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THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

ACES LIBRARY

Return this book on or before the

Latest Date Stamped below. A

charge is made on all overdue

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University of Illinois Library

YUN 99 4

M32

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NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XIII.

MAY, 1909, to APRIL, 1910.

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

H. A. Pi.spry, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences,

PHILADELPHIA.

C. W. Jounson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History,

BOSTON.

eg AS A ace

y 4 fey iD wad

- os

) é on

/ ’ on 34 13 o 7

INDEX

THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XXIII.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

ET ERUL FORA) Lie a a2 placa (Sl epdeclatoohoue 36

Peeereanne aNd .MOMUSCA. OL | 0). 26.6 se eek sien ee eye's 69

Perm ter) Dartseh, Ni Sp. ye. vile. Ue ae elas 137

Amnicola ecrosseana Pils., n. sp. (PL A OPA 98

Amnicolidae of the Puabe River system, Mexico....... af

Anodonta dakota Frierson, n. sp. (Pl.10).............. 113.

Astarte newtonensis Aldr., n. sp. (Pl. 11, fig. 2, 3)...... 121

SRNR ee AN HLL al ah Tac sll aia atalia! Vilst ota chateaus ams 122:

Peeereyiisusn, n. sp. fig. 1) 0. see bee 61

I TEL ee Gio hig ge gia a, NUNS bias al orci abies alta tab 62

Bergh, Ludwig Rudolph Sophus (Obituary) ........... 72

mernimda, a new land shell from . 20.2. .)4.0.00600 oldiectce eels 63

eee new Rissoa from.) 50... o6 6 eae ee 65

Bifidaria armifera Say, and its varieties .............. 52

Bifidaria armifera var. abbreviata Sterki, n. v........... 53

feeatia armifera var. affinis Sterki, niv. 6... 0.00000.068% 53:

Bifidaria armifera var. interpres Sterki, n. v........... 53

Pomantia arimitera var. similis Sterki, nm. v........0.5....% 53

EAA EE, Le ieee die Si SeA a Mig Slate acenb tara a due 60

MSN EPRERN ET 0. ul oise le vaye se ole Sper nsgunravdbdvers te 'ebdlare orevese 120

Bronx Borough, New York, fresh water fossils of ...... 10

California, Mollusca of San Bernardino County ....... 73

Carinifex sancteclare Hannibal, n. sp. (fossil)........ 40

(iii)

iv THE NAUTILUS.

- Cepolis alauda cymatia Henderson, n. subsp. (PI. 4, fig. 4) 51

Chondropoma hendersoni Torre, n. sp. (Pl. 4, fig. 6).... 49

‘Cochliopa compacta Pils., n. sp. (Pl. 9, figs. 4, 5)....... 89

Coehliopa picta Pils., n: sp, (Pl. 9, figs. 1, 2)... 100

Cochliopa riograndensis Pils. & Ferr. ..............6-. oD

onchological museum for Japan .......... 0.5 eee 124

‘Coryphella rufibranchiatus chocolata Balch, n. var...... 33

‘Coryphella rufibranchiatus mananensis............... 35, 37

“Cratena, veronies Verrill. 2. oi. 6 65 ajseredis oleae on 36

‘Cuban land-shells, description of new ............... 49, 50

“ypraea tigris, deformed (Pls. 7, 8)... 2.0.2). 85

Mohrn, Prot. Anton... 0.3 0 aie slayaets alo 84

Miasmaas Pils, mm Vem... kee id ee 122

Hemericiella ‘Pils. n. sabe. ... 4%)... 4.0: sue 45

Emmericia (Emmericiella) longa Pils., n. sp. (Pl. 5, figs.

BUM YS oy oon da os rns ede wasn ev aa'ec euplgutes bier VU O Met 46

Emmericia (Emmericiella) novimundi Pils., n. sp. (Pl. 5,

PRS DO) io isis abc bw are miele fe niles oie teyuea tele (ela pesiy anata 46

Fesex County motes,, [Miase. }. 21) )..0:6).hese sl oelenkcaials Gee 86

Perenson, Collection. 2. 0%. 60s bo ele i Oe

Mord, John (obituary and) portrait) \\.4. 4.0. 400 eee 126

Frenchman’s Bay, Maine, list of shells from ........... 62

Grand Canyon of the Colorado. . i..... $4 0054 eee 109

Helicina orbiculata clappi Pils., n. subsp. ............. 90

Helicina torrei Henderson, n. sp. (PI. 4, figs. 1-38 ........ 50

Holospira bartschi, an internal septum in.............. 32

Hfomalogyra atomus in Rhode Island ...............01 83

Bealiella, aldabraensis) .... 0). ..5.4/. sy sk dine lee oe 69

Waliella turbinata ‘Guliek: ) oo) 0.0. 00.4 ewe 64

Mansas, mollusks from: .:./0 00.0) 91

Kansas, the mollusca of Douglas County ............ 81, 94

mometiides Pils... nse@t, 6.000 iwi he 123

Memellovum Pils. n.isect.. ool. kw ca. 123

Uo) Ml 62 4 ee aR AR ERURRIMR TUMEUR HS CE ee 47

Leptogyra alaskana Bartsch, nm. sp................... a. 16

Bravter Wiss aim ee i Ol pL all ile 84

Lymnaea cubensis aspirans Pils:, n. subsp; ..........-. 120

Lymnaea nashotahensis Baker, n. sp. (fossil) .......... 19

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

Lymnaea stagnalis lillianae Baker, n. var........... 112, 125

Bymmaea umbilicata; range of ...........2...ce ew eeee 80

Macroceramus hendersoni Torre, n. sp. (Pl. 4, fig. 5) ... 49

Mexico, Mollusks from northeastern .................- 45

Mitra (Chrysame) waltonensis Aldr. n. sp. (Pl. 11, fig.1) 121

RIOT, | INSHOIONE 2 esac kee eee elwauls 120

Semen Parvum Sterkl, W. Spl... es 67

Musculium, observations and notes on ................ LT.

meeeoneam winkleyi Sterki, n. sp) .........0..0...6 605. 66

Nudibranchs, notes on New England ................. 33

Nudibranchs, rectification of the nomenclature ........ 100

Odostomia (Evalea), cookeana Bartsch, n. sp........... 138

Odostomia (Evalina) katherinae Winkley, n. sp. (Fig.). 88

IT MNECOSE (15)... a's ene ecb ae tations ese adeleees 62

PIO INOM TBS TOME. ieee eee 91

Beeeeeremiener Dall): me Sp... oe ee de ae 133

Seen? arisen: T7). SPs ee ee Seek 138

Peeoypome bthophorum Dall, nisp:..... 2.0.06... e ee 135

Pachypoma macdalena Dall, m sp.......... 0.0.00 e eee 135

IRF >) rh ud ola ds ve a Wie oeave’e ob abelerane 47

Reemeewrma protea Gould: Jo... 66 cc eee es 78

merreyaias systematic position Of. 2... ne. ee ee eee 139

meeciner marci’ Sterki, mn. sp. . o.oo eae — 42

Planorbis ‘bicarinatus Say. (Pl: 1, fig: 3) .......0..0.... 21

Planorbis bicarinatus var, augistomus Hald. (Pl. 1, figs.

A eh tot or ee ele ir ae doy pane ds yhig ah et One a dle 4

Planorbis bicarinatus var. aroostookensis Pils. (Pl. 1,

UN TUT, aby ad rchy Bia ith cutie dterals Biwhs qeatbink alte vi

Planorbis bicarinatus var. corrugatus Currier, (PI. 1,

RS 85 11 .4 oy ehh AS sna ln te ed vel glo dic csvghe eMibbe a at d 5

Planorbis bicarinatus var. perearinatus Walk., n. n. (PI.

SEIS DAE ined Oa ARN a aS BA De ager 6

Planorbis bicarinatus var. portagensis Baker, (Pl. 1,

MDS KRM cD dial Si whco vramt ov wlulhaddsivecs ato dieters 8

Planorbis bicarinatus var. royalensis Walk., n. v. (PI. 1,

ET ety eth. yy bald odode dauetdel’ 9

Planorbis bicarinatus var. striatus Baker .............. 7

vl THE NAUTILUS.

Planorbis bicarinatus var. unicarinatus Hald., (Pl. 1,

MSNG Se UN US 3

Pomaulax turbanieus Dall, n. sp... 4 4.) See eee 134

Planorbis binneyi Tryon, note on }.....\5.)....2 0... jean 41

OPIdes PUIG) M1! VON. | iijs sei ie WA wrela lo caesce astletiel 47

Pterides bisinulabris Pils., n. sp. (Pl. 5, figs. 7, 8)...... 48

Pterides pterostoma Pils., n. sp. (Pl. 5, figs. 1, 2, 5,6).... 48

Pterides rhabdus Pils.; n..sp. (Pl..5, figs. 3, 4)). 22 48

Pyramidellids, New Eneland..)... 0 ..),5 3). ela 39

Pyramidellide, more notes of the family .............. 54

Pyramidella (Sulecorinella) bartschi Winkley, n. sp. (fig.) 39

Rissoa (Nodulus) stewardsoni Van., n. sp. (Fig. 1)..... 65

Siphonaria linedlata Sowb.,. ...).. 6 4.44.5 s.0 em ee 132

Siphonaria naufragum Stearns ..:.......4ie0tee eee 132

Somatogyrus mexicanus Pils., n. sp. (Pl. 9, fig. 3)....... 98

sphaerium lineatum Sterki, n. ‘sp... ..4.+ 02a ieiee eee

Stearns, Dr. R. E. C. (Obituary and eee sy. clea nae 70

Strobilops floridana Pils., n: isp. \.//06). 54 cbe 90

paquid, suckers from ‘the big. (figs. 1-4) i),.:.. 2.) 4 eee 43, 83

Tornatellinide, classification of)... 20. ie 122.

Tornatellides Pils., n. gen. \.0.). 00. 00 Ae 123

Vornatellaria Pils., mn. sect... ouiassh ety dive ae er 123

Unionide, a new system of the .......).0c0) See 114

Unionide from an Indian garbage heap ............... i

Unionide from Arkansas and Louisiana .............. 102

Petre TORN EE a Ue aa NU ae 15

Valvatide of Western North America ................ 104.

Nalvata eal Hannibal, n.sp.. 22.) 0.2.5 40. 0) 107

Valvata white: Hannibal, n. sp... .. 6. 5s). 204. ee 107

Valvate humeralis Say... ious obs. bk er 105

Walvata, virens Try 0B...) 6b sb sie Gee 6 ase dele 106

Veronicella nilotica Cockerell, n. sp. .......2... eee 108

Viviparus contectus in Philadelphia ........:,.. 223 9yeum 60

Whiteaves, Joseph F. (Obituary) ......'.. 0... ee 84

Zonitoides bermudensis Pils. & Van., (Fig. 1).......... 63.

THE NAUTILUS. Vil

INDEX TO AUTHORS. |

IE er eS OTe A ai toe i aunty 121

ag. Slog ASU a Sig a ofc Ron tein eh lea rciRhi abate! a alin eaten 60

ke ee we lees 19, 41, 80, 91, 112, 125

esr eo AU ciatigs heard @Lalle\lg (dh 4 Wha. hehayiataliey 33, 100

REEL ares h a Hale hal ge ab aie) ah Wiig otal aah aleve 04, 136

LY Fg Sh VIN Ch, Style Seka UW ae Neh ial'a Valter ane dell webs 13, 129

Ee a oP Oe a ce Sie laml Big 43, 83

ye ats Ge 0 wedi ove gu ariaid day eign BUN 6

ke i ala vinta al Siar eve, al dealin alba mtarace 61

MN Mk) | ici st alas. se ahk etelouia'a oratsie awa eek 108

TE oe aha cd a alee aot! a's, ielig dohblis\pasldsidv eit 70, 138, 144

UC a LT UT RN ECR AM A 109

A CR ARRAS OS Se ea EC NEE 113

MEADE) i os =. oe, an jin! nf sa ayah dhlajiel'ss oS ov anarevanneee 4

ST Oth SOs eel ken ai scat Sh i ak aaa ey 120

I et tatu ens Yr ol ab bY 81, 94

i aad ae id mieled 40, 104

MNF EL ON tc i als al'e ve ae ah alder eae abla ou evalua y 50

CIE, TEI MACEDO aOR a PR Dan 124

ST IE A a ee ne Ra NMR An OTe 10

Tele a ie iach edad era aia Melia elaialanai gee ae 83

ye ere i ia eh eet c aes wi eles 4 ads 11, 114, 139

a a2, 45, 63, 85,'89, 97) 120, 122, 126: 132

TIENEN 51 2)2 02 4 Sale Wa ashe’, sud ela)e d wrdidle d aleie 69, 108

Sy ute eeeiola sek LER 42" 52h) 66,142

SS OAL NRE TEED SON a aA Ae NOL aE AL KA 49

EMEC ae ye i Be SU ala 63, 102

EM RO MN a Mens SoU iN eo Ti Nils Padi 121

OE ER Sy ee eee 12, 39, 68, 86

f 5

} i 7

TA ASN §

oe aN Abel

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. x XIII. MAY, 1909. No. 1.

NOTES ON PLANORBIS II: P. BICARINATUS.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

PLANORBBIS BICARINATUS Say. PI. I, fig. 3.

1817. Planorbis bicarinatus Say, Nich. Encyc., pl. i, f. 4.

1822. Helix angulata Rackett, Lin. Tr. xiii, p. 42, pl. v, f. 1.

1834. Planorbis engonatus Conrad, N. F. W. Shells, sup. p. 8,

prix, f. 8.

1834. ? Planorbis antrosus Conrad, Am. J. Sc. (1) xxv, p. 348.

1861.? Planorbis lautus H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. 1861,

p- 145.

This common and well-known species is one of the characteristic

species of the fresh-water pulmonate fauna of eastern North America.

It stands quite by itself, having, with the exception of the recently

described P. eucosmius Bartsch from North Carolina, no closely

related species in our fauna. It is the type of the subgenus Helisoma

Swainson.

The shape of the shell is so well marked and distinctive that the

synonymy is, as shown above, comparatively small. The Helix

angulata of Rackett was, in all probability, described in entire igno-

rance of Say’s previous description.

The type of Conrad’s P. engonatus seems to have disappeared.

According to Haldeman, who saw the “single original specimen,”’

then in the collection of a Mr. Mason, it was a monstrosity. Con-

rad’s figures are poor, but Haldeman’s (Mon., pl. i, figs. 5 and 6),

which are apparently excellent, confirm his opinion. It was found

2 THE NAUTILUS.

at Albany, N. Y. Jay (Catalogue, 4th Ed., 1852, 10267) lists P.

bicarinatus var. engonatus from Georgia. Through the courtesy of

Mr. L. P. Gratacap, of the American Museum of Natural History,

I have been able to examine these shells. Of the eight specimens

in the set, one is a P. campanulatus Say, nearly but not quite mature ;

the remainder do not differ from the usual form of bicarinatus, except

that the mature ones have a more or less expanded lip, and might

well be referred to the form described by Haldeman as var. angi-

stomus. None of them exhibit the peculiar flattening of the body

whorl characteristic of engonatus. It seems probable that these

specimens were referred to Conrad’s species on account of the cam-

panulate aperture.

What the P. lautus of H. Adams really is, is a matter of conjec-

ture, which can be only definitely settled by reference to the type,

if it is still in existence. In the meantime Tryon’s supposition that

it was a young specimen of his species seems probable enough to

warrant its reference to bzcartnatus, and thus eliminate it from the

list of unknown American species.

Conrad’s P. antrosus is no doubt a form of Say’s species, and is

quite probably the campanulate variety described by Haldeman as

var. angistomus, under which it will be further discussed.

Say does not give the locality of the typical form in connection

with his original description, but in describing the next species, P.

parvus, mentions that both inhabited the Delaware, so that there is

practically no doubt but that the types came from that river. The

Delaware River form (pl. I, fig. 3) is the common manifestation of

the species as it is usually found throughout the United States.

Say’s description, though brief, is excellent, and leaves little to be

desired. An apparent typographical error occurs in the reprint

from the 3d Ed. of Nicholson’s Encyc., and probably in the original,

as it is followed by Binney in his edition of Say’s writings. The

description as printed reads: ‘‘ Shell subcarinate above, and beneath

translucent.’’ If the comma was placed after ‘‘ beneath ” instead of

after “‘ above,” the sentence would be in better accord with the facts

and in all probability with the intention of the author.

The name adopted by Say in his new species is almost a mis-

nomer, as the typical form is really not carinated at all, either above

or beneath. In both places it is rather a more or less acute angula-

tion, and is never raised into a carina as, for instance, in Valvata

tricarinata Say.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

It is to be noted that Say, with his usual nice observation, de-

scribes the minute, revolving lines which are still characteristic of

the Delaware River form, and which are not uncommon in specimens

trom other localities. In many instances, however, they are entirely

lacking. Say described his species as sinistral. Without going into

the question as to whether the shell is really sinistral or ultra-dextral,

it may be said that with the exception of Say’s original figures, and

those of Call (Rep. Dept. Geol. Ind., 1899, p. 411, pl. viii, fig. 10),

all the published illustrations known to the writer treat it as dextral,

and in accordance with this practically universal custom the figures

for the present paper have been drawn in that position. Those who

prefer to consider the shell as sinistral have only to reverse the

plate.

Considering the enormous extent of territory which it inhabits,

and the diverse conditions of local environment to which it is sub-

jected in different parts of its range, P. bicarinatus is, for a fresh-

water pulmonate, remarkably uniform in its development, and com-

paratively few varietal forms have been described, and most of these

have been distinguished within the last few years. Taking them in

the order of their appearance, they are as follows:

I. Var. UNICARINATUS Hald., pl. I, figs. 6, 7 and 8.

Planorbis bicarinatus v. unicarinatus Haldeman, Monograph, p. 7

(1844).

‘‘ Whorls of the right (upper) side rounded ; the carina on the left

side revolves closely, so as to form a very narrow umbilicus, and the

aperture is much extended towards the left.”” (Haldeman.)

Haldeman did not figure this form, but fortunately his type has

been preserved in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, and

the figures here given have been drawn from it. It is very doubtful

whether this form is entitled to varietal rank in the proper accepta-

tion of the term. It will be observed from the figure that the inner

whorls on the upper side are distinctly angulated, and that the angle

does not wholly disappear until just before the aperture is reached.

Such specimens are not uncommon in almost any large series, and all

gradations from the bicarinate to the unicarinate form can be found

in the same colony. It would seem, therefore, to be an individual

rather than a racial characteristic. The form, however, is of inter-

est as exhibiting the first step toward the purely ecarinate form

described by Pilsbry as var. aroostookensis. The type came from

the Schuylkill River.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

II. Var. ancistomus Hald., pl. I, figs. 4 and 5.

Planorbis bicarinatus var. angistoma Haldeman, Mon., p. 7

(1844).

“Shell small, aperture campanulate, with the throat narrowed.”

( Haldeman.)

Haldeman did not figure this ‘‘ variety,” and his brief diagnosis

copied above gives neither the dimensions of his type nor the locality

from which it came. The type is not to be found in the collection

of the Philadelphia Academy, and is apparently lost.

The claims of this form for varietal recognition are but little, if

any, stronger than those of var. unicarinatus. In nearly all mature

shells of d¢carinatus there is a tendency, more or less developed, for

the lip to become everted, and there is no difficulty in selecting a

series showing all degrees of variation in this particular from the

same locality. It is only occasionally that all the specimens in the

colony are affected at the same time and to approximately the same

degree. But sometimes this feature is very persistent; thus in the

set from which the figure was selected not only are all the specimens

(38) decidedly campanulate, but all previous lips were also campanu-

late, many of the specimens having two and some even three, the

result being that the outline of the shell is in several instances greatly

distorted. All the specimens from this locality were unusually flat,

being very wide in proportion to their height. Similar specimens in

all respects were collected in Bawbeese Lake, Hillsdale Co., Michi-

gan, one of which, having a diameter of 16.5 mm., is only 4 mm. in

height immediately in front of the aperture, the latter being 8 mm.

in height. Some of these also are greatly distorted, showing appar-

ently the effects of an unfavorable environment. Shells from Pine

Island Lake, Kent Co., and Four Mile Lake, Chelsea, Mich., are

somewhat similar, but the peculiar form is less strongly developed.

In many cases, no doubt, the sudden expansion of the lip is to be

accounted for by unusually favorable food conditions at the time

when the animal had really completed its normal growth; the con-

sequent suddenly-acquired corpulency of the animal necessitating a

special, rapid and expansive growth of the shell to accommodate its

increased size. This seems to have been the case with the colony

from which Figure 1 was taken. Up to maturity the shell was a

typical aroostookensis, when suddenly the enormously expanded lip

was developed. In this case, too, the whole colony was apparently

THE NAUTILUS. 5

affected, at least the ten specimens which are now in my possession

were all more or less, and that, too, without regard to size.

It seems quite probable that Conrad’s P. antrosus from Randon’s

Creek, near Claiborne, Ala., is identical with this form. If so, and

the form is worthy of varietal recognition, it would have priority

over Haldeman’s name.

Conrad never figured his species, and unfortunately gave no dimen-

sions in his description. His specimens seem to have disappeared,

and according to Tryon, in 1870, Conrad himself had forgotten all

about it.

It is possible, however, that some of the original lot found their

way to Europe, as the species was catalogued by Beck in 1837 as

being in the collection of Prince Christian Frederick (Index Moll.,

p- 118, 1837). Whether these specimens are still in existence I do

not know. |

III. Var. cornrueatus Currier, pl. I, fig. 10.

Planorbis bicarinatus var. corrugata Currier, List of the Shell-

bearing Mollusca of Michigan, p. 8, 1868.

This form was never described by Currier, who simply gives the

locality as Perch Lake, Kent Co., Mich.

The figure is drawn from an authentic specimen (No. 3993, Coll.

Walker), received from the late Dr. De Camp, who, in his Michigan

Catalogue, described and figured several of Currier’s species, but

unfortunately neglected this one.

I have never seen but the single specimen from this locality, and

do not know whether any more like it were found or not.

The form is peculiar in the strong, transverse plications, which

extend entirely around the whorl, and are scarcely interrupted by

the well-developed, superior and basal carinations ; towards the aper-

ture, however, they become less distinct. ‘The revolving, incised

lines are also deeply cut, and in this feature the form is similar to

the var. striatus of Baker. It is altogether the most heavily sculp-

tured form that I have seen. The specimen figured is rather small,

measuring 9 mm. in diameter and 5 in height. The body whorl

immediately in front of the aperture is 3 mm. in height. Individual

specimens of var. striatus Baker from Long Lake, Grand Traverse

Co.; Dead River, Ives’ Lake, Mountain Lake, Little Lake and

Howe Lake, Marquette Co.; Orchard Lake, Oakland Co., and Mud

Lake, Montcalm Co., Michigan, and Gelot’s Lake, New Sweden,

6 THE NAUTILUS.

Me., exhibit a greater or less tendency to develop the transverse pli-

cations of this form, but none of them with anything like the strength

or regularity of the specimen figured.

Similar specimens occur in the marl deposits at Bad Axe and

other localities in Tuscola Co., Mich.

It is doubtful whether this form is entitled to rank as a variety.

It is evidently an extreme development of the var. striatus, in which

the transverse plication has been added to the revolving sculpture.

If the name had not already appeared in the literature without

description, and required explanation, I should hesitate to describe

it as varietally distinct from striatus. |

IV. Var. PERCARINATUS n. n., pl. I, fig. 12.

Planorbis bicarinatus major Walker, Naut. VI, p. 136 (1893);

non var. major of various species of various authors.

Shell very large for the species, thick and solid, dark horn-

color tinged with purple; superior and basal carinz elevated into a

distinct keel, which is white; lip thickened, edged with brown,

behind which externally is a broad, yellowish-white band, within

banded by deep reddish-brown; lines of growth distinct, stronger

and ‘‘ puckered’”’ around the carine; revolving lines very faint, not

discernible except with a lens; aperture more or less expanded,

sometimes distinctly campanulate, auriculate and distinctly modified

by the extension of the carinz to the lip.

The specimen figured measures 18.5 mm. in diameter and 10 mm.

in height; height of body whorl in front of aperture 7.25 mm.; height

of aperture 10.5 mm. A larger specimen, with a campanulate aper-

ture, measures 19.75 mm. in diameter and 10.5 mm. in height.

Types (Nos. 3419 and 20074, Coll. Walker) from Crystal Lake,

Benzie Co., Mich. Also from Pine Lake, Charlevoix Co., Mich.

(Walker), and Rideau and Ottawa Rivers; Sparrow Lake, Simcoe

Dist., Ontario, and Detroit Lake, Minn. (Pils.).

The original specimens, collected by the late Dr. M. L. Leach,

were all dead shells, more or less bleached. The above description

has been prepared from fresh specimens from the same locality col-

lected by Dr. R. J. Kirkland, of Grand Rapids. Not in deference,

for I think the rule an absurd one, but under the compulsion of the

‘‘ International Code,” I am forced to change the name of this very

distinct variety and add another unnecessary synonym to the burden

of systematic conchology.

THE NAUTILUS. fi

V. Var. aroosrooKeEnsis Pilsbry, pl. I, figs. 1 and 2.

Planorbis biecarinatus aroostookensis Pilsbry, Naur. VIII, p. 115,

1875.

Shell having the spire and umbilicus very deep, the latter funnel-

shaped, as in typical décarinatus, but both upper and lower keels

entirely obsolete or rounded off on the last whorl, which has the

aspect of P. trivolvis. Surface minutely striated spirally, as in P.

bicarinatus. Aperture less angular and less produced below than in

bicarinatus, in consequence of the rounding of the whorls. Diameter

15 mm., alt. at aperture 7.5 mm. (Pilsbry).

Type locality, East Branch of Salmon Brook, Woodland, Aroos-

took Co., Maine (Pils.). Also Collins’ Pond, Caribou River, Cari-

bou, Aroostook Co., Me.; Charlevoix; Perch Lake, Kent Co.; Bes-

semer, Gogebec Co.; Fallams, Menominee Co., and Ispheming, Mich.

(Walker).

Figure 2 represents the typical form of this variety, and is drawn

from a topotype collected by Mr. O. O. Nylander. Figure 1 is the

campanulate form, already referred to, which bears the same relation

to typical aroostookensis that angistomus does to typical bicarinatus.

The Michigan specimens, especially those trom the Upper Penin-

sula, are much smaller than the typical form, and in some examples

there is a tendency to angulation on the whorls, but the large

majority of the specimens are quite characteristic in the rounded,

ecarinate form of the last whorl.

VI. Var. striatus Baker.

Planorbis bicarinatus striatus Baker, Naut. XV, p. 120 (1902);

Planorbis bicarinatus striatus Baker, Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis,

xvi, p. 9, pl. i, fig. 11 (1906).

In this form the microscopic, revolving sculpture commonly but

not invariably present in the typical form is greatly intensified, and

in the typical expression of the variety is quite conspicuous to the

naked eye.

In the original description this sculpture is stated to consist of

‘‘raised spiral lines,” while in the second paper quoted above it is

said that ‘in some specimens the spiral lines are deeply incised.”

This incongruity is an apparent one only, and depends on whether

the elevated or the depressed portions of the surface are wider or

more conspicuous. Starting with the typical form, in which the

revolving sculpture is either entirely wanting or very minute, it is

8 THE NAUTILUS.

clear that the lines, when present, are incised. As the sculpture

increases in strength, the intervals between the incised lines dimin-

ish, and when they become equal, the surface becomes typically —

striate and the revolving sculpture consists of incised or elevated

lines, as the observer chooses to designate it.

Very rarely the surface is distinctly malleated, in which case there

is a series of irregular, raised, revolving lines, which are quite differ-

ent from the regular sculpture of var. striatus. The intensification

of the spiral sculpture characteristic of this form seems to be peculiar

to the northern states, as it has not been noticed from south of Mason

and Dixon’s Line. The most characteristic specimens come from

the northern tier of states from Maine to Michigan.

The types were pleistocene fossils from Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

It is a common form in Michigan, varying in size and proportion

like typical bicarinatus. Specimens are also before me from the

following localities: Square Lake; Rockville, Me.; Profile Lake,

N. H.; Cedar Lake, N. Y.; Port Oram, N. J.; Gore’s Bay, Mani-

tolin, Id., Lake Huron, Algoma; Georgian Bay, Ontario.

VII. Var. portacensis Baker, pl. I, fig. 9.

Planorbis btcarinatus portagensis Baker, Naut. XXII, p. 45 (1908).

This recently described and very striking form is characterized by

its closely coiled whorls, deeply funicular upper and lower surfaces

and acute carination; the umbilicus is comparatively narrow and

deeply excavated; the aperture is large, auriculate, higher than wide,

and acutely angled above and before; the lip is sharp and but slightly

expanded.

Type locality, Portage Lake, Aroostook Co., Maine. Also Square

Lake, Cross Lake and Second Lake, Aroostook Co., Me. (Walker);

Meaches Lake, Hull, Quebec (Pils.).

The figure is drawn from a cotype kindly furnished by Mr. F. C.

Baker. Specimens from Carp Lake, Emmet Co., and Betsey Lake,

Benzie Co., Michigan, though not typical, may fairly be referred to

this form. Immature examples, especially those from Betsey Lake,

are almost identical with the immature Maine specimens, the whorls,

perhaps, being more regularly rounded and lacking the decided flat-

tening towards the base of the typical form. But the mature shells,

though retaining the sharp carination above and below, are more

inflated, and the aperture is wider and does not extend so far above

and below the body whorl as in the typical form, being in shape and

THE NAUTILUS. i]

position more like that of var. percarinatus (fig. 12). Two addi-

tional specimens from the original locality, submitted by Mr.

Nylander, agree very exactly with the Michigan form.

Mr. Nylander writes in regard to the habits of this form:

“T think the variety portagensis lives in comparatively deep

water, say 25 feet or so as only a few good specimens have been

collected and these have always been “ dead’ shells. The speci-

mens from Cross Lake were dredged in 25 feet of water.

This raises a question as to whether the inflated form of this

variety is not correlated with its habitat in deep water as sug-

gested by Pilsbry in regard to the Physa and Planorbis from

Lake Patzcuaro, Mexico (Proc. P. A. N. S., 1891, p. 324).

A parallel case is found in Lymnzxa mighelsi W.G. Binn,

which in Michigan, at least, lives in deep water a large part of

the year (See Naut., XIV, p. 8). In fifteen years’ collecting at

Pine Lake, Marquette Co., Mich., I have found this species only

twice in shallow water and then in considerable numbers, but

only for a few days. It seems likely that the peculiar form of

Physa lordi Bd. is to be accounted for in the same way as in

Michigan; at least, it is found only in the larger inland lakes.

Planorbis multivolvis Case is also apparently a deep-water species

(Navrt., X XI, p. 61). .

WE, Var. ROYALENSIS n. v., pl. I, fig. 11.

Shell thin, light greenish horn-color; superior carination promi-

nent, rounded, not acute; basal carina very strong, not acute, but

forming a heavy, rounded cord around the deep, funicular umbilicus;

upper surface concave, but more or less flattened and not as deep as

the umbilicus; sides flattened and narrowed towards the base and

contracted just above the basal carina; lines of growth strong and

distinct, the sides being longitudinally coarsely and irregularly stri-

ated; revolving sculpture strong and distinct; aperture triangular, the

upper side very nearly straight and almost flat, meeting the lip at

nearly a right angle; acutely angled below; lip thin, sharp, not ex-

panded. Alt. 10, diam. 15; height of body whorl in front of aperture

5 mm.

Types (No. 29163, Coll. Walker) from Siskowit Lake, Isle Royale,

Lake Superior, Michigan. Cotypes in the collection of the Phila-

delphia Academy.

About twenty specimens of this strongly characterized form were

10 THE NAUTILUS.

collected by the University of Michigan expedition in 1905, and are

very uniform in the peculiar features above described. P. bicarinatus

was collected in 1904 and 1905 in a number of different localities in

various parts of the island, but all such were quite typical in form.

The longitudinal sculpture of this form is unusually strong for the

species, and reminds one of the heavy sculpture of P. corpulentus

Say, but differs in being less regular and lacking the acute ridges of

that species. Royalensis is nearer to portagensts than to any other

form of bicarinatus, but differs in being wider and in the develop-

ment and position of the superior carina, wider umbilicus, stronger

basal carina and shape of the aperture.

(To be continued.)

RECENT FRESH-WATER FOSSILS FROM BRONX BOROUGH,

NEW YORK CITY.

BY EDWIN W. HUMPHREYS.

The shells here mentioned were found at what is now 171 St. and

Morris Ave., Borough of the Bronx, New York City. The swamp

which is situated at this point lies in a long, narrow, anticlinal valley

which has been eroded in the Inwood Limestone. When the street,

now known as Morris Ave., was filled in across the swamp, the peaty

deposit, which had accumulated here, was forced up to heights

of several feet on either side of it. This caused the peat to crack in

all directions and revealed numerous pockets which were full of small

shells. The shells were extremely abundant; so thickly were they

heaped together that they could easily be scooped up with a garden

trowel. From the manner in which they were found it would seem

as if they had been gathered together by currents or eddies in the

waters of the swamp. All of the shells were bleached to a chalky

whiteness and were very fragile. ‘The following species were found.

Amnicola limosa (Say) Hald. Shells of this species, though com-

mon, were not very abundant and were usually more or less injured.

Valvata tricarinata Say. These were exceedingly numerous, hun-

dreds of them being heaped together in a single pocket. They were of

all sizes, some being so small that they were lodged in the apertures

of the larger ones. Evidently they represented individuals of all ages.

Physa heterostropha Say. ‘This species was rather scarce.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. This form was also uncommon,

THE NAUTILUS. LI

Planorbis parvus Say. These varied in size as much as did the

shells of Valvata tricarinata Say, and were about as abundant.

Pisidium variable Prime. This species was very rare. Usually

the valves were separated, only occasionally were they found united.

Whether or not these forms still inhabit this place I am not pre-

pared to say. Though I have not been able to find any living indi-

viduals, further search may yet reveal them.

I desire to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. L. P. Gratacap and

Mr. Bryant Walker in the identification of some of the species.

UNIONIDAE FROM AN INDIAN GARBAGE HEAP.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN, CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH, PA.

On the western banks of the Monongahela River in southwestern

Pennsylvania, upon the flood plain at the Point Marion Ferry, in

Greene Co., opposite the point where the Monongahela and Cheat

rivers unite, the writer found on July 9, 1908, a heap of Unionide

shells, buried about one to two feet in the soil on the side of a road.

The soil consists of the characteristic river-silt of this region. Since

Indian ‘‘relics”’ have frequently been found at this place, in fact,

since it is known as the site of an old Indian settlement, it seems

beyond question that this pile (about 2 feet high) represents an old

Indian garbage heap of shells which had been used for food.

When first found, the shells were rather brittle and soft, and many

of them crumbled to pieces. But enough were secured, which re-

mained whole, and subsequently they have hardened. They look

like fossil shells in so far as in most of them the epidermis, and with

it the color, is gone (only in a few Quadrulas fragments of the epi-

dermis remain). In species, where the nacre originally is colored

(Unio gibbosus and crassidens), the color has entirely faded away, or

only very slight traces of it are discernible.

It is hard to say how long ago this pile was formed: it may be

less than a hundred years old. But this does not matter. The

interesting fact about it is that this shell heap has furnished a small

collection of Unionida, which contributes considerably to our knowl-

edge of the Unionide@-fauna of the Monongahela River drainage.

At the present time, on account of the pollution of the water, this

fauna has completely disappeared in the Monongahela proper: there

12 THE NAUTILUS.

is not a single living mussel in this river from Pittsburgh to the West

Virginia state line (which is within a mile and a half to the south of

our locality). Only a few of the tributaries contain mussels, and the

most important one is the Cheat River, in which (in Pennsylvania),

a rich fauna is yet present within two miles of our locality. The

writer has collected repeatedly in the Cheat, in Fayette Co., from a

point about a mile above Point Marion up to Cheat Haven, close to

the State line. Another locality for Unionide is about three miles

to the north, in Dunkard Creek, Greene Co., where the writer also

collected a number of species. It is interesting to compare these

faunas with that of the Indian garbage heap at Point Marion Ferry,

which eitber comes from the Monongahela proper, or from the Cheat.

I give first here a list of the latter.

1. Truncilla perplexa cincinnatiensis (Lea). 3 double, 11 isolated

valves, all males of medium and small size. This is not the typical

cincinnatiensis, but a form intermediate between this and the typical

perplexa (Lea); the nodes upon the disc are rather small and more

numerous than in the typical perplexa, but they are less numerous

than in cincinnatiensis.

Tuberculate forms of Zruncilla perplexa have never been found

recently in western Pennsylvania; all specimens of perplexa of this

region belong to the next variety.

2. Truncilla perplera rangiana (Lea). 6 double, 7 isolated

valves, all males of medium and small size.

Not found at present in the Monongahela drainage, but rather

abundant in the Allegheny River from Armstrong County upward.

Also in the Shenango River in Lawrence County; the nearest locali-

ties at present are about 80 to 100 miles away from Point Marion.

3. Lampsilis ventricosa (Bar.). Fragment of one left valve;

young specimen.

At present near Point Marion, both in the Cheat River and

Dunkard Creek. Widely distributed in western Pennsylvania.

4. Lampsilis ventricosa ovata (Say). Fragment of one left valve

(beak portion); young specimen.

Not found at present in the Monongahela drainage. It used to be

in the Ohio in Allegheny County, and is yet found in the Ohio in

Beaver County and in the Allegheny in Armstrong County and

farther up.

5. Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea). 2 double, 1 single valve; me-

THE NAUTILUS. Is

dium size. Although the characteristic color of the epidermis is

gone, these specimens agree completely with this species in the shape

of the shell and of the hinge teeth.

This species is found in the Cheat River and elsewhere in western

Pennsylvania, preferring smaller streams.

6. Lampsilis ligamentina (Lam.). 4 isolated valves; one young,

the others of medium size.

At present in the Cheat River, but not abundant. It is the most

abundant species in the large rivers of western Pennsylvania.

7. Obovaria circulus (Lea). 1 left valve; small. Not typical,

inclining toward O. lens (Lea) in shape; probably a female.

This species (including the form /ens) is found scattered over the

Ohio drainage in western Pennsylvania. From the Monongahela it

is known only from a single locality at Charleroi, Washington

County, about 35 miles north of Point Marion

8. Cyprogenia irrorata (Lea). 2 double, 4 isolated valves, of

medium size.

Not in the Monongahela drainage, and altogether rare in western

Pennsylvania; known from the Ohio below Pittsburg and from the

Allegheny River in Allegheny and ‘southern Armstrong County.

No live specimens have been found recently.

9. Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hildr.). 1 double, 3 isolated valves,

of medium size.

Abundant in Cheat River; also in Dunkard Creek. Widely dis-

tributed in the Ohio drainage in western Pennsylvania, with excep-

tion of the large rivers.

10. Unio gibbosus Barn. 4 double, 7 single valves, medium and

small size.

Abundant in Cheat River; also in Dunkard Creek. Everywhere

in western Pennsylvania.

11. Unto erassidens Lam. 7 double, 4 single valves; one above

medium size, the others medium and small.

Only in the large rivers; abundant in the Ohio and lower Alle-

gheny. Known from the Monongahela at Charleroi, Washington

County, but not farther up. No trace of it in the Cheat.

12. Pleurobema clava (Lam.). 2 single valves, medium size.

Present in Cheat River. A rare species in western Pennsylvania,

preferring smaller streams.

13. Quadrula subrotunda (Lea). 1 double, 5 single valves; me-

dium and small size.

14 THE NAUTILUS.

In the Cheat River at present. Also in the Monongahela at

Charleroi, Washington County, and in the Ohio and Allegheny

Rivers from Beaver to Armstrong Counties. A species of the

larger rivers.

We see, that of these thirteen forms one ( Zruncilla perplexa cin-

cinnattensis) is not present any more in western Pennsylvania, and

five (Truncilla perplexa rangiana, Lampsilis ventricosa ovata, Obo-

varia circulus, Cyprogenia trrorata, Unio crassidens) are not found

any more in the vicinity of Point Marion (in Cheat River or Dunkard

Creek). Of the latter, Lampsilis ventricosa ovata, Cyprogenia tr-

rorata, and Unto crassidens, are typical inhabitants of the large

rivers, and, near Point Marion, possibly once existed only in the

Monongahela River, the fauna of which is now destroyed. Truncilla

perplexa and Obovaria ctrculus may yet turn up in the Cheat River,

but, if present at all, must be very rare at the present time. This is

the more remarkable, since the two forms of Truncilla perplexa were

represented, in the garbage heap, by a comparatively great number

of individuals.

The small size of all specimens shows that the Indians selected

for food only such small specimens, rejecting the big ones.

The chief interest of this little collection lies in the fact that it

gives us an idea of what damage has been done to our Unionide-

fauna in recent times. For comparison, I submit here the lists of

the species collected by myself in Cheat River and Dunkard Creek.

CHEAT RIveER (collections made on Sept. 6, 1904, Sept. 16, 1907,

July 10, 1908).

1. Lampsilis ventricosa (Bar.). 8. Symphynota costata (Raf.).

2. Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea). 9. Alasmidonta marginata (Say).

3. Lampsilis igamentina(Lam.). 10. Unio gbbosus (Barn.).

4. Lampsilis recta ( Lam.). 11. Pleurobema clava (Lam.).

5. Lampsilis irts (Lea). 12. Quadrula undulata (Barn.).

6. Ptychobranchus phaseolus 13. Quadrula pustulosa (Lea).

(Hildr.). 14. Quadrula subrotunda (Lea).

7. Strophitus undulatus (Say). 15. Quadrula tuberculata (Raf.).

The leading species is Unio gibbosus (30 per cent.); then follow :

Lampsilis recta (20 per cent.) and Ptychobranchus phaseolus (20 per

cent.). The rest (12 species) makes up the remaining 30 per cent.

The scarcity of Lampsilis igamentina is remarkable, since this species

usually is the leading species in our rivers. Probably, this locality

THE NAUTILUS._ 15

is near the limit of the range of this species, and the latter does not

go much farther up stream. All of the species are rather small,

which is most striking in Lampsilis recta, which actually is repre-

sented by a dwarf race,

All the species have been found alive, except Quadrula undulata.

DuNKARD CREEK (collections made on July 8 and 9, 1908).

Tritogonia tuberculata(Barn.). 13. Quadrula tuberculata (Raf.).

. Ptyehobranchus phaseolus

(Hildr.).

Of these, only Lampsilis luteola and Anodonta grandis were found

alive: the condition of the creek was not favorable for collecting

(first and second day after a heavy thundershower). It is probable,

that the fauna is not complete, and I cannot say anything about the

frequency of the single species.

1. Lampsilis ventricosa (Barn.). 8. Strophitus undulatus (Say).

2. Lampsilis luteola (Lam.). 9. Anodonta grandis (Say).

3. Lampsilis recta (Lam.). 10. Symphynota costata (Raf.).

4. Lampsilis iris (Lea). 11. Unio gibbosus ( Barn.).

5. Proptera alata (Say). 12. Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea).

VARIATION.

BY REV, HENRY W. WINKLEY.

First, nature never makes two individuals exactly alike;

secondly environment. One hundred shells of the same species

from a given locality will show individuality. Compared with

a group of the same species from another region there is another

difference. Like the difference between races of the human

family, this is undoubtedly due to environment. At Eastport,

Maine, where the Bay of Fundy tides create strong currents,

chitons, limpets and other forms are in profusion and attain un-

usually large size. These may be called sedentary forms and

depend on food being brought tothem. A few feet away Bucci-

num is abundant but small. The same is true of Lunatia heros

found in neighboring waters. These are carnivorous forms and

are much larger at Casco Bay and its neighborhood.

Haminea solitaria is a.white shell. A small colony from the

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Branford River has every individual a deep brown. I wonder

if this is due to the presence of a large iron foundry a short dis-

tance away. Erosion is not a characteristic, yet it does result

from environment. This is conspicuous where unios are taken

from waters where there is decaying vegetation. The reason is

well known; acid from decaying leaves acts on the lime of the

shell. The same effect may be seen in marine shells taken from

waters where a river meets the sea. An interesting effect of air

may be seen in the author’s cabinet. Shells of Fusus decem-

costatus taken below low tide are well preserved even to the

apex ; others from a few yards away, exposed to the air at low

tide, are much eroded.

Pure white sets of Gemma gemma may be found at Woods

Hole and Branford, Conn. At Provincetown they are a very

dark purple, some specimens showing hardly a trace of white.

At Revere Beach the type is white with perhaps a third of the

shell faintly tinted purple. Reasons for this variation I cannot

give. Nor can I explain why sets found a dozen years ago at

Revere Beach should vary from specimens obtained at the same

Spot a year ago.

Intorinella minuta is abundant in pot holes in the marshes.

Environment there is good for it. A dwarfed variety is found

in the Branford River, and the same form occurs on dead eel

grass under the wharves at Provincetown, Evidently this form

flourishes better in still water. Temperature has its influence.

Planorbis trivolvis occurs throughout New England. It is

small in the Connecticut River at Springfield, the same at Bran-

ford and eastern Massachusetts. In northern Maine large, and

the largest and finest set in the author’s cabinet was obtained at

Dalton, Mass., in the Berkshire hills. This last region is well

known as having northern insects, undoubtedly the other species

of shells would show affinity with the forms in northern New

England. Climate alone explains this variation. The forms

from the Connecticut River certainly have water enough, but

they are small. Other sets are from small bodies of water; only

in colder regions does this giant thrive.

Environment drives out some species and retains others.

These few examples are variations in the same species which

shows the effects of different surroundings.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXITI. JUNE, 1909. No. 2.

SOME OBSERVATIONS AND NOTES ON MUSCULIUM.

BY V. STERKI.

Most or all of our species of Musculium Link ( Calyculina Clessin)

are very variable. JL. g., of M. securis Pr. there are almost endless

forms, some of them so different from others that they appear to be

distinct species, even of different groups. They readily respond to

the nature of their habitats, and almost every place has its own pecu-

liar forms, It may be added that most of them are inhabitants of

quiet waters: small lakes, ponds, pools, marshes, ditches, slow

streams; but J. transversum Say is also found in rivers with strong

current, with stony and rocky bottoms.

Years ago Clessin stated his belief that they are comparatively

short-lived and of cyclical development, annuals. The first part of

his statement is probably correct, the latter probably not, or not for

all species; specimens at all stages of growth, from newly hatched to

full-grown, can be found at any time of the year. Yet under certain

conditions their development appears to be uniform; e. g., where

pools dry up in fall, only the young mussels appear to survive, to

grow to maturity and propagate during spring and summer.

These mussels are described as having their beaks calyculate, or

*‘ capped,” and the genus has been established mainly on that fea-

ture.’ But in most and probably in all species, specimens and forms

are found with slightly or non-calyculate beaks, and such are the rule

1 Yet even without that supposed but mistaken character the genus appears

to be well founded, as will be shown elsewhere.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

rather than the exception in I. transversum Say. By the way, it

may be said that calyculate beaks are found occasionally in specimens

of Pisidium and Spherium.

The nepionic (embryonic) mussel when discharged from the parent

is generally well inflated (except in M. transversum), and then the

postembryonal part of each valve is marked off from it by a constric-

tion more or less deep. This seems to be especially well marked

when the embryos have been retained by the parent for a long time,

€. g., over winter, and are overgrown, as it were.’ Under favorable

conditions the embryos are probably discharged as soon as sufficiently

developed, moderately inflated, and then postembryonal growth goes

on in the same direction without or with a slight demarcation line.

There are in my collection a number of lots of a Musculium, dif-

ferent from all other species described and known, from Rhode

Island, Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, and remarkably alike. The mus-

sels are somewhat like medium-sized MM. securts Pr., but more elon-

gate, moderately and evenly inflated; the anterior and posterior parts

are less disproportionate, the latter is less high, less and more ob-

liquely truncate, the beaks are not calyculate, rounded, comparatively

broad and not very prominent; even under the microscope, no de-

marcation line between the embryonal and postembryonal parts can

be seen; the surface is markedly regular, without or with slight lines

of growth, with very fine strie and a slight silky gloss; the color is

dark horn, not yellowish, somewhat lighter along the margins, but

there are no sharply defined zones, as common in securis. Isolated,

this Musculium would appear to represent a distinct species; but

younger specimens, evidently of the same form, have more the out-

lines of J. securis, and in every lot there are some specimens of the

same, with the beaks calyculate, and generally there are intermedi-

ate ones, as to outlines and general appearance. Several of the lots

were collected in fall, from September to November, and others

probably so. It appears probable that this is a summer form of

M. securis, of fast and steady growth under favorable conditions,

consequently not a variety. Corresponding forms of other species

have also been seen. If verified by future observations, this is a

remarkable and very interesting fact.

Also the varieties and local forms of all species, and the conditions

1 Under the microscope such specimens show several concentric zones along

the margins of the valves, marked by lines of growth.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

under which they grow, should be carefully studied. In order to do

this much more good material is needed from all over the continent. It

is very desirable to collect repeatedly, throughout the year, at favorable

places, wherever there is an opportunity for doing so; it is essential to

have the date of collecting with every lot, notes on the nature of the

habitat, and last but not least, to have good numbers of specimens,

not only the large ones, but also the half-grown and young. Any

material, from anywhere, will mean a contribution to our knowledge.

It may be added that the simplest and best means for collecting

small fresh-water mollusca, Sphzriide and gastropods, is a sack net

of good burlap on a frame of strong wire (4-4 inch), the ring of

about 6-8 inches diam., tied to a handle of suitable length, e. g., a

broomstick. In this net mud and other material, scooped up from

the surface of the bottom, is washed, the coarser things gradually

removed; the remainder is taken home and dried well, but not in too

great heat. Then, a small sieve, e. g., a strainer, or several of dif-

ferent mesh measures, are very serviceable for separating finer and

coarser material, and it will be much easier to pick out the speci-

mens, of which the smallest should not be overlooked; some Pisidiuwm

are not larger than 1 to 2 mm. when mature. Specimens to be sent

for examination are best left mixed up, or separated only for con-

siderable differences of size. The washings and specimens must be

handled carefully, especially Musculiwm, since most of them are very

fragile. The whole “ stuff,” dirt and all, fresh or dried, may be sent

for examination, after the coarser materials are removed.

For deep water a drag-net or small dredge of burlap will do good

service, especially if protected by an outer sack of strong canvas with

the bottom left open. It is very desirable that collecting be done in

lakes and deep rivers.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FOSSIL LYMNZA.

BY F. C. BAKER.

LYMNZA NASHOTAHENSIS 0. sp.

Shell elongated, somewhat pyramidal; surface dull, growth-lines

conspicuous, crossed by fine, impressed spiral lines; whorls 6-64,

rather rapidly increasing in diameter, flatly rounded, the body whorl

very large and quite convex or even gibbous; spire broadly pyramidal

or conic, longer than the aperture; sutures well marked; aperture

20 THE NAUTILUS.

long, ovate, much narrowed above, generally wide and flaring below;

outer lip with variceal thickening; inner lip rather broad, reflected

over the umbilical region, forming a conspicuous expansion and leav-

ing a well-marked umbilical chink; parietal callus wide and rather

thick, in some specimens rendering the aperture continuous; axis

twisted; the columella is plicate in the immature shell, but in adult

or old specimens the inner lip is raised over the umbilicus, somewhat

as in emarginata.

Length 33.50, breadth 13.00; aperture length 14.00, breadth

7.00 mm.

Length 29.00, breadth 13.00; aperture length 15.00, breadth

6.75 mm.

Length 28.75, breadth 13.50; aperture length 15.75, breadth

7.00 mm.

Length 25.00, breadth 12.00; aperture length 14.00, breadth

7.25 mm.

Length 21.00, breadth 10.00; aperture length 12.00, breadth

6.00 mm.

Length 24.00, breadth 10.00; aperture length 11.00, breadth

5.00 mm.

Length 18.25, breadth 8.25; aperture length 10.00, breadth

4.25 mm.

Types: The Chicago Academy of Sciences, 9 specimens, No.

24539; cotypes, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, No.

98521, 6 specimens.

Type locality: Marl beds, Nashotah, Waukeshaw County, Wis-

consin.

Remarks: ZL. nashotahensis was at first thought to be a form of

Lymnea danielsi; it differs markedly from that species, however, in

several particulars—the spire is broader and not so acute, the body

whorl is larger and inclined to be gibbous, there is a conspicuous

umbilical chink (danielsi is usually imperforate), and the columella

is not noticeably plicate. In nashotahensis the aperture is elongate

- ovate, narrowed above and broadened below, where it is often patu-

lous. The upper whorls are strongly suggestive of Lymnaea reflexa,

the penultimate whorl having the swollen appearance so characteristic

of reflexa.

Young specimens somewhat resemble Lymne@a catascopium, differ-

ing in being narrower, with a more elongate aperture, longer and less

THE NAUTILUS. 21

rounded whorls and a less distinctly plicate columella. There is also

an umbilical chink, which is usually absent in catascopium.

Like Walker’s Lymne@a bakeri from Michigan, nashotahensis is

apparently an extinct species peculiar to marl deposits. ‘The speci-

mens were secured by Mr. F. M. Woodruff.

NOTES ON PLANORBIS II: P. BICARINATUS.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

(Concluded from May Number.)

IX. Miscellaneous.

In Beck’s Index Moll. (1837), p. 118, the following synonymy of

this species is given:

‘“‘Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Am. Septr. C. C.

a. major. S.g.iv, 4. W.S. vii, 12. Fl. Schuylkill.

Pl. angulatus Wood.

b. minor.

an P. eburneus Ch. ix, 1123? New Jersey.”

P. angulatus Wood, Index Testaceologicus, edit. II, 1828, Suppl.,

pl. 7, f. 12, is a typical P. bicarinatus. The figures in Sowerby’s

Genera, referred to by Beck (as “‘S. g.’’) are the same species. |

Beck defined his minor only by a queried reference to Chemnitz’s

figures of a West Indian species, really entirely different.

DISTRIBUTION,

The recorded distribution of Planorbis bicarinatus is shown with

approximate exactness upon the accompanying map (pl. III). These

data are primarily based upon the collection of the Philadelphia

Academy, the complete list of which has been kindly furnished by

Dr. Pilsbry. To these have been added such additional information

as was afforded by my own collection. The localities thus vouched

for are indicated on the map by the black dots. These data have

been supplemented by such specific localities as a careful search of

the literature at my command afforded. These citations are repre-

sented by the outlined dots. Duplicate citations and those giving

simply the ‘“‘ State’’ have been omitted. A detailed list of all locali-

ties and the authorities for the same is given below. ‘The map does

22 THE NAUTILUS.

not extend far enough north to allow the localities in Keewatin,

Canada, to be plotted.

While the exhibit as a whole affords what is probably a fairly

accurate view of the actual distribution, yet it also shows how

lamentably small our knowledge really is of the range of one of our

most common species, and bow much still remains to be done before

any generalization can be other than tentative. Still the chart is

of interest as showing what we do know, and serves to indicate the

regions to which attention of American collectors should be particu-

larly directed. ‘Thus the apparent absence of the species from the

entire littoral Atlantic region (with the exception of a single record

from Wilmington, N. C.) from the Potomac to Florida, and along

the coastal region of the Gulf from Florida to Texas is very striking

and worthy of investigation. So, too, the exact range towards the

west is important and of considerable scientific interest. No doubt

many of the deficiencies of the present map can be supplied from

material already accumulated in the many private collections of the

country, aud it is hoped that this review of the subject will induce

the publication of all such information for the benefit of those inter-

ested in the geographical distribution of the American fauna. For

it is only by the accumulation of detailed information, such as is

afforded by the publication of carefully authenticated local lists,

accompanied by exact localities, that any substantial advance can be

expected.

Taking the chart, such as it is, certain facts can be deduced with

a great degree of certainty, while others must still remain more or

less tinged with uncertainty until more exact knowledge shall either

prove or disprove them. On the north it seems reasonably certain

that bicarinatus extends through British America from Anticosti,

New Brunswick and Nova Scotia west to at least Lake Winnipeg

and Manitoba and north to Keewatin. In all probability it may be

found to range west through Saskatchewan and Assiniboia well

toward the Rocky Mountains.

The data already accumulated shows a distribution through the

northern United States from Maine to Oregon. The northwestern

data, though scant, tend to show that the invasion of the valley of

the Columbia was through transfer from the headwaters of the Mis-

souri or its tributaries to the Snake, Pend Oreille or other tributaries

of the Columbia.

THE NAUTILUS. yy

The accuracy of that veteran collector, Henry Hemphill, as to its

occurrence at Antioch, California, quoted by Stearns (1881), is not

to be questioned. But the fact that there is no other record of its

occurrence in California certainly tends to show that the Antioch

find was a sporadic colony, accidentally introduced, and which never

succeeded in effecting a permanent foothold.

The citation of this species from the Yaqui River, Guaymas,

Mexico, on the Gulf of California, by Stearns (1889), where it is

said to have been collected by Palmer, is open to more doubt. It

appears that Polygyra hirsuta was also alleged to have been collected

at the same time and place. The nearest authentic locality for this

species is southwestern Missouri. There is no evidence that b¢eari-

natus has ever been discovered anywhere in the Colorado basin. The

occurrence of two common eastern species at the same time in a

locality so remote from the known range of either is certainly very

remarkable, and would naturally raise a question as to whether there

had not been an accidental mixing of specimens. icarinatus is not

quoted from Mexico at all by Crosse and Fischer, and its occurrence

at Guaymas is very improbable.

Leaving these two doubtful citations out of the question, the only

authentic occurrence of bicarinatus on the Pacific coast is along the

Columbia in Oregon; south of that the Rocky Mountains, no doubt,

mark the western range of the species.

In the Potomac River at and below Washington, D. C., bicari-

natus is an abundant species. South of that, with the exception of

Wilmington, N. C., so far as the records show, it is absent from the

entire coastal Atlantic region. In western North Carolina and

northwestern Georgia it is found in streams belonging to the western

drainage. We have no records from South Carolina and Florida.

The large amount of collecting that has been done in various parts

of the latter state goes to show that it does not occur there. South

Carolina is practically unknown conchologically. It was not found

by Henderson at Yemasee, Beaufort Co. (Naut. XXI, p. 7). Mr.

Wm. G. Mazyck, of Charleston, S. C., informs me that he has

never known of its occurrence in that state, and that it is not quoted

in either of Ravenel’s Catalogues of 1834 or 1874. In Alabama,

though not abundant, it occurs in the northern part of the state, and

extends in the Alabama drainage as far south at least as Pinehill,

Wilcox Co. There are no records for either Mississippi or Louisiana.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

In Texas it is an abundant species, at times, in the central eastern

part of the state, and no doubt ranges north from there. But there

are no records from the valley of the Rio Grande and, as stated be-

fore, none from Mexico. This river would therefore seem beyond

the southwestern range of the species.

So far as the records show, it is apparently absent from the entire

coastal region on the Gulf.

Since the above was written and the map (Plate ITI) was pre-

pared, Mr. H. H. Smith has collected typical bicarinatus in

Beaver Creek, Conecuh Co., Ala. This ‘‘ find ” not only carries

the species further south than previously recorded, but brings

it into the western extension of the Atlantic fauna area along

the Gulf Coast. Beaver Creek is a tributary of Murder Creek,

which forms part of the Escambia River drainage system.

West of the Appalachian Mountains, bzcarinatus is, in suitable

localities, a common species in all the states as far west as Kansas

and Colorado, and there is no great doubt but that it ranges, in suit-

able environment, west to the mountains. But the data at hand are

too few and too scattering to give any exact information as to the

limits of the western range. ‘They are indicated on the map and

given in detail in the following list:

DISTRIBUTIONAL DATA.

United States.

Alabama: Big Willis Creek, Atalla; Coosa River, Minnesota

Bend; Black Warrior River, Jefferson Co.; Cub Creek, Pinehill;

Princeton (Walker); Beech Creek, Selma; Cahawba River (Lewis);

Coosa River, Farmer (Hinkley).

Arizona: None.

Colorado: Boulder (Pils.); Lodge Pole Creek, Logan Co.; Owens

Lake, Boulder; Weld Co.; Greely (Henderson).

Connecticut: West Granby, Hartford Co. (Pils.).

Arkansas: White River, Carroll; Big Creek, Sebastian; Ouachita

River, Hot Spring (Sampson).

Delaware: Brandywine River, between Dupont’s and Rockland

(Pils.).

District of Columbia: Washington (Pils.).

Florida: None.

Georgia: East Rome (Pils.); Silver Creek, East Rome; Armuchee

Creek, Rome; Dalton (Walker).

THE NAUTILUS. a

Idaho: Old Mission (Pils.); Blue Creek, Coeur d’Alene Moun-

tains; Cedar Creek, Priest Lake (Walker).

Illinois: Athens; Rock Island (Pils.); Joliet (Ferriss MSS.);

Cook Co.; LaSalle Co.; Des Plaines River; Kappa, Panala, Wood-

ford Co.; Crystal and Silver Lakes and Algonquin, McHenry Co.;

Mercer Co.; Elgin, Kane Co.; Illinois River and Dogfish, Quiver

and Matanzas Lakes, Havana, Mason Co.; Fourth, Sand, Cedar,

Fox, Pistakee, Clear, Long and Slough Lakes, Lake Co.; Pope Co.;

Johnson Co.; Thompson’s Lake, Fulton Co.; Milan, Rock Island

Co.; Pekin, Tazewell Co. (Baker).

Indian Territory : Tushkahama (Ferriss, MSS.).

Indiana: Randolph Co. (Pils.); Cedar Lake; Bass Lake, Stark

Co. (Baker); Connorsville, Danville (Walker); Richmond, Wayne

Co. (Plummer); Indianapolis, Whitewater Basin, West White-

water Basin, Maumee Basin, St. Joseph Basin, Lake Michigan

Basin (Call), Franklin Co. (Moore and Butler); Lake Michigan,

Michigan City; Lake James, Steuben Co.; Clear Lake, LaPorte Co.

(Daniels).

Iowa: Iowa City; DeWitt; Clear Lake; Davenport (Pils.), Mus-

catine, Des Moines, Ruthven (Walker); Spirit Lake (Keyes).

Kansas: Walnut Creek (Pils.); Topeka; Ellis; Soldier Creek,

Silver Lake Twp., Shawnee Co.; Northern Wabaunsee Co.; Brown

Co.; Cedar Creek, Mt. Ida; Barber Co.; McDowell Creek, Riley

Co.; Kansas River, Wyandotte; Neosho Co. (Call).

Kentucky : Bowling Green (Pils.).

Louisiana: None.

Maine: Caribou, Aroostook Co.; Rockland, Knox Co. (Pils.);

Orono, Fort Kent, St. John’s River; Gelot’s Lake, New Sweden;

Second Lake, Fish River; Salmon Brook, Aroostook River; Wood-

land, Collins’ Mill Pond, Portage Lake, Square Lake, Aroostook

Co.; E Warren; Rockville (Walker); Cross Lake Inlet; Cross Lake;

Moose River, Somerset Co. (Nylander); Moosehead Lake (Johnson);

Portland (Pickering).

Maryland : Cumberland; Hancock; Chestertown, Kent Co.; Flint-

stone, Allegheny Co.; Conecocheque River at National Road (Pils.);

Potomac River, Fort Washington (Walker). |

Massachusetts: Pontoosuc Lake, W. Mass. (Pils.); Cambridge;

Amherst (Walker); Fresh Pond (Adams); Swampscot, Lynn and

vicinity (Tufts); Stockbridge (Ferriss, MSS.); Bristol Co. (Taylor

and Shiverick).

26 THE NAUTILUS.

Michigan: The writer has records from 52 of the 83 counties of

the state, indicating a general distribution throughout the state.

The counties represented are shown by the map (plate II).

Minnesota: Lake Albert Lea; Fergus Falls (Pils.); Stearns Co.;.

Lake Minnetonka; Cannon Lake, Rice Co.; Shackleton Lake

(Walker); Minneapolis; Lake Minnewaska, Pope Co.; Vermilion

Lake, Winona, Lake (©o.; St. Louis Co. (Grant); Clearwater,

Wright Co. (Sargent); Harriet Lake, Hennipen Co. (Daniels);

Heron Lake, Jackson Co.; Eagle Lake, Sherburne Co, (Stearns).

Mississippi: None.

Missouri: Pettis Co.; Lamar, Barton Co. (Sampson).

Montana: Mingusville, now Wibaux (Squyer).

Nebraska: Sidney (Walker); streams of eastern Neb. (Aughey);

Omaha (Tryon). |

Nevada: None.

New Hampshire: Profile Lake (Walker); Keene (Walker and

Coolidge).

New Jersey: Greenwood Lake, Passaic Co.; Raritan River;

Cedar Lake, White Pond, Warren Oo.; Swartzwood Lake, Sussex

Co.; Center Twp., Camden Co.; Delaware Water Gap; Princeton,

Mercer Co.; Lake Hopatcong, Budd’s Lake, Morris Co.; Hacken-

sack Valley; Closter, Bergen Co.; Trenton; Gloucester Co. (Pils.).

New Mexico: Las Vegas; South Spring River, Roseville; Tre-

mentina; Santa Fe; Arroyo Pecos, Las Vegas (Pils.).

New York: Cazenovia; Skaneatales Lake; Long Island; Niagara;

Hudson River, Fort Warren, Ridgewood; Racquette Lake, Hamil-

ton Co.; Queens Co.; Squaw Island, Niagara River; Troy (Pils.);

Gannagagee Creek, Erie Co.; Alfred; Watertown; Canandarago

Lake, Otsego Co.; Cedar Lake, Herkimer Co.; Old Forge (Walker);

Sunset Creek, Otsego Co. (Smith); Chatauqua Lake (Maury);

Schuyler’s Lake, Otsego Co.; Mohawk River, Little Lakes and Erie

Canal and Litchfield, Herkimer Co. (Lewis); Onondaga Co. (Beau-

champ); Rochester (Walton); Huntington, Centerport, Long Island

(Smith & Prime); Cayuga Lake (Ferriss MSS).

North Carolina: Asheville; Greenfield Pond, Wilmington

(Walker).

North Dakota; Hankinson (Pils.); Fort Stevenson (Stearns).

Ohio: Columbus; Geanga Co. (Pils.); Hudson (Walker); Cincin

nati (Harper and Wetherby); Tuscawaras Co. (Sterki); ‘ The Re-

serve’ (Naturalist).

THE NAUTILUS. 27

Oklahoma: Oklahoma City (Ferriss); Cimmaron River (Call).

Oregon: Willamette River; Salem; Portland (Pils.).

Pennsylvania: Delaware River (type locality), Say; Allegheny

River; Round Island, Clinton Co.; Port Allegheny, McLean Co.;

Youghiougheny River, Connellsville, Fayette Co.; Juniata River,

Hollidaysburg, Blair Co.; Susquehanna River, Muncy; Cushelishia

Creek, Indiana Co.; Emporium, Cameron Co.; Amity Twp., Berks

Co.; Beaver River, Waupum, Montgomery Co.; Germantown and

various localities, Philadelphia Co.; Nockamixon, Bucks Co.;

Schanksville, Somerset Co.; Glenolden, Delaware Co.; Gettysburg;

Ligonier, Westmoreland Co., York Furnace, York Co. (Pils.); Alle-

gheny Co. (Stupakoff); Ohio River, Coraopolis (Rhoads); Chester

Co. (Hartman & Michener); Lancaster Co. (Haldeman); Columbia;

Susquehanna River, Wilkesbarre (Walker).

Rhode Island : Providence and Worcester Canal; Cunliff’s Pond

(Carpenter).

South Carolina: None.

South Dakota: Mouth of Big Sioux River (Lea),

Tennessee: Emory River and Harriman (Pils.); Chilhowee Mts..

Blount Co.; Franklin Co. (Walker); Tellico River, Blount Co.

(Lewis); Little River (Ferriss MSS).

Texas: New Braunfels (Pils.); San Antonio (Walker); Peder-

nales River, Gillespie Co.; Brushy Creek, Williamson Co.; Colorado

River and tributaries, Comal Co.; San Marcus River, Hayes Co.;

Colorado River and tributaries, Travis Co.; Burton, Washington

Co. (Singley); Hog Creek, McLennan Co. (Strecker).

Utah: None.

Vermont: Connecticut River, Hartland (Pils.); Middlebury

(A ms)

Virginia: Luray (Pils.); Orange (Walker); Harper’s Ferry

(Tryon).

Washington: Cascades, Skamania Co. (Pils.).

Wisconsin : Milwaukee (Pils.); Menominee River; Wauwatosa ;

Honey Creek, Layton Park; Kinnickinnic River, Milwaukee ;

Golden Lake, Waukesha Co.; Little Cedar Lake, Washington Co.;

Lake Winnebago, Calumet Co.; Kenosha (Chadwick).

West Virginia: Four miles from Romney; Kanawha River, forty

miles south of Ohio River, Wirt Co.; North River, Sedan, Hamp-

shire Co.; Warm Spring Creek, Morgan Co.; Salt Sulphur Spring,

28 THE NAUTILUS.

Monroe Co.; Patterson’s Creek, Mineral Co.; Potomac River,

Cherry Run (Pils); Potomac River, Harper’s Ferry (Walker).

Wyoming: Yellowstone National Park (Stearns).

Dominion of Canada—Quebec: Meaches Lake, Hull; Chaudiere

River; Chelsea (Pils.); Caprouge (Walker); Anticosti (Latchford);

Brome Lake, Knowlton (Whiteaves MSS).

Ontario: Sparrow Lake, Simcoe District; Puzzle Lake, 40 miles

north of Napanee; Rideau River; Ottawa River (Pils); Little River,

Walkerville (Walker); Lake Simcoe (Stearns).

Algoma: Dog River, north shore Lake Superior; Gores Bay,

Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron (Walker); Moose Factory, Hudson

Bay (Dall). .

Manitoba: Lake Winnipeg; Lake Manitoba (Christy).

Nova Scotia: Dartmouth Lakes (Jones).

Keewatin: Lake St. Joseph; Kawinogans River, Albany River.

Knee Lake (Whiteaves); Saskatchewan River, Grand Rapids (Dall.);

New Brunswick: Kennebecasis River and elsewhere (Matthew

and Stead).

Mexico: Yaqui River, Guaymas, W. Mexico (Stearns). See p.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The following list includes all papers cited as authority for distri-

bution in the preceding part of this paper. It is no doubt imperfect,

as it embraces only such literature as has been accessible to the

writer. For the sake of brevity many other papers examined, which

afforded only duplicate records or simply a general ‘‘ State’ record

are omitted :

Adams, C. B.—Shells of Fresh Pond. (Am. J. Sci. and Arts,

O. S. XXXVI, p. 392, 1839.)

Adams, C. B.—Catalogue of the Mollusca of Middlebury, Ver-

mont, and vicinity. (Am. J. Sci. and Arts, O. S. XI, p. 269, 1841.)

Aughey, Samuel.—Catalogue of the Land and Fresh-water Shells

of Nebraska. (Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey III, p. 701, 1877.)

Baker, F. C.—The Mollusks of Cedar Lake, Indiana. (Naut.

XVII, p. 113, 1904.)

Baker, F. C.—A Catalogue of the Mollusca of Illinois. (Bull.

Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. VII, p. 106, 1906).

Beauchamp, W. M.—Land and Fresh-water Shells of Onondaga

County and State of New York (1886).

THE NAUTILUS. 29

Call, R. E.—A Contribution to a Knowledge of Indiana Mollusca.

(Proce. Ind. Acad. Sci. III, p. 150, 1894.)

Call, R. E.—The Hydrographic Basins of Indiana and their

Molluscan Fauna. (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1896, p. 250.)

Call, R. E.—Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fresh-water

Mollusca of Kansas. No. II, p. 54; No. IV, p. 123; No. V, p. 1843.

No. VI, p. 16.

Carpenter, H. F.—The Shell-bearing Mollusca of Rhode Island.

(Random Notes on Nat. Hist. II, p. 96, 1886.)

Chadwick, G. H.—Notes on Wisconsin Mollusca. (Bull. Wis.

Nat. Hist. Soc. LV, p. 83, 1906.)

Chickering, J. W., Jr.—List of Marine, Fresh-water and Land

Shells found in the vicinity of Portland, Maine (1855 or 6?.)

Christy, R. M.—Notes on the Land and Fresh-water Mollusks of

Manitoba. (J. of Con. IV, p. 248, 1885.)

Dall, W. H.—Land and Fresh-water Mollusks of Alaska. (Rep..

Har. Alaska Exp. XIII, p. 87, 1905.)

Daniels, L. E.—A check list of Indiana Mollusca. (Rep. Dept.

Geol. & Nat. Resources, Ind. 1902, p. 637.)

Daniels, L. E.—Records of Minnesota Mollusks. (Naut. XXII,

p. 119, 1909.)

Ferriss, J. H.—Mollusks of Oklahoma. (Naut. XX, p. 17,.

1906.)

Grant, U. S.—Conchological Notes. (14th Ann. Rep. Geol. &

Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn., p. 122, 1885.)

Grant, U. S.—Notes on the Molluscan Fauna of Minnesota.

(16th Ann. Rep. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn., p. 484, 1887.)

Haldeman, S. S.—Mollusca. (Rupp’s Hist. Lancaster Co., Pa.,

p- 481, 1844.)

Harper, G. W., & Wetherby, A. G.—Catalogue of the Land and

Fresh-water Mollusca found in the immediate vicinity of Cincinnati,

Ohio, 1876.

Hartmann, W. D., & Michener, E.—Conchologia Cestrica, p. 70,.

1874.

Henderson, Julius.—The Mollusca of Colorado. (University of

Colo. Studies IV, p. 181, 1907.)

Hinkley, A. A.—List of Alabama Shells collected in October and

November, 1903. (Naut. XVIII, p. 54, 1904.)

Johnson, C, W.—Shells of the Lake Region of Maine. (Naut..

XXI, p. 106, 1908.)

30 THE NAUTILUS.

Jones, J. M.—List of the Mollusca of Nova Scotia, 1877.

Keyes, C. R.—An Annotated Catalogue of the Mollusca of Iowa.

(Bull. Essex Inst. XX, p. 13, 1889.)

Latchford, F. R.—Shells of Anticosti. (Am. Nat. XVIII, p.

1052, 1884.)

Lea, Isaac.—Report on Mollusca. (Explorations in Nebraska,

Executive Doc. II, p. 72, 1859.)

Lewis, James.—Shells of Herkimer and adjacent counties in the

State of New York. Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1872, pp. 97-107.

