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THE key

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXXII

JULY, 1917, to APRIL, 1918

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Scietices

PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History

Boston

‘ 3 i

___ http://archive.org/details/conchologistsexc3°

A MS wt

CEs “CRam,

INDEX

THE NAUTILUS, XX XI.

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Sere natcemam) (Desh.) Bint. ....... 0663 .0c0b eae es 92

Beer ew Species OF |... ee ne een dine 142

menace Dakeriana Pilsbry, n. sp. ................-- 44, 87

Amnicola bakeriana nimia Pilsbry, n. var. ........... 45, 87

Semen erarke! Pilsbry, 0. sp. .......0-..-2205525% 45, 88

Pe Mei? PUSHY, DSP... i... ck ee ee ees 46, 88

Amnicolidz from Oneida Lake, N. Y. ............... 44, 87

eememcrenms OF Philippines ................2e08004. 142

ECTS 9.01 ee a 30

Ampullaria globosa var. sinistrorsa ................... 36

Semen GO: Oneida Lake, N. Y. 2... 0... eee ees 90

Aneylide, revision of the classification of North American 1

PINE AE fois. hn ov oo de > 8 ax $d 200 odie oon 2, 6

i gr 00 Oe 4

Seemertatede ©. B. Ads. 20. ick ce ee eae atone 3

Mummamiatietieyy Walker... 6)... ete ees bee 8

Beige Pivilaris Say (pl. 2, fig. 3) 2... eee ees 3

mma maimert Fils. & Perr. ...... 0.05. eee ne ence 114

ne ac as ed ees esol tie wie lens 121

Arkansia wheeleri Walk..& Ortm. ................. 112, 121

Arkansas, mollusea of Clark Co............ Pe 3). 6 109

RIHGLD ATP. coos cos ose oe ined ee eae 10

ILIeEGT A911 TA. AD. 6. ee aise gps tw cinta hes ental 1A

ORE AS Rk a 34

Boreal land and freshwater shells, notes on ............ 12

ED SATE O ANU sos, era's, cbsey ly dtd spelen ei belo ae 140

Meets Jewistt Walker ..... 0.0 ccc ese cee sees 116

Carychium exiguum floridanum, n. subsp. (pl. 8, f. 4,6). 738

ili

1v THE NAUTILUS.

Cepolis lucipeta Poey. oh.) ese lea oe oe Oe 43

Cepolis ovumreguli Lea... 42

Cerithopsis anaitis n. n. for C. helena Bartsch not Boettger 72

Chondrus Reichenbach 1828, replaces Modicella Ads. 1854 81

Circinaria vancouverensis from Unalaska.............. 13

Clark, Wiliam Bullock (obituary) ........0020). 3 68

Collecting shells in a corner of the Sierra Nevada ...... ol

Crenodonta perplicata Con: .:%. i000... ..0) 122

Cuba, collecting days about the Naval Station, Guanta-

namo Bay... fc. edd eek hub ele p ope ele ee 4]

Cumberlandia monodonta Say... ..:.....300.) case 121

Drupa foliacea Conrad (pl. 9, f£. 1; 2, 3)... ... s2gee eee 100

Drupa morus am, (pl..9,.f..11).. 05.4... 4 102

Drupa tuberculata Blainyv. (pl. 9, £. 10) 0... 20. ee 102

Drupa vitiensis Pils. (pl. 9, f: 5) 20 .....45:) 03. 99

Drupa walkere Pils. and Bryan, n. sp. (pl. 9, f. 4)...... 99

Elysiella Verrill oc. oe oie ce ok nk o.0 we ose a 131

Epiphragmophora callistoderma Pils. & Ferr., n. sp. (pl.

Ng De Be ecg epee a dle wierd wig ieee whaue lS: eialielG Lae ear 33, 93

Epiphragmophora fidelis, albinistic .................. 72

Epiphragmophora tudiculata Binn., var. .............. 33

Epiphragmophora veatchii, station of ................. 144

Kurynia subrostata Say ..:....2. 2.3. dines oi ee 118

Ferrissia (Laevapex) diaphana Hald. (pl. 2, f. 4)...... 3

Ferrissia rivularis Say (pl. 2, 1.3)... . «1.4 ese 3

Ferrissime Walker, n. ‘sabiam,,\. ....)..\,:i04 4. 5 2

Fisherola Hannibal 2.200 0.3608 es ae 2

Florida, a list of shells from the east coast of .......... a3

Friday Harbor, Washington, a summer’s collection at... 95

Fusconaia, a new type of the Nayad genus ............ 58

Fusconaia barnesiana Lea... . 2... 2)...» sone 59

Fusconaia ozarkersis’ Call... 00.0... 5 «coi site ee 62

Fusinus sandwichensis Sowb. (pl. 9, f. 8).............. 100

Gastrocopta contracta climeana Van. ............-...- 114

Gratacap, Louis Pope (obituary) | iis)... ./: a0 eee 135

Goniobasis livescens Menke ......-Vwwae..... 2.5 see 88

Goniobasis lawrencel Tea '.)...5 1... Resi. « «ye ea 117

Gundlachia ancyliformis Pir. |)... 0202.6). oop ee

Gundlachia hinkleyi Walker, n. sp. (pl. 1, f. 10-16, pl. 3,

ae Be aan eae MANE LYS RNIN ARAB ROPE) 4,51

Helix hortensis at Digby, Nova Scotia ................. 58

Helix nemoralis in Knoxville) Tenn:. .). .... .2 2s... 107, 133

Ischnochiton conspicuus, notes on the variation of ...... OT

Ischnochiton pilsbryanus Berry = I. (L.) nipponica

BETTY ee eee ea ial its ie 144

THE NAUTILUS. b

IRR SG 6 ey) ais cS ds ciaisis wd tps whe oh giecvioie e 4m 4

Kennerlyia forresterensis, n. S coco 134

ME INN 50g die ln, ac, «/oi8/id jo) s,'6/nv dima © oh ea 2 oe yn 3

Lampsilis minor and L. villosa, distinctive characters of. 15

Lampsilis ventricosa cohongoronta in the Potomac River. 40

Lanx klamathensis Hann. (pl. 2, f. 2) ................

memmeumnices Dea (pl: 2,f.1) oie cae. 2

Lymneza emarginata mighelsii from Alaska ............ 12

Semmes Or Oneida Lake, N. Y. 2.2.6.0. e ce cee cee 92

Seremius testus Gundl. 1 5....1 0 ee ce ede es 43

Beeromya, lienosa nigerrima Lea ....... 2c. ee cece 118

Mollusea of Clark County, Arkansas .................. 109

Mollusca of Oneida Lake, N. Y., further notes on the... 81

Mopaia imporcata lionotus, n. subsp. .............006. 126

RE EE aie ocr ale a alae cava’ ig alae etapa git avy, 125

Mopalia muscosa laevior, n. subsp. .............0.2008. 126

peeeeamee Ftisbry (pl.9,f. 9,12) 20... tee bribe

Naiades, new genera and species of Central American... 47

Nayades, the anatomy of two African ................. 5

Maa he Wile aa sos wish ple eid ciao abe 47

Sees targuuar Pilsbry, 0: sp. ......0.66. 0. css eese 50

meme erigugiandica M.@ Poi... ke cee d1

Reeremeoueinsing, a UNIO .. 2... ees 128

Seumenerouia land shells . 0... si. ec te eee 61

Note on the relation of snail fauna to floods ............ 64

EIGER ESE UE a 35, 71, 107, 144

Nova Scotia, collecting at Digby .................002- a7

Ne ee gual aialelece idl oele aoditcs ia

Oreohelix handi Pilsbry & Ferriss, n. sp. ............. 31, 94

Peristernia thaanumi Pilsbry & Bryan, n. sp. (pl. 9, f.

NTE eee eee ee ee ei ala akin olalacd aides 101

Physide mPEIMPEC PIL IN Yc e ov ia eu dase in ee atc ele) 4 ¢ a aha 89

Planorbide of Oneida Lake, 2 Sa Ne RRR gs ik A ie AV AN et 90

Semin enmipsonl ANICCY -.. 16s eect ewe wes 114

Plecotrema cubense from the mainland of Florida ...... 5D

Seeeemenee VETSICOION GOIN: 0)... ec eee ee we 43

Polygyra albolabris maritima in Massachusetts ......... 108

Pevevra Onstricta carolinensis Lea ............560560% 116

MERLE DONOR S645, 0 ok ce Sie adele ainsh wo eels a me 36

Polygyra columbiana from Unalaska .................. 13

Polygyra texasiana tillandsiz Cockerell, n. var. ........ 36

CE AI es ly aa eleleve elias 36

Psoronaias kuxensis Frierson, n. sp. (pl. 7, f. 1, 2)...... 48

BemmmremtONS TECEIVED .. 0... ewww cw ence 34, 69, 108, 140

TR OOHORIE, 0 od a ca we aida nesiese cus 79

vl THE NAUTILUS.

Rhodacmea cahawbensis Walker, n. sp. (pl. 1, f.4-6).... 7

Rhodachiea elatior Anth. 20. 04.0.5. .0.. 6s om ome le 8

Rhodacmea filosa Conrad (pl. 3, f. 2) .............000- 6

Rhodacmea gwatkiniana Walk., n. sp. (pl. 1, f.3,7,9).. 9

Rhodacmea hinkleyi Walk... 00... 5... osa04.« 4 Uae 8

Rhodacmea rhodacme Walk., n. sp. (pl. 1, f. 1, 2, 8; pl.

CIMT nes Ae ARR OO MA IU MAUR De 8

Rhodacmeéa Walker, n. gen. 0507... eos 2 se ba D

Rhodacmeinz, 1. subfam.”'. 1460's 62s o.+.6«.<14 4000 a 5

Rhodocephala’ Walker, ni. ‘sect... .)... 3)... 0 ee 8

Sampson, Francis Asbury (obituary) ................- 137

Shells collected at Anaheim Bay and vicinity .......... 103

sigaretus, anew Califormian \. 0.20 /.)) 0.20 .dcn ae 13

Sinum californicum Oldroyd, n. sp... ...... 2.0. uae eee 13

Sonorella rooseveltiana Berry, n. sp. ..........-eeeee0e 14

Spatha kamerunensis Walker ............. «02+ seen 77

Spatha walberoi Krauss |). 0205. ce ws oe ee 77

Sphaeriide, notes on reproduction and growth in certain. 16

Sphaeriide of Oneida Lake, N.Y... .....+.++.00 eee 84

Strobilops labyrinthica texasiana Pils. & Ferr.......... 114

Suceinea rétiisa Lea... see es esi oon a ee 93

Thysanophora caeca Guppy (pl. 8, f.3)..............2.. 15

Thysanophora dioscoricola C. B. Ads. (pl. 8, f. 2)....... 75

Thysanophora macneilli Clapp, n. sp. (pl. 8, f.1)....... 74

Trachydermon lowel, 1. SD. |...) 2.04 bos 6s eee ee 127

Unio caifer Krauss .\.0.000 0. eka ees dees ale Se 75

Unio tetralasmus Say (pl. 7, f. 4). 02. aes 49

Unionids of Oneida Lake, N. Y.'. 2...» sete ee 83

Unios, on ‘the rate of growth of pond ... 5... :2.. ree 49

Vallonia cyclophorella septuagentaria Pils. & Ferr., n.

WT eg Maced ah te ane op! ete Sohail a othe SRAM NG Ith a 95

Valvata tricarinata perconfusa Walker, n. n. .......... 36

Valvatide of Oneida Take, N. Yic. 22.0). nc so otek e ee 89

Vitrea 'radiatula circumstriata Taylor. .:......su.uneer 115

Vivarium, a home-made: isc eee eins eye wine o 01m ee 105

Viviparidz of Oneida Lake, N.Y. «2.2... «ss0le oe eee 86

Viviparus malleatus and contectoides in Mass. ......... 107

Watkerola Hannibal \. 00s. a hie gs ema jeieze ob iplo eee 2

Winkley, Rev. Henry W. (obituary) .........00.s05see8 136

Zachrysia emaremata Pir. (pl) 7.7). 0. 3)..4m site ee 19

Zachrysia ramsdeni Pils., n.sp: (pl) 7, f. 5, 6) .....5 ae 78

THE NAUTILUS. Vii

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

eT ee 8 A eu aha ure anche bua oleae 81

er eye seg iy a aU ern Mier Qiiate GW iewie big 6 6 ole 144

I NOSIS EL SOUR EA Ea 107

I re ee OD id ued erele ae eed alee a 71

SBN aca sa Wanita weseiin a win ie ek 14, 144

TIE Be oe a be he dae deus 99

ee acre Pero de 'chi sa cal gel Goelwiklelere plates 37, 103

ESS ed eco Sr OR che wie Daca abana! eleva lS el oat 73

ES RN 686/35 d ad sc hen ei gha aleeoa aie ald eve 36, 108, 133

EN a a as hele Via Wala oie 4 Giiei iw es 10, 12, 34, 93

IT EINES Tae eg RE RRS ES 31

EE regia wide Sialic ale dix Wiel'e alga aa syelaeicte de 47, 49

IE S02) she aa. Whe eh dial oN) ard Me al a diay eye dies 16

te a a he ade ast 137

EPO PA ecb a os he dle le ewe oe als 41

IN) hho) doh ids NG 4. whe wae doe sialey 107, 186, 140

ES Sk Ne aN Lalas pin lala aia'-asie cbs, e's 2

ND Ne ha pls ahah a. 4d) oon ach iy sic al pi ctna s bis 40

I TC) (yo dic in ds esha Du cies Sie widlawle viele y obies 13

ME er a sbeklle' w Gia A eiete he weds di mies 95

eG SS 58, 75, 78, 93, 99, 128

ie La kale dwitia oe ten das Bobs 44, 50, 125

II a Siete ir as Fo dk di Wave phe & oonlas@ alae be a due 64

TE UD a 57, 105

Ek Uy i eR i ay 71

rc oA a gis bald haa w cud eae ee 6 15

IIE a id a dies wie alee Sold daca sve es 1, 35, 51, 53

ES so SU Be dg el da eal iahial Wiel ate a alele 109

NE A, ei Sigh a) es Ni dla Wig gc Sahai era wand oe 134

NR Sahel m.6 5 Sing yield. ass) ecscain eid ase Wie allele ie a's 131

54,05 AbK i

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXXI. JULY, 1917. Noy) 1

A REVISION OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN

PATELLIFORM ANCYLIDAE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF

NEW SPECIES.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The North American patelliform species of Ancylidae can be

conveniently and naturally arranged in eight genera and sub-

genera according to their shell characters. These can again be

grouped into three subfamilies characterized by the peculiarities

of the radula and jaw.

