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NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XV

MAY, 1901, to APRIL, 1902

PHILADELPHIA

Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON

THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XV.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS AND SPECIES.

Adamsiella jarvisi Henderson, n. sp. . : : nee

Aglaja purpurea (Bergh), at dan Pedro, Cal. :; ey

Alabina Dall, a new name for Blachista Dall & Simpson . 127

Alasmidonta marginata Say : ; : : are EGy 47

Amphidromus levus Miill. . hes

Anomia aculeata Gmel. : ; ; . 130

Anomia glabra Verr. . : . 130

Aperostoma sanctemarthe P. & ©. nn: ae é: . 134

Aperostoma smithi P. & C.,n. sp... : : . 135

Aplexa hypnorum var. tryoni Currier See

Aquillus Montf. = Lampusia Schum. . : d : . 108

Arca pexata Say : ‘ 5 . 98

Arca transversa Say . ; ; ge.

Ashmunella, an evolving . é . 385

Ashmunella antiqua Cockerell . . : : ; 16

Ashmunella, notes on : : 109

Ashmunella porter, Cockerell . : 109, 110

Ashmunella thomsoniana Cockerell . 409; 110

Bittium (Elachista) californicum Dall, n. sp. , i ;.- ‘58

Bythinella obtusa Lea, the synonymy of . : | UBD

Cantharidus, notes on two species of . ; ee.

Carychium cymatoplax Pils., n. sp. . : . 23

Cepolis milleri Pfr. . ‘ ¢ &

Ceratodiscus solutus Simp. & Henderson, n. i abn sack ae

( iii )

Vastl/

iv THE NAUTITUS.

Cerion marmoratum Pfr.

Chiton, an abnormal

Chiton, a new Triassic ,

Chloritis perpunctatus Pils., n. sp.

Chondropoma hjalmarsoni Pfr.

Cincinnatia emarginata (Kust.) .

Circinaria ponsonbyi P. & C., n. sp.

Circinaria ponsonbyi clara P. & C., n. var.

Colombian Clausilia, a new

Colombian Pleurodonte, a new

Correspondence .

Crandall, Orestes A.

Crenella glandula

Ctenopoma hydii Weinl.

Cyclotus hirasei Pils., n. sp.

Cylindrella (Anoma) abnor icudeeee n. sp.

Cylindrella (Anoma) cognata Vendryes, n. sp.

Cylindrella (Anoma) inusitata Vendryes, n. sp. .

Cylindrella (Anoma) propinqua Vendryes, n. sp.

Cylindrella (Thaumasia) instabilis Vendryes, n. sp.

. 1385

12, 36,48 —

Cylindrella (Thaumasia) sanguinea var. perplexa, Vendryes,

n. var. b

Cypreea citrina Gon :

Dean, George W.

Diplommatina cassa Pils., n. sp. .

Diplommatina dormitor Pils., n. sp.

Diplommatina insularum Pils., n. sp. .

Diplommatina kobelti Ehrm :

Diplommatina yakushime Pils., n. sp.

Klachista, note on the name

Ennea iwakawa var. yakushime Piles n. var.

Epiphragmophora kellettii, on Santa ‘Cabana Ie.

Euconulus fulvus Drap.

Kulota (Coelorus) caviconus Bilal n. sp.

Eulota (Kuhadra) submandarina Pie

Fortune Island, Bahamas, land shells of

Ganesella adeline Pils., n. sp.

Ganesella optima Pils., n. sp. 7

Ganesella sororcula Pils., n. sp. .

THE NAUTILUS. e

Ganesella tanegashime Pils.,n. sp. . . 28S

Gastrodonta clappi Pils. . : , ahiUBy

Georissa luchuana Pils.,n. sp... ee

General notes. oe 35, 46, 11, 83, 119, 144

Glandina callista P. & ©. nm Baris ; . 133

Goniobasis virginica in ee cichnsctts : , 88

Great Barrier Reef,aday onthe .. OF

Haiti, a new land operculate from i eit

Haiti, collecting in. : f ols

Helicina cacaguelita P. & C., n. * ' : . 136

Helicina santaemarthe P. & C., Ne 8.4 ' 136

Helicostyla carinata Lea, and H. dactylus Br vie Veer:

Helix aspersa increasing in California ; Las

Hirasea Pils.,n. gen. . : Ss

Hirasea chichijimana Pils., n. sp. 4 : pee,

Hirasea diplomphalus Pils.,n. sp... : . 142

Hirasea goniobasis Pils.,n. sp. . , ; . 142

Hirasea nesiotica Pils.,n. sp... ; ’ , ae

Hirasea sinuosa Pils.,n. sp. ; : ' LS

Hirasiella Pils., n. gen. ‘ : : . 142

Hirasiella clara Pils.,n. sp. : 3 ; é . 148

Hyatt, Alpheus . : . 148

Ischnochiton conspicuus Coe: a SIX as . 538, 144

Jamaican Adamsiella, a new f : ‘ . 49

Jamaican land shell, a new . Srdo

Jamaican Eeeecdcnte, a new species ne mie “species of SILOM

Jamaican Urocoptide ; é : ’ ; Nell

Japan, new land shells from ; : ; Jom US. TG

Japanese Vivipara in California , ; ! ee)

Kaliella austeniana Pils., n. sp. , : ; ee,

Kaliella ruida Pils.,n. sp. . ; : : ;, < ne 2!

Kaliella yaeyamensis Pils., n. sp. ; Pee

Lampsilis sapperi v. Ihering n. sp... ; : 0

Latrunculus Gray = Eburna Lam. . : : ; . 108

Limax montanus Ingersoll. : ; . 129

Limnaea ampla Mighels, the original Seelety of ; . 127

Limnaea auricularia in America . : 5 (69

Limnaea emarginata Say var. montana Elrod, n. var. a PLY

Limnaea nuttalliana Lea. ; a 5 ‘ "Ge

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Limnea palustris Mull.

Limnea reflexa jolietensis Baker, n. var.

Limnea stagnalis L. var. appressa Say

Liomesus nassula Dall, n. sp.

Loo Choo Islands, new land shells es he

Lucapina Prondilata Sowb., animal of .

Lucina, a gigantic fossil

Lucina megameris Dall, n. sp.

Macrochlamys cerasina Pils., n. sp.

Mandarina exoptata Pils., n. sp.

Margaritana margaritifera L.

Meseschiza grosvenorii Lea, Notes on

Microcystina hahajimana Pils., n. sp.

Modiolaria discors L.

Modiolus hamatus Say

Modiolus modiolus L.

Modiolus plicatulus Lam. ,

Mollusks, the approximate number of

Monoplex Perry = Ranularia Schum

Montana, collecting shells in

Mytilus edulis L.

Mytilus pellucidus Penn.

Navanax inermis Cooper,

Nenia smithiz Pils., n. sp.

Ostrea borealis Lam.

Ostrea virginica Lam.

Pecten irradians Lam.

Pecten tenuicostatus Migh. and Ad.

Physa anatina Lea

Physa ancillaria Say

Physa ampullacea Gould

Physa billingsi Heron

Physa brevispira Lea

Physa crassa Walker .

Physa crocata Lea

Physa cubensis Pfr.

Physa deformis Currier

Physa distorta Hald. .

Physa elliptica Lea

moe

. 110

. 89

18, 61

. 118

. 106

. 96

. 104

. 105

. 46

. 108

86, 103, 110, 129

aii

37, 39

taf

nage

. 118

. 1138

5; ST

42, 128

THE NAUTILUS.

Physa elliptica minor Crandall, n. var.

Physa forsheyii Lea

Physa globosa Hald.

Physa grosvenorii Lea

Physa gyrina var. albofilata auey

Physa gyrina Say

Physa heterostropha Say

Physa heterostropha alba randall: n. var.

Physa hildrethiana Lea

Physa integer Hald.

Physa lordi Baird

Physa magnilacustris Walker

Physa microstoma Hald.

Physa niagarensis Lea

Physa oleacea Tryon .

Physa parkeri Currier

Physa philippi Kuster

Physa plicata DeKay

Physa pompilia Conrad

Physa rhomboidea Crandall, n. ap

Physa sayi Tappan

Physa solida Phil.

Physa tenuissima Lea

Physa troostiana Lea

Physa vinosa Gould

Physa walkeri Crandall, n. sp.

Physa warreniana Lea

Physe, the American

Pisidium affine Sterki, n. sp.

Pisidium sargenti Sterki, n. sp. .

Pisidium strengii Sterki, n. sp.

Pisidium variabile Prime _

Pisidium virginicum Gmel.

Planorbis bicarinatus striatus Baker, n. var.

Planorbis parvus Say

Planorbis trivolvis Say

Pleurobema missouriensis Marsh, n. a

Pleurodonte acuta Lain.

Pleurodonte acuta var, acutissima

Vil

45, 112

28, 112

eee

87, 44

nds

87, 57

25, 42,54, 69

. 126

. 132

. 182

é 120

- 104, 128

. 108

ie pd

138, 140

. 140

Vill THE NAUTILUS.-

Pleurodonte acuta var. julia ,

Pleurodonte acuta var. lucerna Miull. .

Pleurodonte acuta var. sublucerna Pils.

Pleurodonte adamsiana Clapp, n. sp. .

Pleurodonte bainbridgei Pfr.

Pleurodonte carmelita Fer.

Pleurodonte chemnitziana Pfr.

Pleurodonte (Labyrinthus) Clappi Pils., n. Pa

Pleurodonte gigantea

Pleurodonte ingens var. ene Agar

Pleurodonte ingens var. indigna Adams

Pleurodonte ingens Adams

Pleurodonte oxytenes Adams

Pleurodonte patina Adams

Pleurodonte patina var. nobilis Adan

Pleurodonte pretiosa Adams

Pleurodonte soror Fer. var. peracuta Vendee es, N. var.

Pleurodonte spengleriana Pfr.

Pleurodonte subacuta Pfr. . :

Pleurodonte vacillans Vendryes, n. sp.

Pleurotomaria, note on the name

Pleurotomarius = Pleurotoma

Polygyra devia var. hemphilli W. G. B.

Polygyra thyroides sanctisimonis Pils.,n, var. . ;

Polygyra townsendiana var. piyohonlidee A. D. Brown

. 140

, 140

. 140

33, 37

138,

137,

141

138

34, 37

14, 36

, 138

. 138

ey?

137,

138

140

138

. 138

138,

. 102

138,

137,

141

138

104

A BT

ae 9

. 129

Polymesoda, the generic name for the American Cyrenas .

Potamides (Ceréthidea) californica, how it travels

Pristophora == Serridens :

Pyramidula alternata, the sub-species of

Pyramidula alternata var. knoxensis Pils., n. var.

y. y

Pyramidula elrodi Pils.

Publications received

Quadrula andrewsii Marsh, n. sp.

(juadrula lananensis Bienen: n. sp.

Rhode Island, the shell- eanbep sallenes of

Septidz, a new term for Tritonidez

Serridens oblongus Cpr.

Simpson, George B.

Sphaerium partumeium Say.

. 129

. 144

9, 24, 36, 84,

. 130

107

. jade

92, 104, 113,

130

. 108

. 144

, LOT

. 108

THE NAUTILOS.

Strophitus wrightianus Walker, n. sp.

Succinea nuttalliana Lea

Tamiosoma Conrad, a sessile Reerineds

Tethys (Neaplysia) ritteri Cockerell, n. sp.

Texas oil-well fossil

Tornatellina inexpectata Pig. Bssp. .

Trachypleura triadomarchica

Trishoplita collinsoni var. casta Pils., n. var.

Trishoplita hiugensis Pils., n. sp.

Truncatella stimpsoni ee etsis Pils. nm. var,

Truncatella subcylindrica Linn.

Truncatella truncatula (Drap.) in the Waved Beates

Unio, a new species of '

Unio from Missouri, description of a new

Unio from Tennessee, description of a new

Unio from Texas, a new

Unionidae of North America

Unionidae, on the classification of the

Urocoptide, new Jamaican.

Valvata bicarinata Lea. :

Valvata bicarinata normalis Walker, n. var.

Valvata tricarinata Say. :

Valvata tricarinata confusa Walker, n. var.

Valvata tricarinata simplex Gould

Valvata tricarinata unicarinata ae

Valvata utahensis Call.

y ee

its

ee i

37, 50

. 128

. 124

128, 127

. 128

, 128

. 123

. 124

Valvatas of the United States, a revision of the eens Je EDA

Vivipara stelmaphora Bet. of ee in California

Volutimitra, a new species of

Volutimitra alaskana Dall., n. sp.

Wagner Free Institute of crores. Rote dehionis of

Wetherby, Prof. A. G.

Yoldia sapotilla Gould

on OE

. 102

» 10S

Be) ai |

. 144

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Aldrich, T. H.

Ancey, C. F.

Baker, Frank C.

Bartsch, Paul

Carpenter, Horace F. .

Clapp, Geo. H.

Clarke, J. M.

Cockerell, T. D. A.

Cooper, Mary

Crandall,O. A. .

Dall, Wm. H.__..

Elrod, Morton J.

Fox, Wm. J.

Fluck, Wm. H. .

Frierson, Lorraine S. .

Gaylord, Mrs. E. M.

Hedley, Charles .

Henderson, J. B., Jr. .

Hinkley, A. A.

Ihering, H. von .

we; WwW.

Johnson, C. W. .

Keep, Josiah

Kelsey, F. W.

Kendig, A. B.

Marsh, Wm. A. .

Nylander, Olof O.

Pilsbry, Henry A.

Simpson, C.T. .

Stearns, R. E. C.

‘ r , 5 ° . > 04

: ea

17, 59, 120

Rete 8s 58

92, 104, 113, 130

33, 133

. 107

72, 90, 109

. 109

25, 42, 54, 69

12, 40, 58, 89, 102, 127

86, 108, 110, 129

s 48

Sea

13, 49, 73, 85

Stag

37, 50

. 137

, 35, 36,46, 143

. 119

aes

on:

14, 115

. 127

’

. 6, 8, 18, 34, 39, 61, 83, 116, 119, 133, 141

16, 73, 79

53, 91

(xi)

xii THE NAUTILUS.

Sterki, V. . ; : ; ; 5 ‘ . 66, 126

Vendryes, Henry ; 3 ; ;- “ae

Walker, Bryant . 5 30, 63,121

Williainagr, Mrs. M. aon : ‘ ; : 9, 82

Winkley, Honky we : ; , : AR

THe NAUTILUS, XV. PLATE LI.

VE DRYES: NEW JAMAICAN UROCOPTIDZD

THE NAUTILUS.

MAY, 1901.

Von. XV.

NEW JAMAICAN UROCOPTIDE.

BY HENRY VENDRYES.

Cylindrella (Anoma) inusitata, Vendryes. PI. I, figs. 1 and 2.

Shell much elongated, cylindrical, rimate, somewhat shining and

transparent, color light brown; spire slightly tapering both above

and below its greatest diameter, which is about the middle;

truncate with the loss of 7 to 8 whorls, whorls remaining 11 to 12,

planulate, shouldered by an early obsolete angle, the last detached

and descending, strongly carinated at the base, the carina extending

to the back of the aperture; striae waved, strong and compact, cross-

ing the whorls obliquely and continued up to and many crossing over

the edge of the suture, which appears fringed here and there by their

intrusion ; aperture like that of Dunkertana, but rather larger in

proportion to the shell, and less oblique than in that species, well

produced over the penult. whorl. Height 18 mm., greatest breadth

above the middle of the spire, 35 mm.; aperture, 3 mm. high, 24

mm. wide.

This species is remarkable for its produced and detached aper-

ture, placing it in the same group to which princeps belongs.

Specimens were received from Mr. Bancroft, who collected them on

the mountains at Upper Leighton, near Spring Garden estate in the

parish of Saint George.

Cylindrella (Anoma) cognata, Vendryes. PI. I, figs. 3, 4.

Shell rimate, cylindrical, elongated, color very light pale brown ;

spire tapering from the last whorl to the summit; apex truncate,

with the loss of 7 to 8 whorls, whorls remaining 11 to 12, subplan-

ys THE NAUTILUS.

ulate, slightly shouldered, the last detached and descending, strongly

carinated at the base, carina continued to the back of the aperture ;

strie very strong and compact, irregularly spaced and waved here

and there, some crossing over the sutures from one whorl to the

other; aperture as in ¢nusitata, but less elliptical, well produced be-

yond the penult whorl. Height, 15 mm.; greatest breadth, 3 mm.;

aperture, 24 mm. high, 24 mm. wide.

I am indebted for specimens of this shell to Mr. Hart, at one time

Superintendent of Public Gardens and Plantations in Jamaica, and

now occupying a similar position in Trinidad, by whom they were

collected at the government cinchona plantations in the mountains

of Saint Andrew, about 5,500 feet above sea level.

One of the specimens being alive, I obtained the radula, but failed

in securing the buccal plate. The teeth are of the type common to

MM. Crosse & Fischer’s first group A. of Cylindrelle. The animal

is very small in proportion to the shell. It is spiral behind the man-

tle, short, of a pearly-white color, slightly mixed with green, and

marked with close-waved, narrow, longitudinal brown lines, not ex-

tending to the lapping of the foot; head short, with a simple labial

appendage, apparently incapable of much projection ; eye peduncles

short, slender, of a deep bistre color, except on the lips, where the

color is like that of the body; eyes very black, placed on the bulb-

shaped tips of the peduncles; tentacles short and very slender; foot

broad and lance-shaped behind. ‘The animal is very active for a

Cylindrella. I* progresses by extending forward the forepart of the

foot and drawing the afterpart up to it in a sort of wave. Part of

the shell drags lightly on the ground and is carried forward with

each fresh advance of the foot.

Cylindrella (Anoma) propinqua Vendryes. PI. 1, figs. 7, 8.

Shell rimate, cylindrical, nearly white, under a light brown epi-

dermis, which becomes paler towards the apex; the spire widens very

gently from the base of the penult whorl to about one-third above it,

where the greatest diameter is reached, and thence it tapers to the

lruncate apex ; apex truncate with the loss of 8 to 9 whorls, whorls

remaining 10, less deep and less flattened than on Dunkeriana, the

first two above the base subangular about the periphery, the last more

strongly carinated than in Dunkeriana, with the carina continued

down to the base of the aperture; striae very strong, compact and

THE NAUTILUS. 3

wavy, extending across the whorls to the very edge of the well-

impressed suture ; aperture oblique like that of Dunxkeriana, but the

peristome is thinner and is appressed above to the penult whorl.

Height 13 mill., greatest breadth at the slender part of the spire 3

mill.

The shell comes near to Dunkeriana, but it has 10 whorls which

are less planulate than on that species, and the striation is rather

coarser and less regular; the color of Dunkerdana is also different.

Gloyne, in Journ. de Conch., vol. —, reports it as similis from Belle-

vue. Bland had identified them with great douot as similis. On

closer examination they turned out to be unlike s¢m7/is or any other

Jamaican species of Anoma.

Hab.: Bellevue, near Stony Hill, in the parish of Saint Andrews,

(!) Vendryes. (!) Gloyne.

Cylindrella (Thaumasia) sanguinea Pfeifler, var. perplexa Vendryes.

rie es, 11, 12.

This variety was collected at (!) Water House, an abandoned sugar

estate, now turned into a grazing pen and negro provision grounds,

in the upper northern portion of the Liguinea plain, where the lime-

stone hills of the Red Hills range begin to rise. The aperture is

produced and the peristome is detached all round; whilst in the

typical sanguinea the peristome above is closely soldered to the

body-whorl, and often so much attenuated at the point of attachment

as to form a thin film. The shell is of medium size and dark

colored ; there is a narrow line of a deeper tint than the ground color,

but rather dingy, running next to the suture along the lower part of

it and extending to within it. This form is very persistent in the

locality mentioned.

Cylindrella (Anoma) abnormis Vendryes. PI. I, figs. 5, 6.

Shell deeply rimate, cylindrically elongated, color brown with a

very slight tint of yellowish-red, shining ; spire broadly truncate with

the loss of — whorls, whorls remaining 9, the last and the three fol-

lowing it are more drawn out and consequently deeper than the

remaining ones, the last is slightly narrower in diameter than the

second, the second than the third, and the third than the fourth,

thence the remaining whorls become less deep and gradually diminish

in diameter to the truncated apex, so that the outline of the shell

presents the form of a long, narrow, drawn-out purse, somewhat

4 THE NAUTILUS.

bulging about the middle, and thence tapering towards the bottom ;

whorls slightly convex, obtusely angulated at the periphery, sculp-

tured with strong, thick lamella-like costule crossing the whorls

obliquely, generally curvilinear, irregular in some places and wavy

here and there, extending to the very shoulder of the whorls, the last

whorl with a prominent carina which extends to the back of the base

of the aperture close to the peristome ; suture well incised ; aperture

inclining to the right, the plane very oblique, peristome thick, nearly

white, smooth and shining, reflected all around, with a very large,

strong, elevated knob close over the spot where the columellar lip

should merge into the columella, and apparently arched over the

space of the entering rima beneath. Total length, 11 mm.; greatest

breadth at middle of spire, 3 mm.; next above the aperture, 2 mm.;

at the truncation, 2 mm.

Vhis shell was collected by me among fine earth and vegetable

debris taken from the roadsides near to Brown’s Towu, in the parish

of Saint Ann. Unfortunately, as its presence was only revealed to

me when searching this debris some time afterwards at home, no

note was kept of the exact habitat and station. It is as yet unique

in my collection. It is unlike any species of Anoma with which I

am acquainted, and its peculiarities would seem to warrant the

creation of a new subgenus, or at least of a special section to receive

it. The reasons for this appear to me to be as cogent as were those

which led to the creation of the subgenus Chittya for Geomelania

sinuosa. |

Cylindrella ( Thaumasia) instabilis Vendryes. PI. I, figs. 9, 10.

Shell ovate-cylindrical, solid, rimate; color dark-sanguineous,

not unlike that of some specimens of Cyl. sanguinea, but the sur-

face of instabil’s exhibits in most specimens semi-hydrophanous, more

or less wide, transverse patches sparsely and irregularly occurring,

and apparently produced by some indistinct lesions of the very thin

epidermis; spire describing a well-drawn-out ovate outline ; apex

broadly truncate with the loss of 6 to 7 of the earlier volutions,

whorls remaining 7 to 8, almost entirely plane in some examples, or

moderately convex in others, subarcuately, obliquely and closely

costulate strive ; the last whorl not detached in some examples, and

detached and produced in others, and generally more strongly

sculptured than the penult and other whorls, with a well-pro-

— ae -

THE NAUTILUS. 3

nounced carina at the base; suture lightly impressed and submar-

gined ; aperture slightly oblique, circular in some examples or trans-

versely narrowed in others; peristome slightly tinged with the

prevailing ground color of the shell, well expanded all around and

reflected, not continuous above, but attenuated or reduced to a mere

film and appressed to the body whorl in some examples, or in others

detached and continuous, and produced outward near the upper part

of the right side of the aperture and with a sinus or notch on the

produced part. Long., 24 to 25 mm.; diam. at middle of spire, 9

to 10 mm.; aperture with peristome appressed, 8 mm. high and

wide; when produced and with peristome detached, 6 mm. high,

and 6 to 7 mm. wide.

In several of its characters this species is rather inconsistent. In

specimens found side by side and manifestly of the same brood, some

examples show strong affinities with Thaumasia sanguinea, others

with Vhaumasia ecylindrus, others again with Gongylostoma lata

(? Thaumasia lata), in so far that it becomes often very difficult to

locate them decisively.

In the two specimens figured, one has the lip appressed, as in

sanguinea; in the other it is detached and expanded towards the

right side of the aperture and bears a notch or sinus. In one the

sculpture is decidedly like that of sanguinea, on the other it is like

that of eylindrus, but stronger. In specimens with the aperture but

slightly produced and the peristome uninterrupted by attenuation and

adhesion to the body whorl, or produced and not bearing a sinus, the

resemblance to /ata is very great.

Habitat: (!) Phenix Park, near the Monarque in the parish of

Saint Ann; (!) environs of Brown’s Town in the same parish.

NOTES ON MESESCHIZA GROSVENORII LEA.

It is now over thirty-seven years since Mr. Lea described this spe-

cies, and additional specimens have not been reported. In his Mono-

graph of the family Strepomatide, Mr. Tryon says, in a foot-note page

350, “every specimen examined shows evidence of diseased growth.”

In the description, the location of notch is stated to be inconstant

or wanting. Admitting then that the notch of this species is a de-

formity, where should the specimens described by Mr. Lea be placed ?

The notch being a deformity, the genus would not stand, because that

6 THE NAUTILUS.

is the distinguishing point of the genera, like the fissure of Schizos-

toma. I am of the opinion that Mr. Lea’s specimens are young

Angitrema armigera Say, for the following reasons: The young of

armigera is generally smooth, is fusiform, thin, obtusely conical and

of various shades and markings, from a light straw-color to purple,

occasionally seven banded while six is common; the aperture is

large and rhomboidal, obtuse longitudinal thickenings are common

on body whorl, a light line under the suture is also common in banded

and purple specimens, base channel well defined. Polar point of the

operculum well removed from the margin. There is no other species

found in the Wabash that has so many points of resemblance ; about

the only point of difference is the number of whorls, five to six in the

young armigera I have, while Mr. Lea’s description says seven.

There are some other species I think must be referred to Angitrema

armigera, but additional specimens from other localities are needed

to fully determine the identity——A. A. HINKLEY.

THE SUBSPECIES OF PYRAMIDULA ALTERNATA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Pyramidula alternata knoxensis, n. v.

A more robust, larger shell than typical P. alternato, with more

widely open umbilicus; dull rusty brown, with comparatively incon-

spicuous or much-reduced flame-markings. Whorls 54, not carinated.

Sculpture of fine and even rib-striz, but little weaker on the base, the

whole covered with a secondary sculpture of fine wrinkles, partially

cuticular, and running a little more obliquely than the rib-strie.

This minute wrinkling is barely visible to the naked eye, but is much

stronger than in other forms of P. alternata, and gives the surface a

peculiarly dull appearance.

Alt. 11, diam. 28, width of umbiticus 65 mm. (Knox Co., Tenn.).

Alt. 11, diam. 23, width of umbilicus 7 mm. (Laurel Creek Gap).

Alt. 18, diam. 25, width of umbilicus 74 mm. (Hazel Creek).

This remarkable race of P. alternata belongs, so far as we know,

to the valleys of the western slope of the Great Smoky mountains,

extending into the valley of East Tennessee. It was first found by

Mrs. George Andrews, in Knox county, Tenn. During the past

summer Mr. Jas. H, Ferriss found it in Cade’s Cove, at Laurel Creek |

THE NAUTILDS. ‘|

Gap and Hazel Creek. We saw nothing of it on higher elevations

in the Great Smokies, the localities mentioned lying below 2000 ft.

elevation. In the collection of Geo. H. Clapp there is a single shell

from the Jas. Lewis coll. Jabeled “ Philadelphia, Monroe Co., Tenn.,”’

probably collected by Miss Law, and measuring: Alt. 13, diam. 24,

umbilicus 7} mm.

No intergrades with typical P. alternata, P. a. carinata or P. a.

costata lave been observed. It is remarkable for the strong devel-

opment of the secondary sculpture, with fine primary sculpture of rib-

strie, the unkeeled, capacious whorls, wide umbilicus, and dead, rusty

surface. Messrs. Clapp and Ferriss agree with me in considering

this a strongly differentiated subspecies.

The following subspecies of P. alternata are now recognized :

P. alternata (Say).

P. alternata fergusoni (Bld.). N. Y. to Md.

P. alternata rarinotata Pils. Texas.

P. alternata carinata Pils. Pa. to Tenn., in western division ot

the Appalachian Mt. system.

P. alternata knoxensis Pils. Knox, Blount and Monroe Cos., Tenn.

P. alternata costata ‘ Lewis’ Clapp. Greaty Smoky Mts.

P. alternata mordax (Shuttl.). Great Smoky Mts. (?)

The last variety has not yet been rediscovered ; the ‘‘mordax’

collections being referable, so far as I have seen, to a strongly-ribbed

form of P. alternata, which has not been named ; and not fulfilling

the requirements of Shuttleworth’s diagnosis. P. alternata carinata

includes strongly angular or keeled, but finely striate shells of the

mountainous region from western Pennsylvania to Tennessee. It was

defined in my paper on Rhoads’ Tennessee shells ; and is not known

to occur in the Tenn.-N. C. boundary ranges. I have never seen

any true intergrades between P. alternata and P. cumberlandiana,

and consider the latter a well-defined species.

There is also a color var. alba Tryon, of P. alternata (Amer. Journ.

of Conch. ii, p. 261, and Monog. Terr. Moll. U.S., p. 49). This

occurs abundantly in certain localities within the area of typical

alternata. ‘Thus in Philadelphia, alba is found along the Wissahickon

Creek, while in other localities in this vicinity the ordinary alternata

is found. This color-var. is not really white, but merely albinistic ;

it lacks the spots and flames of the typical form. It is also found in

Michigan, ete.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

GENERAL NEWS.

POLYGYRA THYROIDES SANCTISIMONIS n. var.—Spire more conic

than in thyroides, composed of 55 whorls which are more closely

coiled; body-whorl decidedly more depressed; umbilicus open.

Aperture smaller than in thyroides, transversely elliptical, being

much less rounded than in thyroides, Shell rather solid, with opaque

cuticle, often more yellow than in thyroides. Alt. 15, diam. 23 mm.

St. Simon’s Island, Georgia.—H. A. Pitspry.

HELICOSTYLA CARINATA Lea, and H. pacryitus Brod.—In the

Manual of Conchology, viii, p. 22, I showed that Lea’s Bulimus cari-

natus is identical with and was published prior to Bulinus dactylus

Brod., and consequently should be accepted in place of the latter.

This decision must now be reversed, on account of the earlier Bul-

mus carinatus Perry, 1811, which preoccupies Lea’s name, and which

I was not aware of when the ruling was made.—H. A. PitsBry.

Note ON TWO SPECIES OF CANTHARIDUS.—It has not been

noticed, I believe, that Bulimus eximus Perry, Conchology, pl. 30,

f. 2 (1811), is identical with Cantharidus badius Wood (18—), and

Bulimus carinatus Perry, f. 1, is C. peronit Phil. (1850). Perry’s

figures are very good, for him, and quite recognizable. He gives

Van Diemen’s Land as locality for the former, New Holland for the

latter species. So far as I can see, his names will stand for these

species.—H. A. PILsBry. ;

AMPHIDROMUS L&vVuS (Mull.).—In my account of this species in

the Manual of Conchology (1900) the ‘*Helix leva” of Miiller was

called Amphidromus levis. Mr. G. H. Chadwick has called my

attention to the mistake, Muiller’s word being the adjective /zvrus,

left, referring to the sinistral or “left-handed” coil of the shell.

—H, A. P.

A new Triassic Cuiron,—Mr. Otto Jaekel describes (Zeitschr.

der Deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft, vol. 52, 1900, p. 9) a new

form from Rudersdorf as Trachypleura triadomarchica. All of the

THE NAUTILUS. 9

valves are preserved in place, with fragments of the girdle. The

valves lack insertion-plates, and also otherwise have the general

characters of the modern Lepidopleurus, while the girdle is armed

with spines which are believed by Jaekel to have been calcareous.

The length, without girdle, is about 16, breadth 9 mm. The genus

is evidently extremely like Lepidopleurus in hard parts, and so far as

the figures and description show, indistinguishable from the recent

genus except in the character of the girdle armature. It is quite

unlike any of the known Palzozoic genera.—H.. A. P.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Synopsis OF THE FamiLy CARDIIDZ AND OF THE NorrTH

AMERICAN Species. By Witiiam Heartery Dati. Proc. U.S.

Nat. Mus. Vor. xxii, pp. 381-392, 1900.—As Tryon and Pils-

bry’s ‘*‘ Manual of Conchology ”’ does not yet include Pelecypoda, the

necessity for monographs giving the latest investigations in system-

atic changes is apparent. Students are deeply indebted to Dr. Wm.

H. Dall for his recent monographs on several families of bivalve

mollusks, including the Mactracea, Diplodontide, Leptonacea, Psam-

mobiidz, Solenide, Tellinidze and Cardiide.

In the bulletin on Cardiide there are no plates, but there is a bibli-

ography followed by a synopsis of the family which includes a ‘ sub-

division of the family included as a whole.” The ‘“ brackish water

forms associated with Adacna”’ are no longer included in this family.

The principal changes in nomenclature of the East American

species since Dr. Dall’s ‘‘ Marine Mollusks of the South Eastern

Coast,”’ are as follows:

Cardium magnum Born is included under the name of C. (Dino-

eardium) robustum Solander, which is the older name ; this does not

include ©. magnum Linneus, which Dr. Dall thinks is probably C.

(Trachycardium) leucostoma Born. In subgenus Papyridea, sprno-

sum takes the place of bullutum, or bullata, of ‘‘ many authors but not

of Linneus,” and P. petitianum Orbigny is a synonym of P. semisul-

catum Gray. Liocardium levigatum is a synonym of Cardium

(Levicardium) serratum Linneus.

The West American species include Cardiums found in the Gulf

of California and ranging further south. This adds to the number

of West Coast species.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

Collectors who have readily detected a varietal difference in the

lighter weight of shells sent out as Cardium nuttallii Conrad, may

regret that these shells are not recognized even as a variety, but are

included in the synonym of Cardium (Cerastoderma) corbis Martyn.

Cardium blandum Gould is a synonym of C. ( Cerastoderma) califor-

niensis Deshayes. Cardium ( Cerastoderma) ciliatum O. Fabricius (C.

tslandicum Chemnitz (a synonym) and Serripes gronlandicus Gmelin

are Arctic sea species that are found on the Atlantic and Pacific

shores. Cardium aspersum Sowerby is listed as a variety of the

eastern coast Cardium (Papyridea) spinosum.

Dr. Dall says Cardium (Levicardium) elatum Sowerby ‘is the

largest species of the genus.”? We have often noted the variation in

shape of some of the large cardiums of the West Coast; he says of

these oval and rotund forms that they may possibly be correlated

with sex.—M. B. W.

Description OF A NEw SpECIES OF UNIO FROM THE CRETA-

ceous Rocks or THE NANAIMO CoAL FIELD. By J. F. Whiteaves

(Ottawa Naturalist, XIV., Jan., 1901). Unio nanaimoensis n. sp.

Unio hubbardi Gabb is stated to be from the Cowgitz coal mine, on

Graham Island, one of the Queen Charlotte Is., and probably did

not come from Vancouver Island, as originally reported.

NOTES ON SOME LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA FROM

Fort Cuimo, Uncava Bay. By J. F. Whiteaves (Ottawa Nat.,

XIV., March, 1901). The specimens were collected by Mr. W.

Spreadborough in 1896, and comprise Limn@a palustrus var. vahlii

Planorbis arcticus (‘‘ which may be only a synonym of P. parvus,’’)

Valvata sincera and Pisidium steenbuckii. Notices of previous rec-

ords of non-marine mollusks of Labrador are given.

ADDITIONS TO THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE BERMUDAS.

sy A. FE. Verrill and Katherine J. Bush. Tur NupiBrRancus

AND Nakep TrecTipraANcus oF THE Bermupas. By A. E.

Verrill. (Trans. Conn. Acad. of Sci., X., 1900). The additions to

the fauna recorded in these articles are mostly from the collection

made at the Bermudas in April and May, 1898, by the Yale scien-

tific party under Professor Verrill. In the first paper about 80

species are recorded for the first time from the Bermudas, 25 of

THE NAUTILUS. 11

them being described as new, among them a new Siphonaria, 6

Eulima, several Odostomia and Cecum. In dealing with the Zer-

bonillide, the groups Mumiola and Mormula (Adams, 1864) are sub-

ordinated to Pyrgostelis (Monterosato, 1884), though Adams’ names

have priority. The dentition of Synaptocochlea picta is figured, and

its operculum said to have few whorls.

In the second ;aper, Prof. Verrill records Aplysia dactylomela,

A. Willeoxi (?) and A. megaptera n. sp. The latter is a fine species

a foot long. Pleurobranchopsis is a new genus for P. aurantiaca n.

sp., a form with no shell, mantle-edge free throughout, gill sessile ;

the radula and jaws are not described: 6 species of Doridide are

described.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE,

ILI, Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida.—We have more

than once in these pages alluded to the importance of this publication

to the general student of recent mollusks, no less than to the paleon-

tologist. ‘The production of such a work is evidence of an enlight-

-ened appreciation of the value of these investigations, on the part of

the Trustees of the Wagner Institute, no less than a high ideal of

scientific work on the part of the author, Professor Wm. H. Dall.

The esteem in which the 7ransactions are held by foreign students

is shown by a recent letter from the Australian conchologist, Charles

Hedley, an extract from which we venture to print:

‘‘] am most gratified at receiving the volume on the Tertiary Mol-

lusea of Florida, but in thanking you for the copy I must also thank

you for the labor you have placed at the disposal of every student.

I cannot sufficiently express what a boon to me is the generic revision

of the various groups. After struggling with the scanty and perplex-

ing literature of bivalve hinge structure, I can greet your work as a

ship-wrecked mariner might greet the shore. For instance, I have

had a qniet little fight with Wysel/a and have drawn the hinges ready

for publication. But I had laid aside the notes and sketches till I

could better comprehend the matter. My unsuccessful struggles at

least enabled me to appreciate the cost of labor and talent in produc-

ing the synonymy of Rochefortia. ‘Those who have daily intercourse

with fellow workers, who can consult great museums and splendid

libraries, will thank you in their turn. But as a scientific exile,

without these advantages, allow me to tell you how your Mollusca

12 THE NAUTILUS.

of Florida smooths my path, so that I may do with accuracy and

speed what I formerly did slowly and painfully.”

Apology is due to Mr. Hedley for this unauthorized use of a pri-

vate letter, and also to Professor Dall.—Ebs.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Epitors Nautiuus: In the remarks of our friend Hemphill, on

pp. 139-140 of the April number, some of us are called to order for

a phraseology which is not altogether agreeable to him and other

workers on the Pacific coast, and may properly be modified in the

interest of their feelings. I refer to expressions which refer to the

habitual nomenclature of some shell under discussion, in the cabinets

of collectors on the Pacific shores, as in error. I suppose I have

been one of those whom he criticises; for being familiar with most

of the West coast collections, lists and nomenclature, it has often

seemed useful to refer to the name in common use on the other side

of the continent, when in the course of monographic revision it has

been found to be untenable.

But I should like to assure Mr. Hemphill and all others who have

been displeased by such expressions that nothing was farther from my

mind than to reflect on the care or desire for accuracy of West Coast

workers. I have been of and among them so many years that I feel

entitled to claim a place in their ranks, and a large part of the work

I have done has been intended to assist them to the extent of my

ability. No one is infallible, at least outside of the Vatican. No

one can correct the errors of a nomenclature at one fell swoop, so to

speak. I have named many thousands of shells for West Coast cor-

respondents, and I have named many of them wrong. That is, I have

given names which were at the time in current use, but which subse-

quent researches have shown to be untenable. If Methuselah was a

conchologist, he probably did better toward the end of his career,

and the heirs of his original correspondents profited thereby. But

alas! these are degenerate days, and in forty years or so one does not

ferret out all anterior mistakes. ‘Therefore if one’s gratuitous service

does not prove infallible, and one’s expressions not invariably happy,

let our West coast friends hold fast to the theory of friendly intent,

and believe we at the Kast mean to do our best by them every time.

—Ww. H. DAL.

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XV. JUNE, 1901. . No. 2.

COLLECTING IN HAITI.

J. B. HENDERSON, JR.

On the 30th of November last, Mr. C. T. Simpson, of the Smith-

sonian Institution, Mr. Robert T. Hill, of the Geological Survey and

myself, sailed from New York for Haiti with the intention of mak-

ing as thorough conchological exploration of that island as a time

limit of two months would permit. Although Haiti has been visited

by Bland, Sallé, Rolle, Weinland and others, it may yet be con-

sidered almost a terra incognita to the collector of land shells. Many

of its great mountain ranges and deep valleys have never been

reached by naturalists; even its more aecessible regions have been

but superficially examined. Imagination gilds the unknown, and we

debarked at Cap Hatien eager to get into the field without a

moment’s delay.

Cap Hatien is situated upon the coastal margin of an extensive

plain ; but just back of the town rises an isolated group of high hills

which appear to have no connection with the northern main range

of mountains. These hills are composed of hard, flinty rock, re-

sembling the formation of the Blue Mountains of Eastern Jamaica.

In the absence of limestone they support a scant molluscan fauna,

and our first day’s collecting proved a bitter disappointment. Not

more than fifteen species rewarded our most diligent labors, but

among these were some interesting finds—notably a Lucidella of de-

cided Jamaican affinities.

Leaving Cap Haitien we made our first interior journey horse-

back to Milot, at the foot of the main range, where amid the ruins

of the famons palace of Sans Souci and in the dungeons of thie old

14 THE NAUTILUS.

fortress of La Ferriére we hoped to discover the habitat of that prince

of American Helices—Plewrodonte gigantea. At an elevation of

about 8000 feet, we came upon the first evidences of our game in the

numerous dead shells of that superb species. Scattered about the

bases of huge limestone fragments which were heavily draped and

festooned in richest tropic verdure were thousands of dead P.

gigantea, but not a trace of a living animal. We remained several

days at Milot, but captured only three living examples of gigantea

and took not more than a dozen fairly good cabinet specimens.

Although disappointed in this respect we were cheered by a splendid

bag of Cylindrellas, Helicinas, smaller Helices, Stenogyra (s. s.)

Opeas, Subulina and several Tudora and Chondropoma.

One of the finest Helices of the West Indies is the large and ex-

ceedingly handsome P. undulata. This species is abundant about

the foot of the mountains near Milot. Swarms of half naked chil-

dren followed us about, often annoying us to the point of despera-

tion, but these bright little urchins proved to be clever collectors.

Finding that we rejected all dead shells of P. wndulata, they brought

us worn and useless specimens into the apertures of which they had

carefully inserted large slugs. As this method failed them they re-

covered some living but immature specimens which we had thrown

away, and extracting the animals, they reset them in dead shells

and solemnly offered them to us again. The most notable catch on

the mountain of La Ferriére is a small operculate with free whorls

all in the same plane, probably a new genus. _

Returning to Cape Haitien we took a steamer for Port au Prince,

where we remained a full week, collecting most industriously in the

neighborhood. The excessive dryness of the season caused living

land shells to be scarce, but we succeeded in making a remarkably

good catch, notwithstanding adverse conditions. In this part of the

island the larger Helices disappear; P. undulata is replaced by the

smaller P. erispata and a larger proportion of operculates is apparent.

Macroceramus is encountered and Cylindrella is more abundant.

The prevailing type of operculate in this part of the island is

represented by the well-known Chondropoma semilabre, barrel-

shaped, whitish in color and with a descending and slightly free last

whorl. ‘This last characteristic runs through nearly all the Cyclo-

stomacea of the island. As a persistent feature it finds no counter-

part elsewhere in the West Indies.

THE NAUTILUS. 1d

Perhaps the particular feature of our Haitian journeys was our

trip to Lake Assuei, one of the two great interior lakes of Haiti and

Santo Domingo. The fauna of this large body of water is wholly

unknown and there can be no doubt that its clear depths would

furnish many treasures to the zodlogist provided with a good dredge.

But we had neither dredge nor boat. An examination of one-half

mile of shore line revealed a Hydrobia and a Physa, but no trace of

Naiades or Spheria. Amid the grandest scenery, we collected over

the mountains north of the luke with fairly good success. One

Chondropoma (evidently new) should receive some name signifying

** splendid.”

In a grove of very large trees near the lake we experienced sev-

eral hours of the keenest delight in gathering Liguus virginea and

Pleurodonte bizonalis. The former is no doubt the most beautiful

of all land shells; the latter is considered a rarity. I know of no

more thrilling experience than our sudden discovery of a hundred of

these exquisite Liguus.

At St. Mark, Jeremie and Jacmel we toiled like madmen to ex-

haust those regions of their special faunz; our catch from the last

two stations being principally in Cylindrella, Helicina, Glandina,

Eutrochatella and the smaller helices of the Cepolis group. The

collection about Jeremie is exceedingly rich, but the unfriendliness

of the natives is more pronounced at that city than elsewhere in the

island.

One can scarcely picture a more promising-looking region for snail

life than the environs of Jacmel. ‘There are mountains and deep

valleys, shaded and cool, sparkling streams, moisture and limestone,

everywhere. We were amazed, however, to find the region almost

barren of mollusks, a fact that seems wholly unaccountable.

Fortunately time seems to magnify in the mind the pleasant

features of rough travel, while disagreeable episodes gradually fade

from the memory. ‘The oppressive climate, the wretched food and

accommodations, the unsanitary condition of the cities, the vermin

and larger insect pests, the stupid ignorance and arrogance of the

official classes, the difficulties of interior travel, render Haiti all but

impossible. We left Jacmel for Kingston, Jamaica, rejoicing in our

flight from that land of dark superstition and filth.

Our material has not yet been overhauled, but I may, with due

caution, state that Haiti is not so rich conchologically as Jamaica or

16 THE NAUTIIUS.

parts of Cuba, though richer probably than is Purto Rico. The

distribution of its shel!s is far more general than as recorded in

Crosse’s list, and the affinities between the faunas of North Haiti

and Cuba and South Haiti and Jamaica are not so decidedly marked

as heretofore supposed.

The presence of a large number of the Thaumasia group of Uro-

coptids in the Southern peninsula is significant, yet we encountered

Lucidella, Stoastoma and a probable Sagda in the north.

ALASMIDONTA MARGINATA SAY.

In the April number of the Nautilus Professor Charles Le Roy

Wheeler calls attention to the above species and is in doubt whether

this name should be applied to the somewhat solid, inflated, rhom-

boid western shell, or the less inflated, thinner, triangular form

from the Atlantic drainage. I am glad Professor Wheeler has

called attention to this, because at the time I made up the account

of Say’s species for the Synopsis I overlooked the fact that it had

just been published in the Journal of the Academy of Natural

Sciences. In Dr. Dall’s copy of the paper on Conchology by Say

in the third edition of Nicholson’s Encyclopedia, Say says: ‘‘ Found

in the river—’”’ leaving it to be understood that he was not certain

where it was found. Immediately after the dash there is written in

ink ** Delaware.”’

The description is not very clear, but I was inclined to believe

that it applied better to the eastern than the western form. Say

says that his shell is transversely oblong-suboval, and this outline

applies best to the eastern shell, which is often irregularly obovate,

while the western form is almost invariably rhomboid. He states

that it is bluish-white within, with a white margin. The eastern

form is sometimes colored within in this way; in the western speci-

mens the border is generally darker than the rest of the interior.

The length given, 24 inches, agrees better, I think, with the eastern

shell than with the western one, which runs from 38 to 44 inches,

though of course Say might have had a young specimen of the heavy

rhomboid form before him.

He says that it was communicated to him by Mr. Lea, who found

it in the Scioto River. I am doubtful whether Dr. Lea ever col-

THE NAUTILUS. 17

lected in that river. Most of his shells from Ohio were collected by

Mr. T. G. Lea or other resident collectors in the State.

It is probable that Say’s type is lost. I could not find it when I

went over the Academy’s collection and made notes on his species,

and since the publication of Professor Wheeler’s note Mr. Vanatta

has kindly made a search for it, and fails to find it.

I confess that I am in doubt as to what Mr. Say had before him

when he described his Alasmidonta marginata, though I am inclined

to think it was the eastern form. In case it should be shown that

Say’s ‘name applies to the western shell, the name Alasmidonta

varicosa Lamarck, could probably be used for the Atlantic drainage

species. .

NEW VARIETIES OF FRESH WATER SHELLS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Limnza reflexa jolietensis, 1. var.

Limnea reflera attenuata, Baker (non Say), Trans. St. Louis

Acad. Sci., Vol. IX, p. 20, pl. 1, fig. 4, 1901.

Shell with an attenuated spire, the whorls, seven in number, being

very convex and the sutures very deeply impressed ; aperture about

a third the length of the entire shell, ovate, thickened on the inside

by a heavy callus; peristome thin; columella covered by a heavy

callus and with a prominent plait; color light horn, frequently

blackened by the carbon dioxide in the water, aperture of same color,

the internal callus edged with dark brown or red.

Length 24.00; width 8.00; aperture length 9.50; width 5.25 mill.»

Length 23.00; width 7.75; aperture length 9.00; width 5.00 mill.

Length 22.00; width 7.00; aperture length 8.75; width 4.75 mill.

Length 29.00 mill. (Bryant Walker collection).

Distribution: Joliet, Illinois (J. H. Ferriss); Saginaw River,

Michigan (Bryant Walker).

Remarks: In the publication mentioned above the writer was led

into the error of identifying the Joliet specimens as attenuata Say.

Mr. Bryant Walker, to whom specimens were sent, has called the

writer’s attention to the true characters of attenuata and to the fact

that the Joliet specimens are a distinct and undescribed variety of

refleca. he peculiar loosely coiled whorls, attenuated spire and

Jabiate lip will easily distinguish this variety.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

In Bull. No. 8, Vol. II, of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the

writer published an account of the anatomy of Limnea emarginata

var. Mighelsi in which several errors appeared. ‘The first was the

position of the kidney and ureter as figured on plate VI. K. U. An

examination of a larger and more perfect specimen shows the shape

and position to be different, the ureter really proceeding from the

anterior end and extending in a straight line to the edge of the

mantle. It is needless to add that the renal organs, as figured on

this plate, do not exist in the fresh water pulmonates.

On plate III of the same paper is given a figure of the genitalia

in which a flagellum is described (E. F.). This is the vas deferens

and the duct thought to be the vas deferens is the penis retractor

muscle.

NEW LAND SHELLS FROM THE LOO CHOO ISLANDS AND JAPAN.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Mr. Hirase, continuing his researches, has recently taken steps to

procure shells of the Loo Choo Islands; some of the first-fruits being

noticed below. He writes: ‘I have sent two able collectors, in the

hope that I may procure for study the land shells of Kiushiu and

Loo Choo. They were sent at first, on February 23d last, to

Yaeyama, in the Loo Choos, for a stay of two months ; but because of

malaria they were obliged to leave, and thus spent only twenty days

there. They are now working in the neighboring island of Nawa,

in the Loo Choo group.”

Among the species sent from Yaeyama are Clausilia hyperoptyx

Pils., C. Stearnsii Pils., Bifidaria armigerella Reinh., and Georissa

japonica Pils. ‘The last two species were originally described from’

the main island of Japan, Hondo; and their occurrence in the

middle Loo Choo group extends their distribution notably. The

specimens are, however, quite typical. The finding of a typical

species of the Chinese group Buliminopsis, B. metacoshimensis A. &

R., which Mr. Hirase sends from Yaeyama Island, and a species of

Tornatellina, is extremely interesting. The latter genus has not

been reported nearer than Luzon, so far as I know. Of Buliminop-

sis two species have been described from the Loo Choo Is., B.

metacoshimensis Adams and Reeve, described as a Bulimus, and

TAKE NAUTILUS. 19

hitherto referred to Stenogyra, and B. turritus Gude, described as

Ganesella, though Mr. Gude suggests that it may be a Bulimiénopsis.

Although I formerly thought tarita a Ganesella, the sculpture of

fresh specimens is so similar to Buliminopsi’s that I have now little

doubt that Gude’s surmise was correct. It resembles the Chinese

B. buliminoides Hide. in shape, but the latter, from a specimen re-

ceived from Pere Heude, is narrower and less acutely keeled. Dr.

Fritz Wiegmann has recently shown that Buliminopsis has essen-

tially the organization of the genus Hulota, and therein is perhaps

nearest to Cathaica. His investigations show that there are no im-

portant anatomical differences between the numerous subgenera

which I have subordinated to Hulota. The characters intergrade by

easy stages. Even Buliminopsis is anatomically an Eulota.

At Shunashiri, Loo Choo groxp, a form of Hudlota ( Plectotropis)

scepasma Pfr. occurred, having 64 whorls and a more depressed con-

tour, being thus more acutely carinate. It measures, alt. 105, diam.

21 mm., and is densely covered, like the typical form, with short,

triangular, cuticular scales. Plectotropis pachysoma Ehrmann, is

evidently a synonym of typical Z. scepasma.

Trishoplita collinsoni var. casta nov. Shell rather openly umbili-

cate, depressed, with conic spire; white with a brown line at the

periphery, showing above the suture on the spire. Surface shining,

minutely striate, rather faintly decussate beneath, microscopically

papillose. Whorls 6, slowly widening, the last very obsoletely an-

gular at the periphery, becoming rounded towards the aperture, con-

vex beneath. Aperture oblique, shortly oval, slightly lunate, the

penultimate whorl excising a segment of about one-fourth the cir-

cumference of the peristome; lip white, narrowly expanded above,

the outer and basal margins refiexed.

Alt. 8.6, diam. 12.5; length of aperture 5.5, width 6.3 mm.

Alt. 10, diam. 12; length of aperture 6, width 7 mm.

Obi, Prov. Hyuga, in eastern Kiushiu (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This species is somewhat more conical than 7. tosana Gude,’ with

an umbilicus of about the same width or a little smaller. It has

about the form but not the coloration of 7. cretacea var. bipartita,

and is apparently allied to 7. collinsoni (A. Ad.) and T. lischkeana

(Kob.), both of which, have similar coloration. 7’. collinsont was de-

scribed from ‘‘ Tago,” which I take to be Tako, a place at the west-

1The name tosana Gude has three days priority over suprazonata Pilsbry.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

ern end of Shikoku Island. It has not been figured, but is said to

be ‘* globoso-conica,” “late perforata,’’ with a wide peripheral band

and lunate aperture. None of these terms would I apply to the

shells before me, though it is by no means impossible that my species

is a variety of that of Adams. 7. lischkeana is trom Hagi, on the

north coast of western Hondo. It is a smaller shell than 7° casta,

with narrower umbilicus. When these forms of 7rishoplita are bet-

ter known, I believe they will be seen to fall under a few specific

heads, like the peliomphala group of Euhadra. It is likely that eol-

linsoni, casta, lischkeana, bipartita and crefacea are varying races of

one species, and will be found to intergrade on the confines of their

several areas. 7° collinsoni is the senior name for the group, which

has about the distribution of Eulota callizona var. maritima G. & P.

—Shikoku, eastern Kiushiu and western Hondo.

Trishoplita hiugensis n. sp. Shell depressed, rather narrowly

umbilicate, brownish yellow, the suture bordered below with a nar-

row white band; very glossy, finely striatulate. Spire low-conic,

the apex obtuse. Whorls 43, convex, the last slightly deflexed in

front, indistinctly angular at the periphery in front, becoming

rounded on the latter portion. Convex beneath. Aperture shaped

like that of 7. tosana, the lip expanded, reflexed below. Alt. 6.4,

diam. 9.4-9.8 mm.

Obi, Prov. Hyuga, Kiushiu (Mr. Y. Hirase).

A smaller, less conoidal form than 7. tosana or T. dacoste, with

fewer whorls. It is No. 601 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Kaliella Austeniana n. sp.

Shell distinctly perforate, turbinate-conic, thin, light reddish

brown. Surface very minutely sculptured with densely crowded

rib-stria, which give it a silken luster, and give place on the more

glossy base to slight growth-wrinkles and fine spiral striae. Whorls

nearly 6, very convex, the first one sculptured with much more

spaced rib-stria; last whorl obtusely subangular at the periphery,

quite convex beneath. Aperture oblique, rather broadly crescent

shaped; peristome simple and thin, the columellar margin dilated

above. Alt. 2.7, diam. 5.2 mm.

Yaeyama Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 627).

In this species the minute striz continue below the periphery, and

form a silken band around the base, the central two-thirds of which

is more glabrous. This has been noticed in /uconulus, Guppya,

fHE NAUTILUS. 21

ete., also. The spaced costulation of the initial whorl is a character-

istic though not invariable feature of Kalvella.

It is named in honor of Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, whose

work on the Indian Zonitid is destined to become a malacological

classic.

Kaliella yaeyamensis n. sp.

Shell narrowly perforate, rather low conic, thin, reddish brown.

Surface slightly shining above, glossy beneath, sculptured with rib-

striz comparatively coarse for a Kaliella (but still very fine), contin-

uing on the first whorl, obsolete on the base, and excessively minute

spiral strie. Whorls 43, moderately convex, the last angular (but

not acutely so) at the periphery, not very convex beneath. Aper-

ture oblique, broadly crescentic, the lip thin and simple, dilated at

the columellar insertion. Alt. 2, diam. 3 mm.

Yaeyama Island (Mr. Y, Hirase, no. 625).

With K. nahaensis Gude, this makes three species of Kaliella now

known from the Loo Choo Islands. A. nahaensis has fine, almost

subobsolete striz, and a peripheral keel, thus differing decidedly from

the two species described above.

Kaliella ruida n. sp.

Shell perforate, in shape resembling Mcrocystina ceratodes (Gude).

Acutely keeled, thin, brown, somewhat translucent, sculptured above

and in a band around the base, below the periphery, with sharp,

close and regular rib-striz ; the rest of the base glossy, with very

minute spirals only. Whorls 85, moderately convex above, the last

quite convex beneath. Aperture wide-crescentic, peristome thin,

fragile. Alt. 2, diam. 3.5 mm.

Gojo, Prov. Yamato, Japan (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 607).

I am disposed to believe this shell, of which but two specimens

were sent, is not full grown, and will be found to attain a larger size;

but the sculpture is so conspicuous and so unlike any known species

of similar shape, that its recognition will be easy.

Georissa luchuana n. sp.

Shell small, globose-turbinate, dull red, composed of nearly 33

very convex whorls, the first glossy and smooth, with rather large

apex, the rest rapidly increasing, closely and regularly striated or

lirulate spirally. Last whorl large and obese. Aperture oblique,

oe THE NAUTILUS.

half-circular ; outer lip simple; columella heavily calloused, wide

and somewhat flattened. Length 2.1, diam. 1.85 m. |

Yaeyama Island, Loo Choo group (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 623).

A species relatively much shorter and wider than the related

G. japonica Pils., which occurs also on Yaeyama.

Dr. v. Mollendorff has recently redescribed G. japonica as a new

species, not knowing of my earlier description. He used the same

specific name (Nachrbl. 1901, p. 45).

Diplommatina insularum n. sp.

Shell minute, imperforate, amber-colored or corneous, cylindrie-

oblong, the penult whorl widest, those above forming a gradually

tapering spire, sculptured with delicate, rather close rib-striz.

Whorls 62, convex, the last narrower than the preceding, ascending

to the aperture, somewhat constricted in front. Aperture circular,

the peristome continuous, outer lip doubled; columella acutely

toothed ; palatal fold short. Length 2.8, diam. 1.4, alt. of aperture

with peristome 1 mm.

Yaeyama, Loo Choo Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 620).

This is a decidedly more tapering species than D. cassa. WD.

nipponensis is less slender and smoother, and D. kobelti is larger and

more pyramidal. All of these are dextral forms. Paxillus lyratus

Gld. may be closely allied, possibly identical; but the description is

not sufficient for critical comparison.

Cyclotus Hiraset n. sp.

Shell broadly and openly umbilicate, subdiscoidal, yellowish-green

in color, the first two whorls subtranslucent and deep amber colored ;

rather glossy, very irregularly and roughly wrinkled or even subpli-

cate, in the direction of growth-lines. Whorls 33, the first 14

strongly projecting, teat-like, following whorls tubular, the last

whorl slowly descending, barely in contact with, or slightly free

from the preceding whorl, at the aperture. Aperture circular,

slightly oblique. Peristome circular, unexpanded and acute, con-

tinuous. Operculum multispiral, with sunken central nucleus, the

edges of the whorls projecting a little. Alt. 4.5, diam. 8.5, diam. of

aperture 3.38 mm.

Loo Choo Is. (Mr. Y. Hirase, no 612).

Related to C. swinhoei and ©. minutus H. Ad., of Formosa, but

differing in sculpture, the present species being wrinkled but without

spiral striation.

THE NAUTILUS. oa

Diplommatina cassa n. sp.

Shell dextral, imperforate, oblong, rather thin, reddish-amber

colored or whitish-corneous, composed of 64 very convex whorls,

the last one narrower, strongly ascending. Surface densely and

regularly costulate-striate. Aperture subcircular, the peristome

continuous, thin, rather br oadly and flatly reflexed, its face concave;

there is a sharp, high and narrow crest close behind the outer and

basal margins. Subcolumellar tooth strong; palatal fold short, situ-

ated to the left of the adjacent margin of the peristome. Length

3.1, diam. of penult. whorl 1.7, length of aperture 1.2 mm,

Kodakari, prov. Hida (no. 604), and Kyoto (no. 452), Y. Hirase.

This species is related to D. nipponensis Mlldff., D. insularum

Pils., and D. Kobelti Ehrm. ‘The conical part of the spire is much

shorter than in the former of these, judging from specimens from the

Hakone Mts., collected by Mr. B. Schmacker.

D. Kobelti is a species slightly longer than D. cassa, finely

costulate-striate, composed of 75 whorls, of which only the last two

are of equal diameter, those above tapering regularly, forming a very

long conic spire. The aperture is about as described for D. cassa.

Length 3.4, diam. 1.6, aperture 1.16 mm. It is thus slightly longer,

than either nipponensis or cassa, with one whorl more, and a longer

more pyramidal spire. It is from Kashima, prov. Harima, where it

occurs with D. cassa (no. 305 b of Mr. Hirase’s collection).

These species are all distinctly smaller than D. collarifera 8S. & B.

and D. tenuiplica Pils., and larger than D, uzenensis Pils.

D. minutissima Mildff. 1901, is a synomym of D. pusilla var.

omiensis Pils., published eight or nine months previously. Both

were based on Mr. Hirase’s no. 487.

Tornatellina inexpectata n. sp,

Shell umbilicate, pyramidal, thin, brown, glossy, smooth except

for slight growth-lines. Spire straightly conic, the apex obtuse.

Whorls 52, slightly convex, the last rounded at the periphery, con-

vex below. Aperture subovate, armed within with a low entering

lamella on the middle of the parietal wall. Peristome thin, the

Margins remote, columellar margin broadly dilated and reflexed.

Length 3, diam. 1.7 mm.

Yaeyama Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 626).

Carychium cymatoplax n. sp.

Shell minute, corneous-whitish, slender, cylindric-fusiform, almost

24 THE NAUTILUS.

smooth. Whorls 5, moderately convex, the penult. and last of about

equal diameter. Aperture small, somewhat oblique; peristome well

expanded, much thickened within, the outer lip broad, with a blunt

tooth above the middle, columella truncate at base ; parietal lamella

strong. Axial lamella becoming a very wide spiral plate within,

bent into strong waves. Length 1.84, diam. .64 mm.

Yaeyama Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, no, 618).

This species is smaller and more cylindric than C. noduliferum, is

-smooth, and the internal axial Jamella is more strongly waved. C.

noduliferum was described from Misaki, and has been sent by Mr.

Hirase from Nishigo, Prov. Uzen. It is a strongly tapering shell,

finely but sharply and regularly striate, and in most adults has a

palatal nodule within the outer lip, though this is variable in devel-

opment. It is larger than C. cymatoplaz, length 2.2 mm. ?

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

Dicrsta Maraco.toeica, No. 1. A Summary of the American

Journal of Conchology. By E. R. Sykes.’ Under the above caption

Mr. Sykes proposes to issue a series of digests, prepared after the

mod | of those in the Zodlogical Record. ‘‘ It has been a constant

source of difficulty for many years past to ascertain what work has

been done by our predecessors, relating either to a special genus or

to some faunal district. With the idea of rendering some assistance

to students, the present work has been undertaken.”? The number

before us deals with the American Journal of Conchology, and com-

mences with a table of dates of publication, followed by a list of titles

arranged by authors. The contents of the articles are then referred

to under the heads of Anatomy, Distribution, both geographical and

geological, etc. The systematic portion is arranged by families, every

species described being referred to by volume and page. It is, there-

fore, easy to ascertain what the series contains relating to the mol-

lusks of any given region, or of any special family or genus, whereas

otherwise this information could be obtained only at the expense of

much time and labor, or found only by accident. Al] who have oceca-

sion to use the Journal should possess themselves of this aid to its

use. The Digest is well gotten up, and seems to contain but few

mistakes or misprints.

‘London, William Wesley & Son, 28 Essex St., Strand, 1901. (Price, $1.50;

to subscribers to the series, $1.25.)

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XV. gts, 4901. No. 3.

THE AMERICA PHYS.

BY ©: A; CRANDALL, SEDALIA, MO.

The members of this genus are the most beautiful shells of

all of our fresh-water snails, and, were they properly understood,

would be the most sought for by collectors. It has been the custom

of authors to attempt to establish species upon slight variations in

form until the multiplicity of varieties and synonyms has caused

such confusion that even our most experienced conchologists hesitate

to venture an opinion as to many of the described species, while

amateurs, being unable to obtain satisfactory information upon which

to correctly label their ‘‘finds,’”’ have become so careless about col-

lecting them that they are rarely offered for exchange.

To remedy this evil, and as far as possible to simplify the deter-

mination of species, I have given my spare time for several years

past to the study of this genus, and now give to the public the result

of my observations.

In determining the species of this genus it is not only necessary to

observe the characteristic form of the shell, but something of its

life-history must also be known. Some species grow to maturity in

one season, while others require two or more seasons of growth to

mature.

In central Missouri, P. gyrina Say is the first to appear in the

spring and the last to disappear in the fall. I have seen them

crawling on the ice in March and depositing the ova as late as the

first of October. They begin depositing eggs early in May and con-

tinue throughout the season; and as the young are continually

26 THE NAUTILUS.

hatching, all sizes may be found in the fall, none of which will be

full grown. The members of this species require more than one

year in which to mature, while other species deposit the ova early in

May and the young attain full size the same season. Having a

knowledge of which species mature—respectively in one, two and

three seasons of growth—greatly simplifies the determination of

species.

It is unnecessary to watch the growing snail, as I have done, to

learn this fact, for every shell carries unmistakable evidence of the

number of periods of growth it has required to attain its present size. .

This evidence is the white and brown lines upon the last, and next

to the last whorl, called variceal lines, or bands. At the end of the

season, or when the pond dries up, or when from any other cause the

shell ceases to grow, the snail strengthens the shell by constructing

a triangular-shaped rib within the sub-margin of the lip. In forming

this rib the coloring matter which exudes from the mantle of the

animal is withheld until the structure is complete, thus leaving a

white or light-colored line on the outside of the shell immediately

over the rib. Sometimes the line will be shaded with brown or

some dark color on one side, rarely on both sides. As the ribs are

never removed, the lines always remain visible on the outside of the

shell, and mark the periods of growth.

For brevity in describing this feature I may be permitted to coin

the word annuan. It is derived from the Latin word annus, year, and

the suffix an, pertaining to, and signifies pertaining to one year, or

period of growth. |

In examinining shells, first determine whether the example is an

annuan, bi-annuan or tri-annuan; then examine the general form

and appearance of the shell, the texture, sculpture, the form of the

sutures, showing how the whorls are joined together, and the aper-

ture. Color, height of spire, proportionate length of aperture and

size of the shell are so variable that they have but little weight in

determining species, except in a few cases.

The most reliable characteristics are, in the order here given,

texture, structure and sculpture; in fact they are the only ones not

changed by environment.

‘Texture relates to the weight and to the fineness and coarseness of

the layers of which the shell is made. 'The viscid matter secreted by

the mantle is deposited on the edge of the shell as the snail grows,

THE NAUTILUS. 27

and hardens. In some species the exudation is continuous, or nearly

so, while in others it seems to be deposited at intervals, When the

deposit is frequent and small, or continuous, the lines of growth will

be fine and the surface smooth and shining, as in P. heterostropha

Say. When made at longer intervals, and large, the lines will be

coarse, as in P. gyrina Say.

Structure refers to the general plan of the shell, but more particu-

larly to the manner in which the whorls are joined together. In

some forms, like P. ancillaria Say, the whorls lap over each other

like shingles on a roof; in others, like P. forsheyii Lea, they rest

against each other. ‘This distinction is constant in all species, and

to a great extent is carried through the varieties.

Sculpture is the markings on the surface of the shell, and consists

of the lines of growth, striz crossing the Jines of growth, as in P.

oleacea Tryon, ribs, as in P. costata Newcomb, and such other mark-

ings as may be found constant in a species.

It must be remembered that while these characters are always

found in typical members of species having one or more of them,

they become modified in the varieties and forms, and the greater the

departure from the type the greater will be the modification.

Species are supposed to be founded upon permanent characteristics

which are not influenced by change of location or environment.

Varietal changes are many and frequent, and it is doubtful if a single

variety described forty years ago can now be found living and identi-

fied, while species should be found in the habitat of the type with

but slight variations in its characterization.

No member of the animal kingdom is so susceptible to local influ-

ences as fresh water snails. Every change of environment changes

the Physa, and so long as environments continue to change new forms

will continue to occur; but they will not necessarily be new species

nor varieties, but new forms of the same species, having the same

characteristics upon which it was founded, with some of them more

or less modified.

Another cause for variations is the probably frequent occurrence

of cross breeding, producing hybrids. It is often that forms are pre-

sented to conchologists for identification having some of the charac-

teristics of two different species, neither of which is sufficiently strong

to control, and the life history not being known, they are described

as new species. The forms being hybvids, when the crop disappears

28 THE NAUTILUS.

the species disappears with it, and so we have a large list of descril ed

species in our literature with but few living forms to represent them.

To simplify the study of the genus I discard all sub-genera and

divide the genus into species, varieties and forms.

Species are forms having some characteristics which remain con-

stant for ages.

Varieties are forms having the ruling characteristics of the species

to which they belong, with modifications that remain constant for

years.

Forms show temporary variations caused by environment or

hybridization, and are transient. New forms are appearing every

year. I would not attempt to refer all the living forms to their

respective progenitors, but leave the collector to attach the label to

suit his own taste.

Where a form can now be found that substantially bears the

description given forty or fifty years ago, it should be considered a

species, if originally founded on sufficient differences from other

described species to entitle it to rank as such; but where no specimens

of a species has been found since it was described many years ago, it

is likely to have been only a local form, and to have become extinct.

Many of the early described species are found now bearing the

same distinctive characters as when first described. It is these typ-

ical forms that must be our guide, and not the varieties.

The result of my examination of all the described species occurring

east of the Rocky Mountains will be found in the following paper.

Physa heterostropha Say.

Synonyms: P. Philippi Kiister, P. plicata, De Kay.

This species was described by Thomas Say in 1817 from forms

taken in the Delaware River, and the same forms are found there

yet. The water having become polluted, they are covered with a

dark coating and many of them distorted. The type is not inflated

nor elongated, yet the larger part of the specimens of the species now

accepted by conchologists are more or less inflated. Some even go

so far as to include under this head all the varieties of P. ancillaria,

Say, P. ordi Baird, and P. sayii Tappan. While there are some

good reasons for bunching all the American Phys into one species

with a vast number of varieties, I do not believe such a course would

be conducive to the best interests of science. Species should be

THE NAUTILUS. 29

founded on some distinct and constant characters, and reduced to

the minimum.

The shell described by Say is symmetrical, of fine texture, smooth

and shining surface, lines of growth scarcely visible even with a

lens, whorls four, convex, sutures impressed, spire elevated and

acute, and the inner wall of the aperture straight. It is an annuan,

rarely taking a second growth, and when it does the growth appears

to be an addition to a mature shell.

Distinguished by its symmetrical form, smooth and shining sur-

face, convex whorls, impressed sutures, elevated and acute spire

and straight or perpendicular axis, thus forming a straight inner

wall to the aperture. |

Physa philippi Kiister, is an inflated variety bearing all the char-

acteristics of the type, except that it is inflated and the columella is

slightly curved. This is the first inflated variety described, and

should cover all inflated forms.

Physa plicata DeKay. This form is admitted a species by

Tryon, but Binney, Pilsbry, and others, place it amongst the

synonyms of this species, where it evidently belongs, unless it is

raised to a variety, It being the only elongated form of this species

ever described, it may well be considered a variety to which all

elongated forms should be referred.

Physa heterostropha alba, n. v. Shell ovate, symmetrical, not

inflated, porcelain white, whorls four, convex, sutures impressed,

spire elevated and acute, surface smooth and shining, columella

slightly curved. Diameter 2 the length. This beautiful little shell

was sent to me by Mr. Albert Baily, of Capachet, N. Y., he having

taken it from Cedar Lake near that place. It is distinguished by

its color.

I have recently seen in Mr. Bryant Walker’s collection some

very fine forms of this species that seem to be of frequent occurrence

in Northern Michigan. They are slightly more elongated than the

type, and are marked with a dark-brown apex. This marking does

not appear in any of the eastern forms, so far as I know, but it is

' not sufficient variation to found a variety upon.

Further forms are: Physa striata Menke, P. charpentieri Kiister,

P. fragilis Mighels, P, lata Tryon, P. primeana Tryon, and many

other slight variations which have not been named.

This species extends from the Potomac and Ohio rivers north and

30 THE NAUTILUS.

east over New England and Canada, and as far west as Indiana and

Michigan. West of the Alleghanies it gradually gives way to P.

sayti Tappan. I have never seen a well authenticated example

west of the Mississippi or south of the Ohio.

(To be continued.)

THE SYNONYMY OF BYTHINELLA OBTUSA LEA.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

This well-known and characteristic little species, which has an

extended range through the Northern States from New York to

Iowa, if not further west, was first described by Lea, in 1841, as

Paludina obtusa. Haldeman, in his ‘Monograph of the Fresh-water

Univalve Mollusca”? (1844?), although apparently unacquainted

with the species, referred it to the genus Amnicola. Binney (1862),

in his preliminary study of the fresh-water operculates, also placed it

among the Amnicole. Stimpson (1865), in his “ Researches upon

the Hydrobiine,”’ considered it “ probably referable’ to Bythinella.

In this he was followed by Binney (1865) and Tryon (1870), and

from that time the species has been uniformly known and cited as

Bythinella obtusa.

Unfortunately, however, Lea had been anticipated in the use

of the name, Paludina obtusa, by Troschel, who, in 1837, had de-

scribed a species of Vivipara from Bengal under that name. It

follows necessarily, therefore, that Lea’s name will have to give way;

and had not the species already been described by another author

under a different name, a new one would have to be provided for it.

Were it not for the express statement that his species was imper-

forate, I should be inclined to refer this species to Green’s Paludina

alleghaniensis (see Binney, L. & F. W. Shells, III, p. 60), which

has several years’ priority. The differences relied upon by Lea in

differentiating his ‘obtusa’ would scarcely be sufficient in the ab-

sence of the other peculiarity. I know of no other species from

Pennsylvania that would fill the description except Amnicola decisa

Hald., which might well be called imperforate. On the other hand,

THE NAUTILUS. 31

the “elevated and rather obtuse” spire would apply better to

**obtusa.”’ In view of this uncertainty, it would seem better to

accept a later description, in regard to which there can be no ques-

tion, rather than to attempt to rehabilitate a name which must

always be the object of suspicion. There should be a statute

of limitations in science as there is in law; and the use of a name»

which has become established by tradition and long usage, should

not be overturned, in the absence of the type specimens, excepting

upon the most convincing proof.

In 1852 Kiister, in his “ Monograph of Paludina,” in the Con-

chylien Cabinet, describes a small species from North America as

Paludina emarginata, which he attributed to Say, on the authority

of Brown. As Say never used the name “ emarginata”’

tion with any fresh-water operculate form, this species will have to

in connec-

stand as Paludina emarginata Kiister.

Binney, in his ‘‘ Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America”

(1865), refers Kiister’s species to Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anth. as

asynonym. ‘This was clearly erroneous, as a most casual inspection

of Kiister’s description and figure quoted by Binney will show.

Tryon makes no mention whatever of Kuster’s ‘ emarginata”’

in his continuation of Haldeman.

What Kiister’s species really was has been a matter of speculation

with me for many years, Recently, however, in reading Frauen-

feld’s paper (1863) on the Amnicole, in the Imperial [ Vienna] and

Cuming Collections, I found a statement that specimens clearly

agreeing with Kiister’s figure were in the Cuming collection labeled

“obtusa Whit.” Now there was a well-known collector named

Whittemore, who lived in Massachusetts in 1840-1860, and it

seemed quite probable that he had supplied the Cumingian specimens

under Lea’s name, but without quoting his authority. Then, too,

there was a very evident accord between Kiister’s figure and his de-

scription and those of Lea’s species.

On applying to Mr. E. A. Smith, of the British Museum, for in-

formation in regard to the Cumingian specimens, I was favored with

the following statement :

“The shells marked Amnicola ‘ obtusa Whit’ in the Cuming col-

lection certainly are not cincinnatiensis Anth., and I believe that

you are right in considering them the same as obtusa Lea. They

agree exactly with Binney’s figure, Part III., p. 70, but are corneous

V4 THE NAUTILUS.

and not “dark green ’’ as Lea describes it. May not the green tint

have been due to conferve? Accompanying the specimens of ‘ obtusa

Whit.,’ is a ticket ‘emarginata Say,’ in Frauenfeld’s own hand-

writing. I do not see how they can be separated from the form de-

scribed and figured by Kiister as ‘ emarginata’ of Say, or in other

words, I consider them the same species.”

This would certainly seem to be conclusive as to the identity of

Kiister’s ‘“‘emarginata”’ with Lea’s ‘‘obtusa.’’ And, as for the

reason above given, Lea’s name cannot be used, it follows that the

species must hereafter be known as “ emarginata Kiister.” As to -

the proper generic designation, the investigation of the radula by

Messrs. Pilsbry and Beecher shows the species to belong to the

genus Cincinnatia, the dentition being like that of “ Amnicola”

cincinnatiensis Anth., and unlike all other known species of “ Bythi-

nella”’ or Amnicola.

The complete synonymy of our species will then stand as fol-

lows:

CINCINNATIA EMARGINATA (KUsrT.).

1841. Paludina obtusa Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. II., p. 34, non

Troschel (1837), Wiegm., Archiv, I., p. 173.

1844. Paludina obtusa Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. IX., p. 13.

1848. Paludina obtusa Lea, Obs. Gen. Unio, IV., p. 13.

1844. Amnicola obtusa Lea, Hald. Mon. F. W. Univ. Moll., p. 24.

1862. Amnicola obtusa Binney Desc. Cat. Amnicola, &c., p. 10.

1865. Bythinella obtusa Stimp., Hydrobiine, p. 20.

1865. Bythinella obtusa Binney, L. & F. W. Shells, N. A. IIL.,

p. 69, fig. 138.

1870. Bythinella obtusa Tryon, Mon. F. W. Univ. Moll., p. 48, pl.

16, fig. 6.

1852. Paludina emarginata Kiist., Paludina, Conch. Cab., p. 50,

pl. 10, figs. 3 & 4.

1863. Amnicola emarginata, Frfld., Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien.

AALI., ip. 1050;

1865. Amnicola cincinnatiensis Binney L. & F. W. Shells, N. A.,

p. 85, fig. 169.

THE NAUTILUS. 88

A NEW JAMAICAN LAND SHELL.

BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.

Pleurodonte Adamsiana, n.sp. Plate II, Figs. 1, 2.*

Shell imperforate, carinated, depressed, convex above, regularly

and very convex below, solid, dark purplish-brown with a white up-

turned carina; the whole surface, with the exception of the apex,

densely, finely granulate ; apex subplanulate, almost smooth, shining,

yellowish-white; sutures impressed ; whorls 5, convex, slowly widen-

ing and wavy; body-whorl acutely carinated at the periphery, con-

cave above, convex below the carina, impressed in the umbilical

region, very slightly descending anteriorly, with a slight furrow or

groove, about 4 mm. long, just back of the aperture above the

carina; carina white, translucent. Aperture oblique, subtriangular,

shining brown, inside showing the light peripheral band; peristome

white shaded with brown, bearing inside the lower margin four

teeth ; a very small one near the insertion, then a larger on the basal

margin, then two near together on a common eminence toward the

outer angle of the aperture; the last two teeth are united for over

half their height, the outer one turning sharply toward the peristome.

The base js deeply tri-scrobiculate behind the peristome, the outer

two grooves being inacommon pit. Margins of peristome joined by

a thin transparent callus which sweeps around the umbilical region.

Greater diameter 32, lesser 28, altitude 14 mm.

‘‘Whitney Estate,” Upper Clarendon, Jamaica. A single dead

but perfectly fresh and unweathered specimen.

This species seems to unite two widely different groups, as it has

the aperture and teeth of P. peracutissima and the granulated surface

and supraperipheral furrow of P. sinwata. In general appearance it

is, however, unlike either.

I take pleasure in naming this shell, one of the most beautiful of

the Jamaican Pleurodontes, after the late Prof. C. B. Adams who

did so much in working out the wonderfully complex molluscan

fauna of Jamaica.

* Plate II will accompany the next issue.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW COLOMBIAN PLEURODONTE.

BY H. A.. PILSBRY.

Pleurodonte (Labyrinthus) Clappi,n.sp. P1. II, figs. 3, 4.

