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University of Illinois Library

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XIX.

MAY, 1905, to APRIL, 1906.

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

H. A. Pitssry, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences,

PHILADELPHIA,

C, W. JOHNSON, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History, ~

BOSTON,

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2013

http://archive.org/details/conchologistsexc1920aver

INDEX

THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XIX.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Achatina gracilior Boettger d

Achatinellid, descriptions of new ee of

Alaba oldroydi Dall, n. sp. .

Adelomelon Dall .

Amastra conica Baldwin

Amastra leva Baldwin.

Amastra montana Baldwin ,

Amastra rubristoma Baldwin

Amastra seminuda Baldwin

Amastra sinistrorsa Baldwin

Amoria Gray .

Amnicola augustina eeeiey, GPL. vy, fie! 13, 14).

Amnicola pilsbryi Walker, n. sp. (PI. V, figs. 11, 16)

Amnicola walkeri Pils. (Pl. V, fig. 12)

Amnicolide, new and little known species of

Antarctic nudibranchs ,

Arion subfuscea var. cinereofusca.

Arizona and New Mexico, the snails of

Bifidaria pentodon and its ailies.

Bifidaria pentodon Say (Plates VI and VII, fiery) 1- 41)

Bifidaria pentodon var, gracilis Sterki (Pl. V1, figs. 16-27) 1

Bifidaria tappaniana C. B. Adams (Pl. VII, figs, 42-53)

Bifidaria tappaniana curta Sterki

Californian helix, a new

Californian shells, two tee abed

Calliostoma ewirachusy marion Dall, n. sp. .

Carychium exiguum Say (figs.) .

Carychium exile Lea (figs. ) ; ;

( iii )

iv THE NAUTILUS.

Carychium exile canadense Clapp, (figs.) 139

Carychium stygium Call (figs. ) 140

Carychium nannodes Clapp, n. sp. (Pl. III, figs. ee Da 81

Cerithidea sacrata hyporhyssa Berry, n, var. 133

Chiton from the New England Coast, A New 88

Cochliopa rowelli, a California Shell ? 91

Crepidula nivea var, glottidiarum Dall, n, var. 27

Crepidula rugosa var, naticarum Williamson, n, var, . 50

Crepidula rugosa var. norrisiarum Williamson, n. var. 51

Cycladidz of the Southern States. 30

Cyprea, on some new varieties of A 29

Cy prea xanthoden Gray ; 12

Cyprea capensis var. elizabethensis Rous: n. VAT. 29

Cyprea carneola var, adonis Rous, n. var. . TT

Cy prea cruenta var. violacea Rous, n. var, a0

Cypreea exanthema var, pudica Rous, n, var. 75

Cypreea helvola var. aphrodite Rous, n, var. 75

Cyprea isabella var, fulva Rous, n. var. id

Cyprea miliaris var. brookei Rous, n, var, 29

Cyprea vitellus var, fergusoni Rous, n, var. : 76

Cypreeidae in the collection of Mr. D. W. Ferguson . 15

Dendrotrochus eva Ptr. 43

Dendrotrochus layardi Hartm. 43

Diplomorpha bernieri Hartm., 44

Diplomorpha delantouri var, major ;

Draparnaudia singularis Pfr. var. ieaae None n, var, 42

Endodonta tenuiscripta Ancey 42

Epiphragmophora sequoicola soquela Rowell n. ‘supe 4]

Florida Keys, Land shells of 37

Floridian Calliostoma, on a new . - 131

Frenchman’s Bay, Maine, dredging in . . 128

Frenchman’s Bay, Maine, shell-bearing mollusca »

Goniobasis columbiensis Whiteaves, n. sp. Oa II, figs. 11,

12), ; ‘ Bie |

Eearpatina Dallyn, Ben . 143

Helicina layardi Hartm. 46

Helicorbis Benson : . 104

Helix (Epiphragmophora) beqnaiools ieanele Rowell, n.

subsp. . 41

THE NAUTILUS. v

Indiana, notes on a collection of shells from Bass Lake . 27

Indiana, Notes on the semi-fossil shells of Posey County . 62

James Bay, Hudson Bay, Jist of a few species of land and

fresh-water shells, from . ; 4 : fur

Lamprocystis layardi (Thomson) : : : . 42

Loess of Naches, ete. . 3 : . 144

Lymnea bulimoides var. cockerelli Pilsbry ' . 130

Lymneza hinkleyi Baker, n. sp. . ; : . . 142

Lymnea parva Lea : . ‘ ; . 52

Lymnea sterkii Baker,n. sp... : ; - on

Lyogyrus brownii Carpenter, a new bani for , Apel

Macrochlamys (?) annatonensis Pfr. . ; é : eee

Maculopeplum Dall, n. gen. eam . 148

Massachusetts slugs. : : ‘ : : . 84

Meellendorffia and Stegodera, note on 63

Meellendorffia (Mellendorfliella) erdmanniS. & B. ? (PI, II,

figs, 9, 10.) ; ; . 66

Mellendorffia (Trihelix) Siisbeneiia Pils, Ap On) eG dB UL, a,

ao2,.6;) . : 66

Mellendorffia Gisidats Boulfietlic Muag. (Pl, II, figs. 7, 8). 65

Murex (Phyllonotus) santarosana Dall,n.sp. . : a

Museum Boltenianum, republication of . : : . AT

Natica intricatoides, on the Algerian coast : a ie

Neritina lineata var. reticulata C. & J. ' : : . 56

Newcombia carinella Baldw. t : : . 136

New England, a new brackish-water shell Feb ; 3 . 90

New Hebrides, remarks on some land and fresh-water shells

from the . : : : ; . 42

New Mexico and fetal tie canes of ; f : . 68

New Mexico, shells of Grant, Valencia Co. . 3 - . 130

Nicaragua, shell-collecting on the Mosquito coast of, 8, 16, 32,

55, 78

Notes and News . , : 12, 34, 47, 84, 96, 107, 120, 132

Notes on some forgotten mollusk names. . 104

November snails . : ; : : ; é Vitae

Nudibranchs, Antartic. : : i : . : Mak |

Oliva (Agaronia) testacea . : : : : : ele

Omphalotropis conella Sykes, var, : : é : . 45

Omalodiscus Benson . ae ts : . 105

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Ordovician gastropod retaining color markings,

Oreohelix yavapai compactula Ckll.

Oysters, Canadian t

Pachycheilus corvinus Morel : : ; : : ,

Palaina francoisi Ancey, n. sp. 4 :

Paludestrina salsa Pilsbry, n. sp. vans III, Oe 10) > aa

Partulina carnicola Baldwin, n. sp.

Partulina cooperi Baldwin, n. sp.

Partulina flemingi Baldwin, n. sp.

Partulina fulvicans Baldwin, n. sp.

Partulina kaasana Baldwin, n. sp.

Partulina lemmoni are n. sp.

Pear! fishing

Physa layardi Roce n, A

Physa rhomboidea : j :

Pisidia, new varieties of North Jee : : a ee;

Pisidium compressum var, arrosum Sterki, n. var.

Pisidium compressum var, confertum Sterki, n. var.

Pisidium compressum var, contrarium Sterki, n. var, . ‘

Pisidium compressum var, coosaense Sterki, n.. var, . ?

Pisidium compressum var, levigatum Sterki, n. var. .

Pisidium compressum var. limnicolum Sterki, n. var.

Pisidium compressum var, opacum Sterki, n. var.

Pisidium compressum var, rostratum Sterki, n. var,

Pisidium compressum var. smithii Sterki, n. var.

Pisidium fallax var. mite Sterki, n, var. .

Pisidium fallax var, errans Sterki, n,m, for septentrionale

preoc,

Pisidium aiuoenee var. indianense Sterki, n. var,

Pisidium noveboracense var. alabamense Sterki, n. var.

Pisidium noveboracense var. elevatum Sterki, n. var.

Pisidium noveboracense var. expansum Sterki, n. var,

Pisidium noveboracense var. fraternum Sterki, n. var.

Pisidium noveboracense var. lineatum Sterki, n. var, .

Pisidium noveboracense var, quadrulum Sterki, n, var.

Pisidium punctatum var. armatum Sterki, n, var.

Pisidium punctatum var, simplex Sterki, n. var.

Pisidium variabile var. brevius Sterki, n. var.

Pisidium variabile var. hybridum Sterki, n. var.

Placostylus (Pecilocharis) francoisi

Planorbis alabamensis and dilatatus in the Floridian Plio-

cene :

Planorbis alabamensis var. avus Pilsbry, n. var, ,

Planorbis, a new Tertiary . i , ‘ : : ,

THE NAUTILUS. vii

Planorbis florissantensis Cockerell,n. sp. . ; ‘ . 100

Planorbis nautileus Linn,,in Illinois . f f - . 120

Planorbis nitidus Gray : ; ; d : : . 105

Plejona Bolten , ; : é F . 148

Polygyra decepta Clapp, n. sp. (fig.) : ; i 7.26

Polygyra ferrissi sericea Ferriss, n. sp. 67

Polygyra inflecta approximans Clapp, n, subsp, Pl. III,

fig. 6) 74

Polygyra multilineata ‘algonquinensis Nason, n. var, . . 141

Polygyra smithii Clapp, n. sp. (Pl. III, figs. 1- x a te

Potamopyrgus brevior Ancey, n. sp. . ; . 46

Prince Edward Island, shells of . } 108

Publications received : : . 24, 35, 48, 60, "1, 92, 108

Pupa cincinnatiensis Judge : ; » V2bgh ee

Pupa curvidens Gould ; A ; ; ra "194

Pupilla floridana Dall . : 121, 125

Pyrgulopsis mississippiensis Pilsbry (PI. v, fe. 15) : . 116

Quadrula archeri Frierson, n. sp. (PI. I, figs, | At) De Pitan

Quadrula rubidula Frierson, rsp CP lh: a figs. 3, 4) «. hii Ba

Sumatogyrus aldrichi Walker, n. sp. (PI. V, fig. 9). . 114

Somatogyrus biangulatus Walker, n. sp. (Pl. V, fig. 6) . 99

Somatogyrus excavatus Walker, n. sp. (Pl. V, fig. 7) . . 100

Somatogyrus humerosis Walker, n. sp. (PL. V, fig. 2) 50.98

Somatogyrus pennsylvanicus | ilsbry, (Pl. V, figs. 17, 18) . 116

Somatogyrus pumilus Conrad, (Pl. V, fig. 10.) . s iets

Somatogyrus quadratus Walker, n. sp. (Pl. V, figs. 3,4.) . 98

Somatogyrus strengi Pilsbry & Walker, n. sp. (PI. V, ig,

Somatogyrus substriatus Walker, n, sp. (PI. Ni, fig. 1.) 5 USE

Somatogyrus tennesseensis Walker, Bape (Fs oh fig? 82) Ee

Stegodera angusticollis Mart, (PI. II, figs. 1, 2, 2) . 64, 65

Stegodera, notes on Meellendorftia and : oo 68

Straparollina harpa Hudson, (fig.) : : «102

Strombus pugilis nicaraguaensis Fluck, n. var. . 32

Strombus pugilis, some notes on living, Ph. Ill cle i, 18) is

Succinea floridana Pilsbry, n. sp.

Succinea indiana Pilsbry, n. sp. . ‘ : 58

Succinea retusa magister Pilsbry, (Fig. 2. i : = 09

Tonicella blaneyi Dall, Hope Cll. EV.) : : : Re

Trivia acutidentata Gask., note on ; . x ; . 132

Trochorbis Benson, ; : : 3 A Ob

Unio luteolus, note on Canadian — : } x ; Wee

Unionidee frou Alabama,new . ° ; : : math fe

Unionide, notes on young . t d 5 ae)

Unionide of Wisconsin . : : : ; : BEES

Valvata humeralis 2 , 2 ‘ ; : ; 30

Valvata lewisii : : U F 4 ; : ve ee

Valvata, note on . : : : ; : ‘ H . 28

viii THE NAUTILUS.

Vertigo perryi Sterki, n. sp. : : ‘ ; : . 53

Vitrina pfeifferi Desh., note on . : : ; OT

Vitrea rhoadsi Pilsbry (Fig.1) . : 3 ; . . 109

Volutidz, notes on genera of. ; ; ; ; . 148

Voluta junonia Lam _., : : . : : : . 148

Volutilithes Swains : 143

West Coast Conchology,a second contribution to ; 5, =

Wisconsin shells, list of : : ;

Wright, Samuel Hart . ; 105

Yukon Territory, notes on some fresh-water shells from . 1

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Ancey, C. F. : : ; : ; 34, 42

Baker, Frank C. ’ 2 : “ON, 51, 120, 142

Baldwin, D. D. . 5 s : A A : "11, 135

Berry, S. S. } ‘ : : ; : : ° . 133

Blaney, Dwight . : : ; : : i . 110,128

Button, Fred. L. Se ee

Carpenter, H. F. , ; 5 : : : : 47

Chadwick, G. H. : : : é é : : BT, 103

Clapp, Geo. H. . e : A ; : . 25, 73,91) 188

Cockerell, T. D. A. A : \ 46, 68, 71, 84, 96, 100

Colton, Harold Sellers A t . 8a

Datei a ; x ia! 26, 88, 104, 107, 131, 143

Daniels, L. E. ‘ : : 62

Ferriss, Jias. del. ¢ ; , L 5 } Ot.

Bingke Wve i i; : ‘ : é f 8, 16, 32, 55, 18

Mirierson. s,s: : : : : : b 13. 49

Hemphill, Henry : ; f . , ; 5,19

Johnson, Charles W. . : ‘ } Ma oP 12, 92, 105, 108

Latchford, F. R. rf i i ; ; . oF

Nason, Wm, A. . : 3 ad

Pilsbry, Henry A. . 24, 98, 34, WEF 48, 60, 63, 80, 91, 93, 109,

"121, 130

Raymond, Percy E. . , ‘ : : : : oF

Roberts, S. Raymond . : : : ; , : ae

Rous, Sloman, . ; : , : ‘ 2 ie

Rowell, Rev. J. . 4 y : ’ 41

Sterki, V. . ; p : : : 30, 53, 80, 96, 118, 134

Vanatta, BG...) ; A , i ; . 121

Walker, Bryant . : Sy Ban : : Z . (Seis

Whiteaves, J. F. : : ; : Cae

Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton. 4 ; 4 ; . 450

Winkley, Henry VR ; J . ‘ i . « LOT

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XIX. MAY, 1905. No. 1.

NOTES ON SOME FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM THE YUKON TERRITORY.

BY J. F. WHITEAVES.

Among the zodlogical collections in the Museum of the Geological

Survey of Canada, there are a few fresh-water shells from the Yukon

Territory, which have not yet been reported upon, though they are

by no means devoid of interest to the student of the geographical

distribution of the mollusca.

Most of these shells were collected by the late Dr. G. M. Dawson,

in 1887, at four localities, viz., from Frances Lake, at the head of

the Liard River; from Finlayson Lake, between Frances Lake and

the Pally River; at the Lewes River; and from Lake Marsh or

‘¢ Mud Lake,” one of the tributaries of the Lewes River. The re-

mainder were collected by Mr. Joseph Keele in 1904, from the

Stewart River, near Mayo River.

The Cycladidz in these collections have been kindly determined

by Dr. V. Sterki, and most of the Gasteropoda by Dr. W. H. Dall.

The species represented in them are apparently as follows:

PELECYPODA.

Spherium Walkert Sterki.

Frances Lake, one valve; and Finlayson Lake, two perfect speci-

mens. In 1904 Mr. W. McInnes collected a few living shells,

which were referred to this species by Dr. Sterki, from the Atta-

2 THE NAUTILUS.

wapiskat River, Keewatin. The type of S. Walkeri are from Lake

Michigan.

Pisidium Idahoense Roper.

Stewart River, near Mayo River; one dead but perfect specimen

and an odd valve. Dr. Sterki writes that the “anterior part of the

hinge of the former is reversed.”

Pisidium compressum Prime.

Stewart River, near Mayo River; one specimen. Mr. McInnes

has recently collected specimens of this species at Ozhiski Lake,

Attawapiskat River, at Kawinogans River (a branch of the Attawa-

piskat) and at the Winisk River, Keewatin.

Pisidium variabile Prime, var.

Stewart River, near Mayo River; two specimens. Mr. McInnes

has recently collected three specimens on the Kawinogans River,

which Dr. Sterki has identified with this species.

Pisidium scutellatum Sterki.

Frances Lake; fry only, one specimen. Dr. Sterki has recognized

a few specimens of P. scutellatum in collections made by Mr. McInnes

last year at Ozhiski Lake and the Kawinogans River, Keewatin.

GASTEROPODA.

Valvata mergella Westerlund.

Stewart River, near Mayo River, two specimens.

Valvata Lewisii Currier.

Valvata sincera of Haldeman, C. B. Adams, Dekay; W. G. Bin-

ney, and many subsequent American writers, but, according to Dall,

not V. sincera of Say.

Valvata striata of Lewis, but not of Philippi.

Frances Lake, ten specimens, and Finlayson Lake, two specimens.

Presumably similar specimens were previously recorded by W. G.

Binney, in 1865, under the name V. sincera, as having been collected

by Major Kennicott from the Peace River, Upper Mackenzie, and

Great Slave Lake. Frances and Finlayson Lakes both belong to

the Upper Mackenzie drainage system.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

Elsewhere in Canada, V. Lewisi’, as recently identified by Dall,

is now known to occur at many localities from Gaspé to Alberta, and

as far to the northeastward as Fort Chimo, Ungava.

A few specimens, in the museum of the Canadian Survey, which

Dall thinks are “ probably the true V. sincera of Say, or a variety

of it,” were collected on the island of Anticosti by Professor Macoun

in 1884, and on the Attawapiskat and Kawinogans Rivers by Mr.

McInnes in 1904. Those from the Kawinogans River have the

outer half of the last volution free and partially uncoiled.

Limnea stagnalis appressa Say.

Stewart River, near Mayo River ; two specimens.

Limnea Randolphit Baker.

Frances Lake, eleven fine and large specimens; Finlayson Lake,

eleven specimens, mostly immature ; Lewes River, one small speci-

men; and Lake Marsh, Lewis River, seventeen fine and mostly

adult shells.

Limnea palustris Muller.

_ Frances Lake, two specimens.

Limnea Vahlit Beck. (Dall.)

Frances Lake, nine specimens; Finlayson Lake, twelve specimens.

Limnea arctica Lea. (Dall.)

= Limnexa Pingeli Beck, var.; (Dall.)

Stewart River, near Mayo River, two specimens.

Planorbis trivolvis Say.

Stewart River, near Mayo River ; seven specimens of a rather

large, depressed and thin-shelled form of this species, with the spiral

angulation obsolete.

Segmentina armigera (Say).

Stewart River, near Mayo River; one specimen.

Physa sp. indet.

Finlayson Lake ; one very immature specimen. |

Ottawa, April 5, 19085.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

LISTS OF A FEW SPECIES OF LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM

THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY OF JAMES BAY, HUDSON BAY.

BY J. F. WHITEAVES.

The shells referred to in the following lists were collected by

Messrs. O. O’Sullivan and W. Spreadborough, at three localities

near James Bay, on behalf of the Geological Survey of Canada, and

are now in its Museum:

1. From two miles above the mouth of the Harricanaw River,

Hannah Bay, collected July 1, 1904.

(A. Land Shells.)

Cochlicopa lubrica (Muller). Several specimens.

Vitrina limpida Gould. Eight specimens.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say). ‘Two specimens.

Pyramidula striatella (Anthony). Four specimens.

Succinea retusa Lea (S. ovalis Gould non Say). Several speci-

mens.

(B. Fresh-water Shells.)

Limnea stagnalis appressa. ‘Ten specimens.

Limnea Vahlit Beck (teste Dall). Eleven specimens.

Limnea truncatula Muller (teste Dall). Several specimens.

Bulinus hypnorum (L.). Eight specimens.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. ‘Two specimens.

2. From the mouth of the Moose River, about a mile below Moose

Factory, collected July 15, 1904.

Lampsilis luteolus (Lamarck). Two specimens.

Anodonta marginata, Say (= A. fragilis, Lamarck). Three spe-

cimens.

3. From the mouth of the Albany River, about a mile below Fort

Albany, collected July 25, 1904.

Planorbis albus, Muller (= P. hirsutus, Gould). Several speci-

mens.

Ottawa, April 8, 1908.

THE NAUTILUS. 5

A SECOND CONTRIBUTION TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGY—I.

BY HENRY HEMPHILL.

This may be considered a continuation of the article published in

the three closing numbers of Vol, XIV (1901) of the Naurituvs,

entitled, “ A Contribution to West Coast Conchology.”

_ Since the publication of that article I have devoted the greater

part of three years or more to further exploration of the islands off

the coast of southern California, and a large part of a narrow strip

of the mainland directly along the coast opposite to the islands, ex-

tending from San Pedro, at the south, to San Simeon Point, at the

north, the latter point being about one hundred miles, more or less,

north of San Miguel Island, the most northerly island of the group.

The new material secured during this exploration is so variable in

every respect and yet so closely connected by intermediate forms,

and adds so much to our knowledge, not only of the land shells of

this region, but to the subject of variation generally, that I offer the

following notes and descriptions for the consideration of those inter-

ested in the study of our land shells.

These islands and the narrow strip of the mainland referred to

above constitute a very small portion of a large zodlogical province

that has its southern line at San Diego, and its northern limits at

Juan de Fuca Strait, and which may be or is known as the Cali-

fornian Province, as most of the forms of molluscan life found within

these limits have their metropolis, I believe, within the borders of

the State of California. These limits, however, like all other at-

tempts to define boundaries in nature, are more or less arbitrarily

drawn, and serve only in a general way for the purposes of study, as

dividing lines. Quite a number of genera and species that live in

this province pass beyond these limits, while a few from the more

northern region and even some circumpolar forms, disguised as

species, range across the California Province far down into the more

southern regions.

On account of their isolation or separation from the mainland and

peculiar conditions in the environment, both the fauna and flora of

the islands possess unusual attractions for those interested in the

study of the problems of life. I shall go somewhat into the particu-

lars and details of the conditions existing on these islands as I have

6 THE NAUTILUS.

seen and observed them, and picture them as best I can for the

readers of the Nauticus. A bit of history in this connection may

be of interest.

Historians and others tell us that these islands after several un-

successful expeditions were discovered in the year 1852, by Juan

Rodrigues Cabrillo, a Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain.

SANTA BARBARA

SAN MIGUEL 4,

SANTA SANTA ANACAPA

ROSA1, CRUZI. Les anetces

SANTA BARBARA 1.

‘SAN NICOLAS 4. SANTA

CATALINA #.

SAN

4 ecuet t.

COAST LINE AND ISLANDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

‘“‘ Cabrillo,” Prof. Holder tells us in his very interesting little book-

let on Santa Catalina Island, ‘‘named the islands we call to-day San

Clemente and Santa Catalina after his ships, the former ‘ La Vittoria’

and the latter ‘San Salvador.’ ”’

In May, 1602, sixty years later, another expedition under Sebas-

tain Vizcaino visited these islands in the following month of De-

cember. Vizcaino ignored Cabrillo’s names and renamed them San

Clemente and Santa Catalina, under which false names they have

been called ever since. According to modern conchological rules,

these later names fall into the synonomy of Cabrillo’s earlier ones,

but it seems a shame to ‘“‘ knock out” one saint’s name with another,

THE NAUTILUS. 7

if I am allowed to use a pugilistic phrase in connection with such a

saintly subject.

Prof. Holder continues to tell us that the historian of Vizcaino

was Father Torquemada, a member of the party, who has left a de-

scription of a temple on Santa Catalina. “It consisted of a large

circular place decorated with feathers, in the centre of which was an

idol bearing upon its sides representations of the sun and moon. ‘To

this object the natives sacrificed birds, yet when the Spaniards shot

the ravens the natives raised many lamentations.” ‘I believe,”

says Father Torquemada, ‘‘that the devil was in those crows, and

spoke through them, for they were regarded with great respect and

veneration. The birds were so tame that they would snatch fish

from the hands of the native women who did not dare to retaliate.”

Torquemada considered the natives of Santa Catalina a superior

race and in advance of the natives of the mainland in every way.

The women were attractive, had fine eyes, and were modest and de-

corous, while the children were described as ‘‘ white and ruddy.”

When Cabrillo discovered Southern California, Santa Catalina

had a large and vigorous population. To-day (1901), three hun-

dred and fifty-two years later, this is represented by a pitiful handful

of natives who are scattered about the foothills of the missions, by

graveyards despoiled, and by the quaint stone implements plowed

up by the modern ranchers.

I am indebted to the U. S. Coast Pilot for the following informa-

tion in regard to the size, distances and elevations on these islands:

‘<The general trend of these islands is southeast and northwest,”

or about parallel with the general trend of the coast line of the main-

land south of Point Conception, which point is a little north of San

Miguel, the most northerly island of the group.

‘¢ Santa Catalina lies about 18 miles southward from Point Fer-

min. It is about 18 miles long in an east and west direction, with

a greatest width of about 7 miles. About 6 miles from the western

end is a deep cut in a north and south direction that almost severs

it (this is known as the isthmus). The highest peak, 2100 feet high,

lies about the middle of the island.”

In February, 1897, the California Academy of Sciences issued a

Bulletin on the Geology of Santa Catalina Island, written by William

Sidney Tangier Smith, which goes largely into the details and analy-

sis of the rocks of the island. As the rocks form the basis of all

8 THE NAUTILUS.

the clays and soils, and in connection with the internal heat and

moisture and external atmospheric conditions, form the basis of all

organic life, including man, Mr. Smith’s list and arrangement may

be desirable to those who take a broad view and are seeking a solu-

tion of the great problems of life. His list and arrangement follows :

bad

A—Eruptive Rocks.

1. Diorite. 3. Rhyolite.

2. Porphyrite. 4, Andesite.

B—Tuff and Diatomaceous Earth.

1. Cot, 2. Shale.

C—Sedimentary Deposits.

D—Breccia.

E—Basement Series.

1. Quartzite. 4. Tale Shists.

2. Actinolite. 5. Garnet Amphibolite.

3. Serpentine.

(To be Continued.)

SHELL-COLLECTING ON THE MOSQUITO COAST OF NICARAGUA.

That part of the Central American coast stretching from the Car-

ribean Sea inland for about 40 or 50 miles and from the Wawa

River and Sisin Creek on the north to the Rama River on the south ©

has, until very recently, been known as the Mosquito Coast. In

former times it was one of the regular haunts of those historic gentle-

men whose lives have given us some thrilling tales of the old Spanish

Main, and who had so much regard for the things of others that they

soon became their own. The well-primed flint-lock and the handy

machette were sometimes brought into play and made said transfers

of property more expeditious.

Bluefields, the metropolis of the Mosquito Coast, with its cosmo-

politan, variegated population and babel of tongues, owes its name to

Blauveldt, one of those old sea-dogs. From 1655 to 1850 this land

enjoyed autonomy under Great Britain, being ruled by native kings.

But in 1850 under the terms of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty and of

the treaty of Managua of 1860 the suzerainty was transferred to

Nicaragua. The Indians enjoyed practical independence under their

native king until 1895, when Nicaragua troops took actual possession

THE NAUTILUS. i)

10 THE NAUTILUS.

and the last vestige of native rule disappeared. The United States

no doubt welcomed the final act, but England has never yet given

full assent to it. The political change has not been beneficial to the

native population. |

A little gold in the rivers, some exports of mahogany and rubber

support a small foreign population, who import considerable foreign

food and manufactured goods, All this making the imposition of

duty possible, the Nicaraguan government was naturally attracted,

for the main function of government in many of our naughty little

sister republics is to grab the pennies.

The white people comprise the foreign traders and the mission-

aries. The Nicaraguans in Bluefields are mostly mixed; as to the

rest of the population it is made up of native Indians, except for the

West Indian negroes who have settled in Bluefields and at Pearl

Lagoon.

Of the Indian tribes the Moskos, whom the Spaniards called

Mosquitos, are the most numerous and inhabit the seacoast. On

Rama Key, in the Bluefields Lagoon, and on the mainland as far as

Monkey Point, live a few hundred Rama Indians. Near Pearl

Lagoon and near Wauks River or the Rio Coco dwell some remnants

of black Caribs. Near the headwaters of streams west of Bluefields

are to be found some Woolwas, while the Sumus inhabit the country

along the headwaters of streams to the north of the Kuringwas

River. All these interesting tribes and the Sumus especially, the

most interesting of them all, are fast dying out or mixing. The

ethnologist had better hurry or a field of research will be gone for-

ever.

In Vol. 5, p. 151, of **The American Journal of Conchology,”

Mr. Ralph Tate, who collected in the Chonatales province, says:

“‘ A low mountain chain trends in a northwest and southeast direc-

tion through the central part of the country. . . . This region ezx-

tends- to the Atlantic seaboard.”’ ‘The italics are mine, and it is to

this latter remark I want to call attention, for I have had inquiries

from conchologists concerning shells they thought lived on the Mos-

quito Coast which could not possibly have existed in its swamps.

With the exception of the low, isolated Pratta Hills to the north-

west of Karata, a single isolated cone, known as Lappan, just west

of Wounta Haulover ; a solitary ridge near Pearl Lagoon, and some

spurs of Cord. de Yoloma south of Bluefields, the entire Mosquito

THE NAUTILUS. 1]

Coast, together with much of the country beyond its limits, espec-

ially up the Kuringwas and the Avultara (Rio Grande) is low,

swampy, savanna land. For twenty miles back from the sea, ex-

cept in the rainy season, the rivers, creeks and lakes are salty. A

glance at the map will show that the sea has invaded the land along

the whole coast. The Indians say the coast is settling. Trees

planted 80 years ago, high and dry and back from the sea, were at

the high-tide line, being washed away in 1903. Lagoons once sep-

arated by a strip of forest or connected by a very narrow tingui

(channel) are now united as one. Banks that once sloped to the

water’s edge are now being submerged.

Dense forest covers the country along all the streams and lagoons,

Near the sea is the ubiquitous mangrove. Between the rivers are

large savannas on which roam the cattle of the Indians, as well as

deer. With few exceptions, the villages are along the rivers and

lagoons, and consist of wattled and thatched huts. The entire pop-

ulation cannot exceed 15,000. The country is a paradise for natur-

alists, although I never met any there. It abounds in insects, birds,

fish and interesting quadrupeds, such as tapirs, peccary, jaguars,

pumas and ocelots, besides lizards, alligators, turtles and manatees.

I also observed at least three kinds of monkeys. Last, and of course

not least, there are molluscs.

Along the seashore the country is sandy, and one is reminded of

the Jersey beach. There are, however, three isolated spots on the

coast which form exceptions. At the entrance to the harbor at Blue-

fields there is a strong “‘ Bluff’”’ standing high above the surround-

ing low stretches of country. At Walfa Siksa, the meaning of

which is black stone, are to be found on the north side of the river

mouth some black igneous rocks. ‘They are also found under the

' river bed and crop out back of the village, which stands back from

the sea, on the south bank of the river. This outcrop forms quite a

conical knoll of rocks, having remarkable, square-like cavity struc-

tures. It is hidden in the “ bush,” and few white men know that

the hill exists. To the north of the Wawa river there are some

high banks of clay and stones along the sea, and the place is known

as Bragman’s Bluff,

The sand of the sea-beach extends back only a short distance—

from a few feet to a few hundred yards, where clay and igneous-

looking earth takes its place. Back twenty or thirty miles the river

12 THE NAUTILUS.

banks get high enough to prevent overflow, and then the country be-

gins to be stony. Rapids and falls are found on nearly all the

rivers along the western border of the old reserve, and doubtless

indicate an ancient seacoast.

From the shore line seaward there extends a very gradually slop-

ing continental shelf, making shallow water and calm seas.

From three to forty miles out there are keys of various sizes, the

largest being (Great) Corn Island. Some are treeless, while others

are covered with mangroves and cocoanut palms.

From 1899 to 1903 it was my privilege to live at Wounta Haulover,

a little Indian village of wattled and thatched huts. Being the only

white man within twenty miles in any direction, loneliness some-

times drove me out into the forest, along the rivers or down by the

sea—to collect shells. Although my time was fully occupied with

professional duties, I succeedéd in getting together a nice cabinet of

specimens. In another paper I shall name them and append some

notes.

NOTES.

CyPRHA XANTHODON GrRay.—Dr. T. H. May, Government

Health and Medical Officer of the Port of Bundaberg, Queensland,

Australia, has sent me three beautiful specimens of Cypraa xantho-

don Gray, which he says his children picked up last Christmas when

at his seaside cottage. The shells were alive when taken and were

found under rocks at low water. This species has been supposed to

have a deep-water habitat.—S. RAYMOND ROBERTS.

WHOLESALE PEARL FisHinec.—A great pearl fishery will take

place at Marichchikkaddi, in the Island of Ceylon, on or about

February 20, 1905. The banks to be fished are the southwest

Cheval Paar, which is estimated to contain 3,500,000 oysters, suffi-

cient to employ 200 boats for two days; the mid-east Cheval Paar,

estimated to contain 13,750,000 oysters, sufficient to employ 200

boats for seven days; the north and south Moderagam, with 25,700,-

000 oysters, sufficient to employ 200 boats for thirteen days; the

south Cheval Paar, estimated to contain 40,220,000 oysters, suffi-

cient to employ 200 boats for twenty days, each boat being fully

manned with divers.—London Globe.

OF THE

IVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

THE NAUTILUS, XIX. PEAGE TT.

FRIERSON: NEW UNIONID.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XIX. JUNE, 1905. No. 2.

NEW UNIONIDZ FROM ALABAMA.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

Quadrula archert n. sp. Plate I, figs. 1, 2.

Shell small, thin, lenticular, somewhat quadrate, smooth. An-

terior margin rounded, basal margin slightly curved, dorsal margin

somewhat bent midway, posterior margin rounded or bluntly pointed,

umbones low and flattened. Sides compressed, raised slightly at the

posterior angle, which is nearly obsolete ; posterior slope wide, and

somewhat elevated ; epidermis smooth, light brown, sometimes in-

clining to orange, two or three concentric bands of green or black

mark the earlier lines of growth.

Teeth of the left valve double, anterior cardinal high, thin and

wedge-shaped, the posterior cardinal triangular, low and small,

laterals thin, rather short and nearly straight.

In the right valve the cardinals are divided by a deep cleft, ex-

tending nearly to the bottom of the anterior adductor scar, the pos-

terior tooth being much the smaller. The dorsal plate is quite wide

for so small a shell. The shell cavity is quite capacious; the beak

cavities deep and compressed. Nacre white, with brown splotches,

and very iridescent. ‘The nacre is probably also salmon-colored in

some individuals. The pallial line in the specimens before me is

nearly imperceptible in the posterior part of shell, where the nacre

is very thin. One specimen shows in the upper part of the shell

cavity, 20 or 30 almost microscopic muscle-scars extending from the

beak cavities half way to the pallial line. Long. 34, alt. 28, diam.

14mm. Habitat: Tallapoosa River, at Tallassee, Ala.

14 THE NAUTILUS.

This shell is not closely allied to any shell with which I am

acquainted. On the one hand it resembles some of the Pleurobemas

of the group typified by P. fassinans, Lea, and on the other hand it

bears some resemblance to a young and thin Q. aurea, Lea. In the

concentric coloring of the lines of growth, it reminds one of Q.

asperata, Lea. Its deep and compressed beak cavities place it in

the genus Quadrula, while its resemblances to the latter two species

is too slight to cause any error in their direction. Four specimens

were found in the Tallapoosa River, Ala., by Mr. A. A. Hinkley,

who has kindly allowed me to retain the specimen figured.

Quadrula rubidula n. sp. Plate I, figs. 3. 4.

Shell small, heavy, somewhat triangular; base emarginate, dor-

sum arched, posterior angle biangulate; ligament elevated, light red.

Beaks not very high, umbones inflated, sides flattened, epidermis

brown, rough, obsoletely rayed, and showing traces of a greenish

tint.

Cardinals stout, short, rough, inclined to be double in both valves;

laterals rather short, heavy, rough, and slightly curved; cavity of

shell very irregular, excavated from beak to posterior margin; beak

cavity deep and compressed, nacre white, sometimes pinkish, not

very iridescent. Long. 36, alt. 32, diam. 22 mm.

The shell is close to Q. rubida, Lea, and some forms resemble

some of the depauperated specimens of Q. étrigona, Lea. From

either of these species it may be differentiated by its small size, and

by the biangulated posterior angle. Some 30 or 40 specimens from

the Mulberry River; 20 or 30 from the Black Warrior, and a single

specimen from the North River, Alabama, show a remarkable con-

stancy in size and other characters. Examples may be seen in the

cabinets of most of the collectors of Unionide in America, contributed

by Mr. A. A. Hinkley, of Dubois, Illinois.

TWO UNDESCRIBED CALIFORNIAN SHELLS.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Murex (Phyllonotus) santarosana n. sp.

Shell small for the subgenus, with about six whorls, each bearing

from five to seven strong, low, reflexed varices, with a prominent,

THE NAUTILUS. 15

short, reflexed and inflexed grooved spine at the shoulder of the

whorl; nuclear whorls one-and-a-half, smooth, minute; nepionic

whorls two-and-a-half, with the whorls tabulate, two strong spiral

cords at the shoulder, the varices thin, irregular Jaminz low and ob-

scure ; subsequent whorls, with five (increasing in the adult to seven)

strong, anteriorly crispate, amber-brown varices, under which the

whorls are tabulate, the intervarical spaces whitish, nearly smooth

or with very obscure revolving lines or threads ; base of the whorls

somewhat constricted with a short grooved spine on each varix where

it crosses the concavity ; aperture obovate, small, with the inner lip

smooth, the outer one more or less denticulate on the edge, the

enamel whitish ; canal long, anteriorly attenuated, the margins ad-

jacent but not adherent. Height of adult 45.0 ; max. diameter 28.0;

max. diameter of aperture 10.5 mm.

Types, U. S. Nat. Museum, 130628 and 133945.

Dredged by U.S. F. C. Str. Albatross off Santa Rosa Island, in

82 fathoms sand, also found off San Pedro and Catalina Island by

various collectors,

Specimens were named and distributed in 1895, but by some in-

advertence the descriptions, both of this and the following species,

seem to have remained unpublished.

Alaba oldroydi n. sp.

Shell small, polished, pale rufescent brown, with seven whorls,

the protoconch smooth, swollen, globose, the following whorl smooth

and rather inflated, the subsequent whorls sharply spirally grooved

with wider interspaces, crossed especially the earlier ones with a few

irregular, low, half obsolete wrinkles, the whorls are flattish and

sometimes slightly constricted in front of the suture; the aperture

patulous, recalling that of /ssoina, the base rounded with no um-

bilicus. Length 5.25; max. diam. 2.0; length of last whorl 2.5 mm.

Type, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 158,771. San Pedro, 10 fathoms.

Collected by Mrs. Oldroyd, Mr. Roper, Mr. Lowe, and others near

San Pedro.

None of the specimens retain the operculum. The form of the

shell, and especially of the aperture, recalls Aissoina, but the irregu-

lar varices, sculpture and apex are more like Alaba. A certain

amount of doubt as to its true zoological position must remain until

the operculum is known.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

SHELL-COLLECTING ON THE MOSQUITO COAST OF NICARAGUA~—II.

BY W. H. FLUCK.

I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to several naturalists who

have helped me in naming and verifying my shells, especially Messrs.

Pilsbry, Johnson, Dall, Schick, Shackleford, Hodgson and Ancey.

Without their generous help a solitary student like myself would

be like the old woman who lived in the shoe, with one difference,

trouble about shells, not children.

The localities mentioned in this and in subsequent papers may be

found by referring to my map, page 9 of this volume. The names

are somewhat blurred owing to rough paper and the reduction of the

drawing, but it answers the principal reason for its publication, the

location of Wounta Haulover, Wounta, Walfa Siksa, the Keys and

Wani.

Spirula peronit Lam.

Wounta Haulover, and everywhere along the coast. No living

specimens were found, but perfect shells of this cephalopod, immacu-

late and beautiful, were taken in quantity. I nearly always found it

on the upper reaches of the beach among the dead algae and trash

cast up by the sea.

Murex brevifrons Lam.

Wounta Haulover. A specimen is found now and again on the

beach, but the shell is not plentiful.

Murex bellus Rve.

Same locality. One dead but perfect shell.

Sistrum nodulosum C. B. Ads.

King’s Keys. One shell.

Purpura trinitatensis Guppy.

Man of War Keys.

Cymatium pileare Lam.

Walfa Siksa. On the rocks and sand reaches at this place there

is good collecting. especially for bivalves.

Purpura floridana Con.

This is the shell known as P. hemastoma L., var. floridana Con.

Dr. Dall considers floridana of specific value. My shells are very

variable in form and marking. Some are smooth-whorled and the

color of beach sand; others are studded with one or two rows of

THE NAUTILUS. 17

more or less prominent processes, especially on the body whorls, and

are more marked than the smooth variety. Found on the beach on

logs that were a-wash at high tide. In the dry season, when little

fresh water from the Walpa Siksa river enters the sea, these shells

are sometimes found on the rocks near the Indian village of the same

name nearby.

Purpura patula L.

King’s Keys. Man of War Keys. Up to 3 inches long and very

beautiful. In the larger specimens the processes and other sculpture

are often more or less obliterated. An old and reliable Indian told

me that in former times the natives made dye for their loin-cloths—

the name of which in their tongue is palpura, strange to say—out of

molluscs from the keys.

Fasciolaria tulipa L.

Man of War Keys, and abundant on all the others as well, where

they are sought after by the natives as an article of food.

Drillia fuscescens Gray.

A single dead shell at Wounta Haulover.

Drillia sp.

Dr. Dall says this is near D. harfordiana Rve., perhaps a variety

of it. King’s Keys.

Latirus cinguliferus Lam.

Man of War Keys.

Melongena melongena L.

Man of War Keys. Also on rocks at Walpa Siksa alive, as well

as hundreds of dead shells as hermit-crab houses in the shallow water

inside the bar.

Phos? d’orbignyt Payr.

King’s Keys. ‘Two specimens.

Pisania pusio L.

Man of War Keys. Numerous. I got eight specimens.

Nassa vibex Say.

Wounta Haulover, and everywhere, in favorable places. In the

quiet September sea, when the beach is low, it can be found alive or

containing hermit crabs,

Voluta virescens Sol.

In four years I found only four dead shells at Wounta Haulover.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

Mar ginella apicina Mke.

Wounta Haulover. In September and March, especially in the

former month, the N. E. trade wind dies away entirely, and instead,

the wind blows from the S. or S. E. across South America. By the

time it reaches the Caribbean it is the gentlest of zephyrs. The sea

becomes as blue as the sky and as calm as a mill-pond on a hot

August day. Under such conditions the shallow sea along the shore

swarms with small forms of mollusca, and the littoral and laminarian

collector is enabled to get forms not obtainable at any other time

except by dredging. MM. apicina is found at this time in quantity.

Marginella guttata Dillw.

Also found at the same place and under similar conditions, but is

not as plentiful as the former.

Oliva (Agaronia) testacea Lam.

This little mollusk seems to be absolutely at home in the sand at

the bottom of the shallow sea at Wounta Haulover. I think I am

safe in saying that this is the commonest laminarian univalve on the

Caribbean coast of Nicaragua. It is rarely cast up dead. I have

taken them alive in quantity whenever the sea was calm enough to

feel for them. With the Indian boys of my village I had a stand-

ing bargain to purchase all the small forms they brought me. That

was before I found my first Olive. I was in bathing one day, when

my foot, which soon became a good sub-marine shell-collector, acci-

dently touched something that got away. I went for it quicker than

it takes to write about it, and soon landed my first Olive. It was a

prize I was proud of. I schemed out a little plan to get more, and

confidentially let my house-boy in on the ground floor. I agreed to

pay him 5 cents (silver) for every similar shell. He smiled hope-

fully, but still I was not suspicious. My hope was to get two or

three sets for my friends. The boy soon disappeared, and quietly

marshalled the boys of the village, who immediately invaded the sea.

In less than an hour this little army confronted me with double

handfuls of these Olives. They enjoyed their corner in the Olive

market, and began unloading on me at 5 cents per. They allowed

me, after an explanation, to make a selection of several dozen at less

money. ‘The rest went back into the sea. I kept a few alive ina

jar of water and sand for a long time. My observations were of

little interest, as the molluscs burrowed in the sand, and seemed to

want to go deeper. The foot is large and violet-colored, and with it

they dig rapidly.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

Oolumbella mercatoria L.

A few shells from Man of War Keys. On the mainland nothing

but fragments were ever found.

Oolumbella ( Anachis) varia Sowb.

Columbella ( Anachis) lyrata Sowb.

Both these forms can be found in large quantities at Wounta

Haulover, but always, so far as I remember, as hermit-crab shell.

I do not recall ever getting any alive, possibly because I never

dredged for them. Every September, for 4 years, my boys and I

collected hundreds of them. There is no doubt in my mind that

both forms can be had alive not far from the Wounta Haulover

beach. If I had known at the time that this was a new locality for

OC. varia, I would have made an effort to secure living specimens.

Engina turbinella Kiener.

Man of War Keys. ‘Two specimens.

Cancellaria reticulata L. Wounta Haulover.

Have also seen it from the keys.

Terebra cinerea Gmel. Wounta Haulover.

Abundant, especially in September, when the sea is calm. At

such times it seems to burrow nearer the surface of the sand. It is

easily kept in a jar of sea-water and is quite active. Those I had in

confinement spent much time creeping about on the sides of the jar

like Zimneas, displaying their round, disk-like foot.

Terebra hastata Gmel. Same locality.

Rare. Only 3 specimens in 4 years. It probably inhabits deeper

water than T. cinerea.

(To be Continued.)

A SECOND CONTRIBUTION TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGY—II.

BY HENRY HEMPHILL.*

I have seen it stated several times by writers on conchology, that

in regions where limestone predominates in the geological formation,

and consequently becomes the principal element of the soil, that

snail shells were or are more abundant (and hence a greater amount

* By typographical error the date of discovery of the islands was given as

1852 on p. 6 of last number, 5th line from top. It should read 1542.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

of that form of organic life exists) than in regions where limestone

was absent.

I am not prepared to confirm or deny such statements, for I have

found land shells, both large and small, white and almost black,

banded and bandless, with all the intermediate states and conditions,

abundant and rare in limestone regions, and equally as abundant,

rare and variable where limestone was apparently absent. There is

undoubtedly a very close relationship between organic life, its form,

and the elements composing the soil, which all creatures eat as food

in a more refined state, and the elements composing the atmosphere

that we breathe into our lungs and blood and which becomes a part

of our body and being, and both of which are absolutely necessary

to the existence of all forms of life, including man.

I think, therefore, we must seek for a solution of the problem of

the origin of organic life, and the great diversity of form and action

it presents for our study and consideration, in the chemical combina-

tion of the elements, for it is certainly true as Tyndall tells us, that

‘¢ all matter is alive.’”’ In fact matter is the home of life, it is found

nowhere else. Both are necessary to a demonstration of any kind,

inseparable and truly immortal twins.

In his Essay on Man, the greatest of all philosophical poems, Pope

expresses this thought in these inspired words :

“See matter next with various life endued,

Press to one centre still the general good.

See dying vegetables life sustain ;

See life dissolving vegetate again:

All forms that perish other forms supply

(By turns we catch the vital breath and die).

Like bubbles on the sea of matter born,

They rise, they break, and to that sea return.

Nothing is foreign; parts relate to whole.

One all-extending, all-preserving soul

Connects each being the greatest with the least.

Made beast in aid of man, and man of beast,

All served, all serving, nothing stands alone.

The chain holds good where it ends unknown.”

For all of the above reasons Mr. Smith’s arrangement and analy-

sis of the rocks of Santa Catalina Island, as given in our preceding

paper, may be useful to those interested in this phase of the study of

life.

THE NAUTILUS. 21

The topography of Santa Catalina Island is bold and rugged. In

many or most places the bluffs rise abruptly out of the sea in per-

pendicular masses several hundred feet in height ; occasionally they

are lower and assume the form of wall-like buttresses or small

rounded headlands jutting out more or less into the sea, back of

which the land rises in steep, abrupt elevations more or less broken,

to the general level of the main bluff. The summits of the bluffs

are sometimes jagged and rough, occasionally rounded off more or

less smooth or level, intersected by small gulches, and a few deep

canyons. The surface of the interior back of the bluffs gradually

rises and is diversified as all mountainous regions are, and stretches

off to the foot of «* Black Jack,” a cone with its peak 2,000 feet high,

and ‘‘ Orizaba”’ or ‘* Brush Mt.,” ridge-like in form with its highest

elevation 2,100 feet above the level of the sea. These two peaks are

the highest on the island, and are located about its centre. ‘They

are a mile or more apart and stand dome-like on the main ridge,

which has an average elevation above the sea of about 1,400 feet.

The main canyons, which are few in number, are narrow and

deep. The beds of these great washouts rise but a few feet above

sea level for a mile or two inland, where they divide into smaller

gulches that rise rapidly into and drain the higher slopes of the main

ridge or backbone of the island.

At the mouth of Silver Canyon, which is really the only washout

I saw on the island worthy of the name canyon, there is an immense

and grand bluff of volcanic rock that rises perpendicular to almost or

quite the level of the main ridge of the island, and crowds the mouth

of the canyon into a narrow gorge but a few feet in width, forming

a grand mass of ‘lava flow” for study and contemplation. This

canyon is located on the south side of the main ridge about 7 miles

from Avalon. The bluff stands on the east side of the canyon, ex-

tends a short distance inland, where it becomes broken into steep

rocky declivities and abrupt slopes, covered with a thin coating of

soil, and overrun by scrubby bushes, cactus and other plants, all

mingled together in wild confusion, barring out in most places the

foot of man. ‘The smaller or side gulches that drain into and inter-

sect the main canyons are numerous, generally short, and sometimes

quite deep and canyon-like, with steep sides, and separated by sharp,

narrow, barren, rocky ridges that run off in every direction like the

arms of an octopus, joining the main ridge higher up and near the

22 THE NAUTILUS.

middle of the island. On these rocky ridges, which are generally

free from brush and chaparral, one may find rough trails, or get

along by some rough climbing in his search for specimens, if he has

a pair of stout legs and strong hob-nailed brogans under him. The

only wild creatures that inhabit these islands to-day, so far as my

knowledge goes, are wild goats (introduced with sheep), wild hogs

(introduced and found to-day only on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa

Islands), foxes, mice, birds, lizards, snakes (rare), snails and insects.

I have no evidence to show that any other animals except the

Indians ever did inhabit them; but there are reports of the discov-

ery of the bones of some large creature on Santa Rosa Island some

years ago by Dr. Yates.

The northern and more shaded slopes of these island ridges are for

the most part covered with scrub-oak bushes and other chaparral of

various kinds, their branches low and reaching the ground, the twigs

interwoven in many places so that all travel through this tangled

wildwood is shut out except an occasional place where the sheep and

goats have browsed off the lower twigs and made narrow openings or

rough trails in their search for food during the dry season, or in

seeking cool, shady retreats during hot summer days. Cacti have

nearly full possession of the south and sunny slopes or exposures of

the ridges on the island, and here on Santa Catalina, so far as my

experience goes, is the breeding ground and home of the various

kinds of snails, while the north and more shaded slopes are destitute

or deserted by these children of the mist.

Notwithstanding the thin, scanty soil in most places on the steep

slopes and narrow rocky ridges, the cactus secures a tolerably firm

hold by sending strong, wiry roots down into the cracks and crevices

of the bedrock, and in spite of the long dry weather during the sum-

mer they succeed wonderfully in developing their stout, succulent

and curious forms.

Sometimes these plants are isolated, but generally they grow in

dense patches and frequently take full possession of ridge, hill and

slope where they stand in great masses, and apparently the more

crowded they are the larger and stouter they grow, and armed as

they are, with long, sharp thorns and thousands of fine needle-like

‘‘ pointers ’’ barbed to the end, one must work among them in his

search for specimens with great care, otherwise he may receive some

painful stabs and wounds which I have frequently met with in my

THE NAUTILUS. 23

eagerness to secure some prize that imagined it was safe when within

a *‘ crown of thorns.”

A few of the main creeks and sluiceways are shallow, broad and

open, and cannot be classed ascanyons. ‘Their creek-beds are some-

times bordered by small, narrow flats or slopes, with a background

of smooth rolling hills and sunny declivities that become more ab-

rupt, rocky and broken as they rise and join the main ridge. On

some of these little flats, directly along the banks of the creek, there

are occasional patches of small willows, intermingled with bushes

and shrubs of various kinds. On the southern sides of these open

creeks or sluiceways the land generally rises more abrupt and rapidly

than on the opposite side, is more rugged and is densely clothed with

the impenetrable chaparral, mingled frequently with cactus, and

presenting rather a strange contrast to the barren, treeless and

shrubless slopes on the opposite side of the creeks,

The aspect of these islands during the dry season is dreary

enough, and yet, even then, there is a sort of melancholy charm

about the scenery, especially to those who want to see and study old

mother nature in all her moods, which are about as changeable and

fickle as her greatest offspring, the genus Homo.

The brown and sere vegetation, the barren and dried-up soil,

ridge and slope strewn with fragments of disintegrating ledges of

vari-colored rocks, the dumb waterless streams that sing no song

and produce no “speckled beauties” to the great disgust of the

enthusiastic ‘‘ fly-throwers,” and the hazy atmosphere that frequently

hangs likea veil over hill and mountain, and lends a dim, distant and

dreamy appearance to the landscape, are conditions not calculated

to excite our enthusiasm, and leaves the imagination about as barren

of glow as the landscape is of flowers and green grass. With the

advent of the wet or rainy season however, all this dreariness is

changed and so quickly that one wonders at the sudden transforma-

tion of the landscape from a dreary desert waste to a beautiful bloom-

ing garden wrought by the magic chemistry of the rains and dews

upon the dry, warm earth.

Perhaps in no other part of our blessed republic is there so sudden

and rapid a transition in the growth of vegetation, and hence in the

general aspect of the landscape, as occurs in Southern California,

after the heavy rains fall and the ground becomes well saturated

with moisture. I know of no better fact that illustrates so well the

24 THE NAUTILUS.

effect of conditions in the environment, not only on vegetable but on

all other forms of life as the application of moisture to the warm dry

soil, and I may add right here, that in my opinion the proportions

of heat and moisture, especially in the early stages of growth of an

organism, is probably the most fruitful source of variation.

The rains of Southern California appear to be brewed in the

south, at least they are brought here on the wings of the south wind.

When the rains are excessive, the gulches, creeks and canyons on

these islands become raging torrents; the thin soil in many places,

and especially on the south slopes which receive the full force of the

storms, becomes filled with water to the bedrock; then landslides

more or less extensive occur, when rock, land and cactus are launched

into the raging waters and carried out to sea.

With these destructive occurrences whole colonies of snails are

frequently carried away and destroyed, except occasionally a few

fortunate individuals that may become stranded with other débris

lower down on the sides of the creek or canyon, where if the con-

ditions are favorable a new colony will spring up with such modifica-

tiont of the creature and the shell as the combination of the already

organized creature and the new conditions in the environment de-

termine.

(To be Continued. )

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THe Fossit LAND SHELLS OF BeRmMupDA. By Addison Gulick

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1904, pp. 406-425, plate 36). The

shells collected by the author from quarries of the zolian limestone

of Bermuda are described and discussed in this valuable paper. Of

17 species of land snails found fossil, 14 are probably peculiar to

Bermuda. The recent fauna contains 13 indigenous species, 6 of

them peculiar to the island. The most notable of the fossils discov-

ered by Mr. Gulick are new species of Pecilozonites, Huconulus,

Zonitoides, Vertigo (2 species), Carychium and a Strobilops referred

to hubbardi. ‘‘ Dr. Pilsbry’s conclusion, from the anatomy of Pecil-

ozonites, that the oldest importations to Bermuda came from contin-

ental America, is thus confirmed by a large majority of the fossil

forms.”’ Some of the commonest species in the modern fauna are

wanting in the fossil deposits, such as Polygyra microdonta and Helt-

cina convera. Mr. Gulick gives an interesting discussion of the con-

dition of the island at the time the extinct forms flourished, too long

for abstract here.—H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XIX. JULY, 1905. No. 3.

POLYGYRA DECEPTA N. SP.

BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.

While collecting at Blount Springs, Ala., in July, 1904, Mr.

Herbert N. Smith gathered a good series of shells which, at first

glance, appeared to be Polygyra hirsuta, but careful examination

showed two species, a small form of typical Aersuta, gr. diam. 7,

lesser 64, alt. 45 mm., and the above-named new species, in the pro-

portion of about 1 of the former to 7 of the latter.

P, decepta n. sp. P. hirsuta Say.

By comparison with hirsuta the following differences will be

noted: Lip broader and more rounded at the top so that when the

shell is viewed from below, the body-whorl joins it ina regular curve

instead of forming an obtuse angle; parietal tooth hooked at the

outer end and curving into the aperture, the lip being deeply re-

cessed around it; lip-notch narrow and sinuous with a well raised

margin which projects above the level of the parietal tooth ; width

26 THE NAUTILUS.

of aperture, measured from back of lip to edge of parietal callous

across the lip-notch, more than half the length, while in hirsuta it is

less; parietal tooth not quite joining lip at basal margin; internal

tubercle short and completely covered by the lip so that it is not

visible through the base of the shell. The parietal tooth is con-

nected to the end of the lip by a slight buttress and there is a well

developed tooth-like process on the lip, but these characters are

common to most of the species of this group. Color and hairs about

the same as in hirsuta.

The outline figures bring out the differences better than the de-

scription, decepta being drawn from the type and hirsuta froma

Blount Springs shell.

Type: Greater diam. 7, lesser 64, alt. 43 mm., whorls 5.

Greater diam. 64, lesser 53, alt. 44 mm., whorls 42.

These measurements show the extreme variation in size.

Type No. 5223 of my collection and cotypes in the collections of

the Academy of Natural Sciences, Bryant Walker and T. H.

Aldrich.

In the character and shape of the lip-notch this species bears a

strong resemblance to P. pilula Pils. but differs in other important

points.

NOTE ON A VARIETY OF CREPIDULA NIVEA C. B. ADAMS, FROM SAN

PEDRO, CALIFORNIA.

BY W. H. DALL.

I have recently received from several Pacific coast correspondents

a curious form of Crepidula nivea C. B. Adams, the form which on

that coast takes the place in the fauna occupied by C. plana Say, on

the Atlantic shores, and usually occupies a situs on the interior of

dead, univalve shells, especially such forms as Lunatia; but is some-

times found between dead, but still paired, bivalves, or in the borings

of Lithophaga or Pholas. It has as many forms as the locd have dif-

ferences, but, in general, is externally flat or concave and more or

less lamellose, of a white color, and elongate-oval shape.

The specimens referred to, however, broke all records by being

uniformly straight, convex, smooth, equilateral, white and posteriorly

attenuated. It was obvious that the uniformity was due to some

special s¢tus, but what it was I could not imagine. The other day

THE NAUTILUS. 27

Mrs. W. H. Eshnaur satisfied our curiosity and excited our surprise

by sending several of these shells dm situ, and, of all places, on the

valves of Glottidia albida Hinds! The latter were well grown, and

the Crepidula exactly covered the outside of the valve, some speci-

mens having a Orepidula on both valves, others only on one.

It is well known that the brachiopod in question burrows in the

sand; a mucus which exudes from it consolidates the adjacent sand

into a sort of tube, from which the distal margins of the valves pro-

trude a little. Hence the Crepidula could satisfy its instinct for

being on the inside of things, yet not out of reach of food, and the

brachiopod was supplied gratis with a well-fitting cuirass or acces-

sory armor, both benefiting. This peculiar-looking Crepidula might

appropriately take the mutational name of glottidiarum, in case one

wishes to refer to it briefly. It forms a striking instance of the way

in which form is dependent in this genus on situs, a subject some-

body would find it profitable to work up.

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF SHELLS FROM BASS LAKE, INDIANA.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Some months ago my assistant, Mr. Frank M. Woodruff, made a

small collection of shells at Bass Lake, Indiana, which seems of in-

terest enough to list. Bass Lake is a beautiful sheet of water, the

clear, crystal depths of which teem with fish and mollusks. The

specimens are particularly large and fine.

Anodonta grandis Say. ‘The specimens obtained are the form

called salmonia by Lea. As stated by Simpson, this form is nearly

always blistered and scaly. The salmon color is very beautiful in

some specimens.

Anodonta grandis var. footiana Lea.

Spherium ocerdentale.

Calyculina truncata.

Pisidium abditum Haldeman.

Vivipara contectoides Binney. ‘The individuals from this locality

vary from uncolored to distinctly four-banded, and are notably large

and fine.

Amnicola limosa Say.

Amnicola limosa var. parva lea.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

Gontobasis livescens Menke.

Physa heterostropha Say. ‘The individuals are smooth and highly

polished, and are destitute of impressed spiral lines. One specimen

is a scalariform monstrosity.

Physa integra Haldeman. Rare.

Lymnea desidiosa Say. Many zebra-like forms.

Planorbis trivolvis Say.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say,

Planorbis parvus Say.

Segmentina armigera Say.

Note on Valvata.

A collection of Valvatze from Long Lake, Lake County, Illinois,

recently received, is of some interest, especially as regards the rela-

tive numbers of individuals.

Valvata tricarinata 107.

Valvata tricarinata confusa 6.

Valvata bicarinata 1.

Valvata bicarinata normalis 33.

A NEW SPECIES OF SUCCINEA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Succinea indiana n. sp.

Shell obesely ovate, thin, brownish-amber or raw sienna colored,

the apex reddish. Sculpture of fine growth-lines and wrinkles, be-

coming rather coarse wrinkles on the last half whorl. Whorls 34,

very convex, the last large and inflated. Aperture large, oblique,

the outer lip either regularly arcuate or somewhat flattened in the

middle. Columella thin and strongly arcuate throughout.

Length 11, diam. 7, length of aperture 7.7 mm.

Length 10.7, diam. 6.9, length of aperture 7.7 mm.

Length 10, diam. 6, length of aperture 7 mm.

New Harmony, Posey Co., Indiana ; cotypes in collections A. N.

S. P., the State Museum at Indianapolis, and L. E. Daniels; collected

by L. E. Daniels.

This species seems to be closely related by the obese shape to

S. campestris of Georgia and Florida and S. unicolor Tryon of New

THE NAUTILUS. 29

Orleans. It differs from both in color and texture. S. grosvenort

Lea (of which S. greert Tryon is a synonym) has a longer spire and

smaller last whorl.

While it seems strange that a new Suceinea should be found in so

well known a district of the middle west, yet I am unable to identify

the form found by Mr. Daniels with any described species.

It was found in 1904 just south of New Harmony on the hillside

facing the west between the mar! cliffs and the highway.

ON SOME NEW VARIETIES OF CYPRAEA.

BY SLOMAN ROUS.

Cyprea miliaris var. Brooket n. var.

Dorsal surface light yellowish-brown with a subquadrate patch of

a shade darker color, sprinkled with very faint, scarcely perceptible

spots of lighter color, base and extremities pure, shining white, colu-

mella tinged with same color but lighter than dorsal surface.

Long. 29, lat. 17.3, height 14.5 mm. Philippines.

This beautiful little shell is in the collection of Mrs. J. M. Brooke,

of Lexington, Va., who received it from a friend in Cebu, P. I.

Cyprea capensis var. Elizabethensis n. var.

Rather wider and higher in proportion to its length than is usual

in normal capensis, with the irregular brown patch so often found in

this species, but with the dorsal line (which in C. capensis is usually

very indistinct and often invisible, being crossed by the lira) very

broad, distinct and smooth. The lire on the outer side of the shell

are painted with the same color as the dorsal patch. Length 29,

width 18.2, height 14mm. Port Elizabeth, Cape of Good Hope.

I lived in Port Elizabeth over forty years during which I collected

very many specimens of C. capensis, and saw, I think, almost all the

shells about which there was anything unusual that were taken by

the other local collectors all of whom were my intimate friends. I

do not recollect seeing a shell like this and I scarcely think it could

have escaped my notice. The most remarkable difference between

it and the type form being*the brown color of the ribs below the

dorsal line.

30 THE NAUTILUS.

CYCLADIDA OF THE SOUTHERN STATES.

BY V. STERKI.

The year 1904 has brought us many good things in the line of

Cycladide, especially from the South, from Indiana and from Can-

ada. Our knowledge of these small bivalves from the Gulf States

has been very limited. Mr. H. E. Sargent had done some collect-

ing in North Alabama, and Mr. Frierson in North Louisiana, and

a few lots had been seen from other states. The collecting of Mr.

Smith in Georgia and Alabama, mainly along the Coosa river, and

of Mr. A. A. Hinkley in Alabama and Mississippi, have opened that

territory known as particularly rich in Strepomatide and Unionide,

and added considerably in regard to systematics as well as geograph-

ical distribution. ‘The specimens collected by Mr. Smith were

kindly sent for examination by Mr. Bryant Walker, those of Mr.

Hinkley partly by himself and partly by Mr. Walker. The follow-

ing list and notes may be of interest to students of a much neglected

yet integral part of our mollusk fauna :

Pisidium virgintcum Gm. From Georgia, Alabama and Missis-

sippi, common and rather variable. ‘The prevalent form along the

Coosa river is decidedly oblique and rather angular in outlines; it

may represent a variety.

Pis. compressum Pr. Common and decidedly variable, making a

considerable addition to the already wide range of variation of this

species, and some forms seem to represent real varieties.

Pis. kirklandi Sterki. Shoal creek near Florence, Town creek at

Montevallo, Ala., full grown and young specimens; seen from the

South for the first time. There is a small but distinct roundish,

somewhat raised, granular area in the center of each beak, a char-

acteristic feature of the species, not noted in the description (THE

NAUTILUS, xiii, p. 11, 1899).

Pis. eruciatum Sterki. Shoal creek, Florence, Ala., collected by

Mr. Hinkley. This minute Pisidium, distinguished by the unique

formation of its hinge and the shape of the ridges on the beaks, had

also been known only from Ohio, Michigan and Illinois (also fossil).

Pis. fallax Sterki. Two badly eroded specimens from the Town

creek, Montevallo, Ala. The species is widely distributed and vari-

able, and specimens of it are generally more eroded than any others.

THE NAUTILUS. 31

Pis. limatulum Sterki. Various places in Alabama.

Pis. peraltum Sterki. Grenada, Miss., only one specimen, but

good and characteristic, collected by Mr. Hinkley. Had been known

from Virginia, Kentucky, Illinois and Iowa. A form from Mich-

igan referred to it seems to be distinct.

Pis. noveboracense Pr. Specimens from Alabama and Missis-

sippi were referred, somewhat doubtfully, to this widely distributed

and very variable species. Some forms from various places of the

three states represented partly by hundreds of specimens, are either

varieties or distinct species, and still more materials are desirable.

Pis. atlanticum Sterki. Wetumpka, Ala.

Pis. singleyi Sterki. Tuscaloosa, Ala, (over 200 specimens) and

Columbus, Miss. (Mr. Hinkley); Buxahatchee Creek, Calera, Ala.

(Mr. Smith). Somewhat different from the Texas form, rather like

those from Frierson, La. (collected by Mr. Frierson), but larger.

Several other Pisidia have been seen, represented by small num-

bers of specimens; with more materials on hand, they may prove

distinct species or varieties.

Spherium solidulum Pr. Several places in Alabama and Georgia,

variable. Good numbers, e. g., from the Buxahatchee creek, near

Calera, Ala., collected by Mr. Smith; one form closely resembles

Ohio specimens regarded as typical, another, in the same lot, is

rather different, the sulcation is much finer and the young are of

somewhat different shape. The two forms are separable, one by

one; whether the latter represent a variety or a distinct species will

be ascertained with additional materials. From some places, the

specimens were small and poor, yet seemed to be true.

Sph. stamineum Con. Several places in Alabama and Mississippi;

over a hundred good specimens from the Town creek, Montevallo,

Ala., “in weeds and mud,” collected by Mr. Smith. A few speci-

mens in the same lot were rather different, whether distinct, must be

made out later.

Sph. striatinum Lam. Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. Rather

different forms from various places seemed to range under this very

polymorphous species. Although many thousands of specimens of

“ Sph. striatinum”’ were seen from a wide territory, it has not yet

been possible to define geographical varieties to any degree of satis-

faction, nor to exclude with certainty such forms as may be con-

sidered distinct.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

Sph. fabale Pr. Several places in Alabama, evidently common ;

scarcely different from the more northern form (Ohio, etc.).

Sph. occidentale Pr. Near the Coosa river, 300 good specimens,

and a few from the Shoal creek, Ala. (low woods, Mr. Smith);

Boligee, Ala. (Mr. Hinkley).

Calyculina* elevata Hald. From various places in Alabama;

Columbus, Miss.; also received from Frierson, La.

Cal. transversa Say. From a number of places in the three

States, generally small and slight, while from Frierson, La., I have

received specimens of large size.

Cal. truncata Lins]. Specimens from near Wetumpka, Ala., are

rather resembling the Cal. from New York, Ohio, ete.

Cal. securis Pr. (?) A single specimen from Spring creek, Eb-

enezer Church, Ala., seems to range under that species.

A small, greenish to brownish Calyculina from Grenada, Miss.,

collected by Mr. Hinkley, may be a variety of Cal. securis; the

same, although somewhat different, has been seen from Frierson, La.

Of Hupera, some specimens have been collected in Alabama, but

were not examined. Huperais known to inhabit all the Gulf States

(except Mississippi’), and it is very desirable that more materials

be brought up for systematic examination.

Although the specimens seen so far hardly justify speekone of

lacking species, yet it may be noted that it was surprising not to

see a trace of such widely distributed and common species as Pisi-

dium variabtle Pr. and punctatum Sterki; also none of Spherium

simile Say and rhomboideum Say and, as it seems, Calyculina par-

tumeia Say.

SHELL COLLECTING ON THE MOSQUITO COAST OF NICARAGUA.—III.

BY W. H. FLUCK.

Strombus pugilis nicaraguensis var. nov.

The shell differs from the typical pugilis, especially in its smaller

size, varying very little from 55 to 62 mm. ‘The spire is regularly

* Dr. E. von Martens thinks Calyculina Clessin should be replaced by Mus-

culium Link.

THE NAUTILUS. 33

tuberculated, rather high, acute, and sculptured with distinct revolvy-

ing raised lines; prominent revolving ridges also mark the entire

body-whorl, or in some specimens a large portion of it, The color

is uniform dark salmon, except the spire, which tends to whiteness,

while the aperture is lighter and brighter than the external parts,

and anteriorly has just a suggestion of purple. ‘The epidermis is thin.

Specimens were taken in large quantities, and were fully ma-

tured, with lip expanded in the characteristic way. I also have six

quite young shells, which contained hermit-crabs, in which the lip is

incomplete. My attention was first called to the small size of these

shells by my friend Mr. Morris Schick, of Tropico, Cal., to whom I

sent specimens from Nicaragua about 1902. I was loth, however,

to report the shell as a new variety until Mr. C. W. Johnson wrote

me, saying: ‘* The beautiful little Stromb certainly deserves a var-

ietal name. * * * * They are gems, and are as distinct as many of

the varieties to which names have been given. They are only about

half the size of my Florida and West Indian specimens.” I then

requested Mr. Johnson to describe the shell in Tur Navurtiuus, but

he generously asked me to do so. I hope this will explain how I came

to ‘‘butt into” the variety-making business, and will appease the

wrath of the bunchers.

I wish to acknowledge that Mr. Johnson has pointed out to me

several of the points of difference in my shell, and has also suggested

the very appropriate varietal name.

Specimens were taken now and then all along the beach between

the Principulka and the Wawa rivers. At Kia, an Indian village

13 miles north of Wounta Haulover, the natives find it in such

quantities that it is regularly sought after as an article of food.

Boiled ‘ atula,” as the Indians call it, is tough eating, almost as

tough as old parrot, as I know from experience when dining under

the palms at Kia, but “ any old thing” satisfies a hungry traveler

when plenty of green cocoanut water can be had to wash it down.

Inquiry among the people elicited the fact that most of these mol-

luses were found just north of the Wawa river, about four miles from

the village. I went there and found large quantities of them in the

shallow water. This mollusc is a very beautiful one ; the eyes are

remarkable and seem to be eying one, and are ever on the alert,

It is about as active a snail as I ever saw, using its operculum as a

lever by which it was enabled to leap out of a glass fruit dish in

34 THE NAUTILUS.

which I placed one. The types of this shell are in my own collec-

tion and the Boston Society of Natural History. Other collectors,

however, have specimens, as I have sent out many sets.

(To be Continued.)

NOTES.

NATICA INTRICATOIDES HID. ON THE ALGERIAN Coast.—Last

year I mentioned Natica prietot Hidalgo, as found by myself at

Algiers. Like Natica intricatoides, another very rare species from

the Spanish coast, it had not been found before on our shores; now

Natica intricatoides has been detected also at Algiers by the General

de Lamothe, the well-known geologist, who gave me several beauti-

ful specimens. It was associated with JV. filosa, N. macilenta and

NV. prietoi ; of the latter he found a single specimen. In the same

lot from Sidi-Ferruch in the vicinity of Algiers, I saw a single and

very fine Wassa, in fair condition, which may be WV. compta A. Ad.,

known only as a West African shell.—C. F. Ancry.

PLANORBIS ALABAMENSIS AND DILATATUS IN THE FLORIDIAN

PiiocENE.—The only small Planorbis reported from the Caloosa-

hatchee Pliocene in Dall’s great work on that fauna is P. exacutus

Say. Some years ago I received from Mr. Johnson numerous

specimens of another species, P. alabamensis Pils. They differ con-

stantly from the recent form in having a decidedly smaller umbili-

cus. This variety may be called P. alabamensis avus. With these

there were a few specimens of P. dilatatus Gld., which also differ a

little from the typical form in having a smaller aperture and dis-

tinctly thickened lip. —H. A. Prussry.