It was hoped that a study of the soft anatomy might reveal

other peculiarities co-ordinating with those of the radulae, and

for that purpose with the kind assistance of correspondents in

England, South Africa and this country a very considerable

amount of alcoholic material, representing nearly all of the

_ characteristic groups, was collected, some of which will be very

difficult to replace. This material was placed in the hands of

a distinguished zoologist, who undertook to work it up. After

appropriating and using the material thus obtained, it was a

matter of bitter disappointment, after having waited for three

years for the completion of the work, reported from time to

‘time to be in progress, to be informed by the gentleman that

he should not proceed further with the work as he did not think

that it would ‘‘ pay for the trouble considering the more impor-

tant anatomical details that await study among other families

-of mollusks.”’

_ Under these circumstances the subfamilies represented in our

2 THE NAUTILUS.

fauna must for the present be based wholly upon the peculi-.

arities of the radula and jaw. |

The arrangement of the Ancylidae proposed by Hannibal,

(Pr. Mal. Soc. Lond., vol. x, 1912, p. 147), is not based upon

any distinctions of systematic value. The genera and subgenera

arranged under the different subfamilies are entirely heterogen-

eous and in several instances genera and their subgenera appear

in different subfamilies. The whole arrangement is absolutely:

futile and must be entirely disregarded.

The arrangement that I would propose is as follows:—

I. Subfamily Lancina&, Hannibal.

Jaw as in Lymnaea with two accessory plates. Radula also.

Lymnaeid in character. Central tooth unicuspid or tricuspid,

laterals bicuspid with large quadrate bases, marginals comb-

like, the cusps extending beyond the base.

This group was proposed, but without any definition, by

Hannibal (Navt., vol. xxviii, 1914, p. 24).

Genus Lanx Clessin.

Lanz Clessin, Con. Cab., Ancylinen, 1880, p. 10.

Type, Ancylus newberryt Lea. Example, Lanz patelloides

(Lea). Pl. 2) fig. 4.

Subgenus Walkerola Hannibal.

Walkerola Hannibal, Pr. Mal. Soc. Lond., X, 1912, p. 149.

Type, Lanz ( Walkerola) klamathensis Hannibal, Pl. 2, fig. 2.

Conchologically Walkerola appears to bear the same relation to

Lanz that Levapex does to Ferrissia.

Genus FisHeroLta Hannibal.

Fisherola Hannibal, Pr. Mal. Soc. Lond., X, 1912, p. 151.

Type, Fisherola lancides Hannibal.

Nothing has been published on the soft anatomy. It is.

placed here on account of its size, shape and habitat.

II. Subfamily Ferrissin#, n. subf.

Jaw segmented in plates. Radula with a bicuspid central,

laterals obliquely reflected with from two to five small cusps.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

arranged somewhat like the teeth of a comb, marginals also

comb-like, cusps not (usually) extending to the basal line.

Genus Frrriss1a Walker.

Ferrissia Walker, Naut., XVII, 1908, p. 15.

Type, Ancylus rivularis Say. Pl. 2, fig. 3.

Subgenus Levapex Walker.

Lzxvapez Walker, Naut., XVII, 1903, p. 15.

Type, Ancylus fuscus C. B. Adams. Example, Ferrissia

{Levapex) diaphana (Hald.). Pl. 2, fig. 4.

For reasons stated elsewhere (Naut., XXVI, p. 117), I can

not follow Hannibal in subordinating Ferrissia to Levapex. I

agree fully with Gwatkin (J. of Con., XIV, 1914, p. 147), that

Ferrissia represents the most primitive type of radula, so far as

yet known, in the Ancylide. The world-wide distribution of

the genus is evidence tending in the same direction. Levapex

is restricted to America and is, to my mind, clearly an offshoot

from the more ancient Ferrissia stock. In addition to its pecu-

liar shell characters, there is some evidence tending to show a

slight divergence also in the character of the lateral teeth, but

hardly sufficient to justify its generic distinction.

Genus GUNDLACHIA Pfeiffer.

Gundlachia Pfeiffer, Zeitschr. fur Malak., VI, 1849, p. 98.

Type, Gundlachia ancyliformis Pir. Pl. 3, fig. 1.

Poeyra Bet., (1862), and Kincaidella Hann., (1912), are

synonyms, being based on immature or non-septate stages, but

the latter name may be retained for the group with striate apices.

Gundlachia, like Ferrissia, includes two groups characterized

by the presence or absence of radial sculpture on the apex.

I have examined all of the described species except G. cre-

pidulina Guppy from Trinidad and G. lucasi Suter from New

Zealand.

Sub-genus Gundlachia s. s.

Apex smooth, except for light concentric wrinkles. Type,

Gundlachia ancyliformis Pfr., Cuba.

The following species also belong in this group:

4 THE NAUTILUS.

G. bakert Pils., Brazil; hinkleyi Walker, Guatemala and hAjal-

marsont Pfr., Honduras and Texas.

Sub-genus Kincaidella Hannibal.

Apex radially striate.

Kincaidella Hannibal, Pr. Mal. Soc., London, XII, 1912,

p. 148. Type, Ancylus fragilis Tryon—Gundlachia californica

Row.

Californica Rowell, (March, 1863), has priority over fragilis

Try., (June, 1863), if the date given by Binney, (L. and F.

W. Sh., Il, p. 149), is correct.

Kincaidella also includes the following species:

G. beddomei Pett. (MSS.), and petterdi John. from Tasmania;

neozelanica Suter from New Zealand; I’ hotellerie: ‘‘ Bet.’’ Walker

from Egypt; a species as yet undescribed from Cape Colony, 8.

Africa; californica Rowell, meekiana Stimpson, stimpsoniana S.

Smith and undetermined species from Starved Rock, Ill. and

Mobile, Ala., from the United States.

The generic position of Ancylus woodst John. from Tasmania

would seem to be somewhat uncertain, (see Hedley, Navr.,

IX, p. 66), but, if not a Kincaidella, it is a Ferrissia, as the

apex is radially striate.

it is interesting to notice that Gundlachia s. s. is apparently

restricted to the countries bordering the Gulf of Mexico and

seems to be a purely American group, similar to Levapex, while

Kincaidella, like Ferrissia s. s., has a range extending quite

around the globe. Ifa natural rather than an artificial system

of nomenclature could be used, Kincaidella would represent the

older and really typical group and Gundlachia s. s., as a more

recent off-shoot from the original race, would become a sub-

genus.

I have not seen Troschel’s description of the radula of G.

ancyliformis mentioned by Hedley, (Naur., IX, p. 62). The

radule of the three American species that have been figured,

californica, meekiana and hinkleyi, are all very similar to each

other and quite different from that of either Ferrissia or Leva-

pet. That of G. neozelanica Suter as figured in T. N. Z., XXVI,

pl. 14, fig. 5 is similar in the small number of cusps on the-

THE NAUTILUS. 5

side teeth, but differs in having them longer and sharper, those

of the marginals extending beyond the base. This characteristic

difference in the raduJa would seem to definitely establish the

generic validity of the group.

Ill. Subfamily Roopacmern», n. subf.

Jaw composed of numerous segmented plates. Radula with

a long, slender central, unicuspid or faintly bicuspid, and with

the base widely expanded in some species: the first lateral very

large with an enormous mesocone, the blade-like cusp extend-

ing beyond the base, the ectocone is back of the mesocone, en-

tirely separated from it and has several small cusps; there is no

endocone. The four laterals are similar in shape but diminish

rapidly in size toward the margin, these are succeeded by two

or three transition teeth, smaller and with more or less imper-

fect cusps. The marginals are very small, rapidly decreasing

in size toward the outer edge, with large quadrate bases, wider

than high, vestigial, the cusps being nearly, if not quite,

obsolete.

The rows of teeth are more or less V-shaped and with the

immense laterals and minute marginals present a remarkable

appearence quite unlike any other group belonging to the family.

Gwatkin, (J. of Con., XIV, 1914, p. 147), has already com-

mented upon the resemblance of the radula to that of Brachypo-

della.

All of the species known to belong to this group have the

apex of the shell tinged with pink.

Genus RHODACMEA, N. g.

Shell patelliform, conical, elevated or depressed, apex tinged

with pink. Radulaand jawasinthesubfamily. Soft anatomy

otherwise unknown.

Type, Ancylus filosus Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 2.

The species belonging to this genus are not confined to the

Coosa drainage as Gwatkin supposed, but are also found in both

the Tennessee and Ohio systems.

As in Lanz and Ferrissia, two well marked groups are repre-

6 THE NAUTILUS.

sented in this genus, the one with an elevated and the other

with a depressed shell.

Section Rhodacmea, s. s.

Shell elevated. Radula with a unicuspid central, which has

the base triangularly expanded; laterals with the cusp of the

mesocone extending but little beyond the base and not over-

lapping the base of the central tooth.

Type, Ancylus filosus Conrad.

I. RHopACMEA FILosA (Conrad).

Ancylus filosa Conrad, F. W. Shells, 1834, p. 57.

When I wrote of this species in 1904, (Naut., XVIII, p. 75)

I had not seen any specimens from the Black Warrior River,

Conrad’s original locality. The specimens then before me as

was stated, were not typical in that they lacked the ‘‘numerous,

radiating, prominent lines’’ described by Conrad. Since that

time a considerable amount of additional material has been

received from Mr. H. H. Smith, which fully confirms the origi-

nal diagnosis. One set from the Black Rock Shoals of the

Black Warrior River are rather thin, of a light translucent green

color with the apex tinged with rose and are very strongly radi-

ately striate, the ribs extending from the apex to the periphery.

The largest specimen measures 4.25x 3x2 mm. These shells

are undoubtedly typical.

Similar specimens are before me from the Coosa River from

several localities, viz., two miles above Coosa Valley, St. Clair

Co.; Ten Island Shoal near Lock no. 2; Leota Shoal; Three

Island Shoal, Wilsonville, Shelby Co.; and Vincent Shoal, two

miles above Upper Clear Creek. Also from Tallassahatchee

Creek, four miles east of Childersburg; Beaver Creek at Greens-

port and Canoe Creek.

All the shells from these localities are quite typical in form,

but are uniformly thicker and more heavily striated than the

Black Warrior specimens. This heavily striated form seems to

be the characteristic expression of the species in the Coosa and

its tributaries. The Cahawba River specimens from Lewis and

Call mentioned in my former paper, while lacking the strong

THE NAUTILUS. yi

radial striae, are in texture and shape like the typical shells

from the Black Warrior. While this smoother form quite

probably represents a local race worthy of recognition, as it has

not been found by more recent collectors and no exact localities

for it are known, it hardly seems advisable to do more than to

call attention to its peculiarities until more definite information

as to its precise range can be had.

RHODACMEA CAHAWBENSIS, n. sp. Pl. I, figs. 4-6.

Ancylus filosus Walker, Naut., XVIII, 1904, p. 76, pl. vi,

figs. 1-6.

Shell elevated, obtusely conical, broad oval, somewhat wider

behind the apex than before it; apex obtuse, siightly behind

the longitudinal centre of the shell, scarcely, if at all, turned

toward the right side, apical sculpture entirely eroded in all

specimens seen; yellow horn color slightly tinged with green,

apex rose color; anterior slope convex toward the apex, straighter

below; posterior slope nearly rectilinear; lateral slopes slightly

convex, the left being more oblique than the right; lines of

growth strong and irregular, slightly rippled by radial lines,

which sometimes become obsolete radial striee.

Length 4.5; width 3.5; alt. 2.5 mm.

Types, (no. 438453 Coll. Walker), from the Cahawba River,

Gurnee, Shelby Co., Ala., collected by H. H. Smith. Cotypes

in the collections of the Acad. of Nat. Science, Philadelphia,

George H. Clapp and John B. Henderson. Also from Cahatchee

Creek and Yellowleaf Creek, Shelby Co., Ala. The single

specimen from the latter locality shows subobsolete radial stria-

tion very much like the ‘‘ Coosa River’’ specimens in the Lewis

collection which in my former paper I referred to filosa, but

which I now think belong to this species. The fact that the

heavily striated jfilosa is quite characteristic of the Coosa, where

this species has not been found by Mr. Smith in his extensive

collections, makes me doubt whether the Lewis shells really

did come from the Coosa itself. Unfortunately no exact locality

is given by Lewis and the question must remain undetermined.

This species is more closely related to the elatior Anth. of the

Tennessee drainage than to any of the known species of the

§ THE NAUTILUS.

Alabama system. Compared with that, it is smaller, narrower,

with a more obtuse apex, the posterior slope is straight and

not convex and the lateral slopes less oblique than in that

species. The tinted apical area seems smaller than in the other

species ol the genus and is frequently lost entirely from erosion.

The radula has not yet been examined.

RHODACMEA ELATIOR (Anthony).

Ancylus elatior Anthony, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., VI, 1855, p. 158,

pl. v, fig. 20.

No additional information in regard to this species can be

given at this time except that the radula of a specimen from

the Tennessee River at Florence, Ala., collected by Hinkley

agrees with that of filosa in the characters of the central and

lateral teeth. A very considerable collection from the Tennes-

see made by Mr. H. H. Smith has not yet been worked over

and may add materially to our knowledge of the species when

critically examined.

RHODACMEA HINKLEYI (Walker).

Ancylus (Ferrissia) hinkleyi Walker, Naut., XXI, 1908, p.

139, pl. lx, figs. 11-18.

The species listed from the Tennessee River at Florence, Ala.,

as ‘‘ Ancylus rhodaceus Walker’’ by Hinkley in 1906, (Nauvr.

XX, p. 40), but not described, is the same as that subsequently

described under this name in 1908. The radula of the Tennes-

see River specimens agrees with those of filosa and elatior in

sectional characters.

Section Rhodocephala, n. sect.

Shell depressed. Radula with a faintly “bicuspid central

which has the sides of the base straight and not expanded;

laterals with the cusp of the mesocone extending far beyond

the base and overlapping the base of the central tooth.

Type Rhodacmea rhodacme Walker.

RHODACMEA RHODACME, n. sp. PI. I, figs. 1, 2 and 8.