Shell imperforate, thick lens-shaped, carinated at the en

strong and solid, chocolate-brown, with a purplish cast; surface

slightly striated obliquely, and showing a minute and dense but super-

ficial spiral wrinkling or malleation over part of the base. Spire

dome-shaped rather than conic; whorls 43 to 5, but slightly convex,

slowly widening, the first 232 whorls punctate, the last angular at the

periphery, the angle almost obsolete on the more swollen latter part

of the whorl, which is very deeply deflexed in front, and strongly

constricted behind the lip, the constriction showing two pits behind

the basal lip and a linear scar at the periphery. Aperture extremely

oblique, ear shaped, the peristome continuous, the lip broadly re-

flexed; parietal wall bearing a strong and long oblique lamina;

outer lip with a compressed, fold-like tooth rising from a swollen

base ; basal lip three-toothed, the outer tooth high. oblique and com-

pressed, the median stout and squarish, the inner smaller and bilobed ;

a small compressed fold stands on the axial reflection, exactly over

the umbilicus. . :

Alt. 21, greater diam. 35, lesser 80 mm.

Alt. 19, greater diam. 323, lesser 28 mm.

Sierra de Santa Marta, Colombia, at ‘‘Alto de Cielo,” at about

5,000 feet elevation, in forest among rotting leaves on the ground.

The first specimen taken was a dead shell, eroded and showing a

dull red inner layer on the spire, eaten into many small pits on the

body-whorl. A second perfect specimen, slightly larger, has been

found this year. It is most nearly allied to Helix steversi v. Martens

(Conch. Mittheil. iii, p. 7, 1889; Man. Conch. viii, p. 268, ix, pl.

22, f. 7, 8), also from the Santa Marta mountains, resembling it in

the arrangement of the teeth, but P. Clappi differs from that species

in being much larger, with the periphery keeled, the spire lower and

dome-shaped, the teeth more strongly developed, and the umbilicus

wholly closed. Plewrodonte sieversi measures 124 by 194 mm., has 5

whorls, a wide-conoidal spire, rounded periphery and minute umbil-

ical chink, and there are some differences in the teeth, the inner

THE NAUTILUS. 35

basal one not being described as bifid, and being about equal to the

next tooth in size, and no axial tooth is developed.

P. Clappi is a very interesting addition to the sub-genus Labyrin-

thus. It will be interesting to know what snail-eating mollusk or

arthropod inhabits the northern part of South America, where this

type of shell is developed, that is absent in southern Colombia and

Ecuador, where the almost toothless group /somerza occurs.

This species is one of the most interesting of Mr. Herbert H.

Smith’s finds in the Sierra de Santa Marta. It is named in honor

of my friend Geo. H. Clapp.

GENERAL NOTES.

TRUNCATELLA TRUNCATULA (Drap.) IN THE UNITED STATES.—

In preparing the Catalogue of North American Land Shells, this

Species was inadvertently overlooked. It has been recorded by

Prof. Verrill, in the Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III, 376, and Trans.

Conn. Acad. Arts & Sci., V, 525, fig. 8, as follows: ‘Living in

considerable numbers, and of all ages, among the docks at Newport,

R. I., July, 1880. It occurred among decaying sea-weed thrown up

at high-water mark, both among the vegetable matter and on the

under side of stones.”” ‘‘ Common on the coast of Europe, and in

similar localities. Perhaps introduced on this coast by shipping,

but it may have been hitherto overlooked. It was associated with

Assiminea grayana and Alexia myosotis.’-—C. W. J.

An Evotvine ASHMUNELLA.—Ashmunella thomsoniana coopere,

n. var.—Shell with max. diam. from 13 to 15 millim., but usually

of the smaller size; basal tooth single, occasionally slightly double ;

umbilicus narrower than in type or var. porter@, exposing less of the

penultimate whorl; genitalia as in portere, with the same long (22

mm.) spermatheca, and double insertion of the penis retractor.

Hab.—Las Vegas Hot Springs, 1900, 1901. Discovered by Miss

Mary Cooper; later taken in quantity by Miss Cooper and Miss

Maud Ellis. The locality is in the Transition Zone, at about 7,000

ft. altitude ; portere belongs to the Canadian Zone, about 1,000 ft.

higher. This is not a very distinct form, conchologically ; but is

worth calling attention to as a species of Ashmunella in the making,

probably derived from the portere form rather than from the true

thomsoniana.—T. D. A. COCKERELL.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

‘PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

MaryYLANnD GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY: Eocene. By Wm. B.

Clark and Geo. C. Martin. It has afforded us a great deal of pleas-

ure and instruction to peruse the carefully prepared and _ beauti-

fully printed volumes of the Maryland Geological Survey. The

State may justly feel proud that it is able to present to the world

such admirable reports on its physical and geological features. ‘The

present volume on the Eocene fauna is especially interesting to con-

chologists, as by far the Jargest number of forms described are

molluscan. The volume contains 331 pages and 64 plates, and

includes a map and sections. Two formations are recognized, the -

Nanjemoy and Aquia, the former corresponding in many respects to

the Lower Claibornian, and the latter to the Chickasawan of the

Gulf States. There are described and well figured 155 species of

mollusca; among which is a large new Nautiloid (Hercoglossa

twomeyt), while 19 Gastropoda, and 10 Pelecypoda are also described

as new. Among the 135 species are 15 of which the genus only is

given, the specimens being too imperfect for specific descriptions.

We highly commend this step, for the description of indeterminable

species is only a hindrance to the progress of paleontology. C. W.J.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Epirors Navutitus: I have read with deep interest Mr. J. B.

Henderson’s article in the June NavuTiLus on the trip made by him-

self and companions, Messrs. C. T. Simpson and Robert 'T. Hill, to

Haiti on a hunt for Jand shells, and was sorry to learn of their com-

parative failure to secure a greater number of specimens of that

splendid species. Pleurodonte gigantea. I then recalled that when

my friend, Mr. H. Rolle, of Berlin, returned from his Haitian trip,

where he had spent three months or more collecting specimens, he

called on me at my home (then) at Erooklyn, N. Y., and told me of

his efforts to find this snail, and how very difficult it was to secure

them, because it was a night shell, rarely ever being seen in day-

light. He succeeded by doing his searching at night, with the aid

of a lantern. He referred to the same spot—palace and fortress—

mentioned by Mr. H., where they found the dead shells so numerous.

If they had worked the grounds by lamp l/ght 1 fancy they would

have been rewarded with a larger gatch. My collection contains but

one of this species; it is a very large and excellent specimen, except

for asomewhat marred epidermis. Mr. H. makes no mention of find-

ing any Cerions. Did they not look or care for them? I think

Certon a very interesting and beautiful snail. They must be quite

abundant, for the Rev. Mr. Smith, resident missionary at Cape Haitian,

sent mea very large number of most perfect and beautiful specimens.

I compliment the gentlemen on the final success of their efforts.

June 6th, 1901, A. B. Kenpic, Brookline, Mass.

: ry Bas

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ai”

Tue NavtTIitvus, XV. Prate Il.

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XV. AUGUST, 1901. No. 4.

PLATE II.

Figs. 1, 2. Plewrodonte Adamsiana Clapp. This Journal for July,

p. 33.

Figs. 3, 4. Pleurodonte Clappi Pilsbry. This Journal for July,

p. 34.

Fig. 5. Physa Walkeri Crandall. Petosky, Mich.

Figs. 6,7. Physa rhomboidea Crandall. Muddy Creek, Sedalia, Mo.

Figs. 8, 9. Gastrodonta Clappi Pils. This Journal XII, p. 86;

XIV, p. 58. Large depressed specimen from Clingman Dome, no.

2490, coll G. H. Clapp. Alt. 3, diam. 6.2 mm.

Figs. 10, 11, 12. Nenia Smithix Pilsbry. Page 39.

THE UNIONIDZ OF NORTH AMERICA.

BY H. VON IHERING.

By the publication of his ‘ Synopsis of the Naiades” Mr. Simp-

son has rendered an excellent service to students of Malacology and

of the Unionide especially. -It is for me the greatest satisfaction to

felicitate Mr. Simpson upon having produced a work which will

mark a new period in the study of fresh-water mussels.

It will be understood from this that the work of Mr. Simpson does

not represent the conclusion of a series of successful studies, but a

basis for the beginning of a new period of investigation. Doubtless

this work will give an impulse to the study of the Unionidae, and

it is the purpose of these lines to point out what we may expect

concerning the American Unionidae.

38 THE NAUTILUS.

The criticisms we have to make upon the Synopsis of Mr. Simp-

son refer principally to two points: The validity of the genera

adopted by him, and the systematic arrangement of these groups to

form greater sections. Concerning the specific limits and their

sometimes enormous synonymy I am nearly always of the same

opinion with him. Some observations about species concerning

which I hold divergent views, will follow at more length below.

I cannot say the same concerning the genera, as may easily be

understood. Many of the distinctive characters are derived from

anatomic structures, and therefore are unknown where the animal

has not yet been observed. ‘The association of a number of species

in one genus is therefore in many cases but a provisional grouping ;

and specially is this the case with the Mexican and Central Amer-

ican species. ;

The systematic arrangement of the North American Unionide, as

given by Simpson in his Synopsis, is based essentially upon the

marsupia; that is to say the gills or parts of them functioning as

ovisacs. This is a classification which we may not see employed

without scruples, because it is based rather on physiologic than

anatomical characters. Zodlogical classification is founded on mor-

phological characters, and while physiologic or biological facts may

give us important explanations, they cannot be employed directly for

systematic purposes. This is generaJly acknowledged, since it Le-

came necessary to dismember the class of Helminthes, and it is

likewise valid for the Mollusca, as proved by the example of the

pelagic gastropods. Whether the eggs expelled out of the genital

orifice pass into the inner gills (ndobranchie) or in the outer

ones (Lxobranchi@) or if they fill on each side both the gills

(Amphibranchia), is a fact of merely physiologic signification, and

cannot be employed for systematic purposes. These differences are

less than those which exist in many genera or species of gastropods,

very closely allied, in reference to the deposition of eggs, some being

Oviparous, others ovoviviparous or viviparous. As it seems, there

are in many species of the group Lampsilis and Quadrula structural

modifications of the outer gills, which may be used for systematic

purposes, but the few exact data thereon which may be found in the

publications of Lea, Sterki and Simpson are throughout insufficient.

What we need is a careful, histological study upon the gills, marsu-

pia and ovisaes of the North American Unionide.

TAKE NAUTILUS. 39

These facts, however, do not affect the general question. It is

quite evident that a systematic arrangement of the marsupia does not

coincide with a natural system of the family. The species of Diplo-

don of New Zealand, which I have examined, had filled only the

inner gills with eggs; but Suter has observed that sometimes eggs

are also found in the outer gills. Simpson says that in the species of

Quadrula, both the gills are filled with eggs, but that sometimes the

inner gill contains but few. We cannot doubt that in the most an-

cient Unionide the eggs were discharged only into the inner gills and

that later all four gills were filled with eggs, representing the last

stage, the exclusive employment of the outer gills. In the genus

Quadrula all these successive stages are still represented ; and it is

not admissible to use such differences for the establishment of genera.

It happens that in the same species are observed great differences in

this respect. The specimen of Quadrula heros Say, examined by Lea,

had filled with eggs all the four gills; while the specimen examined

by Sterki had only the hinder part of the outer gills filled with eggs,

as in many species of Lampsil’s. According to the classification of

Simpson, which in this respect is an artificial one, these specimens

would fall in quite different genera, Differences of this nature have

caused Simpson to separate from Quadrula various species and

sub-genera. It is no natural disposition when we see Plewrobema

allied with Unio, Quadrula tuberculata Bar. widely separated from

the nearly related species speciosa, forsheyt, etc.; Obliquaria reflexa

widely remote from Quadrula metanevra; Quadrula esopus allied to

Pleurobema. In the same manner is Lampsilis phaseolus separated

from L. iris, etc., because the development of the marsupium is more

extensive. Therefore it is necessary to associate these separated

groups with their real relatives.

(To be concluded.)

A NEW COLOMBIAN CLAUSILIA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Nenia Smithia,n. sp. Pl. 14, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Shell cylindric-fusiform, rather thin, lusterless, nearly smooth,

obsoletely marked with growth-wrinkles; of a rich purplish-brown

color. Whorls 84, moderately convex, the penultimate widest, those

40 THE NAUTILUS.

above gradually tapering to an obtuse apex ; last whorl flattening at

the sides, elongated, having a weak basal carina, the suture very

obliquely descending, becoming shortly free in front. Aperture large,

rotund-ovate, dark reddish-brown inside; peristome broadly flaring,

white on both face and reverse. Superior lamella vertical, compressed

and sharp, continuous with the spiral lamella. Spiral lamella short,

penetrating merely to a dorsal position. Inferior lamella rather re-

ceding, not extended upon the peristome, strongly converging toward

the superior lamella, ascending straightly inside, and penetrating to

a ventral position. Subcolumellar lamella completely immersed,

short. Principal plica situated high, short, extending from a latero-

dorsal position nearly to the lip. Lunella united with the lower end

of a short, curved upper palatal plica, together with it forming some-

what the shape of an inverted letter J. No lower palatal plica.

Length 24, diam. 4.2, longest axis of aperture 5.5 mm.

Sierra de Sta. Marta, U. S. of Colombia, at El Libana, at 6000 to

7000 ft. elevation, in moss on tree trunks. Collected by Mr. H. H.

Smith, May, 1898.

_ This species belongs to a somewhat numerous group of plain species

from Colombia and Ecuador. It resembles WV. femurina Jouss., of

Ecuador, but has different sculpture and a longer “neck.” In XW.

erosset Hid., the aperture is narrower and oblong, not rounded-ovate

as in this species.

It is named in honor of Amelia W. Smith, the devoted and capable

companion of her naturalist husband, on his collecting journeys

through the tropics of two continents. Types in Coll. A. N.S. Phila.

and of George H. Clapp.

A GIGANTIC FOSSIL LUCINA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

During the cruises of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross

in the West Indies, some years ago, one of the party collected some

fossils from various localities, and among others some large internal

casts of bivalves from Clairemont, ®t. Ann’s Parish, Jamaica.

These, according to the investigations of Hill, must have come from

the Montpelier white limestone, a widespread deposit of Upper

Eocene or Oligocene. age, but older than the Oligocene of the

THE NAUTILDS. 41

Bowden horizon. The Montpelier limestone contains, as a rule,

little that is recognizable in the way of fossils except foraminifera;

hence any species which can be identified is of interest, and in the

present case the interest is increased by the unparalleled size, for the

genus, of the species concerned. ‘The specimens referred to appear

to belong to the sub-genus Miltha or Pseudomiltha of the Lucinide.

It is absolutely certain that they belong to the genus Lucina, senso

lato, and probably to one or the other of the above-mentioned sub-

genera. The species, which may be provisionally named Lucina

megamerts, is, 80 far as I am aware, the largest Lucinoid shell known.

It is equivalve, very inequilateral, the beaks being near the anterior

third, moderately convex, though somewhat flattened peripherally ;

the cavity of the beaks rather shallow, the internal margins of the

valves smooth and entire, the lower posterior part of the valves pro-

duced, the anterior end rounded, short; posterior adductor scars

small and high; anterior scar low, narrow and loriform, produced

backward nearly to the vertical from the posterior scar. ‘There are

no traces of the cardinal teeth, if any, but there were two feeble,

non-functional, posterior laterals, one on each valve. The disk is

more or less radiately striated and profusely punctate, as in many

other Lucinas. The greatest length of the cast, on a line drawn

from the umbo tangent to the posterior end of the anterior scar, is

235 mm.; the shorter line at right angles to the last, 230 mm.; the

diameter of the cast from side to side, 67 mm. ‘The margins are

defective to the extent of half an inch or more in front and behind ;

the valves appear to have been not quite closed when the matrix

filled them, but the margin opposite the umbones appears to be

complete. Allowing 15 mm. for the thickness of the shell at the

umbones, which from the breadth of the impression of part of the

hinge-plate preserved seems reasonable, and the total length of the

valves would in that case have been 250 mm., or about ten inches

The largest Lucinoid shell heretofore recorded, Lucina (Pseudo-

miltha) gigantea Deshayes, from the Parisian Eocene, attains a

length of 98 mm., slightly less than four inches; from which the

overwhelming superiority in size of the Jamaican species is evident.

The cast, without extraneous matter, weighs seven pounds avoir-

dupois.

With the exception of Hippopus and Tridacna, the shells of very

few, if any, of the teleodont bivalves equal or exceed the above

42 THE NAUTILUS.

dimensions, though the mass of the animal in Panopea and Tresus is

probably greater than in our species. On the other hand, among

the Prionodonts, such as Jnoceramus, etc., a number of fossil forms

occur which were larger; and the spread of the valves of the recent

pearl oyster, Meleagrina, sometimes exceeds a foot, when closed.

In a recent examination of all the generic forms supposed to

belong to the family Lucinidz, I have been Jed to the conclusion

that there is no evidence that the Paleozoic fossils referred to

Paracyclas Hall, should be placed in this group. They appear to

be apsolutely without any of the characters which are diagnostic of -

Pelecypods belonging to the Lucinide.

I may add that the Clairemont limestones contain two other

species of this family, one a true Lucina of the type of L. edentula

Reeve, and the other a species of Phacoides belonging to the sub-

genus Lucinoma Dall., typified by L. filosa Stimpson; a group

which has a remarkably wide distribution in age, space and depth of

water.

THE AMERICA PHYS.

BY O. A. CRANDALL, SEDALIA, MO.

Physa ancillaria Say.

Including the subspecies Physa vinosa Gould, magnalacustris Wal-

ker, and crassa Walker.

This species was described in 1826 from forms taken from the

Delaware river near Easton, Pa. Typical forms are still found in

the same locality. It differs from P. heterostropha Say, in its larger

size, more inflated form and by its coarser lines of growth. The

greatest difference lies in the manner in which the whorls are put

together, and the resulting change in the structure of the suture and

form of the spire. In that species the whorls lie against each other,

forming a more or less impressed suture, while in this form the

whorls overlap in such a manner as to make the suture appear as a

mere line. The type is shouldered, but in a majority of specimens

the shoulder is not prominent. It has a little more than four

whorls, the last very large, and the columella is always twisted. It

is an annuan, but forms are found having two varicose lines on the

last whorl near the margin.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Distinguished by its inflated form, shoulder, low spire, unim-

pressed sutures and twisted columella.

Physa vinosa Gould. This variety differs from the type only in

having a more globose form, the spire a little more elevated, and im-

pressed sutures.

Physa magnalacustris Walker. This form has been recently dis-

covered by Mr. Bryan Walker in northern Michigan. As his des-

cription has been published in the Nauritus it is not necessary for

me to give it here. It is a large, fine globose shell, remarkable for

the broad, white longitudinal bands on the last whorl. If they are

all like the specimens shown me, it should rank as a species.

Physa crassa Walker. This variety has also been recently de-

scribed from forms found in Michigan. It is much heavier and

somewhat narrower than the type. It has been well described by

its author.

Physa ancillarva is distributed over the same territory as P. hetero-

stropha Say, but is not so plentiful in the extreme east, and may

extend a little further west, but does not cross the Mississippi river.

P. obesa, De Kay, is a form of this species.

Physa sayi Tappan.

There has been a great deal of contention over this species. Some

of our ablest conchologists contend that it should not rank as a spe-

cies, while others equally as experienced accord it that rank. After

having given it much investigation and study, I have decided to re-

cognize it asaspecies. That it is an offshoot of P. ancillaria Say,

as that shell is of P. heterostropha Say, I have no doubt; but has it

not by its constant variation from its ancestor established the right

to rank as a species? Jt is not only possible, but highly probable

that all the American species of this genus sprung from one form.

The evolution began away back in the dreamy past, and has contin-

ued in some degree to the present time. When in our investigations

we find a form that has maintained distinctive characters for a long

period of time—in fact so long that the knowledge of man runs not

to the contrary—we must admit it to specific rank.

It was described sixty. years ago from forms taken in Lake Pipin,

Portage Co., Ohio, and typical forms are still found having the same

inflated form, expanded lip, elevated spire with dark brown apex,

five whorls, coarse lines of growth and two varicose bands.

It is distributed over the northern part of the United States, and

44 THE NAUTILUS.

extends into Canada and as far west as the Rocky Mountains, but

not south of the Ohio and Missouri rivers.

Physa warreniana Lea, is a less inflated form and may be ranked

as a variety.

Physa lordi Baird.

This species was described in 1863 from specimens taken in Oso-

yoos Lake, British Columbia. It is a northwestern species, and

probably does not extend east much beyond the Rocky Mountains.

It is the largest American species of the genus, and may be readily

distinguished by its large size, inflated, gibbous form, and thin and-

fragile shell.

Physa parkeri Currier.

The consensus of opinion places this shell with P. lord: Baird as a

variety, but in this opinion I do not coneur. JI am unable to see any

similarity in the two forms except in size, and the general outline of

the form when P. parkeri is not shouldered. JP. lordi is a large gib-

bous form, while P. parkeri is large and square shouldered. It is

also a thick, heavy shell of a different color and structure. I leave

the matter to be determined by those more familiar with these forms

than I am.

Distribution, Northern Michigan.

Physa rhomboidea, n. sp. PI. II, fig. 6, 7.

Shell rhomboid-ovate, large, heavy, robust, yellowish horn-color to

pale yellowish-brown, texture fine, surface undulating and shining

when not covered with a dark coating, spire elevated, acute with

dark brown tip, whorls five convex, sutures much impressed, aperture

ovate, lip simple, not expanded, sometimes a little compressed, thick-

ened on inner margin with reddish-brown callus, columella well cov-

ered with heavy deposit continuing and extending from the lip. On

many of them the columella is folded so as to form a narrow um-

bilicus.

Length 16 mm. diameter 9 mm. _ Bi-annuan.

This shell was collected by me in Cedar and Muddy creeks, near

Sedalia, Mo. I have since found it at Dardanelles and Sulphur

Springs, Ark., and at three localities near Las Vegas, New Mexico.

I have sent to Prof, Pilsbry examples from Missouri and Las Vegas.

In a reservoir on Romaro ranch I found some dead shells consider-

ably larger than the one described.

It is distinguished by its robust appearance, deep sutures, con-

THE NAUTILUS. 45

stricted aperture and umbilicus, which will be found in a large part

of them. It is more like P. solida Philippi than any other species.

Physa gyrina Say.

Including the subspecies Physa hildrethiana Lea, oleacea Tryon,

and albojilata Ancey. |

This species was found in Bowyer Creek, near Council Bluffs,

Iowa, in 1821. It is a large, coarse shell, sub-cylindrical in form ;

the largest sizes having six whorls. The lip joins the body whorl at

an acute angle, forming a loop-shaped aperture; the penultimate

whorl is enlarged, giving the spire a blunt appearance, lines of

growth coarse, crossed by microscopic striz, giving the surface a dull

appearance. '

Diameter 5% the length. This species is a tri-annuan,

Distinguished by its form, coarse lines of growth, loop-shaped

aperture, large penultimate whorl! and obtuse spire.

Physa hildrethiana Lea, comprises nearly all the forms found east

of the Mississippi river. It is distinguished from the type by being

of a lighter texture, finer lines of growth, not so much covered with

cross strie, and having a darker color. Many of these forms are

more slender.

Physa oleacea Tryon. This variety is more cylindrical than

either of the other forms, has a very obtuse spire, lines of growth

much finer and the cross strie more thickly covering the surface,

giving the shell a smooth, dull appearance. It is generally found

with five whorls. The spire is very variable, but otherwise its

markings are constant. Some forms are cylindrical with the spire

smoothly rounded over, showing no raised apex. This form Prof.

Tryon, in the ‘**‘ Monograph of the Fresh-water Univalve Mollusca,”

placed with the synonyms of P. elliptica Lea.. It is sometimes so

distinct from all other forms of this species that I should accord it

the rank of a species but for the fact that my observations while col-

lecting them have clearly disclosed so many proofs that it is only a

peculiar and eccentric form of P. gyrina. I have found it inhabit-

ing little ponds, with the typical form maintaining family relations,

and of all sizes and forms from the cylindrical scarcely raised spire

to the elongated and obtuse spire of the typical form. I am fortified

in this position by Prof. Tryon, to whom I took some samples for

identification about a year before his death, and he identified them

as a variety of P. gyrina.

(To be concluded.)

46 THE NAUTILUS.

GENERAL NOTES.

The following interesting notes are taken from the Journal of

Conchology, Vol. x, no. 2, pp. 35-42, April, 1901, ‘* Conchology at

the Dawn and Close of the Nineteenth Century” (The Presidential

Address delivered by Mr. E. R. Sykes, at the Annual Meeting of

the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Oct. 27,

1900).

is , * «The close of the Nineteenth Century is, to use a com-

mercial expression, a time to ‘take stock,’ and consider what prog-

ress has been made. It is with one of these forms of estimating our

present position that I propose for a few minutes to concern myself,

and especially with an endeavor to arrive at some idea of the actual

number of species of recent mollusca which are now known to

science. Any such estimate can but be approximate, but a survey

of the most recent monographs enables one to form a fairly accurate

conception.

“ The classic starting-point for such a calculation, as indeed for

all other systematic molluscan work, is the tenth edition of Linnaeus.”

His works contain roughly speaking about 700 species. This

number gradually increased nearly every year, until ‘‘ Dillwyn, in

1817, was enabled to enumerate 2,244; which we may divide into:

Cephalopoda, 45; Gastropoda, 1,510; Scaphopoda, 15; Pelecypoda,

638 ; Polyplacophora, 36.

In the classic work of the brothers Adams (1853-58) we find the

following: Cephalopoda, 197: Gastropoda, 12,604; Scaphopoda,

46; Pelecypoda, 4,258; Polyplacophora, 216.

Treating Paetel’s well-known work (1888-1890) in the same way

we get: Cephalopoda, 305; Gastropoda, 35,134; Scaphopoda, 137 ;

Pelecypoda, 8,467; Polyplacophora, 439; or a total of 44,482

species.

‘* Hoyle’s catalogue of the recent Cephalopoda in 1886, with ad-

denda in 1896, contains 469. From the Zodlogical Record of

1897-9, we add eleven, and on an average, we may include four for

1900, making a total of 484 species,

In the Gastropoda the recent catalogue of the Cyclophoride, Cy-

clostomatide, and allies, by Kobelt and Moellendortff, ‘‘ yields about

2,444 species, and if we add 48 species from the Zool. Record of

1899, and estimate a similar number for the 1900, we get 2,541.”

Since Paetel’s list in 1888 (omitting the Cyclophoride, etc.), basing

1900 on a three years’ average (682), there have been recorded 7,396,

a total estimate of 43,021.

As to the Scaphopods, the most recent monograph, by Pilsbry and

Sharp, yields 238; if we add the single one in the record of 1899,

and another for 1900, we have 240 species.

For the Peleoypoda we have since Paetel’s list (1890), basing as

before, 1900 on a three years’ average (142), 1,056; a total of

9,523 species. |

THE NAUTILUS. 47

“Finally we turn to the Amphineura. Here from Dr. Pilsbry’s

work we get: Polyplacophora, 540: Aplacophora, 33. Adding from

the Zod]. Record in a precisely similar manner we have to include

Polyplacophora, 59; Aplacophora, 4; and we get a final total of 636.

‘*The next question which arises is, how far are the above totals

trustworthy? On the one hand they are inflated by a mass of

synonyms which still masquerade as species, while on the other hand

they are reduced by a certain number of omissions. The only

omission of any importance, however, will, I think, be found in the

Nudibranchiata, of which the true total is, owing to the nature of the

works consulted, unduly curtailed.”

‘“‘ Making a reduction therefore for synonyms and allowing for the

above, I think a very fair approximation will be: Cephalopoda, 450;

Gastropoda, 40,000; Scaphopoda, 220; Pelecypoda, 8,500; Amphi-

neura, 600; or a grand total of 49,770—say 50,000 known species

of recent mollusca.”’ Ca Wicd

THE Locauity or Say’s Type or ALASMIDONTA MARGINATA.

—Bearing on the question whether the name Alasmidonta marginata

of Say should be applied to an Eastern or a Western shell, and as it

has been questioned that Lea ever collected in the Scioto River, the

following quotation ' will be found of interest : ‘* Mr. Lea remembers

that Mr. Say founded his genus Alasmodonta ona single valve which

he himself had picked up on the river shore at Chillicothe, Ohio, and

which he carried from that place to Philadelphia in his saddle-bags.”’

From this it is clear that Say’s name should be applied to the form

known as A. truncata of the western states, as it corroborates Say’s

statement that the type was found in the Scioto River.

It may be well to point out that the Journal of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, containing the description of Alas-

midonta marginata, although dated December, 1818, really did not

appear until the year 1819, which is the same date as the separate

of Say’s paper from the 3d edition of Nicholson’s Encyclopedia.

From the fact that no locality for the species is given in the latter

paper, it seems safe to say that A. marginata was first described

therein, the locality being supplied in the later paper in the Journa/,

which was published prior to March 13th, 1819, as Say, in a letter

of that date, speaks of having sent a copy of it to a correspondent.

In Say’s American Conchology there is an article, or chapter per-

haps, entitled: ‘* An attempt to exhibit a synonymy of the Western

North American species of the genera Unio and Alasmodonta,”’ in

_ which will be found listed as a western species, ‘‘Alasmodonta mar-

ginata Say.”—Wivviam J. Fox.

1From The Published Writings of Isaac Lea, LL. D., by Newton Pratt Scud-

der. (Bull. No. 23, W. S. Nat. Mus.)

48 THE NAUTILUS.

CORRESPONDENCE.

We extract the following from a letter recently received from Rev.

W. Hz. Fluck, Wounta Haulover. (Address care of Moravian Mission,

Bluefields. Nicaragua):

‘‘I believe I am the only conchologist in Nicaragua, and I sup-

pose my collection is not only the largest but the finest. Caesar

said, ‘ Better be first in a little Iberian village than be second in

Rome,’ but I don’t agree with him. I send you herewith a few shells.

Donax cayennensis Lam. Prinzapolka, Mosquito Coast, Nica-

ragua, C. A.

Donax denticulatus L. Wounta Haulover.

Nerita pelaronta L. Man of War Keys, Mosquito Coast, Nica-

ragua, C, A.

Dione dione Linné. Wounta Haulover.

Neritina reclivata Say, var. reticulata C. & J. In the Lagoon at

Wounta Haulover.

Pachycheilus corvinus Morel. Quiquina, on the Toongla River.

Polymesoda inflata Hanley. Lagoon, Wounta Haulover.

I have eaten bushels of the Donaces. The Indian children collect

them at low water.”

We would add that the specimens of Donax and Dione are the

finest we have ever seen. The Jeritina is exceptionally large.

Neritina reclivata is now referred, correctly no doubt, to WV. lineolata

Lam.; and’the netted Central American race will stand as J. lineo-

lata var. reticulata C. & J. Polymesoda is what has usually been

known as Oyrena; and is now accepted as the generic name for the

American Cyrenas, which have a small pallial sinus, such as carolin-

ensis and the tropical American species.

Working alone in a bookless land, we are sure that Mr. Fluck

will be glad to receive papers on conchological topics, and exchanges

for the shells of his region.

GEORGE W. DEAN.

We regret to learn of the death of our old friend Mr. Geo. W.

Dean, which occurred on April 10th at his home in Kent, Ohio.

Mr. Dean was born in Wayne township, Ashtabula Co., Ohio,

August 20, 1820. In 1855 he took up-the occupation of a nursery-

man and florist, a business in which he was successfully engaged

until the time of his death.

Mr. Dean was a great lover and student of nature, and well known

to many of the readers of Tur Naurivus, for notwithstanding his

busy life as a horticulturist, he was an ardent jt enthusiastic Theale

lector of shells.

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XV. SEPTEMBER, 1901. No. 5.

A NEW JAMAICAN ADAMSIELLA.

BY J. B. HENDERSON, JR.

Adamsiella jarvisi n. s.

Shell moderately elongate, pyramidal. Whorls four, well rounded,

the last leaving the body of the shell and projecting one-half its own

length free in a slight

curve. Apex truncate;

sutures well impressed.

Sculpture consists of

unevenly-spaced,

prominently-raised

lamin eircling all the

whorls; these are

crossed by obsolete

spiral lire which are

only apparent at their

points of intersection with the transverse ridges. Umbilicus narrow

and extending through the shell, forming a puncture at the apical

truncation. Aperture exactly round; inner peritreme greatly ex-

tended; the outer peritreme corresponding to an exaggerated lamina,

circles the whorl like a collar, the outer edge of which is irregular

but not fluted. Color pale yellowish-gray.

Height 11 ; diam. above aperture 6.5; greatest diam. 9; diam. of

aperture 3 mm.

This species resembles A. pearmaniana in general shape and sculp-

ture, but is obviously distinct by reason of its coarser Jamin and

evidences of spiral striz, also by the striking projection of the last

30 THE NAUTILUS.

whorl. The sculpture of this shell is somewhat suggestive of the

rough burr-like appearance presented by some of the Jamaican

Choanopomas. A series of chestnut-brown spots circling the outer

expanded peritreme probably indicates in fresh specimens parallel

rows of similar spots upon the whorls. Operculum unknown.

Collected by Mr. Jarvis near Ewarton, Jamaica.

THE UNIONIDEA OF NORTH AMERICA.

BY H. VON IHERING.

Entering into consideration of particular species, I would make the

following observations :

Quadrula spheniopsts Morel certainly does not belong to the

genus Quadrula, because the female is inflated in the same manner

on the base of the shell as Lampsilis. I have a good series of speci-

mens, some of which were examined by the late Dr. Fischer. I sub-

ordinate this species to the genus Nephronaias, of which Pachynaias

Crosse and Fischer is a synonym.

Quadrula pernodosa Lea. I consider that this is not a variety of

pustulosa, because the form is quite different from that of the varie-

ties of pustulosa, which is always more quadrate, while pernodosa is

of an elongate, higher form, with more prominent beaks. The hinge-

line is longer in pustulosa. ‘The distance of the large pseudocardinal

tooth from the end of the lateral is more than a half of the height in

pustulosa, but is less in pernodosa.

Lampsilis occidens Lea, I consider as a good species, different

from L. ventricosus by the more central position of the beaks and

different shape of the anterior extremity. I have males and females

of both ventricosus and occtdens.

Lampsilis pictus Lea, is perhaps the male of perdix Lea.

Lampsilis sappert sp. n. This is the shell mentioned by Simpson

in his Catalogue, p. 571, n. 4, as a doubtful variety of ZL. explicatus.

The shell is more elongate, with the ventral margins sinuate and the

anterior extremity lower and somewhat obliquely truncate on the

inferior part of the anterior margins. The pseudocardinals are very

stout, one in the right, two in the left valve. This differs remarkably

from L. explicatus as figured by Crosse and Fischer, pl. 61, fig. 1, of

the Moll. Mex., having the pseudocardinals elevated, compressed,

THE NAUTILUS. ol

lamelliform. I believe the Z. sappert more allied to ZL. umbrosus

Lea than to explicatus, being, however, of a more elongate form with

produced posterior extremity and larger size. The type example has

a length of 64 mm., breadth of 114 mm., diam. of 38mm. The

epidermis is dark brown, blackish, the nacre white. The posterior

slope has two obtuse, somewhat indistinct diverging lines. The spe-

cies is from the Chixoy river in Guatemala, and dedicated to Dr.

Carl Sapper, who has collected in scientific expeditions in Central

America and Mexico many interesting Unionide, for which I am

much indebted to him.

Nephronaias medellinus Lea seems to be the same as Lampsilis

aztecorum Phil.

Nephronaias averyi Lea, I have from the Rio Tuca, in N.-W.

Guatemala. |

Nephronaias goascoranensis Lea (1858), I have received from

Dr. Sapper from the Moramusko river, in Honduras, and from the

Rio Coco in Nicaragua. The species varies, and I have specimens

corresponding to the figure of Lea and others to that of Crosse and

Fischer (Miss. Sci., Mexico, pt. 2, 1894, pl. 64, fig. 5 and 5 a), of

Unio calamitarum Morelet (1849.) The name of this widely-

distributed Central American species should, therefore, be Nephro-

naias calamitarum Morelet, if Morelet, as also Crosse and Fischer

have not confounded two different species, and it is impossible to

say what is the true calamitarum.

Nephronaias tabascoensis Kiister (1856) is also a widely-distributed

Central American species. This is my No. 60 from the Rio Copan,

Guatemala, tributary of the Motagua river, and which Mr. Simpson

believed be the scamnatus Morelet. Having both NV. scamnatus

Morel. and gandlachi Dunker from Cuba, I consider them different.

The true scamnatus is a smaller and thinner shell, while to tabasco-

ensis are synonymous U. persulcatus Lea, rugulosus Kust. and per-

haps also plicatulus Kiister. To this species belongs also Unio cala-

mitarum Morelet, var. prolongata Crosse et Fischer |. ¢., p. 612, pl.

63, fig. 5 et 5 a. The supposed Central American examples of N.

scamnatus may be identical with WV. dysoni Lea. WN. tabascoensis |

have also from Nicaragua, Rio Telpanek, and (No. 61) from El

Obrage, Guatemala.

Referring to the genera of North American Unionidae admitted

by Simpson, I would make the following observations :

oe THE NAUTILUS.

Truncilla. his would be a quite natural genus, eliminating some

heterogenous elements, that must be placed with Quadrula, as T.

personata Say, allied to Q. trigona, and 7. perplexa and foliata allied

to Y. metanevra.

Lampsilis. A very natural genus, from which, however, Proptera

should be separated as a genus.

Obovaria belongs in the vicinity of Quadrula, as do likewise T7i-

togonia, Cyprogenia, Obliquaria and Dromus.

Ptychobranchus is a subgenus of Lampsilis.

Pleurobema will form a natural group after the removal of P.

@sopus and probably some other species.

Unio. There are to be removed U. spheniopsis, a species allied to

Nephronaias cyrenoides, and also the group of U. semigranosus, con-

sisting of species of Quadrula. There are a number of species of

Quadrula in Mexico distinguished by peculiar granular sculpture

and thin reddish-gray epidermis, for which Crosse and Fischer cre-

ated the sub-genus Psoronaias. I can find no reason for dividing

them between two groups, as Simpson has done; and I unite U.

semigranosus and allied species to Quadrula. In this way all sculp-

tured forms are eliminated from the genus Unio.

Plagiola. Genus probably to be restricted to P. elegans and

similar forms, while P. cyrenoides, etc., may be transferred to

Nephronaias.

The family Unionidae, as limited by Simpson, would contain,

according to these views, two families: Diplodontide and Unionide,

which are distinguished not only by the marsupia. but also by im-

portant conchological characters. The sexual differences, strongly

pronounced in the Lampsilis group, are not entirely deficient in the

other groups, as there are species with pronounced sexual differences

in both the genera Quadrula and Diplodon. The sculpture of the

beaks is concentric in the Unionide, radial in the Diplodontide. In

some species of Hyriaand Tetraplodon the radial sculpture is reduced

or almost obsolete. Of two specimens of Castaliella suleata Krauss in

my collection, one shows the radial sculpture well developed; in the

other it is nearly absent. The pseudo-cardinals are variant in both

examples; the nacre is bluish-white. This mussel is doubtless identical

with Zetraplodon schombergianus Sow., but I have received my speci-

mens, collected by Kapler on the Marowini River, Surinam, from the

Zoological Museum in Stuttgart as typical specimens of Oastalia

THE NAUTILUS. 58

suwleata Krauss. As Simpson believes also to be typical his specimen

with purplish nacre, further investigations will be necessary, how-

ever, as it is probable that the species shows some variability, and

that Tetraplodon schombergianus is a synonym.

Conformable with the conceptions here exposed, we may consider

the super-family of Naiades as composed of two families: Unionide

and Diplodontide. The former, the only one occurring in North

America, may be divided into the following three sub-families :

UNIoNID# with the genera: Anodonta, Lastena, Gonidea, Ano-

dontoides, Pegias, Arcidens, Symphynota, Alasmidonta, Hemilastena,

Margaritana, Unio.

QUADRULIN& with the genera: Ei adeaclas Pleurobema, Obovaria,

Cyprogenia, Obliquaria, Dromus.

LAMPSILIN# with the genera: Lampsilis, Truncilla, Micromya,

Medionidus, Nephronaias, Glebula, Plagiola.

As shown by the arguments given, the opinions of Mr. Simpson,

in many essential points, are in accordance with those of the writer,

and I thought it useful to publish such of my ideas as do not accord

with Mr. Simpson’s, in order to submit them to examination in the

discussion which a book of such great importance will naturally

provoke.

S. Paulo (Brazil) 10 May, 1901.

AN ABNORMAL CHITON.

In September of last year Mr. Hemphill sent me a photograph of

an abnormal specimen of the common Californian species /schnochiton

(Maugerella) conspicuus Cpr., the divergence from the ordinary

form consisting in its having only six valves. The length of the

specimen (photo) is about 70 and the breadth 38 millimeters. There

is no indication of pathologic deformity; the proportionate size of

the valves compared with the size of the shell as a whole, exhibits

no eccentricity. Cooke, in the Mollusca volume of the Cambridge

Natural History Series, remarks that ‘‘seven-valved monstrosities

very rarely occur.” Sykes has recently reported and figured a

three-valved individual. In the hundreds of Chitons of various

species that I have collected on the West Coast I have never de-

tected an example with less than the usual number, though it is pos-

sible in handling a large number, especially of the smaller forms, to

54 THE NAUTILUS.

overlook an individual varying in the above respect. It will be well

for collectors to keep their eyes open for such abnormal individuals ;

it may be found that they occnr oftener than is supposed.

R. E. C. STEARNS.

Los Angeles, May 2, 1901.

THE AMERICAN PHYSZ.

BY 0. A. CRANDALL, SEDALIA, MO.

Physa gyrina var. albofilata Ancey. This variety is confined to

southwest Missouri and northwestern Arkansas, extending into the

Indian Territory and Kansas. It is distinguished by its lighter

color, fine lines of growth, rarely showing cross strie, generally

malleated on some part of the surface, and large white varicose bands.

It is generally found with five whorls.

Forms: Physa hawni Lea, P. cylindrica Newcomb, Physa smith-

soniana Lea.

P. gyrina is the most widely distributed of all the American species.

It extends over all the territory between the Alleghanies and Rocky

Mountains, and from the Arctic region south into Alabama and

Texas. I have examples from near Philadelphia, Pa., and from

Routt county, Colorado, but I do not consider them permanent in-

habitants of those localities. It is possible that they may yet be

found to extend as far west as the Sierra Nevada Mountains, but I

have been unable to obtain any evidence that they now inhabit the

Great Basin. I account for their being found outside of the limits

here given by the ova being carried on the feet of migratory birds,

by means of which isolated colonies are planted, which survive for a

time, but finally become absorbed by the more numerous inhabitants

and disappear. ‘They may be called sporadic colonies. This also in

part accounts for the hybridization that has produced so many forms

that have been described as new species, only to vanish in a season.

Physa elliptica Lea,

Includes the sub-species Physa elliptica troostiana Lea, Physa ellip-

tica minor Nn. V.

There probably is not a more distinct species in the genus than

this, yet Binney and Haldeman place it in the synonymy of P.

gyrina Say. ‘Tryon recognized it as a species, gave it a very large

THE NAUTILUS. 56

synonymy, and substituted his description of P. oleacea for that of

Lea. The species are widely different, and were so acknowledged

by him in later years. The form which I refer to this species may

be described as follows :

Shell elliptical, thin, pellucid, smooth and generally shining, lines

of growth scarcely perceptible, spire rather short and obtuse, sutures

impressed, aperture elliptical, axis straight, with varicose bands

when mature, and diameter from two-fifths to one-half the length.

The outline is almost exactly that of an elliptic spring. All the

varieties are small, not exceeding a half inch in length.

Physa troostiana Lea is a more robust form, more obtuse, and the

diameter a little greater in proportion to the length. Its habitat is

along the Ohio valley.

Physa elliptica minor n. v. was sent to me from Grand Rapids,

Mich., by Mr. Streng. It is very small, being only four to five mm.

in length, rather cylindrical in form, whorls three, convex, sutures

impressed, spire slightly elevated, surface highly polished, color

deeper than the type. At first I thought they were immature, but

the lip has a well defined rib on the submargin, and I now think

they are a miniature form of this species.

Physa deformis Currier probably belongs here, and may be a

variety, but for the present I prefer to consider it only a form. It

may be a larger form of P. elliptica minor ; if so it will take its place.

Forms: P. aurea Lea, P. febigerii Lea, P. nicklinti Lea.

This species is distributed sparingly over all the region east of the

Mississippi and north of Tennessee.

Physa niagarensis Lea.

This species was described in 1864 from forins taken in Niagara

river, N. Y., but has generally been considered a variety of P.

integer Hald. In fact I have held the same opinion until quite

recently. In the last few years I have had opportunity to examine

examples of P. integer from over fifty localities, about one-fourth of

which were properly referred to this species, and from these exami-

nations and the places from which they were taken, I feel satisfied

that this form is not a variety of P. integer. If it is not entitled to

rank as a species, it should be referred to P. heterostropha as a

variety.

They vary but little, but the largest part of those I have examined

have the form of P. heterostropha, except that the spire is a little

56 THE NAUTILUS.

more elevated and the acute apex is tipped with reddish-brown.

Axis straight, aperture ovate, smooth and shining surface, rarely

showing varicose bands. Color yellowish-white grading into a pale

yellowish chestnut in some forms. It usually has four whorls.

While white, it is not porcellaneous. Lea’s description is correct.

P. saffordi Lea, is a form of this species.

Distribution: Along the Great Lakes.

Physa integer Haldeman.

Subspecies: Physa integer billings: Heron.

This is a very distinct species, described in 1841 from shells found

in Indiana. It is distinguished by its oval form, light color fre-

quently banded with white, deeply impressed sutures, ear-shaped

aperture and somewhat rough but shining surface. It is not closely

allied to any other species. It requires two seasons to reach matu-

rity. Diameter seven-tenths the length.

It is the only species that extends from the Lakes to the Gulf.

It inhabits all the country bordering on the Lakes from Ontario

west, and extends south and west as far as San Antonio, Texas. I

have collected live forms in the latter place, and found it fossil in the

post-pliocene at Belton, Texas.

Its distribution being different from that of any other species

raises a doubt as to the identity of the species at the extreme ends of

the territory covered. It has not been reported from south of the

Ohio river, nor from eastern Arkansas, but seems to occupy a belt

lying between central Arkansas and central Kansas, continuing

about the same width to the Gulf.

Physa billingsi Heron. The type was taken in Rideau river, near

Ottawa, Canada. The first examples sent me from that locality

varied so much from any described form that I was inclined to

accord it specific rank, but having received it from several localities

in Michigan, I am now placing it here as a well-marked variety.

It is smaller than P. integer, of finer texture, and the sutures are

much less impressed. None of them have the ear-shaped aperture.

The lip is expanded and in many of them forms the are of a circle.

In some of them the diameter is nearly as great as the length. From

this form they graduate into the usual form of P. enteger. !

Its distribution, so far as known, is confined to Canada and

Michigan.

THE NAUTILUS.

Physa anatina Lea.

This is the most striking and beautiful species of the genus. It

was discovered in a northern tributary of the Arkansas river in Kan-

sas, in 1864, and in that locality it has its greatest development.

The extent of its distribution is unknown. It is plentiful around

Wichita, Kansas, and has been reported from Missouri, Arkansas,

Nebraska and Michigan. It probably inhabits all the intervening

territory.

Distinguished by its sub-fusiform and symmetrical shape, smooth

and shining surface, pale color, six oblique whorls, impressed sutures,

and the malleations on the lower part of the last whorl of all adult

forms. Bi-annuan.

Diameter 3 the length.

Physa brevispira Lea.

Ottawa river, Canada West, furnished the type for this species in

1864. It is not numerous in any locality, and is seldom reported by

collectors. I have examples agreeing with Lea’s figure from Lake

Nippising, Ont.. and shells from five other localities which I believe

belong here, although they differ in color and height of spire. Speci-

mens from Detroit river, Reed’s Lake and Pent Water, Mich., are

good representatives of the species in size, color and all other char-

acters except that the spire is somewhat exserted. The Isle of

Mackinac furnishes a much larger white shell which I refer to the

same species.

Distinguished by its globose form, opaque whitish color and dilated

aperture. It has been sent to me as P. ancillaria and vinosa. An-

nuan.

Diameter ? the length. Aperture {7 the length of shell.

Physa walkeri n.s. PI. 2, fig. 5.

Shell elongate-ovate, ashy horn color, texture rather coarse, whorls

four, very convex, sutures much impressed, spire much elevated and

tapering to an acute apex, aperture ovate, not expanded, 5%, the length

of the shell, lip tortuous and evenly curved, inner margin thickened

with thin white deposit. Length 10 mm, width 6 mm.

This little shell was sent to me by Bryant Walker, Esq., of De-

troit, Mich., having been collected by him at Petoskey, Mich., after

whom I take pleasure in naming it. It has also been sent to me

from three other localities in Michigan, and Rideau river, Ont. It

is allied to P. integer Hald, and fills the place between that species

and P. anatina Lea.

58 THE NAUTILUS. -

It differs from P. integra Hald. in having a more elevated, slender

and acute spire, less deeply impressed sutures and much finer tex-

ture. The aperture is nearly ovate, not ear-shaped, the columella

gracefully curved and covered with a thin lamina. It differs from

P. anatina Lea in being much smaller, lighter colored, the whorls

less oblique, lines of growth more visible and being of lighter texture.

The shell as a whole, when seen with these species, impresses itself

as distinct at a glance.

Physa cubensis Pfeiffer.

This is a Cuban species found in Florida. { have not seen Pfeif-

fer’s description, but forms kindly sent to me by Prof. Pilsbry may

be described as follows :

Mature shell sub-fusiform, light amber, smooth and shining surface,

lines of growth scarcely perceptible, whorls five, convex, sutures im-

pressed, spire rising like a cone to an acute apex, aperture elongate

ovate, lip not expanded, columella twisted and covered with a callus.

Bi-annuan I think.

A peculiarity of this species, as shown by the forms sent to me, is

that the immature form is ovate, the last whorl in the adult being |

somewhat flattened and elongated, thus making the shell sub-fusiform

when mature,

A NEW CALIFORNIAN BITTIUM.

BY W. H. DALL AND PAUL BARTSCH.

Bittium (Elachista) californicum spec. nov.

Shell white, broadly elongate-conic; whorls rounded, falling off

more abruptly toward the suture than the summit. The earlier

whorls increase less rapidly in diameter, and are more evenly

rounded. Base short, well rounded; aperture suboval, effuse and

subchannelled anteriorly, with the posterior angle rounded; colu-

mella somewhat twisted and slightly revolute.

The ormamentation consists of about 14-16 broad and low axial

folds, which gradually become obsolete on the periphery and base,

THE NAUTILUS. : 59

and on the whorls three or four impressed spiral lines, which are

equally apparent on the ribs and intercostal spaces,

This species occurs both recent and fossil in California. Recent

shells appear more slender with fewer ribs, 12-14. The type is a

fossil specimen from Dead Man’s Id. off San Pedro, Cala., and has

8 whorls which measure: long 5.3 mm., diam. 2.2 mm. A recent

shell of 10 whorls measured 6.0 mm., diam. 2.1 mm.

LIMNAEA AURICULARIA IN AMERICA.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Some weeks ago Mr. Herbert E. Walter, instructor in Biology in

the North Division High School, brought me several specimens of a

Limnaea which was new to the fauna of the United States. Upon

inquiry, the locality was given as the propagating green-house of

Lincoln Park. A few years ago Miss Marie LaGrange, a pupil in

the North Division High School, found a number of the same species

in a lily pond in the park, the water of which was artificially heated

to give the necessary warmth for certain tropical plants, the tem-

perature being above 90° Fahr.

Comparison with the shells in the Academy’s collection showed

the species to be Limnaea auricularia, and an inquiry of the park

gardener brought to light the fact that certain plants had been

recently imported from Belgium. This information at once removed

the mystery surrounding the sudden appearance of this shell in the

park, and shows how easy it is at the present time to transport a

species from one continent to another, especially if it be a pulmonate.

The shells of Z. aurteularia are about an inch in length, of a deep

corneous color, and are rather thin. When alive, the mantle of the

animal is seen through the shell to be made up of dark and light

spots arranged irregularly. The animal appeared rather active,

moving about the aquarium with a steady, gliding motion. The

heart pulsations were 54 per minute.

It may also be of interest to state that the following introduced

species have been found in the greenhouse or in the lily ponds:

Testacella haliotoidea, Limax maximus and L. flavus, Vitrea drapar-

naldi and Limnaea auricularia.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

ORESTES A. CRANDALL.

It is with deep regret that we record the death of Colonel O. A.

Crandall, of Sedalia, Missouri, which occurred at West Chester,

Pennsylvania, July 6. He left home during the latter part of June

on a business and pleasure trip East. After staying a few days at

Bridgeport, Connecticut, he went to Philadelphia, where he was sick

four days, when he went to the home of an old friend at West

Chester, hoping that with complete rest he would soon recuperate ;

but the extreme heat combined with heart trouble caused his sudden

death. Interment was at Sedalia.

“Orestes A. Crandall was born at Syracuse, N. Y., February 25,

1833. In 1835 his parents removed to McHenry county, Illinois,

at that time known as the Crystal Lake country, a wilderness in-

habited by Indians and wild animals. ‘The nearest settlement was

forty miles distant. Thrown upon his own resources at the age of

thirteen, Mr. Crandall developed rapidly those sterling qualities

which in later years made him prominent among men.

‘‘In 1853 he went to California, walking 500 miles of the distance

and carrying his bundle on his back. He worked eight years in the

Golden State as miner and mineralogist, returiiing to ‘‘ The States”

in 1861 and locating in Saline county, Mo.

‘* At the outbreak of the war, soon after coming to Missouri, he

aligned himself with the Union and went to the ‘‘ wilderness” of

Illinois, where he organized and put two regiments of soldiers in the

field. ‘He fought with honor during the war, his last battle being

the battle of Sedalia, October 15, 1864, in which he was captured by

the Confederate forces.

“He located permanently in Sedalia in 1864, and in that year

was admitted to the bar and practiced his chosen profession until the

beginning of the eighties. He married Miss Kate A. Kidd, of that

city.

‘‘ Jn 1875 he organized the Pettis County Bank and was made its

president. He was elected president of the Missouri Trust Com-

pany in 1880. Under his guidance the company became one of the

foremost institutions of its kind in the country.”

Mr. Crandall was well known to many readers of Tur NavutTILus,

especially those interested in fresh-water snails. For a number of

years his spare time was spent in a study of the genus Physa, the

results of which are still being published under the title ‘+ The

American Physz.”’

re NA KV

STROPHITUS WRIGHTIANUS WALKER.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XV. OCTOBER, 1901. INO. 6;

LAND MOLLUSKS OF THE NORTHEASTERN GROUP OF THE LOO

CHOO ISLANDS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The exploration of Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-no-shima (Yaku-

shima), effected under the direction of Mr. Y. Hirase, gives us abso-

lutely the first information upon the land mollusca of the ‘ north-

eastern group” of the Loo Choo Islands.

Tane-ga-shima is a well-cultivated island, about 32 miles long and

5 wide. It is comparatively low, the highest point having an eleva-

tion of about 1200 feet. It is somewhat noted as being the first

Japanese soil trod by an European. In 1542, Mendez Pinto, the

Portugese adventurer, landed there, astonishing the natives with his

firearms. I have named a diminutive Clausilia in memory of this

circumstance.

Yaku-shima is a wilder, forested island, nearly circular, with a

diameter of about 15 miles. It towers in a splendid mountain mass

6000 feet above the sea. The snail faunas of the two islands seem

to be very similar, with a number of identical species. I do not

know whether Mr. Hirase’s collector ascended the peak of Yaku-

shima; probably not. Tle heights would probably have different

species from the shore zone.

A Helicid species, Eulota (Euhadra) submandarina, described by

me many years ago from two bleached specimens, one said to be from

the ** Loo Choo Islands,” the other labeled ‘ China,” proves to be

a characteristic species of these islands. [t is quite unlike other

’

known Japanese forms, both in shell and soft anatomy. Eulota sub-

62 THE NAUTILUS.

mandarina is quite variable. The figured type measures alt. 17, diam.

21mm. Three specimens from Tane-ga-shima (from no. 660 of Mr.

Hirase’s collection) measure 16x214, 18x244 and 20x26 mm. They

are reddish-brown, with a narrow dark band at the periphery. ‘Two

others from the same island are more elevated, measuring alt. 22,

diam. 21, and alt. 21, diam. 25 mm.; the latter being of a rich dark

chestnut color, the band black. These are Mr. Hirase’s no. 659.

From Yaku-shima the shells sent out are larger, alt. 23, diam. 30;

alt. 22, diam. 28 mm. They have 63 whorls, like the smaller shells

of Tane-ga shima, and the color is rather light, the peripheral band

reduced to an indistinct line. This form I have called var. magna.

It is no. 672 of Mr. Hirase’s collection. -

Doubtless HL. submandarina is peculiar to these and perhaps some

neighboring islands.

The following species are not confined to the two islands: Trocho-

morpha Gouldiana Pils. occurs on Yaku-shima, indistinguishable from

the types from Oshima. Macrochlamys tanegashime has recently been

received from Kago-shima, Satsuma (Mr. Hirase’s no. 701), quite.

like the types, but slightly larger. Sttala ctrcumcincta var. elata

(Gude) is a trifle more brown in color than the types from Hondo,

the perforation is perceptibly wider, and the whorls possibly less con-

vex; but specimens received from three localities in Kiusiu are

partly similar, partly intermediate in characters, so that although it

takes next to no difference to make a ‘‘species’”’ in this group, I do

not think the Kiusiu or Yaku-shima Sitalas deserve separation from

the Nippon form. |

Among the land operculates there is a new Spiropoma ( Celopoma)

which has been called S. Nakadai, and a new Pupinella, P. Funatot.

These are named for Messrs. Nakada and Funato, two able and en-

thusiastic collectors of shells for Mr. Hirase.

The Clausiliide are represented by five species and several vari-

eties, all peculiar to the islands, and remarkable for the excessive

thickness of the shells. Their general relations are with species of

Kiusiu and Nippon, not with those of the central group of the Loo

Choo Is. The wonderful forms with plicate lips, found in Oshima

and Great Luchu (Okinawa or Nawa Island) are apparently wanting

in ‘Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-shima, and their place is taken by

species of the sections Stereophedusa and Hemiphedusa. All but

Clausilia stereoma are rather small, and all of them are remarkably

THE NAUTILUS. 63

unlike any Japanese species, though more nearly related to them

than to those of the central Loo Choo Islands.

The general affinities of the faunas of the two islands are with that

of southern Kiusiu, but there is remarkable specialization, vastly

more than in Tsu-shima, for instance, although the latter is more

distant from the west coast of Kiusiu than these islands from the

south. ‘Tsu-shima, so far as the specialization of the snail fauna is

concerned, might be a part of Kiusiu. Its isolation must be of very

recent date, but Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-shima are clearly much

more ancient islands. ‘The full list of species sent by Mr. Hirase is

as follows :

Species from Tane-ga-shima.

Eulota submandarina (Pils.). Clausilia Pinto Pils.

Ganesella tanegashime Pils. Clausilia tanegashime Pils.

Macrochlamys tanegashime Pils. Spiropoma Nakadai Pils.

Microcystina Hiraseana Pils. Pupinella rufa var. tanegashime,

Clausilia stereoma var. cognata Pits:

Pils. Pupinella Funatoi Pils.

Clausilia ptychocyma Pils. Diplommatina tanegashime Pils.

Clausilia entospira Pils.

Species from Yaku-shima.

Eulota submandarina var. magna Clausiliastereoma var. nugax Pils

Pils. Clausilia ptychocyma var. yaku-

Trochomorpha Gouldiana Pils. shime Pils.

Sitala circumcincta var. elata Ennea Iwakawa var. yakushime

(Gude). Pils.

Clausilia stereoma Pils. Diplommatina yakushime Pils.

Yaku-shima is so for the northern limit for Trochomorpha.

There are in all 21 forms. One species is common to Yakushima

and Oshima; four are varietal or subspecific modifications of, or

identical with, Kiusiu and Nippon species, and twelve species with

six varieties are confined, so far as we know, to the two islands.

Most of the species have been described in the Proceedings of the

Academy of Natural Sciences, but the following remain to be char-

acterized :

Ganesella tanegashime n. sp. Shell imperforate, depressed, with

convexly-conoid spire, rather thin. Dead specimens, denuded of

the cuticle are white, becoming red-brown above, the inner 34

64 THE NAUTILUS.

whorls of that color; periphery encircled by a narrow red-brown

band, the peristome pale red-brown. Whorls 54, very slowly in-

creasing, moderately convex, the last rounded at the periphery,

rather flattened beneath, hardly impressed around the axis, slowly

descending in front. Aperture oblique, broadly lunate ; peristome

narrowly expanded, thickened within, reflexed and abruptly dilated

over and closing the umbilicus; columella concave, bearing an in-

conspicuous, low, oblique, fold-like tooth. Alt. 21-22, diam. 28 mm.

Tane-ga-shima (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 689).

Only dead and somewhat weathered specimens were found; but

what remains of the cuticle on the parietal wall is a moderately

bright yellow tint. The species is related to G. myomphala, and

most resembles the variety mnor of Gude, from which it differs in

the smaller aperture, the columellar tooth, less impressed axial

region and higher spire. In this connection I may mention that a

species of Ganesella, G. Adeline, n. sp., has been sent from Oshima,

Mr. Hirase’s no. 3852. It is the shape of G. largillierti or somewhat

more pyramidal, but has a decidedly larger umbilicus than that

species. Ona pinkish or pale yellow ground there are three blackish

bands, the peripheral united with that above, or with a reddish

space between, basal band wide, interior of the umbilicus and the

dilated columella very dark; peristome well expanded. Alt. 264,

diam. 25, to alt. 24, diam. 224 mm.

Diplommatina yakushime un. sp. Shell similar to D. cassa but

more acutely tapering above. Whorls 53, the last two of equal

diameter, last half whorl reduced. Sculpture of even, fine, low,

rather close, delicate striz ; no spiral striz. Aperture subcircular,

the lip expanded, duplicate; columellar tooth blunt and _ strong;

palatal fold short, above the columella. Length 2.3, diam. 1.3 mm.

Yakushima (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 679).

D. tanegashime is a large shell, conspicuously different in sculp-

ture. D. yakushime is much smaller than any of the numerous

Japanese species of the same group. It resembles JD. cassa most.

Besides its distribution in Hondo, D. cassa has now been sent from

five localities in the provinces Bungo, Higo and Satsuma, in Kiusiu.

It is evidently a species of wide distribution, though surpassed in this

respect by the tiny D. pusilla, which has been found in Hokkaido,

Hondo and Kiusiu, the latter island being represented by specimens

of the variety omzensis in Mr. Hirase’s last sending

THE NAUTILUS. 65

Ennea Iwakawa var. yakushime nov. Similar to #. Iwakawa of

Nippon and Kiusiu Islands in sculpture and aperture, but of a de-

cidedly broader, more swollen shape. Yakushima (Mr. Y. Hirase,

no. 6800, types; also 680a).

A NEW SPECIES OF STROPHITUS.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Strophitus wrightianus, n. sp. Plate III,

Shell irregularly subrhomboidal, inflated, scarcely sub-solid,

nearly equilateral; beaks very full and high, turned in over a slight

lunule; their sculpture consisting of a few strong ridges that run

nearly parallel with the growth lines ; anterior end rounded, elevated

aoove the line of the hinge superiorly and slightly cut away below ;

base line evenly curved; posterior ridge angled, ending in a blunt

point below the median line of the shell; dorsal slope subtruncate,

covered with strong, subconcentric, somewhat broken ridges extend-

ing from the posterior ridge to the margin; disk with light uneven

growth lines; epidermis almost jet black, lighter on the beaks, shin-

ing, with occasional indications of very light transverse sculpture

similar to that on the dorsal slope; Jeft valve with an irregular tooth

and a vestigeal one in front of it; right valve with a roughened tooth

in front of the beaks; laterals almost wanting; beak cavities deep ;

anterior muscle scars distinct; posterior scars faint; nacre bluish

white, a little thicker in front.

Length 54 mm., height 38 mm., width 315 mm.

A single specimen only of this fine species occurred in two barrels

of Unionide received from Messrs B. F. and G. H. King, collected

in the tributaries of the Flint river, Baker county, Ga. It differs

from all other known species .in the strong ridges which cover the

dorsal slope. It seems to be most nearly related to S. tombigbeensis

Lea, and has the ‘*‘ obtruded anterior margin ”’ characteristic of that

species.

Mr. C. T. Simpson, to whom the specimen was submitted for ex-

amination, and to whom J am indebted for assistance in preparing

the foregoing description, writes in reference to it: ‘I know of

nothing at all like it. In fact it is so different from anything that I

have seen or read of that I am at a loss to know just where to place

66 THE NAUTILUS.

it. Its general form, texture and color of epidermis inclines me to

believe that it is a Strophitus, related to S. tombigbeensis. I find

some vestiges of plication on one or two specimens of Strophitus in

our collection. The teeth of this are stronger than in any specimen

of that genus I have seen, but there is much variation in this matter.”

I take great pleasure in naming this species after Mr. B. H.

Wright, who has done so much in recent years in developing our

knowledge of the Unionide of the southern states,

NEW PISIDIA.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

The following Pisidia have been known as distinct species for sev-

eral years, and the names have been used in my own collection as

well as in identifying specimens sent for examination by many con-

chologists. So they should have been published long ago.

Pisidium affine n. sp. Rather large, well-inflated, slightly oblique,

beaks somewhat posterior, large and prominent in full-grown, broad

and quite low in young specimens, rounded or slightly flattened on

top; superior and inferior margins moderately curved, posterior sub-

truncate, with slightly marked angles above and below, supero-

anterior forming one regular curve from the beaks to the anterior

end, which is low-situated and well-rounded ; surface distinctly and

somewhat irregularly striated, with some coarser lines of growth, dull

or somewhat shining; color lighter or darker grayish horn to plum-

beous or brownish with a few irregular darker zones corresponding

with the lines of growth, and often with fine darker mottlings, usually

with a broad lighter zone along the margins; the young are pale

horn or straw-colored ; shell moderately thick, nacre whitish, muscle

insertions little; hinge rather stout, plate rather broad; cardinal

teeth long, not very strong, the right one curved, its free edge often

indented in the middle, its posterior end somewhat thicker, with a

fine groove, the left anterior tooth curved, the posterior slightly so,

oblique, rather behind the anterior, each covering the other for half

their lengths; lateral teeth stout, rather long, their cusps short and

somewhat pointed, the outer ones in the right valve of good size;

ligament rather long and stout.

Size: Long. 6, alt. 5, diam. 4 mill. (average).

THE NAUTILUS. 67

Long. 7, alt. 6, diam. 4.7 mill.

Long. 4.6, alt. 3.8, diam. 2.8 mill. (small, northern form).

Habitat: Great Lake Region, Michigan to New York: also Min-

nesota, Illinois and Ohio (Ohio river drainage). It seems to prefer

quiet water, small lakes and slow-running rivers.

Pisidium affine is related with nov-eboracense Pr. and with sargenti

St. (See the following sp.) _ From the former, it differs by the fol-

lowing characters: it averages larger, its beaks are larger, broader,

az especially noticeable in the young, the whole muscle is more full,

the hinge margin is less curved, the supero-anterior, as mentioned,

forms one long, unbroken curve, the anterior part is larger, the end

situated nearer the ‘‘base”’ and more rounded. LP. nov-eboracense

retains its light, yellowish horn color, and the surface is rather shin-

ing, while older specimens of affine usually are light to dark grayish,

and the surface is more dull.

Our species is somewhat variable. Specimens from Michigan,

especially Perch Lake,’ Reed Lake, some other small lakes, and from

the Grand River at Grand Rapids are regarded as typical, and ex-

amples from the Little Lakes near Mohawk, N. Y., are rather the

same. In northern Michigan, e. g., in Mountain Lake, River Rouge,

Carp Lake, there is a smaller form, of darker cclor but typical shape,

collected by Mr. Bryant Walker, and the same was found in Clear-

water Lake, Minnesota, by. Mr. H. E. Sargent. A somewhat higher

form, with a slightly marked angle at the scutellum, is known from

Minnesota, Michigan, Buffalo, N. Y.(Miss E. J. Letson), and Meyer’s

Lake, near Canton, Ohio (the writer). The latter has a straighter

striation and a somewhat waxy appearance of the surface.

Whoever has carefully studied and compared a few suites of spe-

cimens at all stages of growth, will always recognize the present

species, as the young and half-grown are quite characteristic, while

some full-grown examples may present similarities with P., nov-

eboracense and sargenti. All these species are decidedly variable,

in several directions, and so it takes a good deal of material and

some experience in order to ascertain their claims for specific dis-

tinction, and to recognize aberrant and poorly developed forms. The

present one being a “ critical ”’ species, I trust the somewhat lengthy

expose on it will be excused.

Pisidium sargenti n. sp. Mussel of medium size, somewhat oblique,

1 Collected in large numbers by Dr. Kirkland.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

well inflated ; beaks not much posterior, rounded or slightly flattened

on top, well prominent over the hinge margin; the latter slightly

curved in the adult, almost straight in the young and half-grown,

with projecting, not or hardly rounded angles at the scutum and

scutellum, which are slightly to well marked, narrow; posterior mar-

gin subtruncate above, passing into the well rounded inferior with

an uninterrupted curve, or with a slightly marked, rounded angle,

more so in the young; supero-anterior margin little to moderately

curved, sloping from the projecting angle at the scutellum to the

rounded anterior end; surface regularly and rather coarsely striated,

dull, rarely somewhat shining in older specimens ; epiconch thin and

often worn off, pale horn-colored in the young, lighter to darker

grayish to brownish in older specimens, usually with a lighter zone

along the margins; shell moderately thick, nacre glassy, colorless to

white or bluish, muscle insertions distinct; hinge stout, plate rather

broad, cardinal teeth well formed, short, the right one rather strongly

curved, its posterior end thickened and grooved, the left anterior

angular, stout, the posterior small, oblique; lateral teeth rather short,

stout, their cusps short, pointed, the outer ones in the right valve

well formed ; ligament short, strong.

Size: long. 5, alt. 4.4, diam. 3.4 mill.

Habitat: New York to Ohio, Michigan, Illinois and Minnesota,

rather common in creeks, rivers and small lakes.

Well formed specimens are easily recognizad by the oblique shape,

the rather short, slightly curved: hinge margin with the projecting

angles at both ends, the regular striation and the dull, often roughish

appearance of the surface ; by the latter features it may be discerned

from some forms of P. seutellatum which are of similar shape; but it

is more nearly related to P. nov-eboracense and affine ; and some full-

grown, well-inflated specimens, in which the scutar and scutellar

angles are sometimes less marked, might be mistaken for one or the

other. But a lot of mussels at different stages of growth are always

recognizable at once; the projecting angles, especially marked in

half-grown specimens, in connection with the peculiarly dull surface

(like in “typical”? P. compressum and in P. kirkland?) are well

marked characters, and so is the color, which turns to grayish while

the mussels are much younger and smaller than in P. affine. In the

latter species, the hinge-teeth, especially the cardinals, are longer

and finer.

THE NAUTILUS. 69

The present species is named after Mr. H. E. Sargent, who has

assiduously collected small mollusca, and has secured some good lots

of this Pisidium.

THE AMERICAN PHYS.

BY 0. A. CRANDALL, SEDALIA, MO.

Physa forsheyii Lea.

Sub-species Physa forsheytt grosvenorti Lea.

This species was discovered near Ruterville, Texas, in 1864. The

description calls for six whorls, but I have examined cotypes in the

Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia, and nearly a hundred exam-

ples from eight different localities, and have been unable to find a

single one having more than five, so I concluded that five is the

proper number.

This is a small shell, not exceeding 2 inch in length, and dis-

tinguished by its sub-fusiform shape, exserted spire, deeply impressed

sutures, smooth but not shining surface. Nearly all the adults are

covered with microscopic transverse striz, which give the surface a

dull appearance. Bi-annuan.

Physa grosvenorit Lea, also described in 1864, belongs here as a

variety. I have collected it in many different places, and have no

hesitancy in referring it to this species. The only difference I can

discover between this and P. forsheyii is that it is smaller, shorter, a

little more inflated, more robust, and of a darker color. Some of the

young shells are highly polished, but the adults have the same dull

appearance as the species form, and are dark yellowish horn-color.

It is a very pretty shell, uniform in size, color and general outline.

In the middle of January I found some of these little shells under

some leaves in a spring brook near Sedalia, Mo., where they hiber-

nated for the winter. The aperture, instead of being closed by a film

as in land shells, was filled with dirt and sand, mixed with the viscid

exudations from the body, forming a cement one-eighth inch thick,

which I found quite difficult to remove without injury to the shell.

The species form is distributed over Texas and Louisana, but

farther north, through Arkansas, Indian Territory, Southern Kansas

and Missouri, as far north as the central part of the state, it takes

the form of P. grosvenorii.

Forms: Physa whitei, Lea.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

Physa pomilia Conrad.

This species was first described by Conrad in.1834 from forms

taken from Random’s Creek, Claiborne Co., Ala., and was again

described in 1864 by Lea under the name of P. showalteri. They

are both the same species, but Lea’s description is the most correct,

and was substituted by Tryon for that of Conrad. It is exclusively

a southern species, its habitat being the country lying south of

Kentucky and east of the Mississippi River. An annuan. Very

similar forms have been sent to me from Grand Rapids, Mich., as P.

showaltert, but I feel confident that they are a modified form of P.

anatina Lea.

Physa miecrostoma Haldeman.

This species was described from a single specimen found in Ken-

tucky in 1840, and has been reported by Rhodes from several places

in that state. Its principal character is the two obtuse teeth on

the columella, but the other characters are sufficient to found a spe-

cies upon. Some time ago I received from Mrs. Geo. Andrews, of

Knoxville, Tenn., several lots of shells collected in East Tennessee,

a large part of which bear the description of this species except the

teeth. It is a thick heavy elliptical shell with four to five whorls

not convex, with a continuous peristome, and the labium much

thickened anteriorly. The columella is thick and twisted so that it

forms a single protuberance somewhat like the tooth-like callus on

the columella of Bulimulus alternatus Say. The varicose bands are

white on the outside and reddish-chestnut on the inside.

I do not hesitate to refer the shells sent to me from Tennessee to

this species.

Physa crocata Lea. This is a closely allied form, described in

1864 from specimens taken in Walker Co., Georgia. It is a smaller

and much lighter shell. In some specimens the spire is a little more

exserted, and the twist in the columella not so marked. In form and

color, which is light brownish-ochraceous, they are the same. Both

are bi-annuans. Length not exceeding 4 inch.

Habitat: Kentucky, Tennessee, northern Georgia and Alabama.

Physa distorta Haldeman.

Some time ago I received from Mr. H. E, Sargent twenty little

shells collected near Woodville, Ala., which I refer to this species.

The largest is ten mm. in length and six in diameter; the greatest

diameter being near the shoulder. Its color is very light yellowish-

gray, whorls three, very convex, sutures very deep. Spire elevated,

THE NAUTILUS. 71

first and second whorls small and the last one very large, forming a

rounded shoulder; so much larger, that in some of them the spire

appears to rise like a cone from an expanded surface. Not umbili-

cated. Aperture oval, columella scarcely folded, outer lip thickened

on snb-margin with a very pale yellowish-red callus. It corresponds

with Haldeman’s description except the umbilicus.

This species was described in 1842, and so far as I can learn, has

not been reported since.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

Physa fontana Haldeman, 1841, — young P. heterostropha Say.

P. subarata Menke, not sufficiently described for recognition.

P. parva Lea, 1864, probably young P. anatina Lea.

P. altonensis Lea, 1864, an abnormal form of P. gyrina Say de-

scribed from a single shell, and not heard of since.

P. inflata Lea described many years ago, and not reported since.

P. solida Philippi. This species was described many years ago

from forms found at New Orleans, but I have been unable to procure

any information regarding it. It is a very marked species, and it

- seems that it should have been reported many times. ‘The name is

pre-occupied, and should it ever be re-discovered, it will have to be

given a new name.

P. tenuissima Lea, 1864. This is a very distinct species if it

exists. It was described from a single dead shell found at Alexan-

dria, La. I have been unable to get any information regarding it.

I have in my collection a single shell sent to me from Hudson, Ohio,

that bears this description, but until others are reported, it had better

stand in the doubtful list.

- PP. globosa Haldeman, 1843. Like the two last, I have been

unable to learn anything about this species, except the description

given by Binney. It has been suggested that it is the same as P.

brevispira Lea. I do not concur in this opinion. ‘The form is very

much the same, but this is asouthern species, and these seldom get as

far north as the Great Lakes without materially modifying the form.

Besides if it was, it would be found in intervening territory, which

does not seem to be the case.

GENERAL NOTES.

LUCAPINA CRENULATA (Sowerby).—On Aug. 3, at La Jolla,

Cal., Miss Vashti Thomas was so fortunate as to find a living speci-

men of this gigantic keyhole limpet, which she brought to me for

examination. As the published descriptions of the animal state it to

72 THE NAUTILUS.

be ‘black,’ and lack detail, the following notes from life may be

useful :

Mantle about 20 cm. long, rather light olive brown, minutely

reticulated with black, and blotched in an irregular but radiate

manner with dark brown, the blotches mostly around the shell

aperture. Edge of mantle black. Shell aperture 43 mm. long, 26

broad. Under side of mantle yellowish-white ; tentacles and adja-

cent parts black; mouth light orange. Foot 65 mm. broad, sole

deep orange; sides of foot dark olive brown, edge black, the black

grading into the brown. Epipodial ridge darkened, with round

white spots, the lower edge crenulated. Upper surface of shell ex-

posed by mantle aperture, flesh colored, with radiating riblets, 13 in

10 mm. measured transversely. Aperture in shell oval, 18 mm.

long, 13 broad; portion of animal filling shell-aperture pitch-black.

—T. D. A. COCKERELL.

NAVANAX INERMIS (CoopER).—During July this interesting

animal was not uncommon on mud flats in San Pedro harbor, Cali-

fornia. As the published descriptions are somewhat inadequate, the

following notes from life are offered :

Dark brown to black, minutely lineolate above with pale yellow

lines ; anterior margin of head-shield narrowly yellow or orange ; in

a young example a yellow line, on which are three blue spots, runs

back from each lateral angle. Epipodial flaps narrowly margined

with orange, next to which is a row of bright blue spots. Beneath

the animal is marked with a number of orange streaks or elongated

spots, giving way to light yellow lines on the sides. A pink copepod

lives in numbers under the epipodial flaps.

The creature is quite variable, and at first I thought there were

two species, but with sufficient material all are seen to be specifically

identical.

I may as well record Aglaja purpurea (Bergh) from San Pedro.

Dr. W. R. Coe gave me one which he found on July 20.—T. D. A.

CocKERELL.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA KELLETIH, ON Santa CaTaLina IsLanp.—

“ We found the first ones at the Canyon back of Avelon, where we

found the #. gabbi. In this locality there are only scattering shells

and we were greatly disappointed. But we made a trip to the Isth-

mus and there we found them in quantities. They live on and under

the cactus, and I have found them nowhere else. This is their

hybernating season of course, and they are all asleep. Sometimes a

dozen on one leaf, old and young. I expected to find them on the

fresh growing cactus leaves, but instead of that they are on the old

dead leaves, and under piles of dead leaves. They do not seem to

require moisture. I think we have found as fine specimens as are to

be found anywhere.—Mrs. E. M. Gaytorp. July 19, 1901.

_————

atest

oe y — 7

THe NAUTILUS, XV. PLATE LV.

(JUADRULA LANANENSIS F'RIERSON.

THE NaAutTILus.

Von. XV. NOVEMBER, 1901. No. 7.

A NEW LAND OPERCULATE FROM HAITI.

C. T. SIMPSON AND J. B. HENDERSON, JR.

CERATODISCUS, nov. gen.

Shell almost strictly discoidal; spire very slightly raised ; whorls

few, nearly round, closely coiled except the last third of the outer

one, which leaves the penultimate whorl at a tangent and has a

groove on its inner side; aperture nearly circular, scarcely thickened

or reflexed ; surface with finely reticulated sculpture ; epidermis cor-

neous. Operculum unknown. Probably one of the Cyclotide.

CERATODISCUS SOLUTUS, n. Sp. PI. V, figs. 1, 2.

Shell small, planorboid, the large nucleus slightly raised, but not

elevated to the level of the last whorl; whorls three, nearly round,

being a little wider and flatter above than below, the first two and

two-thirds in contact and having a deep suture above and below, the

last third of the outer whorl solute, leaving the penultimate whorl at

a tangent, the free part very slightly deflexed; on the inner side of

the uncoiled part of the shell, close to the penultimate whorl, there is

generally a well-marked groove ; surface with close, delicate incre-

mental striz which are crossed by microscopic threads that run par-

allel with the direction of the whorls; aperture nearly circular, com-

pressed a little on the inner side; peristome scarcely thickened or

reflexed ; epidermis greenish-yellow. Height 1.5, greatest diameter

5, diameter at the point where the last whorl becomes free 4 mm.