Note on CANADIAN UNIO LUTEOLUS.—While examining re-

cently the shells in the collection presented to the Smithsonian Insti-

tution by Dr. Isaac Lea, I was surprised to observe that a large

green specimen of Unio luteolus, from the ‘‘ Rideau Canal, Ottawa,

Canada,” had written upon one of its valves in his well-known hand-

writing the name “U7. radiatus.”’ The entry number of the shell is

85042. The error would not be remarkable if made by an authority

of less repute than Dr. Lea, as many of the male duteolus found in the

Rideau Canal resemble radiatus in outline, coloring and even in the

THE NAUTILUS. 35

texture of the epidermis, urged by some as a distinguishing charac-

teristic. A full series of the shell from the Rideau Canal here,

where it occurs abundantly, and where radiatus—common elsewhere

in this vicinity—does not occur at all, would however be readily re-

cognized as Juteolus. But Dr. Lea’s identification of the Ottawa

shell as radiatus is liable to mislead, and notwithstanding this cor-

rection doubtless will mislead many students, who while his great

collection endures will have recourse to it for the solution of not a

few difficulties —F. R. Larcurorp, Orrawa, Onr.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

AnnoTaTeD List or THE Types oF INVERTEBRATE CRETA-

cEous Fossits in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences

of Philadelphia. By Charles W. Johnson. Proc. A. N.S. Phila.,

1905, pp. 4-28. Four hundred entries, exclusive of synonyms, are

comprised in this catalogue of types, which is one of the fruits of Mr.

Johnson’s labor in working over the entire collection of American

Cretaceous invertebrates in the Academy’s collection. The follow-

ing groups are represented: Corals, 5 species; Annelida, 8 species ;

Polyzoa, 31 species; Brachiopoda, 4 species; Echinoderms, 23

species; Crustacea, 4 species; Mollusca, 325 species. No attempt

at full synonymy is made, but the author’s broad acquaintance with

the subject enables him to add many critical notes and to bring the

list abreast of the times in nomenclature. Three new species are

introduced: MNemodon conradi Johnson, Cucullea gabbi Johnson,

Straparollus deplanatus Gabb.—H. A. P.

Notes ON THE Mouuuscs, REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS OF On-

TONAGON Co., Micuigan. By A. G. Ruthven. Sixth Ann. Rep.

Mich. Acad. Sciences. Records of Mollusca from the Upper Pen-

insula have been very rare hitherto. This list of 71 species therefore

fills a gap in the map.

Fossi_s OF THE BAHAMA ISLANDS, with a list of the non-marine

Mollusks. By Wm. H. Dall. Extract from ‘‘ The Bahama Islands.”

The marine fossils noted are all of recent species. Phacoides penn-

sylvanicus, Codakia orbicularis, Tellina radiata, Arca occidentalis

86 THE NAUTILUS.

and Arca reticulata are figured. The list of non-marine forms com-

prises 147 species and numerous varieties, the following being de- .

scribed as new: OCerion rhyssum, Cepolis (Hemitrochus) excumana, O..

(H.) agassizi, C. (Plagioptycha) gregoriana, C. (P.) inaguana, C.

(P.) pharcida, and a number of varieties. All are figured. An in-

teresting discussion of the relationships and history of the fauna pre-

cedes the descriptions.

Cuecx List oF THE Motiusca or New Yorx.—By Elizabeth

J. Letson. (Bull, 88 N. Y. State Museum, 1905).’ Miss Letson has

brought together references to the New York mollusca from all

sources from the time of DeKay (1843) to the present time ; so that

her check list is a bibliography as well. The marine fauna is not a

rich one. Of non-marine forms, 243 species and some varieties are

recorded ; and though a few given on the authority of old records

will probably be deleted, yet the number of species remaining is re-

markably large for a Northern State. The work will be useful to all

interested in the species of our northern and middle States.—H. A. P.

BEMERKUNGEN UEBER DIE CHITONEN-SAMMLUNG IM ZOOLOG-

ISCHEN MusrEuMm zu Lreipen.—Von Dr. H. F. Nierstrasz. Notes

Leiden Mus.,, vol. xxv. Dr. Nierstrasz is known asa careful and

competent author on Chitons by his report on those of the Siboga

Expedition. In the present paper he describes as new Callistochiton

leidensis from Santa Elena and Callistochiton porosus from Rio Jan-

eiro, and gives interesting notes on various species of Liolophura,

Onithochiton and other genera. Full details are given of Dr.

Nierstrasz’s genus Squamipleura, from a series of 40 examples from

near Timor. It stands between Acanthopleura and Liolophura, but

nearer the latter. A few locality records, on the authority of

specimens in the Leiden Museum (no collector mentioned) are un-

doubtedly erroneous. Jschnochiton magdalensis surely never came

from Martinique, nor J. punctulatissimus from the Gulf of Mexico.

The record of Nuttallina scabra from Chili is almost as doubtful;

and only the most definite data would justify us in adding Acan-

thopleura granulata to the faune of Magellan Strait and the Cape of

Good Hope.—H. A. P.

1Pp. 112, New York State Educational Department, Albany.

THE NAUTILUS.

Von, XTX. AUGUST, 1905.

LAND SHELLS OF THE FLORIDA KEYS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

During the spring of 1904 Mr. Clarence B. Moore made an

exploration of the Keys of Florida primarily for archeological re-

search, from Key Marco southward to Cape Sable and Long Key,

then northward on the East Coast to Lake Worth. During this

cruise he collected shells, particularly Liguws and Oxystyla. The

latter will form the subject of special report. Subsequently he sent

Messrs. Fowler and Brown, of the academy staff, to the outer keys,

Key West to Duck Key. The land shells collected are enumerated

below. In addition to the species of the Keys I have included those

taken at Cape Sable. The fauna of the mainland at that place is

related to that of the Keys, being practically insulated by the ever-

glades which extend across the peninsula.

With the exception of Key West and Key Largo, very few

records of land shells have heretofore been made from the Keys, and

from many of them no mollusks whatever have hitherto been repor-

ted. The prevalence of the same species on most of the Keys sup-

ports Professor A. Agassiz’s theory that that land area is in process

of disintegration, the present islets being rémnants of a once con-

tinous land-mass.

Cyclostomatide.

Chondropoma dentatum Say. Two miles east of Planter, Key

Largo, East end Windly’s Island or Umbrella Key, Lignum Vite

Key, West end Upper Matacumbe Key, Summerland Key, Big

Pine Key, Little Pine Key, Sugar-loaf Creek, Sugar-loaf Key and

Key West.

38 THE NAUTILUS.

Truncatellidee.

Truncatella caribeensis ‘Sby’ Rve. Rabbit Key, Monroe county;

Bahia, Honda Key, Key Largo, Big Pine Key, Sugar-loaf Key,

Key West.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Blue Hill Island near Goodland Point,

Key Marco, near Punta Rassa, Fakahatchee Key, Ten Thousand

Islands, Pavilion Key, Bahia Honda Key, Key Largo, Big Pine

Key, Sugar-loaf Key, Key West.

Truncatella sp. Sugar-loaf Key.

Helicinide.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Little Palo Alto Key, Big Palo Alto

Key, Lignum Vite Key, Snipe Key, Key West, Pineland, north-

west end of Pine Island, Fakahatchee Key in Ten Thousand Islands,

East Cape, Cape Sable, Little Pine Key. |

Helicina tantilla Pils. Duck Key and Grassy Key. Originally

described from Palm Beach, on the east coast.

Felicide.

Cepolis varians Mke. South end of Key Biscayne, Cape Florida,

West end of Upper Matacumbe Key.

Polygyra cereolus (Muhlf.). East end Lower Matacumbe Key ;

Long Key; Big Pine Key; Little Pine Key; Sugar-loaf Key at

Sugar-loaf Creek ; Boca Chica Key ; near Blind Pass, Middle Cape,

Cape Sable, and a small Key opposite Flamingo, in the same

region.

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana (Bld.). Western end of Upper

Matacumbe Key; Lignum Vite Key; Summerland Key ; Cudjoe

Key; Key West near Punta Rassa; Blue Hill Island near Good-

land Point, Key Marco; Fakahatchee Key in the Ten Thousand

Islands; Turner Key; Rabbit Key; Pavilion Key.

Polygyra uvulifera (Shuttlw.). Big Pine Key; Blue Hill Island

near Goodland Point, Key Marco; Turner River, Turner Key ;

Middle Cape and East Cape, Cape Sable.

Thysanophora selenina (Gld.). Big Pine Key; Blue Hill Island

near Goodland Point, Key Marco; Fakabatchee Key in the Ten

Thousand Islands. (Helix selenina Gld.—Helix vortex Pfr., preoc.).

Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shuttl.). Mainland at Middle Cape

Cape Sable; Duck Key; Big Pine Key.

Thysanophora sp. undet. Little Pine Key.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

Bulimulide.

Drymeus dominicus (Rve.). Cutler; Fakahatchee Key, Ten

Thousand Islands.

Drymeus multilineatus (Say). Big Palo Alto Key; Western end

of Upper Matacumbe Key; Lignum Vite Key; Eastern end of

Lower Matacumbe Key; Noname Key; Big Pine Key; Little

Pine Key ; West end of Cudjoe Key ; Sugar-loaf Key ; Summerland

Key; Boca Chica Key; Blue Hill Island near Goodland Point, Key

Marco.

Liguus fasciatus (Mull.).

Oxystyla undata reses (Say).

Oxystyla floridensis (Pils.).

These species will form a special report.

Urocoptide.

Urocoptis poeyana (Orb.) var. Big Pine Key.

Microceramus pontificus (Gld.). Lignum Vite Key; Big Pine

Key ; Summerland Key.

Microceramus floridanus Pils., var. Fakahatchee Key, Ten,

Thousand Islands; Turner Key.

Cerionide.

Cerion incanum (Binn.). Southern end of Key Biscayne, Cape

Florida; Western end of Long Island or Cantation Key; Eastern

end of Windly’s Island or Umbrella Key ; Indian Key; Eastern end

Lower Matacumbe Key ; Long Key ; Grass Key ; Vaca Key; Bahia

Honda Key; Little Pine Key; Noname Key; Big Pine Key;

Summerland Key ; Cudjoe Key ; Sugar-loaf Creek, Sugar-loaf Key;

Snipe Key; Boca Chica Key; Key West. Found everywhere in

copious quantity.

Strobilops sp. undet. Big Pine Key. A young shell of the laby-

rinthica type.

Pupillide.

Pupoides modicus (Gld.). Fakahatchee Key, in the Ten Thou-

sand Islands.

Bifidaria pellucida (Pfr.). Big Pine Key, mainland at Middle

Cape, Cape Sable.

Bifidaria rupicola (Say). Pineland at northwest end of Pine

Island; Fakahatchee Key, Ten Thousand Islands; mainland at

Middle Cape, Cape Sable.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

Bifidaria contracta (Say). Pineland, northwest end Pine Key;

mainland on Middle Cape, Cape Sable.

Vertigo rugosula oralis Sterki. Mainland at Middle Cape, Cape

Sable.

Vertigo sp. undet. Grassy Key. An imperfect shell.

Achatinide.

Melaniella gracillima floridana Pils. Big Pine Key.

Glandinide.

Glandina truncata (Brug.). Hammock near north mouth of

Suwanee river, near Punta Passa; Pineland, northwest end Pine

Island, also northeast end Pine Island; Blue Hill Island near Good-

land Point, Key Marco; Fakahatchee Key, in the Ten Thousand

Islands; Russell’s Key; Wiggins’ Key, Sandfly Pass; Lossman’s

Key ; Big Pine Key.

Glandina truncata minor Binn. Mainland, Middle Cape, Cape

Sable; East end of Lower Matacumbe Key; Big Pine Key.

ZLonitide.

Guppya gundlachi (Pfr.). Pineland, Northwest end of Pine Is-

land; Fakahatchee Key in the Ten Thousand Islands; mainland at

Middle Cape, Cape Sable ; Sugarloaf Key.

Guppya miamiensis Pils. Grassy Key.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Mainland at Middle Cape, Cape

Sable.

Zonitoides dallianus (‘ Simpson’ Pils.). Fakahatchee Key in the

Ten Thousand Islands.

Zonitoides minusculus (Binn.). Big Pine Key; Fakahatchee Key

in the Ten Thousand Islands; mainland at Middle Cape, Cape

Sable.

Zonitoides minusculus alachuanus (Dall.). Pineland at northwest

end of Pine Island.

Succineide.

Succinea campestris Say. Lignum Vite Key ; Long Key.

Succinea floridana Pilsbry, n. sp.

Shell obesely ovate, thin but strong for the genus, opaque, flesh-

tinted or pinkish-white, marked with corneous-fleshy streaks, and

usually a few scattered clear dots, readily seen by holding the shell

up towards the light; apical whorl usually reddish-brown. Interior

more or less deeply tinted with ochre-yellow. Whorls 34 to 33, very

TOE NAUTILUS. 41

convex, the last whorl evenly convex. Sculpture of fine, unequal

growth-lines and coarse but low wrinkles, with some indistinct

malleation on the last whorl. Aperture ovate, short; outer lip well

arched ; columella oblique and nearly straight.

Length 12.3, diam, 7.2, length of aperture 8 mm.

- Length 12.2, diam. 7, length of aperture 7.8 mm,

Length 12.8, diam. 7, length of aperture 8 mm.

Northern end of Big Pine Key, abundant in long grass, types no.

87358 A. N.S. P., collected by Messrs. Fowler and Brown, June,

1904. Other localities are Summerland Key, Cudjoe Key, Sugar-

loaf Key, Boca Chica Key, Key West. On the mainland and keys

of west Florida at Blue Hill Island, near Goodland Point (C. B.

Moore), and one mile east of Marianna, Chipola river (C. W. John-

son, 1900, one bleached specimen).

This species has hitherto been considered a form of S. luteola,

from which it differs in the much shorter contour and more convex

last whorl. I have seen no specimens from Florida referable to

luteola. SS. floridana is also closely related to S. campestris, which

is still more obese, and more strongly corrugated, with the spire less

slender. The most nearly related forms are, however, the Antillean

S. ochracina Gundl. of eastern Cuba and S. dominicensis Pfr. of

Santo Domingo. In both of these, however, the color is more lemon

than ochre-yellow. S. dominicensis is a smoother, white and very

beautiful shell. S. ochracina is somewhat rough, streaked white and

corneous with a pale lemon tint throughout, and with a longer aper-

ture than S. floridana.

S. floridana varies a good deal in size. The largest seen is from

Key West, 14 mm. long, and the smallest adults are from Boca

Chica Key, 84 mm. long, with 35 whorls.

A NEW CALIFORNIAN HELIX.

BY REV. J. ROWELL.

Helix (Epiphragmophora) sequoicola soquela n. subsp.

Shell broadly umbilicate, thickly and regularly striate, very dark

brown approaching black, of uniform color with the exception of two

parallel white bands above the middle of the body-whorl, shell de-

pressed with depressed spire, whorls seven, the last much inflated,

strongly banded within. Greater diameter 28 mm., height 12 mm.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

Differs from dupetithouarsi and sequoicola in much darker color,

more inflated aperture, depressed form, greater breadth, and enclosed

band of the same color as the body of the shell.

Habitat, Santa Cruz mountains midway between Soquel creek and

Skyland.

REMARKS ON SOME LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM THE

NEW HEBRIDES, WITH DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES.

BY C. F. ANCEY.

The following species represented in my collection were obtained

from various sources, principally from my regretted friend E. L.

Layard, the well-known student, and from Dr. Ph. Francois, who

collected somewhat extensively in the Archipelago several years ago,

and has explored chiefly the northern group. To the latter I] am

particularly obliged for useful data on several of the localities he vis-

ited, and for the liberal gift of specimens, most of these, however,

having been examined by the late Mr. Mabille and forming part of

the collection of the Paris Museum.

1. Lamprocystis Layardi (Thomson).

Hab. Vate island (Glisson, fide Layard). This form is united to

L. guttula Pfr., by Mr. E. R. Sykes (Proc. Malac. Soc., London,

1902, p. 196), but having specimens of both I do not share this opin-

ion, the general aspect being the same, but the columellar insertion

being different. It was well described and figured by Mr. J. H.

Thomson (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1885, p. 25, with fig.).

2. Macrochlamys (?) Annatonensis (Pfr.).

Hab. Vate island (Glisson).

This form is closely allied to ‘‘ Zonites”” Vitiensis Mousson, of the

Viti group. The generic reference is doubtful, but I consider they

are more nearly related to Macrochlamys than to the European gen-

era Vitrea or Polita.

3. Endodonta tenuiscripta Anc.

Hab. Mallicollo island.

The original description states that the shell is ‘‘ widely umbili-

cated.”” One must read ‘‘ not widely umbilicated”’ (see NauTILuUs,

1896, p. 90).

4. Draparnaudia singularis Pfr., var. diminuta Anc.

Hab. Aneitum (= Annaton) island (fide E. L. Layard).

THE NAUTILUS. 48

I venture to give this varietal name to the shell I have mistaken

for the true H. singularis Pfr. (see Nautitus, 1897, p. 27), which

is described from Aneitum. According to Mr. Sykes (loc. supra cit.,

p. 197), specimens of the latter, so named by Dr. Pfeiffer, are in the

British Museum, and are the ordinary, large, strongly-keeled form

usually met with in collection. The present one is also strongly but

obtusely angled, has 6 whorls only and the last whor! is not deflected

at all infront. It is 64 mm. high and 6 mm. wide. In size it is

quite like D. Walkeri Sykes (loc. supra cit., p. 197, fig. I1), but the

latter appears to have a higher body-whorl and more rounded peri-

phery. It was collected on Espiritu Santo island, very distant from

that of Aneitum.

5. Dendrotrochus Eva (Pfr.).

Hab. Vate island.

It is peculiar, I think, to the above island. The specimens are

more commonly white, sharply keeled, with or without a brown lip.

In others the keel is more obtuse, while in some cases there is a

brown zone between the keel and the suture.

6. Dendrotrochus Layardi (Hartm.).

Hab. Aura (= Aurora island), fide Layard; also Espiritu Santo

island (J. J. Walker, Dr. Ph. Francois).

I have seen an extensive series of this fine shell, originally de-

scribed as ‘“‘ Oxychona.”’ It is now well established that Oxychona is a

genus of Bulimulide allied to Zaplageus and Drymeus, restricted in

its distribution to Brazil. The present species is related to D. Eva,

which it appears to replace in the northern group. The following

variations occurred to my notice :

a. Plain ashy-white.

b. Ornamented with a narrow brown line on the keel and the

suture.

ce. With a wide dark-brown band between the keel and the sutures,

sometimes extending, sometimes fading on the upper whorls.

The lip is either brown or whitish and the base, around the axis, is

frequently tinged with brown. There are always some minute spots

and black, oblique lines on the pale ground.

7. Diplomorpha Brazieri Hartm.

Hab. Espiritu Santo island. A scarce species, never found, I sup-

pose, in fresh condition.

8. Diplomorpha Delantouri Hartm.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

Hab. Aura (= Aurora island), Delantour, fide Hartman.

The numerous specimens from Espiritu Santo island (Ph. Fran-

gois), belong to a variety major (long. 21-25, diam. 15-16 mm.), but

otherwise are quite like the type.

9. Diplomorpha ruga Hartm.

Hab. Espiritu Santo island.

10. Diplomorpha Bernieri Hart.

Hab. Espiritu Santo island. Iam informed that “ Segon island,”’

quoted by Dr. Hartman, does not exist in the New Hebrides. The

locality is to be corrected to ‘‘ Canal du Second,” Espiritu Santo

island.

11. Placostylus (Pecilocharis) Frangoisi Mab.

The types which I have had the opportunity of examining through

the kindness of Prof. Joubin, in the Paris Museum, appear to be

conspecific with P. hebridarum of the same author.

12. Partula Auraniana Hartm.

Hab. Buka-buka, Torres group (Dr. P. Francois).

13, Opeas oparicum Pfr.

Hab. Espiritu Santo island (Dr. P. Francois).

14. Auriculus elongatus Pfr.

Hab. Espiritu Santo island (Dr. P. Francois).

15. Physa Layardi Anc., n. sp.

Testa oblongo-attenuata, tenuis, nitida, pallide corneo-virens, indu-

mento ferrugines plerumque codperta. Spira conoidea, satis pro-

ducta, regularis, acuta. Anfractus 5 convexi, sutura subappressa,

obliqua divisi, lineis incrementi vix conspicuis, in ultimo antice

curvatis; ultimus ovalis, basi attenuatus. Apertura subobliqua,

superne angustata, irregulariter ovalis, intus nitida, basi interdum

lacteo-subincrassata, margine sinistro antrorsim flexuoso. Columella

crassa, lactea, intus late pliciformis, plica parum prominente. FPeris-

toma simplex, acutum, ad columellam anguste reflexum, marginibus

callo tenui junctis.

Long. 94, diam. 54, alt. apert. 52 mill.

Hab. Vate island (Glisson, fide EK. L. Layard).

An inconspicuous little form, like many of those described from

Australia and New Caledonia, but sufficiently distinct. No species

of this genus has hitherto been recorded from the New Hebrides.

16, Palaina Frangoisi Anc.

Testa sinistrorsa, oblique et compresse rimata, subcylindraceo-

THE NAUTILUS. 45

oblonga, tenuis, pallide cinereo-fulvescens, acute costulata, costulis

filiformibus, parum nitens. Spira oblongo-attenuata, apice minuto.

Anfractus 64 convexi, sutura impressa discreti, embryonales leaves,

sequentes remote et argute chordato-costulati, penultimus multo

densius costulatus, dorso subgibbosus, ultimus antice distincte planu-

latus, infra attenuatus, ad aperturam valde ascendens, dorso laxius

liratus. Apertura fere recta, circularis, columella intus obscure sub-

inflata. Peristoma continuum, undique modice expansum.

Long. 23, diam. vix 14, alt. apert. 1 mill.

Hab. Espiritu Santo island. A single specimen found in the

aperture of Helicina Layardi, Hartm.

The genus has not yet been recorded from the New Hebrides.

Some have been ascribed to “ Lord Howe’s island, New Hebrides,”

but this particular island is the one lying between the coast of New

South Wales and Norfolk island, although another islet in the New

Hebrides bears the name of ‘‘ Lord Howe.”’ The present species is

allied to Palaina Montrouzieri, of New Caledonia, but of different

sculpture.

17. Omphalotropis conella Sykes (??) var.

Testa minute umbilicata, conico-turbinata, solidula, castanea, haud

nitens, costulis cuticularibus verticalibus remotis, subobliquis, atque

lineis elevatis spiralibus parum conspicuis, infra peripheriam dis-

tantibus et validiusculis sculpta, carina peripherica et lira circa

umbilicum distinctis, Spira conoidea, obtusiuscula. Anfractus 6

convexiusculi, sutura impressa, ultimus medio angulatus, infra 5

liris spiralibus munitus. Apertura leviter obliqua, supra angulata.

Peristoma simplex, acutum, ad columellam subsinuatam vix ex-

pansiusculum.

Long. 44, diam. vix 34, alt. apert. 2 mm.

Hab. Espiritu Santo island.

Only one specimen was obtained. ‘This little shell is shaped like

Sykes’ O. conella, of which it may perhaps be considered a variety

or a fresh example; however it comes from a very distinct locality

and it may prove to be specifically distinct.

18. Helicina Layardi Hartm.

Hab. Espiritu Santo. All the specimens have a reddish band. It

is the form recorded by Mr. Mabille as H. Bairdi, and I am dis-

posed to share Mr. Sykes’ opinion that it is simply a form of H. sub-

levigata Pfr. ‘The sculpture is precisely the same, as described by

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Mr. E. A. Smith in his report on the Land and Freshwater Shells

of the Challenger Expedition.

19. Potamopyrgus brevior Anc.

Testa parva, oblongo-attenuata, nitidula, pallide cornea, fere im-

perforata, lineis incrementi indistinctis, indumento ferrugineo tecta.

Spira sat producta, conoideo-attenuata, obtusula. Anfractus 5 con-

vexiusculi, sutura impressa, ultimus oblongus, infra attenuatus.

Apertura recta, imo basi antice leviter provecta, oblique oblongo-

ovata, basi ad sinistram distincte prodiens, supra attenuata, margini-

bus continuis, externo subobtusato.

Long. 24, diam, 14, alt. apert. 1 mm.

Hab. Vate Island (fide Layard).

Very near to P. whitelegget Braz., from Lord Howe’s Island, but

with shorter spire. ‘This is the first record of the genus in the New

Hebrides. Only one specimen was seen. The genus is also found

in the Viti group, and I have from them a very closely allied species.

20. Melania setosa Swains.

Hab. Aurora Island (Layard).

21. Melania mauiensis Lea.

Hab. same island (Layard).

22. Septaria suborbicularis Sowerby.

Mr. Layard wrote me he procured one specimen nearly 2 inches

long.

Hab. Aurora Island.

A FOSSIL FORM OF OREOHELIX YAVAPAI, PILSBRY.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Oreohelix yavapat compactula, n. subsp.

Shell compact; spire elevated, pyramidal ; last whorl somewhat

gibbous above, with a strong cord-like keel extending to the aper-

ture; shell with coarse, oblique striz, especially prominent on the

last two whorls above, and also with fine spiral lines, most prominent

on the last whorl, where they are more or less beaded; sometimes the

spiral lines are scarcely apparent, but this is probably the result of

weathering. Five specimens, two with the spire broken ; the dimen-

sions are:

Max. diam. 13, 124, 11, 13, 12 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

Alt. (at right angles to axis) 84, 74, 64 mm.

Hab.—Found in a pleistocene deposit in the Pecos Canon, New

Mexico, a few miles above the Vallé Ranch, by my wife and Dr. M.

Grabham, in 1908. With them occurred a form of QO. strigosa,

which seems not to differ essentially from the smaller forms of the

huachucana group. ‘The largest has max. diam. 174, alt. 10 mm.’

NOTES AND NEWS.

REPUBLICATION OF THE MusEuM BOLTENIANUM, Part 2, 1798.

The rarity of part 2 of this work, which relates to Mollusca, is

well known to students. In response to a number of inquiries it is

proposed to reproduce a few copies, by photographic facsimile, from

the Crosse copy now in the British Museum (Natural History).

The large number of pages (204) must render this a somewhat

costly task, and we should be glad to know if you would care for a

copy to be reserved for you at the price of £2 (two pounds).

The work would be done, under our supervision, by Mr. F. W.

Reader.

The issue will be limited, numbered and signed, and could be

prepared for distribution during autumn.

It must be clearly understood that unless sufficient subscribers are

forthcoming no issue can be made.

Please address reply to Mr. Sykes.—E. R. Syxes, C. Davis

SHERBORN.

New Locatity ror LyoGyrus BROWNII CARPENTER. —

Several years ago the lakes in Roger Williams Park, Providence,

R. I., were drawn off, the bottoms dredged out and the contents

thrown out upon the land. They were left empty, exposed to the

sun for two years and all the species of mollusks destroyed. ‘There

were fourteen species in the lakes and thousands of specimens.

Among others were the Lyogyrus Brownii, and as they were never

discovered anywhere else, I supposed (the locality being exhausted)

that they were extinct. Last week a young collector here, Mr.

Frank Perry, has found in Old Warwick Pond, about four miles

10. y. compactula seems to me to be a form or subvariety of O. y. neomexicana,

which occurs living in the same general region.—H. A. P.

48 THE NAUTILUS.

from the Park Lakes, and having no connection whatever with them,

a new locality for the Lyogyrus, and he assures me that he found

them there in great quantities —H. F. CARPENTER.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Tue Mup Snait: Nassa oBSOLETA.—By Abigail Camp Dimon.

(Cold Spring Harbor Monographs, V, 1905.) This is a very

exhaustive treatise on its distribution, structures and functions,

breeding and development; experiments on its relation to external

factors, such as light, gravity and currents: resistance to desiccation,

and different densities of water; response to mechanical stimuli,

food, etc.—C. W. J.

NoTES ON SOME FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM THE YUKON

Territory.—By J. F. Whiteaves (The Ottawa Naturalist, xix, p.

63, 1905). Five species of /Pelecypoda and ten species of Gastero-

poda are recorded.

List oF LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM THE DISTRICT

or Kerewatin.— By J. F. Whiteaves (Geological Survey of

Canada, 1905). About forty species are recorded.

A New Genus anv SEveRAL New Species oF LAND SHELLS

CoLLECTED IN CENTRAL Mexico By Dr. Epwarp PALMER.—

By William Healey Dali (Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 48, pp. 187-194,

plates 43, 44). The new genus Hendersonia, dedicated to Mr. John

B. Henderson, Jr., is a flattened, discoidal, many-whorled snail

somewhat like Polygyra cereolus, with the last whorl free and up-

turned, Anostoma fashion, and with anatomical characters showing

it to be related to Holospira. Nothing of the sort has been known

among Cylindrelloid snails hitherto, and the new genus materially

enlarges our conceptions of that type of snails. A single species, 7.

palmert, is described. Subsequently learning that the name Hender-

sonia had been used by Wagner (in Helicinide, 1905), the new

genus was renamed ffendersoniella. Five new species of the genera

Xanthonyx, Streptostyla, Schasicheitla and Sphzrium are described.

The new Xanthonyx potosiana is the greatest of its kind, with a

shell 18 mm. in diameter.—H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XIX. SEPTEMBER, 1905. No. 5.

NOTES ON YOUNG UNIONIDZ.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

Recently while searching for young Unionide I was rewarded by

obtaining a dozen little fellows averaging a quarter of an inch long.

One of these, a magnificent little Lampsilis anodontoides Lea, less than

one-fourth of an inch in length, exhibiting the glochidial valves, was

provided with a byssus four or five inches long, thus confirming my

previous observations. Several specimens of ZL. gracilis Barnes, and

one of L. levissimus Lea, were also taken so provided. The byssus

of one of these was fully eight inches in length. Several L. texasensis

were also taken, as already recorded by me. Several very small

Anodonta imbectlis Say, were captured, but these did not seem to

have byssi. Some time after, I was rewarded in an hour’s search,

by a single specimen of Unio tetralasmus Say, perfect in every re-

spect, and only ,3, of aninch in length. It wasa jewel, but no sign of

its being provided with a byssus could be detected.

Thus these preliminary and very scanty observations seem to limit

the possession of a byssus to Lampsilis (including in this term the

allied genus Medionidus).

The byssi of these specimens came out of a narrow s/it¢ in the cen-

tral ridge of the foot, and located about the anterior third of the shell,

and all were firmly enough attached to support the weight of the

‘shell in the air, and of course amply strong to suspend the shell

while partially supported by the water.

These baby shells revealed some facts about the so-called beak-

50 THE NAUTILUS.

sculpturing, which, when further studied, may form a subsequent

note for THE NAUTILUS.

NEW VARIETIES OF CREPIDULA RUGOSA NUTT. FOUND ON NATICA AND

ON NORRISIA.

BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON.

In the July number of Tue Navtitus, Dr. Wm. H. Dall de-

scribes a variety of Crepidula nivea C. B. Adams, from San Pedro,

California, and this reminds me of a variety found upon Natica that

has not, to my knowledge, been described.

When I began collecting shells in San Pedro Bay some years ago,

I found a specimen of this variety and it was for years a puzzle to

me. Although only a dead, white shell, it would not classify with

specimens in any tray of Crepidulz. It did not look like an aber-

rant form, so I was loth to label it as such. It was a white, porcel-

lanous specimen, shaped like some Orepidula rugosa, but much

more pellucid-looking, but differed from Crepidula excavata Brod.,

in being thicker and in not having either the remote apex or the

oblique growth of that form. It was also larger in size than any

Crepidula excavata I had seen. Some seven or eight years after

finding this dead specimen, two live ones, excepting that the animal

had recently been removed, were found in the bay. I immediately

recognized the white, granular form, and these specimens were

maculated with chvstnut-colored spots, and as would be expected,

these live forms were thinner and more pellucid. I afterward found

this puzzling variety in situ on a piece of Natica, Lunatia Lewisii.

If a specimen varies from the type sufficiently to be detected,

dead or alive, it merits a varietal name, and for my own convenience

I have labeled it on my cards. For the convenience of other

students this white porcellanous shell with its brown spots might be

labeled Crepidula rugosa Nutt. var. naticarum.

There is another variety of Crepidula rugosa Nutt. found on

Norrisia norristt Sby. This Norrisia is a smooth, reddish-brown

turban shell, whose habitat appears to be on kelp. The Crepidule

found on these shells are of a light magenta-pink in the interior.

These slipper shells are usually much flatter than typical C. rugosa,

THE NAUTILUS. 51

and the form of the septum or deck also varies. Besides variation

in color and form the Norrisia specimens are more porcellanous

than Crepidula rugosa (but not so much so as the form found on

Lunatia), and the texture does not run into layers as in the typical

C. rugosa. Some years ago this form was often distributed by col-

lectors and labeled Crepidula adunca Sby. In notes on the mol-

lusks of the vicinity of San Diego, Cal., and Todos Santos Bay,

Lower California, by Charles R. Orcutt, he lists Crepidula adunca

Sby. as “‘ not rare on Norrisia norrisii.”” While some of the forms

found upon Norrisia have the remote apex of ©. adunca, I have

never seen one with the ‘“‘short, deeply sunk and slanting deck, and

a hole above tt passing up the spire,” as described by Philip P. Car-

penter in his catalogue of Mazatlan Mollusca in his note on the

adunca form. Then again, C. adunca is found upon smaller uni-

valves where the base for it is much contracted ; for instance, I have

seen it in situ on Drillia penicillata Cpr., and as one would infer,

the shell has its sides closer together than the form found upon

Norrisia. For the Norrisia form 1 would suggest Crepidula rugosa

Nutt., variety norristarum.

A NEW SPECIES OF LYMNAEA FROM OHIO, WITH NOTES ON LYMNAEA

PARVA LEA.

FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Lymnaea sterkit n. sp.

Shell small, elongated, turreted, rather thin ; color light yellowish-

horn; surface dull to shining, marked by distinct, raised, crowded,

growth lines, without spiral lines; protoconch very small, rounded,

smooth, wine-colored; whorls 53, very convex, the last distinctly

shouldered ; spire narrow, rather acute, turreted, a trifle longer than

the aperture ; sutures very deeply impressed ; aperture ovate, almost

continuous in some specimens; peristome thin, acute; columella

almost straight, without a plait but with a faint thickening; inner

lip reflected to form a broad, flat callus which is appressed to the par-

ietal wall and projects widely over the umbilical eu umbilicus

rather wide and deep.

Length 7.75; width 3.50; aperture length 3.50; width 1.75 mm.

52 THE NAUTILUS.

Length 7.75; width 4; aperture length 3.25; width 2 mm.

Length 8; width 3.50; aperture length 3.50; width 2 mm.

Length 7; width 3.50; aperture length 3.25; width 2 mm.

Habitat : Twelve miles west of Cleveland, Ohio, ina small, swampy

brook.

This curious species was at first thought to be Lea’s exigua but his

description does not cover the present species and the figure is totally

unlike it. The type of extgua is not in existence. It is probably a

small form of desidiosa and its best disposition would seem to be as

a synonym under that species,

L. sterkii is narrower than humilis, the whorls are more shouldered

and the aperture is much more oval. The wide-spreading columella

callus is also different and peculiar. It has a superficial resemblance

to owascoensis Baker, but that species has six full whorls, the whorls

are more shouldered, the aperture is more elliptical, the umbilicus is

more open and the columella callus is not so wide. Juvenile speci-

mens are rounder and more robust than the adult forms.

The specimens were collected by Dr. Victor Sterki, to whom the

species is dedicated.

Lymnea parva Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., II, 33, 1841.

Shell very small, thin, ovate-conic, turreted; color greenish-horn ;

surface dull, marked by heavy, crowded growth lines; protoconch

very small, rounded, light-horn colored; whorls 43, rounded and

shouldered; spire obtusely conic, turreted, a trifle longer than the

aperture; sutures very deeply impressed; aperture roundly ovate ;

peristome thin, acute; columella almost straight, covered with a

rather heavy callus which is reflected over the flat parietal wall and

also forms an erect border to the umbilicus, which is open and deep.

Length 3.25; width 2; aperture length 1.50; width 1 mm.

Length 4; width 2; aperture length 2; width 1 mm.

Length 3; width 2; aperture length 1.25; width .9 mm.

Length 4.25; width 2; aperture length 1.75; width 1 mm. -

Habitat: marsh on Lake James, Steuben Co., Indiana (Daniels);

Cincinnati, Ohio (Lea); Lilycash Creek, Joliet, Ill. (Handwerk);

Northern Illinois, in drift (Sterki).

This little species, the smallest of our American Lymneas, belongs

to the section of this genus typified by humilis Say and curta Lea.

It is more nearly related to curta, appearing at first sight to bea

THE NAUTILUS. 53

small example of that species. Besides its small size it differs from

that species in having the sutures more impressed, the aperture

longer, the spire slenderer and the whorls more shouldered. It

seems to be quite distinct and easily recognized.

There is some variation in the length of the spire, many specimens

having arather long spire while in others the spire is much depressed

and the whorls humped, this last being in abnormal forms.

This species was at first thought to be a new one, but after careful

study it seems to agree very well with Lea’s description of parva and

with specimens so named by him in the Smithsonian Institution. In

his remarks under parva he says, ‘‘ This is the smallest species which

has come under my notice. In general form it resembles L. curta,

herein described. It is rather less inflated, has a longer aperture,

and is diminutive. The perforation, too, is smaller and the colu-

mella more curved.

In a paper entitled ‘‘ Critical Notes on the Smaller Lymnzas,” in

the March Navri vs, the writer made this species a synonym of

curta, but a study of the material from Lake James, which is unusu-

ally abundant, would make it seem to be a well-recognized species.

Specimens were submitted to the writer by Dr. Sterki, Mr. Bryant

Walker and Mr. L. E. Daniels, the latter gentleman having col-

lected them.

Parva would seem to be a common species, and will probably be

found in many cabinets under the all-embracing name of ‘ humilis.”

VERTIGO PERRYI, N. SP.

BY V. STERKI.

Shell minute, dextrorse, ovate with the apex rather acute, rimate;

thin, transparent, of rather dark brown color with a slight greenish

tinge; whorls 44 rather rapidly increasing, separated by a moderately

deep suture, the last comparatively large, occupying over one-half of

altitude, rounded; with a slight impression over the palatal fold ;

aperture well rounded, truncate, the margins slightly everted, the

outer margin barely impressed at the auricle which is marked by a

slight angle projecting over the level of the peristome ; no callus in

the palate; lamella and folds three or four, small, very short, of

brownish color; the parietal, columellar and inferior palatal, and

54 THE NAUTILUS.

sometimes there is also a superior palatal; surface with very fine

irregular strize, somewhat shining.

Size: alt. 1.5-1.6, diam. 1.1 mill., apert. alt. 0.6 mill.

Soft parts: they could not be fully examined. The dried body of

a specimen accidentally crushed was softened up, and showed a con-

siderable amount of dark pigment. Jaw yellow, rather narrow

(means really: short), slightly curved, with a shallow indentation in

the middle of the front edge, the lateral ends produced backward, in

curves, like horns; the surface shows several (4-5) sharp, fold-like

ribs on either side, of unequal sizes. Radula: rather broad, with

13 + C + 18 teeth, about seven being laterals, the outer three or

four marginals, Nos. 8 and 9, about, marking the transition. The

central tooth, with its plate almost square, is tricuspid, the medium

cusp being about half the length of the plate, the outer ones much

smaller ; the first to third, or fourth laterals are bicuspid, but many

of the teeth show, more or less distinctly, a minute third, inter-

mediate tooth; the fourth or fifth, to eighth, are tricuspid with the

cusps small and the mesodont at last hardly larger; from the tenth

on, the cusps gradually disappear. Other parts of the body were

not clearly distinguishable or not well defined.’

Habitat : Warwick, Rhode Island, collected by Mr. J. Francis

Perry.

The present species resembles the low form of Vertigo ventricosa

Mse. in the shape and size of the shell, but the formation of the

aperture and its lamellz and folds is quite different, the color is

deeper and the surface less shining. From the other three described,

typically three-toothed eastern vertigos : tridentata Wolf, oscartana

Sterki and parvula Sterki, V. Perryi is also very different ; in all

of the three, the parietal lamelle and palatal folds are much larger,

longer, and of whitish color; the aperture is higher than wide; the

shells are more elevated and of lighter color.

A new Vertigo from New England certainly is a surprise,

and it is the more remarkable for being of a type rather different

from all our other Eastern species. No doubt careful search will

bring it to light from other localities. I take pleasure in naming

the species in honor of its discoverer.

11n what appeared to be the mantle, or the pulmonary cavity, there was a

small, evidently parasitic, worm, coiled up, the larva of a nematode, as it

seemed.

THE NAUTILUS. 55

SHELL COLLECTING ON THE MOSQUITO COAST OF NICARAGUA.—IV.

BY W. H. FLUCK.

Strombus bituberculatus Lam. Man of War Keys. Common,

Cyprea exanthema L. Same locality. A common shell on all

the keys, including Great and Little Corn Island.

Dolium perdix L. Same locality.

Pyrula papyratia Say. Four dead shells on the beach near the

mouth of the Wawa river.

Polinices brunnea Link. Wounta Haulover. Abundant.

Polinices lactea Guilding. Man of War Keys. Plentiful.

Natica maroccana Dillw. Wounta Haulover. .Abundant.

Crepidula plana Say. Beach, north of Wawa river. One speci-

men.

Crepidula convera Say. Beach, Wounta Haulover. Abundant.

Janthina sp? Although I tramped the beach nearly every even-

ing for four years I found but two of these shells, but they were per-

fect, living specimens.

Vermicularia spirata Phil. Walpa Siksa. One shell.

Litorina lineata Phil. On the rock at Walpa Siksa. Plentiful in

the dry season when no fresh water from the river entering the sea

near the rocks disturbs them. Shells rather small, carinate and dis-

tinctly marked with the characteristic zigzag lines. I also have ten

specimens from the Man of War Keys which are larger, less carinate

and not so distinctly marked.

Litorina columellaris D’Orb. Wounta Haulover and everywhere

on the beach along the whole coast. Invariably attached to stranded

logs and pieces of wreckage. It often hollows out a pocket for itself

in the decaying wood. ‘This is the commonest litorine on the whole

coast of Nicaragua.

Litorina angulifera Lam. This large and beautiful litorine is

found along all the lagoons and rivers, hanging to mangroves be-

neath the surface of the water or not many feet above it. Speci-

mens from Karata and Wounta. I never found it along the sea nor

in fresh water up the rivers. It seems to prefer the brackish water

‘‘inside ” not far from the sea. Very abundant.

Tectarius muricatus L. Man of War Keys, Plentiful.

Cerithium literatum Born. King’s Keys. Abundant.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

Planaxis nucleus Wood. King’s Keys. Plentiful.

Pachycheilus corvinus Morel. Tungla river, near Quiquina, Nic.

A common shell in all the rivers beyond the influence of the salt

water. Dr. Pilsbry identified this shell for me, but Mr. Ancey, who

received some of my shells from Mr. Shackleford, of Clitheroe, Eng.,

wrote me that my shells *‘ differ from the true P. corvinus from Gua-

temala, named by the author himself.”? It was my intention to col-

lect more of these shells, in order to supply my friends, but when-

ever I made preparation for a shell-collecting trip, some duty turned

up and prevented me. At my request an Indian brought me about

100 specimens, and at first sight of them my heart rejoiced, but when

I discovered that he had perforated the body-whorl of each, I rejected

them in the hope of some day having opportunity to collect for

myself. That time never came. The Indian’s idea of shell collect-

ing was limited to eating the inside and using the shells as beads!

W hat an opportunity that would have been for lady shell-collectors !

Ampullaria reflexa Swn. Wounta. Found on the beach after

heavy floods, just south of the river mouth at that place. Where

they came from I do not know, presumably from ‘up the river.”

One had a perfect operculum, although a dead shell.

Nerita peleronta L.

Nerita versicolor Lam.

Both these forms from King’s Keys and Man of War Keys. Much

larger and more beautiful than those I have from the West Indies.

A common article of food among the Indians, in turtle-spearing

season, when they spend much time on the keys.

Nerita tessellata Gmel. Man of War Keys. Abundant.

Nerita praecognita C. B. Ads. Same locality. One specimen.

Nerita fulgurans Gmel.. Walpa Siksa. On the rocks. Large.

Not plentiful.

Neritina lineata Lam.

Neritina lineata var. reticulata C. & J. Common in Bluefields

lagoon and in all the other lagoons and rivers as far up as the brack-

ish water extends. ‘The variety reticulata is by far the commoner of

the two, only one in about forty being lineata. eticulata averages

larger, too. ‘These shells are found on submerged mangrove roots

and logs, or on the muddy bottom itself. The ‘ tingnis,” or chan-

nels, peculiar to the Mosquito Coast are its favorite haunts. It

never ventures far from the water.

THE NAUTILUS. 57

Neritina virginea L. On rocks and stones at the water’s edge,

inside the harbor, near the government wharf at Bluefields Bluff.

As I made annual trips to Bluefields from my station at Wounta

Haulover, I searched this spot and turned over the stones in April

of 1899, 1900 and 1901, but saw none of these shells until May 5,

1902, when I found them in large quantities. The spot is about 200

yards from the sea, but in the rainy season is washed with fresh

water for weeks. Have these shells been brought to Nicaragua by

schooners from Grand Cayman or by fruit steamers from other

ports? ‘The shell is small, being about the size of Neritina pupa L.,

very uniform in its dark color and modest marking. It is very un-

like the WV. virginea I have seen from the West Indies.

Astralium celatum Gmel. Man of War Keys. <A very abund-

ant shell on and about all the keys. An article of food among the

Indians.

Astralium americanum Gmel. Same locality. Plentiful, but not

as numerous as caelatum.

The Indians use the opercula of these shells for divination. By

pouring strong banana viregar over an operculum, the lime is eaten

and gas liberated. This causes the operculum to “ dance” about in

one direction or another and in that way they find out the particular

thing they want to know. No amount of explanation was able to

convince them of their foolishness. 7

Turbo filosus Fischer. Man of War Keys. I found only two or

three dead shells.

(Io be continued.)

LIST OF WISCONSIN SHELLS.

BY GEORGE HALCOTT CHADWICK.

The following shells were collected in the summer of 1902 with

the active assistance of the members of the Wisconsin Natural

History Society, through whose bulletins a more complete annotated

list will shortly be published. A thorough survey of the State is

contemplated by the Society, for which this list will constitute a

beginning. ‘The specimens listed are all in the Milwaukee Public

Museum.

58 THE NAUTILUS.

A. LAND SHELLS.

Helicina occulta, Say. Whitefish Bay.

Helix pomatia, Mull. Milwaukee, teste P. Wells.

Vallonia pulchella, Mull. Milwaukee. Common.

Polygyra profunda, Say. Milwaukee and vicinity; Crystal Lake.

Polygyra albolabris, Say. Whitefish Bay; Wauwatosa. Scarce.

Polygyra multilineata, Say. Milwaukee and vic. Scarce.

Polygyra thyroides, Say. Milwaukee and vic. Scarce.

Polygyra hirsuta, Say. Milwaukee; Mishicot, Manitowoc Co.

Polygyra monodon, Rack. Milwaukee and vicinity.

Polygyra monodon fraterna, Say. Milwaukee and vicinity.

Strobilops, cf. virgo, Pils. Milwaukee and vic.; Mishicot.

Pupoitdes marginatus, Say. Kenosha.

Bifidaria armifera, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee.

Bifidaria contracta, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee.

Bifidaria corticaria, Say. Wauwatosa.

Bifidaria curvidens, Sterki. Wauwatosa.

Bifidaria pentodon, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee.

Vertigo milium, Gould. Near Milwaukee.

Vertigo ovata, Say. Near Milwaukee.

Cochlicopa lubrica, Mull. Vicinity of Milwaukee.

Vitrina limpida, Gould. Milwaukee. Rare.

Vitrea cellaria, Mill. Greenhouse, Milwaukee.

Vitrea draparnaldi, Beck. Greenhouses. Common.

Vitrea hammonis, Strom. Vicinity of Milwaukee.

Vitrea indentata, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee.

Euconulus fulvus, Mull. 1 specimen.

Zonitotdes nitidus, Mill. Milwaukee. Common.

Zonitoides arboreus, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee; Mishicot.

Zonitoides minusculus, Binn. Vicinity of Milwaukee.

Limax maximus, Linn. Greenhouses, Milwaukee.

Limaz flavus, Linn. Greenhouses, Milwaukee.

Agriolimax agrestis, Linn. Abundant about Milwaukee.

Agriolimax campestris, Binn. Milwaukee and vie.

Philomycus dorsalis, Binn. Whitefish Bay.

Pyramidulu alternata, Say. Very common about Milwaukee;

Mishicot.

Pyramidula perspectiva, Say. Whitefish Bay. 1 shell.

Pyramidula striatella, Anth. Milwaukee and vic. Common.

THE NAUTILUS. 59

Pyramidula striatella catskillensis, Pils. Wauwatosa; Mishicot.

Helicodiscus lineatus, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee.

Punctum pygmaeum, Drap.? Whitefish Bay.

Suecinea retusa, Lea. Vicinity of Milwaukee.

Succinea ovalis, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee. Abundant.

Succinea ovalis, cf. totteniana, Lea. Vic. of Milwaukee.

Succinea avara, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee.

B. UNIONIDZ.

Lampsilis ventricosus, Barnes. Milwaukee River; Clear Water

Lake, Oneida Co.; Lake Winnebago.

Lampsilis luteolus, Lam. Milwaukee River; Okauchee Lake,

Golden Lake and Fox River, Waukesha Co.; Clear Water Lake,

Oneida Co.; Boom, Winnebago Co.; Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co.;

Lake Winnebago;? ancient shell heaps at Winneconne, Winne-

bago Co.

Lampsilis superiorensis, Marsh. ? Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co.

Lampsilis ligamentinus, Lam. Milwaukee River; Fox River,

Waukesha Co.; Clear Water Lake, Oneida Co.; ? Winnebago Lake

at Menasha.

Lampsilis rectus, Lam. Fox River, near Big Bend, Waukesha

Co. (pathologic).

Lampsilis iris, Lea. Milwaukee River at Milwaukee.

Lampsilis ‘ellipsiformis, Conrad. Milwaukee River; Fox River,

Waukesha Co.; Hika, Manitowoc Co.

Lampsilis alatus, Say. Lake Winnebago at Menasha; Two

Rivers, Manitowoc Co.

Lampsilis gracilis, Barnes. Fox River and Lake Winnebago at

Menasha; Boom, Winnebago Co.

Plagiola donaciformis, Lea. Kinnikinnick River, Milwaukee.

Strophitus edentulus, Say. Milwaukee and Kinnikinnick Rivers ;

Hika, Manitowoc Co.

Anodonta cataracta,? Say. Maple Lake, Oneida Co.; Golden

Lake, Waukesha Co.

Anodonta imbecilis, Say. North shore of Lake Winnebago (juv.).

Anodonta grandis, Say. Milwaukee River; Wauwatosa; Fox

River, Okauchee Lake and Golden Lake, Waukesha Co.; Two

Rivers, Manitowoc Co.; Winnebago Lake at Menasha; Maple Lake,

Oneida Co.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

Anodontoides ferussacianus, Lea. Milwaukee and Root rivers,

Milwaukee Co.; Jambo Creek, Manitowoc Co.

Symphynota compressa, Lea. Jambo Creek, Manitowoc Co.

Symphynota costata, Raf. Milwaukee River.

Symphynota complanata, Barnes. Milwaukee River; Two Rivers,

Manitowoc Co.

Alasmidonta calceola, Lea. Lake Michigan, Milwaukee; Jambo

Creek, Manitowoc Co.

Alasmidonta marginata, Say (truncata, B. H. Wr.). Milwaukee

River.

Unio gibbosus, Barnes. Milwaukee River; Fox River, Waukesha

Co.; Two Rivers and Hika, Manitowoc Co.; Lake Winnebago;

ancient shell heaps at Winneconne, Winnebago Co.

Quadrula undulata, Barnes. Fox River, Waukesha Co.; Two

Rivers, Manitowoc Co.; Clear Water Lake Creek, Oneida Co.;

ancient shell heaps, Winneconne, Winnebago Co.

Quadrula pustulosa, Lea. Ancient shell heaps at Winneconne.

Quadrula rubiginosa, Lea. Milwaukee River; Two Rivers,

Manitowoc Co.; Clear Water Lake Creek, Oneida Co.

Quadrula trigona, Lea? Milwaukee River at Lindwurm.

A list of the Limneide, Spheriide and other fresh-water shells

will be given in a future number.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN AND BuRMESE LAND SHELLS re-

ferred to the genera Macrochlamys, Bensonia Taphrospira (gen.

nov.), Microcystina, Euplecta, and Polita. By W.'T. Blanford

(Proc. Zod]. Soc., Lond., 1904, pub. Apr. 18, 1905). Eighteen

new species are described, and the new genus Taphrospira is erected

for Macrochlamys-like snails with a trench or gutter bordering the

suture outwardly. Four species are referred to this group: 7.

convallata Bens., T. bathycharax ‘ Bens.’ Fult., T. compluvialis BIf,

and 7. excavata n. sp., the last two being figured. This is an un-

usually well-marked group for the Zonitide, quite deserving recog-

nition in nomenclature, though differing from Macrochlamys only in

the sutural gutter. The soft anatomy is unknown. To the above

list should be added Macrochlamys diadema Dall, described in a for-

mer number of this journal.—H. A. P.

| =

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THE NAUTILUS, XIX. PLATE.

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STEGODERA, MOELLENDORFFIA AND GONIOBASIS,

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XIX. OCTOBER, 1905. No. 6.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF GONIOBASIS, FROM BRITISH

COLUMBIA.

BY J. F. WHITEAVES.

Goniobasis Oolumbiensis sp. nov. Plate 2, figs. 11, 12.

Shell small (for the genus), apparently not exceeding fifteen mil-

limetres in length, elongate conical and about twice as long as wide,

spire rather short, a little shorter than the outer whorl, as viewed

dorsally. Whorls actually five or six, but probably seven when per-

fect, the apex being always eroded; those of the spire obliquely

compressed, the later ones thereof encircled with one to three very

small spiral ridges or keels in some immature specimens, but smooth

in full-grown ones. Outer whorl moderately convex, faintly and

spirally angulate at the midlength in the immature stage but rounded

in the adult, its lower or anterior portion always narrowing rather

abruptly ; sutural line impressed. Aperture subovate, longer than

wide, acutely pointed posteriorly, produced and somewhat effuse but

narrowly rounded in front, almost equal to the spire in length; outer

lip thin and simple.

Surface of full-grown specimens almost smooth, avd marked only

with very numerous and closely disposed striz that are parallel with

the outer lip and so minute as not to be visible without the aid of a

lens; also with one or two distant lines of growth that mark the

position of previous lips.

Epidermis uniformly brownish or greenish-brown, without darker

bands; aperture and inner surface of the last volution a lustrous

62 THE NAUTILUS.

polished white, or with a very small, pale-purplish spot or stain on.

the columella posteriorly.

Operculum and animal not preserved.

Headwaters of the Columbia River, at Upper Columbia Lake, in

the East Kootenay District of British Columbia, J. B. Tyrrell,

1883: thirty-seven fresh and living specimens, all of which are in

the Museum of the Geological Survey of Canada at Ottawa.

This species seems to differ from the eastern G. hvescens in its

much smaller size, fewer whorls, and proportionately shorter spire ;

also in the color of its epidermis and aperture. It is believed to be

the first non-plicate Goniobasis, of the type of G. livescens, that has

been found in the Pacific drainage system.

Ottawa, August 15, 1905.

NOTES ON THE SEMI-FOSSIL SHELLS OF POSEY COUNTY, INDIANA.

BY L. E. DANIELS.

Ages ago the Wabash River, which forms the western boundary

of Posey County, Indiana—the extreme southwestern county of the

St s much wider than now, as indicated by the range of bluffs

which border and run parallel with the bottom-lands of the present

river, which, in some places are six miles in width. These bluffs or

hills are in most cases one hundred or more feet above the level of

the bottom-land, and many of them contain cena of marl from

one to twenty feet in depth.

During the summers of 1901—4, while working for the Indiana

State Geological Survey, I had an opportunity of examining several

of the deposits, particularly at New Harmony and Grand Chain,

Posey County, and collected from them several species of recent

shells in a fossil state. ‘The marl is usually covered with two or

more feet of soil, and the shells occur from six to fifteen feet below

the surface, being the more plentiful from the middle to the bottom

of the marl deposit.

Polygyra monodon (Rack.)—the shell formerly called leat Ward—

is abundant, but I have been unable to find a single living specimen

here, and nowhere else in the State except on the marshes bordering

several of the lakes in the northern part of the State, where it is

THE'NAUTILUS. 63

plentiful. It seems strange that a species once so abundant here

should have entirely disappeared.

Following is a list of the species I have taken from the marl beds

at New Harmony and Grand Chain:

Helicina occulta Say. Abundant.

Vallonia pulchella (Mull.).

Polygyra multilineata (Say).

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Abundant.

Polygyra monodon (Rack.). Abundant.

Polygyra monodon fraterna (Say). Abundant.

Strobilops labyrinthicus (Say).

Strobilops affinis Pils.

Pupoides marginatus (Say). Common.

Bifidaria armifera Say.

Bifidaria contracta Say.

Circinaria concava (Say).

Omphalina inornata (Say).

Vitrea hammonis (Strom.).

Vitrea wheatleyi (Bland).

EHuconulus fulvus (Mill.).

Zonitoides nitidus (Miull.).

Zonitoides arboreus (Say).

Gastrodonta ligera (Say).

Pyramidula alternata (Say).

Pyramidula perspectiva (Say).

Pyramidula striatella ( Anth.).

Helicodiscus lineatus (Say).

~ Succinea retusa Lea.

Succinea avara Say.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Abundant.

NOTES ON MOELLENDORFFIA AND STEGODERA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

In southeastern China, Tonquin and the neighboring region, there

is a group of curious Helices with reflexed lip, toothed aperture or

plicate throat, and granose, often hairy surface. The systematic re-

04 THE NAUTILUS.

lations of these snails are still uncertain. No member of the series

has been dissected.

One of the first forms described was Stegodera angusticollis Mar-

tens (pl. 2, fig. 1, 2, 3), a sinistral snail from the Yangtse valley,

with the last whorl distorted, making the throat very narrow. It

has not before been noticed that there is a weak and shallow groove

on the upper part of the last whorl (indicated in fig, 1), and another

one, very weak and shallow, on the base. These vestigeal furrows,

which would scarcely be noticed, evidently represent structures far

better developed in the following species.

Helix triscalpta Martens, type of Ancey’s group 7raumatophora,

ig shaped like Stegodera, but has a regular coil, and is dextral.

There are three furrows in the latter part of the last whorl, marked

inside by irregular lamelle. ‘The texture and granose sculpture are

like Stegodera.

Helix horrida Pfr. and its. allies are quite different. The spire is

sunken, as in Chloritis, the peristome continued in a cord across the

parietal wall, and the last whorl has two deep furrows, one basal,

the other above the periphery. This and all the preceding have the

apical whorl smooth and glossy. (See pl. 2, figs. 4-6.)

Another series has the apical whorl granulated. There are two

or three furrows outside, with corresponding prominences within.

Helix trisinuata type of Moellendorffia Ancey, is typical of this group

Cpl 2, figs: 7, 8).

The absence of any internal lamelle or barriers on the parietal

wall differentiate all of the above from Plectopylis and Corilla, while

the granose surface, external furrows, etc., indicate that the various

members are related to one another. The tendency to have two ex-

ternal pits or furrows in definite positions shows a great likeness to

certain forms of Chloritis, and the very closely related group Plan-

tspira, such as C. bifoveata Bs., P. endoptycha Mts., porcellana Grat.,

infracta Marts., etc.’ The correspondence is so close that I have

now little doubt that this Chinese series of Helices is closely related

to the genus Chloritis, though the full demonstration awaits an ex-

amination of the soft anatomy. Pending this, I would suggest the

following classification of the species:

1Mr. Sykes has proposed a section Vulnus for these pitted Planispiras.—J. of

Malak., 1904, p. 88.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

I. Peristome continuous, free, or continued as a thick cord across

the parietal wall; aperture subtriangular, squarish or subcircu-

lar, the throat with two or three plica.

Genus MOrLLeENpDORFFIA Anc.

1. Apical whorl granulated; parietal callus free and erect or

shortly adnate.

a. Spire convex or low-conic ; surface coarsely warty ; peri-

phery angular or rounded, both sulci below it; peristome

continuous, the parietal callus free and erect, bearing a

rounded tooth. There is often a small sulcus above the

principal outer one.

Subgenus Moellendorffia s. str., Anc.

a’. Spire flat, the periphery carinate, two sulci, one subperi-

pheral, the other basal below it. Aperture subcircular,

the adnate parietal callus very short, not toothed.

Subgenus Moellendorffiella Pils.

2. Apical whorl smooth ; parietal callus adnate, thickened at the

edge; spire more or less concave; aperture heart-shaped,

subtriangular or squarish ; edge of the parietal callus thick-

ened, cord-like. Surface minutely granose between larger

warts which sometimes bear hairs. Typically with a basal

and a superperipheral furrow behind the aperture, with cor-

responding prominences inside, but these may be reduced to

indistinct vestiges. Subgenus Trihelix Anc.

Il. Peristome widely interrupted, the parietal callus thin through-

out; aperture rounded-lunate ; periphery rounded and spire

convex in known forms; apical whorl smooth.

a. Sinistral, last whorl distorted ; external sulci vestigeal; no

internal lamelle. Genus STEGODERA Martens.

a. Dextral, regular; three external sulci and internal plice.

Subgenus 7raumatophora Anc.

The species now known are as follows :

Moellendorffia eastlakeana (Mlldff.), China.

Moellendorffia hensaniensis (Gredl.), China,

Moellendorffia trisinuata (Marts.), China.

Moellendorffia trisinuata sculptilis (Mlldff.), China. (Pl. 2, figs.

#;,8:)

Moellendorffia loxotata (Mab.). Tonquin.

Moellendorffia spurca (Bav. & Dautz.). Indo-China.

66 THE NAUTILUS.

Moellendorffia spurca deflexa (Mlldff.). Indo-China.

Moellendorffia messageri (Bav. & Dautz.). «

Moellendorffia callitricha (Bav. & Dautz.). «

Moellendorffia (Moellendorffiella) erdmanni (S. & B.), China.

(Pl. 2, figs. 9; 10.)

Moellendorffia (Trihelix) horrida (Pfr.). Cambodia.

Moellendorffia (‘Trihelix) biscalpta (Hde.), China.

Moellendorffia (Trihelix) faberiana (Mlldff.), China.

Moellendorffia (Trihelix) hiraseana Pils., Formosa. (Pl. 2,

figs. 4, 5, 6.)

Moellendorffia (Trihelix) eucharistus (Pils.), Ryukyu Is.

Moellendorffia (Trihelix) eucharistus tokunoensis Pils. & Hir.

Moellendorffia (Trihelix) eucharistus diminuta Pils. & Hir.

Stegodera angusticollis (Marts.), China. (PI. 2, figs. 1, 2, 3.)

Stegodera (Traumatophora) triscalpta (Marts.), China.

Moellendorffia (Trihelix) hiraseana n. sp. Plate 2, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell planorboid, umbilicate, the umbilicus about one-fifth the diam-

eter of the shell, thin but moderately strong, brown (the exact color

not known, as the specimens found are dead). Sculpture of very

distinct minute granules, close but not regularly arranged, and on the

last whorl and a half, comparatively large oblong low tubercles,

rather widely spaced, and standing in somewhat irregular oblique

rows. Spire slightly sunken in the middle. Whorls 44, convex,

the last more than twice the width of the preceding, convex above |

and below, rounded peripherally, having a deep obliquely ascending

sulcus above the periphery on its last fourth, shallower as it ap-

proaches the lip, and another on the base, tangentially passing out

from the umbilicus. Aperture very oblique, heart-shaped, obstructed

within by two strong plice representing the external furrows, the

basal plica standing transversely, the peripheral one entering.

Peristome well reflexed, whitish, the margins connected by a raised

callous parietal cord; upper lip arcuate and tapering near the upper

insertion, then straightened and sloping, with a very slight prom-

inence within where the sulcus terminates; basal lip but slightly

arcuate.

Alt. 7.7, diam. 18 mm.; length from lip-edge to rear end of upper

sulcus 9 mm.

Hotawa, Taiwan [Formosa]. Typeno. 89999, A. N.S. P., from

no. 1406 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

Two specimens of this fine species were obtained. It is closely

related to biscalpta (Heude) and faberiana (Mlldff.) of China. The

former is a somewhat larger shell, in which the supraperipheral sulcus

terminates at the lip in a downward projecting prominence, causing

the upper margin of the lip to appear composed of two small arches,

a structure not seen in M. hirase’. The spire in M. biscalpta is de-

cidedly wider than in the Formosan shell. M. faberiana (Mlldff.)

has not been figured. It is the size of M. hirasei, but differs by the

shape of the last whorl, which is flat, obtusely angulated above, and

obtusely angular around the umbilicus, by the absence of a parietal

callus, sinuous outer lip, etc. It also seems to differ in sculpture and

various other features. MM. hiraseana probably will be found to

bear hairs on the larger warts when in fresh condition.

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF POLYGYRA FERRISSI.

‘BY JAMES H, FERRISS.

Happening to look over my cabinet series of P. ferrisst by day-

light, I noticed that some shells from Balsam Mountain, Swain Co.,

N. C., differed from ferriss? in several points, especially the minute

sculpture, and I believe them to be a new subspecies.

Polygyra ferrisst sericea n. subsp.

The shell has 54 to 54 whorls, the inner ones but slightly paler

than the outer, with but the slightest trace of punctation. The last

whorl has perceptibly closer striation than P. ferrissz, is less glossy,

and is covered with a weak, very minute granulation in the inter-

stices between striz ; there is also a slight, fine malleation or inden-

tation ; the general effect being that of a dull silk. The color is

rich reddish brown, with a slight olive tint. The lip is broad and

flat, a little turned back. The outer edge is dark, the inner rim

white. There is a very small parietal denticle, smaller than in P.

ferrisst, Alt. 12.7 to 13, diam. 23 mm.

Balsam Mountain, Swain County, N. C.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

THE SNAILS OF NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA.

T.'D. A. COCKERELL.

MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. 1. UROCOPTID 2;

HeELicIp# oF ArIzoNA AND New Mexico. By H. A. Pizssry.

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., March, 1905.)

Several years ago I was walking at night in the streets of Albu-

querque, N. M., looking for a building where a certain meeting was

to be held. Accosting the first person I met, I asked the way. The

stranger at once said that he was going to the same meeting, and we

walked together. I do not know how it was, but through some

inevitable necessity, the conversation soon led up to snails. My

companion was from the Pacific coast; his name was Ashmun; he

was interested in snails; did I suppose he could find any in New

Mexico? ‘Thus I had run across the only person in New Mexico,

except myself, who cared anything about the mollusca. The infor-

mation I gave him was not particularly encouraging ; he was not

likely to find much, but there were some little Pupide and other

miscellanea in the debris on the banks of the Rio Grande.

The next time I met Mr. Ashmun was in the train between Las

Cruces and Albuquerque. His first remark was, “I have found

three new Polygyras!” I well remember my almost incredulous

astonishment; I thought I knew there were no such things in that

region; for even the Santa Fé Canon records had become semi-

mythical in the absence of recent confirmation. |

Thus the corner of the veil was lifted; but how little we then

realized that Arizona and New Mexico contained a whole new snail-

fauna, including new genera of many species, large and varied in

form! Fifteen years ago, the man who should have predicted the

discovery of a very distinct genus of comparative large snails, with

26 different species and subspecies, within the borders of New Mexico

and Arizona, would have been considered a veritable Munchausen ;

to-day we are prepared for almost anything, and humbly confess that

we scarcely begin to know the fauna of the Southwest.

Astonishing as Mr. Ashmun’s discoveries were, it remained for

Mr. J. H. Ferriss to reveal even more wonderful forms. In 1902

and again in 1904, he visited the Chiricahua and Huachuca moun-

tains in southern Arizona. ‘The results of these journeys, together

with the accumulated fruits of other investigations, are presented by

THE NAUTILUS. 69

Dr. Pilsbry in the paper before us, so far as they relate to the

Urocoptide and Helicidx. A second paper, on the small species, is

to appear later.

The paper is full of detail and profusely illustrated, so that it

practically covers the ground, so far as present knowledge will per-

mit. It has the lucidity and precision which we have learned to ex-

pect in Dr. Pilsbry’s writings, presenting the facts in such a manner

that the reader can judge for himself, whether he will agree with the

conclusions reached or not.

In the Urocoptide, the genera Holospira and Microceramus are

described. The latter includes M. texanus (Pils.), of Texas, but

does not enter New Mexico or Arizona. Holospira has a species

confined to Texas, one common to Texas and adjacent New Mexico,

five apparently peculiar to New Mexico, and four only known from

Arizona. They seem to be often confined to a single range, two

species being sometimes found living together. Four new ones are

described : H. ferrissi from the Huachuca Mts., H. cionella from

Fort Bowie, Ariz., H. regis Pils. and Ckll., from near Kingston,

N. M., and #. chiricahuana from the Chiricahua Mts.

The Helicide of Arizona and New Mexico include five genera:

Ashmunella, Sonorella, Oreohelix, Polygyra and Thysanophora. The

last is to be treated later on, and Polygyra is dismissed with the re-

mark that it just enters New Mexico, one species—P. texastana—

having been found in the Pecos Valley. It is worth while to note

here that these Polygyras were collected by Professor Tinsley, who

subsequently took me to the locality where they occur. They exist

exclusively, so far as I could learn, in a bed of white mar! close to

the Pecos river, and they are to be regarded as pleistocene fossils.

It is quite probable that Polygyra has been long extinct in New

Mexico ; but if it still survives there the fact remains to be discovered.

The fossil shell is probably worthy of a subspecific name, as it is not

typical texasiana.

Incidentally, one may be excused for remarking that the pleisto-

cene beds of the southwest urgently need investigation. They are

abundant in New Mexico, at least, and there is no doubt that they

will throw much light on the past history of the snails of that region.

Unfortunately, it is usually impossible to form any good estimate of

their age, for shells are well preserved in the dry soil, and speci-

mens ten thousand years old may not look materially different from

70 THE NAUTILUS.

weathered shells which flourished ten years ago. When mammalian

remains can be found with the shells, of course they afford valuable

clues. i

The account of Ashmunella begins with an interesting general dis-

cussion occupying four pages, in the course of which it is argued, ap-

parently on valid grounds, that the ancestor of all the forms hada

tridentate aperture. It is to be noted that this is the case with A.

thomsoniana pecosensis, the most ancient form yet known. The

toothless forms have arisen independently in several localities, and

have come to resemble each other so much that they are only sepa-

rated readily by those intimately acquainted with the genus, or in

some cases by the aid of the anatomy. In this connection I may

note that I once found at Pecos, N. M., a toothless shell which was

plainly an individual variation of the thomsoniana series ; but anyone

could have taken it for A. ashmunt. Recalling this specimen, and

more particularly on geographical grounds, I will venture to prophesy

that when the anatomy of A. ashmunt becomes known, it will be

seen to be related to the thomsoniana series, rather than to the rhyssa

series, where Dr. Pilsbry provisionally places it.

The classification of the Ashmunellas is as follows :

(1.) Group or A. Ruyssa. A. rhyssa; rhyssa miorhyssa; r.

hyporhyssa; r. townsend? ; altissima; pseudodonta; p. capitanensis ;

ashmuni; a. robusta (new name = the so-called chiricahuana of the

Jemez Mts.).

(2.) Group oF A. THOMSONIANA. A. thomsoniana; t. portere ;

t. pecosensis—the last a fossil.

(3.) Group or A. LEVETTEI. A. levetier; 1. angigyra (new);

l. heterodonta (new; extraordinarily variable); /. proxima (new); fis-

stdens (new); duplicidens (new); angulata (new); ferrisst (new, most

extraordinary, acutely carinate, with the keel continued up the spire,

projecting above the sutures); walkert ; mearnsi.

(4.) Group or A. ESURITOR. A. esuritor (new; aperture tooth-

less, anatomy peculiar).

(5.) Group or A. cHIRIcAHUANA. A. chirtcahuana; ¢. mogol-

lonensis (new).

(6.) Group oF A. METAMORPHOSA. A. metamorphosa (new ;

shell like chiricahuana, anatomy quite different.)

The account of Sonorella is not so exhaustive, because the genus

has so recently been treated in detail by Mr. Bartsch. The follow-

THE NAUTILUS. 71

ing are proposed as new: S, hachitana bowiensis, S. granulatissima

parva, S. g. latior, S. virilis (looks like a variety of hachitana, but

anatomy peculiar), S. v. edreumstriata, S. v. hwachucana.

Oreohelix is carefully defined, but only the species of Arizona and

New Mexico are treated, and not even all of those. The very var-

iable series grouped under O. strigosa huachucana is fully described

and illustrated. ‘The new forms are O. strigosa socorroensis (allied

to metcalfei), O. barbata (very remarkable, the adult with an epi-

dermal fringe), O. yavapai, O. y. neomexicana (this species and sub-

species separated mainly on the anatomy ; the neomexicana has been

reported heretofore as hemphilli, which it much resembles), and O.

chirtcahuana. The last, along with O. clappi Ferriss and O. aval-

onensis Hemphill, goes in a new subgenus, named Fadiocentrum,

distinct by the smaller number and the sculpture of the embryonic

whorls, and the somewhat modified genitalia.

I wish to call attention to a few apparent peculiarities of distribu-

tion, which should be confirmed or disproved by future observers :

(1.) On the east side of the Rio Grande, Oreohelix appears to get

no further south than the Sandia Mountains. It is totally unknown

in the Organs, Sierra Blanca, etc. On the west side of the river it

goes nearly to the Mexican boundary, at least.

(2.) Sonorella gets as far east as the Organ Mts., but I have not

seen it from Sierra Blanca or the Sacramentos; nor does it seem to

range northward even as far as the Sandias.

(3.) The Organ Mts. mark the eastern limit of the levetter group

of Ashmunella, the species found there being mearnsi. One has only

to cross the valley to the Sacramentos to meet with the very different

rhyssa series.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Antarctic Nudibranchs.—Sir Charles Eliot has just published in

the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh a very inter-

esting paper on the Nudibranchiata of the Scottish National Ant-

arctic Expedition. In the preface he remarks on the absence or

extreme rarity of Dorids in the Antarctic, while in the tropics Dorids

are greatly more abundant than Aeolids. This seems the more

singular from the fact that the Dorids are tough and well-protected

animals for the most part, while the Aeolids would seem too delicate

for the stormy and cold seas (often below 30° Fahr.) of the extreme

(0s THE NAUTILUS.

south. Possibly the prevalence of other forms of life, including

enemies of Nudibranchs, in the tropics may have something to do

with it, especially since so many tropical Dorids (Chromodoris) show

what seem to be warning colors, and are probably inedible.

The species obtained by the expedition in the southern seas were

only five in number, and two of these wére not in the Antarctic.