Shell depressed, conical, obovate, the greatest width being

THE NAUTILUS. 9

just behind the apex, apex subceniral, only slightly behind the

centre, obliquely elevated, acute, spine-like, somewhat turned

toward the right side, finely radially striate, apical depression

small, oval and situated on the left side of the tip of the apex;

pale green with the apical region deeply tinged with rose color;

anterior slope very slightly convex; posterior slope oblique and

nearly rectilinear below the base of the apex; lateral slopes

slightly convex and about equally oblique; growth lines regular,

fine and distinct, the apical striae extend down over the upper

part of the shell giving a shagreened appearance to the surface

as they intersect the growth lines, but become mere ripples

toward the margin.

Length 5.25, width 4, alt. 1.25 mm.

Types, (No. 20371 Coll. Walker), from the Coosa River at

Williamsville, Shelby Co., Ala., collected by A. A. Hinkley.

Cotypes in the collection of Mr. Hinkley. Also from the Coosa

River above Wetumpka (Hinkley) and at Leota Shoals; Fort

William Shoals; Shoal two miles above Coosa Valley; Vincent

Shoal two miles above Upper Clear Creek and Peckerwood

Shoals (H. H. Smith).

All of the Smith shells were found on or under stones, which

is apparently the usual habitat of the species, differing in this

respect from filosa, which is almost invariably found on living

Pleurocerida.

I have adopted for this species the very appropriate name

suggested by Dr. Pilsbry soon aiter its discovery.

The peculiar depressed shell of rhodacme with its spine-like

apex and characteristic radula differentiate it very sharply from

the species included under Rhodacmea s. s. and justifies the

establishment of a special section for it and similar species.

RHODACMEA GWATKINIANA, n. sp. PI. I, figs. 3, 7 and 9.

Shell rather small, depressed conic, oval; apex nearly cen-

tral, somewhat turned to the right, acute and spine-like, finely

radially striate; apple-green with the apex tinted with old-rose

color; anterior slope slightly convex; posterior slope oblique

and nearly straight below the projecting apex; lateral slopes

straight below the base of the apex and equally oblique; growth

10 THE NAUTILUS.

lines rather coarse and irregular, the entire surface covered with

low, coarse, rather distant radial striae extending to the edges.

Length 3.5, width 2.5, alt. 1 mm.

Types, (No. 438454 Coll. Walker), from Butting Ram Shoals,

Coosa Co., Ala., collected by H. H. Smith. Cotypes in the

collections of T. H. Aldrich, George H. Clapp and John B.

Henderson.

All of the specimens were found on living Pleuroceridez.

This beautiful little species, which groups with rhodacme in

its depressed shape and spine-like apex as well as in its radular

characteristics, differs from it in its small size, more regularly

oval shape and the greater development of radial striee over the

surface.

It is named in remembrance of the late Rev. Prof. H. M.

Gwatkin of Cambridge, England, to whom I am indebted for

practically all of the radula preparations used in this paper and

who was the first to observe and point out the remarkable char-

acter of the radula in the different species of the genus.

I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for the slide representing the

radula of Lanz patelloides. All of the other radule figured

were prepared by Prof. Gwatkin, and all of the figures were

drawn by Mrs. Lydia M. H. Green formerly connected with the-

U. S. National Museum.

A NEW SPECIES OF ASTARTE FROM ALASKA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

In 1865 Dr. Philip Carpenter described from a single speci-

men a species of Astarte from Puget Sound, to which he gave

the specific name of compacta. This type remains in the collec-

tion of the National Museum as number 4509.

This species has remained extremely rare, only three or four

others, some eroded and doubtful, have come to hand during

the half-century which has passed. This is probably due to.

the fact that the right locality had not been dredged, for the:

THE NAUTILUS. rt

species of this genus are usually very abundant in their chosen

places.

Recently Mr. G. Willett, warden of the Forrester Island res-

ervation in southern Alaska, has succeeded in getting an excel-

lent shell-collection at this isolated spot; among the shells thus

obtained was a good series of Astarte compacta. With this, and

for a time confused with the latter, is what seems to be a new

species of Astarte, which Mr. Willett in arranging his collection

was the first to discriminate. He had the kindness to send me

his fine mounted series of both species for examination, the re-

sult of which is not only that'a new species is identified, but

it is shown that A. compacta as well as the new form belong to

the typical section of the genus, both forming at intervals cren-

ulation of the inner margin of the valves. The only specimens

of A. compacta previously available happened to be in the stage

without crenulations.

The new form is best described by a comparative diagnosis. -

ASTARTE WILLETTI, 0. sp.

Shell small, of a yellowish-brown externally, milk-white in-

ternally ; the external sculpture of small concentric waves is

more regular and constant than in compacta; the form is more

oval and the beaks more anterior than in that species, and wil-

fettti appears to attain a larger size. In compacta the lunule is

relatively narrower and longer than in the new species. In the

interior the hinge of the latter is better developed than in com-

pacta, all three teeth being usually represented, while in com-

pacta the posterior and particularly the anterior cardinal is fre-

quently obsolete or absent. The shell substance of A. compacta

is more translucent and bluish, and the crenulations of the valve

margin when present are distinctly smaller and less conspicu-

ous than in willetti.

The measurements of two forms are as follows, the largest

specimen ofa series of some twenty-five specimens being selected

in each case.

Height. Length. Diameter.

A. willetti 14 16 8 mm.

A. compacta 12 12 6 mm.

iy, THE NAUTILUS.

The specimens were dredged in about 50 fathoms. The um-

bones in A. willetti are 6.0 mm. behind the anterior end of the

shell; in A. compacta about 5.5 mm., the result being that the

latter has a more triangular outline. The type of A. willetti is

number 216364 of the catalogue of mollusks of the U. S. Na-

tional Museum.

NOTES ON BOREAL LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS.

BY WM. H. DALL.

The National Museum has received a small lot of fresh-water

shells from Dr. T. E. Winecoff, stationed at Fort Yukon,

Alaska, nearly on the Arctic circle, which are of more than

ordinary interest. They were collected from a small pond near

the fort and the large Lymnaea abounded in such numbers as

to give a pinkish tint to the water in which they were, accord-

ing to the collector. The species are:

Lymnaea appressa Say, rather small for the species, and of a

brownish tint not unlike the usual color of L. palustris.

Lymnaea palustris Miller. Ordinary type and size.

Lymnaea emarginata mighelsii Binney. Not known so far

northwest.

Planorbis trivolvis Say, medium size, abundant.

Planorbis crista Linné, onespecimen. Nearest known locality

is Carberry, Manitoba.

Pisidiwm vesiculare Sterki, one specimen.

During a cruise in Bering Sea last summer, Mr. G. Dallas

Hanna touched at St. Mathew Island in the northern part of

Bering Sea. From small ponds in the island he obtained the

following species:

Aplexa hypnorum Linné,

Planorbis parvus Say.

Valvata mergella Westerlund.

Pisidium scutellatum? Sterki.

Succinea chrysis Westerlund.

THE NAUTILUS. Hs

Several times during the last few years I have received the

two forest snails Polygyra columbiana and Circinaria vancouver-

ensis from Unalashka. At first I felt confident that some error

had occured in labeling, as during my visits at that locality,

1871 to 1880, there was no grove or forest to shelter them and

assiduous collecting failed to reveal their presence. However,

in 1899 I found the transplanted Sitka spruce planted on one

or two of the islets in the bay had made an extraordinary growth,

and as these snails are always associated with the spruce and

fresh specimens have been lately received from the locality, I

can no longer doubt that the introduction of the species and its

acclimation have been successful. The Circinaria are small and

of a dark olive-green, the Polygyra normal.

A NEW CALIFORNIAN SIGARETUS.

BY MRS. IDA S. OLDROYD.

SINUM CALIFORNICUM, N. sp.

Shell white, convex, spirally striate above, with epidermis of

a rusty yellow; a thin columellar callus reflected nearly over

the umbilicus showing only a faint trace of umbilicus; interior

snow-white. This has been called Sigaretus debilis Gid., but it

is not like the specimens from Lower California. It differs

from S. concavum in not being as convex, and the interior being

white, and the early whorls are much smaller, and from S. debile

in being convex and larger. S. debile is very flat, the early

whorls are smaller and fewer. Length of shell 88 mm., breadth

18 mm., height 18 mm.

The type comes from San Pedro, California. The type and

nine specimens are in the Oldroyd collection at Stanford Uni-

versity. Others are in the collection of the U. S. Nat. Museum,

from localities ranging from Monterey, Cal., to Todos Santos

Bay, Lower Cal.

14 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW SONORELLA FROM ARIZONA.

BY S. Ss. BERRY.

Mr. George Willett has sent in specimens of a Sonorella from

Gila County, Arizona, which do not seem referable to any of the

described species. A diagnosis is accordingly offered below.

SONORELLA ROOSEVELTIANA new species.

The shell is depressed. In the type the spire is low conoidal,

but in some specimens is higher, while in others is raised but

little above the level of the principal whorl ; umbilicate, the

umbilicus contained about eight times in the major diameter ;

very thin and fragile. Whorls 44 to 44. Embryonic whorls a

little less then 14, the initial half-whorl very finely, irregularly,

radially, wrinkled-costulate, the wrinkles becoming finer and

more wavy in the following whorl, where they are crossed by

a series of fine, delicate, raised lines, passing obliquely down-

ward and forward from the summit of the whorl to the suture,

the sculpturing sometimes showing with beautiful regularity

over most of the whorl. Yet when aseries of shells is examined

the finer sculpturing shows great variation. Frequently the

incised lines are more or less interrupted, especially near the

summit, into elongate papillae which later coalesce. Some-

times lines or papillae are evident running in a direction counter

to those just described and intersecting them. Above the sum-

mit, where the wrinkly lines of growth come closer together,

the appearance is more granular and less distinct, but occasional

traces of similar lines apparently pass obliquely downward

(actually woward on account of the depression of the whorl at

the suture) and backward from the superior suture to the sum-

mit. In most of the specimens the fine wrinkling becomes al-

most granulose. The next whorl-and-three-quarters show irre-

gular growth-lines crossed obliquely by lines of minute papillae,

though I can make out no bristles with the aid of such magni-

fying power as happens to be by me. The last whorl is appar-

ently smooth except for the lines of growth. This whorl is

moderately wide and descends slightly in front. The aperture

THE NAUTILUS. 15

is subcircular and very oblique. The peristome is thin, its

margin only slightly thickened and scarcely at all expanded or

reflexed except at the base. There is an excessively delicate

parietal callus. The type measures, alt. 8, major diam. 16.5,

lesser diam. 14 mm. ; diam. of umbilicus 2 mm. ; aperture 8 x

8 mm.

Largest specimen, alt. 11, major diam. 19 mm.

Smallest adult, alt. 7, major diam. 15 mm.

Type: Cat. No. 3733 of the writer’s collection. A paratype

is Cat. No. 117086 of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phil-

adelphia, and another is in the collection of George Willett.

Type Locality: Roosevelt, Gila County, Arizona; in rock

slides on north slopes, 2200 ft. altitude. 31 specimens exam-

ined, taken by Mr. George Willett, December 15, 1914, and

November 1916.

Remarks: Although the shell characters of this modest species

offer no very striking peculiarities, I have been unable to iden-

tify it with any of the sixty or so described members of the

genus. There is apparently no end to the Arizonan Sonorellas.

As compared with the other species of which I have seen speci-

mens, S. rooseveltiana seems more than usually thin and fragile.

The general porportions of the shell, as the spire, aperture, and

so on, are quite variable.

Some of Mr. Willett’s shells have found their way into other

collections as S. coloradoensis Stearns, from the figures a quite

different species.

Redlands, California.

THE DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF LAMPSILIS MINOR AND

L. VILLOSA.

BY T. VAN HYNING.

In sending out specimens of the Unionidae of Florida from

the Florida State Museum, we have stated of Lampsilis villosa

B. H. Wright, and Lampsilis minor Lea, that it was impossible

to differentiate with certainty all of the adult specimens; this

16 THE NAUTILUS.

being due to the eroded umbones, but with young specimens

showing umbonal sculpture, it was an easy matter. Simpson

says in his Descriptive Catalogue for both species, that the um-

bonal sculpture was not seen; hence no description. This

museum has numerous specimens of young and adult of both

species recently collected, and the young show the umbonal

sculptute of both species to be composed of about four coarse

ridges; in minor they are circular and in villosa V-shaped looped.

Mr. Frierson, in a letter of November 27, '16, writes that he

has discovered how to differentiate the adults of these two

species. He calls attention to an additional small muscle scar

(cicatricula?) at the upper end of the anterior muscle scar

(cicatrix) in minor.

I have just found time to go over the specimens in this

museum and open them up, and separate them according to

Mr. Frierson’s discovery, and I am now prepared to give some

additional information. In the majority of specimens a glass

is required to see the small scar referred to, and then in the

majority of specimens the small scar, instead of being separate,

is but an extension of the larger one, which makes it still

harder to determine. Simpson says, of minor, ‘‘ anterior scars

deep,’’ and of villosa ‘‘muscle scars scarcely impressed.’’ In

opening a shell, the deep scar in minor is at once noticeable from

the shallow one of villosa. Minor is a heavier, wider, and shorter

shell than villosa, and the anterior distance from the umbo is

shorter in minor.

Florida State Museum.

NOTES ON REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH IN CERTAIN VIVIPAROUS

MUSSELS OF THE FAMILY SPHAERIIDAE.

BY RALPH J. GILMORE.

The present study was undertaken in an effort to determine

the nature of the reproductive process in certain common forms

of the family Sphaeriidae. For a long time incubation of the

young has been known to occur in European forms, but no in-

vestigation has been made of related forms from America.

THE NAUTILUS. Ye

HistoricaL. Jacobsen (1828) noted the fact that embryos

of Cyclas develop in sacs. He observes that ‘‘each ovary is

composed of a number of small cylindrical sacs or capsules.

When impregnated, these sacs increase in bulk and gradually

protrude from the abdomen. By this protrusion they are intro-

duced into the gill cavity but still retain connection with the

interior membrane of the ovary. These capsules contain the

eggs and the young are developed in them. Each one contains

but one egg or young ope. As soon as the young has reached

a certain size, the capsule bursts and the young is ejected into

the gill cavity. We find in the gill cavity at one and the same

time, capsules and young both large and small.’’ Apparently

the only part of Jacobsen’s observations which is correct, is the

fact that the young develop in sacs. Later authors fail to con-

firm his work. Oskar Schmidt (1854) investigated the anatomy

of Cyclas calyculata. Franz Leidig (1855) studied the anatomy

of Cyclas cornea. Stepanoff (1865) was the first to point out

the brood pouch of Cyclas in its true relation. His observations

were confirmed in 1885 by Ziegler. However, the work of

both of these men was directed mainly toward segmentation and

development of the embryo and their observations on the brood

pouch were mere casual notes. In one of his plates Ziegler

shows a diagrammatic figure including a small portion of a

brood pouch. De Bruyne (1898) in a work on phagocytosis

figures a brood pouch. Poyarkoff (1910) published a prelim-

inary note on the incubation of embryos of Cyclas. This was

followed in 1911 by a paper on the same form by Schereschewsky.