Seven dead specimens were found on the mountain of La Ferriere,

in northern Haiti, at an elevation of perhaps two thousand feet, in a

74 THE NAUTILUS.

talus of red clay by the road side. These were the result of an hour’s

search, and it is greatly to be regretted that no specimens were found

with the operculum. When taken they were considerably incrusted

with earthy matter.

A TEXAS OIL WELL FOSSIL.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

Some months since, Dr. Wm. B. Phillips, Director of the Texas

Mineral Survey, sent me a few fossils from Beaumont, Texas, ob-

tained at a depth of 390 feet in an oil well

on Spindle Top Hill. Among them was a

new species of Nassa, which has been de-

scribed in Bulletin No. 1 of the University

of Texas, Mineral Survey, July, 1901. De-

scription is herewith repeated, and a figure

added.

NASSA BEAUMONTENSIS Aldr.

‘< Shell cancellated, whorls seven, the first two smooth, the others

with two strongly nodular transverse lines, except the body whorl,

which has six or seven. Aperture with both outer and inner lip

dentate, canal short. Length 8 mm., breadth 4mm. This species

resembles NVassa bidentata Emmons, but is much more strongly nodu-

lar and has but two transverse or spiral ribs, and also possesses one

more whorl. ‘The shell resembles a species of Phos, externally.”

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW UNIO FROM MISSOURI.

BY WM. A. MARSH, ALEDO, MERCER CO., ILLINOIS.

Pleurobema missouriensis, new species.

Shell smooth, obliquely triangular, rounded before, subbiangular

behind, moderately thick, very much thicker anteriorly, sides some-

what flattened, beaks wide, solid, incurved, ligament long, light

brown, epidermis light brown, without rays, growth lines numerous,

not raised, umbonal slope wide and rather flat, posterior slope wide,

THE NAUTILUS. 75

flattened, with two dark inconspicuous lines running from beaks to

posterior margin, beak sculpture unknown; cardinal teeth rather

long and solid, depressed, disposed to be double in both valves, cor-

rugate. Lateral teeth straight, oblique, corrugate. Anterior cicatri-

ces distinct, deep. Posterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed,

shell cavity wide and deep, nacre white.

Habitat, near Poplar Bluff, Black River, Butler Co., Missouri.

I know of no described species which this closely resembles; in

outline it is perhaps nearest to U. Bigbyensis, Lea, but differs in

every other respect. Specimens of Bigbyensis from Flint River,

Ala., attain twice the size of this shell. Bigbyensis is nearly always

covered with green rays. ‘This shell is rayless. It also has higher

and more massive beaks, is more equilateral and differs entirely in

the color of epidermis, teeth, etc. The color of the epidermis and

character of the beaks is more like U. Hartmanianus, Lea, but that

shell has very much higher beaks, more swollen and pointed, and is

in every respect a more solid shell.

Four specimens of this shell from quite young to adult have been

in my collection for a number of years, having been collected by the

late Ellwood Pleas, of Ind. I never could place them with any

known species, but have kept them separate, hoping that sooner or

later I might obtain others like them, but having failed to obtain

others, I now describe them.

A NEW UNIO FROM TEXAS.

BY L. 8. FRIERSON,

Quadrula lananensis,n. sp. Plate IV.

Shell quadrate to triangular, nearly equilateral, anterior margin

rounded. Base round in front, nearly straight behind. Posterior

oblique, biangular, slightly emarginate. Dorsum curved, smooth,

nearly polished above, striate below and upon posterior slope. Lines

of growth distinct and ill-defined. Dark reddish-brown, sometimes

a little olive, obscurely radiate. Beaks eroded, umbos low, some-

what inflated. Anterior umbonal slope rounded. Lateral slope flat-

tened. Posterior ridge angular near the beaks, becoming obsolete

near the base. Ligament brown, smooth, medium-sized.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

Length 3.2, height 2.8, diameter 1.5 inches.

Shell of medium thickness, thinner behind. ‘Teeth double in left

_ valve, single in right. lLaterals rather thin, nearly straight. Car-

dinals stumpy. Muscle scars well marked ; generally separate, some-

times confluent. Pallial line distinct in front, less so behind. Cavity

of shell dish-like; of the beaks deep and full.

Sometimes the dorsal muscle scars are situated in the extreme end

of the beak cavity, but generally upon the base of cardinal and dor-

sal plate. Nacre rose-color, with blotches of yellow surrounded by

brown. Cavity nearly always studded with numerous pearly excres-

cences.

Flesh of animal whitish or salmon-colored exteriorly, but shows

scarlet when cut. Eggs carried in all four gills, very red, and the

gravid animal thus presents a striking appearance.

Habitat: Lanana and Banita Creeks, near Nacogdoches, ‘Texas.

About 200 specimens were taken on July 10, 1901, by Messrs, Askew,

Strode and Frierson.

Examples may be seen in their cabinets, and in the U. S. National

Museum and Academy of Natural Sciences, where the types are

deposited.

Q. lananensis is closely allied to Q. askewti Marsh, both by its con-

chological and anatomical characteristics. It may be differentiated

from that shell by being longer, more compressed, more oblique, and

its shell is never so inflated and thickened in front as Askewii, and

not so acutely angled on the posterior ridge.

Internally, /ananensis is rose-colored nearly invariably, and the

color is uniformly spread over its surface. Askewti is mostly white,

and when colored (pink), the color is almost always confined exterior

to the pallial line.

Finally, Q. Askewti never possesses those peculiar pearly excre-

scences which seem to belong to lananensis. This species was col-

lected many years ago at the type locality by Mr. H. G. Askew. But

that gentlemen’s innate modesty forbade his describing the shell, and

he generously gave to me this honor. :

Lananensis is the shell quoted as having been found by Mr. Askew

in the Lanana Creek, in the ‘‘ Contributions to the Natural History

of Texas” (page 321), by Mr. J. A. Singley, and called by him U.

cerinus Conrad. Its relationship to this abundant Louisiana shell is

so remote, however, that it is not worth while to point out their dif-

ferences.

ee,

TILE NAUTILUS. 77

ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE UNIONIDAE.

BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON.

In the August and September numbers of the Nautilus, Dr. von

Ihering takes exception to the classification of the Unionide pro-

posed by me in the Synopsis, claiming that it is based essentially on

the marsupia.

He has apparently overlooked the fact that it is founded not

merely on the characters of the marsupia, but on the more obvious

anatomical characters, as well as those of the shell and the beaks.

It agrees with what I believe to be the development of the family from

the earliest and simplest forms to the latest and most highly organ-

ized.

So far as the classification of the Diplodontinz is concerned we

essentially agree. This I divided into two supergeneric groups

founded on characters of the beak sculpture and shell, and mot on

those of the marsupia. Von Ihering agrees with me that the earliest

uniones probably had radial beak sculpture. I have examined the

animals of a large number of the South American and Australasian

uniones and in all cases where they were gravid the embryos filled

the inner gills alone, forming a smooth pad, the ovisacs not being

separated by sulci. I have examined a few specimens of the forms

with zigzag radial beak sculpture (Rosanoramphus), and found in

the gravid ones that the marsupia filled the inner gills only. It may

be, and probably is the case, that in rare instances among the

Hyrianez there are a few embryos in the outer gills. I know of no

special characters employed in the classification of large groups

which do not vary somewhat, but I believe it still to be a fact that

in the Hyriane the embryos are almost invariably contained in the

inner gills only, that in the Unioninz they are found in the outer, or

(in the Tetragenz) all four of the gills.

In the South American and Australasian Uniones we have the

radial beak sculpture with simple shells and the embryos contained

within the inner gills, the ovisacs not being separated by any ex-

ternal markings. I believe that these are the simplest and lowest

forms of Unione life, that they have descended almost unchanged

from the earliest forms of the family. The fact that they occupy the

Southern Hemisphere exclusively while the Unionine, containing

Ose es THE NAUTILUS.

the more highly developed forms, belong entirely in the Northern

Hemisphere, would indicate this. I consider the radial beak sculp-

ture a character belonging to the older and simpler forms; the con-

centric beak sculpture belongs to the more recent and higher forms.

The zigzag radial sculpture of the group Rosanoramphus is a move

in the direction of concentric sculpture, hence of a higher order than

that which is strictly radial.

The Tetragenz is a transition group. Jts young are contained in

all four of tts gills, filling them throughout, though they are more

numerous as a rule in the outer than in the inner, and this fact to-

gether with the general character of the shells and the beak sculp-

ture, which is generally more nearly concentric than radial, led me

to place these forms in the Unioninz rather than to make a separate

sub-family for them. Jn every case where I have placed a form in this

group the shell has deep beak cavites. In the genus Plewrobema,

which seems to be the next step in the way of development, while

the shells are generally rather short, solid and inflated as in Quad-

rula, the beak cavities are invariably shallow, and in all cases that

1 have examined the outer gills only contain embryos. Here we

have characters of the marsupia agreeing with those of the shells.

Care must be taken in the examination of the marsupia or appear-

ances may lead to wrong conclusions. According to von Ihering,

Sterki has found Quadrula heros with only the hinder part of the

outer gills filled with embryos. I have seen the same thing in other

Quadrulas, I have seen in some of the Unionide the front part of

the gills filled with embryos while all the rest was empty, and ina

number of cases a few ovisacs in the middle or in various parts of

the gills entirely empty, while the rest were full, or a few filled while

all the rest were empty. In such cases the empty ones had simply

been discharged, the full ones had not. In all the forms which I

have mentioned so far the marsupia fill the entire gills and are pad-

like, that is, the ovisacs are not marked out separately by sulci.

Advancing a little in the development of the family we find a

number of aberrant forms confined to the Mississippi and Gulf drain-

ages of the United States. Each group has certain characters of the

shells which we may call generic, though they are not striking.

But they are all very wonderful in the character of their marsupia.

In such groups as Ptychobranchus, Oyprogenia and Strophitus, the

marsupia are astonishing, and in all of them the ovasacs are dis-

tinctly marked.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

To this point, proceeding upward in the scale of development, the

shells of males and females are essentially alike. It is true that

there is some variation in their forms, but it is equally true that some-

what elongated specimens with no inflation at the post-basal part of

the shell may be females, while shorter specimens that are full post-

basally may be males. I do not think there is any strict dimorphism

up to this point. In many cases among these lower forms I have

assorted my material before opening it, placing in one lot those I

would naturally suppose were males, and in another the presumed

females, and on opening the shells and examining the animals I

always found I was as likely to be wrong as right. In some groups,

notably Nodularia and Lamellidens, all the shells of certain species

are inflated at the post-basal region.

Above this point the shells begin to be regularly dimorphic.

They are less regularly so in Obovaria, Medionidus, some forms of

Nephronaias and Plagiola; they are nearly always dimorphic in

Lampsilis and Truncilla. The shells of male and female are always

so different that the merest tyro could without difficulty separate

them.

Von Ihering believes that the Unio tuberculatus of Barnes is nearly

related to the U. forsheyi and U. speciosus of Lea. I am surprised

at such an opinion, because, while the shells of the two last-mentioned

forms are alike in male and female, those of the former are strictly

and remarkably dimorphic, that of the female being more compressed

and ending posteriorly in a wide, rounded wing. That of the male

is more inflated, is truncate behind, and has no wing at all. In the

animal of the female there is a wide, rounded flap of the mantle

which fills this peculiar extension of the shell, differing somewhat

from that of any other that I know of.

Now among all these higher forms comprised in the group Hetero-

gen@ there is a radical difference in the marsupia. Wherever I have

been able to examine them, they occupy only the posterior portion of

the outer gills in the form of distinetly-marked ovisacs. Each ovisac

when filled is rounded below. The higher the form ranks, the more

markedly is the marsupium swollen and separated from the rest of the

gill, and the more distinctly is the female shell swollen in the post basal

region to correspond with it. In some forms of Plagiola and Medioni-

dus there is little difference between male and female shells. In such

ceases the marsupium, though having the characteristic ovisacs, is but

80 THE NAUTILUS.

slightly fuller than the rest of the gill. In the more highly organized

species of Lampsilis, both the shell of the female and the marsupia

are decidedly produced behind. In Vruncilla, which I regard as the

highest manifestation of Unione life, the marsupium is almost abso-

lutely separated from the rest of the gill, and when full, assumes the

shape of a great kidney, projecting below the rest of the branchia.

The great flap of the mantle of the female is very peculiar, being

double or having a strong over-hanging ridge inside. In many of

the shells of this genus the area corresponding with and covering the

marsupium is greatly swollen, is thin, has a different texture from

the remainder, is gaping and distinctly toothed.

I have never been able to examine a gravid female of the Unio

tuberculatus of Barnes, hence I cannot give anything more than a

guess as to the character of its marsupium, though from some ma-

terial lately seen, in which the ovisacs appeared to have just been

emptied, I am inclined to believe that the outer gills are filled

throughout with embryos, forming well-marked ovisacs.

Now these remarkable characters of a distinctly separated marsu-

pium occupying only the hinder part of the outer gills, and a corre-

sponding swelling of the female shell to receive it, the fact that the

more distinct and swollen the marsupium is the more pronounced is

the swelling of the shell, may be merely the work of chance; they

may stand for nothing whatever in the way of rank or development

among our Uniones, but it does not seem so to me. All the changes

of shell and marsupium which I have indicated seem to me to be

steps in the development of the family from the lowest, simplest and

oldest forms to the highest, most complex and most recent.

I need not occupy space with a discussion on the validity or proper

determination of species. Such questions are after all largely mat-

ters of personal judgment, and in this branch of the work I have

endeavored to do the best I possibly could with the material I have

been permitted to examine.

Dr. von Ihering changes the subfamilies Unionine and Diplodon-

tine into families, and divides the former into three sub-families,

Unionide, Quadrulinz and Lampsiline. He gives no characters for

these sub-families, and I am totally at a loss to know on what he

would found them. Certainly he cannot establish them on beak

sculpture, for in nearly all the species this is more or less concentric,

and it seems to me does not offer distinctions sufficiently important

to be used as a basis for founding sub-families.

THE NAUTILUS. 81

This classification is not founded on characters of the marsupia,

for he has placed in Quadrulinz groups in which the embryos occupy

all four of the gills, others in which they fill only the outer gills, and

still others where they are confined to the hinder or the median part

of the outer gills. Besides, he distinctly states on page 39 that a

systematic arrangement of the marsupia does not coincide with a

natural arrangement of the family.

Nor do I see how such an arrangement can be based on shell char-

acters. Obovaria, which is placed with Quadrula, has more or less

perfectly developed dimorphism in the shells. In O. ellipsis the

female shells are almost always swollen at the posterior base, and the

same is the case with O. lens and O. circulus, while in O. castaneus the

male and female shells are as distinct as in any species of Lampsilis.

Ptychobranchus, with its wonderfully folded marsupium occupying

the entire outer gills, with the shells of male and female alike, he

places in the genus Lampsilis. Why he does so I do not know, as

the group differs most decidedly from Lampsilis in the characters of

shell, marsupium and animal.

On the other hand, he places 7runcilla personata Say, T. perplexa

Lea, and 7. foliata Hild., in the genus Quadrula! ‘To me such an

arrangement is absolutely astonishing! The male shell of the first-

named species is somewhat triangular, and does resemble a Quadrula

somewhat. The female shell is very different, being quadrate and

haying a decided, gaping, toothed post-basal swelling. In 7. per-

plexa the female shell has a great rounded post-basal swelling, which

differs in thickness, texture and color from the rest of the shell. I

do not think there is a species known in which the differences be-

tween the male and female shells are so great as they are in 7.

foliata. In the male shell at the place where there is a compressed,

radial, central area the outline of the female is carried down into an

enormous and elongated, rounded wing. That these should belong

in a genus in which the shells of male and female are alike and from

which the animal and marsupium so widely differ, is beyond my com-

prehension! If such an arrangement is a natural one then I am sure

that all the years I have spent in patiently and lovingly studying the

Naiades have been absolutely wasted. It seems to me that we might

just as well go back to the arrangement temporarily adopted by Dr.

Lea, of grouping together in one lot those forms which have a wing,

and in another those which have none, and subdividing these groups

into small ones founded on form and sculpture of the shell.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

I have no doubt that a careful histological study of the branchiz

and perhaps other parts of the animals of the Unionide will furnish

additional characters for classification. But it will be many years

before this can be done, and when it is, I feel sure that the results of

such study will fully agree with the characters of the shells and mar-

supia.

HOW POTAMIDES (CERETHIDEA) CALIFORNICA HALD. TRAVELS.

BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON,

In traveling over the mud-flats, Cerethidea californica Hald. leaves

zigzag marks upon the sandy mud. These lines are made by the

apical whorls of the shell as it is dragged forward, or sideways. How

does the animal crawl? It appears to move forward by the contrac-

tion of the foot only, but my observations have led me to the conclu-

sion that the foot movement is somewhat secondary. The movement

of this tapering shell is one requiring considerable muscular strength.

This is very apparent. In order to study the mode of travel of this

species, a specimen was studied as it- traveled up the sides of a glass

jar of sea-water, and this and other specimens were studied for sev-

eral hours. ‘The conclusion reached was, that first there was a strong

muscular movement forward, then the foot advanced. The Cerethidea

pushes its head forward while the tentacles are expanded to their full

extent, the body whorl is raised with an effort, then the shell is pro-

pelled forward before the foot advances. Immediately, no time is lost,

the foot is spread out its full capacity and drawn forward. This is

immediately followed by a contraction of the foot in the posterior

part, then the head is again advanced. ‘The strength of the animal

seems to be concentrated in the movement of the body-whorl as it is

raised up and forward. Of course all these movements are rapid, 80

that it requires close observation to see that all movements are not

simultaneous, or at least which is secondary. A homely illustration

may be used to make this movement plainer. When a man attempts

to step upon a ladder with a hod full of bricks, or plaster, his first

movement is apt to be a hunching of the shoulders—the weight being

THE NAUTILUS. 83

_ here—then the step forward, or upward, follows. The movement of

the body-whorl reminded me of this hunching of the shoulders of

workmen when extra weight was to be borne by them.

GENERAL NOTES.

GoNIOBASIS IN Massacuusetrs.—A few years ago the Rev.

Geo. D. Reid found Goniobasis virginica at Deep River, Connecticut.

That was, 1 think, the first instance of that species being found in

New England. On October Ist, while riding the wheel from Spring-

field to Hartford, I examined the Connecticut River for a few

minutes and found the same species in the town of Agawam, Mass.,

at a spot some three miles from Springfield. This establishes the

species in Massachusetts, and no doubt it will be found farther north

in the same river.— Henry W. WINKLEY, Branford, Conn.

TRUNCATELLA ON GUADALUPE IsLAND.—Specimens of this

genus were collected by Mr. R. E. Snodgrass, in November, 1899, ,

for the first time on any of the islands off Lower California. They

resemble J. stimpsoni Stearns, but differ in being stouter with less

convex whorls, and of a pale red color. Length 6, diam. 24 mm.

This form may be called 7. stimpsoni guadalupensis.—H. A. PIuspry.

CxPR#A CITRINA Gray.—Any one interested in the geographical

distribution of Cypreide will be pleased to learn that the true

Cyprea citrina Gray, has been rediscovered on the beach at Fort

Dauphin, S. Madagascar. The old authors have recorded the species

from Madagascar, but some more recent ones gave Australian locali-

ties as the habitat of this scarce cowry, and supposed there was some

error about the existence of the species on the shores of Madagascar.

As there may be no doubt whatever about this and about the identi-

fication of the specimens, Cyprea citrina must really belong to the

fauna of Australia as well as to the fauna of Madagascar. It some-

what recalls the far more common C. helvola, but the teeth are totally

different. The color itself, although similar, is not quite the same.—

C. F. ANcEY.

84 THE NAUTILUS.

. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

CATALOGUE OF THE MARINE INVERTEBRATES OF EASTERN

Canapa. By J. F. Wuiteraves, Geol. Survey of Canada, 1901.—

This is a very useful catalogue, and gives for the first time a concise

record of our present knowledge of the Marine Invertebrates of East-

ern Canada. ‘The work contains 271 pages, of which 98 are devoted

to the mollusca, 100 species of Pelecypoda, 5 Scaphopoda, 166 Gas-

teropoda (including 8 Polyplacophora), and 13 Cephalopoda are listed,

with ample notes on their geographical and geological distribution

and bathymetrical range.

GUIDE TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF NIAGARA

Farts anp Vicinity. By A. W. Grapsau (Bull. Buffalo Soc.

Nat. Sci., VII., No. 1, 1901). The Buffalo Society of Natural

Science has appropriately signalized the Exposition year by issuing

a volume bearing the above title, containing a full and readable

account of the local geology and paleontology. On account of its

situation, the geology of Niagara is of course of far greater than local

interest, since the intensely interesting and complex history of the

Great Lakes is involved, so that the mass of data presented deals

with subjects of wide interest. It is suitably illustrated with excel-

lent maps and views. ‘The paleontological part consists of an un-

technical account of the fossils of the region, properly illustrated by

good figures.

Chapter V., by Miss Elizabeth J. Letson, describes the post-

pliocene fossils of the Niagara River gravels, and dealing with species

still existing has special interest for conchologists. Some 17 species

of Gastropoda and 14 Pelecypoda are discussed and illustrated.

Among the more notable species may be mentioned the carimate

form of Goniobasis livescens var. niagarensis, which reproduces the

contour of Anculosa carimata; Amnicola letsoni Walker, an appar-

ently extinct species ; some peculiar forms of Limnea desidiosa and

catascopium, and a series of Unionide, very interesting to the student

of geographic distribution :—Lampsilis rectus, ellipsiformts, Uniogib-

bosus, Quadrula solida and coccinea—forms speaking clearly of a

former connection between the Great Lakes and Mississippi drain-

ages. All of the species are illustrated with original figures. The

work is well done, and cannot but prove useful for many years to

come.

;

ern uate Seienntneentiiees=e=ees eee

—_ ee eileen ei: etstilstitttenseetiettie

are eeeemneraeeeee

THE NAUTILUS, XV:

1,2. Ceratodiscus solutus HI. & 8.

3.4. Cerion marmoratum Pfr.

PLATE VY;

5. Ctenopoma hydii Weinl.

6. Chondropoma bjalmarsoni Pfr.

ee ———————

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XV. DECEMBER, 1901. No. 8.

LAND SHELLS OF FORTUNE ISLAND, BAHAMAS.

BY J, B. HENDERSON, JR.

Fortune Island is one of the Bahamas belonging to the Crooked

or Long Island group, and which is separated from the more westerly

groups by a deep arm of the sea. Geologically it is in every respect

similar to the other Bahamas. The little island is but four or five

miles long and from one to one and one-half miles in width, with an

elevation scarcely exceeding thirty feet. Its surface is rough with

flat fragments of ‘‘ eolian”’ limestone, and the entire island is cov-

ered by a dingy-colored scrub growth of trees and shrubs. A few

clumps of graceful palms scattered here and there relieve somewhat

the monotony of the dreary aspect. A wide beach of silvery coral

sand encircles the island, glittering like a mirror by day and superbly

bright in the moonlight. Singularly enough the only sliells we

found cast upon this beach were Cerion. Occasionally low cliffs of

eolian rock extend down to the water’s edge, and at such places,

Tectarius muricatus L., T. trochiformis Dillw., and Litorina lineata

Phil., were. discovered. ;

The scrub vegetation affords but little shade, and the ground is

baked by a powerful sun whose rays oppress the weary collector as

they seem to enliven the swarms of sand-flies and mosquitoes. A

diligent search from daylight to dark brought to our bag but four

species of land shells} although: individually these were quite abun-

dant.

1. Cerion marmoratum Pfr. Generally dead specimens found

under bushes. A considerable range of variation exists, the extremes

of which are illustrated on Plate V, figures 3 and 4.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

2. Cepolis (Hemitrochus) milleri Pfr. The color varieties of this

really beautiful shell are infinite—indeed, no two specimens are en-

tirely alike. They cling to the under side of leaves and to the stems

of a certain species of shrub. Dead shells are scattered about in the

debris of fallen leaves.

3. Ctenopoma hydii Weinl. Under slabs of eolian limestone ;

about the roots of trees; among fallen leaves. There is no actual

difference between this species and C. bryanti of Great Inagua. I

believe it is also reported from Long Island. (Plate V, figure 5.) -

4. Chondropoma hjalmarsoni Pfr. Same station as the last. This

shell has a decided Haitian appearance and has evidently been iden-

tified as OC. semilabre Lam. It is doubtful if Lamarck’s species ever

occurs out of Haiti, indeed I am inclined to believe it is confined to

the ‘“‘cul de sac’’ region of that island. ©. hyalmarsonz is more obese

than C. semilabre, its decussated sculpture is not conspicuous, the

revolving striz are more pronounced and the longitudinal striz less

so than in the Haitian shell. (Plate V, figure 6.)

Fortune Island is easily accessible from New York, and offers an

excellent base for exploring the neighboring islands of the group;

however, it requires much patience to tarry in a desert of poor col-

lecting when the larger Antillean islands with their magnificent

mountains and forests and incomparable molluscan richness lie but a

day beyond.

COLLECTING SHELLS IN MONTANA.

BY MORTON J. ELROD, UNIV. OF MONTANA.

The State of Montana is not very productive of conchological speci-

mens. ‘The conditions are all against shell growth. The rivers are

rapid, the water quite soft, and food in the rivers scarce. The large

lakes, as Flathead lake, contain clear, cold water. They are usually

deep, with rocky bottoms, and surrounded by mountains with steep

slopes. The marshy, stagnant parts of the lakes are usually small.

The mountain sides in summer become dry and parched, except in

protected portions and along the streams. Great stretches of plain

are without moisture for a portion of the summer, drying up every

living thing that cannot move to the water-courses. The days are

hot, the nights cool. In this: mountainous State, where very: little

THE NAUTILUS. 87

soil is lower than 3000 feet above the sea, the air is dry: and evapo-

ration rapid. A passing rain-cloud may leave considerable moisture,

but it is soon taken up by the parched earth or evaporated if left on

the surface. Stagnant ponds with decaying vegetation are few and

confined to the vicinity of the few rivers. Even such ponds usually

become dry each summer.

No doubt the western mountain region will produce some excellent

material for study of variation through isolation, when collections

have been made more extensively. Most of the valleys were former

lake beds of greater or less extent. As these lakes have been

drained, they left swamps: in which rhinoceroses, camels, three-toed

horses, elephants, titanotheriums, and other beasts have become

mired, their remains being buried for long ages. These swamps have

dried up, and the waters have become more widely separated, now

occurring as deep mountainous lakes, or larger lakes, which aré mere

expansions of rivers. Such isolation must have caused the separation

of shells of a species which naturally would take different lines of

development. Accompanying this gradual separation of waters we

might expect a region of moisture on the land adjacent to the lakes,

giving suitable environment to the land snails.

- As a result of the above conditions, we may expect great variations

in adjacent regions, where the barriers may be sufficient to cut off all

communication between the regions. Such variations have been

illustrated in part by Hempbhill’s suite of Patulas (Pyramidula), in

the Lichtenthaler coliection at the Illinois Wesleyan University.

This has also been shown by collections made in the Sandwich Isl-

ands. ‘There is very little doubt but that the isolated lakes in Mon-

tana and the northwest. will produce interesting variations. But the

sparsely-settled country and the small number of collectors makes the

work of collecting and studying very slow. This may be better un-

derstood by a practical application. ‘lhe State of Montana has an

area of 146,000 square miles. So far as the writer is able to discover,

he is the only resident of the State who has collected fresh-water and

land shells, and this has been done at odd moments while prosecuting

other lines of work.

The accompanying list is not large. Five species is the maximum

taken in one day. Those taken from mountain sides represent much

toil for a few scattered specimens. The list, incomplete as it must

be, represents the specimens collected at intervals during the past

88 THE NAUTILUS.

three years, and is given as a basis for work, with the hope that

others may add to it. The species are all from the western side of

the range, or Pacific slope, with the exception of a few, which are

properly indicated where they are discussed.

Missoula is located in a valley in which the Hell Gate and Bitter

Root rivers unite to form the Missoula river. West of the Bitter

Root river the Bitter Root range of mountains extend parallel with

the river in a northerly and southerly direction. So far the writer

has explored but a few spots in these mountains and along the rivers.

But the results have been surprisingly good. North of the valley

lies the Cabinet range, rugged and broken. Few spots in this have

been examined. Across the Cabinet range lies the Flathead Indian

Reservation. The crest ot the Mission range marks the eastern

border of the reserve. ‘The Mission range extends almost due north

and south for a distance of nearly a hundred miles. The southern

end contains the highest peaks, reaching 10,000 feet, while the

northern end slopes down to the Swan river, and has been ground

smooth by glacial action. |

Out of the Mission range four large creeks flow across the Mission

valley, joining each other or the Pend d’Oreille river, which is the

outlet of Flathead lake. The range makes the eastern bank of Flat-

head lake for its entire length. In the cafions of this range numer-

ous small lakes lie nestled among the hills, invisible until one comes

suddenly to the bank. Sin-yale-a-min lake is at the base of Sin-

yale-a-min peak, at the southern end ofthe range. A ten days’

camp at this lake brought to light probably all the shell fauna to be

found. To the north the mountain produced the very interesting

variety of Pyramidula strigosa described later.

McDonald lake is 15 miles north of Sin-yale-a-min lake, 500 feet

lower in altitude, at the base of McDonald peak. Ten days at this

spot produced several quarts of P. elrodi Pils., besides the first living

shells. Another camp at Crow creek produced several valley shells.

Several camps at different points on Flathead lake produced other

species from the sands and from the water. Swan lake is on the

eastern side of the Mission range. A camp on this lake added one

to the list in the western part of the State, not found elsewhere.

While the collecting represented by these notes has extended

through four summers, the results will probably be modified when a

further study of the extensive country has been made.

Se, ok

be dati Oi Seow ee ee ene tp eee a eee

—

TOE NAUTILUS. 89

The identifications have been made for the greater part by H. A.

Pilsbry and W. H. Dall, and for this and other courtesies thanks are

hereby extended.

Margaritana margaritifera L.

This is the only species of bivalve mollusk of the family Unionide

taken. It has been found at several places in the Bitter Root river

above the junction of this river with the Missoula. At one place a

colony was found on a sand bar, when about a peck of live specimens

were taken. At another they were found, in March, clinging to the

rocks where the water was swift. They were captured by inserting

_the tip of a switch from a tree between the valves. The shell was

closed on the limb, and the specimen pulled from the water. In this

way a dozen or so were secured. Pieces of shells have been seen

around Flathead lake, but no living specimens taken. In 1900,

several dozen were taken in Crow creek, Flathead Indian Reserva-

tion. The species is found in all the western mountain streams. At

no place is it abundant, and many people who have lived in this

country all their lives express surprise at seeing these shells and

hearing they are from waters in the State.

A NEW SPECIES OF LIOMESUS.

BY W. H. DALL.

Liomesus nassula n, sp.

Shell solid, white, covered with a pale olive, slightly-hispid perio-

stracum, with a rather elevated, subacute spire of seven whorls;

suture distinct, not channelled ; apex somewhat eroded with a small

blunt top; surface of the whorls delicately sculptured with fine re-

volving threads, four or five to a millimeter, of which about every

fourth thread is perceptibly stronger than the other three ; these are

crossed by still finer, sharp, elevated, arcuate, incremental lines,

along which the hispidity of the periostracum is arranged; pillar

white, solid, twisted, funicular distally ; canal very short, wide ; outer

lip thin, simple, with a concave flexuosity behind the periphery; body

with athin white callus. Alt. 42, max. diam. 22, lon. aperture 17 mm.

Dredged in 121 fathoms, sand, near the Pribiloff Islands, Bering

Sea, by the U. S. S. Albatross,

90 THE NAUTILUS.

_ This interesting addition to the genus has a sharper spire than any

other species and a different sculpture. It is perhaps nearest L.

canaliculatus Dall, which has coarser sculpture and a channeled suture.

A NEW TETHYS FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Tethys (Neaplysia) rittert, n. sp.

Length 21 cm., breadth about 8cm. Dark grayish-olivaceous ;

sides with oblique, flame-like, blood-red markings, especially about ©

the middle of the body ; upper surface of the head and outer surface

of epipodial lobes mottled with brown, but without any conspicuous

blotches ; inner surface of epipodial lobes and mantle covering shell

pale sea-green, wholly without markings; lobe overlapping branchize

deep rich purple; when the shell is removed, the area beneath it is

seen to be strongly suffused with dark purple; branchiz purplish-

grey; sole 45 mm., broad, transversely grooved and corrugated,

greyish-brown, inclining to coffee-color ; epipodial lobes about 80 mm.

long and 28 broad, from base within ends of lobes to nearest part of

sole about 67 mm.; anterior tentacles 11 mm. from inner base to ia

posterior tentacles 14 mm. long.

Shell very thin, flexible, corneous, 58 mm. long, 42 broad ; acces-

sory plate well-developed.

The animal produces an abundance of a reddish-brown fluid. The

‘muscular stomach or gizzard contains eleven pentagonal corneous

bodies, which fit raised areas on its wall. The largest of these bodies

was 14x104x104$ mm. The alimentary canal contained seaweed.

| Hab.: San Pedro, California. The specimen described was found

cast up on the shore of the bay, just in front of the University of

California Marine Laboratory, July 23,1901. Others were obtained

by workers at the laboratory ; one of these, which I saw, had been in

formalin, and the red, flame-like markings had wholly disappeared.

This animal has the structure of 7. californicus (Cooper), which

was also described from San Pedro, but the color-scheme is so entirely

different that it must be assumed that the species are distinct. Should

any reason hereafter appear to the contrary, 7. rittert will at least be

a very distinct variety. It is named after Prof. Wm. E. Ritter,

THE NAUTILUS. 91

director of the Marine Laboratory at San Pedro, in recognition of his

important services to marine zodlogy.

JAPANESE VIVIPARA IN CALIFORNIA.

BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.

In the Nautitus for February, 1892, Mr. Williard M, Wood

mentions the presence of ‘“ Paludina Japonica” (as determined by

Mr. W. J. Raymond), in the Chinese market in San Francisco,

where he saw a bucket-full of living specimens, being part of the

first lot brought alive from Japan, where they are collected in the

rice-fields near Yokohama, and are sold for a few cents a quart.

They are called by the Chinese ‘“‘Tsen law.”? Subsequently Mr.

Wood (Nauritus, September, 1892), mentions seeing the same spe-

cies and certain forms of Anodonta in an aquarium in a shop in the

Chinese quarter of San Francisco.

A year or more ago, Mrs. A. E. Bush, of San José, sent me a few

examples of a Vivipara,a quite familiar Japanese form. One living

specimen sent to Dr. Pilsbry, he kindly determined for me as V.

stelmaphora Bgt. (= V. malleata Rve.), ‘it is a female and gives us

plenty of young,” etc. From Mrs. Bush’s note it appears that the

species may now be collected, or might have been at the time she

sent the specimens, in San José, and also in a little valley at the foot

‘of Mount Hamilton. The examples received from her were collected

at the former place. The first specimens from the several regions

were detected by a boy, at a point seven or eight miles from San José.

In wheeling over the floor of a little lake that was dry at the time, he

picked up the shells and gave them to a friend who was interested

in conchology. |

From the above it is quite evident that somebody planted this

Asiatic form thereabout, presumably some of the Japanese or Chinese

living in the neighborhood, It may be remembered that the Euro-

pean Helix uspersa was planted in San José forty years ago; in

course of time the mollusca of the region may exhibit quite a cosmo-

politan aspect.

Los Angeles, Cal., Oct. 22, 1901.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

The earlier portion of this paper appeared in Volumes III. and IV. of this

Journal. ]

199. Yoldia sapotilla Gould.

Nucula sapotilla Gld., DeKay, Sby., Hanley ; Leda sapotilla

Stimp., S. I. Smith, Reeve ; Yoldia sapotilla, of modern authors. __

Shell elongated ovate, thin, fragile, translucent; beaks nearly

central, a little nearer the anterior end, not elevated; anterior por-

tion of the shell semi-oval, regularly rounded, posterior narrowed and

compressed but not so much so as in Y. imatula; surface with very

minute concentric lines; epidermis thin, glossy, bright yellowish-

green with one or two narrow zones of a darker shade; interior

white and pearly ; hinge with sixteen long and pointed teeth on each

side of the beaks, those near the center small and close together.

Length 75, height 3, breadth 3% inch.

This species is comparatively rare and local, but inhabits soft mud

in deep water from Long Island to the Arctic Ocean. It has been

dredged in Provincetown Harbor by Col. Joseph G. Totten, and in

Long Island Sound by Mr. S. Smith. Prof. A. E. Verrill has

dredged it off Gay Head, 19 fathoms; Buzzard’s Bay, 25 fathoms;

east of Block Island, 29 fathoms; and in Casco Bay and Bay of

Fundy, 4 to 100 fathoms. Quoted from Mass. Bay (Gould), Nova

Scotia (Willis), Labrador (Packard), Greenland (Morch).

Gould says, ‘In its shape and the perfect polish of its surface,

this shell resembles the seed of the Sapotilla (Achras sapota), a trop-

ical fruit,” and for this reason he gave it its specific name.

Yoldia obesa Stimp. and Yoldia thraciformts Stimp. have been

quoted from Long Island to Greenland, but have not as yet been

found in Rhode Island.

Family ARrcIDs&.

The Arks are boat-shaped shells, having a straight hinge with

numerous short comb-like teeth ; the umbos separated from each other

by a flat, lozenge-shaped ligamental area, and on the interior of the

valves are two distinct muscular impressions. The animals have two

hearts, each with an auricle ; they spin a byssus not like the mussels,

but a horny substance composed of numerous thin calcareous plates

THE NAUTILUS. 93

which can be cast off and renewed whenever occasion requires.

There are a large number of genera and species ; they are distrib-

uted world-wide, in all seas and at all depths from low water to 240

fathoms. Fossil arks are abundant in all ages. There are several

groups of this family, one of which is sedentary in its habits, adher-

ing to crevices in rocks; another group Scaphula Benson, an East

Indian genus, lives in fresh water, a thousand miles from the ocean ;

others live in sand or mud and move about freely. We have two

species in New England, although a third, Arca ponderosa Say, is

occasionally washed up on the beach at Edgartown, Martha’s Vine-

yard.

200. Arca (Argina) pexata Say, 1822.

Shell oblong, thick and solid, very inequipartite ; beaks prominent,

ventricose, pointing obliquely forwards, terminating in points which

are nearly in contact, surface with 32 to 36 broad radiating ribs,

crossed by minute lines of growth, the whole covered with a very

coarse, brown hairy epidermis; interior white, the margin polished

and deeply crenulated by the alternate termination of the ribs and

grooves ; hinge with a series of small teeth. Length 24 inches, height

2 inches, breadth 14.

This species is very abundant in Narragansett Bay and has been

quoted from Cape Cod to Gulf of Mexico. I think it must be very

rare and local south of Long Island Sound, as collectors south of

New York seem to consider it a rare species. It is distinguished

from all others of our marine shells by its rough, dirty epidermis,

which is thick and hairy, generally detached in places and can be

torn off in long strings, The fishermen call it the hairy clam. It is

not an attractive looking object when found alive, and is still more

repulsive if we open the valves, for the animal then exudes a reddish,

bloody-looking liquid, from which circumstance it is often called the

bloody clam.

201. Arca (Scapharca) transversa Say, 1822.

Shell transversely oblong, rhomboidal ; beaks prominent, separated

from each other by a long, narrow space; surface with 32 or more

radiating ribs, the ribs and intervening spaces of about equal breadth.

Length and breadth about 14 inches each, height 1 inch. This spe-

cies is of southern distribution and is not at all common as far north

as Rhode Island. It has been found from Florida to Cape Cod.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Several specimens have been collected at Nantucket and Martha’s

Vineyard; it is not very rare at New Haven, but I have never found

anything in our bay excepting single valves. Mr. John Ford, of

Philadelphia, while on a visit to Providence, a few years ago, obtained

several live specimens amoung the oysters dredged off Bullock’s Point.

Family MyTIvipz.

The mussels inhabit all shores in great numbers. Some species

inhabit deep water and others frequent near high water mark, being

uncovered nearly all the time and moistened by the salt water only

once every twelve hours. Woodward says, ‘‘’ The members of. this

family exhibit a propensity for concealment, frequently spinning a

nest of sand and shell fragments, burrowing in soft substances or

secreting themselves in the burrows of other shells.’’ In speaking of

the animals, he says, “* Animals marine or fluviatile attached by a

byssus.”” There are no fluviatile members of this tamily, although

one species, which will be spoken of hereafter, seems to live equally

well in either fresh or salt water.

Genus Mytilus Linné, 1758.

The mussels are easily recognized by their triangular or wedge-

shaped shells, which are pointed at the anterior end and broad and

rounded at the posterior; the hinge is either toothless or in some

species with very minute teeth. There are sixty-five species distrib-

uted world-wide, one of which inhabits Rhode Island.

202. Mytilus edulis Linné.

Mytilus vulgaris Da Costa; Mytilus borealis Lam., De Kay, Midd.;

Mytilus pellucidus De Kay ; Mytilus notatus De Kay (young).

Shell ovate-triangular, solid; beaks pointed, situated at the an-

terior end ; hinge margin rising in a straight line at an angle of forty-

five degrees from the basal margin, which is also straight ; posterior

widened and rounded, the broadest part of the shell being directly

opposite the centre of the basal margin; surface covered by a dark,

shining, bluish-black epidermis, under which the shell is violet; in-

terior silvery in the centre, with dark violet margins. Length of

large specimens two and a half inches, height one and three-tenths,

breadth one inch.

This species, the common edible mussel, inhabits the whole of the

ocean shores of the northern hemisphere, being extremely abundant

THE NAUTILUS. 95

all over the northern portions of Europe, Asia and America. They

are used in Rhode Island for food to a very limited extent, probably

on account of the vast quantities of clams, quohogs, oysters and scal-

lops which abound here, any of which form a much better quality of

food than the mussels ; but they are consumed in large numbers in

Europe. The annual consumption in the city of Edinburgh is esti-

mated at four hundred bushels, averaging one thousand to the bushel;

the amount collected for bait in various kinds of fishing is enormous.

In France, Norway and Russia immense quantities are gathered and

used, animal, shell and seaweed together, as a fertilizer for the land.

They are found in Rhode Island attached to each other by their

strong byssus in great numbers. ‘They are not buried in mud, but

cluster together on rocks between tides and form beds in the banks.

The young are found in deeper water and attain their growth in one

year.

Mytilus pellucidus, Penn., Mont., Turt., Don., De Kay and others,

considered by many as a separate species, I think is only a variety ot

Mytilus edulis. The shell is thin and transparent, beautifully radi-

ated with blue, yellow and green zones. These marks are generally

seen in specimens about one inch to an inch and a half in length and

they gradually disappear as the shell gets larger; still these zones are

sometimes seen in old and solid specimens, while others, one half an

inch or less in length, are of a uniform shining black appearance, so

that it does not seem to depend at all upon the age or size of the

individuals. In every cluster of Mytilus edulis we find from one to

a dozen or more of these pellucid, radiating ones, which if they do

belong to a separate and distinct species, present an anomaly seldom

seen, 7. ¢., a colony of different species of animals living together and

firmly bound together by such strong bonds of friendship (or some-

thing else) as these mollusca are.

Genus Modiolus Lam., 1799.

The horse-mussels differ from the edible mussels in having a shell

swollen at the umbos, and in baving three pedal impressions in each

valve, whereas there are but two in Mytilus. The animal burrows

in mud, or clusters together under banks of grass or peat in salt

marshes in some species, while others live in deep water. There are

three species living in Rhode Island, one of which, however, is not a

native, but has become domesticated here within about twenty years.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

204. Modiolus (Branchydontes) hamatus Say, 1812.

Mytilus hamatus Say, De Kay; Mytilus serratus Barnes, 1823 ;

Modiola hamatus H. F. Carpenter, 1865, A. E. Verrill, 1872; Brachy-

dontes hamatus Perkins, 1869.

Thomas Say describes this species in the Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii,

p- 257, 1822, under the name of Mytilus hamatus, giving for its local-

ity the Gulf of Mexico; the specimens he described were obtained

from the markets of New Orleans, adhering to the shells of the south-

ern oyster, Ostrea virginica. Since his time it has been found on

oysters along the coasts of all the southern Atlantic States. Shell

very much contracted and incurved at the beaks, which are acute ;

surface covered all over with elevated radiating lines, which near the

umbos are divided into two and sometimes three; color black or

very dark brown; interior purple with white margins. Length two

and one-half inches, breadth one and a half, but sometimes as broad

as long; very variable.

Gould’s Invertebrata of Massachusetts, 1840, does not mention

this species at all; even Binney’s Gould, second edition, 1870, sup-

posed to contain descriptions of all the marine species inhabiting the

coast of Massachusetts, has not a word to say about it. It is, how-

ever, getting to be quite common in Rhode Island waters, but the

collector will obtain more specimens in five minutes in the oyster

markets of Providence, than he could collect at the shore in a week.

The first specimens I ever saw were given me by Mr. E. H. Jenks,

who obtained them in a fish market in Pawtucket; neither of us

knew what they were at the time, but I pronounced them to be

Modiolus at once. After carrying them home I referred to a vol-

ume of Say in my possession and saw by the figure and description

given in it that they were Mytilus hamatus Say. They were attached

to oyster shells. On seeing Mr. Jenks a few days after, I told him

what they were, but added, “they are not Mytilus if Say does say

so, they are Modiolus just the same.’ Since then the species has

become domesticated in our bay, having been brought here alive on

the southern oysters and transplanted in these waters. I have found

a few specimens in our bay not attached to oysters, stones or any-

thing else, but its proper habitat is on valves of Ostrea virginica,

adhering by a short, stout byssus.

In November, 1870, Mr. Geo. H. Perkins published the ‘ Mol-

luscan Fauna of New Haven,” in which, speaking of this species, he

says, ‘* An examination of the animal has led me to consider it a

Modiola rather than a Mytilus.” He described it as a Modiola under

the sub-generic name of Brachydontes Sw., 1840. In 1872, Prof. A.

Ki. Verrill, in the March number of Silliman’s Journal, p. 211, says,

Modiola hamatus = Mytilus hamatus Say. New Haven harbor and

vicinity, usually attached to oysters

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THe NAUTILUS, XV.

VENDRYES: NEW SPECIES OF PLEURODONTR.

PLATE VI.

ete ae

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XV. JANUARY, 1902. No. 9.

A DAY ON THE GREAT BARRIER REEF

BY CHARLES HEDLEY.

“ All hands on deck!”’ » Ugh! ‘ The ‘billy’s boiled!” Groan.

‘©The tide is falling fast!’’ That fetched your conchologist.

Sleepily he crawled out and reached for his mug of hot tea. Balanc-

ing himself on the combings he looked abroad.

Far in the west the jungle-clad mountains of tropical Queensland

loomed soft and. blue. Between lay a purpie sea which in the near

distance suddenly changed to the vivid green of shoal water. To

windward a beach of coral sand showed white and bright under the

dense foliage which smothered a long,'low-island: * Beyond it a line

of foaming breakers stretched to the sky-line. Back against the

white surf there rose the bristling fangs of the reef, rank after rank

passing in long perspective out of sight. Below in the clear water,

the links of the cable lay as sharp on the sand as.if the cutter had

floated in the air. Down overboard a blue starfisl (Linckia) slept,

-here a prickly urchin, there a madrepore. :

Regardless of scenery the party munched their damper, and asked

what was.the scarlet tree ashore, and should the cook be keel-hauied

for opening plum jam instead of marmalade.

‘*s Get the dingy up and look alive!” quoth the captain. Into her

tumbled all hands, Mr. Conglomerate, the captain, the cook, the jib-

sheet hand, and Mr. Conchologist. : Safe inthe loeker are stowed

-all the nice town clothes. A: soft-felt lat, flannel shirt, tweed pants,

-belt and sheath-knife, and big laborer’s boots with thick socks rig

‘out a man for the reef. Mem. tie your boots with string instead of

98 THE NAUTILUS.

laces for wading. Our tools are a geological hammer, a four pound

sledge, a crowbar, all the cans and buckets available, a pocket-full

of corked tubes and a pocket lens fastened to the waist with a key-

chain, such as bank clerks use. A big shooting bag is a handy

thing to sling over the shoulder. A design for reef collecting which

we never put in practice was a belt like a soldier’s cartridge belt to

hold tubes instead of cartridges. Not only could molluscs, worms,

etc., be packed apart, but such useful things as alcohol, formal, or

picric acid would be at hand in small quantities. In practice we

filled, say the left trouser pocket, with empty tubes. When a speci-

men is fouud it is important not to lose sight of it, and one hand

may be engaged holding the rock. With the free hand a tube is

taken, the cork pulled out with the teeth, the specimen bottled, the

tube filled with sea water and stowed in the right hand pocket.

Now we pull in among the corals and jump overboard. ‘ But

what is the thing like a barrel stranded yonder?” ‘That, Mr.

Conglomerate, is a 7ridacna gigas.” A real, live, giant clam, with

jaws gaping like a crocodile, lying high and dry and loose upon the

reef. Between the jaws are living jewels of green and gold, thick

strewn on living velvet. With a convulsive jerk the shell half

closes and gaps again. ‘I’ve seen plenty bigger nor this; do you

want him, Mr. Conchologist?’’ asked the jib-sheet hand. *‘ Yes,

take that.” So he drove the end of a board hard down in the centre

of the gape. That disabled the monster. The cook plunged in a

butcher’s knife, dexterously peeled back the gorgeous mantle, slipped

off the huge adductor muscle and unceremoniously threw out the

carcass, bigger than a leg of mutton, on the sand.

The conchologist who ordered the execution feels, well, just a

qualm of remorse, as the men hoist the shell to the boat. Anyhow

he never collected a bigger shell. And then for an instant, the sun-

shine and the sea were swept away and the magic of memory flashed

out a picture of distant lands and days; faint incense, cold and

gloom, past rows of marble pillars and stained glass windows, to a

small conchologist gaping with amazement at his first 7rzdaena, the »

the holy-water basins in St. Sulpice.

Again the ripple on the water, the sunshine and the sea. All

about the giant lay lesser clams, Aippopus. ‘* How do-you tell one

from the other, captain?”’? ‘Why, look at the meat,” says he.

And sure enough, we saw that //ippopus lacked the jewelled eyes of

THE NAUTILUS. 99

his great brother. Queer topsy turvy molluscs these, lying hinge

down, gape up. And yet they have turned round in the shell and

live heart up, foot down, like other bivalves.

“ Here’s something for you!” -Wading across, the conchologist

found four men standing at a respectful distance round one small

Octopus. Boldly he grappled with the fearsome beast, twining and

untwining the long sticky tendrils. The jib-sheet hand muttered

something to the cook, and both exploded with laughter. I fear

that irreverent young rascal had remarked how like the Octopus, all

legs and arms, was to Mr. Conchologist himself. Now the slippery

thing is gathered up and slid into the bucket. When packing time

came, however, no Octopus could be found; evidently it climbed out

when the gaoler’s back was turned.

Another big coral block, over with it. A scuttle of little crabs, as

they clatter down small holes, a shrinking of things soft, a twisting

and a writhing of things neither hard nor soft; among them is a par-

ticularly energetic bunch. Left alone it unwinds into a huge Brittle

star; casting a couple of cables into the water beneath, the Brittle

star lowers itself along itself to the sea, pulls after itself the cords

which are itself, and tucks itself, body and ropes and running rigging,

comfortably into a crack in the coral.

This is a land of big things. Here is a huge sea anemone, bigger

than a dinner plate, Discosoma, with all its tentacles spread abroad.

A gorgeous little fish, crimson with a white bar, has made friends

with the anemone and at the least fright swims to its capacious

bosom and nestles safe among the poisonous tentacles.

And here is the Chinese dainty, the béche de mer, a dozen differ-

ent kinds of them. The commonest Holothurian is a long, black,

snake-like species. When feeding they sweep all around with their

branching tentacles, grasping a miscellaneous catch of foraminifera,

shells and sea-weed, and thrust the mass down their throats. An-

other béche de mer has earned the name of cotton fish, because when

handled it voids a mass of white glutinous threads, troublesome to

clean from hands and clothes.

*‘ Pass the crow-bar and up-end this block. A heave, my hearties,

and up she goes!”” ‘A mutton-fish,” says the jib-sheet hand, and

grabs it. Haliotis asinina; now we always did think that narrow

shell could not contain the body, and here it is like Seutus or Um-

brella or Lucapina, only a shield upon the back. ‘‘ And those, toe-

100 THE NAUTILUS.

nails you call them, not a bad name either. I call this Acanthochites

and that Cryptoplax.” As the conchologist crooks his finger rounda

live Stomatella maried, the creature falls asunder. Like a Gecko, he

would ransom his body with his tail. Gena does the same in Sydney

harbor; Harpa is said to know the trick.

‘‘ What are you doing?” asks Mr. Conglomerate, strolling up.

‘‘ Smashing up Heliopora? What ashame!’ And so it is, to wreck

the beautiful blue branches, but we seek all manner of queer things

hidden in corners, and Gephyrean worms and Lithophaga burrowing ~

inside. A few odd urchins and star-fish are overhauled for Stylifer

without success.

And see under the water what looks to the eye like a mass of

white down, but to the finger feels hard. We read the riddle witha

chop of the crow-bar ; the fragment shows tiny crimson rods packed

together, and partitioned off into floors and ceilings. It is a lump of

Tubtpora musica in full bloom.

Out in the broad daylight lie the Strombs, they love the little

sandy pools among the rocks. The sociable big Pterocera lie around

in scores, not too proud to foregather with their humble cousin S.

luhuanus. There is nothing shy about a Stromb, it vigorously resents

being picked up, and kicks like a Nassa, lashing out water with its

operculum, and thrusting out its beautiful big, green eyes, on their

long stalks, it stares boldly at its captor.

But now the tide is rising fast. Soaked and tired and hungry we

must leave our hunting ground. Though bags and buckets and

tubes are crammed, yet we have scarcely tasted of the riches of the

reef. All to-morrow, next week, and next month we might collect

without exhausting it. )

Back to the cutter we row over fields of deeper corals, scarlet

gorgonias, parrot fish glancing blue and gold and green, Monacanthus

in armour of black and red, over madrepores ten feet across, like

tables spread with dainty lace and edged with violets.

Then we climb aboard and snatching a hasty meal as we work,

face the only tiresome labor of the day, the labelling, sorting and

packing of our catch.

At last the jars and kegs are screwed down. Let us pass the

pannikin along for rum, light a pipe, stretch luxuriously on the

hatch and lazily watch the ghostly gleam of the zodiacal light fading

in the west.

THE NAUTILUS. 101

A NEW SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES OF JAMAICAN PLEURODONTE.

BY HENRY VENDRYES.

PLEURODONTE (Pleurodonte) vacILLans, n. sp. Pl. VI, figs.

ey A

Shell rather solid, very slightly dilated transversely, depressed

turbinate above, depressed convex below; color brown all over,

deepening slightly in tint and simulating an indistinct band running

along the centre surface of the spire whorls (except the apical) with

a dark brown band below the periphery of the last whorl encircling

the base of the shell and fading off to very light about and around

the umbilical region; whorls a little more than five, apical obtuse,

the rest subplanulate except the last which is impressed above the

periphery and somewhat inflated above the impression; ‘the peri-

phery subacute and descending slightly near its extremity ; suture

linear, impressed. Sculpture on part of the antepenult whorl appar-

ently the same as in P. carmelita, in the rest for the main part, of

irregularly raised, drawn out growth lines, coarse in some places and

very fine in others; aperture peroblique, sublunate, livid shining

within in fresh specimens ; peristome not so stout as in P. carmelita;

the extremities joined by a callus spreading across the parietal wall,

upper margin simple, somewhat sinuously depressed above near its

commencement, basal margin reflexed, widening, and adnate for some

distance to the base of the last whorl which is inflated, but less so

than in subacuta. There are two small distant teeth within, like

those of P. subacuta, but of a brown color, as is also the peristome.

The umbilicus is covered in some specimens but not completely so

in others; in the first case the basi-columellar part of the peristome

which forms the covering shows a shallow depression over the per-

foration beneath. Alt. 23, diam. 48 mm.

Habitat: Silver Hill in the Parish of St. George, situated at an

elevation of about 4000 feet on the northeastern slope of the chain

of mountains in St. Andrew; St. Catherine Park, in the neighbor-

hood of the habitat of C. carmelita, and in exactly similar stations to

those which the latter frequents.

This shell so much resembles P. carmelita in some respects, and

P. subacuta in others, that one may be led at first sight to confound

it with one or the other of those species to which the particular

specimen under examination may show a preponderance of resem-

102 THE NAUTILUS.

blances. Its principal differences from P. carmelita are the posses-

sion of the two teeth (carmelita never exhibits a vestige of teeth)

and the adnate peristome. These two features, however, bring it

nearer to P. subacuta, but the sculpture, the deflection of the last

whorl (or rather the descending), the color of the peristome and

teeth, and the generally less inflated appearance of the shell remove

it also from that species. It appears as if thrown in between carme-

lita, subacuta and acuta to exemplify the sportive tendencies of the

very variable group to which they all belong.

Figures 1 and 2 are from the type. Figure 3 represents a speci-

men approaching subacuta.

PLEURODONTE (PI.) sornor Feér. var. PERACUTA, n. var. PI. VI,

figs. 4, 5.

Same in size as the type, but the shell is more depressed, the base

less regularly convex and the outline of the spire is more conoidal.

The periphery of the last whorl is much pinched and spread out into

a wide, flat, knife-like carina. The base is somewhat convex below

the periphery, then compressed laterally inward from it and inflated.

The umbilicus is uncovered; the aperture subtriangular, narrowed

transversely and forming an acute angle at the right side. A few

examples are unicolored brown with the epidermis dull and flaky as

in some specimens of P. cara, but by far the greater number of

specimens are banded with dark and white, as in the type of soror,

on the spire, and the periphery of the last whorl is white. The

bands do not stop, as in the type, half’ way up the spire, but extend

to the very suture line of the first apical whorl. The color of the

shell (or of the bands) is not so intense, or pure or lustrous white as

in the type. The shells somewhat resemble small banded forms of

LP. peracutissima, but they have the teeth of soror. A specimen re-

ceived from Chitty is marked “ soror?.’”” From Lower Maysfield in

m the Parish of St. Elizabeth.

A NEW SPECIES OF VOLUTOMITRA.

BY W. H. DALL.

This genus has long rested on its typical species, the Mitra gr6n-

landica (Beck) Moller of the Arctic Atlantic Seas. The discovery

of another species, therefore, possesses somewhat more than the ordi-

nary interest.

THE NAUTILUS. 103

Volutomitra alaskana n. sp.

Shell fusiform, with about six moderately convex whorls; suture

distinct, surface wholly minutely spirally striated, covered with an

olivaceous periostracum over a white or yellowish shell; aperture

longer than half the total length, with a rather wide canal, callous

pillar and body in the adult, and simple outer lip; the canal has a

well marked siphonal fasciole, and is slightly flexuous; plaits nor-

mally four, rarely three or five, strong and rather distant; nucleus

almost always eroded; lon. 44, diam. 17.5; lon. of aperture, 26 mm.

Habitat in the southern and eastern parts of Bering Sea and the

Aleutians, in 60 to 85 fathoms, muddy bottom, and southward in

constantly deeper water, following the temperature of 389° Fahr. toa

point off San Diego, California, in 822 fathoms.

This species differs from V. grénlandica in its much greater size,

less rufous color, and pervasive fine spiral sculpture, but otherwise is

very similar, It was first dredged by the writer in the eastern Aleu-

tians, and has since been obtained by the U.S. Fish Commission.

The Atlantic species is usually about 18, but reaches 27 mm. in

length, and is smooth above, with a few coarse spiral striz on the base.

COLLECTING SHELLS IN MONTANA.

BY MORTON J. ELROD, UNIV. OF MONTANA.

[ Continued from page 89.]

Spherium partumeium Say.

This beautiful shell is common in the ponds near Flathead Lake

and around Missoula. They live in the dense vegetation, in com-

pany with Planorbis trivolvis, larva of Odonata, Cyclops, Daphnia,

and numerous water insects. ‘They are gathered by pulling outa

mass of the vegetation, picking it to pieces, and here and there find-

ing the delicate shells. A single dead shell was found on the beach

of Swan lake. None have been discovered in the small cold water

lakes in the Mission mountains.

Planorbis trivolvis Say.

This cosmopolitan species is the most abundant thus far found,

and has been taken in most of the ponds where shells are found. It

has been taken around Missoula in the streams, in the lakes of the

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Mission Mountains as high as 3800 ft., in the ponds bordering Flat-

head Lake, and in Swan Lake.

- Estey’s pond covers some 10 or 15 acres, three miles from the

Biological Station, and a mile from Flathead Lake. In August, —

1900, the shores of this pond were literally covered with dead shells,

and great quantities of live ones in the water.

It was here that a very interesting experiment was performed with

these shells and a large frog. A dead shell was tossed in front of

the frog, close to his nose. The shell was immediately seized, and

an unsuccessful attempt made to swallow it. It was disgorged by

the aid of the fore feet. A second attempt gave the same result.

This was continued until the frog had seized the eighteenth dead

shell, when he seemed to weary of the sport, and took a rest. After

this he would seize only now and then, and only those in easy reach.

After the 28d shell had been seized be no longer made any effort,

and a good sized pile of shells was made with no result. Other at-

tempts on other frogs gave practically the same result, with a slight

variation in the number.

Planorbis parvus Say.

In August, 1897, while camped on the bank of the Pend d’ Oreille

river a couple of miles below the outlet at Flathead Lake, some sand

siftings produced a dozen or more of these small shells.

(To be continued.)

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

[ Continued from page 96.]

203. Modiolus modiolus Linné.

Mytilus modiolus Linn., Wood, Don. Chem., DeKay. Modiola

modiolus 'Vurt., Gld., Perkins, Dall.

Shell large, thick and solid, oblong-ovate; beaks at the anterior

end which is narrow; posterior broad, rounded; hinge margin

straight, ascending from the beaks at an angle of forty-five degrees

to the centre, then curving downward to the posterior end; basal

margin arched a little upwards near the centre, gaping at this point

for the passage of a byssus; epidermis dark brown, thick, folding —

THE NAUTILUS. 105

_ over the margin ; interior pearly, of a livid color. Length four and

a half inches; height two and a quarter; breadth two inches.

It inhabits the ocean in deep water, attached to the larger seaweeds,

and is thrown up on ocean shores in storms, the seaweeds being torn

from the rocks by the action of the waves and dashed upon the beach.

_ Sometimes these shells attain a length of six inches and are subject

to great variety of form, being almost always distorted in some man-

ner. In young specimeng, the epidermis at the lines of growth is

prolonged into filaments.

205. Modiolus plicatulus Lam.

Shell transversely oblong-ovate, elongated, narrowed at the an-

terior and broadened at the posterior; beaks at the anterior end;

hinge margin straight, ascending for two-thirds the length of the

shell, then curving downward and rounding at the posterior to meet

the basal margin; surface ornamented with numerous radiating,

sometimes undulating, prominent ribs; a broad elevated ridge runs

from the beaks to the posterior end of the basal margin, dividing the

shell into two nearly equal parts ; on the upper half of the shell thus

divided, the ribs are large and coarse, but on the lower half they are

very fine, merely lines on a smooth surface ; exterior silvery white,

covered by a thin varnish epidermis of a brown color, rayed with

zones of yellow, green and black; interior silver white; margins

erenulated. Length three inches, height one and a quarter, breadth

nine-tenths.

This species, with the exception of Mya arenaria and perhaps

Iiyanassa obsoleta, is the most abundant mollusk in R. I. It inhabits

everywhere in mud, peat bogs, salt marshes and in the banks of

rivers. It is found up the Blackstone nearly to Pawtucket, where

the fresh water is continually pouring over the falls, as well on the

shores of the bay and ocean. Its station is everywhere above low

water, and they cluster so thickly together as to frequently form

banks a foot or two in depth imbedded near high water, forming

_ beds sometimes hundreds of feet in length by ten to twenty in width.

When found completely buried in mud, they are generally preserved

in good condition, but if taken under any other circumstances, the

epidermis is found to be badly eroded, not only at the umboes, where

shells usually exhibit this peculiarity if at all, but all over the sur-

face. They may be gathered in any quantity in Providence, in the

banks of the river road, above Red Bridge.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

Genus Orenella Brown, 1827.

There are five species, one of which inhabits New England.

206. Crenella grandula, Totten.

Syn: Modiola glandula Tott. Gld.; Mytilus decussatus Stimp.;

Crenella decussatus Forbes & Hanley, DeKay.

Shell small, thin, rounded oval; beaks small, separated at the an- *

terior end, and at one half the height of the shell; surface with

minute lines of growth, crossed by nufnerous fine radiating ribs

which increase in number as they recede from the beaks; epidermis

brownish-yellow ; interior pearly; margins sharp and crenulated.

Length one quarter of an inch, height nine-twentieths, breadth

three-tenths.

This species was discovered by Col. Joseph G. Totten in Province-

town Harbor, and described in Silliman’s Journal, Vol. xxvi, p. 367,

1834. It inhabits sandy and soft mud in water from 3 to 60

fathoms, from Sandy Hook to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is often

found in the stomachs of fishes. It has been dredged in various

places between these points, such as Buzzard’s Bay, Vineyard

Sound, off Block Island, in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay and Bay

of Fundy. It is found fossil at Montreal.

Genus Modiolaria Gray, 1872.

The shells of this genus are small, rhomboidal in shape, and are

sculptured by two series of radiating lines, one at each end, leaving

. a smooth space between.

207. Modiolaria discors Linné.

Syn: Mytilus diseors Linn., Loven, Stimp., Hanley, ete.; Mytilus

discrepans Mont., Dill., Turt., Flem.; Modiola discrepans Lam.,

Forbes, Gld., Migh., DeKay.; Crenella discors Gray, Adams, Forbes

and Hanley; Modiolaria discors Loven, Binney, Dall, ete.

Shell obliquely-oval, beaks near the anterior end ; surface coarsely

marked by lines of growth and divided into three fan-shaped spaces,

the anterior portion with eight fine lines radiating from the beaks to

the basal margin, the middle portion smooth and the posterior with

numerous lines radiating in an opposite direction from those on the —

anterior end of the shell; interior silvery. Length one inch, height

thirteen-twentieths, breadth two-fifths.

Circumpolar: from Greenland to Long Island; from Finmark to

Great Britain; Bering’s Straits to Puget Sound. Inhabits from

THE NAUTILUS. 107

low water mark to 100 fathoms, also found in the maws of fishes.

Common everywhere north of Cape Cod, rare and local to the south

of it. ‘Two other species, also circumpolar in range, the Modiolaria

nigra and M. corrugata, are said to have been found as far south as

Buzzard’s Bay, but as I have no idea they will ever be found in

R. I., I do not include them in these papers.

(To be continued. )

GEORGE B_. SIMPSON.

George Bancroft Simpson was born in 1841 at Boston, Mass., re-

moved to Waterbury, Conn. at an early age, and in 1861 enlisted in

the army for the Civil War. At the close of his service he entered

Yale College, but was unable to complete his course for lack of

money. In 1868 he came to Albany and began work with his

uncle, the late Prof. James Hall, State Paleontologist, as a collector

of fossils. Subsequently he took up the drawing of fossils and be-

came highly skilled in this work. Thousands of the fine drawings

which have illustrated the Paleontology of New York being his

handiwork.

He was a devoted lover of nature, and was the author of a useful

work on the anatomy of the fresh water clam (Anodonta fluviatilis),

and had just completed an elaborate treatise on the anatomy, physi-

ology and embryology of Polygyra albolabris and Limax maximus, at

the time of his death, which occurred October 15, 1901.—J. M. C.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Tae Moruusca or Porto Rico. By William H. Dall and

Charles T. Simpson. (Extract from U. S. Fish Commission Bulle-

tin for 1900, Vol. I, pages 351-524.)

This work really constitutes a hand-book of the mollusca of the

island, as it contains brief descriptions of the genera and species with

references to the original descriptions and principal synonymy, illus-

trated by 6 plates containing 102 figures. ‘The total number of

species recorded is 653, of which 42 are new. Excluding the land

and fresh water shells and nudibranchs the number of species and

well-marked varieties is 5380, and an estimate is made of 600 species.

“Tt has been one of the surprises that a number of species originally

described from deep water in the Blake report, turned up in less

than 100 fathoms in Mayaguez harbor or other localities.”

108 THE NAUTILUS.

Some important changes in nomenclature are noticeable: The

genus Pyrena Bolten, 1798 (Conidea Swain), is adopted for Oolum-

bella ovulata,and Mitidella Swains., is given generic standing. Udtimus

Bolten is used generically for Ovula gibbosa. We can hardly agree

with the authors in some of the names they still retain in the old

family Tritonide, for which they use a new term Septide. If one

name of an author having priority is used, why not use others that

can be as readily identified? If Septa Perry, 1811, can by elimina-

tion be used for 7riton Montf., why not use Monoplex Perry, instead

of Ranularia Schumacher 1817, and Aguillus Montf., 1810, for

Lampusia Schum.? L. cynocephala Lam., certainly belongs to

Ranularia rather than Lampusia. The family name Septide prob-

ably deserves adoption, as the genus Septa contains one of the largest

and most beautiful shells in the world (Septa tritonis), although it is

not perhaps the most typical, nor the oldest genus of the family.

Tue Mo.Luusca OF THE PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF OMAN AND

ARABIAN SEA, as evidenced mainly through the collections of Mr.

F. W. Townsend, 1893-1900; with descriptions of new species.

By James Cosmo Melvill and Robert Standen (Proc. Zool. Soc. of

London, 1901, pp. 827-460). Part I.—Cephalopoda, Gastropoda

and Scaphopoda.

This valuable and interesting paper adds greatly to our knowledge

of the oriental species and their geographical distribution. Upwards

of 935 species are recorded, including 77 new species and one new

genus (Argyropeza) in the family of Litéopide. Some families are

unusually well represented; of the genus Conus 41 species are re-

corded, while those usually restricted to the Pleurotomide number

100 species, 20 of which are new; of the 54 species of Nassida, 5

are new, and there are also 5 new Mitra out of a total of 43 species.

As tle authors have ‘‘endeavored in every case to give the name

sanctioned by the laws of priority,’ we note several changes,

although many genera having priority, and now in common use still

bear later names: Glyphis Cpr., 1856 = Fissuridea Swains, 1840 ;

Mitrularia Schum., 1817 = Cheilea Modeer, 1793; it does not belong

to the Hipponycide; Vertagus Schum., 1817 = Olava Martyn, 1789.

In adopting Lotortum Montf., for Triton (preoccupied), why retain

the family name Tritontdae? For Cyprea turdus Lam., 1822, the

name CO. ovata Perry, 1811, is adopted, and for Fusus turricula

Kiener, /. forceps Perry. Latrunculus Gray, is used instead of

Hburna Lam., 1822 not 1801, The work is illustrated by four very

finely executed plates containing 87 figures, and is by all odds the

most important paper yet published on the faunz of which it treats.

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XV. FEBRUARY, 1902. No. 10.

So a a

NOTES ON ASHMUNELLA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL AND MARY COOPER.

A large series of specimens from Manzanares Valley and Canon

Diablo, near Rowe, N. M., shows that the <A. thomsoniana type is

well divided into two races, to which the names thomsoniana and

portere are applicable. The Manzanares Valley specimens are to

be designated portere, although the basal tooth is in most cases

scarcely double, the inner denticle being reduced to a slight callosity.

The Cafion Diablo form, coming from a somewhat higher altitude,

is referred to thomsoniana, although the basal tooth is often double as

in portere. The fact is, that the character of the basal tooth,

whether double or single, is highly variable, and not to be relied on

to separate races. On the other hand, the size is much more dis-

tinctive. The following measurements of the greatest diameter

of the shell are worth giving:

(1) A. thomsoniana from Cafion Diablo. 9 are between 11 and

12 mm., 49 are 12, 52 are 12+, 53 are 13, 9 are 13+, 1 is 14, and

1 is 144 mm.

(2) A. portere from Manzanares Valley. 1 is 18+,'3 are 14, 13

are 14+, 16 are 15, 10 are 15+, 5 are 16, 6 are 16+, 1 is 18 mm.

(3) A. portere from Beulah. 2 are 14, 12 are 14+, 17 are 10, 6

are 15+, 3 are 16 mm.

If any one will take the trouble to plot out the curves from these

statistics, they will find that two and three are the same, with the

mode at 15, and the skew towards the smaller size. On the other

hand, one will be found to have an utte rly different curve, with the

110 THE NAUTILUS.

mode at 13, the skew strongly towards the smaller size, and the ex-

treme of large size barely overlapping the minimum size of portere.*

A few of the Canton Diablo thomsoniana have the mouth of the

shell very strongly contracted, so as to look like a distinct species,

but they are connected by intermediates with the ordinary form.

Albinos have been found of both forms:

A. thomsoniana mut. alba, nov. Canon Diablo, N. M., one.

A. portere mut. alba, nov. Manzanares Valley, N. M., a few.

At the monthly meeting of the Las Vegas Science Club, held

November 12, reported in Science December 27, 1901, p. 1009, the

authors exhibited a series of a supposed new species of Ashmunella,

“proposed to be called Ashmunella ant:qua, found fossil in the Pleis-

tocene beds of Las Vegas, N. M. It resembled in most respects A.

thomsoniana, but wholly lacked the parietal tooth.”” Upon further

examination it appears that the parietal callus has scaled off in the

specimens described, and it is likely that the shells are identical with

the living A. portere.t

COLLECTING SHELLS IN MONTANA.

BY MORTON J. ELROD, UNIV. OF MONTANA.

[ Continued from page 104.]

Limnea stagnalis L., var. appressa Say. |

The first shells of this species were taken early in the year 1900

in a small pool along the Bitter Root river. A large spring supplies

the pool with clear, fresh water. In this pond a good series of both

living and dead shells was secured. A couple of dead shells were

found in Swan Lake in August, 1900. This is over a hundred miles

to the north of the Bitter Root locality, while water connection be-

tween the two places would be much more than double the distance.

* A. portere was taken the past summer at the head of Dailey Cafion, in the

uppermost part of the Canadian Zone. The specimen is quite like the Beulah

ones.

+ A co-type of A. antiqua, received from Mr. Cockerell, bears out this conclu-

sion. It is without, doubt A. ¢. portere. The passage quoted above from

Science is the complete original account of antigua.—Ep.

———————e es CC

€

THE NAUTILUS. rs

Limnea palustris Miill.

Taken from a pond near Bitter Root river. Quite abundant,

several hundred specimens taken. Also taken in abundance in

standing and quiet waters in the creeks on Flathead Indian reserva-

tion. At the upper end of Flathead Lake there is a great deal of

marshy country tributary to the lake and to Flathead river. In

the lowland bordering on the lake, which had been overflowed and

later dried off, large quantities of dead shells were observed. In-

deed the shells were so abundant one could not walk without mash-

ing large numbers. In still other places the shells were yet alive in

the sloughs, in great abundance. Along the Bitter Root river the

shells were living in the same waters with Aplexa hypnorum. Mr.

Earl Douglass collected a large series in the Madison lakes, southern

part of the State, in summer of 1900.

Limnea nuttalliana Lea.

Abundant in the region witb L. stagnalis L., var. appressa Say,

L. palustris Mull., and P. trivolvis Say. A hundred or more speci-

mens secured.

Limnea emarginata Say, var. montana Elrod.

Shell large, globose, thin and fragile; of a light horn color, in

many cases tending to light pearl gray; in many instances there is

an abrupt line between the lighter portion and the horn colored por-

tion, the lighter portion being next the aperture ; the last whorl con-

stituting about three-fourths the length of the shell; malleations ob-

scure or absent, distinguishable in occasional specimens; lines of

growth fine, and quite regular; spire short, consisting of three ob-

liquely twisted whorls and the nucleus; suture well impressed ;

aperture about two-thirds as long as wide; outer lip thin, acute,

inner lip reflexed near its junction with the columella.

Length 27 mm. Greatest width 13.25 mm. Width of aperture

10.25 mm. Length of aperture 14.70 mm. Whorls, 5.

The species is found sparingly in Sin-yale-a-min lake in the Mis-

sion range of western Montana, and abundantly in McDonald lake,

some 15 miles north of the former. A few were taken in Swan

lake, on the opposite side of the range. At Sin-yale-a-min lake an

entire afternoon was spent in securing a couple of dozen specimens.

The method was to row over to the lake outlet in the canvas boat,

132 THE NAUTILUS.

secure location where the water was not too deep, and fish with a

silk butterfly net attached to a long handie. When a shell was

sighted the boat was brought to a standstill so the surface would be-

come quiet, and the net was lowered with the edge of the wire beneath

the shell. As soon as the shell was touched the animal let go all

hold, and if it did not roll into the folds of the net would settle

among the large pebbles. To secure it then in three or four feet of

water was impossible. Naturally, the failures were as frequent as

the successes. As stated, the afternoon produced a couple of dozen.

shells, two dripping individuals, each with aching backs and weary

eyes, and a torn net and wet boat.

Aplexa hypnorum L., var. tryont Currier.

The Bitter Root river valley flows to the north along the flank

of the Bitter Root mountains, which are on the western bank.

From these mountains numerous creeks enter the river, and many

ponds have been made by these creeks and by the changing river.

the river is about 100 miles long, and flows through one of the finest

and most fertile valleys in the State. In one of these ponds, near

the juncture of the Bitter Root and Missoula, this species was found

rather abundantly.

Physa heterostropha Say (?).

Specimens referred by Dall to this species were collected at

Missoula in June, 1898, September 17, 1897, and April 8, 1900, on

which latter date they were depositing eggs. In working over the

Physa collected in Western Montana, I have read with much inter-

est the complaint of O. A. Crandall in Tue Navriuus for June,

1892, in which he raises the question, “Is there such as species as

that described by Say? If so, what is it ?”’

Physa ampullacea Gld. |

The species seems widely distributed in Western Montana. It

has been taken in Bitter Root river, in Lakes Sin-yale-a-min and

McDonald in the Mission mountains, and sparingly in Flathead lake.

Physa gyrina Say.

A few of this species taken with P. heterostropha and P. ampullacea.

Finding these three species together leads to suspicion that the

species may not be distinct. A single shell from the Flathead In-

dian reserve (Crow creek) seems to belong to this species.

pt a) ile lant laine i nae Bel ie meee ee os

THE NAUTILUS. 113

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

[ Continued. |

Genus Pecten Brug. 1789.

The pectens, fan-shells or scallops have on each side of the beaks

a broad expansion of shell called ears; beaks touching ; hinge tooth-

less, with a triangular pit for the cartilage. The animal has no

syphons; the mantle is free, its margins double, the inner one

fringed and hanging down like a curtain, and the outer one witha

row of dots shown to be eyes. They move about very rapidly by sud-

denly opening and shutting their valves, and can jump two or three

feet ; they seem to have the power of choosing the direction, for they

ean, by a sudden jerk, jump backwards or to either side, skip along

the surface of the water or sink to the bottom. I never saw one

jump forwards. We have in New England three species, two

of which inhabit Rhode Island.

208. Pecten trradians Lam.

Syn.: Pecten concentricus Say, Con., DeKay, Gld.

Shell nearly round; valves convex, with about twenty elevated,

rounded ribs radiating from the beaks, the ribs and spaces between

of nearly equal breadth; ears nearly equal; interior shining; on the

exterior the ribs and spaces are both rounded while on the interior

the corresponding spaces are flat. Length three inches, height two

and ahalf, breadth one. The so-called eyes in this species, of which

there are from forty to sixty, situated along the edges of the mantle

in both valves, are of a beautiful bright-blue color. This is the

common scallop and is a very abundant shell in Rhode Island, but

owing to the great demand for this luscious bivalve in the market,

the State of Rhode Island has passed laws prohibiting their being

taken through the summer months of each year. The “scallop law”

is off on the first day of September, and on the morning of that day

hundreds of boats may be seen in our waters at sunrise eager to be

first on the grounds where the scallop beds are. Thousands upon

thousands of bushels of pectens are dredged during the following

three or four months, and if it were not for the law allowing the

young a chance to get their growth, one season would completely

exhaust the supply. The entire animal is not used for food, like the

114 THE NAUTILUS.

other edible species of mollusca, such as clams, quohogs, mussels and

oysters, but only the large muscle in the centre which holds the

valves together; this muscle in adult pectens is about an inch in

diameter and the same in length. The shells are subject to great

variety in color, sometimes having one valve pure white and the

other yellow, red, purple, or mottled and banded with several colors,

when young; the adult shells generally lose their brilliant shades

and become of a uniform slate tint, with one valve, however, always

lighter than the other. The young shells frequent the shore and are

very active; I have often put out my hand to take one, when just as

I almost had it, it would suddenly shut its valves and skip away out

of reach. At times I have seen them at Apponang so abundant that

they were piled up in layers six or eight inches deep, and at other

times not one could be seen. The adults inhabit deeper waters and

are dredged from the bottom from boats.