Nevertheless all these except one proved new, and two are made the

types of new genera. ‘The first of these genera, Wotaeolidia, is based

on an animal nearly five inches long, obtained at the South Orkneys.

This is so distinct that Sir C. Eliot believes it to represent a new

family, standing between the Aeolidids proper and the Dendronotines.

This would be a family in the sense of Bergh; a subfamily of Alder

and Hancock. ‘The Notaeolidiide (or Notaeolidine) are defined

thus to include a single genus and these species:

‘“‘ Large animals of Aeolidiform appearance. Oral tentacles large

rhinophores perfoliate without sheaths. Foot rounded and grooved

in front. Dorsal margin undulated, and bearing one or more rows

of close-set cerata. Jaws not denticulate. Radula consisting of a

central tooth and four (rarely five) laterals on each side. Central

tooth with a strong median cusp and side denticles; laterals denticu-

late on inner side. The liver forms a lobed, flocculent mass within

the body cavity, and in the body walls a thick, spongy layer, from

which rise the diverticula which enter the cerata. The hermaphro-

dite gland lies above the liver.”

The other new genus is 7ritoniopsis, based on a species (7. brucet)

from Gough Island, 40° 20’ S. It differs from Tritonca principally

in the dentition, the central tooth being narrow and pointed, not

broad, and provided with accessory cusps. The outer laterals are

much elongated.—T. D. A. C.

AN ARRANGEMENT OF THE AMERICAN CYCLOSTOMATIDA WITH

A REVISION OF THE NOMENCLATURE. By Wm. H. Dall. (Proc.

Mal. Soc., London, vi, 208.) A new subgenus (Parachondria) of

the genus Chondropoma is proposed, type, C. fascta Wood, Jamaica.

Also a new genus Opisthosiphon, type, Chondropoma bahamense

Shutt.

A new Chiton from the New England coast, by Wm. H. Dall.

(Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, xviii, 203.)

This new species, Tonicella blaneyi, was dredged by Mr. Dwight

Blaney in 20 fathoms, off Ironbound Island, Frenchman’s Bay,

Maine. Including the deep-sea species, this makes twelve species

of Chitons recorded on and off the New England coast.—C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XIX. NOVEMBER, 1905. No. 7.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW FORMS OF POLYGYRA.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

Polygyra smithii n. sp. Plate III, figs. 1-4."

Shell imperforate, depressed, thin, horn-color, densely covered with

elevated epidermal processes, giving the shell a scaly appearance, the

hairs following the weak growth lines; embryonic whorls sculptured

with elongate granules; spire low, convex, rounded, sutures well

impressed, whorls about 54; body-whorl obtusely carinated above the

periphery in its first third; rounded, swollen and very deeply constricted

back of the peristome, sharply descending in front ; upper half of the

aperture, viewed from the under side, forming a half circle; below

the periphery almost straight, so that the whole effect is like a human

ear; lip wide, white, concave above and flat below, at the periphery

a wide, flat entering tooth, basal lip straight, slightly thickened on

the upper margin; parietal wall bearing a large, high, very slightly

curved tooth extending from the lip-tooth to the axis, a thin wash of

whitish callus connecting the upper and lower ends of the lip,

Gr. diam. 164, lesser 14, alt. 10 mm.

Gr. diam. 154, lesser 134, alt. 9 mm.

Gr. diam. 15, lesser 13, alt. 84 mm.

Gr. diam. 144, lesser 124, alt. 81 mm.

Gr. diam. 134, lesser 113, alt. 74 mm.

The first and last measurements given are the extremes of a con-

siderable series, the average size being about 15 mm.

Near the top of Monte Sano, at an altitude of about 1,600 feet,

about 5 miles east of Huntsville, Ala., under large logs, piles of

stones, etc.

1 This plate will appear in a future number.

74 THE NAUTILUS.

‘‘Almost always it is on the ground or on the lower surface of a

stone which rests on the ground. I have never seen the snail crawl-

ing abroad, even in wet weather. The shells are invariably covered

with a dark deposit, which is removed with some difficulty.” (H. H. 8.)

Also found, but more rarely, on Smithers Mountain and near

Gurley and Princeton.

Animals almost black, very shy in confinement, spending most of

their time either half or completely buried in the earth.

This most interesting and strongly-marked species is another of

Herbert H. Smith’s finds, and I take great pleasure in naming it

after him. While bearing a striking resemblance to an overgrown

P. inflecta, it is readily separated by the character of the hairs and

the absence of the basal lip-tooth ; it is also close to P. subpalliata,

but is apparently most closely related to P. inflecta.

Monte Sano is an outlier of the Cumberland Plateau, so that this

may be considered a species of that most interesting faunal region.

Types No. 5888 of my collection and co-types in the collections of

the Academy of Natural Sciences, Bryant Walker and T. H. Aldrich.

Polygyra inflecta approximans n. subsp. Plate ITI, fig. 6.

Differs from typical znflecta in the closely approximated lip teeth,

the space between them measuring only about $ mm. in width, while

in the typical form it measures 1 mm. and over. The aperture is

also wider, in proportion to its length, and less rounded in front; _

body-whorl narrower at the aperture, not swollen back of the lip.

In other characters like the type—whorls about 44.

A considerable proportion of the shells have the umbilicus partly

open, and while this can hardly be considered a specific character

the proportion is greater than in any lot of znflecta I have seen.

Greater diam. 74, lesser 64, alt. 44 mm.

Greater diam. 8, lesser 7, alt. 5 mm.

Greater diam. 84, lesser 74, alt. 42 mm.

Greater diam. 83, lesser 73, alt, 5 mm.

Marion, Ala., where it practically replaces the typical form as

only four dead shells of the latter were found. Collected by Her-

bert H. Smith in May, 1905. A specimen of P. inflecta from Jack-

son, Ala., is figured for comparison, pl. 3, fig. 5.

Types No. 5889 of my collection and cotypes in the collections of

the Academy of Natural Sciences, Bryant Walker and T. H. Ald-

rich. |

THE NAUTILUS. 75

ON SOME CYPRAEIDAE IN THE COLLECTION OF MR. D. W. FERGUSON,

OF BROOKLYN, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL NEW VARIETIES.

BY SLOMAN ROUS.

In this collection—which Mr. Ferguson kindly allowed me to in-

spect—the Cypraeide are especially interesting. ‘There are several

varieties that appear to me to have been not hitherto noticed, and

some which, though not attaining varietal dignity, are well worthy

of remark.

CYPRAEA HELVOLA var. APHRODITE, var. nov.

More pyriform and much wider than the type, and considerably

depressed. Very pale yellowish-brown, sides slightly darker, again

changing to the paler dorsal color on the base, the interstices of the

teeth a full shade darker, back flecked with numerous small snow-

white spots, and a few larger spots of a still pale brown, but darker

than the ground color. Edges of base rather heavily thickened.

I am not sure that this shell may not claim specific rank, while it

is close to ©. helvola, the differences are many. Beside its pyriform

shape the outer half of the base is about two and a half times wider

between the aperture and outer edge than the opposite, and the teeth

are prolonged almost half-way over this space, making them appear

finer and more elegant than in helvola. The aperture is almost straight

and narrower than the type. This is accentuated by the columellar lip

being much less arcuated than is normally the case, so that the

anterior portion of the lips are almost as close together as the pos-

terior. Long. 27, lat. 20, alt. 14 mm. It is a very lovely shell

and undoubtedly very rare. Hab. Sandwich Is., W. H. Pease.

A specimen of C. arabica is curiously marked. On the inner side

of the dorsal line the pattern is normal, but on the outer side, while

some of the white spots are irregular in shape, most of them are

round and annulated with dark brown. The dorsal line is very

crooked and would seem to indicate a malformation of the mantle.

There is also a specimen of arabica var. eglantina Duclos. Mr.

J. Cosmo Melvill, in his description of this shell in his “ Survey of

the Genus Cypraea,” says it is shining brown. All the specimens I

have seen have been the color of Portland cement, and decidedly

not brown.

CYPRAEA EXANTHEMA var. PUDICA, var. nov.

Shape normal, small, color very pale brown, with spots of gray-

76 THE NAUTILUS.

white, minutely—almost microscopically—thickly irrorated all over

with dots of still lighter color than the spots, and showing on them as

well as the rest of the shell, thickly, minutely granulated at the

extremties, and less thickly so over dorsal surface, sides smooth.

Long. 55, lat. 36 mm.

Notwithstanding the dull coloring and that the granulation de-

tracts somewhat from the lustre of the shell, it is still a very pretty

and striking addition to the handsome suite of exanthema in the

collection.

A dwarf C. cervinetia is a very pretty little shell of a dark umber-

brown, with whitish spots and dorsal line down the centre of the

back, base fawn color with faint brownish blotch and bright choco-

late-brown teeth. Long. 31, lat. 17, alt. 13.5 mm.

In the suite of C. /ynx is a very interesting example. It is longi-

tudinally corrugated from one side to the other by lines of growth.

The earlier lines are narrow, numerous striations running from the

spire obliquely to the base in which they disappear; on the back they

are parallel to the sides, only bending near the anterior extremity;

on the outer side they become parallel to the edge of the base. From

the earliest to the latest stage of growth the intervals between the

striae gradually and regularly increase in width until those on the

outer side are shallow sulci between sharp costulae, the width of the

last sulcus being 3mm. _ It isa young shell, probably waiting its last

deposit of enamel, which would very likely obliterate the growth -

lines ; as it is, it is a very beautiful illustration of shell-formation.

Another specimen of dynzx is interesting for its size; it is adult,

normal in every respect, except size. Long, 21, lat. 11.5 mm.

CYPR#ZA VITELLUS var. FERGUSON], var. nov.

Teeth, base and sides normal, dorsal line wide, lighter in color

than the back, dorsal surface rather dark fulvous brown, obscurely

banded with lighter shade and spotted with bluish-white or light

lead-colored spots, which seem to solve themselves into rows of three

or four in various directions, each spot surrounded by a narrow

blackish ring; the spots at sides are not annulated. Long, 37, lat. 23,

alt. 19 mm.

The difference between this and the type lies in the annulation of

the spots and their disposition in short rows. It is fully developed

though small in size. Loe. ?

THE NAUTILUS. + i |

CYPR#A CRUENTA var. VIOLACEA, var, nov.

There are two specimens of cruenta, one typical in shape, the other

stunted, broader, somewhat depressed, with the strong teeth of var.

coloba Melvill, but each having a large, bright violet patch on the

base. The brownish-violet spots on the sides are also unusually

bright. I propose the above name for such specimens as possess the

violet basal blotch.

CypR#A CAPUT-SERPENTIS var.

Base and sides normal, back almost pure white but very faintly

tinged with blackish on which the snow-white spots are just per-

ceptible, the brown of the sides merging a little into the white of the

dorsum, showing a narrow border of the typical white spots; ex-

tremities of the usual smoky white. ‘The white back accentuated by

the dark sides is curiously suggestive of a bald head.

Another specimen of caput-serpentis has the dorsal surface a

lighter brown than the sides, and sparsely spotted and blotched with

whitish-brown.

There is also a dwarf specimen: Long. 20, lat. 13, alt. 10 mm.

CYPR&A CAURICA var.

Back light yellowish-brown with three brown bands, rather pro-

fusely sprinkled with small brown spots. Base and sides creamy

white, striated with fine pure white lines. Sides with a few large

dark-brown purplish-shaded spots.

CyPR#ZA ISABELLA var. FULVA, var. nov.

Uniform yellowish-brown, only very faintly tinged with orange at

the extremities, base creamy-white.

Length 304, diam. 16 mm. (Coll. Ferguson.)

Length 35, diam. 19 mm. (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci.)

There is another specimen of ¢sabella the same color but with the

normal longitudinal black markings and orange extremities.

CyYyPRHA CARNEOLA var. ADONIS, var. nov.

Base pure white, extending a little up the sides, above which the

sides are light yellowish-brown, thickly irrorated with minute white

spots. Dorsum whitish, banded with four faint orange bands. Sides

thickened. Teeth yellow, turning to orange anteriorly. More pyri-

form in shape than typical carneola.

There is a diversity of opinion respecting this shell among our

78 THE NAUTILUS.

local collectors, some considering it a variety of C. arenosa, and

others C. carneola var. propinqua Garrett. I think it is closer to

carneola than arenosa, but it differs from propingua in having no

violet ring and in the color of the teeth.

SHELL COLLECTING ON THE MOSQUITO COAST OF NICARAGUA.—V.

BY W. H. FLUCK.

Liotia cruentata Muhlf.

Omphalius viridulus Gmel.

Omphalius indusit Ch,

Livona pica Linn.

All from Man of War Keys. The last-named species is found by

the dory-load, and is used as an article of food by the natives. When

perfect, the shell is beautifully mottled with white and black, but

most specimens from “the keys” are badly incrusted. The beau-

tiful spiral operculum is a study in itself.

Fissuridea alternata Say. Wounta Haulover. I found about a

dozen in four years, the locality being, I suppose, not rocky enough

for them.

Subemarginula octoradiata Gmel. Man of War Keys.

Acmea melanoleuca Gmel. King’s Keys. A white variety.

Guppya biolleyi Mart. Rama Key. This little island is in the

Bluefields lagoon, about 10 miles south of the town of Bluefields.

The shell was found in the yard of the Moravian Mission.

Epiphragmothora coactilata Fer. Weilawas Hill, near Wani,

Nicaragua, near where the Ulli river and Wani river meet to form

the Prinzapolka river.

Bulimulus corneus Sowb. Bluefields, in the garden of the Mora-

vian Mission, among flags and other plants and under stones.

Macroceramus caracasensis Rve. Bluefields. Same locality and

station.

Macroceramus concisus Morelet. Weilawas Hill, Wani, Nic.

Bifidaria sp.? Bluefields. Numerous. Clinging to stones. Dr.

Dall has seen specimens, and says they much resemble B. eyriesi

Drouet, of Venezuela, or P. wolfii Miller, of Ecuador, adding:

‘¢ There are so many of these described that I don’t dare attempt to

name it, especially as our series of these species from the tropics

is very incomplete.”

THE NAUTILUS. 79

Oxystyla princeps Brod. Near Kukallaya, in the plantation clear-

ings of the Indians, along the Kukallaya river (sometimes called

Wounta river). Quite numerous. I have one specimen that lacks

the characteristic zigzag markings, being quite plain, except for the

dark-brown spot at the very point of the blunt apex, together with a

faint suggestion of some narrow brown bands on the whorls.

Subulina octona Linn. Bluefields, under stones and beneath foli-

age in damp places.

Subulina mimosarum Orb. Bluefields, Rama Key, Wounta Haul-

over, Kukallaya. Under stones, wood, leaves, in damp places.

Succinea recisa Morelet. Wounta Haulover, in a puddle left by

the rainy season, between the sea and the lagoon and not more than

100 yards from either. The bottom of the pool was grass-covered.

Shells were clinging to a stem of cocoanut leaf, which had fallen and

was submerged. 25 specimens. In the dry season the spot is dry

and the grass dead, and the lagoon and all the water courses for miles

around are salty. I never saw this shell anywhere else except on the

banks of a little run in Bluefields, where they were rare.

Melampus flavus Gmel. Man of War Keys. Large, banded

and unbanded specimens.

Melampus coffea Linn. Wounta.

Exceedingly numerous. Used as beads by Indians. The un-

banded variety will average larger than the banded. In March,

1903, I collected some of these shells at the Bluff near Blueflelds,

but the shells were all small, none being larger than MM. lineatus say

of the North Atlantic. Inthe.spring of the three years preceding

1903, I searched the same spot, but found none of these shells. I

am inclined to regard them as newcomers to Bluefield.

Teredo sp 2 Wounta Haulover and everywhere on the coast.

Pholas campechensis Gmel. Wounta Haulover, Prinzapolka, ete.

Of the hundreds of valves cast up daily, I never found anything but

right valves. Cannot some one who knows write an article on why

it is that single right or left valves, as the case may be, are often

found, to the exclusion of the other valves?

Tagelus poeyii Dall. Prinzapolka. On the beach toward the

south from the town. Rare. Only 3 specimens.

Periploma inequivalvis Schum. Wounta Haulover. Right valves

only.

Mactra (Mactrella) alata Spengler. Wounta Haulover, and along

80 THE NAUTILUS.

the whole coast. Abundant, both alive and dead; fragile, white

and beautiful.

Mulinia gaudeloupensis Recluz, Single valves on the shore at

Wounta Haulover. :

(To be continued.)

NEW VARIETIES OF NORTH AMERICAN PISIDIA.

BY V. STERKI.

During the twelve years’ study of our Pisidia, on about 350,000

specimens examined, many new forms were found. Some of them

have been published from time to time, since 1895, in the NauTiLus,

others were held back, mostly for years, in the hope of getting ad-

ditional materials which would more clearly show their relations and

positions. Owing to the great variation of most of our species, with

some apparently endless, it is often difficult to know, or even to

estimate, whether a new Pisidium represents a new species, or a

variety, and it seemed preferable to be rather over-cautious with

regard to ‘‘n. sp.” than too hasty. Yet new forms, more or less

different from those published or regarded as typical for a species,

should be named and described, and short descriptions of a number

of such are offered in the following lines. They are ranged under

species already known, as varieties, in many instances with some

doubts, leaving it for further evidence to prove their real affinities

or their claims to representing distinct species. A few short notes

are necessarily added, but a more detailed discussion of the affinities

etc., of the various species and forms is left for a forthcoming re-

vision of our Pisidia.

Pisidium idahoense Roper var. indianense n. Smaller than the

types, less inflated ; beaks much narrower, low, little prominent over

the hinge margin ; surface with several well-marked lines of growth,

more horn-colored than in the other forms; shell and hinge slight,

the right cardinal tooth less curved; long. 8, alt. 7, diam. 4 mill.

Hab.: Lake Maxinkurkee, Ind., collected in considerable num-

bers by Drs. Evermann and Bartsch, for the U.S. Fish Commission.

As compared with the types from Idaho and the larger, much

inflated form from Seattle, Washington, the Indiana Pisidium ap-

pears to be of a distinct species. Yet a form, eventually a var., from

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Lake Michigan: Charlevoix (Walker) and the South end (Daniels)

is somewhat intermediate, although more like the Idaho form, and

so it appears to be safer to regard the above as a variety of the same

species for the present.

Pisidium compressum Vr., is very variable, but a number of its

forms and varieties are characteristic and rather constant. As

typical is accepted the common river and creek form: beaks high,

narrow, with well developed appendages, above which there are

small flattened or even impressed smoothish areas, usually with more

or less distinct radial lines; balance of the surface with rather

coarse, sharp, regular, concentric striz, dull, with microscopic

wrinkles, color whitish to grayish, and often there are marginal

zones of straw to yellow color, with more shallow, irregular striz,

more or less shining; shell and hinge stout, with whitish nacre.

Var. opacum n. In shape and size near the typical form, well

inflated, but the surface is finely and irregularly striate, dull to shin-

ing, color often plumbeous above; beaks with the appendages

slighter, or merely flattened on top; shell and hinge stout, the for-

mer opaque.

This is a form of sloughs, ditches, pools, etc., along rivers and

creeks, quiet places in such, with muddy bottom, also of lakes and

ponds near inlets; it seems to be a retrograde one, with respect to the

surface sculpture, and it is notable that also the young in such places

have the fine, obsolete striz.

Var. levigatum n. Moderately oblique, of medium to rather

large size, generally well inflated; beaks less elevated, rounded or

more or less flattened on top with slight or obsolete ridges ; surface

with fine, irregular striz to nearly smooth, more or less shining ;

color light to dark horn; shell slight, translucent, nacre, more glassy;

hinge slight, generally less angular than in the type.

Widely distributed, in quiet waters. These mussels often have

considerable resemblance, in shape, with Prs. variabile Pr. (which is

variable on somewhat corresponding lines), and it is sometimes very

difficult to distinguish dead or fossil specimens of the two, and even

fresh shells of certain forms.

Var. limnicolum n. Near levigatum, but much smaller, some

specimens have ridges or well-formed appendages on the beaks;

shell and hinge slight, cardinal teeth well formed. A form of

deeper, quiet water, lakes, etc. Hundreds of specimens at all stages

82 THE NAUTILUS.

of growth were collected in the Fox River, Wisconsin, by the late

Geo. T. Marston.

Var. rostratum n. Of medium size, moderately to rather well

inflated, oblique, outlines slightly angular; beaks little prominent,

rounded or with slight ridges around the slightly flattened central

areas; angles at scutum and scutellum well projecting, slightly

rounded, especially at the latter, the projecting part of the mussel is

somewhat rostrum-like, pinched, surface with fine, irregular striz,

somewhat glossy ; color pale to yellowish or brownish-horn, shell

rather thin, translucent, hinge slight, with the teeth small but well

formed.

The typical form (of the var.) from Reed Lake (Dr. Kirkland),

Blue Lake, and other waters in Michigan, Clear Lake, Indiana

(Daniels).

Var. arrosum n. Rather small and low, not very oblique, outlines

somewhat angular, moderately inflated, beaks not much elevated,

narrow, rounded or slightly flattened on top, without appendages,

and with barely any radial lines ; surface with very fine striz above,

becoming somewhat more distant and irregular towards the margins,

slightly shining, color pale to yellowish or reddish-horn, shell thin,

somewhat translucent, hinge slight.

Michigan: Grand Rapids in several lots (Streng, Kent Scient.

Inst.), Blue Lake, Allegan Co. (Dr. Kirkland), Brooks Lake,

Newaygo Co. (Streng), Green Creek, Allegan Co. (Walker). A

peculiarity of this rather constant form is a disease found on the

shells of almost all specimens : small white spots of erosion gradually

becoming confluent and extending over a large part of the surface.

Var. confertum n. Of medium size, somewhat oblique, well and

compactly inflated; beaks broad, not much prominent, slightly

flattened on top, or rounded, without appendages; upper margin

moderately curved, with projecting angles where passing into the

supero-anterior and posterior slopes which are well marked, rather

long, straight, the former steep, the latter nearly perpendicular ;

scutum and scutellum marked in some specimens; surface with

irregular, slight striz and lines of growth, dullish to slightly shining;

color straw to yellowish, reddish or brownish-horn, generally with

irregular, lighter and darker, concentric zones; shell rather stout,

slightly translucent, nacre whitish, muscle insertions well marked,

hinge moderately stout, as compared with typical compressum, median

THE NAUTILUS. 88

part (plate) rather long and slightly curved; cardinal teeth small

and rather defective,' of the right, the posterior end is small, simple,

the anterior small, low and nearly obsolete, the left anterior short,

somewhat massive, the posterior oblique, short, slight and not pro-

jecting over the level of the valve-edge, lateral teeth at strong angles

to the plate, the right ones little elevated, the cusps of the left

rounded ; ligament stout, covered in younger, partially or quite un-

covered in adult specimens.

Size: long. 4, alt. 3.8, diam. 2.8 mill. (average).

Habitat: Blue Lake, Muskegon co., Michigan, collected by Dr.

Kirkland, in good numbers, remarkably uniform.

This is certainly a remarkable form, and has rather the significance

of a species, yet seems to be connected with other forms of P. com-

pressum.

Var. coosaense n. Of medium size, straw to light horn colored ;

in shape near the typical form, with rather posterior, narrow, ele-

vated beaks bearing appendages; superior margin somewhat less

curved and rather long, the supero-anterior slope somewhat more re-

mote from the beaks; surface with fine to very fine striz, dull to

slightly shining. Shell and hinge rather strong.

Hab.: Georgia and Alabama, along the Coosa river (collected by

Smith, sent by B. Walker).

In younger to two-thirds grown specimens, the features of this

form are especially well marked: the outlines rather angular, all mar-

gins little curved, while fuH-grown examples are approaching the

typical form, except as to surface sculpture.

Var. contrarium n. Of medium size, well inflated, moderately

oblique ; outlines various from near those of coosaense and the typ-

ical form, though less angular, to rounded, nearly oblong or oval,

with only the supero-anterior slope more or less marked ; beaks gen-

erally less posterior, moderately elevated, rather narrow, with a

small, more or less flattened area on top, and a slight ridge or even

small appendage; surface with rather fine, crowded, sharp, regular

striz, dull ; color pale to grayish horn, often with a light zone along

the margins ; shell and hinge rather stout. This Pisidium, although

rather variable in itself, and probably connected with other forms,

marks an interesting contrast to coosaense as well as to the type, and

laevigatum, etc.

Alabama: Attalla, Calera, Ebenezer Church, Montevallo. (Smith

collected, B. Walker sent.)

Var. smithii n. Of rather good size, little inequipartite, somewhat

oblique, moderately to rather well inflated, more so near the beaks,

while the lower parts of the disks are rather flat; outlines rather

angular, with the angles more or less rounded, superior and inferior

margins moderately curved, the superior rather long ; supero-anterior

slope nearly straight, steep, posterior part subtruncate ; beaks not

1In several specimens examined.

84 THE NAUTILUS.

much behind the middle, prominent, rather narrow, more or less

flattened on top, with ridges or slight appendages; surface with

rather crowded, sharp, regular striz, dullish ; color from light horn,

in the younger, to brownish ; light chestnut in adult specimens.

Hab.: Shoal creek, Alabama (Hinkley).

This form is mainly characterized by its beaks being less posterior

than in most others, and, as it seems, by its brownish color.

The above are a few of the more marked forms of the very poly-

morphous P. compressum Pr. More have been noticed, and some of

them will probably also have to be named and described; besides,

more will be brought up with new materials.

Pisidium fallax Sterki var. mite n. Rather smaller than the

typical form, beaks without appendages, or slightly flattened on top;

shell and hinge slighter.

Hab.: Grand river, Michigan (Dr. Kirkland), Nimishillen creek,

Canton, Ohio (Sterki). . . ,.

Var. errans Sterki. Has: been published as var. septentrionale

Sterki. (The Navuritus, XII., p. 78.) The name, being pre-

occupied,’ bad to be changed. ‘This well-characterized Pisidium has

been seen from northern Maine, northern Michigan, Minnesota and

Keewatin. (McInnes Col., Whiteaves sent.)

Pisidium punctatum Sterki var. armatum n. Higher, and often

larger, than the typical form, beaks very prominent, with strong

appendages, which give the mussel quite a different shape and

appearance.

Hab.: Tuscarawas river, Ohio (Sterki), and other places.

Var. simplex n. Beaks without appendages, rounded or slightly

flattened on top; striation slighter; mussel sometimes smaller than

the typical form.

Hab.: Joliet, Illinois (Ferriss, Handwerk), Carp Lake near

Mackinaw, Michigan (Walker), Fox River, Wisconsin (Marston).

(To be continued.)

GENERAL NOTES,

MAssSACHUSETTS SLuGs.—I am indebted to Mr. John Ritchie,

Jr., for two lots of slugs collected in the vicinity of Boston. The

first lot included Arion subfuscus, Draparnand, of the form called

cinereo-fuscus, Drap., and Limax maximus, L., of three forms, the

first nearly typical, the second var. obscurus, Moquin-Tandon, and

the third var. cellarius, Moquin-Tandon. <A series received to-day,

collected by Mr. Abner Hatfield at Jamaica Plain, includes A. sub-

fuscus, v. cinereo-fuscus, L. maximus and Agriolimax agrestis. The

A. agrestis unfortunately are dead and somewhat spoiled, but they

are of the dark and reddish forms, not the very pale kinds so com-

mon in England. T was glad to confirm the Boston-Arion as A. sub-

Suscus. T. D. A. CocKERELL.

1T, Prime, Cat. of 1895, ‘‘ undescribed.”

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ERSITY OF ILLINOIS

NIV

THE NAUTILUS, XIX. PLATE Il.

CLAPP: NEW ALABAMA MOLLUSKS.

COLTON: STROMBUS PUGILIS.

THE NAUTILUS, XIX.

PLATE IV,

DALL: TONICELLA BLANEYI.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XIX. DECEMBER, 1905.

No. 8,

SOME NOTES ON LIVING STROMBUS PUGILIS.

BY HAROLD SELLERS COLTON.

In the latter part of January a severe norther cast many indi-

viduals of Strombus pugilis upon the beach of Sand Key near Clear-

water Harbor, Florida. I sent many north to Dr. Burnett Smith,

of the University of Pennsylvania, who had intended to determine if

there was a case of sexual dimorphism in this species. Circum-

stances preventing him from touching the material for the present,

he persuaded me to work upon it. The results of my measurements

were published in the March Nauritvus. As the natural history of

the Mollusea is so little known, I hope a few notes of my observa-

tions will not be out of place.

Strombus pugilis is very hardy and easily transported. I ex-

pressed alive twenty-five individuals in a starch box. Each one I

wrapped in dry newspaper ; two weeks afterward, and a week and

a half after they had rested in a warm room, a number were yet

alive and none had as yet begun to decompose. Another lot I packed

in damp seaweed and four days afterward I unpacked them and

placed them in an aquarium in Philadelphia. They started to

crawl about at once. When I left Philadelphia in the early part of

June one was yet alive. Several were killed by the starfish and the

others lived for four months and then died from unknown causes.

I had occasion to break open a number of the shells with a hammer

in order to remove the soft parts for anatomical purposes. This I

found a very difficult task. The shell is so resisting that many blows

in the same place were required to make even a small hole. This

86 THE NAUTILUS.

great strength of shell shows how well they are protected to with-

stand the surf of the exposed beach.

On such a beach Strombus pugilis is the most common visible

Gasteropod in the winter. Others may be abundant at other seasons

of the year. I found none alive nor did I find a dead shell within

the still waters of Clearwater Harbor, although the flats and bottom

were composed of sand as is the outside beach; and a series of ex-

tremely low tides allowed me to traverse miles of bottom not ordi-

narily exposed at low tide. Since they are cast up by the surf in

large numbers in a storm they must be abundant just beyond the

breaker line.

Within the mantle cavity I found a species of oyster crab that

Miss Rathbun has given the name of Pinnotheres strombi. A com-

mensal of this sort I believe is unique in a Gasteropod shell.

Every collection of tropical marine shells contains the shells of

Strombus, The bright colors exhibited by most of the species are

perhaps its chief attraction. Its activity when alive is noted all

through the literature. Not alone are its movements described but

pages are covered with beautiful colored drawings of the animal.

Most of the activities have been described from animals under ab-

normal conditions, and the drawings made from animals out of the

water. Nowhere can I find asketch nor a description of the animal

in a living attitude.

Locomotion in Strombus and its allies is peculiar. This is due to

the structure of the foot. The operculum has changed from an

organ of protection to one of locomotion. Situated as in most Gas-

terpods on the dorsal surface of the metapodium, it is peculiar be-

cause it is joined to the foot by about one-third of its surface. The

two-thirds free extends downward and in a posterior direction, with

its slender point turned toward the left side. The propodium and

mesopodium compose one-sixth the ventral surface of the foot, the

rest is metapodium. .

I quote from the voyage of the “ Astrolabe :”’ ‘* Le form particu-

lier de leur pied ne permet pas de marcher comme les Gasteropodes.

Ne pouvent pas ramper ils sautent en prenant un point fixé sur le sol

i aide de leur opercule.””’ Adams in the voyage of the “ Samar-

ang ’’ describes their method of locomotion as rolling over and over.

Both of these observations are founded on fact; the former was obs

served in the water and the latter on land.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

By placing them very close to the glass of the aquarium I was able

to observe their movements with some detail. When preparing to

move they extend their propodium in an anterior direction, at the

same time contracting their metapodium (Plate III, fig. 11). They

bend the anterior end of their propodium down into the sand, and as

the natural position of the operculum is downward and backward at

an angle, when the metapodium is thrust out, the operculum sinks

into the sand. With the propodium and operculum as anchors the

heavy shell is slid forward (Vlate III, fig. 12). Sometimes I have

seen them project the end of their metapodium out as far as the tip

of the spire. The movement is about an inch and a half per step.

The track is represented by a series of little ridges. ‘There is a de-

pression on the edge of the lip of the aperture that would on a

superficial examination seem to correspond to the anterior siphon

canal that is found in many Gasteropods. Through this groove the

right eye-stalk protrudes, and the left eye-stalk comes through the

true groove of the anterior siphon canal, although no fold of the

mantle extends beyond the interior of the shell. (Plate III, fig. 13.)

The sight of this mollusk is remarked on in almost every account

of it. It was my own experience that they would draw within their

shell whenever I came within four feet of the aquarium. They also

react toa jar. They react definitely when a solid object is passed

between them and the source of light. Just how keen their sight

really is I was unable to determine.

All the time I had them in the aquarium I never succeeded in

getting one to eat. I tried fresh oyster meat and oysters that were

opened and placed in salt water for two or three days. I also tried

raw beef. It is described as a ‘‘ buzzard among mollusks,”’ but I

was not able to observe it feed. When crawling in the sand it

swings its proboscis from side to side like an elephant, sometimes

dipping the tip into the sand and working its powerful radula. But

I could never observe the presence of food of any kind. In the four

months I had them in captivity they did not seem to waste away

appreciably.

Strombus is a very interesting mollusk, and would repay study

in several fields. Its hardiness assures its easy transportation, and

it will live months in confinement. Its eye is wonderfully well

adapted to study the histology of the Gasteropod eye, as it can be pre-

served without distortion. The large size, abundance and bright colors

of the shell make it a conspicuous object on the beach.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

LITERATURE.

Adams. Voyage of the Samarang.

Arnold, 1901. Sea Beach at Ebb Tide, p. 375.

Colton, 1905. Navutixus, April, vol. xviii, p. 138. Sexual Di-

morphism in Strombus pugilis Linné.

Fluck, 1905. Navurixus, July, vol. xix, p. 32. Shell-Collecting

on the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua.

Quay and Gamard, 1834. Voyage del’ Astrolabe, vol. iii, p. 55-60.

Rathbun, 1905. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. lvii, part ii,

p. 871. Description of a New Species of Commensal Crab.

Souleyet, 1852. Voyage de la Bonite, vol. xii, p. 164.

A NEW CHITON FROM THE NEW ENGLAND COAST.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Mr. Dwight Blaney of Boston, while dredging in twenty fathoms

off Ironbound Island on the Maine coast, was fortunate enough to

discover a species of Chiton which, after comparison with Northeast

American and North European species, appears to be new.

Seven species of Chitonide are known from the coast of New

England in less than 100 fathoms. All these have been known for

many years. One Arctic species is reported from the Gulf of St.

Lawrence and may reach the Maine coast. Besides these there are

two species known only from abyssal water in the North Atlantic,

not from the coast and not properly belonging to the New England

fauna. It is therefore a matter of more than common interest to

have a new species discovered, and, because the circulation of the

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington may probably

not reach the mass of malacologists, it was thought desirable to re-

print the diagnosis here and add to it a careful illustration of the

type.

TONICELLA BLANEYI Dall. Plate IV. Proc, Biol. Soc. Wash.,

xviii, 1905, pp. 203-4, Sept. 2, 1905.

Shell of a deep rose-color, with fine white lineations and reticular

markings; girdle brown, apparently naked, but exhibiting under

high magnification a microscopic granulation with a row of small

spinules at the extreme edge, as in T. marmorea; the coloration of

THE NAUTILUS. 89

the valves outside, in the type specimen, is fairly uniform but prob-

ably more or less variable among individuals; the valves inside are

of a deep rose-pink, paler toward the edges; surface minutely more

or less quinecuncially punctate, but this is visible only when magni-

fied ; the sculpture consists of (on the midvalves usually three) radial

riblets with a tendency to bifurcate or break up into segments dis-

tally ; there are no distinctly marked areas on the midvalves, but the

part of the valves which bears what in many chitons are called the

lateral areas, in this species carries two or three, sometimes bifurcate,

thread-like ribs which are flattened above and rarely reach the mucro

of the valve, being usually evanescent dorsally ; there are also more

or less deeply impressed lines of growth; the median part of the

valves is nearly smooth except for the microscopic punctation ; an-

terior valve semicircular, with numerous, more or less irregular,

radial riblets that resemble those on the midvalves; the eaves are

conspicuously spongy ; the insertion plates are blunt, crenulate at the

edge, but not radially striate; the anterior valve in the type has 10,

but would seem normally to have either 9 or 11 slits, as one seems

missing or in excess, on one side; the midvalves have one slit on

each side, their anterior lamelle are nearly continuous across the

dorsal sinus; the posterior valve is small, without a mucro, the in-

cremental lines strong, the ribbing obsolete or nearly so; in the type.

while there is not a posterior sinus like that of Chetopleura, there is

a certain flattening and the insertion plates bordering this part of the

valve are poorly developed; there are 7-9 slits between which the

distal edges of the plates are more or less irregularly crenate ; in the

dried specimen the muzzle has a prominent * veil” or tegumentary

margin ; the ctenidia number about 15 on each side and extend for-

ward on each side of the foot to the fourth valve; length over all

(dry), 13mm.; width, 8 mm.; dorsal angle, 120°.

Dredged in 20 fathoms off Ironbound Island, Frenchman’s Bay,

near Mt. Desert Island, Maine.

From Trachydermon ruber, Tonicella marmorea, and _ similar

species, this form can be at once distinguished by the ribbing. If

the type specimen be characteristic in its color, the pattern and hue

would be equally distinctive. In 7. ruber the girdle is pubescent

and parti-colored ; in 7. marmorea and the present species it is of a

uniform brown. The type specimen has been generously donated to

the U. S. National Museum.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

The species seems somewhat intermediate between Tonicella and

Trachydermon, with a leaning toward the former, while it seems to

be most nearly related specifically to Zonicella marmorea of Fabricus.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. Middle valve, interior, from below; 2. The same valve

from above; 3. Front valve from above; 6. The same valve from

below; 4. The tail valve from above; 5. The same valve from be-

low ; owing to the spongy condition of the margin the artist has

slightly exaggerated some of the vertical striz so that they are liable

to be taken for true notches, the number of which is as stated in the

diagnosis above. All the figures are considerably magnified, and to

a uniform scale.

A NEW BRACKISH-WATER SNAIL FROM NEW ENGLAND.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Mr. Owen Bryant collected at Cohasset, Massachusetts, the past

summer, specimens of an Amnicoloid snail which appears to be un-

described. It was found living in company with Paludestrina minuta

(Rissoa minuta of authors) and Odostomia impressa.

PALUDESTRINA SALSA n. sp. PI. III, fig. 10.

Shell very thin, perforate, oblong-conic, about the shape of Amni-

cola lustrica ; corneous-gray or a little greenish; the surface having

the luster of a dull silk, very finely striatulate, weakly decussated

with faint spiral striz.

Whorls 54, moderately convex, with the suture impressed but not

so deep as is usual in Amnicola or Paludestrina. Aperture ovate, a

little less than half as long as the shell, subvertical. Peristome thin

and sharp, a little sinuous, the outer lip being somewhat retracted

below its upper insertion ; columellar margin concave, thin ; the inner

margin adnate, thin and straightened for a short distance near the

upper angle of the aperture. Length 3.1, diam. 2, length of aperture

1.5 mm.

Cohasset, Mass. Cotypes in collections of the A. N. §. Phila.

(no. 90445), Boston Society of Natural History, and Owen Bryant. -

Compared with the common P. minuta (Totten), this new species

differs in its more broadly conic shape, less deep sutures and larger

THE NAUTILUS. 9]

last whorl and aperture. Moreover, the apex, in all the specimens

seen, is perfect, while ?. minuta is almost invariably eroded above,

several whorls being lost from the tip in adult specimens.

CARYCHIUM NANNODES N. SP.

BY GEO, H. CLAPP.

In shape this species (Plate III, figs. 7, 8, 9) resembles C. exile,

being long and slender, but differs in being absolutely smooth, with-

out any trace of growth lines,even when magnified 60 diameters ;

under high magnification the surface shows a faint granulation ;

color waxy-white, transparent, the columellar fold showing distinctly

through the shell ; whorls about 44, regularly tapering from the body-

whorl to the apex; sutures deep, whorls slightly shouldered ; lip

wide and well reflected especially at the columella where it forms a

distinct umbilical chink, outer curve of lip decidedly flattened,

hardly thickened within ; viewed from the back the lip is more

squared below than in exile and extguum; upper columellar fold of

good size, lower one almost obsolete.

Length 1.4, diameter 0.5 mm.

Collected by Herbert H. Smith on Monte Sano, about 5 miles

east of Huntsville, Ala. ‘ Abundant among leaves in a shady ditch

in damp forest near the top.’’ (H. H.S.) Altitude about 1600 ft.

Types No. 5401 of my collection and cotypes in collections of

Acad. Nat. Sci., Bryant Walker and T. H. Aldrich.

This is a most distinct species, as its size alone at once separates

it from all of the other American representatives of the genus.

With this species Mr. Smith also found some C. exile, which agree

with the northern shells, except that they are more coarsely ribbed.

They are beautiful shells under the microscope.

IS COCHLIOPA ROWELLI A CALIFORNIAN SHELL?

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Cochliopa rowelli is a small, solid umbilicate snail, somewhat heli-

ciform or Va/vata-shaped, and with an operculum like Fluminicola

or Amnicola. It was described by Tryon from specimens received

92 THE NAUTILUS.

from Gabb, who stated that Mr. J. Rowell, well known as a concholo-

gist, found them in Clear Lake, California. Specimens are in the

collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences and the Smithsonian

Institution labeled as from this place; and Binney (Land and Fresh-

water Shells of N. A., part iii, p. 78) gives no other information.

So far as I know, no other writer on Californian shells has noticed

the species. Its status as a member of our fauna has rested for forty

years only upon the information given by Gabb.

In the collection of the Academy there are also specimens of the

same species from Panama, received from the late Dr. Wesley New-

comb. The other described species of the genus Cochliopa, some

four in number, are from Central America.

As the occurrence of the genus in California waters is a matter of

some importance from a zodgeographic standpoint, we would ask all

collectors in Central California to give what information they can

upon it, whether relating to the original finding of the snail or to its

present distribution. The experience of any who have collected in

Clear Lake will be of interest, whether the species in question has

been found or not.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

SHELLS OF PoRTLAND AND Vicinity.—This is the title of an

article by J. W. Mighels, which appeared in the Portland Tribune,

1841, page 64. The exact date of publication is not given on the

clipping, which was found by Mr. Owen Bryant in an old book pur-

chased in Boston. It probably represents the first catalogue ever

published of the shells of Maine. A few remarks commending the

study of conchology, and soliciting exchanges, is followed by a list,

without notes, containing about 154 species, exclusive of the barna-

cles, etc., arranged according to the Lamarckian system. C. W. J.

THE OystEer.—A popular summary of a scientific study. By

Wm. K. Brooks, Ph. D. (The John Hopkins Press, Baltimore.)

One of the most interesting and readable books pertaining to the

mollusca that has ever been published. It points out clearly the

possibilities of oyster culture, the anatomy and development of the

oyster; artificial cultivation ; the cause of the decline of the oyster

industry and the remedy. C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

LAND AND Fresu-WatrrerR MOLLuSsKs OF ALASKA AND ADJOIN-

inc Ree@ions. By William H. Dall (vol. xiii of the Harriman

Alaska Expedition. The scope of this handsomely printed volume

of 171 + xii pp. is as follows: ‘* The first object of this work is to

sum up the known molluscan fauna of the land and fresh waters of

Alaska. This has involved an examination not only of the species

obtained within the political boundaries of Alaska, but also those of

the adjacent regions to the west, east and south. The result is that,

for North America north of latitude 49° north, the work includes a

summary of our present knowledge of the mollusks, deduced in part

from the literature and in larger part from material actually exam-

ined. To this is added a briefer examination of the mollusk fauna

of the adjacent parts of eastern Siberia, which has to some extent

modified that of Alaska.”

Four faunas are recognized as influencing the Alaskan non-marine

mollusks: that of northern Canada, that of the northern Pacific

States of the U.S., and in a much less degree the fauna of north-

eastern Asia, and the Holarctic group of mollusks common to all

northern regions. From all sources, 65 species of land and fresh-

water mollusks are known from within the boundaries of Alaska.

In the list of species, references are restricted to original descriptions

and records of occurrence in the boreal region. Most of the species

are illustrated by text figures from the works of Binney and Prime,

a feature largely adding to the usefulness and attractiveness of the

work. Besides records from the literature, a great mass of new data

is presented. Frequently vast areas are added to the known distri-

bution of our species, supplying numerous localities where before

only isolated or frequently doubtful records existed. The amount

of new information is so great that no attempt to condense it here

would be satisfactory. A few interesting points about particular

species may be mentioned. piphragmophora fidelis and Polygyra

columbiana are the only large Helices which actually reach Alaska,

though a good many others are recorded from north of 49°. The

figure of P. monodon (p. 26) represents P. m. fraterna. It is re-

ported from Moose Factory, James Bay. Vertigo arctica Wallenb.

is given as from Port Clarence, collected by the Vega Expedition,

and V. krauseana Reinh. from Chilkat Inlet, Alaska. The name

Vitrea radiatula Alder is preferred for V. hammonis, and many

Alaskan localities are given. An addition to the American fauna is

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Vitrea nitidula Drap., from Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake. The

name Huconulus trochiformis Montagu is used in place of #. fulvus

Miull., in my opinion improperly. The unusual distribution of Sue-

cinea grosvenort Lea, from Louisiana to Fort Simpson on the upper

Mackenzie, is noticed. J was also impressed with the disregard of

this snail for altitude or latitude some time ago, when studying the

Texan forms, yet could find no character in the shells to separate

southern from northern individuals. Succinea chrysis, ‘ the com-

monest and largest land shell of the boreal American region,”’ is

reported from many places from the Mackenzie river west. A

synonym which Dr. Dall seems to have overlooked is S. rotundata

Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xviii, pl. 11, f. 78 (1872). This name would

have precedence if it were not preoccupied.

In the Lymnezide an interesting and valuable discussion of the

generic and subgeneric synonymy of the groups is given. No

attempt is made to distinguish the races of L. stagnalis, of which

several have in recent years been brought into use by some of our

students. Lymnza atkaensis Dall, from Atka, Aleutian chain, is

figured. The name of this species was given as atkinensis by Clessin

in the Conchylien Cabinet, p.390. The difficult group of L. mighels?,

emarginata, binneyt, randolphi, etc., is discussed at some length ; and

the synonymy given will prove interesting to those who have worked

with these perplexing forms.

The generic and subgeneric synonymy of Planorbdis is discussed at

length, and long-needed rectifications in the nomenclature are made.

Say’s original spelling of P. exacuous is restored in place of the

emended form exacutus. Planorbis opercularis Gld. includes as

varieties planulatus Coop., centervillensis Tryon and oregonensis

Van. Planorbis nathorsti Wester]., described from Greenland, is

recognized from Labrador. A new section, Haldemanina, is pro-

posed for Segmentina wheatleyi Lea.

In the Unionidae, the northwestern Margaritana margaritifera is

recognized as var. falcata Gld. It differs from the typical form by

the purple nacre. It has invaded the head-waters of the Missouri in

Montana, and occurs also in Alaska. The new species and varieties

are as follows, most of them are illustrated on two handsome helio-

type plates :

Polygyra germana var. megasoma. ‘ More than four times the

size of the typical germana, but otherwise quite similar. Northern

California”’ (p. 26).

THK NAUTILUS. 95

Circinoria vancouverensis var. chocolata. ‘A variety of a dark

chocolate-brown color, otherwise like the ordinary form, was found

rather commonly at Sitka.”

Vitrina alaskana Dall, new name for V. pfeiffert Newce., ‘not V.

pfeiffert Deshayes in Fér. Limacons, 1822.” I have been unable to

trace any V. pfetfferi in Férussac’s work which is cited without page

reference as above. Vitrina is not recognized as a genus in that

work, which so far as I recollect was published before Deshayes had

begun publishing on land shells. It would be well to await fuller

data proving preoccupation before rejecting Newcomb’s well-known

name for this species.

Oreohelix strigosa var. stantont. Dwarfed, measuring in maximum

diam. 10, min. 8.5, height 8 mm., with about 5 whorls, umbilicus

1mm. Assiniboia, 33 miles s.-e. of Medicine Hat., near top of

Cypress Hills, alt. 4700 ft.

Lymnea petersi Dall. Koyukuk River, north of the Yukon, in

Alaska. A delicate species of the typical group of Lymnea, 16 mm.

long.

Lymnaea (binneyi var.?) preblei Dall. A large and peculiar form

from Manitoba and Keewatin, 37-38 mm. long.

Lymnea perpolita Dall. A small, dark, smooth and polished form

from Nushagak, Bristol Bay, Alaska.

Lymnza anticostiana Dali. Pleistocene marl of Marl Lake,

Anticosti Island.

Planorbis campanulatus var. rudentis Dall. Wider and flatter

than the type. Knee Lake, Keewatin.

P. exacuous var. megas Dall. Whitish, and larger than the

typical form. Manitoba.

Segmentina (Planorbula) christyi Dall. Manitoba. Larger, flatter

and more sharply sculptured than S. armigera Say.

Valvata (sincera var.?) nylanderi Dall. Aroostook Co., Maine.

Valvata lewist var. helicoidea Dall, With typical lew7s? especially

northwestward. More depressed, with the last half whorl more

peripheraily diverted.

The work wiii take a place hitherto unfilled in America, that of a

standard fauna of the region north of the United States boundary.

It is a pleasure to add that the mechanical execution, paper, typog-

raphy and press-work, are worthy of the subject-matter, and are a

credit to the publishers, Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co.

Bi Ae:

96 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES.

ACHATINA GRACILIOR Boettger.—This fine species described

from Camroon in the Nachrichtsblatt for this year, p. 167, pl. 7, f.

1, 2 (issued about Nov. 1, 1905), seems to be quite identical with

A. papyracea var. adeline Pils., Manual of Conchology, ss 67, p.

118, pl. 20, f. 4, 5 (issued March 1, 1905).

PHYSA RHOMBOIDEA.—The name Physa rhomboidea was originally

applied by Meek and Hayden (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856)

to a Cretaceous fossil. Hence P. rhymboidea Crandall becomes a

homonym. It does not seem necessary to propose a new name since

Miss Springer’s recent paper in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (1902

p- 513) indicates that it is not essentially different from P. humerosa.

—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

NOVEMBER SNAILS.—At noon of Nov. 21, I was out for an hour,

to look after some mollusks, along a dry, gravelly bank exposed to the

sun nearly all day, during summer. <A few trees, shrubs and herbage

were shading part of it. We had had severe frosts night after night,

and the soil was usually frozen till late in the forenoon. Under

boards, bricks and stones, the following mollusks were found ap-

parently none the worse from being frozen in most of the time.

_ Agriolimax campestris Say, several hundred specimens, some of

them only half grown, others young, only a few millimeters long;

newly laid ova were found, and one containing a nearly mature

embryo. ‘Two specimens were seen in the characteristic attitude

ready for copulation. Freshly deposited ova have also been found ip

the earliest spring days, some years ago.

Zonitotdes arboreus Say, common.

Patula striatella Anth., common, more at shaded places. Vallonia

about 40 specimens, 38 of which were costata Miull., 5 pulchella Mill,

and 2 excentrica St. In general V. pulchella, and also excentrica are

found in comparatively larger numbers, or exclusively in more shaded

and damp localities.

Bifidaria armifera Say, several under a tree; but often it is found

at exposed dry localities.

Succinea avara Say, common.

Succinea aetusa Lea, one specimen, nearly full grown, another

rather small.— V. STERKI.

THE NAUTILUS, XIX. PLATE Wi,

$9¢

2 6

Ae |

O96 Os

WALKER: NEW AMNICOLIDAs

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XIX. JANUARY, 1906. No. 9.

NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES OF AMNICOLIDAE.

BY BRYANT WALKER,

Most of the following species were found by Mr. A. A. Hinkley

of Du Bois, Illinois, while on a collecting trip through Tennessee,

Mississippi and Alabama, in the fall of 1904. A few others re-

ceived from different sources have also been included.

SOMATOGYRUS SUBSTRIATUS, n, sp. PI. 5, fig. 1.

Shell subglobose, imperforate, shining, light greenish-yellow, lightly

but distinctly striate, spire somewhat elevated, apex obtuse. Whorls

4-41, those of the spire prominent and roundly shouldered ; body-

whorl large and well rounded; suture deeply impressed. Aperture

large, quite oblique, suborbicular, slightly emarginate at the base

and somewhat roundly projecting at the juncture of the lip with the

base of the columella; lip thin, projecting above and drawn back

below. Slightly thickened within. Columella rather narrow, with

a heavy rounded callous, which is thinner on the body-whorl and

separated below by a narrow axial groove.

Alt. (apex eroded) 6, diam. 4 mm.

Types (No. 22370 Coll. Walker) from the Tennessee River at

Florence, Ala. Also Tombigbee River at Columbus, Miss. Cotypes

in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences and A. A.

Hinkley.

This is one of the largest species of the genus, being exceeded in

size only by S. subglobosus. It is a well marked form, very much

like a small Pluminicola nuttalliana Lea, in appearance, and is easily

98 THE NAUTILUS.

distinguished by its size, elevation of spire and striate surface. It

occurred in considerable abundance at both localities.

SOMATOGYRUS HUMEROSUS, n. sp. Pl. 5, fig. 2.

Shell small, subglobular, imperforate, pale-green, smooth, shining ;

spire prominent, short, sub-conic with a small, obtuse apex. Whorls

84, roundly shouldered above and flattened toward the suture, body

inflated, somewhat flattened on the periphery and at the base ; suture

deeply impressed. Aperture large, subcircular, slightly emarginate

below. Lip thickened throughout, the callus rounding out to a sharp

edge. Columella concave, with a heavy, flat callus which extends

from one extremity of the lip to the other, and entirely covers the

umbilicus.

Alt. 4, diam. 3.75 mm.

Types (No. 22372 Coll. Walker) from the Tennessee River at

Florence, Ala. Cotypes in the collection of the Academy of Natural

Sciences and A. A. Hinkley.

The only species to which this can be compared is the S. crassus

from the Coosa. It differs, however, in being less solid and more

globular, in the heavily shouldered whorls and the flattening of the

periphery and base.

SOMATOGYRUS QUADRATUS, n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 3 and 4,

Shell subglobose, turbinate, imperforate, thick, solid, greenish-yel-

low, smooth, except for fine lines of growth. Spire elevated, obtuse, -

whorls 83, strongly and roundly shouldered, flattened above and on

the sides ; body-whorl large, quadrate, sometimes somewhat swollen

above. Aperture rounded but not expanded. Columeila with a

very heavy, rather narrow, flattened callus which extends over the

parietal wall and is separated below the axis from the body-whorl by

a deep axial groove. Lip sharp, heavily thickened within ; its inser-

tion on the parietal wall is below the periphery.

Alt. (fig. 8, apex eroded) 4, diam. 3 mm.

Alt. (fig. 4, apex eroded) 4.25, diam. 3.5 mm.

Types (No. 22373 Coll. Walker) from the Tennessee River, Flor-

ence, Ala. Also Shoal Creek at the same place. Cotypes in the

collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences and A. A. Hinkley.

This species is closely allied to S. georgianus, but differs uniformly

in being smaller and imperforate, in the flattened, heavily-shouldered

whorls and smaller aperture. As shown by the figures there is con-

THE NAUTILUS. 99

siderable variation in the shape, some examples being almost sub-

cylindrical, while others are more inflated toward the shoulder.

This is perhaps a sexual difference, and has been noticed in one or

two other species.

SomMATOGYRUS STRENGI Pilsbry and Walker, n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 5.

Shell small, globose, umbilicate, pale green, smooth, with very fine

lines of growth. Spire short, depressed, flattened at the apex.

Whorls 3, convex, slightly flattened toward the suture, which is well

impressed ; body-whorl large, inflated. Aperture broadly ovate,

angled above and rounded below. Lip sharp, somewhat roundly

expanded at its juncture with the base of the columella. Columella

concave, narrow; columellar callus flattened, extending over the

parietal wall, separated below by a well-defined axial groove.

Alt. 3, diam. 3 mm.

_ Types (No. 22374 Coll. Walker) from the-Tennessee River, Flor-

ence, Ala. Also Shoal Creek at the same place and Bridgeport, Ala.

Cotypes in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences and

A. A. Hinkley. This very distinct little species was found in con-

siderable abundance at both localities at Florence. It is the Ten-

nessean analogue of the Coosan S. umbilicatus, but differs in the

depressed spire, more inflated form, flattened columella and axial

groove. _

A single immature example of this species from Bridgeport, Ala.,

received from Mr. L. H. Streng, of Grand Rapids, Mich., has been

in the collection of the Academy for several years, but has been

withheld from publication until further material could be had. Dr.

Pilsbry and myself unite in naming this interesting form after Mr.

Streng, who for more than fifty years has been actively interested in

conchology, and who is the last survivor of the group of collectors

that for many years made Grand Rapids the scientific centre of the

State.

SOMATOGYRUS BIANGULATUS, n. sp. PI, 5, fig. 6.

Shell small, obtusely-conic, turbiniform, umbilicate, light greenish -

yellow, smooth, lines of growth very fine, spire elevated, flattened at

the apex. Whorls 34, regularly increasing, angularly shouldered

above, flattened above and below the shoulder; body-whorl moder-

ately large, biangulate, shoulder flattened, sloping obliquely from the

100 THE NAUTILUS.

suture to the superior angle, which is quite obtuse, periphery cari-

nate, the whorl being almost straight between the two angles,

obliquely flattened below. Aperture moderate, subcircular; slightly

modified hy the angle of the body-whorl, and slightly expanded at its

juncture with the columella. Columella very narrow, rounded ;

columellar callus not very heavy, thin and transparent on the

parietal wall.

Alt. 3, diam. 2.75 mm.

Tennessee River, Florence, Ala. Types (No. 22376 Coll. Walker).

Cotypes in collection of A. A. Hinkley.

Only two specimens of this remarkable little species were found.

But it is so entirely distinct from all the known species that I have

no hesitation in describing it. With the exception of S. aldricht,

herein described, it is the only carinate species known.

SOMATOGYRUS EXCAVATUS, n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 7.

Shell small, globosely-conic, imperforate, rather thick, solid, pale

green, smooth, lines of growth very fine. Sire short, conic, obtuse ;

whorls 34; those of the spire convex, with a well-impressed suture ;

body-whorl rather inflated, convexly rounded. Aperture subcircular,

slightly angled above and broadly rounded below. Columella very

concave, with a moderately wide, heavy, flat callus, which extends

over the parietal wall, and below the axis is separated by a wide

axial groove. Lip simple, but thickened within and somewhat

emarginate below.

Alt. 34, diam. 3 mm.

Shoal Creek, Florence, Ala. Types (No. 22378 Coll. Walker).

Cotypes in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences and

A. A. Hinkley. A solid little species, distinguished by its globosely

conic shape, thickened lip and axial groove.

(To be continued.)

A NEW TERTIARY PLANORBIS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

PLANORBIS FLORISSANTENSIS, N. sp.

Diameter about 22 mm., flattish, with about 44 slightly convex

whorls, the last rapidly enlarging, much in the manner of P. albus,

TUE NAUTILUS. 101

Miiller; color very pale; sculpture weak, consisting of fine lines of

growth crossing the whorls somewhat obliquely, the more distinct

ones on the last whorl occurring at rather regular intervals, some 55

micromillemeters apart. Diameter of last whorl about three times

that of penultimate ones.

Hab.—Oligocene beds at Florissant, Colorado, collected by Judge

J. Henderson and Dr. F. Ramalley, of the University of Colorado,

1905. The exact locality is southwest of Florissant, in plant-bearing

beds, containing among other things Planera longifolia, Lx. Onthe

same slab as the Planorb’s is a small Sphaerium, badly crushed and

broken. The Planorbis is not very well preserved, but I believe that

it will be readily recognized from the above description. Of the

species belonging to the same geological period, it is most like P.

equalis White, from Wyoming ; but that species appears to be more

convex, and, with the same number of whor's, is at least twice as

large. I take it that P. florissantens’s is a Gyraulus, which P. equalis

does not seem to be. It is rather curious that several of the fossil

species of Planorbis found in America remind one rather of European

forms, than of thuse living in this country to-day.* Possibly the

dominant Planorbis of modern America may represent in part an in-

vasion from the south, which has displaced some of the older types.

Scudder (Tertiary Insects of N. America, p. 31), mentions a

Planorbis from Florissant, probably the species now described.

AN ORDOVICIAN GASTROPOD RETAINING COLOR MARKINGS.

BY PERCY E. RAYMOND.

While examining some small fossils collected in the Chazy, (lower

Ordovician), limestone at Valcour Island, New York, the writer was

surprised to find two small specimens of Straparollina harpa Hudson,

which retain with remarkable distinctness the lines of color mark-

ings and possibly some trace of the original colors. The specimens

are very small, the larger being less than one quarter of an inch in

diameter. The body color of the shells is a light yellow, which is

the prevailing color of the fossils in the particular stratum from which

these specimens were taken. Around the top of the body-whorl, ad-

* Thus, P. cirratus White is extremely suggestive of P. vortex and P. spiror-

bis; other species recall P. contortus,

102 THE NAUTILUS.

joining the suture, is a narrow, brownish gray band. Below it isa

band of the yellow body color, and then, about the middle of the

whorl, another brownish-gray band, more deeply colored than the

one on the top of the whorl. Below this principal band is another

light yellow band, and adjoining the umbilicus, the color is orange.

The position of these bands is shown on the accompanying figures.

Straparollina harpa Hudson, X 10.

The yellow color is undoubtedly due to the iron of the decomposed

limestone from which the fossils were obtained, but the brown tints

may give some hint of the original coloring of the revolving bands.

These are probably the oldest shells on which color markings have ~

been observed, dating as they do, from Middle Chazy times, (Ma-

clurites magna fauna). The oldest instances of color preservation

previously recorded in America are those reported by Professor O.

C. Marsh, and Dr. Theodore G. White. Professor Marsh described

(Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. xvi, p. 826, 1868) certain markings

on the shell of a specimen of Hndoceras (Cameroceras) proteiforme

Hall from the Trenton formation in New York. Dr. White men-

tions (Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. xv, p. 85, 1896) two specimens

of Holopea symmetrica Hall from the Black River formation of the

Rathbone Brook, N. Y., section, which preserved the original shell

material, and one showed the iridescent lustre of pearl.

Quite a number of cases of color preservation have been recorded

from the Devonian and Carboniferous, but examples from the older

formations are exceedingly rare.

Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.

THE NAUTILUS. 103

SHELLS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

BY GEO. H. CHADWICK.

The following list has been compiled from data supplied by Mr.

Charles Ives, of Miscouche, an intelligent resident student of the

natural history of Prince Edward Island. The asterisk indicates

that specimens have been examined by me.

* Urosalpinx cinerea Say. Northumberland Strait, deep water,

quite rare, but large.

* Purpura lapillus Linn. Carleton Head, plentiful.

Nassa trivittata Say. Northumberland Strait, rocky bottom in

deep water.

Ilyanassa obsoleta Say. Bedeque Bay, very abundant on mud flats.

* Lunatia heros Say. Bedeque Bay and Northumberland Strait,

abundant.

* Lunatia triseriata Say. Bedeque Bay, common. (The fine

suites of these two forms fully support Mr. Ives’ contention that they

are distinct, as maintained by many writers, notably Dr. Gould.)

The dead shells of Zunatia heros usually contain * Hupagurus

acadianus Benedict.

* Orepidula fornicata Say. Bedeque Bay, common.

* Crepidula plana Say. Bedeque Bay, common in Natica shells.

* Turbonilla interrupta Totten, var. fulvocincta, Jeffreys. Bedeque

Bay, very rare. 7

Litorina littorea Linn. Bedeque Bay, very abundant.

Litorina palliata Say. Carleton Head, Northumberland Strait.

* Tornatina canaliculata Say. Bedeque Bay, not common.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. ‘* Wright’s mill-pond.”

* Ensis directus Conrad. Everywhere plentiful in sandbanks and

shoals.

*Cyrtodaria siliqua Spengler. Off Richmond Bay, common in

codfish.

* Mya arenaria Linn. Bedeque Bay, abundant.

* Pandora gouldiana Dall. Bedeque and Richmond Bays, scarce.

* Spisula solidissima Dillw., var. curta Gould (?). Bedeque Bay,

not very numerous; formerly abundant.

Venus mercenaria Linn. Bedeque and Richmond Bays, plentiful.

* Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck. Bedeque Bay, very rare.

* Anodonta cataracta Say. Brook south of Bedeque Bay, common

104 THE NAUTILUS.

* Anodonta marginata Say. With preceding and at Barlows,

common. |

* Mytilus edulis Linn., var. Bedeque and Richmond Bays, on

oyster beds.

Modiolus modiolus Linn. Northumberland Strait, rare and in

deep water.

* Modiolus demissus Dillw., var. plicatulus Lam. Abundant in all

salt-marshes.

Ostrea virginica Gmel. Bedeque and Richmond Bays, very

abundant.

Pecten gibbus L., var. borealis Say. Richmond Bay and North-

umberland Strait, not very abundant.

NOTE ON SOME FORGOTTEN MOLLUSK-NAMES,

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

In preparing my report on the land and fresh-water mollusks of

Alaska and adjoining regions for the Harriman Expedition series

(now published), I searched the available literature for data on the

nomenclature of Planorbis, and supposed I had gathered references

to all names which had been applied to members of that group above

the rank of species. A chance remark by von Martens caught my

eye while searching the Malakozodlogische Blatter a few days ago

for something else, and following up the clue, I came upon a group

of names given by Benson in 1841, but not published until 1855,

which do not occur in any nomenclator I have been able to examine.

As it seems eminently desirable that such mavericks should be duly

recorded, even when they do not supersede others more familiar, I

take that duty upon myself.

In the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, volume xxiv,

part 2, 1855, is published a report on the shells of Chusan which had

been prepared in 1841, but never before putin type. It contains

certain new generic names which have found their way into the

nomenclators, viz., Jnctlaria, Batillaria and Laguncula. In addi-

tion to these there is a revision of the subdivisions of the genus

Planorbis, to which I have never*geen any reference, and von Mar-

tens seems to have been the only person who has ever cited any of

the names there given, and he mentions only Helicorbis.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

They are as follows: Helicorbis Benson, subgenus of Planorbis, to

which are referred Pl. nitidus of Gray’s Turton, Pl. hemispherula,

and Pl. umbilical’is Benson ; this group is equivalent to //ippeutis

Agassiz, 1837. Trochorbis Benson is based on Pl. trochoides Ben-

son, which is a typical Segmentina, well figured by Hanley and

Theobald in the Conchologia Indica, p. 18, pl. xxxix, figs. 4-6, 1876.

As Segmentina dates from 1817, it follows that Benson’s name is

synonymous. Lastly Omalodiscus Benson is proposed ostensibly for

the group called by Swainson Spirorbis (1840, not Sprrorbis Daudin,

Vermes, 1800), but the species mentioned under it belong respectively

to Tropidiscus Stein, 1850, and Gyraulus Agassiz, 1837. If we re-

gard the contents of the group as wrongfully referred to it and take

the name merely as a substitution for the preoccupied Spirorbis (of

which the type was Fl. rotundatus Poiret), it may be applied toa

valid section of Planorbis, but if we regard the contents only, the

name must be considered a synonym. Under Helicorbis the only

species for which a figure is cited is Pl. nitidus of Gray’s Turton

(= fontanus Lightfoot) which was already the type of Agassiz’s

Hippeutis, 1837. The others also belong to Hippeutis, but approach

more nearly in form to Drepanotrema Crosse and Fischer, 1880.

While referring to this paper of Benson’s it may be mentioned

that his genus Laguncula, which is described in it, and has been

generally referred to the Assimineid@g, but I believe never figured,

resembles a very young thin-shelled Lanatia, with a thin horny

pauci-spiral operculum recalling that of Chondropoma. On the

whole I suspect it more nearly approaches Cremnoconchus than

Assiminea, and may eventually be referred to the Litorinide. It

cannot properly be referred to the Viviparid@, where it was placed

by H. and A. Adams, and has none of the shell characters of

Assiminea. ‘The aperture, while slightly expanded, does not show,

in specimens sent from China by Hungerford, anything which may

be strictly termed a reflected peristome, and there is no thickened

ledge inside the mouth or shelly deposit on the operculum.

SAMUEL HART WRIGHT.

We regret to announce the death of Dr. Samuel Hart Wright,

father of Mr. Berlin H. Wright. Doctor Wright was born Febru

106 THE NAUTILUS.

ary 18, 1825, and died at his home in Penn Yan, N. Y., October 7,

1905.

“« At the age of twenty, while struggling to gain a livelihood from

the soil, the subject of this sketch had the fires of educational en-

thusiasm lighted. ‘Two carpenters employed on the farm carried

books on astronomy and mathematics in their chests and brought

them out nights for study and discussion. Participation in this even-

ing and noon-hour work resulted in a fixed determination by the boy

to possess books of this character and to master them. Books ac-

companied him into the field; when the horses were resting new

problems were fixed in the mind and when following the horses the

solutions were worked out mentally.

‘‘ When added responsibilities began with wife and family, in-

creased effort was put forth and directed towards mathematical as-

tronomy. In 1848 after three years of close application, the first set

of astronomical tables was brought out, but no purchaser found.

This was repeated for 1849 and again for 1850, when they were sold

tothe New York Tribune—the first ‘ Whig Almanac.’ Thereafter the

business increased. In 1876 his son, Berlin H. Wright succeeded to

this business, and other branches of science clainied increased atten-

tion, especially microscopy. Meanwhile, he studied medicine and

was a practitioner until 1870, when deafness came upon him.

‘‘The study of botany was begun in 1856 and he became an au-

thority in this branch, as the great herbarium he left testifies. Dur-

ing the last two decades, the study of pure mathematics claimed most

of his time, though he did much in surveying. In pursuit of recrea-

tion, with his son and grandsons he became enthusiastic in geology

and conchology.

‘¢ A large library of standard reference works along all these lines

and in general literature was brought together. Among these he

spent his last years and was happy.”

Mr. Wright contributed a number of interesting articles on the

Unionidz of the Southern States, among which may be mentioned :

“Notes upon the Unionide of Southern Florida,” (Zhe Concholo-

gist’s Exchange, vol. ii) ; “‘ Unionide of Georgia, Alabama, South

Carolina, and Louisiana in South Florida,” (THe Navri.us, vol.

iv), and “ Contribution to the Knowledge of United States Uni-

onide,’? (THE NAurTILUvs, vols. x and xi). In the latter paper seven

new species were described. C. W. Jd.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

NOTES,

CANADIAN OysTERS.—It is reported from Halifax that there is

danger that the famous oyster-beds of Prince Edward Island, which

supply the Malpeques, the great favorites in the leading Canadian

markets, will be wholly exhausted in ten years at the present rate of

fishing.

This is in part due to the fact that nearly all the Canadian oysters

are shipped in the shell. In the United States the fishermen shell

is a distinct aid to propagation.

The Canadian government is exerting itself in restocking the

oyster beds which, however, are being depleted rapidly.— Boston

Globe.

PALUDESTRINA SALSA, Pils., described in the December Naut-

ILUS, occurs abundantly at Branford, Conn. At one locality, 3 miles

from the Sound where a brook enters the marsh it occurs on stones

and decaying vegetable matter. The form here is more slender than

the type. Another locality reveals itin ditches in the marsh near the

railroad. Here it is larger than the Cohasset form, and it occurs on

_ the vegetation floating in the ditch. Henry W. WINKLEY.

Norte on Vitrina PreirFrertI DesuareEs. This species is cited

i in Pfeiffer’s Mon. Heliceorum Viventium, vol. iii, p. 7, 1853. Idid

not look it up further, but added the date, which Dr. Pilsbry’s criti-

cal eye detected as improbable, under the impressionthat the citation

- referred to Ferussac’s “ Prodrome” of 1822. On a second inspec-

_ tion I suspect that Pfeiffer’s «+ Fer. Lim.” refers to the “ Histoire des

_ Moll. Terrestres,” a work not accessible to me here, but to which

_ Deshayes made contributions, 1839-41.* Deshayes gives exactly

the same references as Pfeiffer, in his MS. catalogue of Vitrina in

_ my possession, and as the name had entered into literature a second

i) time, as early as 1853, there can be no doubt as to its being prior to

_ Newcomb’s pfeifferi of 1861.

____ I may add for the benefit of those who may like to make correc-

* The name Vitrina pfeitferi was proposed by Deshayes in Férussac’s Histoire,

ii, p. 964, 1851, in the text under V. angularis, for some figures in Férussac,

_ plate 8 F, pp. 18-22, of a Vitrina supposed to be new, but which Deshayes had

q ‘never seen. There is no statement of locality. It was omitted from the index

_ of the work, and has not been recognized by any subsequent author. The figures

_ look like almost any Vitrina.—Ep.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

tions in their private copies of the ‘‘ Land and Fresh Water Mol-

lusks of Alaska,”’ that, since it was stereotyped, it has come to my

knowledge that Benson proposed some new names for subdivisions of

the genus Planorbis as early as 1855, which he seems afterward to

have abandoned and which have not been included in the Nomencla-

tors. They were published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of

Bengal, and two of them appear to be prior to names adopted by me

in the work above cited. Omolodiscus Benson, will therefore take

the place of Paraspera Dall (1. ¢c., p. 82), and Helicorbis Benson, of

Drepanotrema Crosse and Fischer, 1880.—Wm. H. Datu.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Some West AMERICAN SHELLS, including a new variety of

Corbula luteola Cpr., and two new varieties of Gastropods. By

Mrs. M. Burton Williamson. (Bull. of the South. Cal. Acad. of

Sciences, Vol. iv, No. 8, p. 118.) This interesting paper adds sev-

eral species to.Prof. Keep’s list, making the number of species to

date froni the West Coast 1,877. Corbula luteola var. rosea, Drillia

moesta var. maculata, and Culliostoma canaliculatum var. parvum,

are described as new.

On a LarGe Examp_e or MEGALATRACTUS ARUANUS L. By

Charles Hedley. (Records of the Australian Museum, Vol. vi, p. 98,

pl. 21 and 22.) This large shell, which the author says ‘‘ appears

to be the largest recent Gastropod,’” has a weight of ten pounds

twelve ounces, with a length of 223 inches, the loss of the styliform

embryo, etc., curtailing its total length by 2 of an inch. We beg to

state that this Australian giant has a rival on our Florida coast,

Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener. I have seen a living specimen of this

shell measuring 23 inches in length. Mr. Chas. T. Simpson, in his

‘¢ Contributions to the Mollusca of Florida”? (Proc. Davenport Acad.

Nat. Sci., v, 51), says: ‘*On the Keys I have seen dead shells two

feet in length. The largest Gastropod in the world.” C. W. J.

Mo.Luiuscs AND BrACHIOPODS OF BALLYNAKILL AND BOFIN

Harsors, County Gatway, and of the Deep Water off the West

and Southwest Coasts of Ireland. By E. R. Sykes. (Ann. Rep.