Both of these authors gave considerable attention to the cellular

structure of the pouch, its origin and function. The only work

that has been published on American forms is that of Drew,

who in 1894 described the anatomy of Sphaerium sulcatum.

MatTerraL. The material for this work was collected during

the summer and fall of 1913, from ponds and streams in the

neighborhood of Ithaca, N. Y. Two forms were observed,

Calyculina truncata and Sphaerium simile.

Calyculina truncata is one of the smallest of the Sphaeriidae.

It averages about eight millimeters long, and seven high. The

shell is very fragile, rhombic ovate, the posterior part very

18 THE NAUTILUS.

squarely cut off, the anterior broadly rounded. The surface is

smooth and shining with very fine lines of growth. The color

is light yellowish green or greenish horn. It occurs in clear

fresh-water ponds or the sheltered parts of rivers, usually em-

bedded in soft sticky mud, the siphons protruding just above

the surface. Very often it may be seen climbing about on sub-

merged vegetation. The seasons of greatest apparent abundance

are the spring and early summer months. It quite frequently

occurs in ponds which are dry throughout the greater part of the

year. -

Sphaerium simile is one of the largest species of the family.

An adult specimen may be eighteen millimeters long and thir-

teen millimeters high. The shell is rather solid, almost equila-

teral, transversely oval (Fig. 10), the anterior and posterior

margins almost equal. The surface is shining, pale green, with

coarse growth-lines in young specimens but in older ones it is

dull, dark brown to black with only those growth-lines evident

which mark the ends of growth periods. It prefers clear, cold

streams but may be found in quiet pools of rivers and lakes.

It buries itself in soft mud or debris usually an inch or more

below the surface. It communicates with the water above

through a small hole in the mud. I have no record of this

form occurring in places which are not well supplied with water

throughout the year.

MetuHops. During the early part of the work, expanded

animals were fixed in hot water or hot mercuric chloride.

This method had one great advantage, in that it allowed very

litte contraction of organs. But for cell structure the following

was found to be better. The animals were prevented from

completely closing the shell by a small piece of wood inserted

between the valves. In this condition they were placed in cold

saturated mercuric chloride with two to three percent of glacial

acetic acid. They were kept in the fixer for twenty-four hours.

The acidity of the fixer removed nearly all of the calcium salts

of the shell. The remainder was removed by one half to one

percent of hydrochloric acid in sixty-seven percent alcohol.

The entire animal was imbedded in paraffin. Serial sections

were cut from six to ten microns in thickness. Delafield’s

PLATE I

THE NAUTILUS, XXxXI

Noes

WALKER: ANCYLID/

THE NAUTILUS, XXXT PLATE If

2. LANX KLAMATHENSIS HAN.

ee ik oN ies i? SAPP PP yyy

3. FERRISSIA RIVULARIS (SAY).

4. FERRISSIA (L/EVAPEX) DIAFHANUS (HALD.).

WHE NAUTILUS, XXXI1 PLATE Ilit

ay eS IDS STAUB PPA

ae had

1. GUNDLACHIA HINKLEYI WALKER.

2. RHODACMEA FILOSA (CON.).

3. RHODACMEA RHODACME WALKER.

THE NAUTILUS, XXxXI PLATE IV

GILMORE: REPRODUCTION OF SPHARIID

THE NAUTILUS, XXX] PLATE V

Sats

AiG 7

GILMORE: REPRODUCTION OF SPHARIIDA

90 Hime Kel

hs i

rae

eye,

nr ertgt 7)

aw)

ihe

PLATE VI

THE NAUTILUS, XXXI

f1G. 10.

Cich ge -44

Fira.

GILMORE: REPRODUCTION OF SPHZERIID/E

*, ae e

wee t

4 3 = 2

‘ ? 4-

< : ’ .

- +

- {

- ae

‘

“

ae ’ ~ es

. “ert z vo be

b -

~? Z =

* “ Pp Ve 2

# ie

‘ * . » es aAvg

* sl < o'r a

THE NAUTILUS. 19

Haematoxylin and orange G. in ninety-five percent alcohol were

used.as stains.

In order to establish the relation of the brood pouch to the

gill filaments and water spaces a wax model of parts of a gill

was constructed from drawings made on an Edinger machine.

REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. The animal is hermaphroditic. The

reproductive organs are situated beneath the pericardium and

behind the stomach (Figs 1, 2, 8,4). They consist of a pair

of racemose glands, the anterior part of which produce sperm

and the posterior eggs. A common genital duct continues

backward, opening into the cloacal chamber of the inner gill

near the opening of the kidney.

Plate V, Fig. 2, represents the essential parts of an egg {fol-

licle. Each follicle is lined with a single layered epithelium

supported by a very heavy basement membrane. Eggs develop

by the enlargement of certain cells of the lining epithelium.

When a developing egg has grown to four or five times the size

of the neighboring cells it is pushed out of its position by a

pedestal-like growth of the basement membrane. Thus pro-

jected into the lumen of the follicle, it continues to develop until

mature, when it drops off. |

The sperm-producing follicles (Fig. 3) are irregularly spher-

ical and arranged about their common duct like the parts of a

raspberry. Each follicle is made up of a mass of sperm mother

ells about its outer part and either fully formed or young

sperm cells near the center. The center is hollow and com-

municates with the common sperm duct. This duct (Pl. V,

Fig. 3) extends a short distance backward where it receives the

product of the egg follicle, continuing from that point to the

exterior as a common genital duct.

Regarding maturation and fertilization Stepanoff (1865) ob-

serves, ‘‘ When the egg has reached a certain size it separates

more and more from the wall of the basement tissue until it at

last becomes free, in the inner part of the follicle and later falls

into the outlet of the sex glands. The separation is affected by

the increase of the yolk mass and the resulting weight of the

egg. Hegs thus fallen into the duct become surrounded by a

amass of fully formed sperm, so that, without doubt, fertilization

20 THE NAUTILUS.

occurs in this place.’’ Schereschewsky says, ‘‘ Fertilization

takes place in the gill chamber.”’ In the majority of the speci-

mens of Calyculina and Sphaerium ripe sperm and eggs were

found to occur in the same individual. None of the specimens

had eggs in the genital duct.

BREEDING Seasons. The breeding season probably continues

through the greater part of the year. Observations on this.

point have been very meager. Animals taken in November and

December of 1913 were found to contain, in newly formed brood

pouches, eggs some of which were unsegmented and others in

very early cleavage stages. Considerably over fifty adult speci-

mens have been sectioned. All were found to contain young

in several stages of development.

Gitts. Before considering the structure of the brood pouch

it will be necessary to look into the structure of the gills. The

gills are four in number, an outer and an inner pair. The outer

is much smaller than the inner and falls short anteriorly by

about a fourth of its length. Each gill has two lamellae. The

outer lamella of the outer gill is attached to the mantle; the

inner lamella of the outer gill is attached to the outer lamella

of the inner gill and the inner lamella of the inner gill is at-

tached to the body. It is the outer lamella of the inner gill

which contains the brood pouches.

The lamellae are made up of gill filaments (Figs. 7, 8, and

11). <A typical filament may be compared to a rubber tube

sharply bent on itself to form a letter Y. Each filament of one:

lamella is therefore continuous with one of the other lamellae.

The open part of the letter Y represents the cloacal chamber.

All water which passes between the filaments finds its way into

this chamber and from thence to the exterior. In the anterior

and posterior parts of the gill the cloacal chamber is very much

reduced (Figs. 8 and 11). ,

- Kach filament is a hollow tube which in frontal section ap-

pears as an irregular ellipse (Figs. 8 and 11). The outer part

is made up of a single layer of heavy cells, strengthened by

chitinous rods (Fig. 8). The inner part is a single layer of

flattened cells forming a very thin membrane. The hollow

THE NAUTILUS. ya

part of a filament is the blood space. This blood space may be

crossed by an irregular loose network of web-like threads.

These probably serve to prevent the membrane from collapsing.

In the ventral part of the gill, except at the ventralmost part,

the blood spaces of the two lamellae are kept separate as is shown

(Figs. 5, 7 and 11).

At irregular intervals adjacent ‘naneint are joined by inter-

filamentary junctions (Figs. 7, 8 and 11). Small ribbon-like

bands of fibrous chitin may cas several filaments for a short

space. These by holding the filaments together give definite

shape to the lamellae which would otherwise be a tangle of

tubes. Another type of junction (Fig. 8) is made by the direct

fusion of the elements of two adjacent filaments. This is the

more common form of junction in the dorsal part of the gill.

At the most dorsal part the filaments lose their identity entirely

and fuse to form large blood spaces. .

Between the filaments are water spaces which communicate

with the mantle chamber on the outside and the cloacal cham-

ber on theinside. Water is kept flowing from the mantle cham-

ber to the cloacal chamber and the excurrent siphon by cilia.

The outer surface of the filaments is covered with short cilia, the

sides have a narrow row of longer ones,

CIRCULATION OF THE BLoop. The most important function

of the gills is the purification of the blood. Blood leaves the

ventricle by two main arterial trunks, the one supplying the

anterior and the other the posterior part of the body. These

vessels end in blood spaces which have no definite wall. The

spaces of the greater part of the body pour their blood into the

inner lamella of the inner gill (Fig. 5). Passing first ventrally

in this lamella, it turns at the bottom of the gill and comes up-

ward through the outer lamella. In the dorsal part of this

lamella the filaments fuse to form a large sinus which becomes

the auricle and empties into the ventricle. The outer gill de-

rives its supply of blood from the mantle and such parts of the

body as are near by. Blood enters the outer lamella, crosses to

the inner lamella and enters the heart by the same channel

that carries blood from the inner gill. It should be noted that

the brood pouches are admirably located. For they are bathed

22 THE NAUTILUS.

by blood which has just left the alimentary tract and later

received its supply of oxygen.

Broop Poucn. Fig. 8 represents a fully formed brood pouch:

as seen in frontal section. The pouch has two distinct walls, an

outer and an inner. These are direct continuations of the

heavier portions of adjacent gill filaments. The outer wall con-

sists of a thin one-celled membrane made of flat expanded cells.

This wall is, in every respect, similar to the membranous part

of the gill filaments. The inner wall is also made up of a single

layer of cells. A part of this wall is similar to the outer wall

though the major portion is composed of very thick glandular

cells. Between the outer and the inner walls is a blood space.

This space is a modification of the spaces of the two filaments

to which the two walls are attached (Fig. 11). Numerous web-

like cross threads occur in the blood space. These are similar

to those which are found in the spaces of typical filaments.

They furnish another proof that the two walls are mere modifi-

cations of filaments. The brood pouch may contain but one

embryo (as in Fig. 8) or it may enclose a number (as in Fig.

11). A pouch may involve two filaments and only two (as in

Fig. 8) or it may be constructed from the parts of several.

The inner wall of such a pouch is thrown into folds which di-

vide it into communicating chambers. These folds probably

represent the contributions of the several filaments.

Just how the pouch originates is still an open question.

Stepanoff (1865) and Schereschewsky (1913) believe it to be a.

modification of gill filaments. In Calyculina and Sphaeriam

all the available evidence points to such an origin. The wax

model shows the pouch to be a modification of ordinary fila-

ments. The same filaments enter into the structure of the

pouch throughout its extent.

Poyarkoff (1910) offers this theory for the origin of the es

‘When the embryo comes into contact with the gill filaments,

it is surrounded and enclosed by leucocytes. Later these ar-

range themselves in two layers forming the brood pouch.’’ He

considers ‘‘the incubation of embryos in Cyclas as a case of

ectoparasitism accompanied by the formation of a follicle at

least in part, perhaps altogether mesodermal.’’ Schereschewsky

THE NAUTILUS. oF

reviews Poyarkofi’s work and can find no good evidence to

substantiate it.

One fact may be significant to show that the glandular inner

wall is not a structure which must be derived from other sources

than filaments. In the dorsal part of the gills all of the fila-

ments are fused to form a heavy-walled blood sinus. This wall

is made up of cells which, in every respect, resemble those of

the inner wall of the brood pouch.

NUTRITION OF THE EmpBryo. Schereschewsky observes that

the embryo in the brood pouch is bathed by a distinct fluid

which contains many acidophile granules. This fluid is the

secretion of the large gland cells of the inner wall of the pouch.

Poyarkoff has a different theory. He says, ‘‘ there are large

ells of the inner wall of the brood pouch which serve for the

nutrition of the embryo. At a certain time they become de-

tached and fall into the lumen of the pouch. Their cytoplasm

becomes homogeneous and eosinophile. Their nuclei take a

uniform stain. The chromatin granules become almost com-

pletely indistinct. The embryo swallows these large cells. I

have found these large shells in the intestine of some embryos.

Stepanoff (1865) and Ziegler (1885) have noted this mode of

nutrition.’’ Poyarkoff further observes that the cells which

have thus fallen into the cavity are replaced by leucocytes.

Figure 9 is a copy of one of his illustrations. Schereschewsky

has reviewed these observations and can find no evidence to

justify them. In Calyculina and Sphaerium I have found un-

doubted evidence of secretion in the brood pouch. I have

found a few cells thrown out into the lumen of the pouch but

have considered this a normal phenomenon to be expected

among actively secreting cells. As to the cells supposed to have

been eaten by the embryo, may these not have been parasites ?

SexvuaL Maturity. Gross examination of the gills of Sphae-

rium revealed young so large that it was thought probable that

these young might themselves be bearing embryos. Examina-

tion of microscopic sections proved that such a condition does

not exist. The smallest specimen found to contain young was

ten millimeters long. This is two millimeters longer than the

24 THE NAUTILUS.

largest young one found within the brood pouch. Several

nine-millimeter specimens were sectioned but none were found

to contain young. Young six, seven, and eight millimeters

long have sex organs fully formed. I have no sections of very

small Calyculina. The young of this form within the parent’s.

gills are in the same stages of development as to the sex organs,

as those of Sphaerium.