Lewis, James.—Shells of Tennessee, No. 2. (Proc. P. A. N.S.,

Bar2, ip. 108.),) *,

Lewis, James.—Fresh-water and Land Shells of Alabama, 1876.

Linsley, J. H.—Catalogue of the Shells of Connecticut. (Am. J.

Sci. & Arts O. S. XLVIII, p. 281, 1845.)

Matthew, W. D., & Stead, G.—Land and Fresh-water Shells col-

lected near St. John, N. B. (Proc. Miramichi Nat. Hist. Ass.,

No. III, p. 49.)

Maury, C. J.—Chatauqua Lake Shells. (Hlement. Nat. Hist.

Series, No. I, p. 26, 1898.)

Moore, D. R., & Butler, A. W.—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca

observed in Franklin County, Indiana, (Bull. Brookville Soc. Nat.

Hist., No. I, p. 43, 1885.)

Naturalist.—Miscellaneous Observations, etc. (Am. J. Sci. &

Arts O. S. XXXI, p. 36, 1837.)

Nylander, O. O.—Fresh-water Shells in the northeast of Maine.

(Naut. XJ, pp. 9-12, 1897.)

Plummer, J. T.—Scraps in Natural History. (Am. J. Sci. &

Arts O. 8S. XLVIII, p. 95, 1844.)

Rhoads, S. N.—On a Recent Collection of Pennsylvania Mollusks

from the Ohio River System below Pittsburg. (Naut. XII, p. 138,

1899.)

Rhoads, S. N.—A Glimpse at the Shell Fauna of Delaware.

(Naut. XVIII, p. 66, 1904.)

Sampson, F. A.—Notes on the Distribution of Shells. (Kansas

City Rec. of Sci. VI, p. 22.)

Sampson, F. A.—The Shells of Pettis County, Missouri, (Bull.

No. 1, Sedalia Nat. Hist. Soc., p. 10, 1885.)

Sampson, F. A.—A Preliminary List of the Mollusca of Arkansas.

(Ann. Rep. Geol. Sur. of Ark. IT, p. 186, 1893.)

THE NAUTILUS. a

Sargent, H. E.—Annotated List of the Mollusca found in the

vicinity of Clearwater, Wright Co., Minn. (Naut. IX, p. 127,

1896.)

Say, Thomas.—Nich. Encyc., 1st Ed., 1817.

Singley, J. A.—Texas Mollusca. (4th Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey

of Texas, p. 314, 1892.)

Smith, Maxwell.—Shells of Richfield Springs, N. Y., and vicinity.

(Naut. XX, p. 91, 1906.)

Smith, S., & Prime, T.—Report on the Mollusca of Long Island,

N. Y., and its dependencies. (Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. IX, p.

402, 1870.)

Squyer, Homer.—List of Shells from the vicinity of Mingusville,

Montana. (Naut. VIII, p. 64, 1894.)

Stearns, R. E. C.—Observations on Planorbis. (Proc. P. A.

Mi 1881, p. 101.)

Stearns, R. E. C.—Notes and Comments on the Distribution of

Planorbis (Helisosma) bicarinatus. (West. Am. Scientist, 1889,

p- 110.)

Stearns, R. E. C.—List of Shells collected by Vernon Bailey in

Heron and Eagle Lakes, Minn. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXII, pp.

135-8.)

Sterki, V.—List of the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Tus-

cawarus County, Ohio. (18th Ann. Rep. Ohio St. Acad. Sci., p. 6.)

Strecker, J. K., Jr.—The Mollusca of McLennan County, Texas.

(Naut. XXII, p. 65, 1908.)

Stupakoff, S. H.—Land and Fresh-water Shells of Allegheny

County, Pa. (Naut. VII, p. 135, 1894.)

Taylor and Shiverick.—Catalogue of Shells found in and near the

County of Bristol, Mass., 1840 ?.

Tryon, G. W., Jr.—Notes on Mollusca collected by Dr. F. V.

Hayden in Nebraska. (Am. J. of Con. IV, p. 151, 1868.)

Tufts, Samuel, Jr.—A List of Shells collected at Swampscot,

Lynn and vicinity. (Proc. Essex Inst. I, p. 30, 1856.)

Walton, John.— The Mollusca of Monroe County, N. Y. (Proce.

Rochester Acad. Sci. II, p. 13, 1892.)

Walker, R. D., & Coolidge, W. H., Jr.— Mollusca of Keene, New

Hampshire. (Naut. XXII, p. 32, 1908.)

Whiteaves, J. F.—List of Land and Fresh-water Shells from the

District of Keewatin. (Rep. Geol. Surv. of Canada, 1905, p. 6.)

54 THE NAUTILUS.

Whiteaves, J. F.—List of some Fresh-water Shells from North-

western Ontario and Keewatin. (Ottawa Nat. XX, pp. 31-2, 1906.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

All the figures are x 2, except Fig. 10, which is x 3.

Fig. 1. P. bicarinatus aroostookensis Pils. Collins’ Mill Pond,

Me.

Fig. 2. P. bicarinatus aroostookensis (topotype). Salmon

Brook, Me.

Fig. 3. P. bicarinatus Say (typical). Delaware River, Phil-

lipsburg, N. J. |

Figs. 4 and 5. P. bicarinatus angistomus Hald. Independence

Lake, Washtenaw Co., Mich.

Figs. 6-8. P. bicarinatus unicarinatus Hald (type). Schuyl-

kill River, Pa.

Fig. 9. P. bicarinatus portagensis Baker (cotype). Portage

Lake, Me.

Fig. 10. P. bicarinatus corrugatus Currier (type). Perch

Lake, Kent Co., Mich.

Fig. 11. P. bicarinatus royalensis Walker (type). Siskowit

Lake, Isle Royale, Mich.

Fig. 12. P. bicarinatus percarinatus Walker (type). Crystal

Lake, Benzie Co., Mich.

NOTES.

AN INTERNAL SEPTUM IN HOLOSPIRA BARTSCHI.—In a specimen

of this snail cut open there is a vertical septum across the cavity at

about the middle of the eighth whorl. It is concave on the lower

side, as in many Urocoptide. To abandon the early whorls is very

common in Antillean and the larger Mexican forms but has not be-

fore been noticed in Holospira. The internal column in H. bartscht

is very nearly one-third the diameter of the shell at the widest part,

but it decreases to about one-fourth in the penultimate whorl.—

H. A. PIvspry.

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THE NAUTILUS, XXIII PLATE. 1

TTI TNS AS

(il Ors As \

PLANORBIS BICARINATUS AND ITS SUBSPECIES.

THE NAUTILUS, XXIII. PoATEsn

pa SM

Gata

ILLINOIS

Onicace

DISTRIBUTION OF PLANORBIS BICARINATUS IN MICHIGAN.

PLATE III.

No. 3.

occur-

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uite a

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ere to

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foe NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXITI. JULY, 1909. No. 3.

A SPRING COLLECTING TRIP.

Notes on New England Nudibranchs II.

BY FRANCIS N. BALCH.

In a recent number of the ‘“ Nautilus”?! I recorded two occur-

rences of nudibranchs at Cohasset, Mass., indicating marked local

condensation of the partly grown Eolid population during the time

of a supposed autumn migration of the year’s brood to deeper waters.

The condensation of adults at the breeding season is of quite a

different order and much more familiar. The supposition is that

the year’s adults migrate from deep water to the shore, there to

spend a brief mating season, spawn, and (for the most part) die. It is

well known that early spring is the breeding season for most of the

species, while others appear to select late autumn or winter—facts

which go far to explain our woeful ignorance of this group in this

country. At times, in other countries, these mating forms have been

found abundant and gregarious to such an extent as to justify the

expression ‘‘ swarming ”’ for the habit.’

1Vol. xxii, No. 2, June, 1908, pp. 13-16. ‘Two interesting New England

Nudibranch Records,” The sub-title ‘‘ Notes on New England Nudibranchs. I.”

was accidentally omitted by the printer. P. 15, top line, after word ‘‘and”

insert ‘“‘T.” For other errata see Nautilus, xxii, No. 6, Oct., 1908, p. 60.

27 use the term “swarming” in this paper to indicate a distinct gathering

together, in relatively great abundance, for breeding.

Eliot (‘On some Nudibranchs from East Africa and Zanzibar.” Pt. V.; P.Z.S.,

1904, ii, p. 87) furnishes a description of such a ‘‘swarming” of 7revelyana crocea,

34 THE NAUTILUS.

From April 26 to 30, 1908, I was able to devote a short vacation

exclusively to a minute examination, as exhaustive as time permit-

ted, of the nudibranch life on two short stretches of coast suitable

for breeding Eolid nudibranchs. ‘The first was a stretch of granite

ledges and piles of broken boulders at Rocky Neck, in Gloucester

Harbor; the second a stretch of granite ledges at Brace’s Cove, on

the outer (eastern) side of Eastern Point, Gloucester, Mass. The

localities were quite unlike in biological character, though resembling

each other as shore. formations. The Rocky Neck locality was

bathed by the comparatively warm and still waters of the harbor,

thick with larve, eggs, spores and organic débris of all kinds. In-

numerable small and rather deep pools among the broken boulders,

thickly hung and often completely choked with fuci, sheltered

abundant animal life, including Metridium and hydroids. The

Brace’s Cove locality was pounded by the eternal surf of the open

Atlantic, and the water was noticeably colder and crystal-clear.

The pools on the massive ledges were much larger, shallower and

more open. Corralines were abundant, hydroids and Metridium

much fewer.

a Polycerid from Zanzibar, as follows: ‘“‘* * * this form provided a most strik-

ing case of the migration of molluscs in flocks to shallow water for the deposi-

tion of spawn. Buta few specimens were collected before a certain period of

a few days’ duration, when the sand of Chuaka Bay just below low-tide mark

was occupied by astonishing numbers * * *, These were not washed up by

accident, but were all actively crawling on the sand among the weeds, etc.

Many were in cottu, and when placed in basins of sea-water most of the speci-

mens were soon engaged in copulation or the deposition of yellow egg-ribbons.,

By-and-by the swarm disappeared to some unknown permanent habitat. If

this were in the deeper channels of the bay (1 to 2 fathoms deep at low tide)

they must have been found there by dredging. As this was not the case

it seems most probable that the migrations of these tiny animals extend to and

from the deep sea three or more miles away.”

One may be permitted to guess that the ‘‘unknown permanent habitat”

to which ‘the swarm disappeared” was that bourne from which no traveler

returns! Quite probably the form may be found to be strictly annual with little

or no overlap of generations, as I believe is the case with various of our own

forms. Hither the young escape observation till just about the breeding

season (possibly making a very sudden and rapid growth at that time which

may be marked by a change in food supply) or else, and more probably, the

young straggle back to deep water as they grow stronger, but while still small,

and, there attaining their growth, make a sudden descent (or ascent!) upon the

shore en masse at the next call of the breeding impulse.

THE NAUTILUS. So

No temperatures were taken, for on the face of it the temperature

was noi the controlling factor at that time and place, the same forms

and spawn occurring indifferently in shallow, sun-warmed pools

pleasant to the hands, and in deep, unsunned crevices at extreme

low tide when one’s breath condensed in clouds over the numbing

water. This is not to say that temperature may not be the control-

ling factor in the initiation of the migration impulse or even in the

actual deposition of spawn, which latter may perhaps always take

place at high water when the temperature conditions of the pools

would be equalized.

The section worked at Rocky Neck did not exceed 300 yards in

length, and at Brace’s Cove about 200. ‘Three days were given to

the former-and one to the latter. Every day-light tide was worked

industriously, and attention was wholly concentrated on nudibranchs.

The ‘ census”’ was as follows:

Coryphella rufibranchialis mananensis (Stimps.),’ typical, 43 speci-

mens collected and about 50 more seen—total, say 75. All but 6 at

Rocky Neck. All well-grown, if not fully adult, except three or

four apparently about half-grown.

Coryphella rufibranchialis chocolata var. nov. Externally not

separable by me from the foregoing except by the color of the cores

of the cerata and of the body, which is a true chocolate-brown, dark

for the cerata, light for the body, as contrasted with the varied reds

(varying from pink to ginger, salmon and scarlet) of the typical form.

The dentition and internal anatomy have not yet been examined,

but as there is undoubtedly intergrading in the color, no very dis-

tinctive character should be anticipated. I have seen this form

before, but never more than one or two specimens ata time. Asa

mere color variety (and for all we actually know, a mere physiological

phase) it may be thought not worth a name. At the same time the

intergrades are few and the series incomplete; and the chocolate

forms, in life, occurred markedly segregated from the others. It is

at least possible to point out a tangible character by which it differs

from typical mananensis, which no one has yet done for the differen-

tiation of mananensis from rufibranchialis. Should mananensis prove

1So called by me for the present in the provisional belief that Stimpson’s

form—if separable at all, which I doubt—is only a variety of the European

form. Our knowledge, and consequently the nomenclature, of the group of

red-gilled Eolids on this coast is in deplorable condition.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

a complete synonym (as Gould thought it), or a variety (as I con-

sider it), then chocolata should be written as above; but if mananensis

is a valid species (as Professor Verrill holds), then chocolata may be

written as its variety pending further knowledge. Ten specimens

collected, all at Rocky Neck.

Aeolidiella papillosa (L.). It is a question whether our American

form may not be as well worth a varietal name as our form of Cory-

phella rufibranchialis. Both species are, in European waters, noted

for their variability, and have enormous synonymies. I think it

much the same sort of question as that whether it is worth while to

distinguish our form of Purpura lapillus—doubtless it is extremely

close to the European form, and no one has yet pointed out a con-

stant diagnostic difference, yet an American lot could hardly be

confused with a European lot. Our form of the present species, in

my experience, runs shorter, stouter, pinker and less variegated than

the European form, as shown by the numerous and excellent figures

accessible. No diagnostic character has been found in the dentition.

Kight specimens collected, of which four at each locality; one a

giant of 9 cm., one of an ordinary full adult size of about 6 cm.,

three smaller adults of 4-5 cm., and one young of about 1 cm.

Cratena veronice Verrill. One specimen about 1.8 cm. long,

taken at Rocky Neck among a thick growth of undetermined hydroids,

agreed very closely with Verrill’s description of this rare and un-

figured species. It was kept alive four days during which colored

drawings were made, and then preserved for dissection.

Galvina picta (A. & H.), one specimen, adult. Rocky Neck, on

hydroids.

Doto coronata (Gmel.), one specimen, adult. Rocky Neck, on

hydroids.

Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius), three specimens, one large

adult of about 6 cm., two about half that size; the latter at Rocky

Neck, the former at Brace’s Cove.

Acanthodoris pilosa (Muller), one specimen of about 1 cm.»

at Brace’s Cove.

Lamellidoris aspera (A. & H.),' eighteen specimens, 5 mm. to 12

mm. long, a!l but three or four at Brace’s Cove, on Corallines.

10Our knowledge of the difficult and critical group of species centering

around LZ. aspera and including a number of quite insufficiently characterized

American forms has not reached a point where identifications can be looked

on as reliable,

THE NAUTILUS. 37

Ancula cristata sulphurea (Stimps.), one young specimen of about

8 mm.,at Brace’s Cove. It seems best to preserve Stimpson’s name

at any rate in a varietal sense though Bergh has united it with

cristata. The differential character of the lower origin of the ante-

rior appendages of the rhinophores is fully confirmed by my observa-

tion and seems pretty constant.

Total about 119 individuals, falling into 9 genera and 10 species

or varieties.

Bis ES ebay CR Se

The picture of local nudibranch life obtained from this bit of

intensive collecting is tolerably clear.

Coryphella rufibranchialis mananensis appears to have been ‘‘swarm-

ing,” not in the sense that it was enormously numerous—for the total

figures are not impressive—but in the sense that adults were locally

gathered together in far greater numbers than normal and with

a distinctly gregarious habit, e. g., six or eight in one pool, none in

the next, rarely alone. The specimens ran remarkably uniform in

size and lent support to the view that the species is an annual.

None were seen iv covtu either in the pools or in three days of cap-

tivity, but spawn was abundant and probably mating was about over

for the year. Alder and Hancock say of the British form: ‘met

with * * * in April, May and June, when it has attained its full

size and is spawning. * * * In August and September the young

are found considerably advanced.”’ I believe our form will be found

to have a more concentrated breeding season.

What has been said applies equally to the chocolate variety.

Aeolidia papillosa gave some slight indication of ‘(swarming ”’ in

that it was considerably more numerous than normal, and gregarious

in habit. But this was not nearly as marked as in the foregoing

and the sizes were so conspicuously not uniform as to look against its

being an annual. What I have seen in this and other years would

fit well with its being a bi- or tri-annual with a ‘‘*swarming ” habit

slightly later than that of C. mananensis and not so well marked.

The spawn was fairly abundant and all of a deep rose color whereas

Alder and Hancock say of the spawn of the British form that it is

“ occasionally white, but generally has a pinkish tinge, and is some-

times distinctly rose-colored.”” They give the breeding season as

“‘ spring and summer months.”

The other forms taken present no indication of a sexual ‘ swarm-

38 THE NAUTILUS.

ing.” It is true Lamellidoris aspera occurred in some numbers but

the individuals varied much in size, were not markedly gregarious,

and no spawn or coition was seen. The species seems to be a fairly

common one at most times and according to Alder and Hancock

breeds in May, June and July,—if indeed our species be identical.

None of the species taken are rarities except the var. chocolata

(which, however, I have several times seen before) and Cratena

veronica, which has not before been publicly reported since its origi-

nal description, but has been taken a few times by Verrill in com-

paratively deep water. The present specimen is about three-quarters

the size given by Verrill. One may hazard a guess that it will be

found to have a shore breeding season sometime in the winter.

The other species are those we have often with us on the shore in

very small numbers. While such of them as are hydroid feeders are

almost necessarily to some extent gregarious, I know of no account

of anything like a ‘“‘swarming”’ of any of them except Ancula

cristata.’

There is a certain fascination about the mysterious appearances

and disappearances of these beautiful wanderers, and the first student

fully to master a nudibranch (or at any rate an EKolid) life-history

will have an interesting story to tell.

A collecting trip like this gives endless opportunity for alleged

‘¢ observations ”’ on “‘ protective’ and ‘‘ warning,”’ coloration and the

like, which would be worth recording if fishes or other enemies looked

with human eyes, from air into water, in full daylight, and from on

top. Any true advance in this direction must be along the lines of

work like Herdman and Clubb’s most interesting experiments.?

52 Hliot St., Jamaica Plain, February, 1909.

1Herdman and Clubb. Third Report upon the Nudibranchiata of the L. M.

B. C. District, Proc. and Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc., iv, 1890, p. 134, ‘This

species (A. cristata) was found * * * in April, 1890, and we took it in extra-

ordinary profusion * * * in March, 1890. On one reef of rocks especially, a

little way above low-water mark, there must have been many thousands of

specimens present. For yards it was impossible to walk without treading on

them, and handfuls were readily collected by scraping the specimens together

from the mud-covered rocks.” It should be remembered that for some reason

the British coast supports nudibranch life in a vastly greater abundance of

individuals, as well as of species, than ours does.

2 Loc. cit., ante, pp. 150-163.

THE NAUTILUS. 39

NEW ENGLAND PYRAMIDELLIDZE, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW

SPECIES.

BY HENRY W. WINKLEY.

A very excellent work on the New England Pyramidellide by

Mr. Paul Bartsch has just been published by the Boston Society of

Natural History. Specimens from the writer’s cabinet were used in

compiling this work. Unfortunately there are some omissions. I

can blame no one but myself. My excuse is that my specimens were

packed and stored, and a few collected later had not been worked

up. Hence this supplement.

Turbonilla (Ptycheulimella) polita Verrill. Four specimens (de-

termined by Verrill) are in the author’s cabinet. The two best ones

have ten whorls, and measure 7.5 mm. They are from Eastport,

Maine. |

Five specimens of Odostomia, collected at Provincetown, have the

many lines of trifida bedequensis. They are about the size and

shape of the P. E. I. specimens, and probably of that variety.

Odostomia ( Odostomia) modesta Stimpson. Two excellent speci-

mens of this species were found at Provincetown. ‘They are slightly

larger than the specimen used to illustrate Bartsch’s article.

Odostomia bisuturalis. An interesting variety lacking the revolv-

ing line, occurs at Provincetown. Mention may be made of three

pathological specimens of this species found at the same place. Deep

sutures and everted lip, they are one of nature’s jokes.

PYRAMIDELLA (SULCORINELLA) BARTSCHI n. sp. Fig.

Shell broadly conic, semi-transparent, vitreous. Nuclear whorls

small, deeply obliquely immersed in the first of the succeeding turns,

40 THE ‘NAUTIEU Ss

above which only the tilted edge of the last volution projects. Post-

nuclear whorls well rounded, moderately contracted at the sutures and

appressed at the summit, which falls in the middle of the peripheral

sulcus. Periphery of the last whorl somewhat inflated, marked by a

moderately deep sulcus, which is bounded on each side by a slender

raised thread. Base short, well rounded, with a moderately broad

umbilicus. Entire surface of spire and base marked by strong lines

of growth and numerous fine spiral striations. Aperture large,

rhomboidal; posterior angle obtuse; outer lip thin; columella slender,

curved and revolute, provided with a strong fold at its insertion.

The type is in the Winkley collection, and comes from Woods

Holl, Mass. It has seven post-nuclear whorls and measures, length

3.2 mm., diameter 1.6 mm.

I take pleasure in naming this for Mr. Paul Bartsch, of the Smith-

sonian Institution, and wish to express my thanks to him and Dr.

Dall for their help on this and other species.

Mr. Bartsch writes concerning the above: ‘‘ The single specimen

is a most interesting one; it represents a group (Sulcorinella) not

heretofore reported living.”

A NEW CARINIFEX FROM THE SANTA CLARA LAKE BEDS (PLIOCENE),

CALIFORNIA.

BY HAROLD HANNIBAL.

CARINIFEX SANCTECLARZ N. sp.

Shell small (for the genus), heavy, subglobular; spire depressed ;

whorls three, inflated, subcarinate at outer margin above, from which

the shell slopes concavely upward to a raised ridge bordering a nar-

row, rather deep sutural groove. Umbilicus narrow, marked off by

a sharp carina; lip complete, semilunar, full, reflexed below. Shell

marked by moderate, diagonal growth-lines, occasionally raised into

coarse ridges. Alt. 5 mm., lat. 8 mm.

Type locality: Near Los Gatos Limestone Quarry, Los Gatos,

Santa Cruz Mts., Cal.

This species is easily recognized by the concave upper surface of

the whorls. It varies somewhat in size, some specimens being twice

as large as the type, which is probably just mature.

It and Amnicola yatesiana J. G. C. are the two characteristic

THE NAUTILUS. 4}

species of the Santa Clara Lake beds. Cooper’ listed it as Cart-

nifex newberryi var. minor, which he had described previously, from

Clear Lake (living). The two have nothing specific in common

except their size.

Associated with these two species at various points about the val-

ley are the following species still living in northern California:

Anodonta cygnea nuttalliana Lea.

Anodonta angulata Lea.

Pompholyx effusa Lea.

Valvata virens Tryon.

In addition there are several indeterminate forms, an excellent

flora, and fragments of mammalian bones.

The figure, which will appear in a later issue, represents the type,

x 2, from a photograph by John Howard Paine, of Stanford Uni-

versity.

Stanford University, Cal.

NOTE ON PLANORBIS BINNEYI TRYON.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Mr. Winkley’s note on “ Variation” in the last NAUTILUS 1s very

interesting, and most of the examples given are characteristic. On

page 16, however, there is a reference to Planorbis which shows that

several species have been confused. The Dalton shells are binneye

and not trivolvis, as I have ascertained recently from an examination

of specimens in the Boston Society of Natural History, received

from Mr. Winkley.

This large Planorbis, surpassed only by the magnificus of Pilsbry,

has often been confused with trivolvis, most authors overlooking

Tryon’s reference to this species in his review of Binney’s work in

the American Journal of Conchology.

P. binneyi is a northern form, in many localities replacing ¢trivolvis.

I have collected it in Tomahawk Lake, Wisconsin, and in the St.

Lawrence River at Thousand Island Park. It may be known by its

large size, very wide whorls and pronounced longitudinal sculpture.

Specimens of the same size are much wider than ¢rivolvis and more

1 Cooper, J. G., Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), iv, p. 172, 1894.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

corpulent. It has been identified as corpulentus Say, but this is a

totally different species, the characters of which have been very fully

described by Mr. Bryant Walker in a previous volume of the

NAUvTILUS.

It would be interesting to know the exact range of binneyi, and I

would suggest that conchologists generally examine their collections

for this species, sending the information to either Mr. Walker, of

Detroit, or to me (or to both of us).

A large amount of exact data is needed to accurately determine

the range of the various species of fresh-water pulmonates, and a few

notes on this magnificent Planorbis will aid materially in this direction.

PISIDIUM MARCI, N. SP.

BY V. STERKI.

Mussel rather small, well inflated, high, slightly inequipartite and

oblique, with outlines well rounded; superior margin short, nearly

straight, with a rounded angle at its posterior end and a very slightly

marked one at the anterior; posterior and inferior margins forming

one regular, nearly circular curve, supero-anterior slope slightly

marked; beaks little posterior, large, somewhat flattened, well promi-

nent; surface shining, with medium fine, irregular strie and several

distinct lines of growth, the upper one marking off the nepionic

mussel (as in Musculium); color straw to yellowish-horn,' with

slightly marked lighter and darker zones; hinge short, rather slight,

but well formed, with a short ligament, plate narrow; cardinal teeth

somewhat curved; the right one moderately long, its posterior part

thicker and grooved; left anterior very short, ‘“‘ high,” abrupt, thin,

the posterior almost longitudinal, twice as long as the anterior, less

‘‘high,” slightly thicker and grooved in its posterior part; lateral

cusps short, pointed, the outer ones of the right valve smaller but

distinct, not pointed. |

Long. 3.5, alt. 3.4, diam. 2.5 mm.

Habitat: Mt. Leidy, Utah, at 10,000 feet, in a stagnant pond,

collected by Mr. Marcus H. Vall (son of Dr. Wm. H. Dall), in whose

honor the species is named, on September 18, 1905.

This Pisidium appears not to be closely related to any of our

1 Most specimens appear brownish from the dried soft parts.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

described species, and cannot be referred to one, even taking into

account the high altitude and the nature of the locality. It some-

what resembles some high forms of P. seutellatum St., but is less

oblique, has broader beaks, and the surface striz are coarser. The

short, pointed inner lateral cusps of the right valve are notable. The

nine specimens in the lot are remarkably uniform, two of them

somewhat over half grown, the others apparently mature. The one

opened for examining the hinge contained no visible embryos. The

types are in the U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 187491.

NOTES.

A Giant Squip.—]I received a letter to-day (April 2, 1909) from

Provincetown which contains an item I think should go on record.

It is as follows:

‘‘ The schooner ‘ Annie Perry’ found a giant squid off Highland

Light, Truro, Mass., last week and tried to hoist it on board the

vessel, but the rope cut the body in half. It was perfectly fresh, and

the crew took some of it for bait and caught quite a number of fish.

I saw one of the tentacles which they brought ashore, and it was per-

fectly fresh then. It was seven feet six inches long, and the suckers

were as large as a silver quarter. A piece of the body was, I should

think, four inches in thickness and the tentacles must have been four

inches in diameter at the larger end.”

The above must be the first record of the giant squid on our coast,

although they must exist off shore in deeper water. I have written

to see if I can secure the beaks or any part to aid in its identification.

(April 16,1909.) I have received a little more information in

regard to the giant squid taken off Highland Light, Truro. A letter

to-day says:

‘<The captain of the vessel who took the squid says it was a very

little larger than their dory, which is 16 or 17 feet in length. The

tentacle which they brought ashore was 74 feet long and had ‘ sucker

cups’ the whole length of it.” [This would show it was one of the

shorter tentacles.| ‘‘'The whole animal was shaped like the common

squid, that is, the body was not globular like the cuttlefish, but had

fins or flippers on the tail just like the common squid. ‘The piece

which I wrote about was cut out of the side, and about four inches

thick, and the whole body was about as large around (circumference)

44 THE NAUTILUS.

as a fish-barrel. The tentacle was 74 feet long, four inches thick at

the big end, and tapering away to a point.”

The above is what was written to me, but my correspondent could

not get any of the suckers, as the tentacle was thrown away before

he received my letter.—J. Henry BLAKE.

18 Prentiss St., Cambridge, Mass.

Dr. Victor STERKI, of New Philadelphia, Ohio, known for his

work on North American Sphaeriide and Pupillide, has been ap-

pointed an assistant in conchology in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg.

Dr. Sterki’s collection became the property of the Museum some

years ago.

Frreuson CoL_ection.—It will no doubt be a matter of in-

terest to the readers of TuHE NavurTiius to know that the large and

important collection of the late David Wilson Ferguson has been

presented to Columbia University by his sons, W. C. Ferguson, Esq.,

and Professor George A. Ferguson, of Columbia. A room has been

assigned for the exhibition of the collection in its entirety.—C.

Dayton GwyeEr.

Tue Concno.ocicaL Macazine.—With the April number

(Vol. iii, No. 4), Mr. Y. Hirase has decided to suspend the publica-

tion of his journal until about May, 1910, when “ No. 5, Vol. iii,

will be sent to you in a finer and larger form.” It is to be hoped

that conchologists will support more generally this valuable publica-

tion, the plates alone being worth more than its subscription price.

In the later numbers many new species have been described.

Tue August number of THe Nauti us will again be omitted,

owing to the absence of the editors during the greater part of July

and August. The usual number of pages will be given by increased

size of other months.

THE latest test when he comes home at 2 a. m. is to make him

try to sing the chorus of the song:

She sells seashells on the seashore,

The shells she sells are seashells, I’m sure,

For if she sells seashells on the seashore,

Then I’m sure she sells seashore shells.

If he can, he’s all right.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXIII. AUGUST-SEPTEMBER, 1909. No. 4

MOLLUSKS FROM NORTHEASTERN MEXICO.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

These shells were collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley during the past

winter, in the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The Panuco river

system has proved to be unexpectedly rich in fresh-water mollusks,

having a fine group of Unionide, a remarkable lot of Pachychili, a

new genus of Pleuroceratide, a Gundlachia, and various interesting

Amnicolida. Among the latter there are several genera unlike any

known American forms, and related to genera of the Old World.

I have elsewhere called attention to a little snail found by Mr.

Hinkley last year, Cozlostele tampicoensis, which is closely allied to

species of Spain, Syria and Arabia, but of a genus not before known

in the western world. The two genera following, Emmericia and

Pterides, seem to be similarly allied to European groups, and are

certainly quite unlike any other American Amnicolide yet known.

EMMERICIA.

This genus was established by the late Professor Spiridion Brusina,

of Agram, for a group of fresh-water snails resembling Bithynia in

shape, but having a paucispiral operculum and a thickened, ex-

panded lip, behind which there is a rounded ridge or wave. The

species inhabit Dalmatia and the adjacent region around the head of

the Adriatic Sea. The commonest and typical species is H. patula

(Brumati).

Several species found in the state of San Luis Potosi by Mr.

Hinkley are so close to Hmmericia in conchological characters that

I do not feel justified in separating them generically from that group,

46 THE NAUTILUS.

though when the soft parts and operculum come to hand it is quite

possible that the Mexican snails may prove to be generically distinct

from the Dalmatian. They differ chiefly by wanting a swelling be-

hind the expanded lip, and for this reason I erect for them the sub-

genus Hmmericiella, type EL. novimundt.

The Oriental group Tricula Benson, with a few Indian and

Philippine species, resembles Hmmericiella, but the inner lip is

straightened, making the aperture narrow and piriform.

EMMERICIA (EMMERICIELLA) NOVIMUNDI n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 9, 10.

The shell is imperforate but openly rimate, rather solid, ovate-

conic, smooth and glossy. The spire is straightly conic, apex obtuse,

the tip being depressed. Whorls 43, convex, separated by rather

deep sutures; last whorl well rounded, ascending to the aperture.

The aperture is oblong, vertical, or has the basal lip a little ad-

vanced. Peristome continuous, well expanded, thickened on the

face and within ; the outer lip is just perceptibly retracted near the

upper insertion; basal margin well rounded; columella concave,

thick. Parietal callus heavy, adnate, but with distinct edge in fully

adult shells, spreading forward in front of the aperture. Length 3.1,

diam. 1.9 mm.; longest axis of aperture, including peristome 1.60

mm. (fig. 10).

Bank of Choy River near the cave, State of San Luis Potosi.

The specimens are bleached; color in life unknown. These are

two perfect examples of the same size. With these are associated

several decidedly larger shells, in which the apex is broken, prob-

ably one whorl being lost. One of these—figured in profile, fig. 9—

measures, length 3.5, aperture 1.9 mm., 4 whorls remaining.

EMMERICIA (EMMERICIELLA) LONGA n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 11, 12.

The shell resembles H. novimundi but is more shortly rimate, of a

turrited shape, with 54 more convex whorls. Aperture is more

produced forward below, and the parietal callus spreads forward less.

The outer and basal margins are well expanded. Length 4.1, diam.

2, longest axis of aperture including lip 1.6 mm.

Two complete and one broken specimen, found with the preceding

species.

The new subgenus EMMERICIELLA is proposed for American

Emmericie, in which there is no wave or ridge behind the lip-ex-

pansion, and the columellar margin of the aperture is built forward

THE NAUTILUS. 47

more than in HKuropean forms, forming a conspicuously rimate um-

bilical region. Type Z. novimundi.

PTERIDES, n. gen.

The shell is minute, rimate, long and narrow, composed of many

convex whorls, (7 to 10 in known species); apex obtuse, the first

whorl large. Aperture small, diagonal, elliptical, the peristome

thin, continuous, expanded throughout or at the ends, where it is re-

tracted to form shallow spout-like sinuses. Operculum and soft parts

unknown. Type P. pterostoma.

These remarkable little snails are without relatives among known

American genera. They may be compared only with a genus found

about forty years ago in the flood-débris of the rivers of southern

France and Spain, and described by Bourguignat under the generic

name PALADILHIA,' and with another group, LaArtTeTia’, described

from quaternary fossils found around Paris, but now known to inhabit

subterranean waters and springs of central Europe, where most of the

German species have been described as Vitrella Clessin.

Both Paladilhia and Lartetia are small, slender shells with the

aperture ovate, the outer lip bending forward below, retracted near

the upper insertion. In Paladilhia there is a rather narrow, Pleuro-

tomoid notch above, leaving a sort of indistinct sinus-band; in

Lartetia there is only a broad, rounded sinus. In my opinion the

two groups are not generically distinct, Lartetia being at most a

subgenus of Paladithia.’

These forms, and especially the Lartet¢e, are apparently the

nearest allies of the Mexican Pterides, which differs from them

chiefly by the diagonal, oblong aperture with broadly expanding lip.

1 Paladilhia Bourguignat, Monographie du Genre Palad., 1865. The type,

P. pleurotoma Bgt,, is a snail measuring 4x2 mm., found in the drift débris of

the Lez, a little river near Montpellier, dept. de l’Hérault, and believed to in-

habit subterranean watercourses.

2 Lartetia Bourguignat, Catalogue des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des

environs de Paris a l’époque Quaternaire (in E. Belgrand: Le Seine—l1, Le

Bassin Parisien aux ages Antéhistoriques), pp. 15,17 (1869). Type L. bel-

grand Begt.

>The normal forms of the genus are those called Lartetia, Paladilhia being

an extreme development in one or two species only; but the latter name has

priority for the genus, having been described in 1865, while Lartetia dates

from 1869,

48 THE NAUTILUS.

PTERIDES PTEROSTOMA n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6.

The shell is rimate, long and slender, composed of numerous

slowly increasing, strongly convex whorls. Apex obtuse. Aperture

diagonal, obliquely oval. Peristome thin, continuous, very broadly

expanded, retracted and more broadly spreading at the two ends,

where it is somewhat spout-like. Color unknown, the specimens

being bleached.

Length 2.25, diam. of last whorl above aperture .75 mm.; longest

axis of aperture 1.1 mm.; whorls 7 (figs. 5, 6).

Length 2.75, diam. above aperture .8, longest axis of aperture 1.2

mm.; whorls 84 (figs. 1, 2).

Eight specimens examined. There is considerable variation in

length and number of whorls. Figs. 5, 6 represent the type.

PTERIDES RHABDUS n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 3, 4.

The shell is very slender, slowly tapering to the rather large sum-

mit, composed of nearly 10 very convex whorls separated by a deep

suture ; last whorl very convex. Aperture small, elliptical, diag-

onal, rounded at both ends. Peristome thin, continuous, somewhat

expanded, deeply sinused above, the parietal margin adnate for a

short distance. Length 3, diam. above aperture .75, longest axis of

aperture .7 mm.

Choy River near the cave, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

This species is much narrower than P. pterostoma, with more

whorls and a smaller aperture. The outer lip may perhaps become

more expanded with further growth ; if so it would apparently be like

that of P. pterostoma. Described from a single specimen. While it

may possibly prove to be an extreme form of P. pterostoma, I do not

feel justified in uniting such unlike forms without evidence of inter-

gradation.

PTERIDES BISINULABRIS n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 7, 8.

The shell is very slender, slowly tapering from the very obtuse

apex, composed of 8 smooth, strongly convex whorls, the last half of

the last whorl free from the preceding. Aperture diagonal, ellipti-

cal, the peristome continuous, free, thin, hardly expanding except at

the two ends, where it is retracted, slightly produced and flaring.

The outer margin is arched a little more than the inner. Length

2.5, diam. above aperture .7, longest axis of the aperture .65 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 49

Gannina River, three miles S.-W. of San Dieguito, State of San

Luis Potosi. A single specimen taken.

Smaller than P. pterostoma with the last whorl free, the aperture

sinused at both ends, and the lip hardly expanded. |

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS.

BY DR, CARLOS DE LA TORRE, HAVANA, CUBA.

MACROCERAMUS HENDERSONI n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 5.

The shell is perforate, conic-turrited, thin, the last 5 whorls

corneous-brown, profusely and finely mottled with opaque white,

with a series of irregular, lengthened brown spots at the periphery,

showing above the suture on the spire; first 24 whorls blackish-

brown, the next two dark, broadly maculate with white. Surface

glossy, the first 4 whorls smooth, the rest closely and finely striate,

the striz low, as wide as their intervals, and very oblique. The

spire is straightly conic, apex rather acute. Whorls 11, slightly

convex, separated by a smooth suture, the last whorl well rounded

peripherally and beneath. Aperture very oblique, ovate, marked

with brown inside. Peristome expanded and reflexed, yellow or

pale red. Columella brown, short, dilated, and having a rather

strong but short fold above. Parietal callus transparent. The in-

ternal axis is slender and distinctly twisted spirally.

Length 19, diam. 9.5, length of aperture 8 mm.

Length 20, diam. 9.8, length of aperture 8 mm.

Length 18, diam. 9.5, length of aperture 8 mm.

Sierra de Cubitas, Camaguey, Cuba.

This species is very distinct from all others now known, differing

from the canimarensis group by the total absence of a basal carina,

and from the forms prevalent in Eastern Cuba by its thin texture,

sculpture and coloration. It is one of the largest and finest of the

Cuban species.

The coloration is very well shown in the figure. Besides the

profuse and fine mottling with white there are occasional longitudinal

white flames, bordered on the left side with dark, unmarked spaces.

CHONDROPOMA HENDERSONI n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 6.

The shell is umbilicate, conic-turrite, narrowly truncate, rather

solid. Last four whorls rather closely and subregularly marked

50 THE NAUTILUS.

with slightly oblique stripes of red-brown, ochre, blue and white, the

base red with white radial streaks; when whorls above the last four

are retained they are scarlet with some white streaks.

The surface is glossy, with traces of fine, nearly effaced growth-

striz, and under close inspection some widely spaced lines may be

seen, indicating periodicity in growth. Spiral sculpture consists of

fine, distinct but low spiral threads, larger ones at intervals: 4, 5, or

6 smaller strie between the larger; around the umbilicus the striz

are coarser, alternately larger, and latticed by the growth-strie.

Above the penultimate whorl the spirals are subequal. The spire is

straightly conic, with 4 whorls below the tongue-shaped apical sep-

tum; but an empty whorl or more persists above the septum. The

whorls are strongly convex, separated by a smooth, simple and deep

suture, which close to the aperture descends a little more rapidly, the

last whorl becoming free there for a short distance. The aperture is

vertical, slightly longer than wide; the outer side more convex than

the inner; reddish-brown inside. Peristome thin, the inner half

nearly white, outer half brown-tinted ; broadly reflexed throughout,

a little retracted above and below, slightly produced in a short lobe

above. Operculum unknown.

Length 25, diam. 15.5 mm.; aperture with perist. 12 mm. long.;

4 whorls remaining.

Length 27, diam. 15 mm.; aperture with perist. 12 mm. long., 5

whorls remaining.

Sierra del Ancén, northwest of Vifiales, prov. Pinar del Rio, Cuba.

This magnificent species is related to C. hamlint var. major Crosse

(Jour. de Conchyl., 1890, p. 300, pl. v, f. 6 a, 6). but that is a far

smaller shell, length about 17 mm., with chestnut-brown streaks ex-

tending upon the base. The figure in black and white gives a poor

idea of the beautiful coloring of this shell, which is named in honor

of my friend, John B. Henderson, Jr.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR.

HELICINA TORREI n. sp. PI. 4, figs. 1, 2, 3.

The shell is depressed, very solid, the last whorl cream-white,

gradually changing on the penultimate to sulphur-yellow, the color

THE NAUTILUS. 51

of the spire. The surface is lusterless, with sculpture of strongly

raised, rough spiral ridges parted by much wider concave intervals.

On the last whorl there are 18 such ridges, stronger and more

widely separated in the peripheral region. The intervals are

obliquely roughly striate, and the wider ones above the periphery

have also a few spiral threads. Six spiral ridges show on the pen-

ultimate whorl. They gradually become weaker on the spire. The

embryonic whorl is rather large (2 mm. diam ), and smooth except

for faint radial strie. Whorls 4, rapidly widening, almost flat, the

last whorl descends shortly to the aperture, and is convex beneath.

Aperture large, flaring, strongly oblique, white with a trace of yel-

low within. ‘The peristome is well expanded, thickened within

some distance from the edge. There is a transverse tubercle at the

junction of columella and basal lip. The axial callus is pure white,

not very thick, spreading within nearly to the outer termination of

the lip. Edge of parietal callus is very thin.

Alt. 15.5, diam. 26,5 mm.

Operculum calcareous, shining, bluish-white with iridescent

lights, reddish on margins and densely covered with minute granules

separated by species of about equal width.

Collected by T. Wayland Vaughan at Los Negros, 25 miles

southeast of Bayamo in the province of Oriente, Cuba, in woods on

low limestone hills.

This superb species I take pleasure in naming after Dr. Carlos

de la Torre of Havana.

CEPOLIS ALAUDA CYMATIA n. subsp. PI. 4, fig. 4.

The shell closely resembles C. alauda avellanea (Fér.) in texture —

and coloration, but differs by its more elevated, more conic spire,

and by having a strong oblique crest behind the lip. Alt. 24, diam.

28 mm.; whorls 54.

Cuba ; exact locality of the type unknown.

This well-marked variety, not uncommon in collections, appears

hitherto to have escaped observation. I have no doubt that ina

critical revision of the Coryda group this form will be given spe-

cific rank.

52 THE NAUTILUS.

BIFIDARIA ARMIFERA SAY, AND ITS VARIETIES.

BY V. STERKI.

It has long beer known that B. armtfera is variable with respect

to some of its features, but it seems that no attempt has been made

to ascertain whether there are any real, tangible varieties. Careful

examination of about 2,000 specimens from many places,’ during the

last few months, has proved that, after eliminating B. clappt as a

‘distinct species, there are several well-marked varieties, with features

which are of interest also in a general way.

B. armifera (Say) typical.2?- Shell more or less fusiform, decid-

edly short to rather elongate and slender, vitreous, colorless to very

pale horn, or slightly milky-white; surface shining, with compara-

tively coarse, irregular striz; whorls 64-8, the average being about

7, the last somewhat rounded, keel-like, at the base, somewhat flat-

tened over the palate, usually with a distinct, linear scar over the

lower palatal plica; aperture rather large, rounded, peristome well

everted, continuous, or its ends approximate, often with a connecting

callus; inside the palate a rather strong, white callus into which the

palatal plice merge; parieto-angular lamelle rather large and long,

distinctly complex, the angular connecting with the peristome, the

spur * of the parietal small but distinct; columellar massive, encircling

the column, with an annex downward and inward; inferior col-

umellar variable as to size, shape and position, sometimes a mere

callus, often wanting; lower palatal plica regular, rather long, stout,

upper palatal much shorter and smaller; suprapalatal distinct or slight

or wanting; an interpalatal is not infrequent.

Alt. 3.5-5, average 4-4.5, diam. 2.2-2.5 mm.

Distributed over the whole area covered by the species.

B. a. interpres, n. var. Near the typical form, generally some-

what slender; inferior columellar lam. rather high up, the base is

narrow inside and more keel-like outside; the aperture is narrowly

rounded at the base, and from this feature specimens are easily rec-

ognized. More than any other form this shows clearly that the

so-called ‘ basal” is really an inferior columellar.

1There are 160 entries in my collection of B. armifera and varieties, and

many others were received for examination.

? Dr. Pilsbry had the kindness to look up Say’s original specimens in the

collection of the Phila. Acad., and wrote me that they are of this form.

® See Tur Navritvus, XXII, p. 108, foot-note.

THE NAUTILUS, XXI‘}. PLAT Ealye

NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS.

PiaBeNAO TLELUS;, X XIII. PIA Ey V.

EMMERICIA AND PTERIDES.

THE NAUTILUS. 53

Distribution: Southern, especially southwestern; it appears to be

the prevalent form in Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and thus repre-

sents a geographical variety. ‘

B. a. similis, n. var. Averaging somewhat smaller; more cylin-

drical, often more or less conical; whorls less convex; surface striz

slighter; shell generally more milky-whitish, as noticed especially

when a number of each, armzfera and similis, are placed side by side;

peristome never continuous, somewhat less everted; the columellar

lam. is slighter, generally more protracted downward, the lower

palatal is shorter, sometimes quite short; the spur of the parietal is

larger.

Distribution; Northern New York to Iowa, Minnesota, Ontario.

B. a. affinis, n. var. Somewhat small and slight; near similis, but

less cylindrical, rather somewhat oblong; whorls 6—64, somewhat

more convex than in stmilis, the last rounded at the base and little

flattened over the palate, with none ora slight scar over the lower

palatal plica; aperture somewhat rounded, peristome never continu-

ous; parieto-angular lam. well connected with the peristome, spur of

the parietal larger than in typical armzfera; columellar nearly axial,

a broad lamella, reaching down to the base, with distinct lines of

growth, visible from the outside through the (fresh) shell below the

umbilicus, as in B. contracta; inferior columellar wanting or smalls

lower palatal quite short, or even a transverse, short, abrupt lamella.

Alt. 3.5—4, diam, 2.2-3 mm.

Distribution: Northern Ohio, Michigan, Indiana to Minnesota

and Kansas; seems rather scarce in the first-named States, common

in Kansas. Found, e. g., on sandy dunes on Lake Erie in Ohio.

It is notable and significant that both the columellar and the lower

palatal in this form are of the same shape as in B. contracta, while

in typical armifera they are quite different, yet the latter shows a

tendency to having the peristome continuous, while in affinis its ends

are always apart.

B. a. abbreviata, n. var. Averaging rather small, slight, some-

what fusiform to ovate or cylindro-conical; apex low, conical or

rounded; whorls only 54-6 (rarely 64), little convex, with the penul-

timate comparatively broader than in the other forms, the last

rounded at the base, slightly flattened over the palate; color some-

what milky-whitish; surface with a dullish gloss, striz fine and slight;

aperture somewhat small; peristome moderately everted, its ends (in

a4 THE NAUTILUS.

most forms) comparatively far apart; lamelle and plice: parieto-

angular not or slightly connecting with the peristome, spur small;

columellar rather as in typical armifera, but smaller, slighter; infe-

rior columellar tooth-like, placed obliquely, more constant than in

other forms as to size, shape and position; lower palatal regular but

slight, often rather short; suprapalatal rather constant.

Alt. 3.3-3.8, rarely 4—4.2, diam. 1.9-2.2 mm.; some specimens are

low, almost globular, e. g., alt. 3.2, diam. 2.1 mm.

Numerous specimens seen from Bismarck, N. D.; Eastport, Ia.

(Missouri River drift); Lincoln, Neb.; Nickerson, Kans.

As B. a. ruddosensts, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell’ has denoted a

form from New Mexico: ‘Shell only 4 mm. long, with the two

outer teeth a considerable distance within the aperture.” The de-

scription is somewhat meagre, but the variety may stand on its

merits. There are, however, specimens from various places of New

Mexico with the lower palatal plica rather short and rather remote

from the margin, the columellar rather simple and comparatively

small; alt. 3.8-4.2 mm.; they may be of ruzdosensis.

The interrelations of these forms will be discussed elsewhere, and

figures given.

B. armifera appeared to be rather well known, being the largest

of the genus, fairly common over a wide territory, and probably the

one best represented in collections. Yet a closer study of its forms

has shown some interesting facts with respect to morphology, phy-

logeny and distribution. As Mr. Clapp expressed it, with a view to

this variation and the externally similar B. clappi: ‘‘We can no

longer say that a Bifidaria is simply armifera because it is big and

white.”

MORE NOTES CN THE FAMILY PYRAMIDELLIDE.

BY PAUL BARTSCH, M. S., PH. D.

In the ‘* American Journal of Science”? for June, 1909, pp. 475-

484, Dr. K. J. Bush reviews my paper on the “ Pyramidellide of

New England and the Adjacent Region,” and discusses in a general

1Tun Navrinus, XIII, p. 36. The specimen referred to is not at hand, and

I cannot remember exactly what it was. The type is in coll. Acad. Nat.

Sciences.

THE NAUTILUS. 55

way a number of other papers upon the same group published by

Dr. Dall and myself, as well as some of her own and of Prof. Ver-

rill’s works upon the family.

In this contribution quite a number of facts are presented, which

are at variance with the data at my disposal. Iam forced to pub-

lish the following notes in order that there may be no misunderstand-

ing.

It is a great pity that Dr. Bush did not publish the manuscript

she prepared in 1896. As it is, the MS. names have no standing

and cannot enter into the discussion of the present work.

I was not aware that Dr. Bush was working upon this group at

the time I prepared my manuscript, her last publication upon it hav-

ing appeared nine years ago, nor was I aware that Dr. Bush had seen

Mr. Winkley’s material, which was incorporated in my report, as

was implied in her review. I wish likewise to disclaim any intended

discourtesy in not acknowledging Dr. Bush’s work in my intro-

duction, for I considered both of her papers as extralimital. The

one dealt with Carolinian, Floridian, West Indian and South Amer-

ican species (with a reference to Turbonilla interrupta Totten); the

other with Bermudan forms.

The matter of classification is so fully discussed in the monograph

on the West American Pyramidellide by Dr. Dall and myself now

going through the press, that I shall not refer to any of the state-

ments concerning it here, but will refer any one interested in the

subject to the forthcoming volume. I will say, however, that

Pyrgostelis (which has no standing) was never used by us, Dr. Bush

notwithstanding, and that Zriptychus and Peristichia are Pyramidel-

lid ; they have a sinistral nucleus and columellar folds, the family

characters of the group. Here also I may say that Dr. Bush is in

error when she states that Dr. Dall and myself furnished the text on

the mollusks in Dr. Arnold’s paper on the Paleontology and Strati-

graphy of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene of California : Mem.

Cala. Acad., III, 1903. We contributed only that part which deals

with the Pyramidellide.

I believe that all of the present differences of opinion could have

been avoided if Dr. Verrill had yielded to my request and had sent

me specimens of what he considered typical representatives of

some of the older species as well as some of those described by him-

self. All of the early collections of northeastern American marine

56 THE NAUTILUS.

invertebrates were placed in Professor Verrill’s charge by the U. S.

Bureau of Fisheries for report, and have been in his care until very

recently, when most of them were returned to the custody of the

U.S. National Museum. It would seem only natural that I should

have had specimens for comparison ; first, because they represented

government material reported upon, and, secondly, because when

Miss Bush was at work upon her southern report, Dr. Dall furn-

ished her with cotypes and authentic material as requested, and as

duly acknowledged in her report.

I neither had nor have any desire to enter into a controversy with

any one concerning these old species, the original descriptions of

which in some instances are so poor that it is scarcely possible to re-

fer them to the proper subgenus, and which in most cases might be

applied to almost any member of a subgenus. No types are extant,

some having been burned in the Chicago and Portland fires and

others lost.

There is only one of two ways open in dealing with such names,

viz., to place them as ‘ sedes incertae,”’ or to fix them to some known

species. The latter method was adopted by Prof. Verrill, and I

attempted as far as it was in my power to follow his dictum, the only

logical method under the circumstances.

The subgenus Hulimella will have to be dropped from our New

England list, now that Dr. Bush has been able to show that the two

specimens identified by Prof. Verrill as Hulimella ventricosa Forbes,

are Turbonilla (Ptycheulimella) polita (Verrill) and Acls tenuts

Verrill. I have seen no specimens of Hulimella from New England,

and quoted it on Dr. Verrill’s authority as stated.

Pyramidella (Syrnola) smithii Verrill has only a single fold on the

columella, hence is a Syrnola; not a Hulimella, which has two folds.

I have seen C. B. Adams’ types at Amherst College, and feel no

need of changing my statement regarding Pyramidella (Syrnola)

fusca and producta. J agree with Dr. Bush that they are not typi-

cal Syrnolas; that is why I placed the ? after Syrnola. It is quite

probable that these two species and S.? winkley: may belong to a new

group, but I have refrained from giving it a name until some knowl-

edge of the animal might be obtained. These are by no means

Odostomias, but are nearest to if not exactly congeneric with Syrnola.

My Turbonilla (Turbonilla) nivea Stimpson, was an acceptance of |

Professor Verrill’s interpretation of thatspecies. The specimen listed

THE NAUTILUS. oe

as cat. no. 45481 U. S. N. M., from station 949, off Martha’s Vin-

yard, 1881, was determined by him, and the others which I listed,

were carefully compared with it and was found absolutely conspecific.

As to Turbonilla ( Turbonilla) striata Verrill, I must again say that

I followed Prof. Verrill’s dictum ; the 15 specimens listed as cat. no.

62340 U. S. N. M., from Naushon gutters, 1883, were determined

by him, like the 11 entered under cat. no. 203815 U. S. N. M., from

Naushon, 1883, the two last being part of the material recently re-

turned, and the other two lots listed are absolutely conspecific with

these. J] am therefore at a loss to understand how I could possibly

have erred in the interpretation of the species.

I have no additional data concerning Turbonilla (Chemnitzia)

equalis Say.

Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) bushiana Verrill, will have to remain in

this subgenus. It falls well within Sacco’s definition: ‘“ Testa sicut

in TURBONILLA (stricto sensu), sed transversim striole parvillime

(sub lente vix visibiles) plerumque tantum in spatiis intercostalibus,

interdum etiam supra costas decurrentes saepe suboblitz. Cost lon-

gitudinales basim versus gradatim evanescentes. Costicilla circum-

basalis nulla. Teste basis subrotunda.”’

Page 481. I shall reserve my judgment regarding Turbonilla

(Pyrgiscus) areolata Verrill, until I have had the opportunity to

make comparisons with the type. I may say, however, that the

affinity of our specimens are not with Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) vina,

as suggested by Dr. Bush, but with Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) elegans

Verrill.

The most interesting part of the whole review comes under the

head ‘* Turbonilla interrupta (Totten) Bush, 1899, pp. 148-151.”

Of this species Dr. Bush gives her own interpretation, and empha-

sises her opinion with a figure of what she considers the true ‘ in-

terrupta Totten’’—stating that ‘‘ the specimen described (p. 87),

and figured by Bartsch, unfortunately does not agree with this,

therefore I would distinguish it as Turbonilla pseudointerrupta, new

name.”

There is only one fault with Dr. Bush’s deductions, namely, that

our figure and description were based upon the same individual which

has served for her figure of typical interrupta. The figured speci-

men from Sta. 770, Narragansett Bay, in 8 fms., dredged in 1880,

is now entered under cat. no. 202889 U.S. N.M. It came to usin

58 THE NAUTILUS.

1907, when a large part of the Bureau of Fisheries collection in

Dr. Verrill’s charge was turned over to the U.S. National Museum,

and bears the legend, ‘‘ Sta. 770, Figured, 7. interrupta Totten,” in

Dr. Bush’s handwriting. The name Turbonilla pseudointerrupta

Bush, is therefore superfluous.

Dr. Bush states that Odostomia bushiana Bartsch, is preoccupied

by Odostomia bushiana Jeffreys, 1884. I have been unable to find

any such name. ‘The only reference to bushiana by Jeffries in 1884

that I know, is to Turbonilla bushiana Verrill.

I am not in position to give any opinion upon what Dr. Bush’s

young shell from Woods Holl may be, but I do know that our shell is

an QOdostomia belonging to the subgenus Jolea. JTol@a, like Menes-

tho, from which it is distinguished by having an umbilicus, is quite

variable in its strength of sculpture. Odostomia (lol@a) hendersont

Bartsch, is neither the type species nor the norm, of lole@a, but comes

well within itsdefinition. It does not belong to the same family to

which Aciis belongs.

A single specimen of Phastanella sulcosa Mighels, was found by

Mighels in Casco Bay. It was described in 1843, Bost. Journ. Nat.

Hist., IV, p. 858, Pl. XVI, f. 4, and later doubtfully referred to

Rissoella by Stimpson. It is quite probable that it really belongs to

Menestho, the subgenus of Odostomia, which it resembies in sculp-

ture, but no plication is shown or mentioned on the columella, and

nothing is said of the nucleus. The lack of positive data concerning

these characters kept me from referring it to the Pyramidellide.

I would be pleased to know upon what grounds Dr. Bush hases

her contention of the synonymy of Phastanella sulcosa Mighels, and

Odostomia (Menestho) sulcata Verrill; for Mighels’ description and

figure are entirely different from Professor Verrill’s description, and

Dr. Bush’s figure of Odostomia (Menestho) suleata Verrill.

Phasianella suleosa Mighels, is represented much more inflated

than Odostomia (Menestho) sulcata Verrill. P. sulcosa Mighels, has

three incised spiral grooves between the sutures on each whorl, and

three or four on the base, while Odostomia (Menestho) sulcata Ver-

rill is represented as having five spiral grooves between the sutures

and nine upon the base. A glance at the two figures alone is enough

to convince one that they are not at all specifically related, and this

deduction is verified by the description. I do not believe that the

author of the latter species would agree to bave his species put under

THE NAUTILUS. 59

the synonymy of Mighels’ Phastanella suleosa. Under these circum-

stances, Odostomia (Menestho) morseana will have to do duty as stated

in my text, p. 104.

I object emphatically to the lumping of Odostomia bisuturalts Say

and O. trifida Totten. In the 1700 and more specimens that I have

seen, I have no difficulty whatever in distinguishing them. It is true

that trifida sometimes has the three suprasutural grooves poorly de-

veloped, but I have never seen them completely absent, as is the case

with disuturalis.

I also deny that there is avy special relationship between Odos-

tomia (Menestho) bedequensis and Odostomia (Menestho) impressa Say.

The relationship of Odostomia (Menestho) trifida and Odostomia

(Menestho) trifida bedequensis I believe is parallel to that between

O. (M.) bisuturalis and O. (M.) bisuturalis ovilensis.

Dr. Bush questions whether I intended to use the word ‘ spiral ”

in the fourth line of my description of Odostomia (Menestho) impressa

Say. Idid. ‘Spiral’’ is correct.

The specimen described and figured by me as Odostomia ( Odosto-

mia) modesta Stimpson, will have to be cited as Odostomia ( Odosto-

mia) gibbosa Bush.

Dr. Bush states (p. 482, last paragraph), “that the shell which

is referred to Odostomia (Odostomia) dealbata Stimpson,” is not the

same as fig. 595, given in Binney—Gould, p. 327;” of the latter she

says: ‘“‘ This, as indicated in a marginal note, represents a much

larger and different species, which may be called O. gouldiz, new

name.” Unfortunately, the name Odostomia gouldii was used by

Dr. Carpenter in 1865, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd ser., XV., p.

30, for a West American species, and can therefore not serve in the

present instance.

Summing up Dr. Bush’s review I must say that nearly all the

questions raised in it could have been settled better by correspond-

ence than by discussion in print. It is somewhat unfortunate that

Dr. Bush should not have published her paper written thirteen

years ago, but I cannot see how this can now be helped. I have given

all my spare time to this group since 1897, and hope, now that the

West Coast is cleared up, to consider the Atlantic side of America.

The field is much larger than any one, who has given it less atten-

tion, would imagine. My card catalogue of described forms contains

somewhere between 2,500 and 3,000 names, including recent and

fossil species.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES.

VIVIPARUS IN PHILADELPHIA.—A find which may be of interest —

to readers of the NauTiLus was made by the undersigned a few

weeks ago near Horticultural Hall in Fairmount Park. The species

was Viviparus contectus (Mill.). It has not before been reported

from Philadelphia, and as far as I know not from the State. The

females were larger than the males and outnumbered them. Most

of the adult females were pregnant. ‘The sex was determined in 14

males and 39 females. In 18 specimens it could not be determined

readily. The specimens are in my own collection and that of the

Academy of Natural Sciences. The lily pond in which they were

collected had just been restocked with plants, and Mr. Pilsbry, to

whom I owe the identification, suggested that the snails had been

introduced on the plants. Two years ago they were unknown in

the same pond.—JosHua T. Bairy, JR.

We have to announce the death, July 28th, at Los Angeles, Cal.,

of Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, in his 82d year. Also, of Mr. William G.

Binney, on July 25th, at his home, 222 East Union St., Burling-

ton, N. J

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A PRELIMINARY List OF THE UNIONID& OF WESTERN PENN-

SYLVANIA, WITH NEw LOCALITIES FOR SPECIES FROM EASTERN

PENNSYLVANIA. By Dr. A. E, ORTMANN (Annals of the Carnegie

Museum, Vol. V, pp. 178-210, 1909). An interesting review on -

the geographical distribution of the Unionide in Pennsylvania.

Some 46 species are recorded from the Ohio River drainage, 17

from the Lake Erie drainage, and 14 from the Atlantic drainage.

THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FRESH-WATER FauNnA IN WESTERN

PENNSYLVANIA. By Dr. A. E. Ortmann (Proc. Amer. Phil.

Soc., Vol. 48, pp. 90-110, 1909). A paper of general interest to

all zoologists, showing clearly with the aid of a map the great

changes which have taken place in comparatively few years. Situ-

ated in the great oil and coal region, this section has suffered more

than areas where the streams are only polluted by the sewage of the

large towns and cities.

SHELLS OF MAINE, A CATALOGUE OF THE LAND, FRESH-WATER

AND MARINE SHELLS OF Maine. By Norman WALLACE LER-

MOND. An up-to-date list of the shells of Maine, containing 403

species and 38 varieties, with the principal synonymy and their dis-

tribution. The introduction contains a review of the work done by

previous authors and others. Privately printed by the author at

Thomaston, Maine.

DR. R. E. C. STEARNS

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXITI. OCTOBER, 1909. No. 5

A NEW BELA FROM FRENCHMAN’S BAY, MAINE.

BY KATHARINE J. BUSH, PH. D.

BELA BLANEYI, sp. nov. Fig. 1.

Type locality—South of Egg Rock buoy in about 30 fathoms

mud and gravel, Frenchman’s Bay, Maine.

Two dead specimens dredged by Mr. Blaney were recently sent

me for identification. They are of especial interest as they prove to

be unlike any species hitherto known from the American waters.

The only one which they at all resemble is the Bela tncisula Verrill

{Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences,

vol. V, p. 461, pl. xliii, fig. 12 and pl. Ivii, fig. 14, 1882).

Fie. 1. Brna BLANEYI.

They differ from that species in having more elongated whorls and

therefore appear more slender. ‘The ribs are very little raised and

are indicated rather by the deepened interspaces than by being raised

above the general surface level along the shoulder which is roundly

angulated; on some portions of the whorls these ribs blend entirely

62 THE NAUTILUS.

with the sinuous lines of growth. The smaller specimen of four (4)

whorls is destitute of spiral lines, either raised or incised, but the

larger one of five (5) whorls has about fifteen (15) very faint incised

spiral lines on the body whorl commencing well below the shoulder

and are so shallow as to scarcely interrupt the otherwise smooth

surface; there are also occasional faint indications of one or two

spirals just above the suture on the preceding whorl. The one and

one-half (1.5) nuclear whorls are well rounded and apparently

smooth (this may be due to erosion) and regularly coiled. The

epidermal layer has a delicate yellow tint.

The larger specimen measures 7 mm. in length by 3.5 mm. in

width. The smaller, 5.5 mm. in length by 3 mm. in width.

I take much pleasure in naming the species in the honor of Mr.

and Mrs. Dwight Blaney, of Boston, Mass., and Ironbound Island,

Maine who have long been enthusiastic collectors and students of

New England mollusks and have added much to our knowledge

of the fauna.

Yale University, September, 1909.

LIST OF SHELLS FROM FRENCHMAN’S BAY, MAINE.

BY DWIGHT BLANEY.

The following list of additions to the shell-bearing Mollusks of

Frenchman’s Bay, is supplementary to the lists published in 1904

and 1906. (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 23-41,

and Navtitus, Vol. XIX, No. 10, p. 110). The writer is in-

debted to Dr. K. J. Bush and Mr. C. W. Johnson for the identifi-

cation of the various species.

Leda caudata, Lovén. One fine specimen.

Odostomia sulcosa (Mighels)= O. sulcata Verrill. (See K. J.

Bush, Am. Journal Sci., Vol. X XVII, p. 475, 1909.)

We have dredged 20 specimens of this interesting species, the

largest being 4 mm. long. Some with the distinct upturned nucleus

most perfect.

Odostomia dealbata (Stimp.) Six specimens.

Bela decussata var. pusilla Verrill. (Trans. Conn. Acad. Vol.

V, 1882, p. 481). <A fine series dredged off Egg Rock.

Note.—Among our large series of B. incisula V., we have found

THE NAUTILUS. 63

considerable variation in the longitudinal sculpture, and have been

able to arrange good series of a form without any longitudinal ribs,

which seems worthy of being a good variety ; we have also arranged

a good series of an intermediate form showing numerous ribs which

grade into the typical form as described and figured by Prof. Verrill.

(Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V, p. 461, pl. xliii, fig. 12.) We have

good examples of the very young of all three forms, showing the sub-

nucular whorls forming the characteristic sculpture.

Bela blaneyi Bush. Two specimens, one immature and one

adult, (see previous article).

Philine lima (Brown) = P. lineolata Stimp. ‘Two specimens

dredged off Egg Rock, one alive.

Retusa obtusa Montg. var. turrita Moller. Six specimens.

Note.—We have been able this season to dredge fine specimens,

both valves, of Pecten islandicus (Muller.), Serripes greenlandicus

(Gmelin), Panomya norvegica (Spengler), Cyrtodaria siliqua

(Chem.), and Cochlodesma leanum (Conrad). Of all of which we

had previously dredged only single valves.

A NEW LAND SHELL FROM BERMUDA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND E.G. VANATTA.

ZONITOIDES BERMUDENSIS n. sp. Fig. la, b, c, d.

The shell is broadly umbilicate, much depressed, with low convex

spire and rounded periphery, glossy, yellow. First 14 whorls corn-

eous, smooth, the rest distinctly, rather irregularly striate, the base

a little smoother. Under the compound microscope very faint traces

of minute spiral striz may be seen, chiefly on the upper surface.

Whorls 54, convex, slowly increasing, the last less convex below

than in the peripheral region ; the umbilicus perspectivey broadly

open, one-third the total diameter of the shell. Aperture lunate,

wider than high, but not much wider than the umbilicus.

Alt. 2.3, diam. 5.7 mm.; width of umbilicus 1.8, aperture 2 mm.

Church Cave, near Tuckers’ Town, Bermuda. ‘Types no. 91,152,

A. N.S. P., collected by Mr. Stewardson Brown, J905 and 1909.

This species has more whorls and a smaller apex than Z. excavata

(Bean), it is more depressed, the last whorl is less convex beneath,

and the umbilicus is larger. Z. arborea (Say) has invariably a

64 THE NAUTILUS.

much smaller umbilicus than the Bermudian species, which is more

depressed than Z. nitida, with a more open and perspective umbilicus.

This shell is abundant at the place mentioned, where it is asso-

ciated with numerous other land shells, most of them native species.

We have been unable to find any foreign species to which this may

be referred. It seems to be indigenous. The generic reference has

been verified by examination of the dentition, which has teeth of the

type usual in Zonitoides. There are 6 lateral and about 17 marginal

teeth (fig. 1d). The jaw is smooth, with a low median projection

(fig. lc). We found no dart in the two dried specimens examined,.

but this may have been due to their condition.

Fig. 1. Zonitoides bermudensis.

KALIELLA TURBINATA (Gulick).

Euconulus turbinatus Gulick, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1904, p.

420, pl. 36, figs. 8, 9, 10.

This species is abundant at Church Cave. An examination of the

radula shows it to be a typical Kaliella. It resembles the Indian.

K. fastigiata (Hutton), but is distinct from that and all other known

Indian species, according to Lieut.-Col. Godwin Austen, who kindly

compared specimens with his great series of oriental species.

K. turbinata was described from sub-fossil examples from the

lime-rock quarries. It is therefore not a recent importation; yet.

the presence of this oriental genus in Bermuda can hardly be

accounted for except by the supposition of introduction with plants.

during the period of human occupation.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

A NEW RISSOA FROM BERMUDA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

Rissoa (NODULUS) STEWARDSONI, n. sp. Fig 1.

The shell is very minute, slightly rimate, thin, pale yellowish

corneous, smooth, slender, regularly tapering from the last whorl to

the very obtuse summit. Whorls 44, moderately convex. Aper-

ture semi-rotund, subvertical, the peristome continuous, inner margin

nearly straight, the outer regularly curved. Length 1.5, diam. 6.5,

length aperture .55 mm.

Types No. 99041, A. N. S. P., from Fairyland, near Hamilton,

Bermuda, near the shore, collected by Mr. Stewardson Brown, asso-

ciated with Melampus coffea and flavus, Leuconia occidentalis Pfr.,

Blauneria, Alexia, Detracia, Pedipes, Carychium, Cacilioides, Bifi-

daria, Thysanophora, Polygyra microdonta, and many other land

shells.

Kiel. Fie. 2.

This tiny snail has the appearance of the terrestrial genus Acme.

It is apparently a shore shell, as it was not found with any typically

marine forms. It seems to be most closely related to the Medi-

teranean and Adriatic R. epidaurica Brusina, from which it differs

by the more slender contour, more tapering spire and more convex

whorls. &. epidaurica is decidedly more cylindrical. For com-

parison a figure is given (fig. 2) of a specimen of FR. epidaurica re-

ceived from Professor Brusina, from Ragusa, Dalmatia (No. 59,-

898 A. N. S. P.) &. glabrata Muhlf. is more conical than

stewardsont, with the aperture more rounded. ;

66 THE NAUTILUS.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF MUSCULIUM.

BY V. STERKI.

MUSCULIUM WINKLEYI, 0. sp.

Mussel slightly inequipartite, high, well and regularly inflated,

outlines along the valve edges well rounded to subcircular; posterior

part higher and somewhat larger than the anterior, often subtruncate

and with a slight postero-inferior angle; beaks little anterior, rather

narrow, calyculate or plain, prominent; somewhat inclined towards

the anterior; surface distinctly rugulose, dullish or somewhat shining,

with comparatively coarse, sharp, subregular, crowded concentric

strie and some faint, shallow, irregular radial strize; color horn to

grayish or reddish, with one to a few narrow, darker zones along the

lines of growth, straw to light yellowish in the young, and in mar-

ginal zones becoming obsolete in old specimens; shell thin, subtrans-

lucent to opaque, hinge well curved, slight, cardinal teeth small, thin,

laterals with short cusps; ligament rather short, covered; scutum and

scutellum slightly but distinctly marked, rather long.

Long. 8.5, alt. 7.8, diam. 5.4 mm.

Soft parts not examined.

Habitat: Old Orchard, Me.; vicinity of Danvers, Mass.

M. winkleyt is not a variety or local form of some other species,

but markedly different and decidedly distinct. It has some resem-

blance to forms of M. securis Pr., but is higher, with more rounded

outlines, the hinge margin is more curved, the difference of size and ©

shape between the anterior and posterior parts is less marked; in

securis the posterior part is more truncate and less obliquely so to

the dorso-ventral line. All these differences are especially well

marked in half-grown specimens.

It is somewhat variable: some specimens seen (years ago), from

Old Orchard were 10 and 10.5 mm. long; those seen from Danvers

are somewhat smaller and slighter, with slighter surface striz, some

of them of a little more angular outlines posteriorly.

The type lot is No. 1396 of my collection of Spheriida,' from Old

Orchard, Me.,? collected and sent in 1896 by the Rev. H. W- Wink-

1 Now of the Carnegie Museum.

2 There is no doubt that specimens from the same place are in various other

collections as M. securis cardissum or as ‘° ?,”

THE NAUTILUS. 67

ley, in whose honor the species is named, and who has collected

specimens of all stages of growth at various places in the vicinity of

Danvers (Nos. 5343, 5355, 5356).

MUSCULIUM PARVUM, DN. sp.

Shell small, inequipartite, oblique, medium inflated ; margins gen-

erally rounded, or with a slightly marked angle at the junction of

the superior margin with the obliquely subtruncate posterior ; anter-

ior part of the mussel much smaller than the posterior ; beak some-

what anterior, little prominent, broad, calyculate or plain (form

estivalis) ; surface shining, with slight, irregular striz ; shell very

thin and fragile, transparent to translucent, colorless to pale corn-

eous ; hinge very slight, cardinal teeth nearly straight longitudinally,

the left posterior above the anterior, which is strongly curved up.

Soft parts colorless (except for the tan of the liver), also the

siphons and mantle edges; siphons short, very shortly connected

when extended, the branchial wide ; foot strongly folded at the sole,

when emerging.’

Long. 4.7, alt. 4, diam. 2.8 mill. (average).

Habitat : Ohio ; a swamp near Uhrichsville; also in Stark and

Summit Counties, collected by the writer, 1906-’09. Types no.