209. Pecten tenuicostatus Migh. and Ad.

Syn.: Pecten magellanicus Con., Gld., Stimp, DeKay.

Shell large, round, inequivalve, lower one nearly flat, upper one

convex, ears nearly equal; surface with fine radiating, punctured

lines ; lower valve white ; upper valve brownish-red, dingy; interior

white, glossy and smooth, with a different set of radiating. lines from

those on the exterior. Length five inches, height five and a half,

breadth one and a half. |

This is a northern species, found of large size on the coast of

Maine and everywhere north of Cape Cod ; smaller ones are obtained

from the stomachs of fishes. It inhabits deep water off Block Island,

and in southerly storms is driven up in large numbers on the shore

at Point Judith.

Family Anomiide.

Shells thin, pearly, with a notch or hole through the right or

lower valve near the beaks, to which is attached a plug, closing the

orifice and also serves to attach the shell to other objects. There are

two genera, Placunanomia and Anomia, divided into several sub-

genera. .

Genus Anomta, Linné., 1767.

The animal of Anomia differs from Ostrea in having a small foot,

one of the peculiar characteristics of oysters being the entire absence

of any foot.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

The shells of Anomda have one valve convex and the other flat or

a little coneave ; the flat valve is perforated and the plug which fills

the hole and partly attached to the valve. The shells are seldom

found free but generally attached to oysters or other shells or stones.

There are twenty species, two of which inhabit New England.

( To be continued.)

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW UNIO FROM TENNESSEE.

BY WM. A. MARSH, ALEDO, ILI.INOIS.

QUADRULA ANDREWSII, n. sp. Shell smooth, triangular, solid,

beaks swollen, incurved, shell very inequilateral, compressed and

striate at the base, obliquely rounded before, obtusely biangular be-

hind, ligament rather short, light brown, epidermis reddish brown,

maculate, growth lines numerous, rather rough, umbonal slope

slightly rounded, posterior slope flat, cordate, with very indistinct

lines from beaks to basal margin, beak sculpture unknown, cardinal

teeth thick, very much sulcate, single in right, double in left valve,

lateral teeth thick, short, and slightly curved, anterior cicatrices

small and deep, posterior cicatrices distinct, small and deep, shell

cavity rather deep, cavity of the beaks deep and angular, nacre silver

white and iridescent. ‘

Diameter 1.1; length 1.6; breadth 2.

Habitat : Holston river, Tenn., Mrs. Geo. Andrews.

Remarks: Several years ago Mrs. Geo. Andrews, of Knoxville,

Tennessee, sent me a number of these shells. I never knew where

to place them, but recently, on sending some of them to Mr. Simp-

son for examination, I was satisfied they were distinct. They be-

long to the group of which trigonus, Lea, is the type, but in no

way do they resemble that species. There is no species which they

closely resemble, except globatus, Lea, but it is a very much less

inflated shell than that species, having a different colored epidermis,

rougher and coarser growth lines, at least one-half of the disk is

covered with wide, dark green spots ; between these rows of macula-

tions are very narrow, dark green interrupted rays.

The outline of globatus is rounded, while my shell is triangular,

116 THE NAUTILUS.

I name this very interesting species in honor of Mrs. Geo.

Andrews, a lady who has sent me very many interesting shells from

Holston river, Tennessee.

NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Chloritis perpunctatus p. sp. Shell resembling C. fragilis in shape

and general appearance, but differing in the very narrow umbilicus,

half covered by the dilated columellar margin of the otherwise simple

peristome, and by the extremely dense covering of exceedingly short

hairs, almost exactly as in C. pumila Gude, which differs from C.

perpunctatus in being imperforate, witha higher spire. Whorls 4, the

inner ones flatly coiled, the last slightly and slowly descending.

Aperture slightly oblique, broadly lunate. Alt. 8, diam, 13.7 mm.

Totsugawa, Yamato, with C. fragilis (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 843).

Ganesella sororcula.n. sp. Shell narrowly umbilicate, globose-

conic ; white (fossil), encircled with scarlet bands above and below

the periphery, with others variable in occurrence at the suture and ~

within the umbilicus. Smoothish, lightly marked with irregular

growth-wrinkles and densely, minutely engraved with spiral striz.

Spire conic, with slightly convex outlines, the apex very obtuse.

Whorls 54, quite convex, the last more or less angular at the peri-

phery, hardly descending in front, moderately convex beneath.

Aperture oblique, the outer lip expanded, basal lip narrowly reflexed,

columella subvertical, nearly straight, with reflexed, dilated margin.

Alt. 19.5, diam. 20.5 mm... Alt, 17.5, diam. 19 mm:

Kikai-ga-shima, Osumi (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 834).

This species is closely allied to G. Largillierti, of Great Riukiu,

and G. Adeline, of Oshima. It is smaller and less conic than

either. G. Adeline has a larger umbilicus, a peripheral band and

more whorls. G. Largillierti, besides being larger and more conic,

wants the crowded spiral lines. It is found fossil with various other

land shells, some of which I have already noticed elsewhere.

Ganesella optima n. sp. Shell obliquely perforate, elevated, pyra-

midal, thin, pale-yellow corneous, whitish above, glossy; lightly

marked with oblique growth-wrinkles; faintly, almost imperceptibly

striate spirally, but marked with minute whitish lines giving the

appearance of spiral striation, Spire straightly pyramidal. Whorls

on | Pad

" ane

i ae

ee ae

THE NAUTILUS. 117

; 74, slightly convex, the last slightly angular at the periphery in

front, a little descending to the aperture, convex beneath, Aperture

oblique, the peristome thin, everywhere arcuate, narrowly expanded

and reflexed, triangularly dilated at the columellar insertion. Alt.

144 to 154, diam. 105 mm.

Suimura, Proy. Awa. Shikoku Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 824.)

A charming species, unlike any other Japanese Ganesella in its

elevated shape.

Macrochlamys cerasina n. sp. Shell perforate, depressed, with

low-conic spire, dark-reddish amber colored, brilliantly glossy, with

faint growth-lines, no spiral strie. Whorls 54, convex, slowly in-

creasing, separated by impressed sutures, the last whorl perceptibly

angular at the periphery in front, convex beneath. Aperture slightly

oblique, lunate, the lip simple and thin, abruptly dilated and reflexed

in a minute triangle at the columellar insertion. Alt. 5.7, diam,

8.6 mm.

Tobishima, Prov. Ugo (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 838).

M. cerasina var. awaensis n. vy. Shell paler, with lower spire and

6 more closely coiled whorls. Alt. 4.2, diam. 7.8 mm.

Tairiuji, Awa, Shikoku Island. Although remote from the pre-

ceding geographically, this form seems to me to be too similar for

specific separation.

_ Eulota (Celorus) caviconus n. sp. Shell small, thin, with a large,

deep umbilicus, conic above, flattened beneath, reddish-brown, lustre-

less, the surface roughened by short cuticular processes like adnate

hairs, usually in part worn off. Outlines of spire a little convex,

the apex obtuse. Whorls about 74, the earlier a little convex, the

later ones flattened ; the last whorl] acutely carinate at the periphery,

abruptly and deeply descending in front, contracted behind the lip.

Aperture small, subhorizontal, oblong, the peristome expanded above,

reflexed below, the ends approaching. Alt. 4, diam. 65 mm.

Goto, Uzen (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 815).

This peculiar species is related to H. cavicollis Pils , differing in

the flattened whorls and carinate periphery.

Mandarina exoptata n. sp. Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed,

biconvex, solid, light brown, the early whorls darker. Surface

beautifully sculptured with crowded, spirally engraved, crimped lines,

cutting irregular growth-wrinkles, the spirals obsolete immediately

around the umbilicus. Spire low conic. Whorls 44, the first 1? or

118 THE NAUTILUS.

2 forming the large nepionic shell. Last whorl wide, strongly car-

inate, a little sunken above and below the median keel, scarcely de-

scending in front, convex beneath. Aperture oblique, wide, the lip

obtuse, expanded above and outwardly, reflexed and thickened be-

low. Alt. 14 to 154, diam. 23 mm.

Hahajima, Ogasawara (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 805).

An exceedingly distinct species, like a thick Plectotropis. It is

quite unlike the larger carinate species Mandarina Pallasiana.

Microcystina hahajimana n. sp. Shell very minutely perforate -or

closed, depressed subglobose. Amber colored, translucent, brilliantly

glossy, smooth except for some very slight growth-wrinkles. Spire

quite convex. Whorls 5, nearly flat, the sutures but lightly im-

pressed, narrowly margined. Last whorl faintly angular in front,

convex beneath, impressed in the center. Aperture Junate, the

peristome simple and acute ; columella thickened above and bluntly

toothed. Alt. 4, diam. 65 mm.

Habajima, Ogasawara (Bonin Islands). No. 803 of Mr. Hirase’s

collection.

Genus HIRASEA nov.

Small disc-shaped or biconvex, perforate shells, pale and of nearly

uniform tint, finely rib-striate, the aperture crescentic, the peristome

contracted, thickened with a very heavy callus rib within. Type

FHirasea sinuosa.

This genus belongs apparently to the Zonitid@, or possibly to the

Eindodontide. It has some resemblance in the thick lip-rib to

Brazteria or Microphyura, but there is no parietal barrier. The

Philippine groups Pliotropis and Glyptoconus have some similar

characters, but they are thin shells with no lip-rib. The species

now known may be distinguished as follows :

a. Upper margin of the lip drawn back, the basal margin project-

ing beyond it. Spire low, composed of 52? very narrow and

convex whorls, the last angular at the shoulder, very con-

vex beneath, perforate; aperture narrowly crescentic; lip

expanded and arched forward in the middle below, retracted

at the upper termination. Alt. 2.1, diam. 4.8 mm. MHaha-

Jima, Ogasawara (Hirase, no, 802). H. sinuosa, n. sp.

a'. Aperture normally oblique, the upper margin projecting for-

‘ard; form biconvex. Whorls 43, with an acute, com-

a i ak

THE NAUTILODS. 119

pressed keel along sutures and at the periphery; subper-

forate ; aperture lunar, oblique, a little contracted; finely

rib-striate above and below. Alt. 2, diam. 4 mm. MHaha-

jima (Hirase, no. 801). H. nesiotica, n. sp.

A third form was sent from Chichijima, Ogasawara (no. 800),

similar to H. nestotica, but much smaller, diam. 3.2 mm., with

barely 4 whorls. This may be called H. chichijimana. Subse-

quently some five additional new species from Hahajima have been

received.

. GENERAL NOTES.

HELIx ASPERSA INCREASING IN CALIFORNIA.—Complaints are

being made that the spotted snail, Helix aspersa, is becoming too

common in the gardens of San José, Oakland and Los Angeles,

California, and that it is injuring many flowers and vegetables.

This species was introduced into California from Europe many years

ago, presumably by a Frenchman who considered it a choice delicacy

for his table. For a long time the snails were confined to a small

plot of ground in the city of San José, but of late they have evidently

resolved upon a “policy of expansion,” and are spreading rapidly

and are liable to cause serious mischief. It is to be hoped that Cali-

fornians will cultivate the French taste and thus turn the tables on

the molluscan invaders.—JosianH KEEv.

TRUNCATELLA SUBCYLINDRICA Linnzus.

This species has been credited to the West Indies by various

writers, even to the present time, although Linnzus and all the

early English authors gave it as a species of Europe. Dall and

Simpson, in their Mollusca of Porto Rico, 1901, Bull. Fish Com-

mission, p. 436, give its range as ‘‘ Porto Rico; adventitious in

England; common in Florida and many localities in the West

Indies.”

The Linnean species is in fact a common European shell, occur-

ring as far north as England; thinner, more transparent, and typic-

ally smoother, than any Antillean Zruncatella. It is commonly

found in o!der collections under the name 7. montagui, and is prob-

ably not specifically distinct from 7. truncatula Drap. The “7. sub-

cylindrica Gray” of Binney’s Terr. Moll. iv, and Land and F. W.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

Shells of N. A., pt. iii, p. 100, is a totally different thing, and as the

name is preoccupied, it must be dropped for the ribbed species there

defined. If 7. subcylindrica L. occurs at all in the West Indian

area or Florida, which I strongly doubt, its presence there is “ ad-

ventitious.”’ All of which may be readily verified by a ref-vence to

the works of Linnzus, Hanley, Thorpe, and a collection containing

a series of European Truncatellide.—H. A. Pilsbry.

The collection of the late Dr. Wm. D. Hartman has been pur-

chased by the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. {t is especially rich in

the genera Partula and Helicina, the Melanians, both American and

exotic, Unionide, and Polynesian marine shells. It contains most

of the types of new species described by Dr. Hartman, others being

in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences. The Achatz-

nellide were purchased some years ago by the Hamburg Museum.

In acquiring this collection the trustees of the Carnegie Institute

have made an extremely important addition to their museum, as the

formation and study of this collection was the life-long work of Dr.

Hartman. ‘The specimens are well identified, as we know by frequent

use of them, and afford a solid basis for conchologic work to students

in Pittsburgh and the adjacent cities of Pennsylvania and Ohio.

TAaMIOSOMA CONRAD, A SESSILE CIRRIPEDE.—Prof. W. H. Dall

has recently examined specimens of this problematic fossil, formerly

supposed to be molluscan, and finds that the supposed tubes are the

vesicular, elongated bases of a Ba/anus-like cirripede.—WScience,

Jan...3, 1902,

PLANORBIS BICARINATUS STRIATUS n, var.—Shell similar to that

of typical d¢carinatus, but with a deeper, narrower umbilicus, and

with the spiral lines raised, very numerous and distinct, and with

the longitudinal sculpture almost obsolete. Diameter 10, altitude of

aperture 6 mill.

From sewer excavation, eight feet below the surface of the ground,

Cold Spring Park, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, collected by Charles E. —

Brown. j

This pleistocene fossil, of which no living examples have yet been

seen, seems to differ from the typical b¢carinatus sufficiently for

varietal distinction. Twelve specimens bave been examined, which

are all uniform with the above description, and which are readily —

distinguishable from typical b’carinatus—F RANK COLLINS BAKER.

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XV. MARCH, 1902. _ VO. EH.

A REVISION OF THE CARINATE VALVATAS OF THE UNITED STATES.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Valvata tricarinata was originally described by Say in 1817 as

Cyclostoma tricarinata. It is one of the most abundant of the

smaller operculates of the Northern States and Canada, ranging from

the Atlantic coast westwardly at least as far as Manitoba and Iowa,

and south to Virginia and the Ohio river. It has three well-marked

varieties, which differ from the typical form only in the smaller

number or entire absence of the revolving carine.

In 1841 Dr. Isaac Lea described a Valvata from the Schuylkill

river, Pa., as V. bicarinata.

Haldeman in his ‘“‘ Monograph” (145) doubtfully refers Lea’s

species to V. tricarinata as a bicarinate variety. W. G. Binney, in

1865 (L. & F. W. Shells III, p. 9), states that from an examination

of both Say’s and Lea’s types he is ‘‘ convinced of the identity of the

two.” Tryon in his Continuation of Haldeman (1870) does not

mention the subject, and evidently acquiesced in Binney’s decision.

In this he has been followed by all subsequent writers so far as J

have been able to ascertain, with one exception. Mr. W. A. Marsh

in his ** Brief Notes on the Land and Fresh Water Shells of Mercer

Co., Ill.” (Conchologists’ Exchange II, p. 80, 1887), separated the

two forms and recognized the validity of Lea’s species.*

“oOpc,

* The validity of V. bicarinata has been recognized by all recent Philadel-

Ep.

phian conchologists. See Navuritus, VIII, p. 138.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

convinced that Lea’s bicarinata is not the bicarinate form of Say’s

tricarinata, but is a distinct species, which also has a tricarinate

form. I have the typical form of V. bicarinata from Columbia and

Philadelphia, Pa., and Port Oram, N. J., and the tricarinate form

from Muscatine, Ia., and Utica, Il]. Within the last few weeks I

have had occasion to examine critically hundreds of specimens of V.

tL, 7.

tricarinatia in its various aspects from Michigan, and a considerable

number from at least ten different states and Canada, and I have yet

to see the first specimen that in any way seems to connect the two.

In comparison with V. tricarinata, Lea’s species is larger, dis-

coidal; the upper surface of the whorls slopes downwards from the

carina to the suture, giving a concave appearance to the upper surface

“THE NAUTILUS. 123

‘as a whole; the spire is depressed, not appearing above the superior

carina of the body whorl, the umbilicus is very wide and more shal-

‘low, exhibiting all the whorls. In ¢tricarinata, on the other hand,

the whorls are more closely coiled, making a round, deep, funnel-

‘shaped umbilicus; the penultimate whorl is elevated and only the

apex of the spire is depressed.

The relation between the two species is very similar to that be-

tween Pyramidula perspectiva Say, and striatella Anth.

The recognition of the specific distinctness of these forms not only

involves some changes in nomenclature, but also renders necessary a

re-description of the various recognized forms.

The following re-arrangement of the group is offered as an attempt

to satisfactorily differentiate the different forms.

I. Valvata tricarinata Say (fig. 1).

Shell turbinate, thin, translucent, shining; horn-color or pale

green ; whorls about 34; flattened between the carine ; shouldered ;

the upper surface sloping upwards from the carina to the suture ;

spire elevated, depressed at the apex; lines of growth faintly

marked; suture distinct; body whorl tricarinate, superior carina re-

volving nearly to the apex, the peripheral carina on the whorls ot

the spire being usually covered by the lower whorl; carinz sharp,

elevated and lighter in color than the body of the shell; aperture

circular, slightly modified, however, by the carinz; lip simple,

sharp, continuous, slightly appressed to the body whorl; umbilicus

round, deep, funnel-shaped, bordered by the inferior carina. Height

34, width 55 mm.

Oyclostoma tricarinata Say, Jour. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., I, 18

(1817).

Canada and eastern United States to, at least, as far west as

Manitoba and Iowa, and south to Virginia and the Ohio River.

(Utah, Ingersoll.) As all gradations between the typical form and

the different varieties can be found in any considerable suite of

specimens; it is deemed best to draw the lines between the recog-

nized varieties upon the presence or absence of well-developed

earine. Angulations of the body whorl, however acute, should not

be considered in determining the position of any particular specimen.

This species is one of the most abundant forms in the Post-

Pleistocene deposits of Michigan, and apparently was then more

124 THE NAUTILUS.

subject to variation than at the present time. In the NavurTi.us,

XI, p. 121, will be found an account of several specimens in which

an additional carina was developed. In a large amount of material

from the marl deposits of the State recently examined, two examples

were found in which the superior and peripheral carine are present,

but the basal one is obsolete, while in a deformed specimen from

the deposits at White Pond, N. J., only the basal one is present.

Two specimens from Michigan marl deposits have the last whorl

near the aperture, entirely separated from the body whorl. None of

these variations have been noticed so far as I am aware in recent

specimens. In the collection of the late Dr. Jas. Lewis, now in my

possession, is a sinistral specimen (fig. 4).

As these variations occur only in very few instances, they are to

rather than as dis-

be classed as individual variations or ‘ sports,’

tinct forms worthy of varietal names.

Var. confusa n. v. (fig. 2). Body whorl bicarinate, peripheral

carina obsolete ; periphery rounded or angulate. Valvata tricarinata

var. bicarinata, authors generally, not of Lea. A curious sealariform

specimen is in the collection of Mr. J. H. Ferriss, of Joliet, Ill.

(fig. 3).

Var. unicarinata DeKay. Unicarinate, peripheral and_ basal

carinz obsolete, periphery rounded, base rounded or angulate.

Valvata unicarinata DeKay. N. Y. Moll., p. 118, pl. VI, f. 129

(1843).

Var. simplex Gld. Ecarinate, whorls usually more or less flat-

tened above. ‘alvata tricarinata var. simplex, Gld., Invert Mass.,

p. 226, f. 126 (pars.), (1841).

The citations of Valvata humeralis Say from Michigan by Miles

(Geo. Sur. Mich., p. 237, 1860) and from Canada by Bell,

Whiteaves, etc., referred to by Binney (L. & F. W. Shells, III,

p- 14), are in all probability based upon this form.

II. Valvata bicarinata Lea (fig. 6).

Shell discoidal, flattened above, rather thick, shining; horn-

colored or tinged with green; whorls 34, shouldered, upper surface

sloping downward from the carina to the suture, which is deeply im

pressed ; spire greatly depressed, not rising above the carina of the

body whorl when viewed from in front; lines of growth faintly

marked ; body whorl bicarinate, superior carina revolving nearly to

the apex, periphery rounded or bluntly angulate ; carine sharp,

THE NAUTILUS. 125°

elevated ; aperture nearly circular, slightly flattened above and modi-

fied by the carinz ; lip simple, sharp, appressed to the lower half of

the body whorl ; umbilicus wide, exhibiting all the whorls. Height

34, width 64 mm.

Valvata bicarinata Lea, P. A. P. S. II. 81, 83 (1841). Schuyl-

kill river, Pa. (Lea), Columbia, Pa., Philadelphia, Pa., and Port

Oram, N. J. (Walker), and Mercer Co., Ill. (Marsh).

The distinguishing characteristics of this species as compared

with V. tricarinata have already been stated. The localities above

mentioned are the only ones brought to my notice, but it will prob-

ably be found in the intermediate region.

Var. normalis, n. v. (fig. 5). Body whorl tricarinate, otherwise

like the type. Muscatine, Ia. and Utica, III.

As in the case of Polygyra andrewse W. G. Binn,, the typical

form of this species is really only a variety of the real specific type-

In a single specimen from Utica, IIl., collected by J. H. Ferriss, a

fourth carina is developed on the upper surface of the last whorl at

about its first third, and revolves parallel with the suture to the

aperture, the space between forming a deep groove.

Ill. Valvata utahensis Call. (fig. 7).

Shell turbinate, thin, translucent, shining; yellowish horn color

at the apex, white or greenish white below; whorls 4, convex,

regularly increasing, minutely striate, the uppermost shouldered,

with a single, well marked carina which becomes obsolete on the

body whorl; spire obtusely elevated, apex depressed; suture well

impressed; aperture circular, slightly angled posteriorly ; lip simple,

nearly continuous, appressed to the body whorl; umbilicus small.

round, defined by a more or less obvious angle around the base of

the shell. Height 44, width 45 mm. Utah Lake and Bear Lake,

Utah.

Valvata sincera v. utahensis Call, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., No. 11,

p. 44, Pl. VI., f. 1-38 (1884). Valvata utahensis Call, Proc. Dav-

Acad. Nat. Sci. V, p. 4, Pl. 1, fig. 1-3 (1886).

This species, which is more nearly related to V. tricarinata var.

unicarinata than to any other of the eastern forms of Valvata, is

well characterized by its more elevated spire, more globose form, the

obsolescence of the carine on the body whorl and the much smaller

umbilicus.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

PISIDIUM STRENGII, N. SP.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

Mussel of moderate size, regularly inflated, rather short ; beaks

slightly posterior, small, narrow, approximate, somewhat projecting

over the hinge margin; superior and inferior margins well curved,

the supero-anterior slightly so and forming a steep slope to the some-

what angled anterior end; the posterior end subtruncate ; scutum

and scutellum indistinct ; angles in front of and behind the beaks

slight, rounded ; shell rather thin, translucent ; surface very finely

striate, appearing smooth, with a few fine, irregular lines of growth,

and with a slight, dull gloss; color of epiconch pale horn shading

into grayish, whitish or yellowish ; nacre almost glassy, muscle scars,

very slight ; hinge fine, plate narrow; cardinal teeth small, thin ;

the right one curved, its posterior end deeply cleft, the left anterior

curved or almost straight, the posterior short, oblique ; lateral teeth

small, somewhat pointed, the outer ones of the right valve quite small

but distinct; ligament small. Long. 4, alt. 3.7, diam. 2.6 mill.

(average).

Hab.: Michigan to New York, Ohio and Indiana. It seems to be

a form mainly inhabiting smaller lakes. Perch lake, Mich., col-

lected by Mr. L. H. Streng (in whose honor the species is named)

and Dr. Kirkland; Reed lake and Little Bostwick lake, Mich.;

Bass lake, Ind. (among shells taken from the stomach of catfish), by

Mr. L. E. Daniels; Meyer’s Jake, Ohio (Sterki); Little Lakes,

N. Y., found among materials in the collection of the late Dr. Jas..

Lewis, now in possession of Mr. Bryant Walker.

Pisidium strengii has a resemblance to some smaller forms of

P. abditum Hald., nov-eboracense Pr., and with politum Sterki, but

can be recognized by its high form, the small, approximate beaks,

especially noticeable in front (or rear) aspect, the peculiar, dull gloss

of the surface, and the strongly cleft posterior end of the right car-

dinal tooth. The latter feature was found constant in normal speci-

mens from widely distant places; but it may be added that the

species appears to be particularly inclined to abnormal, and even

monstrous formation of the cardinal teeth. As to size, shape and

general appearance, the mussel does not vary greatly, so far as seen.

This species was first noticed as different from others, and named,

in 1895. Yet, considering the great variability of our Pisidia as

well as the fact that it does not show a striking variance from others,

in general appearance, it was thought best to wait until sufficient

evidence was gained of its being really distinct.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

NOTE ON THE NAMES ELACHISTA AND PLEUROTOMARIA.

BY W. H. DALL.

My attention has been called by Mr. Cockerell to the fact that the

name Llachista Dall and Simpson, in the Porto Rico Report, Mol-

lusca, p. 427, 1901, is preoccupied in Lepidoptera by Treitschke,

since 1833. For this peculiar group of Bittium, typified by B. ceri-

thidioide Dall, and which extends in time as far back as the Eocene

in both Europe and America, I would substitute the name Alabina,

in reference to its resemblance to Alaba, a name which, so far as I

am able to discover, has not hitherto been used.

I have frequently called attention to the ill-effects of the absurd

European proposition that names such as Cyprinus and Cyprina

should not be allowed to exist in nomenclature simultaneously.

Very few of those who support this view have any idea of the havoc

in nomenclature which the rigid enforcement of such a rule would

produce, with no benefit, but a very serious detriment to science.

Finding the name Nassaria challenged on this ground, I hunted up

the earlier use (1806) in Duméril’s Zoologie Analytique and took the

occasion to make a full list of Dumeéril’s names, which all end in

artus and are all synonyms. Some appear in the text and others in

the Latin index only, with references to the pages where the French

equivalent is to be found. Among the latter I discovered Pleuro-

tomarius, Duméril’s name for Pleurotoma. If the idiotic rule above-

mentioned was put in force, this superfluous synonym would deprive

us of the right to use Pleurotomaria J. Sowerby, which dates only

from 1821, and perhaps also Pleurotomarium Blainville, another

rendering of Defrance’s French name, which dates from 1825. I

may add that any rule admitting anonymous names, taken into con-

sideration with the above-mentioned one, would upset about half of

the best-known names in Molluscan Zoology, including such as Oliva,

Cyprza, etc. Can any one mention any good results to be obtained

from such a course ?

THE ORIGINAL LOCALITY OF LIMNZA AMPLA MIGHELS.

BY OLOF O. NYLANDER.

In 1842 Mr. Alexander W. Longfellow discovered in Second

Eagle Lake Limnea ampla. Prof. Edward L. Morse visited the

same lake in 1851 and called it Mud Lake. On the maps of Maine

it is generally called Second Lake, but Mud Lake is the only name

128 THE NAUTILUS.

used among the people. It is located on the east branch of Fish

river, between Long and Cross lakes, in Township XVII, Range 4,

Aroostook county, Maine. Some parts of Fish river have been

visited every summer since 1897, and the shells collected published

at various times in the Nauritus. Mud Lake (Second Lake) being

of special interest to conchologists, as Limnea ampla was described

from specimens found in this lake, I examined it for the first time

in August and September of last year (1901).

The name Limnea ampla is in use from Maine to Alaska by dif-

ferent collectors. The question arose at an early date if L. ampla

really could be a distinct species or only a variety of some previously

described form. The best authors agree it is only a variety of Say’s

L. emarginata (also described from Maine in 1821) and my observa-

tions go to confirm the same.

Mud Lake is about 24 miles long and one wide, shallow, with

mud, gravelly and rocky bottom, the forest growing all around it

down to the water’s edge. There are no settlements upon the lake,

and in all probability it looks just the same as when Mr. Longfellow

first collected his shells in 1842. A paper privately published, 4 pp.,

4 plates and 86 figs., illustrating the variation of Limnea emarginata

of Fish river, was prepared in ‘Oct., 1901, and a more elaborate one

will appear when all the lakes on Fish river have been examined

and a map prepared.

A careful survey was made in every part of Mud Lake and col-

lections made in all parts of it from the shore to 15 feet in depth,

and the following species were obtained :

Physa ancillaria Say. A few thin, fragile shells, nearly as clear

as glass, were dredged in 3 to 6 feet of water at the upper end of the

lake on muddy bottom.

Limnea emarginata Say. Very abundant at the inlet in all stages

of growth. (The original locality of Limnea ampla Mighels. )

Smaller colonies were found in the upper part of the lake and on the

left side of lake near the outlet.

Planorbis companulatus Say. Dredged.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Dredged.

Planorbis hirsutus Gld. Dredged in the lake and the thorough-

fares above and below the lake; very variable.

Planorbis parvus Say.

Ancyius parallelus Hald. One specimen in thoroughfare below

the lake.

Valvata tricarinata Say. One specimen.

Valvata sincera Say. One specimen in the lake and a few in the

thoroughfare below the lake.

Amnicola limosa Say. Common,

Unio complanatus Sol. Common.

Margaritana undulata Say. Few dead shells at the inlet, and the

thoroughfare between Long and Mud Lakes.

~amy 3 4 we

THE NAUTILUS. 129

Anodonta fragilis Lam. Common (small forms).

Spherium striatinum Lam. Living and dead shells abundant on

rocky bottom in the thoroughfare between Mud and Cross Lakes.

Calyculina securis Prime. At the inlet not many found.

Pisidium pauperculum nylandert Sterki. Few specimens.

Pisidium ferrugineum Prime. Few very fine specimens at the

inlet.

Caribou, Maine, Feb., 1902.

COLLECTING SHELLS IN MONTANA.

BY MORTON J. ELROD, UNIV. OF MONTANA.

[ Continued from page 112.)

Limax montanus Ingersoll. One specimen taken at Missoula, June

29,’97. Slugs are rarely seen in this region.

Euconulus fulvus Drap. A few specimens taken near Missoula,

Jane 5, ’97.

Succinea nuttalliana Lea. At the upper end of Flathead lake, in

a swampy bog, quantities of Limnaea palustris Mull. with dark

shells, were discovered, Among these was an occasional Planorbis

trivolvis Say. Four specimens of S. nuttalliana Lea, were all that

could be found, though diligent search was made. ‘These delicate

shells appear to be very scarce, since they have been taken no place

else.

Polygyra devia Gld. var. hemphilli W. G. B. On May 8, 1900,

Arbor Day, we took to the woods along the beautiful Lo Lo creek,

south of Missoula, and extending up into the Bitter Root mountains

a distance of some 75 miles. Lunch was eaten some four miles

from the mouth of the creek, when we sought for specimens along

the banks of the stream in overflowed pools. Among and in the

abundant fresh deer-tracks were found scattered specimens of this

species and P. townsendiana Lea, var. ptychophora A. D. Br. The

species was not abundant, only about 15 being taken. They were

much scattered, in holes, under decaying vegetation, difficult to

discover.

Polygyra townsendiana Lea, var. ptychophora A. D. Br. These

were taken rather abundantly, some 60 being the result of a two

hours’ search along the Lo Lo creek on May 8, 1900, in connection

with P. devia Gld., var. hemphilli W. G. B. For details see under

the latter species for information. Also found in small numbers at

other places near Missoula. The species was also taken at both

McDonald lake and Sin-yale-a-min lake in the Mission mountains,

a couple of dozen being taken at the former place and but a few at

the latter.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. <A half dozen of these little shells taken

at Missoula June 5, 1897.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

Pyramidula striatella Anth. Only a very few of this species taken

near Missoula in June, 1897.

Pyramidula elrodi Pils. This beautiful shell has been termed by

an admiring friend “ the queen of the Pyramidulas.” It has thus

far been found only along the banks of McDonald lake in the Mis-

sion mountains of Montana, living on the crags and among the loose

talus. The first collecting produced some forty specimens, all dead.

During the summer of 1900 about three quarts were secured. It

will be interesting to the reader to give some of the opinions regard-

ing this shell. For beauty the quotation above is certainly very

flattering. W. G. Binney writes, Oct. 12, 1900, “I call it a de-

pressed form of Hemphill’s Wasatchensis. You might make a dozen

species out of my series, and feel like tearing your hair afterwards

in despair!’ Dr. W. H. Dall says ‘‘the shell is larger than any

strigosa I ever saw, and differs in sculpture from any in our collec-

tion. Strigosa, var. Hemphilli has the same form, but its sculpture

is predominantly spiral and the shell the usual size. Conchologically

speaking, it is a coarsely sculptured form of Stearns’ shell (eircum-

carinata).’”’ Dr. H. A. Pilsbry considers it sufficiently different from

any existing species to be described as a distinct species.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

[ Conclusion. |

210. Anomia aculeata, Gmel.

Shell small, round; beaks obtuse, terminal; surface covered with

fine hairy, radiating lines on the upper or convex valve; lower valve

thin, smooth and flat, color yellowish white or gray ; interior shin-

ing ; aperture circular. Length and height about one-half inch each.

Habitat from Long Island to Greenland and northern coasts of

Kurope, rare south of Cape Cod. It has been found at Greenport

and Montauk, L. I. (S. Smith); Stonington, Conn., 4 to 5 fathoms;

Off Gay Head, 10 fathoms, but as yet no specimens have been ob-

tained in R. I. waters. Its station is among roots of fuci, attached

to stones and shells.

211. Anomia glabra, Verrill, 1872.

Syn: Anomia ephippium, Gld. and American authors, non Linné.

Anomia electrica, Gld. (Binney’s), non Linné. Anomta squamula,

Gld. (young), non Linné.

Shell rounded, oval or irregular in form; beaks small, pointed,

not quite reaching the margin; substance of the shell scaly, consist-

ing of numerous overlapping layers of pearly material resembling

talc, of a greenish tinge in living specimens—this substance in dead

THE NAUTILUS. 131

shells is rubbed off, showing the golden and silvery hues of the real

surface ; upper valve convex, lower valve flat, with an ovate aper-

ture which reaches the margin by a fissure. Diameter about one

inch.

Habitat from Maine to Florida, but rare and local north of Cape

Cod. It is sometimes very abundant in R. I. and at other times

quite rare. Generally in the fall months it is seen adhering to small

stones between tides at Opponang in Greenwich Bay, but during the

rest of the year it is rare to find one near the shore, its station being

among oyster beds. When growing upon the valves of Pecten

trradians, as it does sometimes, the Anomza conforms to the shape of

the Pecten and is ribbed like that species.

The Anomia ephippium of Linneus is a very common European

shell, and the great naturalist was deceived in our American shell,

supposing it to be the same species, and called it by the same name,

giving as its habitat, Pennsylvania. All authors since have known

it under that name, even down to Dall’s revision of the Mollusca of

Mass., Mar. 16, 1870, but Prof. A. E. Verrill has shown it to bea

distinct species and named it Anomia glabra, V., Am. Jour. Sci., ili,

213, 1872.

The shell described in Binney’s Gould, second edition, under the

name of Anomia electrica, Linné, is found among oysters and is dis-

tinguished from A. glabra by its sulphur yellow color, its defined

edge and its very convex upper valve. It is generally distorted,

semi-transparent and not so scaly as the preceding species. I think

it is merely a variety, and the variety is much more common with

us than the type.

Family Ostreide.

The oysters commenced in the Carboniferous and are found in

every age since to the present time. Some of the fossil oysters are

two feet in length. Of the living species, the most peculiar in its

habitat is the tree oyster, whieh grows upon the roots of the man-

grove. There is but one genus in this family and about 70 species.

212. Ostrea borealis, Lam.

Syn.: Ostrea Canadensis, Brug, Lam, Hanley.

213. Ostrea Virginica, Lam.

Syn.; Ostrea Virginiana, Lister, Sby, Gld.; O. rostrata maxima,

Chem.; O. elongata, Solander.

These two species are so variable in shape that it is impossible to

give an accurate description of them. ‘They are very irregular and

inequivalve, the larger valve generally attached to some object and

the smaller one moving forward as the shell grows. O. borealis is

obliquely rounded ovate, with short curved beaks, while O. Virginica

is long and norrow, with long and pointed beaks. In both species

the large valve is the lower one and the upper valve is the smallest,

flatter and smoother; surface of borealis flaky, greenish, that of

332 THE NAUTILUS.

Virginica somewhat lead color. Interior chalky or greenish white,

with a dark violet muscular impression in the centre.

A, Virginica sometimes attains a length of twelve to fifteen inches,

but seldom over three inches in breadth, while in borealis the

breadth is about one-half the length ; specimens six inches in length

are about three in breadth.

Oysters have many enemies, among which are sponges, star-fish,

drills and man. The drills or borers, Urosalpinx cinerea, are ex-

tremely abundant in our bay, and can destroy a great many oysters

in a short time.

Ostrea edulis of Europe is considered by some authors to be iden-

tical with our northern oysters. I cannot see enough resemblance

in either shell or animal to agree with them. Experienced oyster-

eaters can tell the difference between borealis and Virginica in-

stantly by the taste, having no knowledge whatever of the shells.

Having tried to eat English, Scotch, French and Dutch oysters,

judging from that standpoint I could never believe they were the

same species as the Ostrea borealis, the finest eating oyster in the

world.

{The following species were omitted in their proper place : |

175. Pisidium variabile Prime.

Shell heavy, oblique inequilateral, inflated, anterior longer, nar-

rower and angulated at the end; beaks full, prominent, not approxi-

mating at the apex; valves solid, interior light blue; epidermis

glossy, color variable, straw or greenish-brown, with a yellow zone

on the basal margin; cardinal teeth united ; lateral teeth short and

strong. Length 525, height zfs, breadth +45 inch.

Described by Temple Prime in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1V,

168, 1851. Inhabits the Eastern and Middle States. A very com-

mon species found in nearly all small streams.

176. Pisidium Virginicum Gmelin.

Shell thick, oblique, very inequilateral, coarse and robust in ap-

pearance ; anterior rounded, posterior broader, subtruncated at the

extremity, beaks large; valves solid, interior light-blue ; epidermis

greenish-brown to chestnut, with zones of a darker shade; hinge

margin curved; cardinal teeth two, shaped like the letter V re-

versed ; Jateral teeth short and strong. Length yy height Peo

breadth =%'g inch.

This is one of the largest species of Pistdiwm in America. It inhab-

its running streams in New England and Canada, and throughout the

Middle States, and in a few of the Western States. Say, in 1819,

described this shell under the name of Cyclas dubia, and it is gener-

ally known to collectors under this name, but Mr. Prime has shown

it to be identical with one deseribed by Gmelin, in 1788, as Tellina

Virginica; he, therefore, changes the name to its present one as

adopted above.

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THE NAUTILUS, XV. Prag Vt;

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COLOMBIAN JLAND SHELLS.

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THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XV. APRIL, 1902. No. 12.

NEW LAND SHELLS FROM THE SANTA MARTA MOUNTAINS, COLOMBIA.

Bien. A. PPLSBRY AND. G. H. CLAPP.

The species described below were collected by Mr. and Mrs. Her-

bert H. Smith, in the course of their recent collecting tour in the

Santa Marta rezion.* The country explored proved to be singularly

unproductive in land mollusks, both species and individuals being,

with the exception of a few furms, very scarce. However, the pro-

portion of new forms was high, and indicates considerable local spe-

cialization, as would be expected from the topography of that portion

of Colombia.

Glandina callista n. sp. PI. vii, fig. 7.

Shell fusiform, very thin, pale brownish-yellow with a few indis-

tinct darker streaks, more numerous on the spire, and encircled by

numerous narrow, inconspicuous buff spiral lines between the periph-

ery and suture and on the spire. Surface but slightly glossy, sculp-

tured with fine, somewhat irregular striz, and weakly scored by fine,

close spiral striz, better developed below. Suture distinctly mar-

gined with a row of small bead-like folds, each formed usually by the

coalescence.of two, or the knob-like enlargement of one of the striz.

_ Spire acuminate. Whorls nearly 7, but slightly convex, the last

more inflated, tapering below. Avperture slightly oblique, four-

*The Bulimulide collected have been noticed in the current volume of the

Manual of Conchology, two being there described as new. Two other species,

Pleurodonte clappi and Nenia smithe, have already been described and figured

in this journal.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

sevenths the length of the shell; outer lip evenly?arcuate ; columella

very concave, truncate as usual below. Parietal wall covered with

a very thin wash of callus, which swells broadly out upon the whorl

in the middle, and is abruptly retracted above. Length 68.5, diam.

26 mm.; length of aperture 38, greatest width 15.5 mm.

Santa Marta Mts. at Valparaiso, in forest at 4500 ft. elevation.

A charming species, remarkable for its acuminate spire, fusiform

contour and thin texture. It differs from G. striata by its sculpture

and the absence of distinct dark varices. G. plicatula is a smoother,

more obese shell, with shorter aperture. No other South American

species is nearly related.

Cireinaria ponsonbyi n. sp. Plate vii, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell much depressed, flat above, broadly and openly umbilicate,

thin, slightly greenish yellow-corneous, with a few faint darker

streaks; subtransparent. Surface glossy, irregularly sculptured with

wrinkles of growth. Spire almost perfectly flat, the inner whorls

hardly perceptibly raised. Whorls a trifle over 5, convex, separated

by a deeply impressed, narrowly margined suture, the last whorl

wide, evenly rounded at the periphery, convex beneath. Umbilicus

about one-fourth the shell’s diameter, regularly narrowing, all the

whorls being plainly visible. Aperture somewhat oblique, lunate-

oval. Peristome simple and thin, the upper termination inserted

far above the periphery of the preceding whorl. Alt. 4.9, diam.

13 mm. - “

Santa Marta Mts. at Cacaguelito, 1500 ft. elevation, under dead

leaves.

It is named for our valued friend and correspondent John Pon-

sonby, of London.

A paler and slightly less depressed form, which may be called

C. ponsonbyt clara, was taken at El Libano, at 6000 ft. elevation. —

It is pellucid, faintly greenish-corneous—the largest specimen

measuring, alt. 5, diam. 12 mm., whorls 44. The whorls are some-

what more convex beneath, and the apex is larger.

Aperostoma sanctemarthe n. sp. Plate vii, figs. 9, 10.

Shell openly umbilicate, depressed, rich chestnut colored with

some yellowish streaks and darker lines at irregular intervals ;

moderately solid. Surface glossy, sculptured throughout with close,

fine, rib-stria, which are distinctly wavy or crimped, and occasion-

+, eau

wor? p7A [A

THE NAUTILUS. 135

ally anastomosing or splitting. Whorls 43, convex, tubular, rapidly

enlarging, the last becoming almost free from the preceding near its

termination. Aperture but slightly oblique, subcircular, a little

angular above. Peristome obtuse, continuous, a trifle excised and

retracted on the parietal margin. Umbilicus ample, showing all the

whorls, its width contained 44 times in that of the shell. Alt. 20,

diam, 31.5 mm. Length of aperture with peristome 14.5, width

14.3 mm.

Operculum solid, perfectly flat, dull and white externally, com-

posed of about 7 whorls, which are raised in a low ridge or welt on

the inner edge, and very obliquely striated, the nucleus a little

sunken, and not raised inside. Diam. 12 mm.

Las Nubes estate, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia, at 4000 ft. elev.

A single specimen.

Related to A. popayanum, but the umbilicus is wider, the striz

stronger, and with another color-pattern. A close examination

shows some very faint traces of spiral bands.

Aperostoma smithi n. sp. PI. vii, figs. 5, 8.

Shell rather narrowly, deeply umbilicate, low-turbinate, very dark

chestnut with indistinct wide, black streaks, the eroded inner whorls

dull red; moderately solid. Surface glossy, with sculpture of close

rib-striz, which are a little waved or crimped. Whorls fully 4, con-

vex, rapidly widening. Aperture large, moderately oblique, circular,

a trifle angular above. Peristome blunt, continuous, in contact with

the preceding whorl for a short distance only. Umbilicus deep, its

diameter contained 9 or 10 times in that of the shell.

Alt. 14, diam. 20 mm.; length of aperture 10.5, width 10 mm.

Alt. 14.5, diam. 19.5 mm.; length of aperture 10.8, width 10 mm,

Operculum whitish externally, composed of about 6 flat whorls

around a sunken, corneous nucleus about 1 mm. diam. Internally

there is a slight central mucro, which lies just within the edge of the

dull scar of attachment. Diam. 9 mm.

Santa Marta Mts. at El Libano, at 6500 ft. elevation, under de-

caying leaves in forest.

It is about the size of A. dysoni, but with stronger, straighter rib-

strie and slightly more oblique aperture. A. pazi Crosse is some-

what similar, but has a wider umbilicus, smaller aperture and is more

depressed. A. smithi has a much smaller umbilicus than A. sancte

136 THE NAUTILUS.

marthe at any stage of growth; the aperture is larger and more ob-

lique, the color is darker, and the operculum differs. This species

is respectfully dedicated to Mr. H. H. Smith.

Helicina sanctemarthe n. sp. PI. vii, fig. 4.

Shell globose-conic, rather thin; variously colored, yellow, cor-

neous-yellow or light red above, paler beneath, variegated with more

opaque white or whitish in spiral lines and bands, continuous or in-

terrupted; the suture generally having a dark red border above,

apex white or tinted. Surface somewhat glossy, nearly smooth to

the eye, but sculptured with fine growth-lines and sparse, unequal

and irregularly spaced spiral lines of punctures. Spire straightly

conic, rather acute. Whorls 43 to 5, somewhat convex, the last

rounded at the periphery. Aperture oblique, semicircular ; lip thin,

expanded and reflexed, pale yellow. Basal callus spreading far for-

ward, whitish in the middle, elsewhere transparent.

Alt. 11.5, diam. 138 mm.

Alt. 11, diam. 13.5 mm.

Operculum bluish-white with some darker concentric lines, con-

cave and minutely papillose outside, the papilla not crowded. In-

terior glossy blackish, shading to red and then yellowish towards the

nucleus, a reddish border at the semicircular periphery. Straight

margin yellow-bordered, strengthened by a moderate ridge, which is

bent inward near the nucleus.

Santa Marta Mts., Colombia, at El Libano, 6000 ft. elevation, on

trees, especially palm leaves.

This species closely resembles H. columbiana Phil. at first sight,

but it has a more straightly conic spire and entirely different minute

sculpture, H. columbiana being decussated with crowded spiral lines

crossing the growth strie. The operculum in H. sanctemarthe is

thicker than in H. columbiana, and of a different color outside, but

the internal structure and color are about the same.

Helicina cacaguelita n. sp. PI. vii, fig. 6.

Shell globose-conic, thin, pale yellow or reddish-corneous, with

the spire pale red, the suture margined with red above, last whorl

encircled with several opaque whitish bands or lines. Surface nearly

smooth, showing faint growth-lines and almost. obsolete spirals under

alens. Spire straightly conic, rather acute. Whorls 44, somewhat

convex, the last rounded peripherally. Aperture oblique and semi-

Lamy wrt Ps tira,

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CHE NAUTILUS. 137

circular. Outer lip very narrowly reflexed, whitish, a little thick-

ened within. Basal callus moderately spreading, whitish in the

middle, elsewhere transparent.

Alt. 7.8, diam. 9.5 mm.

Alt. 7.2, diam. 8.3 min.

Operculum thin, externally whitish at the nucleus and along the

straight margin, a red area around the nucleus, outside of which

it becomes pale blue, with a reddish bordering line; nearly smooth.

Inside deep reddish, almost black, fading to whitish along the straight

margin and near the nucleus. The straight edge is thickened outside

and within.

Santa Marta Mts., Colombia, at Cacaguelito, at 1500 ft. elevation,

on the ground in forest under decaying leaves.

A small edition of H. sanctemarthe, but differing in the less

extensive basal callus, the minute sculpture, narrow lip, thinner

shell and operculum. It is more globose than H. tamsiana. The

coloring is similar in some specimens of H. nemoralina of Trinidad,

but that shell has a more globular last whorl.

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PLEURODONTE ACUTA GROUP.

BY P. W. JARVIS.

As most of the Jamaican land shells in museums and private col-

lections, are usually labelled “ Jamaica,” a very vague locality, a few

notes giving the areas in which some of the species live may not be

out of place.

Belonging to the group of which ZH. acuta is type, seven species

are recognizable :

1. Pleurodonte ingens (Adams).

2. Pleurodonte chemnitziana (Pfr.).

3. Pleurodonte carmelita (Fér.).

4. Pleurodonte subacuta (Pfr.).

5. Pleurodonte patina (Ads.),

6. Pleurodonte oxytenes (A. D. Brown).

7. Pleurodonte acuta (Lam.).

and three to the group of which H. bainbridge: is type.

8. Pleurodonte bainbridgei (Pfr.).

9. Pleurodonte pretiosa ( Ads.).

10. Pleurodonte spengleriana (Pir.).

THE NAUTILUS.

138

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THE NAUTILUS. 139

1. Pleurodonte ingens (C. B. Ad.) is limited to the John Crow

Mountains in Portland (No.1 in map). It is a mountain species.

The largest and most typical specimens come from Moore Town and,

its immediate neighborhood, but living or dead specimens are to be

found scattered in all parts of this area amongst the limestone rocks.

The varieties described by Prof. C. B. Adams, viz., ¢ndigna and

imperforata, are not local forms, but simply individual variations,

all three forms being occasionally found together.

2. Pleurodonte chemnitziana (Pfr.) has a much wider range than

P. ingens, being scattered sparsely on the spurs of the Blue Mountain

range, and found more plentifully towards the eastern limits of this

area (No. 2). A small pale variety (which is otherwise typical),

occurs at Bath, in St. Thomas parish.

3. Pleurodonte carmelita (Fer.) is limited to the higher regions of

the Blue Mountain range. This species seenis to thrive on the shaly

soil, while all the other species are most plentiful in the limestone

regions.

4. Pleurodonte subacuta (Pfr.) apparently has two habitats, the

first on the southern slopes of the Blue Mountain range (No. 4 in

map), where it is sometimes found in company with both P. carme-

lita and P. chemnitziana. The second habitat (No. 4 A) com-

mences about thirty miles west, at Mount Diablo. ‘Thence it occurs

plentifully on the mountains running due west to Ulster Spring,

where a few stragglers have been found. At present it has not been

found in the intermediate space (which is very poor in land shells),

but further search may possibly connect these two areas, or it may

be found that the form of each area constitutes a distinct species.

5. Pleurodonte patina (C. B. Ad.) occupies a very large area. In

the extreme east of it the variety nobilis of C. B. Adams is found on

the slopes of Mount Diablo. A few miles west, at Cave Valley and

Aenon Town, the largest and most typical form of P. patina crops

up, and is undoubtedly the locality where Prof. Adams obtained his

types. It spreads west through the higher parts of St. Ann’s and

Trelawny to Moore Town in St. James, gradually losing its most

distinctive characteristics, such as the concavity of the shell above

and below the periphery ; though retaining both the smooth surface

and the single small tooth.

6. Pleurodonte oxytenes (A. D. Brown) is limited to Hanover. It

is a very clearly marked species, yet subject to considerable indi-

vidual variation.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

7. Pleurodonte acuta (Lam.) is found throughout the southern

Parishes of St. Elizabeth, Manchester, Clarendon and St. Catherine;

though in some localities slightly specialized forms occur, I have not

yet been able to arrange them satisfactorily. As a rule the speci-

mens from the higher lands are larger and with small teeth, some-

times only one tooth, whilst the coast and lowland forms are very

small, and have large teeth.’ The variety acutissima is not a local

race, for in almost every locality of say three or four miles‘in extent.

it usually turns up as an acutely carinated form of the local variety.

7 A. Pleurodonte acuta (Lam,). The variety julia occurs on the

hills near the sea on the northern coast. Acutely carinated shells

with depressed spire are frequently found amongst the common and

typical forms. This variety julia may ultimately prove to be the

lowland variety of P. patina—not of P. acuta.

7 B. Pleurodonte acuta, var. lucerna (Mull.).2. The most pro-

nounced forms are found on the coast hills of Westmoreland.

Further inland occur larger specimens with smaller teeth, and the

aperture of the shell much wider. Prof. C. B. Adams’ fuscolabris is

a color variety.

7 C. Pleurodonte acuta var. sublucerna (Pilsbry) occurs in the

lowlands of St. Catherine and along the coast hills of St. Andrew.

Near Yallahs there is a very small depressed shell with very large

teeth and the umbilicus uncovered. Prof. C. B. Adams mistook

this shell for P. ducerna of Miller, and so named it in his collection

at Amherst College ; so when he had the Westmoreland specimens

brought to himshe described them as new under the name of fusco-

labris. On the northeast slopes of the John Crow Hills, especially at

Quaw Hill, a very large form of this umbilicated shell is found.

8. Pleurodonte bainbridgei (Pfr.) (No. 8 in map), occurs only in

the neighborhood of Ulster Spring in Trelawny. It is distinguished

by having the spire very much depressed. |

9. Pleurodonte pretiosa (C. B. Ad.) is very widely distributed,

being abundant in Manchester (No. 9 on map), and spreading east-

ward. It is difficult to give any eastern boundaries of this shell, as

‘Specimens of P. acuta were taken near Hope Bay, on the north coast in

Portland parish, by C. W. Johnson and W. J. Fox, in 1891.—Epbs.

2If P. acuta and lucerna are to be united, the latter will be the species, the

former the variety, as ZZ, acuta was described nearly fifty years later than H.

lucerna,—Kps.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

weathered specimens are occasionally found in Clarendon, and St.

Catherine. Prof. C. B. Adams, who was unacquainted with bain-

bridget of Pfeiffer, mistook the nearly allied Manchester species for

it, and coming across the albino form, described it as the var. pretiosa

of bainbridget ; consequently, his varietal name must be used to

designate this species, which is usually of a rich chocolate color.

10. Pleurodonte spengleriana (No. 10 in map) is the St. Elizabeth

species, and is readily distinguished by its smooth surface.

Before closing these notes I must acknowledge the kindly aid my

Master in Conchology, Mr. Henry Vendryes, has always so gener-

ously given me. Had it not been for his help I should never have

been able to send these communications. I must also acknowledge

the aid my friend, Mr. Geo. Nutt, has given in helping me to map

out most of the groups of Jamaican land shells.

NOTICES OF NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Mandarina hirasei n. sp. SheJl umbilicate, depressed-globose,

solid and strong, smoothish, slightly marked with growth-strie, and

under a lens seen to be densely striate spirally. Spire low-conoidal,

the apex obtuse. Whorls 44, the last rounded peripherally and

beneath, slightly descending in front. Aperture quite oblique,

rounded-truncate; peristome thick, expanded, narrowly reflexed

below, a little dilated at the columellar insertion, partially covering

the umbilicus. Alt. 13, diam. 21 mm.

Chichijima, Ogasawara (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 860).

Quite unlike any of the known species. The specimens are dead,

without cuticle, and white. Like IZ. ruschenbergeriana and M. pal-

lasiana, the species is probably extinct.

Hirasea diplomphalus n. sp. Shell very small, shaped like an

Ammonite or like Diplomphalus, the base perforate, spire rather

narrow and deeply sunken, periphery broadly rounded. Whorls 43,

the last sub-angular above. Aperture vertical, narrowly crescentic,

the outer lip thickened with a white rib within except near the upper

termination, Alt. 3.2, diam. nearly 2 mm.

- Chichijima, Ogasawara (Mr. Hirase, No. 863).

Hirasea goniobasis n. sp. Shell sub-perforate, dull brown, acutely

142 THE NAUTILUS.

-carinate at the periphery, low-conic, striate and terraced above, sub-

angular at base. Whorls 53, slowly widening. Aperture vertical,

narrow, trilobed, the outer lip thickened and sub-dentate within,

columellar margin thickened. Alt. 2.2, diam. 3.8 mm.

Chichijima, Ogasawara (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 864).

HIRaSIELLA, gen. nov. Shell small, bullet-shaped, like Huweonw-

lus or Kaliella, polished, sub-perforate, the lip contracted and thick-

ened within. The type of this group would be considered a Kaliella

were it not for the characters of the peristome, which shows it to be

allied to Hirasea. The young have a thin lip, like Kaliella.

Firasiella clara n. sp. Shell sub-perforate, glossy and smooth,

yellowish, elevated with convex outlines, bullet-shaped, the periphery

rounded, base very convex. Whorls 62, convex. Aperture shortly

lunate, contracted, the lip thickened within. Alt. 3, diam. 3 mm.

Chichijima, Ogasawara (Mr. Hirase, No. 867).

Diplommatina dormitor n. sp. Shell similar to D. cassa in shape,

but a little larger ; evenly sculptured with delicate, spaced rib-striz.

Whorls 7, the last narrower and ascending as usual. Aperture sub-

circular, the peristome continuous across the parietal wall. Colu-

mella toothed below, the tooth or fold moderate, ascending, not

enlarged within the last whorl. Palatal fold short. Length 3,

diam. 1.5 mm.

Kikaiga-shima, Osumi. Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 870.

This form has been found fossil in a (post-pliocene ?) deposit con-

taining many land shells. It differs from D. cassa in the much

shorter palatal fold, and far less developed columellar Jamella within

the last whorl. Modern species of the same region, such as D.

saginata of Oshima, are much smaller. This is the first Diplom-

matina known from Kikaiga-shima.

ALPHEUS HYATT.:

Alpheus Hyatt died suddenly of heart disease at Cambridge,

Mass., Jan. 15, 1902. He was born at Washington, D. C., April 5,

1838; prepared for college at the Maryland Military Academy and

passed a single year at Yale. After a year’s travel in Europe he

’Taken in part from the excellent memoir by Mr. Samuel Henshaw. Science,

Vol. XV., p. 300, Feb. 21, 1902.

’

THE NAUTILUS. 143

entered the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard in 1858, gradu-

ating with the degree of Bachelor of Science in 1862.

He enlisted in the volunteer militia in 1862 and at the close of the

Civil War was mustered out as Captain of the 47th Massachusetts

Infantry. Returning to Cambridge, he resumed his studies under

the guidance of Prof. Louis Agassiz, the greater part of his time

being directed to work upon the fossil Cephalopoda. In 1867, Mr.

Hyatt went to Salem, Mass., and was associated with Messrs. Put-

nam, Packard, and Morse in the care of the natural history collec-

tions of the Essex Insitute and the Peabody Academy of Science,

and in the editorial management of the American Naturalist. He

remained in Salem until 1870, when, on May 4, he was elected cus-

todian of the Boston Society of Natural History. By yearly choice

Mr. Hyatt remained the scientific head of the Society until his un-

timely death.

For the head of a museum of Natural History, Prof. Hyatt had

many marked qualifications ; his knowledge of zodlogy, of paleozodl-

ogy and geology was extensive ; he was skilful in manipulation, sug-

gestive in council, enthusiastic and approachable. His plan that a

natural history museum should be arranged so that a visitor on en-

tering should pass from the simpler groups to those more specialized,

and that the specimens in each case should be similarly classified,

though opposed as impractical, is both sound and feasible.

Prof. Hyatt’s reputation as a teacher will rest largely on the work

he did for the Teacher’s School of Science. His management of this

school was very skilful, and his lectures, of which he gave many

courses, were uniformly successful.

In the pursuit of his investigations, Prof. Hyatt not only studied

the accumulations preserved in museums in this country and abroad,.

but he partook in active field work; he dredged off the east coast at

various points from Labrador to Noank, Conn., and explored many

geological horizons in Canada, New England, New York and the

far west.

The following are some of his more important papers on mollusca :

On the parallelism between the different stages of life in the indi-

vidual and those of the entire group of the molluscous order Tetra-

branchiata. Fossil Cephalopods of the Museum of Comparative Zod@l-

ogy. The genesis of the Tertiary species of Planorbis at Steinheim-

Genera of fossil Cephalopods. Genesis of the Arietide.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

From the beginning Prof. Hyatt’s researches were very largely

devoted to evolutionary questions, and to the special study of fossil

Cephalopods ; at the time of his death he was one of the foremest

authorities upon the fossil Cephalopoda. ‘The true value of his work

upon this group must be left for the future; memoirs such as the

Genera of fossil Cephalopods, and the chapter on the Cephalopoda

contributed to the English issue of Zittel’s Paleontology cannot be

properly estimated by the present generation ; they require prolonged

and detailed study founded upon large series of specimens. His

theory of parallelism based on acceleration and retardation, and his

discoveries concerning the laws of development, growth and decline

were advocated with persistence and vigor; and while his treatment

is not always lucid, he is to be credited as the originator of a distinct

school, a school devoted to exact metbods of research. ‘The growth

of this so-called Hyatt school, never of greater importance than at

the time of his death, was a source of sincere gratification to him.

Prof. Hyatt possessed traits of character the worth of which can-

not be exaggerated ; his private life, though uneventful, was attended

with many blessings; he had vigorous health, congenial work and

many friends. He enjoyed scientific meetings and general society ;

his welcome to his own home, where he was the most charming of

hosts, can never be forgotten.—C. W. J.

We record with great regret the death of Prof. A. G. Wetherby,

which occurred Feb. 15. Further notice will appear next month.

GENERAL NOTES.

SERRIDENS OBLONGUS Cpr,—During one of my recent collecting

trips to Pt. Loma and Pacific Beach, I found a number of these in-

teresting little bivalves nestling under the mantle or clinging to the

outside of the shell of /schnochiton conspicuus. Their minute size

seems to make it especially appropriate for them to depend on their

big neighbors for protection and support. The specimens were iden-

tified by Dr. Dall, who tells me that Pristophora being pre-occupied,

the, genus has been named Serridens. He states that up to the date

of my finding them here, only the single valve, found by Dr. Car-

penter at San Diego, in 1866, was on record.—F. W. KreLsry, SAN

Dirtco, Can.

THE

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XVI.

MAY, 1902, to APRIL, 1903.

PHILADELPHIA

Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON

;

INDEX

Pim NAUTILUS, VOL. XVI,

INDEX TO SUBJECTS AND SPECIES.

Acanthopleura granulata, habits of :

Adaptation of mollusks to changed conditions :

Adeorbis picta T. Wood = Chlorostoma fasciatum Born

Alyczus harimensis var. sadoensis P. & H., n. var.

Alyceeus vinctus Pils., n. sp.

Ampelita gonostyla Ancey, f. major

Ampelita robillardi Angas .

Ancylus, surface sculpture in

Angitrema verrucosa at een = Ind.

Anomia navicelloides Aldr. (Pl. IV, f. 13, 14)

Arinia japonica Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Ashmunella, a new fossil

Ashmunella levettei (Bld.) . ; ;

Ashmunella thompsoniana pecosensis CkIL., n. supsp. .

Astele turbinata T. Wood = Chlorostoma scalare Anton

Aurora Simpson, not Cossmann — Simpsonella Ch, noi."

Bulimini from Central Asia, two new .

Buliminus albocostatus Ancey, n. sp.

Buliminus andersonianus var. sohizoensis P. & H, Say Var. |

Buliminus hiraseanus Pils., n. sp.

Buliminus larvatus est n. sp..

Buliminus luchuanus var. oshimanus Pils. n. var.

Bulimulus dealbatus parsonis Pils., n. Te

Bulimus carinatus Perry = ae peronii Phil. .

( ili )

. 138

age

. 129

lv THE NAUTITUS.

Calyculinz, some notes on the North American . ; . 89

Calyculina ferrissii Sterki, n. sp.. ; : ; ; ee |

Calyculina hodgsonii nee Rap. S i |

Campeloma milesii, on the apepitic validity of (Plate Vj. aaa

Cancellaria annosa Aldr. (PI. III, f. 2) . 98

Cancellaria bifoliata Aldr. (P]. IV, f. 24). . 101

Cantharidus peronii Phil. + Bulimus carinatus Perry, not

Brug. } : ells

Carychium hachijoensis Pe n: Sp. 4: 3 Sige eee

Chama monroensis Aldr. n. sp. (PI. IV, f. 15) . 100

Chloritis albolabris Pils. & Hir., n. sp. : . ree |

Chloritis bracteatus Pils., n. sp. . ; ; ee |

Chloritis echizenensis Pils. & Hir.,n. sp... : 7 Se

Chloritis tosanus Pils. & Hir., n. an ; : . 134

Chondropoma superbum Micadorpon & aageane n. sp. ie 88

Chromodoris mcfarlandi Cockerell, n. sp. . 21

Chromodoris porterae Cockerell, n. sp. : ee

Chromodoris universitatus Cockerell n. sp. Bisse, - eee

‘Clausilia japonica var. okinshimana Pils., n. var. ; ee

Clausilia rowlandi Pils. & Gulick,n. sp... ; oh

Clavator balstoni Angas var.? herculea Ancey . : ry 6s

Clavator humbloti Ancey, n. sp. . . 80

Clavilithes columbaris Aldr., n. sp. (PI. IIT, i ; GS

Cochlicopa lubrica var. ibauinpecanie Pils., n. var. ; ns

Conchological Section, ae: Inst. of Arts and

Sciences . ; 3 ; . ) SEO ETS

Conus from tertiary of Rina a new ; . 131

Conus nicholii Wilson a synonym of C. promiethede ewes 143

Conus waltonensis Aldr., n. sp. (fig.) . ; ESI

Cooper, Dr. James G.. pert aaS, ; ; Is

Crassatellites from Brazil, a ‘new : : ; ee!

Crassatellites brasiliensis Dall, Nesp. 3 : . 102

Cyclinella Dall, n. gen. : ae

Cyclinella singleyi Dall, n. sp. . : ; : . 44

Cyclostoma alayerianum Ancey, n. sp. . oe

Cyclostoma carnicolor Ancey,n. sp. . ; ee)

Cypreea arabica var. atra Dautz . settee Ape <3 |

Cypreea argus var. concatenata Dautz . 3 : ; . 141

Cypreea argus var. minor Dautz . : ; é . 141

THE NAUTILUS.

Cyprea bregeriana var. barbara Kenyon

Cyprea carneola var. propinqua Garrett

Cyprea carneola var. rubicola Kenyon

Cyprea caurica var. pallida Dautz.

Cypreea eglatina var. pallida Dautz.

Cyprea errones var. albida Dautz.

Cyprva errones var. pallida Dautz.

Cyprea helvola var. borneensis Kenyon

Cyprea helvola var. timorensis Kenyon

Cyprea histrio var. luctuosa Dautz.

Cyprea mappa var. viridis Kenyon

Cyprea miliaris var. diversa Kenyon .

Cypreea nuculoides Aldrich, n. sp. (Pl. IL], f. 4, 6)

Cyprea poraria var. insignis Dautz.

Cypreea poraria var. vibex Kenyon

Cypreza talpa var. saturata Dautz.

Cyprea tigris var. lineata Kenyon

Cyprea tigris var. rossiteri Dautz.

Cyprea vitellus var. subrostrata Dautz.

Cyprea walkeri var. rossiteri Dautz.

Cyprea ziczac yar. decolorata Dautz. .

Cyprzide de la Nouvelle-Caledonie Dautz .

. 142

. 141

. 142

see

. 142

. 141

142

Dalliella, Simpson not Cossmann, — Simpsonella Cll. ay ae eee 2 I

Sipiodon websteri Simpson, n. sp.

Diplommatina kobelti var. ampla Pils. :

Enteroxenos ostergreni, a new endo-parasitic Gaseranod

Epiphragmophora circumcarinata and Pyramidula elrodi

Epiphragmophora exarata var. rubicunda Rowell, n. var.

Erato oligostata Dall, n. sp.

Ethalia tasmanica T. Wood = Module odtiens Te

Eulimide, a new genus of Eocene

_ Eulota aperta var. mikuriyensis Pils., n. a

_ Eulota caviconus Pils.

Eulota cavitectum Pils. & Hir., n. api.

Eulota despecta var. Gitewiaaatec Pils., n. var.

Eulota hachijoensis Pils., n. sp.

Eulota intonsa Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Eulota kinsiuensis var. Beiiatatis Pils. & ne ,n. var.

Eulota koliensis var. gotoensis Pils. & Hir., n. var.

vl THE NAUTILUS.

Eulota mackensii var. formosa Pils., n. var. ; ; . 46

Eulota minima Pils., n. sp. . . 45

Eulota omiensis var. echizenensis Pile: & Hihe n. var. . 16

Kulota peliomphala var. septentrionalis teri } ; . 68

Eulota sadoensis Pils. & Hir.,n. sp. . : , . 115

EKulota submandarina var. compacta Pils. n. var. : . 46

Euplecta oxyacme Ancey, n. sp.. : . 64

Fissuridea infrequens Aldr., n. sp. (PI. ITI, : 8, 9) : . 98

Fossil land shells of the ae: forest bed of the Ohio River . 50

Ganesella cardiostoma var. kagaensis Pils. & Hir., n. var. . 116

Ganesella notoensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp. ; : . 1G

General Notes . 4 : . 9, 58, 72, 84, 95, 106, 119, 148

Gly ptostoma newberryanum var. depeesearn Boyan n. var. 70

Hainesia crocea Sowb. in Madagascar, not Mauritius . i Se

Haliotis rufescens Swain., notes on, ; ‘ . 84

Helicarion (?) auenenperoranis Ancey, n. - : : . 64

Helicina japonica and related forms ., ; : : . 130

Helicina japonica var. echigoensis Pils., n. var. . : . 131

Helicina sadoensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp. ; ‘ : . 128

Helicina tantilla Pils., n. sp. : ; ; d 2 . Be

Helicophanta alayeriana Ancey,n.sp.. : ° ; . 68

Helix var. circumcarinata and Pyramidula elrodi J Be

Hemiplecta oleata Ancey, n. sp. . ; : 5 : . 65

Hemiplecta profuga Ancey, n. sp. : j ; : oe

Heude, Prof. Py ; ‘ : ; : 2 ; 98

Hirasea acuta Pils.,n. sp. . ; : : ee

Hirasea diplowmalies var. Wisenies Bice n. var. ; whe

Hirasea major Pils.,n. sp. . ; : 3 : F . \ 4a

Hirasea profundispira, n. sp. : : : ; : » 4

Homonymous generic names : é ETS

Japanese Empire, notices of new lant aie of tte, 4, 21, 45, 53,

68, 75, 114, 128, 134, 136

Kaliella gudei Pils. & Hir., n. sp. , i : 7

Kaliella hachijoensis Pils., n. sp. . ; ‘ : : . 9d

Kaliella hizenensis Pils., n. sp... rei i ; it

Kaliella kugeensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . ‘ ‘ Paty

Kaliella okiana Pils., n. sp.. ; ; ; ' ; 6.08

Kaliella pallida Pils., n. sp.. . ; . 59

Lampsilis blatchleyi Daniels, n. sp. (PI. ID) ; . sche

THE NAUTILUS. Vil

Latirus elaboratus Aldr., n. sp. EE fs 10) Yay eb:

Legrand, William : : . 60

Leucotenius ellipticus ae M. Sp. -. : : 3 Paes |

Leucotznius procteri Sowb. : : £68

Lima agassizii Dall, n. sp. . : : iL

Lima excavata Fabr. . : 4 : . ; f 16

Lima goliath Sowb. . ; ee 15, 16

Lima patagonica Dall.,n.sp. . . gas Seta a6

Limas, notes on the Dents : E : AE

Limax maximus in Southern Galerorat ae 4 Mai:

_ Limnea auricularia in America . : bs

Limnzea, notes on awe: |

Lower Par ereis, cruising and collecting off the’ coast Of 25

Lucina filosa Stimp. : : : | an

Macrochlamys humbloti itney a n. sp. é ; { Le 66

Macrochlamys granosculpta Ancey, n. sp. . ; m G5

Macrochlamys kagaensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp. ; 78

Macrochlamys perfragilis var. is eee Pils. & rhe ,n.v. 129

Macrochlamys semisericata Pils.,n.sp. . : . o4

Madagascar, contribution towards the ee of the

mollusca. —. - Ais:

Mandarina Eetedarina- var. conus Pils: Vad 7, 3 eG

Mesodon exoleta, reversed . ; ‘ , : eh

Microcystina circumdata Pils., n. sp. ; : We ESO

Microcystina higashiyamana Pils, & Hae n. ia. . 129

Microcystina nuda Pils. & Hir.,n. sp.. ; : a

Microcystina yakuensis Pils.,n.sp.. é Pune

Miodontiscus n. n. for Miodon Cpr., 1864, not Duméril, 1859 143

Mollusca of the Chicago area : : 3) ee

Mollusca of the Mt. Mitchell-region, N. C. ; . 107

Mollusks occurring in Southern isbn ; . 133

Naiad from New Zealand, a new . f : ; ; in BU

Neocorbicula fischeri, note on . : : : ; $2

New England marine collecting . : "e's Pig 8 &

Omphalina rugeli oxycoccus Vanatta,n. var... : . 106

Ovula symmetrica Ald.,n. sp. (PI. III, f. 10). . 99

Pearl,alarge. : Ne Be

Pearl buttons Reantectabad ices fronts: water aadustin i mee i

Pecten subminutus Aldr.,n. sp. (PI. 1V,f.16,17) . . 100

viii THE NAUTILUS.

Pholas truncatus in Salem Harbor . ; ; ; ives

Physa compacta Pease from Hawaii . : 5 ; . 106

Physa gyrina Say : ; ; ; : . et

Planorbis parvus Walkeri V tanita, n. var. . : : . 98

Pleurodonte anomala Pfr., P. atavus Sp. 1-3

Pleurodonte bronni Pfr., P. browneana Pfr. . 1-4

Pleurodonte invalida Ads... ; ; ’ : . 1-3

Pleurodonte lindsleyana Chitty . 1-3

Pleurodonte okeniana Pfr. : . 1-3

Pleurodonte pallescens Pfr., PE eran ade P. pic-

turata Ads. , : A : . 1-4

Pleurodonte schroeteriana Pfr., P. simpson Pfr. . - . 1-4

Pleurodonte sinuata Mall., P. sinuosa Fer. . i 1-4

Pleurodonte sinuata group, notes on the distribution . 1

Pleurodonte sloaneana Sh., P. soror Fer., P. strangulata

Ads. : : : : ‘ : . 1-4

Pleurodonte paca Fer. : ; ; : ee

Pleurodonte valida Ads. : : : E : me

Pleurotoma (Drillia) caseyi Aldr., n. sp. (Pl. III, f. 1,2) . 97

Pleurotoma weldiana T. Wood = Drillia fucata Rve. . . 49

Polygyra alabamensis Pils., n. sp. 4 : : ; x p80

Polygyra profunda, reversed. : : : : . 119

Polygyra texasensis Pils., n. sp. . : , : |

Prime, Temple . ; : . 8

Erne otis Cki., aon. for ane oa Paramus Proves . 118

Ptereulima sieeahe acne n. gen. and sp. (fig.) . E . 1

Publications received. . . . 22,88, 60,107, 120,139

Punctum conspectum Bld. . : ‘ ‘ P : . ASS |

Punctum morseanum Pils., n. sp. i : : é oie

Pupisoma japonicum Pils., n. sp. : f : : ae

Pyramidula conica Pils. & Hir., n. sp. : : Mitre |.

Pyramidula elrodi and Helix var. sivchage meatal d oo ee

Pyramidula elrodi and Epiphragmophora circumcarinata, 62, 83

Pyramidula elrodi, notes on (illustrated) . : . 109, 144

Pyramidula pauper var. hachijoensis Pils., n. var. : 208

Pyramidula strigosa concentrica in Colorado , : . 106

(JQuadrula andrewse Marsh, n. sp. (Pl. I) . ; : : 8

Quadrula beauchampii Marsh, n. sp. (Pl. I) : ’ a,

Quadrula trapezoides var. pentagonoides Frierson, n. v., 39, 40

PE DA el

THE NAUTILUS. ix

Rissoa kelseyi Dall and Bartsch, n. sp. . a ae

_ Rissoina bakeri Bartsch,n.sp.. : ag

Semele werburtoni T. Wcod = = Redakts Sehannlega Es, , 49

_ Shell-bearing mollusca of Rhode Island : me

Shells of Calhoun Falls, South Carolina — , » 125

Shells collected on Clit Island, Casco Bay, eine : 119

Shells collected on San actus Island, L. California, Mex 40

_ Shell collecting on the Mississippi . 102

_ Shells collected in the Sacramento Mts. Nea RMexiae eee

_ Shells from North Carolina, notes on aote . 106

Sitala latissima Pils., n. sp. . EBC

_ Slugs as medicine : : . 84

Sonorella granulatissima Pils. jie: Sp. : E : oe ee

- Sphaerium deformis H. F. amantee ; ‘ . 84

_ Sphyradium edentula Drap. in Eastern Asia ; b tebe

_ Tasmanian and West Indian Conchology, notes on . 9 £9

+ Tertiary mollusca from one Mississippi and Florida,

new. <1 3

erastcllina arhaata Pils. > it. a Pi J

Trishoplita lischkeana var. eamancis Pils. ‘& Hae n. var... 135

Trishopiita mesogonia var. sbikokuensis Pils. & Hir. -n. yar, 135

Tritonia palmeri Cooper, note on ; : pe

Trivia atomaria Dall, n. sp.. , : i

Trivia panamensis Dall, wa Ae 33)

Unio from Tennessee, eedviption of a new (Plate I). are

Unionide in Texas sid Louisiana, collecting. : ape a

j Unio popeii Lea, in New Mexico : oe

_ Veronicella sloanei Cur., as medicine . . 84

_ Verticordia dalliana Aldr., n. sp. (PI. IV, f. 8) . 100

_ Verticordia Beaneularic Aldr., n. sp. (PI. EV,.£ 29, 93) . 101

_ Verticordia sotoensis Aldr., n. sp. (Pl. IV, f. 19-21) . . 100

he Vertigo coloradensis and V. ingersolli ; Oe

_ Vitrea draparnaldi Beck in Washington, D.C. . , . 94

_ Wetherby, Albert G. (portrait) . ; ee |)

_ Zonitoides arboreus in Japan. ; ALO

Zonitoides subarboreus Pils., n. sp... : . o4

INDEX TO AUTHORS

Aldrich, ‘T. H.

Ames, Frank H..

Ancey, C. F.

Baker, Dr. F.

Baker, Frank C.

Bartsch, Paul

Billups, A. C.

Bryant, F. W.

Carpenter, Horace F. .

Casey, Thos. L. .

Clapp, Geo. H.

Cockerell, T. D. A.

Dall, Wm. H.

Daniels, L. E.

Elrod, Morton J.

Frierson, Lorraine 8S. .

~ Gulick, Addison .

Hamilton,S. H. .

Harper, Geo. W..

Hedley, Charles .

Hemphill, Henry

Henderson, J. B., Jr. .

Hirase, Y. .

Hodgson, C. S$.

Jarvis, P. W.

Johnson, Charles W.

Marsh, Wm. A. .

Morse, E. S.

Pilsbry, Henry A.

Raymond, W. J..

97, 131

9,96, 119

. 47, 64, 80

. 40

25, 102

ee 9, 94

. 50, 72, 112, 119, 125

ey ee ae

19, 69, 95, 105, 107, 117, 118

15, 43, 82, 94, 101, 106, 143

109, 144

49, 60

pe vis 288

15, 114, 128, 134

ceeds rl

23, 36,139, 143

4, 21, 80, 36, 45, 53, 58, 62, 68, 72, 114,

119, 128, 130, 134

Xil THE NAUTILUS.

Roberts, S. Raymond . ; ; : . 138

Rowell, J. . ; : : < ‘ , - ~R2

Simpson, C.T. . z 30, 88

Soelner, G. W. H. ; i : é ; ; . - 94

Stearns, R. E. C. , ; ; : ; . 61, 83, 133

Sterki, V. . : cs : ; . 89

Vanatta, E.G. . : : ; 57, 58, 106

Walker, Bryant . : , ; 33, 85, 121

Weeks, Wm. H., Jr., . : ‘ ! ; é . 119

Winkley, Henry W. . ; ; : et

——

THE NauTILus.

VoL. XVI.

Ms ¥Y, 1902. . DO. ts

7 :

“" NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PLEURODONTE SINUATA GROUP

BY P. W. JARVIS.

Jamaican Pleurodonte fall into two distinct groups: those that

have two teeth on the peristome, with P. acuta as type (see last

article), and the four-toothed species, with P. sinuata and peracu-

tissima as types.

The species of this second group are:

1. P. valida (Ads.). 11. P. picturata (Ads.).

2. P. strangulata (Ads.). 12. P. atavus (Sh.).

3. P. sinuosa (Fer.). 13. P. lindsleyana (Chitty).

4. P. simpson (Pfr.). 14. P. schroeteriana (Pfr.).

5. P. invalida (Ads.). 15. P. tridentina (Fer.).

6. P. anomala (Ptr.). 16. P. browneana (Pfr.).

7. P. pallescens (Sh.). 17. P. sinuata (Miill.).

8. P. bronni (Pir.). 18. P. soror (Fer.).

9. P. sloaneana (Sh.). 19. P. peracutissima (Ads.).

10. P. okeneana (Pfr.). ~ 20. P. cara ( Ads.).

Pleurodonte valida (Ads.) (No. 1 in map), Jolin Crow Mountains,

in the extreme east of the island. This common woodland species

is very abundant in the north and eastern parts of this area.’