In the table which follows are included the results of gross:

examination of a number of Sphaeria. This is incomplete,

since it was not possible to determine the presence of any young

under five tenths of a millimeter. The animals examined were

taken during July, 1913.

Size Total Total Percentage

Length inmm. Examined Bearing young Bearing Young

7 3 0 0

8 12 0 0

9 27 0 0

10 21 0 0

ii 30 0 0

12 45 0 0

13 30 2 6.6

14 40 10 25

15 47 22 46.8

16 64 51 80

i) 64 53 83

18 14 14 100

19 4 4 100

SPHAERIUM BEARING YOUNG OVER .5 MM. LONG.

Size Number bearing Total of Per cent of

young class class

13 2 50 6.6

14 10 40 25.

15 22 47 46.8

16 51 64 80.

17 53 64 83.

18 14 14 100. ng

19 4 4 100. Se ey

THE NAUTILUS. pai)

S1zE oF YOUNG TAKEN FROM ABOVE SPHAERIUM BY GROSS

DISSECTION.

Size Frequency Per cent of whole

.O 1 .04

1. 16 6.

1.5 6 2.

2. 37 14,

2.5 9 3.

3. 26 10.

3.5 3 iy

4, 28 10.

5, o7 14,

6. 41 15.

a. 55 20.

8. 8 3.

267 young irom 400 adults taken haphazard.

The size of the young was found to be independent of the

size of the parent. An eight-millimeter young is as likely to

be in a fourteen-millimeter parent as in one of eighteen milli-

meters length. The majority of the above contained two young,

one in each inner gill. <A few contained four.

Similar data were taken from Calyculina which were killed

in June 1913.

| otal ength of Yumber o

Length of Parent oie ran : nee

7 1 1.5 7

6 i 4

8 1 Dea ,

‘ 1 15 16

7 1 U5 10

8 1 pe 5

t 1 5, 3

The great variation in the number of young is probably due

to the fact that some had already emerged from the parent

pouch. I have no records which include totals of young of all

stages. In one specimen I was able to count twenty-four.

26 THE NAUTILUS.

No method has been discovered for determining the age of

young or the period of incubation. I am inclined to believe

that young in Calyculina are carried for one year or more. In

a pond which was under observation for a period of over a year,

adults were found in April to contain fully formed young. This

pond had been dry from July of the year preceding until it

became filled by melting snow in March. It had no inlet or

outlet and received no overflow floods from any nearby ponds

or streams. ‘The number of young produced is probably ten to

twenty in Calyculina and two to four in Sphaerium. These

figures are based on the fact that these species during early

spring contain about the above numbers of young, which when

removed from the mother are able to take care of themselves.

AGE INSpHAERIuM. The distinctness of growth-areas or rings

in Sphaerium led to the belief that age might be determined

by correlating size and number of rings. The entire surface of

the shell (Pl. VI, Fig. 10) is thrown into narrow parallel ridges

which represent growth-lines. At the beginning of a season

these lines are widely separated; at the end they are crowded

very closely together. One of these areas constitute a growth

ring. In many specimens the several rings are further marked

by slight differences of color due to deposits on the shell. The

rings are usually very distinct though there are many forms in.

which they are very faintly differentiated.

The following table includes results obtained by measuring

Sphaeriwm simile.

Total rings Number Range of size Average size

‘ examined mmm. an mM.

l 46 5-10 8.6

2 58 9-14 11.2

3 86 9-17 13.2

4 116 fs 3 16.9

5 67 12-19 17

6 20 12-19 17

7 6 16-19 17

8 1 18 18

THE NAUTILUS. 27

While the above results are not conclusive they are certainly

not altogether negative. The following facts seem significant.

1. No individuals attain a length of over 19 mm.

2. No individuals show more than 8 rings.

3. The averages of each class show an increase in length of

about 2 mm. per ring.

4, The range of size included within each class is from 5 to

7mm. This seems to indicate either that growth is very irreg-

ular in different individuals or that the rings do not indicate

seasons. The fact that many specimens have very indistinct

lines may account for some of these discrepancies. If one ring

represents a year, the average age of a large specimen would be

four or five years.

Regarding growth in the Unionidae Isely (1913) draws the

following conclusions. |

1. Rate of growth is exceedingly variable.

2. The summer months are the growth months.

3. Lines of arrested growth may be called rest rings, the con-

Spicuous ones being usually winter rest rings. Occasionally

the rest rings may be two or more years apart; more often,

however, several equally prominent rings may be formed in one

year. Prominent rest rings are generally due to double pris-

matic and epidermal layers.

Notes on Ecology. So far as observed the food consists mainly

of diatoms. Many forms occur in ponds which become dry

during the summer, remaining in that condition until the follow-

ing spring. In aquaria I have observed that Calyculina will

burrow down to the water level. Isely reports forms of Union-

idae which were turned up by a plow in perfect condition. ©

The above observations emphasise the fact that very little is

known about the habits of the forms considered.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1828—Jacobsen, Cycladens anatomiske.

Undersolgelse Dansk. Selsk. Naturvid. Afhandl, Vol.

III, translated by T. Prime.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 5.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

1854—Schmidt, Ueber die Entwicklung von Cyclas calyculata.

Mullers Archiv.

1855—Leidig, Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte von Cyclas.

Millers Archiv.

1865—Stepanoff, Ueber die Geschlechtorgane und die Entwick-

lung von Cyclas cornea. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 31

Jabrg., Bd. 1.

1885—Ziegler, Die Entwicklung von Cyclas cornea. Zeitschrift

fir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Bd. XLI.

1895—Drew, The Anatomy of Sphaerium sulcatum. Proceed-

ings of Iowa Academy of Sciences. Vol. III.

1895—Cook, Molluscs, Cambridge Natural History, Vol. III.

1898—De Bruyne, Sur l’intervention de la phagocytose dans le

developpement des Invertebres—Archives de Biologie,

Prey

19038— Ridewood, On the Structure of the Gills of the Lamelli-

branchia. Philosophical Transactions, Vol. CX CV, B.

1906—Lankester, Treatise on Zoology, Part V.

1910— Poyarkoff, Incubation des embryons et regeneration des

branchies chez les Cyclas. Archives de Zoologie Ex-

perimentale, P. V.

1911—Schereschewsky, Struktur und Bildung der Bruttaschen

bei Cyclas cornea. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche

Zoologie, Bd. 98.

1913—Isely, Experimental Study on the Growth and Migration

of Fresh Water Mussels. Abstract in Science 1918, P.

263.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES IV-VI.

Plate IV. Figure1. A diagrammatic dissection of Calyculina.

M —Mouth k O —Kidney opening

In —ULabial palps T ‘ —Sperm follicles

Es —Ksophagus O —KKgeg follicles

Iv —lULiver G D —Genital duct

Sto —Stomach G O —Genital opening

Int —Intestine A A —Anterior adductor

R —Rectum muscle

A -—Anus P A —Posterior adductor

Cb G —Cerebral ganglion muscle

Ps G —Parieto-splanchnic Ft —Foot |

ganglion Cl Ch—Cloacal chamber

PG —Pedal ganglion Ex S —Excurrent siphon

THE NAUTILUS. 29

Sta © —Statocyst In S —Incurrent siphon

Vv —Ventricle G —Gill

Au —Auricle Man —Mantle

Pl —Pericardium Shl —Shell

Kd —Kidney

Figure 2. Cross section of egg-bearing follicle of Calyculina.

O —Egg Ep —Epithelium

Bi —Basement membrane Yo —Young egg

Figure 8. Cross section of sperm-bearing follicle.

Sp Mc—sperm mother cells. Sp —sperm

Figure 8. Frontal section of inner gill of Calyculina show-

ing brood pouch. Drawn with Edinger machine.

O TL —Outer lamella Ct —Cross threads

IL —Inner lamella Em —Embryo

ci —Cilia Sh —Shell remains

G Fil —Gill filament Cl Ch —Cloacal chamber

Bs —Blood space Ge —Gland cells of inner

J W —Inner wall of brood wall.

pouch Sec —Secretion

O W —Outer wall of brood

pouch

Plate V. Figure 4. Diagrammatic section of sex organs.

Calyculina.

T —Sperm follicles Gd —Genital duct

Or —KEgg follicle GO —Genital opening.

Figure 5. Diagrammatic cross section through the region of

the reproductive organs. Calyculina.

Pp —Pericardium M —Mantle

V —Ventricle Ft —Foot

Au —dAuricle Cl Ch —Cloacal chamber

Bs —Blood space O —Eegg follicle

Rk —Rectum fh —Sperm follicles

IG —Inner Gill Ne —Nerve cords

QG —Outer Gill CT —Connective tissue

30 THE NAUTILUS.

Figure 6. Diagrammatic cross section of Calyculina to show

opening of genital ducts.

—Pericardium

G O —Genital opening af

NC —Nerve cord kK —Kidney

Cl Ch —Cloacal chamber R —Rectum

IG —tInner gill Biv —Posterior aorta

OG —Outer gill M —Mantle

Ft —Foot

Figure 7. Frontal section of neutral part of inner gill, show-

ing fusion of the two lamellae. Calyculina.

ii Inner lamella ee, —Interfilamentary } junc-

OL —Outer lamella tions

Bis —Blood space Ct —Cross threads

Figure 9. Part of inner wall of the brood pouch of ee

(Copied from Poyarkoff).

L —Leucocyte lodged at base of cells

F —tLeucocyte just entering wall of pouch

A —Leucocyte beginning to divide

N —Polynucleate cell

Plate VI. Figure 10. Shell of Spaerium simile showing:

growth lines.

U —Umbo 1, 2, 3, 4, —Growth lines ©

Vigure 11. Diagrammatic reconstruction of a portion of the

inner gili of Calyculina, showing the relation of brood pouches.

to gill filaments.

IL —lInner lamella Em —Embryo

O LZ —Outer lamella I W —TInner wall of brood

Cl Ch—Cloacal chamber pouch

If J —Interfilamentary junc- O W —Outer wall of brood.

tion pouch

G F —Gill filament Bls —Blood space

THE NAUTILUS. 31

COLLECTING SHELLS IN A CORNER OF THE SIERRA NEVADA.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

Prospects along the southern border of Arizona in the summer

of 1916 were a little warlike; thus myself and family, two of us,

joined with Prof. E. E. Hand, zoological instructor at the

Wendell Phillips High School, Chicago, in a vacation to Cali-

fornia. The hikers of the Sierra Club were ready for their

annual July tramp and we joined their ranks. At Bakersfield

we dropped off for a day’s collecting along the banks of the

Kern river.

That night the club, 260 strong, was overtaken and no further —

opportunities for collecting were conveniently at hand until we

arrived at the forks of the Tulle river the next evening. We

left: the railroad at Springville in Tulare county.

This conservation club of nearly 2,000 members, Jos. Le-

‘Conte, jr., President, and Wm. H. Colby, Secretary, seems to

feel it to be a part of their work to show the way to the Cali-

fornia mountains, to make them accessible and popular, and in

this until his death a couple of years ago, John Muir was their

leader. The membership is principally Californians, San Fran-

cisco and Los Angeles predominating. Our own state was well

represented in this outing, for there were sixteen of us from

Chicago and Joliet.

These annual excursions show the way to good health, the

big trees, the highest mountains and the great canyons and do

much to make California attractive to the globe-trotter. We

ascended the Kern river Canyon, climbed Kaweah Peak, Mt.

Whitney and the Kearsarges, opened the Muir trail and crossed

over the range down to Independence, Inyo county, in the

Owen valley—a snowbank in camp every night but the last,

when we needed it most.

It was a delightful journey with delightful people, and the

rivers and snowbanks were crossed without accident. It was

the seventeenth year under the Colby régime, and practice has

made the arrangements so perfect there was no jar in the pro-

gram. Next July we ascend the middle fork of Kings river.

yd THE NAUTILUS.

After this month of collecting, fishing, music, opera and lec-

tures with the Sierra Club we hit the trail for another month

with H. D. Gill, one of our packers acquainted with every corner

of the range. We gave other lakes and peaks of that vicinity a

thorough combing, via Rae lake, down the south fork of the

Kings river, returning by the Giant Forest, Mineral King, and

Rattlesnake Gulch, and Volcano creek and the Cottonwood

lakes, to have a better acquaintance with the golden trout,

(roosevelti). I also dropped off at Las Vegas, Nevada, and

picked up a few shells.

The opportunities for collecting with the Sierra Club were

excellent. When the party moved it was but a ten-mile journey

for the day. The packers with about 100 horses and mules

carried our baggage, provisions and cooking-ranges. A dozen

elderly people and the packers had riding horses, the rest of us.

men, women, boys and girls walked. There were five good

cooks and several commissaries, and our only stunt in drudgery

was to pick out a soft spot in the timber at evening, unroll the-

sleeping bag, and roll it up again at five in the morning. At

the most attractive points camp was made for a day or two, or

sometimes longer.

In this portion of the Sierras at least, the snails cling to the

meadows and wet ground about the springs. We had no suc-

cess in the rocks or timber. Strangers to the habits of California

snails, much time was wasted in our efforts to catch them. A

Sierra meadow is much the same as the eastern peatbog and

though apparently dry in spots, appearances are deceiving. It

is all wet collecting. Wood-fungi, Pisidiums, Physas and land

shells were found under the same sticks and all apparently

thriving in the wetness.

Nevada is more upon the plan of Arizona and Utah. Shells

were found plentiful at timber line under stone and decaying

vegetation. As to moisture and cover the Sierra Nevada is

favorable to snail growth, travel, distribution. Simply, it seems

one of those situations where the large snails had never been—

never settled. The collections for the season were identified by

Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and myself jointly as follows :

[All stations are within Tulare county, California except when:

otherwise noted. |

THE NAUTILUS. oO

Epiphragmophora callistoderma n. sp. Kern River, 2 miles N.

of Bakersfield, Tulare Co., Cal.

Oreohelix handi n. sp. Smaller and thinner than O. hemphilli.

Charleston Mt., Lincoln Co., Nev. This and the preceding

species will be described in the next number.

Epiphragmophora (Helminthoglypta) tudiculata (Binn.), var.

Panther Creek, Giant Forest, Tulare Co. A single dead speci-

men of a small, compact race, not agree closely with any of the

named forms of tudiculata.

Pupilla sonorana St., var. Charleston Mt., Lincoln Co.,

Nevada.

Gastrocopa pilsbryana St., same locality.