Fish., Ireland, 1902-08, Pl. ii, App. iii [1905].) An interesting

faunal list, with copious notes on the various species.

THE NAUTILUS.

————— ee SS a a ~~

Von. XIX. FEBRUARY, 1906.

VITREA RHOADSI AND SUCCINEA RETUSA MAGISTER.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Illustrations of the two species named below have recently been

prepared for Mr. Bryant Walker’s hand book

of the Mollusca of Michigan. We are in-

debted to Mr. Walker for the use of these

figures here, in advance of his own _ publi-

cation.

Hie. 1:

ViTREA RHOADS! Pils. Fig. 1.

The figures represent one of the cotypes

from White Pond, Warren Co., N. J. (Nav-

TILUS, xii, 101). Mr, Walker has extended

the. range by identifying the species from

Michigan, Ontario, Virginia, and _ other

places (Navuritus, xiv, 8). Specimens

have been sent from Buckfield,

Oxford Co., Maine, by Mr.

John A. Allen. |

Fia. 2.

SUCCINEA RETUSA MAGISTER

Pils.,, Fig. 2.

One of the cotypes from Rock

Island, [ll., is here figured. This fine,

large form attains the size of S. concordialis.

The latter differs from it by having a very full,

sack-like base. Described in NAauTILuvs, xii,

103.

— fae oe ae ee ee

110 THE NAUTILUS.

SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF FRENCHMAN’S BAY, MAINE.

BY DWIGHT BLANEY.

In addition to the one hundred and twenty-seven species and five

varieties of Mollusca collected in Frenchman’s Bay, Maine, by the

writer during 1901-4 (a list of which was published in the Proceed-

ings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 23—

41, 1904), the following six species (one of which is new to science)

and two varieties were added during the summer of 1905, making a

total of one hundred and thirty-three (133 plus 7 varieties) Bpeeics

and seven varieties from this locality.

Astarte quadrans Gould.

One valve, identified by Dr. W. H. Dall, dredged off Great Head,

Ironbound Island.

Astarte portlandica Mighels.

Many valves, and a few live specimens dredged off Heron Island

on shelly bottom, 10 fath. From study of these specimens Dr. Dall

writes us that he now thinks this “a good species as described by

Mighels in 1843, provided a larger series of ‘ A. quadrans’ than I

have been able to consult does not show gradations between the two

species.”

Cochlodesma leanum Couthouy.

Two valves dredged off Seal Cove, Ironbound Island, about 15

fath. This shell which is commonly found much further south will

probably be found alive in the warmer waters up the bay.

Stpho stimpsont Morch, var. Kiratulus Verrill.

A few have been dredged the past few years at the same stations.

as the “‘ stimpsont,’’ but were only lately identified for us by Prof.

Verrill and Miss Bush. They were all young specimens.

Columbella ( Astyris) dissimilis Stimpson.

Columbella zonalis Linsley,.

Two specimens dredged off the Spar Landing, Ironbound Island,

15 fath., shelly bottom, October, 1905. One alive.

Crepidula fornicata (Linné).

Found on stones of Soward’s Island at very low water. Verrill,

THE NAUTILUS. he

U.S. Fish Comm., p. 650, 1871-72, says: ‘Has not been found

east of the Kennebec River, Maine.

Solariella obscura (Couth.), var. bella Verk.

Machaeroplax obscura var. bella Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. v,

p- 531. <A few dredged off Ironbound Island, and identified for us

by Prof. Verrill and Miss Bush. ‘ Variety ‘bella’ is the pre-

dominant form at Eastport, Me., and in the Bay of Fundy.”—

Verrill, op. cit.

Tonicella blaneyt Dall.

For description see Pro. Biol. Soc., Wash., vol. xviii, p. 203, and

NAuvrTiLvs, vol. xix, no. 8, p. 88, pl. iv, 1905. Dredged near

station 22, in about 20 fathoms.

The following species, whose occurrence in Frenchman’s Bay was

based on the finding of dead specimens or valves, have since been

found alive:

Thracia truncata Mighels and Adams.

Pandora (Clidiophora) gouldiana Dall. Off Ryefield Point and

Heron Island; 10 fathoms.

Ensis directus (Conrad). Off Ryefield Point, 10-15 fathoms ;

shelly mud, Our live specimens usually cut in two by the dredge.

Velutina zonata Gould. Off Ryefield Point, Aug., 1905.

Marsenina glabra (Couth.) Station 19, 20 fathoms. Verrill, op.

cit., p. 5, 7, says: ‘ This species is not uncommon at Eastport, Me.”

DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF ACHATINELLIDAE FROM THE

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

BY D. D. BALDWIN.

Partulina flemingi, n. sp.

Shell dextral, minutely perforated, somewhat solid, elongately

conical, apex acute; surface shining, striated with delicate incre-

mental striz, and under a lens exhibiting very close delicate decus-

sating spiral lines which extend almost to the apex. Color white or

brownish-white, with two dark-brown bands, one bordering the suture,

and one at the periphery continued on the spire just above the suture ;

in many examples the sutural band is absent. Whorls 6, narrowly

file. THE NAUTILUS.

margined above, somewhat ‘convex ; suture moderately impressed.

Aperture oblique, oval, white, the outside band visible within. Peri-

stome acute, slightly thickened within, dark-brown, the columellar

margin reflexed over the minute perforation, Columella terminating

in a strong, plaited, pinkish-brown, projecting tooth.

Length, 19; diam., 9 mm.

Habitat, Nahiku, East Maui.

Animal when extended in motion as long as the shell. Mantle

intensely black with a narrow white band encircling the outer edge.

Foot above and below very light-brown, granulated above. Tentacles

long and slender, slate color,

There occurs also a pure-white form of the shell without any bands.

We dedicate this shell to Mr. D. T. Fleming of Maui, to whom

science is indebted for its discovery.

Partulina lemmont, n. sp.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, solid, acuminately ovate conic, apex

acute ; surface shining, striated with fine growth-lines, and under a

lens showing close, delicate, decussating spiral striz ; nuclear whorls

smooth. Color white, variously striped with numerous dark-brown

lines and bands, the constant ones being two broad bands, one en-

circling the base, and the other at the periphery, continued on the

middle whorls above and below the suture, obsolete above; apex white.

Whorls 7, narrowly margined above, convex; sutures deeply im-

pressed. Aperture oblique, oval, white, exhibiting the outside color-—

ing within. Peristome acute, thickened within, narrowly reflexed.

Columella terminating in a long, flexuous, white plait.

Length, 23; diam., 114 mm.

Habitat, Nahiku, East Maui.

Animal in motion as long as the shell. Mantle brownish-black,

mottled with white streaks, with a broad yellowish-brown border

somewhat interrupted. Foot above and below very light-brown.

Tentacles slate color.

Named in honor of Mr. N. E. Lemmon, of Nahiku, who discov-

ered it.

Partulina carnicolor, n. sp.

Shell dextral, minutely perforated, solid, acuminately oval conic,

apex subacute; surface lusterless, marked with delicate incremental

THE NAUTILUS. 113

striw,and under a lens exhibiting a fine pattern of decussating spiral

strie; nuclear whorls faintly decussated. Ofa uniform brown color,

a narrow white line below the periphery, which enters the aperture,

and a very narrow white line traversing the suture. Whorls 6,

slightly marginate above, a little convex; suture lightly impressed.

Aperture oblique, oval, livid-white, showing the exterior coloring

within. Peristome acute, expanded, columellar column broadly

reflexed. Columella white, terminating in a well developed, flexu-

ous fold.

Length, 25; diam., 14 mm.

Habitat, Nahiku, East Maui.

Partulina kaaeana, n. sp. |

Shell sinistral, subperforated, solid, globose, with a conical spire,

apex subacute; surface rather lusterless, covered with rather coarse,

wavy growth-lines, and under a lens exhibiting close and delicate de-

cussating spiral lines; nuciear whorls faintly decussated. Color ashy-

brown, with a light brown band just below the periphery and enter-

ing the aperture; whole surface covered with minute longitudinal

white flecks or streaks; apex tessellated white and brown. Whaorls

6, not margined above, flatly convex; suture lightly impressed..

Aperture a little oblique, oval, livid-white, showing the outside color-

ing within. Peristome acute, slightly thickened within, expanded,

columellar margin reflexed, light brown on both face and the reverse.

Columella white, terminating in a strong, plaited, projecting tooth.

Length, 21; diam., 13 mm.

Habitat, Mt. Helu, 4000 ft. alt., West Maui.

Animal extended in motion longer than the shell. Mantle brown-

ish-black, with outer edge bordered with a narrow white line. Foot

below and side light slate color. Head above and tentacles dark

slate and granulated.

This shell was found on a mountain-peak quite isolated from the

main mountain mass of West Maui. We dedicate it to Mr. W. F.

Kaae, who seems to have been the only one in quest of shells who has

ventured to climb this lonely peak. He found the shell in company

with Perdicella ornata Ne. a species supposed long since to have be-

come extinct.

(To be continued.)

114 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES OF AMNICOLIDAE.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

SOMATOGYRUS TENNESSEENSIS n. sp. Pl. 5, fig. 8.

Shell subglobose, perforate, greenish-yellow, smooth with fine lines

of growth. Spire short, obtuse; whorls 34, those of the spires de-

pressed, rounded, with an impressed suture; body-whorl large, in-

flated, regularly rounded. Aperture large, transversely expanded,

sub-triangular, broadly angled above, and somewhat flattened below.

Columella narrow with a moderately heavy, roundéd, callus, which

extends over the parietal wall and, below the minute umbilicus, is

separated by a wide axial groove. Lip thick and sharp.

Alt. 44, diam. 4.25 mm.

Shoal Creek, Florence, Tenn. Types (No. 22377 Coll. Walker).

Cotypes in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences and

A. A. Hinkley.

This species was at first taken to be a form of Conrad’s S.

pumilus. But on removing the animal it was found to differ so

radically in the character of the columella as to forbid its reference

to that species. Compared with the specimens of that form from

Cahatchee Creek, Ala., while ofa similar contour, it differs in being

larger, thinner, with a more expanded aperture, and in the narrow,

rounded columella.

SOMATOGYRUS ALDRICHI, n.sp. PI. 5, fig. 9.

Shell subglobular, perforate, greenish-yellow, smooth, with very

fine, but distinct, lines of growth. Spire very short, depressed, ob-

tusely rounded. Whorls 34, those of the spire slightly convex with

an impressed suture ; body-whorl very large, inflated, with a strong

carina in front below the periphery, which emerges from below the

upper insertion of the lip, and continues about two-thirds around the

whorl, where it gradually disappears, not. reaching the lip ; the upper

portion of the whorl above the carina is regularly, but not strongly

convex, but below it is obliquely flattened toward the impressed base

of the axis. Aperture large, subcircular, obtusely angled above and

regularly rounded below. Columella concave, with a broad, heavy,

flat callus, which extends over the parietal wall, and is separated be-

low the perforation by a broad axial groove. Lip sharp, thickened

within as it approaches the base of the columella

THE NAUTILUS. 115

Alt. 34, diam. 34 mm.

Types (No. 21944 Coll. Walker), from the Coosa River, Chilton

Co., Ala. Also Catawba River, Ala. Cotypes in the collection of

T. H. Aldrich. A single specimen of this extraordinary species was

detected in a set of S. georgianus from the Catawba River, in the

Lewis collection, when my former paper on Somatogyrus (Naut., 17,

p. 140), was in preparation. But it was of such unusual form that it

seemed more likely to be a monstrosity than a distinct species. Re-

cently, however, Mr. T. H. Aldrich has submitted a set from the

Coosa, which are remarkably uniform, and leave no doubt but that it

is entitled to specific recognition. The discovery by Mr. Hinkley of

another but very distinct carinated form in the Tennessee River

at nearly the same time is an interesting coincidence, and, like the

similar case of S. umbilicatus and streng?, affords a striking example

of evolution along parallel lines in two different drainage systems.

SOMATOGYRUS PUMILUS (Conrad). PI. 5, fig. 10,

Conrad’s original description of this species is very meagre and no

dimensions are given. His figure subsequently published in the

American Journal of Conchology V, Pl. 15, fig. 5, is on too small a

scale to be entirely satisfactory. Fortunately, however, his type has

been preserved in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of

Natural Sciences, and until now has been the only specimen known.

Recently Mr. T. H. Aldrich has submitted a small form from

Cahatchee Creek, Shelby Co., Ala., which seemed to be very similar.

Dr. Pilsbry has kindly compared them with the type and writes

“they are not quite pwmilus, as the columella is decidedly too wide

and calloused.”” A careful comparison made during a recent visit to

Philadelphia, however, satisfied us both that these specimens could

not be distinguished from Conrad’s species. In the absence of topo-

types, it seems desirable to describe and figure the Cahatchee form for

comparison with the new species that have recently been described

from the same region.

Shell small, sub-globular, imperforate, thick, solid, pale-green,

becoming somewhat yellowish towards the aperture, smooth, with

very fine growth-lines. Spire depressed, obtuse, whorls probably

3-35 (apex eroded), those of the spire slightly convex with a well

impressed suture; body-whorl large, inflated, regularly rounded.

Aperture subcircular, broadly angled above, regularly rounded below,

116 _ TAK NAUTILES.

columella concave witha heavy, broad, flat callus which extends over

the parietal wall, and separated below the axis by a rather wide axial

groove. Lip simple but thickened within, especially below. .

Alt. 34, diam. 34 mm.

This species is distinguished from other described species with an

axial groove by its small size and sub-globular shape. It is most

closely related to S. tennesseensis, but differs in being smaller, more

globular; more solid, smaller aperture, narrower axial groove, and

broad, flat columella. S. excavatus, which is about the same size, is

too entirely different in shape to be confounded with it.

SOMATOGYRUS PENNSYLVANICUS Walker. PI. 5, figs. 17 and 18.

In the Spring of 1905, I collected a few specimens of this species

under stones at the upper end of Island Park in the Potomac River

at Harper’s Ferry, Va. The occurrence of this species in a different

drainage system is of interest. The shells are rather larger than

those of the original lot from Columbia, Pa., and exhibit the two

forms noticed in S. virginica and quadrata. The dimensions of the

specimens figured are:

Fig. 17, alt. 3.75, diam. 2.5 mm.

Fig. 18, alt. 4, diam. 3 mm.

PYRGULOPSIS MISSISSIPPIENSIS (Pils.). Pl. 5, fig. 15.

Pyrgula scalariformis mississippiensis Pils., American Naturalist, January,

1886, p. 75.

Pyrgulopsis mississippiensis Call and Pilsbry, May, 1886.

One of the most interesting discoveries made by Mr. Hinkley dur-

ing his trip was the finding of this species living in great numbers in

Shoal Creek near Florence, Ala. This is the first time the species

has been found alive; the original specimens having been all dead

shells. We are thus enabled to supply two particulars in which the

original description was necessarily defective. The epidermis is of

a clear yellowish-horn color and the operculum agrees with the

generic diagnosis in being ‘‘ ovate, thin, corneous, spiral, with the

polar point well forward and approximating the columella.” The

apices of all the mature Shoal Creek specimens were eroded.

AMNICOLA PILSBRYI, n. sp. Pl. 5, figs. 11 and 16.

Shell very small, umbilicate, globose, conic ; light horn-colored,

THE NAUTILUS. 117

smooth, with faint growth-lines ; spire somewhat elevated, apex ob-

tuse ; whorls 34—4, regularly rounded and somewhat inflated ; body-

whorl large ; suture well impressed. Aperture subcireular, slightly

a angled above; peristome nearly continuous, being appressed to the

body-whorl for only a short distance.

‘ e Fig. 11. Alt. 2.25, diam, 2 mm.

Fig. 16. Alt. 2.25, diam. 1.75 mm.

_ Types (No. 3354 Coll. Walker) from Rockford, Ils. Also from

ie Silver's Lake, Canton and the Ohio Canal, New Philadelphia, O.

~ Cotypes in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

_ This little species in years past must have been largely distributed

both as Lyogyrus grana and Amnicola parva, as I have received it

- under these names from several different sources. From the former

_ it differs generically, and from the latter in its much smaller size and

_ regularly rounded whorls. It is in general appearance very much

like a minute A. Uimosa, but can at once be separated by its diminu-

tive size. As in many species of Amnicola, there are two forms, one

_ more slender than the other. From A. walkeri (pl. 5, fig. 12, cotype,

4 ‘High Island Harbor, Mich.), which is about the same size, it differs

in being more globose, with less convex whorls, the suture being not

‘so deeply impressed, larger aperture and the appression of the inner

tip to the body-whorl. Named in honor of Dr. H. A. Pilsbry.

_ AMNICOLA AuGUSTINA Pils. PI. 5, figs. 13 and 14.

Mr. Hinkley collected this species at Tuscumbia, Ala. Dr. Pils-

bry, who kindly compared specimens with the types, writes: “It

eems to me too close to augustina to be specifically separable, though

there are differences. Your shells have the whorls a trifle less con-

‘vex, the sutures therefore somewhat less deeply constricting, and the

narrow phase (males?) is narrower than the corresponding form in

ugustina, but I would prefer to attribute what differences there are

ocal causes.”

Piinkley not only Widely extends me range, but adds a new species to

fauna of Alabama, it seems of sufficient interest to figure the

[S)

lag

ee)

118 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW VARIETIES OF NORTH AMERICAN PISIDIA.—2.

BY V. STERKI.

( Continued.)

Pisidium variabile Pr. var. brevius n. Much shorter than the

usual form, oblique, moderately to well inflated, beaks comparatively

large, generally slightly flattened on top; color darker; so far as

known, the mussels are usually smaller. This Pisidium is consider-

ably different from the “typical” form, and an analogue of P.

compressum var. confertum.

Hab.: Michigan: Houghton Lake; Gogebic Lake and Slate

River to same, Carp River and Lake, Ontonagon Co., Walker ;

Crystal Lake (Dr. Kirkland); Minnesota: Clear Water Lake (Sar-

gent); Keewatin: Attawapiskat River (McInnes, sent by Whiteaves).

Var. hybridum n. Smaller than average variabile, of nearly the

same shape ; but the shape of the beaks, surface appearance, color

and opacity of the shell are those of Pis. equilaterale Pr. This is an

interesting form, and might be taken for a hybrid between the two

species, both of which were found at the same places; but it is

markedly constant, so far as known.

Vicinity of Mohawk, N. Y.: Wide Water Canal (Jas. Lewis col-

lection, now Mr, Bryant Walker’s), Chepachet Pond (received from

Mr. H. E. Sargent).

There are some other forms of Pis. variabile, rather characteristic

and constant, and with more material will probably prove real

varieties. ven the more typical form is rather variable with re-

spect to size, shape, striation, color, thickness of shell and hinge.

Pisidium noveboracense Pr. The form regarded as typical seems

to be common in New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio, prevalent in

springs and small brooks. But the species is almost endlessly vari-

able and seems to readily respond, in that respect, to various kinds

of habitat, so that it often seems impossible to decide whether a

certain form has to be ranged under it or not. But there are a

number of forms characteristic and more or less constant, and must

be described as varieties.

Var. expansum, n. Anterior part of the mussel higher ; supero-

anterior slope more curved, anterior end more rounded ; postero-

inferior curve generally broader ; outlines in general more rounded;

more regularly inflated, beaks less prominent, young specimens less

_—

THE NAUTILUS. 119

“inflated comparatively, and of cheracteristic shape; surface with

ei very fine, more regular striation, and generally more even dullish ;

color grayish to brownish, whitish to straw-colored in the young but

soon changing.

~ Various places in Michigan; Grand river, Lamberton creek, a

‘small stream, etc. (Kent co., Dr. Kirkland); a very similar form

from a ditch on Cameron Run near Alexandria, Va. (Sterki).

Var. elevatum,n. Smaller than the type, shorter, well inflated,

anterior part higher, anterior end more rounded ; superior margin,

slightly or scarcely curved with sharply projecting angles before and

behind, which are, however obsolete in some specimens ; color straw

to yellowish-horn. This is quite a characteristic form but seems

connected with the type by intermediate specimens. __

Creek and pond at Castalia, Erie co., Ohio (Sterki), Joliet, Ill.

(Ferris and Handwerk); similar forms from other places.

Var. quadrulum n. Smaller, slighter, of more quadrate outlines

but with no sharp projecting angles; supero-anterior slope rather

steep ; beaks not much prominent; surface with rather fine, some-

what irregular strie ; color pale to grayish-horn; shell thin and

somewhat translucent, hinge rather slight.

This Pisidium appeared to be distinct from moveboracense ; yet

intermediate forms may be found. It is a form of ditches and

_ marshes, and widely distributed, as it seems ; quite common, é. g., in

_ the vicinity of New Philadelphia, Ohio (Sterki).

. A larger form, stouter, higher, more inflated, with the shell

searcely translucent, was called proclive; it may prove to be a real

variety. Ditches, New Philadelphia, O., and similar forms from

_ other places. |

Var. lineatum n. Smaller, shorter, somewhat oblique, moderately

inflated, especially so towards the inferior margin, somewhat triang-

ular in outlines; beaks narrow, little prominent ; surface with rather

fine, subregular striz, and usually with a few fine lines, dark lines of

_ growth; color straw to yellowish, horn to reddish ; shell and hinge

_ rather slight.

Reed Lake, Michigan (Dr. Eiklandy, and similar forms from

elsewhere. This is somewhat analogous to Pils. compressum var. ros-

_ tratum, of the same lake, and it may be noted that the same is in-

“habited by nearly typical forms as well as several rather different

forms, or varieties of both species; at least one of each has not been

a. described here.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

Var. fraternum,n. Less elevated ; superior and inferior margins

slightly curved, and the former long; beaks not much prominent ;

surface with irregular, shallow striz, shining; color horn to yellowish-

horn, usually in irregular, alternating zones, also more or less

translucent. In its surface appearance it resembles the ‘‘ eastern

form ”’ of Pis. abditum Hald.

New Philadelphia, and Akron, Ohio (Sterki); similar but smaller

forms from Kent Co., Mich. (Dr. Kirkland).

Var. alabamense, n. Higher; beaks quite prominent; superior

margin more curved and sloping down into the anterior and posterior

without or with slightly prominent, rounded angles; mussel rather

large and well, regularly inflated; surface with rather sharp, sub-

regular striz, slightly shining to dull, and microscopically rugulose ;

color yellowish to grayish-horn ; size, long. 6, alt. 5, diam. 4.6 mm.,

a few even larger, but most specimens are smaller.

Hab.: Alabama, along the Coosa river, common (H. H. Smith),

Tennessee river (Sargent, Hinkley), Columbus, Mississippi (Hink-

ley). -

This Pisidium is rather variable. While most specimens are as

described, and appear to represent a distinct species, others approach

the ‘‘ typical’? New York and Ohio form in shape.

NOTES AND NEWS.

A New Locatity For PLANORBIS NAUTILEUS LinnE.—While

identifying a lot of shells recently for Dr. William A. Nason of

Algonquin, Illinois, a single specimen of Planorbis nautileus was dis-

covered in a lot of other small Planorbes,—parvus, albus, deflectus.

The single specimen is rather large, 24 mill. in diameter, and the

ribs on the base of the shell, which give it its strong nautiloid ap-

pearance, are very large and distinct. The flat upper surface is also

conspicuous. This habitat, Algonquin, Illinois, adds a new southern

and western locality to the range of this interesting species. —FRANK

Cotuins BAKER.

Errata.—Navtitvus. Jan. 1906, p. 101, line 5, for ‘‘ones”

read ‘‘one;’’ p. 101, line 7, for ‘‘ Ramalley read ‘‘ Ramaley.”—T. D.

A. CocKERELL.

» 5

cp we Bee,

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XIX.

_ MARCH, 1906. No..1%,

ON BIFIDARIA PENTODON AND ITS ALLIES.

BY FE. G. VANATTA AND H. A. PILSBRY.

The group of B. pentodon has been for many years the subject of

much perplexity to conchologists, on account of the great variability

of the shells in size, shape, and dentition of the aperture. It is easy

to select forms which seem perfectly distinct species, but when large

series are examined, there is always a residuum of intermediate

specimens which can as well be placed in one as another of the se-

lected groups. The difficulty is increased by the fact that practically

all of the forms occur over the whole area of the group, though one

or another of them may predominate in any given locality. Thisled

Dr. Gould to the conclusion that P. curvidens and tappaniana are

forms of pentodon (Boston Journal N. H. IV, 1844, 'p. 35), an opin-

ion adopted by Binney, and commonly prevalent until recent years,

when Dr. Sterki revived curvidens. It is the purpose of this article

to ascertain the exact forms which have been described, and to

show by figures the various modifications of form.

In all the forms the shell is of a white-corneous color and the teeth

within the lip stand upon a white callus, in this respect differing

from B. pilsbryana of the Southwest.

The following names have been applied to the group:

. Vertigo pentodon Say, 1821.

Pupa curvidens Gld., 1841.

. Pupa tappaniana Ward, C. B. Adams, 1842.

. Pupa tappiana Ward, Pfr., 1842.

. Pupa cincinnatiensis Judge, 1878.

. Pupilla floridana Dall, 1885.

a Om Ob

122 THE NAUTILUS.

7. Pupa montanella Ckll., 1889.

8. Pupa curvidens var. gracilis Sterki, 1890.

9. Pupa pentodon for f. curta Sterki, 1894.

The original descriptions of these forms are given below, most of

them in full, while of others (nos. 4-6) only the important parts

are quoted.

Having examined many hundreds of specimens from all parts of the

range of the species in question, it appears that there is intergrada-

tion throughout the series in a small proportion of specimens; but

the vast majority of specimens fall into two groups which may be

given the nominal rank of species, the proposed classification standing

as follows:

B. pentodon (Say). Synonyms, cincinnatiensis, curta, montanella.

‘Form*

Var. gracilis St.

B. tappaniana (C. B. Ad.). Synonyms, tappiana Pfr., pentodon

curvidens, including floridana.

auct.

Notr.—The figures are all drawn to one scale (X 13.8), and any may be

accurately measured by plotting on paper a scale with the lines 13.8 mm,

apart; each space then representing 1mm, Thus fig. 1 is 1.8 mm. long.

BIFIDARIA PENTODON (Say). Figures 1 to 41. Fig. 1 is typical.

The shell is small, varying from conic to subcylindric in shape.

Teeth typically 5, of which the parietal, columellar and lower pala-

tal are larger and compressed, the lower palatal entering a little more

deeply than its fellows in the outer margin; but often subcolumellar,

basal, and interpalatal denticles are developed. Figs. 1 to 8 are

from Maine specimens, showing the ordinary variations. The de-

velopment of a crest behind the lip varies a good deal, from weak to very

strong, with all intergrades. PP. cincinnatiensis (fig. 35, a cotype) is

a small form of pentodon.

The increase in number of accessory denticles or teeth culminates

in the form named curvidens, represented in figs. 9 to 15, also 3, 6,

32 and perhaps some others, as there is absolutely no line to be drawn

between pentodon and curvidens. The number of teeth varies from

5 to 9 in perfectly adult shells of the same gathering from one

spot. Thedevelopment of an infraparietal denticle is also extremely

variable in many lots, as in that from Buckfield, Me., figs. 1 to 4, 8.

P. floridana (fig. 9, a cotype from the author) is absolutely identical

With curvidens.

_- ~

THE NAUTILUS. 123

It may be stated as proven that some colonies consist of ‘‘ pento-

’ intermediate and

don” and intermediate forms; some of “pentodon,’

*‘curvidens”’ forms; and some of the intermediate and “ curvidens ”’

forms. We have found no large gathering of wholly typical pentodon

orentirely curvidens. Either form may be found with a low or high

erest—this being usually more constant in any one colony than the

number of teeth or the size and shape of the shell. The only theory

upon which curvidens could be retained as a species or subspecies

would be to assume that two species are living in a state of hybri-

dism—an assumption which seems to us baseless.

Bifidaria pentodon gracilis Sterki. Figs. 16 to 27.

This is usually larger, more cylindric, with 5 teeth, though per-

fectly mature shells may have as few as 3 (figs. 19, 26,) or as many

as 6 or 7 (figs. 16, 18, 21). It was originally described from New

Philadelphia, Ohio, but those figured are from Alabama; figs. 16, 17,

21 to 27 from around Wetumpka, 18, 19, from Woodville, 20 from

Big Wills Valley, coll. by H. H. Smith and H. E. Sargent. None

of them has an infraparietal denticle.

While this race seems to be tangibly differentiated in the hill

recion of Alabama, specimens may be selected from other lots of

pentodon which could not possibly be distinguished if mixed with the

Ala. shells ; for instance fig. 31, Henry Co., Ind., and fig. 33, Des

Moines, la., both taken from lots varying in shape from long and

cylindric to shorter and more conic.

The original descriptions of forms referred to pentodon here follow.

“ V. pentodon. Shell dextral, subovate, whitish horn-color; apex

obtuse ; whorls five, glabrous, convex ; suture not very deeply im-

pressed ; aperture semioval ; labium two-toothed, of which a single

very prominent one is on the middle of the transverse portion or true

labium, and the other is remote, much smaller and placed in the

basal angle of the columella ; /abrum regularly arcuated, tridentate,

tooth nearest the base very small and placed near the smaller tooth

of the columella, the two others larger, subequal ; umbilicus distinct.

Length less than one-tenth of an inch.

“ Animal. Tentacula two, rather long and thick, cylindrical-ob-

conic, retractile, with a rounded oculiferous extremity ; two hardly

elevated truncated tubercles instead of the anterior tentacula ; foog

white ; head and neck, as far as the mantle, black.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

‘‘Inhabits Pennsylvania. The lower tooth of the labrum is some-

times obsolete.” (Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences Phila., vol. 2,

1821, p. 376.)

Notr.—This is not the comparatively large and conic multidentate form commonly

known in recent years as pentodon; but a five- or six-toothed form which has

hitherto been referred to curvidens.

“© Pupa curvidens. Shell minute, ovate, but much elongated, of a

spermaceti-white color; whorls five, convex, smooth, gradually di-

minishing to an obtuse apex ; suture deeply impressed, aperture sub-

triangular, with the front and outer angles rounded, and the outer lip

curved inwards, so as almost to make the aperture heart-shaped ; the

transverse margin is straight, and slightly oblique; the inner lip is

also nearly straight, so that these two form a rightangle at their

junction ; lip widely reflected, flattened, white; throat armed with

nine teeth; the longest, somewhat curved to the left, compressed

and pointed, is situated on the middle of the transverse lip, and has

a small one seated at its left side; at the front, nearly opposite the

large tooth, almost as large and inclined to the left also, is a quad-

rangular, blunt tooth, more slightly curved; on the left margin are

three teeth, of which the upper one is larger, and about the size of

the basal tooth, of a blunt quadrangular figure; the other two are

minute; on the outer lip are also three teeth, of which the two upper

are very small and pyramidal; umbilicus open. Length ,, inch,

breadth 3, inch.

‘““This minute species I first found under a loose stone on the

ledges at Phillips Point, Lynn, near the Ocean House. * * * *

~Four of the teeth are very small, and would scarcely be discerned

without being highly magnified, and they seem to be seated farther

within the aperture ; the small one on the transverse lip, the basal

one, and the upper one on the right lip are liable to be wanting. So

far as I can ascertain, it has not been previously described, unless

several of the teeth have been overlooked. It is nearest allied to

P. pentodon”’ (Gould, Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts,

1841, p. 189, f. 120).

‘‘ Pupa cincinnatiensis Judge. * * * peristome simple, heavily

thickened near the margin, the callus extending over the parietal

wall; aperture contracted by five prominent denticles, seated on the

callus, one prominent on the parietal wall, two on the columella, the

THE NAUTILUS. 125

lower being the smaller of the two, and two on the outer portion of

the peristome, more deeply seated in the throat, and occasionally

one or two very minute rudiments on the peristome. Length 1.56,

diam. 84mm. ‘This shell is found on both sides of the Ohio River,

near Cincinnati.”” (Judge, The Quarterly Journ. of Conch., p. 343,

1878.)

“ Pupilla floridana Dall. : * * * subcylindrical * * * teeth

about 9, of which there are generally 3 larger than the rest, their

tips nearly meeting and their bases mutually nearly equidistant ; one

is on the pillar, one on the body-whorl, and one on the anterior mar-

gin; on either side of the latter are two generally subequal, much

smaller denticles. Lon. 1.6, lat. .75 mm. Archer, Alachua Co.,

Fla.” (Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 8, 1885, p. 261, pl.

yt. 21.)

The figure seems to have two teeth on the parietal wall, two on

the columella and five in the palatal region. This is practically

identical with the arrangement described under curvidens.

“ Pupa montanella. A minute Leucochila which 1 have found

very sparingly at about 8400 feet in West Custer Co. (Colorado), to

which I have given the name P. montanella sp. nov., but do not

describe it pending further investigations.” (Ckll., The Journ. of

Conch., Leeds, Vol. vi, 1889, p. 63.)

‘“« P. montanella, indicated on the same page as P. coloradensis,

proves to be a form of P. pentodon.” (Ckll., The Brit. Nat., 1891,

po 101.)

Since no definition of any kind has been published, this name

becomes an absolute synonym of B. pentodon.

“© Puna curvidens var. gracilis. Ona gravelly bank at New Phil-

adelphia, Ohio, there is a peculiar form of our species ; long, slender,

nearly cylindrical, with only 5 typical lamella, no accessory ones,

* * * I thought it not out of place to name it var. gracilis.” (Dr.

ererki, NAUTILUS, iii, 1890, p. 119.)

“© Pupa curvidens gracilis Sterki. Scarce. New Philadelphia. A

peculiar form intermediate in shape between the type and Pupa

holzingert Sterki. It has also been seen from Rhode Island, Ten-

nessee and Alabama.”’ (Sterki, The Land and Fresh-water Mollusca

in the Vicinity of New Philadelphia. A contribution to the Nat.

Hist. of Tuscarawas Co., Ohio, 1894.)

** Pupa pentodon f. curta. Examples from wet places are small.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

and short ovoid (f. curta).”” (Sterki, Land and Fresh-water Mol-

lusca in the Vicinity of New Philadelphia, etc., p. 5, 1894.)

BIFIDARIA TAPPANIANA (C. B. Adams). Figs. 42 to 53.

The shell is larger than pentodon, markedly conic though obtuse ;

only one tooth on the parietal wall, usually 6 on the columellar,

basal and outer margins, those on the latter standing on a strong rib.

Lower palatal tooth usually not so long and entering as in B. pentodon.

Distribution, Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico, west to Iowa and

Kansas, southwest to Arizona, but not known from the southeastern

Atlantic States, Virginia to Florida.

This is the form now everywhere known as “ pentodon Say.” It

is often a difficult question, upon which no two experts might agree,

whether to refer a certain specimen to tappaniana or to some form of

pentodon, since while the larger size and globose-conic shape are

characteristic of tappaniana, yet intermediate sizes and shapes occur

occasionally, so that we disclaim any intention of setting up a defi-

nite boundary between the forms. It can only be claimed that the

great majority of lots are quite readily separable. The variations in

size and shape are well shown in the figures. Figs. 42, 43, Phila-

delphia; 44, Buckfield, Me.; 45, Ithaca, N. Y. ; 46-48, Duchess Co.,

N. Y.; 49-52, Washington, D. C.; 58, Oak Creek, Arizona. The

original description follows :

‘* Puna tappaniana Ward, inedit. Shell very small, pale horn-

color, translucent, tapering above the penultimate whorl; whorls a

little more than five, convex, with a well-impressed suture ; aperture

sub-orbicular (the penult. whorl cutting off about one-third of the

circle), about one-third of the length of the shell ; margin sharp, with

# narrow contraction in the submargin, beneath which is a thicken-

ing within, on which are the labial teeth; teeth eight, five primary

and three secondary; of the former the largest is on the penultimate

whorl, the next largest on the left side of the aperture; at the base,

beginning at the left hand, is a primary, then a secondary, a primary,

a secondary, a primary and another secondary, extending nearly to

the upper extremity of the right margin; the last three primaries are

‘not constant in size; umbilicus open. Length 0.08 inch; breadth

0.05 inch.

‘¢ This species is easily distinguished from the preceding (P. con-

tracta) by its teeth.’ (C. B. Adams, History of Vermont, Z.

Thompson, 1842, p. 158.)

}

on,

‘

+4 .

EE NAOMI US? Xx PLATE Vis

—_ (Ge

an .

Bijidaria pentodon. j\-1,8. Bueckfield, Me.; 5. Woodland, Me.; 6. Fairfield, Me.: 7. West-

brook, Me.; 9. Alachua Co., Fla.; 10. Volusia Co, Fla.; 11. San Mareos, Tex.; 12. Comal Co.,

Tex.; 15, 16,17. Wetumpka, Ala.; 14, 15, 20, Near Valley IHlead, Ala.; 18, 19. Woodville, Ala. ;

21-27. Welumpka, Ala.

THE NAUTILUS, XIX. PLATE VII

EN a

o —

49 50 32 53

Bijfidaria pentodon. 23,29. Troy, N. Y.; 80 Greenwich, N. Y.; 31,37. Henry Co. Ind.; 32.

Ocean City, N. J.; 33. Des Moines. Ia.; 34, 35. New Philadelphia, O.; 36. Cincinnati, VU.; 38.

Miami, Fla.; 39. Des Moines, Ia.; 40. Jasper Co., Mo.: 41. Silver Lake, Kans.

Bijidaria tappaniana. 42,43. Philadelphia, Pa.; 44. Buekfield, Me.; 45. Ithaca, N. Y.: 46-

48. Duehess Co., N. Y.: 49-52. Washington, D C.; 53. Oak Creek, Ariz.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

It is not known whether this description was published before or

after the following, both appearing in 1842. ‘This is the compara-

tively large shell commonly known as P. pentodon, and figured as

such in Binney’s Manual.

“Pupa tappiana (Ward) Pfr. * * * conical-ovate, with 1 strong

parietal tooth, 1 columellar, 4 or 5 smaller on outer lip; length 2,

diam. 1} mm. Vermont.” (Pfr., Symbole ad Hist. Heliceorum,

ii (1842), p. 55.)

This may well be considered a synonym of tappaniana Ad.

Pirate VI.

Bifidaria pentodon (Say).

Figures 1-4. Buckfield, Maine. John A. Allen, Acad. Nat. Sci.

No. 87304. ' 7 :

5. Woodland, Maine.. O. Nylander. No, 58249.

6. Fairfield, Maine:"'J. H. Thomson. No. 58248.

7. Westbrook, Maine. A. D. Brown Collec. (Bolles). No. 4268.

8. Buckfield, Maine. John A. Allen. No. 87307.

9. Cotype of P. floridana Dall. Alachua Co., Fla. W. H. Dall.

No. 58242.

10. Mt. Taylor, S. of Volusia, Volusia Co., Fla. H. A. Pilsbry.

No. 72769. t

11. Drift of Sinking Spring, San Marcos, Texas. H. A. Pilsbry.

No. 90454.

12. Drift of Guadalupe R., 4 m. above New Braunfels, Texas.

H. A. Pilsbry. No. 90456.

13. Wetumpka, Alabama. H.H.Smith. No. 87151.

14,15. Near Valley Head, Alabama. H.H. Smith. No. 90451.

16,17. Near Wetumpka, Alabama. H.H. Smith. No. 90458,

18,19. Woodville, Alabama. H.E. Sargent. No. 66901.

20. Big Wills Walley, 2 m. S. of Valley Head, Alabama. H. H.

Smith. No. 90453.

21-27. Near Wetumpka, Alabama. H.H.Smith. No. 90425.

Puate VII.

Bifidaria pentodon (Say).

Figures 28, 29. Troy. New York. T. H. Aldrich, A. N. S.,

No. 58251.

30. Greenwich, New York. T. Bland. No. 3924.

31. Henry Co., Indiana. R. Walton Collec. No. 58240.

32. Ocean City, New Jersey. H. A. Pilsbry. No. 72709.

33. Near Des Moines, Iowa. T. Van Hyning. No. 88439.

34, 35. Near New Philadelphia, Ohio, Dr. V. Sterki. No. 582389.

36. P. cincinnatiensis Judge. Cincinnati, Ohio. Wm. Doherty.

No. 58244.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

37. Henry Co., Indiana. R. Walton Collec. No, 58240.

88. Miami, Florida. S. N. Rhoads. No. 58253,

39. Des Moines, Iowa. T. Van Hyning. No. 79641.

40. Jasper Co., Missouri. M. A. Mitchell. No. 58254.

41. Silver Lake, Kansas. J. B. Quintard. No. 58246.

Bifidaria tappaniana (Ad.).

42. School Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. R. Walton.

No. 58250. |

43. West Fairmount Park, near Chamounix, Philadelphia, Pa.

Vanatta. No. 58224.

44. Buckfield, Maine. John A. Allen. No. 58219.

45. Ithaca, New York. No. 62486.

46—48. Upper Red Hook, Duchess Co., New York. W.S. Teator.

No. 58218.

49-52. Washington, D.C. E. Lehnert. A. N.S., No. 58225.

53. Drift of Oak Creek, Page’s Ranch, Oak Creek, Arizona.

E. H. Ashman. No. 82925.

DREDGING IN FRENCHMAN’S BAY, MAINE.

BY DWIGHT BLANEY.

Professor Edward Forbes has said, in speaking of the under-

‘water world, ‘* The difficulties which attend the inquiry add to the

zest of the research ; and tiere is acharm in travelling mentally over

the hills and valleys buried inaccessibly beneath their thick atmos-

phere of brine.”’

There are other pleasures, however, associated with what we call

the ‘adventure ” of dredging—as dredging for shells, like many

another adventure is full of surprises—and suggests untold possibil-

ities in the way of new discoveries. One never knows what treas-

ures will be in the next haul, and the most discouraging day still

leaves us with enthusiasm for the next trip. We indeed believe

that it matters little how poor a haul may be: each trip always

yields us something of interest. Any day we may come upon a

colony of some species we have looked upon as rare—and the next

haul the dredge may disclose fine live specimens of species pre-

viously found dead.

For several seasons the Mesalia erosa, (Couth.) was represented

in our collection by a single dead and much eroded specimen, until

one lucky day we came upon a colony of them, fine large live ones.

The shells were quite crimson in color, and the animals so tenacious

THE NAUTILUS. 129

of life as to live for days in salt water, giving us good opportunity to

make drawings of them under the microscope.

Another shell which we had looked upon as rare, and whose sculp-

tured whorls we had always admired, is the Scala granlandica

(Perry). Last summer we found it in comparative abundance in one

locality. Our boat being out of repair, we made a number of hauls

from the ledges, well out toward the sea. One of us would take the

dredge out about one hundred yards from shore and drop it, while

the others on the rocks would laboriously pull it in. The haul thus

radiating from one spot would cover quite an area, varying of course

in depth. On this bottom, composed of quantities of fragments of

barnacles scraped from the ledges by the ice in previous winters, we

found a number of interesting northern species, among which was

the Scala above mentioned. The barnacle fragments formed a most

excellent protective background for this species, and it required

sharp eyes to pick them out after the material had been washed over.

Associated with the Scala was the Menestho striatula (Couth.),

which was equally hard to pick out from among the broken shells.

As many as thirty specimens of Scala would be found in each haul

of the dredge, and the Menestho proved to be also common here.

Here we also found the Bela bicarinata (Couth.) and a great many

of the Cylichna alba (Brown).

One of the unexpected surprises occurred one day, when in mak-

ing a haul in deep water, our precious dredge caught in some

obstacle which came to the surface with great reluctance. It proved

to be a “‘gang”’ of lobster traps, which had been carried off into

deep water and so lost. It was duly recognized and claimed by one

of our men, who had lost it the previous winter. On the stones with

which each trap was weighted, we found many specimens of Chztons;

the Trachydermon ruber (Linne), the 7. albus (Linne), and a few

Tonicella marmorea (Fabr.), also a number of Lepeta ceca (Miiller).

It is interesting to note, in relation to the last species, that Gould in

his “‘ Invertebrata of Massachusetts,” 1st edition, 1841, says: ‘* Only

three specimens of this shell are yet known.” This is repeated in

the edition of 1870. We have found it, however, fairly common.

Another surprise in our dredging was to come upon the “ Dump

ing Ground” of the Bar Harbor Refuse Scow. On this spot Bar

_ Harbor has deposited its refuse for some years. The lighter material

being carried out by the tide and the heavier sinking to the bottom

130 THE NAUTILUS.

to become encrusted with the red nullipore—Lithothamnion poly-

morphum—broken bottles, bones, broken china, and similar refuse

forming good hiding-places for many shells. The Chitons mentioned

above, and the Solariella obscura (Couth.), also the pretty Margarites

grenlandica (Gmelin) and the Margarites cinerea (Couth.) are found

at this spot. ‘The past year has seen a renewal of the industry of

dredging the great scallops Pecten magellanicus (Gmelin). Many

natives have fitted good-sized sailboats with power, and with power-

dories and large, chain-meshed dredges have given the bottom of the

Bay a good scraping. This industry has paid well for a while, but

the increasing number of boats devoted to this work is beginning to

tell on the supply, and it is bound to give out shortly.

SHELLS OF GRANT, VALENCIA CO., NEW MEXICO.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

During a brief stop at this place, which is on the Santa Fé Pacific

R. R., near the western boundary of New Mexico, above the middle

of the Territory, Messrs. Albert and Joshua Baily, Jr., of this city,

collected a series of shells, including several forms of considerable

interest. ‘The specimens of Lymnea bulimoides are a very globose

and short-spired variety, which I have before received from Prof.

Cockerell and others. It will be described as var. cockerelli in a

paper on Southwestern Mollusca now about to be published.

Valvata humeralis is a Mexican species, new to the fauna of the

United States, and its occurrence so far north of the Mexican bound-

ary leads us to expect it in suitable places over a considerable terri-

tory within our limits. It is quite unlike V. vtrens of the Rocky

Mountain region, having more in common with the northern V. sin-

cera Say. The list follows:

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Z. minuscula (Binn.).

Pyramidula striatella (Anth.).

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say).

Vallonia gracilicosta (Reinh.).

V. cyclophorella (Anc.).

Pupoides marginatus (Say).

P. hordaceus (Gabb.).

Pupilla museorum (L.).

P. blandi (Morse).

P. syngenes dextroversa (Pils.

& Van.).

Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella

(Pils.).

Vertigo ovata (Say).

V. coloradoensis arizonensis

(Pils. & Van.).

Cochlicopa lubrica (Mill.).

Succinea grosvenort (Lea).

Lymnea bulimoides cockerellt

(Pils.).

Planorbis parvus (Say).

Physa sp. undet., not adult,

Valvata humeralis (Say).

‘

“

THE NAUTILUS. 181

ON A NEW FLORIDIAN CALLIOSTOMA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

In March, 1903, the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk

obtained some casts of the dredge in the straits of Florida. This

material has recently been turned over to the National Museum, and

proves to contain several items of interest, At Station 7511, in 45

fathoms, off Fowey Rocks, was dredged a species of Calliostoma

which appears to be new; at Station 7516 fragments of Oniscidia

dennisoni were obtained, with a specimen of Scala (Acrilla) retifera

Dall, 28 mm. in length, and at Station 7511 a fine specimen of the

rare Subula floridana Dall, described originally from the Blake dredg-

ings. As it has been shown that the name Hutrochus Adams is pre-

occupied, I replace it by Letotrochus Conrad, 1863, typified by L.

distans Conrad, of which the type has turned up in the National

Museum (see Trans. Wagner Inst., iii, pp. 399 and 402), and proves

to be a mature specimen of the shell named 7Zrochus conus by H. C.

Lea in 1845. Astele Swainson, 1855, seems to be more closely re-

lated to Solariella, and is described as ‘‘ with no columella,” the inner

lip being simple and arcuate. Conrad’s diagnosis is incorrect, as the

reader will see by referring to the above-mentioned data. His type

is smooth, witb, in the adult, a narrow, deep umbilicus and a distinct

Calliostomoid pillar. Owing to Conrad’s contradictory diagnosis of

1863, I hesitated, in 1892, to accept his name, but as things now

stand it seems necessary to do it or to propose a new one. The

description of the species is as follows:

Calliostoma (Leiotrochus) marione n. sp.

Sheli acutely conic, with the sides of the spire slightly concave,

ten-whorled, brilliantly polished, color a rich brick-red, mottled near

the periphery with whitish flammules; nucleus translucent white,

tilted obliquely ; sculpture, on the subsequent four or five whorls, of

five (5) granular, spiral ridges, separated only by narrow incised

lines, with a more conspicuous ridge just above the suture ; subse-

quently the ridges become flattened, wider and more or less spirally

striate on their tops, while the original five incised lines retain a

darker color than the rest of the surface; the suture is not strongly

marked, and runs just below the periphery of the preceding whorl ;

base slightly convex, with ten or eleven similar incised spiral lines

132 THE NAUTILUS.

stronger toward the umbilicus, where the interspaces become feebly

nodulous, the last one on the brink of the umbilicus more strongly

so; umbilicus moderately large, funicular, its walls white, smooth, ©

and slightly excavated just within the basal margin; pillar white,

thin, arcuate, ending in a blunt projection separated by a small notch

from the basal margin of the aperture, which, with the outer lip, is

thin and sharp ; throat pearly, without lirations or callus on the body.

Alt. of shell 19.0, max. diam. 18.0; diam. of umbilicus 2.5, min.

diam. of base 16.0 mm.

The periphery is subangulate, becoming rounded in the adult. The

operculum is thin, horny, multi-spiral, with about 14 whorls. The

animal is of a reddish color somewhat like the shell, the sides of the

foot granular, the muzzle concentrically wrinkled, the tentacles long

and slender, with no epicephalic veil between them; the eyes large

and black, on short but distinct peduncles, behind and above the

tentacles ; epipodial lobes with papillose edges and two or three more

elongate processes on each’side, but none project from the opercular

lobe ; the foot is short and rather blunt behind. As contracted from

immersion in alcohol, the tentacles and epipodial processes seem

smooth, and show no such ciliation as is figured by Adamsin Callios-

toma, while the absence of the “ veil”’ is noteworthy.

Altogether, though not very large, this is one of the most attractive

East American species, both in form and coloration. Only one

specimen has yet been obtained, No. 187233, U.S. Nat. Mus. register.

Note on TRIVIA ACUTIDENTATA GaAsK.—A few years ago,

among a few shells obtained by me in San Francisco on board a

schooner direct from the Galapagos Islands, I found one beach-worn

Trivia which puzzled me, as it differed widely from any species then

known to me. Upon a recent careful reading of the original descrip-

tion of Trivia acutidentata Gask.. I find that this specimen corre-

sponds exactly to Gaskoin’s description.

This species, thus far unfigured, was described (Proc. Z. 8., 1835,

p- 201) from a single worn specimen collected by Cuming in the Bay

of Guayaquil, and which, after description, was broken into unrecog-

nizable fragments, As the locality of my specimen is also substan-

tially the same, it would seem that this long-lost species has at this

late day been again found.—F Rep L. Butron.

FEEDING HABITS AND GROWTH OF VENUS MERCENARIA. By

Jas. L. Kellogg (N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 71). <A very interest-

ing and instructive paper illustrated by four plates.—C. W. J.

LIBRARY

__OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINO}S

J )

THE NAUTILUS, XIX. PEATE Sie

Figs, 1, 2, 6, 7. Carychium exile canadense. Figs. 3, 4, 5. Carychium exile.

Figs. 8, 9. Carychium exiguum. Fig. 10. C. stygium.

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XIX. APRIL, 1906. No. 12,

NOTE ON A NEW VARIETY OF CERITHIDEA SACRATA GLD., FROM

SAN DIEGO, CAL.

BY S. S. BERRY.

There is present in several Californian collections, and also in the

National Museum and elsewhere, a form of the

common Cerithidea sacrata Gould, which is “‘ peculiar

in appearance, and might be none the worse for a

mutational name” (Dall). It differs from the ordi-

nary form, with which it intergrades, by being

smooth, or rearly so, and more tapering, as shown

in the accompanying figure. It is quite heavy and

solid, and in my specimens the callus of the aperture

is of a lighter and browner tint than is usual, and

the aperture is smaller and less inflated. Length

30mm. ‘The original C. sacrata was pretty smooth,

but for convenience in designating this form, espe-

cially as opposed to the heavily ribbed var. pudlata

Gould, the name /yporhyssa is here suggested. All

the specimens seen are from San Diego, although it doubtless occurs

elsewhere.

Stanford University, Feb. 10, 1906.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON BIFIDARIA PENTODON AND B. TAPPANIANA.

BY V. STERKI.

We are indebted to Messrs. Vanatta and Pilsbry for their exposé

of these species and their forms, in the March Nauriztus. The es-

sence of it is that what we called B. pentodon Say is really tappant-

ana Ad., and the forms ranged under curvidens are pentodon Say.

After once more looking over part of my materials’ and the crit-

ical forms, I find occasion for a few notes which it may be permitted

to add.

The form curta does not belong to pentodon,’ but to tappaniana.

In some places it has almost the significance of a variety. The

shells of pentodon from wet situations are usually also more ventri-

cose, ovoid, than those from more elevated and comparatively dry

stations.

Fresh, good shells of pentodon from many places are glassy, trans-

parent, colorless, while others are of a horny or milky hue; those of

tappaniana are more generally so. .B. pentodon from some places

has no callus or a very slight one in the palate.

The ‘ parietal”? lamella in both species and all forms is really

composite,® z. e., composed of the parietal and angular, although the

latter is generally quite small, a mere appendage of the former,

especially in tappaniana, while in many specimens of pentodon it is

quite distinct, and in some the whole lamella is even bifid, somewhat

like that of B. holzingert.

The habits of the two species are rather different, and they are not

often found associated. Thus B. pentodon is common among moss

and grass in forest and on open slopes, even steep, stony and rocky

hillsides, where tappanzana is hardly ever found. The latter is prev-

alent in low, damp places, under wood, etc.

One feature of interest may be mentioned here. Like those of

1 About 250 entries on the two species.

2The names in the following are used in the sense of Vanatta and Pilsbry in

the article referred to.

3 Conf. Pilsbry and Vanatta, A Partial Revision of the Pupae of the United

States, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sc., Phila., 1900, p. 593, key (Vertigopsis). In some

figures on the plates VI and VII in the Naurius, the angular is shown, e. g.,

Figg. 3, 12, 21;'29; 32,

TNE NAUTILUS. 135

B. armifera and contracta, the shells of many specimens, especially

of pentodon, are covered with mucus and dirt, often completely, and

frequently forming a somewhat irregular ridge along the middle of

the whorls. This is not accidental, but evidently done by the animal

on purpose, probably for additional protection against drought.

DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF ACHATINELLIDAE FROM THE

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

BY D. D. BALDWIN.

Partulina coopert, n. sp.

Shell dextral, very minutely perforated, rather thin, acuminately

ovate conic, apex acute; surface shining, striated with fine growth-lines

and under a strong lens exhibiting very close and minute decussating

spiral striz, which extend to theapex. Color light yellowish-brown,

sometimes dark reddish-brown, variously banded; the constant charac-

ters being a white band at the periphery, a black line traversing the

suture, with two white lines one above and one below the suture, all

three lines extending to the tip of the apex. Whorls 6, somewhat

convex, narrowly margined above, suture wellimpressed. Aperture

oblique, oval, white within. Peristome brown, acute, slightly, thick-

ened within, basal and columellar margins narrowly reflexed. Col-

umella terminating in a strong, flexuous tubercle, tinged with red.

dish-brown.

Length, 17; diam. 94 mm.

Hana, East Maui.

Named in honor of Mr. G. O. Cooper of Hana, to whom we are

indebted for the discovery of both this and the following species.

Partulina fulvicans, n. sp.

Shell dextral or sinistral, very minutely perforated, rather thin,

acuminately ovate conic, apex subacute; surface shining, marked

with delicate incremental striz, nuder a lens exhibiting extremely

close, minute decussating spiral striz; unclear whorls faintly cross-

lined. Color very light yellow, or sometimes white with one or two

light yellowish transverse lines; a conspicuous dark band near the

apex. Whorls 6, somewhat convex, narrowly margined above;

136 THE NAUTILUS.

suture well impressed. Aperture oblique, oval, white within. Per-

istome acute, slightly thickened within, columellar margin narrowly

reflexed. Columella terminating in a strong, white, flexuous fold,

Length, 184; diam. 105 mm.

Habitat, Kipahulu valley, Hana, East Maui.

The sinistral variety may prove to be a distinct species.

The molluscan life of this rather secluded valley has only recently

been explored.

Newcombia carinella, n. sp.

Shell dextral, very minutely perforated, solid, acuminately turrited,

apex subacute; surface lusterless, rather coarsely and irregularly

wrinkled by growth striz, and covered with numerous rather prom-

inent decussating spiral strize which extend to the apex, with a cord-

like carination at the periphery. Color white and brown, alternating

in irregular longitudinal undulations, upper whorls with regular

white and brown tessellations ; apex light brown. Whorls 6, slightly

convex ; suture lightly impressed; the suture of second and third

whorls are margined by the continuation of the peripheral keel or cord.

Aperture oblique, oval, livid-white or light-brown within. FPeris-

tome light-brown, acute, very lightly thickened within, columellar

margin reflexed over the small perforation, Columella very slightly

developed, plain and smooth.

Length, 15; diam., 65 mm.

Habitat, Nahiku, East Maui.

Amastra montana, n. sp.

Shell dextral, imperforate, rather thin, ovately conical, apex acute ;

surface lustreless, sculptured with fine incremental lines; the nuclear

whorls finely radiately sulcated. Color light-brown, covered with a

dark fugacious epidermis. Whorls 6, the upper ones slightly convex,

the last one somewhat inflated, forming the larger part of the shell.

Aperture a little oblique, elongately oval, white within. Peristome

simple and thin. Columella terminating in a thin, arched, lamellar

plait.

Lenth, 14; diam., 94 mm.

Habitat, Mt. Kukui, summit of West Maui, 6,000 ft. alt.

Animal in motion as long as the shell. Mantle dark-brown with

alight-brown border. Foot and tentacles almost black. Head above

coarsely granulated.

THE NAUTILUS. 137

This species was found in company with Laminella alexandri,

Newe. at an altitude incongenial to most Achatinellida species.

Amastra rubristoma, n. sp.

Shell dextral, imperforate, solid, elongately ovate-conic, apex acute $

surface striated with irregular growth striz ; nuclear whorls radi-

ately suleated. Color reddish-brown, sometimes almost white, upper

whorls darker ; generally covered with a dark fugacious epidermis.

Whorls 7, convex, suture well impressed. Aperture a little oblique,

oval, red within, sometimes livid-white. Peristome acute, very

slightly thickened within. Columella terminating in a strong arched

lamellar plait, tinged with red.

Length, 194; diam., 12 mm.

Habitat, Island of Lanai.

This species was discovered by Mr. D. Thaanum of Hilo, Hawaii,

who has done much to encourage the study of Hawaiian land fauna.

Amasira seminuda, n. sp.

Shell dextral, imperforate, solid, ovate, spire convexly conical,

apex acute; surface covered with rather irregular growth striz, the

embryonic whorls finely radiately sulcated. Color white or light-

brown, lower half of body-whorl covered with a densely black epi-

dermis, rest of the shell destitute of epidermis. Whorls 5, slightly

convex, suture moderately impressed. Aperture a little oblique,

sublunate, white within. Peristome acute, thickened within, not re- —

flexed. Columella terminating in a broad, thin, arched, lamellar

plait.

Length, 14; diam., 9 mm.

Habitat, Waikolu, Is. of Molokai.

Amastra conica, n. sp.

Shell fossil, dextral, minutely perforated, thin, elongately conical,

apex acute; surface sculptured with fine growth lines, apical whorls

radiately sulcated. Color of living shell unknown. Whorls 7, con-

vex; suture well impressed. Aperture oblique, oval. Peristome

simple, very thin. Columella terminating in a slightly developed

fold.

Length, 154; diam., 8 mm.

Habitat, Hamakua, Island of Hawaii.

138 TUE NAUTILUS.

This and the following species were discovered by Prof. H. W.

Henshaw of Washington, D.C. He found them in deposits of fossil-

ized shells at a place valled Mana. The existence of living ex-

amples of either of these species now, or within any recent period, is

highly improbable.

Amastra (Laminella) sinistrorsa, n. sp.

Shell fossil, sinistral, imperforate, thin, acuminately turrited, spire

conical; apex subacute; surface sculptured with delicate growth

lines, embryonic whorls radiately sulcated. Color of living shell un-

known. Whorls 6, convex, suture well impressed. Aperture oblique,

sinuately oval, Peristome simple, very thin. Columella terminat-

ing in a slightly developed lamellar plait.

Length, 143; diam., 64 mm.

Habitat, Hamakua, Island of Hawaii.

Amastra (Laminella) leva, n. sp.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, rather thin, conically turrited, apex

acute; surface striated with fine incremental lines, embryonic whorls

with delicate radiating sulcations, color brown, with irregular

patches of a dark fugacious epidermis. Whorls 6, somewhat con-

vex; suture well impressed. Aperture oblique, oval, livid-white

within. Peristome simple and thin. Columella terminating in a

thin lamellar plait.

Length, 12; diam., 5 mm.

Habitat, Haleakala Mt., East Maui.

This species is the counterpart of Laminella soror, Ne. found on

West Maui, but the latter is a larger and more obese shell.

NOTES ON CARYCHIUM AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY.

BY GEO, H. CLAPP.

In examining a series of Carychium recently, I noticed that there

is a large northern race of C. exile Lea which is found from Maine

to Winnipeg, Manitoba, the latter being the most western point from

which I have material. It differs from typical exile by its greate?

size, which is very constant throughout its range. Topotypes of GC

exile from Wissahickon Creek, Philadelphia, Pa., kindly loaned me

THE NAUTILUS. 189

for examination by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, measure 1.70 x .6 mm., and

the lot from Kent, O., from which Dr. Pilsbry defined this species,

Navtitus, Vol. VIII, p. 63, measure 1.75 x .6 mm,

The average size of C. exile from a large series of measurements

may be put down as 1.75 x .6 mm.

The northern race is, so far as I have seen, confined to the

so-called ‘‘ Canadian Zone,” and I therefore propose the name CO. exile

canadense for this variety, taking shells collected at Kennebunkport,

Me., as the types. These measure 2.1 x.75 mm., which is about

the average size. The series of measurements below show the slight

variation in this variety :

Kennebunkport, Me. (types), 2.1 x .75 mm.

Islesboro, Me., 2.15 x .75 mm.

Aroostook Co., Me., 2.00 x .75 mm.

Hartland, Vt., 2.0 to 2.10 mm. long.

Bobcaygeon, Ont., Can., 2.00 x .70 mm.

Ottawa, Ont., Can., 2.10 x .65 mm.

Winnipeg, Manitoba, 2.05 x .75 mm.

Huron Mtn., Marquette Co., Mich., 2.05 x .75.

Lime Id., Chippewa Co., Mich., 2.0 to 2.1 mm. long.

Gogebic Lake, Ontanogen Co., Mich., 2.0 to 2.1 mm. long.

White Earth Lake, Minn., 2.1 mm. long.

The Ottawa shells are the most slender that I have seen.

All of the Michigan C. exile in the collection of Mr. Bryant

Walker are var. canadense with the exception of one lot from Shelby,

Macomb Co., which measures 1.75 to 1.80 mm., and a lot from Sag-

inaw where they run from 1.7 to 1.9 mm.

The only southern shells which I have seen approaching var. can-

adense in size is a lot collected by Herbert H. Smith in mountain

forests near Princeton, Ala. These measure 1.90 x.70 mm., and

are unusually heavily ribbed, but other shells collected in the same

general locality are typical exile.

Plate VIII, where the figures are magnified 18 diameters, shows the

difference in size very plainly.

C. extguum also appears to run somewhat larger in the North, but

as there is more variation in this species than in exzle, the northern

race is not well defined. The average size of exiguum is about 1.75 x

-75 mm., but there is a wide variation as shown by measurements

given below:

140 THE NAUTILUS.

Valley Head, Ala., 1.55 x .65 mm.

Lemon City, Fla., 1.60 x .70 mm.

Staten Island, N. Y., 1.65 x.75 mm.

Edgeworth, Pa., 1.70 x .75 mm.

Des Moines, Iowa, 1.85 x .75 mm.

Iowa City, Iowa, 1.80 x .70 mm.

Crooked Lake, Emmet Co., Mich., 1.75 to 1.85 mm.

Kennebunkport, Me., 1.85 x .80 mm.

Pigeon Lake, Ont., Can., 1.90 x .80 mm.

Orono, Me., 1.80 to 1.90 mm.

Ann Arbor, Mich., 1.65 to 2.00 mm.

Huron Mtn., Marquette Co., Mich., 2.15 x .85 mm.

These figures seem to indicate an increase in size in the north, but

the Ann Arbor lot shows almost as much variation as in the balance

of the range. The Huron Mountain shells are unusually large, much

larger in fact than any others seen from Michigan, and their size is

probably due to favorable environment as in other parts of the state _

typical shells are found.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1. Carychium exile canadense n. v., Kennebunkport, Me.,

2.1x.75 mm.

Fig. 2. Carychium exile canadense n. v., Winnipeg, Manitoba,

2.05 x .75 mm. .

Fig. 3. Carychium exile Lea, topotype, Wissahickon Cr., Phila.,

Pa., 1.70 x .60 mm.

Fig. 4. Carychium exile Lea, Mt. Vernon, Va., 1.50 x .55 mm.

Fig. 5. Carychium exile Lea, Edgeworth, Pa., 1.75 x .60 mm.

Fig. 6. Carychium exile canadense n. v., Ottawa, Ont., Can.,

2.10 x .65 mm.

Fig. 7. Carychium exile canadense n. v., Huron Mtn., Marquette

Co., Mich., 2.05 x .75 mm.

Fig. 8. Carychium exiguum Say, Huron Mtn., Marquette Co.,

Mich., 2.15 x .85 mm.

Fig. 9. Carychium exiguum Say, Valley Head, Ala., 1.55x.65 mm.

Fig. 10. Carychium stygium Call, cotype, Mammoth Cave, Ky.,

2.00 x .85 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF POLYGYRA MULTILINEATA SAY.

BY WM. A. NASON.

Polygyra multilineata algonquinensis n. subsp.

The shell is smaller than multilineata, color varying from white

translucent to dark horn or chestnut, banded with reddish. brown or

unicolorous, rather thin and fragile, peristome moderately reflected,

white.

Greater diameter 17 mm., 32 specimens.

Greater diameter 17.5 mm., 24 specimens.

Greater diameter 18 mm., 72 specimens.

Greater diameter 18.5 mm., 41 specimens.

Greater diameter 19 mm., 54 specimens.

Algonquin, McHenry Co., Illinois.

Cotypes in collections of Bryant Walker, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

Chicago Academy of Sciences, and Arthur F. Gray.

All the specimens collected were examined, 284 in number, and

their average size is expressed in the above table of measurements,

The largest specimens found were three which measured 21 mm. in

greater diameter, and the two smallest specimens only measured

14.50 mm. in greater diameter. No larger specimens than those

mentioned were found in the region, although the ground was well

explored for many years.

The specimens were all found in crevices and hollows about the

roots of a clump of willows, growing in a marshy and boggy place.

Associated with them were numerous specimens of Polygyra mono-

don Rack., Succinea ovalis Say, Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say, Pyra-

midula striatella Anth., and other moisture-loving land shells.

A comparison made with 48 specimens of P. multtlineata from

Ohio, Michigan, and other localities, in my collection, showed great

difference in measurements. 33 specimens of this series measured

22 mm. to 24 mm. in greater diameter, and only two specimens

were as small as 21 mm. in diameter,

The uniformity of size of the variety algonquinensis, the fact that

no other forms or sizes of the species were found in this region, and

the fact that they breed true, for the series was the result of three

years’ collecting on the same small space of ground, entitles this shell

to varietal rank. And also, the perfect development of all the char-

acters, as found in the normal P. multilineata, and the fact that this

142 THE NAUTILUS.

new subspecies is not in any way pathological, confirms the claim.

The smallest forms mentioned above are as well characterized and

symmetrical as the largest forms.

An interesting fact in regard to the specific value of the bands in

this variety is exhibited by two or three specimens. In‘these the

shell is unicolorous until half-grown, and banded from that point to

the reflected lip. And one specimen is the reverse in this respect,

being banded when young, and later in its growth unicolorous.

This would seem to indicate that the bands and color are not even a

stable individual character.

LYMNAEA HINKLEYI N. SP.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Shell varying from ovate to globose, very thin; color of periostra-

cum light greenish-horn ; surface dull to slightly shining, rough, the

growth lines uneven and raised at intervals to form pseudo ribs; the

surface is sometimes malleated and occasionally ornamented by five

or six heavy spiral ridges; fine spiral, impressed lines present and

very marked in some specimens; whorls 3 + (the apex invariably

decollated), rounded, tumid in some specimens, the last whorl glo-

bose ; spire of variable length but generally shorter than the aperture,

broadly conic ; sutures distinctly appressed and frequently distinctly

impressed ; aperture roundly ovate, not expanded, acutely narrowed

at the posterior angle; outer lip thin, acute; inner lip very tightly

appressed to the parietal wall, where it shows as a very thin wash of

callus; the anterior part of the inner lip is reflected over the umbili-

cus, leaving a very small chink; axis slightly twisted, forming a dis-

tinct ascending plait.

Length 12, breadth 8.5, aperture length 8, breadth 5 mm.

Length 11.5, breadth 7.5, aperture length 7.25, breadth 4.5 mm.

Length 12, breadth 7.75, aperture length 7, breadth 4 mm.

Length 11, breadth 6.75, aperture length 6.25, breadth 3.75 mm.

Length 15.25, breadth 9.25, aperture length 10.5, breadth 5.5 mm.

Length 11, breadth 6.75, aperture length, 6.5, breadth 3.75 mm.

North fork Snake River, East Idaho. Collected by Mr. A. A.

Hinkley in 1905. Types: Chicago Academy of Sciences ; cotypes:

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and Mr. A. A.

Hinkley.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

This is apparently a very distinct species and does not appear to

be exactly comparable with any Lymnea. It was thought to be LZ.

binney?, but the shell is very much smaller and thinner, with no um-

bilicus and without the acute spire of dbinney?. It apparently belongs

to the typical group of Lymnea despite its globose shape, which might

place it in Radix, excepting for the lack of the raised and continuous

lips of the aperture. It has something of the aspect of a young

Bulimnea.

I take great pleasure in naming this species in honor of Mr. A. A.

Hinkley, of Du Bois, Illinois, in whose collection the shells were

found.

NOTES.

Nore on some NAMES IN THE VOLUTID&.—A revision in which

I have been engaged for some time of the nomenclature and classi-

fication of the Volutidz, has shown several errors which have attained

a wide currency owing to the failure of authors to attend to the de-

tails of early publications on the subject. This has rendered it

necessary to give new names to several groups, and to shift some

names to groups agreeing with their original types, which had been

neglected or lost sight of. Some of the more conspicuous instances

are as follows:

Adelomelon Dall; new name for the dull-colored group of South

American volutes usually called Scaphella, but not the Scaphella of

Swainson, 1832. Type, Voluta ancilla Solander.

Harpulina Dall; new name for Harpula auct. non Swainson,

1832. Type, Voluta arausaica Solander, 1786.

Maculopeplum Dall; Type, Voluta junonia, Lamarck. This was

originally included with the species of Scaphella by Swainson, whose

type was Scaphella undulata Lam., but the American shell belongs

to a totally different group from the enamelled species for which

Swainson’s genus was proposed. Amoria Gray, is probably a syno-

nym of Scaphella.

Volutilithes Swainson, was proposed for the shells to which Fischer

later gave the name of Hopsephea. The type is Voluta muricina

Lam. The shells typified by Voluta spinosa, and which are usually

called Volutilithes, will probably take the name of Plejona Bolten,

1798.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

When discussing the Volutidxe in the Wagner Inst. Transactions

in 1890, I stated that I had not attempted to revise the nomen-

clature of the group at that time; but if I had been aware of the

serious reformation needed in the accepted nomenclature, 1 should

have felt obliged to undertake it without delay.— Wa. H. Dati.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Lorss Papers: The Loess of Nachez, Mississippi; The Loess

and the Lansing Man; Loess and the Iowan Drift ; Evidences (?)

of Water-deposition of Loess. By B. Shimek (Bull. Lab. Nat.

Hist. lowa State University, V., no. 4). The question of the genesis

of the loess of the Mississippi Valley has interested two generations

of geologists. Until quite recently the great majority of American

writers, and among them Prof. Shimek himself, ascribed its deposition

to the action of water. Later studies by Shimek, covering ex-

posures over practically the whole loess area, caused him to advocate ©

the view that our loess is of Xolian origin. ‘This thesis is dis-

cussed with great ability, and it is not possible here to give an ade-

quate outline of the argument. It is shown that the highest and

thickest deposits of loess lie along the larger streams, and their

deposition by water would require vast inland lakes, of which there

are no traces of shore-lines. The fine and homogeneous deposits

containing fragile shells unbroken and unworn, are not such as would

be deposited by aqueous action. Moreover, fluviatile shells are ab-

sent, the loess fossils being chiefly land shells, and exceptionally

those of small pools. A great mass of evidence, geological and

faunal, is brought forward to show that the loess is of the nature of

an upland dune formation.

The argument for xolian origin from the fossil shells will be read

with great interest by conchologists, Prof. Shimek’s thorough knowl-

edge of both the loess and the modern faunas enables him to deal

hard blows to those who attempt ‘to defend the aqueous theory on

palzontologic grounds. The last essay of the series is a damaging

critique of the papers of Prof. G. Frederick Wright and Luella A.

Owen. There are fourteen excellent plates, two representing fossil

land shells of the Nachez loess.

This brochure contains the most complete and authoritative exposi-

tion of the subject of loess formation in the English language, and

will be invaluable to all students of the loess and its fossils.—H. A. P.

‘ bs I

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL, XX.

MAY, 1906, to APRIL, 1907.

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

PHILADELPHIA.

* c. W. JoHNson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History,

BOSTON,

INDEX

THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XX.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES,

Abalones and the earthquake . : . 135

Abalones and the penal code of Chligonnin i 8S

Alabama, some shells of Mississippi and . 34, 40, 52

Amphigyra Pilsbry, n. gen... . ; aie.

