, the spore has escaped from the exospore,

and a single zoospore is being formed, clear anterior end already well defined

(522). H, germination has continued within the split exospore; apparently

4 zoospores are being formed, but have not yet separated (436).

I, 9.15 p.m. Zoospore recently escaped from endospore, cilia short, wall close to

protoplast, movement hardly begun (520). x 500.

J, 9.55 p.m. Zoospore forty minutes later (killed, iodine), cilia lengthening, wall

enlarging (521). x 500.

Pratt XLVII.

V. Rousseletii. Development of germ colony from zoospore.

A-F. Germ colony on completion of cell-division and its inversion. Living.

Ax310; B-F x 410.

A, 1.0 a.m. Cell-division complete, cilia of zoospore still attached to wall of vesicle

(cilia and vesicle wall slightly emphasised) (502).

B, 2.35 a.m. Inversion beginning, four lobes of phialopore opening (506).

C, 2.45 a.m. Lobes beginning to turn back, phialopore wide open (507).

, 2.49 a.m. “ Hat” stage (508).

, 3.0 a.m. Brim turning back over crown (510).

, 3.4a.m. Inversion complete, cilia lengthening.

G. Young germ colony recently inverted, rotating inside vesicle to which zoospore

cilia are still attached. Fixed, iodine (434). x 970.

646 Annals of the South African Museum.

FIG.

H-J. Young germ colonies (‘‘ Juveniles ”’?) showing stages in development.

Il,

Still within vesicle, cells separating (478). x 500.

Elongated Juvenile recently escaped from vesicle; gonidia undivided (475).

x 410.

J. Rounded Juvenile, about the same stage, fewer celled (476). 410.

. Few-celled Juvenile, 1 developing daughter. Fixed, osmic acid (538). x 260.

Older Juvenile, 2 daughters in early stages of cell-division (534). x 240.

PLATE XLVIIL.

Juvenile colonies.

A-D. V. Rousseletii. From oospore cultures.

. Young Juvenile with 3 gonidia in early stages of cell-division. Top focus.

Killed, osmic acid (483). x 280.

. The same, median focus showing eyespot and cilia (488). x 500.

. Typical well-developed Juvenile with a single daughter in an advanced stage

of cell-division. Killed, osmic acid (540). x 350.

Juvenile with 2 daughters nearly ready for inversion. Killed, formalin (536).

x 260.

E, F. V. capensis.

. Juvenile, first discovered, from Ackerman’s Vlei, May 1931. ne mature

daughter nearly ready to escape. Top focus (358).

The same, median focus, showing gonidia and cilia of daughter col my, vesicle

wall, and inner wall of parent (360). Both x 228.

Puatr XLIX.

Juveniles and second generation.

V. capensis.

. Group from Ackerman’s Vlei, showing two Juvenile colonies each with a

single nearly mature daughter (upper one showing gonidia) and colonies of

the second and third generations. Killed, iodine (355). x 57.

. Undivided gonidium from a Juvenile containing in addition 2 developing

daughters (363). x 1000.

V. Rousseletii. From oospore cultures.

. Mature Juvenile from which daughter has escaped, showing pore of escape

with torn edges (518). x 170.

. Daughter (second generation) escaped from above (517). x 310.

. Colony of the second generation further advanced, showing 4 developing

daughters and 2 abortive gonidia (533). Compare with Pl. XIII, C;

XVI, Ay XOX A. «=x 78.

Cell detail, anterior region of a younger second generation colony (352).

x 1000.

The same, from the posterior region, showing closer spacing of cells (534).

x 1000.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XX XVIII.

VOLVOX IN S. AFRICA.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Lid.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XX XEX.

VOLVOX IN S. AFRICA.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd,

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XL.

VOLVOX IN S. AFRICA.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XLI.

t?;

149 9 008g <>.

VOLVOX IN 8. AFRICA.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XLII.

VOLVOX IN S. AFRICA.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

Plate XLIII.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI.

iVOX

VOI

Photos :

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XLIV.

VOLVOX IN S. AFRICA.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XLV.

VOLVOX IN S. AFRICA.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

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VOLVOX IN S. AFRICA.

Photos: M. A. P Neill & Co., Ltd.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XVI. Plate XLVIII.

VOLVOX IN 8S. AFRICA.

Photos: M. A. P. Neill & Co., Ltd.

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