Vertigo modesta parietalis Anc., Rae Lake.

Vertigo modesta castanea St.. Bubbs Creek Falls, mouth of Big

Arroyo, Stas. 5, 6, 7 Funston Meadows, Woods Creek, Panther

Creek and Ranger in Giant Forest, Onion Valley in Kearsarge

Pass, Inyo Co.

Vallonia cyclophorella Anc., Inyo Mts., Inyo Co., Calif.,

Charleston Mt., Lincoln Co., Nev., mouth of Big Arroyo,

Tulare Co.

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh., First Kern Butt, Funston Mead-

ows.

Agriolimax campestris (Binn.) var. occidentalis (Cooper),

Spring Brook at Las Vegas, Nev.

Vitrina alaskana Dall, Bubbs Creek Falls, Funston Mead-

ows, Little Kern Lake, First Kern Butte, Rae Lake, forks of

Tulle River, Panther Creek, Woods Creek, Mouth of Big Arroyo,

Waucoba Springs, Inyo county Calif., Onion Valley, Inyo

county, Charleston Mts., Lincoln Co. Nev.

Euconulus fulvus (Drap.), Bubbs Creek Falls, Stas. 5, 6 and

7 Funston Meadows, Woods creek, mouth of Big Arroyo, forks

of Tulle River, Waucoba Springs, Hills near Waucoba Springs

and Onion Valley in Inyo Co., Calif., and Charleston Mt.,

Lincoln Co., Nev.

Euconulus chersinellus (Dall.), Forks of the Tulle River, First

Kern Butte, Little Kern Lake, Bubbs Creek Falls.

Pyramidula cronkhitec (Newe.), Funston Meadows, Woods

Creek, First Kern Butte, Little Kern Lake, mouth of Big Arroyo,

34 THE NAUTILUS.

Bubbs Creek Falls, Summit Meadows, Ranger and Panther

Creek in Giant Forest, Onion Valley, Inyo Co.

Pyramidula shimeki cockerelli Pils., Tyndall Creek, Tulare Co.,

Waucoba Springs, Inyo Co. 7

Punctum californicum Pils., Forks of Tulle River, Little Kern

Lake, Bubbs Creek Falls, Onion Valley, Inyo Co.

Succinea stretchiana Bld., First Kern Butte, Stas. 6, 7 and 16

Funston Meadows, Summit Meadow, Giant Forest, Waucoba

Springs, Inyo Co. and Charleston Mt., Nev. .

The lot comprises a large variety of forms between avara and

oregonensis as well as small specimens that agree with an au-

thentic S. stretchiana received from Bland. The Succineas of

this region need revision.

Succinea oregonensis Lea, Bakersfield, Big Arroyo and Woods

Creek. Also Las Vegas, Lincoln Co., Nevada.

Succinea gabbi Tryon, Tank Springs, Mazuka Canyon, Inyo

Co., California.

Physa virginea gabbi Tryon, Bakersfield, Cal., Las Vegas, Nev.

Planorbis traski Lea, (young) Bakersfield, Cal.

Pisidium roperi St., Funston Meadows, Summit Meadow,

Onion Valley.

Pisidium rowelli St., Stas. 6 and 7 Funston Meadows, Siliman

and Panther Creeks, and Onion Valley.

Pisidium insigne Gabb, First Kern Butte.

MRS. MARIA BALDRIDGE.

We have recently received notice of the death of Mrs. Maria

Baldridge of Los Angeles, California, April 7th, in her 82nd

year. Mrs. Baldridge was one of the enthusiastic collectors of

the Los Angeles group, who up to an advanced age devoted her

attention to the shells of California with much success, several

additions to the fauna being due to her assiduity and now bear

her name. She had an interesting if not large collection, and

will be missed by her associates not only for her interest in

conchology but for her kindly and cordial character.

‘W. H. Dati.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Mo.Luusca OF AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION, 1911-1914,

Scientific Rept. Ser. C. Zoology and Botany, vol. iv, pt. 1, 1916.

By C. Hedley. A valuable contribution to our knowledge of

THE NAUTILUS. 35

the Antarctic Mollusca. The dredgings were made along the

coast of Adelie Land in Commonwealth Bay and Davis Sea and

off Shackleton’s Ice-shelf. Collections were also made at Mac-

quarie Island. Two new genera Ovirissoa and Friginatica and

forty-one new species and two varieties are described. Ilustra-

ted by nine plates with excellent figures of the new species and

many of the other species from that region.

SUMMARY OF THE MOoLLusks oF THE FAMILY ALECTRIONIDAE

oF THE West Coast oF AmeERiIcA. By W.H. Dall. Proc. U.

S. Nat. Mus. vol. 51, pages 575-579, 1917. Dr. Dall divides

the old genus Nassa, (a name first applied by Bolten to what

was later called /opas) from a conchological standpoint pending

anatomical researches, into two groups Arcularia with a heavy

callus about the aperture and a hump on the back of the last

whorl and Alectrion for the reticulate species with little or no

callus, no hump, and simple or nearly simple outer lip. Eleven

new species included in the genera /hos, Nassarina and Gouldia

are described.

TEREBRIDAE OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE. By Y. Hirase. The

Hirase Museum 1917. Illustrated by 8 plates with 131 figures.

Except for an introductory letter by Marshall R. Gaines the

text is in Japanese, but with the excellent figures, explanation

to plates and bibliography, the work can be readily used by

Western students.

Descriptions oF New Wesr AMERICAN MARINE MOLLUusKs

AND Notes oN PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED Forms. By Paul Bartsch.

Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 52, pages 637-681, plates 42-47.

May 1917. Fiity three new species are described, embraced

in the following genera: Pyramidella, Turbonilla, Odostomia,

Cerithiopsis, Bittiwm and Alvania. One new subgenus, Ugartea,

is proposed, the type being Turbonilla juant Bartsch.

NOTES.

A SINISTRAL AMPULLARIA.—In his recent review of the genus

Lanistes, (Proc. Mal. Soc. London, XII, p. 65), Sowerby re-

36 THE NAUTILUS.

marks that the only sinistral Ampullaria of which he had heard

was that described by Nevill as A. globosa subvar. sinistrorsa.

A sinistral A. conica was noticed by Miss E. J. Letson in Nav-

Titus XI, p. 83. Through the kindness of Mr. W. F. Webb

of Rochester N. Y., I have lately received a fine sinistral speci-

men of Ampullaria ampullacea (L.). It is a fresh, beautifully

colored example, wholly without erosion and measures 68 mm.

in height by 59.5 mm. in diameter. It was collected at Manu-

quid, Sarsogon, Luzon.—Bryant WALKER.

VALVATA TRICARINATA PERCONFUSA n. n.—I find that in 1897

Westerlund, (Ann. Mus. St. Petersb., p. 180), described a

Siberian species as Valvata confusa. I would therefore change

the name of the variety of V. tricarinata that I described as var.

confusa, in 1902 (Naut. XV, p. 124), to var. perconfusa.

THE PonsonBy CoLLEcTION has been obtained by Dr. Bryant

Walker. It contains 7,500 named. species and varieties, repre-

sented by 12,500 lots. Mr. Fulton, who: inventoried it, says:

‘* probably the finest and most complete series of Helicoids ever

collected by one individual.’’

AN ARBOREAL PoLyGyra.—At the beginning of April, taking

advantage of the short spring vacation, Mrs. Cockerell went to the

Brownsville region of Texas in search of bees and flowers. The

bees collected include four new species and a subspecies, and

two species new to the U. 8. Incidentally, snails were ob-

tained, and from San Benito come Praticolella berlandieriana,

Polygyra texasiana, etc. The specimens of P. texasiana are

mostly dead shells and of the ordinary form and size, but in

the epiphytic Tillandsias on the trees occured a peculiar small

variety, with max. diam. 7.3 to 8 mm.; pale brown color,

strongly ribbed above, striate beneath. I opened the base of

one, and there is no trace of a columellar tubercle such as oc-

curs in P. mooreana. This small arboreal race may be called

P. texasiana tillandsiz, nov. Type no. 116250 A. N. S.

T. D. A. COcKERELL.

WASHINGTON MEETING, 1914

3ryant Walker Geo. H. Clapp T. H. Aldrich John B. Henderson

H. A. Pilsbry Wm. H. Dall Paul Bartsch

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXXI. OCTOBER, 19177. No. 2

NOTES ON THE VARIATION OF ISCHNOCHITON CONSPICUUS CPR.

BY E. P. CHACE.

To the naturalist the study of variation and environment and

their relation to each other is always interesting and to the con-

chologist who studies his shells in their natural surroundings

as well as in the cabinet many things are revealed. It is not,

often, however, that variation in form may be so easily traced

to qualities of environment as in the following instance.

Ischnochiton conspicuus, Cpr. is common at San Pedro and is

usually found on the under side of rocks in sandy tidepools.

In this situation they grow quite regularly, showing but slight

variation inform. They are active fellows and evidently sensi-

tive to light; for if the rocks to which they are clinging are

turned over, they soon glide away, always taking the shortest

route to the under side of the rock.

While cleaning a lot of this species taken at San Pedro last

fall two specimens were noticed which differed so widely from

the others that they might easily have been mistaken for an-

other species. They were much wider and lower-arched than

the typical form and the posterior corners of the valves were

rounded off, making the lateral areas very narrow.

Hoping to find more specimens of this odd form, a trip to

Point Firmen was devoted wholly to the collection of chitons,

with interesting results. The usual species were found in the

tidepools including numerous specimens of Jschnochiton con-

spicwus of the ordinary form. Ledges of soft rock beyond the

38 THE NAUTILUS.

tidepools contained many old pholad holes and in these were

found the form for which I was searching. Twenty specimens

of various sizes were collected from as many pholad holes. In

the larger specimens the foot had become so greatly enlarged to

fit the concave bottoms of the holes that it was impossible for

them to curl up in the usual manner. Some of these specimens

were so badly eroded by the sand and gravel which wash in and

out of the holes that the anterior valve was reduced to two

thirds of its normal height.

In color pattern, sculpture, and mantle characters these

specimens were identical with those from the tidepools, and, as

will be seen by referring to the table of measurements, the

smaller specimens approach quite closely to the proportions of

the typical or tidepool forms.

TYPICAL OR TIDEPOOL Forms. | SPECIMENS FRom PHOLAD HOLEs,

(Lot 1) (Lot 2)

Lon. Lat. Index. Div. Lon. Lat. Index. Div.

99 35 2.52 130° 65 33 1.97 135°

83 33 2.51 130° 63 32 1.97 1559

83 30 2.76 125° 62 27 2.29 140°

62 22 2.80 125° 60 30 2.00 130°

59 23 2.56 130° 56 29 1.93 130°

38 14 2:71 130° 42 17 2.47 130°

In brief, Lot 1 shows an angle of divergence constant at 125°

to 180°, where Lot 2 shows an angle varying from 130° to 155°,

and a proportion of length to width 2.51 to 2.80 as against a

proportion ranging from 2.47 to 1.938.

The noticeable differences to the eye are first, the narrow and

sharply raised lateral areas, and second, the shape of the pos-

terior edge of the median valves. In the tidepool specimens

the posterior or exposed edge of each valve is a straight line,

while in specimens from the pholad holes this line becomes a

double convex curve, the most posterior portion of the valves

being about midway between the beaks and the girdle.

These differences seem to be explained by the following facts.

In collecting, the tidepool specimens are usually found on the

under side of large rocks and well back from the edge. This

situs protects them from the light which they evidently find

THE NAUTILUS. 39

objectionable, but it makes necessary a nightly journey of about

two feet to the nearest growth of algae on which they feed.

This activity stretches the girdle downward from the edges of

the valves and permits a free play of all the valves so that the

mantle deposits its shelly secretions according to the normal

habit of the species. The specimens living in the pholad holes,

however, apparently never leave them as they are frequently

found feeding on the fucus which overhangs them. It protects

them from the light, so they have no occasion to move about,

and the sand which is washed down into these burrows would

make re-entrance almost impossible. A series of these speci-

mens shows a gradual change of form. The young specimens

are very similar to young specimens from the tidepools, but as

they increase in size they become crowded so that the valves

press against each other, especially at the posterior end where

the valves are bent back across the bottom of the hole. This

crowding of the valves upon each other and the crowding of the

girdle against the outer edges of the valves so displaces portions

of the mantle as to cause the changes noted above.

Several specimens from each situs were disjointed and a study

of the individual valves showed that those from pholad-hole

specimens were thicker and had shorter sutural plates and a

wider sinus, this last being especially noticeable in the valves

from the posterior end. Apparently this change in the sinus is

the result of the broadening of the connecting ligaments due to

compression by the crowding valves.

A count of the insertion plates of these disjointed specimens

was made and considerable variation noticed. So much, in

fact, that more specimens were pulled apart for the express

purpose of counting these plates. Representative counts were

as follows: 9 slits on the anterior valve, 2-3 on the median

valves, and 10 on the posterior. Others show 12, 2-3, 8; 11,

2-3; 14, 3-4, 11. Absolutely no difference in this character

could be found between specimens from the tidepools and those

from the pholad holes.

On page 64 of vol. xiv of the Manual of Conchology, Dr.

Pilsbry says, ‘‘ Carpenter has given a varietal name to a broad,

worn specimen which he thus describes:

40 THE NAUTILUS.

‘‘Var. solidus. Very solid, wide, ashen; inside whitish, the

posterior valve with 10, central valve 2-3, anterior valve 12

slits. Length 72, breadth 40, divergence 130°. Carpenteria,

near Sta. Barbara, Cal. This is scarcely more than an individ-

ual variation. The mantle (girdle) is normal. The sculpture

is worn away except at the edge. It has evidently lived ina

very exposed situation.”’

From this description and the figure which he gives of the

valves it would seem that this is the same form as my specimens

from the pholad holes. I fully agree with Dr. Pilsbry that it

is hardly worthy of varietal rank. It is, however, too distinct

in appearance to be labeled simply Jschnochiton conspicuus, Cpr.,

and I have therefore marked these specimens from the pholad

holes J. conspicuus, Cpr., form solida, Cpr., using the term form

as advocated by Dr. Cockerell, ‘‘ to designate variations plainly

due to environment.’’ ’

LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSA COHONGORONTA IN THE POTOMAC RIVER.

BY WILLIAM A. MARSHALL.

In 1912 Dr. A. E. Ortmann recorded’ finding in the Potomac

River a variety of Lampsilis ventricosa* to which he gave the

name cohongoronta. His records were:

September 4, 1909. Potomac River, Hancock, Washington,

Co., Md. (about two dozen).