Amphigyra alabamensis Pilsbry, n. sp. (Pl. III, figs.1,2). 50

Anodonta imbecillis Say . : ; y+. 69

Anostoma, on the generic name. : kk

Ashmunella rhyssa Ckll. (Pl. VIII, figs. 3. 5). ; . 134

Ashmunella rhyssa edentata . : . 135

Ashmunella rhyssa hyporhyssa. 3 : . 135

Ashmunella aa townsendi Bartsch (Pl, VII, fea:

ey .’. : : : . 133

Ashmunella, notes on some Ney: Mexican, . 133

Athleta rarispina .. : . 131, 142

Basommatophora, two new Meteo genera of : . 49

Bifidaria agna rie & Vanatta ee b 2 ‘ ; . 141

Boreocheton / F . 64

Brachypodella, a synonym of : : . AT

British Columbia shells . ; : ; } } feel

Brooklyn Conchological Club . ; : . 89

(iii)

iv | THE NAUTILUS.

Bulimulus dormani . ’ 3 ree,

Busycon montforti Widah, n. sp. (PL. VI) . 121

Cialliostoma carnicolor Preston, n. sp. (Pl. VIII, by 5,6). 140

Cardium from Puget Sound, a new. ald

Cardium (‘Cerastoderma) fucanum Dall, n. sp. » £12

Cayuga Lake, land shells from the east shore of . 100

Cazenovia, N. Y., mollusks of . : , Uae et

Chiton marmoreus var. caeruleus Winkley . 66

Chitons, remarks on certain New England . Ry are

Chloritis edwardsi_. ; ; 3 : . AT

Cleopatra multiliarata pe n. Sp. . 45

Cleopatra smithi Ancey, n. sp. . . 45

Cochliopa rowelli in Californie. mate: 8)

Correspondence . 142

Cypraea bernardinae Pestin, Nn. sp. (PL VIL fig. 8) Ree ls)

Cyrena (Polymesoda) panamensis . ; : FLOSS

Donax cayennensis . : ‘ : ; yaaa

Donax denticulatus . : : : Baas

Drymeus dominicus 7, 24

Drymeus dormani . ; : : , 7, 24

Drymeus multilineatus . ; é . 24

Dyakia, note on. : ; . 47

Epiphragmophora (Micrarionta) hutsoni Clapp, n. sp.

CA WD js i . se

Epiphragmophora GNnoremonten henoue on the soft

anatomy of : f . 188

Epiphragmophora lieth and BE. ecamiiamems : ths

Epiphragmophora stearnsiana Gabb . : é 13, 462

Epiphragmophora tudiculata, a healthy colony of (PI.

Va 3 i Gd

Everglades, aoliseen ae in the ; : . tiie

Eurycelon crassa Hald. . : : . 42

Fulgur, from Florida, a new fossil (PL. VI) ' . 121

Glabaris Gray, or Patularia Swainson, note on the genus. 39

Glyptostoma newberryanum . 5 iGyaie canis ; nibh

Haliotis californiensis : . : . 88

Helix arbustorum in Iceland . : : . 94

Helix hortensis in Newfoundland . ‘ ' : . 94

THE NAUTILUB. V

Helix hortensis on Magdalen Island. . 105

Helix hortensis, on the distribution in North Acnanita

of . } : : , ; ; . 18, 96

Helix jejuna Say, transferred to Praticolella . » 82

Helix subglobosa . ’ A (: Pan |

Insufficiency of an bavartlint as a ais of Miaeideation

in the round-mouth shells. , 91, 102, 113

Lepyrium, note on . \ ; : er |

Lepyrium showalteri . : ha |

Lymnea dalli Baker, n. sp... . 125

Lymneza danielsi Baker, n. sp. : . oO

Lymnea leai Baker, n. sp. . 126

Lymnza megasoma Say . , : Jy Bab. So

Manatee snail, Bulimulus dormani . 6

Microstoma hanleyanum Jous. . , so (Ae

Mississippi, some shells of Alabama nN : 34, 40, 52

Mitra picta Reeve, note on : ; i ee

Mumford collection of shells . : .. 119

Nebraska, a list of shells from. : sleek

Neoplanorbis Pilsbry, n. gen. . . 80

Neoplanorbis tantillus Pilsbry, n. sp. (PL Il, figs. 3 Dy oo

Neritina showalteri . Bees

Nicaragua, shell collecting on dhe iat of 1

Notes. . 9, 24, 36, 46, 71, 83, 94, 105, 118, 144

Oklahoma, mollusks of . 5 6

Omphalotropis macromphala Eis — O. quadrasi V.

Moll. . : : : f ; 47

Oysters carried by Aaa 94

Paravitrea aldrichiana, n. sp. (PI. v, flea. 8- 11) ~ 109, 111

Paravitrea from Alabama, new species of . 109

Patularia swainson, notes on the genus Glabaris Gray or. 39

Pearls, output of American . : Bs

Pisidium fragillimum Sterki, n. sp. ‘ ; 4,18

-Pisidium friersoni Sterki, n. sp... : Teo

Pisidium levissimum Sterki, n. sp. . : , eee >

Pisidium minusculum Sterki, n. sp. mee Ti

Pisidium neglectum Sterki, n. sp. . 87

Pisidium neglectum var. (?) coreuleatiiny teria: n, yar. 88

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Pisidium planatum Ancey ! : : ‘ : . 46

Pisidium proximum Sterki, n. sp. . } ; ‘ Bye

Pisidium subrotundum Sterki, n. sp. : 5 ; ae

Pisidium succineum Sterki, n. sp. . : : 209

Pisidium superior Sterki, n. sp. . j : : Bete aS

Pitar (Hysteroconcha) dione . : : : : 2

Plejona, Bolten. é Q - 130, 143

Pleurotoma (Genota) bal peuernae Gabb (Pl. Il, figs.

set Ream ! a |

Pleurotoma (Benoa): cooperi Arnot (Pl, 1 ae 10). oo

Pleurotoma (Genota) riversiana Raymond (PI. IT, fig. 9). 39

Pleurotoma (Genota) stearnsiana Raymond (PI. II, figs.

4-6). ; 38

Pleurotoma S| eoeniene Gabb (PL. II, ‘Gen. 7, 8). 38

Pleurotoma, the West American species of 37

Polygyra (Stenotrema) brevipila Clapp, n. sp. (PI. v,

fig. 1-4) : : . 110

Polygyra (Stenotrema) pitieoien Pile. (PL. v, figs. 5-7). 111

Pomatiopsis Winkleyi Pilsbry . ; é ; . 43

Popular conchology . : : ; : , : Aa

Praticolella jejuna Say . x : : : . 33, 46

Pseudopartula, note on . : . a ; ne |

Psilocochlis Dall, note on the genus . A . 128

Psilocochlis mecalliei Dall. : , : . 128

Publications received . 11, 36, 47, “11, 84, 96, 106, 119, 143

Quadrula trapezoides Lea. A : : : . 68

Ravenel collection . : : : . oe

Richfield Springs, New Work. whee) or; 3 ae

Seala berryi Dall, n. sp. . : : . wen

Seala (Cerostrema) ee CAS Dall, n. sp. . 128

Seala from California, three new species of . : , E2e

Seala lowei Dall, n. sp. : ; ? ! . 44

Scala rectilaminata Dall, n. sp. , : : : . Age

Seallops, migrations of . : » See

Segmentina armigera Say (Pl. ‘VIL Gee. Ee 3). ; . 123

Segmentina crassilabris Walker, n. sp. (Pl. VII, figs. 4-6). 122

Segmentina wheatleyi Lea (PI. VII, figs. 7-9). . . 123

Sitala, a new Chinese . ‘ : ‘ : : ae

THE NAUTILUS.

Sitala hangchowensis Pils., n. sp.

Sphaerium from Illinois, a new

Sphaerium hendersoni Sterki, n. sp.

Sphaerium, on the pathology of

Sphaerium solidulum

Sphaerium stamineum forbesi Paley Nn. var. .

Stenotrema altispira Pilsbry (Pl. V, figs. 5-7).

Stenotrema brevipila Clapp, n. sp. (Pl. V, figs. 1-4).

Stenotrema from Alabama, new species of

Strigilla carnaria

Subspecies, mutations and ac

Tellina (Eurytellina) angulosa.

Tivela mactroides

Tomogeres Montf.

Tonicella blaneyi Dall

Tonicella ruber var. index Balch, n. var.

Trachydermon ruber. :

Unionidae, some observations on he ova of

Unionidae of Kansas. ;

Valvata bicarinata Lea (Pl. I, aa. 14)

Valvata bicarinata connectans Walker, n. var.

Valvata bicarinata perdepressa Walker, n. var. (PI. L

figs. 15-16).

Valvata, notes on.

Valvata lewisii Currier (Pl. I, ‘Ge 12.13

Valvata sincera danielsi Walker, n. var. (PI. I, figs. 10,

1) ae P

Valvata sincera Say (PL. L, igi 1- 6)

Valvata sincera nylanderi Dall (PI. I, figs. 7- 9)

Vitrea approxima and V. vanattai, note on

Vitrea (Paravitrea) aldrichiana Clapp, n. sp. (Pl. v, flee,

8-11) .

Volutidae, a review of tie per aican

Ward, Henry A. (obituary)

Winkley collection of shells

Wisconsin shells, list of

Zonitoides alliaria in Colorado.

«LOS

| 129, 142

. 48

ee es.

. 144

Vili THE NAUTILUS.

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Aldrich, TH... ee

Ancey, C. FE... ‘ . 40, 47 .

Baker, Frank C. , . ah, BS, 125

Balen, MeaNE.): |. ; : : : : bin

Chadwick, G. H. 22

Clapp, Geo. H. . 13, 105, 109, 136

Cockerell, T. D. A. . 58, 94

Dall, Wm. H. . 39, 44, 111, 127, 128, 142

Ferriss, Jas. H. ; 16, 133

Flack, W. H. .. i ‘ ; ; : f dele eB

Frierson, L. S. . , ; Au oS)

Gratacap, L. P. : : 91, 102, 112

Henderson, Jr., John B. . ; 3 97

Henderson, Junius . 4 ; ‘ , 144

Hinkley, AC AL : : 34, 40, 52

Johnson, Charles W. é : 46, 73, 95

Kelsey, RW... ; ' : : Land, oh

Latchford, F. R. ; , OS

Nason, Wm. A. 141

Pilsbry, Henry A. 5, 11, 32, AT, 49, 51, 57, 72, 119, 13%, 138, 140

Preston, H. B. . . 139

Raymond, W. J. : : : : : =, Dated,

Reynolds, A. G. : ; Sek,

Rous, Sloman . : ; ; : ‘ } Wap f

Rowell, Rev. J. . : : : eLb0

Simpson, Charles T. . ‘ : ; . 24

Smith, Burnett. : ; 329

Smith, Maxwell. L ; 89

Sterki, VY... ’ 5, 11. 17, 69, 87, 98

Vanatta, EK. G. ; ? 95, 140

Walker, Bryant 25, 57, 81, 106, 122

Wheat, Silas C. i 89, 100

Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton. : 71, 85

Stearns, R. E. C. : : F ' : ; ; : 135

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XX. MAY, 1906.

No. 1.

SHELL-COLLECTING ON THE MOSQUITO COAST OF NICARAGUA—VI.

BY W. H. FLUCK.

Tellina (Hurytellina) angulosa Gmel. Abundant on the beach all

along the coast from Bluefields to Cape Gracias 4 Dios. The dead

shells found were almost always in perfect condition, not even the

hinge ligament injured. Live shells in the shallow water on quiet

days. ‘This is the most highly colored bivalve on the cost.

Tellina ( Cyclotellina) fausta Donovan. Plentiful in the shallow

water about the Man of War Keys.

Sanguinolaria (Psammotella) operculata Gmel. A common shell

on the sandy beaches of the Mosquito Coast. Walpa Siksa is a good

locality for it. This very beautiful shell is not as brilliant as 7.

angulosa, but is larger.

Sanguinolaria rosea Lam. This beautiful pink shell is by no means

numerous along the east coast of Nicaragua. I searched the beach

and shallow water almost daily for four years, but succeeded in find-

ing four specimens only. It inhabits deep water, possibly. It is

altogether too fragile to stand the pounding of the surf.

Asaphis deflorata Linn. Abundant in the shallow sea and pools

at King’s Keys and the other islands along the coast. It seems to be

variable in color, being pink, cream, blue, and white.

Strigilla carnarta L, Very abundant. I found two sizes ; large,

full-grown forms fairly plentiful, and young, brighter colored half-

sized specimens, in large quantities. They occurred thus so regu-

larly that I was persuaded they were two distinct species. I felt the

more certain of this since in the larger forms the ligament was in

2 THE NAUTILUS.

every case more deeply seated. However, both Mr. C. W. Johnson

and Dr. W. H. Dall assured me that the smaller form was young

and the larger ‘ typical.”’

Iphigenia braziliensis Lam. My specimens, with the exception

of a few dead shells, were found at or near the mouth of the Wawa

river, where it is plentiful. It is a dweller of estuaries.

Donax denticulatus L. This is by far the most abundant bivalve

on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua. All the native children,

Indian, Creole, as well as the Spanish speaking ones gather it in

large basketfuls for the family larder. At low tide these beautiful

‘‘ wedges’ are to be seen all over the beach in favorable places, sit-

ting up in the sand, thin end (posterior) down, with about one-third

of the broad anterior exposed, the shell a little open and the siphons

at work with every rush of the water as the waves come in and roll

out. Donazx is either stupid or without fear, for it seldom trys to

escape by digging, on being approached, as do the Solens. The shell

is very variable in color and radiations. I have a series of about 25,

all different. Wounta Haulover.

Donax cayennensis Lam. Inhabits the same localities and the

same sandy stations between tides as the former, but it is not any-

thing like as numerous, It is a larger shell than denticulatus, witha

more angular anterior ridge, and is more uniform in color, not vary-

ing much from pure white, although some specimens tend to bluish,

yellow, or purple. Prinzapolka was the first locality at which I

found this shell, but one always find them wherever D. denticulatus

is to be had. A very good authority wrote me some time ago; “ In

going over the Donacide in the museum, I find no characters to

separate Lamark’s Donax cayennensis from the Donax striata L.”

I have never seen the latter form. Can these names be synonyms ?

Both D. cayennensis and D. denticulatus are called ahi by the native

Indian population. The former they regard as the male and the

latter as the female. Ahi means dimple. Is not that more beauti-

ful than wedge ?

Pitar (Hysteroconcha) dione L. Very abundant. I shall never

forget finding my first specimen of this beautiful, sulcate, spinose

shell. The Indian boy who was with me further increased the

pleasure of the find by telling me that they were manas, without

number. I soon found that he was not far from the truth. Wounta

Haulover seems an ideal place for this species, the shore and bottom

THE NAUTILUS. 3

being sandy, the sea open with no bars, and the only rocks too far

out to be of any injury to their fragile spines. Wounta Haulover.

Ohione cancellata. A variety. Much worn odd valves only.

Wounta Haulover, on the beach.

Oyrena (Polymesoda) panamensis Prime. This is the common

bivalve of all the lagoons along the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua.

It is not always found in the mud, although in the Bluefields lagoon

it thrives in that kind of a station. At Wounta Haulover it lives in

the lagoon back from the sea, on a sandy bottom, while at Karata it

is to be found on the gravel. I have eaten very good chowder made

of kiito, as the Indians call it. ‘The umbones are always, so far as I

have observed, corroded in adult specimens.

Tivela mactroides Born. This pretty little clam is quite common

on the shore and in the shallow water along the open sea, The shell

is solid and looks as though it might stand rougher water than it

usually gets on the Mosquito Coast. Dr. Dall, in his ‘* Synopsis of

the Family Veneridae”’ is quite right in saying: “‘ This species may

be white, or chestnut-brown or with brown rays on a lighter ground.”’

I have specimens that alternate with white and brown concentrically.

Eichinochama arcinella L. A few dead shells, with one exception

all left valves.

Chama congregata Conr. Dead shells everywhere on the beach,

especially left valves attached to old Pecten, Arca or Chione shells.

Codakia orbicularis L. Plentiful about Man of War Keys; I

also have a few from Pearl Key.

Arca umbonata Lam. Man of War Keys. I found but one speci-

men, although the Indian turtle-hunters, who frequent the Keys, told

me that it was a very common shell at times.

Scapharca ( Cunearca) incongrua, var. braziliana Lam. Wounta

Haulover. Plentiful at all times on the beach, generally with hinge

ligament perfect. Also found alive in the shallow water on quiet

days.

Arca (Argina) campechensis Dillwyn. Walpa Siksa, on the sea-

beach, both north and south of the river mouth.

Arca occidentalis Phil. Bilwi, just north of the Wawa river

mouth, on the open beach.

Melina ephippium L. Man of War Keys. Abundant.

Pinna muricata L. I never found a living shell, but good speci-

mens of dead ones were to be found at almost any time on the beach,

4 THE NAUTILUS.

especially about the sand-bars and in the coves at and near the mouth

of rivers, as at Wawa, Wounta, and Walpa Siksa.

Pecten dislocatus Say. Wounta Haulover. A few single valves.

Plicatula ramosa Lam. Wounta Haulover. Found attached to

soft corals, sponges, and like marine growth. Numerous.

Ostrea virginica Gmel. A very abundant shell in all the lagoons

and estuaries, not far from the sea. It seems to multiply very fast,

filling up harbors and channels. It does not get as large as our

northern oysters, possibly on account of the large quantities of fresh

water that cover them for protracted periods during the rainy season.

Discinisca antillarum D’Orb. Wounta Haulover. I found six or

eight on an old Pinna. These little brachiopods remind one of

miniature Anomia simplex.

Helicina amoena Pfr. In native clearings in the forest along the

Wounta (or Kukallaya) river, northwest of the village of Kukallaya.

FHelicina dalli Bartsch. Near Wani, Nicaragua.

Nephronaias flucki Bartsch. From the Wounta river, a day’s

paddling by canoe to the northwest of the village of Kukallaya.

Streptostyla flucki Bartsch. Near Wani.

Neocyclotus (Neocyclotus) chrysacme Bartsch. Near Wani.

Chrondropoma callipeplum Bartsch. Near Wani.

The region about Wani is quite different from the low, sandy,

coastal-plain. It takes many days’ canoe paddling, according to the

volume of water in the river, to reach it. It is in what the Indians

call the “ hill country.”

The five last-named shells are new. Dr. Paul Bartsch, who has

seen my entire collection, is at this writing publishing descriptions of

them.

I have a few more Mosquito Coast shells which I might add to

this list, but will not do sonow. At some future time I shall ask for

space for another article.

I am convinced that the shells I collected in the lowlands of east-

ern Nicaragua do not by any means exhaust the molluscan fauna of

that region. The highlands of the interior, the mangrove swamps,

rivers, lagoons, sea beaches, and the keys, all have treasures for the

man who has time to search for them. As for myself, I picked up

only such shells as I stumbled over in the strenuous pursuit of other

duties.

THE NAUTILUS. 5

A NEW CHINESE SITALA.,

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Sitala hangchowensis n. sp. Shell subperforate, trochiform with

rounded periphery, pale brown, surface dull, smoothish, under the

compound microscope showing dense, vertical striation, most distinct

on the penultimate whorl, and very fine, close spiral impressed lines,

the base distinctly striate spirally, with finer spirals in the intervals

between coarser lines. Spire conic with nearly straight outlines.

Whorls 6, decidedly convex, the last rounded peripherally and convex

beneath. Aperture somewhat oblique, lunate, the margins thin and

simple; columella concave below, vertical with reflexed edge above.

Alt. 3.7, diam. 4.1 mm. |

Hangchow, China. Types no. 91131 A. N.S. P., from no. 1074

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

It is not easy to decide whether this species should be considered

a Sitala or a Kaliella, but on account of the fine spiral striation it

probably accords best with the first. It is larger than Kaliella de-

pressa and K. monticola Mildff. with fewer whorls, 6 instead of 64,

and it has a dull, not glossy surface.

NEW SPECIES OF PISIDIUM.

BY V. STERKI.

PIsIDIUM PROXIMUM, n. sp. Mussel of medium size, moderately

to rather well inflated, outlines oval without any projecting angles,

posterior margin slightly subtruncate in some specimens, beaks

somewhat posterior, rather broad to narrow, rounded, or their cen-

ters more or less flattened, with a ridge around the flattened area in

some specimens ; surface with irregular, fine to rather coarse striae

and several lines of growth, shining, color light yellowish-horn to

brownish ; shell opaque to subtranslucent, thin; hinge slight, cardinal

teeth of various shapes ; ligament rather long.

Long. 5.6 alt. 4.8, diam. 3.4 m. ( Wash.)

Long. 6 alt. 5 diam. 3.8 m. (B. C.)

Long. 4.1 alt. 3.5, diam. 2.5 m. (B. C.)

Habitat: Washington, British Columbia: Walla Walla sent by

B. Walker, a good number of specimens deep horn to brownish,

6 THE NAUTILUS.

beaks rather broad and moderately elevated ; ‘‘a small pond, Second

Summit, B. C., at alt., 6000 ft.” (collected by O. W. Spreadborough,

1905, sent by J. F. Whiteaves), about eighty specimens ; somewhat

larger than the Walla Walla form, of light color becoming brownish

over the beaks in older specimens, then with irregular, alternating

zones of lighter and darker; the beaks are more elevated and in

many specimens narrower. Although of rather different appearance,

the two Pisidia seem to be of the same species. ‘‘ Pond at head of

North Fork of Caribou Creek, East of Burton City, West Kootenay,

B. C.” (by same); considerably smaller, but seem identical; the

beaks are full and prominent, the disks rather flat towards the in-

ferior margin.

This Pisidium is under doubt as to its affinities. While apparently

somewhat like some forms of abditum Hald., it has also resemblance

with a South American Pisidium which I take for boliviense Sturany.

More materials from other places may help answering this question.

Our Pacific Slope Pisidia, and more so those of Central and South

America are still very insufficiently known.

THE MANATEE SNAIL BULIMULUS DORMANI.*

The sooty mould of the orange, J/eliola, is one of the most serious

results of white fly infestation of citrus groves, and is an element in

the injury to various plants from aphids and from some of the scale

insects, especially the Lecaniums, mealy-bugs, wax scales, and cot-

tony cushion scale. The fungus is not itself a parasite on the plant,

but a saprophyte, deriving its sustenance from the sweet honey dew

secreted by these insects. ‘The injury to the plant results from the

smothering action of the fungus, the heavy coating of fungal threads

interfering with the healthful action of sunlight on the leaves. The

appearance of the various ornamental and hedge plants is also dis-

figured by the dark fungus. The sooty mould is especially bad fol-

lowing the white fly attack, owing to the large amount of honey dew

secreted by these insects. As the white fly larve attach themselves

to the under side of the leaves, the honey dew exuded by them falls

to the top side of the leaves beneath, thus affording favorable oppor-

tunity for the growth of the fungus. So constant is the association

1Press Bulletin No. 59, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. Depart-

ment of Entomology.

THE NAUTILUS. 7

of the fungus and the white fly that badly infested groves and hedges

may be recognized at some distance by the heavily coated dark foli-

age. ‘The fungus develops on the fruit as well as on the leaves and

stem, and washing becomes necessary, resulting not only in an added

expense, but also in increased danger of decay in shipping. In this

connection the habits of the tree snail, Budimulus dormant, ' are of

the greatest interest. This snail has been found in the orange

groves in Manatee county feeding upon the sooty mould. Just how

long the snail has been present on orange trees in this county it is

impossible to say. It was observed as long as two years ago by Mr.

F. D. Waite, at Palmetto. It seems to have been present in small

numbers in other groves at this time, but attracted no further atten-

tion until the present summer. The snail is now widely distributed

in Manatee county, occuring in many groves on both sides of the

Manatee river. The work of the snails is very characteristic.

When well started they occur in great numbers on the tree, spread-

ing over it from base to top. Its favorite food seems to be the sooty

mould. The fungus is cleaned from the leaves, stems, and fruit.

The leaves thus cleaned have a glossy, shiny appearance as though

free from white fly. The fruit thus cleaned has a better color and

probably ripens earlier. In addition to the fungus, the snail takes

alge and some lichens from the stem and trunk, giving the trunk a

much cleaner and fresher look. ‘The trees that are cleaned stand

out conspicuously from the surrounding trees by their bright foliage

and clean trunks. ‘The snails increase rapidly under favorable con-

ditions. The eggs are probably deposited in protected places about

the trunks of the trees, possibly also about the base of the tree under

leaves and other rubbish. That the snails are capable of doing ef-

fective work, when present in sufficient numbers, has been shown in

numerous groves in Manatee county during the present summer.

Such trees in these groves as are well stocked with the snails have

been thoroughly cleaned, the fruit not requiring washing.

The snails are of medium size, measuring when full grown, three-

fourths to one inch in length. The shells are smooth, white, or

corneous-white, and with about four bands of brown spots. Old

1 This species is now placed in the genus Drymeus. A closely allied species,

D. dominicus Rve. (B. marielinus Poey), is also common throughout southern

Florida, and frequently confounded with dormant. It probably has similar

feeding habits.—EpirTors.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

shells have often a somewhat corroded surface, the bands becoming

indistinct or absent. When the conditions are unfavorable, either cold

or dry, the snails take refuge in the hollows of the trees or under

leaves accumulated in the forks, or elsewhere, or under sacks at the

base of the trees when these are provided. It thus becomes an easy

matter to transfer them from tree to tree. A few snails placed by

Mr. Wade Harrison in one of his trees in March, increased in such

numbers as to free the tree of sooty mould by mid-summer of the same

year. ‘The snails are known to range with some variation from the

mouth of the St. John’s river on the north, to the Caloosahatchie river

on the south. The species is probably native to Florida, as speci-

mens in small numbers were observed about the hummocks and else-

where as long as fifty years ago. Its habit of feeding on the sooty

mould of the orange, however, was not known until within the past two

years.

In view of the fondness of the snails for the injurious sooty mould

fungus, it becomes of first importance to observe their treatment of -

the beneficial fungi. Among the fungi parasitic on orange insects

there are four species of inestimable value to orange growers. These

are the brown fungus well known as an effective parasite on the

white fly larvae; the red-pink fungus also parasitic on the white fly ;

the red fungus, and the gray-headed fungus, both parasitic on the

common scales. The brown fungus so effective in control of the white

fly, as is well-known, throws out spreading hyphe for some distance

around the body of the dead leaves. It seems that the snails occasion.

ally feed to a limited extent on these spreading hyphz, but evidently

not enough to interfere with the spread of the fungus, since this fungus

is doing particularly effective work in the groves in the Manatee region

where the snails occur; the red-pink fungus is also abundant in the

groves where the snails occur and is untouched by them. The snails

have not been observed to feed on either the red or the gray fungi

parasitic on the common orange scales, and it is probable that they

have no taste for these parasitic fungi. Colonies of the snails are

being started in parts of the State where the white fly injury is severe

and where conditions seem favorable for the growth of the snail. It

is desirable that close attention be given to the habits of the snail, as

well as to means of protecting colonies against unfavorable conditions.

A few sacks thrown around the tree seems to afford a needed protec-

tion against unusual cold. It is probable that sprays can not be used

THE NAUTILUS. i)

on trees stocked with the snails without injury to the colony, for,

although protected by the shell from the immediate effect, sufficient

spray probably clings to the sooty mould on which they feed to de-

stroy them. The beneficial parasitic fungi and the snails may be

allowed to work together on unsprayed trees. The snail is here

spoken of as the Manatee snail since while recorded as occurring in

other parts of the State it was found working on the orange groves

first in the Manatee region.

NOTES.

Collecting in the Everglades. 1 have recently returned from a col-

lecting trip in the Everglades. Most of the collecting was done at a

point where the Big Cypress Swamp and the Everglades meet, about

80 miles from Myers and 35 miles from Immokalee P. O. Drymaeus

dominicus Reeve was found in the air-plants. Dead shells of Glandina

truncata var. minor, were plentiful, but live ones scarce. <A few

Zonitoides arboreus were also found in air-plants. Polygyra cereolus

var. carpenteriana and uvulifera I did not collect. Beautiful speci-

mens of the glossy, dark, amber-colored Physa cubensis Pfr., were

found on the under side of the leaves of water plants. Planorbis

intercalaris Pils., and P. tumidus were very plentiful, the latter in

the more shallow water. Ancylus peninsulae Pils. & Johns., was

found on decayed wood in the Cypress Swamp. <Ampullaria depressa

is abundant on the edge of the Everglades. The shells are heaped

around isolated cypress trees, where they are dropped by the

hawks which feed upon them ; a bright yellow variety without bands

is occasionally found. A small Unio was common in a stream near

Immokalee. A. G. ReyNnoxps.

Outrut oF AMERICAN PEARLS.—Dealers in American pearls

state that the past season showed a diminished output of fine gems,

but a gain in the traffic in baroques or pearl formations of irregular

shapes.

The most valuable pearl discovered last season was taken from the

Wabash river, near Mount Carmel, Ill. This was a pink-white gem

of eighty grains, and is valued by its owner at $8000.

A pearl valued at $5000 was found in a mussel shell taken from

the Skillet Fork river, Carmi, Il. Other pearls, worth from $500

to $3000, were found last year; but such fortunate discoveries were

considerably fewer in number than in former years.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

Nearly every year witnesses a shifting of the pearl-hunting indus-

try. The Kankakee river, Indiana, was the newest field last sea-

son, and some valuable gems were found there.

Of late, French buyers have been actively represented in the

American market. The activity of these foreign buyers, together

with the diminished supply, was largely responsible for the fact that

prices at the close of the season ranged from 25 to 35 per cent. higher

than they did a year before.

Despite the fact that American pearls now command a higher

price than ever, the volume of business has shrunk because of the

destruction of so many of the mussel beds.

In one year the output of the rivers of Arkansas was valued at

$2,000,000. Last year, some experienced dealers assert, the value

of the whole American product, exclusive of baroques, was not worth

more than $500,000.

Dealers charge that many fine pearls are rendered valueless by

the practice of button houses, and those who fish for them, of throwing

mussels into hot-water vats, in order to open great quantities of shells

rapidly. ‘These button houses seek the mother-of-pearl in the shells.

Baroques, or pearls of irregular shapes, have attained a prominent

place in commerce. Some of them have a sheen or opalescence

equal to the quality of the finest gems.

Until recently, pearl hunters sought only symmetrical shapes, and

the baroques were left as playthings for children along the streams,

or were cast aside.

The influence of the “new art” originated a demand for these

angular, irregular and eccentric formations.

Jewelers now use the baroques in making scarf pins, chrysanthe-

mums, figures and ornaments.

The long and narrow shapes, especially, lend themselves with

readiness to the jeweler’s art. As many of these odd formations

were found to have attractive color, lustre or iridescence, the public

soon found a liking for them.—orth American.

CoOcHLIOPA ROWELLI IN CALIFORNIA.—In response to an inquiry

in the December NavuTiLus concerning the habitat of this species

a single note has been received, referring to the original finding of the

shell. It has apparently not been found since. The note follows:

“< Cochliopa Rowelli, was named from shells collected by me, near

Baulinas Bay (not Clear Lake) Marin Co., California.””—J. Rowell.

THE NAUTILUS. ll

ON THE GENERIC NAME ANOsTOMA.—At the time I prepared a

monograph of this genus (Man. of Conch,, XIV, p. 109, 1901) I did

not notice that two modifications of the same name were already in

use : Anostomus Klein in Walbaum, Pet. Arted., Gen. Pise., 111, p.

659, 1792, and Anastomus Bonnaterre, Encycl. Méth., Ornith., p.

xciii, 1790. Whether these conflict with the molluscan Anostoma

depends upon whether the different spelling be held to constitute a

different name—a question still in dispute. Zomogeres Montf. is the

next name applied to the molluscan Anostoma.—H. A. P.

On tHE ParHotocy or SpH#rRIuM.—Among thousands of

Spherium solidulum Pr., in company with several other species, from

Des Moines, Iowa, collected and sent for examination by Mr. T. van

Hyning, there were several dozen specimens of special interest, ab-

normal and evidently of a pathological nature. They were consid-

erably smaller than the average, almost globular, the beaks being

nearly as broad as in the normal form—apparently representing a

distinct species. At the anterior margin of the shell there was a

more or less marked scar, contiguous to the anterior adductor muscle

and the lateral teeth. This was evidently caused in all specimens

by one and the same agency, probably a parasite affecting the mantle

edges in some way and thus causing the deformity of the shell. And

the effect was not only local, as is evident by the fact that a coarse

line of growth, from that place, all around both valves is noticeable

in nearly all specimens thus affected, and the normal growth of the

whole mussel was checked. Some larger specimens, of more or less

irregular growth, show the same scar at the same place, in some in-

stances only slightly marked.

Similar mussels have been noticed before, from other places, but

never in such numbers. Also some Pisidia were seen similarly af-

fected. It is hoped that fresh, living specimens will be obtained, in

order to ascertain the cause of the deformity.—V. STERKI.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

CATALOGO DE LOS MOLUSCOS TESTACEOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPI-

NAS, JoLO y Marianas. I, Motuscos Marinos, por J. G. Hidalgo,

1905, xvi+ 408 pp. Since 1840, when the description of Cuming’s

rich collection was begun, the Philippines have been noted for the

great number and beauty of their marine shells. A very large num-

ie THE NAUTILUS.

ber of species was first described from there, and in critical researches

on other Indo-Pacific faunas, constant reference to and comparison

with Philippine topotypes is necessary. Several years ago Elera

published a catalogue of the fauna, compiled from previous mono-

graphs, etc., but without new material or critical knowledge of the

mollusks themselves. Dr. Hidalgo has given many years to the.

study of the Philippine fauna and has condensed his results in the

catalogue before us. 3121 species are admitted, and 704 others,

cited from the Philippines on insufficient grounds, are enumer-

ated. Those species actually seen by the author are indicated by a

*, and it will be noticed that a large majority are so marked. This

gives the records an authenticity far beyond that of a mere compila-

tion, and is a feature of special value since many of the former

Philippine citations rested upon Cumingian records only. A figure

of each species is cited. ‘This is not only a convenience, but of great

value as showing the exact form intended, a significant point in these

days of nomenclature changes. In his views of specific limits, Hi- |

dalgo takes the middle course, conservative as Crosse and von

Martens may be said to have been, but not reactionary as Tryon was

in the earlier volumes of his Manual. The use of genera is open to

some criticism, from the retention of names such as 7riton, Vertagus,

etc., now generally held to be untenable. The localities of each

form are fully recorded, most of these records being new.

The typography of the volume is excellent. A portrait of the

author is given as frontispiece. |

Dr. Hidalgo proposes to give in the second part of the Catalogo,

an enumeration of the land and fresh water mollusks. These cata-

logues do not replace the more extensive monograghic account of the

fauna which is appearing at intervals in the handsomely illustrated

Obras Malacologicas of the same author. The elaborate design of

the latter renders its publication a work of many years. Meantime

those interested in Indo-Pacific faunas will find the Catalogo one of

the most useful of the many scholarly works we owe to the disting-

uished Professor of Malacology of the Madrid Museum. H. A. P.

CATALOGUE OF THE LAND- AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA OF

Taiwan (Formosa).—By Henry A. Pilsbry and Y. Hirase (Proce.

A. N.S., Phila., 1905). In the island of Formosa 128 species of

land shells are now known, 28 of them described in this paper.

There are 26 species of fresh water mollusks. The affinities of the

mollusks are chiefly with those of China, though there is some affinity

to the Ryukyuan fauna.

THE NAUTILUS.

JUNE, 1906. No. 2.

VOL. XX.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA KELLETTII (FBS.) AND E, STEARNSIANA (GABB).

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

Recent writers on American conchology have united these two

species, the latter as a variety of the former, but a careful study of

large series of both shows that Gabb was correct when he identified

and named stearnsiana as a distinct species.

Forbes’ original description of Helix kelletttt was published in P.

Z. S., 1850, p. 55, and the type is figured on P]. IX, 2a, b. He

was, however, badly mixed on his localities as he says: ‘“‘Of the

genus Helix there are nine species. Of these H. townsendiana,

nuttaliana ard columbiana are certainly from the neighborhood of

the Columbia river. Helix kellettii and pandorex, both new, are prob-

ably from the same country, though the box in which they were con-

tained was marked ‘ Santa Barbara.’ felix areolata bears no indi-

cation of its locality.”

Through the kindly offices of John Ponsonby, Esq., of London,

England, I was enabled to enlist the services of Edgar A. Smith,

Curator of Conchology, British Museum, and he sent me a colored

drawing of the type, which agrees very closely with Forbes’ figure,

and at the same time he checked up Forbes’ measurements and

found them correct, but was unable to count 6 whorls, unless any-

thing over 5 is called 6.

With this as.a starting point and a large series of shells from

Santa Catalina Is., and the mainland from San Diego to Rosario

and Cedros (Cerros) Is., Lower California. I have tried to sepa-

rate the two species with the following result:

14 THE NAUTILUS.

In looking up the literature, I found that there was considerable

diversity of opinion and that authors were not always careful to

follow the original description. Binney in Terr. Moll. IV, 17,

copied Forbes’ description and remarks verbatim and copied Forbes’

fir. 2b on his P]. LX XVI, fig. 12.

Pfeiffer in Mon. Hel. Viv. III, 182 changed Forbes’ description

which gave the size as 22x 19x 19 m.m., whorls 6, to size 24 x 20 x

16 m.m., whorls 5.

Tryon in Mon. Terr. Moll. U. S., p. 66 (Am. Jour. Conch. II, 317,

Pl]. VI, fig. 1.) translates Forbes’ description, but his fig. 1, Pl. VI

looks as if it might have been drawn from a specimen of £. arrosa

marinensis.

Binney in Terr, Moll. V, 361 translates Forbes’ description ver-

batim, but figures a large depressed shell from Santa Catalina Is., fig.

242, and says:—‘‘ 1 am positive that it is correctly referred to kel-

lett?.”” In his remarks he refers to the peculiar sculpture where he

says :—‘* There are traces on different parts of each shell of three

different kinds of sculpturing; the wrinkles of growth, revolving

impressed lines, and a series of minute granulations running obli-

quely, sometimes almost perpendicularly, to the incremental wrin-

kles.”” This is an important observation. |

This description and remarks are copied in Binney’s Manual, pp.

149-150. There is a typographical error on p. 150 where he says

that Forbes’ original figure is copied in Terr. Moll. V; the reference

should be to Vol. 1V; Pl. LX XVI, fig. 12.

Without attempting to give a full bibliography it is only necessary

to say that Cooper, Gabb, Newcomb, Carpenter, Stearns and Hemp-

hill have all written on the subject in various publications.

Gabb published the description of Helix stearnstana in Am. Jour.

Conch. III, 235, Pl. 16, fiz. 1. He gave the number of whorls as

51, but did not state the size. The type is in the collection of the

Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia.

Binney and Bland in L. & F.-W. Sh., I, 177, changed Gabbs’

description somewhat, giving the number of whorls as 5 and adding

the size 22x17x12 mm. This attitude must be the length of the

axts, as the flattest shell that I have seen is 154 mm. high, a single

specimen, while the others run from 16 to 213 mm.

In Terr. Moll. V, 362, Binney repeated the description of L. &

F_W. Sh. adding notes on the anatomy and comparing with that of

THE NAUTILUS. LD

kellettit. This is copied verbatim in Manual Amer. Land Shells, p.

151.

In examining a large series of kellettii from Santa Catalina I found

one shell which agrees exactly with Forbes’ original description and

figure, and the later figures sent me by Mr. Smith, in size and color,

but it has 5 whorls instead of 6. Adl of this lot, about 90 shells,

have the peculiar sculpture noted by Binney while none of the

stearnsiana from the mainland of L. Cal. have it, and as Mr, Ponsonby

informs me that this sculpture appears on Forbes’ type, I think we

ean safely limit xedlettdz to Santa Catalina Is,

Fig. 1. Embryonic whorls of £. kellettt2 Fbs. ‘‘ The isthmus,” Santa Catalina I.;

shell 26 mm. diam.

Fig. 2. EH. stearnsiana Gabb, San Diego; shell 26 mm. diam.

Fig. 3 shows Fig. 1 superposed upon Fig. 2, the latter in stippled line. All

figures X 10.

The sculpture of the embryonic whorls of the two species also in-

dicates that they are distinct, that of kellettd? consisting of very weak

radial lines, not waved, so that the whorls appear almost smooth,

while in stearnsiana it is a very closely set series of wavy lines, gen-

erally bifurcate at the suture, giving the surface a granulated appear-

ance under low magnification. ‘The accompanying figures show the

difference in size of the embryonic shells of the two species, figs. 1, 2,

and in fig. 3 the drawings are superimposed to bring out the difference

more distinctly.

A series of 58 kellettti from Santa Catalina shows a variation in

greater diameter of from 214 to 27 mm., whorls from 5 to 54. 26

stearnsiana, mostly from San Diego, vary from 20 to 25} mm.,

greater diameter, whorls 5 to 6.

Figuring both series into percentages :—

Of 58 kellettit 27 or 46.5 per cent. have gr. diam. 25 to 26 mm.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

OF.58"; i 43 or 74.1 per cent. have gr. diam. 24 mm., and over.

Of 26 stearnstana 12 or 46.1 per cent. have gr. diam. 23 to 24 mm.

Of 26 ss 21 or 80.7 per cent. have gr. diam. 24 mm. and

under.

Of 58 kellettic 56 or 96.5 per cent. have whorls 5 to 5+.

Of 26 stearnsiana 19 or 73.1 per cent. whorls 54 to 54.

A series of 31 kellettit, selected by Hemphill to show variation in

size, Shape and color, but not included in above lot, are from 204 to

31 mm. gr. diam., whorls 44 to 54; 23 or 74.2 per cent.; one 24 mm.

and over and 18 or 58.6 per cent. have 5 to 5 + whorls.

Summing up: Z. kellettit is the species found on Santa Catalina

Island, having a large embryonic shell with smooth whorls, surface of

all the later whorls faintly granulated; generally over 24 mm.,

greatest diam.; whorls 5. (On the mainland at Pt. Vincent, Los

Angeles Co., Hemphill found dead shells which agree exactly with

those from Santa Catalina, but could find none alive). Z. stearnsiana

is confined to the mainland and the islands of Lower California.

Embryonic shell smaller, sculptured with wavy lines giving it a

granulated appearance, remaining whorls smooth except for lines of

growth and sometimes faint revolving lines; greater diam. generally

under 24 mm., whorls 54 to 53.

There is a wide variation in size, color and shape in both species

and a number of the forms of kellettii have been named by Hemp-

hill. Measurements below show largest, smallest, most elevated and

most depressed of 89 kellettii and 26 stearnsiana in my collection. —

E, kellettii, largest, 31 x 26 x 23 mm. whorls 54.

2 smallest, 204x 174x164 mm. whorls —6.

sé elevated, 26 x 234.x 25 mm. whorls 53.

* depressed, 26 x 21x 18 mm. whorls 5.

H. stearnsiana, largest, 254x 22x 214 mm. whorls 6.

mn smallest, 20 x 17x 154 mm. whorls 5+.

tf elevated, 21 x 204 x 204 mm. whorls 54.

ef depressed, 23 x 194 x 16 mm. whorls 54.

MOLLUSKS OF OKLAHOMA.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

Few if any shells have been recorded from Oklahoma territory.

No state or territory in the Union has figured so little in concholo-

THE NAUTILUS. 17

gical literature. In 1897 I collected a few hours in Oklahoma City,

obtaining the following species :

Polygyra texasiana (Moric). Planorbis bicarinatus (Say).

Polygyra monodon (Rack.). Planorbis parvus (Say).

Helicodiscus lineatus (Say). Physa sp.

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea).

Zonitoides arborea (Say). Lampsilis purpuratus (Lam.).

Zonitoides nitida (Mull.). Lampsilis gracilis (Bar.).

Euconulus fulvus (Miill.). Lampsilis parvus (Lea).

Strobilops affinis (Pils.). Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea).

Pupoides marginatus (Say). Quadrula pustulosus (Lea).

Bifidaria armigera (Say). Tritogonia tuberculata (Bar.).

Bifidaria contracta (Say). Symphynota complanata (Bar.).

Lymnea probably techella(Hald.). Spharium sp.

Planorbis trivolvis (Say). Pisidium sp.

NEW SPECIES OF PISIDIUM.

BY V. STERKI.

Pis. minusculum, n. sp. Mussel minute, slightly oblique, medium

inflated; superior margin short, moderately curved, bounded by

slightly projecting, rounded angles; supero-anterior and _ posterior

slopes little curved or straight, posterior end rounded, anterior a

rounded angle situated much below the median longitudinal line,

inferior margin rather well curved; beakes slightly posterior, rather

large, rounded or somewhat flattened, moderately projecting over

the hinge margin; surface with very fine, slight striz, somewhat

shining, color pale horn, shell translucent; hinge rather stout, car-

dinal teeth: the right strongly curved, its posterior part much

thicker and grooved, left anterior rather short, well curved, the

posterior longer, oblique, curved; ‘laterals ” strong, the outer ones

in the right valve well formed; ligament, short, thick.

Long. 2.2, alt. 1.8, diam. 1.5 mill.

Habitat: Fox river, Wisconsin, collected by the late Geo. H.

Marston; types in the collection of the University of Wisconsin and

that of the Carnegie Museum.

A number of specimens of this little Prstdiwm was received in

1895 and then recognized as a new species, and again in 1904, when

18 THE NAUTILUS.

the Marston collection was revised. In spite of its small size, it

ranges under the group Rivulina, and has resemblance, in shape,

with forms of P. compressum Pr. and with handwerkii St.; from the

latter it is easily distinguished: it is smaller, more oblique, its beaks

are comparatively broader, more posterior, and less elevated, its striz

much finer and slighter.

Pis. fragillimum, n. sp. Mussel rather small, inequipartite, ob-

lique, well inflated ; superior margin short, nearly straight, bounded

by angles from which the supero-anterior and posterior slopes fall

down nearly straight at first, then passing over the rounded anterior

and posterior ends into the moderately curved inferior margin; an-

terior part longer than posterior and anterior end narrower; beaks

somewhat broad and full, well projecting over the superior margin,

flattened on top: surface with very fine striz and a few slightly

marked lines of growth, dullish, pale horn-colored ; shell subtranslu-

cent, very thin and fragile; hinge very slight, short, but well formed,

plate narrow ; cardinal teeth thin, lamellar, nearly straight and longi-

tudinal, the right long, its posterior end not or slightly thicker,

the left ones rather long, nearly parallel; ‘ laterals ”’ slight, thin,

the anterior short, their cusps close to the cardinals, especially so the

left which is high, sharp pointed, abrupt, the right comparatively

large ; the outer ones of the right valve small but distinct and rather

long ; ligament slight.

Long. 3, alt. 2.6, diam. 1.8 mill.

Habitat: Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, sent for examination by Mr.

F. C. Baker. Types are in the collection of the Chicago Acad. Sce.,

and that of the Carnegie Museum.

Although only ten specimens were seen, this Pistdium is quite

distinct by its shape and the formation of the hinge; the shell is the

thinnest and most fragile yet seen in Pisidia. The mussel has some

resemblance in shape with P. walkert St., but is much smaller,

shorter, especially its anterior part, the surface sculpture is finer

and slighter, and the hinge is quite different. Its closer affinities

are yet unknown.

Pis. levissimum. n. sp. Mussel small, somewhat elongate, slightly

oblique, moderately inflated; superior margin moderately curved,

posterior rounded, sometimes with a slightly projecting, rounded

angle at the scutum; inferior slightly curved, supero-anterior slope,

at some distance from the beaks, in some specimens straight or

THE NAUTILUS. 19

nearly so, in others obsolete; beaks rather broad, rounded or slightly

flattened, little prominent over the upper margin; surface with very

fine, slight, irregular striw, shining; color pale horn to light amber,

shell translucent to transparent; hinge very slight, long, curved,

plate narrow; cardinal teeth: the right rather long, straight or

slightly curved, longitudinal, its posterior end more elevated, slightly

thicker and projecting downward over the hinge plate, the left ones

rather long, nearly longitudinal and parallel, lamellar, the posterior

(upper) slightly curved; *‘ lateral teeth’’: the posterior much longer

than the anterior, slight, curved, the right not raised in a cusp, the

left with a slight cusp, the right anterior with a rounded, the left with

a sharp and abrupt cusp, outer ones in the right valve wanting, or a

mere trace of the anterior; ligament slight.

Long. 2.5, alt. 2.0, diam. 1.4 m., the largest; average: 2.3 m. long.

Habitat: Elk Rapids, Michigan. About 300 specimens were seen,

at all stages of growth, most of them dead and bleached shells, sent

for examination by Mr. F. C. Baker. Types are in the collection

of the Chicago Acad. Sc. and that of the Carnegie Museum.

In shape and appearance, this Pis¢diwm resembles a form of tenuis-

simum St., but is much smaller and slighter, and the formation of

the hinge is radically different, as ascertained on quite a number of

specimens of both species. In fact, the ‘‘lateral teeth” are quite

different from those of all other Pistdia seen.

PISIDIUM SUBROTUNDUM, n. sp. Mussel small, moderately and

regularly to rather well inflated; outlines oval to short oblong to

nearly circular; superior margin straight or nearly so, as especially

noticeable in younger specimens; beaks slightly posterior, rather

broad (in most forms), moderately projecting over the hinge margin,

thus completing the round outlines, except for the slightly project-

ing angles at the scutum and scutellum ; surface with very fine, sub-

regular to irregular striz and usually a few well marked lines of

growth, dullish to somewhat shining; color horn or light amber to

straw to whitish ; shell translucent (in the horn colored) to opaque

(in the light colored specimens), thin; hinge slight and teeth small;

ligament rather short and slight.

Long. 3.2, alt. 2.7, diam. 1.8 (100: 84.4: 56.3) average.

Long. 3.6, alt. 3, diam. 2.3 (100: 83.3: 63.9) Albany riv.

Long. 2.8, alt. 2.5, diam. 1.8 (100: 89.3: 64.8) Isle Royale.

Hab.: New England, Anticosti Is., to Michigan. Jupiter river,

20 THE NAUTILUS.

Anticosti Is., Albany river, Ontario (W. McInnes ed., both sent by

J. F. Whiteaves); “Vineyard,” Pawtuxet, R. I., (J. F. Perry);

several places in Aroostook co., Me., (O. P. Nylander); Pine river,

Marquette co., and Oswald Lake, Mich. (B. Walker); Isle Royale,

Mich. (University of Michigan ; some other specimens from waters

on the same island were under doubt). Specimens from Union

springs, Ontonagon Co., Mich. (B. Walker), are of somewhat differ-

ent shape: the beaks are more posterior and narrower, and the an-

terior end is less broadly rounded. One good specimen was among

fossils from Arnold’s Lake, Washtenaw Co., Mich. (B. Walker.)

Examples of this Pisidium had been in hand for years, un-

named, or a part doubtfully referred to other species. Since last

year, several good lots from widely distant places came in and proved

the species to be valid.

PISIDIUM FRIERSONI n. sp. Mussel rather small, moderately in-

flated, outlines somewhat angular; superior margin slightly curved

or nearly straight, with projecting, rounded angles where passing into

the supero-anterior and the posterior, which are well marked, and

nearly straight, inferior moderately curved ; beaks scarcely posterior,

projecting over the hinge margin, rather narrow, with a somewhat

flattened central area; surface with very fine, subregular striz, dull-

ish to somewhat shining, color pale horn to straw or whitish, shell

translucent to opaque, thin, hinge comparatively rather stout; right

cardinal tooth curved, its posterior end thicker and grooved, left

anterior quite short, somewhat V-shaped, posterior rather short, rather

steep oblique ; outer laterals of the right valve distinct; ligament short.

Long. 4, alt. 3.5, diam. 2.5 mill.

Hab.: Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado.—In 1899, Mr.

L. G. Frierson sent me quite a number of specimens at all stages of

growth, collected at Frierson, La.; they were regarded as repre-

senting a distinct species, but shelved. Since then I have seen the

same from Dallas (Cincinnati Museum) and Comal Co., Tex., the

Gallinas river, Las Vegas, N. Mex., and a few from Denver, Colo.,

(T. D. A. Cockerell).

The species seem to range under the group of P. noveboracense

Pr., and so far as known, shows little variation. It has been named

in honor of Mr. L. G. Frierson.

Erratum.—NaotiLus, February issue, p. 119, line 2 frem top:

after even, there should be a comma.

New Philadelphia, Ohio.

THE NAUTILUS. 2)

A NEW SPHAERIUM FROM ILLINOIS.

FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Spherium stamineum forbesi nov. var.

Shell of good size, inflated, solid, subequilateral, trigonal ; um-

bones much elevated, rounded, somewhat inflated, placed a little an-

terior of the center of the shell, marked by very fine, concentric

lines of growth (sometimes coarser), the beaks very closely approxi-

mating ; dorsal and ventral margins well rounded ; anterior end flatly

rounded, posterior end plough-shaped ; both ends have a somewhat

truncated appearance ; umbonal slopes convexly rounded; surface

inclined to be shining, lines of growth rather crowded, fine in typical

specimens, coarser in others; color light greenish or yellowish-born,

lighter on the umbones, indistinctly rayed in some specimens; liga-

ment weak, short, brownish in color; cardinal teeth similar in form

and position to those of stamineum, the hinge-line not quite so thick

as in stamineum ; lateral teeth not quite so solid as in stamineum, the

posterior laterals also being shorter, not reaching so high up into the

arch of the hinge-plait, the comparative distance between the an-

terior and posterior laterals being greater in forbes? than in stamineum ;

muscle scars and pallial line rather distinct ; nacre faint bluish-white,

with occasional darker zones.

Length 14.50; height 11.50; breadth 8.00 mill. types.

" Bz, 001). 10.00 OMT te hae) 18 rh

See 9.50) | 675) Havana.

a Te 8.50 epee Gea): i

at 1S | 8.00 Par Oa) /: 68 ee

Thompson’s Lake, Fulton Co. (types); Matanzas Bay, Havana,

Mason Co.; Little Fox River, White Co. Types :—IIlinois State

Laboratory of Natural History; topotypes, Chicago Academy of

Sciences, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

This apparently distinct variety of stamineum may be known by

its peculiar trigonal shape, plough-shaped posterior end and elevated,

inflated umbones. The ventral and dorsal margins are much more

rounded than in stamineum and the lateral teeth are farther apart.

The umbonal sculpture is typically very fine, but is also as coarse as

typical staminewm in some specimens.

The variety will probably prove to be acommon form in many

localities and will be easily recognized and separated from typical

22 THE NAUTILUS.

stamineum. Twenty-two specimens from three localities show very

little variation.

I take great pleasure in naming this variety in honor of Prof. S.

A. Forbes, Director of the Illinvis State Laboratory of Natural

History.

LIST OF WISCONSIN SHELLS.

C. He. CHADWICK.

( Continued)

C. Fresu-waTeR UNIVALVES.

Carychium exiguum Say. Milwaukee.

Ks < extle H. C. Lea. Milwaukee.

Limnea stagnalis appressa Say. Menomonee River; Oak Creek

near South Milwaukee ; Okauchee Lake and Dela-

field, Waukesha Co., Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co. ;

Lake Winnebago near High Cliff.

‘* columella Say. Mill-pond at Delafield, Waukesha Co.

‘¢ — megasoma Say. Molas Creek, Manitowoc Co.

« reflexra Say. Milwaukee and vicinity (abundant); Oak

Creek, South Milwaukee ; Sand Ridge Creek, Kenosha

Co.; Delafield, Waukesha Co.

‘6 palustris Miiller. Vicinity of Milwaukee ; North shore

of Lake Winnebago. (‘* Var. michiganensis”? Walker

is included), |

catascopium Say. Lake Michigan at Milwaukee.

‘ef #k var. approaching L. emarginata Say. Lake

Mich.

‘© eaperata Say, Vicinity of Milwaukee; Lake Winnebago.

af 6 umbilicata Adams. Milwaukee and southwest-

ward; Sand Ridge Creek, Kenosha.

‘6 humilis Say. Milwaukee (scarce).

«© desidiosa Say. Milwaukee and vicinity (abundant); Two

Rivers, Manitowoe Co.; North shore of Lake Winne-

bago. Yeh

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Milwaukee (common); Delafield and

Okauchee, Waukesha Co.; Two Rivers, Manitowoc

Co.

af trivolvis (large form). Molas Creek, Manitowoc Co.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Milwaukee and vic.; Golden Lake,

Waukesha Co.; Little Cedar Lake, Washington Co.,

Lake Winnebago.

a bicarinatus striatus Baker. Milwaukee (fossil).

M campanulatus Say. Milwaukee aud vicinity (common);

Delafield, Okauchee and Golden Lake, Waukesha Co.;

Little Cedar Lake, Washington Co.; Two Rivers,

Manitowoc Co.; Crystal Lake near Elkhart Lake.

Planorbis hirsutus Gould. Two rivers, Manitowoc Co.

* deflectus Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee; Cedar Lake,

Washington Co.; Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co.

“ parvus Say. Milwaukee and southwestward.

Segmentina armigera Say. Milwaukee and southwestward; Two

Rivers, Manitowoe Co.

Ancylus rivularis Say. Root River, Milwaukee Co.

“ paralellus Hald., var. St. Martin's, Milwaukee Co.

c shimekt Pils. Near Wauwatosa, (one shell).

Physa sayii Tappan. Milwaukee; Golden Lake, Waukesha Co.;

Lake Winnebago near High Cliff.

“ gyrina Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee and southwestward

(abundant;) Sand Ridge Creek near Kenosha;

Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co.; Lake Winnebago.

ae as elliptica Lea. Vicinity of Milwaukee.

** wntegra Haldeman. Milwaukee and vicinity (common;)

Golden Lake, Waukesha Co.

Aplexa hypnorum Linne. Milwaukee.

Pleurocera subulare pallidum Lea (?) Lake Winnebago near

High Cliff.

cs elevatum Say. Milwaukee River at Lindwurm.

Goniobasis livescens Menke. Milwaukee River and Lake Michigan.

Amntcola limosa Say. Milwaukee River; Lake Michigan; Lake

Winnebago near High Cliff.

“ ‘< parva Lea. Near Milwaukee.

‘ ‘¢ porata Say. Lake Michigan at Milwaukee.

e lustrica Pils. Honey Creek near Layton Park, Mil-

waukee.

6 cincinnatiensts Lea. Milwaukee and Menomonee rivers;

Lake Winnebago near High Cliff.

: emarginata Kiister. Lake Winnebago near High Cliff.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

Somatogyrus subglobosus Say. Root River and Kinnikinnick

River, Milwaukee Co.; Kenosha; Lake Winne-

bago.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Near Wauwatosa, Milwaukee Co.

Valvata tricarinata Say. Milwaukee and vicinity (abundant);

Lake Winnebago.

* *f simplex Gould. Lake Michigan at Mil-

waukee

‘© bicarinata normalis Walker? North Milwaukee.

‘6 sincera Say. Near Milwaukee.

Vivipara contectoides W, G. B. Kinnikinnick River (one shell.)

Campeloma rufum Haldeman. Okauchee Lake, Waukesha Co.;

Little Cedar Lake, Washington Co.; Lake Winne-

bago. ;

re decisum Say. Milwaukee and vicinity; Root River,

Milwaukee.Co.; Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co.; Lake

Winnebago.

6 subsolidum Anth. Milwaukee and vicinity; Oak

Creek, South Milwaukee; Molas Creek, Manitowoc

Co.

Lioplax subcarinata Say. Lenosha; Lake Winnebago.

NOTES.

In the May number of the NAvuTILUS in an extract from Bulletin

A9, Florida Agricultural Experiment station, the writer stated that

he did not know bow long the ;Manatee snail (Drymeus dormant)

had been living on orange trees in Manatee County.

I lived in that county near Bradentown from 1882 until 1886,

and during all my residence there diligently collected the land,

fresh-water and marine mollusks of that region. During my resi-.

dence there I collected Drym@us dormant in moderate numbers liv-

ing on the orange trees of a grove in hammock land west of Braden-

town, and rarely on trees in a grove north of Manatee river. I also

found a few specimens in the Foster Orange Grove south of Mana-

tee. I found several hundred dead shells in the heavy hammock

among live oaks north of the Manatee river, and rarely in the air

pines on live oaks elsewhere, but I never considered it abundant any-

where.

It may be of interest to state that Mr. E. J. Brown, a neighbor of

mine, has found a few specimens of the nearly allied species (D.

dominicus) living on his grapefruit and orange trees, and two or three

specimens of D. multilineatus on his trees. Drymaus dominicus is.

rather a scarce species in this region. Cuas. T. Simpson.

Little River, Florida, May 21, 1906.

LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

THE NAUTILUS, XX PLATE If.

CD.

Ww)

\ aN

BBE

WALKER, ON VALVATA.

MHE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XX. JULY, 1906. No. 3.

NOTES ON VALVATA.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

In 1824 Say described an ecarinate form of Valvata from the

* Northwest Territory” as V. sincera. In 1856 Dr. James Lewis

described a somewhat similar shell from the Little Lakes, N. Y., as

V. striata. W.G. Binney (L. & F. W. Shells III, 13.) in 1865,

had ‘no doubt of its identity with V. sincera.”’ In this decision

Dr. Lewis seems to have acquiesced as it is not mentioned at all in

his “ L. & F. W. Shells of New York” (1874), nor was it listed in

his collection.

In 1868, however, A. O. Currier (Shell-bearing Moll. of Mich. p.

9.) declared Lewis’ species to be a valid one and striata being pre-

occupied proposed for it the name of lewiszz.

Binney’s opinion seems to have generally prevailed among Amer-

ican conchologists until within the last year, when Dr. W. H.

Dall (Alaska XIII, pp. 22 & 23) declared them to be specifically

distinct.

From a critical study of several hundred specimens from more

than fifty different localities, I have come to a similar conclusion,

viz: that there are two distinct species which have hitherto passed

as Say’s sincera. ‘The one, smaller, more elevated, with a smaller

umbilicus, the other, larger, more depressed and widely umbilicated.

Both vary in sculpture from being nearly smooth, with subobsolete

strie to very strongly sculptured forms in which the striz are ele-

vated in “ thin, sharp lamelle.”’

Owing to the prevalent confusion of the two forms, the existing

26 THE NAUTILUS.

records afford but little information as to whether their distribution

is the same or not. Taking them together, sincera is apparently a

northern form ranging through Canada and the northern United

States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Its range to the south

seems comparatively restricted, especially in the eastern states,

northern New York, Michigan, northern Illinois and Indiana, and

Nebraska being apparently the southern limit, as it is not listed from

Philadelphia (Shick) nor Allegheny Co., Pa. (Stupakoff), Cincin-

nati (Harper & Wetherby), nor Tuscarawas Co., Ohio (Sterki), nor

in any of the Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas or Kansas lists. I am in-

formed by Mr. F. C. Baker that the southern range (south to Geor-

gia and Louisiana) attributed to this species in his ‘‘ Mollusca of the

Chicago Area,’’ was a typographical error and should have been

placed under V. tricarinata. In the extreme west, it would seem

to range further south, as Dall quotes the broadly umbilicated form

from the San Bernardino Mountains, Cal., and Utah. Ingersoll

also (Rep. U. 8. G. & G. Survey, 1874, p. 390) quotes sincera from

Colorado and Utah. The only Utah specimens I have seen, are

rather referable to V. humeralis Say, and it is possible that all these

extreme southwestern citations should be revised.

VALVATA SINCERA Say, PI. I, figs. 1-6.

As Say’s type of V. sincera has not been preserved, in determin-

ing which of the two forms, which have hitherto passed under

that name, is to be regarded as sincera we are necessarily re-

stricted to his original description and figure (a very poor one)

and such legitimate deductions as can be drawn from the circum-

stances under which his description was prepared, and his other

writings. When Say described his new species in 1824, the only

American species known to him was the typical V. triecarinata

and his purpose was to differentiate these two forms. Owing, no

doubt, to the striking and characteristic sculpture of V. tr¢carinata,

Say omitted any description of general shape. He states that V.

sincera is ‘*subglobose-conic ” and ‘‘ very similar ”’ to tricarinata,

but with a ‘rather larger’’ umbilicus. And later in describing his

V. humeralis, he states that it is ‘“subglobose ”’ and ‘‘ more depressed ”’

than sincera. It hardly seems possible that Say with his remarkable

acumen and critical appreciation of minute differences, would have

failed to call attention to the depressed form and very wide umbili-

THE NAUTILUS. 27

cus in differentiating his new species from ¢tricarinata, had’ he had

before him a specimen of Jewisit. Then too, his figure, whatever

else may be said of it, was certainly never intended to represent a

shell of that form. Say further describes his species as having the

> An examination of

whorls “ finely and regularly wrinkled across.’

Say’s descriptions of other species, especially his earlier;ones, will

show that he commonly used the terms ‘ wrinkles ” and ‘ wrinkled ”

in the same sense that today we would use striz and striate. Thus

Polygyra albolabris, thyrotdes. profunda and sayii, Pyramidula soli-

taria, Circinaria coneava and Bulimulus dealbatus are characterized

as “ wrinkled.”” Bulimulus multilatus is “ striated with regular ele-

vated lines or wrinkles.” And Valvata humeralis is stated to be

*¢ wrinkled across or rather with slightly raised lines.”

Taking all these things into consideration, we should say that

Say’s stncera was a subglobose-conic shell, of about the same size and

shape of V. tricarinata, but with a rather larger umbilicus and with

accurately rounded, finely and regularly striated whorls. Shells

answering very exactly to these requirements were collected by the

Michigan Fish Commission in 1894, at High Island Harbor, Beaver

Islands, Lake Michigan, and were listed as that species, though with

no appreciation of its distinction from Jew?siz (Bull. Mich. Fish

Com. No. 6,99; Naut. IX, 5). And there would seem to be no

reasonable objection to these being considered as typical examples of

Say’s species.

As shown by the figures (figs. 1-3) the general shape of the shell,

with its *‘ accurately rounded ”’ whorls and round, deep umbilicus is

in exact accord with the original diagnosis. The surface is sculptured

with fine, close, regular, thread-like striz, with a marked tendency

in many examples to rise in thin, sharp ribs approximating to those

of nylandert. But in no instance are these more elevated ribs as

strongly developed as in that form, nor are they so widely spaced.

The specimen figured has 32 whorls and measures: Alt. 4, diam,

5 mm.

Many of the specimens have the apical whorls more or less deeply

tinged with dull red, the rest of the shell is of a pale greenish, with

the apical whorls nearly white in the unicolored examples.

There is some slight variation in height and correlated with that,

in the width of the umbilicus, but not sufficient to connect them

specifically with the widely umbilicated lewiszv.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

Through the kindness of Dr. Whiteaves I have been enabled to

examine some of the Anticosti shells referred to by Dr. Dall. Com-

pared with the High Island specimens, these (figs. 4—6) are thinner;

less heavily striated, with a rather wider umbilicus, and the body

whorl is less inflated, but they evidently belong to the same species.

As above defined, V. sincera appears to be a less abundant species

than Jewisiz, but of considerable range, though apparently rather local

in its habitats. Specimens have been examined from the following

localities, in addition to those above mentioned : River Rouge, Wayne

county ; Mill Lake, Lake county and Lake Michigan, off New York

Point, Charlevoix county, Michigan; Pigeon Lake, Ontario and

Milwaukee, Wis. Some immature specimens from Lake George,

N. Y., should also probably be included. It has also been found in

the marl deposits at Cement City, Jackson county; Ann Arbor;

Monitor, Bay county, and Pine Lake, Charlevoix county, Michigan,

and Caribou, Me. As all the marl specimens are decorticated, it is

impossible to say whether they were originally typical sencera or var.

nylandert.

V. SINCERA NYLANDERI Dall. PI. I, figs. 7-9.

Judging from the suite examined, nylanderi (figs. 7 and 8) in its

original locality is a well marked constant form, and standing alone

might well be accorded specific rank. But as stated above, the

specimens from High Island Harbor, show decided tendency to ac-

centuate the striz, and in a considerable number from Isle Royale,

Lake Superior (collection of 1905), where typical sincera is not

represented, all the gradations from close, elevated ribs to the wide

spaced lamelle of typical nylandert are represented. So that there

would seem to be no question, but that it is to be considered as a

varietal form of Say’s species. This form in its various aspects has

also been found in Cliff river and Pine Lake, Marquette county,

Michigan; Little Lakes, N. Y., and Lake Geneva, Wis. An un-

usually elevated example from Isle Royale, is illustrated by fig. 9.

V. SINCERA DANIELSI, n. v. PI. I, figs. 10 and 11.

Shell larger and proportionately higher than the typical form ;

whorls 4, finely and regularly striate, very convex with a deeply im-

pressed suture. Aperture entire, scarcely appressed to the body

whorl.

Alt. 6, diam. 5.75 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 29

Cannon Lake, Rice county, Minn., Types No. 22475, coll.

Walker. Cotypes in the collections of L. E. Daniels and the Phila-

delphia Academy. Sixteen specimens of this fine large form were

collected by Mr. Daniels. They differ uniformly from the High

Island typical form in the particulars mentioned.

VALVATA LEWIsiI Currier. PI. I, figs. 12 and 13.

Dr. Lewis distinguished his V. striata by reason of its having the

“epidermis brown and very regularly striate.” In the same paper

(Proc, P. A. N. S., 1856, 260) he describes “« V. sincera” from the

same locality as having the ‘‘ shell smooth and polished, white and

translucent.”” While unfortunately he does not seem to keep any

examples of his typical striata in his own collection, there is a set

from the Little Lakes labelled “ sincera” which agrees with his de-

scription and which are the same as the form herein described as V.

bicarinata perdepressa. ‘This leaves practically no doubt as to his

striata being the ordinary striate form.

V. lewis? in its aggregate form is exceedingly variable in regard

to sculpture, ranging from the smooth or obsoletely striate var. heli-

coidea to a heavily ribbed form in which the ribs become low, closely

spaced lamelle very similar to the Isle Royale form of sincera

nylandert. In well developed examples of this form, the ribs give a

brownish appearance to the shell, especially when not well cleaned,

and it is possible that such specimens were the types of Lewis’ species,

and if varietal distinction were to be made between this and the more

common form in which the sculpture is ‘‘ fine and close like the wind-

__ ing of thread on a spool,” it should be considered as the typical

___ lewisti.' From the material before me, however, I fail to find suffi-

cient evidence of any racial distinction in this particular, (as there is

apparently in the case of V. sincera nylander?) to justify such action.

The two forms apparently live together and grade indefinitely into

each other.

V. BICARINATA Lea. PI. I, fig. 14.

When I prepared my former paper on Valvata (Nauvt., XV, p. 123)

I had not seen Prof. B. Shimek’s ‘‘ Mollusca of Eastern Iowa,”

(Bul. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ., Ia., I, p. 56, 1888) in which the

specific validity of this species is upheld.

1This will have to be determined from examination of authentic author’s

specimens which I have not been able to obtain.

30 THE NAUTILUS.

For comparison with the other forms herein discussed, a typical

example is figured.

V. bicarinata has recently been collected by Messrs. H. H. Smith

and A. A. Hinkley at several localities in Alabama, greatly extend-

ing its range towards the south.

V. BICARINATA CONNECTANS Nn. Vv.

Unicarinate, only the superior carina present, peripheral and basal

carinz obsolete, periphery rounded, base rounded or subangulated.

Type No. 24142, coll. Walker. Lake Michigan, New Buffalo, Mich.,

also Lake Ontario, N. Y. Cotype in collection of L. E. Daniels,

LaPorte, Ind.

Apparently of rather rare occurrence as only two specimens, were

collected by Mr. Daniels in a considerable amount of material from

several localities along the south shore of Lake Michigan. A single

specimen also was found in a small set of V. bicarinata perdepressa

from Lake Ontario, N. Y., received from Mr. F. C. Baker. This

specimen is of special interest as illustrating the relation of this form

and the succeeding one. Beginning as a typical connectans, the

carina disappears about the beginning of the last whorl which is that

of a typical perdepressa.

V. BICARINATA PERDEPRESSA n. v. PI. I, figs. 15 and 16,

Shell broadly umbilicated, very much depressed, often planorboid.

Ecarinate, whorls regularly rounded, occasionally subangulated

around the umbilicus or at the periphery, smooth or obsoletely striate,

frequently obscurely malleated, especially on the lower half of the

whorl, very pale horn-colored, unicolored or with the apical whorls

more or less tinged with dull purple or red. Types (No. 24128,

coll. Walker) from Lake Michigan at Michigan City, Ind. Also

from Lake Michigan at Chicago, Ills., Millers, Ind., New Buffalo,

Mich., Lake Erie at Sandusky, Ohio, Lake Ontario at Jefferson

county and ?, N. Y., and Little Lakes, N. Y. Cotypes in

the collection of L. E. Daniels, LaPorte, Ind., and the Philadelphia

Academy.

This form is very abundant along the south shore of Lake Michi-

gan. It would be taken for a smooth form of V. dewisiz, were it not

for the connecting links with V. bicarinata afforded by the occasional

subangulated individuals and bicarinata connectans. It is very vari-

THE NAUTILUS. 31

able in shape, ranging from planorboid with the apex depressed

below the level of the body whorl to specimens with the apex quite

as much elevated as in the ordinary specimens of ewisi7. In sculp-

ture it varies from almost perfectly smooth to a striation nearly as

strong as that of typical lewis’. Indeed the more elevated and

strongly striated examples standing alone would unhesitatingly be re-

ferred to that species.

Dr. Dall, who kindly compared specimens with his V. lewis heli-

cotdea writes: ‘The figured specimen (helicoidea) should have (to

be adult) about one-half more whorl than it has in the figure. Some

of yours, if the same view be taken, are almost exactly like the speci-

men figured. But, on comparison of adults, it is evident that the

lewistt helicoidea has a smaller umbilicus ; and, taken in profile, is less

flattened. Your specimens, too, are on the whole smoother and

more polished. The value of these differences remains to be deter-

mined.”

The wider umbilicus in the Lake Michigan shells is undoubtedly

correlated with the more depressed shape. ‘The specimens collected

by Lewis in the Little Lakes, N. Y., are indistinguishable from those

from Lake Michigan. ‘The Lake Erie and Lake Ontario specimens

are uniformly smaller, but otherwise substantially the same.

The difficulty in finding any tangible distinction between the more

elevated, substriated individuals of this form and the obsoletely

striated examples of V. dew7si is similar to that experienced in at-

tempting to separate V. tricarinata simplex from the smooth or obso-

letely striated forms of V. sincera. And this naturally raises a query

as to whether there are really more than two polymorphic species

differing constantly in shape, but both varying in sculpture, all the

way from tricarinate to smooth, and from smooth to ribbed-striate,

Both series are complete and parallelism is absolutely exact.

Group of Group of

V. tricarinata, V. bicarinata.

Tricarinate, V. tricarinata. V. bicarinata nor-

mals.

Bicarinate, V. tricarinata confusa. V. btearinata.