5408 of my collection of Spheriide.

The first specimens were doubtfully ranged under M, securts Pr.;

but with the latest ones, and their soft parts, it became evident that

they are distinct; they are smaller, the superior margin is less

curved, the posterior is more rounded and more oblique, the surface

shining, the shell colorless, while in securzs it is generally yellow ;

the siphons are much shorter and very shortly connected, colorless ;

in securis they are yellow to orange or salmon or reddish.—”. spher-

teum Anth., so far as known,’ is larger, the beaks are narrow and

much more prominent.

1This may not be a specific feature.

2The two specimens (four loose valves, the third in the lot is a young

Spherium occidentale Pr.), in the T. Prime collection, No. 10 (conf. 1895 cata-

logue) and ranged under securis, are hardly sufficient for establishing a species ;

the one in the National Museum, No. 11612, is rather different; inthe Anthony

collection no specimens were found,

68 THE NAUTILUS.

ON COLLECTING.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

‘¢T wish I had my life to live over again ” is a frequent expression.

The writer has no such desire, but I could have done better work

formerly if I had had the experience, and I wish I could give my

experience to others.

Dr. Sterki has ina recent article in the NAUTILUS, mentioned

some methods of work. A visit from that veteran worker a few

months ago was of great help tome. Asa result I have collected

more materials this year than I have in any half-dozen years

formerly. My outfit is simple. Rubber boots, a net of scrim, frame:

of steel wire so made that there is one foot straight as a scaping sur-

face, a bamboo pole in two joints. A large sieve of fine grain, small

bags of kakki and one or two jars. All can be carried on a bicycle.

With this outfit I have gone from my home on trips lasting from one to.

two hours, and returned with from one to two thousand specimens of

Pisidium, Planorbis, Amnicola, etc. Thesame outfit serves for much

of the marine work. The importance of ‘* when you’re gittin, git’”

is realized when one returns with one or two thousand specimens and

finds two or three very rare forms among them. Mud is my delight

in fresh or salt water. It is swarming with life. Eel grass is.

another rich field. Dip and sift dry and examine with a lens; the

tiny chaps are easily overlooked.

Our work is a labor of love, many of our best collectors have

limited means, often limited time. Though the writer has at times

employed a sail boat for dredging, and results have been excellent,.

all the new species turned up in New Eng!and during the last twenty

years, have been obtained either by trips on foot or from a row boat.

It requires hard work to dredge from a row boat, but it can be done.

Rare species of Pyramidellidae have all been obtained in that way,

but don’t be afraid of mud. A list of Prince Edwards Island species,

some new—others not before known in Canadian waters has proved

a valuable contribution. I never was anywhere near that island.

The materials all came from mud washed from the oyster shells,.

miles away from their home. At present the writer is busy with

marine mud ina sheltered bay. Reports will come later, but rare

forms with one species that may prove new, are already before me..

New England needs more workers, and it is full of surprises, espe-

THE NAUTILUS. 69

cially when one considers how much can be found with a simple

outfit, and a few ounces of energy. No doubt the same is true of

the whole country. A person once said to the writer ‘‘ your hobby

is the most fascinating I know. Every one admires shells.” Per-

fectly true, but far too many are afraid of mud. I don’t know of

any success without a bit of the disagreeable work.

THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF ALDABRA.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.

Mr. E. Dupont, who is now residing at Hell Bourg, Reunion, has

been fortunate in obtaining specimens and information of this group.

The Aldabra Islands are situated in the Indian Ocean to the north

of Madagascar and between the Conoro and Mascarene groups. Not

many years ago the land mollusca of Aldabra were unknown, in fact

not a single species had been recorded from the islands. Mr. Dupont

writes meas follows. Aldabra was visited by an American, Dr. W.

L. Abbott, in 1892, who published an account of the birds in the

Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum for 1895.

The island was visited by a German, Dr. Vodtykon in 1895, ac-

counts of which were published. I do not think that these mention

land shells. In September, 1906 my cousin, Mr. R. Dupont, Cura-

tor of the Botanical Station at Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles, investi-

gated these islands on behalf of the Seychelles government. He

collected the shells which I now send to you.

At last, quite recently an English naturalist, Mr. Fryers, has

been staying there during several months; to complete the geological

observations made by Prof. Sardina, on the separation of the islands.

in the Indian Ocean.

So now the natural productions of this island, which was for long

a terra incognita, will now be fairly known. Judging from the shells,

it has more affinities with the Comoro Islands than with the Mas-

carene.

The shells known are as follows:

Ennea sp. Grande Terre. The Picard. Iles Vertes. Closely

allied to the common &. dentiens. May prove to be new.

Kaliella aldabraensis, n. sp. To be described by Col. Godwin

Austin.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

Rachis aldabre Mart. A beautiful shell of the Comoro type.

The most common of all the species from Aldabra. Mostly found

on Picard Island. 200 metres from the sea.

Succinea mascarensis ? Nevill. Larger and more strongly striated

than the Mascarene specimens.

Assiminea sp. Perhaps A. hidalgot Gass.= granum Morelet.

Grande Terre. The Picard. Iles Vertes.

Cyclostoma sp. Plaine Cubi. A Ligatella or Otopoma. It seems

to be a new species, but too much worn for description. Better

specimens came in Sardina’s collection.

Truncatella valida Pfr. Grande Terre. The Picard. Iles Vertes,

Isidora sp. Perhaps J. forskali Chr. = Physa cernica Morelet.

from Mauritius, The presence of this fresh-water shell at Aldabra is

very curious, the only spot provided with fresh water being a spring

at Tata maca.

DR. Rk. E. C. STEARNS.

Dr. Rosert Epwarps Carter STEARNS died at Los Angeles,

Cal., July 27, in his eighty-third year. He was a native of Boston,

Mass., a son of Charles Stearns, and was born February 1, 1827.

He was educated in the schools of his native city, followed by a

course of mercantile training, and from his earliest years evinced a

deep love of nature, fostered by his father, with whom similar tastes

led to a degree of comradeship in rambles and hunting expeditions

which he always remembered with appreciation. The boy had an

unusual artistic ability, and though his early avocations were services

in a bank and on a farm, when only twenty-two years of age he

painted a panorama of the Hudson River from the mouth of the

Mohawk to Fort William, which he exhibited with much success,

He turned his attention to mining, explored the coal fields of southern

Indiana, and in 1854 was appointed resident agent of several copper

mines in northern Michigan on Lake Superior. In 1858 he went

to California, where he became a partner in the large printing estab-

lishment of a brother-in-law of his wife, in San Francisco. This

firm published the Pacific Methodist, a weekly religious paper, and

in the troubled times preceding the Civil War the reverend editor

of this journal was obliged to visit the East. Stearns was requested

to fill this place during his absence. The fate of California hung in

the balance ; many of the immigrants from the Southern States urged

THE NAUTILUS. 71

independence for that territory when hostilities broke out. Stearns

took the responsibility of making his paper an enthusiastic advocate

of the Union cause, and to this call and the eloquence of Thomas

Starr King, old Californians believed, the decision of the people to

stand by the Union in that struggle was due in no small degree.

Through the influence of Justice Field, Stearns was appointed

deputy clerk of the Supreme Court of California in 1862, a post.

which he resigned in the following year to accept the secretaryship

of the State Board of Harbor Commissioners, which he was obliged

to resign some years later on account of ill health. Coming to the

East, he made one of a party, comprising beside himself the late Dr.

William Stimpson and Col. Ezekiel Jewett, for the exploration of

the invertebrate fauna of southwestern Florida, during which large

collections were made for the Smithsonian Institution. He returned

to California, and in 1874 was elected secretary to the University of

California, being the business executive of that institution under the

presidency of the late Dr. Daniel C. Gilman. He served in this

capacity for eight years with great approval, and when ill health

again obliged him to retire from service, the University, as expressive

of their sense of his services to the cause of education in California

and in recognition of his scientific attainments, conferred upon him

the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Returning to the East after

the death of Mrs. Stearns, he was engaged in researches for the U. 8.

Fish Commission in 1882, was appointed paleontologist to the U. S.

Geological Survey by Major Powell in 1884, and assistant curator

of mollusks in the National Museum by Professor Baird. His col-

lection of mollusca was acquired by the Museum. Age and infirmity

obliged him to return to the more genial climate of California in

1892, where he settled in Los Angeles, continuing, as his strength

permitted, his researches into the malacology of the Pacific coast.

He married, March 28, 1850, Mary Anne Libby, daughter of Oliver

Libby of Boston, and is survived by a daughter.

Dr. Stearns was an earnest student of mollusks from boyhood; his

early experience led him to interest himself in horticulture and land-

scape gardening, and his ability in this line is attested by the beauty

of the University grounds at Berkeley, which were developed under

his superintendence. His knowledge of the Pacific coast mollusca

was profound, and a long list of papers on this topic and on the

shells of Florida was the result. He also contributed many papers

72 THE NAUTILUS.

on various branches of horticulture and gardening to the California

periodicals devoted to this subject. He was an enthusiastic supporter

of the California Academy of Sciences in its early days, and after

the earthquake of 1868, when disaster threatened the Society, he,

with Professor J. D. Whitney and a few other friends, stood between

it and dissolution. He was a member of numerous scientific societies

at home and abroad, and of the Sons of the Revolution.

Dr. Stearns was a man of sanguine temperament, with a lively

sense of humor and high moral character. His reading was wide,

his learning never obtrusive, his interest in art, literature and all

good causes intense. He was a staunch friend and, for a righteous

object, ever ready to sacrifice his own material interests. His ser-

vices to Californian science will keep his memory green.

Wma. H. Dat.

LUDWIG RUDOLPH SOPHUS BERGH.!

Dr. Bergh was born in Copenhagen, October 15, 1824, and died

in the same city July 20,1909. Dr. Bergh for many years stood at

the head of the small group of malacological anatomists, devoting

himself especially to the Opisthobranchiata and particularly to the

Nudibranchiata. His published works on these animals form a small

library and a mine of detailed information. The chief results of this

unremitting labor are summed up in a large quarto in which he

gives a complete systematic arrangement for these animals. Besides

this contribution to the knowledge of molluscan anatomy he published

several valuable memoirs on other groups of mollusks, an especially

notable instance being a fine memoir on the anatomy of the genus

Conus. He was largely concerned with the publication of the great

posthumous series of quartos detailing the results of the researches

in eastern seas by Carl Semper, who was his intimate friend. In

medicine also his publications, based on the treatment of thousands

of hospital patients, took a high rank.

Personally, Dr. Bergh was most genial and agreeable in manner,

ever ready to help younger students, or serve as cicerone to foreign

colleagues visiting his beloved Copenhagen. MHospitable and un-

pretentions, a staunch friend and untiring student, his death leaves

a gap in the ranks of the veterans which we may hardly hope to see

filled, and a memory which those who knew him will cherish long.

1 Abridged from the obituary notice by Dr. Wm. H, Dall (Science, XXX,

p. 304, Sept. 3, 1909).

THE NAUTILUS, XXII. PLATE VI.

BEAR LAKE, CALIFORNIA.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIII. NOVEMBER, 1909. No. 6

THE KNOWN MOLLUSCA OF’SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

BY S. S. BERRY.

In light of the fact that accurate data bearing on the geographical

distribution of Californian land and fresh-water mollusca are still few

and far between, it seems best to publish such items as may be

accumulated from time to time, and in this connection the following

notes (the result of several years desultory observation) may be of

interest.

The district under present consideration comprises one of the

largest, if not the largest, counties in the United States, being more

than equal in area to any“one of a number of our smaller States. By

far the greater portion of its area is swallowed up by the vast Mojave

and Colorado Deserts, and even at this late date is still almost an

absolute terra incognita so far as the mollusca are concerned. Of

necessity, therefore, the present paper treats almost exclusively of

the extreme southwestern corner of the county alone, namely, the

so-called San Bernardino Valley, with the adjacent San Gabriel and

San Bernardino Ranges of mountains which confine it on the north

and shut it off from the desert and the remainder of the county.

Even for this circumscribed district, the present list makes no pre-

tensions to completeness, but is offered merely as a résumé of our

present knowledge, with the hope that it may lead to further investi-

gation. Doubtless more than one interesting form still awaits its

discovery by some diligent collector, especially in the mountain reg-

ions (see NautiLus XXI, p. 121, and below).

It is interesting to note that the above-mentioned valley is practi-

74 THE NAUTILUS.

cally the only portion of the entire county which drains directly into

the Pacific, and that, thanks to the fertile character of its soil and

the water available for its irrigation from the neighboring mountains,

almost the whole population of the county is concentrated here,

notably in the cities of Redlands, San Bernardino, Ontario, Chino,

and Colton. All are garden spots, and by the unwitting agency of

man most of them have come to possess a fairly extensive molluscan

fauna, many species of alien origin being now far more numerous

than any of the native forms.

There have been few previous records for any of the localities of

the region. Binney [’85] gives one or two species as being found in

the county, but at least one of his records is without doubt erroneous.

Stearns [793] is the next author to report on specimens from our area,

and his records are about all we have from the great desert region.

The few records since that time are listed at the end of this paper.

My thanks are due to Dr. R. H. Tremper, of Ontario, who has

generously supplied me with numerous specimens and data regarding

the fauna of his immediate neighborhood. Practically all of his

records are new and very interesting. J am also under obligations

to Miss Nina G. Spaulding, of Redlands, whose enthusiastic efforts

have aided not a little in increasing our knowledge. Data supplied

through her or through Dr. Tremper are so noted by the use of

their initials. I am also indebted to Mr. sanford B. Dole, of River-

side, for the use of the accompanying photograph.

List oF SPECIES.

Helix aspersa Muller. Occasional around greenhouses at Red-

lands, but evidently not yet thoroughly at home.

Epiphragmophora traski (Newcomb). ‘‘ Under dry leaves in

small foothill cation near Ontario” [R. H. T.]; alsoin San Antonio

Caiion, two miles from mouth, elevation 2500 feet [R. H. T., April

4, 1908]; under leaves, Stoddard’s Cafion, elevation 2500 feet

[R. H. 'T., 1909].

This coast species apparently just enters the county as I have not

encountered it even in the upper end of the San Bernardino Valley.

Epiphragmophora tudiculata (W. G. Binney). Mentone, under

hedges; Highland, by the roadside after a rain; Arrowhead, Hot

Springs; San Bernardino and vicinity ; greenhouse in same city

[R. H. T.]; Ontario, under stones and woodpiles [R. H. T., 1908-

THE NAUTILUS. 19

1909]; also southeast of Ontario, some seven miles from the foot-

hills [R. H. T., March, 1909]; Frankish Cafion, under stones, alti-

tude 2500 feet [R. H. T., April 1, 1908]; at mouth of Stoddard’s

Cajion, at same elevation, under stones [ R. H. T., 1909].

Specimens found by Dr. Tremper in January, 1908, in an orange

grove at Ontario are particularly beautiful examples of the species,

some showing a curious tendency toward albinism.

Vallonia pulchella (Muller). Redlands, common in greenhouses

[S. S. B., 1903, 704, ’06, 708].

Vertigo occidentalis Sterki. Bluff Lake, altitude 7,550 feet,

1907 (one specimen only) [S. S. B.]; in 1908 quite common in

spots in the big Bluff Lake cienaga, in the cienaga just north, and

along the “ New England Trail,” altitude 7,500 feet; also a few

specimens in a cienaga west of Green Valley, altitude 6,900 feet

[S. S. B.].. Many more specimens were sent from Bluff Lake dur-

ing the present summer by Miss N. G. Spaulding.

Evidently an abundant species in the more Alpine regions of the

San Bernardino Mountains, and I suspect that this or a closely

allied form will also turn up in similar localities in the neighboring

San Gabriel and San Jacinto Ranges.

Vertigo sp. Another form occurs with V. occidentalis in the

neighborhood of Bluff Lake [S. 8. B., Aug., 1968; N. G.S., Aug.,

1909].

Vertigo rowelli (Newcomb). San Bernardino [ Binney, ’85, p.

156]. At best a doubtful record.

Vitrina alaskana Dall. San Bernardino Mountains—a common

species at Bluff Lake and vicinity [S. S. B., Aug., 1907, Aug.,

1908; N. G.S., Aug., 1909]; cienaga west of Green Valley [S. S.

B., July, 1908]. Especially abundant under willow trees at the

edges of a meadow.

Vitrea cellaria (Miller). In greenhouses, Redlands [S. S. B.,

1904-08}.

Euconulus fulvus (Miller). Cienaga west of Green Valley [one

specimen, S. S. B., July, 1908]. Altitude 6,900 feet. Bluff Lake

Meadow (altitude 7,550 feet) and the neighboring cienages [S. 8S.

B., Aug., 1907, Aug., 1908 (abundant); N. G. S., Aug., 1909

(abundant) ]. Near mouth of Mill Creek Cafion [one specimen in

drift, S. S. B., July, 1908]. Forest Home, altitude 5,200 feet, a

colony of about 20 live individuals found by the writer under sticks

on the bank of Mill Creek, June 12, 1909.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

‘‘San Gorgonio Pass”’ [ Binney, ’85, p. 68]. The exact locality

of Binney’s specimens is doubtful, but not of great importance as

this is evidently a common mountain species, occurring throughout

the San Bernardino Range. I have as yet seen no specimens from

the San Gabriels.

Zonitoides orea (Say). Mouth of Stoddard’s Cafion, near

Ontario, under leaves [R. H. T., 1909]. Redlands, in greenhouses

[S. S. B., 1904-1908]. Bluff Lake [S. S. B., 1907]; Bluff Lake

and cienaga just north [S. 8. B., Aug., 1908—ten specimens] ;

several specimens, same locality [N. G. S., Aug., 1909].

Zonitoides milium (Morse). Greenhouse, Redlands, one specimen

[S. S. B., 1904]. |

Zonitoides minuscula (Binney). Greenhouse, Redlands [S. S.

B., 1904].

Limax maximus Linnaeus. Redlands, in greenhouses in 1904

[S. S. B.]; now abundant about houses and in yards everywhere.

Reported from same locality by Bartsch [’04, p. 12].

Ontario [R. H. T., 1908, 1909]. The last specimens sent me by

Dr. Tremper were the most light-colored of the species I have seen

in California.

Limax flavus Linnaeus. Redlands, with L. maximus [S. S. B.,

1904). |

Pyramidula cronkhitei (Newcomb). Cienaga, north of Bluff Lake

Meadow, San Bernardino Mountains, altitude 7,500 feet [S. S. B.,

1908; N. G. S., Aug., 1909, abundant ].

Punctum californicum Pilsbry. Occasionalin Bluff Lake Meadow

under sticks [S. S. B., Aug., 1908]; Cienaga, north of Bluff

Lake, altitude 7,500 feet, not rare [S. 8S. B., Aug., 1908; N.

G. S., Aug., 1909]. Being in doubt as to whether these specimens

16 specimens, Aug

oD?

were correctly referred to this species, examples were sent to Mr.

Bryant Walker, who confirmed the identification.

Punetum conspectum (Bland). Near Green Valley, San Ber-

nardino Mountains, altitude 6,900 feet, 3 specimens [S. S. B., July,

1908]; Bluff Lake, one specimen [S. S. B., Aug., 1908].

Succinea oregonensis Lea. Lower end of the big Cienaga at

Bluff Lake along the ‘“‘ New England Trail,” 18 specimens [S. 8.

B., Aug., 1908] 13 specimens [N. G. S., Aug., 1909].

Lymnea palustris (Muller). Bear Lake, altitude 6,700 feet, San

Bernardino Mountains, abundant [S. S. B., 1907, 1908].

THE NAUTILUS. ri,

Lymnaea palustris nuttalliana (Lea). Creek and swamp at Bluff

Lake, altitude 7,550 feet, abundant [R. D. Williams, 1905; S. S.

B., 1907, 1908; N. G. S., 1909]. These specimens very uniform

in appearance. Bear Lake, intergrading with typical (?) palustris,

common [R. H. T., Aug., 1902; S. S. B., Aug., 1907, 1908].

Lymnaa humilis modicella (Say). On flower pots in greenhouses,

Redlands, abundant [S. S. B., 1904—’08 ].

Lymne@a caperata Say. A single very juvenile specimen col-

lected by Dr. Tremper in a pool in San Antonio Creek, 2 miles from

mouth [ April 4, 1908], was identified as this species by Mr. F. C.

Baker.

Lymnea bulimoides Lea. Mojave River, near Daggett [ Stearns,

93]. 3

Physa gyrina (Say) ? Redlands, in irrigating ditches; Garlick

Springs [Stearns, ’93]; Daggett [ Stearns, ’93].

I suspect that most if not all the Southern California records of

P. gyrina need re-examination, and the above will more than likely

prove to be varieties of P. virginea Gould.

Physa lordi Baird. Artificial pond, Ontario, the water of which

comes from Hermosa Canon [R. H. T.]. Specimens of this fine

large species were sent to Mr. F. C. Baker, who agrees with me in

referring them to P. lordi.

Physa virginea Gould. Ditches and reservoirs in Redlands,

common [S. S. B., 1907, 1908].

Physa virginea traski Lea. Main irrigating ditch of Ontario,

near mouth of San Antonio Cafion, altitude 2,200 feet [R. H. T.].

Physa coopert Tryon. Watering trough in City Creek Cajfion,

San Bernardino Mountains [S. 8. B., Aug., 1907, July, 1908] ;

Bear Lake, altitude 6,700 feet [S. S. B., Aug., 1907-708].

Physa politissima Tryon. Bear Lake, altitude 6,700 feet, not

uncommon [S. S. B., 1907, 1908].

Dr. Pilsbry, to whom I sent specimens of this and the preceding

species, and to whom I owe their determinations, wrote as follows:

‘“‘It should be said that the synonymy of West Coast Physas bas never

been worked up, and the ultimate names which will be used cannot

now be decided, but your specimens correspond closely to the type

lots of the forms mentioned, whether these be species or varieties.”’

Planorbis trivolvis Say. England’s Park, Redlands; swamp

and creek at Bluff Lake [S. S. B., 1907, 1908; R. D. Williams,

78 THE NAUTILUS.

1905]; Bear Lake [R. H. T., 1902; S. S. B., 1907, 1908]; Dag-

gett [ Stearns, 93].

Planorbis parvus Say. Mojave River, near Daggett [Stearns,

93]; Swamp at Bluff Lake [S. S. B., 1907, 1908]; Bear Lake

PS. iS. Bs, 1907,:2903).

The specimens from Bear Lake were identified by Dr. Dall as P.

vermicularis Gould. They certainly have a slightly different aspect

from the Bluff Lake specimens, but I doubt if they are distinct.

Paludestrina stearnsiana Pilsbry. Rill near mouth of Mill

Creek Cafion, San Bernardino Mountains, very abundant in July,

1908 [S. S. B.], but a rather hasty search in the same locality one

year later did not yield a specimen.

Mountain Home Creek, San Bernardino Mountains, altitude

3,600 feet [S. S. B., July 11, 1909].

[ Paludestrina protea Gould. In numerous collections I have seen

large series of this species in a subfossil condition which were dis-

tributed some years ago by an unknown collector as from the ‘‘ Mo-

jave Desert.”” They are probably from San Bernardino County, so I

record them here, although ‘‘ Colorado Desert’ may have been what

the label meant. As the species is known to exist in Inyo and

Riverside Counties, it may reasonably be expected to turn up in the

living condition in this county as well. |

[ Valvata lewisii Currier. San Bernardino Mountains, Cal.

[fide Dall, ’05, p. 123; also see Walker, ’06, p. 26].

I have not seen any of Dall’s specimens, but I have no doubt

whatever that they really represent not V. lewis, but the following

form : |

Valvata humeralis californica Pilsbry. Swamp at Bluff Lake,

altitude 7,550 feet [S. S. B., Aug., 1907, 1908; N. G.S., Aug.,

1909—not very abundant ].

Bear Lake, altitude 6,700 feet, the type locality [S. S. B., Aug.,

1907, 1908}. |

For this form beside the references given above under V. lewistt,

see Berry, ’08, p. 122, and Pilsbry, 708, p. 82.

Anodonta californiensis (Lea) var. Chino Creek. S. of Ontario

PR. 1 20ST.

Musculium raymondi (J.G. Cooper). Swamp and creek at Bluff

Lake, large and abundant in 1905 [R. D. Williams]; very common

but small in\ 1907 [S. S. B.]; more rare in 1908 [S.S. B.] and

1909 [N. G. S.]; apparently being replaced by the following species.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

Pisidium californicum (Newcomb ?). Swamp and creek at Bluff

Lake, common in 1907 [S. S. B.], abundant in 1908 [S. S. B.], and

1909 [N. G. S.].

Pisidium ashmuni Sterki. Swamp at Bluff Lake [S. 8. B.,

1907]. Identified by Dr. Sterki.

Specimens of Pistdia have also been found in Kid Creek, San

Bernardino Mountains [N. G. 8., Aug., 1909], and in Mill Creek at

Forest Home, altitude 5,200 feet [S. S. B., July, 1908], but have

not as yet been determined by Dr. Sterki.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Bartscu, Paur. Limax maximus L. in California. Navuti.Lvus,

XVIII, p. 12, May, 1904.

Berry, 8.8. Molluscan Fauna of the San Bernardino Moun-

tains, California. Nautitus, XXIJI, p. 121, March, 1908.

BinnEy, W. G. A Manual of American Land Shells. Bull.

U.S. N. M., No. 28, 1885.

Dati, W. H. Alaska—Land and Fresh Water Mollusks. Harr.

Alaska Exp., Vol. XIII, N. Y., 1905.

GRINNELL, JosepH. Biota of the San Bernardino Mountains.

Univ. Cal., 1909.

Pitssry, H. A. Notes on Plate XI. Naurizus, XXI, p. 133,

April, 1908. Valvata humeralis californica, n. subsp. NAvTILUS,

XXII, p. 82, Dec., 1908.

Stearns, R. E. C.8. Report on the Land and Fresh- Water

Shells Collected in California and Nevada by the Death Valley Ex-

pedition, Including a Few Additional Species Obtained by Dr. C.

Hart Merriam and Assistants in Parts of the Southwestern United

States. N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7 (U.S. Dept. Agric.), May, 1893.

Sterxi, Victor. A New Californian Vertigo. NavtTiLus,

XXI, p. 90, Dec., 1907.

WALKER, Bryant. Notes on Valvata. NavutTitus, XX, p. 25,

July, 1906.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

RANGE OF LYMNZEA UMBILICATA.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

This recently recognized and very distinct species has been re-

ported from a number of rather widely separated localities. Its

range would seem to be from Ontario and Northern Maine west to

southeastern Michigan and south to New Jersey. It has doubtless

been identified as humilis and will be found in many collections

under this all embracing name. LL. wmbilicata is not a race of L.

cubensis, as suggested by Mr. Walker, but a distinct species, the

radula having tricuspid laterals where those of cubensis are bicuspid.’

The known records are as follows:

UNITED STATES.

Connecticut: Small stream emptying into Farmington River,

Unionville, Hartford Co. (Baker).

Maine: Buckfield, Oxford Co. (J. A. Allen); Woodland, Aroos-

took Co. (Nylander); Fox Island, Penobscot River, Knox Co.

(Jackson). |

Massachusetts: New Bedford, Bristol Co. (Adams); Brook near

- Cabot’s Park, Newton; Charles River above Watertown, Middle-

sex Co. (Baker); Swampscott, near Lynn, Essex Co. (Tufts) ;

Southborough, Worcester Co. (Bos. Soc., N. H.); Salem, Essex Co.

(True); Essex Co. (Russell); Westfield, Hampden Co. (Smith.

Coll.).

Michigan: Otter Lake, Lapeer Co. (Walker).

New Jersey: Drainage ditches east of Burlington, Burlington

Co. (Baker ; Pilsbry).

New York: Maplewood Park, Rochester, Monroe Co.; South end

Cayuga Lake, near Ithaca, Tompkins Co. (Baker); Charlotte Lake,

Columbia Co. Lea).

Rhode Island: The Fountain, Pawtucket, Providence Co. (H.

F. Carpenter); Rhode Island (Walker).

British AMERICA.

Ontario: Ottawa, Carleton Dist. (Heron); Carleton Co. (Walker).

1See Mr. Walker’s excellent article in Ottawa Nat., XXII, page 89, for the

distinguishing characteristics of L. wmbilicata.

THE NAUTILUS. 81

THE MOLLUSCA OF DOUGLAS COUNTY, KANSAS. GASTEROPODA.

BY G, DALLAS HANNA.

As one travels westward from the Mississippi River, the gradual

diminution of the forest growths is very apparent. Tracts of tim-

ber get smaller and smaller and the trees become more stunted in

growth until when the middle of Kansas is reached there are only a

few cottonwoods, confined to a narrow belt along the banks of

streams. Eastern Kansas is then a transition zone, where the tim-

bered regions of the east fade gradually into the vast semi-arid

plains of the southwest.

A botanical condition such as this is bound to have a very great

influence upon a group of animals as closely associated with vegeta-

ble growths as the land mollusks are. We find some species—as

the majority of the Polygyras for instance—extending only as far

west as the trees go. Moisture and shade are requisites to their

existence, and we find them becoming rarer in direct proportion to

the decrease in vegetation. They have migrated westward just as

fast but no faster than the trees.

And on the other hand there are some species of the plains area

which do not extend appreciably into the timbered regions. On the

border-line then, as we would expect, we find an intermingling of

the two faunas.

Douglas County is a typical border county. Trees exist in little

patches here and there but are mostly confined to the near vicinity

of streams. Mollusks are not plentiful and generally distributed,

but are addicted to living in colonies in the patches of trees.

Among the most important tracts of timber conchologically is

Blue Mound, situated six miles southeast of Lawrence. This little

hill which rises two hundred and fifty feet dbove the river flood

plain, supports an excellent growth of small trees. Under the dead

leaves and loose stones the small] snails are to be found more abund-

ant than any place else in the county.

The outcropping limestone ledges furnish several species which

belong in general to the southwestern plains fauna. Bulimulus

dealbatus, Vallonia parvula, Bifidaria procera and Zonitoides

singleyana, are abundant in some such localities where there are no

trees for miles.

Localities favorable for fresh-water snails are rare. The only

82 THE NAUTILUS.

bodies of standing water in the county are small, and with one or

two exceptions are artificial ponds. Horseshoe Lake and Lake

View are natural basins but both are small and contain but few

mollusks. The small streams emptying into the Kansas River con-

tain a few shells very locally distributed. The River is too sandy

for these animals.

The family Ancylide seems not to have a representative in these

waters.

Very little collecting previous to 1908 has ever been done in

Douglas County. Polygyra m. chadwicki, a dentate variety of

Polygyra multilineata was described by Ferriss in the Nautiivus for

August, 1907, from specimens collected along the Kansas River at

Lawrence. Aside from this one reference I have never found the

shells of this county alluded to. Therefore I append the following

list, based upon two years’ collecting in which the entire county has

been thoroughly searched. Probably not many more species will be

collected. Four or five are withheld from this list because of un-

certain identification.

Dr. V. Sterki has examined the Pupide, and Mr. F. C. Baker,

the Lymneas, to both of whom I am very grateful.

Polygyra profunda Say.

Polygyra albolabris allent Wetherby.

Polygyra multilineata Say.

Polygyra multilineata chadwicki Ferriss.

Polygyra divesta Gould. A single specimen found in drift along

the Kansas River at Lawrence.

Polygyra clausa Say. With the exception of P. profunda and P.

albolabris alleni, which range into Shawnee County on the west,

Douglas County marks the extreme western range of the Mesodons.

All the species are rare in this locality, and are found on the north-

ern shaded slopes of hillsides which have limestone outcropping.

Polygyra dorfeuilliana Lea. Dead shells were found under condi-

tions such that the species must be living here.

Polygyra monodon Rackett. This form lives on Blue Mound.

Polygyra fraterna Say. The common Polygyra of Kansas.

Found everywhere.

Polygyra fraterna alicie Pilsbry. Occasionally found with P.

fraterna.

(To be continued.)

THE NAUTILUS. 83

NOTES.

SucKERsS FRoM THE Bie Squip.—On visiting Provincetown in

August I made inquiries regarding the Giant Squid taken the last

of March, 1909, off Highland, Truro, Mass., and mentioned in Tux

Navritus for July, 1909. I was unfortunate in not securing the

beaks which had been thrown away, but I saw the 7} foot tentacle,

which was preserved in dry salt. I obtained the cartilage of one of

the suckers, and, with permission from the owner, cut off one of the

suckers about mid way on the tentacle. As this is the only speci-

men taken in Massachusetts I have thought it might be of sufficient

interest to the readers of THe NavuTitvus for me to give sketches to

show the shape of this cartilage and the curious arrangement of the

serration of the margin.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 are different views of the cartilage of one speci-

men, while Figs. 5 and 6 are the views of a sucker cut from the

middle of the tentacle. All figures are magnified twice.

The tentacle is now in the possession of a gentleman in Province-

town, Mass.—J. Henry BLAKE.

HoMALOGYRA ATOMUS IN RHODE IsLaNp.—In a recent number

of the Nautitus I mentioned the discovery of Homalogyra atomus

on the New England coast at Hampton, N. H. It was first discovs

ered by Philippi in Sicily; since then it has been found in other

parts of the Mediterranean, Norway, England and France, but this

is the first time it has been recorded on this side of the Atlantic.

Miss M. W. Brooks has lately found this species in shell sand, from

84 THE NAUTILUS.

Newport, R. I. Its occurrence north and south of Cape Cod in-

dicates a somewhat wide distribution of the species—Epwarp S.

MORSE.

JosEpH F. WuHITEAveEs.'—Dr. Joseph Frederick Whiteaves, the

distinguished Palzontologist of the Canadian Geological Survey,

died on the 8th of August, 1909, after an illness of several months.

Dr. Whiteaves was born in Oxford, England, in 1885, and first

came to this country in 1861 ona short visit, returning the following

year to make his residence in Montreal, Canada, where for twelve

years he was officially connected with the Montreal Natural History

Society. In 1876 he was appointed Palzontologist of the Geologi-

cal Survey to succeed the late Mr. E. Billings.

His works on the palzozoic and mesozoic fossils of Canada are

monumental, and the broad scope of his work both in paleontology

and zdology can only be appreciated by a perusal of his numerous

papers which number nearly 150, in which over 450 new genera,

species and varieties are described.

Dr. Whiteaves was of a generous and kindly disposition, always

ready to aid and impart information. He was an ideal type of a

man imbued with the professional spirit, striving for the best results,

not satisfied with half measure, and ever urged on by the love of his

work.

Miss J. EK. Linrer.—We regret to announce the death of Miss

J. E. Linter which occurred on August 30, 1909, at Twickenham,

England. Her valuable collection of shells will be offered (as a

legacy, on condition that it is accessible to the public) to the Exeter

Museum.

WE learn with regret of the death, September 26th, of Professor

Anton Dohrn, the founder and director of the Zodlogical Station at

Naples.

Messrs. FERRISS aND DANIELS are exploring the Kaibab and

Kanab plateaus for shells and ferns, In this little-known country

north of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, they report beautiful

scenery, a superb climate, and plenty of shells.

Errata.—In the last number the following errors should be

noted: P. 67, line 13 from bottom, last word, should be ‘‘ more” in

place of “Jess ;’’ line 4 from bottom should be “ No. 10. 1” in place

of ‘ 10.”

1Taken in part, from The Ottawa Naturalist, September, 1909.

He NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXITI. DECEMBER, 1909. NOG f

ON SOME DEFORMED CYPRZA TIGRIS FROM THE COLLECTION OF

A. DA COSTA GOMEZ.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Many years ago the conchologists of Europe were astonished to

receive from New Caledonia certain cowries which had the aspect

of such well-known species as C. moneta, lynx and mappa, yet dif-

fered by the produced and calloused ends, attended with more or

less thickening of the enamel and a degree of melanism, or clouding

of the color-pattern. Several of these shells were named as distinct

species by Crosse, Marie, Montrouzier and others. British writers

generally did not admit their validity, considering them pathologic

forms, due to some diseased condition of the mantle, a view ridiculed

by Crosse in his witty review of G. B. Sowerby’s monograph of

Cyprea in the Thesaurus Conchyliorum. Mr. 8. Raymond Roberts

in his monograph’ treats them as varieties. M. Ph. Dautzenberg has

recently discussed these forms, figuring several of them.? The cause

of the rostration and hypertrophic deposit of calcareous material has

never been really settled, so far as I know, by observations on the

living animals. ‘The occurrence of so many forms modified in the

same manner, in one locality, points to the action of me specific

cause which might perhaps be recognized by an observer on the spot.

It seems, however, that the modifications do not have racial signifi-

cance. A somewhat similar formation characterizes some un-

doubtedly ‘‘good” species elsewhere, such as C. scottii and @

problematica.

! Manual of Conchology, Vol. VII.

? Journal de Conchyliologie, 1906, p. 263. plate ix.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

Mr. A. DaCosta Gomez has called our attention to several New

Caledonian examples of Cyprea tigris L. in his collection which

show a rostration like the New Caledonian forms mentioned above,

together with others diversely modified ; and as such forms have not,

to our knowledge, been noticed in this species, we have figured four

of them on plates vii and vili, the two plates representing different

views of the same specimens.

I. The upper left hand figures show a shell having a broad chest-

nut dorsal streak, the rest of the back being clouded with chestnut,

light blue and dull pale brown. On the margins may be seen the

characteristic dappled coloring of tégris. The base is normally -col-

ored. At the anterior end there are large callous lumps. The

posterior end is also a little produced. Length 83 mm.

II. Upper right figures. This shell is broad and very heavy

(weighing 73 ounces). The dorsal streak is interrupted, chestnut,

partially overlaid with bluish callus. Elsewhere it is a soiled cream-

white, obscurely and irregularly mottled. The base is stained with

yellow around the mouth, ‘The sides are very heavily calloused and

lumpy. Length 90 mm.

III. Lower left figures. This shell is heavily calloused and pro-

duced at the ends and on the right margin. The spotted tgris

pattern appears on the other side, but is covered by a dark enamel

in the middle of the back. Base white, with some yellowish suf-

fusion in places. Length 98 mm. This shell is characteristically

New Caledonian in appearance.

IV. Lower right figures. A broad form, heavily calloused at the

sides. The dorsal streak is dark purplish-brown; remainder of the

back bluish-white, irregularly mottled and spotted with orange-brown

and purple-brown, ends blackish. The base and teeth are brownish-

yellow except for a pure white area on the inner lip. Length 85 mm.

ESSEX COUNTY NOTES.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

My last article was an urgent invitation to fellow-laborers to

inspect mud. We may now view some results of the inspection.

Just south of Cape Ann, Mass., isa bay with many branches, form-

ing harbors for Marblehead, Salem, Beverly and Danvers. The

THE NAUTILUS. 87

inner waters, 2. e., at Danvers, seemed to be favorable for a colony

of the forms which are common south of Cape Cod, but local and in

sheltered places north of that cape. Only a partial examination has

been made, but results are interesting. One mud flat of small area,

and uncovered at low tide, was swarming with life. Literally I ob-

tained quarts of Gemma gemma. With these were other species more

or less abundant. Columbella, Ilyanassa, Polinices and such forms are

expected and were found as usual. Odostomia revealed trifida, bisu-

turalis, winkleyi and a new species described below. I was able to

secure here a living specimen of the disputed fusca, and observe the

animal. Unlike some of this group, that are said to be timid in

captivity, fusca was very active. Bulletin 37 of the U.S. Natl.

Mus., plate xxvi, figs. 1 and 2, are labeled animal of Turbonilla

tnterrupta. Slight changes would make the drawing for fusca. The

plate gives the front of the foot in four lobes; for fusca it should be

a continuous curve. From the plate one would infer that the men-

tum was of two flaps, one overlapping the other. In fusca this would

not be correct, but a deep groove runs along the median line. The

front of the mentum is a double curve, and its end is held close to

the surface ahead of the foot in crawling, as if it was feeling the way.

Eye spots are easily seen at the bases of the tentacles. Tie animal

is semi-transparent, with parts a deep maroon. ‘The tentacles are

slender and held close to the mentum.

The above-named species were found at the headwaters, but no

evidence of Turbonilla, as I had hoped. Rowing down river I smelt

them, and came back for my dredge. A dozen specimens of 7.

winkleyi were found, gocd size, but badly eroded, In other parts of

the Danvers River Venus mercenaria, Astarte nucula and some other

forms occur, but I postpone exact lists until more work can be done.

One unusual find was a solitary specimen of Bela bicarinata var.

violacea on a mud flat between tides.

Later work was done at Salem. The inner harbor revealed the

last-named species, with beautiful violet coloring, especially when wet.

Salem harbor is practically all mud bottom. Polinices, Nucula,

Yoldia, Crenella, Periploma, Lyonsia, Tellina, Nassa, Bela, Retusa,

etc., are obtained at moderate depths. Shore collecting revealed the

usual species, with some things worth noting. Acmea testudinalis is

very small and alveus scarce. At one small cove at low tide, with

eel grass, I found another colony of Turbonilla winkleyi.

88 THE NAUTILUS. &

Passing to the outer harbor there is a slight change. More species

of Bela, for example. Here I met a surprise in finding a third

colony of Zurbonilla. As the outer harbor is practically open sea,

the occurrence is unusual. In fact the only locality known to me

north of Cape Cod where that form occurs save in inner waters.

So much ground remains to be examined that this report must be

imperfect, yet the area covered showed Astarte very scarce. Thya-

sira lacking, and some other forms expected did not appear. Iam

told that there are small beds of them in places not yet dredged.

A few years ago the writer. was stationed near New Haven. At

that time I received much help from Dr. Bush, and together we

examined many specimens of Zurbonilla, Odostomia, Bela and other

genera. It is my desire to recognize my high appreciation for her

kind help by naming the following species for her. J am confronted

with the fact that one Odostomia already bears her name. Not to be

defeated in my purpose, I will use her first name, and am sure she

will pardon me this time.

Odostomia (Hvalina) katherine, new species.

Sbell much smaller than O. (#.) winkleyt, bluish-white, semi-

translucent. Nuclear whorls deeply obliquely immersed in the first

of the succeeding turns, above which the tilted edge of the last volu--

tion only projects. Post-nuclear whorls well rounded, with a very

strong beveled shoulder, marked by many very slender axial threads

and a number of fine spiral lirations, of which one is at the angle of

the shoulder, one on the shoulder a little nearer the suture than the

angle; one forms the weak peripheral angle, and six others divide the

space between the peripheral angle and the angle at the shoulder

into subequal spaces. Sutures strongly. constricted. Base short,

well rounded, marked by spiral threads, of which the second one

below the periphery is as strong as the peripheral one, the other four

being of equal strength; the two basal ones dividing the space be-

THE NAUTILUS. 89

tween the umbilical area and the stronger thread into three equal

parts. Aperture very broadly oval, posterior angle very obtuse;

outer lip thin, showing the external sculpture within; columella very

slender, slightly twisted and very slightly revolute, provided with a

very weak fold, which is scarcely discernible in the aperture, but

becomes apparent when the pillar is exposed by grinding; parietal

wall glazed with a light callus.

Specimens were found in the Danvers River, on a mud flat be-

tween tides, most of which are in the Winkley collection, and seven

in the U. S. National Museum, cat. No. 208067. The one figured

has 54 whorls and measures, length 2.15 mm., diameter 0.8 mm.

NEW HELICINA AND STROBILOPS FROM FLORIDA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Several years ago Mr. G. H. Clapp called my attention to a form

of Helicina differing in several respects from H. orbiculata Say, the

specimens having been received from Mr. C. T. Simpson, who col-

lected them at Lemon City, Florida. At about the same time Mr.

Vanatta encountered the form in material from Lee Co., Fla., col-

lected by Mr. C. B. Moore. He subsequently published a list of

these shells (Naurixus for January, 1908, pp. 99-104), mentioning

the form in question as Helicina orbiculata var. clappi Pils. MSS.

No description has been published.

Helicina orbiculata was described from the mouth of the St.

John’s River. The types, four specimens, are still preserved with

Say’s label. They are globose, very pale greenish-white, and meas-

ure from alt. 6, diam. 6.8 mm., to alt. 6.3, diam. 7.7 mm. There is

a distinct tooth at the junction of the columellar and basa) lips. The

periphery is well rounded.

In the St. John’s River valley, away from the coast, and where

calcareous material is almost wanting in the soil, there is a small

race of orbiculata, measuring, alt. 5.5, diam. 6.8 mm., to alt. 4.5,

diam. 5.1 mm. .

f7. orbiculata extends from Florida and Georgia west to Tennessee

and western Louisiana. West and southwest of this it is entirely

replaced by H. orbiculata tropica ‘ Jan.’ Pfr., distinguished by its

heavier shell and very thick lip.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

HELICINA ORBICULATA CLAPPI, n. subsp.

The shell is less globose than orbiculata, tending to a more trochi-

form shape, the last whorl being very obtusely subangular at the

periphery. ‘The outer lip is more broadly expanded, thin, and there

is only a weak angle or none at the junction of columella and basal

lip. The color is white, very pale citrine, white with two red hands,

or uniform red, the lip and apex pale.

Alt. 8, diam. 9 mm.

Alt. 7, diam. 8 mm.

Alt. 6.1, diam. 7.3 mm.

Distribution: Southern Florida, Dade, Lee and Monroe counties;

types from Miami, Dade Co., collected by S. N. Rhoads and H. A.

Pilsbry, 1899. On the east coast H. o. clappi extends as far north

as Palm Beach (Pilsbry, 1899); on the west coast to Evans’ Planta-

tion on the Manatee River (C. T. Simpson).

Key to Subspecies of H. orbiculata.

a. Last whorl globose, periphery well rounded; a distinct tooth or

angle at base of the columella.

6. Lip thin or not much thickened, H. orbiculata.

6b. Lip much thickened, Z. o. tropica.

aa. Last whorl very obtusely subangular, the shape approaching

trochiform; no distinct tooth at base of the columella, Z. o.

clappt.

STROBILOPS FLORIDANDS, 0. sp.

The shell is conic with convex outlines, almost dome-shaped; the

periphery only weakly angular, the base convex; rather solid; brown,

the summit whitish-corneous. Whorls 54, the first two smooth, the rest

sculptured with narrow, rather widely separated ribs (about 30 on

the last whorl). These ribs continue on the base, which is radially

ribbed. Aperture semilunar, the peristome thick, narrowly reflexed,

brown or whitish; parietal callus rather thick at the edge. Parietal

lamella emerging to the edge of the callus, fully a whorl long.

Infraparietal lamella scarcely emerging, penetrating as far inward as

the parietal lamella. The inner half of this lamella and the parietal

is nodose, the nodes minutely asperate. Interparietal lamella very

low, about a half whorl long, nodose, penetrating as deeply as the

parietal lamella. There is one axial lamella and four basal plice,

‘

4 ,.

* ra

‘

—<—<—<$<<—_—

-—

THE NAUTILUS, XXIII. PLATE VII.

CYPRASA TIGRIS FROM A. DA C. GOMEZ COLL.

fx,

THE NAUTILUS, XXIII.

THE NAUTILUS. z 91

the outer one peripheral in position; a single palatal plica is generally

developed. ‘These plicz form a curved, very obliquely radial series,

the inner end near the aperture. The two inner basal lamelle are

much stouter and higher than the others, the second from the axis

(or third, counting the axial) being the longest and highest of the

plice.

Alt. 1.8, diam. 2.5 mm.

Florida: Type No. 77044 A. N.S. P., from Miami, collected by

S. N. Rhoads, 1899. Also widely distributed over the State. Tal-

lahassee (C. W. Johnson, 1900), St. John’s valley, Volusia and

Marion counties (Johnson and Pilsbry, 1894) and many other

localities.

This species resembles S. virgo Pils. in shape and peristome, but

it differs in the more widely spaced ribs, continued over the base.

It differs from all known North American species by the much more

deeply entering parietal lamelle, the inner ends of which pass under

the parietal callus of the aperture. In other species these lamelle

are only about a half whorl long. The inner basal plice are also

placed more deeply within than in other species. SS. terastana Pils.

and Ferr. resembles S. floridana in shape and in having a ribbed

base, but the sculpture is much closer and the lamellz do not extend

so far inward.

S. floridanus is a common and widely distributed species in Florida.

A depressed and angular form of S. labyrinthicus resembling S. J.

strebeli occurs in some places, and S. hubbardi (A. D. Brown) also

has a wide distribution on the peninsula and keys.

Several other races of Strobilops will be defined in a future paper.

The shells have to be opened carefully to demonstrate the internal

structure, but fresh specimens can usually be determined without

opening. Information is especially desired by the writer on the

forms of New York State, and will be duly credited in a monograph

of that fauna now in preparation,

MOLLUSKS FROM KANSAS AND OKLAHOMA.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

During the past year Mr. F. B. Isely, Professor of Biology in the

Oklahoma University Preparatory School, Tonkawa, Oklahoma, has

sent to the Chicago Academy of Sciences several interesting lots of

92 THE NAUTILUS.

shells from Kansas and Oklahoma. As this region is not well

known conchologically, it has been thought that a list of the species

would be of value as a contribution to:the subject of geographic dis-

tribution. The region includes Grant and Kay counties, Oklahoma,

and Sumner, Harper and Kingman counties, Kansas. The collection

is now deposited in the Chicago Academy of Sciences. My thanks

are due to Mr. Bryant Walker and Dr. V. Sterki for assistance in

determining critical material.

PELECYPODA.

Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa,

Oklahoma.

Lampsilis subrostrata (Say). Spring Creek, Grant county,

Oklahoma.

Lampsilis parva (Barnes). Bluff Creek, Grant Co., Oklahoma.

Lampsilis purpurata (Lamarck). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa,

Oklahoma.

Lampsilis gracile (Barnes). Shoofly Creek, Williston, Oklahoma.

Plagiola donaciformis (Lea). Chikaskia River, Hunnewell,

Kansas.

Tritogonia tuberculata (Barnes). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa,

Oklahoma.

Anodonta grandis Say. Chikaskia River, Tonkawa, Oklahoma;

Chikaskia River, Williston, Oklahoma.

Anodonta corpulenta Cooper. Duck Creek, near Tonkawa,

Oklahoma. |

Anodonta imbecilis Say. Shoofly Creek, Williston, Oklahoma,

Symphynota complanata (Barnes). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa,

Oklahoma; Chikaskia River, Williston, Oklahoma.

Unio tetralasmus camptodon Say. Spring Creek, Anthony, Kansas.

Unio tetralasmus sayi Ward. Spring Creek, Grant Co., Oklahoma.

Quadrula undulata (Barnes). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa, Okla-

homa; Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas; Shoofly Creek, Williston,

Oklahoma.

Quadrula undulata latecostata (Lea). Shoofly Creek, Williston,

Oklahoma.

Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa, Okla-

homa; Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas.

Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa, Okla-

homa; Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

Quadrula pustulosa var. Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas.

A peculiar shell is associated with pustulosa at this locality. It is

compressed, quite elongated, and the surface is ornamented with

many olive-green rays, radiating from the umbones. It is smooth,

like schoolcraftensis, but is much more elongated than that variety,

to which the Oklahoma pustulosa might quite appropriately be re-

ferred. No specimens of the typical pustulosa have been seen from

the region in question. Additional material may show this to be a

recognizable race of pustulosa.

Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea). Chikaskia River, Drury, anand:

Quadrula coccinea (Conrad). Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas;

Chikaskia River, Tonkawa, Oklahoma.

Spherium simile Say, variety. Tonkawa, Oklahoma; Wild Horse

Creek, Spivey, Kansas.

A much elongated and very cylindrical shell, which may prove to

be a race of simile.

Spherium striatinum Lamarck. Sand Creek, Argonia, Kansas.

Musculium transversum (Say). Shoofly Creek, Williston, Okla-

homa.

Musculium elevatum (Haldeman). Tonkawa, Oklahoma; Meridian

Creek, South Haven, Kansas.

Not quite typical, the shell being more elongate ovate in outline

than in typical elevatum.

GASTROPODA.

Physa crandalli Baker. Wild Horse Creek, Spivey, Kansas;

Sand Creek, Argonia, Kansas; Meridian Creek, South Haven, Kan-

sas; Spring Creek, Anthony, Kansas; Shoofly Creek, Williston,

Oklahoma; Spring Creek, Grant Co., Oklahoma.

Physa ancillaria Say. Spring Creek, Grant Co., Oklahoma;

Wild Horse Creek, Spivey, Kansas; Tonkawa, Oklahoma; Shoofly

Creek, Williston, Oklahoma.

The specimens are exactly comparable with typical ancillarta from

Philadelphia.

Physa anatina Lea. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.

Ancylus rivularis Say. Shoofly Creek, Williston, Oklahoma.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Wild Horse Creek, Spivey, Kansas;

Spring Creek, Grant Co., Oklahoma.

Planorbis deflectus Say. Spring Creek, Anthony, Kansas.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Lymnea obrussa Say. Wild Horse Creek, Spivey, Kansas; Sand

Creek, Argonia, Kansas.

Lymnea parva Lea. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.

Lymnea techella Hald. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.

Succinea avara Say. Spring Creek, Anthony, Kansas.

Succinea luteola Gould. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.

Agriolimax campestris Binney. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.

Polygyra fraterna Say. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.

THE MOLLUSCA OF DOUGLAS COUNTY, KANSAS. GASTEROPODA.

BY G. DALLAS HANNA.

(Concluded from p. 83.)

Polygyra fraterna friersoni Pilsbry. Very rare; a few specimens

identical with specimens of this variety from southern Kansas have

been found in this county.

Bulimulus dealbatus Say. This is evidently the form liguabilis

Reeve, but I have not seen specimens of the subspecies to make

comparison. It is found rather commonly on open rocky hillsides.

Pupilla muscorum Linnaeus. From river drift at Lawrence.

Pupilla blundi Morse. A few drift specimens have been picked up.

Pupilla hebes Ancey. Two specimens found in drift, one at

Tecumseh and the other at Lawrence.

Pupoides marginatus Say. Common everywhere.

Bifidaria procera Say. Common in open places favorable for

mollusks.

Bifidaria procera cristata P. & V. Rare this far east.

Bifidaria hordeacella Pilsbry. One specimen found in river

debris at Lawrence.

Bifidaria holzingert Sterki. Very rare; it gives way to the form

Bifidaria holzingert fordiana Sterki. Found in the woods of Blue

Mound and elsewhere.

Bifidaria contracta Say. Common in timber lands.

Bifidaria armifera Say. Abundant.

Bijidaria pentodon Say. Found sparingly in the woods.

Bifidaria tappaniana C. B. Adams. Common on Blue Mound.

Bifidaria agna P.& V. Very rare; two specimens from drift

debris of the Kansas river at Lawrence.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Vertigo ovata Say. Apparently rare.

Vertigo milium Gould. A few specimens came from Blue Mound.

Vertigo tridentata Wolf. Our commonest Vertigo; found on

Blue Mound and in river drift at various places.

Strobilops affinis Pilsbry. Common in woody places.

Vallonia parvula Sterki. Very common where there is no shade.

Vallonia costata Miller. Drift specimens only have so far been

found.

Cochlicopa lubrica Miller. Common on Blue Mound.

Agriolimax campestris Say. Not common.

A griolimax agrestis Linnaeus. This is the common slug of Kansas.

Vitrea rhoadst Pilsbry. This form is rather common in the woods.

Vitrea indentata umbilicata Cockerell. Abundant everywhere.

Vitrea milium Morse. This species is associated with Z. minuscula,

but is less common in most places.

Zonitoides arborea Say. Abundant in all woods.

Zonitoides nitida Miller. Apparently a rare species and locally

distributed. I have found it only near Lake View.

Zonitoides minuscula Binney. ‘This species is common in open

woodlands.

Zonitoides minuscula alachuana Dall. Found associated with the

typical form but less common,

Zonitoides singleyana Pilsbry. A species of the open plains.

Zonitoides nummus Vanatta. Found at Lake View and at Blue

Mound, in the woods on each occasion.

Huconulus chersinus trochulus Reinhardt. Found in the wood-

lands with Z. nummus.

Philomycus carolinensis Bosc, Rather common on Blue Mound.

A number of specimens have been taken.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Abundant in wooded and rocky places.

Pyramidula asteriscus Morse. A few specimens have come from

Blue Mound and more from river débris at various places in the

county.

FHlelicodiscus parallelus Say. 'This species lives in colonies around

the limestone bluffs altogether.

Helicodiscus eigenmanni Pilsbry. One specimen was picked out of

drift from Lecompton; it probably washed there from farther west.

Punctum pygmaeum Draparnaud. Apparently rare, as it has only

been found once, and then in river drift from Lawrence.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

Succinea avara Say. Not common.

Succinea grosvenort Lea. Found in colonies in wet places.

Succinea rusticana Gould. Generally distributed, but it has not

been found common.

Succinea stretchiana Bland. This is our common Succinea.

Carychium exile Lea. A colony of this species was found near

the top of Blue Mound.

Helicina occulta Say. Drift specimens have been found at Law-

rence in a situation that would lead one to suspect that it is a

resident.

Lymnea techella Haldeman. Abundant in a drainage ditch south

of Lawrence.

Lymnea columella chalybea Gould. Found in the Whitcomb

greenhouse at Lawrence on the sides of flower-pots.

Lymnea dalli Baker. Found in the greenhouse with Z. columella

chalybea and also in river drift.

Lyninea elodes Say. One drift specimen is from Lawrence.

Lymnea obrussa Say. Rather common in a watercress spring

west of Lawrence.

Lymnea parva Lea. Only a few specimens from river débris have

been found.

Lymnea refleca Say. This form used to be very common in Lake

View, but the flood of 1903 swept almost all away.

Lymnea reflexa crystalensis Baker. Not common in this county.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Lake View and Rock Creek.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Abundant in all ponds.

Planorbis deflectus Say. Lake View.

Planorbis parvus Say. A few specimens were found along the

Kansas River.

Physa anatina Lea.

Physa oleacea Tryon. These two species were identified by

Mr. Bryant Walker. All the specimens of this county seem refer-

able to them.

Amunicola cincinnatiensis Lea. Found in mud creek commonly.

Amnicola limosa Say. A single dead sbell from the Kansas

River.

Campeloma decisum Say.

Campeloma subsolidum Anthony. These two forms live abund-

antly in the Wakarusa Creek, but are easily distinguishable.

a. lt SP

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MEXICAN AMNICOLIDA.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXITI. JANUARY, 1910. No. 8

NEW AMNICOLIDZ OF THE PANUCO RIVER SYSTEM, MEXICO.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

In the course of Mr. A. A. Hinkley’s expedition to the Panuco

river region in 1907 he found Potamopyrgus coronotus (Pfr.), Paludes-

trina tampicoensis Pils., Cochliopa riograndensis Pils. & Ferr., and

an Amanicola identified as A. guatemalensis C. & F., but which on

further study turns out to be a new species. Several more forms

are now added by the expedition of 1909, among them a south-

western representative of Somatogyrus and some very handsome

though small species of Cochliopa.

In the works of Crosse and Fischer and of von Martens, the

American spinose Amnicoloids are referred to the genus Amnitcola,

in the belief that Potamopyrgus does not occur in America. This

idea is in my opinion wholly erroneous. ‘The American P. coronatus

(Pfr.) has the dentition and the viviparous reproduction of the New

Zealand type of Potamopyrgus. In New Zealand, as in America,

both spinose and smooth forms occur. There is no conchological

difference. No Amnicola is viviparous, and there is a perceptible if

small difference in the shells, which are more compact and more

solid in Amnicola.

The genus Potamopyrgus occurs also in the Antilles, South

America, West Africa and Tasmania. Perhaps the British Hy-

drobia jenkinsi belongs to this genus. If viviparous it certainly

does; but I have not investigated the species. Like Planorbis,

Viviparus, Lymn@a and some other fresh-water genera, it seems

that Potamopyrgus has a very wide geographic distribution. In

female Potamopyrgus one finds the young shells as in the genus

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Viviparus. This character serves to differentiate it from Paludes-

trina, which the smooth phase resembles in shell structure.

AMNICOLA CROSSEANA Nn. sp. PI. ix, fig. 6.

The shell is perforate, ovate-conic, corneous, smooth, the growth-

lines being scarcely visible. Whorls 5, the first very minute, the

rest not very convex; suture but slightly impressed, having a gray

border (by transparence) below. Umbilical region defined by an

angle. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique. Peristome thin, narrowly

olive-edged, represented by an adnate transparent callus on the

parietal wall, which is rather long.

Length 3.1, diam. 2, length of aperture 1.6, width 1.1 mm.

Found only in ponds at La Barra, near Tampico.

This species was taken in considerable numbers. It has some |

resemblance to A. guatemalensis Crosse & Fischer (Paludina hyalina ©

Morelet, not Anton), but on comparing a specimen received from

Morelet it is noticed that gwatemalensis has much more convex

whorls and a shorter more rotund aperture. A guatemalensis is very

closely related to A. panamensis Tryon. I doubt whether the two

forms are specifically distinct.

A. crosseana, named for M. Hippolyte Crosse, is distinct from

species of the Texan region by its lengthened shape, rather pointed

apex, the weak convexity of the whorls, the long adnate parietal

callus and the angulation around the umbilical region, With the

milky corneous examples there are many of a brown or russet tint,

probably owing to a thin ferrous incrustation.

Amnicola comalensis Pils. & Ferr. from Texas described in the

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1906, p. 171, fig. 37, is a much

stouter shell than A. crosseana. In the description the length was

given by error as 3.9 mm. It should have been 2.9 mm.

SoMATOGYRUS MEXICANUS n. sp._ PI. ix, fig. 3.

The shell is perforate, globose, higher than wide, corneous,

smooth, solid but rather thin. Whorls 44, strongly convex, parted

by a deep suture, rather slowly increasing at first, but at the last

whorl very rapidly enlarging. The last whorl is very convex, and

descends more rapidly near the aperture. The aperture is ovate,

subangular above. The outer lip isa little curved forward in the

middle, or in other words, retracted above, thin-edged. The inner

THE NAUTILUS. 99

lip is arcuate below, straightened above, heavily calloused in adults,

especially above, and in contact with the preceding whorl only for a

very short distance. ‘There is a somewhat flattened umbilical area

below the perforation, closely marked with growth-strie, and

bounded by an angle, which is sometimes not very distinct.

Length 5.3, diam. 4.5, aperture 3.1 mm.

Length 5, diam. 4.5, aperture 3.1 mm.

Coy river, on the road to Tampamolon; State of San Luis Potosi.

Types no, 99023 A. N.S. P.

This is the first Somatogyrus from west or southwest of the Mis-

sissippi river system.

She

CocHLIOrA COMPACTA n. sp. PI. ix, figs. 4, 5.

The shell is depressed, solid, rimate, pale greenish olive, encircled

with few or many dark olive or blackish lines and narrow bands,

and sometimes a few cream-white bands, Spire convex, very nar-

row when viewed from above. Whorls 34 to nearly 4, the early

ones smooth, the last very wide, rounded, sculptured with low spiral

threads or nearly smooth, descending to the aperture. The aperture

is rotund-ovate, angular above, the outer lip slightly thickened,

columellar and parietal margins thick. The umbilical area behind

the columellar lip in fully adult shells is white and wide, the basal

rimation either long or rather short.

Alt. 2, diam. 3.9 mm.

Choy river at the cave, south of Las Palmas, State of San Luis

Potosi, Mexico.

This species is closely related to C. picta, differing by the larger

aperture, compressed and generally closed umbilical region, and the

peculiar area behind the columellar lip of adult shells. It was taken

in considerable quantity.

The figures represent one of the most common color-forms. Other

examples have lines and bands over the base also; and in some these

markings are reduced to a few wide bands.

COCHLIOPA RIOGRANDENSIS Pils. & Ferr.

Valles river at Valles and Willis’s ranch; Ganina river near

Rascon. It isan abundant and variable species. In some examples

the last whorl becomes free at the aperture, reminding one of the

small shell described as Valvata micra. That species may prove to

be a Cochliopa.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

CocHLIOPA PICTA n. sp. PI. ix, figs. 1, 2.

The shell is depressed, solid, narrowly umbilicate, there being a

minute perforation and a curved, semicircular rimation where it

enlarges at the last whorl; inner whorls pale olivaceous-corneous,

the last encircled with many dark olive spiral lines and bands, which

are almost imperceptibly raised. The spire is convex, and narrow

viewed from above, the last whorl being very wide. Whorls 34, the

last rounded, indistinctly plicate radially around the umbilicus. The

aperture is rounded-ovate, angular above; outer lip thin; columellar

lip rather heavily calloused; parietal wall short, calloused. Alt.

2.1, diam. 3.7 mm.

Coy river, near the ford on road to Tampamolon, State of San

Luis Potosi, Mexico. A few smaller specimens were taken in the

Ganina river near Rascon.

This species differs from C. riograndensts by its much smaller

umbilicus, opening out only at the last half whorl. The spire is also

more depressed. Many specimens were taken. _

RECTIFICATION OF THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE NUDIBRANCHIATA

IN LERMOND’S ‘‘SHELLS OF MAINE.”’

BY FRANCIS N. BALCH.

A meritorious attempt by Norman Wallace Lermond to list the

mollusca of Maine has recently appeared under the title indicated

above, and has been noticed in a recent number of the NauTILUS.

Considering the confused state of our knowledge (or rather ignor-

ance, for knowledge we have little) of the Nudibranchs, it is scarcely

a reflection on Mr. Lermond that his list of this most interesting but

neglected group reflects the state of knowledge of nearly forty years

ago. It is a painful admission that the additions to our knowledge

since that time have been few and scattering, but such as they are

they should be recognized; and Mr. Lermond’s list, otherwise of

considerable use as almost the only recent list of Nudibranchs from

the northeast coast, might do mischief if allowed to stand uncor-

rected in this particular—hence the following remarks.

Aecolis purpurea Stimps. in all probability is Cratena pustulata

(A. & H.), as Bergh believed, and should be written accordingly,

though with a query.

THE NAUTILUS. 101

Aeolis stellata Stimps. is a Coryphella only very doubtfully dis-

tinct from the same autbhor’s mananensis, which in turn is either a

synonym or a variety of Johnston’s rufibranchialis—see a recent

article by me in the NAUTILUS.

Eolis (Cavolina) salmonacea Couth. (now universally but perhaps

erroneously treated as a Coryphella) although omitted from this list,

has been reported by Verrill from Eastport. But what Verrill

understood that species to be no one can say except that it certainly

was not the same as what European authors understand. But then,

what European authors understand is just as certainly not what

Couthouy meant! The fact is the true salmonacea is entirely enig-

matical. However it should appear in the list.

Dendronotus arborescens Miller should be D. frondosus ( Ascanius)

—this change has been universally adopted.

Cadlina repanda (A. & H.) should be C. obvelata (Miller)—same

remark as last.

Issa lacera should be credited to (Abildgaard) instead of (Muller).

Doris bifida Verrill (entered twice in the list, once as a variety

of Acanthodoris pilosa and once as a variety of A. stellata), Doris

stellata Gmelin and Acanthodoris citrina Verrill, are all synonyms

of Acanthodoris pilosa (Abildgaard); while D. ornata Verrill is at

most a variety.

It is extremely doubtful whether Lamellidoris diaphana (A. &

H.) really occurs on our coast. The common Maine form I believe

to be LZ. aspera, mentioned below. However it correctly appears in

this check list.

Probably nothing can be done with Lamellidorts tenella and L.

grisea but to retain them as Mr. Lermond has done, though they are

practically nomina nuda.

Ancula sulphurea Stimps. is a variety of A. cristata (Alder).

With regard to I/daliella pallida (Ag.) Gould, several errors ap-

pear to have crept in. No Jdaliella occurs in Maine so far as I am

aware. The only eastern American members of the sub-genus

known, | think, are pulchella A. & H., found at Salem, Mass., in

1879, by Emerton, and modesta Verrill from Vineyard Sound and

vicinity. There is, however, a Lamellidoris pallida of Ag. the dis-

tribution of which is such as Mr. Lermond’s list gives, and of which

Proctaporia fusca Stimps. is a synonym as given. The citation in

synonymy of Amoeroecium pallidum Verrill 1873, is, of course, in-

102 THE NAUTILUS.

advertence. Amoeroecium isa genus of compound Ascidians. Ver-

rill, in his Rep. on Invert, of Vin. Sound, 1873, notices (on different

pages) both Amoeroecium pallidum and Onchidoris pallida which

latter is of course what Mr. Lermond intended to cite.

Pallida is, however, a synonym of Lamellidoris aspera (A. & H.).

The entry, therefore, should stand as Lamellidoris aspera (A. & H.)

with Proctaporia fusca Stimps. 1860, Doris pallida Ag. 1849, and

Onchidoris pallida * Verrill,”’ Verrill 1870 and 1873, in synonymy.

Lamellidoris murtcatus should be written muricata.

Palio lessoni should be written lessonit.

UNIONIDZ FROM SOUTHEASTERN ARKANSAS AND N. E. LOUISIANA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

Mr. Clarence B. Moore collected the following species of Unionidae

while on an archaeological expedition during the winter of 1908-09.

Quadrula ebena Lea was everywhere the most abundant species,

Dr. Pilsbry agrees with me in considering Unio dombeyana Val. in

Humboldt et Bonpland, Rec. Obs. Zool., 1833, Vol. 2. p. 227, pl.

53, f. 1, a valid variety of Quadrula heros Say, instead of a synonym

of Q. trapezoides Lea.

The originally varietal name obesa Simps. is used instead of

Iritogonia tuberculata Bar. as the name tuberculata is preoccupied in

Quadrula. Unio tuberculatus Barnes was grouped with U. apiculatus

(now referred to the genus Quadrula) by Pilsbry in 1891 (Nav-

TILUS V, p. 76); a position confirmed by Dr. H. von Ihering in

1901 (Navtitus XV, p. 39), and by Dr. Arnold Ortmann this

year. (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 1909, Vol. 5, p. 193.)

All the specimens of Quadrula trapezoides, pyramidata, ebena,

obesa and Plagiola securis were smaller than the usual size.

I. Pyles Landing, Ouachita River, Calhoun Co., Arkansas.

Obovaria castanea Lea and Anodonta opaca Lea.

II. Near Pigeon Hill, Ouachita River, Union Co., Arkansas.

Obovaria castanea Lea. Quadrula plicata Say.

Plagiola securis Lea. «¢ heros dombeyana Val.

«elegans Lea. y << metanevra Raf,

' 6

Strophitus edentulus Lea. asperrima Lea.

Unio subgibbosus Lea. «< _ obesa Simps.

THE NAUTILUS. 103

Quadrula spherica Lea.

“ nodifera Conr.

“6 trigona Lea.

Quadrula pyramidata Lea.

ie ebenus Lea.

III. Caryville Landing, Ouachita River, Union Co., Arkansas.

Lampsilis hydianus Lea.

“ — igamentinus gibbus

Simps.

“ fallaciosus (Sm.)

Simps.

Obovaria castanea Lea.

Plagiola securis Lea.

Unio gibbosus Bar.

“© subgibbosus Lea.

Quadrula perplicuta Conr,

‘s heros dombeyana Val.

“© metanevra Raf.

‘6 asperrima Lea.

“ nodifera Conr.

‘6 trigona Lea.

“< pyramidata Lea.

“< ebena Lea.

IV. Seven Pine Landing, Bayou Bartholomew, Morehouse Par-

ish, Louisiana. Quadrula trapezoides Lea.

V. Alabama Landing, Ouachita River near the mouth of Basche

La Pierre Creek, Union Parish, Louisiana, 12 miles in a straight

line above Ouachita, Louisiana.

Lampsilis ventricosus satur Lea.

“ ligamentinus gibbus

Simps.

“« fallaciosus (Sm.)

Simps.

‘ purpuratus Lam.

Plagiola securis Lea.

Unio gibbosus Bar.

Quadrula perplicata Conr.

“6 heros dombeyana Val.

‘© trapezotdes Lea.

‘¢ eylindrica Say.

“© obesa Simps.

“< spherica Lea.

‘“ pyramidata Lea.

“¢ ebena Lea.

VI. 15 miles below Monroe, Ouachita River, Ouachita Parish,

Louisiana.

Lampsilis ventricosus satur Lea.

Obovaria castanea Lea.

Quadrula perplicata Conr,

‘< heros dombeyana Val.

‘6 trapezoides Lea.

‘< metanevra Raf.

Quadrula asperrima Lea.

‘‘ spherica Lea.’

‘¢ nodifera Conr.

‘¢ trigona Lea.

‘“ pyramidata Lea.

‘6 ebena Lea.

VII. White Oak Landing, Boeuf River, Franklin Parish, Louisiana.

Lampsilis hydianus Lea.

66 anodontoides Lea.

Quadrula heros dombeyana Val.

Quadrula trapezoides Lea.

66 asperrima Lea.

VIII. Ouachita River, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.

Quadrula heros dombeyana Val.

‘¢ asperrima Lea.

Quadrula ebena Lea.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

IX. Black River, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.

Lampsilis fallaciosus (Sm.) Quadrula heros dombeyana Val.

Simps. ‘¢ _ trapezotdes Lea.

Obliquaria reflexa Raf.

VALVATIDAE OF THE WESTERN NORTH AMERICA.

BY HAROLD HANNIBAL.

While preparing a paper on the tertiary fresh-water fossils of

Western North America it became necessary to go over the litera-

ture and examine all the Valvatidae available. This included speci-

mens from the type localities of V. utahensis and V. virens and part

of the original lot from which V. humeralis californica was described.

There is therefore no doubtas to the authenticity of the determinations.

Two new fossil species have turned up in the Upper Lahontan

(Quartenary) of Nevada and Southern Oregon, descriptions of

which are given here. Ina paper on fresh-water fossils now in

progress, all the species will be figured together for comparison.

On account of the complex and unsatisfactory nature of a key the

following table has been devised :

Broadly Narrowly

umbilicate. umbilicate.

V. whiter. V. humeralis. V. calli. V. virens. V. utahensis.

Spire barely | Rather low. Very low to Moderately High.

raised above very high. high.

body whorl.

Smooth. Smooth. |Smooth, carinate,| Fine growth Smooth.

or marked by striae.

spiral striae.

Whorls rounded} Somewhat Rounded or Rounded. Somewhat

beneath. flattened. carinate. angular.

Z Blue-green ? Light to Pellucid.

or brown. dark green.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

V. lewisti Currier and V. sincera Say have been reported from

west of the Rocky Mountains, but it is probable that all the speci-

mens will prove to be V. humeralis. This is a somewhat variable

and badly misunderstood species. It is apparently widely dis-

tributed over all the Pacific slope.