Pleurodonte strangulata ( Ads.) (Area No. 2), not a common shell,

though rather widely distributed. The remarkable shape of the

aperture at once distinguishes it from its allies.

1Specimens of P. valida were taken near Hope Bay by C. W. Johnson and

W. J. Fox, in 1891.

THE NAUTILUS.

JAMAICA

{

THE NAUTILUS. $

Pleurodonte sinuosa (Fer.) (Area No. 3). Common on the moun-

tains in the eastern half of the island; often found from 2,000 to

3,000 feet above sea level.

Pleurodonte simpson (Pfr.) (Area No. 4). If this is not a good

species, it is the small globose local form of H. sinuata found in the

Richmond Valley district, where it abounds to the exclusion of the

other forms of sinuata.

Pleurodonte invalida (Ads.) (Area No. 5) is limited to the low-

lands of St. Catherine and common all over this district, even in the

wooded swamps near the sea. It is found in company with the var.

sublucerna of acuta, and possibly is a diminutive or lowland variety

of H. sinuata.

Pleurodonte anomala (Pfr.) (Area No. 6) is a very remarkable and

readily distinguished species, limited to the Manchester district.

The var. convera of Adams occurs at Balaclava.

Pleurodonte pallescens (Sh.) (Area 7) is limited to the cock-pit

country, and very common in the “ sink-holes’’ at Mulgrave, in St.

Elizabeth.

Pleurodonte bronni (Pfr.) (Area 8) is not a common shell, being

limited to a few miles of the coast hills on the north side of the island,

near Rio Bueno and St. Ann’s Bay.

Pleurodonte sloaneana (Sh.) and P. okeniana (Pfr.) (Area 9) are

both distributed throughout this area. PP. sloaneana is very common

and found living everywhere, whilst P. okentana (the larger of the

two species) is represented by dead shells alone in the southern and

eastern parts of this area, and at present only found living at Han-

over.

Pleurodonte picturata ( Ads.) (Areas 7, 9,10, 11,12). This ex-

tremely pretty shell spreads from the cock-pit country through St.

James, Hanover, Westmoreland and the western parts of St. Eliza-

beth. The var. A. of Adams with the more elevated spire and

closed umbilicus, occurs in the western parts of Westmoreland and

common near Negril.

Pleurodonte atavus (Sh.) (Area 11) is very local, limited to low

coast hills lying west of Little London in Westmoreland, where it is

far from abundant. The arrangement of the teeth on the peristome

and general build of the shell at once distinguish it.

Pleurodonte lindsleyana (Chitty) (Area 11). A few poor speci-

mens of this shell come from the same locality as P. atavus. This

a7 THE NAUTILUS.

is also Chitty’s type locality where he obtained a few good

specimens.

Pleurodonte schroetertana (Pfr.) (Area 12). This species abounds

in the wood of the western part of Westmoreland, it occurs much

less commonly in the other parts of this area. ;

Pleurodonte tridentina (Fer.) and P. browneana (Area 12) are

found in the woods on the northern parts of this area, at a higher

elevation than P. schroeteriana. ‘These two species are allied to P.

schroeteriana, and if not good species, the types are very highly dif-

ferentiated varieties. These shells are also subject to considerable

individual variation.

Pleurodonte sinuata (Miill.) is the only species of this group which

is found almost all over the island. Slightly specialized local forms

do occur, but it is remarkable that a shell so widely distributed and

so abundant should be so constant.

Pleurodonte soror (Fer.) (Area 9). This shell occurs in the

Parish of Hanover and the bordering mountains of Westmoreland.

Pleurodonte peraculissima (Ads.). This shell is generally dis-

tributed over the higher regions of Manchester, Clarendon, St. Ann,

Trelawny and St. Elizabeth. In spite of this species being so

widely distributed and varying very much in size, and other minor

characters, there is little doubt as to the extreme varieties belonging

to the same species. Several localities have their typical varieties

of this species. |

Pleurodonte cara (Ads.) inhabits the western part of the Island

(the part shaded on the map), and a few stragglers have been found

in the mountains on the north of Manchester and St. Elizabeth.

There are two very distinct varieties of this shell, the type with the

“very thick, strong lip” from St. James and Hanover, and the com-

mon and more widely distributed variety which is of a much lighter

build and with thinner lip.

NOTICES OF NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Kulota despecta var. kikaiensis n. var.

Smaller and more solid than despecta, pink-tinted, at least near

the aperture; the cuticle thin or wanting, hardly yellowish. Inner

* ee ae ieee 6 em Oe Ee

es }

THE NAUTILUS. 13)

border of the lip more or less thickened, pink or lilac colored, the

throat paler. Whorls 5 to 52.

Alt. 17, diam. 19 mm.

Alt. 15 to 154, diam. 17 mm.

Kikaiga-shima, Oshima group, Osumi.

The fossil specimens from Kikaiga-shima belong to the larger

typical form, which also still exists in the living fauna of the island,

practically indistinguishable from the Okinawa shells, and showing

the same color variations, from brownish-pink to a whitish straw tint.

Punctum morseanum n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, depressed, convex, low conic above, convex be-

neath, thin, brownish-corneous. Surface slightly shining, nearly

smooth, but there are a few irregular and low thread-like striz of

growth. Whorls 34, convex, separated by a well-impressed suture,

the last whorl rounded at the periphery, convex beneath. Aperture

oblique, rounded, somewhat less than one-fourth of the circle excised

at the parietal wall. Peristome simple and thin, the columellar

margin dilated. Width of the umbilicus one-sixth the diameter of

the shell. Alt. 0.73, diam. 1.9 mm.

Hirado, Hizen, in western Kyashi. Types no. 83024 A. N.S. P.,

from no. 553d of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species is much larger than P. japonicum Pils. It differs

from P. amblygona (Reinh.) and its variety pretiosum (Gude) in the

rounded periphery and smoother surface, P. leptum ( Westerl.), de-

scribed from Nagasaki, which is not known to me by specimens, is

apparently different in its sculpture of delicate, crowded, cuticular

lamellz, and in the obtuse angulation of the last whorl,

Prof. E. S. Morse informs me that he has demonstrated the exist-

ence of the genus Punctum in Japan by examination of the jaw.

The species he worked on has not been determined, but it may not

unlikely prove to be amblygona Reinh., as that occurs in the region

of Tokyo. The described Japanese species mentioned above I have

referred to Punctum from their shell-characters only. All of them

are extremely small.

Hirasea acuta n. sp. Shell solid, biconvex, acutely carinate at

the periphery, densely and finely striate above, and decussated with

fine spirals below; brown, paler or whitish around the perforation ;

whorls slightly over 4, flat, the last deflexed in front, contracted at

6 THE NAUTILUS.

the mouth. Aperture small, acutely angular at the position of the

keel; basal lip strengthened within by a strong, white, callous rib.

Alt. 14, diam. 85 mm. :

Imotoshima, Ogasawara (Mr. Y. uaey:

Not quite so depressed as the slightly larger H. acutissima, and

beautifully decussated beneath.

Mandarina mandarina var. conus n. var. Shell much elevated,

the spire pyramidal, with obtuse apex. Nearly black brown, 2 or 3

early whorls reddish; sometimes with a pale patch at the middle

of the base. Alt. 21, diam. 22 mm.

Imotoshima, Ogasawara (Mr. Hirase, no. 896).

Clausilia japonica var. okinoshimana, n. var. Larger than japon-

aca, coarsely fold-striate, with fine spiral striz visible in most of the

interstices; whorls 114. Dark purplish-brown, with a yellowish

border under the sutures on the middle whorls. Aperture, lamelle

and plice as in C. yaponica. Length 31-34, diam. 7-8 mm.

Okinoshima, Tosa. Types no. 80846 coll. A. N.S. P., from no.

585 of Mr. Hirase’s collection. :

Distinguished by its large size, dark color and strongly developed

sculpture. It is not, however, different from japonica in any im-

portant structural feature.

Microcystina yakuensis n. sp.

Shell imperforate, depressed, biconvex, thin, somewhat trans-

lucent, pale yellow, glossy and smooth. Spire low conoidal, com-

posed of 44 convex, slowly increasing whorls separated by a well

impressed suture. Last whorl rounded peripherally, convex beneath,

impressed at the axis. Aperture lunate; peristome thin and fragile ;

columellar margin reflexed, somewhat thickened. Alt. 1.2, diam.

2.3 mm.

Yaku-shima. Types no. 83035, A. N.S. P., from no. 900 of Mr.

Hirase’s collection.

This species is a miniature of ‘ Macrochlamys”’ tanegashime, of

Tanega-shima and Satsuma, |

Kaliella Okiana n. sp.

Shell subperforate, conic-depressed, thin, brownish, somewhat

glossy, the upper surface slightly striatulate, base whorl glossy.

Spirally striate. Spire conic, composed of 5 convex whorls, the

last slightly angular in front, becoming rounded. Aperture lunate,

SS ——S SS eS ee ae a) ee ES ee ee ea ne ee es

= oa

TiIE NAUTILUS. a

the lip single and thin, columellar margin suddenly dilated and

reflexed at the axial insertion, a little thickened. Alt. 2.1, diam.

2.7 mm.

Hirado, Hizen. Types no. 82969 A. N.S. P., from no. 891 of Mr:

Hirase’s collection. Named for Mr. Oki, Mr. Hirase’s correspond-

ent in Hirado.

Kaliella hizenensis n. sp.

Shell minute, imperforate, depressed-conic, thin, yellowish, some-

what transparent. Surface sculptured with excessively minute,

densely crowded radial strie above, nearly smooth beneath. Spire

low-conic, composed of slightly more than 4 very convex, slowly in-

creasing whorls, the last rounded at the periphery, convex beneath,

impressed at the axis. Aperture oblique, rounded-lunate, the peri-

stome thin and simple, dilated and reflexed at the columellar inser-

tion. Alt. 1.4, diam. 1.9 mm.

_ Hirado, Hizen. Types no. 82970. A. N.S. P., from no. 892 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This very small species, of which 10 specimens were sent, is some-

what like K. pagoduloides, but more depressed and not so large.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW UNIO FROM TENNESSEE.

BY WM. A. MARSH, ALEDO, MERCER CO., ILLINOIS.

Quadrula Beauchampii n. sp. PI, I, lower two figs.

Shell subtriangular, inflated over the umbones and beaks; shell

very thick and solid, thicker before, beaks solid, raised and ¢neurved,

inequilateral, rounded before, obtusely angular behind, ligament

short, thick, light brown, epidermis yellowish-brown, growth lines

close and very prominent, almost sulcate. Shell compressed at the

base, slightly flattened on the sides, umbonial slope rounded, poster-

ior slope rather wide, with a dark impressed line from beaks to basal

margin. Beak sculpture unknown. Cardinal teeth heavy and

solid, rather compressed, corrugate and sulcate, lateral teeth short,

thick and slightly curved. Anterior cicatrices small and deep,

posterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed, shell cavity wide,

cavity of beaks deep and obtusely angular, nacre white. Dimen-

sions of an adult specimen: diam. 1.4, length 2.2, breadth 2.3 inches.

& TIE NAUTILUS.

Hab.: Little Tennessee River, Tenn., Wm. U. Beauchamp, and

Holston River, Tenn., Mrs. Geo. Andrews.

Remarks: I obtained three specimens from Wm. U. Beauchamp

a number of years ago; afterwards Mrs. Geo. Andrews sent me

several of them from Holston river, Tennessee.

They are near globatus Lea, but were too different to place with

that species. In outline they are subtriangular, not spherical, and

rounded like that species. They are more solid and heavy, and a

larger species than globatus. They have a lighter colored epider-

mis, with closer growth lines, and the surface of the shell is rougher.

They need not be confounded with my Andrewsti, as they differ

in outline, teeth and character of the rays, and are a very much

larger species, and more solid and heavy.

They vary greatly in character of the rays; some are rayless, two

have obscure maculations, while some have very obscure, indistinct

rays. J name this shell after Wm. U. Beauchamp, who first sent

me these shells, and who formerly was greatly interested in this.

family of shells.

Quadrula Andrewse Marsh. Pl. I, upper two figs. NautILus

eV, Dette.

Bik

~ PHOLAS TRUNCATA IN SAL¥M HARBOR.

BY EDWARD 8S. MORSE.

Pholas truncata, first described by Say in the Journal of the

Academy of Natural Sciences, in 1822, with distribution indicated

as southern, has been reported by others in Connecticut, Vineyard

Sound and New Bedford Harbor. It has never to my knowledge

been found north of Cape Cod. Lately Mr. J. J. Connor, connected

with the Peabody Academy of Science, in digging for Pholas

erispata, in Salem Harbor, Mass., found large numbers of another

species, which proved to be P. truncata. They were found at éx-

treme low-water mark in very hard, fine clay, in company with very

small specimens of P. erispata and large specimens of Petricola

pholadiformis. Many young of P. truncata were also found. The

burrows of this species were very large, in some cases exceeding an

inch in diameter. Prof. Verrill states that in Vineyard Sound they

are found at all élevations between tides. In Salem harbor they

appear only at low tide.

THE NAUTILUS. 4)

> a

A NEW RISSOINA FROM CALIFORNIA.

Py SAC DART Stl.

Rissoina bakeri spec. nov.

Shell small, sub-diaphanous to milky white. Nuclear whorls two,

quite large, with beveled shoulder, smooth. Later whorls well

ened, somewhat angulated about one-fourth below the summit,

_ ornamented by about twelve to fourteen quite well developed axial

_ ribs and a series of prominent axial striations, between them in the

intercostal spaces, which are about four times as wide as the ribs;

both ribs and striations extend from the summit of the whorls to the

umbilical region, which is bordered by a basal fasciole. Sutures

_ simple, well marked. Aperture large, very oblique, sub-oval, slightly

_ notched at the posterior angle. Outer lip varicose.

_ The type, No. 130562, U. S. Natl. Museum collection, is from

~ San Pedro, California. It has seven whorls (nucleus included),

_which measure: Long, 2.7 mm.; diam., 1.0 mm.

_ Other specimens examined were collected at White’s Point and

Pacific Beach, Cal., and San Martin Island, Lower Cal. One of

_ these has as many as sixteen axial ribs. On some specimens these

are quite prominent, while in a few individuals they are but feebly

expressed.

_ This species is nearest related to R. newcombei Dall, differing

from it in having the whorls more inflated, slightly angulated with

much less conspicuous axial intercostal sculpture, and in having tle

base rather prolonged and provided with a much stronger fasciole.

_ The species is named after Dr. Fred. Baker, of San Diego, Cali-

fornia, whose collecting at San Martin Island has largely increased

the number of species known from that locality.

ee Pia e Braet kar 1

od fs

GENERAL NOTES.

At the March meeting of the Section on Conchology of the

Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, two topics were discussed ;

The Preparation and Care of Cabinet Specimens and the genus

Nassa. Under the first topic several very practical suggestions were

made by Prof. R. Ellsworth Call, President of the Section, based

upon his long experience in that work. The discussion of Massa

was illustrated by many specimens from the rich collection of Mr.

fA C9 ETA = (here

10 THE NAUTILUS.

, —_—

Charles A. Dayton, and also by the specimens in the Children’s

Museum, in which building the meetings are held.—Franx H.

AmEs, Secretary.

ALBERT G. WETHERBY.’

Professor Albert G. Wetherby was born in Pittsburg, Pa., in

1833. While yet a boy his parents removed to the vicinity of Cleve-

land. Here he obtained a rudimentary education, and afterwards

went to college. After his graduation his time for several years was

spent in farming in the summer and teaching a country school in

winter. In 1861 he removed to Cincinnati, where he was appointed

principal of the Woodburn public school. He filled this position

with great acceptability during nine years; but his friends, recog-

nizing his broad scholarship and his special fitness to teach the

natural sciences, urged his appointment to a professorship in the

Cincinnati University, and in 1870 he was elected to the chair

of natural history. But as the University was new, and spending its

money in new buildings and equipment, the chairs of geology and

botany were added to his duties. Professor Wetherby was young,

full of energy and enthusiasm, and during these six years of his

university work accomplished more than mortal man should have

attempted. But even if he had nerves of steel, he saw that he would

soon break down under this overwork, and so he resigned to accept

a more lucrative position in the business world.

Professor Wetherby was a born teacher, and some of his friends

thought he made the mistake of his life in resigning his chair in the

University to accept a business position. But the trustees had

placed upon him burdens too heavy for one man to bear, and he was

too conscientious a teacher to slight his work.

His enthusiasm for his favorite studies was contagious. No one

could be in his society long without feeling the wonderful magnetic

power of this man. On one of his excursions with his class in

geology he penetrated the wild mountain region of South Carolina.

Little did he then think that this region would be his future home ;

that he would spend his last years among these strange people, the

and represents Prof. Wetherby at about fifty years of age.—EpirTors.

1 The portrait is reproduced from the last photograph which he had taken —

; THE NAUTILUS. 11

followers of Cromwell, who sought to hide from the wrath of Charles

II. in these mountain fastnesses.

He resigned his position in the Cincinnati University to become

the general manager of the American and European Investment

Company, which position he held for two years.

In 1886 he was made manager of a large tract of timber and min-

eral lands belonging to the Roan Mt. Steel and Iron Co. This ap-

pointment compelled him to remove with his family to North Caro-

lina. Here his home was located in one of the most beautiful valleys

in the world, about 3000 feet above the sea level and surrounded

with towering mountains. To one who was such a lover of nature

this was an ideal place. Here surrounded by his interesting family

he varied his other duties, which were many, by communion with

nature.

His hospitality was unbounded, and his home was always open to

friend or stranger and especially to any strolling naturalist, who was

_ always sure of a hearty welcome from the professor and his estimable

wife.

Professor Wetherby, while connected with the Cincinnati Univer-

sity, organized five expeditions for field work and study, in all of

which the writer had the pleasure of being one of the party. As an

organizer of a camping party he had no superior. He was a very

companionable man, could tell a story, sing a song or play on his

violin to drive away the blues, when the weather was unpropitious,

and could cook a meal under the most unfavorable circumstances

that would satisfy the most fastidious epicure.

The naturalist’s best hunting grounds are generally far from the

lines of. civilization. No mountain roads, however impassable, or

_ swollen streams, could turn him from his course. Difficulties which

a i ee ell

_would appall ordinary men only.seemed to stimulate his indomitable

will power, which always carried him safely through.

Among his numerous friends in Cincinnati, perhaps none

mourned his death more than those who shared with him the joys

and hardships of camp life.

Professor Wetherby was taken sick Jan. Ist, with congestion of

the lungs, at his home in Magnetic City, N. C. He seemed to

slowly improve, when on Feb. 10 he was taken with sinking spells

due to heart failure. He died Feb. 15, and was buried at Magnetic

City, N. C., Feb. 18, 1902.

12 THE NAUTILUS’

The following papers by Prof. Wetherby appeared in the Journal

of Cincinnati Natural History Society, Vols. II to VI, and Vols.

XVI and XVII: Descriptions of new fossils from the Cincinnati

group; also from the Subcarboniferous. Descriptions of new species of

crinoids from the Kaskaskia Group ; also from the Subcarboniferous.

Remarks on the genus Pterocrinus. Some notes on American land

shells. Trenton rocks at High Bridge, Kentucky. Remarks on

the Trenton limestone of Kentucky, with descriptions of new fossils.

Geographical distribution of some fresh-water mollusks of North

America. Descriptions of Crinoids from the subcarboniferous of

Pulaski county Kentucky. Descriptions of new fossils from Lower

Silurian and Subcarboniferous of Ohio and Kentucky. Notes ©

on Trenton fossils of Mercer Co., Ky. Descriptions of new fossils

from the Lower Silurian and Subcarboniferous rocks of Kentucky.

Directions for collecting and preparing Jand and fresh-water shells.

Relation of mollusks to shells. Natural history notes from North

Carolina.

Journal of Science, Vol. I. Description of Lepidopterous Larve.

The following articles were published in the Naurtitus, Vols.

VIII and IX: A few notes on Helix appressa. A few notes on

Helix tridentata. New records of Reversed American Helices. Re

marks on the Variation in Form of the Family Strepomatidz, with

descriptions of New Species; read before the Cincinnati Natural His-

torical Society, December 7, 1875.

Quarterly Journal of Conchology, No. 11, May, 1877. +‘ Review

of the Genus Tulotoma, with remarks on the geographical distribu-

tion of the North American Viviparidz.”

The above list of papers published by Professor Wetherby, though

not complete, gives some idea of the versatility of his mind and his

great capacity for work. His last years were spent in a careful

study of the mosses and grasses of the Roan Mt. region, which work,

had he lived to complete it, would have been a valuable contribution

to the botany of North Carolina. He made a fine collection of the

smaller mammals peculiar to the Roan Mt. region, which he pre-

sented to the Smithsonian Institution. His large and valuable col- |

lection of minerals he presented to the Cincinnati University. His —

collections of plants, of fossils, of land and fresh-water shells, are

very valuable, as they contain many unique specimens and all the

types of the species described by him.

GrEO. W. HARPER.

MARSH: NEW UNIONID-.

THE NAUTILUS, XVI. PLATE II

DANIELS: LAMRBSILIS BLATCHLEYI.

| Vou. XVI. JUNE, 1902. No. 2.

. cP.

; A NEW SPECIES OF LAMPSILIS.

| BY L. E. DANIELS.

aes

Lampsilis blatchleyi n. sp. Plate II.

; Shell long, elliptical or obovate, compressed, thin, inequilateral,

slightly gaping behind ; beaks low, but little inflated, pointed, with

minute nodulous sculpture ; dorsal and basal outlines lightly curved ;

i anterior end somewhat narrowed, rounded; posterior end rounded

* and lightly and obliquely subtruncate above; surface with singular

growth lines; epidermis somewhat concentrically wrinkled, project-

; ing beyond the border of the shell, yellow green with faint green

; rays ; pseudocardinals rudimentary, smooth, subcompressed ; laterals

straight, single in the right valve, partly double in the left; nacre

brilliant, iridescent, having a somewhat coppery luster in the cavi-

ties, becoming very thin and greenish at the edges.

Length 45, height 21, diameter 10 mm.

Length 40, height 17, diameter 85 mm.

Soft parts: Marsupium very large, occupying the posterior two-

thirds of the outer gills, each lobe containing apparently about forty

narrow ovisacs, the whole rounded and projecting well below the

inner gills; inner gills united to the abdominal sac throughout their

length; palpi large, elliptical, projecting backward but little;

mantle much thickened on the border, its edges being decidedly

double wavy and dark-colored ; branchial opening rather large, with

stout papillae; anal opening small, crenulate ; super-anal opening

' long, closed below ; foot rather large.

Habitat: Wabash River, Section 52, Linn ‘Township, Posey

14 THE NAUTILUS.

County, Indiana. Found only on gravel bars in swiftly running

water.

Fourteen specimens were collected by the author in August, 1901,

while working for the Indiana State Geological Survey.

The smaller of the two type specimens (figured a little enlarged

on pl. II).is in the Indiana State Museum, the other in the author’s

cabinet. Soft parts in the U. 8S. National Museum.

I am under obligations to Mr. C. T. Simpson for assistance in

preparing the description of the soft parts.

The species is closely allied to LZ. leptodon Rat., particularly in its

anatomical characteristics ; the shell differs from that species by not

having the wing and by the posterior end being rounded and in the

full-grown shell being not more than one-half the size.

The two small shells found at Hardy. Ark., by Mr. J. H. Ferriss,

by him referred to L. simpson? (Nautitus, Aug., 1900, page 39),

are without doubt this species.

Mr. C. T. Simpson informs me that Mr. Paul Bartsch of the

National Museum believes he has found the same species in the

Iowa River at Iowa City, Iowa.

I take pleasure in naming this species in honor of Prof. W. S.

Blatchley, State Geologist of Indiana.

():

NEW ENGLAND MARINE COLLECTING.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

Occasional letters ask the following questions: ‘* Can I stock up

duplicates by a week or two in New England? Where is the best

place to collect?’’ An answer to all may be made by narrating my

own experience. During fifteen years I have devoted much time to

collecting. Considerable dredging has been done, but not below

25 fathoms. The most careful searching has been done at Eastport,

Wiscasset, Casco Bay and Old Orchard, Maine, and Wood’s Holl,

Mass. Other places have had some visits. This area contains per-

haps 250 shell-bearing mollusca; of these I have 200 and lack 40.

Of the 200 found by me, 113 species I have only for my own cab-

inet, 12 more I have spared for exchange perhaps once, and 20 more

have yielded a few exchanges. This leaves 55 species that I have

had in quantity.

CHE NAUTILUS. 15

Let me add notes on the fifty-five: Litorina, Nassa, Ilyanassa,

Mytilus, Mya, Tottenia, and a few others are general in distribution.

Many others are limited, as follows: Ostrea, Venus, Urosalpinz,

Bitltium, Sycotypus, etc., common south of Cape Cod, but rare or

wanting to the north. Again, Buceinum, Lunatia, Cyprina, and

others should be sought in Maine. Many shells are found abun-

dantly in limited portions of the coast. Aemaea testudinalis, common

at Eastport, is scarce even in other parts of Maine. Chiton albus

and marmoreus, with Margarita groenlandica, must be gathered at

extreme tides in the Bay of Fundy. .To be sure they occur else-

where, but they are small and not abundant. The harvest. season

for Lunatia and Cyprina is after certain storms at Old Orchard.

Sometimes these occur once or twice in a winter, or a year or more

may pass without the harvest, but when they roll in they are very

abundant. Dredging has an element of luck. One haul in the

Penobscot Bay gave Nucula proxima enough for some years of ex-

changing. Pecten magellanicus is abundant in small areas, but it is

easy to miss the spot. Another fact is the best region. Buecinum

is common at Eastport, but small. The finest specimens are from

Casco Bay. Yet other things, like Limpets and Chitons are at their

best in Fundy waters.

The New England shells are very much in demand, but the lack

of stock compels one to send frequent regrets. There is an amusing

side to the work. One well-disposed friend asked for a dozen Pecten

tslandicus; 1 never saw a dozen. FProf. Verrill tells me that the

government dredgings only yielded three or four in a summer.

It must be understood by the readers of this article that I speak

_of my own experience. Some forms that have not been found abun-

dantly by me may be found in quantities at times, yet I think one

may form an estimate of the difficulties we meet in New England.

NOTES ON THE GIANT LIMAS.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

The reception of a specimen of Lima goliath Sowerby (1888) the

other day led to comparisons of and annotations on the great deep-

water species. The dean of this assembly is the well-known Lima

16 THE NAUTILUS.

excavata Fabricius (1779) from Norway (150-3800 f{ms.). Next

comes L. goliath from Japan (775 fms.), which reaches about the

same size as excavata. A third form is recorded from the West

coast of Patagonia (245-481 fms.), which I shall call L. patagonica,

and a fourth LZ. agassizii n. sp., from the Gulf of Panama in 322

fathoms. A section, Acesta, has been proposed to include these

species by H. and A. Adams.

All of them have fine microscopic radial striz and coarser radial

sculpture, which is more pronounced toward the ends of the shell.

In all there is a concentric grooving in the channels between the

ribs, which, when the channels are narrow, takes on the appearance

of punctation. All have a very narrow gape for the byssus and a

flattened or impressed lunular area. All have a very general simi-

larity externally. The Patagonian species has an astonishing like-

ness to L. excavata. It may be useful to record the distinctive

characters.

L. excavata. Convex; the whole disk radially grooved, the

grooving feebler mesially ; the most impressed part of the lunule

close to the hinge line, the shell moderately arcuate, the posterior

outline roundly convex ; color grayish white; resilium broad, some-

what oblique. Alt. 140; lat. 106; diam. 55 mm.

L. goliath. Flatter, broader, the middle of the disk smooth,

posterior radials fine and close-set ; most impressed part of the lunule

lower down, the lunule itself longer, the shell more arcuate ; color

milk white, sometimes with a yellow flush inside, hinge line longer

and resilium slightly more central. Alt. 140; lat. 106 ; diam. 36 mm.

L. patagonica. Narrower and less convex, the whole shell

straighter vertically, the lunule narrower and less impressed, a

slight tendency to divarication in the obsolete radials of the middle

of the disk, otherwise like Z. excavata. Alt. 100; lat. 72; diam.

31 mm.

L. agassizii. Moderately convex; the radial grooving quite uni-

formly distributed distally, feebler mesially near the beaks, the inter;

spaces smoothly convex, and not sharp and corrugated anteriorly ;

lunule short, deep and narrow, anterior end of the hinge-line very

short; area of the hinge narrow, and the resilium and pit very

narrow and oblique; color chalky white, with a yellow periostracum.

Alt. 97; lat. 78; diam. 30 mm.

L. goliath and L. patagonica show distinctly obsolete lateral teeth

Pe a Te ee et, ee seattle d paella Oe 4

————r

THE NAUTILUS. 17

near the angles of the hinge-line, but in L. excavata there is no trace

of them, and the hinge of Z. agassizii is too chalky to be certain

about their presence or absence. They are most distinct and prom-

inent in the young shell. LZ. agassizii was dredged by the U.S.

Fish Commission steamer Albatross, as were our specimens of ZL.

patagonica.

: THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY H. F. CARPENTER.

The following species are additional to those hitherto described in

this series, and complete the list of known species from Rhode Island:

214. Lucina filosa Stimpson.

Lucina radula Gould, Inv. Mass., Ist ed., p. 69, 1840; Mighels,

Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., iv, 318.

Lucina contracta De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1843.

Lucina filosa Stimp., Shells of New Eng., 17, 1851.

Shell white, thick, orbicular, moderately convex; hinge margin

straight; beaks small, pointed, projected over a small, indented,

smooth, lanceolate lunule. Exterior covered with remote, concen-

tric lamellar ridges, between which are round, thread-like striae.

Interior chalky-white, polished around the margins. Hinge straight,

with one cardinal tooth in the left valve and two small, diverging

teeth in the right valve. Length and height 2 inches; breadth,

1 inch.

This is a rare, deep water shell and was not published in the de-

scription of the “ Shell-Bearing Mollusca” of R. I. because it had

never been found and was not likely to be found in our waters; but

several specimens were dredged in Narragansett Bay, about two

years ago, by Prof. Herman C. Bumpus, then of Brown University,

in Providence, to whom I am indebted for the specimens now in my

collection.

215. Physa gyrina Say.

Shell heterostrophe, oblong; whorls 5 to 6, terminating in an

5p?

acute apex; suture slightly impressed ; aperture a little more than

half the length of the shell; labium a little thickened on the inner

18 THE NAUTILUS.

margin. This species was found in Stafford’s Pond, Tiverton, R. I.,

by Mr. John Ford and the writer while on a trip to the south-

eastern part of R. I. in search of some of the rare land shells de-

scribed by Mr. John H. Thompson, of New Bedford, Mass. I am

sorry to state that our search for these rare shells was not rewarded

by a single specimen.

216. Sphaerium deformis H. F. Carpenter.

Shell transversely oblong, elongated, both sides of nearly the same

length ; anterior margin curved; posterior margin abrupt, forming

an angle with the hinge margin ; basal margin having a twist to one

side, as though some one had given it a pinch in the middle, squeez-

ing it together and at the same time twisting it downwards; beaks

large, inclined towards the anterior; valves thin, smooth, of a dirty

brown color.

This species was found in Tiogue Reservoir, in the town of Coven-

try, R. L., by Mr. Richard Allen, who presented them to the writer.

This species, with the somewhat doubtful Cyprina islandica, which

(it is claimed) has been found in Rhode Island, brings up the num-

ber of species to 217, as per catalogue published by me in 1889,

copies of which may be had free by addressing H. F. Carpenter, 58

Page St., Providence, R. I. |

CA NEW GENUS OF EOCENE EULIMIDAE.

BY THOS. L. CASEY.

As far as available literature discloses, the following genus seems

to represent a new and very interesting type of Eulimidae, which

may be outlined by the following characters:

Ptereulima n. gen.

Conical, devoid of sculpture, finely attenuate, with simple direct

nucleus, umbilicated, the columella as usual without folds; anterior

whorls having a large flattened process or wing at each side.

This genus appears to be more closely allied to the Chinese

Hoplopteron of Fischer than any other known at present, but the

latter is imperforate and has the apex obtuse.

Ptereulima elegans n. sp.—Almost evenly conical, the surface

THE NAUTILUS. 19

‘shining, the more recent whorls perhaps a little more rapidly in-

creasing in size than the first three or four, the apex acute with the

embryonic whorls two in number and: very minute, the next three

small and simple, the five succeeding similar to the

preceding three except in-possessing, at each side, a

large obtuse aliform process as shown in the figure.

Umbilicus rimate. {nner lip defined throughout by

eallus, which is slightly reflected along the umbilicus.

Surface of all the whorls feebly and evenly convex,

the suture fine and simple but distinct. Length 3.5

mm.

Lower Claiborne Eocene (St. Maurice, La.)

The outer lip is broken away in the unique type, but undoubtedly

possessed an aliform projection similar to that immediately above

it. The processes are of the nature of thin varices which served to

protect the animal, and the growth of the shell between these tem-

porary arrests was probably very rapid.

0 ai <

THREE NEW SPECIES OF CHROMODORIS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

The species here described are obviously different from C. cali-

forniensis, Bergh, and C. agassizii, Bergh, and I do not find any

descriptions applicable to them.

CHROMODORIS UNIVERSITATIS, n. sp. Length about 67 mm.,

rather narrow, mantle less ample than in C. mefarlandt, not ex-

panded at the sides; rhinophores and branchix wholly retractile ;

thinophores stout, with numerous transverse lamellz; branchix of

about 12 large simply pinnate plumes, several more or less branched,

and so bipinnate at the ends; oral tentacles just concealed by

mantle ; hind end of mantle gibbous ; foot projecting 20 mm. behind

end of mantle; breadth of sole when crawling 8} mm.

Color rich dark ultramarine blue, the edge of the mantle and the

edge of the foot bright cobalt blue; rbinophores very dark blue ;

mantle with two longitudinal series of oblong very bright orange

‘spots, about seven ina series ; five round orange spots on the anterior

part of the mantle, in front of the rhinophores; under surface of

posterior lobe of mantle with a series of eight round white spots, the

20 THE NAUTILUS.

hindmost four large, the others smaller and rather faint; sides of

foot with a series of over ten round or oval orange spots; branchiz

very dark blue, speckled with orange within; sole deep blue.

The splendid blue pigment of this animal is dissolved out after

death, even in sea-water; but very fast in-formalin, producing a blue

liquid which is turned pink by hydrochloric acid, but is not affected

by alkalies, except that strong alkalies rapidly bleach it. Curiously,

the orange spots of the animal seen through the blue solution, appear

red, though in reality their color is not altered. ;

Hab.—In rocky pools between tides, San Pedro, Calif., July 28th,

and La Jolla, Cal., early in August, all collected by Wilmatte P.

Cockerell. The name of the species was suggested by the fact that

it carries the colors (blue and gold) of the University of California.

It was also collected at San Pedro by the naturalists of the Uni-

versity of California Marine Laboratory.

CHROMODORIS PORTER, n. sp. Length about 11 mm., form of

C. universitatis, but uniformily much smaller, and quite different in

markings. Deep ultramarine blue, including the whole of the foot ;

mantle with two rather broad longitudinal stripes of bright orange,

not united posteriorly, and ending anteriorly at the rhinophores, but

anterior to the rhinophores is a transverse orange stripe; median

stripe of C. mefarlandi represented by an inconspicuous lighter blue

line; margins of mantle very narrowly pure white; foot wholly

without marks, except that the hind end has a suffused whitish

stripe. Rhinophores and branchiz entirely retractile. Branchial

plumes eleven, in a circle, simply pinnate, entirely of the blue color

of the mantle. After death, a number of conical white papillz

(about 9 on each side) appear beneath the hind part of mantle.

After death, the blue dissolves out, and the body becomes a sort of

pale greenish-blue, with the dorsal stripe very white ; and the orange

bands as in life.

Hab.—In rocky pools at low tide, La Jolla, Cal., early in August,

rather common. (Wilmatte Porter Cockerell.)

CHROMODORIS MCFARLANDI, n. sp. Length about 35 mm.;

mantle ample, covering head, but pointed end of foot projecting far

beyond mantle posteriorly ; rhinophores short and stout, lamellate,.

with over twenty transverse lamellz ; branchiz entirely retractile,

arranged in the shape of a horseshoe, not entirely surrounding the

anus, which is produced into a truneate cone; branchial plumes.

THK NAUTILUS. 21

twelve, simply pinnate, some of the posterior plumes bifid; oral

tentacles short, wholly concealed under mantle; eyes apparently

absent. Mantle brilliant purple with a yellow margin (continuous

in front and behind), and three longitudinal yellow stripes; the yel-

low of the margin is really bright orange, bordered with white; the

median yellow stripe begins a short distance before the rhinophores,

and runs between them; rhinophores dark purple; foot white with a

purple tint, or quite purple when contracted after death ; the end of

the foot is purple with a dorsal longitudinal orange stripe. The

purple color does not dissolve out in formalin.

Hab.—In rocky pools at low tide, La Jolla, Cal., beginning of

August; San Pedro, Cal., July 27th. All collected by Wilmatte

P. Cockerell. Quite common at La Jolla. Named after Prof,

F. M. McFarland of Stanford University, who has done some excel-

lent work on the nudibranchs of Pacific Grove, Calif.

WL .

G NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Chloritis bracteatus n. sp.

Shell depressed-globose, almost imperforate, very thin and fragile,

brown. Surface dull to the eye, under a strong lens seen to be very

densely covered with very small crescentic scale-like cuticular pro-

cesses, densely crowded, and arranged in nearly regular descending

rows. Spire convex. Whorls 44, the inner slowly, the last rapidly

widening; separated by a deep suture. Aperture rounded, lunate,

the peristome simple and thin, at the columellar insertion abruptly

dilated, almost closing the umbilicus. Alt. 134, diam. 18 mm.

Nishigo, Uzen. Types no.—. A. N. S. P., from no. 904 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This most northern of all its genus is strongly distinct by its ex-

cessively minute, curved cuticular appendages, unlike the hairs of all

other species of Chloritis.

Pupisoma japonicum n. sp.

Shell globose-turbinate, umbilicate, light brown, very delicate and

fragile. Surface delicately striatulate. Spire conic, the apex ob-

tuse. - Whorls 34, strongly convex. Aperture very obliquely ovate,

22 THE NAUTILUS.

the peristome thin, fragile, unexpanded, the columellar margin

broadly dilated’ and reflexed. Alt. about 1.6, diam. about 1.5 mm.

Hirado, Hizen. Types no. 82974 A. N. S. P., from no. 890 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This is, I have not much doubt, the species collected by Hilgen-

dorf at Yedo and in Idsumo, recorded by Prof. von Martens as

‘eine der H. orcula Bens. hochst ahnliche Art;’’’ but it differs

from that Bengalese species in the much larger umbilicus and

smoother surface, as well as in the noticeably smaller size. fs

Some immature specimens from Kashima, Harima (Mr. Hirase’s

no. 901) are probably the same’ species. With the two localities

given by Prof. von Martens. this gives Pupisoma a wide range in

central and southwestern Nippon. Until mature shells can be

examined, the identity of the Nippou shells with the types from

western Kiushu cannot safely be assumed, although it is likely. 3

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Catalogue of the Binney and Bland collection of the Terrestrial

Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States and Territories, in the

American Museum of Natural History, with enumeration of types

and figured specimens, and supplementary notes. By L. P. Grata-

cap (Extr. from Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. xiv, article xxiii, pp. 335—

403. Dec. 3, 1901).

The ‘‘ Binney and Bland collection’

’

was formed by Mr. Binney,

consisting in part of specimens from the collection of Dr. Amos

Binney. It was given by him to Thomas Bland, from whom the

Museum acquired it in 1882. The collection derives its importance

from containing many of the shells illustrated in Terrestrial Mollusks

Vol. III (the plates of which were reprinted in T. M. vol. V),

besides many of Mr. Binney’s types. The present list, of which the

scope is stated in the title, is therefore important for reference to

those who have occasion to study critically the land shells of the

U.S. Mr. Gratacap has added notes upon many of the species. In

some cases these record varietal names found upon the original

labels, but elsewhere unpublished.

Five interesting plates showing generic distribution, and the relative

'Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde in Berlin,

1877, p. 101 (Sitzung vom 17, April).

THE NAUTILUS. 23

numbers of species in different parts of the areas covered by the

genera have been added by Mr. Gratacap. To some extent these

charts indicate, incidentally, areas in which but little collecting has

been done. This is especially the case with plate xlii, representing

the distribution of typical Polygyra.

The following names seem to be new to us:

Glandina truncata var. minor Binney MS. (p. 338, Cat. no. 16).

Based upon ‘‘ Variety of Glandina Texasiana Pfr.?,” Terr. Moll. iv,

pp- 141, 205, pl. 77, f. 21. Seems to be a very slender specimen of

G. truncata minor Pils., NAUTILUS xiii, p. 46; Proc. A. N.S., Phila.,

1899, p. 404.

Macrocyclis vancouverensis var. semi-decussata Binney on label (p.

340). Astoria, Oregon. This is doubtless identical with Cireinaria

spartella hybrida Anc., which we have from Astoria,

M. concava var. minor (p. 341). No locality or definition,

Zenites ( Gastrodonta) ligerus var. sagdinoides Gratacap (p. 344).

‘A very high ‘bee-hive’ form from Indiana.”

Zonites ( Hyalina) placentula Shuttl. (p. 350), Catal. no. 294 was

Binney’s earlier identification of placentula, subsequently becoming

the type of Z. lawi. The specimens from Monroe Co., Tenn., and

St. Giles Co., Va., are true placentula, as afterward identified by

Binney. ‘Through the kindness of Mr. Gratacap, I have been able

to examine this series.

Helix ( Patula) alternata var. costigera Bld. MS. (p. 357).

Helix (Patula) perspectiva “‘ var. carinata (p. 358) from Union Co.,

Tenn., is almost planate, and below the periphery the striz approach

-extinetion.” Under H. (P.) bryanti, Mr. Gratacap writes, ‘‘ Cer-

tainly interchangeable with var. carinata of perspectiva.”

Triodopsis mullani (Bland), Cat. no. 1275 (p. 383), can hardly be

that species.

Macroceramus (p. 397). The specimens recorded under M. pon-

tificus as from Texas are probably M. texanus. That from Central

America is no doubt kieneri, as recorded by Mr. Gratacap (see Man.

Amer. Land Shells, p. 416, fig. 457).—H. A. P.

Some UNDESCRIBED VARIETIES OF Cypraa.—By Mrs. Agnes

Kenyon (Jour. of Conchology, Vol. X, p. 6, April, 1902).—In this

paper the following varieties are described as new:

Cyprea tigris var. lineata. From Fiji. Differs from the type in

possessing a number of longitudinal hair-like lines.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

Cyprea mappa var. viridis. New Caledonia. Both back and

base colored green or with only the dorsal surface suffused with a

greenish tint. ers

Cyprea bregeriana var. barbara. New Caledonia. ‘“ Shell dif-

fering from C. bregertana in the fineness of the dentition and without

the violet coloring interstices, interior lined with white, not violet-

purple as in C. bregeriana.”

Cyprea helvola var. borneensis. Borneo. Shell smaller, with nar-

rower sides, not incrassated or angulated, dorsal surface reddish-pink

sprinkled with white, sparsely overlaid with brown spotting, base and

extremilies white.

Cyprea helvola var. timorensis. Timor Island. Differing from C.

helvola.in having white, not lilac, extremities, which are calloused,

twin callosities at the posterior extremity.

Cyprea poraria var. viber. New Caledonia and New Hebrides.

Considerably larger than normal examples, and distinguished *by a

white porcellanous band or stripe, extending from one extremity to

the other, thus dividing the dorsal surface into two equal parts.

Cyprea miliaris var. diversa. Shark’s Bay, West Australia.

‘Specimens very light in color, almost white, but showing spotting

perfectly : they are quite distinct from C. eburnea, the teeth are not

so coarse. the enamel of the dorsal surface is not so shining, the in-

terior is colored pink or pale violet, while the interior of C. eburnea

is either white or orange; specimens are comparatively small.”’

Cyprea carneola var. rubtcola. Wawaiian Islands.’ The color of

the teeth is a‘ bright rose-pink, in contradistinction to the purple-

hued dentition of C. carneola or the colorless base and dentition of

CO. lebbeckiana.””—C. W. J.

THe Marine Woop-Borers OF AUSTRALASIA AND THEIR

work. <A paper read before the Australasian Association for the

Advancement of Science. By Chas. Hedley. An exceedingly inter-

esting paper, giving an account of their method of propagation and

boring ; their ravages, remedies, natural enemies and classification.

The ship-worms of Australasia belong to two genera, Uperotis and

Nausitoria. ‘he genus Teredo is at present unknown in that region,

€6

although Teredo navalis”’ is indiscriminately applied by engineers

to all ship-worms. ‘The paper is illustrated by four plates.—C. VW. de

—

_—

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XVI. ; JULY; 1902.'' No. 3.

CRUISING AND COLLECTING OFF THE COAST OF LOWER CALIFORNIA.

BY FRED. BAKER, M. D., SAN DIEGO, CAL.

Cruising on our southern Pacific coast is less indulged in than

along the Atlantic seaboard, because there is a marked dearth of the

land-locked harbors into which our eastern yachtsmen can run al-

most every night, or in case of a threatened storm. Nevertheless,

two years ago, tempted by our summer promise of continued good

weather, a party of seven, including my wife and two children,

started from San Diego harbor for a run down the coast of Lower

California in the staunch little schooner “ Lura.”

A late start made it advisable to anchor over night at the mouth

of the harbor, but this gave a chance to get under way at daylight

for a beautiful run of seventy miles to ‘‘ Todos Santos ”’ bay, on the

sloping shores of which lies ‘“‘ Ensenada,” the capital of the northern

department of the Mexican territory of “ Baja California.”

As we ran we left broad to the starboard the Coronados, a group

of seven small islands belonging to Mexico, but lying only twenty

miles off San Diego, and a common terminus of our short cruises.

They, like most of the off-shore islands, are bold volcanic masses,

the largest, though less than three miles long, rising 880 feet above

the sea, in many places sheer for hundreds of feet. This is a type

of all the coast line for several hundred miles south. Bluffs and

headlands, with here and there a narrow or broad valley sweeping

_down to the sea, but above all and crowning all, the foot-hills and the

great mountains of the Coast Range.

26 THE NAUTILUS.

It was just turning dusk as we rounded Ensenada Point into

Todos Santos Bay, which is little better than an open roadstead,

except for the protection offered by the chain of Todos Santos

islands a dozen miles to sea, and the shelter of the Point from north-

west winds. Immediately on dropping anchor we were boarded by

the Comandante of the port, Don Luis Fernandez, and the quaran-

tine officer, our old friend, Dr. Peterson, who courteously waived all

examination, allowing us to go ashore at will. The two nights spent

here with a nearly full moon shining down on us, just enough ground

swell to keep in mind that we were cruising, and the balmy breeze

of semi-tropical summer blowing over us, make 4 memory picture as

near perfection as this world gives.

The day was busy. First we had the usual difficulties with the

Mexican officials. In the absence of specific instructions, they were

unable to determine whether we should register our craft as a private

yacht or a passenger vessel. In either case they notified us that we

must bear the expense and delay of telegraphing to the City of

Mexico for instructions and license. Fortunately our schooner had

on a former occasion been used in fishing down the coast, and after

much argument Sefor Victorio decided to grant us a three months’

fishing license, at the same time clearing us with a clean bill of

health for the return trip to San Diego. Under this very satisfac.

tory arrangement we could run down the coast as far as the juris-

diction of the northern department reaches—something like 3800:

miles—land where we chose, collect what we liked, and when we

were ready, sail away home without touching again at ‘‘ Ensenada.’”

While our sailing master was arranging all this, the rest of us

passed the day in seeing the few sights of the town, observing Mexi-

can life, and visiting a few old friends. Among these Mrs. Gastelum

holds first place, not for her society alone, though she is.a woman of

wide experience and much knowledge, but because in a former phase

of her existence she was married to a Mexican customs official, who,

during his sojourn at various ports on the Pacific Coast, had collected

many bushels of shells which she has stored away in many boxes.

and barrels. This was the second time I had overhauled the lot,

and as before I was astonished at the low price placed on my pick--

ings, after a long conference between herself and her husband—a

later acquisition, As I paid the bill f reflected that while I should

undoubtedly have enjoyed the society of the former husband with.

THE NAUTILUS. ot

his evident love of shells, the later acquisition was probably more in

harmony with the size of my pocket-book.

Away at daybreak Sunday morning, looking our last on “ En-

senada,” one of the goodliest sights to look upon it has been my

fortune to see in a fair amount of knocking about. A great sweep

of unbroken sand beach from ‘* Ensenada Point”’ to ** Punta Banda,”

a distance of eighteen miles, the high range of Punta Banda break-

ing off abruptly into the sea to the south, the horseshoe being

completed by the low mesa-crowned Todos. Santos islands. The

town of Ensenada nestles on the low beach under the high ridge

which forms Ensenada Point to the northwest, the broad valley

reaching back with few breaks for twenty miles—then the foothills,

and back of all, as always, the great mountains! It is our dry season

and everything is parched and brown, and the near-by ridges show

great outcroppings of black volcanic rock, but the blending of color

under our brilliant California sun, and the foreshortening of great

distances giving the effect of haze and softness, make a scene of

marvelous beauty.

A glorious sail—free with the prevalent northwest wind—out

through the narrow gate between Punta Banda and the easterly

island of the Todos Santos group, which was alive with seal and

waterfowl, and down a bold coast for twelve miles to cast anchor

under the lee of the ‘“ Santo Tomas”’ headland noted all along the

coast for its frequent storms. Here we divided up, one to sleep, two

to fish, two to hunt deer, and two to collect shells and algae. All

were successful but the deer-hunters. Unfortunately I did not keep

my Santo Tomas collections apart from others, so I can give no fair

idea of my catch, but a single Haliotis rufescens, Swainson, repre-

sents the only species not appearing in the list which closes this

article.

Away again at sunrise for our final southward stretch. All day

we ran almost before the wind, the coast growing generally more

bold and culminating in Cape ‘‘ Colnet,’” ‘a great promontory pre-

senting an almost unbroken face to the northwest, a cliff many miles

long and many hundred feet high. We round the Cape with a half

gale, and bear away southeasterly to our final destination, the little

island of San Martin, lying five miles off the coast and ten miles

from San Quintin, the first land-locked harbor in 200 miles from San

Diego. We cast anchor at 3 a. m., and all hands slept late.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

Of San Martin a few words’ description must suffice. Roughly it

is around conical island, three miles in diameter, with two peaks,

the higher a typical extinct volcano rising 471 ft., with an almost

periectly regular crater about 250 ft. in diameter, and between 75 and

100 ft. deep. The island is a solid mass of very hard volcanic rock

with frequent small caves—evidently blow-holes—covered imper-

fectly where reasonably level by a thin soil which supports a mod-

erately abundant vegetation in which various species of cactus are

_ very plentiful. Up the slopes are great slides of loose rock, and

owing to the cacti and the rougiiness of the way, the climb of a little

over a mile to the top proved a very serious undertaking.

On the north side of the island a moderately level space, covering

between 500 and 1,000 acres, is occupied by rookeries, mostly of

pelicans and cormorants. ‘he birds were most of them just begin-

ning to fly, and a rough estimate convinced us that there were cer-

tainly some millions of them. We spent the greater part of one day

watching them. The young cormorants waddled to the bluffs, spread

their wings evidently for their first trial, and sailed or flew awk-

wardly into the ocean. There they were perfectly at home and

could not be distinguished from the old birds, swimming and diving

with perfect ease. But the pelicans hada harder time. They could

fly very well indeed, but like the Irishman “had a divil of a toime

loighting.” Starting from some slight elevation they would sail

away majestically, managing their great wings and bodies remark-

ably well. After a turn of one or two hundred yards they would

light without slowing up perceptibly, come down with a thud that we

could hear a hundred yards away; turn two or three somersaults,

and straighten up with the same appearance of surprise and offended

dignity which we have all seen drunken men assume when suffering

from similar mishaps. We actually laughed till we cried, and it was

hours past our dinner time before we could agree unanimously to

start for the boat.

Running easterly at a tangent from the southerly edge of the

island for nearly 1000 yards is the so-called breakwater, a nearly

straight line of enormous beach-worn boulders arranged like some

huge artificial jetty. The acute angle has filled in with sand over a

space of about fifty acres. In the bight there is safe anchorage

except in a northeast storm. At two places dips in the breakwater

bring it below high tide level, one opposite the little harbor, and the

att 6h

THE NAUTILUS. 29

other opposite the sand bar, and here the constant tidal current has

excavated a little circular bay, covering two or three acres. This

bay and the breakwater, with another little bight not much over

thirty feet across, furnished nearly the only good collecting ground

on the island. Otherwhere I found only a few of those hardy

shells capable of standing any amount of buffeting by the waves,

Chitons and Limpets, an occasional Chlorostoma, and the Monoceros

lugubre Sby., which is in evidence along the whole coast from

Ensenada south.

Dredging at moderate depths gave little results. but some of my

fishermen friends who spend much time about this island, which

furnishes some of the great fishing of the coast, make a practice of

bringing up to me rocks which they haul up on their lines from con-

siderable depths, attached to kelp roots. I am, therefore, able to

list a considerable number of deep-water species. It has seemed to

me advisable to publish the following list of shells secured from this

small island and its immediate vicinity as a contribution to our

knowledge of geographical distribution. I have to thank Dr. Wm.

H. Dall of the National Museum, and Mr. Henry Hemphill of San

Diego, Cal., for determining a very large share of the species about

which I was in doubt.

After commenting on the fact that many of the specimens which

I sent to him were too young or too worn to be identified specifically,

Dr. Dall writes, ‘‘ There was a small Jissoona among the shells

which we have had for some years from San Pedro, but had not

named, and with your permission we propose to call it R. Bakeri,

Dall and Bartsch. There are also some of ihe new Pyramidellide

described in the paper on W. Am. Pyramidellide which Mr. Bartsch

and I have in preparation.”

Our return trip was made much more slowly than the outward

one, as the prevalent wind made it a long tack to windward. The

only break was a night run against a sharp storm to make the

doubtful shelter of Santo Tomas, where we lay for twenty-four

hours with two anchors out, estimating the chances of a shift of the

wind driving us to sea again. Our cruise lasted seventeen days, and

was unanimously voted a success.

30 THE NAUTILUS.

“A NEW NAIAD FROM NEW ZEALAND.

BY CHARLES T. SIMPSON.

Diplodon webstert Simpson.

Shell long, rhomboid, compressed or subcompressed, inequilateral ;

beaks subcompressed, pointed, their sculpture apparently a few

irregular lachrymose nodules arranged in a somewhat radial pattern ;

surface with uneven growth lines and impressed rest marks, sculp-

tured throughout with lachrymose nodules which are often V-shaped,

those along the upper part of the low posterior ridge slightly

knobbed ; epidermis dark olive green, clouded with lighter green,

rather dull; pseudo-cardinals small, subcompressed, granulose, two

in each valve; laterals straight, two in the left valve, one in the

right; muscle scars small, shallow and irregular; nacre bluish,

- lurid purple near and in the beak cavities, thicker in front.

Length 67, height 32, diam 14 mm.

Length 62, height 32, diam. 17 mm. New Zealand.

Specimens of the above were sent by Rev. William H. Webster,

‘of Wauiku, New Zealand, to the U. S. National Museum. They

proved to be a new species, apparently allied to the Diplodon nove-

hollandiz Gray of Australia, but smaller, less inflated and less solid

than that species. In D. nove-hollandie the anterior third of the

shell is almost destitute of nodules; in the present species the whole

surface is covered with them. These resemble somewhat those

found on the Unio tuberculatus of Barnes, but are less elevated.

The exact locality was not given.

; 2, NEW AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Most of the following species were discovered by Mr. Jas. H.

Ferriss during a recent flying visit to the Southwest. I am indebted

to Mr. G. H. Clapp for various suggestions regarding them; both

Mr. Clapp and Mr. Ferriss agreeing with me that they are new.

Polygyra alabamensis n. sp.

Shell depressed, about like P. vannostrandi in general contour,

CHE NAUTILUS. 31

yellowish brown, glossy, finely rib-striate above and below; umbili-

cate. Spire low dome-shaped. Whorls about 6, very closely coiled,

the last having the periphery situated high ; a trifle deflexed in front.

Aperture oblique, lunate ; peristome white, narrowly reflexed, thick-

ened within, the outer lip bearing a small, squarish tubercle, bent

inward ; basal lip bearing a marginal tubercle, abrupt on its outer,

sloping or buttressed on its inner side. Parietal lamella short, erect,

a trifle curved. Alt. 6, diam. 115 mm.

Auburn, Alabama. Types no. 82556 A. N.S. P., collected by

Carl F. Baker. |

The aperture is exceedingly similar to that of P. inflecta, from

which this species differs in the sculpture, closely coiied whorls and

open umbilicus. P. cragint is more depressed, with fewer whorls.

P. vannostrandi has differently proportioned teeth and less closely

coiled whorls.

Polygyra texasensis n. sp.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, but the umbilicus rapidly enlarging at

the last whorl, where it becomes more than one-fourth the diameter

of the shell; depressed, light brown, glossy, lightly and rather dis-

tantly striate, usually with several coarse, strong wrinkles behind

the lip. Spire low, convex. Whorls 54, slightly convex, slowly

widening, the last abruptly descending in front, deeply and narrowly

constricted behind the lip, convex beneath. Aperture small, oblique;

peristome reflexed, thickened. the outer and basal lips each bearing

a compressed tooth, parietal wall with a strong, erect V-shaped

tooth which connects the ends of the lip, the upper branch of the V

slender and low.

Alt. 5, diam. 13.5 mm.

Alt. 5, diam. 12.3 mm.

Colorado City, Mitchell Co., Texas. Types no. 83258, A. N.S.

P., collected by J. H. Ferriss, 1902.

This species is clearly related to P. texasiana (Moricand), which

occurs at the same locality, as well as throughout the greater part of

Texas. It differs from texas/ana in the larger size, with about the

same number of whorls, the more regular increase of the whorls in

width, and the proportionally wider umbilicus, In the great num-

ber of P. texrasiana I have seen from many localities, none approach

AP. texasensis.

oe THE NAUTILUS.

Sonorella granulatissima n. sp.

Shell depressed, in general shape much like S. hachitana and S.

rowelli ; narrowly umbilicate, the umbilicus between one-eighth and

one-ninth the diameter of the shell; pale corneous-brown, becoming

somewhat whitish around the umbilicus, with a conspicuous red-

brown band above the periphery, and an inconspicuous, ill-defined,

faint and wide one below the suture on the last whorl. Surface

lustrous to the naked eye, but not glossy, under a strong lens seen to

be very densely and evenly granulose, the granulation extending to

the apex, but becoming more effaced on the base, subobsolete around

the umbilicus, where some specimens show faint spiral lines. Spire

very low. Whorls hardly 44, rather slowly widening at first, the

last whorl very much wider, gradually and rather deeply descending

in front, far below the periphery of the shell. Aperture very

oblique, very shortly elliptical, almost circular, the peristome thin,

narrowly expanded, the columellar margin dilated, ends approaching,

Alt. 10, diam. 19 mm.; oblique alt. apert. 9.7, width 11 mm.

Alt. 9.8, diam. 18 mm.; oblique alt. apert. 8.5, width 9.8 mm.

Huachuca Mts., Arizona; collected by Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss.

The umbilicus is narrower than in S. hachitana and S. rowelli,

and it differs from both in the dense granulation. It is a species of

delicate beauty, evidently distinct from any form collected by

Ashmun and others in the same region.

Sonorella rowelli Newe., originally described from Arizona, was

taken by Mr. Ferriss at Sanford, and in the Patagonia Mts. Mr.

Ashmun also brought the species from the latter locality, and Dr.

Geo. H. Horn collected a specimen at Fort Grant, Arizona. It is

much like S. hachitana in miniature.

Mr. Binney rejected rowelli from the U. 8. list because he

considered it identical with Helix lohrit of Gabb from near Moleje,

Lower California ; but the two species are clearly distinct, and there

seems to be no sufficient reason to doubt the truth of the original

statement that the type of rowelli was taken by Frick in Arizona.

Bulimulus dealbatus pasonis n. subsp.

Much more slender and smaller than any described form of

dealbatus, schiedeanus or mooreanus, but larger and stouter than B.

durangoanus v. Mart. Reddish-corneous, with opaque white streaks

and mottling ; smoothish. Whorls nearly 6, quite convex. Aper-

THE NAUTILUS. 33

ture small, ovate, less than half the length of the shell, the ends of

the lip approaching. Length 15, diam. 7.3, longest axis of aperture

6.5 mm. °

El Paso, Texas. Types no. 83259, A. N.S. P., collected by Jas.

H. Ferriss, 1902.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THe Mowuusca or Tue Cuicaco Area: Part II., The Gas-

teropoda. By Frank Collins Baker, Chicago Academy of Sciences.

Bulli, No. III, pt. I.

This handsome volume of 288 pages and 9 plates, which completes

Mr. Baker’s work on the Mollusca of the Chicago Area, will be a

most welcome addition to the library of every American concholo-

gist.

It has been for years a source of regret to all students of the

American mollusca that so little attention has been given by our

leading conchologists to the study of our fresh-water species. For

more than thirty years practically nothing, except here and there a

description of some supposed new form, has been published on this

subject. The invaluable monographs published by the Smithsonian

Institute have not only been out of print and scarcely attainable for

years, but are quite out of date from a scientific standpoint. There

is at present no work which gives the results of the material which

has been accumulated in the public and private collections of this

county, since the publication of those monographs, or embodies the

modern ideas of classification. The land mollusks have apparently

absorbed the attention of our working conchologists and the fluviatile

forms have been almost totally ignored. ‘The recent synopsis of the

Naiades by Mr. Simpson has filled a long felt want, and: placed that

group in an enviable condition. The studies of Dr. Sterki are

rapidly bringing the species of Spherium and Pisidium out of their

chaotic condition. Similar work upon the fresh-water univalves is one

of the greatest needs of American Conchology to-day. Mr. Baker’s

book is an important advance in the right direction, and should be

an incentive for others to undertake similar work in other states. It

is the first publication in this county, which attempts to treat the

fluviatile forms with the same detail and thoroughness, which has

been given to the terrestrial species. Both the author and the

54 THE NAUTILUS.

Academy are to be congratulated upon the success with which the

undertaking has been carried out.

Beginning with the Pulmonata, the land species, 51 in number,

are first described, a sufficiently full synonomy of each is given with

figures of the shell, and in nearly all cases of the jaw and radula.

Full details of local distribution and of the habits and characteristic

peculiarities of the different forms are also given. Pilsbry’s classi-

fication is of course followed, and the whole treatment of the subject

is in accordance with the latest scientific methods,

The most striking innovation in this portion of the work is the

adoption of Say’s name of ovaiis for the species commonly known as

Succinea obliqua. This is, however, in accordance with the recog-

nized rules of nomenclature, and it is surprising that it has not been

done before. The Succineas need a thorough revision. The specific

characters exhibited by the shells are slight, and most of the de-

scribed species seem to be exceedingly variable. It is possible that

dissection will show reliable characters in the soft parts that can be

relied on for specific determination. This work has yet to be done

and would be a very valuable contribution to science. The jaws and

radule if examined in sufficient quantities to determine the amount

of variability in each species, might furnish a sufficiently reliable

basis for classification. The difference shown between the author’s

figure of S. ovalis and Binney’s figure of that of S. tottentana and

that between his figure of the radula of ovals and Binney’s figure of

the same, and the remarks on the same subject with reference to the

published figures, the jaw of S. retusa is very suggestive, and shows

the necessity for additional work in that line. It is unfortunate that

the author did not make an original figure of the jaw of S. avara, as

there is reason to believe that Morse’s figure, adopted by Binney, is

not correct.

The treatment of the fluviatile univalves is a welcome addition to

the scanty literature on the subject. The only regret is that the

fauna of the Area is comparatively small and that so many of our

common species are not represented in it.

The keys supplied under the different genera. serve to bring out

the differential specific characters, and will be of great assistance to

the student in identifying his specimens. The jaws and radule of

many of the species are figured for the first time and many anatomi-

cal details of value are given. This branch of the subject is practi-

srs >!

THE NAUTILUS. Sd

cally the first effort in a new fieid and forms the most valuable

portion of the entire work. The synonymy is practically that of

Binney with the addition of more recently described forms. Until

a thorough revision of the subject can be made, based on abundant

material from all parts of the country, and the study of the original

types, this is no doubt the wisest course to pursue. The advisability

of printing the MSS. names of Calkins, all of which seem to be

synonyms, may be perhaps questioned.

The treatment of the Limneide will in the main commend itself

to the student. The author declines to follow Crandall in separating

Physa elliptica Lea from P. gyrina oleacea Tryon. Judging from

the figures given, it seems possible that el//plica as differentiated by

Crandall does not occur in the Chicago Area. Certainly as species

go in Physa, there is room for a difference of opinion on this subject.

The elaborate descriptions of the Pleurocertde are worthy of notice,

and are a refreshing improvement upon the descriptions that do not

describe, of the older authors in treating of this most difficult family.

The union of Goniobasis depygis to G. livescens seems a rather

radical innovation and will likely provoke dissent. If it serves to

incite discussion and careful study, it will have accomplished a use-

ful purpose.

The author’s figure of the radula of Cincinnatia cincinnatiensis is

tle first that has been published of that species. It is remarkable in

not showing the ‘‘tongue shaped process from the middle of the

anterior surface, reaching beyond the base,” which is given by

Stimpson as a generic characteristic of Amntcola. If the figure is

correct, Cincinnatia must be removed from under that genus and

placed elsewhere. We do not understand the statement on p. 335

that figures 4 and 11 on Plate I. of Haldeman’s Monograph are mis-

named. In the copy before us, both the description and plate give

the proper references. ‘The author also seems in error in his re-

marks on page 336 in regard to Binney’s figure 162 as copied from

Troschel. Neither Binney nor Troschel refer the radula there

figured to Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anth. Both refer it, and prob-

ably correctly, to A. sayana Anth., which is a synonym of Pomati-

opsis cincinnatiensis Lea, an entirely different thing. The synonymy

of the Campelomas is that established by Call and, barring the

reference of Lea’s milesii to subsolidum, is entirely acceptable. There

is reason to believe that Lea’s species should rather be referred to

decisum. ‘The large specimen figured as decisum on plate 36, fig. 5,

36 THE NAUTILUS.

looks very much like C. integrum. Possibly that species should have

been included in the Chicago fauna.

The paper concludes with a full bibliography of the literature of

the Area, and a list of all the works referred to, which in itself will be

of valuable assistance to the student who desires to familiarize him-

self with the literature, especially that published since Binney’s

Bibliography was issued. Bryant WALKER.

ENTEROXENOS OSTERGRENI, A NEW ENDO-PARASITIC GASTRO-

pop.—In the current number of the Zodlogische Jahrbicher (xy,

pl. 4, p. 731) a new parasitic gastropod of unusual interest is

described by Kristine Bonnevie. It lives in the body-cavity of the

N. European holothurian Stichopus tremulus, usually near the

anterior end of the intestine, to which it is attached. The adult

animal is vermiform, 6-15 cm. long, 4-5 mm. in diameter, without

visible external opening, suddenly contracted anteriorly, into a

slender style which is run into, and attaches it to the intestine of the

host. The largest individuals sometimes lie free in the body-cavity.

The integument is smooth, white and opaque. Under the epithelium

there are circular and longitudinal layers of muscle. The internal

‘anatomy is very simple. There is a narrow, long, central cavity,

running backward from the end of the peduncle of attachment, the

large ovary opening into it distally, while the testis lies anterior.

The eggs are fertilized in the central cavity of the animal, and

undergo development there. No trace of an alimentary canal is

present. The gastropodous nature of the parasite is shown by the

development and embryo.

The relationships of Hnteroxenos are apparently with Lntocolax

and Hntoconcha, but it is a more advanced evolution-product. The

author gives provisional and guarded adherence to Schmiemenz’s

theory of the mode of derivation of Hntoconcha from Stylifer-like

ectoparasites, but wisely abstains from homologizing the parts of the

endoparasitic forms with those of normal mollusks, preferring to

leave open the questions of the homologies of the body-wall, style of

attachment and central cavity.—H. A. P.

A Revisep Census oF THE MARINE MOLLuSCA OF TASMANIA.

By Prof. Ralph Tate and W. L. May. (Proc. Linnean Soc., New

South Wales, pp. 844-471. Issued Dec. 19, 1901.)

This valuable contribution consists of an introduction to and history

of marine conchology in Tasmania; a systematic list of species; a

catalogue of synonyms with the corresponding names adopted ; criti-

cal remarks on some species, and descriptions of two new species and

one new genus—(Legrandina). The work is illustrated by five

plates, containing 107 figures and 14 figures in text. A summary of

admitted species shows: 10 Cephalopoda, 504 Gastropoda, 4 Scapho-

poda and 157 Pelecypoda, a total of 653 species, It is a truly up-

to-date catalogue, very few of the more recent improvements in

nomenclature being overlooked.—C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XVI. AUGUST, 1902... No. 4.

Y COLLECTING UNIONIDE IN TEXAS AND LOUISIANA.

BY L. S. FRIERSON, FRIERSON, LA.

In July, 1901, Dr. W. S. Strode, Mr. H. G. Askew, and the

writer, took a trip through eastern Texas, collecting Unionide. Dr.

Strode first took a “still hunt’’ on the Sabine river, at Loganport,

where he duplicated the experience of the writer, the results of

which have already been given the readers of NAUTILUS (xiii. 79).

We met Mr. Askew at Sheperd, a small town northeast of Houston,

and in close proximity to ‘‘ Big creek,”’ and Trinity river.

From Big creek we obtained a few Lampsilis ienosus. This sheli

had never before been obtained so far west, nor had it been listed as

a Texas species by Mr. Singley. The Trinity river, though shallow

at this time and place, was swift, with a sandy bottom, a combina-

tion not favorable to unio life, and we had therefore poor luck. We

obtained some magnificent Quadrula pauciplicata; big, glossy, black

and nearly devoid of plications. They were otherwise interesting on

account of the females being gravid, an unusual condition in this

group. It is a true Quadrula in this respect. Some very fine Q.

trapezoides were also taken. They were remarkably compressed,

and some of them were likewise gravid. They bore their young (or

egos) in all four gills. This we believe has never before been noted,

and effectually places this species in the genus Quadrula, as defined

by Mr. C. T. Simpson, who placed it here without having the advan-

tage of seeing a gravid female. We captured a trio of L. amphi-

chenus, which extends both the habitat and size of this remarkable

species, one of them being 5} inches in length. (The writer has

since obtained a dead shell from the upper Brazos river.) A fine

38 THE NAUTILUS.

series of shells were found which are in my cabinet as yet unnamed.

They seem to be a perfect connecting link between Q. aurea, hous-

tonensis, and pustulata. We were fortunate enough to find a couple

of Q. chunii, Lea. This is the river in which the types were

obtained and the specimens were typical in every respect. This

shell is a very rare species, and one sadly abused. Whenever a

uniologist gets a shell belonging to the group headed by Q. trigona,

and about whose name he is in doubt, he at once dubs it Y. chunii.

I may be rather harsh on my brother uniologists, but these two shells

are my only chuni to date.

The next day we were at Nacogdoches, Texas. Here we saw the

celebrated ‘‘ Stone Fort,’ an ancient structure over whose walls the

flags of seven governments have floated. How many of my readers

must plead guilty, as I did, of never having heard of the Republic of

Fredonia?’ The full history of this structure was given us by Mr.

1In April, 1825, Hayden Edwards made a contract with the government of

Mexico for the introduction of 800 families into Texas. They were to settle in

the neighborhood of Nacogdoches, and be provided with lands under the gen-

eral colonization law. The location proved unfortunate. Nacogdoches had

been settled many years, partly by Mexicans and partly by a roving class of

people who had a prejudice against the Anglo-Americans. When the colonists

selected their lands and commenced improving, some older claimant would

appear. The courts were appealed to, but would invariably decide in favor of

the Mexican constituents. These conditions continued until finally (1826) the

Mexican governor of the province decreed the annulment of the contract and

the expulsion of Edwards and his brother from the territory. But Edwards

had expended several thousand dollars in this enterprise, and his colonists too

had expended considerable in building their homes. The Indians (principally

Cherokees) also had settled near-by under the provisions of the colonization laws,

and being greatly dissatisfied, allied themselves with the Edwards colonists,

who, assuming the name of Fredonians, declared their independence of Mexico.

They proceeded at once to organize a legislative committee composed of eight

Americans and five Indians. Learning that Col. Bean was preparing to resist

their movements, they took possession of the old stone fort. Norris, the de-

posed Mexican Alcalde, collected some friends and on Jan. 4, 1827, entered the

town ; they were attacked by the Americans and Indians and driven off with a

loss of one killed and several wounded. The Fredonians were sadly disap-

pointed in not receiving the co-operation of the Austin colonists, who joined

the 200 soldiers sent from San Antonio to suppress the infant republic. Seeing

the hopelessness of maintaining the Republie of Fredonia, Major Edwards and

his forces retired across the Sabine into the United States and disbanded.

We are indebted to Mr. Askew for the above notes from Thrall’s History of

Texas.—Epirors,

THE NAUTILUS. 39

Askew, who is as loyal a son of Texas us ever drew breath. It is a

shame to the tovn that this fort has been recently torn down and

replaced by a sordid brick store. As soon as we had breakfasted,

we went to the La Nana creek, where we obtained the new species,

Q. lananensis recently described. We also obtained a number of the

most deeply corrugated Q. /aticostata we have yet seen. A solitary

Obovaria castanea was taken. Numbers of Zritogonia tuberculata

were found, but much to our disappointment, not a single gravid

female was noted. (This species has not as yet been observed in

that condition.) In this creek we obtained some L. nigerrimus and

Strophitus edentulus, neither of which was listed by Mr. Singley.

While cleaning up our catch in the hotel yard, we were joined by an

intelligent-looking party who gravely asked if the “ fossils”? we were

cleaning belonged to the Devonian formation! I shall never forget

the guileless look of the doctor, as he gravely replied that they did.

By high noon next day we were at Rockland on the Neches river;

we had taken our dinner, and by 5 p. m. were loaded with all the

unios we wanted. This place is the metropolis of Q. askewiti, of

which some examples require a ‘* Philadelphia lawyer ”’ to differenti-

ate from Q. beadleanus. The unios of this river are precisely the

same as in the Sabine river. We obtained some bona-fide Q. nodifera,

a species of the validity of which we had had doubts, but these are

now forever laid aside. From Rockland we then took flight towards

Lake Charles (Louisiana). En route we were compelled to stop

over at Beaumont, Texas; while there we were fortunate enough to

witness the striking of oil by one of the wonderful ‘‘gushers ”’ of

that place. It was a grand sight, the memory of which will never

leave us. Lake Charles we found to be a shallow expansion of the

Caleasieu river, about two miles wide, with sandy bottom, and

covered by floating masses of the ‘* Water Hyacinth,” acres and

acres of them. Calcasieu river is an extraordinary stream; for

fifty miles it is sixty feet deep and a quarter of a mile wide, with no

current excepting after rains, and not a shoal or sand-bar. The salt

water comes up 40 or 50 miles during storms, and kills most of the

fresh-water shells.

Those left alive were the following: Q. apiculata (typical),

Q. mortoni, L. texasensis, L. hydiana, L. anodontoides, Q. trapezoides,

variety pentagonoides (new var.), and finally Glebula rotundata. 1

have in my cabinet two specimens of fresh water mussels (Unio)

40 THE NAUTILUS.

having growing on them a shell of the salt water mussel (Mytilus) ;

both host and mess-mate were alive when taken.

The G. rotundata were unusually fine, the shades of color exhib-

ited by them I have never seen excelled. These were otherwise in-

teresting as a number of them were gravid, and we felt all the im-

portance of being true discoverers, as no student had ever before

noted them in this condition. As regards this part of their physi-

ology they are a true Lampsilis. The possession however of several

unique characteristics will probably keep them in a separate genus.

Mention was made above of a new variety of Q. trapezoides.

This shell differs from the type in having its dorsum very much

arched or bent midway. The posterior is widely biangulated. The

anterior is singularly truncated like W. coruscus, Gld. ‘Lhe effect

being that the outline forms nearly an equilateral pentagon, hence the

name. Aside from its form, it differs in being much smaller, and

frequently entirely devoid of plication on either its sides or posterior

slope. <A striking peculiarity is that the posterior end of the liga-

ment is perpendicularly over the centre of the base, whereas in the

ordinary trapezoides the end is situated about three-fourths of the

distance from the anterior to the posterior.

Purgr OF SHELLS COLLECTED ON SAN MARTIN ISLAND, LOWER

; CALIFORNIA, MEXICO.

BY FRED. BAKER, M. D.

Loligo sp? Giant squid. Monoceros lugubre Sby. |

Cavolina tridentata Gmel. Marginella regularis Cpr. 30

Cerostoma nuttalli Conr. fathoms.

Ocinebra circumtexta Stearns. Marginella jewettii Cpr. Drift.

Ocinebra gracillima Stearns. Marginella pyriformis Cpr.

Ranella californica Hds. 30 Volvarina varia Sby. Drift.

fathoms. Olivella biplicata Sby.

Fusus luteopictus Dall. On Astyris gouldi Cpr. 30 fathoms.

breakwater at low tide. Astyris aurantia Dall.

Macron kellettii A. Ad, Astyris gausapata Gld.

Macron lividus A. Ad. Astyris carinata, var. hindsii Rve.

Nassa fossata Gld. Astyris tuberosa Cpr.

Nassa perpinguis Hds. Anachis penicillata Cpr.

fHE NAUTILUS.

Engina carbonaria Rve. 30

fathoms.

Amphissa versicolor Dall.

Surcula carpenteriana, var.

tryoniana Gabb. "

Clathurella affinis Dall.

Mitromorpha filosa Cpr.

Mangelia interlirataStearns.

Mangelia variegata Cpr.

Conus californicus Hds.

Cyprza spadicea Gray.

Polinices uber Val.

Crepidula aculeata Gmel.

Crepidula aculeata, var. cali-

fornica Nutt.

Crepidula dorsata, var. ligulata

Gld.

Crepidula rugosa Nutt.

Capulus sp?

Hipponyx antiquatus Linn.

Hipponyx tumens Cpr. In drift.

Scala hindsii Cpr.

Scala tincta Cpr.

Turritella goniostoma Val.?

Mesalia tenuisculpta Cpr.

Vermetus fewkesii Yates.

Czcum californicum Dall.

Czcum crebricinctum Cpr.

Cecum leve C. B. Ad.

Cecum orcuttii Dall.

Eulima compacta Cpr.

Turbonilla similis C. B. Ad.

Turbonilla tenuicula Gld.

Turbonilla torquata Gld.

Dunkeria gracilenta Cpr.

Dunkeria laminata Cpr.

Odostomia nuciformis, var.

avellama Cpr.

Odostomia americana Dall &

Bartsch.

Odostomia (Ivara) turricula

Dall & Bartsch.

Miralda californica Dall &

Bartsch.

Ividia armata Cpr.

Mumiola amiantis Dall.

Chrysallida aequisculpta Cpr.

Chrysallida cincta Cpr.

Oscilla aequisculpta Cpr.

Littorina planaxis Nutt.

Littorina pulchra.

Littorina scutulata Gld.

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr.

Diala marmorea Cpr.

Bittium armillatum Cpr.

Bittium attenuatum Cpr.

Bittium esuriens Cpr.

Bittium quadrifilatum Cpr.

Cerithiopsis columna Cpr.

Cerithiopsis metaxe D. C.

Cerithiopsis munita Cpr.?

Cerithiopsis tuberculata Mont.

Triforis adversa Mont.

Cerithidea californica Hds.

Rissoina aequisculpta Cpr.

Rissoina bakeri Dall & Bartsch.

Rissoina infrequens C. B. Ad.

Rissoina interfossa Cpr.

Barleeia acuta Cpr., banded var.

50 fathoms.

Barleeia haliotiphila Cpr.

Barleeia subtenuis Cpr.

Rissoa acutilirata Cpr.

Rissoa aequisculpta Cpr.

Alvania aequisculpta Cpr.

Alvania carpenteri Weink.

Alvania notabilis Cpr.

Alvania purpurea Dall.

Amphithalamus inclusus Cpr.

Truncatella californica Pfr.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

Truncatella stimpsoni Stearns.’

Liotia acuticostata Cpr.

Liotia fenestrata Cpr.

Ethalia supravallata Cpr.

Phasianella compta Gld.

Phasianelia compta, var.

30 fathoms.

Eulithidium substriatum Cpr.

pulloides.

Pomaulax. undosus Wood.

Chlorostoma funebrale A. Ad.

Chlorostoma gallina Fbs.

Gibbula succincta Cpr.

Leptothyra bacula Cpr.