Unicarinate, V. tricarinata unicarinata. YV. bicarinata con-

nectans.

Smooth, V. tricarinata simplex. V. biearinata per-

depressa.

ou THE NAUTILUS.

Obsoletely striate, V. sincera (Anticosti). V. lewisit helicoidea.

Thread-striate, V. sincera. V. lewisti (var. ?)

Ribbed-striate, V. sincera nylandert. V. lewisit (typical ?)

In view of the recognized variability of all these forms, the in-

ference to be drawn would seem inevitable.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I,

All the figures are drawn on the same scale (X 5) except 4, 5 and

6 which were drawn by Miss Helen Winchester, and these are sub-

stantially the same.

Fig. 1-3. V. sincera, High Island Harbor, Lake Michigan.

“ 64-6. V. sincera, Anticosti.

«© 67-9. V. sincera nylandert, Portage Lake, Aroostook Co., Me.

9. V. sincera nylandert, Isle Royale, Mich.

«10-11. V. sincera danielsi, Cannon Lake, Rice Co., Minn.

“6 12-18. V. lewisit, Traverse City, Mich.

“© 14, V. bicarinata, Philadelphia, Pa.

«© 15-16. V. biearinata perdepressa, Lake Mich., Michigan

City, Ind.

HELIX JEJUNA SAY TRANSFERRED TO PRATICOLELLA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Recently I received from Mr. George H. Clapp some living ex-

amples of this small snail, with a request that they be examined

anatomically to determine the generic position of the form, which

has of recent years been grouped with the small Polygyras of the

‘¢ Mesodon ”’ type.

The snails were collected at Lemon City, Dade Co., Florida, by

Mr. Chas. T. Simpson. Externally the soft parts do not differ from

Polygyra and many other genera of Helices.

The terminal ducts of the genitalia are shown in Fig. 1. The

penis bears the retractor and vas deferens at its apex. Near the

base a very large gland or “ appendix ”’ is inserted (a in the figure).

This seems to be a nearly solid but soft and readily broken gland.

The vagina is more than half as long as the penis. The spermatheca

’

THE NAUTILUS. 33

is large and oblong, upon an extremely short duct. Other organs as

usual in Helices.

No Polygyra or “ Mesodon”’ has a gland or appendix upon the

penis, but in the Mexican genus Praticolella, represented in ‘Texas

by P. griseola and P. berlandieriana, a similar structure is found.

I do not hesitate to refer jeyuna to the genus Praticolella on the evi-

dence of this peculiar organ, which has been noticed in no other

genus of Helices within our limits. The Floridian snail differs from

the Texan and Mexican forms by having an apparently simple penis

retractor muscle, while in the other species it is split and has a triple

i, ye f:,

by fi. ug

hg Ba] Of E.

P 1 hk Kes 8 sty

¢ x Yi, x!

7 Raion Cte

Rate

OEY

: " ia hb

‘ a i, -

P iY fk fJ..-v.d

~ (

Se. if tala Va

Ms S

Fig. 1. P, penis; p,7, its retractor; a, penial gland; vd, vas deferens; wt,

uterus ; sp, spernatheca ; vag, vagina.

insertion on penis and vas deferens. ‘This simple condition was

probably the ancestral structure of the genus, since it is that of all

other related Helices.

The shell of this species, which we will now call Praticolella je-

juna (Say), agrees somewhat better with that of Praticolella than

with any other of our genera of Helices. Not much is known of the

habits of the snail. It is quite a local form, which I never happened

upon at Miami or elsewhere in some half-dozen visits to Florida.

Mr. §. N. Rhoads found it on the “under side of young cabbage

palms’? at Miami. Further information upon the situations it affects

will be of interest. In Texas, Praticolella berlandiertana lives on

bushes with Bulimulus dealbatus mooreanus, but during prolonged

dry weather it burrows in the ground.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

SOME SHELLS OF MISSISSIPPI AND ALABAMA.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

In the fall of 1904, with the aid of some of my conchological

friends, for the purpose of collecting in that region, a trip was made

to Abbeville, Grenada, Durant and Columbus, Mississippi, and

Tuscaloosa, Boligee, Tuscumbia and Florence, Alabama.

The streams along the Illinois Central railroad where stops were

made, have sandy beds and not favorable for molluscan life, with the

exception of two specimens of Pleurocera elevatum, no representatives

of the Strepomatide were found in these streams.

In determination of material collected thanks are due Messrs.

Bryant Walker, Wm. A. Marsh, L. S. Frierson, Dr. V. Sterki, F.

C. Baker and H. A. Pilsbry.

Family HELICINIDZ.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Boligee, Ala., dead specimens only.

Family HELIcIDz.

Polygyra leporina Gould. Abbeville and Columbus, Miss., Boligee,

Ala.

Polygyra troostiana Lea. Florence, Ala.

Polygyra fraudulenta Pilsbry. Florence, Ala.

Polygyra inflecta Say. A common species found at all localities.

Polygyra exoleta Binney. Florence, Ala.

Polygyra palliata Say. Abbeville, Miss., Boligee and Tuscaloosa,

Ala.

Polygyra obstricta Say. Columbus, Miss., Florence, Ala.

Polygyra appressa Say. Florence, Ala.

Polygyra appressa perigrapta Pilsbry. Grenada and Columbus,

Miss.

Polygyra thyroides Say. Abbeville, Grenada and Columbus,

Miss., Tuscaloosa, Boligee and Florence, Ala. At Boligee they

were numerous along the railroad right of way. In the same situa-

tion though not as numerous were P. clausa and B. dealbatus.

Polygyra clausa Say. Boligee, Ala., varies a little in size and

thickness of the shell.

Polygyra spinosa Lea. Florence, Ala. Common on both sides

of the river.

THE NAUTILUS. 85

Polygyra barbigera Redfield. Tuscaloosa, Ala., a rare species.

Polygyra subglobosa Pilsbry. Columbus, Miss., Tuscaloosa and

Florence, Ala.

Polygyra monodon Rack, Abbeville and Columbus, Miss.,

Florence, Ala.

Family BULIMULID&.

Bulimulus dealbatus Say. Boligee, Ala. Dead specimens were

very numerous in some of the fields.

Family PupiILiip2.

Strobilopsis labyrinthica Say. Boligee, Ala., Abbeville, Durant

and Columbus, Miss.

Pupoides fallax Say. Boligee and Florence, Ala.

Bifidaria armifera Say. Boligee, Ala.

Bifidaria contracta Say. Boligee, Ala.

Bifidaria procera Gould. Boligee and Florence, Ala. At the

former place it was found in tufts of grass in an open field, at the

latter under stones in an open close pastured place along the river.

Family GLANDINID&.

Glandina truncata Brug. Boligee, Ala. The remains of nests of

eges were often found about old logs and young shells were quite

common. A mature horn-colored specimen was an interesting varia-

tion.

Family CircINARIIDZ.

Circinaria concava Say. ‘Tuscaloosa, Boligee and Florence, Ala.

Family ZoNnITIDz.

Omphalina fuliginosa Griff. Florence, Ala.

Omphalina laevigata Pfr. Abbeville, Grenada and Columbus,

Miss., Tuscaloosa, Boligee and Florence, Ala.

Vitrea carolinensis Ckll. Boligee and Florence, Ala.

Euconulus fulvus Mull. Abbeville, Miss., Boligee, Ala.

Zonitoides arborea Say. Abbeville, Grenada Durant and Colum-

bus, Miss., Boligee, Ala.

Zonitoides minuscula Binney. Boligee, Ala.

Gastrodonta demissa Binney. Columbus, Miss., Tuscaloosa, Bo-

ligee and Florence, Ala.

Gastrodonta interna Say. ‘Tuscaloosa and Florence, Ala.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

Family ENDODONTID&.

Pyramidula alternata, Say. Abbeville, Grenada and Columbus,

Miss., Tuscaloosa and Boligee, Ala.

(Zo be continued).

NOTES.

—

Toe Ravenet CoLiLectTion.—The museum of the College of

Charleston, S. C., has acquired the valuable conchological collection

of the late Dr. Edmund Ravenel, of Charleston, which contains some

3,500 species of land, fresh-water and marine shells.

LYMN#A MEGASOMA Say.—Fine specimens of this rare species

have recently been taken at Lake Minnetonka, Minn., by Mrs. A.

W. Abbott of Minneapolis.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Notes oN JAPANESE, INDO-PACIFIC, AND AMERICAN PYRAMID-

ELLIDZ. By Wm. H. Dall and Paul Bartsch, (Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., XXX, pages 321-369, plates XVII-XXVI, 1906). This

valuable work on the Pyramidellide is based in part on the collec-

tion of the museum of Berlin loaned to the U. S. National Museum

for study. Some 22 new species are described and figured, and a

number of new names are proposed to replace those pre-occupied.

Three new subgenera Misiturris, Babella and Hgilina are also defined.

Description OF Two New Nataps. By Paul Bartsch, (Proce.

U.S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pages 393-396, Plates 27-29, 1906). The

species are Nephronaias flucki from Nicaragua and Diplodon anapen-

sis from Argentina.

Recent Mortzivusca: A CatTaLoGuE oF OPERCULATE LAND

SHELLS. By G. B. Sowerby and H. Fulton. London, 1906. A

useful list of genera and species arranged “ with slight modifications ”’

according to Kobelt and Mollendorff’s catalogue.

ANATOMY OF ACMHA TESTUDINALIS MULLER, Part I. Intro-

ductory material. Externalanatomy. By M.A. Willcox. Reprint

the American Naturalist, Vol. XL, pp. 171-187, 1906.

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THE NAUTILUS, XX. PLATES

RAYMOND: WEST AMERICAN SPECIES OF GENOTA

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XX. AUGUST, 1906. No. 4.

THE WEST AMERICAN SPECIES OF PLEUROTOMA, SUBGENUS GENOTA.

BY WILLIAM JAMES RAYMOND.

Five species of the subgenus Genota, section Dolichotoma, have

been described from the Pacific coast of North America. Three of

the species have been figured ; two have not hitherto. Specimens of

all five, including the types of four, being temporarily in possession

of the writer, it seemed desirable to bring them together in a single

photographic plate. Apparently derived from a common stock, and

arising in late tertiary time, the nominal species are closely allied.

Yet there is convenience in retaining the present specific designa-

tions of forms which are readily distinguishable. ‘Two of the species

have not thus far been found living. As the deeper water along the

coast is explored, they may possibly be discovered in the dredge,

together with other forms not now known.

Pleurotoma ( Genota) carpenteriana Gabb.

Pleurotoma (Surcula) carpentertana Gabb. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat.

weep eoos, p. 183; Pal. Cal., vol. 2, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 8.

Pliocene.—San Fernando and Santa Rosa (Gabb); San Diego

(Dall).

Pleistocene.—Santa Barbara and San Pedro (Gabb); San Pedro,

San Diego and Ventura (Arnold); Santa Monica (Rivers).

Living.—Drake’s Bay, 30 fathoms (Arnheim); Monterey to San

Diego (Cooper); San Pedro, Santa Catalina Island and San Diego,

10 to 100 fathoms (Raymond); Cerros Island (Dall).

This is the largest and most plentiful species of the group. It is

38 THE NAUTILUS.

characterized by a regularly fusiform outline, eight whorls, fine spiral

sculpture, slight concavity near the suture, slight convexity of the

anterior part of the upper whorls, the obtuse shoulder thus formed

being below the middle of each whorl and sometimes ornamented

with inconspicuous nodes. Plate II, fig. 1, illustrates Gabb’s type,

found in the pleistocene of Santa Barbara. It is the property of the

University of California. Fig. 3 shows an example close to type.

It was dredged in about 100 fathoms, off Santa Catalina Island.

Length 80 mm. In fig. 2 the nodes are distinguishable, which when

better developed are a diagnostic feature of the next species.

Length 54 mm.

Pleurotoma (Genota) tryoniana Gabb.

Pleurotoma (Surcula) tryontana Gabb, Pal. Cal., vol. 2, p. 6, pl. 1,

fig. 9.

Pleistocene.—San Pedro (Gabb); Santa Barbara and San Pedro

(Cooper); Santa Monica (Rivers).

Living.—San Diego (Cooper); San Pedro (Oldroyd).

Typically the angular, nodose whorls, eight in number, separate

this species from Genota carpentertana, but intermediate forms like the

example shown in fig. 2 are found rarely, and indicate the close alli-

ance of the two species. Plate II, fig 7, illustrates Gabb’s type,

found in the pleistocene of San Pedro. Fig. 8 represents a specimen

found at Santa Monica. Its length is 62 mm.

Pleurotoma (Genota) coopert Arnold. Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol.

ITI, p. 203, pl. vii, fig. 3.

Pleistocene.—San Pedro (Arnold); Santa Monica (Rivers).

Characterized by the angular whorls, seven or eight in number,

decidedly concave above the nodose angle, with relatively sharp

sculpture. ‘The nodes are more numerous than in the last species

and become less prominent toward the aperture. Aperture less than

half the length of the shell. Plate II, fig. 10, illustrates the single

specimen found in the pleistocene of Santa Monica.

Pleurotoma (Genota) stearnsiana Raymond. Navritus, Vol.

VP ip. .

LTiving.—San Diego and Santa Catalina Island, 25 to 40 fathoms

(Raymond).

—, OE rl cl ee

THE NAUTILUS. 39

The species is characterized by its small size, eight or more

whorls, relatively wide form and broad color bands. Plate I, fig. 6,

represents the type. Length 30.5 mm. An old specimen, length

41.5 mm., is shown in fig. 5, and a younger example in fig. 4. All

are from San Diego.

Pleurotoma ( Genota) riversiana Raymond. Navurirus, Vol. XVIII,

p. 14.

Pliocene.—Santa Monica (Rivers).

Characterized by narrow form, sharply expressed sculpture and

obtuse angle above the middle of the whorls. Plate II, fig. 9,

illustrates the type which thus far is the only specimen found.

Length 59 mm.

University of California, July, 1906.

NOTE ON THE GENUS GLABARIS GRAY OR PATULARIA SWAINSON.

BY WILLIAM HEALY DALL.

The genus Patularia Swainson, appears in his Malacology (1840)

pp. 287 and 381. ‘There are two species of which the first is Anodon

ovatus Swainson, Exotic Conchology pl. xxxvi, 1823, (2nd ed. by

Hanley, p. 30, 1841) not Jridina ovata Swainson, Phil. Mag., 1823.

The second species A. rotundatus Swainson, is doubtfully referred to

Anodonta by Simpson in his Synopsis, p. 638. If it be as he sup-

poses synonymous with A. woodiana Lea, Swainson’s name dating

from 1823, will of course take precedence. In 1841 Swainson cites

under his Patularia ovata Anodonta trapesialis Lamarck, and Han-

ley points out that the latter specific name, being four years older,

must take precedence of ovatus Swainson. Anodonta trapesialis,

however, in modern classification, is a typical Glabaris of Gray.

But Glabaris Gray, dates only from 1847, when the name was

applied to A. exotica Lamarck, by Gray, in his list of generic syn-

onyms, Proc. Zodl. Soc. Lond., 1847, p. 197.

It would seem, therefore, that, since the first species and type of

Patularia is a Glabaris, that the former name should be substituted

for the latter in our systems. An examination of the nomenclators

fails to show any earlier use of the generic name Patularia in zodlogy

and there seems to be no reason which would militate against its

adoption.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

A careful examination of the text of the second edition of the

Exotic Conchology shows that this is the only name included in it

which is likely to affect the existing nomenclature.

SOME SHELLS OF MISSISSIPPI AND ALABAMA.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

(Concluded from July Number, p. 36).

Family SUCCINEID#.

Succinea concordialis Gould. Durant, Miss., one dead shell was

all found. In the summer of 1904 this species was plentiful at the

R. R. bridge across Little Muddy near Du Bois, Ill.

Succinea aurea Lea. Florence, Ala.

Family LimnaEIp.

Lymnea desidiosa Say. Tuscaloosa and Florence, Ala.

Lymnea caperata Say. LBoligee, Ala.

Lymnea columella Say. Florence, Ala.

Physa gyrina Say. Florence, Ala.

Physa heterostropha Say. ‘Tuscumbia, Ala.

Physa pomilia Conrad. A rill below Columbus, Miss.

Physa troostiana Lea. Spring above Florence, Ala.

Planorbis trivolvis var. glabratus Say. Shoal creek, Florence,

Ala.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Durant, Miss. One specimen.

Planorbis dilatatus Gould. Grenada, Miss.

Segmentina wheatleyi Lea. Boligee, Ala.

Ancylus elatior Anthony. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Ancylus kirklandi Walker. Tombigbee and Yalabusha rivers.

Ancylus rhodaceus Walker. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Family AURICULID2.

Carychium exiguum Say. Abbeville, Miss. Only found two —

specimens.

Family STREPOMATIDA.

Io spinosa Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala. One specimen

only of this fine species was found.

——— ——

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Angitrema salebrosa Conrad. Tennessee river, Florence, common.

Angitrema subglobosa Lea. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Angitrema tuomeyi Leu. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala. A few

were found in 1894 but none this time.

Angitrema duttoniana Lea ?. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Angitrema lima Conrad. Cypress Creek, Florence, Ala. <A few

faintly banded.

Angitrema verrucosa Raf. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Lithasia florentina Lea. Cypress and Shoal creeks, Florence,

Ala. Found only a few.

Lithasia nuceola Anthony. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Doubtful determination.

Lithasia curta Lea. Tennessee river and Shoal creek, Florence,

Ala.

Strephobasis plena Anthony. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Strephobasts curta Hald. Tennessee river and Shoal creek, Flo-

rence, Ala.

Pleurocera alveare. Tennessee river, Cypress and Shoal creeks,

Florence, Ala.

Pleurocera undulatum Say. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Pleurocera excuratum Conrad. ‘Tennessee river,. Florence, Ala.

Pleurocera moniliferum Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Pleurocera ponderosum Anthony. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Pleurocera moriforme Lea. ‘Tennesee river, Florence, Ala.

Pleurocera thorntonii Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Pleurocera annuliferum Conrad. Black Warrior, Tuscaloosa, Ala.

Pleurocera elevatum Lea. Yallabusha river, Granada, Miss.

Only two specimens found, they were covered with a thick deposit

which being removed revealed a polished, olive colored epidermus

and two strong bands.

Pleurocera trivittatum Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.

Pleurocera incurvum Lea. Cypress creek, Florence, Ala.

Pleurocera alabamensis Lea. Cypress creek, Florence, Ala.

Pleurocera olivaceum Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.

Pleurocera lativittatum Lea, Shoal creek, Florence, Ala.

Goniobasis acuta Lea. Florence, Ala.

Goniobasis formosa Conrad. Florence, Ala.

Goniobasis hydeiti Conrad. Black Warrior, Tuscaloosa, Ala.

Goniobasis interventens Lea. Florence, Ala,

42 THE NAUTILUS.

Goniobasis nassula Conrad. Spring in Tuscumbia, Ala.

Goniobasis thorntonit Lea. Spring in Tuscumbia, Ala.

Gouniobasis aterina Lea. Florence, Ala. Found with Pomatiopsis

Ainkleyt.

Gontobasis nitens Lea. Florence, Ala. This determination is

doubtful.

Goniobasis adusta Anthony. Spring near Cypress creek, Flo-

rence, Ala.

Goniobasis paupercula Lea. Small stream above Florence, Ala.

Eurycelon crassa Hald. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala. Only

one very young shell found. When at this place in 1894 this form

was found of all sizes with three wide bands and the carina of the

young shells remarkably developed, Pilsbry says this is Hu. anthonyt.

Anculosa carinata Brug. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala. A

few specimens can be referred to no other species and are put under

this name with some doubt.

Anculosa subglobosa Say. ‘Tennessee river and Shoal creek, Flo-

rence, Ala.

Anculosa praerosa, Say. Tennessee river and Cypress creek,

Florence, Ala.

Anculosa tintinnabulum Tennessee river and Shoal creek, Florence,

Ala.

Family VIVIPARID&.

Vivipara interterta Say. Rill near Durant, Miss., and a rill near

Boligee, Ala., both places in heavy timber. |

Campeloma ponderosum Say. ‘Tennessee river, Florence and Tom-

bigbee river west of Boligee, Ala.

Campeloma decisum Say. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Campeloma decisum var. heterostropha. Onespecimen. Tennessee

river.

OCampeloma coarctutum Lea. Tallahatchie, Yalabusha, Big Black

and Tombigbee rivers.

OCampeloma decampt Currier. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Family AMNICOLID&.

Amnicola cinetnnatiensis Anth. Big Black and Tombigbee rivers.

Amnicola limosa Say. ‘Tallahatchie, Yalabusha, Big Black and

Tombigbee rivers.

Amnicola augustina Pilsbry. Tuscumbia, Ala. Found in the

THE NAUTILUS. 43

stream running from the spring, they were in algx and on the muddy

bottom.

Somatogyrus subglobosa Say. Tallahatchie and Yalabusha rivers.

Somatogyrus georgianus Walker. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Somatogyrus substriatus Walker. Tombigbee and Tennessee

rivers. The most plentiful species of the genus in these two streams.

Somatogyrus humerosus Walker. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Somatogyrus quadratus Walker. Tennessee river and Shoal creek.

Somatogyrus strengi Pilsbry and Walker. ‘Tennessee river and

Shoal creek.

Somatogyrus biangulatus Walker. Tennessee river, Florence,

Ala.

Somatogyrus excavatus Walker. Shoal creek, Florence, Ala.

Somatogyrus tennesseensis Walker. Shoal creek.

Somatogyrus pumilus Conrad. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Pyrgulopsis mississippiensis Pilsbry. Shoal creek. This little

species was numerous a short distance above the canal aqueduct,

where sediment had collected on the rock bottom, a few were found

on alge. They were only found in mid-stream.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Found on leaves after a shower, in a

moist situation, always shaded by timber and scrub palmetto. Boligee,

Ala.

Pomatiopsis hinkleyi Pilsbry. This species was very numerous in

the same places where the types were found in 1894. It was also

found across the river high up on the river bluff, on and in damp

moss but not in a wet situation like the others. See vol. X, p. 37

of the NavuTILvs. |

Family CorBICULID.

Calyculina transversa Say. Yalabusha, Black and Tombigbee

rivers.

Calyculina occidentalis Prime. Creek, Boligee, Ala.

Sphaertum striatinum Lam. Big Black river, Durant, Miss.,

Boligee, Alabama, one specimen at last place.

Sphaerium stamineum Conrad. Young specimens, Grenada, and

one mature at Durant, Miss.

Pisidium virginicum Gmel. Durant, Miss.

Pisidium compressum Prime. Tuscumbia spring; Black War-

rior, Tuscaloosa, and Shoal creek, Florence, Ala.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

Pisidium variabilis Prime. Big Black river, Durant, Miss.

Pisidium noveboracense Prime. Variety, spring, Tuscumbia, Ala.

Pisidium peraltum Sterki. Yalabusha river, Grenada, Miss.

Pisidium neglectum Sterki. Ms, name; Black Warrior, Tusca

loosa, Ala.

Pisidium singleyi Sterki. Black Warrior, Tuscaloosa, Ala.

Pisidium atlanticum Sterki. Floating creek, Columbus, Miss.

(To be continued.)

A NEW SCALA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Scala lowez n. sp.

Shell small, conic, with five or more rapidly increasing whorls

after the (lost) nucleus; color white, whorls very convex with deep

sutures and a small, spiral umbilicus; there is no basal disk or cord ;

sculpture of about twenty-seven rather thick, strongly reflected,

smooth, close-set varices, and very close, fine, spiral threads, covering

the whole whorl between the varices, and separated by about equal

sulci; aperture sub-circular, slightly higher than wide, the reflected

margin wide at the outer lip, patulous at the inner base, narrow

between the shoulder and the preceding whorl, and at the shoulder

produced into a short, rather stout spine which, repeated on successive

varices, coronates the whorls. Length of shell (without nucleus),

7.0; max. diameter, 4.0 ; max. diameter of aperture, 2.5 mm.

Habitat: dredged off Avalon, Catalina Island, Cala., in 40-60

fathoms, by H. N. Lowe, in 1903.

This species recalls S. bellastriata Carpenter, in general character,

but is smaller ; has more numerous, close-set and more strongly re-

flected varices; and has the spiral striation and threading much

finer than in bellastriata of equal size.

The first shell belonging to Mr. Lowe was returned to him after

a figure had been drawn from the specimen. A second specimen was

sent by him, from the same vicinity, in 1906, which is retained in

the National Museum, No. 191548. This also has lost its nucleus.

The six remaining whorls measure 7.0 mm. in length.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW CLEOPATRA AND A PISIDIUM.

BY Cc. F. ANOCEY.

1. Cleopatra multilirata, Anc.

Testa fusco-olivacea, indumento ferrugineo tecta, modice sed pro

genere aperte perforata, solidula, concolor vel circa umbilicum brun-

neo tincta, ovato-turbinata, liris acutis permultis (circa 8—9 in penul-

timo, 24-25 in ultimo anfractu) angulata. Spira conoidea, erosa.

Anfractus superst. 34 rotundati, sutura profunda, ultimus latus,

ovatus. Apertura ovata, fere recta, superne subangulata, margini-

bus callo appresso nitido junctis, columellari vix patulo. Opercu-

lum fuscum, extus medio valde concavum, nucleo paucispirato, sub-

centrali, attamen propius marginem columellarem sito.

Long. 9, diam. 7, alt. apert. 5 mill.

Hab. Vinaninony, Madagascar (teste Ph. Dautzenberg).

A very distict species quite different from other forms recorded from

Madagascar, such as C. amoena, Morelet, C. moniliata, Morelet, C.

grandidiert, Crosse et Fischer and CO. Trabonjyensis, Smith. All of

these but the latter were not correctly located in their proper genus,

as the first was referred to Melania, the second to Paludina and the

third to Paludomus by the describers. The present species is some-

what related to Cl. Trabonjyensis, but the lire are much more nu-

merous.

2. Cleopatra Smithi, Anc.

Testa ovato-acuminata, anguste perforata, subtenuis, flavescens vel

flavo-virens, epidermide tenui induta, liris fuscis infra peripheriam

ultimi anfractus evanescentibus regulariter exarata. Spira conoidea,

truncata. Anfractus circiter 7 convexi, sed haud tumido-ventricosi,

superiores, liris 4 cincti, concolores (lires haud coloratis), ultimus

ovatus, liris 5-6 zquidistantibus supra insertionem aperture et sepe

una infra medium cinctus et 2-3 parvulis circa perforationem sculp-

tus, inter liras striis incrementi conspicuis eximie peraratus, zona

peripherica castanea, alteraque circa basin ornatus. Apertura ovalis,

superne et infra paulo acuminata, totius teste dimidio multo minor.

Peristoma tenue, marginibus calle tenui junctis, columellari simplici,

non expanso.

Long. (teste erose, 4 anfr.) 11 diam. 7, alt. apert. 5, lat. ejusd.

34 mill.

Hab. River Chozi, which flows into the Chambézi, region of lake

Bangwéolo, British Central Africa (Rev. Fath. M. Guillemé, 1905).

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Strikingly like Cl. Mweruensis, Smith (Proc. Zod]. Soc, London,

1893, pl. lix, fig. 10), but smaller, differently colored and more regu-

larly lirate. The locality is very distant from lake Mweru, although

belonging to the same geographical region.

For this and numerous other interesting shells collected during his

journeys in Central Africa I am indebted to the Fath. M. Guillemé.

The material collected by him will be reported upon in the near

future. Asa species of Cleopatra was already named after him, I

am respectfully dedicating this new species to E. A. Smith, Esq., of

the British Museum.

3. Pisidium planatum, Anc.

Concha minuta, lenticularis, parum inflata, compressa, nitidula,

tenuis, pallide cinerea, striis concentricis exilibus crebre sub lente

sculpta, umbonibus levibus, depressis, inzequilatera. Pars antica

rotundata, postica fere duplo major, regulariter arcuata. Umbones

late depressi, obtusissimi, inermes, levigati. Dens cardinalis parvus,

laterales debiles. Ligamentum parvum, lineare.

Diam. 34, alt. 24, crass. 14 mill.

Hab. Andriba, Central Madagascar (teste Dautzenberg).

A more depressed form than P. Madagascariense Smith, the

only other species of the genus described from the island.

NOTES.

On THE HaBiTs OF PRATICOLELLA JEJUNA :—lIn the vicinity of

St. Augustine, Florida, I found this species locally only west of the

city in the white sandy, scrub oak section, near the pines, under boards

and leaves, in fact this was the only shell found there. They were

undersize, and very thin, probably due to the unfavorable condition

for molluscan life. Mr. A. G. Reynolds writes me from Disston

City, Hillsboro county, Fla.: “It is found under dead leaves and

trash, occasionally under boards, and more rarely on pine stumps.”

Mr. Charles T. Simpson in his valuable paper, ‘‘ Contributions to the

Mollusca of Florida,” (Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., v, p. 66,

1886), says: ‘The only mollusk ever found in high, dry pine woods

in Florida. I have seen it crawling on barren dry sand near

Braidentown, and around my dwelling, and along the road in

Fogartville.”’—C. W. JOHNSON.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

CuLioritis Envwarpt, Gude, ascribed with some little doubt to

the Moluccas, is found in the Island of Ceram, where it was found by

the Rev. Father Le Coq d’Armanville, who lost his life in New

Guinea. My specimens were received from the Abbé Mége,

Omphalotropis macromphala, Bavay (Journ. de Conch., 1905, vol.

liii, p. 250, figs. 9, 10, 11), is the same as O. Quadrasi, v. MOll.,

and therefore becomes a synonym of the latter. The shell is from

the Island of Guajan (or Guam), Ladrone Islands. Von Modllen-

dorff’s paper appears to have escaped the notice of Mr. Bavay.—C.

F, ANCEY.

Note on Dyaxkia AND PSEUDOPARTULA.—A recent article by

Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin Austen (Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., vii, p.

93) has called my attention to the anatomical description of Dyakia

nasuta (Helix nasuta Metcalfe) by the same author (P. Z.S., 1891),

which I had overlooked when treating of this species in Manual of

Conchology, xiv, p. 12. It appears that the snail belongs to the

Zonitide. There cannot be much doubt that the Sumatran and

Javan species forming the group Psewdopartulu, and which I asso-

ciated with nasuta, will also be transferred to Zonitida, since their

resemblance to nasuta seems too strongly marked to be adventitious.

—H. A. Pivssry.

A Synonym or BracuyropELLa.—In my monograph of Uro-

coptideé I overlooked the name Microstoma hanleyanum Jousseaume.

Mém. Societe Zodlogique de France for 1889, p. 247. This is

Cylindrella hanleyana of Pfeiffer, a species of Brachypodellu. The

name Microstoma will become a synonym of Lrachypodella, It was

probably not intended as a new generic name, being very likely an

error for Mychostoma.—H. A. Piissry.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

HELICINA OCCULTA Say (Proc. Davenport Acad. of Sciences, ix,

pp. 173-180). ApvpiT1onaL Nore on HELICcINA OCCULTA (Jour-

nal of Geology, xiii, 1905, pp. 232-237). By B. Shimek. The

rather extensive records of this species in both conchological and

geological literature are reviewed in these papers, with copious notes

and comparisons of recent and fossil shells. The alleged depauper-

48 THE NAUTILUS.

ation of loess as compared with modern shells is disproved; ‘‘ while

there are variations in size in both recent and fossil shells, there is

no marked depauperation of the fossils.” HA. oceulta is uniformly

found living on well-wooded grounds, leading Prof. Shimek to con-

clude that the forest areas in the loess region were formerly of much

greater extent.

On THE ANATOMY OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF SOLENIDZ. ON

THE ANATOMY OF ENsIS MAGNUS ScHUM. By H. H. Bloomer.

Journ, of Malacol., xii, pt. 4. Several oriental and tropical Ameri-

can species of Solenide are described anatomically in these papers.

Mr. Bloomer has now devoted ten papers to the morphology of the

Solenide, to the great advantage of all interested in Pelecypod

anatomy.

HENRY A. WARD.

We deeply regret to record the death of Professor Henry A. Ward,

who was killed by an automobile at Buffalo, N. Y., on July 4. He

was born at Rochester, N. Y., in 1834. Studied at Williams Col-

lege and Rochester University, and became an assisiant of Louis

Agassiz in 1854. He was Professor of Natural History at the

Rochester University from 1860 to 1865. From 1870 to 1900 Prof.

Ward traveled in all parts of the world, making large and valuable

collections which were shipped to his Natural History Establishment

at Rochester and from there distributed among the museums, uni-

versities, colleges and private collections throughout the country.

Prof. Ward has perhaps done as much to popularize and encourage

the study of natural history than anyone man. Mr. Wm. T. Horna-

day paid him a glowing tribute, under the well earned title,

“The King of Museum-builders.” It is probably safe to say that

through his agency more shells have been brought into this country

than by any other means. His ‘ Catalogue of Specimens of Mol-

lusca”’ forms a useful hand-book for beginners. At various time his

Establishment has employed men who have subsequently become

prominent in various branches of the natural sciences.

For some years past Prof. Ward has devoted his energies chiefly

to collecting meteorites, bringing together the largest collection in

the world. An account of it may be found in the July number of

the Popular Science Monthly.

ool

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

- =

THE NAUTILUS, XxX. PLATE III.

[yj 7 7

AMPHIGYRA AND NEOPLANORBIS.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XX. SEPTEMBER, 1906. INO 4.. 8,

TWO NEW AMERICAN GENERA OF BASOMMATOPHORA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

In the course of a collecting expedition to Alabama in October

and November, 1903, Mr. A. A. Hinkley found a number of mol-

lusks of unusual interest and importance... Among them were two

species of spiral-shelled gastropods quite unlike ‘any fresh-water

snails hitherto known in this country, having affinities with the

Ancylide.

Like Ancylus, the new forms are essentially sinistral in their soft

parts, but the shells are dextral. They are very small snails, and

were found on or usually under rocks in swift water, and evidently

do not depend upon free air for respiration, having a false gill in the

pallial chamber.

Genus AMPHIGYRA nov.

The shell is minute, Neritoid or Crepidula-like, with a small

depressed lateral spire, apparently dextral, composed of about 1}

very rapidly enlarging whorls, the last very convex dorsally, im-

perforate ; the apex is smooth, and the last whorl is spirally striate.

The aperture is very large, oblique, transversely oval, the peristome

continuous and free, thin. Cavity of the spire very small, a thin,

broad, concave columellar plate projecting across the end next the

spire, as in Crepidula or Latia.

The soft parts are sinistral, externally Limnazoid, with large

black eyes near the inner bases of the short blunt cylindric tentacles.

1See lists of the species collected, in Nauritus for August and September,

1904.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

Two adductor muscles, kidney-shaped in section, one on each side,

replace the usual columellar muscle. .

The radula has 18, 1, 18 teeth, arranged about as in Lymneaa.

Centrals with a single cusp, the laterals bicuspid, the outer cusp

smaller. The transition teeth have four or five cusps. The mar-

ginal teeth are low, wide and separated, with four or five cusps.

Pl. III, fig. 6, teeth of A. alabamensis,

There is a short false gill hanging in the pallial cavity.

The shell has some resemblance to Crepidula and Latia. Lepy-

rium and Pompholyx are also slightly similar; but the resemblance

is no doubt superficial. Pompholyx, like Amphigyra, is sinistral

with an ultrasinistral shell. It has no plate or lamina across the

visceral cavity. The soft anatomy of Amphigyra, so far as worked

out, seems to show most affinity with the Ancylide.

The deck of Amphigyra is present at all stages of growth ob-

served, in young as well as mature shells. In Gundlachia no septum

is developed until a period of hybernation or estivation is reached.

The shell is more solid than that of Ancylus or Gundlachia.

Amphigyra alabamensis n. sp. Pl. ITI, figs. 1, 2.

The shell is shaped like a convex Crepidula, closely, finely and

sharply striate spirally, and of a pale yellowish-corneous tint. The

last whorl flares in a raised ledge at the baso-columellar region, the

back being very convex. ‘The spire is slightly sunken, depressed.

The raised parietal margin of the lip is abruptly kinked where it

passes across the preceding whorl. ‘The columellar plate or deck

extends over nearly one-third the total transverse length of the

aperture. Alt. 1.1, diam. 2 mm.

Wetumpka, Alabama, on the under surfaces of rocks in swift

water.

Genus NEOPLANORBIS 0. gen.

The shell is minute, subdiscoidal, nearly flat above, convex below,

perforate, carinate at the periphery, composed of about two rapidly

enlarging whorls, the apex impressed and turned in. The aperture

is very oblique, wider than high, a little dilated at the base. Peris-

tome thin, not continuous, the columellar margin straight and

broadly dilated, somewhat thickened within.

The dentition and so far as known, the soft anatomy, is similar to

Amphigyra.

Type J. tantillus.

THE NAUTILUS. 51

The type of this group was at first taken for a Planorbis of the

P. dilatatus group,’ but when the dentition was examined it became

obvious at once that the snail could not belong to the Planorbine.

The radula is not materially unlike that of Amphigyra, but the con-

chological features of the two groups are quite diverse, Amphigyra

being Crepiduloid with a distinct “ deck ”’ or columellar plate, while

Neoplanorbis is Planorbis-shaped, perforate, with a carinate periphery

and no ‘ deck.”

Neoplanorbis tantillus n. sp. Pl. III, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Shell very narrowly perforate, slightly convex above, very con-

vex below, with a strongly projecting rounded keel at the periphery ;

light brown; surface slightly shining, sculptured with very obliquely

radial growth-lines and raised spiral striz, rather coarse for a shell

of this size. Whorls 2, rapidly enlarging, the apex somewhat

sunken; first whorl very convex, the second much less s0, slowly

descending in front. Aperture very oblique, shaped like a gothic-

arched door, the upper and lower margins arcuate, the outer margin

angular, the columellar margin dilated, straight and vertical, with a

rather wide whitish callous within. Alt. .8, diam. 1.7 mm.

The specimens occurred at Wetumpka, Alabama with the preced-

ing species. This is one of the smallest fresh-water mollusks yet

found in America.

NOTE ON LEPYRIUM.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In connection with the genus Amphigyra I have had occasion to

examine the specimens of Lepyrium in the collection of the Academy.

It appears that the Lepyrium from the Cahawba river differs from

L. showaltert (Neritina showalteri Lea) of the Coosa, in being much

smaller, alt. 2.7, diam. 3 mm., with a straighter columellar edge and

without a raised outer margin of the columellar area. It will prob-

ably prove specifically distinct, but as I have been able to compare

only one of the original lot of LZ. showalteri, it may be best to rank

the Cahawba form as a subspecies under the name Lepyrium showal-

tert cahawbensis.

1It was reported as Planorbis tantillus in Mr. Hinkley’s list, Nautilus XVIII,

p. 54.

52 THE NAUTILUS.

SOME SHELLS OF MISSISSIPPI AND ALABAMA.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

(Coneluded from August Number, p. 44.)

Family UNIoNIDz.

Truncilla triquetra Raf. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Truncilla brevidens Lea. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Truncilla sulcata Lea. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Truncilla haysiana Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Truncilla propingqua Lea. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Truncilla personata Say. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Truncilla biemarginata Lea. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Truncilla florentina Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Truncilla perplexa Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Truncilla turgidula Lea. Shoal creek, Florence, Ala.

Micromya cxelata Conrad. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Lampsilis excavatus Lea. Tallahatchie, Big Black and Tombigbee

rivers and Floating creek, Columbus, Miss.

Lampsilis ovatus Say. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Lampsilis multiradiatus Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Lampsilis biangulatus Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Lampsilis hydianus Lea. Tallahatchie, Yalabusha, Big Black

and Tombigbee rivers.

Lampsilis affinits Lea. Tombigbee river and Floating creek,

Columbus, Miss.

Lampsilis orbiculatus Hildreth. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Lampsilis anodontotdes Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.,

and Yalabusha and Tennessee rivers.

Lampsilis fallaciosus Simpson. ‘Tallahatchie, Yalabusha and Big

Black rivers in Mississippi.

Lampsilis rectus Lamarck. 'Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.

Lampsilis lineosus Conrad. Tallahatchie, Big Black and Tom-

‘bigbee rivers. .

Lampsilis concestator Lea. Yalabusha river, Grenada, Miss.

Lampsilis ogeecheensis Conrad. Tombigbee river, Columbus,

Miss.

THE NAUTILUS. 53

Lampsilis apicinus Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.

Lampsilis trabalis Conrad. Tennessee river. One specimen.

Lampsilis parvus Barnes. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.

Lampsilis cromwellii Lea. Yalabusha river, Grenada, Miss.

Lampsilis alatus Say. 'Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers. |

Lampsilis purpuratus Lamarck. ‘Tallahatchie, Yallabusha and

Big Black rivers.

Lampsilis gracilis Barnes. All the rivers visited.

Lampsilis leptodon Rafinesque. Tennessee river. Two poor

specimens.

Lampsilis claibornensis Lea. Floating creek, Columbus, Miss.

Medionidus acutissimus Lea. Tombigbee river and Floating

creek, Columbus, Miss.

Medionidus subtentus Say. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Obovaria retusa Lamarck. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Obovaria tinkert Wright. Yalabusha river, Grenada, Miss.

Obovaria unicolor Lea. ‘Tallahatchie, Yallabusha, Big Black and

Tombigbee rivers, very plenty in the last stream at Columbus, Miss.

Obovaria ellipsis Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Obovaria castanea Lea. ‘Tallahatchie, Yalabusha, Big Black and

Tombigbee rivers.

Plagiola securis Lea. Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.

Plagiola elegans Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Plagiola donaciformis Lea. ‘Tallahatchie, Yalabusha, Big Black,

Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.

Tritogonia tuberculata Barnes. ‘Tallahatchie, Yalabusha, Big

Black and Tombigbee rivers. In the Black a few specimens were

found with purple nacre.

Cyprogena irrorata Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Obliquaria refleca Rafinesque. Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.

Pichobranchus phaseolus Hildreth. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Dromus dromus Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Strophitus spillmanvi Lea. Yalabusha river, Grenada, Miss.

Strophitus tombigbeensis Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.

Strophitus elliotii Lea. Tallahatchie river, Abbeville, Miss.

Strophitus schafferianus Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Anodonta grandis Say. Tallahatchie and Yalabusha rivers.

Areidens confragosus Say. Yalabusha, Big Black and Tombigbee

rivers.

54 THE NAUTILUS.

Symphynota costata Rafinesque. Tennessee river. Only dead

and poor ones found.

Symphynota complanata Barnes. Tombigbee river, Columbus,

Miss.

Margaritana monodonta Say. Tennessee river. Large numbers

were piled up by rocks, logs and in places on the river bank, where

the musk rats had opened them. The living ones were plen-

tiful under rocks in the shallow water, as many as two hundred

being found under one slab.

Unio gibbosus Barnes. 'Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.

Unio crassidens Lam. 'Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.

Unio arctatus Conrad. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.

Unio tetralasmus geometricus Lea. Yalabusha river, Grenada, and

a rill near Durant, Miss.

Pleurobema holstonensis Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Pleurobema edgariana Lea. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Pleurobema tumescens Lea. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Pleurobema dolabelloides Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Pleurobema decisa Lea. 'Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.

Pleurobema curta Lea. Big Black and Tombigbee rivers.

Pleurobema taitiana Lea. 'Tombigbee river near Boligee, Ala.

Pleurobema nux Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.

Pleurobema bulbosa Lea. 'Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.

Pleurobema nuculopses Conrad. 'Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.

Pleurobema aesopus Green. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Quadrula asper Lea. ‘Tallahatchie, Yalabusha, Big Black and

Tombigbee rivers.

Quadrula plicata Say. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Quadrula perplicata Conrad. Yalabusha and Black rivers.

Quadrula latecostata Lea. 'Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.

Quadrula heros Say. Tallahatchie, Yalabusha and Tennessee

rivers.

Quadrula trapezoides Lea. Yalabusha, Big Black and Tombigbee

rivers. :

Quadrula cylindrica Say. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Quadrula metanevra Raf. Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.

Common in both streams.

Quadrula intermedia Conrad. Tennessee river.

Quadrula stapes Lea. 'Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.

THE NAUTILUS. 55

Quadrula rumphiana Lea. Tombighbee river near Boligee, Ala.

Quadrula pustulosa Lea. Tallahatchie, Yalabusha, Big Black,

Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers. ‘Those from the Yalabusha, ‘Tal-

lnhatchie and Big Black have few pustules, and occasionally one is

smooth.

Quadrula rubiginosa Lea. Tallahatchie river, Abbeville, Miss.

Quadrula cerina Conrad. Yalabusha and Tombigbee rivers.

Quadrula hebetata Conrad. Big Black river, Durant, Miss.

Quadrula rubida Lea. Big Black river, Durant, Miss.

Quadrula obliqua Lamarck. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Quadrula solida Lea. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Quadrula plena Lea. Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.

Quadrula pyramidata Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Quadrula subrotundus Lea. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

Quadrula ebenus Lea. Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers. Common.

Quadrula granifera Lea. ‘Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.

LYMNEA DANIELSI SP. NOV.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Lymnexa danielsi sp, nov.

Shell elongated, attenuated, of medium thickness; color ranging

from very light-yellowish horn to dark chestnut or purple; surface

shining, growth lines generally fine and close-set, but occasionally .

as near the aperture, coarse and often raised into ridges; last whorl

often malleated; spiral sculpture of fine impressed lines; apex

smooth, spermaceti-white in color; whorls 7, flat sided or slightly

convex, slowly increasing in diameter; spire long and sharply

attenuated, longer than the aperture; sutures impressed ; aperture

ovate, often a little triangular, somewhat flaring ; peristome sharp,

simple, bordered by a dark purple or chocolate band in many speci-

mens; parietal wall with a thin callus, generally closely appressed

to the shell and almost closing the umbilical region, leaving a small

chink; axis gyrate as in stagnalis, forming a heavy, ascending plait;

interior of aperture varying from white to dark purple.

Length 28.5, breadth 12, aperture length 14, breadth 6.5 mm.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

Length 27.5, breadth 11.5, aperture length 12.5, breadth 6.0 mm.

Length 29.01, breadth 11.25, aperture length 13, breadth 6.0 mm.

Length 25.5, breadth 10, aperture length 11.5, breadth 6.0 mm.

Length 23, breadth 9, aperture length 9.5, breadth 4.75 mm.

Length 20, breadth 10, aperture length 10.5, breadth 5.5 mm.

Types: Chicago Academy of Sciences, L. E. Daniels; cotypes,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; State Museum, Indian-

apolis, Ind.

Range: Lake Maxinkukee, Indiana, collected by Mr. L. E.

Daniels.

This distinct species may be known by its acutely pyramidal spire

and small, flaring aperture. It somewhat resembles elongate forms

- of stagnalis. Some time ago Mr. Daniels sent six specimens of this

Lymnea for identification, It remained unnamed until a recent

visit to Washington, when a large collection of the same form was

seen which had been secured by Dr. Paul Bartsch, of the Smithson-

Mr. Daniels sent several hundred specimens for examination. Lake

Maxinkukee also contains Lymne@a palustris, destdiosa and parva.

The juvenile palustris are liable to be mixed with daniels? if care is

not taken to observe the form of the shell particularly the form of

the axis.

The material collected by Dr. Bartsch contains one monstrosity in

which the aperture is entire and separated from the body whorl.

The lot recently sent by Mr. Daniels is wonderfully uniform, show-

ing that the species"is quite stable. A few curious variations occur

in which the spire is shortened and the aperture is enlarged and ex-

panded. In some specimens the columella plait is exaggerated to

such an extent that it forms a pseudo-tooth. In other specimens the

lower part of the aperture is somewhat effuse. The variation in

color is remarkable, and it would be of interest to know the cause of

the rich chestnut and purple color. The normal form is horn-col-

ored like stagnalis.

The species is named in honor of Mr. L. E. Daniels, of La Porte,

Indiana, whose assiduous collecting has added many new and inter-

esting shells to the fauna of the middle west.

THE NAUTILUS. 57

NOTE ON MITRA PICTA REEVE.

BY SLOMAN ROUS.

Mitra picta Reeve (Conch. Icon., p. 123, 1844) has been placed

by Tryon in the synonymy of M. barbadensis. This, I think, is an

error. A very cursory examination of the two shells will at once

show them to be distinct. The sculpture of barbadensis consists of

spiral raised lines, with fine microscopic, spiral and longitudinal

lines decussating the spaces between them. In picta the spiral lines

are impressed, closely, deeply foveolated, microscopically striated

longitudinally and pitted where they cross the revolving lines. The

fine spiral lines of barbadensis are absent in picta.

In color M. picta is a much darker brown, with the white patches

much more conspicuous, being larger and more numerous often in

wide longitudinal lines from end to end of the shell, but broken at

the suture, or often massed on the suture so that the white predom-

inates. I think usually one-fourth of the surface is white.

The folds on the columella of JW. barbadensis are five in number,

sometimes a sixth being just perceptible, in picta there are only four,

the fourth being very small. I do not recollect ever to have noticed

a fifth fold, but if it occurs it will be as rare as six in barbadensis,

Tryon also says ‘‘ Sowerby erroneously refers the latter (picta) to

the Cape of Good Hope.” This is not an error of Mr. Sowerby.

I was resident in the Cape over forty years, during which I had the

pleasure of supplying him with many examples, and I have many

still in my possession, most, or I think all, of them collected in

Algoa Bay. m

There can be no doubt that MW. picta Reeve, is a valid species, and

that its habitat is the Cape of Good Hope. That other writers have

followed Tryon in this synonymy is sufficient reason for bringing this

error to the notice of conchologists.

NOTE ON VITREA APPROXIMA AND V, VANATTAI.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND BYRANT WALKER.

Owing to the fact that the proof of the article in which these

species were described (Proc. A. N. 8S. P. 1902, pp. 431-3) was not

read by both us, some errors unintentionally crept in, which were

58 THE NAUTILUS.

not discovered until too late to be corrected in the original publi-

cation.

The localities of the two species were reversed and the proper

credit was not given for the discovery of V. approxima. The types

of that species were not collected by Ferriss and Walker and did

not come from Wilson’s Cove. They were collected by Henry

Hemphill many years before and were distributed by him as “ V.

wheatleyi Bld.” As Hemphill’s stay on Mt. Mitchell was very

limited (See Proc. P. A. N. S. 1900, page 149) they were no doubt

collected either along the trail to the summit or on Mt. Mitchell

itself. Collectors who received specimens from Hemphill as V.

wheatleyt would do well to reéxamine them carefully.

V. vanattar was collected by Walker in Wilson’s Cove.

SUBSPECIES, MUTATIONS AND FORMS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Messrs. Pilsbry and Ferriss in discussing the variations of Bul-

imulus alternatus (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 140)

say: ‘we can find no ground for dividing them [the different forms

of subsp. maria] into several races, as Prof. Cockerell proposes.”

It seems opportune to protest against this interpretation of my

paper of 1891; the more so, since Prof. Pilsbry has before tried to

insist upon the erroneous nature of my proposed classification.

There is not, and never has been, the least divergence of opinion as

to the actual facts. In 1891, of course, we did not know as much

about the subject as we do to-day, thanks to the excellent re-

searches of Messrs. Pilsbry and Ferriss; but now, as before, the

objections to my nomenclature have no valid basis, except in a mere

difference of opinion as to what should receive a name.

I grew up in England, accustomed to the methods of the Jeffrey-

sian school, which paid little attention to slightly differentiated races,

but bestowed names on all sporadic or individual variations which

were striking enough to be easily recognized. Professor Pilsbry

pays little attention to sporadic variations, but is very much in-

terested in geographical races or subspecies. It was undoubtedly a

THE NAUTILUS. 59

' serious fault in the English work, that we were so little alert for

racial characters, and we were also to blame for confusing under the

name “ variety ’’ several different phenomena. I have watched the

development of the American researches with admiration, and cer-

tainly have no fault to find with the methods adopted; but at the

same time I believe we make a great mistake if we assume that

sporadic varieties are not worth noting and recording. Professor

Pilsbry will probably concede all this, in principle, but will object

to giving them names. It is unavoidable, I suppose, that there

should be differences of opinion about this; but it is certainly true

that only when they are named and find a place in the manuals do

they get properly noticed and recorded.

The best example of the English method which has so far appeared

is found in Taylor’s ‘‘ Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mol-

lusca of the British Isles,’? now in course of publication. I can

hardly believe that any naturalist can study this work without ad-

miring its exhaustive treatment of variation, and perceiving the

value, from the standpoint of evolution, of the orderly presentation

of so great a mass of information. At the same time, it is not with-

out its faults, one of which is the confusion together of different races

and mutations, treating them all as “ varieties,” without discrimina-

tion. Thus under Testacella scutulum, the geographical form major,

from Algeria, appears as a variety; while its mutation albina is

made to include all pallid forms, whether from Algeria or elsewhere.

It is evident that albina should be treated under major as a muta-

tion; and the name pallida, proposed for the pale mutation of the

typical scutulum, should be so applied. Following the Jeffreysian

method, the term ‘‘ monstrosity ”’ is applied in an illogical manner to

sinistral mutations and various distortions of the shell, which have

nothing particular in common.

Deviations from the normal may be conveniently included under

three heads:

1. Subspecies, as generally understood in this country ; forms oc-

cupying a distinct territory (or it may be ecological position) of their

own, but intergrading with the species.

2. Mutations, the so-called spontaneous variations, arising sporad-

ically from some modification of the germ-plasm, and often persisting

in limited strains. These include, among other things, sinistral and

albino variations; and it is desirable that analogous variations of

60 THE NAUTILUS.

different species should receive the same mutational name: e. g.,

sinistrorsum for all sinistral mutations.

The interest attaching to these variations is very great at the

present time, when so much is being said about the theories of de

Vries and the Mendelian phenomena. We have, moreover, pretty

good evidence that such ‘‘ sports’ have given rise to genuine specific

characters, certain shells (e. g., Vitrea crystallina) being permanently

‘‘albino,” while whole genera have become sinistral. The sinistral

mutations are perhaps of especial significance, inasmuch as in the

nature of the case they must arise ‘all at once.”

3. Forms, resulting from the immediate effect of the environment

upon the individual, and presumably not inheritable in the proper

sense of the word. I notice that Messrs. Pilsbry and Ferriss, in the

work already cited (p. 169) name a “form” of Goniobasis.! These

variations might be held to have the least significance of the three,

but they are often striking, and are usually of interest from a

physiological if not from an evolutional standpoint. It must be

remembered, also, that while they are said to be immediately due to

the environment, this is only true in a partial sense; there must

already e~‘st the inheritable power of responding in this particular

way to the conditions found. This power of response, as exhibited

under diverse environments, is itself a thing of great interest to

every biologist, and no one can doubt its significance in relation to

the persistence and spread of species.

The term ‘‘ variety’ may well be retained for use in cases which

cannot clearly be referred to one of the above categories. The

simple trinomial may be used for the subspecies; in the case of the

others, ‘“ var.,” “mut.” or ‘“‘f.’”? should be placed before the last

name.

It should be added that not unfrequently ‘‘ mutations” belong to

particular races, which are distinguishable only from their power of

producing them. Thus, I cannot see that the Cochlicopa lubrica of

the Rocky Mountains and of England are in any wise different

shells; but in England certain mutations are frequently produced,

which are never seen in the Rocky Mountains.

1 Omitting, however, to name the very distinct mutations, figs. 27 and 28,

p. 167. According to the method I advocate, fig. 28 would be mut, spiralis,

and the same name would be applied to similar mutations of other species,

except when a different one had been earlier provided.

bien,

F ILLINOIS

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PLATE IV.

THE NAUTILUS, XX.

COLONY OF EPIPHRAGMOPHORA TUDICULATA.

KELSEY

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XX. OCTOBER, 1906. No. 6.

A HEALTHY COLONY OF EPIPHRAGMOPHORA TUDICULATA.

BY F. W. KELSEY.

While enjoying a skort vacation, during the month of July of this

year, I sojourned with an old-time friend, Mr. I. J. Frazee, in

Pamoosa cafion, about fifteen miles north of Escondido, in San

Diego County. and whenever I went prowling around among the hills

with my camera I always kept my weather eye open for anything

that carried a shell on its back.

My efforts were rewarded by a goodly find of Glyptostoma new-

berryanum Binney, and Hpiphragmophora tudiculata Binney. The

latter, in one instance, were so plentiful as to deserve more than

passing notice, and I went to a good deal of trouble to erable me to

get a photograph to present to the readers of the NauriLus.

By means of bars, 1 moved a rock weighing over a ton, back from

the face of the cliff, so as to allow the light to enter and to give an

unobstructed view of the colony of helices hibernating in the lower

part of the cleft between the two masses of rock, and occupying a |

space of not more than two square feet.

Of course, only a portion of the group shows in the picture, but

after making the exposure, I collected fifty-eight adult shells and left

more than half that number of immature ones for seed.

With one exception, I have never before seen snails in their wild

state so plentiful. This was in the summer of 1902 when I collected

over one thousand live Hpiphragmophora stearnsiana Gabb, in a

space not over fifty yards square at Pacific Beach, near San Diego.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

REMARKS ON CERTAIN NEW ENGLAND CHITONS WITH DESCRIPTION

OF A NEW VARIETY.

BY FRANCIS N. BALCH.

The recent announcement by Dall [ ’05 a. and b.] of a new Chiton

from New England—the first local addition to the group in many

years—makes this a favorable moment to introduce an allied novelty

with a few remarks.

Tonicella Blaneyt Dall, was founded on a single specimen dredged

by Dwight Blaney, Esq., of Boston, off Ironbound Island, French-

man’s Bay, Maine, in twenty fathoms.

Its diagnostic marks consist substantially in conspicuously radially

ribbed lateral areas and terminal valves.

Dall says it seems: “somewhat intermediate between Tonicella

and Trachydermon, with a leaning toward the former, while it

seems to be most nearly related specifically to Tontcella marmorea”’—

an opinion in which I concur.

But this “‘ intermediate ” character raises the whole question of the

true relation of these forms, which I now propose to discuss.

Trachydermon ruber and Tonicella marmorea are both common

north of Cape Cod in from five to one hundred fathoms; the former,

in my experience, outnumbering the latter (which favors the deeper

waters,) at least ten to one.

They much resemble one another and in fact Gould [ ’70] (who

retained them both in the Linnean genus Chiton) says of ruber: * It

is not difficult to distinguish at sight well marked individuals of this

species from those of C. fulminatus”’ (i. e., Tonicella marmorea.)

‘‘ But there are intermediate specimens which it is not easy to pro-

nounce upon. In general, this species is smaller, more solid, more

convex, the valves more beaked, lines of growth more deep, the zig-

zag lines never appearing, though the posterior margin of the valve

is sometimes dotted with white and red. The impunctured or un-

granulated surface, however, is the best, as it is a constant, charac-

teristic.”

But Gould’s diagnostic points will not stand. The color-patterns

do duplicate, and the surface of ruber zs punctate, as Dall has him-

self pointed out [’79]. I may add that in the coarseness of the punc-

tation the two overlap.

The fact is, as Gould indicates, that while the extremes of the two

THE NAUTILUS. 63

forms are well separated the series yet approach very near if they do

not overlap.

In spite of this the two are to-day almost universally placed by

American and British malacologists in two distinct genera—genera

which, in Pilsbry’s monograph [ Pilsbry ’92] are rather widely sepa-

rated.

I propose very briefly to review their recent generic history.

Both were included in Gray’s genus /schnochiton, from which Car-

penter [’63] split off Zrachydermon as a sub-genus, naming no type

though his own retiporosus was the first of the species referred to it.

Neither ruber nor marmoreus was mentioned. He later declared

it corresponded to the ‘‘second section” of Gray’s /schnochiton

‘¢* * * scales of mantle minute, granule-like,” and raised it to the

rank of a genus.

In 1873 [Carpenter ’73] he published brief and informal, but im-

portant, notes of his observations on the Chitons of our New Eng-

land Coast made during work with our Fish Commission expeditions.

* * * ‘section fT, mantle scales minute, granular ;’ but as the gill-

rows are short * * * it is necessary to establish a fresh genus,

Trachydermon * * *,”

Of C. albus—now by far the commonest species all along our shore,

outnumbering ruber and marmorea combined a great many times

over and scarcely to be missed by any dredger—he said: ‘I twice

captured a live specimen; but each time it eluded the aftersearch.

I do not doubt that this is also a Trachydermon * * *.”? While not

germane to the present inquiry this is interestingly suggestive of

changes in the Chiton census.

Of C. marmoreus, he said: [it] “is Tonicta of H. Adams and

Gray, simply because the girdle is smooth. The true southern

Toniciz, however, have pectinated insertion-plates and ambient gills,

like the typical Chitons ; while the northern species so-called have

sharp plates and short gills. They differ, in fact, from Trachy-

dermon simply in the girdle being destitute of the minute scales. I

distinguish the group as Tonicella.”’

This is the origin of the latter genus, which we now know is far

removed from true Tonicia.

Tonicella, then, was originally nothing but a scaleless-girdled

Trachydermon, with marmorea as its type-species. I have looked in

64 THE NAUTILUS.

vain through Dall [ ’79,] Fischer [’87,] Pilsbry [’92] and other

leading modern authorities for some other tangible distinction between

the two genera, but all the cited authors retain the two nearly in the

exact Carpenterian sense above given, though the single diagnostic dif-

ference results in their rather wide separation under Pilsbry’s scheme.

The trouble with this single diagnostic difference is that according

to my observations it does not exist in the type-species, marmorea.

According to my observations neither ruber nor marmoreus has

scales, strictly speaking. In both (in ruber always, in marmorea

usually) the girdle is set with minute, stumpy spines. In ruber these

have some such shape as a thimble or short finger-cot and are thick-

set, giving a shagreen-like surface, while in marmorea they are pro-

portionately longer and thinner, commonly absolutely much smaller,

usually (if not always) much less thickly set, often very sparse

indeed and apparently sometines lacking entirely.

In other words my observations bear out the beautiful accuracy of

Sars [ ’78,] Tab. 8, figs. 3 a.—1, and 4 a.—1., on the basis of which

he erected the genus Boreochiton expressly to contain our two forms,

in ignorance of Carpenter’s prior Trachydermon.

If Sars’ figures and my observations are correct there is no more

ground for generically separating ruber and marmorea on the basis

of girdle-character [and no other has been suggested] than there

would be for putting No. 3 and No. 1 sandpapers in different genera.

If indeed the two species do not actually intergrade in this character,

at least the difference between the coarsest and finest (or naked)

marmorea is far greater than the difference between the coarsest

marmorea and the finest ruber.

The upshot is that I feel confident marmorea must be removed to

Trachydermon and stand close beside 7. ruber. What is to become

of Tonicella after the removal of its type-species to a prior genus I

leave to others.

Admitting that ruber and marmorea stand close beside one another

in the same genus, how are they specifically distinguished? I think

the answer must be—only by what Dall calls “ the sum of the char-

acters.’ Gould’s supposed diagnostic differences have been dealt

with already. Great as isthe apparent difference between the rough

red-and-white striped narrow girdle of an extreme ruber and the

smooth, leathery, green, wide girdle of an extreme marmorea they

almost if not entirely overlap on this point also.

ee a

THE NAUTILUS. 65

The most reliable features known to me are the arrangement of

the notches and radial canals of the anterior valves (which in mar-

morea are confined to a central segment of say 100°, while in ruber

they spread through nearly 180°, the limiting pair being obscure) ;

and the form of the tegumentum of the mid-valves (which in mar-

morea has a rather sharply convex anterior edge, and in ruber con-

cave or sinuated). These characters are ascertained in so few speci-

mens that I am not sure how constant they are.

I have no doubt, however, that ruber marmorea, taking the ‘sum

of the characters,’’ are quite valid species as such things go.

With these conclusions behind us, let us take up the new forms to

be discussed.

The affinities of 7. Blaneyi may be analyzed as follows’: girdle-

covering, like marmorea; girdle-color, like marmorea; punctation,

like ruber; notches and canals (anterior valve,) like marmorea; form

of tegumentum (mid-valves,) like ruber.

I may add that, examining large series for ribbed specimens, I

find distinct though slight ‘‘ ribbing ”’ of the anterior valve in several

specimens of ruber but none in marmorea.’

What, now, is 7. Blaneyi? It may be pathological, but nothing

suggests it. It may be a unique specimen of an established distinct

species, but if so, since said to be conspicuous and occurring in much-

worked waters, it must be highly local or excessively rare. It may

be a “‘ connected variant ”’ of marmorea, but the intermediate stages

of “ribbing ”’ are missing, occuring rather in ruber; it may be a

‘¢ connected variant”’ of ruber, but seems closer to marmorea,; it may

be a ‘disconnected variant,’ ‘sport’? or “ mutant,” which will

either become extinct or found a species and which merely happens

to come from the ruber end of the marmorea series. Finally, it may

be a hybrid, with the rwber tendency to wrinkling (possibly arces-

tral?) intensified by the cross as is not uncommon in such cases.

My own provisional judgment would be for the latter.

While Mr. Blaney was working in Frenchman’s Bay I was at

work (in the summer of 1899 and 1901) in the next bay west—Blue

Hill Bay. My richest ground was a small, stony area in about 12

fathoms off Harriman’s Point where 7. yuber was abundant while

1 Based entirely on Dr. Dall’s descriptions and figures. The unique specimen

is in the U.S. Nat. Mus.

2Series much smaller.

66 THE NAUTILUS.

T. marmorea was rather uncommon—as indeed I found it through-

out. On this spot 1 dredged the form described below—one adult

and one half grown in 1899, and a young specimen in 1901.

Tonicella ruber (Lowe) var. index. nov.

In every respect typical except in color,’ which is in life an ivory-

white slightly tinged with green (taking on in alcohol or formol the

exact appearance of old ivory tinged faintly with yellow,) highly

polished and absolutely unmarked except for a few extremely faint

and minute light pink dots on the posterior edges of the mid-valves

and a very conspicuous dark purple elongated triangle pointing

posteriorly on the keel of the fifth valve. Girdle very pale, other-

wise typical.

A color variety connected with the typical form by intermediate

stages is perhaps not worth describing, but this form, while clearly

close to typical ruber, appears to be quite discontinuous. Dr. Dall

pronounces it new to him, which is practically to say new to science.’

In spite of the fact that the mark on the fifth valve is often recog-

nizable in typical specimens (and is probably present in all, though

disguised by the strong color-patterns) and in spite of the fact that

very pale, almost white, valves frequently occur and sometimes (as

Dall has noted) to the number of four or five in a single specimen,

yet the present variety can be distinguished from any other specimen

of ruber I have ever seen, across an ordinary room. It is not a mere

case of faintness of the rosy markings. The markings are wiped

out and a totally new color scheme (viz. green) introduced. My

three specimens, dredged two years apart, are absolutely indis-

tinguishable except for size. The first specimen dredged was adult

(probably hatched the year previous) the last very young (probably

breeding the next year.) It is, therefore, not connected with age

and has persisted on the same spot probably for at least four years;

but is not a true geographical race (in the sense, for instance in

which ornithologists use the term) since it is a cohabitant with the

typical form.

What, then, is 7. ruber var. index? It may be pathological, ora

‘‘ physiological variety ’’—an albino in short—but it’s local persist-

1Radula not examined.

2In this connection Chiton marmoreus var. ceruleus Winkley should be con-

sidered. See Nauriius VIII, p. 78, 1894.—Ep.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

ence for at least four years looks otherwise. It is scarcely a

“variety ’’ in the ordinary sense, for the intermediate terms are com-

pletely lacking. It is a “sport” or “ mutant” in the sense of a dis-

continuous variant, breeding true and founding a new centre of varia-

tion? To my mind the evidence, while wholly inconclusive,

suggests that possibility.

T. Blaneyt and T. ruber var. index, add two extremely interesting

problems to New England malacology-problems which are all the

more interesting because further work by Mr. Blaney or some other

fortunately situated student, should go far to yield a solution in the

course of a few years.

I may add that the feature from which var. index takes its name—

the striking dark backward-pointing triangle on the keel of the fifth

valve—sugeests an interesting inquiry of a different nature. It ap-

pears to be a very wide spread and definite feature, appearing in

various species in various groups, now more, now less disguised by

conflicting color-patterns. It is by no means confined to the fifth

valve though commonest there. I find no notice of this odd Chiton

character in such examination of the literature as I have been able

to make. The fifth valve appears to have no specially significant

topographical relation with the internal anatomy, nor, indeed, is the

hollow of the keel in any of the valves occupied by any special organ

so far as 1 know. Has this mark, then, relation to some specializa-

tion of the complicated tegumentary system of organs ?!

Jamaica Plain, Mass., September, 1906.

PAPERS CITED.

CARPENTER, Puiuip P.

[’63] Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with

regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Rep. Brit.

Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1863, pp. 517-686,

[’73] On the generic affinities of New England Chitons. Bull. Essex Inst.,

V. No. 9, pp. 152-154, Sep. 1873, (Reprinted in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.,

4th Ser., v. XIII, pp. 119-123, 1874.)

1Postscript. Since the above was written I have noted that in the “List of

British Marine Mollusca” published in 1902 by a committee of the Concho-

logical Society of Great Britain and Ireland—apparently a very careful revision

in the course of which generic questions were well considered—TZ7. ruber and

T. marmorea are, indeed, united in one genus, but that genus is Tonicella.

How this result was reached I do not know.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

Dati, Wm, H.

[’?79] Report on the Limpets and Chitons of the Alaskan and Arctic Regions,

with descriptions of Genera and Species believed to be new. Proc. U.S.

N. M., pp. 281-344, pl. i-v., 1879, (Republished as Art, IV in “Sci.

Results of Exploration of Alaska,’’)

[’? 81] On the genera of Chitons, Proc, U. S. N. M., pp. 279-291, 1881.

[’05 a] A new Chiton from the New England Coast. Proc, Biol. Soc.

Wash, xviii, pp. 203-204, Sept. 2, 1905.

[’05 b] A new Chiton from the New England Coast. Navtinus, xix. No.

8, pp. 88-90, pl. IV, Dec. 1905,

Fiscumr, Paut.

[’87] Manuel de Conchyliologie, etc., Paris, 1887.

GouLp, Augustus A,

[’70] Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, 2d, ed. (Binney’s)

Boston, 1870,

Pinspry, Hunry A.

[’92] Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic. Vol. XIV. Poly-

placophora, Philadelphia, 1892.

PossELT, Henry J.

[ 98] Gr6énlands Brachiopoder og Bléddyr. Conspectus Faun. Groenlandic,,

1, pp. i-xix, 1-298, pl, l-iiand map, Copenhagen (?) 1898.

Sars, G, O.

* [’78] Mollusca Regionis Arctic Norvegie Bidrag til kundskab. om Norg,

Ark, Faun,, I, pp. I-XVI, 1-466, pl. 1-34 and I-XVIII and Map, Chris-

tiana, 1878.

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE OVA OF UNIONIDZE,

BY L. 8. FRIERSON.

When the ova of those species of Unionide, with which I am

acquainted, are first noted in the marsupia, they are spherical in

shape, and consist of a single mass of yolk, surrounded with a clear

fluid, probably albumen, all confined in a spherical egg-shell mem-

brane. Soon after fertilization takes place, the yolk undergoes

segmentation, and goes through a ‘‘ mulberry ” stage, and finishes

with the familiar glochidium. Several interesting facts have been

noted, which may prove of interest. Some young ova of a Quadrula

trapezoides Lea were under observation, and being called off a short

time, on my return I noticed that some of the ova had changed their

;

THE NAUTILUS. 69

shapes in the interim. Some of these ova resembled dumb bells in

shape (except that the two balls were in close juxtaposition).

Close observation showed that on the side of the spherical vitellus

would appear a slight bump or projection. ‘This would slowly grow

until it had become as large as the remainder of the yolk, thus pro-

ducing the dumb bell, apparently the fluid contents of the yolk would

pour itself from one ball into another, and a motion similar to that

of the well known Ameeba would result.

The other case was that of the ova of Anodonta imbecillis Say,

which were in the mulberry stage. ‘These were revolving about an

axis, making in some instances six complete turns per minute, while

the axis was fixed for each individual, the direction of this axis bore

no relation to anything that I could see, but were in every direction.

Some were horizontal, others perpendicular and many oblique.

This revolution was confined to the inside of the shell. The egg

as a whole remaining unmoved, neither the cause or object of this

rotation could be noted or conjectured by me. Possibly when packed

together in the marsupium, the motion would influence the shell, and

so in a measure prevent congestion in the narrow gill passages.

A solution of salt would in a minute or two cause a visible con-

traction of the vitellus, and the stoppage of the motion. Being

curious to know if alcohol would stimulate their motions I placed a

drop on the slide. In an instant an appearance resembling a violent

effervescence took place, and at its close every egg-shell had burst

open! Apparently the endosmosis had so far exceeded the exosmosis

as to burst the membranes.

Frierson, La., August, 1906.

SPHERIUM HENDERSONI N. SP.

BY V. STERKI.

Mussel large, almost equipartite, well inflated; superior m&rgin

curved, with slightly marked rounded, or no angles where passing

into the supero-anterior and posterior slopes which are slightly

marked; scutum and especially scutellum distinct; anterior and

posterior ends rounded, the latter scarcely drawn downward ; beaks

near or in the middle in half-grown and adult specimens, markedly

70 THE NAUTILUS.

anterior in the young, well prominent over the hinge margin, slightly

inclined towards the anterior, moderately large, rounded in the adult,

but with a small, more or less flattened area near the center, in some

specimens bounded by a slight ridge, most noticeable in the young ;

surface with moderately coarse, subregular sulcation, rather sharp to

shallow, rugulose, slightly shining, with one or sometimes two well-

marked, dark lines of growth; color generally grayish in the adult,

lighter over the beaks and with light, yellowish zones along the mar-

gins, often with dark mottlings; in some specimens there are irreg-

ular zones of bluish ; shell moderately thick, substance white, muscle

insertions distinct, those of the protractor pedis separated from the

anterior adductors ; hinge moderately stout, curved, formed rather

as in Sph. solidulum Pr., plate narrow, cardinal teeth short and

slight; ligament rather long, covered, or a narrow median line un-

covered in old specimens.

Soft parts, in alcohol, pale, the syphons with a yellowish tinge;

palpi large; outer branchiz comparatively small; metapodium dis- -

tinct, but rather small, with the retractor pedis; branchial cavities

with numbers of young at different stages, the largest 5 mill. long,

seems to be free in the cavity (not in a marsupium). we:

Size: long. 17.5, alt. 14, diam. 9.5 mill. (= 100:80:54.3); one

specimen 18 mill. long.

Habitat: Water holes, Crow Creek, 25 miles N. E. of Greeley,

Colorado, collected by Mr. Junius Henderson, curator of the museum

of the University of Colorado. ‘There were over 120 specimens in

the lot, of all stages of growth, few of them full-grown; some also

were in alcohol.