With the exception of V. humeralis all the species are abundant

wherever they occur, but they are sporadic. ‘This species is also

sporadic but seldom occurs in large numbers.

VALVATA HUMERALIS Say.

Valvata humeralis Say. New Harm. Diss., II], 1829, p. 244.

Mexico.

Valvata humeralis californica Pilsbry. Naut., XXII, 1908, p.

82. Bear Lake, Cal.

Small, smooth, brown or blue-green, spire variable but always low,

umbilicus moderately broad, sutures slightly impressed. Character-

ized by a noticeable flattening about the umbilicus.

The barely matured specimens from Bear Lake do not show this

character as noticeably as others in the writer’s collection. This

species has been identified by west coast conchologists as V. virens,

V. lewisit, and V. sincera. The latter two can be easily eliminated

but the specimens from several of the localities given with a question

mark under V. virens may on re-examination prove to be V. humeralis.

Not known as fossil.

DISTRIBUTION.!

Mexico.

California.

* Bear Lake, San Bernardino Mts. (Berry).

* Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts. (Berry).

* Soap Lake, San Benito Valley (Hannibal).

* Pond, Likely, South Pitt Valley (Hannibal).

Slough, De Witte, Honey Lake Valley (Hannibal).

Oregon.

* Upper Klamath Lake (Hannibal),

Washington.

Lake Washington, Seattle (Randolph).

1* Seen by writer.

? Identification doubted.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

Idaho.

Near Franklin (Hemphill).

Utah.

Near Salt Lake City (Yarrow and Hemphill).

VALVATA VIRENS Tryon.

Valvata virens Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1863, p.

148, pl. 1, fig. 11.

Spire moderately elevated, whorls rounded, umbilicus rather nar-

row, sutures moderately deep, shell marked by fine transverse striae,

light green to deep green color.

It has been the custom to refer any western American Valvata of

a green color or with an elevated spire to V. virens. The writer

does not know of its authentic occurrence north of Clear Lake.

Call’s Great Basin specimens are V. calli. References to living

specimens from northeastern California and southeastern Oregon are

probably V. humeral.

California.

* Clear Lake (Tryon, Cooper, Hemphill).

Alameda Co. (Cooper).

Antioch (Carlton).

* Pond near Watsonville (Laws, Hannibal).

? Willow Creek, Lassen Co. (McGregor).

Oregon.

? Grant’s Lake (Cooper). .

British Columbia.

? Nanaimo, Vancouver Is. (Dall).

? Lake Laggan, Rocky Mts. (Taylor).

Fossil: Santa Clara Beds (Pliocene).

Gelrich’s coal mine, Santa Cruz Mts., Cal. (Cooper).

* Galabazos Canon, Santa Cruz Mts. (Hannibal).

Kettleman Beds: 10 miles east of Tulare Lake, west border of

Kettleman Plains (Watts).

VALVATA UTAHENS!S Call.

Valvata sincera var. utahensis Call, Bull. 11, U. S. Geol. Sur.,

1884, p. 44, pl. vi, fig. 1-3.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

Characterized by its tabulated whorls, well elevated spire, and

very narrow umbilicus, sutures moderately deep; lip slightly diag-

onal, usually angular below. Shell smooth, pellucid.

This species is known only from near the type locality. It re-

minds one of V. piscinalis of Europe.

Utah.

* Lehi, Utah Lake, near head of Jordan River (Call).

Fossil : Semifossil, Bonneville Basin, Utah (Call.)

VALVATA CALLI 0. sp. é

Valvata virens Call, Bull. 11, U. S. Geol. Sur., 1884, p. 21 (in

part).

Shell varying from a high spire as in V. virens to a very low spire

as in V. lewisti ; sculpture, smooth, carinate tricarinate or marked

by numerous spiral striae. Umbilicus rather narrow; whorls rounded

in smooth or striate forms angular in carinate forms. Sutures deeply

impressed in high forms, slightly in low. ‘Type tricarinate with

moderately elevated spire.

Measurements: Type, alt. 4.5 mm., diam. 5.5 mm., diam. of

aperture 2 mm.; flattened specimen, alt. 4 mm., diam. 6 mm., diam.

of aperture 2 mm., Marl, Upper Lahontan Quarternary, near Sum-

mer Lake, Ore. (F. M. Anderson).

Also from ‘‘ Central Nevada, near R. R.,’’ named in honor of the

late Robert Ellsworth Call.

VALVATA WHITEI 0. sp.

Spire depressed, barely raised above outer whorl, broadly umbili-

cate two whorls visible beneath; shell rather thick, smooth, marked

by very faint growth lines; sutures very slightly impressed, whorls

round.

Measurements: Alt. 2.5 mm., diam. 6 mm., diam. of aperture 2.5

mm., Marl., Upper Lahontan, Quarternary, near Summer Lake,

Oregon (F. M. Anderson).

This species resembles a very large specimen of V. humeralis, but

the umbilicus is much broader in specimens of a corresponding size,

The species also has a much thicker shell.

Named in honor of the late Dr. C. A. White.

Stanford University, Cal.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

AN APPARENTLY NEW SLUG FROM THE RIVER NILE.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

The slug here described was kindly placed in my hands for deter-

mination by Professor H. M. Gwatkin, of Cambridge, England.

Veronicella nilotica, n. sp.

Length 43 mm., breadth 114; unusually narrow and parallel-

sided ; sole narrow, its width about 4 mm., with 16 transverse

grooves (not counting the lesser ones between each pair of strong

ones) in 5 mm. of length; female generative orifice 11 mm. from

sole and 24 from lateral margin, its distance from head about 274

mm. Upper surface finely and densely tuberculate, some of the

tubercles a little larger and more prominent than the others; hy-

ponotum finely and more obscurely tuberculate. Color above (in

alcohol) pale ochreous densely mottled with dark grey. the two colors

about equal in amount ; there is a faintly indicated pale dorsal band,

on each side of which the dark mottling is heaviest ; on each side at

about 2 mm. from the margin, there is a very faint suggestion of a

dusky stripe. The underside is pallid, with a dusky suffusion toward

the sides of the hyponotum. Upper tentacles dark blue-grey. Stomach

not covered by the liver, but rather broadly exposed; course and

form of the intestine quite normal, the last loop traversing a little

less than a semicircle; filiform glands extremely long (20 mm.),

twisted right round the gut, the fully developed ones only five in

number, but several other short ones at the base of the bundle.

The sole does not project beyond the end of the body. An appar-

ently distinct species, best known by its narrow form and very long

filiform glands. It extends the distribution of the genus about fifteen

degrees north in Hastern Africa.

Collected by the Nile, above Khartoum, by Mr. Harold H. King,

of the Wellcome Research Laboratories, Khartoum.

NOTES.

ErRrRaTA.—‘* Land Mollusca of Aldabra,” in the October number.

Line 4, ‘“* Conoro”’ is a typographical error for ‘“* Comoro.” Quota-

tion marks should be placed at the beginning of the sentence of line

7, also of each succeeding paragraph and the finish of article.——

MAXWELL SMITH.

THE NAUTILUS, XXIII PLATE. X.

ANODONTa DAKOTA FRIERSON.

WHE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXITI. FEBRUARY, 1910. No. 9

A COLLECTING EXCURSION NORTH OF THE GRAND CANYON OF THE

COLORADO.

In August last Messrs. J. H. Ferriss and L. E. Daniels set out to

extend the work begun by Ferriss and Pilsbry in 1906. From

Bass’ Camp they crossed the Grand Canyon of the Colorado; scaled

the northern rim, explored and collected in the Kaibab and Kanab

plateaux, finally reaching Kanab, in southwestern Utah. Beyond

the Grand Canyon, where we had worked in 1906, this was all a

virgin field conchologically. An account of their journey is here

extracted from a letter received from Mr. Ferriss.

Friend Pilsbry :

The Arizona expedition of 1909 is in the offing, to use a nautical

term. We felt worried until your letter was found at the end of the

trip. There was some danger of getting lost in the desert in an

effort to find us. A settler with a team from Mt. ‘Trumbull a day

ahead of us was three days without water and just about all in when

he reached the Pipe Springs. We supposed you would come the

back-door route by Salt Lake so that in coming or going you would

pick up the Oreohelix found by Hemphill.

Unexpectedly we made the trip to Mt. Trumbull via Fredonia,

Arizona and Kanab, Utah, and thus found the guide we had picked

out watching for you. Ona side trip I went up to the lakes in the

mouth of caves along the Kanab Wash north of these villages, and

from what I saw and heard it will be an interesting conchological

trip along the mountains all the way to Salt Lake. It was at these

eave lakes that I found Succinea hawkinsi of British Columbia.

We heard of Oreohelix with a long nose but did not find them.

110 THE NAUTILUS.

There must be a difference in the anatomy of different lots of Sue-

cinea avara sent in. We found it plentiful on the ant hills in the

Antelope valley, a desert as dry as the St. Simon valley. Again

on the hottest and dryest of mountain rock at the Hurricane Fault.

Still again we found it with Oreohelix at the Big Springs in the

Kaibab Mountains living in as moist a situation as we find Polygyra

multilineata. ‘hese were of a different color, larger and more cor-

pulent.

After this I hope to go into strange countries with U. S. Geologi-

cal folios in addition to the contour maps, for the whole Mt. Trum-

bull country was of lava formation, barren of shells except the small

truck. We need limestone and shelter in our business. The Hurri-

cane Fault had lime but no shelter and was equally as barren. This

Trumbull side-trip took half of our time and cost a lot of money, but

we enjoyed it. We love the Mormons, at least their cooking, and I

am now physically perfect until next August.

I will send you a map marking our collecting stations. There

were 113 of these. Oreohelix was found at perhaps 100 stations and

80 of these are unlike any other colony in color, size or architecture,

while each colony is reasonably uniform individually. We had a

theory when we left the Two Springs canyon that the shells were

small and dark in the higher altitudes and that they grew larger in

a regular ratio as we passed to the lower levels, but in the Warm

Springs Canyon the shells were largest at the upper stations and

smaller at the lower. In the Snake Gulch they were smallest at the

midway stations, and in Quaking Asp canyon it was a skip about

between large and small. At Castle Springs, heavily shaded and in

elderberry bushes, we found the largest. At Big Springs, facing

the sun, moisture abundant. they were small with many albinos.

Thus as to elevation, shade, moisture, soil or food we have no theory

except like old-time chickens they may just happen to be large,

small and middling, ring-banded, streaked or speckled. Our largest

measured 30 mm. diam. and our smallest 8 mm. In the Huachucas

the colonies of Oreohelix are of mixed forms, but the Kaibab shells

are of one kind in each colony, with occasional albinos. Some of

the colonies apparently divided their rock slide territory into families,

designated by size or color. In one instance passing around the

point of a rock, less than one hundred feet, and good traveling for

snails, the colony on one side was as large again in size as those upon

THE NAUTILUS. be

the opposite side. Our prettiest shells are pure white with a green,

transparent band, like Clapp’s Maine find of Helix hortens’s.

The Sonorellas were in small colonies and hard to dig. We did

not find any after leaving the north rim‘of the Grand Canyon and

the Kaibab-Powell Saddle, Powell and Kaibab plateaus are fairly

level and I have never seen anything more beautiful in timber land-

scapes. Powell is covered with a heavy growth of large yellow pine.

In the Kaibab plateau or mountains, better known in Arizona as

Buckskin Mountains, blue spruce and quaking aspen with the pine

lend variety to the scenery. No landscape artist in Fairmount Park

could manage the grouping better than we saw it in a day and a half

journey by donkey, down the Snake Gulch (known as Shinamo

Canyon on the U. S. maps.)

We camped with E. W. Nelson and C. Birdsi of the eae

survey of the U. S. Agricultural Departmentat Mt. Trumbull. Here

we learned that the tufted-eared squirrel of the Kaibabs was

Sciurus alberti var. katbabensis. It is tiie largest American squirrel,

black as silk with a white tail. A chattering chickaree is black

throughout, and there are four chipmunks and a blue grouse. Deer

were about as common as cattle, and as tame, for the Kaibabs are in

a game preserve. The plains about Trumbull are populated with

wild horses and these are common game, to be had for the catching.

Again I visited tie Grotto [on White Creek, a branch of the

Grand Canyon] and took more of the maidenhair fern. It seems to

be a new species, and it so happens J am working at that group.

The Grotto and creek have been filling up with gravel since you and

I were there together. They are quite changed since our visit three

years ago. From the Grotto, White creek keeps to the north and

Muav to the west; heading in the saddle between Kaibab and Powell

plateaus. So when you and I slept by the fire and found the colony

of Sonorellas we were in the Muav Wash and more than half way

to the north rim of the Grand Canyon. About a mile above our

sleeping place, there is a fine trout stream (without fish) and cliffs

a thousand feet high, with Sonorellas.

There were no mice this time at our old thousand-mouse camp on

Shinamo creek." We saw but two on the whole trip. Thus John

had a fine orchard with leaves on the trees this time, also melons,

sweet potatoes and common things in plenty. Their asbestos mine

1On the north side of the Grand Canyon, near the river.

riz THE NAUTILUS.

is very promising but it is a long road to consumption for the copper.

We found a half million dollar copper smelter in the Kaibabs and a

saw mill, but only two men in the mountains besides the foresters,

and these were at thesaw mill. They had a wagon road to Fredonia.

In fact you can wagon from the top of the Kaibab saddle to Fredonia

or most any other place in that region. An auto was driven

through from Salt Lake while we were there to Bright Angel, on

the north side of the canyon across from the hotel. But from Bass

Station to Trumbull, 125 miles, there will be no inhabitants through

the winter, except Bass and John working out assessments on new

mines.

Yours Truly,

Jas. H. Ferriss.

A NEW VARIETY OF LYMNAEA STAGNALIS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

LYMN#ZA STAGNALIS LILLIAN var. nov.

Lymnea stagnalis var., DanixLts, Nautitus XXII, p. 120

(1909).

Lymnea stagnalis var., WALKER, Ann. Rep. Mich. Geol. Surv.,

1908, 289, figure 63, No. 1 (1909).

Shell elongate-ovate, with short spire and elongated, narrow aper- -

ture, which is typically longer than. the spire; whorls flattened,

elongated, very flat-sided and sloping, especially the body whorl

which is cylindrical; spire sharply acuminated; whorls 5 to 6;

body whorl elongated, flattened, roundly shouldered ; aperture long

and narrow, slightly expanded; axis strongly gyrate; umbilical

region with a very minute, narrow chink; sculpture and nuclear

whorls as in stagnalis appressa.

Length, 42.06; width, 22.00; aperture length, 26.00; width,

13.00 mill. A

Length, 40.00; width, 19.50; aperture length, 23.50; width,

11.75 mill.

Length, 39.00; width, 20.00; aperture length, 24.50; width,

11.00 mill.

Length, 37.50; width, 19.50; aperture length, 23.75; width,

12.00 mill. ;

Length, 40.00; width, 19.00; aperture length, 23.25; width,

11.50 mill.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

Length, 28.00; width, 13.00; aperture length, 17.50; width

8.50 mill.

Types: Chicago Academy of Sciences, five specimens, No. 24554.

Type Locality: Tomahawk Lake, Oneida County, Wisconsin.

Range: Michigan and Wisconsin north of the 45th parallel of

north latitude.

Records.— Michigan: Isle Royale; various localities. (Adams;

Gleason; Walker).

Wisconsin: Quynoch Point, Eagle Bay, and other portions of

Tomahawk Lake, Oneida County (Baker).

Ecology: L. s. lilliane is typically an inhabitant of sandy shores,

in shallow water, where it is subjected to heavy wave action, only

once was a specimen found in a still-water habitat, and this instance

was undoubtedly caused by drifting from its normal habitat. When

any number of specimens were found, the habitat was invariably an

exposed beach. Associated with Midliane@ were Galba emarginata

and Flanorbis binneyi. Individuals were observed crawling over

the sandy beach or attached to water-soaked logs or other shore

debris.

The animal of this race exhibits two color phases, one bright yel-

low and the other black or grayish-black. No cause for this color

dimorphism was apparent. It is not protective as both forms occupy

the same area of white sandy beach.

(To be continued.)

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ANODONTA.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

ANODONTA DAKOTA, n. sp. Plate X.

Shell elliptically rounded before (slightly cut away below) dorsal

line nearly straight, base slightly curved. Posterior nearly straight,

making the shell trapezoidal in outline. Epidermis straw yellow,

with dark bands marking the rest periods.

Umbonal ridge angular, beaks not high, with double loop sculp-

ture, as in Ano. grandis, Say.

Umbos inflated, greatest diameter of shell about 4 from beak to

base.

114 THE NAUTILUS. P

Length, 3; height, 1.8; diameter 1.6 (inches).

Length 76, height 51, diameter 40 mm.

Found by Mr. W. H. Over, at Ulvers Point, Clear Lake, Deuel

Co., South Dakota, July 1, 1909.

To launch a new Annie is a perilous undertaking, but in this

instance the novelty of the form is unmistakable. The beaks ally

the shell, of course, to Anodonta grandis, Say. It is nearest to

that form called by Mr. Anthony A. subgibbosa (and especially to

the figure of this species shown in the Conchologia Iconica, which is

much more characteristic than the figure in the American Journal

of Conchology). From any form of Ano. grandis it differs in being

more cylindrical, z. e., in lacking the swelling “‘ amidship” so often

shown by A. grandis; in being rayless (so far as known), but especi-

ally by having its posterior point not elevated above the basal line,

and by the marked truncation posteriorly, which truncation is as

marked as in Morgaritana morginata Say, and the straight posterior,

and the resulting quadrilateral aspect of the shell. It is more

quadrate than Anodonta doliaris, Lea. The lack of any obl/quity is

remarkable. Mr. Over also sent me from the same lake examples

of Anodonta grandis, Say, and the facies cf our species was meiicent

ingly dissimilar.

A NEW SYSTEM OF THE UNIONIDAE.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN, CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH, PA.

Since October, ’09 the present writer has been engaged in the

study of the anatomy of the soft parts of the Unionide of Pennsyl-

vania, collected during the last four years. The material at hand

being very rich, it was possible to make out the structure of most of

our species, and the results obtained are rather satisfactory, and are

apt to furnish new principles for the systematic arrangement of the

species.

Simpson (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 22, 00). in his system, has indi-

cated some of the essential principles of classification, in fact, the first

pointed out the most important feature, the shape of the marsupium,

Yet this system must be changed considerably, if it is to represent

the natural affinities. This is due chiefly to the fact, that Simpson.

on the one hand, had rather insufficient material, and on the other,

that he did not go into microscopic detail.

« THE NAUTILUS. 115

Some corrections of Simpson’s system have been advocated by

Sterki (Amer. Naturalist 37, 703 p. 103 ff.), and, generally, I find

that these are well supported. Yet there are other differentiations

in structure, which have been overlooked hitherto, and which are of

prime systematic value.

The most important (and gratifying) result of my investigations is,

that the gills or parts of gills, which serve as marsuptum during the

breeding season, are permanently differentiated in their anatomical

structure from those gills (or parts of gills), which never serve as mar-

supium. Thus it is possible to recognize the type of marsupium of

any species, if only sterile females are at hand.

My investigation will be published in full in the ‘‘ Memoirs of the

Carnegie Museum,” amply illustrated by figures of the structures

discussed. Although I am not quite done yet, and although I hope

to secure additional material next summer, I think it advisable to

publish my preliminary results as soon as possible, in order to direct

the attention of the collectors to those genera, which I have not

been able to investigate. It would be desirable for anybody, who

intends to collect Uniontde next summer, to make up his mind from

the beginning, that shells without the soft parts are not the thing

that is wanted, but that the scft parts, at least of some specimens,

should always be preserved in alcohol,

The family Unionidae, in Simpson’s sense (1. ¢., p. 514, 515, 516),

is accepted. Simpson divides it into two subfamilies, of which one,

Hyriine (= Hyriane Swains., Simpson, pp. 515 and 806), is extra-

limital, and which cannot be discussed at present. The other is the

Unionine Swains. All our North American forms belong to the

latter. But I think they should be divided into four groups, which

I would designate as subfamilies. Thus, disregarding the Hyriine,

the Unionide@ are divided into four subfamilies, as shown below.

In the following I shall give a systematic arrangement of the

Pennsylvanian species. Of the characters, I have given the most

important ones of the soft parts for the subfamilies, and for the

genera where necessary. It is not my intention to go into any de-

tail, since further investigations may possibly necessitate minor

changes in the arrangement of the genera. Some notes are ap-

pended at the end, in order to explain the most striking changes

introduced here.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

1. Subfamily: MarGaRITANINZ&.

Gills without well-defined water tubes; connections of the two

lamine by irregularly scattered prominences, but not by septa.

(This is a most remarkable character, in which Margaritana differs

from all other genera.) Supra-anal opening not separated from the

anal opening. Diaphragm (posterior part of gills, separating anal

and branchial openings) of peculiar shape: the outer lamina of the

outer gill is free from the mantle for a considerable distance. Inner

lamina of inner gills free from the abdominal sac. No papille on

edge of mantle in front of branchial opening. (Marsupium and glo-

chidia unknown to the writer.)

Genus and species: Margaritana margaritifera (L.).

2. Subfamily: UNIoNIN«.

Gills with rather well-defined water tubes, the latter formed by

septa, which run the whole width of the gill, parallel to the gill-

filaments. Supra-anal opening not separated or (generally) separ-

ated from the anal, the closed part rather short. Diaphragm normal

(7. e., outer lamina of outer gills connected with the mantle to their

posterior end), Inner lamina of inner gills always free from abdom-

inal sac. No papille on mantle edge in front of branchial opening.

Marsupium formed by both gills or only by the outer gill; edye of mar-

supium always sharp (not distending). Water tubes not divided in

the gravid female. Glochidia semioval or semicircular, without

spine.

1. Genus: Quadrula (Raf.) Ag. (restr.).. Both gills (inner and

outer) serving as marsupium.

Species: subrotunda (Lea) [and var. kirtlandiana. (Lea) |—

rubiginosa (Lea) [and var. trigona (Lea) |—pus-

tulosa (Lea)—metanevra (Raf.)—cylindrica (Say)

—tritogonia (Ortm)'—undulata (Barn.).

2. Genus: Rotundaria Raf. (as subgenus). Outer gills only serv-

ing as marsupium. Supra-anal opening not sep-

arated from the anal. Also with peculiar shell

characters.

1 Quadrula tritogonia Ortm. = Tritogonia tuberculata (Barn.) of Simpson.

The nomenclature of this species remains to be settled. Since Qu. tuberculata

(Raf.) is now removed from the genus Quadrula, the specific name tuberculata

might become available. Qu. lachrymosa (Lea) probabiy is also a true

Quadrula.

THE NAUTILUS. li¢

Species: tuberculata Raf.

3. Genus: Pleurobema (Raf.) Ag. (enlarged). Outer gills serv-

ing as marsupium. Supra-anal separated from the

anal.

Species: cooperiana (Lea)'—esopus (Green).

obliqua (Lam.) [including the form pyramidata

(Lea) and the var. coccinea (Conr.).’

clava (Lam.).

4. Genus: Unio Retz.’

Species: crasstdens (Lam.)—gibbosus (Barn.)—complanatus

(Dillw.)—productus (Conr.) (Fulton Co., Pa.).

3. Subfamily: ANODONTINZE.

Water-tubes similar to those of the Unionine, only less regular at

base of gills, chiefly so in the male. Supra-anal opening well sep-

arated from the anal; sometimes the connection of the mantle mar-

gins is very long, Diaphragm normal. Inner lamina of inner gills

generally free from the abdominal sac, sometimes with the tendency

to become connected with it, or entirely connected. No papille on

mantle edge in front of branchial opening. Marsupium formed by

the outer gills; edge of marsuptum, when charged, distending, the

thickened tissue forming the edge stretching out in a direction trans-

versal to the gills, but not bulging out beyond the edge of the gill (or

only slightly so), Water-tubes in the gravid female divided longi-

tudinally into three tubes, one lying toward each face of the gill, the

third in the middle; only the latter contains eggs or embryos, and

is much larger than the outer tubes. This division into three parts

is not present in the sterile female. Glochidia subtriangular, with

one spine at the tip.

1. Genus: Alasmidonta Say.‘

1 Pleurobema cooperiana (Lea) (= Qu. cooperiana of Simpson) surely groups

with Pl. zsopus.

2 Pl. obliqua, pyramidata [and also plena (Lea)] form a natural group by

themselves, and probably are one and the same species. P. pyramidata is only

an extreme variation of P. obligua, with which it occurs, while coccinea is a

good ecological variety, which, however, runs into obligua at certain localities.

3 The characters of the soft parts of Unio are practically identical with those

of Pleurobema. A distinction is possible only by shell characters,

4The genera of the Anodontine are distinguished chiefly by shell characters,

but it seems as if Alasmidonta and Strophitus are more closely allied to each

other, and then again Symphynota, Anodontoides and Anodonta.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Species: heterodon (Lea)—marginata (Say) [and var. varicosa

(Lam.) ]|—undulata (Say).'

2. Genus: Strophitus Raf.?

Species: undulatus (Say) [= edentulus (Say)].

3. Genus: Symphynota Lea.

Species: compressa (Lea)—virid’s (Conr.).3

costata (Rat.)—complanata (Barn.).

4, Genus: Anodontoides Simps.

Species : ferussacianus (Lea) (and var. subcylindraceus (Lea).

5. Genus: Anodonta Brug. |

Species: cataracta Say.—grandis Say (with several varieties)

imbecillis (Say.)*

4, Subfamily : LampsiLina.

Water tubes similar to those of the Unioning. Supra-anal opening

separated from the anal, rarely entirely closed. Diaphragm normal.

Inner Jamina of inner gills rarely more or less free from abdominal

sac, generally entirely connected with it. Mantle edge in front of

branchial opening crenulated, papillose, or with a peculiar flap.

Marsupium formed by the outer gill, or (mostly) by the posterior part

of the outer gill (sometimes only a section of the latter is used for

the marsupium). Hdge of marsupium, when charged, rounded,

distended and bulging out beyond the ends of the branchial filaments.

Water tubes in the gravid female simple. Glochidia generally of the

type of the Undonine, rarely different, and rectangular with two spines.

1. Genus: Ptychobranchus Simps. ®

Species : phaseolus (Hildr.)

' Alasmid. heterodon stands by itself, while marginata and undulata are more

closely related. '

?The marsupium of Strophitus is very peculiar and complex, and cannot be

explained in a few words and without figures. The discharge of the “pla-

cente” (‘‘ovisacs” of Simpson) is zot through the walls of the gills, as Simp-

son indicates (1. c., p. 616),

3 Symphynota compressa and viridis are hermaphrodites !

* As already Sterki has shown, Anodonta imbecillis is a hermaphrodite, which

I am able to confirm. I know another species of Anodonta, from Texas, which

is also hermaphroditic; it groups with imbecillis, and belongs possibly under

A. henryana Lea (or may be a new species).

5The peculiar character of the marsupium of Ptychobranchus is well

known; this form reveals what is essential in the Lampsilis-type of marsupium.

The genus Cyprogenia Ag., which I had no chance to investigate, very likely

should follow after Ptychobranchus.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

2. Genera: Obliquaria (Raf.) Simps.—Plagiola (Raf.) Ag.—

Obovaria (Raf.) ?

Species: Odliquaria reflera Raf.

Plagiola securts (Lea)—elegans (Lea).

Obovaria retusa (Lam.)—circulus (Lea)—ellipsis

(Lea).

Obovaria igamentina (Lam.)?

3. Genus: Proptera Raf. *

Species: gracilis (Barn.)—alata (Say.

4. Genus: Carunculina Simps. (subgen.)

Species: parva (Barn.) *

5. Genus: Micromya (Ag.) Simps.

Species: fabalis (Lea.)*

6. Genus. Lampsilis Raf. (restr.)®

Species : iris (Lea)—nasuta (San)—recta (Lam.)'

luteola (Lam.)—radiata(Gmel.)—orbiculata (Hildr.)®

1These three genera are practically identical with regard to their anatomy,

only Obliguaria is distinguished by the marsupium consisting only of a few

ovisacs. They may be distinguished by shell characters, which, however, are

hard to define. All the species enumerated here are characterized by the

absence of papille or flaps on the mantle edge in front of the branchial opening,

+A final arrangement of the genera must be left for the future.

2 Obovaria ligamentina = Lampsilis ligamentina. This species undoubtedly

belongs into this group, and no¢ with the true Lampsilis.

3 Proptera, as defined by Sterki. P. alata is distinguished by its peculiar

glochidia (rectangular, with two spines), But P. gracilis, which agrees in all

other respects, has different glochidia; they are of the normal Lampsilis-shape,

but much smaller.

4 Car. parva has the inner lamina of the inner gills not connected with the

abdominal sac, and the supra-anal opening is entirely closed; for the rest it

resembles the tvis-type of Lampsilis.

5 Micromya fabalis agrees well with the iris-type of Lampsilis, but the inner

lamella of the inner gill is partly free from the abdominal sac. Both Caruncu-

lina and Micromya form a transition from the more primitive forms to the

typical Lampsilis. Further study possibly will throw more light upon these

forms.

6 Lampsilis is characterized by the development of peculiar structures on

the mantle edge. The first group has papille, the second a flap.

TAIso Lampsilis vibex nigrina (Lea) from Florida and ZL. anodontoides (Lea)

from Texas have been investigated, and prove to belong to this group.

8 L. orbiculata is not at all related to L. ligamentina, as Simpson thinks, but

it belongs to the ventricosa group of Lampsilis, for it has a well-developed flap

on the mantle edge.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

eartosa(Say )—multiradiata( Lea)—v entrichapegnee )

and var. ovata (Say).

7. Genus: Truncilla Raf."

Species: triquetra Raf.—perplexa rangiana (Lea).

NOTES AND NEWS.

Tue Wendell Phillips High School, Chicago, in its regular

Zoology work is doing things unique with the mollusca. Hach

pupil is required to make a ‘ cigar box”’ collection of shells. These

are fixed up nicely and covered with glass. The specimens are

named on inside of lid and an exhibition takes place to which parents

and friends are invited. This year over 200 boxes and 8000 speci-

mens were exhibited.

The students under the direction of Mr. E. E. Hand, the teacher

are urged to make a thorough study of their own region and in co-

operation with the Agassiz Association are arranging for exchanges

with high schools and individual collectors all over the world. Any-

one interested is invited to correspond.—K, E. Hanp.

It is with sorrow we record the death of Mr. John Ford, at his

home in Philadelphia, on January 10, 1910. An obituary will ap-

pear in March number.

We also regret to announce the death of Dr. John H. Britts of

Clinton, Missouri, which occurred November 14, 1909.

Lymne@a cubensis aspirans, nu. subsp. The shell differs from ZL.

cubensis by its much longer spire of very convex whorls. Length

12, diam. 6, length of aperture 6 mm.; whorls 6. Barbadoes. ‘Types

No. 85455 A. N.S. P. This is not Limnea barbadensis Sowerby,

Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 14, f.100. I have seen no Antillean species

resembling that figure.—H. A. Piuspry.

WE learn with regret of the death of Dr. Kakichi Mitsukuri, the

eminent Japanese zodlogist, on September 16.

1Shell characters peculiar, and also mantle edge, and in some respects also

the marsupium. The two species differ considerably, and the two subgenera

of Simpson (Zruncilla and Pilea) should perhaps be elevated to the rank

of genera.

cha)

ball

1 Soler

aoe

>? ——_.

fo ——

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXIII. MARCH, 1910. No, 10

A NEW FOSSIL MITRA FROM WEST FLORIDA, AND A NEW EOCENE

ASTARTE.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

MiTRA (CHRYSAME) WALTONENSIS, n. sp. Pl. XI, fig. 1.

Shell rather solid, thick; apex scarcely pointed. Whorls six,

three smooth, balance cancellated and shouldered, suture deep;

varices near the aperture predominating over the spirals and ap-

pressed to the suture. Aperture with strong outer lip which is ser-

rated on its outer edge and showing seven or eight strong lirations

within ; inner lip curved and covered with a strong enamel which

spreads over part of the body whorl, two strong quadrangular folds

on the lower central part and a pointed tooth near the posterior part

of the aperture, base rounded, shell slightly umbilicated.

Height, 16 mm.; breadth, 9 mm.; length of aperture, 9 mm.

Locality: Shoal River bed, West Florida. Oligocene of Dall.

Remarks.—This is another Pacific Ocean form that adds to the

evidence of a channel between the two oceans during the Tertiary

period.

ASTARTE NEWTONENSIS, n. sp. Pl. XI, figs. 2, 3.

Shell small, rounded, nearly equilateral; beaks small, lunule

rather long, the concentric ribs dying down at the edge, but the

lines of growth run over to the hinge line and do the same on the

escutcheon also. Valves moderately convex, sculptured with nu-

merous small subequal ribs, inner margins crenulate, hinge as in

the figure.

Height, 6 mm.; length, 74 mm.

jp ae THE NAUTILUS.

Locality: From the * Burrstone,” near Beulah P. O., Newton

County, Miss.

Remarks.—This little species is strikingly similar to the species

named ASTARTE OPULENTORA Dail, but that is from the Pliocene

of Mexico.

NOTES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE TORNATELLINIDE.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

PAUL TONY Vv

The Tornatellinide are a group of small or minute land snails

found on the islands in and around the Pacific. An illustrated

monograph has been prepared for the ‘* Manual of Conchology,”’ but

as its publication will be delayed until the appearance of the Achati-

nellide, a brief sketch of the classification is here published in

advance.

These shells have some resemblance to Achatinellide and Par-

tulid@ in shape, but differ from both families by having an entering

parietal lamella. In at least two species this is absent through de-

generation in the adult stage, and in some others it is much reduced.

Some species of the section Lamellina undergo remarkable changes

from youth to maturity, the adult stage being secondarily simplified.

Young individuals should always be collected with adults, when

possible.

Key to Genera and Minor Divisions.

I. Shell rather solid, glossy, bright or dark colored or variegated ;

axis imperforate, but usually superfically rimate in the adult

stage. Genus AURICULELLA Pfr.

II. Shell thin, light brown or corneous, not polished.

a. Axis imperforate, slender, the columella more or less

sinuous.

b. Shell globose-ovate ; columella armed with an angular

or bilobed vertical callus or plate, truncate or exca-

vated below the prominence.

Genus ELASMIAS n. gen.

c. Spire of few (3 to 44) whorls; columellar callus

in form of a vertical, angular or bilobed plate.

Section Hlasmias.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

ec. Spire of 6 to 7 close whorls; columellar callus

bilamellate, lamelle long; palatal plice devel-

oped. Section Lamellovum n. sect.

6b. Shell oblong-conic or turrite, very thin; columella

sigmoid or nearly straight, sometimes calloused or

bearing lamellz, not truncate or excavated at base.

Genus ToRNATELLINA Pfr.

e. Shell oblong-conic; whorls 5 to 7.

d. Aperture having a columellar and a pari-

etal lamella and two palatal folds.

Section Zornatellina.

dd. Aperture having columellar and a parietal

lamella and more or less serrate, vertical,

palatal ribs, at least in the neanic stage.

Section Lamellina Pse.

ddd. No palatal armature at any stage; colu-

mella more or less sinuous, sometimes

lamellate, whorls 5 to 6.

Section Lamellidea, n. sect.

ec. Shell long-turrite, whorls 9 to 10.

Section Hlasmatina Petit.

aa. Axis umbilicate or perforate throughout; columella not

sinuous or truncate. Genus TORNATELLIDES n. gen.

6. Columella unarmed at all stages of growth.

Section Tornatellides.

bb. Columella bilamellate, at least in the young.

Section Zornatellaria, n. sect.

Types of the Genera and Minor Groups.

Frickella Pfr. 1855, type Achatinella amoena Pfr.

Auriculella Pfr. 1855, type A. auricula (Feér.).

Elasmias Pils. 1910, type Tornatellina aperta Pease.

Lamellovum Pils. 1910, type Tornatellina globosa (Petit).

Tornatellina Pfr. 1842, type Tornatellina clausa—bilamellata ( An-

ton).

Lamellina Pease 1860, type Lamellina serrata Pease.

Lamellidea Pils. 1910. type Tornatellina peponum (Gld.).

Elasmatina Petit 1843, type H. subulata Pet. = T. turrita (An-

ton).

124 THE NAUTILUS.

Tornatellides’ Pils. 1910, type T. simplex Pse.

Tornatellaria Pils. 1910, type JT. newcombi Pfr.

Auriculella and Tornatellaria are restricted to the Hawaiian Islands.

Lamellovum and Elasmatina to Rapa. The other groups have a

wider range. Lamellidea and Tornatellides range from the Bonin,

Luchu and Hawaiian Islands to New Zealand; Elasmias from the

Japanese Oceanic Islands to Australia, while Lamellina does not go

south farther than Micronesia and Polynesia. There are some New

Caledonian species of Tornatellina, but the absence of records of Tor-

natellinideg from the Solomons, New Hebrides and other Melanesian

islands is remarkable, and must be due to these minute shells being

overlooked. The family is represented by a solitary species in the

Galapagos. |

A CONCHOLOGICAL MUSEUM FOR JAPAN.

BY Y. HIRASE.

As I stated in the late issue of my paper I am going to establish a

conchological museum in the near future and I hope I shall be able

to contribute a little to this branch of study. Hon. S. Omori, Gov-

ernor of Kyoto-Prefecture, Dr. H. Kinoshita, Ex-President of the

Kyoto Imperial University, Dr. Y. Tanaka, a member of the

House of Peers and two or three others of eminence promised to

render assistance, if need be, and are in deep sympathy with my

undertaking. Iam well convinced that I shall be able to carry out

my plan and attain my object, the establishment of a conchological

museum.

For the building expenses of the museum, I rely for $5,000 upon

the generosity of persons interested in science in foreign countries.

It is not intended to ask contributions, but to issue sets of Japanese

shells, the proceeds to be applied to the museum.

Each lot or set contains 500 species of Japanese shells, valued at

$100. Many sets are prepared and can be sent as soon as I receive

orders. As to the 500 species in each set, they shall be subject to

selection. Let me hear the names of the species desired.

As already said, I do not wish for cash contributions to the museum.

'The term TYornatellides differs sufficiently in spelling and etymology from

Tornatelloides Pfr.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

Yet such donations as specimens of shells, shell fancy-work, books,

papers and pamphlets which have descriptions or pictures of shells,

etc., will heartily be welcomed. They shall be arranged in cases in

the museum, carefully preserved and duly credited to the donors.

Kyoto, Japan.

A NEW VARIETY OF LYMNAEA STAGNALIS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

(Concluded from page 113).

Remarks: Lymnza stagnalis lilliane may be known by its short

spire, long and narrow aperture, and compressed body-whorl. It was

at first thought to be a form of sanctaemariae, but a comparison with

that species shows it to be uniformly narrower with compressed body-

whorl, and more acute spire. In sanctaemariae the body-whorl is

always very rotund; the aperture is also roundly ovate, while in

lillianae it is elongate-ovate. The musculature of the male organ is

also quite different from sanctaemariae, and similar to that of ap-

pressa. Lilliane differs from appressa in its short spire, flattened

and compressed body-whorl and elongated aperture. It appears to

be a distinguishable race of L. stagnalis.

No true appressa were found associated with this race in Toma-

hawk Lake. There were a few specimens with spires and aperture

of equal length, showing clearly that the race is a modification of the

appressa type, caused, doubtless, by a change of environment.

At Isle Royale, in Lake Superior, a form of stagnalis occurs

which at first sight appears quite distinct. A number of individuals,

however, approach very closely to var. Lilliane and they may be re-

ferred provisionally to thisrace. Judging from the material at hand,

this is a transition form between appressa and lilliane, representing,

perhaps, one of the stages in the evolution of the race. The Isle

Royale form ‘‘is characteristic of the quieter waters of the long,

narrow harbors which are such a remarkable feature of the Island.”

(Walker). Typical Liliane lives on a wave-beaten shore, and this

precarious environment has caused the aperture to become enlarged

to provide for the larger foot to enable it to retain its hold on sub-

merged objects. The Isle Royale form, living in quieter water, has

not developed the large aperture of the Tomahawk Lake shell.

126 THE NAUTILUS. °

The Tomahawk Lake shells vary to some extent, those inhabiting

the quieter bays having a longer spire and a smaller aperture.

These shells closely resemble the Isle Royale specimens and also

clearly indicate relationship with appressa. Specimens referable to.

appressa were collected at one station in Tomahawk Lake, the

habitat being marshy in character. Some pathologic forms occur in

the Wisconsin shells, the abnormalities being confined principally to

the last whorl and aperture. Specimens from Lake Harriet, Min-

nesota, collected by Mr. L. E. Daniels, are also referable to this

race.

In the course of time this race will probably assume specific char-

acteristics. Its remarkable :niformity points to this.

The race is dedicated to my wife, who assisted in the discovery of

the type specimens.

JOHN FORD.

John Ford was born in Chester, Pa., November 15, 1827, and

died in Philadelphia, January 10, 1910. He was the son of Lewis

H. and Esther (Ogden) Ford. His father died when he was about

ten, and he was then practically compelled to shift for himself. He

lived for about three years with a farmer in Delaware county, Pa.,

and then returned to Chester and entered a store. By untiring

efforts the boy acquired a substantial education. His great love

of nature and of music was a powerful incentive to self-cultivation.

On September 6th, 1847, Mr. Ford married Phoebe 'T. Flavill,

of Chester, Pa. After living for a time in Paterson, N. J., and

Shipman, Ill., he returned to Philadelphia in 1861, shortly after

entering the Corn Exchange National Bank, where he was contin-

uously employed until July, 1903, when, owing to a severe illness,

he was compelled to retire from active business.

Mr. Ford was afflicted for many years by an ever-increasing deaf-

ness, which caused‘ bim to avoid social gatherings, and in his later

years even scientific and musical meetings. Yet his warm and gen-

erous nature found pleasure in the company of a few intimate friends

who shared his tastes.

Mr. Ford was an accomplished musician, many of his compositions

having much merit. He especially excelled in melody. Many of his

songs written over thirty years ago are still in favor. His first pub-

THE NAOTILUS. 127.

lished song, ‘* Will You Love Me when I’m Old ?” had a tremendous

and immediate success, and was by far the most popular of his com-

positions, though a number of those appearing later were deemed

more worthy of consideration by his musical friends. Among these

were ** Watching and Waiting,” ‘“ Daisy and I,” ‘*Away Down

South,” ‘‘ Sweet Rosalie,” and, best of all, ‘* My Ships are Coming

Back to Me ’’—a piece of deep poetic feeling,

As a young man, Ford was deeply interested in geology and min-

eralogy. A warm friend of Conrad, together they collected cre-

taceous fossils from the marl beds of New Jersey. With the late

Theodore D. Rand he collected the minerals of Delaware and Chester

counties. In the early sixties Ford met the Rev. Dr. E. R. Beadle.

This acquaintance ripened into a warm friendship, and turned his

attention from mineralogy to conchology. He often said—‘ It was

Dr. Beadle who started me in the study of conchology, and who took

all my minerals in exchange for shells.”’ George W. Tryon, Jr.,

was also his warm friend, and their bond of friendship was strength-

ened by their love of music. Another true and life-long friend who

survives him is Mr. Charles Morris, of Philadelphia.

Mr. Ford was elected a member cf the Academy of Natural

Sciences in 1866 and from that time until his illness in 1903, took

an active interest in the Academy’s magnificent collection of mol-

lusks. He was especially interested in the local species and those of

the New Jersey coast, making a special exhibition collection of both,

for the Academy and also for the Wagner Free Institute of Science.

Aside from the local shells he was also especially interested in the

Olivide. His long suites selected to show specific variation are un-

equaled in this country.

He also brought together a very fine collection of Cypreida, which

although containing none of the great rarities, is notable for its

large series illustrative of variation. His entire collection is re-

markable for the perfection of the specimens and the great number

of representive genera and species of all the principal faunal regions.

He had little interest in fresh-water shells, aside from local species,

or for the small or minute land snails, though he possessed a very fine

series of exotic Helices and Bulimi, numbering many forms now very

rare. The marine pelecypods such as Veneride, Cardiida, Pectens,

etc., of his collection are especially fine.

Mr. Ford published 29 articles on conchological subjects, besides

128 THE NAUTILUS.

a number of short notes, and a few articles dealing with paleonto-

logical and archaeological topics. His influence was largely personal.

At the time of his greatest activity in conchology—1870 to 1895—

he maintained a large correspondence, and was always ready to as-

sist students with information from the rich library of the Academy.

He was particularly helpful in naming specimens for conchologists

who bad no access to large collections or libraries, much of his leisure

being given to this generous propaganda. Several species were named

in his honor, among them Donax fordi Conrad, Cerion fordi P. & V.,

Drymeus fordi Pils. Pleurodonte fordiana Pils., Phasianella for-

diana Pils., and others.

The portrait accompanying this sketch, is from his last photograph,

taken when Mr. Ford was about sixty years of age.

He is survived by two sons William Henry and Albert W. Ford

and two daughters Parthenia Ford and Mrs. Charles W. Johnson.

List of the Conchological Writings of John Ford.

1. Remarks on the Argonauta. Amer. Journ. of Conch., IV,

276, 1868.

2. Embryology of Fulgur, etc. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

1884, p. 292.

3. A Day among the Mollusks. Conch. Exch., I, 2i, 1886.

4, Helices in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. Conch. Exch., II,

75,1887,

5. Succinea obliqua Say in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, with

some Remarks regarding the Relationship of Succinea totteniana

Lea. Conch. Exch., II, 23, 1887.

6. The Fresh-Water Mollusks of Fairmount Park. Conch.

Exch., II, 39, 1887.

7. Some Remarks on the Migration of Mollusks. Conch. Exch.,

Il, 71, 1887.

8. Description of a New Ocinebra. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

1888, p. 188, fig.

9. Description of Helix (Trachia) dentoni. Nautilus, III, 17,

1889.

10. List of Shells of the New Jersey Coast South of Brigantine

Island. Naut., III, 27, 1889.

11. Scalaria angulata in New Jersey. Naut., III, 52, 1889.

12. Remarks on Oliva inflata, O. irisans, and Other Species

of Shells. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 137.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

138. Notes on Crepidula. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 346.

14. On Crepidula glauca. Naut., III, 90, 1889.

15. A Few Last Words on Crepidula. Naut., ILI, 128, 1890.

16. A Glance at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-

phia. Naut., IV, 75, 1890.

17. Description of a New Anctus. Naut., 1V, 81, 1890.

18. Some American Cannibals. Naut., IV, 85, 1890.

19. Description of a New Species of Helix [H. deaniana]. Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 188.

20. Description of New Species of Anctus and Oliva. Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, p. 97, figs. 1, 3 and 4.

21. Some Remarks on New Jersey Coast Shells. Naut., VI,

25, 1892.

22. Description of a New Form of Cypraea. Naut., VI, 112, pl.

2, figs. 4, 5, 1893; VII, 39, 1893.

23. Remarks on a New Species of Cypraea. Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Phila., 1893. p. 310, fig.

24. Some Remarks Relative to Cypraea greegori. Naut., VII,

78, 1893.

25. A New Variety of Olivella. Naut., VIII, 103, pl. 2, fig. 14,

1895.

26. Notes on the Reported Extinction of the Genus Achatinella,

and Marvelous Development of a Florida Fasciolaria. Naut., VIII,

123, 1895. |

27. Some References to the Genus Oliva. Naut., X, 3, 1896.

28. Cypraea lynx deformed by Disease. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phila., 1897, p. 328, figs. 1-3.

29. Description of a New Species of Olivella. Naut., XII, 66,

1898.

PLAGE,

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Some New South American Land Shells (Smiths. Misc. Coll.,

vol. 52, p. 361-364, 1909). By Wm.H. Dall. Pleurodonte tenacu-

lum and Helicina heighwayana are described from the Atrato River,

Sierra Darien. The former seems closely related to P. uncigera

Petit, having a remarkable hook within the basal lip, like that species.

The altitude of the shell assigned (6.0 mm.) must be a typographical

error, Odontostomus branneri is a new form from the province of

Bahia, Brazil.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF SHELLS FROM PERU, WITH A

SUMMARY OF THE LITTORAL MARINE MOLLuSCcA OF THE PERU-

VIAN ZOOLOGICAL Province. By Witit1am Hearty Dat:

Proc. U. S. N. M. 37, p. 147-294, Pls. 20-28, 1909.—Dealt with

in his usual masterly way, this paper of Dr. Dall is one of the most

notable contributions to the fauna of Western South America which

has appeared for some years. Ostensibly but a report on the rela-

tively small collection of shells collected by Dr. R. E. Coker, the

scope of the paper has been widened, first by the addition of a valu-

able bibliography, and in later pages by the inclusion of a ‘ List of

Species Composing the Fauna,” prefaced by several pages of the

acute generalizations which we have now come to expect in nearly

all the larger works of this author. The list of synonyms at the

back is also a most useful feature.

As seems inevitable in a work of this scope a few minor errors

and inconsistences have crept in, some of which it may be well to

call to notice, as well as some of the more important changes in

nomenclature which Dr. Dall has found it necessary to undertake.

The inaccuracies are as usual connected chiefly with the list ot

Cephalopods, which has apparently been compiled from the literature

without any attempt at revision or the elimination of synonyms.

By the rules of nomenclature the family name Philonexide

(used on p. 193) can have no standing and the creatures grouped

under it must either be referred to the Argonautide, as most authors

now maintain; or if segregated the name Tremoctopodide should

probably be used. At any rate the only species here given under

this group, Zremoctopus minimus Orb., is a synonym of Argonauta

hians Sol.

On p. 194, Bolitaena “‘ microtyla’

tyla,”” and Polypus “ fontaineanus’”’ for P. ‘* fontanianus.” On p.

195 Ommastrephus gigas d’Orb. is now held the type of a distinct

genus Dosidicus Steenstrup, 1857. Also Steenstrupiola chilensis

Pfeffer is regarded by even its author as but the young stage of

Telcoteuthis platyptera (d’Orb.) which is also listed on the foliowing

page. Onychoteuthis brachyptera Pfeffer may also be a synonym of

this. Taontus schneehageni Pfeffer (listed on p. 196) is a synonym

of Zygocranchia zygaena (Verany) Hoyle, according to Pfeffer, but

further specimens may indicate differently.

It is a pity that original figures of Polypus fontanianus and Loligo

is a misprint for B. ‘* mteroco-

THE NAUTILUS. 131

gahi were not given instead of copies of the unsatisfactory drawings

of d’Orbigny. (Plates 20-21). |

The new species described are Modiolus arciformis, Aligena

cokeri, Diplodonta (Felaniella) artemidis, Xylotrya dryas (an inter-

esting form found burrowing in the living mangroves), Bulimulus

cokerianus, and Megatebennus cokeri. Acmaea orbignyt Dall is a new

name for A. scutum Orb. 1841 (not Esch (1833), and the commonly

used terms Anomia lampe Gray, Concholepas peruvianus Lam., and

Orepidula unguiformis Lam. must give way to A. peruviana Orb.,

C. concholepas Brug. and C. erepidula Linn. respectively.

The nomenclature of the faunal list presents the usual divergencies

from that in common use which are already familiar to those who

have read Dr. Dall’s “ Albatross” Report’ or his notable memoir

on the Oregon Miocene, ? but there are still one or two points which

seem difficult to understand, namely the retention of the family

“ Aplysiide”’ after the rejection of Aplysia for Tethys: the adop-

tion of the family name Turritide® but not Epitonide ; of Bullariide

and Alectrionide but not Architectonicide.

Murex elenensis Dall is a new name for MW. plicatus Sowerby 1840

(non Gmelin 1791), Thais peruensis Dall replaces Purpura peru-

viana Eydoux and Souleyet 1852 (not Blainville, 1832), Architec-

tonica (= Solarium) nanum (Koch) Philippi, 1853 (not Grateloup,

1838) becomes A. kochii Dall, Missurella aspera Sowerby 1834 (not

Eschscholtz, 1833) becomes Missuridea asperior Dall, and Chiton

bipunctatus Sowerby 1832 (not Fisher, 1808) is changed to Tonicella

(Mopaliella) stigmata Dall. Among the Pelecypoda, Pectunculus

minor Orbigny 1846 (not Lea 1833) becomes Glycymeris chemnitzit

Dall, and Donazx aricana Dall replaces D. radiatus Valenciennes,

1833 (not Gmelin 1791).

Another interesting point which may be observed in this connec-

tion with some propriety is that most writers on the mollusca of our

Southeastern and Gulf States seem to have overlooked the fact that

the Siphonaria lineolata of Orbigny, 1853 is preoccupied by Sowerby

1835. That name should therefore be restricted to the Chilian

1 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xliii, No. 6, Oct., 1908.

2U.S, Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., No. 59, 1909.

’The correct spelling is Turride as H. & A, Adams have shown. (Gen.

Rec, Moll. II, p. 614, 1858).

132 THE NAUTILUS.

species, while the Floridian form will then be known as S. nau-

Jfragum Stearns. The chief synonymy of the two species is as fol-

lows:

SIPHONARIA LINEOLATA Sowerby.’

1835 Siphonaria lineolata Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 6.

1856 Siphonaria lineolata Reeve, Conch. Icon., v. 9, Sipbonaria,

Pie, te, 11.

1909 Siphonaria lineolata Dall, Proc. U. S. N. M., v. 87, p. 208.

SIPHONARIA NAUFRAGUM Stearns.

1853 Siphonaria lineolata Orbigny (non Sowerby), Moll. Cuba, 1,

p. 232, Pl. XVII, fig. 18-15.

1872 Siphonaria naufragum Stearns, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,

XV, p. 23.

1902 Siphonaria lineolata Dall; Proc. U. S. N. M. XXIV, p.

501, Pl. xxvii, fig. 10 and 13.

S. S. Berry, Harvard University, Massachusetts.

THE OPISTHOBRANCHIATE MOLLUSCA OF THE BRANNER-AGAS-

siz EXPEDITION TO Brazi1, by Frank Mace MacFarland (Leland

Stanford Junior University Publications No. 2, 1999).—The follow-

ing species are described : Tethys dactylomela (Rang), T. cervina Dall

and Simpson, Pleurobranchus agassizi, Discodoris branneri, D. voni-

heringi, Peltodoris greeleyt and Spurilla braziliana nov. spp. The

internal anatomy of all the species is fully described and illustrated

with excellent figures. Professor MacFarland’s excellent work on

Opisthobranchs is making amends for the neglect of the group by

American zoologists.—H. A. P.

NOTES.

ALBINO OLIVA ANGULATA.—We have recently received ‘for

examination a large and perfect specimen of Oliva angulata which

is snow-white except for a small fleshy-brown stain on the callus at

the posterior angle of the aperture and a rusty yellow stain in front

of the callus. This albino, which may be called form ntvea, is the

first to be reported of this species, so far as we know. It seems to

be an extremely infrequent variation. The specimen measures 83

mm. long, 42.5 wide. It is the property of the A. L. Hettrich Com-

pany, of San Francisco.—H. A. Pilsbry.

PLATE, Ai.

THE NAUTILUS, XXIII.

“~

WisnankatpeS

ee,

roland

iow

BARTSCH: NORTHWESTERN MARINE SHELLS.

ALDRICH: NEW EOCENE FOSSILS.

MHE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXIII. APRIL, 1910. No. 11

NEW SPECIES OF WEST AMERICAN SHELLS.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Several new shells have turned up lately in material received from

the Pacific Coast, of which descriptions follow.

OLIVELLA (ANAzORA Ducl. var. ?) porTERI Dall.

Sheil of about the form and size of the east American O. jaspidea,

with very variable coloration; whorls about seven, spire acute with

a very deep and narrow channeled suture not obscured by callus ;

surface of the whorls brilliantly polished, smooth, except for micro-

scopic spiral close striation which is present on all, but more uniform

on particular individuals; color pale olive, yellow, or whitish, with

sharp angular axial brown lines superposed between the suture and

the basal fasciole, sometimes forming a tent-like pattern and some-

times reduced to fine, close, more or less cloudy zigzags ; a pale band

in front of the suture, usually with vivid brown zigzag pointed for-

ward, but sometimes plain, the brown lines when present broader and

stronger than elsewhere; basal fasciole short, with a marginal and

an adjacent narrow fold or plait anteriorly, lighter than the body,

yellow or rich bluish purple; aperture narrow, simple, with a deep

sutural sinus and a moderate parietal callus when mature. Height

of shell 15 ; of aperture 9; max. diam. 6 mm.

From sandbars near the entrance to San Diego Harbor, and at

Scammon Lagoon, Lower California, Miss J. M. Cooke. U. S.

Nat. Mus. 209677. Named.in honor of Captain George Porter who

collected largely in the Gulf of California, and is supposed to have

lost his life at Tiburon Island while on a collecting expedition.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

The Scammon Lagoon specimens are more grayish than those from

San Diego.

The nearest ally to this species is the shell figured by Marrat in

the Thesaurus, plate 350, figure 419, under the name of anazora

Duclos. This, judging by the figure, isa much smaller and some-

what stouter shell, with less distinct markings. ‘The shell repre-

sented by figure 411 on the same plate is that identified by Dr. Car-

penter and H. Cuming for the Smithsonian collection as O. anazora:

Duclos, though it is named O. pulla by Marrat. The heavy white

callus on the body extending beyond the suture amply distinguishes.

it from O. portert, I have not access to Duclos’ original paper and

hence cannot resolve the doubt as to which is Duclos’ axazora.

The previously known Californian Olivellae were none of them of

remarkable beauty, though some of the Gulf species are very attrac-

tive, but the present form is one of the prettiest shells of the coast..

It may be that its range extends further north.

POMAULAX TURBANICUS D. sp.

Shell moderately large, rather thin, brilliantly pearly inside,.

covered with a reddish brown periostracum which becomes oliva-

ceous on the base ; form rather depressed, with turgid whorls, about

six in all, the nucleus white, blunt, imperfect; base flattened,

bordered by a sparsely nodulous carina; sculpture on the spire of

slightly protractive, rounded, short, rather elevated riblets reaching

about half way forward on the whorl from the suture (17 on the last

whorl), ending in or barely separated from the same number of stout.

nodules at the periphery, witha marked sulcus separating them from

a similar row of nodules on the margin of the base ; base with four

somewhat undulated spiral ridges separated by subequal interspaces,

except the inner pair which are smaller and closer to each other ;

base imperforate, swollen at the base of the pillar; aperture ample 5.

surface of the body erased, leaving visible pearly and white sub-.

stance ; the pillar arcuate, pearly ; with no anterior prominence or

tooth ; outer lip and base simple, sharp ; operculum white, rounded,

shelly, with three partly gyrate, very prominent, granose, narrow

ribs, the spaces between them excavated and smooth. Height of

shell 37.5; of last whorl 80.0; of aperture (vertical) 21.5 ; max.

diameter 41.0 mm.

U. S. Fish Commission station 2989, in 86 fathoms, coral, off

Magdalena Bay, Lower California. U.S. Nat. Mus. 111242.

THE NAUTILUS. 135

This is remarkably distinct from any of the previously known

West American species.

PACHYPOMA MAGDALENA N. sp.

Shell conic, the sides of the spire flattened, the base flattened and

somewhat concave, the basal margin compressed with a rounded and

undulate edge; whorls about seven; the nucleus white, worn, sides

covered by a scarlet periostracum which becomes darker on the

base; sculpture of about thirty-four subequal protractive low riblets

which are cut into elongate nodules by four spiral sulci, the peri-

phera! nodules being longer and most prominent, giving the effect of

a pre-sutural band; on the base are four subequal and subequally

spaced spiral riblets, which in the young are sometimes nodulous or

undulate; pillar pearly, space about it white or pearly, as is the in-

terior of the aperture ; the suture laid on the peripheral carina is un-

dulate and in the young the base has a stellate appearance; the per-

iostracum is strongly striate in the direction of growth. Height of

shell 38; of last whorl 382; of aperture (vertical) 5; max. diameter

38 mm.

Station 2989, U. 8. Fish Commission, with the preceding, U. S.

Nat. Mus. 111239.

This is of the same general type as P. inequale Martyn, but more

delicate, smaller and more elegantly sculptured. The operculum is

essentially like that of P. ¢n@quale, which is not authentically re-

ported south of the Santa Barbara Islands.

With these shells were taken two young specimens of Uvanilla

regina Stearns, (unfortunately not containing the soft parts) thus

adding another station to the known range of this excessively rare

and beautiful species.

PACHYPOMA LITHOPHORUM D. sp.

Shell small, turbinate-conic, with about six moderately convex

whorls, the basal margin being either bluntly rounded or undulately

carinate ; suture appressed, whorls covered with a reddish periostra-

cum striated in harmony with the incremental lines; sculpture

between the suture and periphery of nine closely and prominently

beaded, alternately stronger and weaker spiral cords, with only linear

interspaces ; periphery in the type specimen with three finer threads;

the base flattish, with six subequal, more or less undulate or beaded

136 THE NAUTILUS.

cords with narrower interspaces ; umbilical area imperforate, smooth,

slightly excavated, white; pillar arcuate; smooth; aperture very

oblique simple, pearly white within; operculum? Height of shell

32.5; of last whorl 20.5 ; of aperture (vertical) 11.5; max. diameter

36.5 mm.

U.S. Fish Commission station 2988, off Cerros Island, Lower

California, in 58 fathoms, sand. U.S. Nat. Mus. 111241.

Of three dead specimens dredged, one had the periphery com-

pressed and roundly keeled, and on the spire were some feeble indi-

cations of axial ribbing.

NEW MARINE SHELLS FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST OF AMERICA.

BY PAUL BARTSCH,!

Assistant Curator, U. S. National Museum.

In a collection of mollusks submitted to the U. S. National

Museum for critical examination, by Dr. Fred. Baker of San Diego,

California, collected by him on the Northwest Coast, are several

new forms which are here described.

The types of these species have been kindly donated to the

National Museum by Dr. Baker.

LEPTOGYRA ALASKANA new species. Pl. XI, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell minute, depressed helicoid. Nuclear whorls one and one-

half, light yellow horn color, marked by faint incremental lines. A

single post-nuclear turn follows which is bluish white, rather broad

and gently, almost evenly curved from the well-impressed suture to

the periphery. ‘This whorl is marked by about twelve, fine, incised

spiral lines between the suture and the periphery which are stronger

toward the periphery than at the suture. Periphery of the last

whorl rounded. Base broadly and deeply umbilicated, strongly

arched, with a slender cord at the junction of the basal and parietal

wall, surface of the base marked by incised lines which are equal in

strength and number to those occuring upon the upper surface.

Wall of the umbilicus almost flat, marked by faint spiral lines.

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

THE NAUTILUS. 137

Aperture very large, subcircular, posterior angle obtuse; outer lip

thin ; columella curved, somewhat expanded and thickened basally ;

parietal wall covered with a thin callus. Operculum thin, horny.

Twelve specimens of this species were collected by Dr. Fred.

Baker at Port Graham, Alaska, four of which are in the U.S.

National Museum, cat. no. 208433. One of these, the type, meas-

ures; greater diameter 0.85 mm., lesser diameter 0.7 mm., altitude

0.4mm. The remaining eight specimens are in Dr. Baker’s collec-

tion.

ALVANIA BAKERI, new species. PI, XI, fig. 8.

Shell minute, bluish white. Nuclear whorls one and one-third,

forming a moderately elevated spire. Upper half of the well-rounded

nuclear whorls marked by about ten very fine closely spaced spiral

striations, lower half marked by numerous closely spaced depressed

elongate granules, each of which has the long axis decidedly protrac-

tively slanted ; which lends to this part of the turn a finely blistered

appearance. Post-nuclear whorls a little more than two, well

rounded, separated by a strongly constricted suture marked by three

strong rounded spiral keels of which the strongest is a little anterior

to the posterior third between the sutures, while the anterior of the

other two, which are of equal strength, is at the periphery and the

third halfway between them. In addition to these keels the whorls

are marked by fine incised spiral lines between the keels which are

best developed on the well-rounded shoulder between the summit of

the whorls and the strong keel below it. Base of the last whorl

slightly protracted, well rounded, marked by two broad depressed

spiral cords of which the basal one which is a little anterior to the

middle is the broader. In addition to these are numerous exceed-

ingly fine spiral striations. The axial sculpture of the entire spire

and base consists of very fine incremental lines only. Aperture very

broadly ovate, almost circular, peritreme continuous, outer lip thick

within, beveled at the margin to form a sharp edge which is rend-

ered slightly sinuous by the external spiral sculpture; columella

strong and strongly curved, parietal wall of the aperture appressed

to the preceding whorl.

The type, cat. no. 208445 U. §. N. M., was collected by Dr.

Fred Baker at Port Graham, Alaska. It measures; length 1.4 mm.,

diameter 1.2 mm.

138 THE NAUTILUS.

ONOBA ASSER, new species. Pl. XI, fig. 9.

Shell elongate conic, bluish white, semitranslucent. Nuclear

whorls one and one-tenth, smooth, a little less elevated than the suc-

ceeding turns. Post-nuclear whorls very high between the sutures,

overhanging, moderately rounded, appressed at the summit. The

preceding whorl shines through the summit of the succeeding turn

and gives this the appearance of having a double suture. Sutures

well impressed. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base

moderately prolonged, well rounded. Entire surface of spire and

base marked by closely placed exceedingly fine microscopic spiral

striations. Aperture very broadly ovate, posterior angle obtuse,

outer lip thin; peritreme complete. |

The type, cat. no. 208484 U. 8S. N. M., was collected by Dr.

Fred Baker at Fort Graham, Alaska. It has four and a half whorls

and measures: length 2.2 mm., diameter .9 mm. This species is

nearest related to Onoba cerinella Dall, from which it is distinguished

by its lesser size and more delicate structure.

OposTOMIA (EVALEA) COOKEANA, new species. Pl. XI, fig. 7.

Shell elongate ovate, very narrowly umbilicated, yellowish white.

Nuclear whorls very obliquely immersed in the first of the succeed-

ing turns. Post-nuclear whorls very high between the sutures where

they are very moderately rounded and marked by rather strong in-

cremental lines and very numerous fine spiral striations. Periphery

and base of the last whorl somewhat inflated, the latter strongly

rounded and marked like the spire. Aperture large, oval; posterior

angle acute; outer lip thin; columella decidedly oblique, quite

strongly curved in the middle and somewhat reflected, provided with

an oblique fold at its insertion which is strong within and tapers to a

vanishing point at the free edge of the columella ; parietal wall glazed

with a thin callus.

Two specimens of this species were collected by Dr. Baker at

Ellamar, Alaska. One of these, an immature specimen, furnished

our description of the nucleus, the other, cat. no. 208427 U. S. N.

M., gave the adult characters. The adult specimen has its nucleus

badly eroded. The four remaining whorls measure: length 3.2 mm.,

diameter 2.0 mm. The young individual which is in Dr. Baker’s

collection has 24 whorls and measures: length 2.3 mm., diameter

1.4 mm.

Named for Miss J. M. Cooke of San Diego at the request of Dr.

Baker.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE UNIONID-GENUS PARREYSIA.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

In NautTitvs, vol. 22, Feb. ’09 p. 107, Frierson reports that in

Parreysia all four gills serve as marsupium in the gravid female, a

character which does not agree with Simpson’s definition of the sub-

family Hyriing (Hyriang). He concludes that, in this instance, we

should not pay attention to the marsupial character, but should rely

upon the radial sculpture of the beaks of the shell.

Recently I received a number of these Parreysias throngh the

courtesy of Mr. Frierson, and I am much obliged to him for giving

me the opportunity to examine them. I should call the species

Parreysia wynegungaensis (Lea) although a number among them

distinctly incline toward P. corrugata (Muell.) There are 30 of

them, 13 males, 11 sterile, and 6 gravid females; none of the latter

had glochidia, but only eggs in various stages of development. There

was no sex differentiation whatever in the shells.

An examination of the soft parts revealed the fact, that not only

all four gills are marsupial in the female, but that the whole structure

of the soft parts is absolutely like the North American Quadrula (see:

Ortmann, in: Nauvti.us, 23, Feb. 710 p. 116). The only, and un-

important, differences are, that the swpraanal opening is rather

widely separated from the anal, and that the ¢nner lamina of the

tnner gill is entirely connected with the abdominal sac. For the

rest, all other characters are like Quadrula, and the most prominent

features are the following.

The inner edge of the anal opening is finely crenulated ; that of

the branchial opening is papillose, and rather well defined anteriorly;

in front of the latter, there are fine crenulations on the inner mantle-

edge for a short distance, but no special structures, such as papillz

or flaps. ‘The gills are unequal, the outer considerably smaller than

the inner. The diaphragm is normal, and the outer lamella of the

outer gillis connected with the mantle to the posterior end. In the

male, there are well developed water tubes in the gills, but they are

rather wide, and the septa separating them are far apart. In both,

the male and female, the edge of the inner gill possesses a longitu-

dinal furrow, which is absent in the outer gill. In the female, all

Sour gills serve as marsupium, and possess the structure of marsupial

gills; the water tubes are narrow, and the septa are close together

140 THE NAUTILUS.

(in the outer gill closer than in the inner). The septa show, in the

sterile female, in both gills the characteristic folded epithelium.

When gravid, all four gills swell but only moderately, and the edges

always remain sharp, and do not possess the faculty of distending.

The water tubes (ovisacs) remain simple, and in each of them the

eggs form a subcylindrical, only slightly compressed, mass, a

placenta, which, however, is not very solid, the mutual adhesion of

the eggs being rather slight.

With the exception of the two features mentioned above, Parreysia.

is thus identical, in its anatomy, with Quadrula. If we add to these

two differences the radial sculpture of the beaks, we would have

good generic characters. But the genus, at any rate the species

wynegungaensis which stands close to the type species of the genus,

corrugata, should be removed from the subfamily Hyriing, and

placed into the subfamily Unionine (Navuri.vus, 23, 710 p. 116), by

the side of, and close to Quadrula. The definition of the Unionine

should be slightly modified with regard to the supraanal opening and

the inner lamina of the inner gills, so as to include Parreysia, but

these modifications are irrelevant.

This, of course, means that I do not attribute any significance to

the beak sculpture, but I think I am fully justified in this. If we

make radial beak sculpture the prime character of the Hyriine, we

would be compelled not only to unite the Afro-Asiatic forms, like

Parreysta, with the South American Hyritne, which, I believe, is a

great mistake, but we would also have to unite with the Hyrting a

number of living North American shells. For we must not forget

(and this is a fact generally overlooked) that we have radial (zig-

zag) beak sculpture in a number of species of Quadrula. I name the

following: Quodrula (Rotundaria) tuberculata (Raf.), Qu. infucata

(Conr.) and kleiniana (Lea), Qu. lachrymosa (Lea), forsheyt (Lea),

speciosa (Lea), apiculata (Say). Also in Qu. cylindrica (Say)

traces may be seen. This zig-zag radial sculpture is best developed

in the species first named; in the others it goes generally as

“ double-looped,”’ but, in my opinion, the so-called ‘ double-looped ”

sculpture is but the last remnant of the zig-zag sculpture.

Furthermore, radial beak sculpture is a quite frequent feature in

North American fossil Unionide from the Mesozoic era. If we look

at the beak sculpture of Unio holmesianus White (see: 3 Ann. Rep.

U. S. Geol. Surv. ’83, pl. 16, fig. 2-6) from the Laramie of southern

THE NAUTILUS. 141

Wyoming ; or at the beak sculpture of a number of species described

by Whitfield from the Laramie of Montana (see: Bull. Amer. Mus.,

N. H. 19, ’03 p. 483 and 23, ’07 p. 623), we cannot deny, that we

have here a beak sculpture corresponding very closely to the *‘ radial ”’

sculpture of certain Asiatic types. This is especially true in: J.

retusoides Whitf. (’03, pl. 38, fig. 6), U. brownt Whitf. (¢b7d. pl. 38,

fig. 3), U. percorrugatus Whitf. (dbid. pl. 40, figs. 8, 4), and U.

pyramidatoides Whitf. (07, pl. 41, fig. 1), U. letsont Whitf. (cbid.

pl. 42, figs. 1-3). I have, fortunately, a number of specimens be-

fore me, coming from the same general region as Whitfield’s ma-

terial ; they were collected for the Carnegie Museum at Hell Creek,

Dawson Co., Montana, and show the beak sculpture beautifully in

U. retusoides, brown’, pyramidatoides, letsont, and in addition it is

distinctly seen in specimens of U. verrucosiformis Whitf. (07, pl.

42, fig. 5). Some of these fossil forms undoubtedly are the ances-

tors of modern species, as is sometimes expressed in their names (but

not always correctly ; pyramidatoides has nothing to do with Qu.

pyramidata, but belongs clearly to the tr7gona-type). Thus it is evi-

dent that many North American Unionidse once had radial beak

sculpture, and some have preserved traces of it up to the present time.

This character probably once was more generally distributed, and

remains rather well preserved in many old world forms (and also in

South American groups), but in North America it has become more

and more obliterated. Such a character, of course, although fit to

indicate genetic relationship, is unfit to be used as a principle for

classification.

The structure of the soft parts, which indicates close relationship

between Quadrula and Parreysia, is much more reliable, in fact ac-

cording to my experience, is absolutely reliable. In this connection

it should be mentioned that in one of our gravid Parreysias only the

outer gills were filled with eggs; but microscopical investigation

showed that also the inner gills had the typical structure of the

female marsupial gill, and that, in this instance, the specimen was

just in the beginning of the period of gravidity, and the inner gills

were not yet charged. Similar cases might sometimes lead to mis-

takes, if investigated only superficially.

Of course, we now stand before the task of redefining the sub-

family Hyriine according to the South American typical representa-

tives, and to investigate additional so-called Hyri/n@ from Asia and

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Africa. I hope to be able to contribute to the solution of the first

question in the future, since the Carnegie Mrseum recently has re-

ceived a good deal of alcoholic material of South American Unionidae,

which is waiting for identification and examination.

NEW SPECIES OF SPHAERIIDAE.

BY V. STERKI.

Spherium lineatum, n. sp.

Mussel somewhat elongate, inequipartite, well inflated; beaks

somewhat anterior, rather large, full, rounded, projecting over the

hinge margin; superior and inferior margins moderately and regu-

larly curved, anterior and posterior subtruncate-rounded, oblique ;

scutum and scutellum distinctly marked, narrow; surface dullish

with a slight silky glass, with the concentric striae (sulci) fine, sharp,

crowded, regular, and several (3 or 4 to 7) strongly marked, dark

lines of growth; color grayish-horn to reddish, the latter prevalent

on the beaks and upper part of older specimens; shell rather thin,

hinge slight, long, plate narrow ; cardinal teeth small; slight, short,

the right curved or angular, emarginate, its posterior part bifid, the .

left anterior rudimentary or wanting in some specimens ;! ligament

long, slight covered.