May 9, 1911. South Branch, Potomac River, Southbranch,

Hampshire Co., W. Va. (about a dozen).

August 16, 1911. Shenandoah River, Harper’s Ferry, Jefferson

Co., W. Va. (a single male, below medium size).

May 6, 1912. South Branch, Potomac River, Romney, Hamp-

shire Co., W. Va. (about a dozen).

Dr. Ortmann remarked ‘‘It is probable that this species will

1 NAUTILUS, vol. xx, pp. 58-50.

2 NAUTILUS, xxvi, pp. 51-55, 1912.

3 In a later work Ortmann classifies both ventricosa and cohongoronta as vari-

eties of ovata Say.

THE NAUTILUS. 4]

turn up elsewhere in the Potomac. The localities known at

present are all to the west of the Blue Ridge Mountain, that is

to say, within the Great Alleghany Valley and the Alleghany

Mountains.’’

Perhaps the above prediction has been realized in a specimen

found at Great Falls, Md., by Mr. Manly D. Barber of Knox-

ville, Tennessee, in Sept. 1915. At that time Mr. Barber

brought to the National Museum a basketful of naiades which

he had collected the same day at Great Falls, about 18 miles

above Washington. Among the shells, which were mostly dead

ones, was a specimen of cohongoronta, dead, but in a fine state

of preservation and with the periostracum nearly unblemished

except for the usual erosion at the beaks. Its appearance in-

dicated that it had been recently alive and that its home had

been in the immediate vicinity of the place in which it was

found. Had it been washed down from Harper’s Ferry, some

50 or more miles above Great Falls it probably would have

shown ill effects from so long a journey.

When found the two valves were separated, but so accurately

do they fit together that it is evident they belong to the same

individual. The fact that the valves were separated and yet

were found near each other is additional (though not conclu-

Sive) evidence that they had not been transported any great

distance by currents. At any rate this is the first recorded

finding of the species in the Potomac River so far south as Great

Falls.

The specimen is rather a small one. It measures, length 71

mm.; height 47 mm.; diameter 28 mm. It is in the collection

of the U. S. National Museum, catalogue number 273834.

COLLECTING DAYS ABOUT THE NAVAL STATION,

GUANTANAMO BAY, CUBA.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.

In March last, while waiting for a boat to take us to Haiti,

Dr. Bartsch and I spent nearly three weeks at the U. S. Naval

Station at the entrance to Guantanamo Bay. We employed our

42 THE NAUTILUS.

time in exploring the country about and subjecting it to a high

degree of intensive collecting. In this eastern corner of Cuba

the coastal strip of some ten miles in width is a semi-arid region

with a complex of mountains that are either quite bare of trees

or, at most, covered with a scrub forest and low-growing spiny

shrubs, with, here and there, a wealth of cacti that almost

suggests Lower California. The rock foundation of all this

region,—barring some shore strips of very recently elevated

coral, is everywhere composed of about everything in the line

of rocks except limestone. This is a condition that in the

Antilles usually spells disappointment and failure to the snail

hunter. North of the big bay and then across several miles

of low flat country, just where the foothills of the sierras begin,

lies the city of Guantanamo, interesting to us as the home of

Charles Ramsden, the naturalist. Just north of Guantanamo

is a great rampart of high limestone mountains which beckon

most alluringly to the collector. Sections of this rampart,

somewhat arbitrarily marked off, are the ‘‘ Monte Verde,’’ the

‘Monte Toro’’ and the ‘‘ Monte Libano’’ of classic fame in

Cuban Natural History.

In company with Ramsden we spent a wonderful day on

nearby Monte Libano but a revolution that was then devastating

the province and filling the land with incendiaries and bandits

drove us out of this richer field and obliged us to confine our

attentions thereafter to the arid country lying within the safer

limits of the Naval Station,—some fifty square miles upon which

Uncle Sam holds a long lease.

It seems to be a natural law that arid or desert lands sup-

port but few species of snails, but that these few species exist in

great numbers and that they take on a very considerable range

of variation. All this is perfectly true of this region. We were

constantly amazed by the great number of specimens to be

found; and each day of exploration in some new valley or over

some range of hills added even greater figures of abundance to

our already astonishing records.

The ‘‘ prevailing’’ snail of this region is Cepolis ovwmreguli

Lea. Its shell is very suggestive of the true helix of Spain or

Algeria of the lactea group. The variation is exceedingly great

THE NAUTILUS. 43

in color, size and shape, and it would make a dozen excellent

species if the intermediates were left out of account. Those

living near the coast and among the cacti of the most arid parts

of the district are of whiter and more dull color, are more banded

and show a decided tendency to abnormalities, especially about

the apertures. Specimens from further inland are more polished

and shining, even as though varnished, and are much more

given to a dotted or fly-specked type of ornamentation than to

bands. A fence-post or a dead tree-limb with a hundred speci-

mens closely assembled in aestivation was no unusual sight.

We learned finally to pay no attention to them. Upon the low

bushes in certain localities the lovely little Cepolis lucipeta Poey

cling like berries. These are the largest and finest of the species

I have ever seen. The range of color variation in this delight-

ful little snail is also very great, but the colors never blaze out

in the vivid flash of the Polymitas. The blues and purples

and chestnut browns are subdued but very rich and splendid.

One very noticeable color form is the subsp. velasqueziana of

Poey where the many broken bands of the type coalesce into

two broad bluish-black zones of solid color.

As nearly all the vegetation of this dry region bears thorns

we did not at first discover that many of these thorns were in

reality Macrocerami. When we did find this out we could

see nothing else. Bartsch and I finally agreed, and shook hands

upon it, that we would gather no more of them, and a stiff

penalty was placed upon any violation of the compact. Two

hundred and more from one bush is an earlier record before we

really got started. This is the Macroceramus festus (Gundl. )

Pir., blue and yellow and buffincolor. Another arboreal snail

of this section is Polymita versicolor Born and it is probably very

abundant in places although we never saw more than fifteen or

twenty on any one tree. This is to me the least attractive

species of that wonderful genus of richly painted snails. The

brilliant yellow and pink are too primitive and the two colors

do not seem to harmonize very well. It always impresses me

as an experimental species that was laid aside in nature’s lab-

oratory as not wholly a success.

There were some ground snails too, but to secure living ones

44 THE NAUTILUS.

required much grubbing up of tufts of tall grass and shaking

out their roots, like digging up miniature potatoes. These are

the Annularia putris (Gundl.) Pfr. and the Chondropoma margi-

nalbum Gundl.) Pir., the latter apparently quite rare. There

are no minute things beyond some few Zhysanophora inaguensis

Weinland.

Some days we spent gathering marines on the little pebbly

beaches hidden far down under the lofty cliffs that mark this

rugged shore line, and we obtained some unusual species washed

up from the exceedingly narrow island-shelf; blue water is but

a few hundred yards out. Among these are some Conus cedo-

nulli Lam. Beach collecting is, however, an aggravation; and

too much of it becomes a misdemeanor in the collector’s ethical

code, for it obliges an acceptance of something short of the best.

AMNICOLIDZ FROM ONEIDA LAKE, N. Y.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The New York College of Forestry, under the direction of

Professor Hugh P. Baker, is carrying on a biological survey of

Oneida Lake and has issued an interesting bulletin* upon the

relations of mollusks to fish, by Frank C. Baker. Some Am-

nicolide obtained during this work, and subsequent to the pre-

paration of the bulletin were submitted to the writer. The col-

lection proves to be of considerable interest, including some

species not before noticed.

AMNICOLA BAKERIANA, Nl. Sp.

The shell is umbilicate, turrited-conic, thin, whitish-corneous,

somewhat translucent, with unevenly developed striation, dis-

1The relations of mollusks to fish in Oneida Lake. By Frank Collins

Baker. ‘Technical Publication No. 4, New York State College of Forestry

at Syracuse University. Pp. 366. Syracuse,N. Y.,1916. Weare informed

that it may be obtained free by those interested in the study of Mollusca by

applying to the dean of the college, Dr. Hugh P. Baker.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

tinct, and close in places, weaker and sparse elsewhere. The

summit is decidedly obtuse, as in A. limosa, the first whorl being

nearly planorboid; subsequent whorls are evenly, strongly con-

vex. The aperture is very shortly ovate, almost round, its length

contained almost 24 times in that of the shell. Peristome thin,

in contrast with the preceding whorl for a short distance.

Length 4.3, diam. 2.7 mm. ; 5 whorls (type).

Length 3.75, diam. 2.3, length of aperture 1.35 mm.; 44

whorls.

Length 4.1, diam. 2.75, length of aperture 1.65 mm.; 44

whorls.

Oneida Lake; off Short Point in 84 ft., mud bottom. Lower

South Bay, in 18 ft., on mud bottom.

This species resembles A. lumosa in the conspicuously obtuse

apex, but differs by the more elevated, turrited spire and the

smaller calibre of the whorls, hence smaller aperture. It is

also a weaker shell, with more whorls in specimens of the same

length.

There is also an abundant smaller form, resembling the typical

form in texture, apex and shape of the whorls, varying in

form, but relatively broader than the type. There are some

intermediate examples, but as Mr. Baker considers it desirable

to have a designation for this form, it may be called A. baker-

aana form nima. The type measures: length 3, diam. 2.5,

length of aperture 1.4 mm.; 4 whorls.

AMNICOLA CLARKEI, Nn. sp.

The shell is narrowly umbilicate, conic, a little obtuse at the

apex, corneous, nearly smooth. The whorls are very convex,

separated by a deep suture, the last whorl tubular. The ape-

ture is distinctly oblique, almost circular, the upper end rounded,

but a trifle more narrowly so than the base. It projects but

little beyond the preceding whorl laterally. The peristome is

thin, continuous, scarcely or barely in contact with the preced-

ing whorl above.

Length 3.1, diam. 1.9, length aperture 1.1 mm.; 5 whorls

(type).

Length 2.8, diam. 1.6, length aperture 0.85 mm.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Operculum having the spiral rather large, the nucleus being

above the lower third.

This little species resembles Lyogyrus by its tubular whorls of

small calibre. The whorls are more convex and increase less

rapidly than in Annicola walkeriana, which is also less slender.

A. schrockingert Ffid. has less deeply convex whorls, and the

apex is more acute. A. bakeriana is much Jarger, with a more

obtuse apex.

Found in Short Point Bay, Oneida Lake, near shore, in 3 feet

of water, bottom of sand with algae; also in Lower South Bay,

etc. Collected by Mr. F. C. Baker.

It is named for Dr. John M. Clarke, the distinguished Direc-

tor of the Museum of the State of New York.

AMNICOLA ONEIDA, N. sp.

The shell is typically more slender than A. lustrica, turrited-

conic, narrowly umbilicate, corneous, minutely striate. The

apex is slightly obtuse, but the first whorl projects visibly, as

in lustrica, whorls very convex, parted by a deep suture. The ape-

ture is ovate, small, its length contained more than 8 times in

that of the shell; upper extremity narrowly rounded. The

peristome is continuous, thin, very briefly in contact with the

preceding whorl above. )

Length 4, diam. 2, length of aperture 1.25 mm.; 6 whorls.

Lower South Bay, Oneida Lake, N. Y., collected by F. C.

Baker, 1916.

This species is typically narrower than A. lustrica Pils., with

a smaller aperture and shorter whorls; but it is chiefly disting-

uished by the more convex whorls (deeper suture), and the

rounded instead of angular posterior end of the aperture. In

Paludestrina nickliniana the last whorl is much longer. Possibly

it may be a subspecies of lustrica, yet it has so distinct an ap-

pearance that a special name seems desirable. There are also

wider examples, which still differ from lustrica by the deeper

suture and aperture. |

THE NAUTILUS. 47

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF CENTRAL AMERICAN NAIADES.

BY L. 8S. FRIERSON.

In 1893 Messrs Crosse and Fischer divided the Mexican

Naiades into quite a number of sections, to which they assigned

names. Almost simultaneously (in 1900) von Martens and C.

T. Simpson, in treating the Central American Naiades, ac-

cepted some of these sections of Crosse and Fischer, raising them

to generic or subgeneric rank. Because of paucity of material,

considerable diversity of opinion concerning the specific identity

of several species may be noted in the works of these authors,

Furthermore, their work of classification being done indepen-

dently and from different points of view, the same species was

sometimes placed by them in different genera.

Thanks to the arduous labors of A. A. Hinkley, who has

again and again enriched our cabinets with material and data

from these tropical countries, we are enabled to offer the follow-

ing suggestions concerning some of the genera of these shells,

and also the description of an unpublished species.

NepHronataAs. ‘This genus has for its type the Unio plicatu-

lus, Kiister, a species identified by von Martens as belonging to

the Lampsiline shells, as aztecorwm. Mr. Simpson however

believed it to be nearly allied to the persulcatus, a markedly

Unioid shell. In this the writer follows Mr. Simpson.

The genus Nephronaias as constituted by Mr. Simpson em-

braces two quite distinct groups, divisible as follows.

Nephronaias (s. s) embraces plicatulus, persulcatus, melleus,

dyson, ortmanni, ravistellus, etc. Ample material of these two

latter species show that they are anatomically very closely allied

to Elliptio. There is no sexual difference of shape, and the gill

is gravid in its whole length. Nephronaias differs from Elliptio

in its sulcated disc, in its beak sculpturing, etc.

Included in Nephronaias by Simpson are, however, shells of a

totally different type, such as medellinus, gundlachi, sapotalensis,

etc. These latter are sexually dimorphic, smoother, more gen-

erally rayed, and the gravid uterus is of Lampsiline type.

The position of the dorsal scars within the beak cavities is

48 THE NAUTILUS.

different, in the examples of the pseudo Nephronaias seen by the

writer. Nephronaias (s. s.) posseses an (accessory ?) adductor

scar attached to the frontal portion of the cardinal teeth, which

is either absent or obsoletely marked in the second assemblage.

For this latter group the writer, therefore, proposes to use the

generic term of Actinonaias Crosse and Fischer, 1893, type U.

sapotalensis Lea. The female of this species has been described

by Dr. Ortmann (1912). Actinonaias embraces, besides the type,

medellinus, gundlachi, (accepting Simpson’s interpretation of

this latter species), and others. |

Psoronatas, Crosse and Fischer (1893). This group of re-

markable shells, embracing crocodilarum, psoricus, semigranosus,

etc., was provisionally treated by Simpson as a group of Elliptio,

but their remarkable sculpturing, and the deap beak cavities of

some of their species, led him to observe that it was possible

that the group should, after all, be placed in Quadrula.