So far as can be judged, the present Spherium is distinct from all

described species, and except for the largest forms of S. semile Say,

is the largest. The mussel is higher than in simile, the beaks nar-

rower and more prominent, the shell and hinge are stouter, the sul-

cation coarser, and the color and surface appearance quite different.

There is a Spherium from several parts of the Mississippi valley,

somewhat smaller and more inflated, and partly of different outlines,

regarded as distinct since 1896, but shelved. It may be a form of

the present species, which was named in honor of its discoverer.

A few specimens were affected in the same way as those of S. sol-

idulum Pr. from Iowa, recently described in the NAUTILUS.

THE NAUTILUS. 71

NOTES.

Porputar ConcnoLtocy.—Karl Soffel, of Paris, the well-known

naturalist, has discovered that snails snore. He was experimenting

with several specimens, which he had placed in a glass jar in his

library, and one evening while writing he noticed a peculiar noise

issuing therefrom. It sounded like a person snoring in the next

room, M. Soffel approached and found that the snails were sleeping

soundly and snoring peacefully, the loudest snorer of them all being

the one that had lived among grape vines.—New York AMERICAN.

PUBLICATION RECEIVED.

THe TERTIARY AND QUARTERNARY PECTENS OF CALIFORNIA.

By Ralph Arnold. (U. 8. Geol. Survey, Professional paper No.

47, Series C., Syst. Geol. and Paleont., 76.—Pp. 264, plates LIII;

plate I, a sketch map of California). Students of West American

Mollusks are greatly indebted to Dr. Ralph Arnold for his mono-

graph on this subject. In the introduction he says, of the first part,

it**Ys a brief outline of the different Tertiary and Pleistocene for-

mations of California, giving the type localities, where, when and

by whom first described, their salient characters, where they and

their supposed equivalents are known to occur, the species of Pecten

found in them and their typical fauna as far as known.” These

faunal lists will be very useful to students. The second part of the

work describes and illustrates the Tertiary, Pleistocene, and recent

Pectens, from Alaska to the Gulf of California, including the latter.

The classification follows Dr. Dail’s “ Tertiary Fauna of Florida.”

The number of Pectens listed for California is 93, of these fifty

species and varieties are described as new.

The well-known form of Pecten equisuleatus Cpr. is figured asa

variety of Pecten circularis Sowerby, instead of P. ventricosus Sby.

Pecten hindsii Cpr. is listed as a var. of Pecten hastatus Cpr. rather

than hericeus, as lately listed, the latter now ranking as a variety

also of hastatus. Dr. Arnold writes the name as hericitus Gould

rather than the better known form “ hericeus.”” Dr. Dall’s Ms.

name of Pecten (C.) hericius var. albidus and P. ( Pseudamustum)

randolphi Dall, var. tillamookensis, are two new varietal names of

Pectens known only among recent forms.

Fie THE NAUTILUS.

The bibliography ranges from 1829 to 1905.

A list of bulletins issued by the U.S. Geol. Sur., andi, Series

C., Systematic Geology and Paleontology, is appended to this val-

uable monograph.—Mrs. M. Burton WILLIAMSON.

THE UrocopTip MOLLUSKS FROM THE MAINLAND OF AMERICA

IN THE COLLECTION OF THE U.S. Nationa MusEum. By Paul

Bartsch. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1906, pp. 109-160, 3 plates). This

paper deals chiefly with Mexican species, describing a number of new

species and subspecies, and several new subgenera of great interest.

The United States forms represented in the National Museum are

also reviewed, and two described as new: Holospira goldfussi

anacachensis, from the Anacacha Mts., near Cline and Spofford, and

from near Eagle Pass, Texas. It differs from goldfussi by the fewer

and stronger ribs. Holospira (Haplocion) tantalus, from “ some-

where in Arizona or New Mexico.’”’ No comparisons are given, but

it is said to be distinct from A. pilsbryt. It is what has been reported

as pilsbryi from the above territories. H. pilsbryi is to be removed

from the U. S. list.

The following errors or emendations require notice because they

enter into nomenclature:

Microceramus texastanus (p. 158) is used for M. texanus Pils.

Microceramus mexicanus (p. 159) should be credited to von

Martens, not Pfeiffer.

Cexlocentrum eisent (p. 119) is used in place of C. eisentanum Pils.

If these changes are intended as corrections or emendations, that

fact should, we think, have been stated; but the introduction of new

forms or spellings of specific names on any grounds is to be deprecated.

—H. A. P.

Notes oN Wisconsin Mouiusca. By George H. Chadwick

(Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., IV, pp. 67-99, 1906.) A valuable

annotated list containing 115 species, giving their distribution

throughout the State, bibliography, ete.

Notes on Some Lanp anp FRESH WATER SHELLS FROM

BritisH CotumBia. By J. F. Whiteaves (The Ottawa Naturalist,

XX, pp. 115-119, 1906). An interesting faunal list containing

upwards of thirty species.

THE NAUTILUS.

WO, akk.

NOVEMBER, 1906. INO... 7s

ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HELIX HORTENSIS MUELLER, IN NORTH

AMERICA.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

The object of this paper is to record in full our present knowledge

of the distribution of this species in North America, and to bring to-

gether the scattered literature bearing on the subject.

This species which presents such an interesting problem in geo-

graphical distribution was first recorded from North America in

1829 by a Mrs. Sheppard, of Woodfield, in an article ‘“‘ On the recent

shells which characterize Quebec and its environs.”’ In this she

states that Helix hortensis is ‘found on the bank near the plain of

Abraham, common in the spring.” In 18377 Amos Binney de-

scribed the ‘‘olivaceous yellow,” non-banded variety as Helix sub-

globosa, stating that it ‘‘is common on the lower parts of Cape Cod

and Cape Ann, and is very abundant on Salt Island, a rocky unin-

habited island near Gloucester.” This seems to be the first New

England record, for it is not mentioned by either John M. Earle or

Col. Jos. G. Totten in their lists of Massachusetts and New England

shells in 1833.°

Dr. A. A. Gould in 1841,‘ under Helix hortensis, adds to the

1Transactions of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, I, p. 193?

1829.

2 Boston Journal of Natural History, I, p. 488, pl. 17, 1837.

3 Hitchcock’s Rept. on the Geology, etc., Mass., pp. 557, 559, 1833.

*Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 172, 1841.

74 THE NAUTILUS

localities above cited, “‘the region of Portland, Maine,” and also

gives the St. Lawrence. In 1843 Dr. J. W. Mighels, in his cata-

logue of the shells of Maine,! refers to H. hortensis as follows:

“Captain Walden has recently detected this species on a little island

in Casco Bay. It must be very plentiful as he obtained more than

five hundred specimens in a few hours. * * * Most of them have

five dark brown bands on a yellow ground; some four, some two, and

a fewnone. Some have light fawn-colored bands on a white ground ;

in others, in place of colored bands the yellow ground is interrupted

with nearly transparent zones, one beautiful specimen is hetero-

strophed.”” The latter probably represents the mutation sinzstrosum

of British authors, and seems to be the only American record. In

the same year James EK. DeKay? under H, subglobosa says: ‘1 am.

indebted to Col. Totten of the United States engineers for my ac-

quaintance with this species, which he found near the shore of the

St. Lawrence, two hundred miles below Quebec.”

In 1851° Amos Binney adds to his previous remarks on its geo-

graphical distribution, as follows: ‘‘It is also said to occur in the

northern part of Vermont, in Maine, Canada on the St. Lawrence,

Nova Scotia, and the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon.” In re-

ferring to changes which have taken place he says: ‘‘ The prevalent

characters of this, and probably of other species in a given locality,

seem to undergo a considerable change from time to time. When I

first visited Salt Island, where the species abounds, ten years ago,

it was impossible to find a single specimen with either lines or bands.

One uniform color prevailed throughout. At the present time the

banded varieties are said to be not uncommon.” To this Dr. Gould

appends the following note: “ They have recently been discovered

by Dr. Samuel Cabot, in great numbers, on House Island, another

of the little islets in the vicinity of Cape Ann, where all of them are

of the banded variety. On the Outer Gooseberry, another neighbor-

ing islet, he found still another variety.

Mr. Samuel Tufts, Jr., in “ A List of Shells Collected at Swamp-

scot, Lynn and Vicinity”’ (Proc. Essex Inst., I, p. 32, 1853), says:

1 Boston Journal of Natural History, IV, p. 332, 1843.

2 Natural History of New York, Mollusca, Pt. V, p. 32, 1843.

’ The Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States (edited by A.

A. Gould), II, p, 112, 1851,

Ss.

THE NAUTILUS. 75

“Helix hortensis may be added to this list on the authority of Wm. A.

Phillips, Esq.”

Prof. Edward S. Morse in 1864, in his valuable paper, “ Observa.

tions on the Terrestrial Pulmonifera of Maine, etc.,’ places the species

under the genus Jachea with the following note: ‘ This species has

been found in abundance on several islands from Casco Bay to Grand

Manan; Mr. Fuller found them on one of the extreme outer islands

of Casco Bay in great profusion.”’

In 1868 O. A. L. Morch, under Helicogena hortensis in his paper

“On the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Greenland,”’? says:

“¢ Dr. Beck writes in his manuscript above this species : ‘ Wormskiold

has told me that he has found on the leaves of the small shrubs of

Salix lanatus in the vicinity of the interior of the Gulf of Tgaliko a |

banded snail not unlike our garden snail. Two years ago (1844?)

I obtained a dead specimen from Greenland, probably introduced.’

It is certainly found in Iceland.” See, also, Morch, “‘ On the Land

and Fresh-water Mollusca of Iceland,” page 42, of the same journal.

In 1869 W. G. Binney and T. Bland in “ Land and Fresh-water

Shells of North America,” * refer to the distribution of this species

as follows: ‘“‘ An European species introduced by commerce (?) to

the northeastern portion of North America. It is found on the

islands along the coast from Newfoundland to Cape Cod, and on the

mainland plentifully at Gaspé, C. E., also along the St. Lawrence,

Vermont (?), Connecticut (?), etc.”

The above records give all we know of what may be called the

early history of this species in America, and clearly show that at

that time its distribution was practically as it is at present. ‘The

following records are, therefore, probably only the results of more

careful collecting over the same area. In taking up in detail the

distribution of A. hortensis, 1 will commence at the most southern

locality and go northward.

The Connecticut record is very doubtful, being based entirely on

J. H. Linsley’s Catalogue of the Shells of Connecticut, 1845.‘

1Jour. Portland Society of Natural History, I, p. 10, 1864; also American

Naturalist, I, p. 186, fig, 16, 1867.

2 American Journal of Conchology, IV, p. 38, 1868,

3 Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, VIII, p. 181, 1869.

4 American Journal Science, XLVIII, p. 280, 1845.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

“ Helix subglobosa (?) Binney, Weston, Gould, 172.” The late

John H. Thomson, in his paper on ‘‘ The Land Mollusca of Bristol

County, Massachusetts,” * says: ‘I have found large numbers of

the bright lemon-yellow variety of this shell on Martha’s Vineyard

near Gay Head, never on the mainland. Of course introduced from

Europe. I tried some in my garden [ New Bedford], but the slugs

Limax, Arion, etc., devoured the young, and I could never succeed

in getting matured specimens.” Rev. H. W. Winkley informs me

that Rev. Geo, D. Reid has found it in the shell heaps on Martha's

Vineyard.

In 1870 Dr. H. A. Pilsbry records this species from Nantucket.

They were taken by the late Dr. Harrison Allen at Sciasconset, the

four specimens showing the following variations: uniform yellow

(var. /utea), four and five bands, and one with five translucent almost

colorless bands. During the same year Dr. Benj. Sharp also found

it in the town of Nantucket, and later, on the adjacent island of

Tuckernuck, all of the uniform lemon-yellow variety.

In 1904 the writer reported the finding of this species at Chatham,

Mass.* Although I am aware that it was collected there long

before, it apparently has not been recorded. They were all very

pale yellow and bandless, the var. subalbida Locard. Some of the

older specimens had entirely lost their epidermis, and were chalky-

white, but still as active as their offspring. They were abundant on

the steep bluff in front of the light-houses, although I did not dis-.

cover their presence until a rainy day brought them from their hid-

ing place; not even a dead shell indicated their existence. Mr.

L. R. Reynolds informs me that he has collected H. hortensis on

Morris Island, a wooded island just south of Chatham.

There is a tray of specimens in the museum of the Boston Society

of Natural History from Provincetown, Mass., collected by Mr. L.

L. Thaxter. All are the bright yellow, bandless variety (lutea).

A few uniform light yellow specimens were found by Mr. A P.

Morse among some cedars near ‘‘ Old Harbor,’”’ Cohasset, Mass.

The next localities to consider are those of the Cape Ann region.

W. G. Binney in his Manual of American Land Shells,* page 496,

1 Journal of Conchology (British), IV, p. 373, 1885.

2The Nauriuus, IV, pp. 24 and 48, 1890,

3 The Nautiuus, XVIII, p. 45, 1904,

4Bulletin, U.S. National Museum, No. 28, pp, 467 and 496, 1885.

——

- a

THE NAUTILUS. 77

gives ‘‘ Kagle Island, Marblehead; House Island, Manchester ;

Kettle Island, Cape Ann.’’ It is also to be found on the mainland

at Manchester, Magnolia, Gloucester and Rockport.

Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, in a paper on ‘ Helix hortensis in

_ America,”’ describes the following varieties from Magnolia: pallida

Ckll., ‘pale purplish or purplish-brown, without bands ;” quinque-

vittata Moq., ‘yellow with five bands;” rwfozonata Ckll., straw-

colored with red-brown bands, five in number; also the varieties

subalbida, lutea and subglobosa. Later Prof. Cockerell, on the

‘* Variations of Helix hortensis at Rockport, Mass.,’’?? describes the

following varieties: subglobosa; arenicola, ‘‘bands colorless, translu-

cent, 12345 ;” subalbida and lutea, the latter showing some fifteen

different band formule including 00000, 12345, 123(45), (123)(45),

10345, 12045. The latter specimens were collected by Mr. G. H.

Clapp, who is quoted as follows: ‘* The bandless or very faintly

banded forms were by far the most common. ‘Typical shells were

scarce, even less plentiful than the transparent banded variety. On

rainy days the shells were out by the hundreds.”

The first locality north of Cape Ann from which this species is re-

corded is some of the outer islands of Casco Bay. Mrs. A. S.

Packard has kindly donated to the Boston Society of Natural His-

tory a large series of this species from the collection of the late Prof.

Packard. These were collected on Brown Cow Island, Casco Bay.

The olive-green variety (swbglobosa) predominates, grading insensibly

irto the yellow (lutea); the banded forms represent about ten per

‘cent, while a corresponding number could be referred to the variety

arenicola. Rev. H. W. Winkley has found it on Inner Green Island,

and Mr. W. H. Weeks, Jr., on Cliff or Crotch Island. In a letter

from Mr. H. K. Morrell, he writes: ‘‘I was at Seguin two days this

week and the keeper, Capt. H. L. Spinney, happened to say that

Helix hortensis was found on Pumpkin Knob, on the east side of

Sheepscot Bay, and was abundant on Matinicus.”’” Mr. Owen Bryant

found the five-banded form on Seal Rock, one of the Matinicus

Group. Mr. Arthur H. Norton also reported it from Seal Rock, and

has found it on Mosquito or Little Egg Rock, Muscongus Bay. I

have a specimen in my collection labeled ‘Spruce Head, Me.” Mr.

1The Navrtiuvs, III, p. 139, 1890.

2 The Navritus, XIII, p. 32, 1899,

78 THE NAUTILUS.

Morris Schick collected it at Bar Harbor. Mr. H. S. Colton and later

Mr. Dwight Blaney record it as ‘‘ common”? on Little Duck Island,

near Frenchman’s Bay.’

It is also reported from Grand Manan, Halifax and Cape Breton,

while from the Gaspé region it has been collected by a number of

persons. Dr. John M. Clarke found it very common on the lime-

stone area at Perce. Mr. A. W. Hanham, in an article on the

‘¢ Mollusca of the Gaspé region,”’? says: “ Helix hortensis was very

common on the hillside, generally buried in the sand, several varie-

ties were taken, the plain form seemed to be the most abundant.”

They were collected at Barachois, and in a beautiful series which he

sent to me at the time, I find several specimens in which the bands

are all united (12345). It has also been found at Gaspé Basin by

Mr. F. R. Latchford. Abbé Provancher lists it from the Province

of Quebec as ‘* H. nemoralis.”’ *

Specimens from Wreck Harbor, East Cape, Anticosta. collected

by members of the “‘ Arethusa” expedition in 1880, are in the col-

lection of the Boston Society of Natural History. In Newfoundland

the species seems to extend along the greater portion of the west

coast. In a recent letter from Mr. L. P. Gratacap he says: “I

found HH. hortensis in considerable numbers in Newfoundland, in

damp, woody ravines, in the two Codroy valleys, principally in the

Little Codroy. They were deep in color, with and without bands.

I did not see it on the east coast.”” Mr. Owen Bryant also failed to

find it on the east coast. Mr. G. H. Clapp* says: ‘‘ A friend has

just brought me a living example of H. hortensis (12345) from the

headwaters of Robinson’s River, west coast of Newfoundland.”

This locality is not far above the Great Codroy. Mr. John Bryant,

Jr., found it at the Serpentine River, June 20, 1905, and Dr. John

Bryant at the mouth of East River, Hawkes Bay. During the past

summer (July 8, 1906) Drs. C. W. Townsend and G. M. Allen

also collected a beautiful series from the same locality on Hawkes

Bay. They found them only at the one place, feeding on the ‘ cow

parsnip.” All were the bright yellow variety (dutea) with (12345)

and without bands.

1The Navritus, XVII, p. 99, and XVIII, p. 46, 1904,

2 The Nautitus, VII, p. 65, 1893.

3’ Le Naturaliste Canadien, XIX, p, 186, 1890.

4The Navutitus, XIV, p. 72, 1900.

" ——

THE NAUTILUS. 79

Dr. Wm. H. Dall in his work on Land and Fresh-water Mollusca,’

gives Labrador, but the exact locality is not recorded. Only the

single specimen referred to by Mérch has been found in Greenland.

Dr. Dall thinks that it is doubtless an accidental importation. In

Iceland the species still exists, as will be seen from the following

letter from Mr. Gratacap: ‘+1 found hortensis this last summer in

Iceland, where it assumes a very dark tint, with the longitudinal

yellow threads strongly marked and the revolving dark bands re-

duced to one. They were fragile and very scarce. I have only three

from Seydisfiord, on the east coast.”

The origin of this species in America has been the subject of con-

siderable discussion. Amos Binney, in describing subglobosa, and

comparing it with the European hortensis, and the possibility of its

being introduced by commerce, says: “It would be difficult, how-

ever, to account for their inhabiting the barren and retired situations

at the extremity of Cape Cod, and the rocky islands in the neighbor-

hood of Cape Ann, while in the intermediate country they are not

found.” Later (1851) he believed its origin in this country to be

due to commercial intercourse with Europe. Prof. Edw. S. Morse

in 1864 (loc. cit.) asks this question: “If this species is really iden-

tical with the Tachea hortensis of Europe, it seems a little singular

that here it should only be found on islands frequently barren and

far out from the land, * * while in the old country they become a

nuisance in gardens.”’ This is only another way of saying that if this

Species was introduced by commerce, why do we not find it in the

gardens of Portland, Salem and Boston, instead of on the barren

islands and exposed headlands ?

W.G. Binney has always questioned its introduction by commerce,

and later (1890) informs Prof. Cockerell (Naurixus, III, 139)

that he regards the species as naturally present in America, an

opinion in which Prof. Cockerell also concurs and refutes the theory

“that the hardy Norsemen of old may have carried the snails about

for food, and so imported it where they went.”’ It seems too bad to

shatter this fabulous, though pertinent story, before the poet has liad

a chance to versify. Dr. Pilsbry did not, however, coincide with

Prof. Cockerell’s idea that it is a native American (see NAUTILUS,

IV, 24, 1890), and later in the Manual of Conchology (IX, p. 321,

1894), says: ‘* H. hortensis inhabits many of the islands off the New

1 Harriman Alaska Expedition, XIII, p. 20, 1905.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

England coast, and being found in pre-Columbian kitchen-midden

deposits, cannot be regarded as a recent immigrant. Possibly it may

be the sole survivor of that Viking incursion in the eleventh cen-

tury.” Rev. Henry W. Winkley, in an interesting article, “ Helix

hortensis in New England” (Navuti.us, XVII, p. 121, 1904), sug-

gests that it is a survivor of the pre-glacial period. When we con-

sider its present distribution and power to withstand even the

climate of Iceland, this seems to be the only solution of the problem,

which is further strengthened by its discovery in the Pleistocene by

Dr. Dall (loc. cit.), who says: “ The wide distribution of the species,

often on uninhabitable islets off a coast little frequented, and its

presence, which I have verified, in the glacial Pleistocene of Maine,

tends to confirm the view that it is a prehistoric immigrant if an

immigrant at all.”

The question which now arises is this: Why does Helix hortensis

continue to occupy the outer islands and headlands and not spread

as the New England coast is concerned, by taking into consideration

the geological character of the coast and the conditions most favor-

able to the life of land mollusks. The New England coast is com-

posed almost exclusively of granitic rocks, or, on Cape Cod, of sand

and gravel, both very unfavorable geological conditions for mollusca,

owing to the absence of lime; even the more common species of the

eastern United States are comparatively few on the coastal area.

Again, the atmospheric conditions even slightly removed from the

outer shore line are very different from the islands and headlands,

continually bathed by the ocean’s spray. These barren locations

make up in lime and moisture what they lack in vegetation; the

islets are also probably much more free from mice, rats and forest

fires, which on the mainland destroy large numbers of snails. Poly-

gyra albolabris and Pyramidula alternata are much more abundant

on the islands than on the adjacent mainland, nor do these remarks

apply only to the New England coast. The sandy pine and scrub

oak barrens of southern New Jersey are void of land shells, while on

the islands separated from the mainland by a wide expanse of salt

marsh, and numerous creeks and bays, Polygyra albolabris var.

maritima is quite abundant. The distribution of hortensis along the

broad estuary of the St. Lawrence is undoubtedly due to favorable

physical conditions.

PPS:

EN sxe &

THE NAUTILUS. 81

A LIST OF SHELLS FROM NEBRASKA,

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The shells enumerated in the following list were all collected by

Dr. R. H. Wolcott, of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.

Many of the localities represented are in counties not covered by

Aughey’s List (Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 18, p. 697), so that while

not large, the collection makes a considerable addition to our knowl-

edge of the distribution of the different species in the State.

Dr. Pilsbry has kindly identified the Vertigo and Lifidaria.

Polygyra profunda Say. Omaha.

Polygyra multilineata Say.

Polygyra multilineata alba Witter.

Polygyra multilineata rubra Witter.

Omaha. A rather small, solid and elevated form. The four

specimens measure 204 x 154, 202 x 15, 20x 154, 204x 14 mm.

Bellevue. A single, small, globose, greenish-brown, unicolored

specimen measuring 165 x 124 mm.

Polygyra fraterna Say. Omaha. A small elevated, perforate

form varying from 122-134 x 42-54 mm. Salt Creek, Roca. Simi-

lar in shape, but rather larger, 13-14 x 5-54 mm.

Bifidaria contracta Say. Roca.

Bifidaria pentodon tappaniana Ad. Monroe Canyon, Sioux Co.

Vertigo ovata Say. Monroe Canyon.

Vitrea hammonis Strom. Roca.

Huconulus chersinus polygyratus Pils. Omaha, Roca and Monroe

Canyon.

Zonitoides arborea Say. Lincoln, Roca and Monroe Canyon.

Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyi Pils. Monroe Canyon.

Vallonia parvula Sterki. Roca.

Succinea grosvenort Lea. Salt Basin, Lincoln. A small, rather

- thick-shelled form, largest specimen 10 x 8 mm.

Hackberry Lake, Cherry Co. A large, thin-shelled form, quite

variable in contour, the two largest specimens measuring 143 x 104,

aperture 74x11 and 154x10, aperture 7x10 mm. Immature

shells are very similar to those from Lincoln, but more inflated.

Succinea retusa Lea. Hackberry Lake and Marsh Lake, Cherry

County.

Succinea avara Say. Roca and Monroe Canyon.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

Lymnea refleca Say. St. Michaels, Buffalo Co., and Bellevue.

Lymnexa caperata Say. West Point, Cuming Co., and Dewey’s

Lake, Cherry Co.

Lymnea desidiosa Say. Monroe Canyon.

Lymnea palustris Mull. Dewey’s Lake and Marsh Lake, Cherry

County.

Physa anatina Lea. Lincoln; Washington, Cedar Co. ; Roca and

Platte River.

Physa gyrina Say. West Point, St. Michaels and South Bend.

Physa gyrina hildrethiana Lea. Lincoln and Hat Creek Valley,

opposite Monroe Canyon. :

Physa gyrina oleacea Tryon. Bellevue.

Physa heterostropha Say? Omaha. A few very young specimens

seem referable to this species.

Physa ancillaria Say. Hackberry Lake, Dewey’s Lake and

‘Sink’? near Dewey’s Lake, Cherry Co. Fine, large specimens.

Those from the “Sink” are elegantly striped like Lymnaea reflexa

zebra, a rare occurrence in this genus.

St. Michael. A more typical example.

Physa sayi warreniana Lea. Lincoln.

Physa Sp.? Dewey’s Lake, Cherry Co. A single specimen re-

sembling P. aplectotdes Sterki, but with a short, obtuse spire and

well-impressed suture.

Aplexa hypnorum L. Dewey’s Lake and Marsh Lake, Cherry Co.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Bellevue, St. Michael, Lincoln, Hack-

berry Lake and Dewey’s Lake, Cherry Co., Omaha and South Bend.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Sidney, Cheyenne Co. One example

is slightly transversely striate, approaching var. strzatus.

Planorbis parvus Say. Omaha and Lincoln.

Segmentina armigera Say. Omaha.

Ancylus shimekit Pils. Calloway.

Ancylus rivularis Say. Deadman’s Run, Lincoln.

Ancylus tardus Say. Lincoln.

Ancylus Sp.? Lincoln.

Amnicola limosa Say. Lincoln.

Spherium simile Say. Lincoln.

Spherium stamineum Con. Salt Creek, Lincoln.

Spherium striatinum Lam. Lincoln.

Musculium jayanum Prime. Lincoln.

THE NAUTILUS. 83

Musculium transversum Prime, South Bend, Cass Co., and Wood-

lawn Creek, Lincoln.

Musculium secure Prime. Lincoln.

Pisidium Sp.? Omaha.

Lampsilis luteolus Lam. Blue River, Crete.

Lampsilis parvus Bar. Lincoln.

Lampstlis subrostratus Say. Lincoln.

Unio tetralasmus Say. Lincoln.

Anodonta grandis Say. Lincoln.

NOTES.

LYMNAEA MEGASOMA. This species is abundant in Cobalt Lake,

the centre of the wonderful silver-cobalt mines that now hold the

attention of the world. No shell is found in an environment of such

enormous qualities of precious mineral. Untold millions in value of

silver ores, running in many cases over $5,000 to the ton, surround

the placid lake, the waters of which are so strongly impregnated with

arsenic as to cause serious intestinal trouble to those who use it.

L. megasoma however lives and thrives, attaining large size and pre-

serving to a ripe old age the beautiful brown epidermis chasacteristic

of young shells. I have also found LZ. megasoma in Lake Temagami,

the terrestrial paradise of the Algonquins—the North West Arm of

Lake Nipissing, and at the mouth of French River. It doubtless

occurs in suitable waters across New Ontario from the Albany River

to Lake Abittibi.—F. R. Latcurorp, Ottawa, Ont.

MIGRATION OF ScaLLors.—The fact that beds of scallops in New

Bedford and Fairhaven waters and along the Cape shore are being

rapidly thinned out, and in some places completely exhausted, while

new beds are being constantly located about Nantucket, is alleged to

be causing the Massachusetts Fish and Game Commission to perfect

a system of procuring more definite data regarding the movements

of this toothsome shellfish.

Although the Nantucket fishermen will not commence dredging

before November Ist, they are keeping up a continual watch for new

scallop beds, and almost daily one of the boatmen will report large

beds of the shellfish on flats and shoals which only a week or so be-

fore were barren. And the old beds which give promise of sucha

84 THE NAUTILUS.

rich harvest again this year are being watched with interest. The

scallops at Nantucket are in prime condition this year, and the

‘‘eyes”’ are much larger than usual. |

The Fish Commission experts are now desirous of obtaining defi-

nite data concerning the movements of scallops, and have liberated

in Nantucket harbor a number of the shellfish to which copper tags

have been attached. For the success of this experiment the com-

missioners look to the fishermen themselves, who are requested,

whenever a tagged scallop is found, to record the same to the experts

on their next visit to the island. It is known that the scallop is cap-

able of moving through the water quite rapidly by simply opening

and closing its shell, but how far it can go in a certain length of

time is what the Fish Commission wants to find out. Perhaps it

may develop through this experiment that scallops migrate from the

Cape shore across the sound to Nantucket.—( Boston Evening

Transcript.)

THE SENIOR Epitor oF THE NAUTILUS, in company with Mr.

Jas. H. Ferriss, is on a collecting trip in Arizona. He expects to be

absent about six weeks.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE BEHAVIOR OF THE Ponp SnaiL. Lymneus elodes Say. By

Herbert E. Walter (Cold Spring Harbor, Monographs, vi). An

interesting series of experiments and observations.

New Mo.uvusca FROM THE Persian Gur, ETc. By J. Cosmo

Melvill (Proc. Mal. Soc., London, vii, p. 69). Thirty-one new spe-

cies of Gastropoda and one new Scaphopod are described and figured.

CAPULUS LISSUS SMITH, AS TYPE OF A PRoPOsED NEw SuB-

GENUS (MALLUVIUM) OF AMALTHEA. By J. Cosmo Melvill (Proc.

Mal. Soc., London, vii, p. 81). Under this subgenus is also placed

the Amalthea benthophila Dall.

Mo.uusca FROM THREE HunDRED FATHOMS OFF SYDNEY. By

C. Hedley and W. F. Petterd (Records of the Australian Mus., vi,

p. 212). About 100 species are recorded, of which 11 are new.

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XX. DECEMBER, 1906.

ABALONES AND THE PENAL CODE OF CALIFORNIA.

BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON,

A rule, or tape-measure, is not considered necessary when collect-

ing shells along the beach, but if one would not pay too dear for his

shells on the Pacific Coast of North America it were well to take

some cognizance of the size of the Halioti detached from the rocky

coast, especially during certain months of the year.

Some years ago the writer presented to the American Association

of Conchologists a series of young Haliot’s cracherodit Leech; but

one would not dare to undertake it now that the law was passed pro-

hibiting the collecting of such shells ; for it is the young or small

specimens that the statute protects.

In the Penal Code of California, section 628, the law prohibiting

the collecting of abalones’ was incorporated and approved February

12,1903, as an amendinent to the section for the protection and

preservation of lobsters, crabs, etc. The law as then amended in

regard to abalones reads, ‘‘ or any abalone shells or abalones the size

of which shall measure less than fifteen inches around the outer edge

of the shell.”” In 1905 this statute was amended, the size of the

shell allowed by law being three inches less in circumference for the

black abalone. It now reads as follows:

“‘ Hvery person who between the Ist day of April and the 15th day

1 Monterey county appears to have taken the initiative in regulating aba-

lone-fishing by passing an ordinance. See Dr, R, E. C. Stearns’ article in

‘Tue Navtiuvs for Nov., 1899, Vol. xiii, p. 81.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

of September of each year, buys, sells, takes, catches, kills or has in

his possession * * * any abalones or abalone shells of the kind

known to commerce as the black abalones (Haliot’s Californica),

the shell of which shall measure less than twelve inches around the

outer edge of the shell, or any other abalone shells, or abalones, the

shell of which sball measure less than fifteen inches around the outer

edge of the shell, is guilty of a misdemeanor.”

Is this law enforced ?

@ H. I. Pritchard, Deputy State Fish Commissioner, says: ‘ Sec-.

tion 628 has been enforced the same as any other section of the fish

and game laws.”

In answer to my inquiry for THE NautTivus, he writes: ‘I can

only give you the names and dates of my personal cases: August 13,

1904, at Anacapa Island Bay, Webster of Venture, small shells,

fined $20.00, first offense. Same day and place, Henry Ireland, of

Los Angeles, same fine. September 13, 1906, James Greenbeck, at

Redondo, small shells, fined $20.00. There has been a gang of

Japanese arrested near San Clemente Island, and again near Santa

Cruz Island and heavily find both times, but cannot give names and

dates; they used a diving suit and took 45,000 shells in 60 days.”

Instead of mentioning ** Haliotis californica” as the name of the

black abalone, our lawmakers would have done better had they left

the shell with the familiar name of commerce instead of giving the

scientific one. Jt isto be presumed the name “ Haliotis californica’”

is intended for Haliotis californiensis,' but this latter name belongs.

to arare variety of the black abalone (/atiott’s cracherodit), not, to

my knowledge, collected north of the Mexican line. No concholo-

gist would testify that the common young black abalones were H.

californica ov ff. californiensis, but there is a saving clause in the

statute that would prohibit a culprit from escape because of the

technicality of a wrong name. It is this: ‘‘ or any other abalone

shells, or abalones,”’ evidently intended for the larger red and green

species ( Haliotis rufescens, Haliotis fulgens, etc.).

Abalone fisheries are confined to California. One is located a

few miles from Monterey, another at Whites’ Point in Los Angeles.

county. Dried ‘abalones are prepared and shipped to China from

1Dr. H. A. Pilsbry on Haliotis cracherodit var. Californiensis Swains, THE

Navtituvs, Vol, xii, no, 7. p. 79.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

San Diego. ‘The Japanese are the men employed as divers. In

1900 the diving armor with air pumps came into use, Before that

the product from the Los Angeles county abalone fishery was in one

year, 1899, “ 60,000 pounds of dried abalones and 30,000 pounds of

shells of $7,800 value.’’?

It is said that the Chinese and Japanese are the consumers of this

white, boneless mollusk (the foot of the animal is the part used, and

this is white, no matter what the color of the shell may be); but I

have known of persons eating this sbell-fish—not previously dried

as prepared for shipping—perfectly unconscious that the name given

to the soup, or fritters, masked the real one. Cans of daintily pre-

pared abalones, with another name, are among grocery supplies and

the contents of a can with butter, milk, salt and pepper, all heated

in a chafing-dish, is odorous and tender enough to please the palate

of any fish consumer.

Hollywood, Los Angeles, Cal., November 9, 1906.

NEW PISIDIA.

BY V. STERKI.

Pis. neglectum, n. sp. Mussel of small size, slightly to scareely

oblique, rather rounded in outlines, moderately to rather well in-

flated ; superior margin slightly curved or nearly straight, with more

or less marked angles where passing into the anterior and posterior,

supero-anterior slope generally marked, slightly curved, anterior end

rounded angular, posterior part subtruncate, inferior margin moder-

ately curved; beaks slightly posterior, rather narrow, rounded or

somewhat flattened on top, moderately projecting over the superior

margin; surface with fine, subregular to irregular, crowded, con-

centric striz, microscopically rugulose, dullish or somewhat shining;

over the beaks there are much finer concentric striz to the center,

and the surface is not rugulose, more shining; color light to yellow-

ish-horn to whitish, shell translucent to rather opaque, rather thin ;

hinge rather slight, well formed, plate comparatively broad; right

cardinal tooth rather short, strongly curved, not reaching the lower

1 Ann. Rept. Fish Commission, 1901.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

edge of the plate, its posterior end much thicker, deeply grooved or

bifid; there is an impressed groove between it and the edge of the

plate; left anterior strongly curved to sharply angular and bent up-

ward, the posterior oblique, curved; “lateral teeth’ moderately

stout, the outer ones of the right valve distinct, the anterior left

cusp pointed, abrupt, the surfaces of all cusps rugulose; ligament

rather strong.

Long. 3, alt. 2.6, diam. 1.8 m., types, and average.

Soft parts not examined.

Habitat: North America; widely distributed and common in

Ohio, Michigan and Illinois, and probably over the Nearctic prov-

ince, seen also from New York, Canada and Alabama; living in all

kinds of waters. The specimens regarded as types are from a brook

at Krumroy, Summit Co., Ohio, 1900 (No. 3265, collection of

Cycladidz).

This Pisidium was regarded as probably distinct years ago; since

then the material has been looked over and compared dozens of

times. It seems to be the central form of a group which is one of

the most difficult to deal with of all our Pistdia. There are a host

of forms ranging under it or near it, really or apparently, and if only

a few specimens from various places were on hand, they might well

be regarded as distinct. But among the thousands seen, there are

more or less plainly intermediate forms. Some are still under doubt

and scrutiny, and waiting for additional material in order to ascer-

tain their true positions. Some forms have a slight resemblance

to some small forms of the polymorphous “ abditum Hald.,” others.

to small forms of noveboracense Pr. It may also be said that the

more typical specimens resemble Pis. pusillum Gmel. more than any

other of our Pisidia does.

Var. (?) corpulentum n. Larger, more inflated, somewhat more

elongate and oblique, beaks generally somewhat more posterior,

large, prominent; concentric striz coarser, surface more dull, color

whitish to yellowish, to grayish, and even bluish with lighter zones

along the margins.

Hab.: Grand River, Grand Rapids, Mich., collected repeatedly

by Dr. R. J. Kirkland in good numbers ; a similar Pisidiwm is from

Sillycash creek, near Joliet, Ill., collected by Messrs. J. H. Ferriss

and J. H. Handwerk. It seems that these forms are connected with

Pis. neglectum, although the Grand River, Mich. form, is considerably

different and appears to be distinct.

TIIE NAUTILUS. 89

Pis. trapezotdeum St. (described in the Nautiius, IX, p. 124,

1896), from the middle Aulantic States, and probably the same from

Grand Rapids, Michigan, is very different from neglectum, yet there

may be intermediate forms connecting the two. Should that prove

true, trapezotdeum would probably better be regarded as a specially

differentiated form, a variety of meglectum, and not vice versa.

Priority cannot be considered if there are better reasons for a differ-

ent point of view.

THE BROOKLYN CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB,

To the Nautilus :

The Brooklyn Conchological Club was formed over two years ago

by a number of collectors and admirers of shells. Several of the

members have extensive and valuable collections, the product of

many years of careful selection and world-wide correspondence with

collectors. ‘Tne NaAvriLus is a welcome visitor at the club. Two

of our members’ names are found on its advertising pages, and

occasionally an article appears from the pen of our esteemed friend

and conchologist, Mr. Sloman Rous. We hope to hear of similiar

clubs in other cities, and from individual collectors.

At the October meeting of the Brooklyn Conchological Club, Mr.

Maxwell Smith exhibited specimens of the shells collected by him

last summer in Otsego County, N. Y., also a map of the stations

visited. Mr. Smith gave an interesting account of his experience in

collecting. A list of the shells exhibited includes 54 species.

Siras C. Wueat.

SHELLS OF RICHFIELD SPRINGS, NEW YORK AND VICINITY.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.

The following species were all found in Otsego Co., with the ex-

ception of those from Weaver and Young’s Lakes (Little Lakes),

Herkimer Co. The collection was made in July and August, 1906.

It is interesting to note that Lymnza gracilis Jay was reported from

Canadarago Lake previous to 1870 by a number of authors. I

hunted diligently for this species but did not find it. From Allan

90 THE NAUTILUS.

Lake the water flows into Otsego Lake and a number of species

occur which are not found in Canadarago. From the latter the

streams empty into the Susquehanna River and species finally inter-

mingle.

Amunicola limosa Say. In every lake and a large number of

streams.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Canadarago Lake.

Valvata tricarinata Say. Weaver, Canadarago and Allan Lakes.

Somatogyrus integer Say. Sunset Creek.

Campeloma decisum Say. Canadarago Lake.

Omphalina fuliginosa Griff. Sunset Hill, near Canadarago Lake.

Omphalina tnornata Say. Sunset Hill.

Zonitoides nittdus Miller. Woods near Ricifield Spa.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Sunset Hill.

Gastrodonta ligera Say. Sunset Hill.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Everywhere with other species (one

albino farm).

Pyramidula striatella Anthony. East of Sunset Hill.

Polygyra tridentata Say. Sunset Hill, west of Canadarago Lake.

Polygyra Sayi Binney. Sunset Hiil, east of Canadarago Lake,

near Oak Creek.

Polygyra albolabris Say. Cooperstown, near Canadarago Lake,

Sunset Hill.

Polygyra palliata Say. Washed down Town Creek.

Polygyra thyroides Say. East of Canadarago Lake.

Polygyra monodon Rack., var. fraterna Say. Woods near Rich-

field Spa.

Vallonia pulchella Muller. In fields, everywhere.

Circinaria concara Say. Sunset Hill, near Allan Lake.

Vertigo ovata Say. Under bark, near Richfield Spa.

Vertigo milium Gould. Near Sunset Creek.

Cochlicopa lubrica Miiller. Cooperstown (Council Rock), Rich-

field Spa. (town), near Young’s Lake.

OCarychium exiguum Say. Near Sunset Creek.

Succinea ovalis Gld. Near Canadarago Lake, near Oak Creek,

Cooperstown.

Succinea obliqua Say. Sunset Hill, in fields.

Succinea tottentana Lea. Near Allan Lake.

Succinea retusa Lea, var. peartensis Walker. Near Oak Creek.

THE NAUTILUS. 9]

Lymnea stagnalis Linn, Canadarago Lake.

Lymnaea columella Say. Allan, Weaver Lakes.

Lymnea palustris Miller var. Canadarago Lake, Otsego Lake.

Physa ancillaria Say. Allan Lake.

“Physa heterostropha Say. Canadarago and Otsego Lakes and

many streams.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Allan Lake.

Planorbis dilatatus Say. Canadaraga Lake.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Canadarago Lake.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Sunset Creek, Canadarago Lake.

Planorbis exacutus Say. Near Weaver Lake.

Plunorbis deflectus Say. Young’s Lake.

Planorbis albus Miller. Allan Lake, Otsego Lake.

Ancylus rivularis Say. Oak Creek.

Ancylus tardus Say. Weaver Lake.

Ancylus fuscus Adams. Allan Lake.

Ancylus parallelus Hald. ‘Town Creek.

Spherium simile Say. Sunset Creek, Town Creek, Allan Lake,

Weaver Lake.

Spharium rhomboideum Say. Allan Lake.

Spherium striatinum Lam. Sunset Creek.

Pisidium ventricosum Prime. Canadarago Lake.

Pisidium noveboracense Prime. Canadarago Lake.

Lampsilis radiatus Gmelin. Canadarago Lake.

Strophitus edentulus Say. Sunset Creek.

Anodonta marginuta Say. Weaver Lake.

Alasmidonta undulata Say. Sunset Creek.

Unio complanatus Solander. Oak Creek.

A NOTE UPON THE INSUFFICIENCY OF THE OPERCULUM AS A BASIS

OF CLASSIFICATION IN ROUND-MOUTHED SHELLS.

BY L. P. GRATACAP.

In 1801 Lamarck established the genus Cyclostoma which he

made for the reception of a very miscellaneous and unclassified group

of shells, characterized however by certain common features as

the entire round aperture, continuous peristome, and operculum.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Among this unassorted assemblage were placed marine, fluviatile

and terrestrial shells. Later Lamarck withdrew the marine and

fluviatile shells, and in 1819 he limited the genus Cyclostoma to

terrestrial species.

In 1829 the Rev. M. G. Berkeley described the anatomical struct-

ure of Cyclostoma elegans (Zoological Journal, vol. iv, p. 278), and

alluded to the operculum as “ovate spiral, caleareous.”” This de-

scription was, up to that time, the most extended and accurate that

had been published, of the soft parts of the animal of this group of

mollusca.

In the second edition of the Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans

Vertebres, edited by Deshayes and Milne-Edwards (1838), the

diagnosis is Testa varia; anfractibus cylindraceis. Apertura circin-

ata, regularis: marginibus orbiculatim connexis, aetate patenti-reflexis.

Operculum.

In his observations Lamarck alludes to the similarly circular and

entire margins of the aperture of Paludina, but remarks that in adult

cyclostomas the edge of the peristome is reflected, whereas in

Paludina and generally in fluviatile shells these edges are sharp and

plain.

The comments of the editors exhibit the diversity of views then

held by naturalists as to the affinities of these interesting shells;

some gave full weight to the fact of their aerial respiration and

grouped them in a special order, in which their manner of respira-

tion, their terrestrial habit, and the possession of an operculum

formed distinguishing or separative features; while others consider-

ing their respiration unimportant, dwelt upon morphological re-

semblances to Turbo, Trochus and Scalaria. These resemblances

were the two tentacles, the absence of eye-stalks, the eyes placed at

the base of the tentacles, and the respiration anteriorly open. This

latter view was advocated by Cuvier. It was further emphasized by

their unisexual nature, and in the armature of their lingual ribbon,

which however rather coincides with that of pectinibranchiate gas-

teropods. Milne-Edwards and Deshayes regarded the cyclostomas

as terrestrial Turbos breathing air.

Amongst the forty-five species enumerated by Lamarck in 1838,

are representatives of the genera Pterocyclas, Cyclophorus, Choano-

poma, Tudora, Chondropoma, Helicina, Cyclotus, Otopoma, Lepto-

poma, Truncatella, Megalomastoma, and Realia.

TILE NAUTILUS. 93

Draparnaud had first separated the marine round-mouthed shells

from their supposed terrestrial congeners, which led Lamarck to

erect his genus De/phinula for the reception of some of the marine

forms, and later Paludina for others, which genus was substituted for

his own Vivipara. elicina although proposed as a genus by Lam-

arck was not grouped by him near the cyclostomous genera. Its

operculiferous character was known, but in spite of this fact its

position was assigned in the family of the Colimaces (Pulmonifera),

amongst the helices, bulimi and pupas. TFerussac had first recog-

nized that the genera Helicina and Cyclostoma were closely related,

and had, in deference to their similar breathing organization, placed

them at the end of the air-breathing gasteropods.

Reeve united Pupina, Truncatella, Cyclostoma, and Helicina in the

single family Cyclostomacea. Menke as early as 1828 appears to

have separated the operculate shells into two families, typified by

Helicina and Cyclostoma. Dr. Gray (1842) first pointed out the

significant morphological distinction between Cyclostoma and He-

licina, and assigned to the family Helicinidae the three genera

Felicina, Lucidella, and Alcadia, while Swainson (1840) had

grouped together Helicina Lam., Pachytoma Swains., Oligyra Say,

Trochatella Swains., and Lucidella Swains. In the monograph

(1846) in Kuster’s Conchylien Cabinet upon ‘ Die gedeckelten

Lungenschnecken,” by L. Pfeiffer, the family Helicinacea was re-

garded as composed of the genera Trochatella Swains., Lucidella

Swains., Helicina Lam., and the family Cyclostomacea of Cyclostoma

Lam., Choanopoma Ptr., Cyclophorus Montf., Leptoma Pfr., Megalo-

mastoma Guilding, Pupina Vignard, Cullia Gray, Pomatias Studer,

Aulopoma Trosch., Craspedopoma Ptr., Myxostoma Trosch., Ptero-

cyclas Bens., Actcula Hartmann, Geomelania Pfr., Hydrocena

Parreyss.

The generic divisions thus slowly evolved had been largely based

upon the characters of the opercula, and it seems that the credit of

emphasizing this feature was due to J. E. Gray, who in 1825 pub-

lished in the Zodlogical Journal and Philosophical Transactions the

results of his observations on their structure, formation and growth,

and insisted on their affording “ characters for the division of families

and genera as the shell of the gasteropods themselves, and that to

neglect them in the description of the genus or species is quite as

rational as to describe only the single valve of a bivalve shell.’’? The

94 TUE NAUTILUS.

closing words of this quotation allude to Gray’s opinion that the

operculum of the gasteropods was homologous or identical with the

second valve of a lamellibranch. |

(Zo be continued.)

HELIX HORTENSIS IN NEWFOUNDLAND.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Mr. L. P. Gratacap has very kindly permitted me to examine a

dozen specimens of Helix hortensis which he collected at Little Codroy

river, Newfoundland, as reported in Nautiius, November, p. 78.

They are thin, and the dark bands when present are dull reddish-

brown, not black. The forms represented are :

(1) Clear yellow, bandless = lutea Moquin. Two.

(2) Greenish-yellow, bandless = subglobosa Binney. One. This

seems to have been stained owing to the decay of the animal, and

may originally have been more nearly a pure yellow.

— (8) Yellow, five-banded = quinguevittata Moquin. Five.

(4) Yellow, formula (123)45 = pauluccta Locard. One.

(5) Yellow, all the bands united = bouchardia Moquin. Three.

In the British museum there is an example of the variation

wvallotia Moquin, from Labrador. It is yellow, with formula, Og45.

Mr. Gratacap has also permitted me to see the shells collected at

Seydisfiord, Iceland, as reported in Nautius, p. 79. They are

Helix arbustorum, rather thin, but otherwise typical.

NOTES.

Oysters CARRIED BY SEAWEED.—Some time ago an oyster-

breeder in Morbihan, France, named Martine, called the attention of

the French Academie des Sciences to the appearance of unknown algae

that threatened to ruin the oyster-beds established at the mouth of

the river Vannes. These algae (which the breeders called ballons—

balloons) assume the form of little brownish-green leather bottles or

wineskins, which stick to the oysters, and which, microscopic at the

start, very soon reach the size of a large hen’s-egg. Formed of a

very thin, elastic and rather frail coat, these bottles, usually full of

THE NAUTILUS. 95

water, fall in upon themselves at the moment of low tide, They be-

come empty then by the rents in their exterior; but, in virtue of

their elasticity, they fill up again with air. At the return of the

tide, they thus form a float more than sufficient to raise up the oyster

that serves them as support. Therefore at each great tide, when the

beds are wholly uncovered, the oysters are seen to disappear in the

offing upon this automobile algae.

According to M. Bornet, we have the Colpomenia sinuosa, abound-

ing notably in the Mediterranean in the tracts adjacent to the At-

lantic. It was pointed out for the first time at Cadiz at the begin-

ning of the last century, and has never been seen farther north. It

no doubt came upon the hull of a vessel, and, having found in the

gulf of Morbihan suitable water, it multiplied there.

Hitherto no other effective means has been found of combating

this alga than to sweep the beds with prickly fagots. It is to be

hoped that a rigorous winter will be sufficient to cause it to dis-

appear.—Scventific American.

Britisa Cotumpia Suerits.—Mr. Stewardson Brown, of the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, collected the follow-

ing species of land shells while on a botanical expedition in the

Canadian Rocky Mountains. At Field, B. C.: Thysanophora in-

gersolli Bld., Vertigo gouldit Binn, Vertigo v. elatior Sterki, Vertigo

modesta Say, with the form parvetalis Anc., Vitrea hammonis Strom,

Vitrea binneyana Mse., Huconulus fulvus Drap., Zonitoides arborea

Say, Pyramidula c. anthonyi Pils., Sphyradium edentulum Drap.,

Succinea avara Say, and at Banff, Alberta: Vertigo modesta Say,

Vitrea binneyana Morse, Huconulus fulvus Drap., Pyranidula ec.

anthonyt Pils., Sphyradium edentulum Drap.—E. G. VANATTA.

ADDITIONAL LocALITIES FoR HELIX HORTENSIS.—Since the

publication of my article on the distribution of Helix hortensis in the

November Nautitus, I have received the following additional

records. From Curtain Island, Richmond Bay, Prince Edward

Island, a specimen of the plain yellow variety was received by Rev.

Henry W. Winkley froma Mr. Ives. In 1902 Mr. Geo. H. Clapp

collected the banded variety (12345) at Cape Porpoise, about three

miles from Kennebunkport, Maine. Mr. Francis N. Balch has found

it at Orleans, Massachusetts, and also at Cohasset.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

I overlooked Mr. L. P. Gratacap’s record of ‘* Hare Island,’ St.

Lawrence River, given in his catalogue of the Binney and Bland

collection of the terrestrial air-breathing mollusks, ete. (Bull. Amer.

Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, p. 396, 1901). This species seems to be

more widely distributed than has been generally supposed. It is to

be hoped that these articles will lead to a still further knowledge of

its geographical distribution.—C. W. Jounson.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Stupies ON AUSTRALIAN Mo.uiusca, Pt. 1X. By C. Hedley

(Proc. Linn. Soc., N. S. Wales, pt. iv, 1905). Twelve new species

are described and figured, with critical notes on other species.

SoutH AUSTRALIAN NUDIBRANCHS, AND AN ENUMERATION OF

THE KNOWN AUSTRALIAN Species. By Herbert Basedow and

Chas. Hedley (Trans. Royal Soc., S. Australia, xxix, p. 134).

About 80 species are recorded, six new species described, and a

number of others redescribed and illustrated by 12 plates of beauti-

fully-colored figures.

Report on MoOtiusca COLLecTED BY Mr. Herbert BAsEDow

ON THE SouTH AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT ExprpITION 1908. .

By Charles Hedley (Trans. Roy. Soc., S. Australia, 1905). A

valuable contribution to knowledge of the snails of the ‘* Eremian

Region”’ of Central Australia. “Though quite unrelated to the

forms that people the arid regions of Asia, Africa or America, these

Australian shells repeat in their chalky texture and rough sculpture

the features of foreign species subjected to similar environment.”

Several new species of Zhersites and Xanthomelon are described, and

a beautifully-drawn plate illustrates the principal forms.

A CATALOGUE oF THE Mo.tusca oF ILuinois, By Frank

Collins Baker (Bull. Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist., vii, pp. 53-136,

Sept., 1906). An excellent catalogue, giving in full the distribu-

tion of each species throughout the State. The number recorded

is 241 species of fluviatile and 91 species of terrestrial mollusks, A

very exhaustive bibliography is also given.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XX. JANUARY, 1907. No. 9.

MOLLUSKS OF CAZENOVIA, N. Y.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR.

The village of Cazenovia, Madison Co., N. Y., about 20 miles

southeast of Syracuse, is upon the northern edge of the elevated

plateau of central New York. It is surrounded by hills more or less

wooded which in conformation form series of north and south valleys

of considerable depth, in one of which lies Cazenovia lake, with the

village at its southern end. At the altitude of Cazenova (1100 ft.)

the sedimentary*rocks are shaly, but about two hundred feet below a

white limestone appears. The hills are grooved by deep ravines,

cutting many feet down into the limestone. These ‘ Gulfs”’ as they

are locally called, are heavily wooded, always damp, and offer excel-

Jent collecting-grounds. Within a radius of a mile about the village

many types{of station can be found with favorable soil, forest, stone,

and moisture conditions.

Messrs.’ Pilsbry, Walker, Clapp and the writer enjoyed a three

days’ collecting trip through the Cazenovia valley, and the following

catch, remarkable in the number and quality of specimens, was made.

Comparatively little time was given to the lake.

Vallonia pulchella Mull. Polygyra thyroides Say.

« * excentrica Sterki. -“— — fraterna Say.

Polygyra tridentata Say (small). —-Strobilops labyrinthica Say.

- say? Binn. Bifidaria contracta Say.

- albolabris Say. Vertigo pygmxa Drap.

‘6 dentifera Binn. “¢ -ventricosa elatior Sterki.

“ palliata Say. Cochlicopa lubrica Mull.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Circinaria concava Say.

Omphalina fuliginosa Griff.

as tnornata Say.

Vitrina impida Gld.

Vitrea cellaria Mill.

‘« indentata Say.

sé rhoads: Pils.

Huconulus chersinus polygyratus

Pils.

Zonitoides nitida Mull.

- arborea Say.

ae minuscula Binn.

Gastrodonta tintertexta Binn.

as ligera Say.

Agriolimax campestris Binn,

SS agrestis L.

Philomycus carolinensis Bose.

Arion fasciatus Nils. (very

abundant).

Pyramidula alternata Say.

¥ perspectiva Say.

¢ striatella Anth.

Flelicodiscus lineatus Say.

Succinea retusa Lea.

KS ovalis Say.

. “« var. (a striking

form, apparently

new).

e avara Say.

Limnea reflexa Say.

Limnea cataseopium Say.

‘¢ —umbrosa Say.

“¢ emargtnata Say.

‘“« desidiosa Say.

«palustris L.

‘columella Say.

Planorbis trivolvis Say.

fH ‘¢ binneyt Tryon.

eg campanulatus Say.

i bicarinatus Say.

«“ deflectus Say.

MY parvus Say.

‘ exacutus Say.

Valvata tricarinata Say.

Physa gyrina Say.

‘| \saate, Tapp,

‘« —heterostropha Say.

Aplexa hypnorum L.

2 Ks glabra DeKay.

Ancylus rivularis Say.

Pisidium variabile Prime.

Spherium striatinum Lam.

es occidentale Prime.

as simile Say.

Bs fabale Prime.

Re stamineum Con.

Calyculina securis Prime.

i iransversa Say.

ms partumeia Say.

NEW PISIDIA.

BY V. STERKI.

Pis. supertius n. sp.

Mussel rather small, well inflated, ovoid in

outlines, rounded or subangular; beaks rather posterior, broad,

rounded or somewhat flattened on top, projecting over the superior

THE NAUTILUS, 99

margin which is slightly curved, with slightly projecting, rounded

angles at the scutum and scutellum, the latter often covered in lateral

aspect, in full-grown mussels; supero-anterior slope well marked,

slightly curved to nearly straight, posterior part subtruncate to

rounded; young specimens are generally more angular in outlines

than adults; surface with very fine, crowded, concentric striae and

generally a few well marked lines of growth, somewhat shining ;

color light to deeper horn, generally with lighter zones along the

margins ; shell rather thin, more or less translucent ; hinge slight,

well formed, plate narrow, right cardinal tooth moderately to strongly

curved, its posterior part thick and grooved; a deep, impressed

groove in the plate between its inferior edge and the cardinal tooth ;

left anterior strongly curved, posterior oblique, slightly curved to

nearly straight; ‘‘ lateral teeth’ with short, slight, thin cusps, the

left ones and the right anterior pointed, the outer anterior of the

right valve distinct, the posterior quite small; ligament rather slight.

Long. 3.2, alt. 2.8, diam. 2.2 m. (100 : 37.5 : 69) average.

Long. 3.5, alt. 3, diam. 2.4 m.

Soft parts not examined.

Habitat: Mountain Lake and Pine River, Marquette county,

Michigan, on the south shore of Lake Superior, Mono Lake, Musk-

egon county, Michigan, collected by Mr. Bryant Walker. <A

Pisidium from the Isle Royale, in Lake Superior, and some speci-

mens from other places in Michigan, seem to range under the same.

Several hundred specimens at all stages of growth, collected in

Mountain Lake from 1895 to 1905, are remarkably uniform and

characteristic in appearance, although showing slight differences in

outline. There is none of the described species under which the

present Pisrdium might be ranged, and it is similar only to trape-

zoideum, being of about the same size and approximately the same

shape. But the Jatter mussel is much more angular in outline, its

supero-anterior slope is steeper, the anterior end is more angular

and more below the longitudinal median line, the beaks are narrower,

the surface more dull, and the hinge much stouter. Although

known for over ten years, this Prs¢diwm has not been published

before, as I thought it might be connected with some other species.

Pis. succineum n. sp. Mussel of moderate size, moderately in-

flated, somewhat elongate, little oblique; beaks slightly posterior,

rounded or slightly flattened, somewhat projecting over the upper

100 THE NAUTILUS.

margin, which is slightly curved, supero-anterior slope slightly

marked, curved to nearly straight, anterior end rounded angular,

posterior part subtruncate, inferior margin moderately curved; sur-

face with fine to very fine irregular striz, shining, shell thin, trans-

parent to translucent, of wine to deep amber color; hinge of the

same formation as that of P. noveboracense, but less curved and

slighter ; ligament rather short and strong.

Long. 3.6, alt. 8, diam. 2 m. (100 : 83 : 55.5) average.

Long. 4, alt. 3.3, diam. 2.4 m.

Soft parts not examined.

Habitat : North America, probably of wide distribution ; seen from

the Atlantic States from Maine to Virginia ; New York (near Mo-

hawk), Ohio, Michigan, Indiana ; common e. g. in the vicinity of

Washington, D. C., and Alexandria, Va., where it was collected in

1896 by the writer, and in the vicinity of New Philadelphia, O.

In shape it has a resemblance to P. noveboracense Pr., with which

it seems to range under the same group, but is smaller, the beaks are

less prominent, and it is at once recognized by its transparent shell,

its color and glossy surface. In the latter respect, it is also

similar to P. splendidulum St., but averages larger and its shape

is different. Like a number of other Pisidia, this has been a stumb-

ling-block for over ten years; but it seems constantly distinct, and

is of wide distribution.

Erratum. On p. 88 of the December number line 4 from bottom,

correct Sillycash to Lilycash creek.

LAND SHELLS FROM EAST SHORE OF CAYUGA LAKE.

BY SILAS C. WHEAT,

The following list of land shells were found by the writer in July

and August, 1905, on the east shore of Cayuga Lake, between Ithaca

and Portland Point, N. Y., and between the lake and the top of the

cliffs :

Omphalina fuliginosa Griffith. Abundant, woods.

Omphalina inornata Say. Common, woods.

Vitrea ferrea Morse. Rare, one found.

THE NAUTILUS. 101

Zonitoides nitida Muller. Abundant in low, wet fields.

Zonitoides arborea Say. Common.

Huconulus fulvus Muller. Rare, found four.

Gastrodonta ligera Say. Abundant, woods.

Gastrodonta multidentata Binney. Rare.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Abundant everywhere. One speci-

men is turreted, having a sharp angle at the periphery, and the

suture placed far below the angle.

Pyramidula striatella Authony. Rare.

Pyramidula perspectiva Say. Rare, west side of lake.

Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Rare.

Polygyra tridentata Say. Common.

Polygyra sayi Binney. Rare, 8 on 1 sq. yd. No others found.

Polygyra albolabris Say. Abundant.

Polygyra albolabris dentata Walker. Rare.

Polygyra exoleta Binney. Rare.

Polygyra palliata Say. Common.

Polygyra thyroides Say. Common.

Polygyra hirsuta Say. Rare.

Polygyra monodon Racket. Rare.

Polygyra monodon fraterna Say. Common.

Vallonia pulchella Miller. Common.

Circinaria concava Say. Rare.

Pupoides marginata Say. Rave.

Vertigo ovata Say. Rare.

Vertigo ventricosa Say. Rare.

Cochlicopa lubrica Muller. Abundant.

Bifidaria corticaria Say. Rare.

Bifidaria contracta Say. Common.

Bifidaria armifera Say. Rare.

Bifidaria pentodon Say. Rare.

Strobilops labyrinthica Say. Rare.

Succinea obliqua Say. Abundant.

Succinea obliqua totteniana Lea. Rare.

Sucecinea retusa Lea. Common.

Succinea avara Say. Common.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

A NOTE UPON THE INSUFFICIENCY OF THE OPERCULUM AS A BASIS

OF CLASSIFICATION IN ROUND-MOUTHED SHELLS.

( Continued).

BY L. P. GRATACAP.

The naturalists who subsequently worked upon the classification

of the mollusca were all sensibly influenced by these observations,

and the operculum became a diagnostic note in the separation of

genera. ‘T'roschel (1847) and Pfeiffer (1852), thoroughly applied

this method of discrimination, and augmented the number of genera.

M. Petit de la Saussaye (1850) questioned the significance of the

operculum as a real generic feature, and especially so far as the

nature of the substance of the operculum had been used by Pfeiffer

to distinguish genera. He says (Journal de Conchyliologie, Vol. I.,

1850) ‘‘the nature more or less calcareous or corneous of the oper-

cula arises rather from accidental circumstances, such as the habita-

tion of these animals, their nourishment, the character of the ground

upon which they live, the force of the sun, etc. As to the variable

form of the volutions of the spire, observed in these accessory parts,

it doubtless arises from the modifications, that the tissue secreting

them presents; modifications which do not seem adequate for the

establishment of generic groups.”

Benson reiterated the importance of the operculate features of the

round-mouthed shells, and the system of classification incorporated

in H. and A. Adams, ‘‘ Genera of Recent Mollusca” (1858) still

further imbedded in the science the critical relations of the form

and substance of the operculum to the natural limitations of the

genera.

In the latest important systematic treatise, Tryon’s Structural and

Systematic Conchology, the operculum is perhaps less exhaustively

used for descriptive purposes, but the author remarks that the oper-

culum “ presents many beautiful modifications of structure, character-

istic of the smaller groups, which are often peculiar to limited

regions as in the Helicide.”’

In an examination of this group of shells in the general collection

of the American Museum of Natural History and representing the

Jay, Haines, and Constable cabinets, the somewhat exaggerated im-

portance of the separative features of their opercula seemed apparent.

THE NAUTILUS, 108

It is quite evident that the opercula vary in substance and form ;

that these variations are related to groups and genera; that in some

instances (Opisthoporus, Stoastoma) they present in one family a

unique and generally well-maintained uniformity of structure. But

their determinative character has been overestimated. The promi-

nent characters of the opercula are repeated in diverse sections of

the entire group, and the elements of their composition are more

nearly significant of habitat than they are of systematic differences

in the shells themselves.

It is noteworthy in this connection to recall the demonstration

made by Blanford (Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1869), that the oper-

cula of Geortssa (Blanford’s genus) and Hydrocena Parreyss are

almost identical, whereas the former shell is entirely-terrestrial, and

the latter marine.

(A note of importunity to traveling or exploring naturalists may

be appropriately inserted here. The character of the environment

of species or genera of land shells is generally not closely enough

observed. ‘The moisture, temperature, mineral nature of the ground,

seasonal features, and frequency and amount of sunlight, the vege-

tation, are all influential factors in the physiological life of shells.

They do, in land shells especially, have a clearly marked relation to

the coloring, thickness and operculum of the shells, and they are not

as particularly dwelt upon by collectors as they might be, both for

the purpose of elucidating the effect of environment and the some-

times misleading rules of systematists. )

Poey has called attention (Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de

la Isla de Ouba) to a striking illustration of local influence in the

sierras of the Isle of Pines. The Sierras de Casas and de Caballos

are respectively a short distance to the west and east of Nueva-

Gerona ; in the latter region the shells display regular spires, and

the crustaceans are destitute of spinose surface, as 7rochatella stellata,

Pineria beathiana, Cyclostoma pupoides, among the shells; Oniscus

sp.? among the crustaceans. In the former area the Trochatella is

represented by a denticulate, roughened, and loosely coiled shell

(constellata); the Pinerta resembles a screw (terebra); the Cyclostoma

separates its last volution (moreletianum), and the Oniscus presents

spiny asperities, preserving otherwise a very similar appearance to

the de Casas species.

The geological formations are identical, and Poey has suggested

104 THE NAUTILUS.

the differing intensity of the sun’s rays as a partial explanation of

these surprising differences.

This same author has protested against any sweeping conclusions

as to the importance in the operculate shells of the operculum, in es-

tablishing genera, and agrees with Petit de la Saussaye in consider-

ing this feature of quite subordinate value, remarking, ‘‘ porque varia

el operculo de los Cyclostomas en los grupos mas aproximados por

el caracal y las costumbres del animal. No suce de asi en los tur-

bineos, entre los cuales se nota que Jos que viven apegados a los

arrecifes tienen el operculo corneo, y los que se apartan a mayor

profundidad lo tienen calcareo: de aqui un excelente caracter para

diferenciar las Litorinas de los verdaderos turbos y trocas.”’

Poey has also pointed out the confusion that results from the

adoption by different authors of varying or diverse morphological

characters for the classification of this group.

A Cyclostoma becomes a Chondropoma because of a corneous

operculum, or the same shell a Megalostoma by its thickened peris-

tome, a character participated in by the Cyclophorus of Montfort,

and the Tropidophora of 'Troschel.

It is perhaps interesting to recall that Poey in a protest against

classification based upon the shelly parts of these mollusca, has

called attention to the method of progression of the Cyclostomas,

their divided pedal muscle allowing the movement forward of one-

half of the foot alternately with the other. It is not at all likely

that this feature would ever be useful in separating the round-

mouthed shells, but Poey has made of this observation an opportunity

to emphasize the preponderant significance of the physiology of mol-

luses over the form, etc., of their shells for purposes of classification.

Cyclophorus has not a divided foot. Pfieffer, in his Monographia

Pneumonopomorum Viventium, analyzes the Cyclostomacea as com-

posed of three series, in each of which the form of the operculum is

regarded as the separative character. ‘The entire systematic table

is as follows, so far as the opercula are here discussed.

First SERIES,

Operculum circular, frequently concave exteriorly, formed of many slowly-

increasing whorls. Nucleus central,

I, Operculum shelly (testaceous).

Genera, Cyclotus, Alyczeus, Diplommatina,

Cyclotus, Operculum orbicular, shelly, arctispiral, externally rather con-

THE NAUTILUS. 105

cave, with the margin of the whorl thickened, or raised in an incurved lamina,

nucleus subcentral,

Alyceus, Operculum circular, subtestaceous, obsoletely multispiral,

Diplommatina, Operculum subtestaceous, thin, with few whorls, outer edge

with thin lamella,

Il, Operculum cartilaginous ?

Genus, Pterocyclos. Operculum subcartilaginous, multispiral, interiorly

concave.

Il], Operculum corneous,

Genera, Craspedopoma, Aulopoma, Cyclophorus, Leptopoma, Megalomastoma,

Cataulus, Pupinella, Pupina, Registoma, Callia.

Craspedopoma, Operculum horny, solid, closely whorled. Nucleus central,

external lamina plane, internal furnished in its last whorl with a circular

prominence, centre profoundly concave.

Aulopoma. Operculum horny, arctispiral, planorbal composed of two lamine,

with an intermediate channel, with the last whorl furnished interiorly with a

circular groove. (The outer edge larger than the aperture and reflexed over

the peristome of the shell.—Adams.)

Cyclophorus, Operculum horny, thin, arctispiral, externally more or less

concave,

Leptopoma, Operculum membranous, arctispiral, flat.

Megalomastoma, Operculum subcircular, thin, horny, arctispiral, planular,

Cataulus, Operculum orbicular, plane, corneous, arctispiral.

Pupinella, Operculum horny, arctispiral.

Pupina, Operculum thin, membranous, arctispiral, subplanum,

Registoma. Operculum circular, thin, horny, arctispiral,

Callia. Operculum thin, membranous, arctispiral.

(To be continued, )

NOTES.

HELIX HORTENSIS ON MAGDALEN IsLanp.—In 1901 the Car-

negie Museum of Pittsburg sent an expedition to the Magdalen

Islands and Labrador to collect birds and eggs, and on June 234d,

while at Grand Entry, Magdalen Island, one of the party collected

a lot of Helix hortensis Mull., which show a remarkable tendency

towards a single type of banding. ‘There are about 330 shells in the

lot, counting young and old, and all are the form with yellow ground.

The following table, based on matured shells only, gives the number

of each form:

186—12345.

48—(12)345.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

1—12045.

2200300. No. 3 very faint, translucent.

8—00000.

In a large proportion of the 186, 12345, bands 1 and 2 are very

close together, but separated by a distinct but very narrow light line.

In many of the (12)345 the union of 1 and 2 is indicated by a

lighter space in the center of the band. It will be interesting to get

further collections from this locality and see if the proportion of

(12)3845 shells increases, as this lot seems to indicate.

The shells are rather thin and very uniform in size, the average

being about 18 X 15X14 mm. The largest shell measures

21 x 18 X 163 mm., and in this shell bands 1 2 and 3 are unusually

wide. The smallest shell measures 165 X 14 X 12 mm.

Since my note in THE NavTILus, xiv, p. 72, I have received 8

additional H. hortensis from near the headwaters of Robinson’s River,

Newfoundland, as follows: Four (12345), one 1(234)5, three 00000.

—Gero. H. Ciapp.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

MOoLLUscaA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN States. IJ. By H. A.

Pilsbry and J. H. Ferriss. Proc. Acad. Nat. Science, Philadelphia,

1906, pp. 123-175.

This important paper completes the review of the southwestern

mollusca collected by the authors in Texas, New Mexico and Ari-

zona, with the exception of Omphalina and the Unionide. Although

any attempt to a complete faunal monograph is expressly disclaimed,

this paper and its predecessor (P. A. N.S. P., 1905, p. 211) will be

found to contain practically all the reliable data extant upon the

fauna of southeastern Arizona and western Texas. The molluscan

fauna of this region, like the reptilian, shows that the transconti-

nental zones of distribution as established by Merriam cannot be

maintained in the Mediocolumbian region for these lower forms of

life, but that ‘* these zones are secondary divisions of vertical life

areas of which the molluscan faunas were evolved in large part

independently.”

While the range of practically all the Austroriparian species is

limited on the west by the rise between the 96th and 98th meridians

of longitude, marking the approximate limit of the Cretacious forma-

THE NAUTILUS. 107

tion and the Sonoran area in Texas, there is along its border an ap-

parent, rather than a real, intermingling of the fauna, owing to the

fact that the eastern species follow up along the river valleys, while

at the same time ‘‘ the fauna on the bluffs or away from the streams

is frankly Sonoran.” The scope of the present paper is, in the

main, restricted to the species of the Sonoran region, only such of

the Austroriparian species are mentioned as were actually collected

by the authors.

The list of the forms considered characteristic of the Sonoran

region in Texas includes twenty-one genera and thirty species. Of

the former, nine are not known to occur in the Austroriparian or

humid region of Texas. And of the latter, nine species and varieties

are described as new. The larger and more important part of the

paper is taken up with a monographic revision of the Texan Bul-

muli, which have so long been a source of exasperation and despair

to the American collector. It appears that the typical forms of B,

alternatus and schiedeanus do not, so far as known, occur in the

United States. The Texan series is restricted to J. dealbatus and

B. alternatus mariz. The specific distinction of dealbatus and

alternatus is clearly established by the details of the genitalia. The

typical form of dealbatus ranges from Alabama and Kentucky west to

Kansas. West of the Mississippi from southwestern Missouri

through Arkansas and the Indian Territory to Texas a number of

well characterized local races have been differentiated, of which six

are recognized and fully described and figured. JB. alternatus martez

ranges through a wide territory along the Rio Grande from the Gulf

as far west as the Pecos river. Its exact western range has not been

determined. While there are some general differences between the

eastern (typical) and western forms, the intergradation is so com-

plete that the authors do not deem it advisable to attempt to separate

them into the distinct races.

Another important part of the paper is a revision of the genus

Helicodiscus, of which four species and one variety are recognized.

It is something of a shock, like that of losing an old friend, to learn

that ineatus of Say must be given up, but fortunately it is replaced

by another name, parallelus, of the same author.