Long. 15.5, alt. 11.5, diam. 8. mill. (Turkey Lake).

Long. 14, alt. 10.5, diam. 8. 5 mill. (Wetherby).

Soft parts not seen.

Hab.: Turkey Lake, Kosciusko Co., Indiana, collected by Mr. L.

E. Daniels, of the Indiana Geological Survey, in 1902.

A Sph. from Mountain Lake, Marquette Co., Michigan (Upper

Peninsula), collected by Mr. Bryant Walker, in 1898, and sent for

examination then, appeared to be of the same species. The mussel

is somewhat smaller, with the beaks slightly more anterior, the in-

ferior margin less curved and the infero-posterior angle somewhat

more marked. These Spheria, although well represented by good

specimens of various stages of growth, and regarded as distinct, were

shelved for years, in the hope of getting additional material. Lately

Mr. Bryant Walker kindly sent me a lot of the Wetherby collection,

which unfortunately has no label. Although such specimens should

143 occasionally found also in other species.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

be considered worthless, the present ones were so manifestly of this

same species that they may be regarded as a confirmation of it.

They are rather like the Mountain Lake mussels in shape, but some-

what larger, and somewhat more inflated than the Turkey Lake

form. It appears that the comparatively numerous, strong, mostly

dark lines of growth and the fine (as compared with those of other

species), sharp, crowded striz are characteristic and, combined with

surface appearance and color, let specimens be recognized at a glance.

Specimens of the type lot are in the Museum of the Geol. Survey

of Indiana and in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh (No. 5465 of

my collection of Spheriid@), in the collection of Mr. Bryant Walker

and the Mus. Acad. N. Se. Phila.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Key TO THE GENERA OF GAsTROPODA OF Micuican. By H.

BurrinGtTon Baker. (Reprint from the 11th Rept. Mich, Acad.

Sci., 1909, pp. 1384-140.)

DescripTiIons OF NINE SPECIES OF ENNEA AND Five HELI-

coips From Soutu Arrica. By James Cosmo MELvitt and

JoHN Henry Ponsonsy. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, ser. 8,

pp. 485-492, pl. 7, 1909.)

REPORT ON THE MarinE Mortusca OBTAINED By Mr. J.

STANLEY GarDNER, F. R. S., Amone THE ISLANDS OF THE

Inp1AN OcrEAN IN 1905. By James Cosmo Metvity. (Trans.

Linn. Soc. London, XITJ, pp. 65-138, pl. 5, 1909.) About 170

species are recorded of which 15 are new to science,

Mo.iusca FROM THE Hore IsL_anps, NorTH QUEENSLAND.

By C. Heprey. (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1909, vol. 34, pp.

420-466, pls. 36-44.) An interesting paper treating of a rich and

varied fauna. The Hope Islands are situated near Cooktown, just

inside the Endeavor Reef. The writer states that more tian 700

species were secured; 100 species are discussed in this paper, half of

which are new to science. The figures are unusually fine in detail

and sculpture.

Descriptions OF NEw AND NOTES ON OTHER AUSTRALIAN

PotypLacopHora. By C. Hepiry and A. F. Basset Hutt.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

(Records Australian Mus., vol. 7, pp. 260-266, pls. 73 and 74,

1909.) Four species are described as new.

A REVISED CENSUS OF THE TERRESTRIAL MoLiuscoa oF Tas-

MANIA. By W. F. Petrerp and C. Hepiey. (Records Aus-

tralian Museum, vol. 7, pp. 283-304, pls. 82-87, 1909.) A com-

plete revision of the species, with illustrations of all Tasmanian land

shells hitherto unfigured. Cystopelta bicolor is described.

THE list of San Bernardino County mollusks in the November

number of Tue Navutitus (Vol. XXIII, pp. 73-79) does not in-

clude Lymnaea bulimotdes techella Hald. I found this species in con-

siderable numbers during the summer of 1909, in Sec. 33, Tp. 2 S.,

h. 7 W., very near the county line, but the owner assures me that

his property is in San Bernardino County. They were in a pond

surrounding an artesian well. Dr. Frank ©. Baker identified the

specimens.—JuNnius HENDERSON, Boulder, Colo.

Note ON THE SUMMARY OF THE MOLLUSCA OF THE PERUVIAN

Province.—There are some points in Mr. Berry’s review of this

paper which show that even those things which are obvious, or seem

to be so, should not be omitted. In preparing this list it was not

my intention to review the whole molluscan classification or nomen-

clature, which would have taken as many years as the list 1 prepared

took months. In those groups which are not familiar to me, I fell

back on the only modern classified lists of the Cephalopods and

Nudibranchs, namely those of Hoyle and Bergh, as indicated in my

bibliography ; the experience and reputation of these authors being

such as to require no apology for accepting their results. In the

case of the Bolitzna I followed the spelling of the name as given in

the work referred to, the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative

Zoology. Polypus fontaineanus was named after N. Fontaine, and

though it happened to be misprinted fontantanus in the first fasci-

culus of Orbigny’s work, and this misprint was copied on the plate

by the engraver, the error was corrected in the index of the book

somewhat later. Under these circumstances we are authorized by

the rules to accept the correction, as Mr. Berry proposes to do in

the case of TJurridx. However in the latter case since the deriva-

tives of Zurris in Latin (turritus) English (turrited) and so far as I

know all other languages, accept the euphonic ‘‘ t ” in derivatives of

Turris, 1 kept the earlier form which is more in harmony with

Turritellide and similar accepted locutions. The illustrations of the

work were intended for those interested in the identification of the

economic shellfish and not for anatomists, and for this purpose

Orbigny’s plates are quite satisfactory. As Whewell remarked ‘We

are none of us infallible, not even the youngest of us.”— Wm. 4.

Dall.

$1.00 per Year. ($1.12 to Foreign Countries.) 10 cts. a copy.

THE

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS.

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

H. A. Pirssry, Special Curator of the Department of Mollusca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

C. W. Jounson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History.

Vol. XXIV. MAY, 1910.

CONTENTS:

No. 1

ON THE VARIATION OF APLUSTRUM AMPLUSTRE LINNE. By

Catharine J. Bush

A NEw FLORIDIAN AMNICOLA. By William H. Dall.

A NEw SPECIES OF MuscuLium. By V.Sterki .

AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS AT Waco, TExas. By John K.

Strecker, Jr.

LAND SHELLS FROM MaTAGORDA PENINSULA, TEXAS.

John K. Strecker, Jr.

ON THE VALIDITY OF UNIO UNDATUS BARNES. By Bradt

Walker

Boston ML i coroaioAL wer

NOTES .

C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager,

Boston Society of Natural History,

Berkeley Street,

Boston, Mass.

Entered as Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-Otiee,

NO =

il THE NAUTILUS.

THE ANCEY COLLECTION.

This important collection, which is one of the most complete and

accurately determined collections of Land and Fresh-water shells in the

world, has been acquired by M. Geret, who offers it for sale. It con-

tains many rare species, and the types of all the species described by

Mr. Ancey. The Library and publications of Mr. Ancey are also for sale.

Lists of desiderata should be addressed to

MONSIEUR GERET, Conchologist,

76 rue du Faubourg St. Denis, Paris, France.

Exchange notices not exceeding three lines will be free to subscribers as long

as our limited space will allow:

For ExcuanGe: Choice specimens of the scarce red varieties of

Pecten trradians Lam. and Pecten dislocatus Say, also Pecten hastatus

Sow. and other desirable shells for choice marine shells. Send lists.

W. H. Weeks, Jr., 508 Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

OFFERED: Many species of European shells, for species not in

y Sp Pp P

my collection. Please send list of species offered.

J. DE L’ Eprevikr, 5 rue des Cordeliers, Autun, France.

WantTepD: Papers on Mollusca, and shells not in my collection, in

exchange for same.

S. SrirumMan Berry, 63 Perkins Hall, Cambridge, Mass.

WantTeED: Unionide, native and foreign. Orrer: Wisconsin

species in exchange, or will pay cash. Send lists.

Mrs. E. C. W1iswaLL, 348 W. Wilson St., Madison, Wis.

Wantep: Fresh-water shells, especially from the Pacific slope.

OFFERED: California Fresh-water shells.

Harotp Hannisat, Stanford University, Cal.

OFFERED: Sepia officinalis Linn. and other Marine, Land and

Fresh-water Shells for Cyprea and other Marine Univalves. Send

lists. C. Dayton Gwyer, 303 Putnam Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

UME

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL, XXIV.

MAY, 1910, to APRIL, 1911.

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

H. A. PILspRry, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences,

PHILADELPHIA,

C, W. Jonnson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History,

Boston.

INDEX

THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XXIV.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Actaeopyramis Fischer

Acteonina (Crenilabrum) cossmanni Caley

Adamsiella irrorata Gloyne

Adeorbis? nautiloides Aldr., n. sp. (PI. IV, figs. 8-5)

Adeorbis sotoensis Aldr., n. sp. (Pl. IV, figs. 7-9)

Agriolimax agrestis Linn., at Waco, Texas

Ammonitella lunata Canead, Notes on

Amnicola expansilabris Aldr. (Pl. X, fig. 143,

Amnicola georgiensis Aldr. (Pls. IX, X, figs. 4, 13).

Amnicola harperi Dall, n. sp. .

Amnicola saltillensis Aldr. (Pls. IX, ‘x, hes 5-12, 15)

Aplustrum amplustra Linne. On he variation of

Bathytoma tremperiana Dall, n. sp.

Boettger, Dr. Oskar.

Boston Malacological Club

Civilization and Snails

Claibornian Shell, A new.

Celocentrum hinkleyi Pils.

Colobostylus bronni C. B. Ads.

Common or vernacular names for mussels.

Cymatium adairense Dall, n. sp.

(iii )

lV THE NAUTILUS.

Davisia, Notes on . ee |

Ensidens Frierson, n. gen. “(type nie pazil peas 1 ae

Eocene Fossils from the Southern States . oe

Epiphragmophora (Trichodiscina) verdensis Dall, n. sp. . 35

Eucalodium iGBRlaca: orcutti Dall, n. sp. . Ae |

EKulimella. : 2 82

Hulima cossmanni Aldr., n. sp. : BA 33

Fissuridea mauryi Aldr. (PL. 1g a as 2) sane the

Gulf of California, New shells from the. ; JF abe

Haliotis cracherodii without perforations . . 96

Helix acutangula Burrow. . 138

Helix angulata Burrow. : fe oo ae

Helix angulata Rackett . ' : hee

Helix nemoralis, the Virginia foliseay! 2 eal ; . 84

Hindsia perideris Dall, n. sp. . . 382

Isapis obtusa Cpr., A note on . Arey! < ae

Lamarck collection . . GD

Lanzaia elephantota Megerle . . 14

Lima harrisiana Aldr., n. sp. (Pl. IV, fa, 10, iy) ae

Lottia gigantea var. sAbomalalste Dall, om he ae

Lymnea emarginata wisconsinensis eae n. v. ! ELWN.

Malvinasia, Notes on Davisia and . 47

Method of progression of some land jplertniaaaa Pdi

Jamaica ; . 8B

Mexican land ehielia. Tws new. ; . 34

Mexico, Collecting stelle’ s Pa ue : . 133

Midway-Pernambuco fauna . 144

Modiolus diegensis Dall, n. sp. : mre Wi

Mollusks of Unity, Maine. : ee

Mollusks of Unionville, Conn. . ee

Musculium pusillum Sterki, n. sp. . RAS i:

Naiades, The anatomical structure of pa aolid (Pls.

jh ag US . 103, 114) a7

Nodularia : ! ; Bie

Nodularia orientalis ee . : : . 98

Nodularia pazii Lea. ; Be

Nodularia subpressa Heude 94

Notes : : 11, 24, 48, 60, 72, 84, 120, 132

THE NAUTILUS. ¥

Notes on California shells. . 95, 109, 124

Opeas goodalli Miller, on. ane: Wl

Opeas pumilum Pir. ! : At Sd

Oliva amethystina Bolten. : . 68, 124

Oliva angulata Lam. (var. nivea Pile. Pag! . 24, 128

Oliva annulata Gmel. : . 124

Oliva bulbosa Bolten : ; 5 GS

Oliva caerulea Bolten , : PGT

Oliva circinata Marrat. : . 123

Oliva circinata var. citrina Johnson, n. v. : . 123

Oliva fulgurator Bolten. : ; . 123

Oliva incrassata Solander. ; ! ; 122

Oliva oliva Linne . ; . 124

Oliva peruviana var. castanea Ford ) . 122

Oliva peruviana var. livida Johnson, n. v. ‘E22

Oliva sericea Bolten. : : »- 60

Oliva sericea var. fordi J yBbihini Hv, nee)

Oliva sericea var. marratti Johnson, n. v. . : 2 BE

Oliva sericea var. miniacea Bolten . ; / 8A

Oliva spicata Bolten. phy he gee

Oliva spicata var. hemphilli Ford : . 122

Oliva spicata var. perfecta Johnson, n. v. . 122

Oliva tigrina var. fallax Johnson, n. v. ; £65

Oliva variegata Bolten. 2267

Oliva vidua Bolten . : . 64).124

Olivide, Notesonthe : : é 49, 64, 121

Oscilla. . 64

Ovulactaeon pidvickt Whdelar. n. sp. (PL. Ty, fi 6). 13, 73

Pachypoma inzquale var. spiratum Dall, n. v. SEG

Paludestrina plana Aldr. (Pl. VIII, fig. ° . 139

Petterd, W. F. (obituary). ; a

Pisidium, Methods of collecting | . 140

Plague of huge snails . 84

Planorbis antiquitus Aldr. (PI. x, ty 16). j . 140

Planorbis antrosus Conr. . Hy: ; ye bs

Planorbis engonatus Conr. ! Meats 7

Planorbis bicarinata Lam. . 186

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. . 186

v1 THE NAUTILUS.

Pleurotomide, Californian : . 142

Pliocene fossils from Georgia, wake ypoerprney er new

species. k . 131, 138

Polygyra palliata ene hie District of Golamiee . 24

Potamides saltillensis Aldr. (Pl. VIII, fig. 1) . . 132

Potamides cancelloides Aldr. (PI. VIII, fig. 2, \2a)}aiy . 138

Potamolithus paysanduanus von lher., n. sp. . : . 15

Potamolithus paysanduanus form impressa von Lher. 2. ie

Potamolithus paysanduanus form sinulabris von Lher. a

_ Potamolithus filipponei von [her. . ; ED

Pseudodon : ; ! th

Pterides, Notes on the genus . ! . he

Publications . : | 86,770

Punctum pygmaeum ee Hae District h Colum 2 dl

Purpura crispata and saxicola. ‘ aes 4 e's

Pyramidellid nomenclature, Some notes on og

Segmentina christyi Dall, A new species for the U. S. fauna. 11

Shall we be ordered off the beaches? , . 48

Shell collecting in Puget Sound and Alaska __.. aaa

Shells from the Bay of Cadiz region ; . 81, 101

Shells of Mount Equinox, Vermont. vee

Snails from Kentucky, Notes on some land ; , 18o

Solariella triplostephanus Dall, n. sp. . 84

Spatha kamerunensis Walker, n. sp. (Pl. III, dak 1, 2) ee

Spatha kamerunensis, On the soft parts of. : ie

Spherium, Methods of collecting . +. . 140

Texas, Notes on land shells from Matagorda Peninsula . 4

Thais emarginata Desh. . oe y's

Thais lima Mart... ; Myo

Thais plicata Mart. . thee

Trivia pediculus permagna Jounean, ni, |v. : na

Truncilla lewisii Walker, n. sp. (Pl. III, figs. 3 -5) . . 42

Truncilla, Notes on (with key to species). ; : Bat i,

Tudora armata C. B. Ads. ; . B8

Unio compressus Heude . , . 93

Unio vestitus Heude. : 8

Unio ingallsiana Lea. 98

Unio undatus Barnes, On the cadiee oh ‘ 6, 16

THE NAUTILUS. Vil

Unionide, African forms . ‘ ; ; 107

Unionide, Asiatic forms . ; . 106

Unionide, North American forms . ! ; . 104

Unionideg of Pearl and Sabine Rivers . 134

Unionide, South American forms . 108

Unionidae, notes on oriental . 99, 97

Unionide, The discharge of the Eishidia. ; : . 94

Whitfield, Professor Robert Parr ! Peri |

Zonitoides milium from the District of Bala nis : Nd

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Allen, John A.

Aldrich, T. .H.

Baker, Fred.

Baker, F. C.

Berry, S. S.

Brown, Amos P.

Buell, Ira M.

Bush, Katherine J. .

Cockerell, T. D. A. .

Dall, W. H.

Edson, Harry .

Frierson, L. S.

Harris, G.D)':

Hanham, A. W.

Hanna, G. D. .

Hedley, C.

Hettrich, L. A.

Hinkley, A. A.

Iredale, Tom

Johnson, C. W.

Ortmann, A. E.

Palstry,; eb: Ac

Smith, Maxwell

Sterki, V.

Strecker, Jr., John K.

Vanatta, E. G.

Von Ihering, H.

Walker, Bryant

Wheeler, H. E.

Winkley, H. W.

48, 181,

73, 181,

140

138

25, 43

58, 68

. 142

2, 82, 34, 47, 95, 109,

92, 97,

124

. 132

134

. 144

. 112

. 1838

11, 36, 49, 64, 72, 84,

39, 94, 103, 114,

81,

3,5, 90, 98

37,

6, 11, 16, 38, 42, 75

121

127

14, 31

101

136

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXIV. MAY, 1910.

ON THE VARIATION OF APLUSTRUM AMPLUSTRE LINNE.

BY CATHARINE J. BUSH, PH.D.

Zoological Depaitment, Yale University Museum,

A short series of exceptionally fine specimens of this species has

recently been presented to the Yale University Museum by Mr.

Bruce Cartwright, Jr., 05. They were collected by him on Ham-

mer Point, Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, where they were quite

common in the sand under coral and lava rocks. |

The largest is eleven-eighths inches long and seven-eighths broad,

and the smallest a little over seven-eighths inches long and five-

eighths broad. ‘There is considerable variation in the height of the

spire ; in the largest example each whorl, beyond the minute tilted

and partly immersed nuclear one, is a little raised, forming a well

elevated spire of about five-sixteenths of an inch in height. In

others the early whorls are coiled in the same plane, forming an ob-

tuse apex, and in one the coiling is reversed so that the early whorls

are sunken. There is also great variation in the exposure on the last.

whorl. The pink and white color bands do not noticeably differ in

width, but the black lines bordering them do vary, and in one in-

stance an additional black line appears in the middle of the peripheral

white band. There is also great variation in the forming of the inner

lip of the aperture. In some of the specimens it closely adheres to

the body of the shell and has an irregular outline with a free edge,

which forms a distinctly lamella-like margin, or outer wall, to a

deep open canal extending the entire length of the columella. In

others it is seen only as an adherent patch just beneath the suture

2 THE NAUTILUS.

and again appears, curving outward, at about the middle of the col-

umella as the lamella-like margin.

One specimen has a conspicuous groove in the middle of the

peripheral white band, and although very uniform, it is undoubtedly

due to injury.

The species is well figured both by Adams and Pilsbry. It has

been recorded from northeast Australia, Sandwich and other islands

of the Indian and Pacific oceans. ‘Type loc., Mauritius.

A NEW FLORIDIAN AMNICOLA.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.}

Some fresh-water marl from a swamp at the south end of Lake

Panasoffkee, six feet below the present surface, collected by Mr. A.

M. Harper, was recently submitted for examination by Mr. C. A.

Davis, of the U. S. Geological Survey. It contained a number of

species known to live in the region, in determining which I had the

kind assistance of Dr. H. A. Pilsbry. One species which will prob-

ably be found living, later on, seems to be new.

AMNICOLA HARPERI D. sp.

Shell minute, depressed, rapidly enlarging, with about three

whorls; surface smooth, except for faint incremental lines, almost

polished, the whorls are full and rounded, almost circular in section,

thus forming a deep suture; umbilicus wide and deep, the whorl

evenly rounding into it; aperture nearly circular, with a faint angu-

lation where it touches the preceding whorl, the margin entire,

simple, slightly expanded, the plane of the aperture slightly oblique.

Height of shell 1.2, diameter 1.3, diameter of aperture 0.7 mm.

This little shell looks like a very minute replica of Valvata sin-

cera, and if it were not for the slight angulation of the aperture would

have been referred to Valvata. No Lymnezas were found in the

marl. The species associated with A. harpert were: Pistdium sp. ;

Succinea sp.; Physa heterostropha; Ancylus tardus; Planorbis tri-

volvis, parvus, dilatatus, and alabamensis var. avus ; Paludestrina

monas Pils., and brevissima Pils.; Amnicola johnsont and augustina

of Pilsbry ; Vivipara georgiana Lea and Goniobasis papillosa Anth.

1 By permission of the Director of the U. 8. Geological Survey.

THE NAOTILUS. 3

A NEW SPECIES OF MUSCULIUM.

BY V. STERKI.

MUSCULIUM PUSILLUM nN. sp.

Mussel small, subequipartite, moderately inflated, rather rounded

in outlines to subtruncate anteriorly and posteriorly ; beaks very little

anterior and little inclined towards the anterior, somewhat project-

ing, calyculate, made up wholly of the nepionic valves marked off

from the post-embryonal by a deep constriction ; concentric surface

strie microscopic, slight, somewhat distant, irregular, most marked

and more crowded over the widest part of the beaks ; color (of dead

shells) whitish to straw, surface somewhat shining; shell very thin

and fragile; hinge very slight but well formed, right cardinal tooth

moderately curved with its posterior end thicker to even hooked,

left anterior slightly curved, posterior very short, oblique. Long. 4,

alt. 3.6, diam. 2.4 mill.

Soft parts not seen.

Hab. : Hancock Creek, Dickinson Co., Michigan (Upper Penin-

sula), collected by an expedition of the Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey

of Michigan,in 1909. Types in the museum of the Univ. of Mich.

(No. 193 of the expedition’s collecting), and in the Carnegie Museum

(5459 of my collection of Spheriide).

There were about a dozen specimens, all dead shells, most of them

single valves and partly broken. Most of them were nearly of the

same size, a few smaller (3.3 and 3.4 mm. long). They may not be

full grown, but even as such they are decidedly different from im-

mature specimens of all Musculia described. As to color, surface

appearance and thinness of the shell, they somewhat resemble M&M,

ryckholti Normand, but are less inequipartite, less oblique, less high.

less inflated, and evidently smaller.

AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS LINN. AT WACO, TEXAS.

BY JOHN K. STRECKER, JR.

In the early portion of February, 1909, the writer, in company

with Mr. Ed. Ainsworth, city editor of the Waco Times- Herald, vis-

4 THE NAUTILUS.

ited a small rocky gully about three miles north of Waco. in quest of

some fossil bones which the latter had discovered there some time

previously. Our time was limited and conditions unfavorable, so

that we made no attempt to explore the wooded hill on the left-band

side of the gully, but in the few hours we were in the locality I saw

indications that led me to believe that a careful search would yield a

good harvest of shells.~ A month later I returned, this time with

Prof. W. T. Gooch, and together we devoted several hours to the col-

lecting of mollusks. As a result we were enabled to add two species

to the McLennan county list, ¢. e., Omphalina friabilis W. G. B. and

Agriolimax agrestis Linn.

Omphalina was found in smal] numbers under stones and logs

lying along the foot of a rocky bluff, on the level above the gully.

Prof. Gooch found the first slug and in the next half-hour we ob-

tained at least a dozen more, the largest about 28 mm. in length.

They were found under masses of cowdung lying along a path and

were associated with various species of Coleoptera and a few examples

of Vitrea indentata umbilicata Ckll. In regard to examples sub-

mitted to Bryant Walker, that gentleman writes as follows: ‘“ ] think

that the slug is a variety of Agriolimax agrestis. It has the light-

colored space around the respiratory foramen and the dark reticula-

tions characteristic of that species.”

Other living mollusks found on the hill were Helicina orbiculata

tropica, Praticolella berlanderiana, Polygyra roemert, P. texasiana,

P. mooreana, Bulimulus dealbatus liquabilis, Pyramidula alternata,

Bifidaria sp.

As far as I know, Agriolimax agrestis has not previously been re-

corded from the State.

NOTES ON LAND-SHELLS FROM MATAGORDA PENINSULA, TEXAS.

BY JOHN K. STRECKER, JR.

On the 14th of July, 1908, I accompanied a pleasure party from

Palacios, Texas, across the bay to Matagorda Peninsula. This

peninsula is the long, slender projection of Matagorda county which

separates the bay of the same name from the Gulf. We landed on

the bay side, and while the balance of the party crossed over to the

THE NAUTILUS. Hy)

Gulf, I made a careful search for land-shells among the drift material

lying along the edges of a marshy tract about 150 yards from the

bay shore. This drift consisted of broken branches and logs from 2

to 8 inches in diameter, masses of twigs and dead rushes and a few

weather-worn planks. The Greek captain of the schooner “ Louisa”’

advised me to use extreme caution in working through the drift, as

ground rattlesnakes (Sistrurus miliarius L.) were supposed to be

abundant on this portion of the peninsula. The snakes, however,

failed to materialize.

In the course of an hour I found nearly 250 shells, representing

eleven species. The only living specimens in the lot were three ex-

amples of Succinea concordialis Gld., which were attached to the

under side of a plank. The balance of the lot consisted of dead

shells, but the majority were in good condition, some even retaining

the epidermis. The following is a list of the species obtained ;

Polygyra dorfeuilliana Lea. Numerous examples in good condi-

tion. This is probably the southernmost record for this species.

Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1907, p. 535) records a single

example from Galveston, but suggests that it may have been imported.

I found one specimen on the B. Y. P. U. camp-ground at Palacios.

It was a dead shell in good condition and was in a situation that pre-

cluded any likelihood of its being a drift shell carried inland through

human agency.

Polygyra espiloca Rav. Two examples. This species has been

previously recorded from Indianola (Pilsbry).

Polygyra fraterna friersoni Pils.; 14 examples in fair condition.

Polygyra texasiana Mor.

Polygyra mooreana W. G. B.

These two species comprised nearly two-thirds of the entire lot.

Living examples of both were found near Palacios.

Polygyra leporina Gld. <A single imperfect example.

Polygyra cereolus volvoxis Pfr. Three examples in fair condition.

This species has also been recorded from Galveston (Pilsbry) and

Virginia Point, Galveston county (Singley).

Succinea concordialis Gid. Three living specimens and a number

of dead ones.

Helicina orbiculata tropica Jan. Abundant. Living examples at

Palacios.

Praticolella berlanderiana Mor. Abundant. Living at Palacios.

6 THE NAUTILUS.

Melampus flavus Gmel. Abundant.

These shells were not intermingled with marine forms, which

strew the shore on both sides of the peninsula. ‘The identifications

are by Bryant Walker.

ON THE VALIDITY OF UNIO UNDATUS BARNES.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

This species, which is apparently easily identifiable, has been

buried in the synonymy for over half acentury. A careful study

both of the literature and of a considerable amount of material has

convinced me that it is entitled to recognition as a valid species.

The synonymic history of the species is, briefly, as follows; It

was described by Barnes in 1823 (Am. Jour. Sci. VI, p. 121, pl. IV,

fig. 4) and was based on specimens collected by Schoolcraft in the

Wisconsin and Fox rivers.

In 1828, Hildreth (Am. Jour. Sci. XIX, p. 280) recognized the

species among the Unionide of the Muskingum river, Ohio, and as

his paper was submitted to Barnes before publication, there is ap-

parently no doubt but that his identification was correct.

In his first attempt at an arrangement of the North American

Unionide in 1829 (Obs. I p. 82) Dr. Lea considered it as a synonym

of U. mytiloides Raf.

In 1833, (Obs. I p. 200) after his return from Europe, where he

had studied the Lamarckian types, he declared Barnes’ species to be

the same as U. obliquus of that author.

In the meantime, in 1831, Lea (Tr. Phil. Soc. IV. p. 110 pl. XVI

fig. 40) had described his Unio trigonus from the Ohio as a new

species.

It is to be noted that Barnes died in 1828 before trigonus was de-

scribed, so that he was not able to express his opinion as to the

validity of Lea’s species.

In 1834, Conrad in his ‘‘ Synoptical Table” (New F, W. Shells

p- 72) considered the two species as synonymous and gave undatus

priority.

In the same year, Say in his ‘* Synonymy ” (Amer. Con. Pt. VI)

did the same.

Ferussac in 1835 (Guer. Mag. I p. 28), after Dr. Lea had visited

THE NAUTILUS. 7

him in Paris and identified his collection and who had had ap-

parently before him anthentic examples of both undatus and trigonus,

came to the same conclusion. He disregarded Lea’s reference of

undatus to obliquus Lam. and considered that species to be some-

thing quite different.

In 1849 the Western Academy of Natural Sciences of Cincinnati

published a “‘ Catalogue of the Unios, Alasmodontas and Anodontas

of the Ohio Riverand its Northern Tributaries.”’ It does not appear

who compiled it. In this list wundatus is recognized as a valid species

with four synonyms; 7. e., caridiacea Say, mytiloides Rat., obliqua

Lam,and pyramidata Lea. Trigonus is doubtfully referred to flavus

Raf., of which rubiginosus Lea is considered a synonym.

Kuester (Conch. Cab. Unio, p. 58, pl. XIII, fig. 4, 1852) differs

from every other writer in his disposition of the species. He con-

siders it a white-nacred form of Obovaria retusa Lam. His figure

represents a shell quite different from wndatus in shape, with the sur-

face heavily sulcate transversely. I have never seen anything like

it and whatever else it may be, it certainly is not the undatus of

Barnes. I have been unable to find any reference to this figure in

Simpson’s Synopsis.

In 1853 Conrad (Pr. A, N.S. Phila. VI, pp. 243-269) published

an elaborate “Synopsis” of the Naides. In this, undatus and trigonus

are recognized as distinct species and in a note the author gives what

he considers the distinguishing characters of each. He emphatically

repudiates the reference of wndatus to Lamarck’s obliqguus, which he

considers has priority over one of Lea’s species.

This was the last revolt against the arrangement adopted by Dr.

Lea in 1833.

After this time the preponderating influence of Dr. Lea in deter-

mining the nomenclature of the North American Unionide was suf-

ficient to impress his opinion as to the standing of Dr. Barnes’ species

upon collectors, and the name practically disappears from the litera-

ture except as a synonym of obliqguus Lam.

Simpson in his recent Synopsis (1900) follows Lea in his disposi-

tion of the species.

What is the Unio undatus of Barnes?

There is no real difficulty in determining this question, if due con-

8 THE NAUTILUS.

sideration is given to the original description and figure. It is with-

out doubt one of the most common species in the upper Mississippi

and Ohio drainage systems and is commonly known as Quadrula tri-

gona Lea.

Barnes’s description is very accurate and his figures (Pl. I, figs. 1

& 2) though rude are quite recognizable. As the final determination

of the standing of his species must rest upon them, and the publica-

tion in which they appeared is out of date and not easily obtained,

both are here reproduced, so that they may speak for themselves.

In drawing his description, Barnes followed the prevalent error of

the day and reversed the ends of the shell, calling the anterior ex-

tremity the posterior and vice versa. I have therefore interpolated

the proper corrections in this particular in parentheses. The italics

are as in the original.

UNIO UNDATUS.

Shell subtriangular, sub-longitudinal, very tumid, waved ; lateral

teeth, two in each valve.

Unio obliqua? M. Lamarck.

Hab. Ouisconsin and Fox Rivers. Mr. Schoolcraft.

Diam. 1.5. Length 2.1. Breadth 2.2.

Shell thick, disks swelled behind (before), depressed before (be-

hind), anterior (posterior) side slightly produced, rapidly narrowed,

angulated ; beaks projecting backward (forward) nearly as far as the

posterior (anterior) side, elevated and recurved, with the ligament

passing between them; anterior (posterior) lunule long heart-shaped

and separated by a slightly elevated heel; hinge margin depressed

between the beaks; basal margin waved and rounded behind (be-

fore), compressed in the middle, angulated before (behind); epidermis

horn-color exhibiting a light yellowish-green where the surface is

worn or rubbed, wrinkled and finely striated transversely, surface

glabrous. Cardinal teeth deeply sulcated and crenated ; lateral teeth

two in each valve; internal or lower one of the left valve small, but

distinct and elevated, and both marked with fine dotted striz.

Muscular impressions deep, posterior one rough. Naker pearly

white.

Remarks. This shell, as will be seen by its dimensions, has a

more globose form than perhaps any other Unio. It will stand erect

THE NAUTILUS. 9

on the posterior (anterior) side, and in this position has something of

@ pyramidal appearance.

For comparison with the author’s figures I have figured (PI. I,

fig. 3) a topotype from the Fox River, Illinois, the proportionate di-

mensions of which are almost precisely those given by Barnes. The

comparative measurements, translating Barnes’s figures into milli-

meters, are as follows:

Barnes’s type: Length 55, height 52.5, diam. 37.5 mm.

My shell: Length 53, height 51, diam. 34 mm.

To be of exactly the same proportions as Barnes’s shell, the one I

have figured should have the following dimensions :

Length, 538, height 50.7, diam. 36.14.

That is, the shell figured, as compared with the dimensions of the

type, is proportionately .3 mm. greater in height and 2.14 mm. less

in diameter than it should be to conform exactly with the type. But

the difference is really too small to amount to anything.

In all other respects, the specimen corresponds with Barnes’ de-

scription and, making due allowance for the crude drawing, agrees

substantially with his figure. I think that there can be no doubt but

that the shell I have figured is a typical example of the undatus of

Barnes.

II.

Is U. undatus Bar.= U. obliquus Lam. ?

If the foregoing identification of Barnes’s species is correct, it is

clear that undatus is not the same as the species, which is to-day

universally accepted as the obliquus of Lamarck. For comparison

with undatus I have figured (Pl. II, fig. 3) a specimen of the species

now known as obliguus, of substantially the same dimensions as

Lamarck’s type.

A comparison of this figure with those of Barnes needs no de-

monstration to show that the two forms are not the same species.

What species Lamarck really had before him when he described

his obliquus is by no means free from doubt.

His original description is as follows :

“ U. testa sublongitudinali, ovato-rotundata, obliqua, sub-epiderme

candida ; ligamento subduplici; dente cardinali crasso, sulcato, bipar-

tito. * * * Habite la riviere de? Ohio. A. Michaud. Distincte de la

précédente (ligamentina) par sa forme ; elle est renflée vers les crochets,

10 THE NAUTILUS.

déprimée vers l'autre extrémité, bisillonnée sur le coté antérieur. Long-

ueur apparente, 61 millimétres. ”’

This description taken by itself is toc imperfect to be recognizable.

Dr. Lea himself so declared in 1829 (Obs. 1 p. 36) and cor

omitted it entirely from his Synopsis of that date.

Prior to Dr. Lea’s visit to Paris in 1832, owing to the indefinite

character of Lamarck’s descriptions, there was great uncertainty and

considerable diversity of opinion among American conchologists in

regard to nearly all of his species. And it was no doubt owing to

that fact, that Barnes, in describing his wndatus, intimated that it

might be the obliguus of Lamarck. Dr. Lea never figured or de-

scribed obliquus. But there can be no doubt but that the well-known

species, which for the last fifty years at least has been called by that

name, was determined by him as being the Lamarckian species.

But his decision did not meet with universal acceptance.

Ferussac in 1837 (doc. cit.), in whose possession were many of

Lamarck’s types, and who no doubt had access to the type of ob-

liquus, which was then in the museum in the Garden of Plants at

Paris, and after Dr. Lea had spent eight mornings critically exam-

ining and identifying his collection of American Unionide, believed

that Lamarck’s obliguus was the species described by Lea as ebenus.

And Conrad in his “‘ Synopsis ” of 1853 held to the same opinion,

remarking that ‘‘ Lamarck’s description is wholly inapplicable to

undatus, which is not oblique, and certainly not ‘ ovate-rotundate.”’

What Lamarck’s obliquus really is, can probably be only deter-

mined by a critical re-examination of the original type, if it is still

in existence.

But whatever it may be, it is certain that if the current accepta-

tion of obliqguus is correct, then it is clear that Lea’s reference of

undatus to it was erroneous. On the other hand, if Lee was right

in his determination, then it is equally certain that the species now

known as Quadrula obliqua cannot bear that name.

What it should be called in that case is ‘‘ another story” as Kip-

ling would say and may well be held in abeyance until we know what

Lamarck’s obliquus really is. And until that is definitely determined,

it is, no doubt, the better part to consider the shell we call obliquus

to be Lamarck’s species and for the time being to deal with Barnes’s

species on that basis.

(To be continued.)

THE NAUTILUS. 11

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB.

A few persons interested in the study of Mollusca were entertained

on the evening of Washington’s birthday, by Mr. Francis N. Balch,

at his home in Jamaica Plain. Plans were discussed and a meeting for

organizing wascalled. Asa result, thirteen met on March 14th, in

Boston, adopted a constitution, and elected Prof. Edward 8. Morse,

of Salem, President; Mr. Francis N. Balch, of Boston, Vice-Presi-

dent; Rev. Henry W. Winkley, of Danvers, Secretary and Treas-

urer. Mr. John Ritchie, Jr., and Mr. Chas. W. Johnson were

elected to serve with the other officers as an Executive Committee.

At the April meeting, Professor Morse gave an excellent ad-

dress, protesting against the multiplication of generic names, and

on some interesting points for study and observation. Mr. Balch

spoke on his recent visit to Washington, of some of the interesting

specimens obtained by the “Albatross ”’ and of the work being done

at the National Museum on mollusks. Some twenty-five ladies

and gentlemen are now on the roll of membership,

Henry W. WINKLEY,

Secretary.

NOTES.

Professor Robert Parr Whitfield, curator in the American Museum

of Natural History, author of important works on paleontology, died

on April 6, at the age of eighty-two years.

A NEW SPECIES FOR THE UNITED STaTEs FAUNA. Mr. W. H.

Over of Date, S. D., has recently to me for determination specimens

of a Segmentina, collected by him in a small water-hole among the

Coteau Hills, five miles north-east of Clear Lake,S. D. They agree

very exactly witl the description and figure of S. christyi Dall, both

in sculpture and size, the largest specimen being 114 mm. in diameter,

and I have no doubt as to their being that species. None of the

seven specimens sent show any indications of apertural lamelle.

BRYANT WALKER.

A LARGE FossIL Trivia: Among a collection of Pliocene fossils

obtained by Mr. Wm. F. Clapp, from the dredgings in the lower part

of Lake Flint, above Ft. Thompson, Florida, was a specimen of Trivia

pediculus ot an unusually large size. ‘The specimen measures 22 mm.

re THE NAUTILUS.

in length, and except for size represent the typical pediculus, t. e.

those with the finer ribbing, about 18 ribs showing on the inner margin

of the outer lip, with about 7 intermediate ones which do not reach

the inner margin. A study of the recent forms seems to warrant the

varietal name of 7. pediculus permagna.

In a large series of over 100 recent specimens there is a great

range of variation; the largest is 17 mm., the smallest 6 mm., in

length. The larger specimens show a noticeable unformity in size,

about fifty percent measuring between 15 and 17 mm. ‘The speci-

mens from near Jupiter Inlet, Fla., represent for the most part the

vareity labiosa Gask., with a perceptibly broader inner lip, with

about 15 ribs extending to the inner margin. ‘The variety cimez is

smaller (about 8 to 10 mm.), and in the typical form there is a tend-

ing for the spots on the right side to become confluent.

C. W. Jounson.

FULGUR CANALICULATUM SPAWNING in the New York Aquarium

is figured and described in the Zoological Society Bulletin for March,

1910, pp. 637, 638. Eight days were occupied in spawning one

string of egg capsules.

An Earty Stace or Acmza. By Epwarp S. Morss (Proce.

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, pp. 318-323, 1910). An exceedingly

interesting paper in which the author shows that the young of Acmea

testudinalis is not nautiloid, but begins with a blunt cecal-like cap

without the suggestion of a coil. The specific characters separating

A. testudinalis and A. alveus are also fully discussed.

New OLIGOCENE SHELLS FROM FLoripa. By Cartotta Joa-

quina Maury (Bull. Amer. Paleontology, vol. 4, No. 21, March,

1910). This Bulletin contains the descriptions and figures of 84 new

species, principally from the Oak Grove and Chipola marls. The

types are either in the Cornell University or the collection of Mr, T.

H. Aldrich.

PALEONTOLOGY OF THE COALINGA DISTRICT, CALIFORNIA.

By Rateu ARNOLD (Bull. 396 U. S. Geol. Survey). Over 50 new

forms of tertiary mollusca are described and figured. Carinifex

marshall, proposed for C. newberryi Cooper (not Lea) has evidently

already been named by Mr. Harold Hannibal @. santaclare, Nautt-

Lus, vol. 23, p. 40, July, 1909.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIV. JUNE, 1910. No. 2

A NEW CLAIBORNIAN SHELL.

BY REV. H. E. WHEELER.

OVULACTZON ALDRICHI, 0. sp.

Shell minute, subcypreform, thick, longitudinally sculptured with

distinct grooves very closely set, and terminated by the broad oblique

callus on the body whorl; periphery of the apical region smooth, well

rounded, the diameter of the perforation being contained in the

width of the shell about four times; aperture linear, very contracted,

elevated ; outer lip thickened, reflected over and close to the apical

perforation, and produced downward on the body whorl; furnished

behind with an oblique, rather deep furrow, which is parallel to the

labial contour, and terminating at the callus, a similar, less promi-

nent rectilinear furrow directly in front.

Length 4 mm. ; width 2 mm.

Type (No. 779, Col. Wheeler) from the Ferruginous Sand Bed,

‘Claiborne, Alabama. Co-type in the collection of Hon. T. H.

Aldrich,

The genus to which this shell belongs is new to Eocene paleon-

tology. Thus far it is represented only by O. meeki Dall, a recent

form dredged off the coasts of Cuba and the Bahamas. The genus

is thus characterized by Dr. Dall:?

“ Shell cypreform, involute; with an apical perforation as in Bulla ;

1Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool, Cambridge, vol. xvii, 1889, p. 42.

14 THE NAUTILUS.

columella simple, without plaits; margin of the aperture continuous,

simple, thickened, the callus on the body whorl elevated parallel with

the outer lip; aperture narrow, almost linear, slightly effuse at the

extremities, as long as the shell.

‘“« Type O. meekii, Dall. Plate 33, figs 3 and 4.”

I dedicated this interesting shell to my friend, Hon. T. H. Al-

drich, of Birmingham, Alabama, who solved the problem of its gen-

eric position, and whose contributions to our knowledge of Tertiary

Paleontology are so well known and highly valued. It will be fig-

ured on a future plate of this volume.

NOTE ON THE GENUS PTERIDES.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In my study of this group of Mexican freshwater shells I over-

looked an important article by the late Professor Sp. Brusina in the

Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malak. Gesellschaft for 1906, p. 154,.

in which he erects the new genus Lanzaia for the long-forgotten

Turbo elephantotus of Megerle von Muhlfeldt, described in 1824 from

the coast of Dalmatia, and rediscovered by Prof. Brusina, on the

seashore near the mouth of the little river Zernovica.

This snail, Lanzaia elephantota as it will now be called, which is.

well figured in the Nachrichtsblatt (p. 158), has the aperture formed

like that of my Pterides pterostoma (Nautilus xxiii, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2)..

It differs from the Mexican Pterides by having sinuous flat-topped

riblets with close, fine spiral striz in the intervals, and arather large

umbilicus. The Mexican Pterides has a smooth surface, merely

rimate umbilicus, and more elongate shape.

The finding in Mexico of Mediterranean region genera, such as

this one, Emmericia and Coilostele is extremely interesting and im-

portant. The more prominent groups of treshwater shells are widely

diverse.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF POTAMOLITHUS.

BY H. VON IHERING, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL.

P. PAYSANDUANUS Ni. sp.

Shell imperforate, solid, globose, olivaceous, nearly smooth.

Spire very short, conic, the apex eroded. Last whorl swollen be-

low the suture, rounded at the base and periphery. Aperture some-

what oblique, ovate. Peristome continuous, obtuse, black, the outer

and basal margins narrow, columellar and parietal margins wide, flat

and black. Length 4.8; diam., 3.9 mm. Paysandi, Uruguay.

This species occurred in three forms: (1) that described above

as typical.

(2) Form sinulabris, similar to the preceding, but with a sinus in

the upper part of the outer lip.

(3) Form impressus, larger, with a concave zone at the upper

part in the last half whorl, and a sinus in the lip, which is thin and

sharp.

P. FILIPPONEI 0. sp.

Shell imperforate, pyramidal, olivaceous with a reddish-brown band

at the penultimate whorl, smooth. Whorls 5, strongly convex, the

last strongly bicarinate, one carina peripheral, the other basal,

bounding a large concave umbilical area. Aperture very oblique.

Peristome continuous, outer lip thin, unexpanded, having small

rounded sinuses near the upper insertion, below the peripheral angle,

and at the base of the columella, which is narrow and straight.

Length 4.4, diam. 4 mm.

Montevideo, Uruguay, type in Museu Paulista, collected by Dr.

Florentino Filippone.

COMMON OR VERNACULAR NAMES FOR MUSSELS.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

While collecting along the Ohio River, I had some dealings with

the shell hunters, the men gathering clams for the button factories,

16 THE NAUTILUS.

and at the same time looking for pearls. They have some common

names for certain kinds of mussels; and an official of button fac-

tories I met at Marietta, was kind enough to verify the names and

to give some additional information.

“Mucket.”” Lampsilis ligamentina, also orbiculata.

‘“‘ Pig-toe.”” Quadrula obliqua, and the whole group of approxi-

mately the same shape, also subrotunda, xsopus, etc.

“ Warty pig-toe.” Q. coopertana, pustulosa, etc.

‘‘ Nigger-head.”” Q. ebena; sometimes also Obovaria retusa.

“‘ Monkey face.” Q. metanevra.

“ Butterfly.” Plagiola securis.

‘* Pocketbook.” JL. ventricosa, also capaz.

“ Sand clam,” or ‘“‘ Black sand clam.” JL. recta, occasionally also

Unio gibbosus.

‘¢ Lady’s finger.”’ L. anodontoides, no doubt also fallaciosa.

‘“‘ Three-ridge washboard,” or ‘“‘ Three-ridge,”” or ‘*‘ Washboard.”

Q. undulata, also plicata, and multiplicata.

‘‘ Razor-back,” ‘ Rudder-back,’’ ‘ Hatchet-back.”” Proptera

alata (and, no doubt, Symphyn. complanata).

Some other large and common mussels may have common names,

but I failed to find them out, e.g. U. crassidens, Tritogonia, Q.

lachrymosa.

ON THE VALIDITY OF UNIO UNDATUS BARNES.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

(Concluded from p. 10.)

he &

Is U. undatus Bar. = U. trigonus Lea.

Lea’s description of his trigonus is as follows:

‘«‘ Shell subtriangular, inflated, nearly equilateral, depressed before

the umbonial slope, angular behind; umbonial slope carinate; basal

margin emarginate ; substance of the shell, thick, beaks prominent,

THE NAUTILUS. 17

incased and slightly undulated at the tips; ligament short and

thick ; epidermis brown; rays obsolete ; cardinal tooth large, ele-

vated and widely cleft in the left valve and emerging from a pit in

the right valve; lateral teeth thick and curved in a direction over

the cardinal tooth; anterior and posterior cicatrices both distinct ;

dorsal cicatrices situated on the under part of the cardinal tooth ;

cavity of the beaks deep and angular; nacre pearly white and iri-

descent. Length 2.3; alt. .2; diam. 1.5 in.”

It is to be noted that while this description is quite exactly in ac-

cord with the Ohio river species commonly called trigonus, the figure,

while its dimensions are those given in the description, is not in

strict accordance with its specifications nor with the shell as usually

found. The shell as figured (Pl. II, fig. 1) would scarcely be

called ‘‘subtriangular,” but rather subquadrate ; the beaks though

prominent are not characteristic of the shell as it actually occurs

and there is a decided emargination of the posterior slope, which is

not mentioned at all in the description, and which, so far as my ex-

perience goes, does not occur in any form of trigonus. ‘The figure,

as it stands, would do better for a representation of the not uncom-

mon quadrate form of rubiginosus than of trigonus.

It was probably on this account that the Western Academy of Nat-

ural Sciences, in their ‘‘ Synopsis” of 1849, felt unable to determine

exactly what trigonus was and doubtfully referred it to flavus Raf.,

of which they considered rubiginosus an unquestionable synonym.

Dr. Lea in his ‘ Rectification” (Separate p. 6) speaks in the

highest terms of the judicial attitude maintained by the Academy in

the preparation of this list and of the impartiality with which they

attempted to “ render strict justice to every author.”

It is to be noted in this connection that the figure of U. pyrami-

datus on Lea’s plate is evidently exaggerated and out of propor-

tion and that of rubiginosus in the same volume is even more so.

It would therefore seem that the figure given cannot be confidently

relied upon as an accurate representation either of the species or of

the type.

But, however that may be, there is no real question as to what Lea’s

species is, although it does not appear to be a common one in the

Ohio River. I have myself seen only one specimen, that figured

(plate II, fig. 2). Of sixty specimens of the group recently submitted

by Dr. V. Sterki for examination from the Ohio at Marietta and

18 THE NAUTILUS.

intended to be a representative series of the fauna of the river at

the place, not a single specimen could be satisfactorily referred to

“ trigona.”” It would seem as though it did not extend up the river

as far as that place.

It is unquestionable that the form I have identified as the undatus

of Barnes has for the last half-century been uniformly considered to

be the trigonus of Lea.

It is also true that prior to 1850, Lea’s species was considered to

be the same as Barnes’s by a very large and respectable element

among the conchologists of that time.

It is evident, also, that Dr. Lea had considerable difficulty in en-

forcing the adoption of his disposition of undatus (Syn. 4th, Ed., p.

38n; Rectification lst Ed. p. 15) at that time.

In considering the question de novo it must be admitted at once

that the typical forms of the two “ species’ are not exactly the same.

Conrad in a note to his last Synopsis (1853), in which he considers

the two forms to be distinct species states the difference aptly: it

(undatus) ‘*is much more ventricose anteriorly and over the umbo

than trigonus; has more elevated beaks and is very inequilateral,

whilst the latter is nearly equilateral.”” Dr. Lea remarks (Syn. 4th

Ed. p. 38 n 8) that trigonus is always more angular on the umbonial

slope and the undulations at the tip of the beaks differ.”

This comparison does not apply to the true undatus of Barnes, but

is correct in the first item when applied to obliquus, with which he

considered Barnes’s species to be synonymous. I have not been able

to ascertain the beak characters of obligua from the material at my

disposal.

In considering Lea’s conception of his species and whether he con-

sidered it to include the form believed to be the real undatus of

Barnes, it may be of service to note his treatment of both species

before and after his identification of undatus with obliquus in 18382.

In his original description of trigonus (Obs. I, p. 121) he remarks

that his species belongs to the group of species which are known as

mytiloides Raf. and has been considered a variety of that species, but

that he believes that the group may be divided into four species,

mytiloides Raf., undatus Bar., pyramidatus Lea, and trigonus Lea.

It is to be noted that this was before he had identified wndatus with

obliquus, but tends to show that he even then identified Barnes’s spe-

cies with the form, which he subsequently declared to be obliquus

THE NAUTILUS. 19

Lam., which at that time he had been unable to identify from the

original description. In his description of Unio solidus (Obs. II, p.

13), read Dec. 19, 1834, he compares that species with undatus and

distinguishes it by ‘‘ being more rounded at the basal margin, by its

more elevated beaks and by its color.”

In his description of Unio planus (Obs. III, p. 51), read Oct. 2,

1840, he differentiates that species from both obliguus and trigonus

as being more rounded at the base, the emargination being very small

and being higher in the beaks than trigonus and more flattened there

than obliquus.

In the same paper he remarks (p. 54) that his dolabelloides stands

between undatus and cor.

It is curious to note that as late as Feb. 19, 1841, he seems still

to ignore obliquus on occasion and to use undatus (Obs. III, p. 69).

But after that date, undatus is not referred to except in his Recti-

fication and Synopses.

In his description of Unio tumescens (Obs. iv, p. 45), read May 2,

1845, he says that that species is allied to trigonus, but differs in be-

ing more rounded and in having rays. ‘The comparison is certainly

not a very apt one to say the least.

In his description of Unio chunii (Obs. ix, p. 18), read June 3,

1862, he states that this species is closely allied to trigonus, but may

be distinguished by being more lenticular in form and in not having

so sharp an umbonial slope. The undulations of the beaks of that

species, however, are few, as in trigonus, and follow down the angle

of the umbonial slope. In the same paper (p. 21) in his description

of Unio riddellit, he remarks that that species belongs to the group

of which trigonus may be considered the type, but differs in being

rounded, even more inflated and in the character of the undulations,

which are ‘‘ remarkably close,” while in tr7¢gonus they are few and

follow down the angle of the umbonial slope for a short distance.”

It is evident from these comparative remarks that, in Lea’s mind,

trigonus was a shell with prominent beaks, though less so than in

solidus and plenus, with a rather wide basal emargination, a sharp

umbonial angle, and having the beak’s undulations few and following

down the umbonial angle for a short distance.

These specifications apply accurately to the shell above identified

as undatus Barnes, and do not apply to any other Quadrula of the

Ohio drainage.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

Of the fourteen species included in the “ trigona group” by Simp-

son in his excellent arrangement, seven are found in the Ohio River,

Viz.:

Q. rubiginosa. Q. coccinea.

Q. trigona. Q. solida.

Q. obliqua Q. plena.

Q. pyramidata.

Of these coccinea is quite different from any of the others, and

possibly does not belong to the genus at all. (Ortmann, Naut.

XXII, p. 16.) At any rate it is so entirely distinct from trigona,

undata and obliqua that it may be dismissed from further considera-

tion in this connection. The remaining species may be separated

into two very natural groups by a characteristic difference in the

form and position of the pseudo-cardinals. In his description of ¢rt-

gonus, Dr. Lea states that the “ cardinal (is) large, elevated and

widely cleft in the left valve and emerges from a pit in the right

valve.’”’ This is absolutely correct and is one of the most character-

istic specific details.

The pseudo-cardinal of the left valve is composed of two deltoid

teeth separated by a deep, triangular cavity for the reception of the

pseudo-cardinal of the right valve. At their upper extremity they

meet and in most cases are completely fused together so that they

might well be termed a single ‘‘ widely cleft tooth” rather than dis-

tinct teeth. The anterior tooth is high and sharply beveled upwards

to a narrow, nearly rectilinear edge, which is nearly parallel with the

lower margin of the lunule. The cavity between them is deep and

comparatively narrow and extends obliquely backward and upward

until terminated by the fused extremities of the pseudo-cardinals.

The pseudo-cardinal in the right valve is triangular in shape, with a

sharp apex directed toward the beak. The posterior side is short and

nearly straight up and down; the anterior side is much longer and

more oblique. On both sides are deep cavities for the reception of

the pseudo-cardinals of the left valve, and owing to the fusing of the

upper extremities of these teeth these cavities are continued entirely

around the pseudo-cardinal, which consequently appears to be

“‘ emerging from a pit.”

The space between the pseudo-cardinal and lateral teeth (‘ inter-

dentum’’) is comparatively narrow. This is clearly shown on both

Barnes’s and Lea’s figures. This arrangement of the pseudo-car-

THE NAUTILUS. 21

dinals is also characteristic of rubiginosus. In the remaining four of

the species above mentioned, the character and relative position of

the pseudo-cardinals are quite different, and are similar in all.

Taking obliqua as an example, the interdentum is very broad.

The posterior pseudo-cardinal of the left valve is low and broadly

triangular in shape and the blunt apex points obliquely forward and

not directly upward; the anterior pseudo-cardinal is very low and

bends around the broad and comparatively shallow socket for the

opposing pseudo-cardinal. This socket is almost quadrate in shape,

extends obliquely forward and a line from the upper to the lower

corner is almost perpendicular. The pseudo-cardinal of the right

valve is broadly triangular, and the anterior and posterior sides are

about equal. It is surrounded above by a ‘“ pit” which is very shal-

low in front of the tooth and longer and shallower behind the tooth

than in the trigonus group, triangular in shape and quite oblique.

The whole effect of the hinge in this group is that all the teeth are

subparallel and project obliquely backwards from the beak ; while in

the trigona group the pseudo-cardinal and lateral teeth met at a de-

cided angle under the beak.

This arrangement of the hinge in obiiqua and its allies sensibly

affects the external form of the shell, so that there is seldom any

occasion for mistaking to which of the two groups any particular

shell belongs.

It would seem clear, therefore, that there is no occasion for con-

founding the wndatus of Barnes with any of the four species grouping

about obliqua and that in seeking to identify that species, obliqua and

its allies may be dismissed from further consideration.

If this be conceded, then it follows that Lea’s trigonus is either

identical with undatus or rubiginosus or is a district species from

either. That the trigonus of Lea is specifically distinct from his

rubtginosus does not require argument in spite of the tentative union

of the two species by the Western Academy of Nat. Sciences caused

no doubt by the uncharacteristic figure given by Lea of his type.

Rubiginosus is well characterized by its more broadly triangular

or subquadrate and more compressed shape and less prominent beaks,

which are less incurved at the tips, and the lack of the pronounced

angle on the posterior ridge.

The possibility that trigonus and rubiginosus can be specifically

identical may be consequently most emphatically answered in the

22 THE NAUTILUS.

negative. It follows therefore that trigonus is identical with unda-

tus or is a distinct species.

In considering this question, it is to be borne in mind that nearly

all of our Unionide are subject to a large amount of variation and

that the wider the range of a species, the greater the amount of

variation it exhibits under the influences of diverse conditions of

local environment.

Trigonus (using the term in its broad, current acceptation and not

confining it to the form of Lea’s type) has a very extensive range.

In the Mississippi Valley from Minnesota (Grant) south to Ark-

ansas (Call) and northern Louisiana (Frierson); in the Ohio drain-

age it ranges east through Ohio (Sterki) but apparently does not ex-

tend into Pennsylvania (Ortmann) nor southwestern N. Y. (Mar-

shall); through the ancient post-glacial connections of Lake Michigan

with the Mississippi and Lake Erie with the Ohio, it has invaded

the St. Lawrence system and is found in the lake drainage of Wis-

consin, Illinois and southern Michigan, whence it ranges east as far

as Buffalo, N. Y. (Marshall) and Port Dover, Ont. (Whiteaves),

but does not appear in the valley of the Ottawa (Latchford); in Ken-

tucky it has been recorded from the Barren River (Walker) and

Warren Co. (Price) in the Ohio drainage; apparently it does not

occur in the Tennessee drainage area at all; but, curiously enough

it reappears in the Alabama system where it is usually, but erron-

eously, called chun Lea.

Through Texas, southern Louisiana and Mississippi, the trigona

group is represented by a number of “ species,”’ whose relations with

each other and with frigona are uncertain, and can only be defi-

nitely determined by a much larger amount of material than is ap-

parently accessible at the present time. Zrigona as such, so far as

I have been able to ascertain, has not been listed from any of those

States except northern Louisiana.

While trigona, commonly so-called, throughout this enormous ex-

tent of territory sustains its specific identity sufficiently to be recog-

nized in most cases without difficulty, yet, as might be expected, it

exhibits in different parts of its range a considerable amount of vari-

ation.

Thus in the Mississippi, Illinois and Fox rivers, the high trian-

gular form, which I have identified with undatus, is the prevalent

phase; in the Ohio a more equilateral form (typical trigona) occurs

THE NAUTILUS. 93

and similar shells are before me from the Wisconsin river, Sauk Co.,

Wis., and the Mississippi River at Davenport, Ia.; while in the Kas-

kaskia and Spoon rivers, Ills., a shellmore broadly triangular in form

is found, which apparently represents the extreme in that direction.

The Alabama form is closer to typical wndatus, but like many of the

northern species, that have obtained a foothold in that system and

retained their specific identity, is apparently uniformly smaller and

resembles a half-grown example of the common Mississippi expres-

sion of the species.

But taking the series thus specified as a whole, it exhibits a similarity

throughout, which is congruous only with specific identity and which

separates it as a whole from union with any other described species.

And in this assemblage and united by a series of unmistakable in-

termediates are the undatus of Barnes and the trigonus of Lea.

If, in addition to what has already been said, anything further is

needed to prove the identity of the two forms, the following com-

parison of the specific characters of the two species as given in the

original descriptions will show that there is no ground for question-

ing their specific identity.

Undatus. Trigonus.

Subtriangular.

Disks swelled before, depressed

behind, posterior side slightly

produced, rapidly narrowed,

angulated.

Basal margin waved.

Shell thick.

Beaks elevated, recurved, pro-

jecting forwards nearly as far

as the anterior side,

Ligament passing between the

beaks.

Epidermis horn-colored, wrinkled

and finely striated transversely,

surface glabrous.

Cardinal teeth deeply sulcated

and crenated.

Subtriangular, nearly equilateral.

Inflated, depressed before the um-

bonial slope, angular behind,

umbonial slope carinated.

Basal margin emarginate.

Substance of shell thick.

Beaks prominent, incurved.

Ligament short and thick.

Epidermis brown, rays obsolete.

Cardinal tooth in the left valve

large, elevated and widely cleft.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

Lateral teeth two in each valve. | Lateral teeth thick and curved in

a direction over the cardinal

tooth.

Muscular impression deep, poste-| Anterior and posterior cicatrices

rior one rough. both distinct.

Nacre pearly-white. Nacre pearly-white and iridescent.

Length 2.2. in. Length 2.3 in.

Alt. 2.1 in. Alt. 2.0 in.

Diam. 1.5 in. Diam. 1.9 in.

If then, our contention is correct as to the absolute specific iden-

tity of the two species, priority must be given to Barnes’s name and

the synonomy must be written as follows:

QUADRULA UNDATA (Barnes).

1823, Unio undatus Barnes, Am. J1. Sci. VI, p. 121, pl. IV, fig. 4.

1881, Unto trigonus Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. IV, p. 110, pl. XVI,

fig. 40.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES I AND II.

Pl. 1 fig. 1. Q. undata, Facsimile of one of Barnes’s figures.

Pl. 1 fig. 2. Copy of Barnes’s other figure.

Pl. 1 fig. 3. Q. undata, Fox River, Il. (original).

Pl. II fig. 1. Facsimile of Lea’s figure of Unio trigonus.

Pl. II fig. 2. Q. trigona Lea, Ohio River (original).

Pl. II fig. 8. Q. obliqua Lam. Paint Rock River, Jackson Co.,

Ala. (original).

NOTES.

THREE SHELLS Not HITHERTO REPORTED FROM THE DISTRICT

or CotumBia.—Recent collecting has added the following hitherto

unreported shells to the fauna of the District of Columbia or its en-

virons: Polygyra palliata Say (on the Virginia side of the Potomac

near Great Falls); Zonitocdes milium Morse, Punctum pygmeum

Drap.—G. Datias Hanna.

The albino Oliva angulata, noticed in the March number, has now

found a home with the Academy of Science at Minneapolis, Minn.

—A. L. HeTrrRicH.

PEAt aie

THE NAUTILUS, XXIV.

4,2, QUADRULA TRIGONA LEA.

3, QUA DRULA OBLIQUA LAM

THE NAUTILUS, XXIV. PEATE

gore i

MY, ALM | }

Uj, - rig ‘

piggy, al

pee Mp hadi yihphhbite" WM

QUADRULA UNDATA BARNES.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIV. JULY, 1910.

SHELL COLLECTING IN PUGET SOUND AND ALASKA.

BY DR. FRED BAKER, SAN DIEGO, CAL.

During the last summer it was my good fortune to take a most

enjoyable trip to Seattle, Washington, where the Alaska-Yukon-

Pacific Fair was in full swing; to the San Juan Islands in Puget

Sound, where the Summer School of the University of Washington

was in session; and on to Alaska, reaching a point as far west as

Cook’s Inlet. At all points possible I collected shells, and a full list

of species and localities follows at the end of this article. It is a

grateful task to acknowledge help in naming all doubtful species at

the hands of Dr. W. H. Dall and Dr. Paul Bartsch of the National

Museum, and the Rev. Geo. W. Taylor of Nanaimo, British Colum-

bia. Without their help this article could only have been an account

of the wanderings of a very amateurish conchologist.

The University of Washington, in connection with several other

institutions which join forces with her, conducts a summer school on

a group of islands in Puget Sound,—there are a hundred and fifty of

them which constitute the county of San Juan in the State of Wash-

ington,—and here my wife and I dropped down on about fifty of the

best people on earth, as biologists always are. This year they were

trying the experiment of doing work ‘in two places, and we arrived

just in time to help them move camp from San Juan Island to Olga,

on Orcas Island, thirteen miles away.

Orcas Island, the second largest of the group, supports a consider-

able farming population, but is much broken, and boasts a peak, Mt.

Constitution, 2660 feet high, from which we had a glorious pano-

26 THE NAUTILUS.

ramic view in all directions over thousands of square miles of water

with scores of islands, and the mainland rising foothill above foothill

to the Olympics and the Selkirks with their snowy ranges, and

dominating and crowning all, the splendid peaks of Mt. Baker and

Mt. Rainier.

We were soon established in camp quarters after our arrival, and

regular work got under way. Here I met for the first time Dr

Kellogg of Williams College, who was doing some most interesting

work on the siphonal currents of the pelecypods. Others were doing

equally interesting original work in various lines of botany and

zoology, but of course the dredging was most important from my

point of view. Their dredging was done by a regular shrimp dredger

who was employed by the season. The apparatus is crude but very

efficient. A trawl twelve feet wide was used, and as the water is

shallow everywhere, the boat only carried about fifty fathoms of

cable. No soundings were taken, but the depths, which generally

varied between ten and thirty fathoms, were ascertained from the

charts. I have done considerable work with the Alexander Agassiz,

the boat of the Marine Biological Association of San Diego, and I

spent five days aboard the Fish Commission Steamer Albatross off

San Diego, but I have never seen such a wealth of material as we

got at all stations. The great trawl always filled in a few minutes,

but I was impressed by the fact that the variety of species was not

nearly so great as in our more southern waters. As no one was

specially interested in mollusks, I was allowed the privilege of taking

any of the dredgings which I could handle. In fact we were royally

treated by everybody at the station, and I shall always count the ten

days we spent there as ‘“ the best yet.”

A week later we were on our way to Alaska, that country of which

some one has said, ‘‘ If you are old, go by all means; but if you are

young, wait. The scenery of Alaska is much grander than anything

else of the kind in the world, and it is not well to dull one’s capacity

by seeing the finest first.” As representatives of one of our local

_ papers we were a part of the National Editorial Association, and as

far as we went all Alaska was ours for the asking. The usual Alaska

trip consists of arun from Seattle up to Skagway and back, the whole

distance with the exception of a dozen miles or so being in land-locked

channels, often only a few hundred yards wide, bounded by steep,

heavily wooded mountains on either hand. Various towns of much

THE NAUTILUS. 27

interest are visited, and a side trip up Taku Inlet shows the great

Taku and Windom Glaciers. Formerly Glacier Bay was visited for

a view of the Muir Glacier, but the immense amount of float ice and

icebergs which have formed within the last two or three years make

this visit unsafe and it has been abandoned.

On our trip we saw all that the regular tourist sees, and for full

measure we ran west from Juneau into the open ocean, making a run

of several hundred miles to Prince William Sound and Cook’s Inlet,

As we ran out of the still waters of Cross Sound into the open ocean

early one morning on our right opened up the Fairweather range,

one of the finest mountain ranges in all Alaska. One after another

the great peaks came into view, until the whole range was off our

starboard side. Many mountain ranges do not show their full ex-

tent, as to be seen the foothills must be crossed, and one’s own

elevation cuts down the apparent height. Here the range comes to

the very ocean, and the overpowering sense of altitude is there.

Four peaks rise above 10,000 feet, and Mt. Fairweather towers to

15,292 feet. From one point we could count six great glaciers, mak-

ing their beginnings in the everlasting snows at the top and winding

down like great rivers toward the sea.

At Cordova, on Prince William Sound, a place of 1200 people,

which has grown in a year, we were taken inland fifty-three miles

on the Copper River Railroad. This road, which is ultimately to

reach a veritable mountain of copper, crosses several branches of the

Copper River which are making the delta at its mouth, and then

goes up the left bank until a point is reached where on each side,

and within four miles of each other, a great glacier comes down to

discharge its icebergs into the river. The face of each glacier rises

sheer 350 to 400 feet, and each is over four miles wide along the

river’s bank. Opposite the lower, Child’s Glacier, at a distance of

1500 or 2000 feet, we amused ourselves taking photographs, and re-

peatedly were successful in catching the great masses of ice as they

broke away. In the face of this body of ice we actually suffered

from the heat of the June day.

At Cordova I took advantage of a fine tide to doa couple of hours

collecting, being rewarded by several good things, the best being a

fine Mactra (Spisula) alaskana Dall. From Cordova we went to

Valdez, the point of departure of the great dog teams for the Fair-

banks region during the winter, but a very dull town in summer.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

A year ago $700,000 worth of gold was brought out on dog sledges.

Unfortunately I was not able to do much collecting here, as it is

almost imperative to take a small boat and get away from the water-

front of the town, and there was not sufficient time.

On the return trip we called at Ellamar, a very small mining town

on a very small landlocked bay off Prince William Sound, where we

had to run in on one high tide and wait for the next to take the ship

out. I therefore had my work cut out for me, and, on account of

the steady downpour of rain, I donned waterproof and rubber boots,

and protected by an umbrella trom the heaviest rain, I made the

most varied and interesting catch of the Alaskan portion of my trip.

From Prince William Sound we sailed at midnight to Seward on

Resurrection Bay. When I turned out in the early morning I found

the tide well out and still going down, so I got busy at once. Here

I found many things of interest, the best being Trachydermon ray-

mondi Pilsbry, of which I succeeded in finding about a dozen. I

finished my work well before the call to breakfast, and then we had

a fine ride of twenty-five miles over the Alaska Central Railroad,

which is now in the hands of a receiver, but was then being investi-

gated by Mr. Geo. W. Perkins, of the firm of J. P. Morgan & Co.,

with a view to syndicating its completion. Since our return the

papers have announced that this would be undertaken in the near

future. The road already runs fifty miles into the interior through

a region of marvelous beauty, and it has one unique feature of con-

struction. At one point the engineers have blasted out a deep pass

directly through a great glacier, which in future will have to be con-

stantly cut away, as it encroaches on the railroad right of way.

From Seward we sailed down Resurrection Bay on a glorious

afternoon, passing close to the rugged group of islands at the mouth,

and looking back up the whole length of a great white glacier

directly to the setting sun which was painting everything in match-

less reds. Then the open ocean, and heavy clouds, and night settling

rapidly, and cold winds driving us to our bunks for a much-needed

rest.

Morning found us in Cook’s Inlet, our most westerly point, and

we sailed into the little station of Port Graham just at daylight. As

we ran into the small bay where this station lies, we saw across the

broad inlet the smoke of St. Augustine, the only volcano we saw

which was even active enough to smoke. Aside from this slight

THE NAUTILUS. 29:

interest, it is a most beautiful mountain, a nearly regular cone ris-

ing almost from the water’s edge for many thousand feet, and cov-

ered with glaring white snow from very near the base.

We spent the whole day at Port Graham, and the tide had run a

long way out when we tied up. So it was overalls and rubber boots

and a fine hunt of a couple of hours before breakfast. Then a

hurried breakfast and three hours more of hunting. The collecting

was good everywhere, so I could begin beneath the wharf and work

either way. I found Argobuccinum (Priene) oregonensis Redfield,

in quantity on the beach, and their numbers made me miss an im--

portant possibility. I had secured a considerable number of these:

shells in dredgings in Puget Sound, but the temptation to take more,.

which I suppose is the miserly instinct common to most collectors,

induced me to throw a lot of them above the tide-line to be picked

_ up later. When the tide had come up beyond the limits of profitable

collecting I began to gather in this bunch of shells. Then I found

among them four fine specimens of Chrysodomus liratus Martyn,

which I had overlooked in my hurry, though they are so different

that I cannot understand my blunder. It would have been more

profitable to have hunted the beaches over for this last species, of

which I have little doubt that I could have found as many as I could.

have cleaned for transportation.

At Port Graham I also found in quantity Astarte rollandi Ber-

nardi. This fine shell I had not seen before, and I was glad to add

it to my collection. The Indians were running around on the beach:

and in their bydarkas, and some of them watched me cleaning my

catch. I have no doubt that my actions were a puzzle to them.

None of them could be induced to talk any English, even if they

knew any. However, by laying down ten cents and then tying an

Astarte, then making use of a sign language invented for the occa-

sion, J was able to interest a small native, and I finally kept him

_tying my bivalves for a couple of hours. With his help my day’s

work ran from 4 a. m. to 4 p. m., with very short intermissions for

breakfast and lunch, so that on this day at least I felt very tired and

very virtuous and slept the sleep of the just during the long night

following.

Every hour of our 8000 miles of water travel was most enjoyable,.

as were the intervening stops, and from the point of view of a col-

lector the trip was eminently profitable. I secured representatives

30 THE NAUTILUS.

of 148 species, four of which, Odostomia cookeana Bartsch, Alvania

bakeri Bartsch, Onoba asser Bartsch and Leptogyra alaskana Bartsch,

are new. It is an unfortunate fact that of each of these new species

except the Leptogyra, I secured only a single specimen, and of the

Leptogyra I found only half a dozen.

List of Shells Collected.

In the following list the species marked Orcas Island were dredged

near Orcas Island, Puget Sound, at depths varying from 10 to 30

fathoms. All other points mentioned are in Alaska except Ballard

Beach, a point on the Sound just north of Seattle, Washington, and

Sucia Island, a small island north of Orcas.

Purpura foliata Mart. (Cerostoma foliatum Mart.). Orcas Island,

living and dead, rather common. 3

Tritonalia lurida Midd. (Ocinebra lurida Midd.). Orcas Island,

dead, not common,

Tritonalia subangulata Stearns (Ocinebra subangulata Stearns —

“‘Tritonalia michaeli Ford. Orcas Island, a single young specimen,

living.

Boreotrophon multicostatus Esch. Orcas Island, two living

specimens.

Boreotrophon orpheus Gld. Orcas Island, two specimens.

Boreotrophon tenuisculptus Cpr. Orcas Island, 1 specimen ; Port

Graham, Alaska, 1 specimen.