Leptothyra carpenteri Pils.

Leptothyra paucicostata Dall.

Calliostoma splendens Cpr.

Trochiscus norrissii Sby.

Margarita acuticostata Cpr. 30

fathoms,

Scissurella rimuloides Cpr.

Haliotis cracherodii Leach.

Haliotis fulgens Phil.

Fissurella voleans Rve.

Clypidella calliomarginata Cpr.

Megatebennus bimaculatus Dall.

Acmea persona Esch.

Acmea scabra Nutt.

Acmea rosacea. 4 fathoms.

Acmea spectrum Nutt.

Nacella incessa Hds.

Nacella paleacea Gld.

Williamia peltoides Cpr.

Lottia gigantea Gray.

Ischnochiton conspicuus Cpr.

Ischnochiton magdalenensis Rve.

Rather common, but ‘no large

ones found.

Ischnochiton mertensii Midd.

Ischnochiton sarcosus Dall.

Callistochiton crassicostatus Pils.

Callistochiton infortunatus Pils.

Mopalia muscosa Gld.

Lepidopleurus (Oldroydia) per- —

‘Not in Pils-

bry’s Monograph.”

crassus Dall.

Chaetopleura hartwegii, var.

nuttalli Cpr.

Tornatina inculta Gld.

Tornatina harpa Dall.

Tornatina recta d’Orb.

Gadinia reticulata Sby.

Helix stearnsiana Gabb.

Saxicava arctica Linn.

’ Semele decisa Cour.

Cumingia californica Conr.

Tellina bodegensis Hds.

Macoma secta Cour.

Petricola carditoides Cour.

Venns fordi Yates.?

Gd.

Psephis salmonea Cpr.

Psephis tantilla Gld.

Tivela crassatelloides Cour.

Saxidomax nuttalli Cour.

V. toreuma

Tapes staminea Cour.

Chama exogvra Cour.

Chama pellucida Sby.

Chama spinosa Sby.

In “Nautitus,” Nov., 1901, Dr. Pilsbry describes 7. stimpsoni guadalupensis,

found by Mr. R. E. Snodgrass in Nov., 1899, as the first specimens of this genus

found on any of the islands off Lower California. The above two species were

collected in August, 1899.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Lucina californica Cour.

Lueina nuttalli Cour.

Lucina tenuisculpta Cpr.

Diplodonta orbella Gld.

Lasea- rubra Mont.

Lasea rubra Mont., var.

viridis Cpr. 30 fathoms.

Kellia laperousii Desh.

Kellia suborbicularis Mont. 30

fathoms.

sub-

Milneria minima Dall.

Lazaria subquadrata Cpr.

Arca gradata Brod.

30 fathoms.

Modiola (Gregariella) opifex

Say.

Septifer bifurcatus Rve,

Philobrya setosa Cpr. 30

fathoms.

Lima orientalis Ad. & Rve.

Young, dead. 20 fathoms.

Pecten latiauritus Conr.

30 fathoms.

Hinnites giganteus Gray. 30

fathoms.

Monia foliata Brod.

30 fathoms.

Young.

In Hinnites,

Mytilus californica Cour.

NEW SPECIES OF PACIFIC COAST SHELLS.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Shell minute, of a livid pink, with a sub-

stratum of olivaceous cast, the whole giving a pinkish brown effect ;

‘Trivia atomaria n. sp.

form subglobular, with a feeble dorsal sulcus, across which the ribs

usually pass without interruption; in all there are about 18 ribs,

with about equal interspaces, which are slightly sagrinate or minu-

tely irregularly rugose, though the ribs are smooth; these ribs form

an equal number of fine denticulations on the inside of the outer lip

and over tle pillar-lip and internal lobe; the extremities are very

slightly or not at all produced; the spire is completely obscured.

Length 3.2, breadth 2.6, height 2.2 mm.

Half a dozen specimens of. uniform size were dredged in 18

fathoms, Panama Bay, by the U. S. Str. Albatross. This is the

smallest species I have seen; even the dwarfs of the allied 7. sawb-

rostralu Gray of the West Indian fauna are larger.

Trivia panamensis n. sp. Shell small, strongly sculptured, sub-

ovate, inflated, with its posterior extremity slightly produced; sculp-

tured with about 15 rather sharp-edged strong ribs, of which about 4

are intercalary and the others continuous over the shell; in the

middle line of the back they dip slightly but are not interrupted or

attenuated ; aperture narrow, strongly and nearly equally toothed on

44 THE NAUTILUS.

each lip; the spire wholly concealed; the interspaces are smooth

and somewhat wider than the ribs. Length 4.2, breadth 3.0, height

2.0 mm.

Two specimens were obtained with the preceding. Both forms

have been submitted to Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, of Manchester, Eng-

land, who now possesses the types of Gaskoin’s species, and has given

especial attention to the group. He regards both as new.

Erato oligostata n. sp. Shell small, very nearly the shape of

Trivia atomarta, but not ribbed, of a pale olive green, with the

extremity of the cana] deep rose pink; spire entirely concealed by a

microscopically pustulate layer of greenish white callus; aperture

narrow, very slightly shorter than the spire and not angulate exter-

nally behind; pillar lip with two anterior pliciform and half a dozen

small pustular more posterior deposits of callus, the outer lip minu-

tely dentate, the teeth smaller in front; the canal very short.

Length 3.2, breadth 2.25 mm.

Found with the preceding. This is perhaps the smallest known

Erato, and while, perhaps, nearest to dwarf specimens of the West.

Indian #. maugerie Gray, it ditfers from them in its more rounded

form and less trigonal outline, as well as by the pustulated surface.

The European genus Mysia (Leach) Lamarck, of which the type

is Lucinopsis undata Forbes and Hanley, has two right and three left

cardinal teeth. A very similar type is found in American waters,

represented in the Antilles by Artemis tenuis Recluz, and on the

Pacific coast by Dosinia subquadrata Hanley. These forms however

differ from Mysia by having three cardinal teeth in each valve.

For this American type I propose the name of Cyclinella, and add

the following new species to the fauna of the Pacific coast.

Cyclinella singleyi Dall. Shell solid, nearly orbicular, yellowish

white, with an extremely thin periostracum, moderately inflated ;

surface with very fine close concentric sulci, giving a silky texture

to it; an obscure depression radiates from the beaks near the pos-

terior margin; lunule lanceolate, defined by an impressed line ;

pallial sinus narrow, high, rather blunt, pointing at the umbo; in-

ternal margins plain, the middle cardinals strong, the posterior right

cardinal bifid. Length 40, height 39, diameter 22 mm.

Gulf of California in the Yaqui delta; Singley. It is smaller,

more convex and solid, with vastly larger muscular scars than

C. subquadrata Hanley.

2 2a he

THE NAUTILUS. 45

Cnew LAND MOLLUSKS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Eulota ( Aegista) minima n. sp.

Shell openly umbilicate, depressed, convex above and below,

broadly rounded at the periphery, light yellowish-brown. Surface

densely covered with fine, short cuticular scales, readily rubbed off.

Whorls about 5, convex, separated by an impressed suture, slowly

increasing, the last wider, convex beneath, not noticeably descending

in front. Aperture broadly crescentic, oblique; peristome slightly

thickened, very narrowly expanded and subreflexed. Alt. 3, diam.

6.3 mm.

Oshima, Osumi. Types no. 83,369 A. N.S. P. from no. 929 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Much smaller than any other Japanese species of the group, but a

true Aegista.in form and sculpture.

Eulota (Plectotropis) hachijoensis n. sp.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, biconvex, acutely carinate, pale brown

or whitish-corneous. Surface glossy, finely and faintly striate, and

under a lens seem to be very closely and distinctly engraved with

spiral strie beneath, more obsoletely so above. Whorls 44,

moderately convex, the last descending below the keel in front»

slightly concave above and below the peripheral keel. Aperture

oblique, irregularly oval; peristome slightly expanded above, re-

flexed below, scarcely thickened, the ends somewhat approaching.

Alt. 5.4, diam. 10 mm.

Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83,368 A. N. S. P., from no. 943

of Mr. Hirase’s collection, }

The pale color of the somewhat translucent, acutely carinate

shell, and its beautiful sculpture of spiral strie beneath are the more

prominent features of this species. It has the shape, but not the

surface, of Plectotropis, and does not seem closely related to any of

the known species from the adjacent islands of Japan, but resembles

closely the Riukiu species Z. inornata Pils., differing chiefly in the

smaller number of whorls.

Eulota ( Aegista) aperta var. mikuriyensis nov.

Similar to var. trachyderma Pils. & Gude, but more elevated and

covered with very much coarser, less crowded, ragged cuticular

46 THE NAUTILUS.

scales, or where they are rubbed off the surface is roughened with

comparatively coarse, short striz. Whorls 52; periphery subangular

at the beginning of the last whorl. Peristome thin, narrowly ex-

panded and subreflexed. Alt. 7.5, diam. 12.6 to 13 mm.

Mikuriya, Suruga. Types no. 83317 A. N.S. P., from no. 937

of Mr. Hirase’s collection. .

The peristome of this species is of the same character of that of

trachyderma. Mr. Gude dissents from the course I took in subordi-

nating trachyderma to aperta. He writes: ‘‘I decidedly consider

trachyderma as more nearly related to mimula than to aperta. Only —

look at the peristome, which is so decidedly thickened in aperta (and

you must remember that your types of aperta were immature shells).

If you will examine them again I think you will agree with me, and

if trachyderma must be degraded to varietal rank, by all means place

it under mimula”’ (G. K. G. in litt. Jan. 7, 1902).

I am now much disposed to adopt this view; but pending a

thorough study of the group, I allow the published status of the

form to remain.

Hulota (Plectotropis) mackensii var. formosa, nov.

Shell similar to #. mackensti and vulgivaga except that the umbili-

cus is less widely open and the lower margin of the lip is less deeply

curved. Alt. 104, diam. 234 mm., whorls 64.

Taihoku, Formosa, Types no, 83332 A. N.S. P., from no. 429

of Mr. Hirase’s collection. |

Schmacker & Bottger have already commented upon this Formosan

form of mackensti, which they had from Tamsui (Nbl. D. Mal. Ges.

1890, 136).

Eulota (Celorus) caviconus Pils.

Nautitus XV, p. 117 (February, 1902). The locality should be

Goto, Hizen,in Kyishi, Mr. Hirase has sent specimens from Ojika-

jima, Hizen (no, 928), which are a little larger than the type lot,

diam, 7.6 mm,

Kulota submandarina var. compacta nov. Differs from the typical

form by the larger umbilicus, more elevated spire of 65 very convex

whorls ; very solid, light chestnut colored, without a peripheral band.

Lip expanded and strongly thickened within. Specimens measure :

Alt. 19.5 to 20, diam, 21.5 mm., and alt. 19, diam. 22.5 mm,

Yakushima, Types no, 82498 coll, A. N.S. P., from no. 777 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Ce a

THE NAUTILUS. 47

Hirasea major n. sp. Shell depressed, lens-shaped, brown, dull

and densely, finely obliquely striate above, paler, somewhat glossy

and more faintly striate beneath, Spire convex; whorls 5, but

slightly convex, the suture superficial, filled by the peripheral keel ;

last whorl very acutely carinate, the keel narrowly projecting, base

convex, deeply impressed in the middle. Aperture oblique, obscurely

trapezoidal-lunate, the peristome thin in the specimens seen, Alt.

3.3, diam.6.7mm, Chichijima, Ogasawara (Mr, Y. Hirase, no. 865).

Much larger than the related H. hypolia, less polished below, and

with a more acute peripheral keel. The specimens may not be fully

mature,

Hirasea diplomphalus var, latispira n, var.

Similar to the typical form except that the spire is wider and less

sunken, Chichijima.

Hirasea profundispira n, sp.

A species similar to H. diplomphalus, but differing in the much

narrower spire, not one-third the diameter of the shell, and quite

deeply sunken. Alt. 2.3, diam. 3.3 mm, Chichijima.

TWO NEW BULIMINI FROM CENTRAL ASIA.

BY C. F. ANCEY.

1. Buliminus larvatus, Anc.

Shell rather solid, cylindrical, attenuated and conic towards the

apex, with an oblique and compressed umbilical fissure, somewhat

shining, whitish flesh-colored, with irregular and oblique rather

straight stripes of a darker hue. Apex brownish or horn-colored.

Spire produced, obtuse. Whorls 74-8. slowly increasing, not much

convex, suture simple, not deeply impressed ; the first 4 or 5 whorls

gradually becoming broader, the following of nearly the same diame-

ter, the last one cylindrical, compressed near the chink and obscurely

and obtusely angular at the base, not ascending in front. Aperture

oval, angulated superiorly, a little oblique. Peristome thickened

and labiated internally, but slightly expanded, more broadly so at

the columella. Margins distant, the columellar one simple and

arched, Parietal callosity more or less conspicuous, sometimes

thickened on each side.

Length 144-154, diam. 54, length of apert. 5 mm.

48 THE NAUTILUS.

Loc.: Valley of Urmara, Talas-Alatan, Turkestan. Alt. 8500

feet (O. Rosen).

A distinct form, recalling in shape Bul. Kuschakewitzi, Anc., of

Namangan, Khanat of Khokand, but very distinct and with the

peristome less developed.

Some of the Bulimini that I have described from the same

countries bearing only the very vague locality, Turkestan, I now

avail myself of the opportunity of mentioning the precise localities of:

Bul. Ujfalvianus, Anc., Usgent. .

Bul. Turanicus, Anc., Usgent.

Bul. trigonochilus, Anc., Samarkand.

Bul. Annenkowi, Anc., Margelan.

Bul. Kuschakewitzi, Anc., Namangan.

Bul. Bomalotianus, Anc. (emend.), Alai. A smaller, highly

colored variety which I propose to call var. colorata,

Bul, intumescus is also found at Osch, Eastern Turkestan, with

Bul. albiplicatus, von Mart. The former appears to be a widely

spread species.

2. Buliminus albocostatus, n, sp.

Shell small, rather thick, slender, cylindrical, turreted, rimate,

shining, brownish horn-color or brownish, sculptured with strong,

numerous, rather regular, white folds, Apex obtuse, smooth, horn-

colored, Spire long, regularly attenuated, subcylindrical below.

Whorls 8-9, somewhat convex, slowly inereasing, suture simple;

moderately impressed; the last whorl not much broader than the

preceding one, barely attenuated or narrowed towards the base,

minutely ascending in front. Aperture nearly vertical, ovate, some-

times produced externally, angulated superiorly. Peristome white,

thickened, superiorly straightened, flatly expanded, margins not dis-

tant, joined by a heavy callosity. Columella simple, internally

simple, not folded, externally broad.

Length 83-10, diam, 3, length of apert, 24 mill.

Loc.: Valley of Karagoin, Turkestan (O, Rosen).

A charming and sharply defined, graceful species which I received

at first labeled as “ Bul. albiplicatus, von Mart., variety,”’ and sub-

sequently as ‘* Bul. albiplicatus, West.”? I am not aware it was ever

published by Westerlund. From ZB. albiplicatus it differs in being

smaller, more slender and the characters of aperture, as well as the

relative proportions, are altogether dissimilar.

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XVI. SHPTEMBER, 1902. No. 5.

‘“NorTEs ON TASMANIAN AND WEST INDIAN CONCHOLOGY.*

BY C. HEDLEY, F. L. S.

The study of Tasmanian conchology has been facilitated by an

excellent catalogue published last year by the late Prof. Tate and

Mr. W. L. May in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New

South Wales. Therein certain species ascribed to Tasmania by the

Rey. J. E. Tenison Woods were rejected from the fauna chiefly

because no later observer had taken them. Though apparently of

foreign origin, their exclusion could not be wholly justified until that

origin was ascertained. At the invitation of Messrs. A. Morton and

W. L. May I undertook their examination. From the result it

appears that five West Indian species were supplied to Tenison

Woods, which he erroneously described as Tasmanian, and as new

to science. They are:

Pleurotoma weldiana, T. Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1876

(1877), p. 137, identical with Drillia fucata, Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

pl. xx, f. 169.

Ethalia tasmanica, T. Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1876 (1877),

p- 146, is the common West Indian Modulus modulus, Linne.

Adeorbis picta, T. Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas,, 1876. (1877), p.

146, is Ohlorostoma fasciatum Born. Wood’s type answers well to

fig. 2a of pl. 63 of Fischer's Monograph in the “ Coquilles Vivantes.”’

Astele turbinata, T. Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1876 (1877), p.

145, is Chlorostoma scalare. Anton, another well-known West Indian

shell.

Semele werburtoni, T. Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1876 (1877),

p- 158, is Codakia orbicularis, Linne, a common Antillean species.

* From the Proceedings Royal Society of Tasmania for 1902.

50 . THE NAUTILUS.

FOSSIL LAND SHELLS OF THE OLD FOREST BED OF THE OHIO RIVER.

BY A. C. BILLUPS, LAWRENCEBURG, IND.

During the spring of 1902, owing to the unusually heavy rains

which caused much cutting to be done on the banks of the Ohio and

Great Miami rivers, near Lawrenceburg, Indiana, I had a fine

opportunity to examine this interesting formation, the Old Forest

bed, from a conchological point of view.

I had many years previously found Jarge numbers of broken and

bleached shells of species which are foreign to this locality in drift

piles of the Great Miami and Ohio rivers, which I had always put

down as dead specimens which had floated from some point far

above where they were found. I found that this conclusion was

erroneous and that these shells were washed from the deposit which

contained them, and floated to the various drift piles where they first

attracted my attention.

The Old Forest bed is a stratum of several feet in depth, six to

eight feet below the present surface of the bottom lands of the Ohio,

and contains in many places the well-preserved remains of mammoth

trees; these are covered with a thick layer of yellow clay of an

exceedingly hard and solid texture, which renders very difficult the

extraction of fossils so delicate in structure as the land shells.

About the only satisfactory way to obtain good specimens is to wash

out with water until the clay is softened and then, if good luck

follows you, you may obtain a respectable specimen. The use of a

knife or chisel is absolutely useless, as in nearly every case the fossil

extracted by these means is cracked or broken,

The comparison between these fossil forms and the species now

found in this section is extremely interesting and worthy of study.

To give a general idea of the species and to illustrate the difference

between the fossil and recent faunas, I give the following list with

notes on each species, which will show clearly what time has done

to modify the molluscan fauna to the changed conditions of the

present time.

It is remarkable how well the red coloring matter of all species is

preserved, particulariy in the case of P. alternata Say.

Vallonia pulchella Mull. Traces only of this minute shell.

Polygyra tridentata Say. Not many found, and these much more

elevated and more deeply striated than the local living specimens.

oe. a ee

Ss ae

ee ale a ie

THE NAUTILUS. 51

Polygyra tridentata Say. Variety, region of the mouth much

compressed and very deeply striated.

Polygyra inflecta Say. A few broken specimens.

Polygyra profunda Say. Very large well-preserved shells, heavy,

and bands very plainly marked.

Polygyra albolabris Say. Very scarce.

Polygyra exoleta Binn. Common and of usual form.

Polygyra multilineata Say. Perhaps about the most plentiful of

all the species found. This shell has never been found alive within

twenty miles of this deposit.

Polygyra palliata Say.

Polygyra appressa Say. Several broken specimens.

Polygyra elevata Say. Fairly common and well preserved,

Polygyra pennsylvanica Green. Quite common in the deposit,

but rare in this vicinity alive, only ten or twelve specimens having

been found in the last six years after careful search.

Polygyra thyroides Say. Good specimens and fairly common.

Polygyra mitchelliana Lea. Common in the deposit, but rare and

very local alive, only one locality known near Lawrenceburg.

Polygyra stenotrema Fer.

Polygyra monodon Rack. Very rare.

Pupoides marginatus Say.

BLifidaria contracta Say.

Bifidaria armifera Say. Common.

Oochlicopa lubrica Mull. <A few broken specimens.

Circinaria concava Say. Quite common.

Vitrea hammonis Strom. Several broken shells.

Gastrodonta ligera Say. Common and in good condition.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Very large forms with distinct and

beautiful color markings.

Pyramidula solitaria Say. Plentiful, large, heavy shells.

Pyramidula perspectiva Say. Rare.

Pyramidula striatella Anth. Rare,

Hlelicodiscus lineatus Say. Rare and broken.

: Succinea sp. Very large, quite common, and in fine condition,

nothing nearly as large found here alive.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria. Common. JI have never taken this shell

alive in the vicinity of Lawrenceburg.

Subsequent search will no doubt increase the numbers of this list,

a2 THE NAUTILUS.

as only those shells are mentioned which are perfect enough to

render identification complete. ;

Poly-multilineata Say, which occurs plentifully in the middle

portions of the State, seems at Lawrenceburg to be conspicuous by

its absence, but is represented in the fossil state in large numbers,

and is an exceedingly well-developed form for this species. In fact

all these fossils are much larger and better developed than the

species which are found alive here at the present time, with the

exception of Pol. albolabris Say., which is in the deposits a very rare

shell, but most abundant in the surrounding woods. ‘This may be

due to the fact that albolabris is a thin and fragile shell, and has not

been able to withstand the pressure of the surrounding soil so well as

elevata and its more solidly-built brethren. However, this theory

would not seem to hold good, as Succinea, one of the most fragile

land shells, occurs in numbers, of large size, and in a splendid state

of preservation. .

of A NEW HELIX FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY J. ROWELL.

Epiphragmophora exarata var, rubicunda Rowell.

Shell umbilicate, conic, less depressed than exarata, rather thin,

sculpture somewhat malleated, the malleation lying in ridges parallel

with lines of growth, color dark chestnut-brown, with one black

band, summits of ridges and malleation dark orange-red, interior

ruby-red; whorls seven, rounded, suture impressed, the upper

whorls much less wrinkled than in exarata.

Alt, 21, diam. 27-30 mm. (Occidental.)

Alt. 25, diam. 314 mm. (Freestone.)

Habitat, Sonoma Co., on a high, dry ridge, in the town ‘ Occi-

dental,’”’ on our ‘Cal. North Western R. R.”? I have visited the

place three times, hoping to get other mature shells besides my

original pair, but have searched in vain. All around are exarata

proper and a few infumata, in the redwoods. But on my last trip,

I stopped over at the town ‘‘ Freestone,” six miles this side of Occi-

dental ; I chose the place because there the redwoods and the open

country meet, and I thought that for this reason it would be the

right place for my shell, and a dense fog helping me, I was delighted

to find quite a number of fine specimens.

THE NAUTILUS. 58

OA NEW FLORIDIAN HELICINA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Helicina tantilla n. sp.

Shell very small, much depressed, finely and weakly striate.

Spire low, convex, with rather straight outlines. Whorls 34, rather

slowly widening, the last much wider, rounded at the periphery,

convex beneath, impressed around the central callus. Aperture

quite oblique, semi-circular, the lip obtuse, not noticeably expanded.

Umbilical callus but slightly convex, not filling the cavity to the

level of the surrounding convexity of the base. Alt. 1.3, diam.

2.5 mm. ;

Palm Beach, Florida. Type no. 77349 A. N.S. P., coll. by H.

A. Pilsbry.

This tiny Helicina is quite distinct from all the Antillean species

I have been able to compare. A single bleached specimen was

gathered in June, 1899, with other small land shells, in the woods

about a quarter of a mile from the Atlantic beach, I did not notice

it at the time, or I would have made search for more; it was only

detected when the material was being sorted at home. No further

specimens have turned up in the three years since this one was taken,

and it is now published in the hope that some reader of the Nav-

TILUS who may visit that most beautiful of the winter resorts of

east Florida, may search for the species, and complete the descrip-

tion by finding living specimens. It has no resemblance to the

young of H. orbiculata.

YNEW LAND MOLLUSKS FROM THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY H.-A. PILSBRY.

Alyc@us vinctus nu. sp. Moderately umbilicate with conic spire

and the general aspect of other described Japanese species of

Alyceus. Whorls 32, the first 14 smooth, corneous-brown, follow-

ing whorls dull, whitish, sculptured with lamellar rib-stria and finer

spiral threads, the riblets as usual much more crowded on the back

of the last whorl. Constriction of neck rather strongly marked,

and with the portion following it, smooth, free from riblets, or with

weak strie only. ‘“ Tube” long, reflexed, lying in the suture,

54 THE NAUTILUS.

Aperture oblique, circular, the peristome blunt, continuous, strength-

ened by a very strong external rib which is beveled to the lip-edge.

Operculum yellow, thin. Alt. 2.7; diam. 3.6 to 4 mm. ens

shima, Osumi. (Mr. Hirase, no. 916.)

Readily distinguished by the excessively heavy collar behind the

lip and the comparatively conspicuous spiral threads. ( Vinctus, bound,

in allusion to the heavy, hoop-like lip-rib.)

Macrochlamys semisericata n. sp. Shell perforate, moderately

depressed, dark reddish-brown, thin and somewhat translucent; the

surface polished below, dull with a silken sheen at the periphery and

above. Sculpture of excessively fine, close, slightly waved, parallel,

slightly oblique rib-striz above, extending from the apex to below

the periphery, the base smooth. Whorls 44, slowly increasing,

convex, separated by an impressed suture, the last much wider,

rounded at the periphery. Aperture oblique, lunate; peristome

thin and simple, dilated at the columellar insertion. Alt. 3, diam.

5.2 mm.

Kurozu, Kii, Types no. 83374, A. N.S. P., from no. 935a of Mr.

Hirase’s collection. Slightly smaller specimens were found at

Nachi, Kii, Mr. Hirase’s no. 955. ‘

Distinguished from JZ. cerasina v. awaensis and M. tanegashime

by the silken lustre of the upper surface, produced by fine parallel

strie. It is much smaller than awaensis. (Semisericatus, clothed half

in silk.)

Zonitoides subarboreus n. sp.

Shell extremely similar to Z. arboreus (Say), from which it

differs in the wider, less deeply lunate aperture, and the slightly

wider umbilicus. The shell is brownish yellow. Surface glossy,

irregularly striate, smoother below, without spiral striz. Whorls

45, convex, separated by an impressed suture. Alt. 2.7, diam.

6 mm., or slightly smaller.

Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83375, A. N.S. P., from no. 951

of Mr. Hirase’s collection; collected by Mr. Nakada, 1902.

This species is more denressed than Z. nitidus, and the base is

less convex. If found in the United States, the differences from Z.

arboreus would hardly be noticed; but its location on an island over

one hundred miles off middle Japan, together with the slight diver-

gence noted above, seem to indicate a distinct species. (Subarboreus

THE NAUTILUS. 55

might mean under trees, but here it refers to the resemblance to

Zonitoides arboreus, one of the commonest snails of North America.)

Microcystina circumdata n. sp. Shell perforate, depressed, with

low, conic spire, glossy, light yellowish-brown, somewhat trans-

lucent. Sculpture of slight growth-lines, and under a strong lens

there are seen to be excessively minute, close, engraved spiral lines

above, and shallow, weak, and much coarser spiral sulci beneath.

Whorls 44, convex, slowly increasing, joined by an impressed suture,

the last whorl rounded peripherally, impressed around the perfora-

tion. Aperture lunate, oblique; outer margin of the peristome thin

and simple, the columellar margin thickened within, narrowly

dilated at the insertion. Alt. 2, diam. 3.4 mm.

Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83376, A. N.S. P., from no. 949 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species is larger and less depressed than AZ. yakuensis, which

resembles it more than any other species which I have compared.

(Circumdatus, surrounded, 7. e., by the sea.)

Kaliella hachijoensis n. sp. Shell imperforate, glubose-conic,

smooth except for faint growth-striz, yellowish-brown. Spire conic

with slightly convex lateral outlines, the apex obtuse. Whorls 54;

convex, separated by an impressed suture, the last inconspicuously

and bluntly angular at the periphery, convex beneath. Aperture

lunate, but slightly oblique ; peristome thin and simple, the columellar

end reflexed, whitish. Alt. 2.7, diam. 3.4 mm.

Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83277, A. N.S. P., from no. 941 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection, collected by Mr. Nakada, 1902.

Kaliella pallida n. sp. Shell minutely perforate, depressed conic,

glossy and smooth except for faint growth-lines, translucent, pale

yellowish-corneous, becoming whitish towards the apex. Spire

conoidal, the apex obtuse. Whorls 44, convex, the suture impressed,

Last whorl rounded at the periphery, a little angular in front of the

aperture, convex beneath. Aperture broadly lunate, the peristome

thin and simple, triangularly dilated at the columellar insertion.

Alt. 2.5, diam. 3 mm.

Hachijo-jima, Izu. ‘Types no. 83378, A. N.S. P., from no, 952 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

These species are somewhat similar in contour to XK. nanodes

(Gude) and K, reinhardti (Pils.), but are apparently different from

any of the described Japanese species. (Padlidus, pale.)

56 THE NAUTILUS.

Sitala latissima n. sp. Shell minutely perforate, low trochiform,

dull brown. Surface nearly lustreless, showing two or three spiral

cuticular threads on the upper surface of the last and next earlier

whorls. Spire conic. Whorls 43, convex, separated by a deep

suture, the last whorl angular at the periphery, flattened, only

weakly convex beneath. Aperture oblique, somewhat square, the

periphery thin and simple, dilated at the columellar insertion. Alt.

1.5, diam. 2.3 mm.

Yayeyama, Riukiu group. Types no. 83379, A. N.S. P., from

no. 953 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Distinct by its very broadly conic shape. (JLatiss¢mus, widest).

Pyramidiula pauper var. hachijoensis n. var.

Shell low-conic above, convex beneath, higher than P. pauper,

angular at the periphery ; regularly rib-striate, dark brown. Whorls

41; umbilicus about one-fourth the diameter of the shell, being much

narrower than in pauper or depressa. Alt. 3.7, diam. 6.5 mm.

Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83324, A. N.S. P., from no. 950 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Although there is now a tendency to regard island races, where

intergradation with the stem-form can not occur, as of specific rank,

yet it seems to me that the relationships of such forms as this are

best indicated by the use of a trinomial. The elevation of the spire

and the narrower umbilicus readily distinguish this sub-species.

Buliminus luchuanus var. oshimanus nov. Shell similar to B.

luchuanus, but differing in being thinner, with more conic spire, far

less copious dark variegation, 7 to 74 whorls, and a thinner lip.

Length 18.3, diam. 7 mm.

Length 16.3, diam. 6.3 mm.

Oshima, Osumi. Types no. 88381 A. N.S. P., from no. 930 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Buliminus hiraseanus n. sp. Shell rimate, ege-shaped, being

short, broad and compact, the spire short, conic with convex outlines,

apex obtuse; yellow or brown; surface minutely decussate. Whorls

about 6, hardly convex. Aperture oblique, ovate; peristome white,

expanded and somewhat reflexed, thickened within, a small nodule

on the parietal wall defining a narrow channel at the upper angle.

Length 8.5-9, diam. 5 mm. Mukojima, an islet southwest of

Hahajima, Ogasawara. (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 919.)

THE NAUTILUS. 57

Diplommatina kobelti var. ampla Pils.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1902, p. 28. The locality is Goto,

Hizen, not Uzen as given in the original description.

Carychium hachijoensis n. sp. Shell ovate-conic, whitish, slightly

translucent, nearly smooth, the growth-lines being very faint. Spire

conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 43, convex, separated by a deep

suture. Aperture ovate, a little less than half the length of the

shell; the peristome reflexed, much thickened throughout, white;

Outer lip bearing a strong tubercle on its inner margin above the

middle; columella conspicuously truncate, ending below,in a strong

tooth-like fold, and bearing a stout, projecting lamella above.

Length 1.5, diam. 0.8 mm. 7

Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83,382 A. N.S. P., from no. 946

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species differs from C. noduliferum Reinh. in its shorter spire

of fewer whorls, the absence of striation, and the smaller size.

Tornatellina biplicata n. sp.

Shell imperforate, pyramidal, thin, brown, nearly smooth; spire

straightly conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 54, convex, separated by

a well impressed suture. Aperture oblique, rather narrow, some-

times showing a strong narrow, white rib within; peristome simple;

columella spiral, forming a strong callous fold; parietal lamella thin

but high. Length 3, diam. 1.7 mm.

Hachijojima, Izu. Types no. 83,380 A. N.S. P., from no. 948

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species is more lengthened than 7. ogasawarana, or T.

varicifera, but less so than 7. nakadaz (biplicatus, two-folded).

Cochlicopa lubrica var. hachijoensis nov. Shell short and wide,

with very obtuse apex; whorls 54. Length 6, diam. 2.7, length of

aperture 2.4 mm.

Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83,383 A. N.S. P., from no. 940

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

List OF LAND SHELLS COLLECTED IN THE SACRAMENTO MTS., NEW

MEXICO.

BY E. G VANATTA.

During April and May of the present year Messrs. J. A. G. Rehn

and H. L. Viereck collected natural history specimens in the Sacra-

mento Mts., Otero Co., New Mexico, for the Academy of Natural

58 THE NAUTILUS.

Science of Philadelphia. Collecting was done at Cloudcroft, in James

Cajion, elevation 9500 feet, in the Canadian zone, where the follow-

ing species were taken :

Ashmunella rhyssa hyporhyssa _‘ Vitrina pfeifferi Newe.

Ckll. Euconulus fulvus Mill.

Vallonia cyclophorella Anc. Zonitoides arboreus Say.

Thysanophora ingersolli Bld. Zonitoides milium Mse.

Pupa sonorana Sterki. Punctum pygmaeum Drap.

Bifidaria pilsbryana Sterki. Succinea avara Say.

Vertigo goncinnula Ckll.

Ashmunella rhyssa hyporhyssa Ckll. was found in great abundance

under logs and branches at Cloudcroft, the type locality.

At Highrolls, Otero Co., New Mexico, elevation 7000 feet, in the

Upper Sonoran zone, the following species were collected :

Ashmunella rhyssa hyporhyssa _— Bifidaria armifera Say.

Ckll. Zonitoides arboreus Say.

Vallonia cyclophorella Anc. Succinea avara Say.

Holospira roemeri Pfr. and Vitrea indentata umbilicata “ Singl.”

Ckll. were taken at 4600 feet elevation in the Middle Sonoran zone,

in the Alamo Cafion near Alamogorda, Otero Co., New Mexico.

GENERAL NOTES.

LIMNZA AURICULARIA IN AmMERICA.—In Science, July 11, 1902,

p. 65, Dr. R. E. Call records the occurrence of a well-established

colony of-this species in Flatbush, Brooklyn, N. Y. They were

probably introduced on plants.

PLANORBIS PARVUS WALKERI N. var.

This variety is similar to P. parvus, but distinguished by having

the lip internally thickened.

Types in coll. of Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 81143 from

Hartland, Vt., gift of Mr. Bryant Walker; cotypes in coll. Walker.

It also occurs at the following Michigan localities: Oakland Co.;

Detroit; Cambridge, Sewell Co.; Antrim Co.; Fenton, Genesee Co.;

Lake near Charlevoix; and Grand Rapids, all communicated by

Mr. Bryant Walker.—E. G. VANATTA.

VERTIGO COLORADENSIS AND V, INGERSOLLI.—In our Revision

of Pupx, 1900, pp. 599, 608, Mr. Vanatta and I stated that we had

not seen the descriptions by Mr. Cockerell published in the British

Naturalist, 1891. The missing number of that journal has now been

ne ae

—— eee ee eee

THE NAUTILUS. 59

received, and as there are probably but few copies accessible to

American conchologists, we reprint below the passages relating to

American Pup/de.

“In the ‘Journ. of Conch.,’”’ 1889, p. 63, a small species of Pupa

from Colorado was named P. coloradensis, but not described. It is

a distinct species allied to corpulenta, but decidedly smaller (length

14 mill.), more striate and slightly narrower. There are four

apertural Jamellx, [p. 101] one on the parietal wall, one on the

columella, and two—the lower one the largest—on the outer wall.

‘*Pupa ingersolli Ancey MS., mentioned on p. 64 of the same

volume, has also never been described. It is allied to coloradensis,

but 2 mill. long, cylindrical, dull brown, with half a whorl more,’

and a double lamella’ on the parietal wall. P. montanella, indicated

on the same page as P. coloradensis, proves to be a form of P. pento-

don—T. D. A. C.” (The British Naturalist, 1891, part v. pp»

100, 101.)

The description of P. ingersolli is so abbreviated that in a critical

group like the modesta group of Vertigo it may be doubted whether

it is sufficiently diagnostic. Prof. Cockerell, who has affirmed the

identity of ingersolli with his concinnula, seems to have held a differ-

ent view when describing the latter. As the original description of

ingersolli is only about two lines long, and quite inexact for con-

cinnula, it may fairly be held, I think, that it was not recognizably

defined, and the name concinnula should not be displaced.—H. A.

PILSBRY.

ASHMUNELLA LEVETTEI (Bld.). Specimens of this species

(formerly referred to Polygyra) were taken alive in the Huachuca

Mts., Arizona, by Mr. J. H. Ferriss, and have been dissected by

Mr. E. G. Vanatta. It proves to be a typical Ashmunella anatomi-

cally. Since this is the case, it is altogether likely that the related

Polygyra mearnsi Dall will follow suit; so that Ashmunella will

include numbers 84 to 89 of the check-list of 1897. It should be

mentioned that Mr. C. F. Ancey had already, on conchologic or

distributional grounds, referred Jevetted to Ashmunella, but Mr.

1It will be noticed in this connection that the number of whorls is not stated

in the description of P. coloradensis. H. A. P.

-7The term ‘‘a double lamella” may be applied to the parietal process of

Bifidaria procera, armifera, contracta, etc., but it is conspicuously inexact when

used for a species with two separate and distinct lamella upon the parietal

wall, as in Vertigo. H. A. P.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

Vanatta’s investigation places the generic position of the species on

an indisputable basis.—H. A. Pixssry.

A. Larce Preari.—A short time ago, one of the students of the

Southern Collegiate Institute, of Albion, Ill., had occasion to use a

live Unio in illustrating some point in zodlogy. When the shell

was opened there was found in the mantle quite a large, regularly-

formed pearl, 12 mm. wide, and 7 mm. high. The pearl was found

in the anterior side of left valve. There is quite a depression in the

valve where the pearl was found, although it was not connected with

the shell. The Unio from which the pearl was taken is U. multt-

plicatus Lea, and is a mature shell. It was found in the Bonpas

Creek, not far from where it empties in the Big Wabash River.—C,

S. Hopeson.

Mr. Stomon Rows, whose stock of Cape shells is well known to

many of our conchologists, has removed to 929 DeKalb Ave.,

Brooklyn, N. Y. He reports the receipt of large consignments of

South African shells, including most of the recently described species.

NEW PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Cuecok List or Norta American Natapes, by B. H. Wright

and Bryant Walker. 8vo, pp. 19, Detroit, 1902. An alphabeti-

cally arranged list of species with the genera and groups indicated,

and the distribution briefly stated. It will prove useful for checking

collections, as well as for determining the modern genera of collec-

tions labeled by Lea’s system. It is based upon Simpson’s

Synopsis. 7

NECROLOGY.

A veteran conchologist, Witn1AM~ LEGRAND, of Tasmania, has

just died, aged 82. He was a book-seller in Hobart, and printed

(with his own hands) a little book, Collections for a Monograph of

Tasmanian Land Shells (1871), which Tryon noticed in Volume III.

of the Manual of Conchology. Much of the Tasmanian material

described by Hanley was, I believe, obtained by him, and Tenison-

Woods described many shells from his collection. Tate and May

named a genus Legrandina after him. Turris legrandi.'Ten.-Wood ;

Columbella legrandi T.-W.; Calliostoma legrandi T.-W.; Gibbula

legrandi Petterd; Zidora legrandi Tate, perpetuate his memory.

His collection was purchased by C. E. Beddonei Rie ny

Sydney, N. S. Wales, July 9, 1902.

We regret.to record, the death of Dr. J..G. Coane at Haywards,

California, on July 19, at the age of 72 years, Extended notice

will follow.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vor. XVI. OCTOBER, 1902. No. 6.

ray

“HELIX VAR. CIRCUMCARINATA AND PYRAMIDULA ELRODI.

BY ROBT. E, C. STEARNS.

I have to thank Mrs. M. Burton Williamson of this city for the

opportunity to examine a specimen of Pyramidula elrodi described

by Dr. Pilsbry on pages 40-41 of Tue Nautivus for August, 1900.

As the example was sent to Mrs. Williamson by Professor Elrod

there is no doubt as to its authenticity. ‘The form is unquestionably

the same as that described by me in the Annals of the N. Y. Acad.

of Sciences, Volume I, November, 1879, as Helix var. circumeari-

nata,' Mrs. Williamson’s specimen differing only in size, being .85

as compared with .92 and 1.0i of an inch, greater diameter, of my

examples.

Several specimens of circumcarinata were given to me by the late

A. W. Crawford, of Oakland, some before and some after my de-

scription was written. He had numerous examples, received from

an acquaintance or friend, who gave ‘ Turloch, in Stanislaus county,

Cal.,’’ as the locality where he had found them. Subsequently Mr.

Crawford discovered he had been deceived and stated the true local-

ity as being “near Columbia, in Tuolumne county.’’ His friend

may have been guilty of a second fib. As I noticed certain charac-

ters suggestive of possible relationship to the well-known Epiphrag-

mophora mormonum, which occurs in the Tuolumne region, I have

regarded the later habitat given by Mr. Crawford as quite probable.

1See Binney’s Manual of Am. Land-Shells, 1885, p. 141; also, Pilsbry’s

Catalogue, Phila., 1898, p. 4.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

The general region in which Columbia is situated remains to be

explored ; it has been barely glanced at. Though the occurrence of ©

circumcarinata thereabouts has not been verified by subsequent col-

lectors, its non-occurrence there cannot safely be assumed upon the

ground of extreme remoteness from the Montana region explored by

Professor Elrod, when we have the more extraordinary fact in the

matter of distribution, exhibited by the occurrence of Pyramidula

hemphili Newe. (heretofore credited to Arizona, Nevada, Idaho,

Utah and Colorado), on Catalina Island, twenty-five miles distant

from the mainland of southern California, where Mr. Hemphill,

some months ago, collected numerous living examples, fifty or more,

which he kindly showed me.

Here is a conundrum in geographical distribution, of great interest

and certainly ‘“‘a hard nut to crack.”

Hemphill’s original find of this peculiar form was in the White

Pine mining district, extreme eastern Nevada.

A few years ago the distribution of Vallonia pulchella’ was given

as “ Montana eastward, from Canada to, or nearly to the Gulf of

Mexico. Europe.” In September, 1900, it appeared suddenly

upon my grounds in Los Angeles and continued to be abundant for

some months; it is now scarce. Whence it came and whither it is

going, who can tell ? :

Los Angeles, Cal., August 26, 1902.

The PYRAMIDULA”’ ELRODI AND EPIPHRAGMOPHORA

CIRCUMCARINATA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Dr. Stearns, having expressed the opinion that the two .Helices

named above are specifically identical, I have again compared them,

and find my previous idea of their distinctness confirmed. My

material consists of the types and numerous other specimens of P.

elrodi and two specimens of EF. etireumcarinata, an adult and a

young one, received from Dr. Stearns years ago, about the time the

species was described. The difference between Dr. Stearns’ views

and my own, of the affinities of the two Helices, may be due to his

'See Tue Navurinus for October, 1900.

ov spay _

ehh seals .

THE NAUTILUS. 63

having, perhaps, no examples of ezrcwmcarinata at hand for direct

comparison with elrodt. .

The following differences appear on comparing the shells: With

the same general figure and size, P. elrodi has a wider umbilicus,

and viewed from above, the last whorl is wider; the base is more

convex, being swollen and almost subangular around the umbilicus ;

the rib sculpture is coarser; the finer spiral sculpture is much de-

veloped in P. elrodi, especially beneath, while £. cirewmcarinata

shows no spirals there, but only minute papilla scattered between

the ribs. The shape of the apertures differs: In P. e/rodi the trans-

verse axis does not much exceed the longitudinal, while in eircwm-

carinata it is conspicuously greater. In Dr. Stearns’ species, the

basal lip is narrowly reflexed, while in P. elrodi it is at most merely

expanded a little. Finally, the apices show important differences.

In £. ctreumcarinata the first 14 whorls appear smooth, a high

power showing a minute, even, criss-cross pebbly sculpture, like that

of #. mormonum, and the next whorl! shows only very weak riblets,

with papillae between them; while in P. elrodi the strong riblets be-

gin earlier, and there is no trace of the mormonum type of sculpture,

even in young removed from the uterus of the mother.

These facts indicate, in my opinion, that the great general simi-

larity between the two species in question is merely superficial, and

probably the result of similar conditions acting upon organisms

originally diverse, and indeed not closely related, /P. elrodi belongs

undoubtedly to the P. strigosa group; while, although its soft

anatomy is unknown, ecireumcarinata will probably prove to belong

where Dr. Stearns placed it, near mormonum, although with present

knowledge it is in all probability distinct from that specifically. In

other words, I think the two species belong to different genera.

It might be as well to say here that the strigosa group of snails

is not correctly placed in Pyramidula. They do not belong in the

Endodontide at all, but are Helicide, nearer Sonorella than any other

group, but constituting a new genus which will be suitably defined

in the near future.

In South Australia there is a group of snails called Glyptorhagada,

some species of which resemble P. elrodi remarkably in form, sculp-

ture and color. They belong, however, to a different sub-family of

Helicida, and the resemblance, as in the case of EH. cireumcarinata,

is a case of convergent evolution.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

Cooma rathainees TOWARDS THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MOLLUSCA OF

MADAGASCAR.

BY C. F. ANCEY.

Helicarion (2?) Dautzenbergianum Anc.

Testa imperforata, convexo-depressa, angulata, tenuis, pellucida,

nitens, corneo-virens, supra angulum medianum fascia rubrofusca sat

angusta circumdata, indistincte et obsolete lineis radiantibus sub-

plicosa. Spira depresso-conoidea, subobtusa, convexa. Anfractus

41 celeriter crescentes, subconvexi, sutura distincta sed haud pro-

funda; ultimus magnus, dilatatus, utrinque convexus, medio angu-

latus, basi subtumidus. Apertura ampla, distincte obliqua, extus

angulata, lunato-oblonga, leviter supra convexo-producta, basi regu-

lariter usque ad columellam arcuata, marginibus remotis.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 154, alt. 94, alt. apert. (oblique) 9 mill.

Hab.: “ Montagne d’ Ambre,” N. Madagascar.

A very remarkable species on account of the keel and its very

peculiar shape and coloration. It may, perhaps, be referable to

Euplecta or Hemiplecta.

Huplecta oxyacme Anc.

Testa fragillima, subimperforata, conico-trochiformis, parum

nitens, opacula, corneo-lutescens, concolor, sub valida lente lineis

confertissimis incrementi notata et striis argutis permultis spiralibus

decussata, subtus paulo nitidior. Spira elevata, perfecte conica,

rectilinearis, acuta. Anfractus 6 regulariter crescentes, priores con-

vexiusculi, inferi applanati, sutura lineari, appressa; ultimus acute

et compresse in medio carinatus, infra convexus, supra carinam

planodeclivis, antice haud deflexus. Apertura lunata, extus angu-

lata, subobliqua, marginibus distantibus, supero recto-declivi, basali

regulariter arcuato, columellari leviter supra perforationem parvulam

expansiusculo, eam fere prorsus occultante.

Diam. maj. 13}, min. 113, alt. apert. oblique 53, alt. 94 mill.

Hab.: Antankaratra Country (Humblot).

Of the same shape and size as Rotula argentea, Reeve, but of

thinner texture and different color. _It may belong to the same

genus, but is perhaps related to Huplecta (?) feneriffensis, Angas.

The generic reference, therefore, is doubtful.

CHE NAUTILUs. 65

Hemiplecta oleata Anc.

Testa globoso-depressa, tenuis, anguste perforata, oleoso-nitens,

supra tenuissime et irregulariter granulata; subtus magis nitida,

lineis radiantibus incrementi notata et sub valida lente striolis spi-

ralibus undulatis valde confertis cincta, superne fusca, ad_peri-

pheriam zonula pallida cingulata, infra peripheriam intense castanea,

denique basi pallidior. Spira convexa, obtusa. Anfractus 5 con-

vexiusculi, regulariter crescentes, sutura appressa nec profunda

divisi, ultimus amplus, vix rotundato-angulatus, basi convexus.

Apertura subobliqua, lunata, marginibus distantibus, callo nitido

tenuique junctis, supero convexo-declivi, basali regulariter arcuato,

columellari anguste in trianguli forma expanso, subincrassato.

Peristoma acutum, rectum.

Diam. maj. 37, min. 304, alt. 23, alt. apert. oblique 174 mill.

Hab.: Antsianaka Country (FE. Perrot).

Very distinct from Hemiplecta Balstoni, Angas, H. Cleamesi, E.

A. Smith, and H. formosa, Auc., all also from Madagascar.

Hemiplecta profuga Anc.

Testa depressa vel subgloboso-depressa, tenuis, perforata, nitida,.

supra subsericea, luteo-cornea, infra angulum medianum zona fusca

angustaque cingulata. Spira plus minusve convexa, conoideo-

depressa, obtusa. Anfractus 5-54 convexiusculi, regulariter cres-

centes, oblique obsoleteque lineis incrementi confertis vix sculpti,

supra passim et inconspicue subgranulati, sutura parum profunda

discreti, ultimus ante medium angulo ad aperturam paulatim evan-

escente aut subrotundata cinctus, basi convexior. Apertura sub-

obliqua, lunata, transverse irregulariter oblonga, extus subangulata,

marginibus remotis, basali antice subsinuato, columellari in trianguli

forma supra perforationem circularem et minutam anguste dilatato.

Diam. maj. 22, min. 184, alt. apert. oblique 8 mill.

Hab.: Antankaratra, N. Madagascar (Humblot).

This is allied to H. oleata, but is much smaller, more depressed

and of lighter color. The sculpture also is more obsolete.

Macrochlamys granosculpta Anc.

Testa perforata (perforatio parva, sed aperta, circularis), tenuis

depressa, oleoso-micans, sordide luteo-cornea, vix lineis incrementi

notata, striis confertissimis spiralibus passim, sed ad suturam

presertim, granulosis decussata, apice levi. Spira depresso-sub-

66 THE NAUTILUS.

conoidea, obtusa. Anfractus 45 convexiusculi, regulariter crescen-

tes, sutura appressa, superficiali ; ultimus supra convexiusculus, infra

convexior. Apertura subobliqua, lunata, sat ampla, transverse

oblonga. Peristoma acutum, marginibus distantibus, columellari in

trianguli forma everso.

Diam. maj. 15, min. 13, alt. 84, alt. apert. oblique 74 mill.

Hab.: Antankaratra Country, N. E. Madagascar (Humblot).

The two specimens I have seen of this species probably are young

ones, altogether the species is quite distinct from any other from

Madagascar on account of its peculiar sculpture.

Macrochlamys Humbloti Anc.

Testa anguste perforata, conoideo subdepressa, tenuis, nitidissima,

fusco vel purpureo-cornea, zona pallida, albescente, dilutaque infra

suturam ornata, subleevigata, infra lineis incrementi radiantibus

obsolete notata et sub valida lente exiliter striis spiralibus incisula.

Spira conoidea, subobtusa. Anfractus 55 regulariter et sat lente

accrescentes, convexiusculi, sutura levi, appressa; ultimus supra

convexo-declivis, infra convexus, subdepressus. Apertura parum

obliqua, lunata, truncato-oblonga, Peristoma simplex, marginibus

distantibus, columellari minute in trianguli forma expanso.

Diam. maj. 124, min. 12, alt. 8, alt. apert. oblique 6 mill. _

Hab.: Antankaratra Country (Humblot).

Quite unlike the other species hitherto recorded from the island,

the sutural white band being an unusual feature in the genus.

Helicophanta Alayeriana Anc.

Testa imperforata aut vix subrimata, depressa ovato-globosa, soli-

dula, primum loete fulva et inconspicue griseo multifasciata, deinde

in ultimo intense brunnea et paulatim nigricans, ac preeter zonam

pallideorem initio ultimi anfractus supra peripheriam concolor,

epidermide nigra glutinosa decidua induta. Spira brevissima, con-

vexa, obtusa, apice subplanata. Anfractus 4, celerrime accrescentes,

convexiusculi, sutura impressa in ultimo sublacerata divisi ; embryo-

nales tenuiter oblique striati, penultimus granulis parvis et elongatis

irregulariter asperatus, ultimus ab initio granulis destitutus, irregu-

lariter plicatulus, maximus, inflato-depressus, ad aperturam super-

ficialiter atque spiraliter submalleatus, basi convexus. Apertura

perobliqua, diagonalis, late ovalis, sublunata, intus atro-cyanea, mar-

garitacea, nitida. Peristoma incrassatum, expansum, basi breviter

nt i

ad Bet

fot’. We tee.

or *¢

Nr:

THE NAUTILUS. 67

reflexum, hepaticum, margine columellari crasso, albo, nitido, dila-

tato, medio late et indistincte subtuberculato, parietali albescente,

callo nitido crassiusculo obtecto.

Diam. maj. 695, min. 52, alt. 41 mill.

Hab.: Bora County, S. Madagascar (Sikora).

This is a beautiful species, between H. gloriosa Pfeiffer and H.

Ibaraoensis Angas, but nearer to the latter one. It is however

smaller, more globose, the aperture is larger, of a more oblique

shape and the columellar margin is thicker.

Ampelita Robillardi Angas.

This does not appear to be a very variable species. The shell is

more or less depressed and the upper line is sometimes wanting.

Hab.: Fort-Dauphin, S. Madagascar (F. Sikora).

Ampelita Madagascariensis Lam.

Hab.: Fort Dauphin, S. Madagascar.

Ampelita gonostyla Anc., f. major.

Hab.: Bora Country, Madagascar (F. Sikora).

The specimen is larger and has a bluish lip, thicker than in the

typical form.

Leucotenius ellipticus Anc.

Testa elliptico ovalis, glandiniformis, solida, alba, strigis subrectis

fuscis nonnullis angustisque passim picta, subobliqua confertim cos-

tulata, costulis infra medium ultimi anfractus evanidis. Spira satis

producta, regulariter conoideo-attenuata, obtusa. Anfractus 84 sub-

plani, regulariter crescentes, sutura subirregulari propter costulas ;

ultimus oblongus, dorso convexo-attenuatus. Apertura subrecta,

pyriformi-ovalis, superne angulata, lactca. Peristoma vix iucrassa-

tum, obtusiusculum, basi leviter effusum, ad columellam late dilata-

tum ac supra perforationum angustam reflexum, marginibus remotis,

ecallo nitido junctis.

Long. 54, lat. 234, alt. apert. 25 mill.

Hab.: Andrahomana, S. Madagascar (Sikora).

] at first supposed this species might be L. Havanni Lam., var. 8

elongatula, of Crosse (Journ. de Conch., 1868, p. 185), also found

in southern Madagascar, but the present form is quite different in

shape, number of whorls and sculpture from the true LZ. Favanni

Lam., the latter being similar in sculpture to the Bulimulus dealba-

68 THE NAUTILUS.

tus var. Ragsdale Pilsbry. It is the fourth species recorded of the

genus, the others being :

L. Favanni Lam.

L. crassilabris Gray.

L. Procterit G. B. Sowerby.

The latter is much like a dwarfed example of Favanni, but is

shorter and more conic.

Clavator Balstont Angas.

Hab.: Imerina (F. Sikora); also Antankaratra Country (Humblot).

The specimen of Imerina is shorter and more ventricose than

others I have seen.

Clavator Balstoni Angas, var.? herculea Anc.

Testa extmize magnitudinis; differt a Cl. Balstont Angas, non

solum statura insigni sed etiam spira magis producta, anfractibus 9

(nec 8), testa magis elongata, paulo solidiore, apertura magis incras-

sata, margine columellari longiore, crasso, summo subacuto.

Long. 144, diam. 454, alt. apert. 48 mill.

Hab.: N. W. Madagascar (Humblot).

Owing to ‘the variability of the species, I dare not separate this

very large and remarkable specimen from Cl. Balstont, which is

looked upon by some conchologists as a synonym of Cl. eximtus

Shutt., but considered as distinct by Crosse & Fischer ; altogether it

might prove to be a different species.

(To be concluded).

e LIST OF LAND MOLLUSCA FROM THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF

SAPPORO, YESSO.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND ADDISON GULICK,

A number of land shells collected by Mr. Paul Rowland at and

near Sapporo, in Ishikari province, Yesso, and submitted to us for

study, adds to our scanty knowledge of the Hokkaido species.

Eulota (Euhadra) peliomphala var. septentrionalis (Ehrm.). Mt.

Moiwa, two miles from Sapporo, and Maruyama, 14 miles from the

same place. Specimens from the former place are typical in color,

having two broad dark bands and an umbilical patch. At the second

locality two of three shells have a narrow band above the upper wide

one, and the third has opaque creamy streaks, interrupting the

_. bands, as in ordinary peliomphala. All have the characteristic

THE NAUTILUS. 69

dark apex.

Eulota ( Euhadra) blakeana (Newe.). Mt. Moiwa.

Eulota (Mastigeulota) gainest Pils. Maruyama.

Eulota (Mastigeulota) gainesi var. gudeana Pils. Sapporo Park.

Clausilia micropeas var. hokkaidoensis Pils. Mt. Moiwa.

Clausilia rowlandi n. sp. Garukawa, 10 miles from Sapporo.

This is a very distinct new species of Huphexdusa, named in honor

of Mr. Paul Rowland.

Cochlicopa tubrica (Muill.). Garukawa.

Pyramidula pauper (Gld.) Yubari, 50 miles from Sapporo.

Kaliella sp. Mt. Moiwa. A large species, identical with Mr.

Hirase’s no, 678.

Succinea lauta Gld. Maruyama.

Helicina hakodadiensis Hartm. Mt. Moiwa.

The Kaliella is one which has been the subject of some corre-

spondence between one of us and Mr. G. K. Gude, and there seems

to be no doubt that it is an undescribed form. The new Clausilia

will be described and illustrated in “ Additions to the Japanese

Land-snail Fauna,’’ No. 7. The range of Helicina, Eulota pel.

septentrionalis and Clausilia is extended some distance northward

by Mr. Rowland’s collection.

v UNIO POPEII, LEA, IN NEW MEXICO.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

In the list of New Mexico mollusca the genus Unio has not

appeared, but I always hoped that some species would turn up in the

eastern portion of the Territory. When recently at Roswell, in the

Pecos Valley, Miss Bessie Peacock, of that town, brought me some

single valves of a Unio which she had found in North Spring river,

Roswell. I was, of course, greatly interested ; and next day, guided

by Miss Peacock, visited the place and had the good fortune to find

a complete specimen. ‘The shells are fresh and the species is evi-

dently still living in the river.

I sent the specimen I had found to Mr. C. T. Simpson, who kindly

reports as follows: “ This is Unio popedi, Lea, and it is quite a long

way out of its known range. The type came from the Rio Salado,

a tributary of the Rio Grande, and since that was found other speci-

70 THE NAUTILUS.

mens have been taken in Southwestern Texas. A few years ago

Dr. Edgar A. Mearns collected it abundantly near Ft. Clark, South-

western Texas, and obtained a number of living specimens, which

he sent to me. Some of these were gravid and showed it to be a

true Unio.”

NEW VARIETY OF GLYPTOSTOMA NEWBERRYANUM.

BY F. W. BBYANT.

G. newberryanum var. depressum.

This variety differs from typical Glyptostoma newberryanum (W.

G. Binney) in being very much depressed, the altitude of shells with

an equal number of whorls being less than two-thirds that of Binney’s

species. ‘The diameter is correspondingly reduced. ‘The aperture

is also less round than in G. newberryanum. A specimen measures,

alt. 11, diam. 27 mm.

Dead shells of this variety are found in abundance on the bluffs

north of Ensenada, Lower California.

It has also been collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill near Wilming-

ton, Los Angeles Co., California.

a oh ee

YTHE MANUFACTURE OF PEARL BUTTONS FROM FRESH-WATER

MUSSELS.

In the manufacture of .pearl buttons the centre of activity has

shifted from the China Sea to the river towns of the Mississippi.

Altogether unknown in this region a dozen years ago, this industry

has grown to such proportions that it now employs the services

of thousands of people, and the output has become so great that it

materially affects the button market of the world.

About twelve years ago a German buttonmaker named Boeple

wandered into Muscatine from the old country. He saw for the

first time the mussel shells of the Mississippi river. He examined

them closely and expressed the opinion that they were good material

for buttons. Up to this time fresh-water shells were considered

unsuitable for any such use, and authorities on the subject were

naturally skeptical in regard to Boeple’s opinion of their usefulness.

He persisted in claiming that the “niggerhead”’ mussel from the

waters of the Mississippi river would make, if properly handled and

finished, the finest pearl buttons yet produced. He took some

THE NAUTILUS. fal

specimens to the factories at Waterbury, Conn., and after consider-

able experimenting one concern there determined that with some

changes in their machinery the shell of the strange mussel from the

* Father of Waters” would make a button to compete with the best

of those from other parts of the world.

First one concern and then another began to use the Mississippi

shell, until the foreign one was almost abandoned. In the beginning

the shells were shipped east in the rough and prepared for use after

their arrival there, but the freight rates were so high that one enter-

_ prising firm soon shipped that part of its machinery which makes the

“blanks” out to Muscatine, and, what generally results when some

pioneer leads the way to a good thing, others soon profited by the

example and came also. The industry has spread both up and down

the river, until almost every town of any importance, from St. Paul,

Minn., to Alton, II]., is now engaged in some form of the industry.

The manner of catching the mussels is interesting. A fisherman

equips himself with what is known to the clan as a “John boat.”

This is a flatboat on the order of a scow, about 20 feet long and 34

feet wide. Upon the inside of the boat are placed eight uprights,

which are between three and four feet high and have crotched tops.

Four of the uprights are placed on each side of the boat, at just

enough distance apart to accommodate the four 10-foot pieces of inch

gaspipe that rest upon them. ‘To each of the gaspipes are attached

20 four-foot stagons, similar to those used on an ordinary trout line,

and each stagon has four hooks, with four prongs.

The fisherman goes out in his ‘John boat”? with as much con-

fidence as if it were the finest craft afloat. Onee in the stream, he

casts his gas-pipes, one by one. As the hooks drag along the bottom

of the river they come in contact with the open shells of the mussels,

which immediately close up on them. Thus attached, they are

brought to the surface and taken off. The distance the hooks are

dragged each time depends altogether on the thickness of the bed,

and varies from three boat-lengths to an eighth of a mile.

The rivers of Arkansas are said to be so thick with mussel beds

that they crop out of the water when it is low. The men put on

rubber boots and shovel the shells into the boats. In the Upper

Mississippi district, shells are quoted in car-lots, ranging from 15 to

30 tons in weight, but the Arkansas dealers have astounded every-

body in the business by sending out quotations on 500-ton lots and

Wb THE NAUTILUS.

promptly filling all orders sent them. The men sell the mussels to

the button factory operators at so much per 100 pounds. The wages

they make depend upon their diligence and the luck they meet with in

getting in a thick bed, but range from $1.50 to $5 per day. There

is one big mussel bed near Canton, Mo., about eight miles in length.

The process of making the shells into buttons is interesting.

The shells are first cut up into blanks the exact size the buttons are

to be; then they go to the grinder, a machine which grinds the black

back off of them; after that to the facing machine, which cuts the

face on them; next to the backer, which bevels the back; then the

drill, which puts in the eye-holes; from here they go to the polish-

ing room, where the glossy finish is put upon them; after that they

are sorted, put on cards and boxed up.

There are about 40 factories in Muscatine, and the amount paid

out weekly in wages is $10,000. There are factories in Davenport,

Fort Madison, Burlington, Quincy, LaGrange, Canton and many

other points.

There is an added interest in the business of mussel fishing on

account of the likelihood of finding pearls. It is not an uncommon

thing for a fisherman to find a pearl valued at $100, and one lucky

fellow found a beauty which sold for $5,000. Every follower of the

business has a little bottle filled with specimens, which eventually

find their way to the market.— Phila. Record.

GENERAL NOTES.

CANTHARIDUS PERONII Phil. In this journal for May, 1901

(xv, p. 8), I noted that it was Perry who first gave a name to this

species, Bulimus carinatus. I find that this name cannot stand on

account of the earlier Bulimus carinatus of Bruguiere, and the name

given by Philippi will be retained. in the same note, the second 7

was omitted from the name Bulimus eximius Perry, by typographical

error.— fH. A. Pilsbry.

ANGITREMA VERRUCOSA AT LAWRENCEBURG, INDIANA.—I am

able to list an entire new shell to this locality, Angztrema verrucosa

Raf. This shell had so far never been found in the upper Ohio,

the mouth of the Wabash, 275 miles below this point, being its

locality according to Say. I was fortunate enough to obtain 60

specimens of this shell, and send you a set for the collection.—A. C.

Billups.

tis

JAMES G. COOPER.

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XVI. NOVEMBER, 1902. No. 7.

DR. JAMES G. COOPER.

On the nineteenth of July, Dr. Cooper, a man prominent in the

scientific history of Western America, died at his home in Haywards,

California. For nearly fifty years he labored with zeal and earnest-

ness for the advancement of zodlogical kuowledge. Trained as a

physician and for years engaged in the practice of his profession, he

yet found time for work of lasting value in the domain of nature-

pioneers in the western field, his name will be held in grateful re-

membrance for what he has done in zodlogical science.

His father, William Cooper, one of the founders of the Lyceum

of Natural History, now the New York Academy of Sciences, was

eminent as a naturalist. From him Dr. Cooper received the early

training which in large measure prepared him for his later career.

Born in New York, June 19, 1830, James commenced his school life

at the age of ten years, while living with his family on a farm near

Hoboken, N. J. On his way to school it was his delight to collect

birds or shells or anything else in animate nature which he might

find, thus showing those traits which were afterward a dominating

factor in his life work. Later he studied medicine, and received his

_ degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York in

1851. After two years spent in the city hospita!s, he was appointed

physician on a government survey for a railroad between St. Paul

and Puget Sound. A part of his duty was to make zodlogical and

botanical collections, and in this way he began the observations and

discoveries for which the scientific world is permanently indebted to

him. During the succeeding years he spent most of his time in col-

74 THE NAUTILUS.

lecting on the Pacific coast. In 1855, after the abandonment of the

survey, he was at Gray’s Harbor, then at Whitby’s Island, then for

six weeks in the Santa Clara Valley, in California, after which he

went to Panama to collect shells for his father, who wrote the article

on West Coast Shells for the Pacific R. R. Reports. Until 1860,

Dr. Cooper continued his field work on the Pacific coast, much of

the time at his own expense. In that year he was appointed Zodlo-

gist of the California State Geological Survey under Whitney. While

engaged in this work, he collected along the coast from San Diego

to Bolinas, as well as inland. His observations on the land birds

were embodied in the report on Ornithology, edited by Professor

Baird and justly regarded as ‘‘ by far the most valuable contribution

to the biography of American birds that has appeared since the time

of Audubon.”? (Baird.) Dr. Cooper’s report on Conchology still

remains in manuscript form in the library of the University of Cali-

fornia. This report contains information of the highest value, especi-

ally in its voluminous notes on geographical distribution.

Through the latter part of the Civil War, Dr. Cooper served as °

surgeon in the Second Cavalry, California Volunteers. In 1866, at

Oakland, California, he married Miss Rosa M. Wells. His later life

was spent in the practice of his profession, until, with failing health,

he retired to Ventura county, then in 1875 to Haywards. Although

no longer as active in collecting as in earlier years, his scientific work

was continued with the ripe experience and knowledge of zodlogy

which the years had brought him. Some of his later work was done

for the State Mining Bureau in the identification of fossils, in the

description of new species, and in the publication of a Catalogue of

Californian Fossils. For the Academy of Sciences also, of which he

was an early member and at one time vice-president, he performed

valuable service, both in conchology and in paleontology. Some ot

his latest papers were based on material collected by members of the

Academy.

Dr. Cooper published more than forty papers on conchology be-

tween 1859 and 1896. His discoveries of new species and varieties

of mollusks were numerous. Of the 116 new forms credited to him,

65 were described by Dr. Philip P. Carpenter, 16 by W. M. Gabb,

17 by Dr. Cooper himself, and the remainder by William Cooper,

Gould, Bland, Newcomb and Tryon. It is noticeable that so few

were described by Dr. Cooper. Owing to a lack of scientific books —

PPV rer Pe We

erin =

THE NAUTILUS. TO

and authenticated collections in California, he sent most of his new

species to more favored workers for description. Dr. Carpenter says

of the species collected by Dr. Cooper: ‘The diagnoses, . — pub-

lisd in the Proc. Cal. Ac. N: S.. . . should be credited to the

zealous zodlogist of the survey, rather than to the mere artist-in-

words who endeavors to represent their forms to the reader.” Dr.

Cooper described a few species collected by other workers in the

field, but of these there is no enumeration at hand.

Dr. Cooper was a man of noble character and kindly disposition.

He was tall and slender, not very fluent in: conversation unless the

topic under discussion was one of special interest to him. Many of

the younger students of zodlogy in California remember with grati-

tude his aid so freely given them in their studies. Since his death,

besides extended notices in the daily papers, there have appeared a

memorial by Wm. H. Dall in Science for August 15, and one by

W. O. Emerson, together with a list of ornithological papers, in the

current number of the Condor, The last -is the Bulletin of the

Cooper Ornithological Club and contained in its first issue, 1899, a

much longer account of Dr. Cooper’s life work. <A partial list of his

conchological papers will be found in Bulletin 4, California State

Mining Bureau. The present portrait is from a photograph taken

in 1865, and was sent to the writer by Mrs. Cooper, who still lives

in Haywards. Witiiam J. Raymonp.

University of California, Oct. 15, 1902.

(f.

NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.

Mr. Nakada, who collected so successfully in the Bonin Is.

(Ogasawara-jima), has now gone into western Hondo, through the

provinces Echizen and Kaga, and continuing northward will collect

in Noto and Sado Island. Among many other interesting discov-

eries, he has found Sphyradium edentulum Drap. (new to eastern

Asia), Bifidaria plicidens Bs. (described from India), magnificent

specimens of LHulota (Euhadra) senckenbergiana, one of the finest

helices in the world, and many other beautiful shells.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

Chloritis albolabris Pilsbry & Hirase, n. sp.

Shell depressed, the alt. about half the diameter, but slightly con-

vex above, several earlier whorls being coiled in a plane, the tip of

the apex turning down; umbilicate, the width of umbilicus about

one-fifth that of the shell, thin but moderately strong, greenish,

somewhat russet tinted above. Surface dull, marked with low

growth-wrinkles, and set with rigid, short, black-brown, tapering

bristles, arranged in oblique lines as usual, but in part irregularly

placed. On the latter part of the last whorl the bristles stand nearly

a half mm. apart. Whorls 43, convex, slowly widening to the last,

which is fully double the width of the preceding whorl, is well

rounded at the periphery and beneath, and descends slowly in front.

Suture deeply impressed. Aperture quite oblique, widely lunate,

the peristome white, narrowly reflexed, thickened with a narrow rim

within, the ends approaching.

Alt. 9.6, diam. 20 mm.

Alt. 9, diam. 18 mm.

Yaku-shima, Osumi. Types no. 83883 A, N. S. P.,. from no.

958 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This fine Chloritis needs comparison with no other Japanese

species. ‘The wide umbilicus, stiff, dark-colored bristles, and thick

white lip, are conspicuous features differentiating it from other forms.

( Albolabris, white-lipped.)

Kulota (Aegista) kobensis var. gotoensis P. & H., n. var.

Much smaller than kobensis, with narrower umbilicus ; whorls 54;

sculpture and color as in kobensis. Aperture more nearly circular,

the lip thick and white, as in kobensis. Alt. 6.5, diam. 12 mm.

Goto, Hizen. Type no. 838877 A. N.S. P., from no. 969 of Mr.

Hirase’s collection.

E. kobensis (Schm. & Bttg.) has hitherto been known from Awaji,

Setsu and Yamashiro, adjacent provinces, though the former is

insular. The occurrence of a race far to the southwest is therefore

interesting,

Eulota ( Plectotropis) omiensis var. echizenensis P. & H., n. var.

Shell depressed, conic or low-conic above, convex beneath, um-

bilicate, the width of the umbilicus one-third the diameter of the

shell; brown; surface nearly lusterless, sculptured with slight and

a's

oe p or 4a 3 aN de + toe

THE NAUTILUS. 77

irregular growth-lines and bearing sparse triangular cuticular pro-

cesses, nearly wanting in some individuals. Whorls 5 to 53, con-

vex, the last angular at the periphery, the angle disappearing be-

hind the outer lip, slowly descending below the angle of the pre-

ceding whorl. Aperture very oblique, rounded, about one-fourth of

the circle excised by the preceding whorl. Peristome thin, expanded.

Alt. 4.5, diam. 7.3 mm.

Alt. 5, diam. 7 mm.

Arato, Echizen. Types no. 83879 A. N. S. P., from no. 752a

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This western race is distinguished from omiensis by its more conic,

elevated spire, and sparser cuticular shreds.

Eulota ( Aegista?) intonsa Pils. & Hirase, n. sp.

Shell depressed, somewhat lens-shaped, umbilicate, the umbilicus

less than one-fourth the diam. of the shell; thin; light brown with

some indistinct corneous streaks, and corneous around the umbilicus.

Surface somewhat shining, rather roughly papillose-striate, the last

whorl densely set with short, hair-like cuticular processes, in part

rubbed off. Whorls 5 to 54, slowly widening, somewhat convex,

the last whorl strongly angular at the periphery, much more convex

below the angle than above, shortly descending in front. Aperture

oblique, oval; peristome thin, the upper margin slightly expanded,

outer and lower margins expanded and narrowly reflexed, the termi-

nations converging, parietal wall covered with a thin varnish.

Alt. 6, diam. 12 mm.

Alt. 5.3, diam. 11.5 mm.

Suimura, Awa (Shikoku). Types no. 83578 A. N.S. P., from

no. 960 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

A species with much the contour of Plectotropis, but more like

Aegista in sculpture and texture, so that both of us are disposed to

refer it to the latter group. It is quite unlike any Japanese species

yet described. The aperture reminds one somewhat of 7Z'’rachia.

(Intonsus, unshaven).

Pyramidula conica Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, conic, rather thin, dark purplish-brown, closely,

finely and rather irregularly striate. Whorls 45, very convex, sepa-

rated by a deep suture, the last rounded at the periphery and beneath.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

Aperture oblique, rounded, about one-fourth of the circumference ex-

cised at the parietal wall by the preceding whorl; peristome simple

and thin, the columellar margin a little dilated. Alt. 1.5, diam.

2.7 mm. .

' Suimura, Awa, Shikoku. Types no. 83884 A. N.S. P., from no.

961 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species is excessively similar to the common European P.

rupestris, type of the genus Pyramidula. In fact, if found in the

western Palearctic area, it probably would not be separated more

than as a subspecies. However, the whorls are more tubular, espec-

ially the last one. The Chinese Pyr. orphana (Heude) is also

closely related, but comparison with a specimen received from Pére

Heude shows it to be perceptibly rougher and with the last whorl

more depressed. .

The species of the typical group of Pyramidula differ from those

of the more widely distributed section Gonyodiscus in wanting

regular rib-striz. . This is more constant than the degree of eleva-

tion, which varies widely in both groups. Some large forms, such

as Pyr, solitaria, also want the ribbed sculpture. It has elsewhere

been shown that the teeth and jaw of P. rupestris are like those of the

ordinary discoidal species; so that Dr. von Moellendorff’s hope that

it will prove generically distinct does not seem likely to be realized.

Macrochlamys kagaensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Shell very narrowly umbilicate, globose-depressed, thin, greenish-

yellow. Surface very glossy and smooth, marked with faint growth-

wrinkles, the inner whorl densely and finely engraved with spiral

striz, which are obsolete or nearly so on the last whorl. Whorls

41, rather rapidly increasing, the last about double the width of the

preceding, rounded peripherally, convex beneath, impressed at the

axis. Suture shallow, edged by a fine white line. Aperture slightly

oblique, wide lunate, the peristome thin and simple, slightly dilated

at the axial insertion. Alt. 9.5, diam. 15 mm.

Hakusan, Kaga. Types no. 83881 A. N.S. P., from no. 974 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

A fine large species, allied to JZ. dulcis Pils., but much more

globose. WM. perfragilis Pils., from Oshima, is very similar in form,

but has an even smaller umbilicus and more oblique aperture. be-

sides wanting the incised, clear-cut spirals on the inner whorls.

Oe TPS arte we

CHE NAUTILUS. 79

Microcystina nuda P. & H., n. sp.

Shell minute, imperforate or nearly so, depressed, yellowish, glossy

and smooth. Whorls 4, slowly increasing, the last indistinctly and

obtusely subangular at the periphery, above the middle ; impressed

' aronnd the axis. Aperture lunate, subvertical, the lip simple, acute,

dilated at the axis, the columellar margin a little thickened. Alt.

1.2, diam. 2.6 mm.

~ Hakusan, Kaga. Types no. 83880 A. N.S. P., from no. 973 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Apparently related to the smaller 17. s‘napidium, both belonging to

Reinhardt’s group Discoconulus. (nudus, naked).

1 eee epee ype

Kaliella kagaensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

- Shell subperforate, low-trochiform, yellowish and glossy. Surface

marked with faint growth-lines, the second whorl delicately and very

minutely costellate; base showing some: faint spirals. Whorls 5,

somewhat convex, slowly increasing, the last angular at the peri-

phery, convex below. Aperture lunate, oblique, the peristome

simple and thin, columellar margin subvertical, narrowly expanded.

Alt. 2.4, diam. 3.2 mm.

Hakusan, Kaga. Types no. 83882 A. N.S. P., from no. 971 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

A shell almost identical in contour with K. okiana, but smooth

and glossy, and a little larger. ?

Kaliella gudei Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Shell large for the genus, perforate, conic, thin, pale yellowish,

somewhat translucent, smooth except for slight, irregular growth-

lines. The outlines of the spire are slightly convex, nearly straight,

last whorl with a narrow, thread-like peripherel keel, which ascends

the spire and is visible as a narrow border above the suture. Whorls

6 to 64, quite convex, the last convex above and below the keel,

slightly impressed around the perforation. Aperture truncate-lunar,

the lip simple, columellar margin dilated, reflexed. Alt. 5, diam.

6.2 mm.

Kayabe, Ojima. Types no. 81922 A. N.S. P., from no. 678 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection. Also Hakodate, Ojima. Mt. Moiwa, two

miles from Sapporo, Ishikari (Paul Rowland); all in Yesso.

This is the largest Japanese species, and one of the largest of. the

80 THE NAUTILUS.

genus. It is related to K. (?) ceratodes Gude, but that is a much

smaller and smoother shell. A. gudei was at one time identified

with #7. labilis and with H. pupula of Gould, both described from

Hakodate, but Mr. G. K. Gude directed attention to its distinctness

from these species.

ee ee TOWARDS THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MOLLUSCA OF

MADAGASCAR.

BY C. F. ANCEY.

Clavator Johnsoni KE. A. Smith.

Hab.: Central Madagascar (Humblot).

- Clavator obtusatus Gmelin.

Hab.: Fort Dauphin, 8. Madagascar (F. Sikora). Also found at

the northern end of the island (Alluaud).

Clavator Humbloti Anc.

Testa magna, imperforata, elongato-attenuata, solidula, epidermide

fusco lutescente infra transverse et exiliter fusco multifasciata in-

duta, sub epidermide alba, nitidula. Spira regulariter usque ad

apicum attenuata, elongata, obtusa. Anfractus 9? (supremi fracti),

regulariter crescentes, convexiusculi, sutura mediocri in ultimis

minute et leviter subcrenulata discreti, longitudinaliter striis confertis

incrementi exarati, in 5 inferis lineis spiralibus impressis magis dis-

tantibus decussati ; ultimus elongatus, inferne attenuatus. Apertura

subobliqua, basi leviter recedens, irregulariter oblongo-attenuata,

superne angulata, basi ampliata, intts ccerulescens. Columella

antice angulatum producta, inttts contorto-subplicata, crassiuscula.

Peristoma obtusum, supra columellam dilatatum et adnatum, mar-

ginibus distantibus, callo nitido basi proecipue conspicuo junctis.

Long. 95, diam. 274, alt. apert. 31 mill.

Hab.: Antankaratra Country (Humblot).

This fine species appears to be allied to Cl. Moreleti Desh., but is

much larger and is very distinct.

Pachnodus rufoniger Reeve.

Hab.: ‘* Montagne d’Ambre,” Diego Suarez; Antankaratra (Hum-

blot).

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Planorbis Madagascariensis E. A. Smith.

Hab.: Vinaninony and Fenoarivo.

Planorbis trivialis Morelet.

Hab.: Same localities,

Acroptychia equivoca Pfeiffer,

Hab,: Antankaratra (Homblot).

I think that A. manicata, Cr. and F. is the same as this. ?

Hainesia crocea Sowerby.

Hab.: Andrahomana, 8. Madagascar (Sikora),

I do not see that any precise locality was ever given for this

species, erroneously ascribed to Mauritius by Benson.

Cyclostoma carnicolor Anc.