Other corrections in nomenclature to be noted are, that Helix sayt

of Binney was preoccupied by Wood for an uncertain species of

Polygyra, but probably auriformis; and our well-known eastern

108 THE NAUTILUS.

species will be known as P. sayana Pils., hereafter, and that Pyra-

midula striatella Anthony for like reason must give way to P. eronk-

hitet anthonyi Pils. et

Among the large number of new forms of land species described

the most remarkable is Lifidaria tuba, the type of a new subgenus

Chenaxis, characterized by its ‘‘large hollow axis, open below and

about one-third the total diameter of the shell,’ found in the drift of

the San Pedro river, Cochise county, Arizona.

Radiodiscus millecostatus from the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona

and Mexico, a minute Endodontid, is likewise both a new species

and the type of a new genus.

The fresh-water forms of the region are also fully discussed, and

afford several novelties in Planorbis, Valvata, Amnicola and Palude-

strina, all minute, and some of them the smallest species yet dis-

covered. The several varieties of Lymnea bulimotdes,—sonomaensis

Hemp., techella Hald., and cockerelli (new)—are fully differentiated

and figured, but unfortunately the typical form is neither figured nor

discussed comparatively.

In Segmentina, attention is called to the difference in the character

of the apertural lamelle in the North American forms included in

s. g. Planorbula Hald., and in the Antillian and Mexican group rep-

resented in our fauna by S. obstructa (Morel.). In S. armigera and

wheatleyi the lamellz, though differing in development, are “ funda-

mentally identical.’’ The Section Haldemanina recently established

by Dall (Alaska, xiii, 97, 1905) for the latter species would therefore

seem to be a synonym of Planorbula Hald.

The most important item in this portion of the paper is the dis-

covery of a species of Cochhiopa (C. riograndensis) in the drift of the

Rio San Felipe, Val Verde County, Texas. The occurrence of C.

rowelli Tryon, a Central American species, in California has always

been doubted. The present discovery confirms the genus as a mem-

ber of our fauna.

The authors intimate that their discussion of the southwestern

mollusks will be concluded by a third paper. Its appearance will be

eagerly looked for by all students of our North American fauna.

But, unless their well-known skill in the field has deserted them, it

is confidently expected that the expedition of 1906 to the Grand

Canyon will yield results quite as important as did their former ones,

and that the fauna of the southwest will in the near future be still

further illuminated by their labors. BRYANT WALKER.

THE NAUTILUS XX. PLATE V.

©) 2

> (

STENOTREMA AND PARAVITREA.

hes ee

LIBRARY a

OF THE siale bt

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS ‘

mae NAUTILUS.

Von, XX. FEBRUARY, 1907. No. 10.

NEW SPECIES OF STENOTREMA AND PARAVITREA FROM ALABAMA.

BY GEORGE H. CLAPP,

VITREA (PARAVITREA) ALDRICHIANA nisp. Ble fies, Sy 9.10) VIN

Shell small, widely, perspectively umbilicate, flattened, slightly

convex above and below, the periphery well rounded ; greenish-

white almost transparent, highly polished with very faint growth

lines and on the body-whorl a few impressed lines spaced irregularly.

Whorls five, those of the spire rounded at the well-impressed suture;

umbilicus contained about three times in the diameter of the shell

and showing all of the volutions; peristome forming two-thirds of a

circle; lip simple.

Slightly below the periphery, and in the last half of the body

whorl are about four teeth which are longer, vertically, than wide,

and, apparently, project at both the upper and lower ends; 7. e.,

they are double pointed.

Greater diam. 2, lesser 1.9, alt. 1 mm.

Type from the slope of the Cumberland Plateau in Jackson

County, Ala., close to the state line, and about 2 miles 8. E. of An-

derson, Tenn. Collected by Herbert H. Smith, who found but four

specimens of this excessively rare species, the others being from

“ Buck Creek Cove,” Franklin County, Tenn., ‘‘ Cove in Valley of

Little Crow Creek,”’ and ‘ Bennett’s Cove, near State Line,’’ both

Jackson County, Ala.

These four localities are near together on the Cumberland Plateau,

and along the Tenn.-Ala. boundary.

It is interesting to note that Mr. Smith collected both V. mulei-

110 THE NAUTILUS.

dentata and lamellidens in the same general locality, although he did

not find the latter in Alabama.

The species is so distinct from all others of the genus that it can

not be compared with any of them. The fact of finding four speci-

mens at different places and all of practically the same size, shows

that it is not likely to be the young of a larger species.

I take great pleasure in naming it after Hon. T. H. Aldrich so

well-known by his work on the fossil mollusca of the South.

Type in my collection; the other specimens in the collections of

Bryant Walker, John B. Henderson, Jr., and T. H. Aldrich.

POLYGYRA (STENOTREMA) BREVIPILA n. sp. Pl. V, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

' Shell imperforate, globose, thin, light reddish-horn color ; densely

hirsute with fine, short hairs. Whorls five, those of the spire convex

with a well-impressed suture; the body-whorl very convex, equally

rounded above and below, deeply impressed in the umbilical region,

abruptly deflected at the aperture and contracted behind the lip.

Aperture transverse, narrow, widening anteriorly; parietal tooth

large, strong but narrow, erect, with the sides nearly at right angles

to the whorl and projecting beyond the lip, with which it is not

parallel, but diverges for three-fourths of its length, when it is abruptly

bent inward and downward, terminating opposite the second notch

in the lip, its distal or outer extremity connected with the end of the

peristome by a ridge of callus, the axial end sweeping around and

‘« nocketing ’’ the basal end of the lip; outer lip reflected back against

the body-whorl, but with its sharp edge free from the whorl tts entire

length; very much thickened along its inner edge which forms a

raised margin around the wide notch, and a well-developed tooth or

fold beyond it, after which the margin is incurved around the outer

extremity of the parietal tooth. ulerum long.

An average shell measures, diam. 84, alt. 6 mm.

The largest seen measures 9 x 6, and the smallest 7? x 53 mm.

Collected by Herbert H. Smith on Horseblock Mountain, Talla-

dega Co., Ala., at an altitude of about 2,000 feet. On some of the

U.S. Geological Survey sheets this mountain is called ‘ Talladega,”

but ‘‘ Horseblock ”’ is the local name.

‘“The mountain sides, near the top, are littered, or rather piled

with talus, big and little rocks; the shells are found almost invari-

ably on the lower sides of these rocks, and generally they chose

THE NAUTILUS. 111

the biggest and heaviest; you turn over perhaps fifty to find one

shell. ‘They are obtained by sheer hard work.” H. H. S.

This is one of the most striking species of the Stenotrema.-hirsuta

group, and differs from all others in having a continuous free lip ; the

lip-notch is also of an entirely different type, as it will be noticed by

a reference to the figures that the notch is not an indentation in the

center of the lip, but the lip forms a curve from the columellar end

to the highest part of the notch when it is suddenly deflected and

bent forward. The parietal tooth differs in being more perpendicular

to the body-whorl, not bent toward the lip, as in Stenotrema, where

the tooth is very convex on its outer side and concave on the side

next the lip, which it frequently overhangs. On looking into the

aperture, through the notch, the whole of the long fulcrum can be

plainly seen.

The only species with which this is likely to be confused is P.

altispira Pils., but the resemblance, due to the wide notch in each

case, is only superficial ; for, as pointed out above, the notch is of a

different type. ‘The hairs are also much finer, closer and shorter,

and the shape of the shell is entirely different.

Type in my collection ; cotypes in the collections of the Academy

of Natural Sciences, Phila., Bryant Walker, T. H. Aldrich and

John B. Henderson, Jr.

Reference to Figures.

Figs. 1, 2, 3,4. Polygyra (Stenotrema) brevipila Clapp.

Figs. 5, 6,7. Polygyra (Stenotrema) altispira Pils. Roan Mtn.,

N. C., specimen 9x 6 mm., size of type.

Figs. 8, 9,10. Vutrea (Paravitrea) aldrichiana Clapp. Type.

Fig. 11. Apparent shape of teeth of V. aldrichiana.

A NEW CARDIUM FROM PUGET SOUND.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Among the specimens of Cardium received from the Pacific coast

during a.series of years was occasionally a specimen with more num-

erous ribs, smoother surface and small, compact shell, which was

doubtfully referred to the young of C. californiense Deshayes, better

known under Gould’s name of blandum. Recently in an endeavor

8 ie THE NAUTILUS.

to identify one of these shells, sent in from Monterey by Mr. Berry,

all the available specimens were brought together and carefully com-

pared, leading to the conclusion that the shell is a distinct species.

Cardium (Cerastoderma) fucanum n. sp.

Shell small, plump, compact, solid for its size, covered with a

smooth brown or gray periostracum usually more or less eroded ; form

varying from nearly circular to slightly ovate, with rather prominent

slightly prosoccelous beaks, situated a little anterior to the middle of

the shell; valves moderately convex, equal and nearly equilateral,

sculptured with numerous (40 to 58) similar, small, low, flattish radial

ribs separated by much narrower interspaces; these ribs are not

nodulous nor keeled, they are sometimes slightly rippled by the in-

cremental lines, and, as usual, are smaller, fainter and more crowded

distally ; the interspaces are rounded; near the dorsal margins on

each side of the beaks there is an ill-defined narrow space which is

devoid of ribs; the average number of ribs is about 50; the inner

margins of the valves are crenulated ; the hinge delicate and normal ;

the inner surface of the valves white, polished; the outer surface

usually shows three or four concentric sulci due to resting-stages.

Length 38, height 33, diameter 18 mm., of a fully adult specimen ;

a shorter variety measures 25.5, 24.5 and 16 mm. for the same di-

mensions.

From Bering Sea (in 70 fathoms, temperature 39.0°) south to

Monterey Bay, California (in 20 fathoms); the depths varying from

20 to 70 fathoms and the temperatures from 39.0° to 52.3°. Col-

lected by Kennerley, Swan, the U. S. F. Com. Str. Albatross, and

Mr. S. 8. Berry, of Stanford University.

This species somewhat resembles C. hayesit Stimpson from the

Arctic Sea but has more numerous and more uniform ribbing. It

wants the angulation (in fresh specimens fringed with periostracum)

which is characteristic of C. ciliatum Fabr. in the young stages, and

has more, and more crowded, ribs, and a more solid shell. It is

most nearly allied to C. californiense but has athicker and more

ventricose shell, is less attenuated posteriorly and less oval in form,

the ribs are more closely adjacent and more uniform in size than in

californiense; though the number is about the same the diminutive

size of fucanum makes them appear much more numerous. Most of

the 14 specimens examined came from the Straits of Fuca.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

A NOTE UPON THE INSUFFICIENCY OF THE OPERCULUM AS A BASIS

OF CLASSIFICATION IN ROUND-MOUTHED SHELLS.

( Concluded).

BY L. P. GRATACAP.

Srconp SERIES.

Operculum subcircular, few whorls, rather quickly widening, nucleus sub-

central.

I, Operculum horny.

Genera, Jamaicia, Licina, Choanopoma.

Jamaicia. Opercvlum horny, exteriorly convex, with few rugose whorls,

obliquely striated, sublammellose.

Licina. Operculum not described,

Choanopoma. Operculum horny, subcircular, whorls rather quickly widen-

ing, with free external margin, acute, frequently raised into lofty lamella,

nucleus subeccentric.

II. Operculum cartilaginous.

Genus, Adamsiella.

Adamsiella. Operculum circular, thin, subcartilaginous, with few whorls,

gradually increasing, with somewhat free edges, nucleus subcentral.

THIRD SERIES,

Operculum oval or angulated, few whorls, more or less quickly increasing,

nucleus eccentric.

I. Operculum shelly.

Genera, Lithidion, Otopoma, Cyclostomus, Tudora, Leonia,

Lathidion. Operculum subcircular, shelly, whorls rather rapidly increasing,

with a subcentral keel, strong, convex, furnished with simple margins.

Otopoma. Operculum horny, solid, few whorls, convex center, simple

margin,

Cyctostomus. Operculum suboval, horny, plane, four to five whorls, gradu-

ally increasing, simple margin, nucleus subeccentric.

Tudora. Operculum oval, horny, plane, two or three whorls rapidly increas-

ing, obliquely arcuate, striate, or sulcate, nucleus quite eccentric, with the left

and lower margin closely fitting to the peristomes,

Leonia. Operculum oval, shelly, externally perconvex, unispiral, nucleus

placed near the columellar margin.

II. Operculum cartilaginous, covered externally with a thin shelly layer,

Cistula. Operculum oval, thin, cartilaginous, externally furnished with a

thin horny layer, with a few whorls gradually increasing, margin generally

free, nucleus eccentric,

114 THE NAUTILUS.

III. Operculum entirely cartilaginous.

Chondropoma, Operculum oval, subcartilaginous, plane, few whorls, rapidly

increasing, nucleus generally quite eccentric,

IV. Operculum double interiorly concamerated.

Pomatias. Operculum cartilaginous, few-whorled, made up of two laminz,

interiorly concamerated,

V. Operculum corneous,

Genera, Realia, Omphalotropis, Bourciera,

Realia. Operculum thin, horny, few-whorled.

Omphalotropis, Operculum thin, horny, few-whorled.

Bourciera. Operculum oval, somewhat solid, horny, with few rapidly in-

creasing whorls.

Later authors have extended this list of genera, but Pfeiffer’s

synopsis practically embraces the important and distinguishing gen-

era. The force assigned to the operculum as separative of the genera

naturally appears exaggerated, when their characters are thus iso-

lated, but in view of the purpose of this paper to emphasize their

secondary, or in cases, entirely negligible weight, this isolation serves

the more explicit object of fixing attention solely upon the operculate

features.

To begin with, in the genus Cyclotus, there exist differences in

the opercula of many species almost as great as that between the

opercula of recognized genera. In the species C. corrugatum, Swb.

the whorls of the laminae in the operculum are margined by erect

incurved slightly striate free fillets, the whole operculum presenting

the appearance of a watch-spring; whereas in typical examples of the

operculum of Oyclotus, the laminae are flat with edges strictly in

contact or slightly overlapping, the latter feature becoming extreme

in seminudum. There is here no essentially different principle of

construction involved but the formal contrast in appearance might as

safely be invoked to make another genus in the case of C. corru-

gatum (as it has been) so far as opercula offer signs of generic dis-

tinction. ‘Troschel and H. and A. Adams have indeed placed this

shell, along with asperulus, cingulatus, crassus, etc., in all twenty-

five species, in the subgenus Aperostoma.

The shelly substance of the operculum of Cyclotus is however a

quite constant feature. The shelly opercula are found in such small

shells as fodiens, hunanus, parvulus, minimus, where it might be ex-

pected that the calcareous secretions would be less complete.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

The opercula of the small shells Alycaeus and Diplommatina are not

often found in shells in collections. Where I could examine them

under a one-inch objective they certainly offer no determinative dif-

ferences from the opercula of Cyclophorus, and like the latter are

horny (corneous). Compare for instance the opercula of Alycaeus

rathouisiana, Hende, Cyclophorus parapsis, Benson.

The genus Pterocyclos is certainly closely allied to genera Opis-

thoporus, Spiraculum, Rhiostoma, but the opercula of these four

genera exhibit two contrasted forms. Taking Pterocyclos angulif-

erus Soul, as an example of one form, the operculum forms a calcare-

ous button, concave upon the outer side, interiorly filmed by a horny

scale covering its entire width, grooved at the sides, and showing on

its exposed surface closely wound narrow whorls, throughout ob-

liquely striate. This configuration and structure is quite as naturally

and truly referable to the opercula of some species of Cyclotus as C.

aurtculata, Kob., ete.

This form of operculum is found in some species of Opisthoporus

(vide dictliatus, Mouss., birostra, Pfr.) and the distinction made by

H. and A. Adams between the opercula of Opisthoporus and Pterocy-

clas is certainly misleading if universally applied. Another more

common type of operculum, seen in Spiraculum, Rhiostoma, some

species of Opisthoporus and Pterocyclos is a spiral lamina, concave

interiorly, more or less deep with the free edges of the laminae erect

or explanate and horizontal, arising screw-wise steeply around a

solid nucleus (AAiostoma) or more spreading with corneous intercal-

ation (Sptraculum). The morphology of the shells themselves sep-

arates these genera, though it is probable the distinctions should form

subgenera, but the opercula present two forms, which while partially

restricted are surely not enough so to offer any basis for strict

classification.

But the confusion, so far as opercula are considered, does not end

here. The opercula of the second type of Pterocyclos, Opisthoporus,

Spiraculum, Rhiostoma, in substance and structure, is practically re-

peated in those of Choanopoma. Both groups show the exsert, erect,

or spreading laminae, the spiral curvature, the union of calcareous

and corneous texture, though the inner surface of the operculum in

Choanopoma is usually flat, and in some instances as C. pulehrum,

Gray, the coarse expansive character of the whorls coutrasts with

the analogous feature in Pterocyclas, etc.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

The operculum of Leptopoma is essentially that of many species of

Cyclophorus (compare Leptopoma sericatum, Pfr. with C. fulguratus,

Pfr. and C. borneense, Mtf.). It is membranous, corneous, arcti-

spiral suppressedly striate, on the laminae, concave, with a polished

inner surface. The fimbriated shaggy exfoliated surfaces of many

opercula of the larger Oyclophorus (see C. arthritis, C. nilagirianus,

C. oculus-capri, O. tuba, C. validus, etc.) are age characters, and

seem also to have some relation to the moist habitats of the animals.

This type of operculum is repeated in Megalomastoma, though the

shell in the latter case is pronouncedly and divergently different (see

M. ventricosum, M. verruculosum.)

Cataulus is in its operculate character identical with the fore-

going. Although from the size of the apertures the opercula are

small, they are in construction, substance, expression, and micro-

scopic features, inseparable from the opercula of Cyclophorus, Mega-

lomastoma, and Leptopoma. The flatness usually observable in the

opercula of the last two genera is shown in COyclophorus in small

shells, the concavity of the opercula of the latter genus being the

result of the natural curvature produced by the protruding fibres of

the larger foot in larger species.

The operculum of Pupina is unmistakably indicated in structure,

nature, and physical appearance with all the foregoing, its tenuity alone

and flatness offering only the most evanescent and unreal discrimina-

tion from the other genera. Pupinella, Registoma, Callia, are quite

inseparable in their operculate character. Aulopoma is a shell very

near in external characters to Pterocyclos, Opisthoporus, Spiraculum,

Rhiostoma, omitting the lip expansion and spiracle, but the oper-

culum is sharply contrasted. The operculum in Azlopoma is corneous,

consisting of a flat spiral made up of tubular whorls coarsely striate

and embracing, cap-like, the margins of tbe shell aperture. If the

distinction of this genus is based upon the operculum it rather forcibly

separates a sheil from its natural generic position.

In structure, at least, the sub-orbicular operculum of Otopoma

naticotdes Rec., with its cycloidal development with the tangential

strie leaving the whorls and extending outward, but forming flexu-

ous lines on the limits of the last whorl, is repeated in the authentic

opercula of Cyclophorus metabletus Crosse & Fischer.

The instances of exact repetition in the opercula of Cyclotus and

Cyclophorus ase numerous. The operculum of Cyclotus translucidus

THE NAUTILUS. 117

Sowb. is certainly reproduced in those of Oyclostoma xanthocheilus,

C. barclayanus, C. campanulatus. The flat thin spiral, almost equal

with the slightly overlapping ascent outward to the last whorl, striate

on its exterior edges, is closely repeated in each.

In Adamsiella grayana Ptr., A. variabile Ad., there is a spiral oper-

culum with exsert lamine, somewhat multifolded or lamellose on

edges, but structurally distinctly like Choanopoma and Opisthoporus.

The operculum of Zudora and Cistula with their rapidly increasing

whoris, the last expansive and filling one-third of the aperture, nuc-

leus subcentral, are practically identical. The thin substance of the

operculum of Chondropoma gives it some essential differentiation, but

in the theory of its form it is exactly like Zudora and Cistula. The

outer surface of the operculum of Zudora is frequently (7. shepardi-

anus Ad., T. pupoides Morelet) fibrous-rayed, whereas in megacheilus

its surface is smooth, or obsoletely striate which form is closely imi-

tated by the operculum of Chondropoma.

The following table exhibits the substance of the operculum in the

genera of round-mouthed shells, as observed in the collection of the

American Museum of Natural History, and as given by Pfeiffer.

The two columns afford slight differences, but such differences might

readily be referred to individual variations in the shells examined by

two observers, using different groups of specimens.

SUBSTANCE OF THE OPERCULUM.

Observed in Collection, Pfeiffer.

Testaceous to subtestaceous, Sub- Cycilotus. Testaceous,

testaceous in C. crassus, Ad. C.

triliratum Pfr., C. rugatus Guppy,

C. suturale Swb.

Corneous, Alyceus. Sub-testaceous.

Corneous, Diplommatina. Sub-testaceous.

Testaceous to Sub-testaceous in P. Plerocyclos. Sub-cartilaginous.

rupestris Bens,

Not seen, Craspedopoma. Corneous,

Corneous, ; Aulopoma, Corneous.

Corneous. Cyclophorus. Corneous,

Corneous, Membranous. Leptopoma. Membranous.

Corneous. - Megalomastoma, Corneous.

Corneous. Cataulus. Corneous,

Corneous. Pupinella, Corneous.

Corneous. Pupina. Membranous,

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Corneous, Registoma, Corneous.

Callia, Membranous.

Corneo-testaceous. Jamaicia. Corneous,

Not seen. Tncina, ?

Testaceous to Corneo-testaceous. Choanopoma. Corneous.

In @, majusculum Morelet the

corneous layer is quite intimately

and equally developed with the

testaceous,

Corneous. Adamsiella, Sub-cartilaginous,

Inthidion, Corneous.

Testaceous, Otopoma. Corneous.

Testaceous, Cyclostomus, Corneous.

Corneous layer quite thick in in-

stances as C. bicarinatum Swh.,

C. filosum Swh., C. madagascar-

iense Gray, C. rangelinum, C.

xanthocheilus.

Testaceous to Testaceo-corneous, Tudora. Corneous.

Testaceous, Leonia, Testaceous,

Testaceous. Cistula, Cartilaginous,

Corneo-cartilaginous, Chondropoma, Sub-cartilaginous.

Not seen, Pomatias, Cartilaginous,

Not seen. Realia, Corneous.

Not seen. Omphalotropis, Corneous.

Not seen. Bourciera, Corneous.

Testaceous to Sub-testaceous. Hybocystis,

Testaceous. Cyclotopsis,

Testaceous to Sub-testaceous, Ctenopoma.

Testaceous. Diplopoma.

Collections of the Cyclostomacea are often sadly deficient in oper-

cula, and this very interesting feature is as frequently absent as

present. It seems most probable that opercula have no exact generic

value, and should not be regarded with the extreme importance as-

signed to them by Pfeiffer, H. & A. Adams, and other authors.

It is hoped that a more detailed and illustrated study of them will

be made in the future.

NOTES.

Tue WINKLEY COLLECTION OF SHELLS.—‘ A most gratifying

gift was received last June from the Rev. Henry W. Winkley, of

Branford, Conn.; it consists of a large series, some 1600 species and

THE NAUTILUS. 119

varieties of land shells from all parts of the world, except New Eng-

land. His New England collection Mr. Winkley retains for study,

but he writes that he thinks in time it too ‘ will find its way to the

Museum.’ ‘The shells received are in excellent condition, Mr.

Winkley, as a member of the class of 1881, recalls with pleasure his

undergraduate work in the Museum, and gives the collection as his

contribution toward the twenty-fifth anniversary celebration of the

class. It is hoped that Mr. Winkley’s gift will prove an incentive

to other graduates to associate their college work with the interests

of science and the Museum.”—( From the Annual Report of the Cura-

tor, Museum of Comparative Zovdlogy, 1905-1906.)

Tue Mumrorp CoLiecTion OF SHELLS.—Through a bequest of

the late Mr. Henry Mumford, the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute

of Arts and Sciences has secured an unusually fine collection of

shells, comprising about 15,000 specimens, representing 2,400 species;

this will be known as the Phebe L. Mumford Collection. It was

originally brought together by Mr. Isaiah Greegor, for many years

a resident of Jacksonville, Florida, who made a special effort to se-

cure the best possible specimens. ‘This makes the collection par-

ticularly valuable for a museum, since the shells are in their natural

condition, retaining the outer layer or ‘‘ epidermis,” which is usually

removed to show the brilliant coloring beneath, a proceeding that

makes the shell ‘look pretty,” but utterly destroys its scientific

value ; there are, however, series of shells cleaned and polished so

that the student and the lover of the beautiful may alike find what

they wish.

Two years ago the Museum received a valuable gift of shells from

Mr. Julius Brunn, so that the division of mollusks is now very well

represented.—( The Museum News.)

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

An ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA OF MICHI-

GAN: Part I, Terrestrial Pulmonata (Land Snails). By Bryant

Walker (From Report of the Michigan State Board of Geological

Survey, 1906). ‘This catalogue has been prepared to supply the

need for a convenient manual of Michigan mollusks for the use of

teachers and students of biology throughout thestate.”” It contains

126 THE NAUTILUS.

chapters on the history of Michigan conchology, the relations of the

Michigan fauna, on collecting and preserving mollusks, on classi-

fication, measurements and descriptive terms. While these subjects

are concisely treated, yet Mr. Walker has condensed into his pages

the practical results reached by the modern group of American

workers in both field and laboratory, so far as applicable to the

Michigan fauna. There are few collectors who will not profit by

reading the “ Hints on collecting mollusca,” and ‘‘ Arrangement of

the collection.”” The classification and nomenclature of the cata-

logue are up to date.

The list comprises 81 species, all described and illustrated by cuts

in the text, most of them borrowed from Binney’s standard series of

figures, though with a considerable number of original drawings.

Full references are given to previous Michigan literature, as well as

to the original descriptions, and to Mr. Binney’s Manual. Excellent

keys to the species are given.

It is no disparagement of other lists to say that the Michigan

catalogue as here presented is the most thoroughly worked-up state

catalogue we have had. Every species has been the subject of

special investigation, as to its characters and identity, and its distri-

bution in Michigan. The time and labor involved in working up a

state fauna in this thorough manner will be appreciated only by those

who have undertaken the rigid verification of every record in the

fauna of an equal area.

A summary of the work on distribution done up to this time is

given in the tabular census, giving the distribution of all the species

by counties. Records have been received from all but 16 of the 84

counties in the state. It will be noted that the comparatively re-

mote and inaccessible Upper Peninsula is well represented in the

Census, and the Boreal character of its fauna is well shown by the

absence of nearly all of the Polygyras, larger Zonitide, etc.

Species interesting because of their rarity or on account of notable

extensions of their known range, are Vitrea wheatleyi and rhoadst,

Pallifera hemphilli, Succinea retusa peoriensis (here for the first time

figured), Vertigo morset, Cochlicopa lubrica morseana, etc. Excel-

lent and much-needed original figures of Strobilops labyrinthica,

S. virgo and S. affinis are given.

Mr. Walker is at work upon the fresh-water mollusks, to form the

second part of the catalogue. We will all look with interest for his

treatment of the aquatic pulmonates.—H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XX. MARCH, 1907. No. 11.

A NEW FOSSIL BUSYCON (FULGUR) FROM FLORIDA.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

BUSYCON MONTFORTI n. sp. Plate VI.

Shell large, solid. Whorls about seven; those of the spire with

slight nodules, which on the body whorl develop progressively into

small, medium, and then large spines, ten in number on the specimen

figured ; these spines are flattened above, and partly so below, and

differ from those of Busycon eliceans Monttf., by being filled by the

successive growth additions. Surface covered with raised lines, ex-

cept on the middle of the body whorl. Aperture within still yellow-

ish-brown. Canal contracted and twisted somewhat to the left.

Inner lip with a strong callus carrying a fold at the angle with the

canal; outer lip corrugated within. The specimen has the spire

slightly broken, but it is probably pointed like Busyconeliceans. The

canal is considerably shortened by breakage.

Locality: Shoal River, Walton County, West Florida.

Remarks: The geological horizon is in the Upper Oligocene of

Dall. This species is especially interesting because it shows that

Busycon eliceans Montf. is a distinct form with an Oligocene (?) ances-

tor. There are a number of minor differences between the two

species, but when placed side by side they show without question

their intimate relations. The descent of the group will need to be

cousiderably modified to conform to the new discovery.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

ANEW SPECIES OF SEGMENTINA.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

SEGMENTINA CRASSILABRIS n. sp., Pl. VII, figs. 4-6.

Segmentina wheatleyi, Witter, J. of Conch., I, 388 (1878).

‘“ “2 Walker, Naut. VI, 137 (1893).

Shell dextral, broadly umbilicate, planorboid, smooth, slightly

wrinkled by subobsolete growth lines and microscopic transverse

lines and undulations; light hor colored; whorls 44, regularly in-

creasing, those of the apex flattened and concavely depressed, ante-

penult and body whorl rounded above, the latter deflected and slightly

expanded towards the aperture, and sharply contracted at the lip,

forming an obtuse crest just behind the edge of the lip, obtusely

angled below, around the deep, subfunicular umbilicus ; aperture

oblique, subtriangular, greatly contracted by a heavy callous

ridge just within the lip, the face of which is concave, the edge of

the lip being sharp and black ; the extremities of the labial ridge are

connected by a slight callus across the parietal wail; apertural

lamelle six ; two parietal and four (palatal) on the outer wall.

The principal parietal lamella is a thin, broad, sigmoid blade rising

from the lower third of the parietal wall, and extending upward and .

backward nearly to the suture, it is widest in the center, the ante-

rior extremity is subtruncate and rather abruptly bent outwards,

posteriorly it slopes gradually to its termination; below this and

just behind the curve in the anterior portion and about halfway be-

tween it and the base is a short, sharp denticle projecting obliquely

forward and downward; the lower palatal fold extends transversely

nearly across the entire base of the whorl and is a low, strong fold,

the upper surface of which is parallel with the base, the inner ex-

tremity is opposite the lower parietal lamella and rises abruptly at

right angles to the base, the outer extremity is rounded and bent for-

wards, sloping down to its termination, viewed externally the base of

this fold roughly resembles a figure-7; immediately above this,

about halfway between it and the lower extremity of the third pala-

tal fold, and about at the periphery of the whorl is a short, trans-

THE NAUTILUS. 128

versely diagonal lamella, the anterior end of which is lower than the

posterior, which is slightly bent upwards ; above the anterior extrem-

ity of this fold is the third palatal fold, a short, slightly oblique

lamella, the posterior end of which is slightly curved backwards and

slopes more gradually to its termination than the anterior extremity;

above this and at its posterior extremity is a short, transverse denti-

cle, which lies immediately below the superior arch of the whorl.

Alt. 3, greater diam. 74, lesser diam. 6mm. Types (No. 2998

coll. Walker) from Hamtramck, Wayne Co., Mich. Also from

Kent and Monroe counties, Mich.; Muscatine, Ia.; Knox county,

Vincennes and Brownston, Ind.

This very distinct species was first seen in 1878, when specimens

from Muscatine, Ia., were received from Prof. F. M. Witter, labelled

S. wheatleyi Lea, on the authority of the late Dr. Jas. Lewis. Sub-

sequently, when the species were detected in Michigan, in reliance

on this identification it was so listed in the two papers cited above.

The recent receipt of the true S. wheatleyi from Princeton and Boli-

gee, Alabama, collected by H. H. Smith and A. A. Hinkley, has

shown that the reference of this form to that species was erroneous.

Although occupying an intermediate position between the well-

known S. armigera and S. wheatleyi, crassilabris, is quite distinct from

either. In external appearance, compared with armigera (Fig. 1-3),

itis smaller and more compactly coiled and higher in proportion to its

width, the umbilicus is smaller and deeper, and the angulation of

base of the whorl around the umbilicus more pronounced. In armi-

gera, the whorls are more regularly rounded and the aperture lacks

the crest behind the lip, and is not at all contracted, the thickening

within the lip is very slight and does not sensibly diminish its calibre.

In wheatleyi (Fig. 7-9) the distinctive features of crassilabris are

all intensified. The apical whorls are more depressed, the body-

whorl is obtusely angulated above and sharply carinated around the

umbilicus, which is funicular, the inner whorls scarcely, if at all, ob-

truding beyond the curve of the body-whorl ; the aperture is more

oblique and more contracted in front of the crest, which is more

prominent. The inner ridge of callus is less developed and lacks

the regular concave slope to the edge of lip characteristic of crassi-

labris.

As recently stated by Pilsbry and Ferriss (Proc. A. N.S. P.,

1906, p. 166) in regard to S. armigera and wheatleyt, the arrange-

124 THE NAUTILUS.

ment of the apertural lamellz in these three species is fundamentally

the same. Their number, position and character are the same in

all. The differences, which are, however, specifically characteristic,

are only in the degree of development.

In armigera, the principal parietal lamella is much shorter, less

oblique and its anterior end is less curved and truncated than that of

crassilabris, the palatal folds are all less developed, and the spaces

between them consequently greater ; the upper extremity of the basal

fold is less deflected and scarcely noticable externally. In both

these species, there is a marked tendency to develop an additional

fold in connection with the central palatal giving it a V-shape, which

is quite noticeable from the exterior.

In wheatleyi, the position of the principal parietal lamella is more

like that of armigera than of crassilabris, being, taken as a whole,

less oblique and the anterior end is less bent forward than in the

latter species, but the posterior extremity is more prolonged than in

armigera, and is continued for a short distance parallel with the

suture ; the basal palatal is much wider than in either of the other

species and is abruptly contracted at its base, while the upper ex-

tremity is deflected as in crassilabris ; the second palatal fold is re-

markably developed, rising abruptly near the base of the whorl; it

runs back for a short distance parallel with the base, and curves up-

ward, terminating just below the superior carina, having much the

shape of a boomerang. The third palatal is only slightly oblique,

the lower end is bent backwards and close to the upper extremity is —

a small knob, not sufficiently differentiated from it to be called a dis-

tinct denticle, but evidently similar to the accessory fold noticed in

the other species; the upper extremities of this fold and of the basal

palatal are about on the same level. The fourth palatal is situated

directly under the superior carina and is a short, straight, transverse,

club-shaped fold, the posterior extremity being the thickest.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Figs, 1-3. 8S. armigera Say, Mohawk, N. Y.

Figs, 4-6, SS. crassilabris (Type), Hamtramck, Mich,

Figs, 7-9. 8S. wheatleyi Lea, Princeton, Ala.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF LYMNZA.

BY FRANK C, BAKER,

LYMN#&A DALLI N. sp.

Lymnea parva Baker, Nautiius, XIX, p. 52, 1905. (Not of

Lea.)

Lymnexa dalli Baker, Bull. Ills. State Lab. N. H., VII, p. 104,

1906.

Shell very small, thin, ovate-conic, turreted; color greenish or

whitish-horn ; surface dull to shining, marked by heavy, crowded

growth-lines, which are elevated into distinct ribs in some specimens ;

protoconch very small, flatly rounded, light-horn colored ; whorls 44

to 5, rounded and distinctly shouldered; spire generally obtusely

conic, turreted, a trifle longer than the aperture ; sutures very deeply

impressed ; aperture elongate, ovate or elliptical, the peristome con-

tinuous in many specimens; outer lip acute; inner lip forming a

rather flat extension over the umbilical region, leaving a rather pro-

nounced chink ; the lower part of the aperture is somewhat effuse ; the

columellar extension of the inner lip is appressed so as to forma

pseudo-plait ; the inner edge of the outer lip frequently forms a rib-

like ridge in very old specimens.

Length 3.25, breadth 2, aperture length 1.5, breadth 1 mm. Lake

James, Ind.

Length 4, breadth 2, aperture length 2, breadth 1 mm. Lake

James, Ind,

Length 3, breadth 2, aperture length 1.25, breadth, .9 mm. Lake

James, Ind.

Length 4.25, breadth 2, aperture length 1.75, breadth 1 mm.

Lake James, Ind.

Length 4.5, breadth 2.5, aperture length 2, breadth 1.1 mm.

(scalariform).

Length 3.75, breadth 2.75, aperture length 2, breadth 1.25 mm.

Rockford. j

Length 4, breadth 2.1, aperture length 2, breadth 1.1 mm. Rock-

ford.

Types : Chicago Academy of Sciences; cotypes, Academy of Nat-

ural Sciences, Philadelphia; Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

Type Locality: Lake James, Steuben Co., Indiana.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

Range: Indiana to Montana, south to New Mexico and Texas.

Station: Same as humilis, curta, and the other small Lymnzas.

Remarks: This little species, the smallest of our American Lym-

neas, is related to parva, appearing at first sight to be a small exam-

ple of that species. It differs from parva in its smaller size, rounder

and more turreted whorls, more slender outline, longer and narrower

aperture and smaller and less conspicuous umbilicus. The whorls

are inclined to be shouldered also, a feature not emphasized in parva.

There is some variation in the length of the spire, many specimens

having a rather long spire, while in others the spire is much

depressed, and the whorls are humped, this last being in slightly

abnormal forms.

In Tur NavtILvs (xx, p. 52), this species was described as the

parva of Lea, but a careful study of Lea’s types in the Smithsonian

Institution makes it evident that it is not that species, but a new one,

hitherto unnoticed. Young specimens of parva are similar to dalli,

but may be distinguished by the lesser number of whorls in shells of

the same size and in the different shape of the whorls. The two

small forms, parva and dalli, are related, but are easily separated

when attention is given to the details of form and size.

This peculiar little species is named in honor of Dr. William H.

Dall, Curator of the Division of Mollusks of the Smithsonian Insti-

tution.

LYMNZA LEAI 0. sp.

Shell large, ovate, thin; color, yellowish-horn; surface with fine

lines of growth crossed by equally fine spiral lines; whorls 6, flatly

rounded, very rapidly increasing in diameter, the last whorl very

large ; spire short, broadly, ovately conical; sutures well impressed ;

aperture elliptical or elongate-ovate, narrowed above, longer than the

spire; outer lip thin, only slightly thickened by a longitudinal rib ;

inner lip thin, narrow, appressed to the umbilical region so as to

leave a well-marked chink; callus on the parietal wall thin, wide,

well marked; columella twisted, with a strongly developed ascend-

ing plait.

Length 30, width 13.5, aperture length 18, width 8.5 mm. Type.

Length 28, width 13.5, aperture length 17, width 8 mm. Type.

Length 31, width 14.5, aperture length 18.5, width 9.5 mm. Type.

Types: The Chicago Academy of Sciences; 1 specimen, cotypes,

collection W. A. Nason, 2 specimens.

PLATE VI.

ous

i Hh f

fn / 7

ples

omy

th Oey

4 Hl a

THE NAUTILUS XxX.

BUSYCON MONTFORTI.

ALDRICH

THE NAUTILUS, XX. PLATE VII

Tie

1-3. SEGMENTINA ARMIGERA, A-6. S CRASSILABR?S.

7-9. S. WHEATLEYI.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

Type locality : Near San Francisco, California.

Range: California, near San Francisco (W. A. Nason); San Joa-

quin River (Mrs. E. E. Bush, Phil. Acad.); Merced Lake (Stearns,

Dall, Smithsonian Institution); between Animas and La Plata,

Colorado (Ingersoll).

Remarks: L. leavi seems to be a very distinct species, easily recog-

nized by its short spire, very large aperture and heavy columellar

plait. It is more nearly related to ZL. proxima rowellit Tryon than

to any other species, but seems to be distinct. It has probably been

heretofore identified as a form of the protean species palustris, but it

is unquestionably distinct from any form of that species. It also re-

sembles L. reflexa hemphilliana Baker, but differs in being very much

broader and has a differently shaped and larger aperture. It is

named in honor of one of America’s best known conchologists, Dr.

Isaac Lea.

THREE“NEW SPECIES OF SCALA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL,

During the last year or two, among the minute shells, collected by

various correspondents on the Californian coast, there have been

several undescribed forms of Scala, descriptions of which follow.

Scala berry? n. sp.

Shell small, white, six-whorled: nuclear whorls polished, smooth,

without varices; later whorls with rather strong, reflected, faintly

axially striated varices, on the last whorl about 20 or 21 in number;

these varices are quite close-set, not angulated in front of the suture

and markedly reflected, with the interspaces smooth ; base with no

basal disk or cord, the coil imperforate, the peristome rather callous

on the pillar side. Long. 3.5., max. diam. 1.75 mm.

Dredged in 200 fathoms, San Pedro Bay, Cala., Mrs. Oldroyd ;

and in 12 fathoms off Del Monte, Monterey Bay by S.S. Berry.

U. S. Nat. Mus. 107,724.

This species is, perhaps, nearest to S. clathratula A. Adams, and

to the next species.

Scala rectilaminata n. sp.

Shell very similar to S. berryi, with the same number of whorls

and varices, but having the nuclear shell smaller, the test less heavy,

128 THE NAUTILUS.

the varices nearly vertical to the surface of the whorl, instead of

reflected, which makes them appear sparser, though really the same

number occur on the whorl; the varices are narrower and the peris-

tome less heavy and wide. Long. 3.25, max. diam. 1.6 mm.

Dredged in twelve fathoms mud, Monterey Bay, S. S. Berry.

U. S. Nat. Mus. 110,430.

The specimens seen are of a more yellowish-creamy-white than

S. berryi which has a bluish subtranslucent appearance.

Scala (Cirostrema) montereyensis n. sp.

Shell small (probably not full grown), the nucleus lost but with

five subsequent rapidly increasing whorls; shell substance in two

layers, the inner translucent white, solid, the outer opaque white,

frothy, porous, with numerous puncticulations arranged in harmony

with the incremental lines, except on the basal disk where they form

spiral lines; varices low, solid, with a spongy surface, nine in num-

ber; basal disk conspicuous, slightly concave; bordered by a con-

spicuous cord ; aperture gibbous, patulous near the imperforate axis.

Long. 2.5, diam. 1.5 mm.

Dredged in 25 fathoms mud, off Del Monte, in Monterey Bay,

Cala., by S. S. Berry. U.S. N. Mus. 1104381.

This shell represented by two specimens, of which one is in Mr.

Berry’s collection, is doubtless immature, but there is no other species

known north of Cape St. Lucas belonging to this special group, and,

though the characters require rather high magnification to see them

clearly, it cannot be confounded with any other Californian species.

NOTE ON THE GENUS PSILOCOCHLIS DALL.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

This curious Turbinella, collected by Mr. McCallie in the Eocene

of Georgia, was described in THE Navutitvus for May, 1904, p. 9.

Additional material shows that the mature shell is covered with a

coating of enamel which extends to the very apex of the spire, ob-

scuring the sutures, a feature not hitherto reported in connection

with the genus Turbinella or any of its close allies; so that Pszlo-

cochlis described as a subgenus, seems fully entitled to generic rank.

Only the typical species, P. mecalliet Dall, is at present known.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A Review or THe American Votutipa. By Wm. H. Dall.

(From the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 48, 1907.)

This paper is the revision promised by the author in his ** Notes on

some names in the Volutide,” in Tur Navutitus for April, 1906.

Some years ago Dr. Dall outlined two important groups of the Vol-

utide as follows :

1. Subfamily Scaphellinz, with a membranous protoconch which

is lost early in the intracapsular development and is replaced by a

shelly envelope, the secondary nature of which is evident in well pre-

served specimens.

2. Subfamily Volutinz, a shelly protoconch. In these forms there

is no membranous stage, the protoconch being shelly throughout its

history. This shelly apex is never naturally lost.

His recent researches have shown that the type of the genus Sca-

phella belongs to the Voluting, and therefore the subfamily name

Scaphelling has been given up and Caricelline substituted for it. In

his review Dr. Dall employs not only the apical shell characters

which he regarded as important in his earlier papers, but also many

features of the soft anatomy. Stress is laid on ‘‘ the presence or ab-

sence of a cecum to the esophagus ; the characters of the radula; of

the verge, or external male organ ; and the presence or absence of an

operculum.” A new three-fold division of the Vo/utidz, here out-

lined, is regarded as provisional. It may be briefly summed up as

follows :

1. Subfamily Volutinw. <A shelly, persistent protoconch, sessile

eyes, operculum usually absent and the radula teeth usually in one

tricuspid series.

2. Subfamily Caricelline. A membranous protoconch, operculum

absent, radula variable or absent. Otherwise as in Volutine.

3. Subfamily Volutomitrine. Protoconch supposedly shelly ; adult

unicolored, with a conspicuous periostracum; small stalked eyes,

‘‘ radula of a single long series, the separate teeth unicuspidate, with

deeply arcuate bases.”’ No operculum.

The genera and species are distributed among the subfamilies as

follows :

Voluting: Voluta (Linné) Lamarck, with the following species:

musica L., virescens, Sol., ebraa L.

Lyria Gray with the species beau? Fischer and Bernardi.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

Enzxta Adams with the species barnesii Gray, cumingi Brod.,

pedersenwt Verrill, cylleniformis Sowb., archert Angas, reevet Dall,

guildingit Sowb.

Plejona Bolten containing species ‘ conchologically related to the

V. spinosa Lamarck.”

Caricellinae: Adelomelon Dall, with the species ancilla Sol., sub-

nodosa Leach, benthalis Dall, martensi Strebel, magellanica Lamarck,

ornata Lahille, beckit Brod., tuberculata Swainson, brasiliana Sol.,

Jferussacti Donovan, paradoxa Lahille, stearnsti Dall, philippiana

Dall.

Zidona H. and A. Adams with the species angulata Swainson.

Tractolira Dall with the species sparta Dall.

Aurinia H. and A. Adams with the species dubia Brod., robusta

Dall, gouldiana Dall.

Maculopeplum Dall with the species junonia Hwass, dohrni Sowb.

Volutomitrine: Volutomitra Gray with the species gronlandica

Beck and alaskana Dall.

Owing to the scarcity of specimens, we do not realize that on the

coasts of North and South America there are 33 recorded species.

There are considered to be two centers of distribution for the Amer-

ican species, the southern end of South America is taken as one

center and the Antilles as the other. The paucity of species along

the Pacific coast north of south latitude 40° is remarked upon.

Under the genus Aurinia, typified by A. dubia, Dr. Dall says:

‘“‘ This genus is the degenerate descendant in one line, as Maculopep-

lum is a normal descendant in another, from the Eocene Caricella.

Its most prominent feature is the enfeebled plaits of the pillar,

usually of diminished number as well as size, its thin shell and prom-

inent Caricella-nucleus. The absence of the radula it shares with

Maculopeplum, though Halia, evidently a close relative, and even

more degenerate as regards the shell, has retained the radula.”” The

type of the genus Maculopeplum is the well-known Voluta junonia

Hwass.

In his note on the Voluéid@ which appeared in THE NaAvrTILus

for April, 1906, Dr. Dall calls attention to the fact that the type of

Swainson’s genus Volutilithes is not Voluta spinosa but Voluta mur-

icina Lam. This point was ably confirmed by Mr. R. Bullen New-

ton? in June, 1906.

1‘¢Note on Swainson’s Genus Volutilithes,” Proc. Malac. Soc., Lond., June,

1906, p, 100.

THE NAUTILUS. 181

Volutilithes muricina is evidently well removed from the forms

usually described as Volutilithes spinosus and Volutilithes petrosus.

The use of the generic name Plejona to designate such forms as the

the latter, seems, however, to be without warrant. As Mr. Newton

has pointed out, Bolten refers his Plejona fossilis to four figures in

d’Argenville. These four figures represent not only four different

species, but four different genera!

The very existence of the name Plejona rests, therefore, on a poor

basis, and it is hard to see how its type P. fosszlis, can be restricted

to V. spinosa.

But to return to the application of Plejona to American Eocene

forms, the study’ of very large and carefully collected series from our

Gulf States has convinced the reviewer that the forms described as

Athleta tuomeyi by Conrad are nothing but races of his Voluta petrosa

which have been subjected to an unfavorable environment. They

are of one genetic stock, and the differences can in no sense be regarded

as generic; in fact they are not even specific.

M. Cossmann’ in reviewing this study pointed out that if its re-

sults are to be accepted, Athleta must be substituted for Volutilithes

Swainson (1840 non 1831).

Athleta rarispina is the type of Athleta and is probably related to

Lamarck’s Voluta spinosa in about the same way that A. tuomeyt is

related to Conrad’s Voluta petrosa. With our present knowledge it

seems better to adopt Athleta for Conrad’s Voluta petrosa, its varia-

tions, mutations and allies, than to revive Plejona.

In conclusion it is noted with regret that Dr. Dall has not pro-

vided this interesting and important paper with figures, which would

have been of the greatest assistance to workers having only small

collections or small libraries at their command.—BurnettT SmMirTuH.

Fossit MoLLusca FROM THE JOHN Day anv Masca.u Beps

or OREGON (Univ. of California Publications, Bull. Dept. of Geol-

ogy, V, no. 3, pp. 67-70). By Robert E. C. Stearns. The new

species are Hpiphragmophora dubiosa, Pyramidula lecontet and Lym-

nea maxima. The first is apparently related to fidelis or mormorum ;

1Smith, Burnett: ‘* Phylogeny of the Races of Volutilithes petrosus,” Proc,

Acad. Nat, Sci., Phila., May, 1906, p. 52.

2 Revue Critique de Paléozoologie, p, 222, October, 1906,

132 THE NAUTILUS.

the second to Oreohelix strigosa. ‘Together with Dr. Stearns’ previous

report on John Day land shells (Sccence, 1902, 158), this paper is of

great interest, showing the antiquity of the present generic groups of

land shells, which were manifested in forms not unlike those now ex-

isting in the same region, as far back as the miocene.—H. A. P.

CATALOGUE OF THE MOoLLuscA OF ILLINOIs. By Frank Collins

Baker (Bull. of the Ill. State Laboratory of Natural History, VII,

article 6, 1906). This catalogue “ is intended to record every refer-

ence to the mollusca occurring in the state, which may be found in

the published lists, and also all scattered references wherever pub-

lished.””’ Under each species the author quotes every locality from

which specimens have been recorded, giving the authority for each

in parenthesis. 241 aquatic and 91 terrestrial species are recorded.

No less than 28 species and varieties have been based upon Illinois

specimens, seven of them being now considered synonymous. From

only ten counties, says Mr. Baker, have careful lists been made. In

this catalogue records have been obtained from 69 counties, of from 1

to 145 species. What has been done, and the great amount of work

still to be done, is graphically shown inthe map. The richest portions

of the State, along the Wabash and Ohio rivers, are still very little

known; but in the upper counties several energetic naturalists have

thoroughly worked up the fauna, so that this first attempt at a State

catalogue is very creditable to the author, as well as the other natur-

alists, Messrs. Ferriss, Hinkley, Handwerk, Marsh, Nason, Strode,

Hart and others, who have contributed records.

It is inevitable in a first attempt to cover so large an area, that

some doubtful records, demanding careful verification, must be in-

cluded, and this catalogue is naturally no exception. Baker and

his co-workers will doubtless now set about the task of investigating

these questionable records. A paper by Prof. Shimek on his inves-

tigation of Pyrgulopsis in Rock River seems to have been overlooked.

Together with Baker’s ‘* Mollusks of the Chicago Area,” this cata-

logue forms an excellent basis for further work in Illinois.

Tue Fossir Moxttusca or FLorissant, CoLorapo.—By T. D.

A. Cockerell (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxii, 1906). The fol-

lowing species are described as new. Omphalina(?) laminarum,

Planorbis florissantensis, Lymnaea sieverti, scuddert, Spherium flor-

issantense. The new name Columna haydeniana is proposed for

Bulimus teres M. & H., not Olivier.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL, XX. APRIL, 1907. No. 12.

NOTES ON SOME NEW MEXICAN ASHMUNELLAS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS.

Since the publication of the results of our work on Ashmunella in

1905,’ various correspondents have contributed specimens which

throw light upon a number of dubious points relative to the group of

species inhabiting the Sierra Blanca and Sacramento ranges, in New

Mexico, east of the Rio Grande.

There can be no doubt that a systematic campaign in this region

by collectors who are not afraid of hard work, and who get live

shells, would be well rewarded by a most interesting catch. It is

absolutely essential, however, to get to the mountain-tops, and to dig

deep in the rock-heaps. You will need a Ferriss hoe and stout

gloves, and you must forget fatigue.

ASHMUNELLA RHYSSA TOWNSEND! (Bartsch). Plate VIII, figs. 1, 2.

Ashmunella townsendi Bartsch. Smiths. Misc. Coll., xlvii, p. 13

(Aug. 6, 1904).

Ashmunella rhyssa townsendi Bartsch, Pilsbry. Proc. A. N.S.,

Phila., 1905, p. 231.

This race differs from A. r. miorhyssa chiefly by its strongly-

ribbed surface, like A. altissima, which, however, is far smaller,

more depressed and more openly umbilicate. Three of the original

lot of townsendi, taken by Prof. Townsend in the Sierra Blanca

‘Mollusca of the Southwestern States, Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1905, pp.

223-253.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

above Ruidoso, N. M., sent by Prof. Cockerell, one with the i

broken, measure :

Alt. 8.8, — 8 mm.

Diam. 14.1, 14.8, 13 mm.

Whorls 54, — 54.

Ribs on the last whorl 60, 48, 46.

The number of ribs on the last whorl is only approximately stated,

since on account of irregularities and minor wrinkles or ripples it is

impossible to make a quite definite count.

The weak trace of a parietal tooth is visible in one of the specimens.

The two specimens examined by Mr. Bartsch measure 8.2 x 15 mm.

The number of ribs is not stated.

These specimens are intermediate in character between the smaller

and more strongly-wrinkled examples of A. rhyssa, collected by Mr.

Ashmun, and the following form.

Thirteen examples, all dead and bleached, were taken by Mr. F. J.

Phillips on the north slope of a small brook near Nogal Creek, at an

elevation of 7500 ft., Lincoln Co., N. M., and recently sent to one

of us, one being drawn in figs. 1, 2 of plate VIII. In general char-

acter the lot is quite uniform. There are 30 to 35 ribs on the last

whorl ; in a few cases as many as 40, by splitting or breaking up of a

number of ribs. Ten of them, unbroken, measure as follows:

Ale Be Bo F.80) OTB Be 7 B75, Ti ee

Diam. 18, 12.9, 12.8, 12.25, 12.2, 12, 12, 12, 12, 11.5 mm.

In 8 out of 10 fully adult shells a parietal tooth is developed, varying

from a mere trace in some to a well-developed though small tooth in

three or four. In two fully adult shells there is no trace of a tooth.

A low basal tooth is present in all, but in two or three it is barely

perceptible. ‘The largest shell has 53 whorls, the smallest barely 5.

This colony has the character of townsendi—small size and heavily-

ribbed surface—more emphatically expressed than in the original

townsendi, and compared directly with rhyssa it appears to be quite

distinct; yet it is connected with rhyssa through the more finely-

ribbed forms from above Ruidoso, so that the use of a trinomial

seems to express its relations better than an arbitrary specific

separation.

ASHMUNELLA RHYSSA (CkIl.) Plate VIII, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Professor Cockerell having found the unique type specimen of

THE NAUTILUS. 185

A. r. hyporhyssa kindly sent it for study. It is wholly bleached,

has lost the cuticle, and measures, alt. 9, diam. 15 mm., umbilicus

3.1 mm., and has 54 whorls. There is a very slight basal lip-tooth,

and a small oblique parietal tooth, about 1.8 mm. long. The

sculpture is decidedly finer than in A. rhyssa, agreeing closely with

specimens of A. r. miorhyssa collected by Ashmun, which, however,

differ by having a slighly smaller umbilicus, 2.3 to 2.5 mm. wide in

a shell of nearly 16 mm. diam., and the aperture in miorhyssa is

slightly larger. I can find no other differences between miorhyssa

and hyporhyssa.

A, r. hyporhyssa was taken by Prof. C. H. T. Townsend “ on the

lower slopes of White Mt., above head of Ruidoso, Aspen belt, at

about 9500 ft.”

A. rhyssa and A. r. miorhyssa are from the Sierra Blanca.

Ashmunella rhyssa edentata Ckll.

A. rhyssa hyporhyssa Pils. Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1905, pp.

228-231, pl. 12, f. 7-13, exclusive of synonym ‘‘Polygyra r. hypo-

rhyssa’’ and quoted description of same.

Similar to A. r. miorhyssa, but frequently more depressed, with

wider umbilicus, and generally without a parietal tooth, which is

present in less than 5 per cent. of the specimens examined.

Sacramento Mountains, at various elevations, as given in the paper

cited above. While but weakly differentiated from the Sierra Blanca

forms, it is well to have a name for the Sacramento race, common in

James Canyon near Cloudcropt.

I formerly united this race and A. 7. hyporhyssa, in the absence of

the type of the latter.

ABALONES AND THE EARTHQUAKE.

BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.

The Japanese abalone fishermen who have made their head-

quarters at Carmel Bay, a few miles south of Monterey, had planned

to extend their operations to the more southerly part of the coast, on

the shore of San Luis Obispo County. This was in August. Upon

examination later on of the rocky region near Morro, where they

expected to make a great haul, it was found that the sea-bed was

coated with a greasy slime of a supposed bituminous character, which

136 THE NAUTILUS.

had killed the abalones. Abalones were found in abundance for —

miles along the shore, so it was reported, but all dead. As the

‘“‘ meats,” as the dried soft parts are called, constitute the chief profit

of the fishery, no doubt the Japanese were disappointed.

The earthquake of April 18th, which was felt very slightly at

Morro, was credited with the killing, though it may have been caused

by some subsequent seismic disturbance. The abalones that occur

along this part of the shore belong principally to the species Haliotis

rufescens and H. cracherodii.

The Japanese parties engaged in the fishery at various places, in

some instances, use a diving-suit for working in or below the lamina-

cian zone, and are stripping some localities quite thoroughly. The

Chinese are said to confine their collecting generally to shallow

water. The greater part of the dried meats, if not all, are exported

to China.

There is one cannery in or near San Pedro where the abalones are

packed, the can-labels bearing the trade name of “ Eno-labo,” which

it will at once be seen is merely Obalone spelled backwards. Here

is an instance on a small scale where commercialism overreaches

itself. The dear public don’t know what ‘‘ Eno-labo”’ means, and,

as my grocer tells me, don’t buy the goods. Fresh-packed ‘* Eno-

labo,” however, is quite palatable and wholesome food, good enough

for anybody.

Los Angeles, Cal., February 1, 1907.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA (MICRARIONTA) HUTSONI N. SP.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

Shell openly umbilicate; rather thin but strong, smooth and shin-

ing when fresh ; reddish-horn color on the upper surface, much paler

to creamy-white below, with a rather narrow brown band, about

1 mm. wide, above the periphery, visible only on the last 14 whorls,

the band margined above and below by wider white bands, the lower

shading off into the light-colored base. Whorls about 44, the inner

ones convex, the last somewhat flattened above, well rounded below

and at the periphery. The embryonic shell consists of 12 whorls,

THE NAUTILUS. 137

terminating with an inconspicuous whitish line; the first 4 whorl is

depressed and highly polished ; the remaining embryonic whorls are

evenly and densely covered with elongate-oval papillae arranged in

spiral lines. In the following 14-2 whorls, beginning the neanic

stage, the epiconch bears exceedingly delicate, very short hairs ar-

ranged in obliquely descending series, but less regular than the

papillz of the embryonic whorls. These are entirely lost in mature

shells, although the hair-scars are generally visible on fresh speci-

mens. The body-whorl shows the usual slight growth-lines, but is

otherwise smooth except for varical impressions showing resting

periods, of which there are usually 2 on the body-whorl and others

clear up to the nuclear whorls. The body-whorl enlarges rapidly,

and is suddenly deflected and expanded at the aperture, which is

large, almost round, oblique, with a slightly reflected and thickened

margin ; lips widely expanded at the columella and partly reflected

over the umbilicus. Ends of lip converging, forming about four-

fifths of a circle. Gr. diam. 144, lesser 114, alt.8 mm. Aperture

7 mm. high, 7 mm. wide. Umbilicus 24 mm.

The figured specimen measures, alt. 7.5, diam. 14 mm. The

largest and smallest shells that I have seen measure 15 and 124

mm. diam. respectively; both are dead shells.

Collected by Geo. S. Hutson, after whom the species is named,

about 8 miles from Quartzsite, Yuma Co., Ariz., in the foothills, at

an alt. of about 1600 ft.

Types, No. 5659 of my collection ; co-types, coll. A. N.S. P.

The sculpture of the embryonic whorls of this beautiful little shell

puts it in the group of Sonorella wolcottiana Bartsch (Smiths. Mise.

Coll., xlvii, p. 187, pl. xxviii). A large series from young shells of

24 whorls to adults show the sculpture and epiconch in all stages,

the latter being so thin and delicate, however, that it apparently

entirely disappears by the time the shell has completed the third

whorl. The shells are remarkably uniform in size and color, and

most fresh specimens show occasional translucent spots scattered

over the body-whorl. The resting periods are shown by well-

marked varical impressions at all stages of growth, as is common in

most species from a semi-arid region. The body of the animal is

intensely black, with a gray mantle.

138 | ' THE NAUTILUS.

ON THE SOFT ANATOMY OF E. (MICRARIONTA) HUTSONI.

BY H. A. PILSBRY:

The animal is purplish-black, with gray mantle-edge. The sur-

face is finely and evenly granulose. There is a weak impressed line

on the ridge of the tail, and a pair of contiguous dorsal grooves,

scarcely noticeable except between the tentacles. Foot-margin very

narrow, hardly differentiated. The sole is conspicuously tripartite

in color, the sides being purplish or slaty-black, while the middle

field is of a much paler gray tint. The pale area is somewhat wider

than the dark sides.

The genitalia, fig. 6, show a very short penis, swollen basally, an

epiphallus of about the same length or somewhat larger, and a

flagellum longer than either. The long retractor muscle is inserted

on the epiphallus, :and.distally on the lung floor. At the base of the

vagina a well-developed dart sack (d. s.) is inserted ; on each side of

its base enter the ducts of the mucous glands, which ascend as high

as the dart sack and then descend, their flattened, glandular portions

being bound to the vagina and atrium. ‘The general relations of the

dart sack and mucous glands are shown diagramatically in fig. 8.

As usual, the two glands are unequal. ‘The spermatheca is ovate,

on a long, slender duct. Length of penis 2 mm.; of epiphallus 2.8 ;

flagellum 4 mm.; length of spermatheca and duct 16.5 mm.

The right ocular retractor passes between the do’ and 2 branches

of the genitalia.

The general features of the alimentary tract are as usual in the

Helices. The crop is long, the salivary glands equally lengthened,

lying on the upper side of the crop, and concrescent throughout their

length.

The jaw is of the usual arcuate shape, with only three ribs, grouped

in the median third (fig. 7).

The radula has 17,10,1,10,17 teeth (pl IX, fig. 5). The cen-

tral and lateral teeth have simply mesocones without side cusps.

The marginal teeth have the ectocones developed, and in the outer

ones the larger cusp is bifid. I noticed no teeth with the ectocone

bifid. The transition from lateral to marginal teeth is quite gradual,

The venation of the lung is faintly outlined with gray pigment.

The kidney is about half as long as the lung, and nea twice the

length of the pericardium.

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THE NAUTILUS XX, PLATE IX,

CLAPP: EPIPHRAGMOPHORA HUTSONI.

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THE NAUTILUS. 189

While the shell of this species has all the appearance of a Sonor-

ella, the soft anatomy shows that it belongs to the subgenus Miera-

rionta, of Epiphragmophora, represented by L. gabbi, facta, stearnsi-

ana, etc., the genitalia being typical for that group. In Sonorella I

have figured the anatomy of eight species and subspecies. All agree

in having a well-developed penis, and the flagellum is excessively

short or wanting, usually about half a millimeter long, in one case

one mm. long, but its length is always a very small fraction of that

of the epiphallus. In no Sonorella is there any trace of dart sack or

mucous glands, This is very unlike these organs in Z. hutsont.

The unexpected internal anatomy of this species emphasizes the

uncertainty of dealing with Sonorella-like Helices without examina-

tion of the soft anatomy. How. many of the supposed Sonorellas of

southeastern California may really prove to belong to Mcrarionta is

problematic, but perhaps all those with the embryonic sculpture like

£. hutsont will eventually be removed from Sonoralla.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX,

Figs. 1-3. Hpiphragmophora hutsoni, shell.

4. Apex, enlarged.

5. Teeth.

6. Genitalia.

7. Jaw.

8. Diagram of dart sack and mucous glands. d.s., dart sack;

ept., epiphallus ; 77., flagellum ; m. g/., mucous glands.

DESCRIPTIONS OF CYPRAEA BERNARDINZE AND CALLIOSTOMA

CARNICOLOR N. SP.

BY H. B. PRESTON.

CYPRAEA BERNARDIN£ n. sp. Pl. VIII, fig. 8.

Shell oval, with a well-defined dorsal line dividing into a small

fork near the anterior extremity; dorsal surface brownish-gray

flecked with white spots and streaks; sides white, sparsely spotted

with chestnut, a number of dashes of 'the same color appearing at the

anterior extremity and slightly crenulated at the margins of the dor-

sal surface; extremities obiuse; base white; columella somewhat

straight, bearing seventeen rather fine, white teeth; peristome very

slightly curved, having fifteen teeth; aperture narrow.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

Length 28.50 mm., greatest breadth 20 mm.

Hab.: Celebes (?).

A striking shell, whose nearest ally is perhaps Cypraea turdus Lk.

From this, however, it may be easily distinguished by the remark-

able white flecking on the dorsal surface, by the finer and more

numerous teeth on the columella and the narrower and straighter

aperture ; moreover, it is much flatter than is the case with Cypraea

turdus.

CALLIOSTOMA CARNICOLOR n. sp. PI. VIII, figs. 6, 7.

Shell conical, keeled, imperforate, somewhat glossy, flesh-colored ;

spire concave; whorls 8-9, the last three rapidly increasing and

much flattened, sculptured with nodulous spiral ridges, almost every

alternate nodule being of a rich chestnut-brown; sutures not well

defined above, and only slightly impressed between the last whorls ;

base very inflated and sculptured with closely-set spiral ridges inter-

cepted by lines of growth, thus presenting a coarsely, granular

appearance; columella arched, reflexed outwards, forming a thick

callosity over the umbilical area, a slight callosity extending upwards

to the lips above; peristome simple; aperture subquadrate ; interior

of shell nacreous and irridescent.

Alt. 41 mm., diam. maj. 53 mm.

Aperture, alt. 25 mm., diam. maj. 25 mm.

Hab.: Celebes (?).

The above shell at first sight much resembles Calliostoma cun-

ninghami Gray, from New Zealand; the spire is, however, more

concave, the last whorls are much more flattened and expanded out-

wards, and the nodulous spiral ridges are far less numerous than is

the case with that species; moreover, the inflation of the base easily

separates it from C. cunninghami.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BIFIDARIA (B. AGNA).

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND E. G@. VANATTA.

When working on Bifidaria pentodon some time ago we found one

specimen of a species evidently distinct though related to that, from

‘‘ Silver Lake, Kansas,’’ collected by Mr. J. B. Quintard. Recently

a few more examples of the same form were found in river débris

THE NAUTILUS. 141]

taken last October at Trinidad, in southeastern Colorado, by Mr.

J. H. Ferriss and the senior author.

BIFIDARIA AGNA DR. sp.

The shell is rimate, cylindric, the last three whorls of about equal

diameter, the summit very obtuse; surface nearly smooth; of a sperm-

aceti-whitish color. ‘There are 43 convex whorls, the last with a

strong rounded crest behind the outer lip, rather close to it above,

but being more oblique, it is further behind the lip at the base.

Behind this crest the whorl is a little flattened laterally, and shows

the lower palatal plica, though as a white spot. The aperture is

brought forward nearly in line with the ventral convexity of the

whorls. The peristome is thin, slightly expanded, strengthened a

short distance within with a low callous rib. ‘The parietal lamella

appears distorted and angular in front view ; seen from the base it is

seen to consist of an angular and a parietal lamella, completely

united inwardly. The columellar lamella is sinuated or bent and

strongly developed. ‘The basal fold is strong, arising on the callus

but extending inward beyond it. The lower palatal fold is large and

pliciform, more or less immersed, standing chiefly inward from the

palatal callus. The upper palatal fold is much smaller, and stands

rather near the lower, upon the palatal callus. There is a small or

minute suprapalatal fold, also on the callus.

Length 1.75, diam. 1 mm.

Trinidad, Colorado, type no. 93052 A. N.S. P.; also Silver Lake,

Kansas.

This species resembles some forms of B. pentodon (Say), especially

those from northern Alabama, in which the lower palatal fold is long

142 THE NAUTILUS.

and enters somewhat beyond the palatal callus; but it differs by the

distinctly bifid parietal tooth. The very strong crest behind the lip

is characteristic of B. agna. Like the related forms, this species has

the somewhat translucent whiteness of spermaceti or paraffin.

In the specimen from Kansas the teeth are somewhat smaller than

in the type. It may be less mature.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Editor Nautilus: I have to thank Mr. Burnett Smith for his ex-

tended review of my paper on American Volutide in the March

Navuriztus. There are, however, a few points on which further

light is desirable, and I wish to note them briefly.

1. So far from this being the general revision of the family upon

which I have been for some time at work the recent publication is

only a small part of it, which I thought I had made clear in my

remarks on page 341. My regret at not being able to illustrate the

paper is quite as great as that of my reviewer, but only those cog-

nizant of the facts know, since we lost Dr. McConnell, how many

fruitless, or almost fruitless, efforts have been made to obtain a com-

petent draughtsman. An important paper has been for more than a

year at a complete standstill, owing to the absence of an artist who

could do the drawings.

2. I pointed out in 1890 the identity of the so-called Athleta

tuomeyt with Volutilithes petrosa Conrad, and ascribed the deformity

to some special conditions of the environment. We have some two

thousand specimens in the National Museum, a part of which are

normal. But while the most conspicuously deformed specimens are

from Wood’s Bluff and the lower Eocene generally, we have also

distorted forms from Jackson, Miss., and several other Jacksonian

localities, and one specimen from the Claibornes ands. These I shall

be happy to show Mr. Smith if he can pay us a visit.

That the true Athleta rarispina bears any such relation to Voluta

spinosa Lam. as V. tuomeyi does to petrosa is impossible, for Mr.

Smith’s suggestion is incompatible with the fact that A. rarispina is

confined to the upper Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene of Europe,

while V. spinosa is restricted to middle Eocene (Calcaire Grossiere).

There is no .species contemporaneous with the Athleta which could

take the place of V. spinosa in such a relation, and, further, the two

species of Ath/eta are normal and not abnormal shells.

THE NAUTILUS. 148

8. The remarks about Plejona which were made by both Mr.

R. B. Newton and Mr. Smith indicate unfamiliarity with nomencla-

torial questions, which indeed are sometimes sufficiently puzzling.

But there is no ambiguity or difficulty in the case of Plejona, if the

rules are complied with. Bolten’s genus (for the period remarkably

homogeneous) contains 24 species, all of which are identifiable, in

terms of the older authors, and only one of which is a fossil. The

first (fossil) species is based upon four very fair figures of “ spiny

murices,” which Argenville referred to one species, but which repre-

sent three or four, as species are now reckoned. If we prefer to take

our type from the first species in Bolten’s list, it reduces itself to a

simple process of elimination which leaves us with V. spinosa (one

of those figured) as the type. If we regard the solution as vague,

there still remains my absolute right to revive Bolten’s name for any

species contained in his list, and for which there is no prior valid

name. This I did several months before Mr. Newton proposed

Volutospina for the same shell.

If we reject Bolten’s P. fossilis as vague, we are left to take

Voluta ebraea, his second species, as type, which involves the loss of

the generic name Voluta (Lam.), as now universally used, which it

seems to me would be foolish, since the preceding method enables us

to retain Voluta for V. musica and its allies without upsetting any

accepted name.

I regard Athleta (rarispina) Conrad as a good genus, perfectly

distinct from Plejona (spinosa) Bolten, as well as from the V. petrosa

deformities. ‘The latter were erroneously referred to the genus

Athleta, which they really only superficially resemble, and conse-

quently any attempt to use Athleta for the spinosa group is fallacious.

Athleta does not occur in America, but there are probably three

European species. | Wm. H. Dat.

Smithsonian Institution, March 6, 1907.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

West American Mitrip#.—By Mrs. M. Burton Williamson

(Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, xix, Dec., 1906). Mitra ide, fultont,

lowt, and the Peruvian J. orientalis are discussed at length and

black Mitres have been involved in some confusion.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

THe Unionip# oF Kansas, part I, by Richard E. Scammon,

(Kansas University Science Bulletin, iii, no. 9). “In this catalogue

are listed 61 species and 5 subspecies. There is no doubt that future

collecting will add many more species to the list. The author has

tried to make certain of the identification and localities of every

species listed, and with three exceptions has examined native speci-

mens of each.”” Nearly all of the species are illustrated by line

drawings occupying 23 plates, and all are described. Since only

about 40 species were previously known, it will be seen that one-third

of those now recorded are new to the state. Mr. Scammon proposes

two new descriptive terms: “ ¢nterdentum,” for that part of the

hinge-plate lying between the pseudocardinal and lateral teeth, and

“branchial outline,” to designate the slight groove in the cavity of

the more solid Unios, caused by the edge of the branchiz. It is

proposed in future papers to discuss the geographic distribution and

soft anatomy of the species.

NOTES.

In a recent letter Prof. Josiah Keep says: ‘‘ The principal part of

my edition of ‘West American Shells’ was destroyed in the great

San Francisco fire, so there are no more copies in the book stores.

Fortunately the cuts were stored in my home, and may be used again

if there should be a considerable demand for a revised edition. Of.

this matter, however, I do not feel certain, though I have received

some very kind letters upon the subject.”” We are sorry to learn of

Prof. Keep’s great loss, and hope that he will receive sufficient

encouragement to undertake a new edition of his work.

ZONITOIDES ALLIARIA IN CoLoRADO.—A couple of weeks ago

Guy H. Mason found in the Knudson greenhouse, Boulder, Colo., a

specimen of Zonitoides alliaria Drap., a species well known to Euro-

pean conchologists, but of which American records seem to be rare,

and confined, so far as they have come to my attention, to green-

houses. It occurs to me that the rarity of records may have resulted

from American conchologists unfamiliar with the species placing it

in their collections under some other name, particularly Z. cellaria.

We are indebted to Dr. Wm. H. Dall for confirmation of the identi- °

fication, he having compared it with British specimens as named by

Jeffreys. It was at once recognized by Prof. Cockerell as of that

species, but his long absence from Europe made him feel somewhat

uncertain about it without opportunity to make direct comparisons.

The specimen is now in the University of Colorado Museum.—

Junius HENDERSON.