Thais (Nucella) decemcostata Midd. (Purpura decemcostata

Midd.). Orcas Island; Ballard Beach; Seward, Alaska.

Thais (Nucella) lamellosa Gmel. (Purpura lamellosa Gmel.).

Common at all points visited.

Thais (Nucella) lima Mart. (Purpura lima Mart.). Ellamar;

Seward; Port Graham.

Thais (Nucella) saxicola Val. (Purpura saxicola Val.). Ellamar,

Thais (Nucella) saxicola emarginata Desh. (Purpura saxicola

emarginata Desh.). Ellamar.

Thais (Nucella) saxicola ostrina Gld. (Purpura saxicola ostrina

Gld.). Sucia Island, Puget Sound.

Argobuccinum (Priene) oregonense Redf. (‘Triton [ Priene] ore-

gonense Redf.). Orcas Island; Port Graham.

Chrysodomus liratus Mart. Port Graham, 4 large specimens

diving.

THE NAUTILUS. 31

Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird. Orcas Island, common, living

and dead.

Buccinum cyaneum Brug. Ellamar.

Alectrion (Tritia) mendica Gld. (Nassa mendica Gld.). Orcas

Island.

Marginella (Volutella) pyriformis Cpr. Orcas Island.

Columbella (Nitidella) gouldi Cpr. Orcas Island.

Amphissa corrugata Rve. Orcas Island, common.

Bela fidicula Gld. Orcas Island, 8 specimens living.

Natica clausa Brod. Orcas Island, Port Graham.

Polinices (Euspira) lewisii Gld. (Lunatia lewisii Gld.). Ballard

Beach, common.

Polinices pallidus Brod. & Sby. Orcas Island, Ellamar.

Velutina laevigata Fleming. Orcas Island, not rare.

Galerus fastigiatus Gld. Orcas Island, very common on stones

and other shells.

Crepidula dorsata Brod. Orcas Island.

Crepidula grandis Midd. Port Graham.

Crepidula navicelloides Nutt. Orcas Island.

Trichotropis cancellata Hds. Orcas Island, common.

Tachyrynchus lacteola Cpr. (Mesalia lacteola Cpr.). Dredged

and on shore Orcas Island.

Caecum hemphilli Stearns. Ellamar.

Eulima micans Cpr. Orcas Island.

Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) alaskana Dall. Orcas Island.

Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) taylori D. & B. Ballard Beach.

( To be continued.)

ON OPEAS GOODALLI MILLER.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The species commonly called Opeas goodalli is the most slender

and acuminate of the American Opeas. Its history has been given

in detail in the Manual of Conchology, X VIII, pp. 200-203 (1906),

but in common with other authors I overlooked the fact that the

name was preoccupied. The species will henceforth be known as

Opeas pumilum (Pfr.). The references may be found in full in the

Manual, but the following synopsis of synonyms may be useful :

32 THE NAUTILUS.

Helix goodalli Miller, 1822, not Helix goodalli Ferussac, 1821, see

Man. Conch., XIX, p. 295.

Bulimus clavulus Turton, 1831, not Bulimus clavulus Lamarck,

1822.

Bulimus pumilus Pfr., 1840.

NEW SHELLS FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA,

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

In sorting and labeling a lot of shells dredged in the Gulf of Cali-

fornia near La Paz, in 10-30 fathoms, sandy bottom, the following

species were discovered and appear to be undescribed :

Hindsia perideris n. sp.

Shell of about ten whorls, the nucleus smooth white of about two

whorls, the subsequent whorls (except the last) slowly enlarging,

forming a slender acute spire, the last whorl suddenly larger;

sculpture of about six slightly protractive axial ribs, strong and

rounded, following each other up the spire in a gently receding

spiral, with much wider interspaces, most prominent at the periphery

of the whorls, but traceable to the canal; these are crossed between

the sutures by six rounded, subequally spaced spiral threads with

much wider interspaces (the space between the posterior thread and

the suture widest of all), a little swollen where they override the

ribs; on the last whorl finer intercalary threads appear, and on the

canal are seven or eight stronger, spirally striated cords; aperture

subcircular, not lirate within, with a produced, simple peritreme,

and behind it a wide, strong, rounded varix over-ridden by the spiral

sculpture ; canal short, closed when adult, pointed and strongly re-

curved. ‘The color of the shell is mostly yellowish-white, with a

basal and sometimes a sutural brownish spiral band, which shows

more or less in the interior of the aperture.

Length of shell 28.5; of last whorl 18; of aperture 5.6; max.

diameter of last whorl exclusive of the varix 12.06; including the

varix 15.0 mm.

Type U. S. N. Mus., 96658, from 21 fathoms, others from 27

fathoms.

This shell has much resemblance to Hindsia acuminata Rve., the

THE NAUTILUS. go

type of the genus, but has a more elevated and slender spire and

fewer axial ribs. H. acuminata is a Philippine shell.

The genus Nassaria of Link was heterogeneous; no type was

named. JV. lyrata Gmelin (S. N., 3494, no. 109) is to my mind

quite a different thing from the Hindsia of Arthur Adams, based on

such species as H. acuminata. The former is a reticulate shell with-

out varices, and with an open canal... The latter and its congeners

have a strong and prominent terminal varix, a closed canal, when

adult, and sculpture more like the 7ritons. For this reason I pro-

pose to revive Hindsza for the group to which the name was origin-

ally given, although Adams himself later united them.

Cymatium adatrense u. sp.

Shell small, with four glassy, smooth nepionic whorls and four and

a half subsequent whorls; color of the shell pale brownish, somewhat

darker on the prominences; sculpture of about two varices to a whorl,

less on the earlier whorls; on the last two whorls the lines joining

the varices are nearly at right angles to each other; the portion of the

whorls behind the periphery is flattened, thus making the periphery

very prominent; upon it between each pair of varices are three

prominent nodules; at the corresponding point on the varices is a

conspicuous angle, almost a spine, but the remainder of the varical

edge is rounded or crenate by the spiral sculpture; the only other

axial sculpture is the sharp sulci which cut the spirals; these spirals

are numerous, close set, flat, strap-like cords, separated by narrower,

sharp grooves and crossed by many subequally spaced sharp axial

sulci; these cut the flat surface of the spirals into minute scale-like

segments, but where the spirals cross the varices the interspaces

widen; canal rather long, recurved, open; aperture rounded, with a

nearly entire, projecting peritreme, smooth on the inner lip, with

four or five shallow grooves on the inside of the outer lip. Length

of shell 33.0; of last whorl 24.0; of aperture 8.0; maximum diameter '

of last whorl 17.0 mm.

Type, U.S. N. Mus., 214103, from 10 fathoms sand, off Adair

Bay; an immature specimen in 10 fathoms off La Paz. The latter

had the nepionic shell in perfect condition; it comprises over four

whorls with a heavy brown periostracum, whicli bears three spiral

lines from which project very minute tufts of short, hair-like processes.

The species which most nearly recalls this is the C. gibbosum

34 THE NAUTILUS.

Broderip, which is a much heavier, larger, proportionately wider

and more clumsy shell.

Solariella triplostephanus n. sp.

Shell trochiform, with six tabulate whorls; nucleus very minute,

glassy, slightly tilted; subsequent whorls flat above, with closely

appressed suture; three strong spirals girdle the whorls; one at the

shoulder strongly beaded; one at the middle of the whorl minutely

undulate, and the third at the suture, simple, and obscured on all the

whorls but the last by the suture being laid against it; on the last

whorl there may be a few microscopic spiral threadlets between the

shoulder and the median spiral; between the anterior spiral and the

edge of the umbilicus on the base are six or eight fine-channeled

spiral grooves; the cord bordering the funicular umbilicus is coarsely

beaded; within the umbilicus are three or more similar but smaller

beaded threads; axial sculpture consisting of fine, sharp, uniform and

closely set elevated lines corresponding with the lines of growth, but

frequently more or less obsolete; aperture nearly circular, oblique,

with simple edges, hardly interrupted on the body; throat pearly.

Height of shell 5.25; of aperture 2.5; maximum diameter of shell

7.0 mm.

Type, U. S. N. Mus., 97001, in 12 fathoms sand.

The colors of this pretty little shell are yellowish-white, with

flames, dots or blotches of lilac or purple-brown.

TWO NEW MEXICAN LANDSHELLS.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

During a recent journey in Mexico Mr. Charles R. Orcutt col-

lected at some hot springs near the Rio Verde, Oaxaca, a number of

land shells, which he submitted to me for determination. Two of

them appear to be new, and the descriptions follows :

Eucalodium (Anisospira) oreutti n. sp.

Shell subcylindrical after decollation, of a pale cinnamon brown,

weathering to ashy, with 22 whorls, of which about nine are per-

manent; apical portion flattened above and with three swollen

whorls, the nucleus of about 2 of a whorl smooth gradually becom-

ing ribbed with small low clear-cut, nearly straight riblets separated

THE NAUTILUS. 35

by wider interspaces, finely spirally striated; after the first three

whorls the riblets become closer and slightly arcuately retractive.

and the spiral striation obsolete, while the spire is moderately con-

stricted in front of the swollen apical whorls, gradually increases

toward the tenth where it rapidly enlarges its diameter ; the last two

whorls diminish slightly, the base has no carina, but an almost im-

perceptible thread continues the sutural line, but does not angulate

the almost circular aperture. The lip is slightly expanded and

thickened, not produced, and with the throat has a light brownish

white color. No lamella is visible in the aperture, but at the back

of the last whorl a sharp almost vertical plait surrounds the twisted

slender axis, and, in the penultimate whorl only, expands to a flat

horizontal lamella, while the twist of the pillar assumes the appear-

ance (for about one whorl) of a spiral cord; the rest of the axis

shows only a faint twist, and is very slender, though when broken

the section reveals a minute perforation. ‘Two extreme specimens

measure :

No Whorls. Millimeters.

Adult. Apical. Length. Max. diameter. Aperture diam.

10 41.5 12.0 8.0

13 20.0 6.5

8.5 39.0 14.0 9.5

13 20.5 7.9

U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 212319. Also Orcutt collection.

The shell is about one-third larger than H.(A.) hyalina Pfr.,

from the same region; its anterior axial lamella is wider and flatter

than that of #. (A.) Kebmanni; E. (A.) townsend Pilsbry and

Cockerill, is of similar shape, but thinner, and has a much longer

lamella. :

Epiphragmophora ( Trichodiscina) verdensis n. sp.

Shell of five whorls, whitish, with a brownish, minutely, irregu-

larly, obliquely tufted periostracum ; spire depressed with a deep

suture and a rounded peripheral keel near the posterior third of the

whorl with a marked compression behind it ; nucleus small, minutely

pustulate, the pustules being modified as the shell grows, into short

elevated ridges along the lines of growth, which bear the tufts of the

periostracum ; beside this the entire shell is minutely punctate; the

36 THE NAUTILUS.

base is conically arched toward the margin of the deep umbilicus ;

the whorl near the aperture is bent down and the plane of the

aperture forms an angle of about 45° with the axis; the whorl is

slightly contracted behind the thin expanded margin of the aperture,

which is continuous in the adult across the body whorl and slightly

overshadows the umbilicus; the lip is whitish. Extremes measure:

Max. diam. of shell; of aperture ; height ;

15.0 oar 9.0 8.0

16.5 8.5 Ged

U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 212318. Also Orcutt collection.

This is very distinct from the other species of the Zrichodiscina

group.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Notes ON THE GENERA CypR#A AND Trivia. By H. O.N.

Saw. (Proc. Mal. Soc., London, VIII, 288, 1909.)—An inter-

esting paper treating on the nomenclature and anatomical differences

between Cyprza and Trivia, The latter has a more specialized

nervous system and distinct radula. The following are some of the

changes in nomenclature which have been considered: Oyprea tn-

termedia becomes a synonym of gillec Jouss. CC. reticulata, histrio and

eglantina are also considered varieties of ©. arabica. Cyprea bi-

color, comptonii, declivis and ptperata are considered only variations

of C. angustata. OC. cruenta Gmel. is not the eruenta Auctorum, but

equals errones L.; under these circumstances he adopts the name of

variolaria Lam. For the recent C. physis the original name of C.

achatidea Sowb. is adopted. For C. punctulata Gray, not Gmelin,

the name of roberts Hildago must be accepted. The name of 0.

friendit Gray has priority over scottit Gask. C. tubescens is only a

synonym of teres. C. ursellus Auctorum, not Gmelin, = C. Melvilh

Hildago. C. pantherina Dillw., 1817, becomes a variety of obutusa

Perry, 1811. C. prestoni is proposed for ¢nterrupta Gray, not Bol-

ten. ©. hidalgoi for leucostoma Gask., not Gmel. C. gumbiensis for

nebulosa Kiener, not Gmel. Trivia edgari is proposed for T. grando

Gask, not Potiez. For 7. oniscus Lam., not Bolten, the name of 7.

aperta Swains must be retained. Four new varieties are described :

Cyprea helvola var. callista, C. moneta var. aurea, (’. arabica var.

prasina, and Trivia ovulata var. rubra.—C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS, XXIV. PAE Riel:

WALKER: NEW SPATHA AND TRUNCILLA.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXIV. AUGUST, 1910. No. 4

PURPURA CRISPATA AND SAXICOLA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

In the following notes I follow Dr. W. H. Dall in using the

generic term Thais in place of the familiar name Purpura.

THAIS PLICATA Mart.

The species usually called Purpura crispata from the west coast

of America was first named Buceinum plicatum Martyn 1789. The

figures in Martyn’s Univ. Conchology, pl. 44, represent the large

foliated form, one being brown with white shoulder, and the other

all brown. Buecinum lamellosum Gmel. 1790, and Buccinum com-

positum (Chem.) Desh. 1843, were based on the same figures or

copies of them. Polyplex rugosus Perry 1811, is also the brown

form with white shoulder, Buccinum crispatum Dillw. 1817, and

Murex ferrugineus Esch. 1829, are entirely brown. Murex lactuca

Esch. 1829 (not Bolt.), is the white form of this species.

T. p. VAR. SEPTENTRIONALIS Rve., Conch. Icon. (Purpura) III,

pl. 10, f. 50, is a name for the rather high spired forms without the

longitudinal foliation.

Tats LIMA Mart. 1789.

Buccinum lima Martyn, Univ. Conch., pl. 46, has: many spiral

coste. It has the following synonyms: Purpura canaliculata Desh.

1839, Purpura attenuata Rve. 1846, Purpura decemcostata Midd.

1849, Purpura analoga Fbs. 1850 and Purpura beringiana Midd.

1851; the latter name is for specimens with the coste more spaced.

THAIS EMARGINATA Desh. 1839.

Purpura emarginata Desh, Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 360, las usually

88 THE NAUTILUS.

been called Purpura saxicola Val. which is based on figure 4 of

plate 8, Voyage of Venus, 1846, which seems to represent Purpura

Ffreycinetit Desh. 1839 (from Japan). The name Purpura emar-

ginata Desh. 1839, is based on the short spired rather rough sur-

faced form of this species. Purpura conradi Nutt. (MSS.), Smiths.

Mise. X, pl. 83, Tryon, Manual Conch. II, p. 175, seems to be this

form, from specimens received from Mr. Nuttall. Purpura fuscata

Forbes 1850, applies to the specimens with rather high spire and

many spiral coste, while Purpura ostrina Gld. 1852, is the small,.

short spired, smooth form.

Mr. J. G. Malone, of Portland, Oregon, having presented the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia with a set of these

west coast shells, the preceding revision of the nomenclature was

undertaken,

A NEW SPATHA.

BRYANT WALKER,

Spatha kamerunensis, n. sp. Pi. III, figs. 1 and 2.

Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat inflated, subsolid; beaks eroded,

but apparently only slighty elevated, sculpture not observed, placed

about 4 of the total length from the anterior end: anterior end regu-

larly rounded; basal and dorsal lines nearly parallel, slightly diverg-

ing posteriorly; basal line nearly straight, in some specimens slightly

arcuate; dorsal line straight or slightly curved; dorsal slope oblique;

posterior end somewhat prolonged and regularly rounded; posterior

ridge rounded, exhibiting in some specimens, a subobsolete angle,

terminating at the lower end of the dorsal slope; dorsal slope sculp-

tured with fine, radiating ridges, curving upwards towards the hinge;

surface of the disk subsulcate with strong lines of growth, cut by

very fine, impressed, radiating lines, between which the epidermis

is minutely and irregularly wrinkled or festooned; epidermis very

dark brown, almost black towards the margins; hinge edentulous;

beak cavity shallow, with a single, deep, dorsal cicatrix directly

under the beak; at the posterior end of the ligament, there is a tri-

angular notch in the dorsal border of the nacreous area; impressions

of the adductor muscles large, well marked, irregularly oval; that of

protractor pedis reniform, situated slightly behind and at the base of

that of the anterior adductor; posterior adductor impression large,

THE NAUTILUS. 39

oval; that of the posterior retractor small, elongated-oval, separate

from that of the posterior adductor and situated immediately below

the notch at the end of the ligament; nacre dark, dull plumbeous,

tinged with green, more intense towards the beak cavity; scarcely

iridescent posteriorly.

Length (of type) 69; height 354; diam. 22 mm.

Types (No. 30902 Coll. Walker) from the Kribi River, 17 miles

from Efulen, Kamerun. Cotypes in the collections of the Univ. of

Mich., the Philadelphia Academy, the Carnegie Museum, and Dr.

Louis Germain of Paris, France.

Ten specimens, in alcohol, of this very distinct species were sent

by Mr. George Schwab to the museum of the Univ. of Mich., to

whose curator, Dr. A. G. Ruthven, I am indebted for specimens for

description.

By reason of its sculptured surface, it evidently belongs to the

subgenus Aspatharia Bgt., as recognized by Simpson (1900) and

Germain (1909).

In size, shape and in the peculiar sculpturing of the surface, which

requires the use of a lens to develop the detail, it is easily distin-

guishable from both of the allied species.

Fearing that it might be included among the many new species

recently discovered by the French naturalists, 1 submitted a speci-

men to Dr. Louis Germain of the Museum of Paris, the well-known

expert on African Naiades, and am assured by him that it is entirely

distinct from any of the described species.

Dr. A. E. Ortmann of the Carnegie Museum, who is making a

special study of the anatomy of the Naiades, has kindly prepared the

accompanying description of the soft parts.

THE SOFT PARTS OF SPATHA KAMERUNENSIS WALKER.

RY DR, A. E. ORTMANN.

I am obliged to Mr, Bryant Walker for sending me a complete

specimen of the new species of Spatha, and the soft parts of two

others, for examination. The specimen with shell proved to bea

male; one of the other two was a sterile female, while in the third

the gills were in too poor condition (crushed and torn), so that no

attempt was made to ascertain the sex.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

The following are the essential characters of the anatomy.

Anal opening closed above by the union of the inner edges of the

mantle, without leaving a supraanal opening. The upper, closed

portion is rather long, over 14 times as long as the anal opening.

The latter is rather large, about as large as the branchial opening,

separated from the branchial opening by the solid union of the inner

mantle edges. Inner mantle edge of anal opening smooth, that of the

branchial opening with rather small papille. In front of the

branchial opening, the inner mantle edges are unconnected and

smooth.

Palpi longer than wide, with curved lower edge, posteriorly with

a short truncation, but not produced into a point, and not connected.

Gills long and narrow, the inner the wider. Outer gill becoming

gradually lower anteriorly, and ending at a point behind and above

the posterior end of the palpi (at the highest point of the mantle

attachment line). Inner gill hardly lower anteriorly, and tts

anterior insertion fills the entire space between the anterior end of the

outer gill and the palpi, so that there is no gap between the posterior

end of the inner palpus and the anterior end of the inner gill. Edge

of inner gill with a longitudinal furrow, that of the outer gill without

this furrow. Outer lamina of outer gill entirely connected with the

mantle. Inner lamina of inner gill free from the abdominal sac,

except at its anterior end; posteriorly, behind the foot, the two inner

lamine of the inner gills are entirely connected, thus forming the

larger anterior part of the diaphragm. All four gills fall short of the

posterior mantle edge, and the posterior continuation of the diaphragm

ts formed by the bridge uniting the mantle edges, which, from the

mantle edge, extends to a certain distance forward (or inward).

This bridge, the mantle part of the diaphragm, is rather short; in the

dissected female, the soft parts of which are about 68 mm. long, it is

4 mm. long, while the gill part of the diaphragm is much longer,

about 29 mm.

Water tubes of both gills well developed, rather regular and quite

distinct from base to edge of gill, but rather wide, and the septa are

remote from each other. The latter are heavy and strong; in the

male they are similarly developed in both gills, and represent simple

lines of union of the tissue of the two laminz, generally with a large

blood vessel in the middle. In the female, the structure of the outer

gill is identical with that of the male; but the inner gill alone is

THE NAUTILUS. Al

marsupial: the septa are more strongly developed, but keep about

the same distance from each other as in the male; they are longer in

the transversal direction, and possess, at their insertion at the outer

lamina of the gill (primary limb) a marked swelling, within which

generally the blood vessel is located.

The structure of the soft parts of this species of Spatha is remark-

able for the following s¢a particulars.

1. The complete absence of a supraanal opening.

2. The separation of the anal and branchial opening by a bridge

formed by the mantle.

3. The contact of the anterior insertion of the inner gill with the

posterior insertion of the inner palpus.

4, The absence of a posteriorly produced point of the palpi.

5. The marsupium, which is restricted to the inner gills.

6. The peculiar shape of the septa of the marsupial gill.

Among North American shells, I have observed a similar absence

of the supraanal opening only in Lampsilis parva (Barn.), but this

is a secondary modification: is not always present, and all the related

forms have such an opening. In Margaritana and certain species of

Quadrula (Rotundaria), where a supraanal is also absent, the mantle

edges have no tendency to close the anal above, and thus represent

another type of structure. With these exceptions, J have never seen

any one of the above characters in any species of North America.

There is always a distinct supraanal opening; the separation of the

anal and branchial openings is never formed by the mantle edge, and

the diaphragm consists of the gills alone; the anterior insertion of

the inner gill is always more or less, generally widely, separated

from the posterior insertion of the palpi; the palpi are always drawn

out into a posterior, projecting point, and are more or less falcate;

and the marsupium is never in the inner gill alone, but either in

both gills or in the outer one. As regards the shape of the septa of

the marsupial gill, it is unlike anything I have seen in North Ameri-

can forms. Unfortunately I cannot tell how far this shape changes

in the gravid females, but I think, that the swelling of the gill, when

charged, will not be very considerable.

It is clear, that these are very important differences. Simpson

(Pr. U. S. Mus. 22, ’00, pp. 515 and 895) places Spatha in the

family Mutelide, the chief characters of which are the hinge teeth,

which, when present, are taxodont, and the shape of the embryo,

42 THE NAUTILUS.

which is a lasidium. In Spatha there are no, or hardly any, hinge

teeth, and they are surely not taxodont. ‘The embryo is unknown to

me. Yet the above characters of the soft parts fully justify the

separation of this genus from the North American Unionida, and I

do not hesitate to affirm, that Spatha should stand in a different

family, which may be called Mutelide, if the genus Mutela should

prove to be allied in the structure of the soft parts. Whether the

other genera placed by Simpson in this association actually belong

here, remains to be investigated.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TRUNCILLA.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

TRUNCILLA LEWISII n. sp. Pl. IIT, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Male shell quadrate, subcompressed; thick, solid; dark reddish-

yellow, with faint, radiating lines of green; beaks laterally com-

pressed, eroded, but apparently only slightly elevated above the

hinge-line, sculpture not seen; anterior end regularly rounded, form-

ing an obtuse angle at its junction with the basal emargination, which

is nearly straight; dorsal line curved; posterior end slightly emar-

ginate and terminating in a broad biangulation, which projects

slightly beyond the posterior and basal lines; a broad, flat groove

extends from the beaks to the basal emargination, widening and

deepening as it approaches the base; posterior ridge prominent,

rounded towards the beak, but becoming flattened and obsoletely

biangulated as it approaches the posterior end; immediately in front

of the median groove, there is a strong anterior ridge, which be-

comes more pronounced as it approaches the base, where it terminates

in the angle at the anterior end of the basal emargination, it is more

or less roughened by the accentuation of the lines of growth, which

elsewhere on the disk are not very strongly developed; dorsal slope

concave behind the posterior ridge; interdentum rather long, narrow,

rounded and parallel with the hinge; pseudo-cardinals in the left

valve, two, the anterior very narrow, straight, directed obliquely

forwards and slightly widening towards the anterior end, the poste-

rior triangular, the space between them triangular and extending to

the hinge; in the right valve, two, the anterior smaller, but well

developed, the posterior long, triangular, the space between them

THE NAUTILUS. 43

narrow, direct and extending to the hinge-line, the posterior tooth is

separated from the interdentum by a deep groove; lateral teeth bent

obliquely downward from the hinge-line, two in the left valve and

one in the right, large and nearly straight; anterior adductor im-

pressions large and deep, those of the protractor-pedis well marked,

rather long and narrow, below and slightly behind the adductor;

anterior retractor impressions small and on the base of the pseudo-

cardinal; posterior adductor impressions large, semicircular; those of

the posterior retractors small, but well impressed, above that of the

adductor and immediately below the end of the lateral tooth; cavity

of the beaks shallow; nacre white.

The female shell is thinner than that of the male and proportion-

ately wider, the posterior ridge being more oblique and more ex-

tended; the posterior line is straight or slightly curved, without the

emargination noted in the male; the anterior ridge is greatly pro-

duced beyond the basal line in a triangular prolongation and this, the

marsupial expansion, is of a different texture from the rest of the

shell, being thin and dark green as in T. capseformis; between this

expansion and the posterior ridge, the base is deeply emarginate.

Length (male) 43; height 37; diam. 223 mm.

Length (female) 51; height 49; diam. 25 mm.

Types (No. 15612 Coll. Walker), from the Holston River, Tenn.

(ex Lewis Coll.). Also from the Clinch River, Tenn. (Lewis);

Cumberland River, Port Burnside, Ky. (Wetherby) and the Holston

River, Knox Co., Tenn. (Andrews).

This species, while closely related to 7. foliata Hild., to which it

was referred by the original collectors, is clearly distinct. Fol/ata is

a much larger and heavier species and is apparently confined to the

Ohio and Wabash rivers, while Jewisi7 is restricted to the Cumber-

land and Tennessee drainage systems, and from all the localities

given above is remarkably consistent in its peculiar features. Be-

sides being uniformly smaller, more delicate and smoother than

foliata, it is specially characterized by the difference in the mar-

supial expansion, which is triangular and comparatively narrow at

the extremity and of a different texture from the body of the shell.

In foliata, this expansion is broadly rounded and is of the same

texture as the remainder of the valve.

It is named in memory of the late Dr. James Lewis, of Mohawk,

N. Y. (whose collection has furnished the types), who was a con-

44 THE NAUTILUS.

chologist far in advance of his contemporaries and through whose

endeavors, a very large part of the fauna of Eastern Tennessee was

first made known.

SHELL COLLECTING IN PUGET SOUND AND ALASKA.

BY DR. FRED BAKER, SAN DIEGO, CAL.

(Concluded from p. 31.)

Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) vancouverensis Baird. Orcas Island.

Odostomia (Evalea) cookeana Bartsch. sp. nov. Ellamar.

Odostomia (Evalea) amchitkana D. & B. Ellamar.

Odostomia (Amaura) avellana Cpr. Shore, Orcas Island.

Odostomia (Evalea) deliciosa D. & B. Ballard Beach.

Odostomia (Evalea) inflata Cpr. Orcas Island.

Odostomia (Evalea) valdezi D. & B. Orcas Island.

Littorina groenlandica Morch. Seward.

Littorina scutulata Gld. All points visited except Port Graham.

Littorina sitchana Phil. All points visited.

Lacuna porrecta Cpr. Orcas Island, Sucia Island.

Lacuna solidula Lovén. Ellamar.

Lacuna vincta Mtg. Ballard Beach, shore Orcas Island, Ellamar.

Bittium (Stylidium) eschrichtii Midd. Dredged and on shore,

Orcas Island.

Alvania bakeri Bartsch. sp. nov. Port Graham.

Onoba asser Bartsch. sp. nov. Port Graham.

Milleria quadre Dall. Port Graham.

Calliostoma annulatum Mart. Orcas Island, rather common.

Calliostoma costatum Mart. Dredged and on shore Sucia and

Orcas Island. é

Calliostoma variegatum Cpr. Orcas Island, 4 fine live specimens.

Margarites albulus Gld. Port Graham,

Margarites lirulatus Cpr. Shore, Orcas Island.

Margarites pupilla Gld. Ballard Beach, dredged and on shore,

Orcas Island.

Leptogyra alaskana Bartsch. sp. nov. Port Graham.

Haliotis kamtschatkana Jonas. Near Ketchikan, Alaska. (Pur-

chased.)

Puncturella cooperi Cpr. Orcas Island.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

Puncturella noachina galeata Gld. Orcas [sland.

Acmaea mitra Esch. Port Graham.

Acmaea pelta Esch. Shore Orcas Island, Seward, Ellamar, Port

Graham.

Acmaea patina Esch. Ballard Beach, Orcas Island, Ellamar,

Seward.

Acmaea patina scutum Esch. Ballard Beach, Orcas Island,

Ellamar, Seward.

Cryptobranchia concentrica Midd. Orcas Island, Ellamar,

Seward, Port Graham.

Lepidopleurus cancellatus Sby. Port Graham.

Tonicella lineata Wood. Orcas Island, Ballard Beach, Ellamar,

Seward.

Tonicella submarmorea Midd. Orcas Island, 1 young specimen.

Ischnochiton interstinctus Gld. Orcas Island.

Ischnochiton mertensii Midd. Orcas Island.

Ischnochiton (Radsiella) trifidus Cpr. Orcas Island.

Trachydermon excelsus Gld. Port Graham.

Trachydermon albus Linn. Port Graham.

Trachydermon raymondi Pilsbry. Ellamar; Port Graham.

Mopalia acuta Cpr. Ellamar.

Mopalia ciliata Sby. Orcas Island.

Mopalia muscosa Gld, Ballard Beach.

Mopalia muscosa hindsii Rve. Orcas Island.

Mopalia muscosa lignosa Gld. Orcas Island; Ballard Beach.

Cryptochiton stelleri Midd. Shore Orcas Island.

Tornatina eximia Baird. Orcas Island, a single specimen.

Cylichna alba Brown, Ellamar, a single specimen.

Haminea vesicula? Gld. Shore Orcas Island, a single specimen.

Dentalium rectius Cpr. Orcas Island, taken in only one dredge

haul.

Saxicava arctica Linn. Port Graham; Ellamar.

Mya arenaria Linn. Orcas Island, an introduced species.

Mya arenaria alaskana Dall. Orcas Island, a single young speci-

men; Port Graham, dead.

Mya truncata Linn. Orcas Island, 3 valves.

Cryptomya californica Conr. Ellamar.

Pandora (Kennerlia) filosa Cpr. Orcas Island, not rare.

Pandora (Kennerlia) grandis Dall. Orcas Island, 4 living

specimens.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Pandora (Clidiophora) punctata Cpr. Ellamar, young.

Lyonsia californica Conr. Orcas Island, single valve.

Agriodesma saxicola Baird. Orcas Island.

Mytilimeria nuttalli Conr. Orcas Island, very large specimens in

masses of the common Tunicate—Cynthia haustor.

Mactra (Spisula) alaskana Dall. Cordova; Alaska and Ellamar,

Schizothaerus nuttalli Conr. Shore Orcas Island, very large;

Ellamar. |

Tellina (Angulus) buttoni Dall. Ballard Beach.

Moerella salmonea Cpr. Ballard Beach.

Macoma balthica Linn. Orcas Island; Ellamar.

Macoma calcarea Gmelin. Orcas Island.

Macoma carlottensis Whiteaves. Ellamar, one young specimen.

Macoma incongrua von Martens. Port Graham.

Macoma inconspicua Brod. & Sby. Orcas Island; Ballard Beach ;

Ellamar.

Macoma inflatula Dall. Orcas Island.

Macoma inquinata Cpr. Orcas Island; Sucia Island; Ellamar.

Macoma leptonoidea Dall. Orcas Island.

Macoma nasuta Conr. Ballard Beach; Shore Orcas Island, very

common.

Macoma secta Conr. Ballard Beach.

Saxidomus giganteus Desh. Ballard Beach, shore and dredged ;

Orcas Island; Ellamar; Port Graham.

Marcia kennerleyi Rve. Orcas Island.

Marcia (Venerella) subdiaphana Cpr. Orcas Island.

Psephidia lordi Baird. Orcas Island; Ellamar.

Paphia (Protothaca) staminea Conr. and varieties. Orcas Island ;

Sucia Island ; Ellamar.

Pisidium occidentale Bourg.? In bogs at an elevation of about

1000 feet on Mt. Constitution, Orcas Island.

Cardium (Cerastoderma) californiense Desh. Orcas Island.

Cardium (Cerastoderma) corbis Mart. All points visited.

Serripes greenlandicus Gmel. Orcas Island.

Phacoides tenuisculptus Conr. Orcas Island.

Axinopsis sericata Cpr. Orcas Island; Ellamar.

Erycina compressa Dall. Ellamar, dead on shore.

Erycina rugifera Cpr. Orcas Island. All specimens taken were

attached to the ventral surface of the so-called Sea Mouse, Aphro-

THE NAUTILUS.

dita. It has been reported as growing on Gebia pugetensis, a bur-

rowing crustacean, but so far as I know, no report has been made of

this habitat. About a quarter of the specimens taken had one or

more of the mollusks attached.

Lepton merdeum Cpr. Orcas Island.

Kellia laperousii Desh. Orcas Island, Ellamar.

Kellia suborbicularis Montagu. Ellamar.

Rochefortia aleutica Dall. Port Graham.

Rochefortia tumida Cpr. Ballard Beach.

Turtonia minuta Mont. Ellamar, Port Graham.

Astarte alaskensis Dall. Orcas Island.

Astarte rollandi Bernardi. Port Graham, very common.

Venericardia ventricosa Gld. Orcas Island.

Nucula belloti A. Ad. Orcas Island.

Yoldia ensifera Dall. Orcas Island.

Yoldia limatula Say. Orcas Island.

Yoldia thracieformis Storer. Orcas Island.

Glycimeris subobsoleta Cpr. Orcas Island.

Mytilus edulis Linn. All points visited.

Modiolus capax Conr. Orcas Island.

Modiolus fornicatus Cpr. Orcas Island.

Modiolus modiolus Linn. Shore Orcas Island, Port Graham.

Modiolaria laevigata Gray. Orcas Island.

Modiolaria vernicosa Midd. Ellamar.

Pecten (Patinopecten) caurinus Gld. Orcas Island, 8 living and

several valves.

Pecten (Chlamys) hastatus Sby. Orcas Island.

Pecten (Chlamys) hastatus hericus Gld. Orcas Island.

Pecten (Chlamys) hastatus hindsii Cpr. Orcas Island.

Pecten (Chlamys) hastatus navarchus Dall. Orcas Island.

Monia macrochisma Desh. Orcas Island.

Terebratalia transversa Sby. Orcas Island.

NOTES ON DAVISIA AND MALVINASIA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

In the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for January, 1910,

Messrs. J. E. Cooper and H. B. Preston described two supposedly

new genera of minute bivalves from the Falkland Islands.

Through

48 THE NAUTILUS.

the courtesy of Mr. Preston and the great kindness of M. Philippe

Dautzenberg of Paris, who had purchased the types of these genera,

I have been able to examine them under the compound microscope

and determine their hinge characters. These very minute bivalves

are exceedingly difficult objects of study, and unless one is familiar

with the type of hinge possessed by them it is very difficult to deter-

termine their true characters. .

I find Davisia to possess exactly the type of hinge figured by Ber-

nard for ‘“‘ Erycina”’ veneris Mun. Chalmas and Velain, in Bull.

Mus. d’hist. Nat. de Paris, 1898, p. 81, fig. 3. Thisis not an Zrycina

in the proper sense, as Bernard points out, but is very closely related

to Kellia as typified by K. suborbicularis. If examination of other

species should show that the small differences which exist are con-

stant, the group might rank as a section of Kellia.

Malvinasia on the other hand is based on a normal species of

Rochefortia (see Bernard, op. cit., p. 82, fig. 4).

I may in this connection recall that another supposed new genus of

Leptonacea, Diplodontina Stempell, 1899, from Chile, has the hinge

of Kellia and is probably a member of the latter genus.

NOTES.

SHALL WE BE ORDERED OFF THE BracHes?—There already

exists a trust or combination which controls the trade in food fishes,

and I suspect that there are those who would like to extend the same

system to the mollusks. At least I have just seen a book called

‘¢ Shell-fish Industries,” by Prof. James L. Kellogg, which, mingling

data about edible mollusks with some ordinary politicians’ talk or

‘¢buncombe ” about the superiority of American to European insti-

tutions and the like, appears to be put out to promote the passing of

laws which would facilitate the monopolization of our mollusks. It

recommends handing over our beaches and mud-flats to private land-

lords or sealords. Most shell collectors have been annoyed by

attempts to exclude them, by means sometimes legal sometimes

illegal and fraudulent, from access to sea, rivers or lakes, and will

not be pleased to find a professed naturalist working to deprive them

of any right to collect marine mollusks except in deep water with a

dredge. For example, while collecting at Nahant, Massachusetts,

between tides, I have been told to get out by a minion of an adja-

cent landowner, notwithstanding that I had a legal right to be there,

although I would no longer have it under the laws proposed by this

book.—Joun A. ALLEN.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIV. SEPTEMBER, 1910. No. 5

SOME NOTES ON THE OLIVIDAE.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

Perhaps no group of shells presents such a great variation of color

as occurs in many species of the genus Oliva. In trying to define

the true relative position of the various forms, two conditions act as

impediments—the confusion in nomenclature and the lack of posi-

tive localities for the species. Localities for species are frequently

cited which are undoubtedly erroneous. That many of the forms

represent only local races is apparent from the fact that where speci-

mens have a positive habitat within the range of a species, there is

as a rule an apparent uniformity of the specimens which readily dis-

tinguishes them from others. This can perhaps be reasonably ac-

counted for when we take into consideration their distribution and

habits. Chiefly tropical and living on the sandy shores and bars of

the more sheltered and shallow waters of the gulfs and bays, their

distribution is necessarily restricted, thus creating environmental

conditions, favorable for numerous local variations. The necessity

for studying the species faunologically is therefore evident, and if

monographers had done so, a much clearer idea of the relationship of

species and the range of specific variation would have been attained.

Tryon’s views as to synonomy are most excellent, the chief fault

of his work being his disregard of priority, even of the Lamarckian

species. The excellent and numerous figures by Marrat (Sowerby’s

Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol, iv) illustrate practically all important

50 THE NAUTILUS.

variations, which was the author’s intention rather than to define the

species, although many of these are treated as species. His species.

credited to Martini and Meuschen will have to be gnoree but those

of Bolten will stand.

I have been led to write these notes in connection with my at-

tempt to list the collection of the late John Ford. In making com-

parative studies I have also used the collection of the Boston Society

of Natural History, thus having large series of all the more variable

species. With the combined collections, I have before me over 250

specimens referable to the following species and varieties.

OLIVA SERICEA (Bolten).

Porphyria sericea Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 33, 1798.

Oliva textilina Lam., Ann. du Mus., p. 309, 1810. Bolton’s and

Lamarck’s species are both based upon the same recognizable figure

by Martini (Conch. Cab. II, tab. 51, fig. 559). Bolton’s being the

first name proposed will have to be adopted, as was done by Marrat.

Why Tryon should have chosen the doubtful trisans described on

page 310 instead of textilina on page 309, making the latter a variety

of the former is hard to understand. Lamarck’s first figure referring

to irisans is that of Martini (Conch. Cab., fig. 561). He again re-

fers to the same figure under reticularis (Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 314).

Bolten refers to the same figure (561) as a second example of sericea,.

evidently. considering it the young of that species. One feels doubt-

ful as to the identity of this figure; unbiased I should have referred

it to a light-colored sanguinolenta. ‘The second figures referred to-

by Lamarck are those given by Chemnitz (Conch. Cab., x, tab. 147,

figs. 13871, 13872). This reference is followed by a question mark.

The latter figures certainly do not belong to this variable species, but

possibly to a form of elegans. Both Weinkauff and Marrat seem to

have selected the callous spired forms of zeclanica as the representative

of Lamarck’s irisans. As the callus spire is not mentioned in the

original description or shown in the figures referred to, they are evi-

dently in error, as was pointed out by Ford when deer erypto-

sptra (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1891, p. 98).

It is probable that the progenitor of all the forms of this variable

species is tremulina from which diverge three well-marked varieties

with a number of parallel variations connected by intermediate forms,

but the rules of priority compel the adoption of one of the extreme

variations.

THE NAUTILUS. jE

Variety tremulina Lamarck. |

Oliva tremulina Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 310, 1810.

This is well shown by Marrat on plate 8, fig. 117. It is in every

respect like mintacea except that the aperture is white or bluish

white; fumosa Marr. is only a dark form. The var. pica Lam.

(nobilis Reeve + concinna Marr.) is more or less coarsely and irreg-

ularly marked with dark brown, but forms are before me represent-

ing all intermediate stages between tremulina and the var. tenebrosa

Marr. in which the dark brown covers the entire shel

Variety miniacea (Bolten).

Porphyria miniacea Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 33, 1798.

Oliva erythrostoma Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 309, 1810.

Both authors again refer to the same figures by Martini (Conch.

Cab., II, tab. 45, figs. 476, 477). Distinguished from tremulina in

having the aperture a bright orange red. Intermediate forms con-

nect it with a uniform dark brown form similar to tenebrosa, see

Thes. Conch., 1V, pl. 7, fig. 109 (var. marrati n. var.). On the

other hand the shells become gradually lighter in color and abnorm-

ally thickened, representing the var. ponderosa Duclos. The latter

seems to be the characteristic form of Mauritius and adjacent islands.

Variety zeilanica Lamarck.

Oliva zeilanica Lam., Anim. sans Vert.; VII, p. 436, 1822.

This represents a smaller race quite readily separated in the adult

but completely connected with tremulina in younger specimens. In

other words it does not go beyond this juvenile appearance even in

the adult. This view is strengthened by the fact that it also shows

a parallel variation in color. There is however a variation which is

apparently peculiar to this race, which consists of the spire in the

adult becoming covered by a callus. Three specimens that would

otherwise be typical zeilanica show this feature. This gradually

merges into a lighter-colored form, often with a violet-colored aper-

ture constituting the var. ornata Marr. A light yellow form with

only a slight trace of the markings constitutes the var. cryptospira

Ford, which merges into a dark brown form resembling tenebrosa,

see Thes. Conch., IV, pl. 9, fig. 126 (var. fordi n. var.). These

varietal names are given merely for convenience in referring to these

extreme forms.

52 THE NAUTILUS.

SOME NOTES ON PYRAMIDELLID NOMENCLATURE.

BY TOM IREDALE.

The study of Pyramidellid Mollusks is attended with great diffi-

culty, and systematic treatment of the family has not been attempted

within recent years until the investigation of American forms was

undertaken by Messrs. Dall and Bartsch. Great praise is due to

their efforts which have been crowned by the publication of a Synop-

sis of the Genera, Subgenera and Sections of the family Pyramidel-

lide. This is included in their Monograph of West American

Pyramidellid Mollusks (Bull, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 68, 1909) and

inasmuch as the preface includes the remark “In all cases the

synonymy of group names adopted has been based on researches

which began with the typical species of the original authors,’”’ one

would expect exact quotations. It is deeply to be regretted that in

the preparation of the Synopsis due care was not given to the veri-

fication of the introduction of the divisional names chosen. Asa

consequence errors have been perpetuated and workers in remote

localities will now further add confusion. To such, on account of

lack of literature, are denied the means of verification, and the data

provided by Messrs. Dall and Bartsch will be copied without criti-

cism. The practical value of the work done by Messrs. Dall and

Bartsch is immense, and there can be no doubt that their conclusions

will in the main be unquestionably accepted. It is much against

my will that I should have to point out blemishes regarding their

quotations of literature. However it is only by means of criticism

that we can hope to attain completeness, and I herewith indicate a

few errors in the hope that when the East American Pyramidellid

mollusks are monographed a revised and corrected Synopsis will be

included. All the references to Dall and Bartsch in the succeeding

notes are to the paper above mentioned.

ACTZOPYRAMIS Fischer.

On p. 17—Monotygma Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840. I note this

only to point out that in the Synopsis of the British Museum, 1840

and 1842, lists of nude generic names are given by Gray, and though

often quoted these have no scientific value as of that place. No

indication whatever appears as to species.

EULIMELLA.

Dall and Bartsch, on p. 10, write

THE NAUTILUS. oo

Subgenus Hulimella Forbes, 1846 (6).

Type, Zulimella crassula Forbes = E. scill@ Scacchi.

On p. 17 is found the familiar quotation

(6) Eulimella Forbes, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. 14, 1846, p.

412. This reference appears to have been introduced into literature

by Hermannsen; copied by Scudder it has attained a wide accept-

ance, two recent users I have noted being Locard (Cat. Moll. Viv.

France, 1886, p. 211) and Kobelt (Icon. Schale. Europ. Meeres

conchy. Vol. III, p. 161, 1963). Yet two errors appear in it: Vol.

14 was issued in 1844 and there the genus is not introduced; a shell,

Eulima Mac Andrei is described on p. 412 by Forbes.

The first introduction of Hulimella is, as given by Marschall, in

the Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, p. 311, 1847, where Jeffreys

writes ** Hulimella (Forbes) crassula Mal. and Conch. J. £. Mae

Andrei Forbes.”

The incomplete quotation should read ‘* Mal. and Conch. Mag. pl.

I, p. 34, 1838,” where Jeffreys listed Hulima crassula n. sp. No de-

scription was offered and its assignment to Forbes by Dall and

Bartsch is incorrect.

In the P. Z. S., 1847, p. 160, Gray wrote

‘“‘Hulimella Forbes, 1846... . . Melania scille. This notice ap-

pears to conform with the scant regulation now considered sufficient

to carry a generic name so that it would appear that we must quote

this genus as of Gray. It may be argued that Jeffreys has prece-

dence and it seems doubtful to me to whom should be given the credit.

I prefer Gray’s quotation. I have searched throughout Forbes’

papers from 1844 to 1847 and have been unable to meet with the

name. I conclude it wasa MS. name, and in support of this view

would cite the Hist. Brit. Moll., p. 308, 1850. There the genus is

assigned to Forbes; it is well described, and though full references

are appended no notice of the previous occurrence in literature of

Eulimella is given save the one by Jeffreys. Dall and Bartsch give

asa synonym of Lulimella, Loxoptyxis Cossmann; the paper they

quote was included in the Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg., Vol. XXIII,

for the year 1888, p. 99. What year the Annales appeared in I

cannot say, but I noticed that on the title page of those for 1896 is

printed ‘ Distribué le 24 décembre 1899.”

_ As synonymous also is regarded Belonidium Cossmann, Jour. de

Conch., Vol. 40, 1892, p. 8350. This name appears to have been

54 THE NAUTILUS.

overlooked by the compilers of the Zool. Record; it is as well to note

that the part of the Jour. de Conch. containing this name was not

received at the British Museum until the 10th of May, 1893, as

noted in the Jour. Malac., Vol. 3, p. 9, 1894. As type of this genus

Dall and Bartsch write “ Aciculina gracilis Cossmann.” Should it

not be “ Aciculina gracilis Deshayes”’ ?

OscILLa.

On p. 17 Dall and Bartsch include this in the synonymy of Cin-

gulina; their reference reads “ Oscilla A. Adams, Idem, 1860, p.

418; type, Oscilla lirata A. Adams;” the Idem stands for Ann.

Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., Vol. 6. But at that place Oscilla does not

occur.

Oscilla is defined in the Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 310, where five

species are included; the first species is rata A. Adams, but the

third is cingulata A. Ad., which when it was introduced as Mon-

optygma cingulata in the Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser., I11, Vol. VII,

p- 296, 1861, was followed by this note. “This species is by no

means typical, and should form a subgenus under the name of

Oscilla.””? Consequently cingulata A. Ad. must be regarded as the

type of Oscilla, and the name date from this introduction. There

is a group of Pyramidellid mollusks which agree with c¢ngulata and

the subgeneric definition ‘‘ plica parietali, valida, transversa, medi-

ana,” and though superticially resembling Cingulina are shorter,

broader shells, and are recognizable as Odostomias rather than Tur-

bonillas. As I can see no group to which they are otherwise refer-

able, I advise the retention of Oscilla for these forms: they compose

a group quite as natural as any other Pyramidellid group.

Since this note was written I have seen a paper by Hedley (P. L.

S. N.S. W., Vol. XXXIV, 1909), wherein are described Odostomia

gumia, p. 446, pl. XLI, fig. 67, Odostomia migma. p. 447, pl. XLI,

fig. 70, and Odostomia laquearia, p. 447, pl. XLIII, fig. 82. These

beautiful figures indicate shells, which from their form I should class

as Oscilla. They do not look like Turbonilla.

AGATHA.

Dall and Bartsch at the foot of p. 10 write ‘‘ The status of Agatha

virgo A. Adams, 1860 (Menestho, 1861, Myonia, 1861, Amathis,

1861), is not known to us. From the meager description we are

inclined to believe that it is allied to Actaeopyramis Fischer.”

But in the Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 80, 1906, p. 335, pl.

THE NAUTILUS. 55

XVIII, fig. 2, the same authors had redescribed and figured this

shell accepting Agatha as a valid subgenus of Pyramidella. They

gave full references and concluded with ‘*P, (A.) virgo A. Ad. is

the type of Agatha; we do not know why Adams changed this to

Myonia and Amathis as we have been unable to find the name pre-

occupied.”

The references they give provide the solution of their puzzle.

When A. Adams described Agatha virgo’ he did not introduce a new

genus, as after the description he wrote ‘‘ may well be regarded as

the queen of a genus of which all the species are lovely.”” This

indicates that a genus with a number of species known to him and

already described was in his mind. This is confirmed later by the

remark ‘* Myonia virgo is a third species of Menestho.”? These two

papers were written from Japan, and immediately upon receipt of

the first one he corrected the error thus, ‘‘ generic name should have

been Myonia not Agatha.” *

He then introduced Amathis‘ and designated as type Myonta virgo

A. Ad. From the preceding it seems that Amathis should be

utilized, but a puzzling complication is introduced by the fact that

later Adams himself forgot his work and reintroducing Agatha re-

marks ‘‘ of which A. virgo A. Ad. is the type.’’®

De Fo.tn’s Names.

De Folin introduced many genera of his family Chemnitzidzx and

these names are noted in Dall and Bartsch’s work. The history of

these names as well as the interpretation appears very imperfectly

known, and it would have been well had Dall and Bartsch gone

carefully into the literature. ‘They appear to have handled the con-

chological work splendidly, and it is disappointing to have to find

fault with their quotations. In a series entitled ‘‘ Les Fonds de la

Mer,” which was issued in parts from 1867 onwards and is appar-

ently complete in three volumes, De Folin described a number of

Pyramidellids. New generic names were introduced without indica-

tion of their novelty.

At the same time De Folin drew up a classification of the Chem-

nitzid@ which was published in the Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire,

Vol. XII, pp. 191 et seg., 1870. This appears to have escaped Dall

1 Annals, Ser. III, Vol. VI, 1860, p. 422. Loc. cit., Vol. VII, 1861, p. 295.

* Loe. eit., Vol. VIII, 1861, p, 142. 4 Loc. cit., Vol. VIII, 1861, p. 303.

5 Loe. cit., Ser. IV, Vol. VI, 1870, p. 127.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

and Bartsch’s notice. The title of the paper is “ D’une Méthode de

Classification pour les coquilles de la famille des Chemnitzide,” and

on p. 200 is given a tabular statement of the family where appear

the names Oceanida, Salassia, Ondina, Elodia, Odetta and Noémia.

No species are mentioned.

In the Ann. Soc. Agri. et Hist. Nat., Lyons, Vol. VII, 1884

‘‘ Constitution Méthodique rationnelle et naturelle de la Famille des

Chemnitzide.” The tabular statement above mentioned is there

reproduced without alteration. A reprint of this paper appears to

have been consulted by Dall and Bartsch as they quote it under its

title and give pagination agreeing with that conclusion.

I have only had access to the first volume of ‘* Les Fonds de la

Mer,”’ which appears to be a scarce work.

In that volume on p. 214 two species are diagnosed as Ondina sul-

cata De Folin and J/aminea bilirata De Folin. The part including

these names was issued in 1869. On p. 264 Oceanida graduata De

Folin is introduced. This part appeared in 1870. At the end of

this volume on p. 314 a list of new species actually to hand is noted.

There is mentioned Odetta spp, Noémia spp, Lia spp, Elodia

elegans and Salassta carinata. ‘These were probably published in

the succeeding volumes. JI conclude p. 314 came out in 1871.

With their references to these names Dall and Bartsch have been

peculiarly unfortunate, in almost every instance errors having crept in.

First (p. 13) they accept as a valid subgenus *‘ Hlodiamea De

Folin 1884 (26).” Referring to (26) p. 18 we read ‘* Hlodiamea

De Folin, Zool. Record, Vol. 22, 1885, p. 94 = Elodia De Folin,

Les Méléagrinicoles, 1867, p. 66; type, Elodia elegans De Folin, not

Elodia Desvoidy, 1863; + Herviera Melvill and Standen, Journ.

Conch., Vol. 9, 1897, p. 185; type, Pyrgulina glirtella Melvill and

Standen. The Zool. Record for 1885 would not be published until

1886, so that 1884 is obviously incorrect. lodia is not introduced

at the place quoted: a species Hulima elodia there appears; if that be

the same as Hlodia elegans, then Dall and Bartsch have produced a

second complication as they have re-named elegans on account of its

preoccupation in Odostomia.

The Jour. Conch., Vol. 9, p. 185, appeared in 1899 not 1897, and

if Herviera be a synonym of Elodiamea, then the latter is identical

with Odostomella Bucquoy Dautz. and Dollf. Hedley (P. L. 8S. N.

THE NAUTILUS. ol

S. W., Vol. XXX, p. 525, 1906) has already suggested the identity

of Herviera with Odostomella. Dall and Bartsch wrongly cite this

genus as Odostomiella and separate it from Hlodiamea by characters

which seem intangible, as the two species of Herviera show features

assigned to each.

On p. 134 Dall and Bartsch include as valid Salassia De Folin,

Const. d. Chemnitzide, 1885, p. 15, and then for the type species

give the quotation Salassia carinata De Folin, Fonds de la Mei it

Vol. 2, 1872, p. 168, pl. 6, fig. 6.

This latter would appear to be the quotation for the subgenus.

Certainly the former cannot be used as the name appeared under

exactly the same conditions in the 1870 paper above noted.

However is not the name preoccupied by Salassa Moore, P. Z.S..,

1859, p. 246? To divert, on p.16 is indicated and on p. 133 is

diagnosed a new subgenus Salassiella. Is not this also preoccupied

by Salasiella Strebel, Mex. K. Land. u. Suswass. Conch., III, p. 6,

29,1877?

On p. 16 Oceanida De Folin is included as valid and the correct

reference is given, but the type species name is misquoted gradata;

it should be graduata. Into synonymy Dall and Bartsch consign

the rest of De Folin’s genera, Noémia, Lia, Odetta, Juminea, Jami-

nina and Ondina. The first three are all recorded as nude names in

Vol. I, p. 314, 1871.

This is quoted for Moémia, p. 136, as Fonds de la Mer, 1872, p. 314.

Ina, p. 176, 1870, p. 515.

Odetia, p. 184, 1870, p. 814.

“‘ Jaminea De Folin, Constit, Method. de la Fam. Chemnitztide,

1885, p.15. Type Jaminea bilirata De Folin; not Jaminea Brown,

1827. + Jaminina De Folin, Zool. Record, Vol. 22, 1885, p. 94.

Type Jaminea bilirata De Folin.” This appears in the synonymy

of Menestho Moller, on p. 184, and seems incorrectly stated. As

previously noted Jaminea bilirata De Folin was diagnosed in Fonds

de la Mer, Vol. I, p. 214, 1869; in the 1885 paper De Folin writes

‘6 Jaminea Brown,” and gives no names of species so that I cannot

understand the reason of typifying it as of De Folin. Jaminina De

Folin does not occur in any copies of the Zool. Record, 1885, p. 94,

that I have had access to, and I have been unable to trace it. Of

course all the preceding are minute errors but they are, nevertheless,

very perplexing if literature is unavailable.

I have noted the following typographical errors:

58 THE NAUTILUS.

P. 8, line 22 Scacchi should read Brocchi.

11, 22 plicala plicatula.

1 22 18538 1833.

18, 20 \ ewe ie Plo.

30 1879 1899.

29, 3 plicata plicatula.

14 plicata plicatula.

15 plicatus plicatulus.

It is interesting to note that these errors are indexed.

On p. 18, line 27 as reference to (41) is given Proc. Royal Soe.

Tasmania, 1877, p. 152. The correct quotation is Trans. Roy. Soc.,

South Australia, Vol. XXIV, p. 98, 1900.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW LYMNAEA.

BY F. C. BAKER.

LYMNZA EMARGINATA WISCONSINENSIS nov. var.

Timnea ampla Whiteaves (not Mighels), Can. Nat. and Geol.,

VIII, pp. 102, 112, fig. 11, 1863.—Taylor, Ottawa Nat., VI, p. 35,

1892.

Shell very large, varying from elongate to globose, inflated, usu-

ally rather thin; periostracum varying from light yellowish horn to

chestnut ; nuclear whorls as in emarginata; sculpture as in emargin-

ata; many specimens have, in addition to the spiral impressed lines,

a number of heavy, more or less equidistant, spiral ridges encircling

the body whorl; the last whorl may also be somewhat malleated ;

whorls 5 to 54; globose, roundly shouldered, inflated, the body whorl

very globose and disproportionately swollen; spire varying from

broadly acute to flatly depressed, usually about half the length of the

entire shell; suture well marked, often deeply impressed; aperture

roundly-ovate, rarely. quadrate, seldom flaring; peristome with in-

ternal, varical thickening; inner lip wide, whitish, broadly reflected

over the umbilical region producing a wide, flat expansion, which

emarginates the umbilical chink, asin the typical form; umbilical

chink usually very large and conspicuous; imperforate individuals

are rare; the parietal callus is thick and wide producing a continu-

ous aperture in some specimens; the lower part of the aperture is

somewhat effuse in a few individuals.

Length, 23.50; breadth, 15.00; aperture length, 13.00; breadth,

7.90 mill.

Length, 22.00; breadth, 15.00; aperture length, 12.00; breadth,

8.00 mill.

Length, 24.00; breadth, 16.00; aperture length, 13.50; breadth,

9.00 mill.

THE NAUTILUS. 59

Length, 24.00; breadth, 16.25; aperture length, 13.00; breadth,

8.00.

Length, 26.50; breadth, 19.50; aperture length, 16.50; breadth,

11.00.

Length, 25.00; breadth, 19.00; aperture length, 16.00; breadth,

10.00 mill.

Length, 36.00; breadth, 19.00; aperture length, 16.50; breadth,

10.00 mill. |

Types: The Chicago Academy of Sciences, 19 specimens, no.

24504; cotypes, coll. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich., and Academy

of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. |

Type locality : East shore Tomahawk Lake, Oneida Co., Wis.

Animal: Similar to typical emarginata. The animals of the

Tomahawk Lake race are of two very pronounced colors, black with

white dots and bright yellow with white dots. ‘This difference in

the animal is quite conspicuous rendering the light-colored speci-

mens less noticeable than the dark-colored in individuals against the

white sand of the shore.

Jaw, Radula and Genitalia: In all respects similar to those of

emarginata,

Range: Southern Quebec west to Wisconsin.

L. wisconsinensis has been seen from but two places, Brome Lake,

Brome District, Quebec (Whiteaves), and Tomahawk Lake, Oneida

Co., Wisconsin (Baker). It doubtless lives in many lakes between

these two points, and has probably been identified as L. mighels?.

Ecology: In Tomahawk Lake, Wisconsin, this species is very

abundant, the shore after storms being literally paved with dead

shells. It lives on the sandy or pebbly shores, in water from a few

inches to several feet in depth. By wading along the beach thou-

sands may be collected. The localities in this lake are all on exposed

points or in curved bays where the shore receives the full force of

the waves. No specimens were found in sheltered places, where

the water was at all stagnant. As recorded by Dr. Kirtland, for

angulata, they were irregularly scattered over the surface, crawling

over the sand, where a distinct track was left, or else lying half

buried in the sand. The two different colors mentioned by Nylander

as being characteristic of the Maine emarginata were also observed

in the Tomahawk Lake specimens.

Remarks: This race differs from all the other races of emarginata

in its very globose body whorl and rounded aperture. The race is

very variable, the variant being the spire which is elongated or de-

pressed. Some individuals approach mighelsz, but this is rare, the

shell being usually much more globose than that race. Angulata

differs in having a heavier shell, a much less globose body whorl,

and an elongated and angulated, instead of rounded, aperture. The

umbilicus is closed in angulata while it is usually open in wisconsin-

ensis, The globose form will, however, separate this race from all

60 THE NAUTILUS.

others. The umbilical chink is usually conspicuous but may be so

wide as to form a deep umbilicus or it may be entirely closed, as in

some specimens from both Wisconsin and Canada. UL. e. wisconsin-

ensis is by far the most abundant shell in Tomahawk Lake, Wiscon-

sin, where, in many places, it forms windrows of dead shells on the

shore after a northwesterly storm. It was at first thought to bea

variety of the méighelsi type of shell, but the globular form of the

body whorl is so different from mighelsi and the shells are so numer-

ous in the original locality as to render it quite as eligible to receive

a name as are any of the races of Lymnea.

NOTES.

THe Lamarck CoLiection.—In these days, when systematists

pay more attention to ancient authors, it is of the highest importance

to know the precise specimens which those authors had before them

when they wrote their descriptions, usually almost unintelligible to

us, and gave their names. Among the more important systematic

works of the early part of the last century is Lamarck’s ‘‘ Histoire

Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertébres.”” Consequently the speci-

mens on which that work was based are of particular value. On

Lamarck’s death his conchological collection was bought by Prince

Masséna. Some years later it became the property of Mr. Benjamin

Delessert, who bequeathed it to the city of Geneva, and it is now

preserved in the natural history museum of that place. It contained

chiefly shells of mollusks and brachiopods, both living and fossil. It

was accompanied by a catalogue based on a copy of the “ Histoire

Naturelle,” and containing marginal notes written either by Lamarck

or by the daughter who served as his secretary when he became

blind. The Geneva Museum has now undertaken the publication

of an illustrated catalogue, giving figures of all the species found in

Lamarck’s collection, whether created by himself or by other authors.

Except in those cases where the species are represented by a very

large number of specimens, or sometimes badly preserved specimens,

all the specimens will be figured. The accompanying text will give

the diagnosis of Lamarck, the number of specimens indicated in his

MS. catalogue, and the number now to be found in his collection.

Other notes will be added as required. The first part, relating to

the fossil brachiopods, has now been issued. It comprises twenty-

two plates, and has been drawn up with the collaboration of Dr. M.

Clere and Dr. J. Faire. The complete catalogue will be issued in

two series, one representing living species and the other fossil spe-

cies. It is possible to subscribe to one or other of these series.

After publication and distribution to subscribers, the separate sec-

tions will be sold at a slightly higher price. Further details may be

obtained from Mr. M. Bedot, Directeur du Museum Naturelle,

Geneva, or Messrs. Georg et Cie, libraires a Geneva.—From The

Museums Journal, vol. 9, p. 459, June, 1910.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXIV. OCTOBER, 1910. No. 6

MOLLUSKS OF UNITY, MAINE.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY.

Malacologically speaking, as it were, little Waldo county is one of

the least known regions in the state of Maine. Although the town

of Unity in its extreme northwest corner boasted one of the earliest

conchologists of New England, little work appears to have been

done since, and in glancing over the pages of Mr. Lermand’s “ Shells

of Maine” we find that eight species and two varieties are all that

the author could positively accredit to the county. The early con-

chologist referred to is one Dr. Milliken who sent his shells to Dr,

J. W. Mighels and our present knowledge of them is gained from

the lists and in one case (Lymnea decollata) the descriptions of the

latter. The present writer has had occasion to spend considerable

leisure from time to time in the self-same town of Unity, and it is

with the hope of filling in another of the gaps that the following list

of mollusks collected is given.

Thanks are due to Mr. Charles W. Johnson for opportunity to

compare specimens of Lymnea decollata with some of Dr. Mighels’

own specimens and for numerous other kindnesses. I am likewise

indebted to Mr. George H. Clapp for aid in determining some of the

smaller terrestrial species.

Unio complanatus (Sol.). Abundant in Lake Winnecook, as are

also three following species in less degree :

Lampsilis cariosus (Say).

Lampsilis radiatus (Gmel.).

Anodonta marginata Say.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

Pisidium. Perhaps half a dozen undetermined species of Pisidium

were found in some abundance in the lake and in Sandy Stream.

Musculium secure (Prime). Common in pools on “the Intervale.”

Campeloma decisum (Say). Winnecook Lake. Common.

Valvata tricarinata (Say). Winnecook Lake. Common.

Valvata tricarinata confusa Walk. Winnecook Lake, one spec.

Amnicola limosa porata (Say). Winnecook Lake and Sandy

Stream, By far the most abundant species.

Lymnza obrussa (Say). Winnecook Lake. Not found in Aug.-

Sept., 1909, but common in Apr., 1910.

Lymnza humilis modicelle (Say). Winnecook Lake. Sept.,

1909, rare. :

Lymneza palustris (Mill). Pools on Intervale, Apr., 1910, com-

mon.

Lymneza decollata (Mighels). Abundant in Lake Winnecook, the

type locality (especially late in the season), where it was originally

collected by Dr. Milliken.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Winnecook Lake. One specimen,

Aug., 1909.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Winnecook Lake. Not rare in

Sept., 1909.

Planorbis exacutus Say. Winnecook Lake. Two specimens.

Planorbis hirsutus Gld. Common in the lake.

Planorbis parvus Say. With the preceding.

Planorbis parvus elevatus (Adams). Several specimens of a

minute Planorbis were found in a bit of swamp bordering the lake.

All seemed referable to this form rather than to typical parvus.

Dr. Milliken found also P. trivolvis apparently in some numbers,’

but I did not encounter it.

Segmentina armigera (Say).

Physa heterostropha (Say). Found in Bacon’s Brook and in the

lake in late summer, 1909.

Physa ancillaria Say. Not encountered until April, 1910,

when it was abundant along the shore of the lake, apparently dis-

placing the preceding species.

Aplexa hypnorum (Linn.). Common in pools on the Intervale.

Carychium exiguum (Say). Windermere. Common, Sept., 1909.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miull.). Common around wood piles, 1905,

1909.

1Mighels: P. trivolvis [+ P. lentus?], Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist,, 1843, p, 335.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

Vallonia pulchella (Mull.). Common with preceding, 1905.

Rarer in 1909.

Acanthinula harpa (Say). Windermere. One specimen, Sept.,

1909.

Strobilops virgo (Pils.). Windermere. Common Sept., 1909;

also in woods W. of the village (Apr., 1910). All of the red variety

[Clapp].

Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Windermere. Four specimens, Sept.,

1909. | |

Vertigo ovata Say. One adult specimen in village, 1900;

several juv. probably of this species at Windermere, Sept., 1909.

Vertigo gouldii (Binney). One nearly grown and several young

probably the same, Windermere, Sept., 1909.

Succinea ovalis Say, (obliqua Say). Abundant.

Succinea avara Say. The Intervale. Four specimens, 1909-10.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). Common in scattered localities.

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi (Pils.). Abundant.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Windermere, Sept., 1909, and

woods W. of village, Apr., 1910. Rare.

Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.). Windermere.

Agriolimax campestris (Binn.). Common in the village.

Vitrina limpida Gld. Abundant about wood piles in 1905, but

not seen in 1909.

Vitrea sp. Windermere, 1909. All young.

Euconulus fulvus (Mull.). Windermere, Sept., 1909.

Euconulus chersinus (Say), (polygyratus Pils.). With the pre-

ceding and about twice as abundant.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Abundant.

Zonitoides exiguus (Stimp). Windermere, 1909. Common.

Zonitoides milium (Morse). Windermere, Sept., 1609.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Does not appear to be abundant, but

is widely distributed.

Polygyra fraterna (Say). Several specimens in 1909.

Summary :

| Species. Vars.

Fresh-water lamellibranchs. . . 6 + Pisidium spp.

Fresh-water gastropods . . . . 16° 2

Terrestrial gastropods ... . 24

MEGURL ) 2s h)s5) | eesti o's:\ 0) ABR Dia

64 THE NAUTILUS.

SOME NOTES ON THE OLIVIDAE.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

II,

OLIVA vipvUA (Bolten).

Porphyria vidua Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 84, 1798.

Oliva maura Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 809, 1810.

As in the case of O. sericea, both Bolten and Lamarck again refer

to the same figures by Martini (Conch. Cab., II, tab. 45, figs. 472,

473). The variation of the species is well shown by Marrat under

the name “ mauritiana”? Martini (Sowerby’s Thes. Conch., IV, pl.

10, figs. 1383-140). The figures referred to by Bolten represent one

of the extreme variations. What would probably be considered the

normal color is represented by the var. sepulturalis Lam. (Marrat,

fig. 133). This variety in losing entirely the brown markings be-

comes the olive-green or yellowish fenestrata Bolten, or with the

dark brown assuming wide, irregular, longitudinal stripes, the var.

Julminans Lam., while these stripes suffusing form the dark brownish-

black vidua. On the other hand there is a tendency for the shells to

become gradually lighter in color than sepulturalis, such forms rep-

resenting the var. macleaya Duclos (Marrat, fig. 140).

It is this latter variety that leads to what is probably one of the

most puzzling groups of shells to define specifically that exists. One

cannot realize this difficulty from a few shells which usually fall quite

readily into one of the numerous species. With over 200 specimens:

of the group comprising vidua, tigrina and elegans there are some

specimens so intermediate in character as to make it very difficult to

draw the line. To unite these, however, upon the character of the

shells alone, with the meagre data bearing upon their distribution and

the environmental conditions governing variation, would in no way

add to our knowledge of the group or aid in its future study. It

seems to be the diverging point of a number of species or groups of

OLiva TIGRINA Lamarck.

O. tigrina Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 322, 1810 (non

Meuschen).

? O. glandiformis Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 317, 1810.

This species is distinguished from vidua var. macleaya in being

less cylindrical in outline with the sutural callus less elevated. The

THE NAUTILUS. 65

normal form has maculations or bands of dark brown which often

become suffused and cover the entire shell, this extreme variation

(var. fallax n. var.) masquerading in many collections under the

name of maura. The usual form of t¢grina is without the brown

bands or maculations, only the small bluish-gray spots showing. In

large senile specimens the spots often become obsolete or wanting on

the last third of the body whorl. The dark forms figured by Marrat

as glandiformis (fig. 174), approach closely (as in the case of ele-

gans) forms of funebralis Lam. The glandiformis Lam., if recog-

nizable, would take precedence over tz¢grina, but the figure referred

to by Lamarck in Adanson’s Hist. Nat. Senegal, pl. 4, fig. 6, is not

identifiable.

OLIVA BULBOSA (Bolten).

Porphyria bulbosa Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 34, 1798.

Oliva undata Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 318, 1810.

Oliva inflata Lam., l. c., XVI, p. 319, 1810.

This variable species is always readily distinguished by having a

heavy callus ridge on the fasciole, independent of the columellar

plaits. In other respects many specimens closely resemble the more

inflated examples of tegrina.

Both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figure by Martini

(Conch. Cab., II, Tab. 47, figs. 507, 508), which represents speci-

mens having undulating longitudinal stripes of brown. Specimens

with only the small uniform bluish-gray spots constitute the var.

inflata Lam.; when two revolving dark brown bands are present

the var. bicingulata Lam.; when the bands fuse and cover irregularly

the greater portion of the shell they represent the var. fabagina

Lam. The latter is figured by Marrat as “crassa”? Martini.

Pure white examples are also frequently observed.

OLIVA ELEGANS Lamarck.

O. elegans Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 312, 1810.

O. flava Marrat, Sowerby’s Thes. Conch., IV, pl. 11, figs. 156,

157.

O. infranata Marrat, l. c., pl. 12, fig. 161.

This species, though smaller, has the more cylindrical form and

elevated sutural callus of vidua. Light-colored examples with bright

salmon-colored fasciole resemble in a general way vartegata Bolten.

It also has a similar range in color to the latter species, and lacks the

66 THE NAUTILUS.

dark fulvous and melanic forms of vidua. Small, dark forms, on

the other hand, are often very close to specimens referable to fune-

bralis Lam. 0. tricolor Lam. seems to be a good species, and not a

variety of elegans. :

OLIVA FUNEBRALIS Lamarck.

This species seem to occupy an intermediate position between

tigrina and elegans. It is beautifully illustrated by Marrat (Thes.

Conch., pl. 11, figs. 143-148) under the names of ‘“ leucostoma”’

Duel. and “labradorensis’’ Bolten. The figure cited by Bolten in

Lister, tab. 731, fig. 20, is unrecognizable, so that labradorensis can

fortunately be dropped. The narrower form suggests a probable

relationship to the narrow, cylindrical mustelina Lam., while the

broader form shows a tendency towards the more inflated dactyliola

Ducl.

OLIVA DACTYLIOLA Duclos.

This seems to hold an intermediate position between funebralis and

bulbtformis, having the spire of the former and outline of the latter.

OLIVA BULBIFORMIS Duclos.

This species is distinguished from the preceding in having a much

smaller spire usually entirely covered by a callus. Oliva similis

Marr., is evidently a variety without the callus spire. This species

seems to naturally lead to the small callus-spired species, such as

mucronata Marr., lepida Ducl., todosina Ducl., carneola Gmel.,

tessellata Lam., etc.

OLIVA CARNEOLA Gmelin.

There are entirely or partially mottled specimens of this species

which seem to connect /epida and todosina with this species.

OLIVA MUSTELINA Duclos.

The deep suture and cylindrical form, often noticeably narrower

towards the anterior, suggest an approach to seripta. Specimens

with interrupted revolving bands constitute the var. angustata

Marr. O. athenia Ducl., resembles this species in miniature.

OLIVA SCRIPTA Lamarck.

The suture is deep and wide. The color markings resemble

O. litterata Lam. | |

THE NAUTILUS. 67

OLIVA VARIEGATA (Bolten).