Testa pro genere mediocriter sed profunde umbilicata, globoso-

conica, solida, supra partim, inferne magis nitida, superne spiraliter

multisulcata, preetered lineis incrementi sub lente decussata, carnea

vel rubella, ad apicem luteola, fascia fuseo-ccerulea infra peripheriam

cincta, Spira conoidea, apice sat minuto, obtuso. Anfractus 54

convexo-rotundati, ultimus bene rotundatus, subtis fasciam levi-

gatus, dein iterim circ& umbilicum et in umbilico ipso confertim

concentrice liratus, antice breviter ascendens. Apertura albida,

intus candida vel luteola, fascia transmeante. Peristoma expansum,

marginibus approximatis, callo subemarginato junctis, columellari

dilatato-reflexo. Operculum testaceum, sordide album, anfractibus

4, nucleo subcentrali,

Diam. maj. 234-264, min. 18-20, alt, 21-26 mill.

Hab.: Andrahomana (Sikora),

Nearly related to C. asperum, Pot. and Mich., but much less

rugose and of different color. It may be the southern analogue of

asperum, which lives in the northern end of Madagascar.

Cyclostoma Alayerianum Anc.

Testa globoso-turbinata, pro genere anguste umbilicata, parum

crassa, spiraliter confertim acutique lirata, liris in ipso umbilico con-

spicuis, infra peripheriam ultimi anfractus levioribus, ochraceo-

fulvescem, fasciis angustis 2 fuscis, quarum una angulo superiore

aperture incipit, altera minus conspicua supra peripheriam ultimi

cingulata. Spira turbinata, apice levi, obtusulo. Anfractus 5

valde convexi, sutura profunda, inferne minute plicatula, ultimus

82 THE NAUTILUS.

rotundatus, ad finem brevissime et leviter subascendens. Apertura

partim obliqua, subcircularis, ints luteola. Peristoma subinter-

ruptum, anguste, ad columellam paulo magis expansiusculum.

Diam. 93, alt. 94, alt. apert. vix 5 mill.

Hab.: Region of Fort Dauphin, S. Madagascar (F. Sikora).

Although this small species bears some resemblance with others,

any of them.

Cyclostoma obsoletum Lam.

Hab.: Province of Boeni.

Cyclostoma filostriatum Sowerby.

Hab.: Fort Dauphin (F. Sikora).

About the geographical distribution, it may be of interest to note

that Helicophanta magnifica has been found in Imerina, where it is

said to be very scarce (Sikora), and Heliophanta cornu-giganteum,

Chemnitz, in southern Madagascar, near Fort Dauphin (Sikora).

“ NOTE ON NEOCORBICULA FISCHER.

BY W. H. DALL.

In a small collection of freshwater shells from Uruguay, recently

received, are specimens of Corbicula obsoleta Deshayes and CO. imosa

Maton. The latter is the C. variegata Orbigny, and the type of

Fischer’s section Neocorbicula, proposed for the American Corbiculas,

which have separate siphons and a small pallial sinus, while the

European types of the genus Corbicula have an unsinuated pallial

line.

Several of the specimens above mentioned had the animal matter

dried up within the shell, and in removing this it was discovered that

the shells contained a large number of nepionic young of varied size,

some nearly two millimeters in length and already showing radiating

lines of color. There were 15 to 20 of the young fry in each indi-

vidual, and while the dried matter gave no distinct indication of the

original arrangement, the fry in each case were in the umbonal

cavities.

THE NAUTILUS. 83

I have run over the literature and manuals and bave not found

any reference to viviparity in Corbicula or Cyrena, though of course

it is well known in the allied Spherium and Pisidium. If it is a

characteristic of the Old World Corbdiculas, it is singular that it-has

not been hitherto noted.

The prodissoconch in these young shells is rounded, polished and

translueent, and presents no remarkable peculiarities.

If the brooding of the nepionic young in a marsupial sac is a fur-

ther point of distinction between the New and Old World forms, it

is probable that it may be regarded as raising the value of the sub-

division to higher than sectional rank.

“PYRAMIDULA”’ ELRODI AND EPIPHRAGMOPHORA CIRCUMCARINATA.

BY ROBERT E. C, STEARNS.

In connection with my remarks upon the above-named forms in

the October number of THe Navutitus, and Dr. Pilsbry’s com-

ments that follow, he says: ‘‘ The difference between Dr. Stearns’

views and my own, of the affinities of the two Helices, may be due

to his having, perhaps, no examples of circumcarinata at hand for

direct comparison with e/rodi.”” This suggestion is correct. I have

not seen an example of circumcarinata for ten years, and only a

single specimen of E/rodi, that heretofore referred to by me.

The dominant features of thése shells are surprisingly alike. The

many though less conspicuous characters indicated by Dr. Pilsbry in

their bearing on the distinctive point, must therefore be accepted.

The remarkable similarity exhibited between the forms in question

are presumptively, as Dr. Pilsbry observes, the result of similar envi-

ronmental conditions “ acting upon organisms originally diverse, and

indeed not closely related.”

_Closeness of relationship or otherwise, among land-snails inhabit-

ing the same geographic or physiographic area, though the area may

include a broad extent of territory, is another and very interesting

question.

Regarding the. relations of the strigosa group of snails, I have for

a long time held the opinion that it was decidedly out of place in

84 THE NAUTILUS.

Pyramidula, and am pleased to learn on the authority of Dr. Pilsbry

that the proper position of this large and varied group will soon be

made known.

Los Angeles, Cal., October 12, 1902.

GENERAL NOTES.

‘‘Stues’”’ as Mepicine.—While in Port Antonio, Jamaica, last

March, I collected some Veronicella sloanet Cuv., and having noth-

ing to put them in, wrapped them in paper and left them on a table

in my room at the hotel. During my absence they escaped and be-

gan crawling around, much to the disgust of the colored chamber-

maid who happened in about that time. On my return she filed a

vigorous protest against the “ nawsty things,”’ and wanted to know

what I intended to do with them. She then informed me that they

were good for all forms of lung trouble and asthma. They are used

as follows: Take a green cocoanut, cut off the end, and dron a good

sized ‘‘slug”’ into the milk, in which it will dissolve. The milk is

then drunk and is a “‘ sure cure for asthma.”

It would be interesting to know whether this is a survival of the

old European belief in the efficacy of the slime of ‘ slugs”’ in pul-

monary troubles, carried to the island by the early English settlers,

or whether it is a part of the African pharmacopeeia introduced with

the slaves.—Geo. H. Ciarp. ;

Notes oN HALIOTIS RUFESCENS Sw.—For several months a

company of Japanese fishermen has been engaged in collecting

abalones on San Clemente Island, and drying the animals for the

Japanese and Chinese markets.

Among the shells sent from this island to San Pedro for shipment

I recognize quite a large number of fine Haliotis rufescens Sw.,

which is not, or is only very rarely found along the shore of the

mainland of southern California at the present time.

Last year I collected an interesting series of this beautiful shell in

the shell-mounds on San Nicolas Island, but most specimens of the

shell in those mounds are broken or in an advanced stage of disin-

tegration,

Recent collectors of abalones report living specimens of the red

abalone very rare on San Nicolas Island.mHenry HEMPHILL.

metHeE NAUTILUS:

Von. XVI. DECEMBER, 1902. No. 8.

u SURFACE SCULPTURE IN ANCYLUS.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Owing to the simple character of the shell, which presents but few

of the salient specific features which enable the more specialized

groups to be readily determined, the North American Ancyl, like

the Succineas, have received but scant attention from our collectors,

and great confusion exists in regard to the identification of nearly

all the described species.

The species of the earlier authors were based almost wholly upon

the shape, contour of the slopes and position of the apex. The sur-

face sculpture was as a rule overlooked. With the exception of the

few species characterized by radial ribs or incised lines, in only four

of the eastern American forms is the character of the surface men-

tioned at all in the original descriptions, and then only with reference

to the growth lines.

Bourguignat, in 1853 (Journal de Conchyliologie, 1V, p. 63), was

the first to point out the apical scar as a peculiarity of the genus, and

Pilsbry (Naurixus, IX, p. 139) is the only American author who

has noticed its presence in any American species. It is present in

all of them, but is much less conspicuous in those species which group

around A, fuscus than in those of which A. rivularis is the leading

form..

Pilsbry also was the “first (loc. cit.) to call attention to the fact

“that nearly all specimens are more or less coated with foreign mat-

ter, sometimes calcareous, but generally ferruginous (which) must be

removed before the color and finer sculpture can be observed,” and

to give a practical method for cleaning the shells.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

A recent study of the eastern North American species has devel-

oped some unexpected peculiarities in regard to their surface sculp-

ture, which are of value in determining many of the species and

which may prove to be of importance in reference to their phylogeny

and classification.

In studying the Ancyli, it is necessary to have the shells thor-

oughly cleaned with dilute oxalic acid and to use a compound micro-

scope of at least 50 diameters; not unfrequently a power of 100 diam-

eters is required, especially with the smaller species, to reveal the

characteristic sculpture. Under a simple lens of 10 diameters the

shell, when cleaned, appears to be smooth and shining, but under a

higher power a more or less developed system of ‘sculpturing is vis-

able in nearly every species. This consists of two elements: first

the concentric lines of growth, and second, a radial sculpture more

or less evident, which in its fullest development, as in A. peninsule

and eugraptus, presents a series of fine, conspicuous, radial riblets

extending from the apex to the peritreme.

The concentric sculpture formed by the growth lines is not usually

very strongly developed. It never presents the regular clear-cut

striation such, for instance, as is presented by Planorbis trivoivis,

but is irregular and more or less indented, varying in the different

species,

The radial sculpture in all the species examined, when present,

consists of fine transverse elevations varying from very fine, irregu-

lar, discontinuous ripples to continuous riblets covering the entire

surface. When present at all, their position is radial.

The only species in which any other kind of radial sculpture has

been noticed is the A. borealis Morse, in which the surface is marked

‘‘with fine, regularly interrupted radiating lines.”’ It is not ex-

pressly stated that these are incised, but such would seem to be the

inference. Unfortunately no authentic specimens have been acces-

sible for examination, |

There is a large degree of individual variation in the development

of the radial sculpture, even in those species which have been estab-

lished upon its presence and in which it is Best developed. A. pen-

insule is the only one in which it seems to be uniformly present.

A. filosus is frequently nearly smooth and, judging from specimens

from both the Coosa and the Cahawba, the radiating sculpture is

decidedly irregular. The same holds true in regard to A. ewgraptus.

A. ovalis las not been examined.

‘

Oe a i i ee en |}

ee ee

THE NAUTILDS. 87

On the other hand, in nearly all the so-called smooth species there

is a distinct tendency toward the formation of a minute, transverse,

irregular and discontinuous rippling of the surface, which, especially

on the lateral slopes, tends to form irregular riblets extending anter-

iorly. The median portion of the anterior slope is less apt to be

affected in this way.

While it is, as yet, too soon to speak positively, it seems possible

that an examination of a large amount of material may lead to dis-

carding the presence of a well-developed radial sculpture, unaccom.

panied by other peculiarities of size and shape, as a ground for spe-

cific distinction. The <A. excentricus Morelet may be cited as an

example of this kind. It is described as smooth or with very fine

concentric lines only, and apparently on this ground alone is dis-

tinguished from the A. radiatus Guilding. Bourguignat (J. de C.,

iv, p. 155), on other grounds, only allows it varietal rank; but

Crosse & Fischer (Moll. Mex., ii, p. 87) hesitate to follow him on

account of the absence of the radiating striz, which are so prominent

in radiatus. An examination of specimens of A. excentricus from

Texas, collected by Singley, shows that in all of them the radiating

sculpture is incipiently present and that in some there are well-

developed riblets present on the antero-lateral slopes, the median

portion of the anterior slope being practically smooth. (See also

Pilsbry, Navur., iii, p. 64.) A larger series would probably necessi-

tate the uniting of the two forms.

The most striking feature, however, in the radial sculpture of the

Ancyli is the presence, in many of the species, of a circle of fine rib-

lets or striz on the apex, radiating from the apical scar. ‘These

apparently have not been noticed before. When present in a species,

they are invariably to be found, and that quite independent of the

presence or absence of a radial sculpture over the entire surface, and

they may be entirely wanting in species with a well-developed ribbed

surface, as in A. eugraptus. When the radial sculpture is persistent

over the whole surface, the riblets originate from these apical stria,

but when that sculpture is not present, they cease a very short dis-

tance from the apex. This apical sculpture is characteristic of the

more elevated species with an acute apex, of which A. rivularis is the

leading form. ‘The scar in these species is situated on the tip of a

sharp, prominent apex and, with its circle of radiating ribs, is very

conspicuous and easily observed.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

In a Jarge number of species, however, the apex is smooth and the

radial riblets when present originate below the apex. These ate the

wide, ovate or subcircular species, usually more or less depressed, of

which A. fuseus may be considered tle type. In these the apex is

blunt and smooth and the apical scar is not conspicuous. In A. pen-

ansule, however, the riblets in some speeimens seem to éxtend clear

up to the scar, but not into if. While in this respect this species

seems an exception to the rule, that the depressed species have the

apical region smooth, nevertheless its affinities are all with that group,

and in spite of the apparently intermediate character of its apical

sculpture, it seems better to class it with them. A similar tendency,

though much more feeble, has been observed in one set of A. dia-

phanus.

The eastern American species, so far as examined, fall into two

natural groups characterized by their shape and contour as well as

this difference in apical sculpture. Pilsbry has already indicated

them (loc. cit.) on other grounds, and it is interesting to find that

the distinction apparently also holds good on structural grounds of

some importance. |

The following list of eastern American species is arranged with

reference to their apical character:

Apex striate. Apex smooth. Not examined.

rivularis. — fuseus. — — obscurus.

tardus. diaphanus. | elatior.

parallelus. excentricus. calearius.

shimekit. holdemant. - borealis.

filosus. eugraptus. ovalis.

— peninsule.

Any collector, who has any of the unexamined species as here.

listed, will confer a favor by communicating with the writer.

“ A NEW HAITIEN CHONDROPOMA.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR., AND CHAS, T. SIMPSON.

Chondropoma superbum.

Shell having a small umbilicus, usually truncated, subsolid, some-

what shining; whorls 7, the two nuclear ones smooth and Waxy ;

those remaining in the truncated shell 4; sculpture consisting of

from its outer edge, oblique when viewed from the

THE NAUTILUS... 89

rather fine axial threads, becoming finer behind the aperture ; suture

narrowly canaliculate, its lower edge finely denticulate; last whorl

decidedly solute, free about one-fifth of its length ;

aperture almost regularly oval, vertical when viewed

nna?

front; outer lip heavy, rounded and well reflexed ,

inner lip narrower, scarcely reflexed above; base

within the umbilical region with faint spiral liree;

color brownish white, marked with brown spots

arranged in longitudinal and revolving series.:

Operculum paucispiral, finely ridged, calcareous

without, horny within ; nucleus excentric.

Length 25, greatest diameter 14, least diameter

11 mm. Length of aperture 10, diameter 7 mm.

Another shell. Length 21, greatest diameter 13, least diameter

7mm. _ Length of aperture 9, diameter 6 mm.

Found on a high limestone hill back of Thomazeau, Haiti, many

specimens, living and dead.

This species is somewhat closely related to Chondropoma wein-

landi Pfeiffer, which is found on the plain about Thomazeau, but it

is larger, solider, more finely developed and painted, and has the

last whorl much more solute and the outer lip more solid and

reflexed. It varies a good deal in size and color pattern. There

are occasionally faint longitudinal brown bands, and the darker

spots which are usually longest in a spiral direction may become

angular, rounded or almost blunted into axial rows.

It is a magnificent species, often quite as beautiful as C. magnificum.

SOME NOTES ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CALYCULINE, WITH NEW

SPECIES.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

The genus Calyculina has been pointed out by T. Prime! without

a name, and named by Clessin.? It seems well-defined, since no

species have been seen which were in doubt whether to be ranged

under Spherium or Calyculina.

1 Mon. Corbiculidz, 1865, p, iv.

2 Mal. Bl. xix., 1870, p. 150, and used in ‘‘ Cycladeen,” p. 253.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

One of the features, however, considered characteristic, and from

which the generic name was derived, is not constant. The beaks are

not always capped, or calyculate, and in C. transversa, e. g., they are

simply rounded, as arule, while in all other species, examples with

rounded, not calyculate, beaks, are occasionally found, and some=

times at a large percentage. As stated elsewhere, it seems that this

is caused, at least partly, by the seasons during which propagation is

effected. |

It has been asserted, and repeated, that the Calyculine have a

cyclical period of life, within one year, depositing their young in

spring. This seems not to hold good. Of Cal. transversa Say, e. q.,

I have collected specimens at all stages of growth, and also gravid

animals in all seasons, also in midwinter, and nearly the same can be

said of C. partumeia, truncata and securis. And among materials

sent for examination from different places and collected at various

seasons, the musscls were found of different ages and sizes.

Since the publications of T. Prime and Clessin, little has been

said about our Calyctline, During the last eight years I had

chances to examine many thousands of specimens, owing to the

efforts and the kindness of a number of conchologists. Yet the

materials extant are still insufficient, especially from the Southern

and Western States. Most of the species seem to be rather variable,

and some considerably so, in regard to size, shape, surface appear-

ance and color, and some forms could be referred to certain species

only after careful examination and often repeated comparison, and

even then doubtfully in some instances. More materials from many

localities are very desirable.

They preferably inhabit quiet waters, to which they are best

adapted, with their thin and fragile shells. Pools, ponds, ditches,

slow rivers and creeks often abound with them, where they are

crawling among plants and dead leaves. In fast running streams,

with coarse bottoms, they are scarce, and so along the shores of

larger lakes.

So far as I know them now, the species are the following :

1. @ elevata Hald. A southern species, with comparatively

strong shells. The specimens are not always so high and of such

circular outlines as in T. Prime’s figure. A rather small, but well

inflated form from Kansas sems to range under this species,

2, CO. contracta Pr. Seems to be a good species. Seen from

THE NAUTILUS. 91

Alabama and Louisiana. Specimens from Kentucky (Bowling

Green, collected by Miss Price) are slightly different in shape,

being more rhomboid, but probably range with contracta.

3. C. hodgsoniti n. Somewhat like contracta, but rather larger,

somewhat more elongated; the shell is thicker, the nacre whitish,

the hinge stronger; the posterior end is not so markedly or so ob-

liquely truncated. The surface is rather dull, the color a vivid yel-

low, to plumbeous around the umbones, in older specimsns. It has

some resemblance with C. transversa, but is less elongated, more

equipartite, the shell and hinge are stouter, the superior margin and

the hinge more curved, especially so the posterior lateral teeth.

Size: long. 14, alt. 11, diam. 6.5 mill.

From a mill pond at Albion, IIl., co'lected years ago by Mr. C. S.

Hodgson. It is in many collections under various names, e, g.,

Sphaerium aureum Pr., from which it is very different. So well

marked a form must be described and named, even if known from

only one place, so far, and even if it should ultimately prove to be a

variety, e. g., of C. contracta, which, however, is not probable. I

take pleasure in naming it after its discoverer, Mr. Hodgson.

4. C. transversa Say. Widely distributed and common in all

kinds of waters. Fairly constant in shape, but rather variable as to

size and color.

5. C. ferrissii n. sp. Shell elongated, equipartite, rather well in-

flated, beaks in the middle, narrow, moderately prominent, somewhat

inclined forward, slightly or not calyculate; superior margin curved,

sloping from the beaks anteriorly and posteriorly ; scutum and scu-

tellum slight but distinct, long and narrow ; inferior margin well and

regularly curved ; anterior and posterior part rounded, without any

angles, the former somewhat less high; surface with some irregular,

not sharp, but partly rather deep striz, more or less arranged in

zones, polished ; color plumbeous around the beaks, with broad light

yellow zones along the margins; shell thin, hinge fine, plate quite

narrow, teeth thin and slight, the laterals placed at angles with the

longitudinal axis, rather long; ligament fine and very long.

Size: long. 13, alt. 10, diam. 7 mill.

Hab.: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Frierson, Louisiana;

in the former States collected by Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss, in whose honor

the species is named, in the latter by Mr. L. S. Frierson.

So far as known, the present Calyculina is decidedly distinct, and

92 THE NAUTILUS.

moreover, was found in company with @ transrersa, which it resem-

bles in being so elongated. But its beaks are not anterior, narrower

and less full, the hinge margin is not so straight, and the anterior —

and posterior ends are rounded, not truncate.

6. C. partumeia Say. W idely distributed and decidedly var jable,

some forms being hardly recognizable. At Garrettsville, Ohio, Mr.

Streator has found a form with exceptionally broad, full, rounded

beaks, quite unlike those of a Calyculina.

7. C. jayensis Pr. (Sphaerium jayanum, in Mon. Corb.). One of

the rarer species, and known from Indiana and Michigan to Wiscon-

sin and Iowa. Seems to be valid. |

8. C. truncata Linsley. Rather common, and somewhat variable.

In regard to shape and surface appearance, it usually resembles

more C. partumeta than securis. Yet in some forms the posterior

end is rather obliquely truncated, and the beaks are rather strongly

inclined towards the anterior. The mussel is more inflated, as a

rule, than the dimensions given in Prime’s description. .

Clessin (Cycladeen, p. 246) says: ‘‘ It appears to me somewhat

doubtful whether C. truncata can be regarded as a good species.

Around the type of Cal. seewr’s are grouped several species (Sph.

contractum, rosaceum, sphaericum, truncatum, lenticula), which, ac-

cording to European principles, would unhesitatingly be regarded as

varieties.” In all probability, Clessin had insufficient materials on

territory, and has been found distinct. Quite commonly, I have

found C. secur’s and truncata associated, and the two often also with

C. partumeia. C. contracta is evidently of another type. As to

rosacea and spherica we refer to the following.

9. C. rosacea Pr. There is a small Calyculina with a thin, trans-

parent, horn-colored, or almost colorless shell, narrow, moderately

high beaks, which is evidently distinct from the other species, It

i3 known from different places in Michigan, Illinois, New York and

Virginia. For years it has been a atambtde block, since most forms

did not agree exactly with Prime’s description of rosacea, and yet

they could not well be ranged under any other species. After all, it

seems that they are rosacea.

1 As directly evident from some of his descriptions and flotes. . g., he says

et < J é

in the description of C. secwris : ‘shell shining,” which is rather an exception

than the rule. Some of his descriptions were made from single specimens, as

he states.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

ble in size, shape, surface sculpture and color. The shell is more

or less inflated; the beaks are more or less prominent, broader or

narrower, often not calyculate, but simply rounded; the posterior end

is more or less truncate, the disproportion between the anterior and

posterior parts various; the surface of the shell is usually dull or even

rough from fine scales of the epiconch, but sometimes smooth or even

glassy. The color varies from brown to a vivid yellow or orange

(erocea Lewis).

11. C. spherica Anth. I have seen no authentic specimens and

no Calyculine from the original place, and consequently am unable

to judge about it. It appears to be very near secur7s, also from some

Michigan specimens received as spherica. |

12. C. rykolti Normand. From Traverse City and from Straits

Lake, Michigan, Mr. Bryant Walker has sent specimens of a Caly-

culina, which so closely resemble C. rykolti from Germany and

Sweden that they can hardly be regarded as distinct. More materi-

als may bring additional evidence. _

Larger specimens (of the size given as typical by Clessin) from

Saguache, Colorado, were in the collection of the late Dr. James

Lewis, now in possession of Mr. Bryant Walker. The agree with C.

rykolti, but must also be compared with the following :

13. C. raymondi Cooper. The specimens I have from Washing-

ton (Spokane, Mrs. Olney, and Seattle, Mr. Randolph), are evidently

not mature. They have much resemblance with C. rykolti, and it

would be of special interest to know whether such forms also inhabit

eastern Asia.

14. C. deformis Carpenter. My specimens are from Rhode Island

and New Jersey, not authentic but probably true. Whether this

Calyculina is a good species, or a form of securzs, as has been as-

serted, 1 am unable to decide, for the present. At any rate, it is a

remarkable form, seems to be distinct.

15. C. lacustris Mull. (?). To Mrs. M. Olney I am indebted for

a few specimens from the Spokane river, Washington, which can in no

way be distinguished from, C. lacustris, from several Kuropean coun-

tries. They appear absolutely identical. More specimens from other

places would be very welcome.

sent out. |

94 THE NAUTILUS.

one ;

Y A NEW RISSOA FROM CALIFORNIA

BY W. H. DALL AND PAUL BARTSCH.

Rissoa kelsey: Dall and Bartsch. .

Shell of medium size, elongate-conic, white, variously banded, or

uniformly chocolate brown. Nuclear whorls mammillate, smooth.

Post-nuclear whorls slightly rounded, ornamented axially by a few

broad, depressed, almost obsolete ribs which are best seen near the

summit of the whorls, and many irreguiar, more or less deeply im-

pressed striations, which extended almost undiminished to the um-

than the axial, and consists of deeply impressed lines which are

more closely placed and less strongly developed near the summit of

the whorls than at the periphery, grading gradually in this respect

between these two regions. Sutures simple, well marked. Per-

iphery and base of the last whorl well rounded, the latter ornamented

by spiral sculpture similar to that between the sutures, but a little

more distantly spaced and more strongly impressed. Eighteen of

the spiral lines appear between the sutures upon the penult whorl

and ten upon the base. Aperture large, oblique, decidedly effuse

anteriorly ; posterior angle acute, peristome continuous; columella

strong, short, somewhat twisted and slightly revolute. —

The type has seven post-nuclear whorls and measures: long. 6.3

mm., diam. 2.5 mm.

Seven specimens were sent to the National Museum by Mr. F.

W. Kelsey, who collected them at Pacific Beach, California. The

type and two specimens now form no. 168605 of the U.S. N. M.

collection, the remaining four being in Mr. Kelsey’s collection.

This species appears to be nearest related to Rissoa albolirata

Carpenter, but is larger in every way than that form; there are also

minor differences in sculpture.

Cok

VITREA DRAPARNALDI, BECK., IN WASHINGTON, D. C.

BY GEORGE W. H. SOELNER.

On the 22d of May, 1901, I visited a greenhouse in this city for

the purpose of investigating its snail life, and was rewarded by find-

ing a colony of what I at that time firmly believed to be finely de-

THE NAUTILUS. 95

veloped specimens of Vitrea cellaria. A number of specimens were

collected and labeled accordingly, and as many have since passed

into the hands of friends, it may be well to state, in the interest of

those who may not be familiar with the specific characters which

differentiate this species from V. draparnaldi, that my identification

of these shells was erroneous.

A recent search among the disintegrating ruins of an old mill in

Georgetown, one of the oldest sections of the city, very unexpectedly

brought to light specimens of a Vitrea which, notwithstanding its

quite close resemblance to draparnald?, is undoubtedly, I think, cel-

laria, although the shells obtained are unusually small and fragile,

which is probably due to their out-of-door life. The largest measured

only 8.75 mm. greater diameter. Owing to their smaller size and

the different color of the animal and shell, I was at once impressed

with the belief that I had found two species. A re-examination of

specimens was, therefore, necessary, and after carefully comparing

my first lot with Mr. Frank C. Baker’s description and remarks on

V. draparnaldi,' I was delighted to find that I had discovered this

species ; the specimens agreeing exceedingly well with his description

in every detail. Dr. Pilsbry and Mr. Geo. H. Clapp, of Pittsburg,

Pa., to whom I have sent examples, have kindly verified the identi-

fication.

Being anxious to know if the colony was flourishing, I again vis-

ited the nursery on November 3, 1902, and again secured a number

of fine specimens, the largest measuring 16 mm. greater diameter.

This interesting find not only adds another species to the list of

the mollusks of the District of Columbia, but another locality, and

that a remote one, to the geographical distribution of this handsome

introduced species, which seems to be gradually spreading over the

United States. As far as I know, this is the first record for this shell

east or southeast of Chicago, Illinois.

Washington, D. C., November 15, 1902.

MOTES AND NEWS.

Notes on Limnz#A.—The receipt of Mr. F. C. Baker’s very ex-

cellent work on the Mollusca of the Chicago Area suggests a few

remarks on Limnexa. It seems unfortunate that American workers

1 Mollusca of the Chicago Area, Part II; Chicago Academy of Sciences, April

25, 1902.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

do not pay more attention to the European forms of the circumpolar

types. Judging from the names, one would suppose that the Ameri-

can variations of L. palustris, etc., were quite different from those

found in Europe. If this is the case, it is a fact of much interest ;

but it has never been demonstrated by comparisons, nor is it sug-

gested by the figures in Mr. Baker’s work. The variety expansa

Hald., of ZL. palustris, is to be compared with the European var.

contiform’s Bourg., which on the face of things appears to be the

same; while other American pa/ustris seem referable to varieties

elongata Moquin (Baker, Pl. xxxii, first three shells of fig. 1), and

perhaps conica Jetireys. In fact, it is not yet clear that there is any

_ American variation of L. palustris which cannot be duplicated in

Europe... With regard to ZL. stagnalis, it is well said that the typical

European form is not that found in America, but it is apparently not

true that the American form (appressa Say) is absent from Europe,

- I have seen plenty of European specimens which could not, I think,

be distinguished from the American ones; such appear to pertain to

the variety fragilis (Linné) and its allies. Some one should

minutely examine the anatomy of these forms, to see whether it is

not possible that there are two species, viz.: (1) Z. stagnalis (L.),

European; (2) Z. fragilis (L.), Europe and America, including

appressa Say, raphidra Bourgt., vulgaris Westerlund, ete.

Limnza Woodruffi Baker, appears from the figures to be the

European ZL. peregra, in which case it must have been introduced.—

I, D. A. CoCcKERELL.

TueE death is announced of the Jesuit Father Prof. P. HrupE,

on January 3d, at Zikavei, near Shanghai, at the age of 66 years.

At the NovemBper MEETING of the Section oN CONCHOLOGY,

Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Mr. S. C. Wheat exhibited

two specimens of fresh-water mollusca taken from a stream in New

Jersey, which, upon careful inspection by Dr. R. Ellsworth Call,

were pronounced to be hybrids between Margaritana maryinata and

Anodonta undulata. The specimens aroused much interest, as such

hybrids are very rare. A specimen of Anodonta implicata seven

inches in length taken from Prospect Park Lake was also shown.

These specimens were added to the collection in the Children’s Mu.

seum.—F. H. Ames, See.

Description de mollusques nouveaux provenant de Vile Obi ( Moluques).

In Le Naturaliste, Nov.. 1902, p. 247, Mr. Dautzenberg has described

and figured a series of Helices and two Leptopomas. Of the former

H. (Albersia) omissa seems to be identical with HY. (Albersia) ob/ensis

Mart. (Archiv f. Nature. 1899, pl. 3). H..(Papuina) ob/ensis

Dautz. is apparently H. (P.) pilisens Mts. H. (Papuina) groulti is

a fine, pyramidal, carinate species of the pileolus group, somewhat

similar to P. rynchostoma Pfr.—H., A. P.

ibis o) | e

arti hh

Paes

. 7

eS a

THE NAUTILUS, XVI. PLATE III.

ALDRICH: EOCENE MOLLUSCA.

THE. NAUTILUS, XVI. PLATE IV

A ba

ANY

Ras

atvacs

yet

ALDRICH: EOCENE MOLLUSCA.

~ OR gee ee

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XVI. JANUARY, 1903. No. 9.

NEW SPECIES OF TERTIARY FOSSILS FROM ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI

AND FLORIDA.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

The following species are principally Eocene; descriptions of two

species have already appeared in THe NaurTiLus and they are now

figured for the first time. One new species from the Oligocene of

Oak Grove, Fla., has been added. The Oligocene deposit of Oak

Grove has been pierced by a deep well near Mobile, Ala., and no

doubt it will be found still further to the westward. I am indebted

to C. W. Johnson, of the Wagner Free Institute of Science, for

comparisons with types in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-

delphia. All the drawings have been executed by Dr. J. C. McCon-

nel, of the Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C.

PLEUROTOMA (DRILLIA) CaseEyin. sp. Pl. III, fig. 1, 2.

Shell fusiform, whorls ten to eleven, first four smooth, apex pointed,

the balance of the whorls nodular with a connecting line situated at

the periphery. About nine nodes on each whorl. The balance of

the spiral sculpture consisting of close-set, rounded lines, which are

stronger on the lower part of each whorl; suture nearly concealed by

a strongly raised and rounded band which is wavy and closely ap-

pressed. On the humeral area the spiral lines are cut by fine curved

lines formed by the former retral sinus, sinus nearly semi-circular.

Canal open and slightly spatulate.

Length 11 mm., width 3 mm.

Localities: Red Bluff, Miss., Byrams BOY: Pearl Rv,, Miss., and

Vicksburg, Miss.

Resembles Drillia texanopsis Harris, but is carinated at the periph-

98 THE NAUTILUS.

ery, more strongly striated and with a deeper retral sinus. Maj.

Thos. L. Casey, U. S. Engineers, has sent me examples from the

upper part of the bluff at Vicksburg. The shell is named in his honor.

CANCELLARIA ANNOSA Aldr., PI. III, fig. 3.

This species was described in THe Nauritus, Vol. XI, p. 97,

January, 1898.

CYPRZA NUCULOIDES n. sp. PI. III, figs. 4, 5 and 6.

' Shell broadly ovate, rounded, globose, extremities slightly pro-

duced, surface smooth, basal callus heavy and extending upwards

about one-third on each side, base flattened, rounded into the aper-

ture, resembling in this respect C. pinguis Con., but broader. Aper-

ture rather narrow, denticulated.

Length 17 mm., greatest breadth 14 mm.

Localities: From the Claibornian at De Soto, Miss., McLeod’s

Mill, Miss., and Dubose’s Mill, in West Alabama.

This species has a more flattened base than C. ‘oie Con. and

has a much heavier basal callus. The inner lip is smooth below the

denticulations.

CLAVILITHES COLUMBARIS n. sp. Pl. II], fig. 7.

Shell fusiform, whorls ten, apex bulbiform, consisting of three

whorls, the third constricted; the next four spirally striated and

tuberculated, the last two strongly turreted and excavated below the

sutural shoulder. Aperture small, constricted at posterior. Canal

long, narrow.

Length of figured specimen 52 mm.

Localities: Claibornian of De Soto and McLeod’s Mill, Miss., also

in West Alabama, same horizon. This species approaches the form

described by Harris as Clavilithes humerosus Con., var. tecanus, but

the size and extremely prominent shouldered whorls and the constric-

tion below are peculiar. The figured example is the most perfect

one obtained, but the shoulder is even more prominent in other speci-

mens. On comparing this species with CO. longevus Lamarck, I find

it has one less embryonic whorl and a higher spire.

FIsSURIDEA INFREQUENS, n. sp. PI. III, figs. 8, 9.

Shell medium size, with broadly ovate periphery at base, rather

depressed ; substance of shell thin, foramen in anterior half, small and

narrowly ovate.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

Greatest breadth at base 22 mm., height 6 mm.

Locality : On the Chickasawhay River, three and one-half miles

below Quitman, Miss., below the O. selleformis bed, Claibornian.

This species differs from any Tertiary species known by the very

thin sbell in comparison with its size, and its very fine cancellation,

The interior is filled with matrix.

OvULA SYMMETRICA n. sp. Pl. III, fig. 10.

Shell smooth exteriorly, spire produced, pointed and slightly spat-

ulate, outer lip reflected, margined on the interior with numerous

crenulations, and curved from spire to base. Aperture narrow, the

inner margin of same denticulated near the spire and with three or

four folds at base.

Length of figured example 9 mm.

Localities : McLeod’s Mill and on the banks of the Chickasawhay

River, three and a half miles below Quitman, Miss.; close to the

Wautubbee beds of the Claibornian. This species differs from both

O. subtruncata and O. texana of Johnson, and it has been kindly

compared with the types by C. W. Johnson.

The specimen from the bluff below Quitman is broken, but if per-

fect would be about 13 mm. in length.

LATIRUS ELABORATUS n. sp. PI. III, figs. 11,,12.

Shell small, whorls nine, the first three smooth, the fourth partly

so, the balance nodular and crossed by spiral lines, the lines faint on

the upper part of each whorl, becoming coarser below and developing

plaits at the top of the transverse nodes; the younger whorls have

two coarse spiral lines about their centre.

Suture irregular, closely appressed. Outer lip nodular within, the

pillar lip smooth with the exception of two slight raised plaits about

the centre of the aperture within; canal produced and but slightly

curved.

Length of the largest specimen 11 mm., breadth 44 mm.

Localities : Matthew’s Landing bed, at C. Jones, Wilcox Co., Ala.,

and in the Black Bluff clays near Grave Yard hill, Ala. The figures

are of a small specimen and do not show the two plaits on the pillar

lip because they are too far within the aperture.

ANOMIA NAVICELLOIDES Aldr. Pl. IV, figs. 13, 14.

For description see Tar Nauritus, Vol. XI, p. 97, January, 1898.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

CHAMA MONROENSIS n. sp. PI. IV, fig. 15.

Shell of medium size, strongly rugosely plicated, lamellar. Upper

valve with 6-8 leaves turned up to nearly a vertical at their ventral

edges, each leaf covered with radial raised lines running in couples,

Upper valve slightly convex, lower valve convex and inequilateral.

Resembles somewhat C. corticosa Con., but is smaller and more

profusely ornamented. One lower valve has twelve leaves or corru-

gations. The upper valve is shown in the figure natural size.

Locality: The O. selleformis bed, at White’s Marl bed, Monroe

Co., Alabama.

PECTEN (PSEUDAMUSIUM) SUBMINUTUS n. gp. PI. IV, figs. 16, 17.

Shell minute, thin, surface smooth, not polished, valves rather flat,

ears small, subequal in the right valve and unequal in the left. Fine

rugose striz on the ears of the right valve, vertical to the hinge line

but not reaching it, but they run down over the submargin. One

ear in the left valve with five or six radiating ribs, the other smooth;

interior smooth, the cardinal margin cross striated.

Alt. 3 mm., lat. 3 mm. of the largest specimen.

Localities: Red Bluff, Miss., Jackson, Miss.

This little shell is evidently adult. It is probably found at Vicks-

burg also. It is not rare, closely resembles Pecten Guppyt Dall in

form, but is smaller.

VERTICORDIA DALLIANA n. sp. Pl. IV, fig. 18.

Shell small, rather flat, surface ornamented with sharp curved ribs,

in the present specimen thirteen in number, nine on the anterior,

then a concave space as if one rib was missing, then two more ribs

about the middle of the shell, then a wide concave space and then

two more ribs, the last one almost. at the margin. Ribs serrating the

ventral margin. Cardinal tooth strong, erect ; Jateral tooth long and

curved.

Breadth 24 mm., height from beak to base 2 mm.

Only one valve found; it is about the same size as V. eocense

Langdon. The muscular scars are slightly impressed. Pallial line

not perceptible.

VERTICORDIA SOTOENSIS n. sp. Pl. IV, figs. 19-21.

Shell small, strongly ribbed with twelve ribs, then a blank space,

then two ribs near the margin, beaks blunt and rounded, ventral

THE NAUTILUS. 101

margin serrated ; lateral tooth long and curved. Interior very por-

-cellaneous ; muscular scars slightly impressed.

Localities: Claibornian of De Soto and McLeod’s Mill, Miss., and

also in West Alabama, same horizon.

This species closely resembles V. dalliana Nobis, but differs in the

number of ribs and the absence of one space which appears on the

other. It is also more rounded.

VERTICORDIA QUADRANGULARIS n. sp. Pl. IV, figs. 22, 23.

Shell stout, valves nearly quadrangular, rather thick and globose.

Surface with numerous coarse, rounded ribs. Entirely covered with

granulations; deeply excavated behind the beaks; possesses both

cardinal and lateral teeth. Muscular scars are deeply impressed.

Pallial line strongly marked. Internal basal margin showing the

ribs.

Height and breadth equal, 7 mm.

Several valves were found. This species belongs to the Section

Haliris Dall. The laterals are more strongly developed than in most

forms of this section. It is distinct from V. mississtppiensis Dall in

haying fewer and more rounded ribs and a more depressed lunular

area.

CANCELLARIA BIFOLIATA n. sp. Pl. IV, fig. 24.

Shell small, whorls six, first two smooth, the third partially so,

and the last three strongly cancellated. The ribs prominent, spiral

lines alternately coarse and fine. Umbilicus open, pillar lip with

two plaits. Shell appears to be turreted from the strong ribbing.

Length 7 mm., breadth 4 mm.

Locality : Oak Grove, Florida, Oligocene of Dall.

This little species differs from C. mississippiensis Con. in its less

number of plaits on the pillar, its higher spire and open umbilicus.

| A NEW CRASSATELLITES FROM BRAZIL.

BY WM. H. DALL.

' Among some dead shells dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission

in fifty-nine fathoms mud, east of Rio Janeiro, Brazil, were a num-

‘er of valves which were inadvertently put away among a lot of

Astartes. On overhauling the latter, lately, these valves were found

102 THE NAUTILUS.

and re-examined, proving to be an undescribed species of Crassatel-

lites from a region where none had been reported hitherto.

CRASSATELLITES BRASILIENSIS N. sp.

Shell solid, small for the genus, yellowish-white, covered with a

thin brownish periostracum ; valves ovate, slightly squarish behind,

rapidly descending and rounded in front, with pointed, slightly flat-

tened beaks, sculptured with a few (5 to 10) low concentric waves

beyond which the disk is smooth, or concentrically striated with

some very obscure, fine, radial lines near the anterior base; lunule

narrow, elongate, bounded by an obscure sulcus inside of which the

area is excavated ; escutcheon similar but much larger; basal margin

minutely crenulate within, hinge normal, the resilium immersed but

rather short and wide; muscular impressions well defined. Height

27.5: length 36; diameter 15 mm., some specimens being propor-

tionately a little shorter.

The posterior end is obscurely truncate, but in some specimens

slightly rostrate. On the whole, the species has much the aspect |

externally of a smoothish Astarte. ‘The bottom temperature where

dredged was 57° Fahr. The beaks are usually a little behind the

anterior third of the valves.

pHELL COLLECTING ON THE MISSISSIPPI.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

For a number of years it has been the custom of the Chicago

Academy of Sciences to have a Field-day some time during the

month of July and to spend the day investigating some notable or

particularly interesting locality, from a zodlogical, botanical or geo-

logical standpoint. These excursions are not only attended by mem-

bers of the Academy, but by the faculties and students of the Chicago

University, the Northwestern University and kindred scholastic

bodies.

Saturday, July 12th, was chosen as the field-day for 1902, which

dawned bright and pleasant. About one hundred and fifty people,

including many of the charming ‘co-eds ”’ from the Zodlogical De-

partment of the Chicago University, met at the Chicago, Milwaukee

and St. Paul depot, from which the special train left at. ‘eight 0 ‘clock

oe agg

THE NAUTILUS. 103

for Savanna, Illinois, our objective point. The ride consumed sey-

eral hours and we arrived in sight of the Mississippi about noon.

Our first thought was for the ‘‘ inner man,” and we hastened in a

body to the river bank, where we bargained with the boat renters

and secured row-boats. No sooner were our bargains completed than

we scrambled into our boats and rowed across the river toward a

group of islands, where we ate our lunches.

The pull across the river was very interesting, especially to several

of the ‘‘ co-eds,” who bravely volunteered to row one or two of the

boats, for there was a seven-mile current which made this a matter

of great exertion. The writer had never before seen the ‘* Father of

Waters,” and he must confess that a peculiar feeling came over him

as he rowed across the swiftly-flowing stream and thought of the

many historic scenes which had taken place on or near this mighty

river since De Soto first sawit. But the most interesting fact to him

in connection with this river was that it afforded a home for more

Unios than any other stream in the world.

As soon as lunch was out of the way we began a hunt for clams,

and before the time arrived for the departure of our train we had

accumulated several bushels, beside numerous examples of fresh-

water gastropods, such as Campeloma and Vivipara.

About a mile above Savanna we found several men engaged in

*‘ fishing ” for clams, which they sold to the button-factories at Mus-

¢catine and other places in Iowa and Illinois. Their method of fishing

was ingenious, A bar of iron (frequently a gas pipe) six or seven

feet long is strung with four-pronged hooks, made of bent and twisted

telegraph wire. ‘The strings are about Gke inches apart and two or

three hooks are attached to each string, making two or three rows of

hooks attached to the bar. As many as forty hooks are frequently

strung on one bar, the whole appliance being locally known as a

‘‘crowfoot ” dredge or grapple. A piece of rope is tied near each

end of the bar, forming a sort of bridle, and to this is fastened an-

other rope, twenty-five or more feet in length, by which the dredge

is pulled over the bottom of the river.

At first sight one would hardly suppose that with such an instru-

ment a person would be able to gather very many clams, but the

fishermen told us that several tons could be obtained with this appa-

ratus in a comparatively short time, The clams are caught in this

VAL: in many parts. of the river the Unios lie packed by thousands,

104 THE NAUTILUS.

their shells half protruding from the mud and slightly gaping, as is

natural with all these mollusks when at rest. As the fisherman pulls

the dredge along the bottom over these Unio beds the prongs of the

hooks become caught between the open valves of the shell, which

immediately close and fasten themselves to the prong. A single

haul may yield over one hundred shells caught in this way.

The inordinate collecting of shells for the button industry bids fair

to exhaust the supply before many years have passed unless wise laws

are enacted and enforced. Not only are many tons of these shells

taken every year, but a large number are wilfully wasted by the

fishermen. An example of this waste came under the notice of the

writer on this occasion. Having failed to secure as many specimens

as were wanted, a fisherman was asked if he knew a good place to

gather clams. He replied that just above a large grain elevator some

fishermen had dumped a boat-load on the shore. Not realizing fully

what he meant, we walked to the spot indicated and there beheld a

sight which made at least one of the party both glad and sad. Piled

on the shore for a distance of a quarter of a mile were thousands upon

thousands of clams, some alive, others with gaping shells and a few

entirely devoid of the animal. Not less than twenty-five species were

represented, many of them useless for the manufacture of buttons, but

of great value to the conchologist of the future who may wish to study

these species. The fishermen were either too lazy to throw them

back into the water or else thought that if they threw them on the

shore they would avoid catching them again on their hooks. Such

wanton destruction as this, if not stopped, will soon exterminate many

of the species. Those which were thus destroyed were comparatively

thin shelled, such as Anodonta, Alasmidonta and Symphynota.

The species collected by the different parties were as follows :

Lampsilis ventricosa Barnes. Plagiola securis Lea.

ligamentina Lamarck. elegans Lea.

anodontoides Lea. Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque.

fallaciosa (Smith) Simpson. Strophitus edentulus Say.

recta Lamarck. Anodonta corpulenta Cooper.

parva Barnes. Arcidens confragosus Say.

alata Say.’ Symphynota costata Rafinesque.

gracilis Barnes. _ complanata Barnes.

leptodon Rafinesque. Unio gibbosus Barnes.

One specimen of alata was curiously deformed, one valve being perfectly

flat while the other was very convex.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

Unio crassidens Lamarck. obliqua Lamarck.

Pleurobema esopus Green. ebena Lea.'

Quadrula plicata Say. - tuberculata Rafinesque.

undulata Barnes, metanevra Rafinesque.

heros Say. Vivipara intertexta Say.

lachrymosa Lea. Campeloma integrum DeKay.

pustulosa Lea. subsolidum Anthony.

pustulata Lea. Polygyra multilineata Say.

trigona Lea. |

The last was found to be a common inhabitant of the islands in

the river and in the woods bordering the Iowa side of the river.

At Carroll Creek, ten miles from Savanna, Mr. C. C. Adams, of

the University of Chicago, collected the following species, all being

very common :

Amnicola limosa Say. Physa integra Haldeman.

Physa gyrina Say. Succinea ovalis Say.

A NEW FOSSIL ASHMUNELLA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

ASHMUNELLA THOMPSONIANA PECOSENSIS subsp. nov.

Small (diam. max. 12, min. 10.5 mm.) ;°last half of last whorl

very distinctly transversely ribbed, recalling A. altcss(ma; lip and

teeth strongly developed, basal tooth single.

Hab.: Vallé Ranch, Pecos,,New Mexico, in a light reddish deposit

of uncertain age, Nov. 30,1902. (T. D. A. and W. P. Cockerell.)

The commonest shell in the deposit is Pyramidula strigosa coopert.

Vallonia cyclophorella is also abundant.

Last year my wife collected a dead shell of a recent Ashmunella at

the old Pecos Pueblo, which is only a few miles from the Vallé Ranch.

It is A. thomsoniana, with max. diam. 13.5 mm., basal tooth single.

There is no sign of the ribbing of the fossil form.

1This species is called “ nigger-head” by the fishermen, and is considered

the most desirable shell for the cutting of pearl buttons.

106 Fa THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON SOME SHELLS FROM NORTH CAROLINA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

OMPHALINA RUGELI OXYCOCCUS Nn. var.

This variety is distinguished from the typical O. rugeli Binn. by

being densely microscopically granulate above and having the base

nearly smooth.

The type is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences

of Philadelphia, No. 68743, collected by Mr. H. W. Wenzel, June,

1896, at Cranberry, N. C.

Locality : Cranberry, N. C., collected by Mr. H. W. Wenzel, Dr.

Henry Skinner and Mrs. Geo. Andrews; also at Banners Elk,

Watauga Co., N. C., by Mrs. Geo. Andrews.

The following species were collected by Mr. Joseph Willcox during

July, 1902.

At Blowing Rock, Watauga Co., N. C., the following were taken :

Goniobasis proxima Say (8500 Polygyraandrewsz normalis Pils.

feet elevation). Circinaria concava Say.

Polygyra albolabris Say. Philomycus carolinensis Bose.

And at Cranberry, Mitchell Co., N. C., the following species :

Polygyra andrewse normalis Pils. Polygyra tridentata Say.

monodon fraterna Say. Vitrinizonites latissimus Lewis.

stenotrema Fer. Circinaria concava Say.

thyroides Say. Pyramidula perspectiva Say.

subpalliata Pils.

NOTES.

Hawatitan Puysi1pa&.—It has been held by Pease and others that

the reversed fresh-water shells resembling Physa, found in the

Hawaiian Islands, are all Limneids belonging to Ameria or some

related group. Part of them certainly are, but a species, believed to

be Physa compacta Pease, received from Mr, H. W. Henshaw, of

Hilo, Hawaii, proves, on anatomical examination, to be a Physa,

though whether referable to Physa s.s. or to Aplexa cannot be deter-

mined, owing to the contraction of the mantle edge which, in spirits,

appears not to be digitate—W. H. Datu. :

““ PYRAMIDULA” STRIGOSA CONCENTRATA.—I have lately re-

THE NAUTILUS. 107

ceived a couple of specimens of this form (max. diam. barely over 12

mm.), collected by Mr. C. S. Onderdonk, at Alpine, Chaffee county,

Colorado, at between 10,000 and 12,000 ft. This is a long way from

' the original locality, but I sent one to Dr. Dall, who certified that it

is the genuine concentrata. There are two dark bands. both narrow

but strongly developed. This var. concentrata is extremely close to

my var. minor (max. diam. 14 mm.), described in Journ. of Con-

chology, 1890, p, 175. The latter, however, is not alpine.

No doubt the Colorado concentrata have evolved independently

from the New Mexico and Arizona ones, and, therefore, might per-

haps be considered entitled to a different name.—T. D. A. Cock-

ERELL.

ERRATUM.

NatTitus, p. 96, line 8 from top: For coniformis read corvi-

formis.—T. D. A. COCKERELL.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Tue Mouyusca or THE Mr. MircHeLt Recion, Nortu Caro-

LINA.—By Bryant Walker and H. A. Pilsbry. Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci., Phila., 1902, pp. 413-442, Pls. xxiv, xxv.—In vol. xiv, p. 45,

we noticed Professor Pilsbry’s account of the Mollusca of the Great

Smoky Mountains. The present paper sets forth the results of the

exploration of the French Broad river region by Messrs. Ferriss and

Walker “and two ladies” in 1901. The Roan Mountain fauna

being pretty well known from the investigations of Wetherby, Walker

and others, it now becomes possible to determine with some degree

of accuracy the range of the different species in this part of North

Carolina and adjacent Tennessee. It had previously been made

clear that the Roan Mountains and Great Smoky regions, though

only about seventy-five miles apart, possessed molluscan faunz which

were by no means identical ; the expedition of 1901 sought to deter-

mine whether the valley of the French Broad river might be the

dividing line between the Roan and Great Smoky faunz, and whether

Mt. Mitchell, with an altitude of 6,711 ft., might not produce some-

thing peculiar to itself. With the 4 of the expedition before

them, the authors conclude that the French Broad river is not the

dividing line between the two faunz just mentioned, and, i in fact,

108 THE NAUTILUS.

that there is probably no sharp line of demarcation anywhere. It is

found, however, that the French Broad river region has itsélf some

of the characteristics of a distinct faunula, although Mt. Mitchell, the

centre of the explorer’s hopes, proved disappointing. A comparative

list, showing the distribution of the species, is presented on pp. 420,

421. To the Roan Mountains list should be added Philomycus

secretus, described from thence, and Vitrea carolinensis wetherbyi,'

sent to the present writer from Roan Mountain by Wetherby. The

true V. carolinensis probably does not occur at Roan Mountain, as

I gathered from Wetherby’s letter when sending the wetherbyi, that

he knew only the latter.

Leaving out a few probably erroneous records, we find 105 species

and races of Jand mollusca recorded from the whole region discussed.

Of these, only 33 are recorded as common to all three faunule, 7. e.,

the Roan, French Broad and Great Smoky. Three are common to

the Roan and Great Smoky regions, and have very likely been over-

looked in the French Broad. 25 are from the Roan alone, 10 from

the Roan and French Broad, 8 from the French Broad alone, 7 from

the French Broad and Great Smoky and 19 from the Great Smoky

alone.

The same peculiar features of the fauna as were observed in the

Great Smokies are seen in the Mt. Mitchell region. The Pupide

are represented by a single example of Strobilops, and this a southern

form. Nota single Limnzid was found anywhere; not even Physa.

The new forms described in the paper are: Polygyra tridentata

tennesseensis W. & P., P. andrewse intermedia W. & P., Vitrea ap-

proxima W.& P., V. vanattai P. & W., Gastrodonta gularis theloides

A. D. Brown MS., and G. gularis decussata Pils. & Van.; while

Polygyra hirsuta vars. altispira and ptlula are raised to specific rank.

Pyramidula alternata mordax was rediscovered by the expedition,

and is fully discussed and figured.

Altogether, the paper is certainly a most satisfactory one, and we

can only hope that it will be followed by a long series of similar ones.

It will be some time before Messrs. Pilsbry, Walker, Ferriss and

their friends exhaust the possibilities of the Appalachian Mountains,

which seem to contain an extraordinarily varied and interesting mol-

luscan fauna.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

1On page 430, the date of publication of bia is said to be 1901. It

should be 1900.

oo SS ee ee ee eee a ae ~ — s,s <i ers es:

re : Wis ae 5 ’

= -

: (

* ‘

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THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XVE. FEBRUARY, 1903.

NOTES ON PYRAMIDULA ELRODI PILS. .

BY MORTON J. ELROD. e

-~ This shell was first collected on the sides of the Mission Mountains,

above Post Lake, in the summer of 1899. About forty were taken,

all dead. Specimens were sent to Dr. Pilsbry, of the Philadelphia

Academy of Sciences, who described the species in Nauritus, Vol.

XIV, 40, naming the shell after the collector.

During the collecting expedition of the University of Montana

' - Biological Station, in July, 1900, a stay of ten days was made at

McDonald Lake for the express purpose of making further investiga-

tions of this species. During this time some three quarts of speci-

mens were collected, of all sizes and varying colors, from the dark

brown of the living shells to the bleached white of the dead ones.

Also some three dozen. living snails were secured, which were

drowned, and in a number of cases, beautifully expanded.

The distribution of the ‘species, so far as known, appears to be quite

local, and is deserving of further study. At present it seems con-

fined to the mountain slopes forming the amphitheatre around and to

the east of Post Lake. On the south side of the lake, owing to the

-dryness of the rocks and soil, it appeats-very scarce, one living and

several dead shells being the result of an’afternoon’s search. A search

) = a*quart of shells, a dozen living. While no search has been made in

5°" ‘thé! mountain slopes east of the lake,-there can be little doubt of its

/ presence, since the shell is found on both sides af the lake.

has. On the north slope of the lake four small streams tumble over the

}

110 THE NAUTILUS.

rocky wall of the mountains, making beautiful little cascades. The

first of these, beginning next the plain, appears to come out of the

rocks high up, flows through a small canon between the cliffs, and

shortly afterward disappears in the loose talus below. Earlier in the

year these loose, talus rocks are wet with melted snow, but at the

time of collecting, in July, they were hot: and dry.

On the talus below the first fall, shells were found abundantly.

On the talus of the ravine, a few feet to the west, only a few were

found. while still further west none whatever conld be found any-

where. ‘This little stream from the mountain, therefore, seems to

mark its distribution on the mountain towards the west. Acting on

this basis, the rocks were foilowed upward along the sides of the

mountain, following the little gully of the stream mentioned. Shells

were found as high as we went, a distance of 1,500 feet, or up toa

total elevation of 5,000 feet above the sea. Time did not permit a

search higher.

The limit of distribution of the shells, as mentioned, ends abruptly.

A search eastward from the mountain stream caused the discovery of

shells in abundance for a mile; beyond this we did not go. There

is a great deal of difficult mountain climbing necessary to explore

these regions, and a half day does not permit one to go far. But

from the fact that they have been found on the slopes of Mt, Mc-

Donald, across the lake to the south, it would appear evident that the

unexplored canons and mountain sides forming the large amphithea-

ter supplying the lake’s waters, support the Pyramidulas.

The writer has been in different places in the Mission range, from

one end to the other, on the western slopes, and nowhere else have

CHE NAUTILUS. 111

the shells been found. Whether or not they are on the eastern

slopes, on the Swan river side, is yet to be determined.

The habits of the shells are very peculiar. Shells are rarely found

among the bushes or where there is much vegetation. They are

found on the surface among the loose rocks of medium size, but not

among the large boulders or the finer talus. When bleached, they

are a beautiful white, their color against the dark brown or lichen-

colored sandstone making them very conspicuous objects. The cor-

rugations show plainly from a distance, and there is no difficulty

whatever in seeing the dead shells when in the region where they

are to be found.

The living ones are not so easily discovered. They are dark

brown, almost identical in color with the rocks among which they

live, and very easily overlooked. When the animal dies the color

ehanges to a delicate pink, and later the shell becomes a beautiful

clear and pearly-white.

A search was begun for living shells by following up the talus

where the shells were found most abundantly. After descending

over a thousand feet, we came to a small ledge of rock forming a

sharp promontory with a cliff below, on which we stopped to take a

photograph of McDonald Peak, which showed up beautifully from

this point. This ledge forms the western wall for the small canon

through which the aforementioned stream comes. The loose rocks

on the top of the cliff were overturned. It was with much surprise

that shells were picked up, and among them one apparently alive.

Diligent search revealed the fact that this small ledge, not more than

thirty feet in extent, was the home of a colony of these interesting

creatures. A quart of shells was secured, among them a dozen live

ones, the first ever found. This ledge is shown on the left of the

picture.

This home of the shell is very interesting and romantic. Living

on the cliffs of one of the most rugged ranges in the State, with scant

vegetation, it has a life common to few shells, It prefers the crannies

among the loose rocks, hiding there from enemies.

After finding this first colony, a second trip was made over the

same route, only farther up the mountain. Other colonies were

found, with occasionally a live one. Search was then made lower

down, among the rocks near the lake, resulting in finding live ones

at different places, though to do so required considerable digging in

112 THE NAUTILUS.

the rocks, in order to get down below the hot, dry rocks to where

there was a little moisture.

It seems apparent that the living shells live among the loose stones,

in the early spring crawling around over the damp rocks. As the

warm spring and summer days approach, the rocks become dry. The

snails previously crawling over them cease activity, and instead of

all of them crawling for protection under the loose rock, some throw

their protective film across the opening of the shell while yet on the

rocks; the sun kills the animal, which dies, leaving the dead shell to

bleach and become a conspicuous feature on the rocks. . Here the

shells remain, very few of them washing any distance.

All of the living shells taken appeared dead except a few., Invari-

ably, however, when a shell sank in water the snail within was alive.

It is probable that the species is continued by the hibernation of

some of the more fortunate individuals which are deeper in the rocks,

where there is more moisture.

3 ADAPTATION OF MOLLUSKS TO CHANGED CONDITIONS. |

BY A. C. BILLUPS, LAWRENCEBURG, INDIANA.

Many years ago the Ohio river at and below Cincinnati, Ohio, was

one of the most prolific hunting grounds of the collector of.the fresh-

water species of mollusks. At that time abounded in immense

numbers (as is shown by the large quantities of duplicates in the

collections of all the old collectors) Anculosa praerosa Say. About

twelve years ago this shell disappeared almost entirely and for many

years not a single specimen was found; this year, however, a few

adults and large numbers of young shells have been found in locali-

ties where it is certain that no shells have existed for many years.

The explanation of this occurrence is as follows: A. praerosa Say

was a long time ago one of the most common of the riyer snails; the

growth of the city of Cincinnati and fhe numerous factories along the

banks of the river, each and every one adding to the filth of the water,

pouring in sewage and acids, have rendered the water so foul that the

Anculosa of the old day have been exterminated, all but a few of the

most hardy of the species, which probably crawled to the lowest and

most inaccessible parts of the river, where they managed to exist and

to produce young: the young shells have become more used to the

changed conditions, which worked such havoc with their ancestors,

THE NAUTILUS. 113

and their descendants are so little affected by the foul water that they

are now thoroughly acclimated and are producing young in large

numbers used to the surrounding conditions. As this is the case, we

may now look for Anculosa praerosa Say in nearly all its old haunts,

where it will thrive under conditions which would have proved fatal

to its ancestors. Many of our forest snails have been forced, by the

clearing of the timber and tilling of the soil, to more or less adapt

themselves to conditions not slightly, but very materially changed

from those to which they were originally used. One of the most

ready to take to the new mode of life was perhaps Pyramidula alter-

nata Say, which is now one of the most sociable snails that exists in

North America; this snail can be found in all our citics and doing

well surrounded by conditions which are, without the slightest doubt,

entirely strange to its nature—the rubbish heaps in every back yard

harboring hundreds of fine and well-developed specimens in every

stage of growth. Another forest snail which has taken kindly to

open country life is Polygyra appressa Say. By setting a trap (a

board greased with lard, placed about one inch above the ground) in

a dark and damp alley between two houses in a low part of the town,

I captured in ten nights the following number of snails: 9, 12, 10,

13, 26, 28, 18, 21, 12, 11—in all 155 adult specimens; young and

immature specimens were not counted. This trap cleaned up all the

snails in the immediate vicinity, as after that date the captures began

to drop off and at the end of three weeks no more were taken. | P.

monodon Rack. and inflecta Say have in a smaller degree taken to

open country life and are now common on nearly every railroad cut

or fill under old cross-ties, but in nearly every instance deprived of

the shade of the trees which seemed to be so necessary to their orig-

inal abode. With Pol. albolabris Say and exoleta Binn., however,

the change from woodland to open country does not agree. I have

for years tried the experiment of transporting these eminently forest

snails to places which, while being favorable for their maintenance,

were still very different from their native haunts, and the-result has

been with both species a signal failure, and of three thousand that I

transported three years ago, a very few only have managed to sur-

vive. They laid many eggs but very few of them ever hatched, and

at the present time I doubt if there are twenty living snails to be

found. Pol. thyroides Say is perhaps of the larger snails the most

hardy, and the least affected by changed conditions. Mr Geo. H.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

Clapp, of Pittsburg, Pa., informs me that Vallonia has adapted itself

to open life and can now be collected in immense numbers in places

very different from its original haunts. ‘The question of the adapta-

tion of mollusks to changed conditions is one of great interest, and in

no country can the subject be so well studied as in America, where

man and man’s inventions change the whole face of an immense tract

of country in a very short time. We know that the object of mol-

Juscan life (and in fact all life) is to preserve its own existence and

to reproduce its own species. With rapidly-changing conditions, the

snail must either adapt itself to these conditions or cease to exist, and

it will be most interesting for many years to come to watch the strug-

gle and to record the cases of success or failure. Complete local lists

of species carefully made up, collections of large series of species from

every possible locality and a knowledge of that locality and its con-

ditions, will enable all students in this branch of molluscan evolution

to arrive at a convincing and satisfactory conclusion. While in the -

older countries of Europe the forest snail has become now adapted to

open country life, we have no records to bear upon the time when

this change was taking place, and in all probability it was much more

gradual than will be the case in this country of rapid and great

changes.

.o;

NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.

As already stated in a former number of the Nauriius, Mr,

Nakada spent the autumn in exploration in the Hokuriku region,

which includes provinces along the west coast of middle Hondo.

The material examined shows that area to have but few endemic

species, most of those collected being widely-distributed forms, already

well known from-other places. He reached Sado Island, where he

found numerous species, the more interesting being a handsome new

Euhadra, a sharply-carinate new Helicina, and specimens of Blan-

fordia japonica A. Adams. This last is perfectly distinct from the

mainland form I called B. jap. var. simplex, which will now be raised

to specific rank. B. japonica has a strong rounded ridge or varix

behind the lip, such as is seen in many Truncatellas. Mr. Nakada

returned to Kyoto, and started, November 5th, for Tosa province, in

THE NAUTILUS. 115

Shikoku, with Mr. Adzama. We hope to have still more good things

from this prolific province.

Mr. Hatai, who assisted Mr. Nakada in Ogasawara (Bonin Islands),

continued to collect there after Mr. Nakada’s return. On September

25th he started from Chichijima to go to Yuo-jima, small islands

southward from the Ogasawara group. He reached Kita-Yu6-jima

safely, but owing to stormy weather, a landing on Naka-Yu6-jima

could not be made. ‘The vessel stayed at sea, but the storm in-

creased, and the ship was lost. After more than eighty days, no

tidings of him have come. Mr. Hatai was faithful to the work, and

his untimely loss through his efforts to increase our knowledge of

these island faunas is deeply felt.

Eulota ( Euhadra) sadoensis P. & H., n. sp.

Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, somewhat trochoidal, buff-

whitish, with a sharply-defined dark chestnut band just above the

periphery, a wider one, fading at the edges, on the upper surface, and

a very broad band extending over most of the base, the interior of

the umbilicus also dark ; these bands leave the pale ground-color in

narrow belts below the suture, above and below the periphery, and

around the umbilicus. Surface glossy, irregularly obliquely striate,

and showing the usual very fine spiral lines. Spire elevated, conic,

the apex obtuse. Whorls 55, moderately convex, the last depressed

but not angular, very slightly descending in front. Aperture very

oblique, somewhat lunate ; peristome expanded and reflexed, dilated

half over the umbilicus, white, except where colored by the bands.

Alt. 17, diam. 24 mm.

Sotokaifu-mura, Sado. Type no. 83909 A. N. S. P., from no.

994 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This seems quite distinct from other members of the peliomphala

group of Helices. The coloration reminds one of Hpiphragmophora

mormonum var. eala.

Eulota ( Plectotropis) kiusiuensts var. oshimana n. var.

Similar to H. kiusiwensis in texture, sculpture, umbilicus and per-

ipheral keel; but the spire is higher, and the color chestnut-brown

instead of yellowish.

‘Oshima, Osumi. Types no. 83891 A. N.S. P., from no. 914 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

Ganeselia notoensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Shell imperforate, resembling G. stearnst and G. papilliformis in

general shape; pale greenish-buff, thin, dull with the luster of silk,

but the early whorls are glossy, and there are some narrow, oblique,

glossy streaks. Smooth to the eye, but under a lens showing slight

growth-lines and almost obsolete spiral striation. Spire high, with

slightly convex outlines. Whorls 64, moderately convex, the last

slowly descending in front, convex beneath. Aperture very oblique,

round-lunate, the peristome narrowly expanded, subreflexed ; colu-

mella vertical, narrow, dilated over the umbilicus and appressed.

Alt. 23, diam. 19 mm.

Kitanoshd, Noto. Type no. 83892 A. N.S. P., from no. 289 ¢ of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This is a pale species, differing from G. stearnsi in color and the

less convex whorls, which in stearnsz are swollen just below the suture.

In G. pagodula and G. papiliiformis the columella is different in

shape.

Ganesella cardiostoma var. kagaensis Pils. & Hir., n. var.

Shell cmperforate, somewhat globosely conic, light chestnut-colored,

with an indistinct, pale, peripheral band; thin, somewhat transpar-

ent, smooth and glossy, slightly wrinkled by growth-lines, and very

densely, minute striate spirally. Spire conic, with convex outlines.

Whorls 54, convex, the last rounded peripherally, eery convex be-

neath, especially at the last half; slightly descending in front, and

contracted behind the lip. Aperture oblique, lunate-trzangular, the

lip thin, brownish, expanded, reflexed below, the steeply-sloping

baso-columellar margin straightened, dilated over the umbilicus,

where the base is deeply impressed. Alt. 13, diam. 14 mm.

Hakusan, Kaga. Type no. 84321 A. N.S. P., from no. 975 of Mr.

Hirase’s collection.

This form differs from G. cardiostoma Kob. (described from Kyoto,

but not yet found there by Mr. Hirase), in the darker color (cardi-

ostoma being yellowish-corneous, like japonica), and the very convex

base, while cardiostoma is said to be flattened there.

Chloritis echizenensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Shell shaped almost exactly like C. bracteatus, but glossy, the

raised dots (not bairs) far less crowded, though still close; the apex

THE NAUTILUS. 117

more obtuse, earlier 24 whorls coiled about in a plane. The sculp-

the shell larger, more elevated and glossy. C. perpunctatus is more

depressed, smaller and narrowly umbilicate, while in echizenensis the

perforation is almost closed by the reflection of the lip at its axial

insertion. Alt. 13, diam. 19 mm., whorls 44.

Omiishi, Echizen. Type no. 84256 A. N.S. P., from no. 981 of

_ Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Related to the several species mentioned above, and best described

by a comparison with them.

NOTE ON TRITONIA PALMERI COOPER, 1882.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

The type locality of this species is San Diego, California, where it

_is said tobe common. Cooper’s description would hardly distinguish

it from allied species, but as I know of only one species from southern

California according with the description of 7. palmeri, 1 assume that

it is in fact the animal Cooper had in hand. ‘The following notes,

based on a specimen collected by Dr, W. R. Coe at Deadman’s Island,

San Pedro, California, July 18, 1901, may serve to facilitate the

recognition of the species. The description is from life.

Length about 17 mm.; white, suffused with yellow dorsally ; ten-

tacles pale yellowish-brown; ends of lamelize yellowish; dorsum

rugose with small warts. Close to 7. lineata A. & H., but differs by

its strong yellow suffusion above and absence of opaque white dorsal

lines. Ramose branchial lamelle irregularly bipinnate, five on each

_ side. Veil bilobed, each lobe produced into five or six finger-like

filaments (two in 7. lineata). Tentacles almost as in 7. lineata; with

the principal axis cylindrical and truncate, and numerous lateral

branched processes, not so long as central axis. No eyes visible.

The species of Zritonia seem to be most easily distinguished by the

character of the veil. J. palmeri has more processes on the veil than

T. lineata, but very much fewer than in 7. holmbergit, in which,

however, they are very short.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

: SOME HOMONYMOUS GENERIC NAMES

BY T. 1). A. COCKERELL.

In the course of some recent investigations, I found that certain

names proposed by Mr. C. T. Simpson (Proc. U. 8. Natl. Museum,

1900) for groups of Naiades were homonyms. I wrote to Mr. Simp-

son, asking him to propose substitutes, but he has preferred to leave

this in my hands. The names are:

Dalliella Simpson, t. ¢., p. 832 (not Dalliella Cossmann, 1895).

This may be called Simpsonella; type Simpsonella purpurea (Ano-

donta purpurea Val.).

Aurora Simpson, t. ¢., p. 849 (not Aurora Rag., 1888, nor Aurora

Sollas, 1888). This may be called Diaurora.

Anodontoides Simpson, is later than Anodontodes Hamps., but the

difference of a letter is sufficient to prevent homonymy.

The name Carinella Mabille, pertaining to a tolerably distinct sec-

tion of Arion, is a homonym of Carinella Sowerby, 1839. If it is

thought worth while for the section mentioned to have a name, a new

one must be found.

Geyerta Buckman, 1899, for a genus of Ammonites, is a hom-

onym of Geyerta Buchecker, 1880.

Paratropis Boettger, 1891 (sect. of Omphalotropis), is a homonym

of Paratropis Simon, 1889.

In 1890, Brauer sind Bergenstamm gave the name Forests to

a genus of Diptera from New Zealand. In 1891, Pruvot applied the

same name to a genus of Aplacophora (Arch. Zool. Expér., 1x).

Under these circumstances, Pararrhopalia Simroth, 1893, regarded

as a subgenus of Paramenia Pruvot, may stand as a genus; type

Pararrhopalia pruvoti (Paramenia pruvoti Sims.). Typical Para-

menia Pruvot may be called Pruvotina.

Ridleya Ancey, 1901, is later than Aidleia Dendy, 1888, but I

think both may stand, by the difference of a letter.

Ischnodactylus Cossmann, 1890, is a homonym of Jschnodactylus

Pels., 1886. Pasithea Hartman, 1881, invalidates Pasithea Meyrick,

18838, the first being a genus of Mollusca, the second of insects.

Zygenopsis Felder, 1874, prevents the use of Zyg@nopsis Roche-

brune, 1884, proposed for a genus of Mollusca.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

GENERAL NOTES.

ZONITOIDES ARBOREUS (Say) 1n JApAN.—In a recent lot of shells

sent by Mr. Hirase, there are specimens of this common North Amer-

ican species, from Tokyo. The shells are quite indistinguishable

from American specimens. One with the soft parts dried in enabled

me to compare the dentition, which proves to be substantially that of

the American species, the formula being 20.6.1.6.20. In a Philadel-

phia arboreus examined there are 19.6.1.6.19 teeth, the shapes of the

individual teeth being the same in both. A slender, nearly straight

dart, in a club-shaped sack, was found in the Tokyo specimen.

The form described by me as Z. subarboreus, from Hachijo island,

Izu, is distinguishable chiefly by the somewhat larger size, and the

same seems to be true of H. yessoensis Reinh., described from Hako-

date, which is probably also a Zonitotdes, but I have not yet seen

specimens.—H. A. PILspry.

1 have recently found a very fine reversed specimen of Polygyra

profunda Say in Hamilton Co., Ohio, not far from Laurenceburg.—

A.C, Brtiups.

At the December meeting of the Section on Conchology of the

Brooklyn Institute, the president of the Section, Dr. R. Ellsworth

Call, exhibited a reversed specimen of Mesodon exoleta, which is very

rare in that form.

Mr. Wm. H. Weeks, Jr., reported on a collecting trip on the coast

of Maine, as follows:

_ Shell Collecting on Cliff Island, Casco Bay, Maine-—So much

has been said regarding the conchologist at Casco Bay that little can

be added. The writer spent a most delightful ten days at Cliff Is-

land during last August and much of that time was spent in hunting

mollusks. Shore collecting gave fine suites of Purpura lapillus, Lit-

torina palliata, Littorina littorea, Littorea rudis, Acmaea testudinalis

and Macoma fusca. A diligent search on shore for the famous

Buccinum undatum revealed only dead specimens, but fishermen

brought in fine suites found in lobster traps, also fine specimens of

Neptunea decemcostata and Sipho islandicus found well out to sea.

Dredging gave sparingly such forms as Astarte sulcata, Nucula proz-

ima, Lyonsia hyalina, Nassa trivittata, Pecten magellanicus, Modiola

modiolus, etc. Polinices heros was obtained at low tide well off shore

120 THE NAUTILUS.

and Helix hortensis was in abundance on the island. A few Helix

albolabris were also captured.”—F. H. Ames.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

An ANNOTATED CATALOGUE OF SHELLS OF THE GENUS PaAR-

TULA in the Hartman collection belonging to the Carnegie Museum.

By Herbert H. Smith (Ann. Carnegie Mus. I, no. 8). The rich

series of Partule brought together by Dr. W. D. Hartman, having

passed with his collection into the possession of the Carnegie Museum,

has now been catalogued, with full, details concerning each of the

240 suites contained therein. ‘The total number of species is 83,

besides many named forms which Dr. Hartman regarded as varieties ;

in all 1,647 specimens. We feel rather skeptical about the specimens

considered hybrids by Hartman (Catal., pp. 471-473). There is not

much evidence of hybridism between really distinct species of Gas-

tropods. ‘The notes comprise the data accompanying each lot and

more or less descriptive commentary on the shells themselves, but

consist largely of extracts from the letters of Mr. Andrew Garrett,

who collected the major part of the specimens. Within his province,

Garrett was one of the best conchologists of his time, and his experi-

ence in the field gives his opinions on these shells great weight. The

catalogue is arranged according to Dr. Hartman’s latest MS.; and

embodying as it does the results of both Hartman’s and Garrett’s

mature thought on this difficult genus, it must be regarded as one of

the most important papers on South Pacific land snails. Although

Mr. Smith has modestly ‘‘ abstained from expressing opinions and

made only a few suggestions,”’ his judicious notes earn for him the

thanks of conchologists.

PRELIMINARY CaTaLoGue of [Japanese] Marine Shells in the

collection of the Natural History Department, Tokyo Imperial

Household Museum. By T. Iwakawa. Part I, consisting of Cepha-

lopoda, Pteropoda and Pectinibranchiata forms a book of 84 pp.,

recording 8938 suites. Localities are carefully noted, both in English

and Japanese, and the list will be chiefly useful to students of the

Pacific fauna for the numerous definite Japanese localities. The

known faunas of the Riukiu and Ogasawara groups, hitherto but little

known, are largely increased by these records.

THE NAUTILUS, XVI, PLATE V.

HE NAUTILUS.

Von. XVI. MARCH, 1908. No. 11.

ON THE SPECIFIC VALIDITY OF CAMPELOMA MILESII LEA.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

There has been considerable difference of opinion expressed, both

in regard to the specific validity of this form and in regard to its

relations to the other recognized species of the genus.

The types were collected by the late Manly Miles, formerly State

Geologist of Michigan, in Branch Lake, Antrim county, in the ex-

treme northwestern part of the State, and were described by Dr. Lea,

in 1863.1 Binney, in 1865,’ included it in the aggregation which he

assembled around Campeloma decisa. Dr. James Lewis, in his re-

view of Binney’s work in the Am. Jour. of Conchology,’ declared

that it “has claims to the rank of a species that must be recognized.”

And later, in the same Journal,‘ associated it with dec’sa in the group

characterized by ‘‘shells of thin texture, whorls usually regularly

rounded, suture well impressed, spire regular in proportion and, when

perfect, acute.”

Tryon, in his continuation of Haldeman,° concludes that “ it does —

not exceed the usual variation of decisa,’’ and does not allow it even

varietal rank. Call, in his elaborate paper ‘‘ On the Genus Campe-

loma,’’® refers it to C. swbsolida Anth. And in this he is followed

1Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1863, p. 156.

2L. & F. W. Shells, Pt. III, p. 42 (1865).

8A. J. of C., IV, p. 60 (1868).

#A. J. of C., V, p. 33 (1869).

5Mon. F. W. Univalve Moll,, p. 28 (1870).

®Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab. N. H. I., p. 155 (1886).

122 THE NAUTILUS.

by Baker,! in his recent work on the “ Mollusca of the Chicago Area.”

Lea’s figure,’ which is copied by Tryon, is either very poor or else

represents an abnormal specimen. Binney’s figure, which is stated

to be from one of the types, is more accurate and represents the spe-

cies as usually found at the present time.

Campeloma milesit has not as yet been recorded from outside the

state of Michigan. In that State it has a well-defined and somewhat

peculiar distribution and, wherever found, seems to preserve its essen-

tial characteristics as fully as any of the other recognized species of

_ the genus (figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7,8 and 9). It is an interesting coinci-

dence, if nothing more, that its range is substantially the same as that

of Limnza catascopium and Physa ancillaria magnalacustris, which

are the characteristic univalves of the shores of the Great Lakes and

of the rivers and lakes in close proximity to them. The localities

thus far recorded for milesiz are the Detroit River, Saginaw Bay,

Carp Lake and Crooked Lake Emmet county, Branch Lake Antrim

county, North Lake on Beaver Island in Lake Michigan and the

Pine River Marquette county. In most of these localities it is asso-

ciated with C. decisa and in some with C. rufa. On the other hand,

the range of C. subsolida in Michigan is quite different. This species

on the eastern side of the State has not been found north of the Clin-

ton River. On the western side it is abundant in the St. Joseph and

Grand Rivers and apparently ranges as far north as Charlevoix,

which is the only place where it has been found associated with

milesti. Neither form has been reported from the interior of the

State, and subsolida does not seem to be found in waters of any of

the Great Lakes. From this, it is evident that the ranges of the two

forms are quite different and only impinge in the extreme northwest-

ern part of the lower peninsula.