Porphyria variegata Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, sp. 393, p. 33,

1798.

Porphyria reticulata Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, sp. 396, p. 33,

1798.

Oliva sanguinolenta Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 316, 1810.

Oliva evania Duclos, Monogr., in Comp. Rendus, II, tab. 20,

figs. 3, 4, 1836.

This species varies from the grayish-white reticulated form first

referred to by Bolten, to the dark, finely reticulated olive-green var.

reticulata. In the latter case both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the

same figures by Martini (Conch. Cab., II, tab. 48, figs. 512, 513).

The fasciole is always a bright orange red, the spire finely marked

with brown, and the two revolving bands usually quite distinct. A

number of specimens from Negros Island, Philippines, collected by

Mr. E. L. Moseley, are all the var. reticulata, and show but little

variation. Marrat is undoubtedly wrong in uniting Bolten’s varie-

gata with Lamarck’s tricolor. O. evania is only a very light-colored

example.

OLIva TRICOLOR Lamarck.

This species has the outline of variegata and not of elegans; it has

the salmon-colored fasciole, but the color of the shell is very dif-

ferent from either. The dark specimens are bluish-green, with bands

of a slightly darker shade—not brown; the entire shell is spotted with

yellow, spire and lip coarsely marked with brown. Light-colored

specimens often have bright yellow and blue spots; with the bands

obsolete or wanting, such specimens often resemble caerulea so closely

as to be only separated by the violet-colored aperture of the latter.

OLIVA CAERULEA (Bolten).

Porphyria caerulea Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 33, 1798.

Oliva episcopalis Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 313, 1810.

Although the two authors refer to different figures there seems to

be no doubt as to their identity. Bolten refers to a very good figure

by Martini (Conch. Cab., II, tab. 48, fig. 518), while Lamarck cites

an uncolored though recognizable figure by Lister (tab. 719, fig. 3),

with a description of the species. ‘The revolving bands which are

obsolete or wanting in the adult shell, are quite prominent in younger

specimens which closely resemble some variations of ispidula.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

Young specimens are also before me in which the violet color of the

aperture is wanting.

OLIVA AMETHYSTINA (Bolten).

Porphyria amethystina Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 35, 1798.

Voluta cruenta (Solander) Dillw. Call, I, p. 514, 1817.

Oliva guttata Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 3138, 1810.

Both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figures by Martini

(Conch. Cab., II, tab. 46, figs. 491, 492). The variation of the

species is well shown by Marrat under emicator Meuschen (Thes.

Conch., pl. 5, figs. 57-60). This species may vary from spotless to

the typical form with large regular spots, or to that with large splotches

and fine flecks. Many specimens show a peculiar malformation

consisting of an elevated ridge at the periphery. Additional syn-

onyms by Marrat are aurata Link and mantichora Duclos.

OLiva ISPIDULA Linné.

As stated under c@rulea varieties of this species closely resemble

the younger and smaller examples of that species. The species is ex-

tremely variable, more so, perhaps, than any other, notwithstanding

it is as a rule readily recognized by its brown aperture. Specimens

from Samar, Philippines, collected by Mr. E. L. Mosely, are all

uniform in color, representing the dark reticulated form (Marrat,

Thes. Conch., fig. 248), The var. flaveola Duclos is yellow with a

white aperture; its relation to ¢spidula is apparent from the fact that

specimens frequently show a trace of the broad dark subsutural band

common to many of the typical examples. This species seems to

lead to the small high-spired species, including O. famulata Lam.,

duclosit Reeve (jaspidea Ducl., non Gmel.), rufopicta Wienk., kaleon-

tina Ducl., australis Ducl., panniculata Ducl., etc., some of which

resemble species of Olivella.

MOLLUSKS OF UNIONVILLE, CONN.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

In June, 1909, several days were spent in the village of Union-

ville, and much of the time was enjoyably occupied in hunting for

the lowly mollusks. As local lists from Connecticut are rare, it has

been thought that a catalogue of the species obtained might be of

value for the purpose of geographic distribution. Unionville is

about nine miles west of Hartford.

THE NAUTILUS. 69

PELECYPODA.

Anodontoides ferussacianus subcylindraceus ( Lea). Roaring

Brook.

Anodonta marginata Say. Farmington River, above dam.

Alasmidonta undulata (Say). Mill race, near dam; Roaring

Brook.

Unio complanatus (Sol.). Mill race, near dam ; Roaring Brook ;

Pond’s Brook.

Margaritana margaritifera (Linné). Pond’s Brook.

Pisidium subrotundum Sterki. Small pools in swamp; Cherry

Pond Creek.

GASTROPODA.

Campeloma decisum (Say), Roaring Brook ; Farmington River,

above dam.

Physa sayii Tappan. Overflow from mill race; Cherry Pond ;

small stream flowing into Farmington River above dam.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Cherry Pond ; small streams above

dam, Farmington River.

Segmentina armigera (Say). Cherry Pond; drainage ditch east

of Cherry Pond Creek (on bottom in grass).

Lymnaea columella (Say). Cherry Pond.

Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). Top of hills, east of Farmington

River.

Succinea ovalis Say. Lewis’ Woods.

Succinea avara Say. Lewis’ Woods.

Philomycus carolinensis (Bosc.). Cherry Park, under log.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Top of hills, east of Farmington

River.

Zonitoides arborea (Say). Woods east of Roaring Brook ;

Cherry Park ; top of hills east of Farmington River.

Zonitoides nitida (Muller). Near Curtis’ Pond.

Euconulus fulvus (Muller). Top of hills, east of Farmington

River.

Vitrea indentata (Say). Top of hills, east of Farmington River.

Vitrea hammonis (Strém.). Woods east of Roaring Brook ;

Cherry Park.

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Top of hills, east of Farmington River ;

woods east of Roaring Brook.

Polygyra fraterna (Say). Lewis’ Woods.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Woods east of Farmington River.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS.

MOLLuSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN States. III: Tar Hua-

cHucA Mountains, Arizona. IV: THe Curricanua Moun-

TAINS, ArRIzONA-——By H. A. Pirspry and J. H. FeErriss.

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Nov., 1909, and Feb., 1910.)

In a notice of an earlier number of this series I recalled the way

in which the malacological riches of the arid southwest were first

brought prominently to light, and the astonishment they created.

Nowadays we have become so accustomed to hearing of new things

from that region, that we no longer get excited over additions to

Ashmunella, Sonorella or Oreohelix. If the first flush of discovery

has thus departed, and in a certain sense the continuation of the

work is almost monotonous, it must be remembered that we are ap-

proaching a second stage, in which the abundance of the data will

permit generalization not to be thought of before. Thus the import-

ant scientific results lie in front and not behind, and it is only through

minutely careful survey work, like that of Messrs. Pilsbry and

Ferriss, that they will ever be realized. Already these authors feel

justified in making the following interesting statement :

“The facts developed in our Arizona work lead us to doubt the

potency of environment as a direct agent in effecting specific differ-

entiation, or at least to assign to such factors a wholly subsidiary role.

The facts seem explicable only on the hypothesis of variations exist-

ing or arising in the constitution of the egg, leading to modifications

of the adult organism which for the greater part are indifferent as

affecting the well-being of the race. Such adaptation as exists would

apparently be due to selection. The isolation of small colonies in

these mountains must favor the survival of what are currently called

mutations occurring therein. The occasional mingling of neighbor-

ing colonies in which diverse variations have arisen seems to have

led to such heterogeneous colonies as we have described in Holospira.”’

In a footnote is added :

‘‘ We believe this to be the explanation of the diversity of colonies

in the polychromatic arboreal snails such as Partula and Liguus, in

which some colonies of a given species are homogeneous, while others

are heterogeneous, snails of several definite color-patterns being the

offspring of a single mother.”

In this connection it is interesting to compare Prof. W. L. Tower’s

results with Mexican beetles of the genus Leptinotarsa, recently pub-

THE NAUTILUS. 71

lished in Biological Bulletin, May, 1910. Tower found two closely

allied beetles occupying different sides of the Mexican table-land,

and was able to cross them, getting various combinations in the off-

spring, an interesting feature being that the larval characters were

inherited separately, so that in one experiment four different kinds

of larve each gave the same three kinds of adults. The account of

the experiments is not altogether clear and consistent, but it is evi-

dent that among these beetles related forms may cross quite freely,

and produce fertile progeny presenting new combinations of the

parental characters. As Messrs. Pilsbry and Ferriss have indicated,

it is not unlikely that similar phenomena occur among snails, and

no doubt there is a rich field open to the experimental breeder.

The two papers before us give an account of the snails of the

Huachuca and Chiricahua mountains. The first Huachuca snails to

be collected were species of Ashmunella (A. varicifera and levetter),

obtained by Messrs. Cox and Levette, and reported as from “‘ Tucson”’

and “ near Santa Fé, New Mexico,” respectively. It is now defi-

nitely ascertained that they are confined to the Huachucas. The

authors state that they know nothing of Cox beyond his name upon

the label, but he was doubtless the Cox who was known to entomol-

ogists as a collector of cynipid galls, one of the gall-flies being named

after him by Bassett. The first Chiricahua mollusc was obtained by

Vernon Bailey, and was described by Stearns in 1890 as Holospira

arizonensis. ‘The richness and individuality of the snail-faune of

these ranges is well brought out by the following table, which in-

cludes species only :

Huachucas only. Both ranges. Chiricahuas only.

Sonorella . . 4 0 6

Ashmunella . 4

Oreohelix . .1

Pyramidula .1

Helicodiscus . 0

Radiodiscus . 0

Punctum . .0

Thysanophora 0

Holospira . .1

Agriolimax . 0

Varma... . 0

Zonitotdes. . 0

Ore KH OF OF KF KF OO

tz THE NAUTILUS.

Vitrea 49 1 0

Euconulus . . 0 1 0

Succinea . 0 1 0

Vallonia fie | 1 0

Pupilla. . .0 1 0

Bifidaria . .1 4 4

Vertigo. . .2 2 2

Cochlicopa. . 0 i 0

15 21 29

There are in addition numerous local races or subspecies of the

Helicide. All the larger snails of the Chiricahuas, 21 species with

14 subspecies, are wholly confined to that range. The small snails,

on the other hand, are widely distributed.

It will be seen from the above that Messrs. Pilsbry and Ferriss

have not only made very important additions to the snail fauna of

the United States, but have contributed most valuable data toward

the elucidation of those problems of heredity and evolution which

are puzzling us all. May they have the time and strength for many

other such contributions. T. D. A. CocKERELL.

NOTES.

SHELLS oF Mt. Equinox, VermMont.—The following species

were obtained by the writer on the eastern side of Mt. Equinox,

near Manchester, Vt., in June, 1910, on one of the collecting trips

of the Boston Society of Natural History, in company with Messrs.

G. M. Allen and J. A. Cushman: Polygyra albolabris Say, P. say-

ana Pils., P. tridentata Say, P. fraterna Say, Circinaria concava

Say, Pyramidula alternata Say, P. cronkhitet anthonyi Pils., Ompha-

lina fuliginosa Griff., Zonitoides arborea Say and Succinea ovalis

Say. In a small lake at the foot of the mountain Lymnea

desidiosa Say, Planorbis bicarinatus Say and Physa heterostropha

Say were also obtained.—C. W. JoHnson.

W. F. Pretrerp.—In Hobart, Tasmania, on April 15, 1910,

occurred the death of Mr. W. F. Petterd, a veteran conchologist.

He wrote considerable on the land shells of his native island.

Mineralogy was another study to which he had made valuable con-

tributions. He had traveled extensively in Australia and the Pacific

islands.—C. HEDLEY,

THE NAUTILUS, XXIV. PLATE INE

ALDRICH: NEW BOCENE FOssirs:

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXIV. NOVEMBER, 1910. No. 7

NEW EOCENE FOSSILS FROM THE SOUTHERN STATES.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

[ Plate IV, fig. 6, OVULACTZON ALDRICHI Wheeler, described in

the June No., p. 13.—Ep.]

FIssURIDEA MAURYIn. sp. Pl. IV, figs. 1, 2.

Shell large, of medium height, narrowed at the anterior, and bent

slightly downward; regularly oval on the posterior. Foramen rather

large, somewhat keyhole-shaped; shell radiately sculptured, with

about 32 strong primary ribs, generally with two smaller ribs be-

tween, at the anterior the ribs are nearly equal and closely set, the

crossbar to the foramen deeply pitted, and the foramen itself trian-

gular within.

The close-set lines of growth are very numerous; they break up the

ribs into low nodules. Margin of shell strongly crenulate and flat.

tened within. Longest diam. 31 mm.; breadth 24 mm.; height 11

mm.

Locality. Matthews Landing bed on Dale Branch, near Oak

Hill, Ala. Named in honor of Miss Carlotta J. Maury, a co-worker

in Tertiary paleontology. Figures by Prof. G. D. Harris.

ADEORBIS? NAUTILOIDES n. sp. PI. IV, figs. 3, 4 and 5.

Shell very small, substance rather thin; whorls three, expanding

rapidly. The body whorl separating and extending beyond the

other whorls; surface smooth except near the aperture where a few

growth lines become coarser; umbilicus small. The figure does not

show the separation of the whorls well.

74 THE NAUTILUS.

Longest diam. about 2 mm.

Locality. De Soto, Miss. Claibornian.

Remarks. This singular little species is doubtfully placed in

Adeorbis. It might just as well be put in Valvata. It is hardly an

embryonic shell, but in any event it is an interesting development

wherever it really belongs.

ADEORBIS SOTOENSIS n. sp. Pl. IV, figs. 7, 8. 9.

Shell small, whorls five; spire pointed, smooth; whorls covered

with spiral lines which are nearly obsolete just below the suture,

growing more prominent on the body whorl as they approach the

periphery. The effect is to make a broad, nearly smooth band on

the whorls to the eye; under a glass this space shows exceedingly

fine spirals. Body whorl strongly keeled, base smooth, umbilicus

moderate. Aperture ovate. Diameter a little less than 2 mm.

Locality. De Soto, Miss., just above the Ostrea selleformis bed.

Claibornian. ;

LIMA HARRISIANA n. sp. Pl. IV, figs. 10, 11.

Shell oblong, slightly oblique, radially sculptured, covered with

close-set lines slightly nodular; between them in the sunken spaces

are fine dotted lines which die out towards the hinge line and umbo.

The ribs are very numerous, near the umbo on one side they appear

quite nodulous; ears very unequal, hinge nearly straight, but some-

what inclined to the central axis. In a young specimen the outer

ribs appear to be nodulous and the inner margin denticulated.

Longest axis 17 mm.

Locality. Smithville, Texas. Claibornian.

Remarks. This species seems to be rather close to L. vicksburg-

tana Dall, but has many more ribs, over 50 in all.

Named in honor of Prof. G. D. Harris, who has kindly furnished

the iliustrations.

ERRATA.

In Bulletin of American Paleontology, No. 8, 1897, p. 10, Pl. II,

fig. 5, I described a small shell as Actaeon cossmannt. ‘This should

have been written Acteonina (Crenilabium) cossmanni, nobis. A

mistake was made in transcribing. It was however manifest as the

writer placed it in the proper subgenus.

THE NAUTILUS. 75

EULIMA COSSMANNI DN. sp.

M. Cossmann has figured in ** Notes Complementaires,” PI. I, fig.

34, page 27, 1893, as Rissoina notata Lea, a form that is not the

species of Lea but a new form of Hulima, which may be called

E. cossmanni. The shell described by Lea is also a Hulima.

The description and figure given by M. Cossmann are accurate for

this new species. The true species of Lea also has a sinuous outer

lip.

Dr. Paul Bartsch has examined specimens of the true Pasithea

elegans H. C. Lea, and finds it to be a Buttiwm.

NOTES ON TRUNCILLA, WITH A KEY TO THE SPECIES.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

As the highest expression of Unione development, the Truncille

are of special interest to the systematic conchologist. Not only are

the sexes sharply differentiated in all the species, but the species

themselves are more clearly defined and less subject to variation

than in any other of the recognized genera.

For this reason, the species are well adapted to the rigid limita-

tions of a key, which in the more variable groups would, in many

cases, be almost impracticable. But in genera such as this, where

the specific lines can be drawn with sufficient exactness for such a

purpose, the formation of a key, besides facilitating the identification

of the species, is of great service in developing the peculiar dis-

tinguishing characters of the different species, and thus determining

their proper position in a natural arrangement.

In attempting to make a key to the species of 7’runezlla, it almost

immediately became obvious that, owing to the extreme differentia-

tion of the sexes, which very often was not along analogous lines in

species of the same group, a single key including both sexes was not

feasible, and accordingly a separate key for each sex was made.

This condition also demonstrated that a consistent natural arrange-

ment of the species would have to be based primarily on the varia-

tions of one of the sexes.

In view of the fact that the most recent classification of the

Unionide is based primarily on the modifications of the gill of the

76 THE NAUTILUS.

female incident to reproduction, and that Truncilla is the genus in

which the sexual differentiation of the female has been carried out

to the greatest extent, it would seem desirable that a systematic

arrangement of the species in the genus should be, as far as possible,

based on that feature.

At the present time such an arrangement must necessarily be

based almost wholly on shell characters, and these are mainly to be

found in the position of the so-called marsupial expansion. The in-

dications afforded by these characters should, of course, be supple-

mented by an exhaustive study of the gill itself and its modifications

for the purpose of a marsupium, and, until that is done, it is scarcely

advisable to attempt to define the subordinate groups in any formal

manner or to change the present classification.

In respect to their peculiar shell characters, the female Truncille

fall naturally into three groups:

1. Those in which the entire post-basal area is occupied by the

marsupial expansion.

This group is more closely allied in this respect to Lampsilis than

any of the others, and is apparently the more primitive form.

T. perplexa is the leading exponent of this group.

2. Those in which the marsupial expansion is restricted sub-

stantially to an inflation and modification of the posterior ridge.

This might be considered the next stage of development, and is

typified by 7. triquetra.

3. Those in which the marsupial expansion is anterior to the

posterior ridge and more or less distinctly separated from it.

The extreme form of this group is the well-known 7. foliata,

which may well be considered the most highly organized species of

the genus. Between it and 7. hayestana, in which the expansion,

though anterior to the posterior ridge, is scarcely differentiated from

it, and which may, therefore, be considered the other extreme of the

series, there is a very considerable amount of variation in this par-

ticular. An intermediate stage is that represented by J. sulcata and

lenior, in which the expansion, though distinct, is separated from

the posterior ridge by a narrow but deep sulcus, which forms a dis-

tinct notch at the margin, instead of the wide emargination that is

present in foliata and its immediate allies.

Arranged in this way the species show a distinct line of evolution,

from the simple to the complex, caused by the progressive differ-

THE NAUTILUS. 17

entiation of the marsupial expansion and its advance from a position

at the extreme posterior part of the shell to a median oné’ alldogt’

directly under the beaks. ef aids A

An arrangement of the species in this manner would restift a¥ fol-

lows:

1. Marsupial expansion occupying the entire post-basal area :

T. perplexa, T. biemarginata, |) .,)2

T. perplexa rangiana, T. capseformisys bit |

T. sampsoni, T. florentina, )'" |: ie f

2. Marsupial expansion formed by an inflation’ oF 1H Bohs

ridge : Hs vodita [ls ole )

A. Not extending below the basal line: dnsadne Visde

T. triquetra, T. arcaggor mitosis |.

B. Extending below the basal line: ronsindue ide f°

T. penita, T. compacta, T; metastriata: )

3. Marsupial expansion in front of the posterior ridge’ pe or

less separated from it: ios subin TOltyIz0

A. Scarcely differentiated from the posterior ridge if At | !

T. hayesiana, T. modicella, sk a ie othealo egagnsis.

B. Separated from the posterior SB deaitereh narrow sulens, notch-

ing the post-basal margin : Oloveh east oubin lsning0

T. brevidens, T. suleata, ?'** ii dénsoviilt 10°14

C. Separated from the posterior ridg sby d' wide emargination :

T. personata, Type leiivts bisa updue ode |

ook worst t ‘

T. stewardsonii, CUES , Lifoliata.,. deine liste @ a

It is to be noted that while. brevidens from, -therposition of the

expansion falls in this group, ,in,other, characters)|it sis more closely

related to penita and compacta) and’ this! |formeca connéctihg link

between the two groups. Itomighty perliaps, be considered! an ex-

ample of development alotié similar lids Arising trot a @ different

ancestral stock. It also illustrates the Fatility of a tempting 2 to draw

lolubon sebry [Rogs:

arbitrary lines in any system of dlassifica ition si ture oeg not dio

hi Oa SOIT i Ae

things in that way. sisniniems arog laend-i2od )

In this arrangement, the, synonymy, as-established. by Simpson ‘is

followed, with the CXCPRHON,. that, 7. compacta, Lea, is recognized as

distinct from penita.Con. .Mr. Simpsonhirifotms-meithat; from the

examination of additivwa? ihatdriaD (sinde2 the publication” of the

Synopsis, he has dome to the same dohdllisfant (0'897 Isaod |

Sslugasid sybri torisieog gtollsme lode

Insaimorg edeod ,wollsde |

78 THE NAUTILUS.

T. metastriata is doubtfully distinct from compacta and is probably,

at the most, only a local form peculiar to the Black Warrior river.

If this is correct, it has priority over compacta.

The male of 7. othealoogaensis is unknown.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TRUNCILLA.

A. Males.

Shell with a distinct radial furrow in front of the posterior

TIdsa%\\\\' ay

Shell without a 2 distinct radial furrow in front of the posterior

PIASE 3) ee ae : «Vente ie eines

ss subquadrate or Ri iictanedlins radial furrow sub-

—

vertical): , ok 8

Shell suboval ; radial furrow oblique ose 6

Shell subcompressed, subquadrate or broadly a :

umbonal region flattened, beaks depressed .

Shell subtriangular ; beaks elevated, umbonal region in-

DBL ocak ein Je ae er

Posterior ridge NE Iiaaeilees - . . . « biemarginata.

Posterior ridge rounded . d

— ridge well iaucbesal esata an anaeee angle in the

basal line at its extremity, between which and the pos-

terior ridge the base line is nearly straight, radial furrow

wide and conspicuous... . . ; oe) a

Central ridge less developed, not projecting beyond the basal

outline, which is scarcely emarginate in front of the pos-

|... terior ridge, radial furrow subobsolete . . « Stewardsonii.

Shell subquadrate, solid, central ridge subnodulous, radial

furrow deep . . . foliata.

Shell smaller, subsolid, central ‘ridge smoother, radial furrow

{ less impressed MA ee es

Posterior slope smooth, nacre sities 2 + « 2s « » personata.

Posterior slope radially striate, nacre usually purple.hayesiana.

| Pater slope convex, posterior end below the middle .. 9.

“a

Posterior slope nearly straight, posterior end at or above the

Middle ol ayes wa elie eles, woe. ayo

une ridge nodulous..... . . . . . s|\» s/n

Central ridge smooth . . . .. 4...» +» Opeeen

Post-basal margin emarginate,.. .°. 9... . 2s

{Poet bac margin squarely subtruncate .. .. . . sulcata.

‘3 short oval, post-basal sree deep, umbonal

10.

region greatly inflated . . . . s . . Sampsoni.

Shell more elongate, post- -basal emargination shallow, um-

bonal region less inflated . . . . . . perplexa rangiana.

Shell smaller, posterior ridge biangulate, basal emargination

shallow, beaks prominent .. ....... . . deviata.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

(16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

Posterior ridge rounded . . . . eee We 7

Posterior ridge more or less distinctly biangulate aie) Nat dotpinen

Posterior slope distinctly flattened. .........14.

one ire Mart ttamecemveny os io LS) hia ban lias bg RUN

Suememaresion flattened... eee ee 18

Peaan terion mMflated ee we 18.

Shell subquadrate, subcompressed . ..... eoactionts:

Shell smaller, oval, less compressed, beaks more anterior.

metastriata.

pepe distinctly triangular, anterior margin not projecting

| much beyond the anterior umbonal one unicolored or

Q with capillary greenrays. ... suite e ia let tee=

| Shell triangularly ovate, anterior margin ‘projecting beyond

f the umbonal slope, conspicuously painted with green rays

and blotches .... Ser eae ey a eh hens Bi Nal: ay veh BOPROICETER,

| Beaks flattened, pabeaeieal Ae o's 4s pentta,

Beaks higher, more anterior, shell Sellen . . . compacta.

Shell small, subtriangular, thick and solid .. . . modicella.

(Shell larger, oval and thin. . . . ive eh uns NeRGar:

Shell large, greatly inflated, thick, ae osterior ridge ver

ge, i P a

prominent, posterior slope with a well-defined furrow, sur-

inge Touch, rays. capillary. ....... . . arceformis.

| Shell smaller, less inflated, posterior ridge less developed,

| surface smooth, broadly rayed with green. . . . . . 20.

Shell subcompressed, elliptical . . . . . . . caps@formis.

Shell smaller, short oval, quite inflated . - . . « florentina,

B. Females.

Giaremmialexpansion swollen . . 1. 6... ee ke ee

Marsupial expansion flattened .. . . 2... ... «). 18.

Marsupial expansion in front of and distinctly separated

Marsupial expansion an inflation of the posterior ridge. . 3.

from the posterior ridge .

Posterior ridge angularly inflated and curved backwards . 4

Posterior ridge roundly inflated and curved forwards . . 5.

tened, base of expansion rounded. . . . . . . triquetra.

Posterior ridge less angular, dorsal ae not flattened, bi-

angular, base of expansion flattened .. . . . arc@formis.

Base of on, distinctly projecting beyond the basal

| : ea1Gs

Base of expansion scarcely projecting beyond the basal

jai ridge sharp, dorsal slope obliquely truncate, flat-

| Bias hi), SURES aa Ss REE ae

10.

ray

13.

Lo.

THE NAUTILUS.

rounded

Posterior ridge not inflated, basal expansion flattened, its

margin subquadrate RAST - + « penita.

Shell large, subquadrate, disk dstinely datiensal with num-

erous, fine, capillary rays . . . . . « brevidens.

| Shell smaller, subtriangular, posterior “ridge inflated, rayless.

j Posterior ridge inflated, basal aA rounded, its mi

compacta.

Shell still smaller, beaks less elevated, greatly inflated pos-

teriorly, rayless . . . - . « » metastriata,

hee very small, subquadrate, ‘marsupial expansion narrow

and not much inflated . . ey ieali » . . - modicella.

Make slope radially striate, a pieaiee furrow in front of

the marsupial expansion, nacre usually purple . hayesiana.

Posterior slope ae striate, no median furrow, nacre

Whife 2c ge ew at ee Lelia te err

{ Marsupial expansion a prolongation of the median ridge,

| separated from the igus ridge by a wide emargina-

BLOM ck ee ent eh ce De oe 10.

< Marsupial expansion occupying and nearly filling the radial

furrow, not projecting beyond the basal line . . personata.

Marsupial expansion at posterior base and separated from the

| posterior ridge by a deep sulcus, notching the margin . 12.

Marsupial expansion rounded. .. ... . . 0.0 une

I Monto expansion triangular . . . . s°« » » «/semesem

Shell large, center of disk inflated, marsupial expansion sep-

arated from posterior ridge by a deep median furrow.

foliata.

Shell much smaller, center of disk compressed, no median

UETOW, 53a Gans - 2 oe 6 0 se « Stewardson.

{ Shell quadrate, ene sonia ryateepeal basa) extending

J beyond the posterior ridge : - +» .ebuleata,

Shell smaller, oblong, thin, marsupial expansion not extend-

l ing beyond the posterior ‘ridge wee ee ie

[ Entire post-basal region flatly and broadly expanded, mar-

supial extension thin, shining, and of different texture

from the rest of theshell. . . . . > cae

Expansion of the post-basal region less extensive, less com-

pressed, and of the same color and texture as the rest of

OBS nEN, Se Veh iam . | i eb) eee

Shell with a distinct cidial PSOE ai nodubete median

ridge . . . . perplexa.

Shell Talon smooth, and without a distinct radial furrow.

caps@formis.

Shell with a distinct radial furrow extending to the beaks.16.

| Shel without a distinct radial furrow ....... .17.

THE NAUTILUS. 81

me oval, umbonal region inflated, beaks prominent, pos-

Aterior ridge POUNTEGY) ca he {*- . . « propingua.

Shell subquadrate, umbonal region compressed, beaks flat-

tened, posterior ridge biangulate . . . . « btemarginata.

16.

Shell larger, solid, margin of marsupial expansion simple.18.

Shell much smaller, thinner, margin of ee expansion

dentate. ... tee : Ae meee

17.

Shell subquadrate, Bail expansion saaiall, posterior mar-

gin subtruncate, umbonal region greatly inflated. sampsonq.

Shell oval, marsupial expansion larger, posterior margin

regularly rounded, umbonal region less inflated . rangiana.

Shell obovate, marsupial expansion extending below the base

line, beaks depressed, dorsal slope rounded . florentina.

Shell subtriangular, marsupial expansion not extending be-

low the base line, beaks prominent, dorsal margin ele-

PRE Sa eie ial os el ted eR ye es eptata,

18.

SHELLS FROM THE BAY OF CADIZ REGION.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.

While on a recent visit to Spain I arranged to spend three days

on the shores of the Bay of Cadiz in hopes of contributing toward

the knowledge of its molluscan fauna. With the limited time at my

disposal only a superficial inspection of the beaches could be made,

but the results were so satisfactory, although yielding only a com-

paratively small series of species, that I felt that I was indeed amply

repaid.

By comparing the list which follows this article.it will be seen that

the material brought together is a curious mixture of Mediterranean,

African and Atlantic shells. Just what lives in the bay, and what

not, can only be determined by careful dredgings.

Through the kindness of Mrs. Whishaw, of Seville, her summer

home, an old palace dating from the 16th century, was placed at our

disposal. ‘This was located on the shore of the Bay of Cadiz at the

town of Port Saint Mary, or Puerto de la Santa Maria as it is called

in Spanish.

It was on April 30 of this year that we left the heat of Seville and

rode by train through this rich wine-growing section of the country

down tothe bay. Port Saint Mary was found to be a typical Spanish

82 THE NAUTILUS.

town, with its one long, wide street lined with whitewashed houses

and palaces of better days. It is a sleepy town all day, when the

sun shines week in and week out, but at sunset there is a change.

The inhabitants throng the streets, and the men loading the steamers

along the river side with sherry work harder than ever. Most of this

goes to America, and comes from near Jerez, upstream. It is

brought down by river or railway from the country and transferred

to an ocean-going freighter at Port Saint Mary. This seems to be

the only industry of the place besides fishing. At this season of the

year few shell fish were offered for sale at the market.

Port Saint Mary was far from a dull place to me, as it might have

proved to some persons. Every moment was occupied in searching

the beaches, the tide flats and the infrequent bits of rock.

It was the day after I arrived that I made an excellent ‘ find.”

A long search had been made for minute species with little success

when I came across the following: A small cup-shaped depression

was observed in the sand, over which ran several streamlets. This

was filled with thousands, perhaps tens of thousands, of minute shells

all in perfect preservation. As the tide was rapidly coming in the

only thing to do was to gather together as much of the material as

was possible and bring along. This was done, and it required many

hours of following days to work the lot out.

Upon my return to Seville a few days later Mrs. Whishaw kindly

gave me a number of species which she had obtained herself on the

beaches. ‘Those of the lot, which I had not taken myself, I have

incorporated in the appended list.

Several walks were made to distant portions of the shore line.

These have been noted in the list, giving the name of the nearest

town.

To Mrs. Whishaw I owe many thanks for help and suggestions,

besides a series of local material from the bay taking during the

last few summers. In preparing the following catalogue I am espe-

cially indebted also to Monsieurs Lamy and Germain, of the Mala-

cological Laboratory, of Paris, for assistance in determinations.

CEPHALOPODA.

Sepia officinalis L. A few.

Spirula pronii Lam. Mrs. Whishaw, several shells.

THE NAUTILUS. 83

GASTROPODA.

Helix apicina Lk. On the ground.

Helix barbula Charp. On plants and cacti. Puerto Real.

Helix lactea Mull. Common at the roots of dwarf palms. Near

Puerto Real.

Helix marmorata Fer. Ascends walls of houses at Port Mary,

doubtless feeding on lime.

Helix nemausensis Bgt. One example.

Alexia myosotis Drap. Puerto Real, on mud flats, dead.

Alexia firmini Payr. Two Examples. Puerto Real.

Siphonaria algesirae Q. & G. Beaches. Not rare.

Bulla striata Brug. From the number of dead shells this must

live in the bay.

Haminea elegans Leach. Several.

Conus mediterranea Hw. Not plentiful.

Mangilia vauquelini Payr. Brown-banded form.

Surcula undatirugata Biv. Mrs. Whishaw.

Clathurella linearis Mtg. A distinct little species.

Marginella miliaria L. Numerous in drift.

Marginella philippii Mont. With the latter.

Cymbium olla L. Mrs. Whishaw, several.

Pisania maculosa Lk. Not common.

Pisania d’orbignyi Payr. Mrs. Whishaw. Finely colored.

Euthria cornea L. Mrs. Whishaw. Nassa corniculum Oliv. A

few.

Nassa corniculum raricostata Risso. Aperture violet.

Nassa incrassata Mill. A common orange-colored shell.

Nassa mutabilis L. Minor torm.

Nassa reticulata L. Plentiful in muddy stations with the following :

Cyclonassa neritea L. Alive in vast numbers.

Cyclonassa pellucida Risso. A single specimen.

Columbella rustica L. Mrs. Whishaw, several.

Murex brandaris L. Apparently rare.

Murex erinaceus L. Many worn shells, seldom fresh.

Purpura haemostoma L. In a semi-fossil condition near Puerto

Real.

Lotorium cutaceus L. The three of this family from fishermen.

Lotorium corrugatum Lk. Lotorium nodiferum Lk.

(To be continued.)

84 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES.

PLaGueE or Huge Snaixts.—A plague of snails on the coast of

Ceylon is assuming serious proportions. Millions of snails are to be

found, and some of them weigh.as much as one pound. The snails

have begun feeding on the young cocoanut trees, and it is feared

that they may attack the young rubber trees. The government is

taking measures to check the devastation.—Z.ondon Daily Chronicle.

THe Vireinta CoLony or HELIX NEMORALIS.—In a recent

letter from Mrs. John M. Brooke she says: “‘ Of Helix nemoralis I

have seen very little of late, my home having been in Washington,

D. C., for about three years. On my return to Lexington, Va., in

August of this year there seems to be no diminution, however, in

numbers that came out after a rain, the prevailing colors being the

plain lemon-yellow and the regular five-banded form, but I have

made no careful selection. We have had a terrible drouth, and they

keep under shelter in dry weather, so I am unable to give you any

connected observations. Only after a rain do they come out upon

the rocks and fences in numbers.’’—C. W. J.

Sir CHARLES E ior is the author of a supplement to Alder and

Hancock’s well-known work, ‘‘ The British Nudibranchiate Mol-

lusca,” published by the Ray Society. Important chapters on

bionomics, classification, anatomy, etc., precede the descriptions of

genera and species. Hight colored plates, partly from drawings left

by Hancock, illustrate the work.

WE learn with deep regret of the death on September 25th of Dr.

Oskar Boettger, of Frankfort a. M., equally known for his work in

malacology, paleontology, and herpetology.

Messrs. Ferriss, Pirspry and DANIELS have returned from

their camps in Arizona, where about ten weeks were spent in the

Santa Rita, Baboquivari, Santa Catalina and Dragoon mountains,

and in the Hachita Mts., N. M. About twenty-five new species of

land shells are among the spoils of the expedition,

THE NAUTILUS, AXIV. PEA LENA

A. P. Brown, del.

1,2, ADAMSIELLA IRRORATA. 3, COLOBOSTYLUS BRONNIIL.

4, HELICINA NERITELLA ANGULATA.

Tue NAUTILUS.

VoL, XXIV. DECEMBER, 1910. UNOS

THE METHOD OF PROGRESSION OF SOME LAND OPERCULATES FROM

JAMAICA,

BY AMOS P. BROWN, PHI. D.

Certain operculate land snails from Jamaica, especially members

of the genera Annuluria, Colobostylus, Tudora, Adamsiella and their

allies in the Hrievide, move very rapidly as compared to other land

snails of similar size. They are not only rapid in their movements,

but erratic; they change the direction of movement abruptly. Al

are very timid, and quick to contract the body within the shell when

disturbed; a shadow thrown on one crawling in the sun is sufficient

to cause contraction, and the animal then releases hold of the surface

on which it is crawling and drops to the ground. In collecting, it is

necessary to avoid startling them by a jar of the surface on which

they are progressing, otherwise they instantly fall and are lost in the

leaf-covered surface of the ground. This character, no doubt, is a

protective one from birds and other enemies, as land crabs, mon-

goose, etc.

In crawling, when undisturbed, the motion is rapid; but, as noted,

its direction may be changed rapidly. This rapid change of direc-

tion is possible on account of the shortness of the surface of contact

of the foot and also on account of the fact that the actual surface of

contact does not involve the whole foot at any time. Observations

made upon Adamsiella variabilis (C. B. Ad.), A. ¢gnilabris (C. B.

Ad.), A. irrorata Gloyne, Colobostylus jayanus (C. B. Ad.), C. jay-

anus rufilabris (C. B. Ad.), C. banksianus (Sow.), C. bronnit (C. B.

Ad.), Zudora armata (C. B. Ad.), Annularia fimbriatula (Sow.) and

Stoastoma pisum (C. B. Ad.) show that all the above land operculates

86 THE NAUTILUS.

possess this type of movement. The method of progression of Ad-

amsiella irrorata Gloyne, Colobostylus bronnit (C. B. Ad.) and

Tudora armata (C. B. Ad.) has been carefully studied from speci-

mens obtained in Jamaica during the past summer (1910), and an:

account of their movements will apply in general to all of the above

species.’

Unlike most snails, the ené/re under surface of the foot is not

applied to the-surface upon which they move, but they walk on the

edyes of the foot only. ‘The foot, when retracted into the shell, folds

down the median line of the under surface; and, when protruded for

walking, this same form is retained, so that ordinarily only the two

outer surfaces are involved. A wave of contraction, lifting a portion

of this edge of the foot, proceeds from the posterior to the anterior,

the wave moving forward alternately on the two margins of the foot,

and with its advance, first on the right side and then on the left,

producing a swaying gait that is characteristic of the movement of

all the land operculates above enumerated. The wave movement is

quite independent in the two sides of the foot, and this is easily seen

when the animal is examined from the under side, when crawling

over a surface of glass. As the wave passes off at the anterior end

of the foot on one side the succeeding wave begins at the posterior

end on the other side, and thus the animal acquires the waddling or

swaying gait characteristic of this type of movement. As the wave

passes off anteriorly a part of the foot is lifted and moved forward;

as the wave appears at the posterior end a part of the foot is lifted

and moved forward also, so that seen from the front or rear espe-

cially, the animal seems to be walking upon stumpy legs, and the

movement recalls that of an elephant as seen from the rear. The

trail made, when moving over dry surfaces (as the animals normally

have to when in their native habitat), is double, only the edges of

the foot being involved, and this double trail may always be seen

when these snails are actively moving about. The details of the

movement in the three species that were especially examined is given

below.

Colobostylus bronnii (C. B. Ad.), Figure 8. This species is larger

1Jn a recent paper on the mollusca of Mandeville, Jamaica, by Pilsbry and

Brown this mode of progression is briefly described as it was observed in

Colobostylus gayanus rufilabris (C. B. Ad.) and in Zudora armata (C. B, Ad.).

See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Sept., 1910, p. 522.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

than either of the other two examined, the shell measuring 16 mm. in

height, with a greatest width of 12 mm. The foot is ashy-gray, the

rostrum darker, the eyes black, and the tentacles a bright aurora-red.

Its movements, while rapid as compared to ordinary snails, are more

deliberate than those of 7. armata or A. trrorata. The length of the

foot when crawling is generally 9 or 10 mm.; the width varies from

5 to 4 mm., being narrower when the movement is most rapid. The

waves proceed from the posterior to the anterior alternately on either

side, requiring about 7 to 8 seconds for the passage of the wave the

entire length of the foot, or the wave moves forward about 1.5 mm.

per second. The alternate waves on the two lobes of the foot follow

each other with an interval of about 5 seconds, or they are 6-7 mm.

apart on the two lobes when both waves can be seen together. The

rate of progression is quite rapid, varying from 2.5 to 3 mm. per

wave, or 12 double waves were observed to advance the animal 70

mm., which is an average rate of progression per minute. The sur-

face of contact of the edge of the foot involved in the movement

varies from 1 mm. wide on each side with a median interspace of 2

mm., when moving on dry or dusty surfaces, to 1.5 mm. on each

side with a somewhat smaller interspace, when moving on a smooth,

non-absorbent surface like glass. The trail is notably double there-

fore, and the two parallel marks are somewhat irregular in outline.

When moving, the shell is carried balanced on the operculum, and

to obtain this balance requires some care on the part of the animal,

but once the shell is adjusted to the proper position the animal moves

evenly, the shell swaying from side to side from the passage of the

alternate waves of contraction of the foot. The balancing of the

shell on the operculum was common to all of the three species exam-

ined, and undoubtedly it seems to distribute the weight more evenly

on the foot, at the same time raising the shell quite clear of the sur-

face on which the animal is moving.

As the foot of this species is large, the character of the wave

movement may be readily studied. A part of the edge of the foot is

raised from the surface on which the animal is moving, involving in

the fold produced about 3 mm., with a clear space of 1 mm. wide,

and the fold is usually 2.5 mm. high with a clear opening of more

than 1 mm. ‘This hiatus moves forward at the rate of 1.5 mm. per

second, and when it reaches the anterior end of the foot this edge is

thrust forward as it is raised, so that when it is applied again to the

88 THE NAUTILUS.

surface it looks, as has been stated, as though the animal was pro-

gressing by steps. This appearance is very striking when the animal

is viewed from in front, but when viewed from the rear the regular

alternation of the apparent steps strongly recalls the movement of an

elephant, as noted above. In either position, the lifting of the edge

of the foot as the wave passes off, gives the animal the appearance of

advancing by leisurely strides,

Tudora armata (C. B. Ad.). In this species the wave movement

is similar to that in C. bronnii, but it is somewhat more rapid, and

the waves follow each other at a shorter interval; nevertheless the

forward movement of the shell is slower on accourt of the shorter

wave, being about 50-60 mm. per minute. The foot, when the ani-

mal is moving, is about 8 mm. long by 8 to 4 mm. wide; the surface

of contact is about 1 mm. on each edge of the foot, with an inter-

space of some 1 mm. between the two sides of the foot when actively

moving. The passage of the wave the entire length of the foot re-

quires about 5 seconds; the alternate waves follow each other every

4 seconds, so that the two waves can generally be seen simultaneously

if the moving animal is examined from the under side. Seen in this

way the two waves of contraction are about 5 mm. apart, and the

form of the foot resembles a swelled barleycorn. In crawling, the

shell is balanced on the middle of the operculum, and the swaying

gait is even more noticeable than in the last, from the proportionately |

greater length of the shell, which in this species measures: length,

15 mm.; width,8 mm. Of course in all cases the first balf of the last

whorl rests on the operculum, The foot of this species is of a slaty-

gray color, the tentacles and rostrum darker, and the eyes black.

Adamsiella trrorata Gloyne, Figures 1 and 2. This species is

quicker in its movements than either of the others examined, but the

actual distance traversed in unit time is less than in C. bronnit or 7.

armata, The wave motion is rapid; the wave of contraction traverses

the entire length of the foot from back to front in 2 seconds, and the

waves follow each other every 3 seconds on each side, or there are 40

waves per minute, 20 on each side. The distance traversed in this

time is about 50 mm. The shells vary in size, but the foot is about

7 mm. long when the animal is in motion; its width is about 3-4 mm.

As is the case with the other species, the shell is normally carried bal-

anced on the operculum, the round of the penultimate whorl resting

in the hollow of the rather small, circular operculum. As this is so

THE NAUTILUS. 89

small (3 mm. in diameter) it requires considerable adjustment to get

the shell properly balanced upon it, and it usually requires several

trials before the shell is finally placed in the proper balance. The

animal moves forward until the body is on a strain, then the shell is

hitched forward and over the operculum, on which it sometimes

catches at the first trial; more often this maneuver has to be repeated

several times before the shell is caught in the cup of the operculum.

When the balance is finally effected the animal moves steadily away,

but with the rocking gait characteristic of the group. This species

is excessively timid, closing at the slightest jar, or when a shadow

falls upon it, and it then drops from the surface on which it is crawl-

ing to the ground, and may lie still for several minutes before the

animal is again extended. On the other hand, it is very active and

quick in its movements, and liable to change its direction of motion

at any point.

In this species the body is of a pale yellowish flesh color, with a

darker brownish pigmented mass down the back and running into

the rostrum and tentacles. The foot is the same color as the rest of

the body that is protruded from the shell.

Comparing the three species upon which exact observations were

made, the results may be tabulated as follows:

Comparison of motion of C. bronnit, T. fecundum and A. irrorata.

§ . ~

a oO nN — Ls o>

=~ SO oo o

fa | ge ae 6

i 3 Sets Br eous Ao

: o a3 Ow eas >

Species. ae ea eo 2 os

“a ad = = Onds oer

- + > & S 8 Me “4 Ss o

gS SoH 20 = a j—e)

E = A A

Colobostylus bronnii. .... 12 7-8 | 70 millimeters.| 3 millimeters.

Tudora fecundum ....... 15 5 50-60 ‘ 2 si

Adamsiella irrorata...... 20 2 50 oe 1.25

This method of progression is so different from that of most land

snails that other land operculates were examined for comparison. A

species of Helicina (H. neritella angulata C. B. Ad.) collected at Mon-

tego Bay, Jamaica, from which locality C. bronnii and A. trrorata

90 THE NAUTILUS.

were obtained, has been examined as to its method of progression,

Figure 4. It is that of the ordinary snail, the under side of the foot

being in total contact with the surface over which it moves. Observed

from the under side when the animal is actively crawling over a sur-

face of glass, the foot is seen to be extended to a length of 20 mm., or,

including the labial tentacles and head segment, 24 mm.; the tentacles

may be protruded about 8mm. more. The foot proper shows a central

muscular portion extending its entire length, about 38 mm. wide ante-

riorly and tapering to less than 1 mm. wide posteriorly; it is bounded

for its entire length on each side by an area that corresponds to the

edge of the foot on which the above operculates move. This has

apparently the structure of the upper surface of the foot and is not

involved in the muscular contractions during locomotion; it does not

appear to be traversed by the contractile muscles. When the under

side of the foot is observed during active motion of the animal, the

middle band of the foot is seen to contract in a series of waves which

traverse the length of the foot in about 10 seconds, or at a rate of 2

mm, per second. These waves follow each other closely; there are

about 50 to 60 waves per minute. They move from the anterior to

the posterior end of the foot, in the reverse direction of the wave

movement described above for the other species. The foot is not so

firm as in the above species, and while the operculum is placed under

the shell it does not support it, as in the case of Colobostylus, Tudora

and Adamsiella. The motion is perfectly even, rather slow, and of

course there is no swaying of the shell from side to side which is so

characteristic of the other species described.

The movement of Stoastoma pisum (C. B. Ad.) resembles that of

the above species of Colobostylus, Tudora, etc., and it has undoubtedly

been observed (though not, described), for Chitty gives a figure of

this species crawling which shows plainly the raised margin of the

foot, due to the passage of the wave. The figure is unaccompanied

by any description of this character of the animal.

NOTES ON SOME LAND SNAILS FROM KENTUCKY.

BY V. STERKI.

On September 25th last I had a few hours to look for snails at

Maysville, Mason Co., Ky., in the Ohio Valley. The place was the

steep northeast slope of a limestone hill and on its top, for the most

THE NAUTILUS. 91

part wooded and with thick underbrush and tall annuals. On the

26th Dr. Ortmann and I collected for two hours at Pleasant Valley,

Nicholas Co., Ky., in the Licking Valley, on a steep, rocky south-

east slope, also limestone. At both places I had no chances to look

for minutiae, could do no sifting and brushing. The list of species

found is naturally short, and is given below for two reasons: probably

no collecting has been done there before, and there were a few inter-

esting forms on which some notes are added. It may be noted, by

the way, that all of the Polygyre found were represented at Pleasant

Valley—truly pleasant to the conchologist—certainly a large number

found on a small spot and in a short time of hurried collecting. In

the notes, M stands for Maysville and P for Pleasant Valley.

Gastrodonta ligera Say. Abundant at M, especially on a loose,

old stone wall, a large form, the shells whitish in some specimens,

vividly yellow towards the aperture on others. Less common at P,

much smaller, the spire higher, and in most specimens dome-shaped.

Omphalina inornata Say. At P, not common.

Omphalina levigata perlevis Pils. Shell more depressed than that

of the common form and smaller; color amber, paler at the base, red

dish above; with the soft parts in the shell, the latter appears some-

what olive beneath and brownish above; the radial striz above are

slighter, less sharp, subregular, and there are no revolving lines; the

nucleus has the same striz, regular, and coarser than those on the

upper part of the post-embryonal shell; diam. 17, alt. (total) 11 mill.;

in other exs. 15 and 9 mill.; the radula has 29 transverse rows of

m + 18(19) teeth, and there are no perfect admedian, as described

by W.G. B. All specimens were alike except for differences in size.

Pleasant Valley, Nicholas Co., Kentucky. The snail has not the

appearance of O. levigata, rather that of tnornuta, for which it was

mistaken at first sight; but the umbilicus is somewhat wider, and

there are other differences, as noted. It agrees in the main with

O. 1. perlevis, though the color is different.

Hyalina indentata Say. One specimen at M.

Agriolimax campestris Binney. At both places.

Circinaria concava Say. Abundant at both places, larger at M.

Patula alternata Say. Common at M, large; less common and

smaller at P.

Polygyra albolabris Say. A few specimens at P.

P. zuleta Binney. Not rare at P, mostly empty shells of decidedly

92 THE NAUTILUS.

different forms. One specimen, a dead shell, which may be of the

same, is high, globose, diam. 25, alt. 21 mill., with the last whorl

considerably descending towards the aperture, and the latter quite

inferior and oblique, somewhat triangular, like that of P. elevata, but

there are only a little over six whorls, and the spire is less conical.

P. thyroides Say. Common at both places, abundant on the hill-

top at M; rather large, with strong shell and lip.

P. pennsylvanica Green. A few at P, shell rather high.

P. mitchelliana Lea. One at P, found by Dr. Ortmann.

P. palliata Say. <A few at P.

P. appressa Say. Common at M,.mostly young; abundant at P,

mostly dead shells.

P. inflecta Say. Common at P, quite small, diam. 9.5-10.5 mill.;

color from light to brownish.

P. tridentata juxtidens Pils. Common at P, small, with a narrow

umbilicus, strong lip and high parietal lamina; the curve between the

upper and lower “‘ teeth ”’ of the peristome is narrow and rather angu-

lar at the periphery, and in most specimens there is an additional thin

lamella extending downward and inward from the upper tooth.

From ‘ts whole configuration this form appears to represent a

variety.

P. fraterna Say. At both places. In some specimens the umbili-

cus is covered or nearly so, in others rather open, and the base

around the umbilicus is rather excavated, as in P. monodon (leat).

The surface of all is finely and densely hirsute, and the color is light

brown.

P. stenotrema Fér. Common at P. There are two forms, one of

them with a large notch in the peristome, and also otherwise differ-

ent, as also seen from other places; a few notes on them will follow.

Bifidaria contracta Say. One at M.

B. tappaniana Ad. One at M.

NOTES ON ORIENTAL UNIONIDE.

‘BY L. S. FRIERSON.

The following notes are offered as so many “addenda et corri-

genda” to Mr. Chas. T. Simpson’s great work, ‘‘ The Synopsis of

the Naiades: ”

THE NAUTILUS. 93

Unio vestitus Heude.

Described by R. P. Heude in 1883 in Conch, Fluv. Nanking,

VIII, plate Iviii, fig. 112, and plate lix, fig. 116.

Mr. Simpson very properly changed the specific name vestitus,

it having, as he remarks, been preoccupied by Lea. Mr. Simpson

erred, however, in thinking that the two figures represented different

species, so diverse as to be placed in different genera, i. e., fig. 112 |

a Quadrula, and fig. 116 a Schistodesmus. The two figures are, as

Heude ‘says, one species. Mr. Simpson’s new name for fig. 112,

Quadrula ovata, will have precedence, and the shell being properly a

Schistodesmus will therefore be ‘called Schistodesmus ovatus Simpson,

and Mr, Simpson’s name for fig. 116, Schistodesmus spinosus, becomes

a synonym.

Uni10 compressus Heude.

Conch. Fluv. Nank., III, 1877, plate xxiv, fig. 52.

This specific name, being preoccupied, was changed by Mr. Simp-

son and called by him Ptychorynchus incertus Simpson, and the Unio

murinus of Hende placed as a synonym, although the murinus had

been published some seventeen years previously. This slip, how-

ever, was corrected in the ‘‘ Errata” by Mr. Simpson by placing

murinus as the specific name, and ¢ncertus Simpson becomes obsolete.

But Mr. Simpson evidently overlooked the fact that this name of

compressus had been subsequently abandoned by Heude himself, and

that its natural affinities had been pointed out by Heude not once

but twice. So far from being so closely allied to the Ptychorynchus

murinus Heude, it is not even entitled to being placed in the same

genus at all, but is very close to the Nodularia douglasie Gray. In

fact Heude in the first mention of the species (fig. 52, plate xxiv)

ealls attention to its kinship to the Unzo sculptus Deshayes, which he

figures on the same plate, and which figure Mr. Simpson places as a

synonym of douglasie. Afterwards Heude abandoned the name

compressus and substituted the name subpressus (Conch. Fluv. Nank.,

IX, 1883, pl. Ixv—‘' Remarks opposite’’), which he then places as a

variety of douglasie Gray.

(This whole double plate of douglas’@ Gray and its varieties, as

given by Heude, is omitted by Mr. Simpson in the references under

Unio douglasia, page 808, of the Synopsis.)

This shell, however, is a good species, allied to douglasig, but

94 THE NAUTILUS.

differs in the truncated and much split-up cardinal teeth and the

broadly rounded posterior end of the shell. ‘The compressus of Heude

will therefore be called Nodularia subpressa Heude.

(To be continued.)

THE DISCHARGE OF THE GLOCHIDIA IN THE UNIONIDE.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

Only Lea has published a few facts which bear upon the question

of how the glochidia of the Uniontde, contained in the marsupium,

are set free (Observ., II, x), but some of his observations are entirely

wrong, Further, Simpson (Pr. U.S. Mus. 22, 700, p. 616) believes

that the ‘“‘ovisacs”? (which I call now placentule) of the genus

Stroplhitus are discharged through the walls of the gills, which

again is wrong.

According to my observations the glochidia are discharged in the

natural way in the following species: Quadrula subrotunda (Lea),

Quadrula undulata (Barn.), Pleurobema coveineum (Conr.), Pleuro-

bema xsopus (Green), Strophitus edentulus (Say), Symphynota costata

(Raf.), Anodontoides ferussacianus (Lea), Anodonta tmbecillis Say.

This natural way is: they go from the water-tubes (ovisacs), inside

of which they develop, into the suprabranchial canal, from this into

the cloacal chamber, and thence go out of the soft parts and the shell

by way of the anal opening.

In Quadrula subrotunda, Pleurobema coccineum and gsopus, the

whole placentae are discharged. In Strophitus edentulus the whole

placentule are discharged, but sometimes the glochidia become free

already in the suprabranchial canal, In the other four species named

the glochidia are rather loose when discharged, and are issued in the

form of irregular masses, which do not stick together, so as to pre-

serve the shape of the placenta.

Entirely different from these shells, which belong to the two sub-

families of the Undonide and Anodontine, is the discharge in the

Lampsiling. Were the glochidia do not go out by the natural chan-

nels, but break through the walls of the gills, at the edge of the mar-

supium, by small holes formed for this purpose, which close again

after the discharge. Each ovisac (water-tube) has one hole at its

distal end, and the glochidia are generally discharged in irregular

masses, rather loosely connected, without preserving the shape of the

TILE NAUTILUS. 95

placenta. Only in one case, Ptychobranchus, the placentz are dis-

charged whole,

Through ihese holes, of course, the glochidia are emptied into the

branchial chamber, and from this they must go out through the

branchial opening.

I have directly observed this discharge through the edge of the

marsupium in the following species: Ltychobranchus phaseolus

(Hildr.) (specimen preserved in alcohol in the act of discharging),

Lamps‘lis luteola (Lam.), Lampsilis ventricosa (Barn.), and Lamp-

silis multiradiata (Lea) (seen in life).

I have seen evidence of this discharge, in the shape of openings at

the edge of the marsupium, in alcoholic material of Lampsilis luteola

(Lam.), Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea), ‘ampsilis nasuta (Say),

Proptera alata (Say), P. gracilis (Barn.), aud Obovaria circulus

(Lea).

It is very likely that the peculiar morphological structure of the

marsupium of the Lampsiline is directly connected with and due to

this ** unnatural” discharge of the glochidia, and thus we would be

able to correlate the chief morphological differentiation of the Lamp-

siling with a physiological differentiation. In the other two sub-

families, Uniontde and Anodonting, the primitive and natural way

of discharge has been preserved.

But also between these latter two subfamilies we have morpho-

logical differences which are connected with physiological differenti-

tion: the Unionide possess the more primitive structure of the mar-

supium, and they are all ‘*summer breeders,” or, to express the

characteristic feature, are forms with a short breeding season. The

glochidia are here discharged as soon as they are fully developed.

In the Anodonting we observe highly complex structures of the mar-

supium, which apparently are correlated with the fact that they are

‘¢ winter breeders,” or forms with a long breeding season. Here the

glochidia, after being fully developed, are not immediately dis-

charged, but are carried through the winter, and for this purpose

special structures are present which serve for the proper aeration of

the marsupium during this period.

I publish these observations and conclusions chiefly with a view to

induce others to test them by looking for additional cases in other

species and genera.

NOTES ON CALIFORNIA SHELLS.

BY W. H. DALL.

During the past summer I visited the Pacific coast with the object

of gathering data on the tertiary and recent mollusk faunas of the

96 THE NAUTILUS.

Californian region, and had the good fortune to be able to inspect

nearly all the collections in private or public hands, which were of

importance for my studies. I propose from time to time to give the

readers of the NauTius the benefit of some of my notes made dur-

ing the past summer,

One of tlhe most esthetically attractive collections on the coast,

containing large series of many of the rarer Calfcrnian marine shells,

is that of "Dr Roo. Tremper at Ontario, Cal. These specimens are

mostly from southern California, and comprise besides mollusea a fine

series of the beautifully colored brachiopods of the region, Lagueus

ealifornicus, the attractive crimson-tinted variety (rubescens) of

Terebratula transversa, the white Terebratulina kitensis (also known

from Japan) and the gorgeous vermilion-streaked Jerebratula obso-

leta. Attached by their peduncles to a rock brought up on a fisher-

man’s hook from 60 fathoms off Redondo were the first and last

mentioned species, with another which I did not recognize as Cali-

fornian, and which proved on comparison to be the Japanese 7Jere-

bratulina crosset Davidson, now for the first time reported from the

eastern border of the north Pacific. Another shell which seemed

particularly attractive, and which was new to me, was a variety of

Lottia gigantea, which may be called albomaculata, offering, instead

of the usual brown and grey upper surface, the feature of being

spotted with rounded white maculations regularly disposed. A pretty

rariety (called by Mr. Hemphill var. Zrempert) ot the fine purple-

brown Murex carpentert Dall is decorated with two neat white bands

below the periphery. This was obtained by Dr. Tremper in 385

fathoms, off Newport, with many of the typical form.

This collection contains, among other things, a most brilliant.

series of the Pecten hastatus Sowerby in a great number of color

varieties and fully the size of the northern P. her{ceus Gould. On

some of these, near the byssal notch, were seated examples of Capu-

lus californicus, now for the first time reported as commensal with

any species except P. diegensis.

I may add to this note that through the intervention of a friend I

was able to purchase at Venice a specimen of Haliotis cracherodit,

which is believed by west coast collectors to be unique. It is a per-

fectly normal, moderate-sized specimen, probably obtained on the

coast of Los Angeles county, rather more elevated than the average,

and which has not been cleaned or modified in any way. Its pecu-

liarity consists in the fact that it has never possessed the slightest

trace of a perforation, even in the youngest stages, and there is not

even a suspicion of a notch at the margin. Other specimens like

Hemphill’s remarkable variety holznert lave been seen with very few

perforations (Stearns records one with only two holes and a notch),

but these had earlier perforations which had been closed up and were

more or less abnormal in other respects. The present specimen

differs from all of them in never having had any holes whatever.

mHE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXIV. JANUARY, 1911. No. 9

NOTES ON ORIENTAL UNIONIDE.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

PSEUDODON.

This genus of shell verges on one hand into Nodularia and on an-

other is close to Virgus. A couple of specimens of Pseudodon resuspi-

natus Martens show an outline and sculpturing very much like Virgus,

while specimens of Nodularia (probably) brandtii from Japan show

a very close kinship to Pseudodon in its teeth and general facies.

Several specimens of Pseudodon having beak sculpturing show that

the genus has essentially concentric and not radial sculpture.

Hence the genus must be removed from the Hyrtaneé and placed in

the Unionine (page 515). One specimen has perfect beaks, and in

this species, P. resuspinatus Martens, the sculpture consists of a

double row of V’s, one with the angle pointing down the posterior

umbonal slope, the other down the anterior slope, and the arms

coalescing in the middle of the shell thus, W. As the shell grows

the angles become greater, so that on the body of the shell a roughly

concentric sculpture finally results.

NopvuLARIA.

Considerable changes will have to be made in this genus. Nodu-

laria grayana Lea, N. japanensis Lea, N. involuta Benson, NV. pazit

Lea, WV. crispata Gould form a heterogeneous assemblage truly.

The situation is but little relieved by the several sections into which

the genus is cut.

Mr. Simpson himself, in letters, states that because the J. caffer

has been found to carry eggs in the inner gill, the section “‘Cafferta”’

98 THE NAUTILUS.

should be removed from Nodularia and be placed in Unio next to the

Unionid section Lapidosus. Still the situation requires heroic treat-

ment. One or two obvious points are:

(1) Nodularia orientalis Lea is. placed by Mr. Simpson in this

genus, it is true, as he observes, with much doubt because of paucity

of material. This shell, however, both by its geographical distribu-

tion as well as by its whole facies, belongs to the genus Rectidens.

(2) Nodularia pazii Lea. This shell and ingallsiana Lea have

sandwiched between them the Nodularia jourdyt. Yet these species

are by no means akin, the latter being a true Nodularia, while for

the accommodation of the other two species, and probably others, a

new genus should be erected.

The Unio ingallsiana Lea differs generically from Nodularia in

having little or no beak sculpturing and in having a smooth shell.

Its cardinal teeth are blade-like and double in the right valve

and single in the left. The cardinal teeth form a part of the

general inner curvature of the shell, not having a ‘ fulcrum ” (as the

buttress-like thickening of the noose supporting the cardinal teeth,

and extending posterior to the adductor scar, may be called), which

is so generally shown in most Unionidg. The ‘third anterior

muscular scar” is separate from the anterior adductor scar, whereas

in Nodularia they are always confluent and not easy to differentiate.

For those shells, as the Unio pazit Lea (and ingallsiana Lea),

exhibiting these characters as outlined, the writer proposes the new

genus ENsIpENs. ‘Two other peculiarities of the two species named

may prove to be of generic significance, but at present they may be

regarded as being of specific import merely. These are the entire

confluence of the anterior adductor and the “ protractor pedis’? mus-

cle scar, and that the escutcheon is half way the length of the lateral

teeth.

CIVILIZATION AND SNAILS.

BY V. STERKI.

It is known that in a general way land and fresh-water mollusks

have been decreasing in numbers in consequence of deforestation

and cultivation of the land, directly and indirectly by the atmos-

phere becoming more dry, the disappearance of springs, drying up of

THE NAUTILUS. 99

creeks, at least during part of the year, which means the destruction

of nearly their entire faunas, the drainage of swamps, ponds and

lakes. Over large parts of Ohio, e. g., there are at present probably

less than twenty, or ten, per cent. of the number of mollusks which

populated them fifty or seventy years ago.

And yet it appears that the effect on certain species is rather to

the contrary, and some have become common, or even abundant, at

some places under changed conditions. The following are examples:

Vallonia are not common in the forest, even rarely found there, but

are more frequent in the open, among grass, etc. V. pulchella, ex-

centrica and costata are common, e. g., under old bricks, boards, etc.,

in stone heaps, in towns and cities. V. excentrica is living in count-

less numbers in lawns which are regularly sprinkled, e. g., at Pitts-

burg, collected by Mr. Geo. H. Clapp, and at Cleveland, by Mr. J. A.

Allen. A single house lawn is populated by more individuals than

there were on a thousand acres of original forest. In lawns at Hud-

son, O., V. pulchella and excentrica are common, as found by Dr.

Rush, and there associated with Vertigo pygm@a Drap., which is

decidedly rare in Ohio. Zonitoides minusculus is common at many

places, under bricks and stones, in company with Vallonia, and Bifi-

daria procera Gld. I have found common in an old brickyard at

Washington, D. C., and under limestone slabs at Cincinnati.

Gastrodonta ligera, generally not frequent in the woods, at least in

eastern Ohio, is common and often abundant, e. g., on railway

embankments, especially among dense plant growth, like Saponaria

officinalis, and, as cited elsewhere, it was found abundant along

garden walls and in thickets near houses in Kentucky. Patula stri-

atella (Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi), rare in the forest, is occa-

sionally found in large numbers under bricks, stones, old boards and

garbage material, in contrast to P. perspectiva, which is strictly con-

fined to the forest, and becoming rarer. Agrtolimax campestris is

now common in yards, gardens, around buildings, etc., and wherever

A. agrestis is introduced it is found in largest numbers at just such

places, while in Europe it has long been a pest to garden and field

cultures. Also in Europe the largest numbers of existing Limax

maximus L. are in cellars of houses, in greenhouses and similar

places, and so it is in this country where the slug is introduced.

Immense numbers of Pupoides marginatus, doing considerable dam-

age to strawberries, and Veronicella, destructive to tomato plantations

100 THE NAUTILUS.

on the Bahamas, are illustrative examples of how certain snails are

thriving under favorable conditions.

One of the most notable instances of this kind is the following:

Bithynia tentaculata, since its introduction from Europe, has rapidly

gained ground and is now widely distributed and common, e. g., in

Lake Erie. At the waterworks of Erie, Pa., where the intake is

four or five miles out in the lake, about one mile outside of Presque

Isle, the ‘‘ wells at the pumping station are periodically filled up with

these snails, which have to be taken out by the wagon loads. And

they are also driven through the pipes over the city, and often plug

up faucets.””’ Examination showed that almost all are dead shells of

Bithynia, with occasionally a Planorbis or Physa mixed in. The

same trouble may be experienced at other waterworks along the lake,

yet the first engineer of those at Cleveland told me that they had no

difficulty of this kind so far.

It is well known that canals have been excellent habitats for mol-

lusks, and richly populated, especially with Unzonide and Spheriida,

and were highways of migration from drainage to drainage for many

species. The more it is deplored by the conchologist that many of

them have been neglected and abandoned of late years.

To come back to Jand snails, it may be said that in Europe a large

number of them have become regular habitants of walls, yards, gar-

dens, vineyards, orchards and fields, much more so than in most

parts of North America, and in both respects more species and more

individuals. In part this is no doubt due to the fact that ‘‘ over

there’? a large part of the land has been deforested and cultivated

for centuries, and the snails had all that time to accommodate them-

selves to changed conditions. However, it must be taken into

account that most of western and middle Europe has a more or less

maritime climate, with higher humidity of the air and less severe

changes of temperature, than most of North America, which is more

continental. At such places of the Old World, as mentioned, there

are the many species of various groups of Helix (s. lat.), Torquilla

and other Pupide, Olausilia, etc., most of which are out in daylight,

while our Polygyring and most other land snails (few of them con-

spicuous) are much more retiring and not, or rarely, seen during

the day.

One effect of civilization and international and intercontinental

trade and travel is the introduction of mollusca from one country or

THE NAUTILUS. 101

continent to another, intentionally or accidentally, with plants, seeds,

ballast, etc. A rather large number of species have come over from

Europe to this country, and there is no doubt that the process will

go on.

SHELLS FROM THE BAY OF CADIZ REGION.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.

(Concluded from p. 83.)

Cassis saburon Brug. Cassis undulata Gmel.

Morio echinophora L.

Dolium sp. Said by the fisherman to live in vast numbers in the

bay.

Amphiperas spelta L. Three in drift.

Cypraea achatidea Gray. One from a fisherman. Said to have

been taken here. The species I have represented in my collection

from Sicily and Oran on the Algerian coast.

Cypraea pyrum. Mrs, Whishaw, several.

Trivia europea Mont, <A few examples.

Erato laevis Donov. A few fine and many dead in drift. Prob-

ably lives nearby in deep water.

Chenopus pespelicani L. Mrs. Whishaw. Small form.

Triforis perversus L. Mostly young shells.

Cerithium rupestris Risso.

Cerithium vulgatum Brug. Probably living.

Bittium reticulatum Costa. The most plentiful species taken.

Vermetus subcancellatus Biv. One, worn.

Turitella communis Risso. Several.

Littorina clathratus Phil. Littorina neritoides Phil.

Littorina punctata Gmel.

Rissoa cimex L. Some with deep brown bands.

Rissoa lactea Mich. Pure white, a beautiful species.

Rissoa ventricosa Desh. The most abundant Rissoa.

Truncatella truncatula Mull. In drift.

Paludestrina acuta Drap. Common in drift. Undoubtedly also

lives near.

Calyptraea sinensis L. Mrs. W.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

Natica glaucina L. Appears to be this.

Natica hebraea Martyn. A well-known species.

Natica intracatoides Hid. Several.

Sigaretus philippii Weinkauff. Mrs. Whishaw has found two or

three in as many years.

Adeorbis subcarinata Mtg. Fine specimens in drift.

Scala commutata Mont. Scala lamellosa? Lam. A few.

Scala pulchella Biv. One in drift.

Leiostraca sp. May prove new.

Phasianella pulex L. Seldom fresh.

Astralium rugosum L. A large heavy shell.

Trochus lineatus Da Costa. Mrs. Whishaw. Trochus obliquata

Gmel.

Calliostoma zizyphinum L. Mostly worn specimens.

Haliotis tuberculata L. Mrs. Whishaw. Fissurella nubecula L.

A few.

Patella aspera Lam. Mrs. Whishaw. Patella vulgata L.

Plentiful.

POLYPLACOPHORA.

Chiton marginatus Pennant. Living under stones resting on mud.

ScAPHOPODA.

Dentalium dentalis L. Examples vary. Some smooth.

PELECYPODA.

Ostrea angulata? Lk. May be this.

Anomia ephippium L. Innumerable valves are constantly washed

on the beach.

Lima squamosa Lam. Mrs. Whishaw. A large valve.

Pecten jacobaeus L. Mrs. Whishaw.

Pecten sulcatus Born. Around Port Saint Mary.

Pecten varius L. Lives in Atlantic as well as Mediterranean.

Avicula tarentina Lam, Not rare.

Mytilus edulis L. Sold in fish markets.

Modiola barbata Lk. Arca barbata L. Mrs. Whishaw.

Pectunculus gaditanus Gmel. Many valves.

Cardita suleata Lam. Mrs. Whishaw.

Cardium edule L. Plentiful.

Cardium edule lamarcki Reeve. Several.

PLATE VI.

THE NAUTILUS, XXIV.

Jae=y an

ORTMANN: SOFT PARTS OF NATADES.

PILATE V11

THE NAUTILUS, XXIV.

ORTMANN: SOFT PARTS OF NAIADES.

< J

* *

F {

pat

‘

— . h

= by ;

aes of

] £

* *

* ‘

¥%s ¥

Ces

ily Feat

. Fy itn |

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. ij

3 anf

- W

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THE NAUTILUS. 103

Tapes decussatus L. A distinct species.

Tapes floridus Sow. Two examples.

Venerupis iris L. A Mediterranean shell.

Donax trunculus L.

Donax vittatus Lam. Smaller than the former.

Solen vagina L. Ceratisolen legumen L.

Mactra corallina L. Common. Lutraria elliptica Lk. Mrs.

Whishaw.

_ Pholas dactylus L. Probably will be found living.

Loripes lactea L. Single valves. Divaricella divaricata L.

Tellina cumana Costa. Not uncommon on mud flats.

Tellina distorta Poli. Rarely found.

Tellina planata L. One specimen.

Pandora inaequivalvis L. Mrs. Whishaw.

THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN EXOTIC NAIADES COM-

PARED WITH THAT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FORMS.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

Having studied the anatomy of the soft parts of a large number of

North American Unionidae, I published a preliminary account of the

results some time ago (NauTiLus, Feb. 23, 710, p. 114 ff.). This

had the effect that several exotic genera were submitted to me for

examination, on which I have reported also (Parreysia, in Nav-

TILvs, April 23, ’10, p. 139; Spatha, tbid., August, 710, p. 39).

The peculiar facts discovered in these shells induced me to select

some representative forms out of the large material of South Ameri-

can mussels in possession of the Carnegie Museum, and collected by

Mr. J. D. Haseman, since a comparison of these with the others was

much needed. A superficial examination revealed at once some

very interesting features, and so I made up my mind to condense the

chief results in the present paper, and to give the necessary figures

to illustrate them.

Of North American types I have used for comparison the genera

Margaritana, Quadrula and Unio. Margaritana stands by itself,

exhibiting some quite unique features. Quadrula and Unio (together

with Rotundaria and Pleurobema) are the most primitive forms

among the rest of the North American Unionidae, constituting my

104 THE NAUTILUS.

subfamily Unionineg. The other North American members of the

family (Anodonting and Lampsiling) may be disregarded, since they

are peculiarly developed and specialized, and have no closer relation-

ship with the exotic forms to be discussed here. Of the latter I shall

discuss the genera Parreysia and Lamellidens from Asia (india),

Spatha from Africa, and Hyria and Tetraplodon from South America,

with a few additional remarks on Castalina, Diplodon, Glabaris, Fos-

sula and Monocondylea, also from South America.

Tue Nortsa AMERICAN Forms.

All North American Unionide, including Margaritana, differ

from the African and South American types in two characters, not

mentioned by me previously. ‘These are the anterior attachment of the

inner gills and the shape of the palpi. ‘They agree in these with the

Asiatic genera. The inner gill decreases perceptibly in width toward

its anterior end; the latter is more or less in advance of the anterior

end of the outer gill, and it is attached for a longer or shorter dis-

tance to the ascending part of the mantle-attachment line, but it is

always distinctly separated from the posterior end of the palpi, gener-

ally by a considerable interval (see pl. v, figs. 1, 2,3, 4). Possibly

in Unio this interval is shortest; in all other forms (also in the

Anodonting and Lampsiling) it occupies generally the larger portion

of the ascending part of the mantle-attachment line. As regards the

shupe of the palpi, this character is not so sharply marked, but in the

North American forms they are more or less falcate, with a poste-

riorly drawn out point. The hind margin of the two palpi may be

more or less connected or almost free (compare the same figures

on pl. VI).

As to all other characters we are to separate Margaritana from the

rest of the North American forms, and I have created for it the sub-

family Margaritaning. As TI have pointed out in my first paper, the

chief differences are found in the conformation of the anal and

branchial openings, in that of the posterior end of the diaphragm,

and in the finer structure of the gills. In Margaritana margaritifera

(L.), branchial and anal opening form one large, uninterrupted

opening, and there is on the mantle margin no distinct separation

of them; the branchial is ill defined anteriorly, its papillae passing

rather far forward on the inner mantle edge and disappearing gradu-

ally, and there is n» supraanal opening. In fact there is no ten-

THE NAUTILUS. 105

dency whatever to unite the edges of the mantle at any point (see

pl. VI, fig. 1). The diaphragm is unique in this genus: the outer

lamina of the outer gills is posteriorly not connected with the mantle

for a considerable distance, in consequence of which the posterior

end of the gills (diaphragm) is drawn into a projecting, free point,

forming a very incomplete diaphragm between the anal and branchial

opening. And finally the gills possess the peculiar feature that they

have no water tubes, that is to say the connection between the two

laminz is not formed by continuous septa, but by isolated and irreg-

ularly scattered subcylindrical projections of the tissue, which some-

times are arranged in indistinct and diagonal rows.

Unio and Quadrula, on the contrary, show a tendency to more

sharply separate branchial and anal opening, and to develop a supra-

anal. The diaphragm is formed by the gills, which run backward

to or close to the mantle margin, the outer lamine of the outer gills

being connected with the mantle to their ends. Thus the edges of

the mantle are drawn together at this point, but without growing

together, which effects a sharp separation of the anal and branchial

opening. Further, the anal is limited above by the coalescence of

the inner mantle edges. This junction is rather short. and above it

a part of the original anal is left open, the supraanal opening (the

genus Rotundaria makes an exception, and has an anal like Marga-

ritana; also in the subfamily Lampsilinge we have an exception in

Lampsilis parva (Barn.), where the anal is entirely closed above, at

least sometimes). The branchial is better defined in front in these

forms by the sudden disappearance of the papille of the inner edge.

Finally the structure of the gills is characteristic; here there are

well developed water tubes, formed by septa running from base to

edge of the gill, generally without any interruption.

Unio and Quadrula are also characterized by the marsupium (the

marsupium of Margaritana is unknown). The water tubes (ovisacs)

are narrower, and the septa are stronger and closer together than in

the non-marsupial gills (see pl. VII, figs. land 2). Either all four of

the gills (Quadrula, pl. VII, fig. 1) or only the outer ones ( Unio, pl.

VII, fig. 2), in their whole length, are used as marsupium. There

are no additional differentiations in the marsupial gills, the gills

simply swelling during the period of gravidity, and the edges of the

gills do not undergo any change (this is different in the Anodonting

and Lampsiling).

106 THE NAUTILUS.

The larve of Unio and Quadrula are glochidia of simple, semi-

circular or semi-elliptical outline, with the anterior and posterior end

practically undistinguishable in the shell,

ASIATIC ForMS.

Parreysia wynegungaensis (Lea) (see Navutiuus, April, ’10, pl. VI,

fig. 4, and pl. VII, fig. 3) has essentially the structure of Quadrula.

The anal and branchial openings, the diaphragm, the palpi, gills and

marsupium are practically identical, as is also the general shape and

insertion of the gills (the inner separated from the posterior end of

the palpi). The only differences are found in the separation of the

anal and supraanal, which is somewhat longer, in the attachment of

the inner lamina of the inner gills to the abdominal sac, and in shell

characters, chief of which is the ‘‘ radial sculpture.”

In addition I have investigated a species of Lamellidens, to which

I am also indebted to the courtesy of Mr. Frierson.

Lamellidens consobrinus (Lea) from India; a sterile female is at

hand. This is generally like Parreysia in structure, not only in

those characters which agree with Quadrula, but also in the supra-

anal, which is rather widely separated from the anal, and in the

inner lamina of the inner gills, which is connected with the abdominal

sac.

But there is an important exception; only the outer gill is marsu-

pial, and at the posterior end of this gill there is almost one-fourth

of it of non-marsupial structure.

The septa are of the Quadrula and Unio type, but in the marsu-

pial part of the outer gill I observe some septa which are not com-

plete (see pl. VII, fig. 4), i. e., they arise from either lamina without

meeting in the middle of the interlaminar space; other septa are

connected only by their epithelial tissue, but most of them are

complete.

Possessing only a single individual, it is impossible to decide

whether this is a permanent or temporary structure. It might be

that the incomplete septa of the sterile female becomes complete in

the gravid female.

In a general way Lamellidens has the same relation to Parreysia

as Unio has to Quadrula. But it is by no means identical with Unio:

the structure of the supraanal, the inner lamina of the inner gill and

the marsupium separates it sufficiently. It remains to be seen

whether the posterior part of the outer gill is always non-marsupial.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

The shell of my specimen has nothing remarkable, and there is no

sculpture visible near the beaks.

According to the above observations there is no question that both

Parreysia and Lamellidens group with my subfamily Unionine, but

that they differ generically from the North American forms. The

investigation of more Asiatic types is very desirable.

AFRICAN Form.

Spatha kamerunensis Walker. In Navritus, August 24, ’10, p.

39, I have given the description of the soft parts of this species.

The chief differences from the North American, and also from the

Asiatic, forms are the following (see pl. VI, fig. 5, and pl. VII, fig. 5):

1. The inner gill decreases very little in width in front, and is

attached in its whole width to the whole length of the ascending part

of the mantle-attachment line, and thus its anterior end comes in

contact with the posterior end of the palpi.’

2. The palpi are broad and short, with a very insignificant point

behind, and not at all falcate; their posterior margins are not

connected.

3. The anal and branchial openings are sharply separated by a

bridge, formed by the firm union of the mantle edges, which extends

somewhat inward, and thus

4. The diaphragm is formed posteriorly by this bridge, and not

by the gills, which do not reach the posterior mantle margin.

5. The anal opening is closed above by the union of the inner

mantle edges without leaving a supraanal opening.’

6. The septa of the well developed water tubes are rather remote

from each other and strong.

7. In the female, the inner gills alone are used as marsupium, the

septa becoming wider, but not closer set (this structure practically

occupies the whole gill).

Larve were not found in the specimens at hand.

These differences, pre-eminently 1, 3, 4, and 7, are fundamental,

'1 The inner lamina of the inner gill is free from the abdominal sac, Accord-

to von Ihering (Zool. Anz. 14, ’91, p. 479, and 15, ’92, p. 2) it should be

connected,

?The anal opening is continued upward, above the rectum, as a supraanal

canal, which ends blindly.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

and distinguish Spatha at a glance from the North American shells,

as well as from the Asiatic Parreysia and Lamellidens, while, as we

shall see by comparison with South American shells, the shape of the

palpi, and the special structure of the water tubes is not so import-

ant, and while, in the development of the anal and supra-anal open-

ing, there are differences also in the South American shells.

SoutH AMERICAN Forms.

The following observations are new, and so it seems advisable, to

give a more complete description of the structure of the soft parts of

some of these forms. I select as the first, and most important, the

type-genus of the Hyriine.

Hyria corrugata Lamarck. ‘Two specimens are at hand, both

females, the one sterile, the other gravid, with eggs. They have

been collected by Mr. J. D. Haseman on Dec. 10, 09, on a sand

bar in Rio Tapajos, at Santarem, State of Para, Brazil. (See pl.

vii, fig. 6, and pl. vi, fig. 6).

Anal opening closed above by the connection of the inner mantle

edges without forming a supraanal opening, closed part about twice

as long as the anal opening.’ Anal opening a little shorter than the

branchial opening, separated from the latter by the solid union of the

inner mantle edges. Inner edge of anal opening almost smooth, of

the branchial opening with small papilla, which stop suddenly ante-

riorly, thus marking the anterior boundary of the branchial opening.

In front of this the inner mantle edges are smooth and perfectly un-

connected. (There is nothing like ‘‘ short, contractile siphons,” as

Simpson states on the authority of J. E. Gray, unless it should be

that the inner edge of the anal is capable of expansion.)

Palpi longer than wide, not falcate, although slightly produced

posteriorly, and bluntly pointed, not connected on the posterior

margin.

(To be continued.)

1 Under the closed part extends the supraanal canal, exactly as in Spatha,

although von Ihering asserts (Zool. Anz. 15,92, p, 2) that in the South Amer-

ican Unio (which includes Hyria, etc.) there is no such canal, and that the

mantle edge is affixed to the adductor muscle. The latter is impossible, since

there is the rectum above the adductor.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIV. FEBRUARY, 1911. No. 10

NOTES ON CALIFORNIA SHELLS (II).

BY, WILLIAM H. DALL.

Private collections at San Diego are numerous and interesting.

Those of Dr. Fred Baker, Prof. Kelsey, Miss Cooke, Mr. Gripp,

Mrs. Stephens and C. R. Orcutt may be especially noted.

The Biological Station formerly at La Jolla is now removed sev-

eral miles northward to escape the effects of sewage, etc., from such

a rapidly-growing suburb, upon the fauna. The molluscan collec-

tions are unimportant, the energies of the staff of the station, under

the supervision of Dr. Ritter, being at present chiefly devoted to

problems of physical hydrology. Being the nearest United States

port to Lower California and the Gulf, the collectors of San Diego

have unusual opportunities for obtaining specimens from these locali-

ties through small coast traders and collectors of guano and salt.

Mr. Hemphill, so long a resident of San Diego, has removed his

collection to Oakland, where it is still packed up, so there was no

opportunity for studying the rich collections of this veteran field

naturalist. It is to be hoped they will be acquired by one of the

public institutions of California, none of which at present has a truly

representative series of the California shells.

BATHYTOMA TREMPERIANA, new species?

Among the various collections studied, a form of Bathytoma was

frequently noted which is differentiated from the B. carpenteriana

by what seem to be very constant characters. Of these Dr. Tremper

has a particularly large series. It is possible that these differences

110 THE NAUTILUS.

may be sexual, but, if not, it seems that it is specifically distinct.

The shell is small, in the adult stage averaging about 62 mm. in

length, against 90 to 110 mm. for the fully adult carpenteriana. It

is proportionately much heavier, the anal fasciole is more strongly

constricted, and the appressed margin of the whorl does not approach

as closely to the periphery of the preceding whorl as in that species.

The periphery is often marked by a minutely beaded or undulate

thread, and is more nearly midway between the sutures on the spire

than in carpenteriana. The aperture is shorter than the spire in

nearly every case, while the reverse is true of carpentertana. ‘The

average proportions of the new form, which I propose to call B.

tremperiana, and of B. carpenteriana, from measurements of 8 and

25 specimens respectively, are as follows:

B. tremperiana: aperture 32.1, spire 32.2, diam. 20.7 mm.

B. carpenteriana: aperture 34.6, spire 29.4, diam. 22.6 mm.

B. stearnsiana; aperture 26.2, spire 23.2, diam. 17.8 mm.

Dr. Tremper writes me that his examination of his series of 33

specimens of tremperiana confirms the above distinctions.

B. tryoniana Gabb seems (after an examination of nearly all the

extant specimens) to be merely a variety of carpenteriana, with an

unusual development of tubercles or nodes on the periphery or

shoulder of the whorls.

The range of 6. carpenteriana extends from Tomales Bay, north

of San Francisco, to San Diego, in 20 to 158 fathoms, and to Cerros

Island. B. tremperiana is known from off Santa Cruz, California,

south to Cerros Island, and has been dredged living in from 29 to

822 fathoms by the U.8.S. Albatross, a remarkable bathymetric

range.

MOoODIOLUS DIEGENSIS, new species.

In Mr. Gripp’s collection, which is notable for the taste and care

with which the specimens are displayed, I found a small species of

Modiolus or Myrina from San Diego, which seems to be undescribed.

Shell small, zoned with dark blue, the unbones usually white,

covered with an olivaceous brown periostracum; anterior end very

short, rounded, with two or three radial grooves externally; unbones

moderately prominent; dorsal profile ascending, nearly straight,

subangulate behind, the margin carried with a broad sweep to the

base where it meets the posterior end of an obscure ridge radiating

THE NAUTILUS. 11k

from the unbones, in front of which the valves are more or less con-

stricted, and, on the base, flattened, giving a slightly arcuate aspect

to the shell; valves with a very slight rather anterior gape; interior

polished, dark blue, much as in Mytilus edulis, the ligament long,

the anterior margin with three or four crenulations corresponding to

the external radial grooves, Length 19; max. height 6.5; diameter

5.5; unbones behind the anterior end of shell 1.0 mm.

This shell recalls Aduda of Carpenter but seems not to be a borer,

and is without the peculiar fine transverse sculpture of the two

Californian species of Adula. It may possibly be referable to the

genns Myrina.

In Miss Cooke’s collection, which is notable for the Gulf of

California shells collected by the late Capt. Porter, one of the things

most striking to the visitor is her fine series of polished specimens

of the rare red variety of Haliotis cracherodi. Her best specimen,

of a glowing vermilion, is resplendant. Among the specimens

interesting as extending the known range, in her collection, are

Mitra belehert Swainson, from Magdalena Bay, Lower California;

Cymatium wiegmanni, from the same locality; Strombus peruvianus

from the Tres Marias Islands, and Pachypoma inequale without

waves and with a finer type of sculpture, from San Diego. A form

of Pachypoma, which appears to be new, is from the Gulf of Cali-

fornia. It is somewhat smaller than the average inequale, has much

the same color and sculpture, but is proportionately much higher and

narrower, having much the form of ‘ Chlorostoma’ brunneum. It

might be called for the present P. ing@quale var. spiratum.

One of the most interesting and surprising facts is conclusively

proven by material in this collection. Specimens of the ‘* Uvanilla’’

regina, Stearns, with the dried animal having the operculum still

attached to it, show that the species isa Tegula,* notwithstanding

the remarkable resemblance of the shell to the true Uvanillas of

the Gulf, which possess a heavy calcareous operculum. In the

regina the operculum is horny and moderately multispiral. This

fact had indeed been previously mentioned to me, but it was not

until I saw the operculum actually attached to the animal, that I was

relieved of a lingering doubt as to whether some mistake had not

been made.

* More commonly called by the name ChAlorostoma,

4112 THE NAUTILUS.

Another interesting shell is a specimen of Voluta deshayesit from

Clipperton Island. The vessel which brought it was a small coaster

which was sent direct to the uninhabited Clipperton Island from

San Diego for a load of guano, and returned to San Diego without

touching at any other point. So Miss Cooke warrantably concludes

that the shell could not have been obtained elsewhere; and, as it is a

rather dull and battered specimen, was not likely to have been

carried there, especially as there is no trade between Clipperton

Island and the Australian seas.

Miss Cooke has Fusinus luteopictus Dall, from the Gulf of Cali-

fornia, and Mitra lens from Scammon’s Lagoon at the western elbow

of the Lower Californian peninsula.

Several of the collectors have found Pteria sterna on the San

Diego breakwater, and Melina chemnitziana at the Coronado islands,

southwest of San Diego.

Mrs. Stephens has received Rangia lecontei Conrad from the

locality known as ‘ Flowing Wells’ in the Colorado desert.

Dr. Baker’s collection contains (from 40 fathoms off San Clemente

island) Lucina edentuloides Verrill, Calliostoma variegatum Carpen-

ter, and a Natica not yet identified.

A NOTE ON ISAPIS OBTUSA CPR.

BY A. W. HANHAM.

Among some local species submitted to the Rev. G. W. Taylor, of

the Marine Biological Station at Departure Bay, Vancouver Island,

in June of 1909, was an Jsapis which he did not recognize at the

time, but all the shells were dead specimens, having been taken

under stones, at low tides, inhabited by hermit crabs. Even these

had not been abundant, and the small ‘lot ’’ was the catch of several

seasons. The species proves to be Jsapis obtusa Cpr., and it was

kindly named for me this fall by Dr. Paul Bartsch, of the United

States National Museum.

It is mentioned in Keep’s ‘“‘ West American Shells,” as is also

Isapis fenestratus Cpr., but no particular locality is given for either.

The latter species is included in the Rev. G. W. Taylor’s “ Pre-

liminary Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of the Pacific Coast of

Canada,” but only as a great rarity. Jsapis obtusa Cpr. is not

mentioned.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

There is little about JZ. obtusa to recommend it, certainly nothing

graceful or beautiful, though full-grown specimens are a fair size.

The object of this note is to record the capture this summer, by

accident or by luck, of living shells. As Mr. Taylor did not know

it, I judged it might be a good species, and so decided that it was

worth a special search this season. My earliest ‘‘ hunts” in May

and June, at low tides, netted me nothing except a few more dead

specimens, although I carefully searched the pools at lowest tides,

the exposed rocks with their covering of sea-weeds, the haunts of

hermit crabs under rocks and stones, sea kelp washed up on shore,

and even the inside of any large dead shell. I had about decided

that nothing but dredging would bring it to light.

Towards the end of July I joined my family in camp, under can-

vas, at Maple Bay, for a three weeks’ holiday. This Bay is 4 or 5

miles from our home on Quamichan Lake, and is situated on the

east, or inside, coast of Vancouver Island. While the bay is rather

shut in, it is by no means a small one, but most of the shore is

rocky, with little beach. The beach proper is but little more than a

quarter of a mile in length, and the greater part is a fine shale. At

one end at low tide it is quite muddy, but the other has some nice

patches of clean sand, with boulders liberally distributed. It was

here that I had taken the dead shells, and it was here also that I

went “clam digging ” to replenish our larder and add some variety

to camp fare. One day after turning the clams out of the pail I

found quite a sediment of sand, and a rather casual examination

brought to my notice several small univalves, which on closer inspec-

tion I recognized as the shell I was hunting for, and better than that,

living examples, though rather immature.

The next morning I followed the tide out to the spot where I had

dug the clams, but even then I failed to find any more until I started

to dig more clams, and even then it was not right away that I found

them. Perseverance, however, brought reward, for presently I

found one on a clam, and before very long I was taking them in

ones and twos, or even little groups, in this way. Perhaps not more

than one clam in twenty had the Jsapis on them, though some spots

proved rich and others barren, and this I found true when digging

for them on other occasions. The Jsapis was found only on living

shells, and they were liable to turn up on those dug from extreme

low tide to not very far below high-water mark, and on shells that

were buried from two to six inches or more.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

The clam is Tapes staminea Conrad, and while this was the most

abundant species, other bivalves, as Cardium nuttalli, Conrad, and

some species of Macoma were present in fair numbers. It was

however only on the Tapes that any /sapis were found. On these

they adhered quite closely, so that the digging, and even a rinse

did not appear to dislodge them.

While it was seldom that I found more than two or three Jsapis

on one shell, and usually only one, in several cases, I took a Tapes

with a whole lot of small fry massed together, perhaps as many as

20 fine shells, and others had what looked like the spawn. Their

position on the Tapes was always close to the lips, and I think nearly

always in the depression close to the beaks. Besides this species I

took more rarely on the Tapes, a species of Odostomia (lvalea); it

also occurred on the Cardium. Dr. Bartsch says of it, “ too young

to permit of positive specific identification.’’ This Jvalea may have

been more abundant than I found it, being of such small size, and as

I discovered very easily rubbed off. It appears to me not unlikely

that lsapis fenestrata, may have similar habits, and that therefore,

where it has been taken dead and rarely, it may prove quite as

plentiful as J. obtusa has in this case. I should say that in our

Northern waters, obtusa must be very local, or it would surely have

been turned up “dead” long before this, by the collectors, who

have done considerable collecting and dredging on our British

Columbia coasts.

Included in this sending to Dr. Bartsch was Odostomia (Amaura)

talpa Dall & Bartsch, which appears to be new to our B. C. Lists,

and which species I gathered in fair numbers in this same spot, at

extreme low tide, all dead and containing hermit crabs.

THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN EXOTIC NAIADES COM-

PARED WITH THAT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FORMS.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

(Continued from p. 108.)

Gills long and narrow, the inner the wider. Edge of inner gill

with the usual longitudinal furrow, which is missing on the outer

gill. Outer gill gradually narrowing anteriorly, its anterior end

situated at the highest point of the mantle-attachment line. Inner

THE NAUTILUS. 115

gill hardly narrower anteriorly, its anterior insertion broad, occupy-

ing the whole space between the anterior end of the outer gill and

the posterior end of the palpi (the ascending part of the mantle-

attachment line); the inner gill is in direct continuation of and in

contact with the inner palpus, in fact the base of the latter is actually

connected with the inner gill for a short distance.

Outer lamina of outer gill entirely connected with the mantle;

inner lamina of inner gill entirely connected with abdominal sac;

posteriorly to the foot the two inner laminz are connected with each

other as usual, thus forming the diaphragm, but the four gills do not

extend as far back as to the posterior mantle margin, and the poste-

rior part of the diaphragm is formed by the union of the two mantle

edges, which form a solid bridge (d in the figure 6 on pl. ii). The

latter is 4 mm. long, while the gill part of the diaphragm is 16 mm.

long (in a specimen of which the total length of the soft parts is:

about 82 mm.

A male not being present, the structure of the gills cannot be made

out, but it very likely is identical with the structure of the outer gill

in the female.

In the female the inner gill serves as marsupium, but only the

inner portion of it, about one-fourth of its length at the anterior end

and a little less than one-fourth at the posterior end, being non-

marsupial. The swelling of the marsupium during the breeding sea-

son is not very great, and its edge remains sharp.

In the non-marsupial outer gill a development of septa and water

tubes is barely indicated, in fact there are none, as compared with

North American forms. There are rather slight, indistinct and dis-

tant ridges running on the inner side of the lamine from base to edge,

parallel to the direction of the filaments, but these ridges are not

connected with each other across the interlamellar cavity, except at

certain points by more or less cylindrical connections. The latter

are more distinct and frequent and stronger near the base of the

gill; they are rather scarce and slight in the middle of the gill, and

again better developed toward the edge, where they sometimes are

slighly elongated and like septa. But there are no continuous septa

whatever, and thus the interlamellar space is not divided into water

tubes.

In the marsupial part of the inner gill the connections between

the two laminz are more crowded and numerous and become more

116 THE NAUTILUS.

regular, but they do not form complete septa; an arrangement into

septa is indicated in so far as the connections stand in rows, but the

septa remain, so to speak, perforated, the holes in them being about

as long or slightly longer than the connections, and in the most cen-

tral part of the gill an alternating arrangement of adjacent rows is

noticed. Thus there are no distinct ovisacs, the latter forming rather

a network of communicating tubes. In the non-marsupial anterior

and posterior end of the inner gills the structure is similar to the

outer gill. The interlamellar connections of the marsupium are

rather thick, with thick epithelium, and when the marsupium is

charged they stretch out considerably.

In the gravid female at hand the marsupium was filled with eggs

in various stages of development, which were rather free from each

other, not forming placentze. No fully developed larve were seen.

The following four characters of Hyria are of prime importance:

- 1. The closing of the anal opening above without forming a supra-

anal. 2. The separation of the anal from the branchial opening by

a solid bridge, formed by the union of the mantle edges (diaphragm).

3. The contiguity of the inner gill with the inner palpus. 4. The

location of the marsupium in the inner gill alone. None of these

characters is found in any North American shell, but all four are

observed in Spatha. In addition, the palpi are more like Spatha in

their general shape, although they differ somewhat.

The most important difference from Spatha consists of the structure

of the gills, chiefly the marsupium. Septa and. water tubes are very

rudimentary in the non-marsupial gill, and the interrupted septa and

communicating water tubes of the marsupium are quite unique. In

this respect Hyria may be compared only with Margaritana, but in

the latter genus the interlamellar connections are quite irregular, and

do not show the slightest arrangement in rows parallel to the fila-

ments. Although there is a certain analogy to Margaritana there is

surely no homology.

Another important difference is the restriction of the marsupium

to a part of the gill, while the complete connection of the inner

lamina of the inner gill with the abdominal sac is apparently of

minor value.

The conclusion is that Hyria undoubtedly stands nearer to Spatha

than to any of the North American genera, and that it is as widely

THE NAUTILUS. 117

remote from the so-called ‘““Hyriine”’ of Asia, at least from the two

investigated genera, Parreysia and Lamellidens.

If Spatha is to be placed in a family different from the Unionidae,

Hyria has to go out of the Unionide also, and has to remain with

Spatha. Yet the differences from Spatha are such that possibly the

separation into two subfamilies would be advisable. This suggestion

will be supported by the following observations:

Tetraplodon undosus (v. Mart.).'

This species was collected by Mr. J. D. Haseman in the Rio Tiété,

25 miles above Itapura, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, on ‘silty river

banks,”’ Sept. 27, 708. There are several lots at hand, and the one

more closely investigated consists of four specimens with the soft

parts, among them males and sterile females.

The structure of the soft parts of this species is essentially identical

with that of Hyria, but I note the following differences (see pl. VI,

fig. 7, and pl. VII, fig. 7):

Branchial opening closed in front by the firm union of the inner

mantle edges (x in fig. 7, pl. ii). This connection is rather short,

and restricted to the edge, and does not continue inward. It is easily

torn by rough handling. Further in front the mantle edges are

smooth and unconnected.

The palpi are rather wide and slightly produced posteriorly, with

a blunt point, thus becoming almost semilunar, but not falcate; their

posterior edge is connected for about one-third.

The anterior end of the inner gill is in contact with the posterior

end of the inner palpus, but not connected with it.

The gill structure in the male is in both gills the same as described

for the outer gill in Hyria. In the sterile female (pl. VII, fig. 7) it is

as in the female of Hyria. Also here the marsupial part does not

occupy the whole gill, but only a portion in the middle, leaving a

larger portion free anteriorly and a smaller portion posteriorly.

Thus Tetraplodon is distinguished from Hyria not only by the

shape of the shell, but also by some differences in the soft parts: the

chief is the connection of the mantle edges in front of the branchial

opening. Whether this is found in all species remains to be seen.

17 do not understand why Simpson (Pr. U.S. Mus. 22, ’00, p. 866) places

this species with Castalina v. Iher., since it is undoubtedly a Castalia (= Tet-

raplodon); von Ihering himself placed this species correctly,

118 THE NAUTILUS.

However, it is present in Zetraplodon ambiguus (Sow.). I have ex-

amined a young specimen (male) from Santarem, collected by J. D.

Haseman, together with Hyria corrugata. As far as could be made

out it agrees also in the rest of the structure.

Possibly also the shape of the palpi are important for the distinc-

tion of these two genera.

Nevertheless, Zetraplodon agrees with Hyria in the essential char-

acters of the soft parts, and it has the same affinity with the African

Spatha, Hyria has, and it differs from Spatha in the same features.

as Hyria, namely, in the structure of the gills and the marsupium.

I may add, that I have also examined, superficially, a species of

the genus Castalina, and several species of Diplodon from South

America. In all these, the palpi, the attachment of the inner gill,.

the diaphragm, the anal opening and the location of the marsupium,

are of the same type, as in Hyria, Tetraplodon, and Spatha, and the

structure of the marsupium is like that of Hyria and Tetraplodon.

The mantle edges are net connected in front of the branchial opening.”

Thus it is clear that a number of South American Unionidae,

subfam. Hyriine, group with the African Spatha, which stands, in

Simpson’s system, in a different family, MJutelide, distinguished,

according to Simpson, by the taxodont hinge teeth, and by the

embryo, which is a lasidium and not a glochidium, as in the Unionide..

So far I have seen fully developed embryos only in a species of

Diplodon? Were they are glochidia, of peculiar shape, not almost.

equilateral as in the North American forms, but distinctly inequi-

lateral, with a low anterior and a high posterior extremity, which:

ends in a point at the postbasal angle.®

The embryo of Spatha is apparently unknown, in fact, the larval

form, called dastdium, is known only in two species of the genus.

Glabaris,t and it is only by inference, on account of the supposed.

1 According to v, Ihering (Zool. Anz. 14,91, p. 477 ff.), this connection is:

variable in Castalina, present or absent,

2 Belonging to the delodontus group, and allied to xthiops (Lea) and wagner-.

tanus Simps,; it is from Rio Iguassu, Parana, Brazil,

3 Much more oblique than the glochidium of Diplodon peculiaris (Lea), fig-

ured by Lea (Observ. XII, pl. 34, fig. 80).

4See v. Ihering, Zool. Anz. 14, ’91, pp. 480-482,

THE NAUTILUS. 119

similarity of the anatomy and shell, that a dasidiwm is attributed to

all Mutelide. Nevertheless, it is quite probable, that Spatha has

also a lasidium, for the South American genus Glabaris is still more

like Spatha in its structure, than is Hyria and its allied forms. I

have investigated a number of specimens of Glabaris, Fossula, and

Monocondylea, and they all had the essential structure of Spatha: a

firm bridge separating anal and branchial opening ; the same attach-

ment of the anterior end of the inner gill; the marsupium practically

occupying the whole length of the inner gill; and the gills with

well-developed water-tubes and heavy, continuous septa. The differ-

ences from Spatha are found in the connection of the inner lamina

of the inner gills with the abdominal sac, which I consider unim-

portant ; in the shape of the palpi, which are rather variable, but

always more or less rounded and broad, not falcate ; and in the anal

opening, which in Glabaris, Fossula, and Monocondylea, is always

entirely open and closed nowhere. ‘The most interesting fact in the

three latter genera is the similarity of the structure of the water-

tubes and septa of the gills to that of Spatha. If we may say that

Hyria, Tetraplodon and Diplodon ought to stand in the same family

with Spatha, we must also admit Glabaris, Fossula and Monocon-

dylza, and the latter are even more closely allied to Spatha than

the former. Thus it would be suggested that we have here one

family, possibly to be called Mutelidx, which is divided chiefly by

the character of the gill structure and marsupium, but also by shell

characters (hinge),’ into two subfamilies, the one (Hyriine) includ-

ing at least three South American genera, the other including three

South American and one African genus. For the latter possibly

the name Muteling might be used, but this depends on our knowledge

of the soft parts of the type-genus Mutela.

The conclusions to be drawn from the present investigations are:

1. Of the Asiatic so-called Hyrtine at least Parreysia and Lamel-

lidens are to be removed, and are to be associated with the North

American genera Quadrula, Rotundaria, Pleurobema and Unio in the

subfamily Unionine of the family Unionide.

2. The African Mutelid genus Spatha and the South American

1 Also the larva (lasidium) might furnish a differential character, I have

seen several gravid specimens ot Glabaris, but they had only eggs, and no fully

developed larve,

120 THE NAUTILUS.

Mutelid genera Glabaris, Fossula, Monocondylea, and further, the

South American Hyriing: Hyria, Tetraplodon and Diplodon, group

together, and their differences from the North American and Asiatic

forms discussed above are such that we are fully justified in placing

them in a separate family, whatever the name of the latter may be.

3. Within this Afro-American family we may distinguish two

types, differing in very important characters, which might properly

be subfamilies (Hyrting and Juteline).

4, The systematic affinity of African and South American genera,

already pointed out by v. Ihering, is much more striking, and much

better supported, than before, and it is of the most important value

for zodgeographical questions, namely, for the theory of an old con-

nection between these continents (Archhelensis theory of v. Ihering).

5. The natural system of the Maiades expresses a tendency of

development and specialization of three chief anatomical characters,

which in turn are connected with certain functions. These are: (a)

the separation of the original simple branchial chamber into two

chambers, branchial and suprabranchial, by the diaphragm; (b) the

restriction of the branchial and anal openings of the mantle edge to

defined parts of the latter, with a tendency to form siphons; (c) the

development of the gills into organs for carrying the eggs and larve

(marsupium), and the specialization and adaptation of the gill struct-

ure for this purpose.

(a) In the development of the diaphragm three types are distin-

guishable. ‘The most primitive stage is represented in Margaritana,

where the diaphragm is formed by the growing together of the inner

laminz of the inner gills of the two sides of the body, and the fusion

of the outer laminz of the outer gills with the mantle. But here the

diaphragm is yet incomplete, in so far as the outer lamine of the

outer gills remain free at the posterior end, and are not connected

with the mantle to its posterior margin.

(To be concluded.)

NOTES.

Dr. W. H. Dall was elected president of the American Palaeon-

tological Society at its recent Pittsburg meeting.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXIV. MARCH, 1911. No. 11

SOME NOTES ON THE OLIVIDAE—III.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

The occidental species of the genus Oliva, from shell characters

alone, seem to divide into two groups, the one containing the larger

and beautiful O. porphyria Linné and the smaller splendidula Sowb.,

found only on the Pacific side from Panama to Mazatlan. The

other, a group of analogous species, is represented on the Pacific side

by O. spicata Bolten, peruviana Lam., inerassata Sol., and julietta

Ducl., and on the Atlantic side by O. reticularis Lam. circinata

Mart. and fulgurator Bolten. It is as difficult to clearly define the

species on this coast as on the other, and specimens of O. spicata and

reticularis often very closely resemble each other, thus indicating a

common origin.

Oxiva spicata (Bolten).

Porphyria spicata Bolt., Mus. Boltenianum, p. 35, 1798.

Porphyria arachnoidea Bolt., 1. c. p. 36, 1798.

Oliva araneosa Lam., Ann. du Mus. XVI, p. 315, 1810.

Both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figure by Martini

(Conch. Cab., II, tab. 48, fig. 509) and Bolten refers to it a second

time under arachnoidea. In adopting Lamarck’s names, venulata (p.

313) should have been the species, as it appeared before arancosa (p.

315). The first figure referred to by Lamarck under venulata is in

the Encycl. Meth., pl. 361, f. 5; the second reference is to Martini

(II, tab. 46, f. 488) and happens to be the figure on which Bolten

based his ltterata. It includes the oblong forms scarcely separable

122 THE NAUTILUS.

from the typical sficaza, it, however, prevents the use of Lamarck’s

name of litterata. O. graphica and porcea Mart. are only shorter and

more ovate forms.

Among the variations of this species is an interesting form from

San Ignacio Lagoon, Lower California, collected by Mr. Henry

Hemphill. It is noticeably narrower with a much higher spire and

‘the periphery slightly angulate, the reddish reticulations are obscured

by a milky-white layer. Represented in the Ford collection by six

specimens bearing the manuscript name of hemphilli. ‘The variety

pindarina Ducl. (punctata Marr.) is the common, slightly angulate

form, quite regularly marked with dark-brown or white, obsoletely

marked with light-brown, frequently entirely white, fasciole reddish.

Specimens in which the markings are obscured by a dark-brown

layer constitute the fuscata Marr.; similar specimens having the

form of graphica are ustulata Lam. Brown examples of the typical

spicata might bear the name perfecta. Specimens abnormally angu-

lated at the periphery constitute the subangulata Phil. The variety

polpasta Ducl. is the short broad form so densely marked as to form

an olive-green ground, spotted with dark-brown, and with white tri-

angles below the suture. The variety cumingii Reeve is yellow,

banded or streaked with brown, it often suggests O. peruviana

Lam.

OLIVA PERUVIANA Lamarck.

This species varies greatly in color, but lacks the finely reticulated

patterns of spicata. The typical form is spotted; those with irregular

longitudinal streaks of brown are the fulgurata Martens (non Ads. &

Rev.). The light-colored specimens might be called Avida and the

dark-chesnut-colored form castanea Ford, manuscript.

OLIVA jULIETTZ Dvuc.Los.

This is apparently a good species, the thickening of the outer lip

suggests a closer relationship to O. incrassata Sol. than to spicata,

although the young of the three species closely resemble each other.

OLIVA INCRASSATA (Solander).

Voluta incrassata Sol., Portland Cat., p. 171, 1786.

Oliva angulata Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 310, 1810.

Solander and Lamarck both refer to the same figures by Martini

(Conch. Cab., II, tab. 47, figs. 499, 500). The O. timorea Ducl.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

probably represents a small local variety, the locality “ Timor” may

well be questioned. The white form is var. nivea Pilsbry (NAUTILUS

XXITI, 132).

OLIVA RETICULARIS Lamarck.

This is almost as variable in color as its Pacific analogue O. spi-

cata, but the tendency to become more or less angulate as in that

species is not apparent. The typical reticularis is the smaller form

reticulated with pink or purplish lines, common throughout the West

Indies. Large cylindrical forms from the Bahamas are figured by

Marrat as nivosa. ‘These resemble very closely specimens of cir-

cinata from the Gulf coast of Florida. The O. pallida Marr., prob-

ably represents an immaculate form of nzvosa, and quersolina Ducl.

as figured by Marrat, the albinistic form of the typical reticularis.

Specimens of nivosa banded and streaked with an outer layer of

brown are the formosa Marr., + hepatica Marr. (non Lam.) + bifas-

ctata Kuster.

OxIvaA cIRCINATA Marrat.

Oliva litterata Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 315, 1810. Non

Bolten, 1798.

Oliva circinata Marr., Sowerby’s Thes. Conch. IV, Oliva, p. 21,

pl. 17, fig. 277, 1880.

The study of a very large series before me shows conclusively

that Marrat’s circinata is really a form of Lamarck’s ltterata

and will have to replace Lamarck’s name, which is preoccupied.

After describing the species Marrat says: ‘‘ The Brazilian represen-

tative of the West Indian O. hitterata. It is more rounded and sym-

metrical and less oblique and the lip is not so spread at the posterior

end.” The reference to both Brazil and West Indies is very doubt-

ful. The locality is more likely the Gulf coast of Florida as speci-

mens from there agree with Marrat’s figure. It is readily separated

from nivosa by its different color, darker bands and fasciculations

below the suture. Specimens from the east coast of Florida are

usually longer and more cylindrical. A bright yellowish form is

frequently found on the Gulf coast which might bear the name of

citrina.

OLIVA FULGURATOR (Bolten).

Porphyria fulgurator Bolt., Mus. Boltenianum, p. 36, 1798.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

Oliva ispida Link, Marrat, Thes. Conch., IV, Oliva, 12, figs. 15,

16.

Oliva fusiformis Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 318, 1810.

Oliva obesina Ducl., Monogr., in Comp. Rendus, II, tab. 16, figs.

9-11, 1835. |

Both Bolten and Lamarck again refer to the same figure by Mar-

tini (Conch. Cab. II, tab. 51, f. 562) Lamarck’s first reference is to

a similar figure in the Encyl. Meth., plate 367, fig. 7. The mark-

ings are coarser than in O. reticularis. Specimens are frequently

obsoletely banded or overlayed with brown. O. bullata Marr., seems

to be a narrow form of this species.

Since my notes appeared in the October Naurixus my friend Mr.

Charles Hedley, of Sydney, Australia, has written that Oliva olive

Linné should be used in place of Oliva vidua Bolton. In this I now

agree although at first I thought it was d‘flicult to decide just what

form should bear Linné’s name. Hanley says: “ Still it is not un-

worthy¥of remark that the Oliva nigrita of Karsten (O. maura of

Sowerby, Genera Shells) has been indicated as the principal variety

or form in the ‘Museum Ulrice’ and that all cited engravings (Ar-

genville alone excepted) of the tenth edition of the ‘Systema’

wherein the species originally appeared, pertain to that shell.”

Mr. Hedley also calls my attention to Oliva annulata Gmelin

(Syst. Nat., p. 8441, 1792) which I have entirely overlooked. This

replaces O. amethystina Bolten. Both references—Lister’s Conch.,

tab. 717, f. 1, and Martini, Conch. Cab., II, tab. 51, f. 567, refer

to the white form with a revolving ridge, ‘¢ testa levi alba dorsi an-

nulo carinato.”’ It seems unfortunate that this pale, abnormal form

should become the typical, and the beautiful normal form the variety

amethystina.

NOTES ON CALIFORNIA SHELLS. III.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

In a brief resumé of notable things observed in the collections on

the California coast which I was privileged to visit last summer, it

is impracticable to mention all the collections visited, notwithstand-

ing nearly every one contained something of special interest, and

the courtesy and hospitality of the collectors was unfailing and

THE NAUTILUS. 125

limitless. I can only faintly express once for all my feeling of ap-

preciation to each and every one of them.

In Los Angeles and its vicinity by common consent the collection

of Mr, and Mrs. T. 8. Oldroyd, of Signal Hill, has no equal, For

years they have been gathering the shells of the coast and sparing

no pains to correctly name and attractively arrange them. They

have also by exchange and otherwise gathered a fine series of exotic

shells. It is hoped that this entire collection will before long find a

place in the fine new fireproof building Los Angeles is erecting as a

public museum. It would be a calamity if the Oldroyd shells, now

in a frame building far from any means of rescue, should much

longer be subjected to the risk of destruction by fire. The readers

of the NauTiILus are well aware of the large number of new species,

and species new to the region which have become known through

the researches of Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd, and have been described or

noticed in this journal during a long series of years.

Mr. Herbert N. Lowe, of Long Beach, has gathered an interest-

ing collection where I noted especially large and fine specimens of

the Williamia vernalis from San Nicolas Island, and some remark-

ably distorted specimens of Neverita recluziana.

In the collection of Mrs. Zech, of Long Beach, I noticed a speci-

men of Lottia gigantia 105 x 85 millimeters in dimensions; a fine

specimen from Monterey of the rare Ovula vidlert Sby. (1881) and

a large suite of O. barbarensis Dall, both from Newport, Cal. In

this as in most of the other local collections were remarkably large

and fine Aeme@a scabra, persona and spectrum from the new govern-

ment breakwater at San Pedro, which is also the locality for re-

markably clean and large Omphalius aureotinctus and Calliostoma

‘supragranosum. A study of a very large number of the latter species

indicates that C. splendens Cpr. may have to be reduced to varietal

rank. Miss Zech has personally picked up on Vashon Island,

Puget Sound, a specimen of Ohione fluctifraga, doubtless carried

there in ballast by some of the lumber vessels returning from the

South.

In the collection of Mrs. Eshnaur at Terminal Island, was a speci-

men of the curious convex, fan-shaped variety holznert Hemphill, of

Haliotis cracherodit, from five miles south of Redondo, collected by

Mr. Eshnaur. Most of the specimens so far obtained of this form

are reported to have come from the Pacific coast of Lower Cali-

126 THE NAUTILCS.

fornia. Also Pinna oldroydi from over 100 fathoms, off Newport, and

Capulus californicus on Pecten hastatus, hitherto reported as com-

mensal only with P. diegensis. Another ballast shell from Puget

Sound was noted, in a specimen of Oliva angulata.

The collection of Hermann, later the Hettrick collection, formerly

well-known to San Francisco collectors, and containing the largest

known specimen of Cancellaria cooperi, is now the property of Mr.

and Mrs. Golisch of Los Angeles. It offers many interesting Cali-

fornian and exotic shells for study.

In Mrs. Ball’s collection a fine and brightly colored series of An-

gulus carpentert Dall (variegatus Cpr. not Gmelin) was especially

notable, as well as many other attractive and interesting local

species.

Mrs. Baldridge of Los Angeles, Mrs. Bentley and Mrs. McFarren

of Venice, Dr. J. J. Rivers of Santa Monica and several other mem-

bers of the flourishing Conchological Club of Los Angeles, have

collections well worthy of examination. Mrs. Burton Williamson,

whose contributions to the conchology of the coast are well-known,

has given her collection to the new museum of Los Angeles where

it will be suitably installed when the building is completed.

The San Francisco collectors were, without exception, the victims

of the fire following the recent earthquake. ‘Those of Oakland were

more fortunate, and, notwithstanding the destruction caused at

Stanford University by the earthquake, their collections were not

seriously damaged. At Stanford is the large collection made at the

Galapagos Islands by the expedition sent out by the California

Academy. It was fortunate enough to arrive in San Francisco after _

the great disaster and when worked up by Mr. Ochsner, one of the

expedition, will eventually take its place in the new Museum pro-

jected by the Academy, for which the city has offered a site in the

Golden Gate Park, where the danger from fire will be almost nil.

Prof. Raymond of the University of California is working at the

collection made near San Pedro, by the party directed by Prof. Ritter

in 1899, which contains many interesting and novel forms. Among

these was noticed a fine new species of Calliostoma, pure white in

below the Cliff House at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, is in

Prof. Raymond’s collection. This, is I believe, the most northerly

locality yet reported for the species.

THE NAUTILUS. Pat

Mr. Button’s collection at Oakland is notable for its fine series of

Cypreas, including some of the rarest Pacific coast forms of Trivia.

The collection of the University contains a number of Cooper’s

and Carpenter’s types, but awaits a new building for its proper

display.

THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN EXOTIC NAIDES COM-

PARED WITH THAT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FORMS.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMAN.

(Concluded from page 120).

In all other cases the diaphragm is complete, and extends to or close

to the posterior margin of the mantle, where it separates the anal from

the branchial opening. Two types are recognizable, which form as

many distinct and fundamentally different groups (families). In the

one (Unionide of North America and Asia) the gills alone form the

diaphragm. In the other (South American and African forms, pos-

sibly to be called Mutelide) the diaphragm is formed anteriorly by

the gills, but posteriorly by the union of the mantle itself.

(b) The mantle edges are originally free all around. But a ten-

dency develops soon to form two distinct openings, the siphons. In

Margaritana the most primitive conditions are observed, and the two

openings are distinguished only by the development of the papille.

Closely allied conditions are found in a genus of typical Unionide

(Rotundaria). But the general tendency is, among the Unionide,

not only to draw the mantle edges together by the diaphragm, thus

separating anal and branchial, but also to limit the anal above by the

junction of the mantle edges, which, however, leaves open above the

anal a supra-anal opening, which only in rare instances becomes

closed (Lampsilis parva). The branchial opening in the Unionide

is never defined anteriorly by a growing together of the mantle mar-

gins. (In the higher forms of the Unionida, subfamily Lampsiline,

special structures develop in front of the branchial opening, chiefly

in the female, which serve as devices for the aeration of the marsu-

pium during the breeding season.)

In the other family (Mutelide ?) the two openings are always sep-

arated from one another by a diaphragm formed by the mantle. In

some cases the mantle edges are free from the rest. In other cases

128 THE NAUTILUS.

the anal opening is defined above by a growing together of the man-

tle margins, but here a supra-anal is never formed, the fusion of the

mantle edges being complete up to the upper posterior end of the two

mantle halves. In addition, we find in certain forms of this group a

further step in advance, which consists of the anterior demarcation

of the branchial opening by a growing together of the mantle edges.

It is hard to say which is to be regarded as the primitive condition,

but probably originally all four gills served as receptacula for the

ova, and the space between the two laminz of each gill was not

differentiated and divided.

Out of this original condition more advanced structures have de-

veloped, which generally exhibit the tendency to localize the mar-

supium in certain gills or parts of gills, and to divide the interlaminar

space into compartments (ovi-sacs and water tubes), In the differ-

ent groups these purposes have been accomplished in different ways

and to different degrees. In Margaritana the gills do not possess

partitions, and, consequently, are primitive in this respect, and ap-

parently no water-tubes and ovisacs are found. Unfortunately, the

gravid female of this form is unknown to the writer.

In the more primitive Unionide (subfamily Unionine), either all

four gills still serve as marsupium, and have thus preserved the orig-

inal condition, or only the outer gills serve this purpose, and further,

here the interlaminar space is divided by septa into rather regular

compartments, running vertically to the edge of the gills, and parallel

to the gill filaments. The same fundamental characters, restriction

of the marsupium to the outer gills and development of water tubes

and ovisacs, are found in the more highly-developed Unionida

(subfamilies Anodonting and Lampsiling), but here specializations

are met with, which are to be regarded primarily as adaptations to

a prolonged breeding season, and to a peculiar way of discharging

the glochidia.

In the Afro-South American group of Najades (Mutelide ?), all

cases so far known show the marsupium restricted to the inner gills.

Two main types may be distinguished among them, according to the

inner differentiation of the marsupial gill. In one case, the mar-

supial part of the inner gill is rather restricted (to the middle por-

tion), and here very incomplete and intercommunicating water tubes

are formed by rows of interlamellar connections ; in the other case,

THE NAUTILUS. 129

complete and heavy septa separate completely isolated water tubes.

In none of these cases the structure of the marsupial gill is identical

with that of the Unionide, although the septa and water tubes in the

latter case show certain analogies to those of the Unionide. How-

ever, the finer structure being different, I consider this a case of

convergency of structure.

(7) Of these anatomical differences representing functional differ-

entiation, we may say that the oldest must be the formation of the

diaphragm, for the tendency to form siphons necessarily must start

with it. Almost as old as this is the differentiation of the marsupium,

and thus the location of the latter and its structure must be essential.

To these characters we consequently should attribute the greatest

systematic value, and thus it is evident that the genus Margaritana,

which I have placed formerly (Nautitus 23, Feb., ’09, p. 116) in

a subfamily by itself, but within the family Unionide, should rank

higher, and I do not hesitate now to call it afamily. Thus we would

have the following three families among the Navades :

Family: MaArGARITANIDZ. Diaphragm incomplete, formed

only by the gills. Anterior end of inner gills distant from the

palpi. Branchial and anal siphons ill defined, and not closed above,

and no supra-anal developed. Gills without water tubes and with

irregularly scattered interlamellar connections. Marsupium and

glochidia unknown.

Family: Unionipa. Diaphragm complete, formed only by the

gills. Anterior end of inner gills distant from the palpi. Branchial

and anal siphons sharply separated from one another by the dia-

phragm. Anal very rarely not closed above, generally closed, but

with a supra-anal opening (which very rarely may be obliterated).

Gills with water tubes and distinct, continuous, interlamellar septa.

Marsupium in all four, or only in the outer gills. Larva a. glo-

chidium. (Contains three subfamilies: Unionine, Anodonting and

Lampsiline. )

Family: Muterip#.' Diaphragm complete, formed anteriorly

by the gills, posteriorly by the mantle. Anterior end of inner gills

in contact with the palpi. Branchial and anal siphons sharply sep-

arated from one another. Anal open or closed above, but there is

never a supra-anal opening. Gills with very indistinct and inter-

communicating water tubes or with well-developed water tubes.

Marsupium only in the inner gills.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

Subfamily: Hyriinze. Anal closed above. Marsupium with

interrupted interlamellar connections, standing in rows, and forming

incomplete, communicating water tubes. Non-marsupial gill with

poorly developed, scattered interlamellar connections. Larva a

glochidium. (Hyria, Tetraplodon, Diplodon, Castalina.)

Subfamily : Mutelinz.' Anal open or closed above. Marsupium

with well-developed, continuous septa, forming well-defined water

tubes. Non-marsupial gills also with distinct water tubes. Larva a

lasidium. (Spatha, Glabaris, Fossula, Monocondylea.)

(8) Our chief attention should now be directed to the study of

further genera from Africa and Asia, and also the European forms

should be more closely investigated.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate VI.

Diagrammatic side views of the soft parts of Naiades, with the left

half of the mantle removed along the mantle-attachment line, show-

ing the arrangement of palpi, gills, diaphragm, anal, supraanal and

branchial openings.

In all figures the letters indicate:

m. Right half of mantle.

ml. Mantle-attachment line.

aml. Ascending part of mantle-attachment line.

f. Foot.

p. Palpi.

i. Inner gill.

e. Outer gill.

sa. Supra-anal opening.

an. Anal opening.

b. Branchial opening.

d. Diaphragm.

x. Mantle connection in front of branchial opening.

Fig. 1. Margaritana margaritifera (L.). Specimen from Indian

Run, Rene Mont, Schuylkill Co., Pa.

Fig. 2. Quadrula subrotunda (Lea). Specimen from Allegheny

River, Kelly, Armstrong Co., Pa.

Fig. 3. Unio gibbosus Barn. Specimen from Little Beaver Creek,

Enon Valley, Lawrence Co., Pa.

Fig. 4. Parreysia wynegungaensis (Lea). Specimen from Bombay,

India.

Fig. 5. Spatha kamerunensis Walk. Specimen from Kamerun,

Africa.

1 The nomenclature depends on the knowledge of the genus Mutela,

THE NAUTILUS. 131

Fig. 6. Hyria corrugata Lam. Specimen from Rio ‘l'apajos, San-

tarem, Brazil.

Fig. 7. Tetraplodon undosus (v. Mart.). Specimen from Rio Tiété,

Itapura, Brazil.

Plate VII.

Horizontal cross-sections through the gills of Naiades. All sections

from sterile females. In all figures, i—inner gill, e=outer gill.

Photographs taken with B. & L. 1-in. objective.

Fig. 1. Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). Specimen from Lake Erie, Cedar

Point, Erie Co., O.

Fig. 2. Unio gibbosus Barn.

Fig. 3. Parreysia wynegungaensis (Lea).

Fig. 4. Lamellidens consobrinus (Lea).

Fig. 5. Spatha kamerunensis Walk.

Fig. 6. Hyria corrugata Lam.

Fig. 7. Tetraplodon hasemani nov.

(Specimens of Figs. 2,3,5,6, 7 from same localities as on Plate VI;

specimen of Fig. 4 from India.)

NOTES ON SOME PLIOCENE FOSSILS FROM GEORGIA WITH DESCRIP-

TIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

Some years since Prof. S. W. McCallie, State Geologist of

Georgia, called my attention to a small block of soft marl in the

State Museum which had a number of shells in it, and at my solicita-

tion the same was kindly forwarded to me for examination. I found

the specimens were a mixture of fresh water and marine, and that

the fresh water ones seemed to be new besides being more or less

distorted. The specimens were very fragile; notwithstanding the

greatest care many of the most distorted were badly broken. It is

hoped that a future examination will reveal more species and an as-

sortment of forms far greater than thse here described. The hori-

zon is probably Pliocene, and seems to represent a southern fauna.

The exact locality is four miles south of Atkinson, Wayne Co., Ga.,

on the Saltilla River. The list of species is as follows:

. Rangia cuneata Gray. (Common, rather small.)

. Mulinea lateralis Say.

Mulinea congesta Con.

Dosinia sp? (Young shells.)

Modiolaria sp?

. Gemma purpurea H. C. Lea.

. Neritina sp? (Too poor for identification. )

. Neverita sp? (Fragments.)

132 THE NAUTILUS.

New Species.

9. POTAMIDES SALTILLENSIS n.sp. PI. 8, figs. 1, la, 1b, and le.

Shell medium, the largest specimen about an inch in length,

whorls nine. Most all the specimens being decorticated ; surface

marked with transverse lines which vary in intensity, also becoming

nodulous near the spire, generally the younger forms are cancellated

(fig. la). In mature specimens there are three revolving lines

above ; the uppermost one just below the suture, being nodulous or

spinose, this line continues to the base and becomes coarsely nodul-

ous, generally making a shoulder. The other lines are less promi-

nent and increase to 5 or 6. Suture deeply impressed, base coarsely

striated. Aperture ovate and smooth, slightly channeled above and

below (fig. 1 = normal form). Length of largest specimen is

24 m.m. and breadth of body whorl 9 m.m.

REMARKS: Figure 1 — largest.

Figure la — young, 6 mm. in length.

Figure 15 and le are variations.

Resembles in a general way the Floridian Goniobases. Is related

to lagoon forms of the Bahamas.

(To be concluded.)

NOTES.

Notes ON AMMONITELLA LUNATA, CoNRAD. A paper published

by Conrad in the Amer. Jour. Conch. in which he described and

figured two fossil shells from the John Day region in Oregon, seems

to have been overlooked by more recent writers on the same subject.

The one with which this paper deals was described as Planorbis

lunatus, and was collected by the Rev. Thomas Condon at Bridge

Creek, Ore. It was later redescribed and figured by Stearns as

Ammonitella yatest praecursor, a comparison of the descriptions and

figures will leave no doubt of the two being identical. The syn-

onymy will stand as follows: Planorbis lunatus, Conrad, Amer.

Jour. Conch., VI, p. 315, pl. 13, fig. 8, 1871 ; Report of Geol. Sur.

P. 448, 1883 ; Gonostoma yatesi, Cooper, Bull. 18, Geol. P. 16, 1885;

Ammonitella yatest praecursor, Stearns, Wash, Acad. Sci., II, p.

656, pl. 35, figs. 8-12, 1900; Science n. ser. p. 1538, 1902; Bull.

Geol. N. C., p. 67, 1906. Harry Epson.

ISU INGPMOMOVEIONS. DOC. PLATE Vink

ALDRICH: PLIOCENE, FOSSILS FROM GEORGIA.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIV. APRIL, 1911. No, 12

COLLECTING IN MEXICO.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

At San Dieguito, State of San Luis Potosi, February 5th, 1909,

after an hour’s walk to the north of town, 2 o’clock found the writer at

the foot of a mountain on which a perpendicular wall of rock faces the

west. It is more or less broken by openings or small ravines and

shelves. Above and below the bluffs there is more or less timber,

with undergrowth and creepers. From a distance it looked like a

good place to find Holospira, Macroceramus, Helicina, Streptostyla,

etc.

The first part of the way up the mountain was over a burned-over

tract, where an occasional dead specimen of Helicina and Pratico-

fella was to be seen, but search under loose rocks failed to disclose

living specimens of either. Crossing the burned tract a heavy growth

of grass was entered, through which walking was difficult. Some

search was made in the grass for shells, but with no success.

When the timber was entered progress was still slower, owing to

the creepers, all of which seemed to be supplied with thorns. As the

bluffs were neared loose rocks became more numerous, the search here

for a while producing nothing. Finally on turning a rock there lay

exposed to view a single shell entirely new to me. With a thrill of

delight it was picked up and examined. It was an inch and a-half

jong, not quite as thick as a common lead pencil, truncated at the

summit, about 12 whorls remaining. Had all the whorls been

present it would have exceeded two inches in length. The trun-

cated summit, cylindric shape and color of the shell somewhat re-

sembles Stenogyra decollata. Close hunting over considerable ground

134 THE NAUTILUS.

resulted in finding 19 good specimens and a number of dead and

broken ones, the latter looking as if some small rodent had broken

them to get the animal for dinner. This shell has been named and

described by Dr. Pilsbry in the Naurizus, Vol. 22, page 138, as

Celocentrum hinkleyi. At the base of the bluffs the walking was

good to what it had been below, and here are found Macroceramus

mexicanus, Holospira hinkleyi, Schasicheila hidalgoana, Streptostyla

gracilis, Streptostyla supracostata, Helicina vanatte and a few dead

Euglandina corneola and Huglandina oblonga potosiana; also a few

specimens of a number of other species.

On the 8th of February the same bluffs were again visited. This

time an early start in the morning put the writer on the ground before

the sun made the climb uncomfortably warm. The entire day was put

in around the bluffs and resulted in near fifty good ‘specimens of the

fine Calocentrum, but no additional species were added to the first

half-day’s work.

During the day a nest of small bees was encountered. This nest

was made of the same material as our hornets’ nests ; it was trumpet-

shaped, big end up, and stood at an angle from the rock to which it

was attached. Being open, the bees could be seen within; they re-

sented the presence of a stranger by buzzing about my face, but made

no attempt to sting.

Standing on an elevated point of rock, which was reached after a

little climb, a good view of the valley was before me. Through this

valley the Mexican Central Railroad passes in nearly a straight line.

The valley is cut up into small farms, occupied mostly by people

from the United States who are clearing the land and planting

sugar-cane, orange trees, bananas, and growing some vegetables,

making homes for themselves in this mild southern country.

A COMPARISON OF THE UNIONIDE OF THE PEARL AND SABINE RIVERS.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

A collection of Unios from the Pearl River, at Jackson, Miss.,

made by Mr. A. A. Hinkley, proves of remarkable interest, when

compared with the Unios of the Sabine River, Texas; these two

rivers being so far apart, and separated by the immense ‘ bottom ””

of the Mississippi, which area has, in large part, a different set of

inhabitants.

THE NAUTILUS. 135

Pearl River. Sabine River.

1. Anodontoides, Anodontoides,

2. Gracilis, Gracilis,

3. Cornutus, Cornutus,

4. Aspera, Aspera,

5. Perplicata, Perplicata.

6. Trapezoides, Trapezoides,

7. Heros, Heros,

8. Purpurata, Purpurata,

9. Confragosa, Confragosa,

10. Donaciformis, Donacifornus,

11. Elegans, Elegans,

12. Tuberculata, Tuberculata,

13. Castaneus, Castaneus,

14. Riddelii, Riddelii,

15, Cerinus, Cerinus,

16. Concestator, Nigerrimus,

17. Inflata, Amphichena,

18. Excavata, Satur,

19. Claibornensis, Hydiana,

20. Beadleana, Askewii,

21. Refulgens, Nodifera,

22. Saag | Morton

23. Ebenus,

24. Crassidens,

25. Complanata.

Notwithstanding the absolute identity of bin first fifteen species,

yet there is a well-marked tribal difference between the two sets,

the Pearl river U. heros being nearly full-blooded boykiniana, and

with a yellow nacre.

The U. riddelit of Pearl river inclines towards rubidus, some being

of a warm, rich rose color. These Pearl river shells vary also in

having the successive lines of growth so heavily impressed that the

shell sometimes has humps as well defined as in the well-known U.

dromas Lea.

Perhaps the most interesting feature, however, lies in the list

where the species differ :

U. concestator vs. nigerrimus. Large suites of both show their

identity, with only slight differences. U.nigerrimus is only a variety

of concestator.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

U. excavata vs. satur. ‘These two are the same species!

U. satur is not, strictly speaking, a variety of ventricosa, but be-

cause of priority it is a good species, and excavata becomes a syn-

onym!

U. claibornensis vs. hydiana. The greatest difference existing here

is the lack of rays in claibornensis.

U. beadleana,

U. chickasawensis

the varietal differences being no more than the different hab‘tats

should demand.

Proptera inflata vs. amphichena. A suspicious piece of evi-

dence is to be noted in the fact that where one of these species is

found, there is a lack of P. levissima !

However, amphichena has no wing, even when young and per-

fect.

U. refulgens and sphericus. These two species are identical and

form a well-marked subspecies characterized by purple nacre.

U. ebenus and crassidens do not grow in the Sabine.

Margaritana complanata is by this find considerably extended

down South. They were gravid when taken in November.

vs. Askewit. These three species are zdentical,

PLANORBIS BICARINATUS AND PLEURODONTE ANGULATA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

Some recent studies have shown that the nomenclature of these

species is somewhat intricate, and an examination into their history

proves that the names in current use cannot be held.

The records bearing on the question follow.

PLANORBIS BICARINATUS Lamarck.

In the Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris V, p. 36, 1804, La-

marck describes a fossil under the name Planorbis bicarinata, which

was figured on plate 62, fig. 3 of the Annales du Muséum viii, 1806.

It was also described in Animaux sans Vertébres Supp., vii, p. 542,

1822. Deshayes in the Anim. s. Vert. Bassin, Paris, ii, p. 438,

1864, placed this species in Adeorbis.

PLANORBIS BICARINATUS Say (not Lam.)

In the Third American Edition of Nicholson’s British Encyclo-

pedia, Philadelphia, 1819, Conchology, pl. 1, f. 4, Say, described

THE NAUTILUS. 137

Planorbis bicarinatus from the Delaware River. Sowerby, in The

Genera of Shells, Planorbis f. 4, Mar. 30, 1822, named and figured

this shell again as Planorbis bicarinatus. Amos Eaton in the Zool.

Text-book, p. 194, 1826, redescribes Say’s species of Planorbis

under the generic name Helix, but his Helix bicarinatus has nothing

to do with Helix bicarinata Sowb., Zool. Jour., 1825, p. 58, pl. 3,

f. 7.

HELIX ANGULATA Rackett (not Burrow.)

Helix angulata Rack., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xiii, p. 42, pl.

5, f. 1 (read June 1, 1819, published before 1821), was based on

specimens of Planorbis from Lake Huron, Canada. But this name

is preoccupied by Helix angulata Burrow, in the Elements of Con-

chology, by Rev. E. I. Burrow, London, 1815, pl. 26, f. 1, which is

Pleurodonte acutangula Burr. This name was also supposed to be

preoccupied, but Planorbe anguleux Brard, Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat.

xiv, p. 435, pl. 27, f. 23, 24, 1809, was not Latinized by him. It is

merely a French name for another shell.

PLANORBIS ANTROSUS Conrad.

Described in American Journal of Science and Arts, New Haven,

xxv, pt. 2, p. 343, Jan. 1, 1834, from Randon’s creek near Clai-

borne, Alabama, is therefore the first name which can be used for

the freshwater shell generally known as Planorbis bicarinatus Say.

The next name is Planorbis engonatus Conrad, New Fresh Water

Shells of the United States, Appendix, p. 8, pl. ix, f. &, Oct., 1835,

based upon the same species of shell from Albany, New York.

Planorbis angistoma Hald. Monogr. Fresh Water Moll. U. S., no.

7, Planorbis, p. 7, Jan. 1, 1844, is according to Mr. Walker,

Nautilus, xxiii, p. 5, probably typical antrosus. If this is a distinct

form Conrad’s name is earlier.

PLANORBIS BICARINATUS MAJOR Beck.

H. Beck in the Index Moll., p, 118, 1837, lists the name Planorbis

bicarinatus Say, and divides it into two forms: a. major, from the

Schuylkill River and refers to Sowb. Genera, iv, f. 4. (Mr. E. R,

Sykes in the Proc. Mal. Soc. London, vii, p. 194, Sept., 1906, states

that part iv, of Sowb. Genera was published on March 30, 1822),

and to Wood, Index Test. Suppl. vii, 12, Planorbis angulatus Wood.

b. minor, New Jersey, citing with a question Planorbis ebur-

neus Chemn., ix, 1123? from the West Indies, as a synonym.

138 THE NAUTILUS.

As Sowerby’s and Wood’s names both refer to the typical form

of bicarinatus Say, as defined in Mr. Walker’s excellent paper

(Nautilus, xxiii p. 1. & p. 21, 1909), the name major Beck becomes

synonymous with that form.

The form described by Mr. Walker on p. 5, of the Nautilus xxiii

1909 should be written corrugatus ‘ Curr.’ Wkr.

PLEURODONTE ACUTANGULA Burrow.

Burrow’s name for the shell generally known as Pleurodonte

angulata Fér. from Porto Rico, should be used. Part of the syno-

nomy is given below. Pfr. (Monogr. I, p. 197, 1908) thought

Burrow’s shell was Helicostyla papyracea Brod., a mistake which was

perpetuated in Manual of Conchology, ix, p. 219.

Helix acutangula Rev. E. I. Burrow, Elements of Conchology,

London, 1815, pp. 183 and 248. Beck. Index Moll. 1837, p. 45,

No. 6, Pilsbry, Manual Conch. ix, 1894, pp. 99 and 219.

Helix angulata Burrow, Elem. of Conch. 1815, pl. 26, f. i.; Fer.,

Hist. Nat. Moll. I, pl. 61, f. 2, (published after 1821 and before

1825). Gray, Ann. Philos. London, n. s. ix, p. 412, 1825. Pfr.,

Monogr. I, p. 297, 1848. Desh. in Fer., Hist. Nat. Moll. I, p. 348,

1850.

For the rest of the synonomy see Fér., Hist. Nat. Moll. I, p. 343

and Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ix, 1894, p. 99.

Helix angulata Fér., Tabl. Syst. Anim. Moll., Prodrome Gen.,

1821, p. 36, is a nude name.

NOTES ON SOME PLIOCENE FOSSILS FROM GEORGIA WITH DESCRIP-

TIONS OF NEW SPECIES. —

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

(Concluded from page 132.)

10. PoTAMIDES CANCELLOIDES n. sp. Pl. 8, figs. 2, 2a.

Shell small, whorls about seven or eight, first two smooth, the

next three convex and cancellated, the transverse lines strongly

raised, generally two in number and nodvulous at the intersections.

Body whorl in both specimens carrying four or more transverse

lines. Aperture ovate-elongate; canal short twisted.

Length of No. 2a,34 mm. Fully grown example is at least 15

mm.

4HE NAUTILUS, XX1TV% PLATE ie

ALDRICH: PLIOCENE -FOSSILS FROM GEORGIAG

THE NAUTILUS, XXIV. PLATE X

ALDRICH: PLIOCENE FOSSILS FROM GEORGIA.

THE NAUTILUS. : 139

Remarks: This species is smaller than the one previously de-

scribed. The sides more nearly parallel, the canal more twisted,

and in the young we find two strong transverse lines with a flattened

space between. Sometimes they are smooth otherwise and sometimes

strongly marked with raised axial lines.

11. PALUDESTRINA PLANA nD. sp. Pl. 8, fig. 3.

Shell small, acuminate; whorls seven, smooth and rounded, suture

deep, aperture oblong-ovate, outer lip slightly expanded; peristome

continuous; umbilicus open but minute.

Length 4 mm.

Remarks: In some specimens the body whorl is slightly separated

from the preceding ones, probably pathologic. In others the outer

lip is thickened and a slight callus shows over the inner lip. A few

distorted specimens with thickened shell were obtained.

12. AMNICOLA SALTILLENSIS n. sp. Pl. 9, 10, figs. 5-12, 15.

The extraordinary distortions of nearly all the species of this genus

makes any specific determination difficult. Three species are de-

scribed; perhaps there should be four. The typical form of this

species is shown in figure 5.

Shell small, surface smooth, whorls five tapering regularly, suture

distinct, whorls sometimes slightly shouldered. Body whorl rotund,

umbilicus small, aperture pointed slightly above, rounded at base,

outer lip slightly thickened.

Height 2 mm., body whorl 1 mm. in breadth. The greater num-

ber of the distorted forms are assigned to this species.

List of illustrations is as follows:

No. 5 = normal.

No. 6 = young shell (may be distinct).

No. 7 — distorted at apex with body whorl enlarged.

No. 8 — the distortion begins with the older whorls, younger part

is normal.

No. 9 = a different view of No. 8.

Nos. 10 and 11 — two views of still another form.

No. 12 = both the apical and body whorls involved.

No. 15 = young shell with the apical whorls sunken in.

13. AMNICOLA GEORGIENSIS n. sp. Pl. 9, 10, figs. 4, 4a and 13.

Similar to the preceding, not so elevated, with wider umbilicus,

140 THE NAUTILUS.

whorls five, slightly shouldered, body whorl more swollen aperture.

pointed and slightly expanded at junction with body whorl.

REMARKS: Shell as broad as it is high. Figure 4 and 4a is the

nearest to normal obtained. In figure 13 we have all of the whorls

except the apical ones entirely separated.

14. AMNICOLA EXPANSILABRIS n. sp. Pl. 10, figs. 14, 14a.

Shell small, whorls five and one-half, smooth, suture deep, umbil-

icus small, outer lip expanded and thickened.

Height 3 mm.

Remarks: This species is the largest of all and is distinguished

by its form and thickened outer lip. Strongly resembles a species

of Pachydrobia, yet it may also be a pathologic freak. The above

three species seem to be distinct, the variations and deformations

may all be forms of one species. More material is necessary to de-

cide. They certainly form an interesting study for the evolutionist.

Is it environment and food or salt and saltation?

15. PLANORBIS ANTIQUITUS n. sp. Pl. 10, figs. 16, 16a and 166.

Shell small, whorls four, rather flattened above, suture moderate.

Lines of growth coarser and rougher as they approach the aperture.

The younger shell shows numerous very fine growth lines, umbilicus

deep with straight sides, aperture flattened ovate, outer lip somewhat

expanded and slightly thickened within. The peristome thin, but

continuous in old specimens. The umbilicus shows more of the

whorls than the upper surface.

Remarks: This form belongs to the Planorbis bicarinatus group

and is quite distinct.

NOTES ON COLLECTING SPHAERIUM AND PISIDIUM.

BY JOHN A. ALLEN.

In collecting Spherium and Pisidium I have obtained the shells

most copiously and with the least amount of labor and eye-strain by

the process described below. In Ohio the cold water and soft bot-

tom make rubber wading-boots necessary. The collecting tool is a

scoop of wire netting sold as a kitchen utensil under the name

‘‘strainer.’’ ‘The larger sizes, which are most efficient, usually need

some improvement by cutting off projections or strengthening with

solder. }

THE NAUTILUS. 141

The strainer is provided with a short handle. If a long handle

happens to be required, the strainer can be temporarily fastened on

a stick by winding around with a cord. Scrape off a slice of the

bottom mud with the strainer, bring the rim above the water-surtace,

and swirl around. Mud and sand wash out, and a mixture of trash

and shells remains. The strainer is now most easily emptied by

passing it through water contained in a wash-basin. A dish-pan, if

it is practicable to carry such a bulky utensil, is still better, because it

will. float beside the collector when working away from shore. If

one is without any basin, the contents of the strainer are knocked or

shaken upon a cloth.

The total product is usually carried home for treatment and put in

a coarse sieve, which fits into a dish-pan or light steel kettle full of

water. My sieve is made by nailing wire netting of one-fourth-inch

mesh on a wooden frame. The mixture is worked with the fingers

until the bivalves have passed out of the sieve into the dish. The

sieve is now removed with its contents of sticks and leaves. These

are looked over before being thrown away, as they often contain Physa,

also may include very large Spheria, such as S. simile, too big to pass

through the sieve. Now one stirs up the water with the fingers and

pours it off cautiously, puts in more water, and repeats the process as

many timesasrequired. The trash is thus washed away and a residue

is obtained, consisting mainly of shells. If stones are present, a proper

motion of the dish will now bring them to the opposite side from the

shells, so that they can be removed. ‘Then any conspicuous pieces

of trash yet remaining are removed by hand-picking. Now, if any

fine sand is present, the shells are brouglit into a strainer of finer

mesh than the collecting strainer and washed free from it. The

shells are now put in alcohol. Sometimes the use of the coarse sieve

can be omitted, because little or no trash coarse enough to be re-

tained by it is present. After one to three days the shells are taken

from the alcohol and spread out to dry. If they are left too long in

the alcohol there is danger of the valves opening.

The final purification can be deferred until winter, if wished. The

shells are poured upon a sheet of paper in portions of about a half

teaspoonful at a time, and a camel’s-hair brush is used to push shells

one way and dirt another. Before doing this it is often useful to re-

move the finest dirt, and then divide the shells into two or more

sizes by a series of strainers or sieves of different mesh.