Compared with C. subsolida, as found in the southern part of the

State (fig. 11), and which is quite typical, it differs both in form and

texture. Subsolida is a large, thick, heavy shell, with a blunt apex,

sinuous lip and with a heavy white deposit on the parietal wall. It

is practically free from erosion. On the other hand, milesii has a

thin shell, a regularly-tapering, acute spire, a thin, transparent pari-

etal callus, a much less sinuous lip, and is usually only about half the

"Moll. of Chi. Area, p. 361 (1902).

* Observations, XI, pl. 24, fig. 114.

THE NAUTILUS. ; 123

size. It is extremely subject to erosion, and mature specimens with

a perfect apex are comparatively rare. If, as has been stated, milesii,

like exilis, is a sexual variation of subdsol¢da, it is remarkable that it

has not been found associated with that species in localities where

that species is abundant, and it is still more remarkable that where

it is found, its slender form is persistent and equally characteristic of

both sexes.- The only form of swbsolida with which milesi7 can at all

be compared, is the slender form from the Mississippi Valley known

with the typical swbsolida are, have never been satisfactorily: ex-

plained. If, as generally considered, it is merely a sexual variation, °

it is a curious fact that it has never been found in any of the Michi-

gan rivers where the typical form is abundant. But however that

may be, while superficially resembling milesi? in its slender elongated

form, it differs, like the typical swbsolida, in the shape of the spire,

the less rounded whorls, and consequently less impressed suture,

shape of the lip and texture. It seems clear, therefore, that mlesz.

cannot be referred to swhsolida even as a varietal form.

There yet remains to be considered its relation to the congeneric¢

forms, with which it is frequently found associated... The character-

istic color and texture of C. rufa are always sufficient to distinguish

it, even when the erosion of the upper whorls has destroyed the out-

line of the more elongated mileszv.

Lewis was quite right when he grouped dec?sa and mileszi together,

and it must be confessed that the exact relation of the two forms is

not free from doubt. Milesiz is more closely related to decisa than to

any other species, and it is possible that when a greater abundance

of material can be had, it may be relegated to varietal rank. -But

from our present knowledge, the forms seem quite as distinct as any

of the more closely-related species of Campeloma, which are recog-

nized, and it would seem better to keep them separate until their

specific identity can be unquestionably established. Compared with

decisa as it is commonly found, milesi7 is a thinner, more elongated

shell, with a more acute apex; the upper whorls are more convex

and the suture rather more deeply impressed ; the aperture is smaller

and narrower. This difference is well shown in the two forms as

found together in the Pine River, Marquette county (figs. 9 and 12).

Then, too, there is a marked difference in the shape of the young

when ready for extrusion. It will be remembered that Dr. Lewis

124 THE NAUTILUS.

laid great stress on such differences in his study of this group, rely-

ing on the well-recognized prinvipal that ‘‘ marked differences in the

embryos and young of a class of beings are specific.” The young

milesii when ready for extrusion is uniformly larger than the young

of decisa (milesti 4.75 x 3.50, dectsa 4.25 x 3.50 mill., specimens fig-

ured). The shell is more slender and noticably more elongated, the

apex being well elevated above the next whorl, while in decisa the

apex is depressed, giving a planorboid shape to the apex, and rises

scarcely if at all above the second whorl. This difference, shown by

figs. 5 and 6 from the two species as found together in the Detroit

River, is characteristic and persistent. ‘There is no substantial vari-

ation in the young of the Detroit River mileszz, and none in fourteen

different lots of dec’sa, from localities as widely separated as Port

Cram, N. J., Detroit River, Grand Rapids and Marquette county,

Michigan. The color in both forms is the same, a pale greer, and

both have raised revolving lines of epidermal tissue.

It is unfortunate that no detailed anatomical examination of either

species has ever been published. It is quite possible that when that

is done, other differences will be found which will confirm the view

herein expressed. In the meantime, it certainly seems advisable to

recognize the specific validity of this interesting form.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

1, Campeloma milesii Lea. Detroit River, Michigan.

2. Campeloma milesii Lea. Detroit River, Michigan.

3. Campeloma milesii Lea. Detroit River, Michigan. _

4. Campeloma milesii Lea. Saginaw Bay, Michigan. | ey

5. Campeloma milesii Lea. (Young.) Detroit River, Michigan:

6. Campeloma decisa Say. (Young.) Detroit River, Michigan.

7. Campeloma milesii Lea. Charlevoix, Michigan.

8. Campeloma milesii Lea. Carp L., Emmett Co., Michigan.

9. Campeloma milesii Lea. Pine River, Marquette Co., Mich.

10. Campeloma exilis Anth. Illinois River, Illinois.

11. Campeloma subsolida Anth. Clinton River, Macomb Co., Mich.

12. Campeloma decisa Say. Pine River, Marquette Co., Mich.

Pi.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

THE LAND SHELLS OF CALHOUN FALLS, §. C.

BY A. C. BILLUPS, LAWRENCEBURG, IND.

Local lists of shells, no matter how incomplete they may be, are

always useful to those interested in the study of geographical distri-

bution, and without them no work could be done in that branch to

any degree of satisfaction.

Many collectors fail to make these lists because they deem them '

of little special interest, and because they feel they can give no ac-

count of any new thing. ‘These lists of themselves form no article

of great interest when taken singly, but when a large number of

them, covering a large area of country, are brought together, they

form a most valuable source of information to the specialist. It

should be the aim of every naturalist to add his share to the sum of

general knowledge, no matter how small that share may be, and for

these reasons I feel it not wasted time to give the result of one day’s

hunt, in what most likely is an unworked locality.

This day’s work took place at a bad time of year, on a cold, bright

morning on the 9th of December, 1900, at a place known on the map

as Calhoun Falls. I say on the map, as the Falls proper are a long

three miles from the hotel, general store and saw mill bearing that

name. They treated me well, however, at the hotel, as some sports-

men had spent the day there and had added a quantity of delicious

game to the usual southern country fare of ‘‘hog and hominy.”

Between the combined resources of hotel and sportsmen, I put away

one of the best dinners I ever sat down to, and one which I shalk

long remember.

Calhoun Falls, S. C., is in Abbeyville county, on the Sea Board

Air Line, about twenty-five miles southwest of Greenwood, South

Carolina, and fifty miles east of Athens, Georgia.

The country two miles back from the river is of a very sandy soil,

interspersed with red clay, and the timber principally pine. The

creeks are all small, sandy and swift, running over a bottom com-

posed only of sand, and occasionally a few yards of bare rock buried

in sand; they contain no molluscan life whatever, and time spent in

their investigation is wasted.

The Savannah River, at a point about half a mile below the rail-

road bridge, breaks into a series of falls, or rather rapids, full of small

126 THE NAUTILUS.

islands and rocks, and two miles below attains a width of nearly

three-fourths of a mile. <A few of these islands are of fairly large

extent and heavily wooded with pine and oak.

The rapids extend for a distance of five miles and bear the same

character throughout, the rocks all rest upon a clean, sandy bed, and

over the entire length of the rapids I could find no trace of water

shells of any description. ‘The streams in this section of the country

all seem to be alike in this respect, with the exception, perhaps, of

Clear Creek, a stream about three miles from this point, which is-

said to contain large quantities of Unio of which, however, I have

had none other than oral ev idence.

The banks of the river on the South Carolina side are in many

places very steep and covered with hard-wood timber. I may here

state that it is only wasted time to attempt to find shells under pine

logs. I have tried it often and always with the same results, namely,

a tired back, torn hands, a considerable gain in bodily temperature,

and few if any specimens to add to the bottle. As an athletic exer-

cise it is without an equal, but from a collector’s point of view, a

decided failure.

Beginning at the railroad bridge and working down stream, comes

a stretch of bottom land covered by one of the most dense cane brakes

J ever saw, extending to the water edge, and which gives evidence

of being submerged at high water. I turned many logs at this point‘

but they were in too close contact with the clear sand and produced

nothing.

Beyond and below this cane brake the banks of the river rise at a

distance of fifty yards from the water to quite steep hills, thickly

timbered with oak and maple, and the soil of a much more solid con-

sistancy. Here, under logs on the hill side, I found Polygyra ap-

pressa Say, Polygyra stenotrema Fer. and several Zonitoides, together

with a few specimens of Polygyra tridentata Say. Under one log I

found a colony of Polygyra barbigera Redf., but a most careful search

under many other similar logs near by failed to discover any more.

On the bottom land several water-soaked and spongy logs produced

Gastrodonta interna Say and Zonitotdes elliott? Say in great numbers,

they were all obtained by picking the wood apart with a knife and

shaking out the shells into a handkerchief. The contrast between

the light delicate pink of the former and the pale green of the latter

was very marked and beautiful.

——e

THE NAUTILUS. 127

After leaving this part of the bank I traversed two miles of red

clay soil, covered with pine and sbrub, which, though most carefully

searched, produced nothing whatever. Below this, several streams

were crossed, containing nothing but the usual sand and water.

The banks now become very steep and in many places the bare

rocks are exposed, badly cracked and weather-worn. Here in the

crevices of the limestone, so far back as to require the aid of a stick

to reach them, I found some beautiful specimens of Polygyra obstricta

Say, a few alive and many dead, at the base of the cliff.

Numerous specimens of Polygyra and Pyramidula were found

among the loose and broken fragments of stone, which were here

piled in great profusion, between the cliff and the river, but which

were all above high-water mark.

Beyond this place, where the rocks are less numerous and covered

by a rich, black soil, I took a few fine specimens of Polygyra albola-

bris major Binn. alive and also found many dead and broken shells.

From this point I left for the hotel, by what I took to be a short

cut through the woods but which proved to be very far from an air

line. I reached home, however, after about a two hours’ tramp, hav-

ing spent one of the most enjoyable days I can remember, and well

satisfied with the results of my trip. It must be remembered that

this tramp was made at a very bad time of year and when all shells

were in their winter quarters.

The following is a complete list of all the material taken :

SHELLS TAKEN AT CALHOUN FALLS, SOUTH CAROLINA.

Polygyra tridentata Say. A large, dark-colored shell, found quite

plentifully among the loose rocks and broken fragments.

Polygyra tridentata var. A much smaller shell than the preceed-

ing, showing a pinkish shade about the lip. Scarce, and in company

with the above. |

Polygyra rugeli Shutt. Quite common under logs.

Polygyra inflecta Say. Under logs and among loose stones.

Polygyra albolabris major Binn. Under logs and chips in the

black soil.

Polygyra palliata Say. Eight specimens from the heavily-timbered

hill side.

Polygyra obstricta Say. From the cracks in the limestone cliffs.

Polygyra appressa Say. Among the loose stones with tridentata.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Polygyra elevata Say. Four dead shells only, in drift near the

river.

Polygyra thyroides Say. ‘Two dead and one living, on the hill side.

Polygyra barbigera Redf. A numerous colony under one log only,

evidently in their winter quarters.

Polygyra stenotrema Fer. A smali number, not common and gen-

erally distributed.

Polygyra stenotrema exodon Pils. Very common under the logs

and loose stones. (Determined by Bryant Walker.)

Polygyra hirsuta Say. One or two specimens only.

Circinaria concava Say. Five adult and several partly-grown

shells found, under leaves, logs and stones on the hill side.

Omphalina fuliginosa Griff* Several specimens, deep in thick

beds of leaves.

Gastrodonta intertexta Binn. <A few fine shells, in the earth under

the logs.

Gastrodonta interna Say. Large numbers, in water-soaked logs

near the river.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Quite common, under the bark and in

rotten wood.

Zonitordes elliotti Redf. Large numbers, in water-soaked logs.

Pyramidula alternata Say. A _ strongly-ribbed variety. Quite

plentiful, under the large loose rocks.

Pyramidula perspectiva Say. Quite common, in decayed logs on

the hill side.

Pyramidula striatella Anth. Scarce, in company with P. striatella.

Helicodiscus lineatus Say. “Yen specimens, under bark of dead

wood.

rf —————— - — 7

NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.

Helicina sadoensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Shell depressed and acutely carinate, about equally convex fabove

and below, dull red or reddish-yellow, sculptured with fine, irrégular

wrinkle-striz and very fine, crowded spirals above and below. Spire

low-conic with somewhat convex outlines. Whorls about 4, the last

convex below, not descending in front. Aperture oblique, of the

THE NAUTILUS, 129

usual shape ; lip well expanded and thickened ; a noticeable angle at

the base of the columella. Umbilical callus small but rather thick,

pox-marked. Operculum is sparsely granulose and retracts barely

within the lip. Alt. 2.5, diam. 4.5 mm., to alt. 3, diam. 5 mm.

Sotokaifu, Sado. Types no. 84380, A. N.S. P., from no. 991 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Related to H. hakodadiensis Hartm., but quite distinct by its acute

peripheral keel.

Alyceus harimensis var. sadoensis n. v.

Similar to A. harimensis in size, form and striation, but the strongly

constricted neck is quite smooth, the umbilicus is noticeably wider,

the reflexed sutural process is more prominent, and the peristome is

much thickened outside and beveled towards the edge.

Aikawa, Sado. Types no. 83895 A. N.S. P., from no, 996 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Macrochlamys perfragilis var. shikokuensis Pils, & Hir., n. v.

Shell depressed, yellow, subtransparent, with the form of J. per-

Jragilis Pils., of Oshima, Osumi, but with the same number of whorls

it is much smaller. It is also very similar to Mf, dulcis Pils. in shape,

but the umbilicus is narrower and almost closed by the triangular

reflection of the columellar lip, and the very glossy surface is smooth,

without the spiral lines of M. dulcis. Whorls 43, alt. 6.5, diam.

13 mm.

Kotsuzan, Awa (Shikoku). Type no 84259 A. N.S. P., from no.

-1000.0f Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Microcystina higashiyamana Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Shell minutely perforate, conic, brown, somewhat transparent,

glossy, and marked with fine, indistinct growth-lines. Spire conic,

the apex obtuse. 54 convex whorls, very slowly widening, the last

distinctly angular at the periphery, convex beneath, a little impressed

in the middle of the base. Aperture oblique, somewhat lunate, the

outer lip simple, columellar lip turned back, strengthened by a nearly

vertical white callus a little way within. Alt. 2.2, diam. 3 mm.

Higashiyama-mura, Awa, Shikoku Island. Type no. 84379,

A. N.S. P., from no. 1002 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Distinguished by the conic, Kaliella-like shape and the white cal-

lus within the columellar margin.

130 ; THE NAUTILUS,

Buliminus andersonianus var. echigoensis P. & H., n. var.

Shell similar to B. andersonianus Mlldff. except that the spire is

a little wider, not quite so straightly conic, and the size is much

greater. Dark vinous-brown with a green-buff border below the

suture, the mouth purple-bordered inside.

Length 294 to 304, diam. 11 to 114 mm.; whorls fully 8.

Myokozan, Echigo. ‘Types no. 83896 A. N.S. P., from no. 750a

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

B. andersonianus was originally described from Yesso; but Mr.

Hirase has found it not only in Ojima, the southern province of that

island, but also in the province Uzen, in Nippon (Hondo); the speci-

mens being typical. ‘This large race is from still farther south.

eC ee ot nf

_ ° WELICINA JAPONICA AND RELATED FORMS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Helicina japonica was described from ** Tabu-Sima,” that is, Tobi-

shima, an islet of the Province Ugo, on the west coast of Nippon.

Adams gave no dimensions; but the figures in Sowerby’s Thesaurus

Conchyliorum, which were evidently drawn from his specimens,

measure alt. 8, diam. 9.6 mm. However, even where no size-mark

is given in the Thesaurus, the figures of many small species are

slightly enlarged. Thus, on the same plate with H. japonica, the

figures of H. convexa, concinna, etc., are enlarged, while those

of some other species are not so. Therefore the dimensions of these

figures cannot be relied upon as showing the true size of H. japonica.

The specimens before me from Tobishima, the type locality, measure

alt. 6, diam. 8 mm., or are a little smaller, alt. 5, diam. 7.2mm. The

surface is glossy or dulled by slight erosion, and is rather finely but

deeply striate. The lip is expanded and in fully adult shells is dupli-

cate, and very much thickened on the face. The moderately thick

basal callus is densely, conspicuously roughened. The specimens

from Sado are like those of Tobishima, but of a dull red-brown color.

A larger race, diam. 9.5 fo 10,5 mm., red, or sulphur-yellow, glossy

and handsome, occurs at Kashima, Harima. It has the fine sculpture

of typical japonica.

HT. reinii Kobelt, described as a variety of H. japonica, is much

larger, alt. 10, diam. 14 mm. The type locality is unknown, but

THE NAUTILUS. 131

specimens exactly typical occur at Ibuki, Omi. | It is much less stri-

ate than japonica. In the specimens I have seen the surface is dull

from loss of the cuticle, which is evidently deciduous and very thin.

It varies in color from white or sulphur-yellow to deep crimson.

Some shells from Kotsuzan, Awa (Shikoku) having all other charac-

ters of revniz, have the last whorl covered with glossy cuticle like the

small form expolita. Reinii may prove to be specifically distinct from

H. japonica, and for the time being may be so considered.

The various forms may be tabulated thus:

I. Shell distinctly striate or costulate (H. japonica).

1. Striation close and fine.

a. Diam. 7 to 8 mm., typical H. japonica.

b. Diam. 9 to 11 mm., H. japonica, var. from Harima.

e. Diam. 15 to 16 mm., H. japonica var. uzenensis.

2. Very coarsely ribbed ; diam. 10-11 mm., A. japonica var.

echigoensis.

11. Surface not distinctly striate (H. reinii).

1. Surface dull, denuded of cuticle; diameter 12 to 15 mm.,

typical H. reinii.

2. Surface covered with a smooth, polished cuticle; diam. 10

to 13 mm., A. reinii var. expolita.

H. 7. echigoensis is a new variety from Omimura, Echigo, types no.

84384, A. N.S. P., from no. 575a of Mr. Hirase’s collection. It is

strongly and coarsely ribbed.

. A NEW CONUS FROM THE TERTIARY OF FLORIDA.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

Conus waltonens/s n. sp.

Shell medium in size, substance rather thin; spire elevated, with

nine whorls, including the apex, which is rather sharp, profile of

spire slightly broken by a shoulder just above the suture on each

whorl, the suture impressed, each whorl of the spire concave, and

marked by numerous curved lines; periphery sharp; body whorl

below the keel in some specimens over one-half smooth, then below

this bearing two or three spirals of evenly-spaced nodules without

any grooves between, gradually changing to rows of nodules on bands

132 THE NAUTILUS.

between grooves, which are eight or ten in number, the nodules fading

away as the canal is reached, but in the type specimen the nodules

are present over the whole of the smooth part without, however, any

grooves between. Anal notch rather deep, and marking the spire

with its former positions; outer lip thin, pillar lip straight with a

very slight twist ; aperture straight above, widening near the base.

Length 20 mm., max. diameter 12 mm.

Locality : Shoal. Creek, Walton county, Florida.

Remarks: This shell bears a close resemblance to Conus puncti-

culatus Hwass, and is doubtless an ancestral form, thus adding an-

other link to the chain of evidence of a connection between the At-

lantic and Pacific Oceans during Tertiary times.

This species has been in my possession for many years and until

lately was not known to me from any other locality, but on looking

over some specimens of fossils from the Number 2 well of the Mobile

Oi! Co., bored near Mobile, Alabama, I found two or three speci-

mens of it, and from its position over three hundred feet above the

Oak Grove (Fla.) horizon in this well, it would seem to indicate that

this deposit on Shoal Creek is much younger than the Oak Grove

beds. ‘Phe assignment of these beds to the Oligocene must, in the

writer’s opinion, be better substantiated than at present. There are

so few species common to the ‘¢ Chipola” of Dall and the Vicksburg

formation, it would seem better to confine the use of the term “ Olig-

ocene”’ to the latter, which is in accordance with Conrad’s original

diagnosis, and put the Chipola, Shoal Creek and Chattahoochie beds

into one formation, calling them all Miocene, and if this should

eventually be done, then this formation should bear the name. its

discoverer, D. W. Langdon, Jr., gave it of ‘* Chattahoochie.”

D. G. Harris figures a Conus puncticulatus Hwass from the Gal-

veston deep well. It is probably the same species as the one herein

described. The pustules on the living shell appear to be in the

grooves while on the fossil form they are between them.

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XVI. APRIL, 1908. No. 12.

MOLLUSKS OCCURRING IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

The following species, not heretofore made known as occurring in

Southern California, have been detected in Los Angeles and else-

where in this part of the State within the past two years. ‘The large

slug Limax maximus first observed in the southeasterly part of Los

Angeles, has been quite numerous. It is found in considerable

abundance in many localities in the Walnut Grove Tract, including

my own grounds. Its color caused me to doubt its identity, so I

sent specimens to Dr. Pilsbry. He referred them to the foregoing

species with the comment, ‘“‘ that it was not the common form, but a

melanistic variety which I have never seen from the Kast.” An-

other slug determined by Dr. Pilsbry for Mr. Williamson is Limax

flavus, occurring in Los Angeles, apparently rare as yet. In March,

last year, I detected a few examples of Punetum conspectum Bland,

on my lawn near the water faucet ; some 9 or 10 specimens; these

were named by Professor Dall. I have failed to find further ex-

amples after careful search. Vallonia pulchella, so exceedingly

abundant on my grounds in August, 1900 (see the Nauritus, Vol.

XIV, pp. 65-67) is now quite scarce.

Mr. Hemphill reports Limax maximus as occurring in San Diego

in the nursery of the well known florist, Miss Kate O. Sessions of

that city.

The appearance and disappearance of forms like V. pulehella and

P. conspectum is not easily explained.

Helix aspersa became exceedingly abundant on my premises, so

numerous as to be a pest; by persistent search it is now nearly ex-

134 THE NAUTILUS.

terminated. The hunt will have to be kept up, else it. will soon be-

come as abundant as ever. Rost. E. C. STEARNS.

Los Angeles, Keb’y 24, 1903.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.

Chloritis tosanus n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, depressed, the spire but slightly convex, very

thin, uniform brown. Surface slightly glossy, closely set with short

hairs arranged in regular oblique rows. Whorls 42, very convex,

separated by a deeply excavated suture, the last whorl rounded peri-

herally and beneath. Aperture slightly oblique, rounded-lunate ;

peristome thin, acute and not expanded except at the columellar in-

sertion, where it is widely dilated, partly covering the umbilicus.

Alt. 10, diam. 17.5 mm.

Shinjo-mura, Tosa. Type no. 84415. A. N.S. P., from no.

1015 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

‘This species is the first Chloritis found in Shikoku. It is very

like OC. perpunctatus, but about twice the size. In C. fragilis the

hairs are much more widely spaced. C. hirasei is far more widely

umbilicate.

Eulota (Celorus) cavitectum n. sp.

The shell resembles H. caviconus, but is larger, not quite so high,

the umbilicus contracting more rapidly within. Brown; covered

with oblique cuticular threads and small scales, the scales predomi-

nating on the last whorl and base. Whorls 63, slightly convex, the

last strongly carinate at the periphery, a little convex beneath, de-

scending rather deeply below the keel in front. The aperture is

nearly horizontal, transversely oval. The peristome is brown, thin,

the upper margin not expanded, lower margin reflexed, bearing a

white tubercle on the inner margin. Alt. 5, diam. 10 mm.

Kochi, Tosa. Type no. 84416. <A. N.S. P., from no. 1033 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

i. caviconus of western Kyushu is smaller, has more whorls, a

well-like umbilicus, and finer sculpture, the cuticle of Z#. cavitectum

}

THE NAUTILUS. 135:

being roughened like that of a Plectotropis. It is the first Celorus

found in Shikoku Island.

Trishoplita lischkeana var. hizenensis n. var.

The shell is transparent-whitish, with a red-brown band at the-

periphery, which is angular in front, becoming rounded on the latter’

part. The band ascends above the suture. The surface is glossy,-

and under the lens is seen to be very finely striate, and decussate by

very close, fine, shallow spiral strie, Whorls 44. The umbilicus:

is about one-eighth the diameter of the shell. Peristome thin, ex-

panded below, hardly so above.

Alt. 5.8, diam. 9 mm.

Alt. 5.3, diam. 8.8 mm.

Ukujima, Hizen. ‘Types no. 84414. A. N.S. P., from no. 1019

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This little shell has the red-brown band and decussate surface of

the much larger shell I described as 7°. collinsoni var. okinoshime

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1901, p. 547. It is also related to

T. c. var. casta (NauTitus XV, 'p. 19), also a larger shell, from

the province Hiuga, in eastern Kyushu; and to 7. lschkeana

(Kobelt), from Hagi, Nagato, on the northwestern coast of south-

western Hondo (Nippon). 7. lischkeana is more elevated than

hizenensis, and though compressed, the last whorl is not angular.

Otherwise the two forms seem to be alike, so far as we can tell from

the published description and figures of l’schkeana. .

One of the present authors, in referring these forms to A. Adams

collinsoni some years ago (NautT. XV, 19), was influenced by the

belief that the locality “Tago” given for that species was situated im

western Shikoku: but this was an error, Tago being a seaport of the

province Izu, on Suruga Gulf; and as collinsoni is described as a de-

cidedly more globose shell than casta, etc., though similarly colored,

it will probably prove to be specifically distinct from the forms casta:

and okinoshime.

Trishoplita mesogonia var. shikokuensis 0. var.

The shell is similar in form to 7. mesogonia (Pils.), but differs in

sculpture, being very closely and finely striate spirally. The types

are red-brown, fading towards the suture and base, with a pale line

at the angular periphery, and more or less streaked with whitish-

corneous. Whorls 53. Alt. 7.3, diam. 11 mm.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

Sodayama, Tosa. Types no. 84412. A. N.S. P., from no. 1016

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

T. mesogona is from the province Tango in western Hondo,

Hilizan on the western side of Lake Biwa, ete. It varies from

reddish-brown to nearly as pale as 7. goodwint. The variety from

Shikoku is similar in shape, but constantly different in sculpture.

The types are variegated as described above. A series from Kochi,

Tosa (Mr. Hirase’s no. 580), has neither the pale peripheral band

nor the streaks of the shells from Sodayama, and varies from pale

brown to nearly as light a tint as 7. goodwint. Specimens of this

Jot were compared by Mr. Gude with his 7. goodwini var. carinata,

and said to ‘‘ differ in the body-whorl, and the aperture is smaller

and more rounded.”” Others were found at Suimura, Awa (Shikoku),

Mr. Hirase’s no. 828, like the Kochi lot.

Arinia japonica n. sp.

The shell is very minute, gray, cylindric, terminating above in an

extremely short, low brownish cone of hardly two whorls. Surface

lusterless, sculptured with narrow ribs, like a Diplommatina. These

ribs are fine and rather close, but on the last whorl they become

very widely spaced. Whorls 54, convex, the last whorl distorted,

being smaller than the preceding whorl, and strongly ascending in

front. It is very shortly and inconspicuously rimate. The aperture

is vertical and circular. The peristome is continuous, very narrowly

expanded, and thickened outside behind the edge. The volumella is

simply concave. Length 2, diam. 1.2 mm.

Goto, Hizen. Types no, 84413. A.N.S. P., from no, 1018 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This tiny snail is the first Arznia from Japan, and by tar the

most northern Of its kind. It is remarkable ior the very obtuse

summit.

»)

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SOME JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

Several of the Japanese snails described in the NAuTILUS during

the past year or two are illustrated on the plate accompanying Mr.

Hirase’s catalogue of Japanese shells inserted in our advertising

pages this month. As some of them have not before been figured, it

seems proper briefly to refer to them.

eS eel

THE NAUTILUS. 137

The Huhadra section of Hulota is represented by two fine species.

Fig. 3 is #. callizona var. dixonti Pils. (NAutitus XIV, p. 60).

This elegant shell is from the province Idzumo. It is named for the

President of the Academy of Naturhl Sciences. Fig. 4, /. sencken-

bergiana var. awaensis Pils., is a race from Shikaku of the species

from western Japan, the largest Japanese Helix. Figs. 5, 6, Plecto-

tropis elegantissima var. cara Pils. (Nautitus for Jan., 1901, p.

107) is from Great Riukiu Islands.

Ganesella Pargillierti Phil., from the same island (fig. 13), is a

very characteristic Riukiuan snail; and fig. 1, G. myomphala Mart.,

is the largest Japanese member of the same genus, and to my eye,

one of the most beautiful Helices. It is rather widely distributed in

southern Japan.

Clausilia martenst var. reintana Kob., is the largest living Clau-

silia. It is not an uncommon species in central Japan.

Cyclophorus hirasei Pils. and Pupinella oshime Pils. are two

operculate forms from the island of Oshima, in the “ Riukiu Curve.”’

Figs. 7-10 belong to the wonderful fauna of the Bonin Islands

(Ogasawara-jima). These mere dots on the great Pacific have a

varied snail population of about 50 species, all but half a dozen dis-

covered by Mr. Hirase’s collectors, chiefly by Mr. Nakada, whose

work is deserving of high praise. Fig. 7 is the var. trifasciuta of

-mandarina mandarina Gray, from Nakanojima, a little islet not

shown on ordinary maps. The genus Mandarina comprises a half

dozen species, the largest, MW. ruschenbergeriuna Pils., NAUTILUS

IV, p. 64, figs. in text, exceeding our big Polygyra chilhoweens’s in

size. It was supposed before Mr. Hirase’s explorations, to be from

the Riukiu Is. fhe species of Mandarina are all from the Bonin

Is., and are strong, solid shells, related to a Chinese group of which

the common Oamena cicatricosa is a well-known member. Fig. 8

is Fumetesta mirabilis Pils.,from Hahajima, the southern large island

of the Oyasawara group. The name ‘‘ wonderful starved shell”? is

from its lank, emaciated appearance. Hirasea profundispira Pils.,

fig, 9 (Nauti_us XVI, p. 47), is one of the numerous genus

Hirasea (Nautitus XV, p. 118), consisting of small shells very

peculiar in shape. Av/rasiel/la clara Pils., fig. 10 (NauTiLus bo 'e

April, 1902), is the sole representative of a related genus. These

genera are all confined to the Ogasawara-jima.

138 : THE NAUTILUS.

HABITS OF ACANTHOPLEURA GRANULATA.

BY S. H. HAMILTON.

The south coast of Cuba west of Santiago de Cuba is a sharp, dock-

like escarpment bounded by very deep water. In the cavities of the

coraline rock, from ebb water to that just wetted by each wave, are

the homes of this chiton. The impact of the waters of the Caribbean

against this coast, not being broken by any beach or shallow water,

is often very powerful and destructive. I observed that with each

successive wave the chitons brought their girdles flush and tight with

the rocks, while during slack water they raised, so as to let the re-

ceding fluid circulate freely around their gills. At the time of my

visit to Cuba I was unacquainted with the visual organs of the

tegmentum, and supposed that Acanthopleura granulata had acquired

a rythmic movement by experience and was so enabled to live ina

more exposed situation than other mollusks. It now seems evident

to me that the megalapores are so well developed in this species that

it can perceive the oncoming wave before it strikes.

TEMPLE PRIME.

In the death of Temple’ Prime, which occurred on the 25th of

February last, another of the old-time Conchologists has passed away.

Mr. Prime was born in New York City seventy years ago, and after

graduating at Harvard, studied law but never practised. He was

greatly interested in science, particularly Concbology, and studied

with Professors Agassiz and Silliman. In the early sixties he pub-

lished numerous papers, mostly in the Proceedings of the Acad. Nat.

Sciences, Philada., upon the Cyclades, in which he was especially

interested and an authority. His exhaustive Monograph of the

Corbiculide was published under the auspices of the Smithsonian

Institute, Washington.

Mr. Prime was also a student of Genealogy and History, and at

the time of his death was at work ona French history. He was

actively interested in political affairs, being what is called an Inde-

pendent, and in 1860 was secretary of legation at The Hague, Holland.

As president of the Citizens’ League for good government in Hunt-

ington, he took a lively interest in local affairs and was a large con-

a ¥ mm! ata

Se ive 1 int i sol

EE Eee SS eee

THE NAUTILUS. 139

tributor towards its educational and other interests, notably the

Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Association, the indebtedness of which

he greatly reduced and finally cancelled.

Personally Mr. Prime was a generous friend, ever ready to help

any worthy cause with purse or counsel, and he will be greatly

missed in the community in which he spent so many years of his life.

S. Raymonp Roserts.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

S¥YNopsis OF THE FAMILY VENERIDAE AND OF THE NorTH

AMERICAN RECENT SPECIES. By. Wm. H. Dall (Proc. U.S. Natl.

Mus. xxvi, 335-412, plates xii-xvi, 1902).

This synopsis gives in condensed form the results of another of

Dr. Dall’s elaborate studies on the Pelicypods. The revision of the

nomenclature involved a great amount of work, necessitating many

generic and specific changes. A complete bibliography is given,

followed by the synopsis of classification of the genera and sub

genera, and a revision of the species with descriptions of twenty new

species,

Dr. Dall divides the Venerid@ into four sub-families: Dosiniine,

Meretricina, Venerine, Gemmine ; represented on the Atlantic coast

by 59 species, and on the Pacific by 80 species, two being natives of

both oceans.

From the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States the fol-

lowing species are recorded: Dosinia concentrica Born.; D. elegans

Con.; D. discus Rve.; Transennella cubaniana Orb.; 7. stimpsoni

Dall; T. conradiana Dall; Gouldia cerina C. B. Ads. is now placed

in the genus Gafrarium Bolten 1798, and Macrocallista nimbosa

Solander 1786, is adopted in place of Callista gigantea Gmel. 1792 ;

M. maculata L.; Callocardia (Agriopoma) morrhuana Linsley, re-

places Cytherea convera Say (not Brong.), and C. sayana Con., the

two latter names were applied to the Miocene form which is con-

sidered distinct from the recent. Callocardia texasiana, Dall; C.

zonata Dall; Pitaria albida Gmel.; P. fulminata Mke. (Cytherea

varians Hanley); P. simpsoni Dall; P. eweymata Dall, and P.

( Hysteroconcha) dione L. The Jatter is more familiarly known as

Dione dione or D. veneris Desh. By elimination the genus Cytherea

Bolton 1798 should be restricted to form like C. l’steri Gray ( Venus

140 THE NAUTILUS.

crispata Desh.), C. rigida Dillw. 1817 (V. rugosa Gmel. 1772, not

Linn. 1771), C. rugatina Heilp. and C. strigiliina Dall. Cyclinella

tenuis Recl. (Lucinopsis tenuis); Chione cancellata L. ( Venus cancel-

lata), C. subrostrata Lam. (V. beau Recl.). C. mazyckii Dall; C.

intapurpurea Con.; C. grus Holmes; C. pygmaea Lam.; OC. paphia

L.; C. latilirata Conr. (V. varicosa Sowb.); Anomalocardia brasiliana

Gmel. (Venus flecuosa Born, not Linn., and V. macrodon Hanley are

syn.) A. cuneimerts Con. (V. rostrata Sowb.); Venus mercenaria L.;

V. campechiensis Gmel. ( V. mortont Con.), Liocyma fluctuosa Gould ;

Gemma gemma Tott.; G. purpurea H. C. Lea (G. concentrica Dall.),

and Parastarte triquetra Con.

From the Pacific coast north of Mexico the following are received :

Dosinia ponderosa Gray (Pleistocene only, on the California coast),

Transennella tantilla Gld.; Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum Mawe.

(more familiarly known as Pachydesma_ crassatelloides Conr.),

Amiantis callosa Con.; Pitaria newcombiana Gabb.; Cytherea fordi

Yates; Saxidomus nuttallii Conr.; S. gigantea Desh.; Chione flucti-

fraga Sowb.; C. undatella Sow). ( V. stmillima Sowb.); C. suceincta

Val.; Venus kennicottii Dall; Mareia kennerleyi Rve.; MW. subdiaphana

Cpr.; Paphia (Protothaca) staminea Conr. The genus Paphia

Bolton 1798, replaces Tapes Megerle 1811, the latter is however

used as a sub-genus. Five varieties of P. staminea are recognized

Petiti Desh. (r7gida Gould); lacintata Cpr.; ruderata Desh.; orbella

Cpr., and suleulosa Dall. P. tenerrima Cpr.; Liocyma beckii Dall;

L. viridis Dall; L. seammoni Dall; Venerupis lamellifera, Psephidia

lordi_ Baird (Psephis lordi), P. ovalis Dall, and Gemma gemma Ton.,

the latter introduced into San Francisco Bay on “ seed ”’ oysters.

A number of forms on the Pacific coast are closely related to

species of the Atlantic faura, and probably lad a common ancestry

when the two oceans were connected at the isthmus. Dosinia

ponderosa ‘* recalls somewhat the Atlantic D. contentrica;” Tivela

byronensis Gray (7. radiata Sowb.), is ‘the analogue of 7. mac-

troides Born of the Antilles ;”? Maerocallista squalliida Sowb., is the

analogue of M. maculata of the Atlantic fauna, and Oallocardia

Simpson; Pitaria tomeana Dall is ‘*the apparent analogue of P.

fulminata of the Atlantic fauna.” 2. (Hysteroconcha) lupanaria

Less. is “a Jarger but less elegant analogue of the Antillean P. dione

L., easily recognized by the violet spots at the base of the spines ;”

CHE NAUTILUS. 141

P. (Lamelliconcha) circinata of the Atlantic can hardly be separated

from P. alternata of the Pacific; Cytherea magdalenx Dall is the

analogue of C. str¢gellina Dall, of the Atlantic fauna; C. rigida

Dillw. is found on both shores; C. multicostata Sowb. is allied to

O. listeri; Chione subrostrata lives on both coasts; forms of C. un-

datella often resemble OC. cancellata; OC. purpurissata Dall is elosely

related to C. puber Val.; C. pulicaria is the analogue of C. intapur-

purea of the Atlantic fauna; while C. obliterata Dall “is the an-

alogue of C. latilirata Conr., and C. mariz Orb. of C. paphia L.”—

oo ane

REVISION DES CYPR&HEIDZ DE LA NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE, par

Ph. Dautzenberg, Journal de Conchyliologie, Vol. L, pp. 291-384,

1902. In this interesting paper the author records about 70 species,

and a number of varieties including several which are described as

new. The following is a brief review of the new forms:

CyYPRAEA ARGUS var. MINOR, applied to specimens under 55 mm,

in length.

C. ARGUS var. CONCATENATA, shells with numerous small ocellated

spots disposed in small chains, which cross each other more or less

regularly ; at the points of intersection the remarkably large rings

sometimes transform into brown spots.

C. CARNEOLA var. PROPINQUA Garrett (Cat’l Cypreidex), very

short, reflected, approaching in form C. arenosa, dorsal region with a

violet ring more or less apparent.

C. TALPA var. SATURATA. In this variety the three dorsal bands

are less clearly defined, the entire shell being tinted with a deep

brown.

C. TaBescens. C. rashleighana, C. alveolus, and C. elaiodes are

all considered varieties of O. tabescens.

C. CAURICA var. PALLIDA. This has the form of var. obscura

Rossiter, but tending to albinism, while var. obscura tends: to

melanism.

C. ARABICA var. ATRA. Tinted with black over the entire dorsal

surface. This var. corresponds to the var. nigricans of C. eglatina.

‘C. EGLATINA var. PALLIDA. Based on two shells with very

marked tendencies to albinism.

C. HISTRIO var. LUCTUOSA. This presents exactly the same ex-

142 THE NAUTILUS.

tent of melanism as the var. nigricans of C. eglatina, but without a

tendency to rostration.

C. TIGRIS var. ROSSITERI. Is characterized by the dorsal surface

being a beautiful orange, the scattered brown spots being few in

numbers.

C. VITELLUS var. SUBROSTRATA. Based on a specimen showing

a tendency to rostration.

C. ERRONES L. Under this species three varieties are recognized,

var. ovum Gmel.—sophizx Brazier, a color var. albida, entirely white

except for light spots of brown on each side of the extremities, var.

pallidior, with dorsum very pale, base recurved, callus very thick,

white, without spots at the extremities.

C. WALKERI var. ROSSITERI is based on Luponia bregeriana’

Rossiter (1882) not Crosse (1868).

C. zICZAC var, DECOLORATA. Specimens tending to albinism.

C. miliaris Gmel. and C. eburna Barnes are both considered varieties

of C. lamarcki; but in uniting these forms why make (C, lamarcki

Gray 1824 the species and C. miliaris Gmel. 1790 a variety?

C. PORARIA var. INSIGNIS is unusually shining or seemingly

translucent, dorsal region orange, without spots, base beautifully

tinged with violet.—C. W. J.

BIOMETRIKA, a new journal for the statistical study of biological

problems (Cambridge, England) contains several papers on mollusks.

In vol. 2, part 1 (Nov., 1902), Miss Abigail C. Dimon has studied

at length the variation and correlation of Nassa trivittata and obsoleta

from Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island. She discusses the influence

of density and stillness of water on depauperization. Both species

were found at that locality to be smaller than normal type, this be-

ing attributed to lack of density of the waters of Long Island Sound

as compared with the open ocean. While this explanation may

apply to XN. trivittata which is a snail inhabiting open beaches, it. is

certain that the small size of WV. obsoleta is not thus to be explained,

because this 13 a species of the salt meadows and inlets, and the

largest individuals we have ever collected were taken in a stream in a

mud-flat, which ran fresh at low tide, and being far from the open

ocean, could not have been very dense when submerged at high tide.

There is great need for improved mechanical devices for rapidly de-

termining quantitatively the various characters both of form and

“~~? yi Fe FF

Dy “2 teers

eee

Af 2

———————aV—S = —

5 . —_s

El ee ,rlU OO

THE NAUTILUS. 143

color in shells. We do not see much use in carrying the decimals

of mm. to two or more places in measuring the length of shells of the

Size of these, but then it does no great harm if the measurer | as

plenty of time. There is a wide field for this kind of work among

our mollusks, and the data to be obtained are of great value.—H. A. P.

Part 4 of Vol. I of the same journal contains a valuable statistical

investigation by C. Hensgen on the band variations of Helix nemoralls,

at several places in Strasburg. The paper is too extensive for ab-

Stract, but it may be mentioned that the curve for number of bands

has its major mode at 0 with a well-marked minor mode at 3 bands.

ok. P;

GENERAL NOTES..

Conus PROMETHEUS Hwass.—A synonym of this species which

I have not seen noticed in the monographs is Conus nicholit Wilson,

1831; figured in James Wilson’s “ Illustrations of Zodlogy,”’ pl. 36.

The specimen described measured 84 inches long.

In the revision of the Carp1TaceEa, lately printed by the Academy

of Natural Sciences, I preserved the name Miodon for a form of

Venericardia found on the Pacific coast and applied by Carpenter in

1864. For Miodon Sandberger, 1870, given to a fossil form of

Cyrena the name Miodontopsis was proposed. In Sharp’s Index

Zoologicus just received, I find Miodon however was used for an

ophidian in 1859 by Duméril, and therefore Carpenter’s shell will

have to have a new name also. In this case I would propose

Miodontiscus for the Venericardian.—W. H. Datu,

Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss and the senior Editor of the NAUTILUS are

collecting mollusks and ferns in the Southwest.

So many years have elapsed since a general work covering the

entire mollusca has appeared, that it is of interest to many readers of

Tue Nauvritus who have not access to the larger libraries to know

what are the general views of leading biologists regarding the relative

144 -THE NAUTILUS.

position of the larger groups. This feature is very clearly shown in

an excellent ** Manual of Zoology,” by Richard Hertwig, recently

translated by Prof. J. S. Kingsley. “ This American edition is not

an exact translation. With the consent of the author, the whole text

has been edited and modified in places to accord with American

usage.” ; |

The Mollusca (Phylum VI) are divided into five classes, of which

the Amphineura, including two subclasses, Placophora (Chitons) and

Aplacophora are considered the most primitive. Class II comprises

Acephala or Pelecypoda, in which the views of Pelseneer are closely

followed. The order Protochonchi@ includes most of the families

grouped by Dr. Dall under Prionodesmacea, except the Naiadx, which,

with the remainder of the families, are placed in the order Hetero-

conchiz. The Nuculidx are considered the most primitive, while the

more highly specialized families, like the Teredide and Gastroche-

nide, are placed at the other extreme. Scaphopoda (Class II1) are

placed between the Pelecypoda and Gasteropoda; the latter being

divided into three orders: Prosobranchia, Opisthobranchia and Pul-

monata. ‘The Prosobranchs are divided into two suborders: Aspido-

branchia—of which the Docoglossa (Limpets) are the most primitive—

andthe Pectinibranchia. Heteropoda “ in all details of gills, genitalia,

heart and nervous system are true Pectinibranchi, but from an ex-

clusively pelagic life have acquired peculiar modifications.” The

Opisthobranchia consists of three suborders: Tectibranchia, Ptero-

poda—* pelagic forms which in most points of structure agree with

the Tectibranchi””—and Nudibranchia. Class V comprises the Cepha-

lopodu.—C, W. J.

The junior editor of the NAuTILUS has been appointed Curator of

the Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. This will be

his future address.

{RRATA.—In the article ** Notes on Pyramidula elrodi Pils.”’ in

the February Nautitus, McDonald Lake of the Mission Mountains.

should be read instead of Post Lake. There are two McDonald

Lakes in Montana, and the authorities seem to think the same name

for two Jakes within a hundred miles of each other must stand.—

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JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

CATALOGUE

LAND SHELLS OF JAPAN

TO BE HAD OF

Y. HIRASE

SHIMOCHOJA-MACHI,

KARASUMARU, KYOTO, JAPAN.

1903.

Havine collected Japanese land, fresh-water and marine

shells for many years, the number of species in my possession

has now reached several thousand. Among these are many

new species, found by myself and my assistants. In the land

shells especially, the new species outnumber those known before

my researches began.

With the aid of numerous assistants I have been able to ex-

plore many parts of Japan, including the Riukiu (Loo-choo)

Islands, and the Ogasawara (or Bonin) group, where a rich

fauna of new and strange land shells was found. I hope in

future to extend the work, and send collectors to China, Corea

and Formosa.

All the species are sent to Dr. Pilsbry, of Philadelphia,

U. 8. A., who kindly determines them, sc that 1 believe that

those receiving specimens from me may place confidence in the

names, and will find them an important and useful addition to

their collections.

Attention is called to the importance of securing authentic

specimens from the original localities of the many new species in

my collections.

Catalogues of marine and fresh-water shells are in preparation.

Specimens will be sent on approval to purchasers known to

me or giving satisfactory reference.

Y. H1rase.

CATALOGUE

LAND SHELLS,

TO BE HAD OF

Y -EEEIRAS E,,

SHIMOCHOJA-MACHI, KARASUMARU, KYOTO, JAPAN.

Norer.—Species and varieties marked thus * are new forms, described from

specimens from my collection. Where no prices are given, specimens are not

always in stock.

‘ ACMELLA.

*853 vagans, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, $0.08-.12

*856 minima, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .O7-.10

ALYCAEUS. |

*831b biexcisus, Pils. Suimura, Awa. (Shikoku), .05-.08

*298 harimensis, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .05-.08

*996 harimensis, var.

sadoensis, P. & H. Aikawa, Sado,

*476 hirasei, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .04-.07

*499 melanopoma, Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga, .04-.07

*298b reinhardti, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .05-.08

*704 satsumanus, Pils. Kagoshima, Satsuma.

*723 tanegashime, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.

*916 vinctus, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.

AURICULA. |

442 reiniana, Kob. Hirado, Hizen, .07-.12

(5)

*455

311

*750a

*468

*758

*602

*597

*478

919

*HIS

*930

509

582

587

549

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

BIFIDARIA.

armigerella, Reinh.

ogasawarana, Pils.

chichijimana, Pils.

plicidens, Benson,

Yaeyama, Loochoo,

Chichijima, Ogasawara.

Riozen, Omi.

BLANFORDIA.

bensoni, A. Ad.

simplex, Pils.

japonica, A. Ad.

Shikunobe, Ojima,

Nishigo, Uzen,

Sotokaifu, Sado.

BULIMINOPSIS.

meiacoshimensis,

A. Ad. & Rve.

turrita, Gude.

Yaeyama, Loochoo,

Loochoo,

BULIMINUS.

andersonianus,

Mildff.

andersonianus, var.

echigoensis, P. & H.

callistoderma, Pils.

callistoderma, var.

hachijoensis, Pils.

callistoderma, var,

ogasaware, Pils.

eucharistus, Pils.

hirasei, Pils.

hiraseanus, Pils.

luchuanus, Pils.

luchuanus, var.

oshimanus, Pils.

reinianus, Kob. v.

reinianus, Kob.

(small var. )

reinianus, var.

extorris, Brane.

Shikunobe, Ojima,

Myokozan, Echigo.

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

Hachijo, Izu.

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

Yaeyama, J.oochoo.

Kikai, Osumi,

Hahajima, Ogasawara.

Yaeyama, Loochoo,

Oshima, Osumi.

Shirakata, Sanuki.

Arakura, Tosa,

Okinoshima, Tosa.

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

.05-.08

.03-.05-

.03-.05

.O7-.12

.05-.08

.06-.10

.05-.08

08~.15

.08-. 12

.08-.12

.06-. 10

*411

*484

*618

*946

555

*729

445

*958

*354

*981

*13

*786

*843b perpunctatus, Pils.

*735

424 addisoni, Pils.

*663c agna, Pils.

*1014 aenea, Pils.

501 attrita, Bttg.

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

reinianus, var.

hokkaidoensis, Pils. Shikunobe, Ojima,

reinianus, var.

omiensis, Pils. Ibuki, Omi,

CARYCHIUM.

cymatoplax, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo,

hachijoensis, Pils. | Hachijojhma, Iza.

noduliferum, Reinh. Nishigo, Uzen,

pessimum, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi,

CASSIDULA.

labrella, Desh. Hirado, Hizen,

-CHLORITIS.

albolabris, '

Pils. & Hir. Yakushima, Osumi.

eucharistus, Pils. Oshima, Osumi,

echizenensis,

Pils. & Hir. Omushi, Echizen.

fragilis, Gude.

hirasei, Pils.

Kyoto, Yamashiro.

Kurozu, Kii.

Totsugawa, Yamato.

pumila, Gude. Mikuriya, Suruga.

CLAUSILIA.

Kagoshima, Satsuma,

Yakushima, Osumi.

Tosa.

Ibuki, Omi,

*764b attrita, var. in-

*1013 aratorum, Pils.

*450b aulacophora, Pils.

*733b aulacopoma, Pils.

503 aurantiaca, Bttg.

fausta, Pils. Tomisato, Kui,

Tosa.

Fukura, Awaji,

‘Hirado, Hizen,

Nohara, Yamato,

738 aurantiaca, var.

erberi, Bttg. Gojo, Yamato,

782 aurantiaca, var.

plicidens, A. Ad. Kashima, Kii,

.25-. 40

.05-.08

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

*450a awajiensis, Pils.

*818 bigeneris, Pils.

254 bilabrata, Smith.

*1002 bilabrata, var.

> tosaensis, Pils.

593 brevior, Mart.

*634 callistochila, Pils.

*894 caloptyx, Pils.

*770¢ caryostoma, var.

| jayi, Pils.

434c caryostoma, Mlldff.

*306b comes, Pils.

*632a crenilabium, Pils. |

*632b crenilabium, Pils.

(var. )

*874 demonorum, Pils.

*819 dalli, Pils.

410a digonoptyx, Bttg.

739a ducalis, Kob.

*913a ducalis, var.

decapitata, Pils.

740 ducalis, var.

dorcas, Pils.

*765b ducalis, var.

mediocris, Pils.

*986 echigoensis, Pils.

*663a entospira, Pils.

687 fultoni, Sykes.

*794 gracie, Pils.

592 hakonensis, Pils.

*764a heteroptyx, Pils.

*423 hirasei, Pils.

*586 hiraseana, Pils.

*546b hokkaidoensis, Pils.

*789 holotrema, Pils.

686 hyperolia, Mart.

Fukura, Awaji,

Goto, Hizen.

Senzan, Awaji.

Shiujomura, Tosa.

Oshima, Izu,

Kunchan, Loochoo.

Yakushima, Osumi.

Jomura, Kii.

Banzai, Awa.

Kashima, Harima,

Kunchan, Loochoo,

Kunchan, Loochoo.

Kikai, Osumi.

Tairiuji, Awa (Shikoku),

Nishigo, Uzen,

Miyamura, Hida,

‘Kashima, Harimia.

Miyamura, Hida,

-Tomisato, Kil.

Myokozan, Echigo.

_ Tanegashima, Osumi.—

*563 euholostoma, Pils.

Mikuriya, Suruga,

Ushirogawa, Tosa.

Nachi, Kit,

Oshima, Izu.

Kashima, Harima,

Tomisato, Kii.

Kagoshima, Satsuma,

Okinoshima, Tosa,

Kayabe, Ojima.

Nachi, Kii.

Oshima, Izu,

.05-.08

.06-. 10

.08-.12

.O7-.10

.05-.08

.10-.15

10-.15

tc.

*457

*733

*486b iotaptyx, Pils.

*292

*657a ischna, Pils.

. *754

56a

198

*403

*56e

*657b kochiensis, Pils.

*934

564

500

*768

737

*486a

*654

*762

*546a

*646

*932

*652

*434

463

*926

*696

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

hyperoptyx, Pils. Loochoo;

subignobilis, Pils. Hirado, Hizen,

Ibuki, Omi,

lotaptyx, var.

clava, Pils. Senzan, Awaji,

Kioragi, Higo,

jacobiana, Pils.

japonica, Crosse.

(large var. ) Takeya,. Izumo,

japonica, var. inter-

plicata, Pils. Nishigo, Uzen, -

japonica, var.

nipponensis, Kob. Kyoto, Yamashiro,

japonica, var. per-

obscura, Pils.

Senzan, Awaji,

Shirono, Buzen,

Kioragi, Higo,

kurozuensis, Pils. Kurozu, Kii.

martensi, Herklots. Mikuriya, Suruga,

martensi, var.

reiniana, Kob. Ibuki, Omi,

martensi, var.

tinctilabris, Pils. Nachi, Kii.

micropeas, Mlldff.

(var. ) Mikuriya, Suruga,

mikado, Pils. Ibuki, Omi,

mima, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

Tomisato, Ku,

Kayabe, Ojima,

Oshima, Osumi,

Oshima, Osumi.

Oshima, Osumi,

Fukura, Awaji,

Mikuriya, Suruga,

mitsukurii, Pils.

monelasmus, Pils.

munus, Pils.

neniopsis, Pils.

nesiothauma, Pils.

nolani, Pils.

oostoma, Mlldff.

oostoma, var.

goniopoma, Pils.

oostoma, var.

dactylopoma, Pils.

Wakayama, Kil,

Kashio, Awaji.

Tanegashima, Osumi,

10 HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

*748 orthatracta, Pils.

*674 oscariana, Pils.

*653a oshime, Pils.

*695 oxycyma, Pils.

*954 pachyspira, Pils.

*584. perignobilis, Pils.

*410b perpallida, Pils.

*306c pigra, Pils.

*663b pinto, Pils.

*817 . plagioptyx, Pils.

473 platyauchen, Mart.

(var. ) Nishigo, Uzen,

669 platyauchen, Mart.

(small var. )

502 platydera, var.

lambda, Bttg.

*763 platydera, var. ,

kiiensis, Pils. Tomisato, Kil,

*454d platyderula, Pils. Aki, Awa.

*653b pseudoshime, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

*664a ptychocyma, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi,

*664b ptychocyma, var.

yakushime, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi,.

*993 sadoensis, Pils. Misakimura, Sado.

656 schmackeri, Sykes. Kochi, Tosa,

987 sericina, Mlldff. Omimura, Echigo.

*736b sericina, var. ‘

rhopalia, Pils. . Mikuriya, Suruga,

*506 shikokuensis, Pils. Ushirogawa, Tosa,

*§20 shikokuensis, Pils.

(small var. )

*506c shikokuensis, var.

inokichientia Pils. Sadieacbinaitie Tosa.

*345 sieboldi, var.

ders: Pils,

622 stearnsii, Pils.

*594 stearnsii, Pils.

(small var. )

Akasaka, Mino,

Fukuregi, Higo,

Oshima, Osumi.

Kagoshima, Satsuma.

Miyai, Kii.

Okinoshima, Tosa,

Nishigo, Uzen,

Kashima, Harima,

Tanegashima, Osumi,

Goto, Hizen.

Mikuriya, Suruga,

Nohara, Yamato,

Hirado, Hizen,

Yaeyama, Loochoo,

Loochoo.,

Tairiuji, Awa (Shikoku),

.08-.15

.06-.10

.0&-.12

.06-.10 -

.06-. 10

.05-.08

.04-.07

.05-.08

.06-.10

.08-. 12

.O7-.10

.07-.10

.08-.15

.07-.10

.05-.07

.04-.06

.08-.12

*670

*661

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

stereoma, Pils.

stereoma, var.

~cognata, Pils.

*670a stereoma, var.

*671

*505 subaurantiaca, Pils.

*488

*766

*688

*1007

*662

*813

*550

hexaptyx, Pils.

stereoma, var.

—nugax.

subjaponica, Pils.

subulina, var.

leucopeas, Pils.

surugensis, Pils.

sus, Pils.

Yakushima, Osumi,

Tanegashima, Osumi, |

Yakushima, Osumi.

Toyonishikami, Nagato,

Ibuki, Omi, |

Tomisato, Kil.

Mikuriya, Suruga,

Muya, Awa.

tanegashime, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi,

tantilla, Pils.

tau, Bttg.

tosana, Pils.

*638b tryoni, Pils.

*816

462

*633

732

*942

675

362

una, Pils.

valida, var.

fasciata, Sykes.

valida, var.

perfasciata, Pils.

(Reinia) variegata,

A. Ad.

(Reinia) variegata,

var. nakadai, Pils.

vasta, Bttg.

Goto, Hizen,

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

’ Ushirogawa, Tosa,

Hachijo,. Izu,

Goto, Hizen.

Miyako, Loochoo,

Kunchan, Loochoo,

Hirado, Hizen,

Hachijojima, Izu.

Fukuregi, Higo.

‘* CRYSTALLUS.”

. velatus, Gude.

. sulcatus, Gude.

Kyoto, Yamashiro.

COCHLICOPA.

lubrica, Mill.

Shikunobe, Ojima,

CYCLOPHORUS.

herklotsi, Mart.

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

.08=.12

.06-.10

.06-. 10

-05-.08

.06-. 10

.08-. 12

.08-.12

.01-.02

.O7-.12

.08-. 12

.04-.06

.05-.08

.04-.07

.05=.07

.02=.04

*421

*644

*O74

HIRASE: JAPANFSE LAND SHELLS.

herklotsi, var.

expallescens, Ehrm.

hirasei, Pils.

kikaiensis, Pils.

*684b kikaiensis, Pils. .

O12

turgidus, Pfr.

684a turgidus, Pfr.

(fossil, large var.) Kikai, Osumi,

*713

*612

*307

*604

512

*870

*620

*822

turgidus, var.

angulatus, Pils.

Kagoshima, Satsuma,

Oshima, Osumi.

Kikai, Osumi,

Kikai, Osumi, (fossil. )

Loochoo,

CYCLOTUS.

campanulatus, Mart. Senzan, Awaji,

hirasei, Pils.

micron, Pils.

Loochoo,

Kashima, Harima,

DIPLOMMATINA.

cassa, Pils.

collarifera, S. & B.

dormitor, Pils. —

insularum, Pils.

kiiensis, Pils.

*305b kobelti, Ehrm.

*812

*6 29:

305a nipponensis, Mlldff.

*647

kobelti, var.

ampla, Pils.

luchuana, Pils.

oshime, Pils.

*836a pudica, Pils.

521

*487

*649

*639

*668

*296

*648

*5 10

*679

pusilla, Mart.

pusilla, var.

omiensis, Pils.

saginata, Pils.

septentrionalis, Pils.

tanegashimee, Pils.

tenuiplica, Pils.

turris, Pils.

uzenensis, Pils.

yakushime, Pils.

Kodakari, Hida,

Ibuki, Omi,

Kikaigashima, Osumi.

Yaeyama, Loochoo,

Tairiuji, Awa (Shikoku),

Kashima, Harima,

Goto, Hizen,

Kunchan, Loochoo.

Kashima, Harima,

Oshima, Osumi.

Nachi, Ki,

Kashima, Harima,

Ibuki, Omi,

Oshima, Osumi,

Kayabe, Ojima,

Tanegashima, Osumi,

‘Kashima, Harima,

Oshima, Osumi,

Nishigo, Uzen,

Yakushima, Osumi,

.05-.07 .

.06-. 10

.10-.15

.03-.05

021K

.12-.20

.04-.06

.06-.10

.03-.05

.04-.07

.04—.07

.05-.08

.04—.06

.05-.08 .

.04-.06

.06-.08

.04-.07

.06-. 10

.05-.08

.06-. 10

.04-.06

.06-. 10

.05-.08

.06—. 10

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS. 13

ENNEA,

*295 iwakawa, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .04-.06

*680 iwakawa, var.

yakushime, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi, .05-.08

a, EULOTA (AEGISTA).

*451 aperta, Pils. Fukura, Awaji, .O7-.12

*761 aperta, var.

cavata, Pils. Tomisato, Kii, .08-.12

*787 aperta, var.

trachyderma, Pils. Ikoma, Ki.

*937 aperta, var.

mikuriyensis, Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga.

343 friedeliana, Mart. Hirado, Hizen, .04-.07

*960 intonsa, Pils. & Hir. Suimura, Awa.

288 kobensis, 8. & B. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .10-.15

*969 kobensis, var.

gotoensis, P. & H. Goto, Hizen.

*353 martensiana, Pils. Sedake, Osumi, .15-.25

*929 minima, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

*590 mimula, Pils. Kayahe, Ojima, .08-. 12

*753 mimuloides, Gude. Itanami, Omi.

475 oculus, Pfr. Loochoo, .03-.12

998 subchinensis, Nev. Loochoo.

272 vermis, Rve. Loochoo, .20-.30

EULOTA (COELORUS).

*9 cavicollis, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .06-. 10

EULOTA (EUHADRA).

359 blakeana, Newc.

var. blakei, Kob. Shikunohe, Ojima, .10-.15

528 blakeana, var.

sericea, Gude. Nobusayama, Teshiwo.

271 caliginosa, Ad. & R. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .08-.12

224 callizona, var.

amaliae, Kob. Tadachi, Shinano, .05-.08

*87

399

*239

393

— 472

*556

*547

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

callizona, var. . | .

congenita, Smith. Kobe, Settsu.

callizona, var.

dixoni, Pils. Inga, Hoki,

callizona, var.

maritima, P. & G. Hagi, Nagato,

callizona, var. .

minor, Gude. Hagi, Nagato,

connivens, Pfr. Itoman, Loochoo,

connivens, var.

phaeogramma, Anc. Kikai, Osumi,

grata, Gude. Nishigo, Uzen,

luhuana, Sowb. Hirado, Hizen,

luhuana, var.

aomoriensis, G., P. Chojamura, Mutsu,

*186b luhuana, var.

248

199

arimensis, G., P. Tadachi, Shinano.

luhuana, var.

_eoa, Crosse. Mikuriya, Suruga,

luhuana, var. | 7

idzumonis, P. & G. Takeya, Idzumo.

*73b luhuana, var.

*682

*116

371

496

*683

*357

231

319

560

nesiotica, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.

luhuana, var. | |

pachya, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, (fossil)

luhuana, var.

tsushimana, Mlldff. Izuhara, Tsushima,

luna, Pils. Iwamizawa, Ishikari.

mercatoria, Gray. | Loochoo,

mercatoria, var.

atrata, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo,

mercatoria, var. '

demonorum, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, (fossil. )

oshimee, Pils. Oshima, Osumi,

peliomphala, Pfr. Gomei, Kai,

peliomphala, Pfr.

(large var. ) Kyoto, Yamashiro,

peliomphala, var.

brandtii, Kob. Manabe, Hitachi,

.10-.15

.15-.20

.04—.07

.05-.08

.10-.30

.15-.20

.15-.30

.05-.08

.08-.15 =

.07-.10

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

peliomphala, var.

herklotsi, Mart.

peliomphala, var.

nimbosa, Crosse. Toyado, Shimotsuke.

peliomphala, var. sep-

tentrionalis, Ehrm.. Shikunobe, Ojima,

quaesita, Desh. Nishigo, Uzen,

sadoensis, Pils. & Hir. Sotokaifumura, Sado.

scaevola, Mart. Ibuki, Omi,

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

senckenbergiana, K. Kokubu, Hida,

senckenbergiana, |

Kob. (var. ) Takeya, Izumo,

senckenbergiana, var.

awaensis, Pils.

submandarina, Pils.

submandarina, var.

compacta, Pils.

submandarina, var.

magna, Pils.

yaeyamensis, Pils.

Suimura, Awa (Shikoku),

Tanegashima, Osumi,

Kikai, Osumi, (fossil. )

Yakushima, Osumi,

Yakushima, Osumi.

Loochoo,

EULOTA (EULOTELLA).

similaris, Fer.

commoda, A. Ad.

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Kayabe, Ojima,

EULOTA (PLECTOTROPIS).

aemula, Gude.

deflexa, Pils.

elegantissima, Pfr.

elegantissima, var.

cara, Pils.

hachijoensis, Pils.

horrida, Pils.

inornata, Pils.

kiusiuensis, Pils.

kiusiuensis, var.

oshimana, P. & H. Oshima, Osumi.

Takeya, Izumo,

‘ Tobishima, Ugo,

Naha, Loochoo,

Kunchan, Loochoo,

Hachijo-jima, Izu.

Nishigo, Uzen,

Yaeyama, Loochoo,

Kikai, Osumi,

.04-.06

.06-. 10

.05-.08

.20-. 30

.15-.25

.08-.15

. 20-. 30

.12—.20

.15-.25

.25-.35

.40—. 60

.02-.04

.06-.10

.12-.20

.05-.08

.O7-.12

.12-.20

.15-.35

.15-.25

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

*464 lepidophora, Gude.

273 mackensii,

A. Ad. & Rve.

*752 omiensis, Pils.

*752a omiensis, var.

echizenensis, Pils.

*773 pannosa, Pils.

461 scepasma, Pfr.

*694 shikokuensis, Pils.

110 trochula, A. Ad.

10a vulgivaga, S. & B.

10b vulgivaga,S. & B. var.

*825 vulgivaga, var.

lanx Pals:

Loochoo,

Yaeyama, Loochoo,

Itanami, Omi,

Arato, Echizen.

Atsumi, Uzen,

Loochoo,

Yoshida, Lyo.

Izuhara, Tsushima,

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Ibuki, Omi,

Suimura, Awa (Shikoku),

EULOTA (ACUSTA).

394 despecta, Gray.

459 despecta, Gray.

(large var. )

685 despecta, Gray.

(large var., fossil.)

*474a despecta, var.

kikaiensis, Pils.

*249 gainesi, Pils.

216 gainesi, var.

gudeana, Pils.

409 sieboldiana, Pfr.

*14 sieboldiana, var.

minor, Gude.

Naha, Loochoo,

Loochoo.

Kikai, Osumi.

Ushika, Teshiwo,

- Kiyokawa, Ojima,

Nishigo, Uzen,

Kyoto, ‘Yamashiro.

GANESELLA.

*352 adeline, Pils.

*783b cristata, Pils.

*975

*7 34

*5OR

*309

cardiostoma, var.

kagaensis, P. & H.

fausta, Pils.

ferruginea, Pils.

jacobii, Pils.

japonica, Pfr.

Oshima, Osumi,

Nachi, Kii.

Hakusan, Kaga.

Mikuriya, Suruga.

Ushirogawa, Tosa,

Ibuki, Omi,

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

.04—.07

.10-.15

.15-.25

.12—.20

.06-. 10

.05-.08

.10-.15

.04—.07

.10-.15

06-.10°

.03-.05

.25-.40

.10-.15

.15-.25

.O7-.12

Se eS ae eee ae ee ee a

4 ——

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

*513a japonica, var. cari-

nata, Pils. & Gul. Ibuki, Omi,

*548a japonica, var.

granulosa, Pils.

*252 japonica, var.

heteroglypta, Pils. Fukura, Awaji,

106 japonica, var.

satsuma, Pils.

460 largillierti, var.

cincta, Pils.

535 largillierti, var.

cosmia, Pils.

74 myomphala, Mart.

328 myomphala, var.

fusca, Gude.

96 myomphala, var.

minor, Gude. _

*260 myomphala, var.

| omphalodes, Pils. Omikado, Inaba.

*289c notoensis, Pils.& Hir. Kitanosho, Noto.

*824 optima, Pils.

*61 pagodula, Ehrm.

*788 selasia, Pils.

*834 sororcula, Pils.

289 stearnsii, Pils.

*6§89a tanegashime, Pils.

*689b tanegashime, var.

dulcis, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.

*577 wiegmanniana, Pils.. Kochi, Tosa.

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Kamo, Shima.

Loochoo,

Shimaziri, Loochoo,

Hirado, Hizen,

Kokubu, Hida,

~Toyonishikami, Nagato,

Nohara, Yamato,

Nachi, Kii.

Kikai, Osumi (fossil).

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Tanegashima, Osumi.

GEORISSA.

Kashima, Harima,

Yaeyama, Loochoo.

*471 japonica, Pils.

*623b luchuana, Pils.

HIRASEA.

*897 acuta, Pils.

*848 acutissima, Pils.

*849 biconcava, Pils.

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

Hahajima, Ogasawara.

Suimura, Awa (Shikoku).

Imotoshima, Ogasawara.

.10-.15

.O7-.12

.10-.15

.08-. 12

.08-.12

.15-.25

.10-.15

.12-.20

.30-. 40

.10-.15

.04—.07

.10-.15

*800

*863

*847

*864

*850

*865

*854

*801

*863c¢

*802

*867

*806

595

*852

759

*575

*808

*809

*862

F558

308

*55

+991

470

+624

*807b yoshiwarana, Pils.

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

chichijimana, Pils.

diplomphalus, Pils.

eutheca, Pils.

goniobasis, Pils.

hypolia, Pils.

major, Pils.

(Fametesta) mirabilis,

Pils.

nesiotica, Pils.

profundispira, Pils.

sinuosa, Pils.

Hahajima, Ogasawara.

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

Hahajima, Ogasawara.

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

HIRASIELLA.

clara, Pils.

HELICINA.

capsula, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

hakodadiensis,

Hartm. Kayabe, Ojima,

hirasel, Pils.

japonica, A. Ad.

japonica, var.

uzenensis, Pils.

ogasawarana, Pils.

ogasawarana, var.

discrepans, Pils.

ogasawarana, var.

optima, Pils.

osumiensis, Pils.

reinii, Kob.

reinli, var. expolita,

Pils. Senzan, Awaji,

sadoensis, Pils. & Hir. Sotokaifa, Sado.

verecunda, Gld. Loochoo,

yaeyamensis, Pils. ‘Yaeyama, Loochoo,

Hahajima, Ogasawara.

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

Nishigo, Uzen,

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

Chichijima, Opdbaaal.

Kikai, Osumi,

Tbuki, Omi,

*807a yoshiwarana, var.

arata, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

Chichijima, Ogasawara.

Tobishima, Ugo (type loc. ),

Chichijinia, Ogasawara.

.08-. 15

.10-.15

.05—.08

.10-.15

.08—. 12

.06-. 10

.10-.15

.05-.08

.04—.06

.03-.05

.04—.07

.04-.07

*857

448

*627

*641

*482

*518

*609

*519

*678

*655

*971

*697

*678

Pe.

*941

*892

*720

*300

*466

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

yoshiwarana, var. _

microtheca, Pils.

acutangula, A. Ad.

austeniana, Pils.

borealis, Pils.

ceratodes, Gude.

circumcincta, Reinh.,

var. elata, Gude.

crenulata, Gude.

fraterna, Pils.

gudei, Pils. & Hir.

harimensis, Pils.

kagaensis,

Pils. & Hir.

kyotoensis, Pils.

gudei, Pils. & Hir.

. lioderma, Pils. |

hachijoensis, Pils.

hizenensis, Pils.

modesta, Pils;

multivolvis, Pils.

nahaensis, Gude.

*625b nahaensis, var.

*490

*846

*891

*514

*952

*743

*302

*607

kunchana, Pils.

nanodes, Gude.

ogasawarana, Pils.

okiana, Pils.

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

KALIELLA.

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Yaeyama, Loochoo.

Kayabe, Ojima.

Kashima, Harima.

Kochi, Tosa.

Kashima, Harima.

_ Kayabe, Ojima.

Kashima, Ojima,

Hakusan, Kaga.

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Kayabe, Ojima,

Kashima, Harima.

Hachijo-jima, Izu.

Hirado, Hizen.

Oshima, Higo.

Kashima, Harima,

Loochoo,

Kunchan, Loochoo.

Kyoto, Yamashiro.

Hahajima, Ogasawara;

Hirado, Hizen.

pagoduloides, Gude. Kashima, Harima.

pallida, Pils.

prealta, Pils.

reinhardti, Pils.

ruida, Pils.

. subcrenulata, Pils.

*625a yaeyamensis, Pils. |

*606a yamatoensis, Pils.

Hachijo-jima, Izu.

Ryozen, Omi.

Kashima, Harima,

Gojo, Yamato.

Kochi, Tosa.

Yaeyama, Loochoo,

Gojo, Yamato,

.08-.12

.05-.08

.06-. 10

.05-08

.08-.12

.05-.08

.04-.07

.10-.15

.05-.07

.06-.10

20 HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

LEPTOPOMA.

275 vitreum, Less. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .05-.08

MACROCHLAMYS.

*838 cerasina, Pils. Tobishima, Ugo, .08-.15

*821 cerasina, var.

awaensis, Pils. Tairiuji, Awa (Shikoku), .08-.12

495 doenitzi, Reinh. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .06-.08

*785 dulcis, Pils. Nachi, Kii.

*465 fulgens, Gude. Loochoo, .05-.08

*635 gudei, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo.

*974 kagaensis, Pils. Hakusan, Kaga.

*282 micrograpta, Pils. Kashima, Harima.

*637 perfragilis, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo.

*1000 perfragilis, var.

shikokuensis, Pils. Kotsuzan, Awa.

935a semisericata, Pils. Kurozu, Kii.

*666 tanegashime, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .O6-.12

MANDARINA.

*805 exoptata, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .25-.40

*845 exoptata, var. - |

obtusa. Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

*860 hirasei, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

467a mandarina, Gray. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .10-.15

*858 mandarina, var.

hahajimana, Pils. Hahajima. Ogasawara, .25-.40

*467b mandarina, var.

ponderosa, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .15-.25

*896 mandarina, var. when

conus, Pils. Imotoshima, Ogasawara.

906 ruschenbergeriana,

Pils. | Chichijima, Ogasawara.

859 pallasiana, Pfr. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

MELAMPUS., —

446 caffer, Krauss. Hirado, Hizen, .03-.05

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

MICROCYSTINA.

*949 circumdata, Pils.

*482 ceratodes, Gude. Kashima, Harima.

*667 hiraseana, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.

*803 hahajimana, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara,

*973 nuda, Pils. Hakusan, Kaga.

483 sinapidium, Reinh. Kashima, Harima,

. *900 yakuensis, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi.

*1002 higashiyamana,

Pils. & Hir.,

Hachijojima, Izu.

Higashiyama, Awa.

NESOPUPA.

*855 dedecora, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara,

OMPHALOTROPIS.

*588 japonica, Pils. Kashiwashima, Tosa.

OPEAS.

*286a brevispira, Pils.- Kashima, Harima,

456a gracilis, Hutt. Loochoo,

*286b kashime, Pils.

*313b kyotoensis, Pils.

*456b obesispira, Pils.

313a pyrgula, A. Ad.

Kashima, Harima,

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Loochoo,

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

OTESIA.

673 japonica, Mlldff. Kagoshima, Satsuma.

PUNCTUM.

*553 amblygonum, var.

pretiosum, Gude. Fukura, Awaji,

*517 japonicum, Pils. Kashima, Harima.

*553b morseanum, Pils. Hirado, Hizen.

PUPINELLA.

*665a funatoi, Pils.

*645 oshime, Pils. Oshima, Osumi,

51 rufa, Sowb. _ Senzan, Awaji,

*731b rufa, var. alba, Pils. Hirado, Hizen,

Tanegashima, Osumi,

.O6-. 12

.O8-. 12

.06-.10

.O8—.12

.05-.08

.08-.12

.05-.07

.04-.07

.05-. 07

.04-.07

.O6—. 10

.06-. 10

.O38-.05

.06-. 10

99 HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

*665b rufa, var. tane-

gashimee, Pils. Tanegashima, Osunii,

PUPISOMA.

*972 edentulum, Drap. Hakusan, Kaga.

PYRAMIDULA.

*9651 conica, Pils.

405 pauper, Gld.

529 pauper, var.

depressa, A. Ad.

Suimura, Awa.

Nishigo, Uzen,

Nobusayama, Teshiwo,

4950 pauper, var.

hachijoensis, Pils. Hachijo-jima, Izu.

PYTHIA,

*710b aegialites, Pils. Loochoo.

444 cecillei, Phil. Hirado, Hizen,

*709 pachyodon, Pils. Loocnoo.

453 Pythia sp. Loochoo,

SITALA,

*717 circumcincta, var.

elata, Gude.

*953 latissima, Pils.

Takayama, Lyo,

Yaeyama.

SPIROPOMA (FORMERLY COELOPOMA).

53 japonicum, A. Ad.

*658 nakadai, Pils.

Senzan, Awaji,

Tanegashima, Osumi,

SPHYRADIUM.

972 edentulum, Drap.

SUCCINEA.

Tsuchiura, Hitachi,

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Nishigo, Uzen,

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

Hahajima, Ogasawara.

*6§42 hirasei, Pils.

312 horticola, Reinh.

408 lauta, Gld.

*617a ogasaware, Pils.

*617b punctulispira, Pils.

.04-.07

.02-.03

.05-.07

.05-.08

04-.06

.05-.08

03-.05

.06-.10

Hakusan, Kaga; Kiyotaki, Omi.

.05-.08

.04-.07

.03-.05

06.08

q 2a HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS, 23

TRISHOPLITA.

TORNATELLINA.

*948 biplicata, Pils. ~ Hachijojima, Izu.

*626 inexpectata, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .05-.08

} *799 ogasawara, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

7 *851 tryoni, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

*600 collinsoni, var.

casta, Pils. Obi, Hiuga.

*691 collinsoni, var. |

okinoshimee, Pils. Okinoshima, Tosa.

*565 cretacea, Gude. Ushirogawa, Tosa, .12-.20

*566 cretacea, var.

- bipartita, Pils. Toyonishikami, Nagato, .10-.15

*507 dacostee, Gude. Kagoshima, Satsuma.

*344 dacoste, var.

strigata, Pils. Hirado, Hizen, .06-. 10

*6§643 dacostee, var.

awajiensis, Pils, Anaga, Awaji, .06-. 10

7. goodwini, Smith. Kyoto, Yamashiro, ~' .05—.08

*5 goodwinl, var.

kyotoensis, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .O6-. 10

*746 hilgendorfii, var.

chikubushime, Pils. Chikubushima, Omi.

*751a hilgendorfii, var.

tenuis, Pils. Ibuki, Omi, .06-.10

*303 hilgendorfii, var. 3

rufa, Pils. Kashima, Harima.

*601 hiugensis, Pils. = Obi, Hinga.

580 mesogonia, Pils.

(var. ) Kochi, Tosa, .06-. 10

581a pallens, Ehrm. Arakura, Tosa, .10-.15

*387 pura, Ehrm. Inga, Hoki.

*581b smithiana, Pils. Arakura, Tosa, .10-.15

*389 tosana, Gude. Ushirogawa, Tosa, .10-.15

*751b tosana, var.

anozona, Pils. Akasaka, Mino.

24 HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

TROCHOMORPHA.

*650 gouldiana, Pils. Oshima, Osumi, .06-.10

631 horiomphala, Pir.

( fritzei, Bttg. ) Kunchan, Loochoo.

TRUNCATELLA.

*811¢c kiusiuensis, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .05-.08

VERTIGO. }

*570 hirasei, Pils. Yanagawa, Chikugo.

VALLONIA.

281 tenera, Reinh. Osaka, Settsu.

ZONITOIDES.

1005 arboreus, Say. Tokyo.

554 minusculus, Binn. Fukura, Awaji, .04-.07

*951 subarboreus, Pils. | Hachijojima, Izu.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Fig. 1. Ganesella myomphala Martens. Hirado, Hizen.

Fig. 2. Clausilia martensi var. reiniana Kob. Ibuki, Omi.

Fig. 3. Eulota callizona var. dixoni Pils. Takeya, Idzumo.

Fig. 4. Eulota senckenbergiana var. awaensis Pils. Suimura,

Awa.

Figs. 5, 6. Eulota elegantissima var. cara Pils. Riukiu.

Fig. 7. Mandarina mandarina var. trifasciata Pils. Nakano-

shima, Ogasawara.

Fig. 8. Fametesta mirabilis Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

Fig. 9. Hirasea profundispira Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

Fig. 10. Hirasiella clara Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

Fig. 11. Cyclophorus hirasei Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

Fig. 12. Pupinella oshime Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

Fig. 13. Ganesella largillierti Phil. Riukiu.

Figures 8, 9, 10, 12 are enlarged, the others are natural size.