I follow von Martens, in giving generic rank as above to the

group. The type is Unio psoricus. To this genus we are en-

abled to add a species hitherto undescribed, under the name of

PsORONAIAS KUXENSIS, n. sp., Pl. VII, figs. 1, 2.

Shell small, compressed, rough, brown, biangular. Length

50, height 30, diam. 17 mm.

Shell hyperbolically rounded before, the extreme frontal

point below the centre. Dorsum slightly arched, descending

behind the ligament to the widely biangular posterior; the

upper angle of which is midway the height, the lower angle

very little above the base, which is nearly straight. The beaks

are small, low, acute, approximate; and apparently, concentri-

cally ridged. Epidermis dark brown (olivaceous and obsoletely

rayed in the young), rough, the lines of growth numerous and

well impressed. The discs are covered with fine pustulations,

more pustular in front, biradially linear behind. The post

ridge is low, but distinctly double, making the shell biangulate

behind. The teeth are double in the left valve, single in the

right. The cardinals are deeply sulcate and stout. Laterals

slightly curved or nearly straight, separated by an interdentum.

Nacre purple, beak cavities rather deep. Dorsal scars numerous,

THE NAUTILUS. 49

extending in a row from above the centre of the cavity down

and forward upon the base of the cardinal teeth. Three well

impressed muscle scars in front, two behind, the later almost

confluent. Habitat, Kux Creek, Chama, Guatemala. Collected

by Mr. A. A. Hinkley, Feb. 6, 1917. A few dead specimens

were obtained on the bank of the Isaibha River (Chama) of

which the Kux Creek isa tributary. Typein Academy Natural

Sciences. Cotypes in collection of A. A. Hinkley, the author

and U. 8S. N. Museum.

I place this species in Psoronaias Crosse and Fischer, type U.

psoricus, because of its evident relationship to crocodilarum, and

distinctus, differing mainly from the latter in size and degree

of inflation, being much inferior in both respects to distinctus.

ON THE RATE OF GROWTH OF POND UNIOS.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

During the latter part of March 1916, the writer, for the pur-

pose of constructing a fish pond, excavated a barrow-pit near

the bank of a small creek, about ten feet wide, and at the time

nearly dry. - The barrow-pit was perhaps one hundred feet long,

fifty feet wide and three feet deep. Early in April, 1916, the

pit became full of water, overflowing from the adjacent creek,

and together with two subsequent overflows, supplemented with

seepage from the newly constructed fish pond, the pit remained

more or less full of water, until May 25, 1917, when it was

drained by a ditch into the nearby creek. From the dried

bottom of this pit some thirty Unios were picked up by the

writer. Ten of these were Unio tetralasmus Say, and the rest

were J. texasensis Lea. All the specimens were of remarkably

uniform size and appearance. The texasensis being about one

and a half inches, and the tetralasmus two and a half inches

long. Exact dimensions of a texasensis: length 48, height 24,

diam. 16 mm.; of tetralasmus 75, 40, and 25 mm.

Both of these species had attained puberty. A female texa-

sensis has its gills fairly full of young glochidia. A tetralasmus

had several (three or four) ovisacs with a few (remaining)

50 THE NAUTILUS.

glochidia. In assigning an age to these shells it is quite sure

that the tetralasmus discharges its glochidia in March and early

April, so that when picked up on May 25, these shells were just

about fourteen months old, from the date of discharge from their

mother’s gills.

In the case of the texasensis (which spawns somewhat later)

it is possible that these were dropped by fish of which, at least

six species) obtained access to the pit on May 7, 1916 (on

which date an overflow occurred), thus making about thirteen

months. At any rate the maximum age of either species is

fourteen months from their mother’s ovisacs. One of the U.

tetralasmus is shown of natural size in Pl. VII, fig. 4.

Another observation concerning pond mussels might here

prove of interest. A large pond was cut into two by a railroad

enbankment, a culvert preserving the level and providing com-

munication between the two. In the lower and larger pond a

half-bushel of Yonkapin (Nelumbium lutewm) seed was sown. It

was six years before these seed germinated. These plants, dur-

ing the summer, cover the entire surface of the pond with their

broad peltate leaves. In this pond the writer planted a colony

of a dozen Anodonta grandis. Several years after, taking ad-

vantage of extreme low water, the writer made a careful survey

of these twin ponds, with the result that hundreds of Anodons

could be found in the upper pond, but not a single one was

found in the lower pond. Either the shade killed the young

shells, or else the glochidia-laden fish avoided the shade of the

lotus plants and congregated in the upper pond (there are no

Nelumbii in the upper pond). Is not this avoidance of shade

a reason for the paucity of unios in the tropics?

A NEW SOUTH AFRICAN NESOPUPA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

NESOPUPA FARQUHARI, N. sp.

Among Pupillidae sent by Mr. J. Farquhar there is a new

species from Grahamstown which may be defined by comparison

THE NAUTILUS. DL

with Nesopupa griqualandica (Melv. and Pons.).* The new form

is ovate, of about the size of the other species, which it resembles

in sculpture and in the lamellae of the parietal wall and colu-

mella. The two palatal plicae are subequal, the upper emerg-

ing to the lip, the lower one also long, reaching to the inner

edge of the peristome. There is a very small nodule on the

base of the columella. In griqualandica the lower palatal plica

is short and very deeply immersed and there is a distinct though

small basal plica within the base, in front of the lower palatal

plica. In griqualandica there is a deep sulcus outside, over the

upper palatal plica, and a flattening or short groove over the

lower palatal; but in farquhari the sulcus is far less impressed

except quite close to the lip. The color is reddish brown.

Length 1.65, diam. 0.9 mm.

Mr. Burnup’s figure 9, in Melvill and Ponsonby’s Revision,’

may perhaps represent this species, while their description in

the same paper appears to comprise both griqualandica and

farquhari, though chiefly relating to the former. Their pl. I,

figs. 8 and 10 represent griqualandica. The new form is named

in honor of one of the most successful South-African collectors.

It will be figured in the Manual of Conchology.

A NEW GUNDLACHIA FROM GUATEMALA.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

GUNDLACHIA HINKLEYI, n. sp., Pl. I, figs. 10-16; Pl. ITI, fig. 1.

Shell subovate, being much wider posteriorly, the anterior

margin rather shortly rounded, the right margin nearly rectili-

near, but somewhat diverging anteriorly, the left margin obliquely

expanded and broadly rounded, anterior margin wider and much

more curved than the posterior; apex very excentric, depressed

and decidedly turned toward the right side, bluntly rounded,

smooth except for a few concentric wrinkles; color a very pale

corneous, nearly pure white; lines of growth rather strong and

1 Pupa griqualandica M. and P., 1893; the specimens used being from

Pretoria.

7 Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), i, p. 76, pl. i, 1908.

52 THE NAUTILUS.

irregular; anterior slope with strong radial striae originating

below the septate growth and extending to the anterior margin,

similar striz appear on the left lateral slope, but are scarcely,

if at all, visible on the right slope; the septate portion of the

shell is small in comparison with the adult expansion, it is nar-

row and the posterior portion covered by the septum is free

from and projects over, but scarcely beyond, the posterior mar-

gin of the adult aperture; the first growth of the shell from the

septate form is continued on the sides in a nearly direct con-

tinuation of the lateral slopes of the septate shell for some

little distance, the anterior slope of this stage is also a continu-

ation of the anterior slope of the septate stage but owing to the

oblique position assumed by the septate shell is at first some-

what convex, as viewed laterally, later as the side slopes begin to

expand, the anterior slope is continued in a nearly straight line to

the margin; the left lateral slope of the adult shell below the sec-

ondary constriction is concave at first, becoming nearly straight

toward the margin; the right lateral slope is less concave above

and straighter and more oblique than the left; owing to the

small size of the septum and consequent large aperture of the

septate shell and the narrow first growth of the adult shell there

is no distinct aperture to the septate portion visible in the

adult shell from below, the whole interior of the adult shell

appears to pass, practically unconstricted, directly into the

septate portion; the posterior margin of the adult shell narrow

and somewhat abruptly expanded and reflected.

Length 5.5; width 3.75; alt. 1.75 mm.

The septate shell is oblong, the sides being nearly parallel,

but slightly expanding anteriorly, the right slightly convex and

the left slightly concave; the posterior margin is regularly

rounded; the anterior more broadly rounded; the apex de-

pressed, bluntly rounded, excentric, reaching nearly to the

right margin, smooth except for slight concentric wrinkles, lines

of growth fine and regular; the anterior slope is slightly convex;

the very short posterior slope below the projecting apex to the

line of the septum is straight and oblique; the right lateral

slope is steep and nearly straight, the left slope very convex;

the septum is very short, being less than half of the length of

- (HE NAUTILUS. 53

the septate shell, convex on its lower surface, the margin is

very short, being less than half of the length of the septate

shell, convex on its lower surface, the margin is very concave

and on the right side, extends further forward than it does on

left, there does not seem to be the distinct thickening of the

margin so noticeable in other species; aperture much larger than

in any other species yet described.

Length 2; width 1.5; alt. .75 mm.

Type (43455 Coll. Walker) from the Maya Farm, Quirigua,

Guatemala, collected by A. A. Hinkley. Cotypes in the col-

lection of Mr. Hinkley.

This fine species is the first from either Central or South

America, of which both the septate and adult forms are known.

It differs from all other described species except crepidulina

Guppy in the small size of the septum and the consequent dif-

ference in the position of the aperture of the septate stage in

the adult shell. The septum in the specimen figured appears

very like the incomplete septum in the North American species,

but as the three adult specimens before me are exactly alike in

the position of the septate shell, this would seem to be the

normal condition in this species. Thespecimen figured, which

is 8.25 mm. in length, has apparently slightly passed the sep-

tate stage and begun the growth of the constricted portion of

the adult shell and shows the beginnings of the radial strie.

With the Gundlachias was associated a species of Levapezx,

very like the excentricus Morelet. Whether it has any closer

relations with the Gundlachia remains to be determined as the

radula has not yet been examined. While the general aspect

of the two species, if such they be, is very similar, the Levapex

has a very much more acute apex than the Gundlachia.

As shown by the figure, the radula of this species is quite

typical of the genus.

A LIST OF SHELLS FROM THE EAST COAST OF FLORIDA.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The late Dr. Charles A. Davis, the well known peat-expert

of the U. 8S. Bureau of Mines, in addition to his special acquire-

54 THE NAUTILUS.

ments in geology and botany, was a good all-round zoologist

and had a lively and unaffected interest in the work that any

of his friends might be carrying on in that department. It was

his kindly habit in his travels about the country to preserve

any specimens that he came across that seemed to him likely to

be of interest to any of his zoological friends. It will be re-

membered that the conchologists owe to him the rediscovery of

the long lost Planorbis multivolvis Case, (Naut., XXI, p. 16),

and also the little Lymnea davisi Walker, (Naut. XXII, p.

17), which bears his name.

In the spring of 1911 Dr. Davis’ professional duties took him

to Florida and while there he collected quite a number of

samples of ‘‘ drift,’’ which in due time came into my possession.

Several of the localities represented in the collection, such as

Maimi and St. Augustine, have already been reported upon by

previous collectors and there seems to be no occasion to dupli-

cate their work, but quite a number of the places visited by Dr.

Davis have not been covered by any of the previous collectors

in Florida and a record of the species found by him seems

worthy of publication as a contribution to the distribution of

the Mollusca along the east coast of the state.

I am indebted to Dr. George H. Clapp for the identification

of the Gastrocoptas and Vertigos.

The list of localities and species represented in the collection

is as follows:

MARSHES NEAR CHESTER SHOALS.

Euglandina rosea Fér. Gastrocopta pentodon (Say).

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana | Vertigo milium (Gld.).

Bld. Melampus coffeus (L.).

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn. ). Detracia bulloides (Mont. ).

Zonitoides minuscula alachuana | Chrondropoma dentatum (Say. )

(Dall). Plecotrema cubense (Pfr. ).

Vitrea dalliana ( ‘Simpson’ | Blauneria heteroclita (Mont. ).

Pils.) Microtralia minuscula (Dall).

Pupoides modicus (Pfr. ). Truncatella clathrus Lowe.

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Truncatella caribxensis pulchella

Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella Pit:

(Pilg), Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Gastrocopta tappaniana (C. B. | Littoridina monroensis (Fild.).

Ads. ) ?

THE NAUTILUS. 55

Paludestrina? sp.? <A single specimen that I can not ap-

proximate to any of the described species.

This is the first record, I believe, for Plecotrema cubense from

the mainland of Florida. Originally described from Cuba, it

was listed from the Bermudas by Dr. Pilsbry in 1900, (Trans.

Conn. Acad., X, p. 504, pl. lxii, fig. 11), and there figured by

him for the first time. Both he and Mr. John B. Henderson

inform me that they have collected it on several of the Keys

and I am indebted to both of them for the opportunity of com-

paring my specimen with theirs.

CHESTER SHOALS REFUGE STATION.

Euglandina rosea (Fer. ). Melampus coffeus (L.).

Polygyra auriculata (Pfr. ). Detracia bulloides (Mont. )

Polygyra uvulifera (Shutt. ). Lymnaea humilis Say.

Polygyra cereolus (Mihlf.). Physa cubensis Pir.

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana | Planorbis tumidus Pfr.

(Bld. ). Planorbis alabamensis Pils.

Polygyra cereolus septemvolva | Chrondropoma dentatum (Say).

Say. Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Polygyra cereolus volvoxis (Pir.). | Truncatella clathrus Lowe.

Praticolella jeyuna (Say. ). Tittoridina monroensis (Ffld.).

BETWEEN CHESTER SHOALS AND CAPE CANAVERAL.

Polygyra cereolus (Muhlf. ). Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana Melampus coffeus (L.).

(Bld. ). Detracia bulloides (Mont. ).

Polygyra cereolus volvoxis (Pfr.). | Blawneria heteroclita (Mont. ).

Polygyra uvulifera (Shutt. ). Chrondropoma dentatum (Say).

Zomtoides minuscula (Binn.). | Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Pupoides modicus (Pir. ). Truncatella clathrus Lowe.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Truncatella caribxensis pulchella

Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella Pfr.

(Pils. ).

Amnicola. sp.? A single immature specimen.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

CANAVERAL P. O.

Euglandina rosea (Fer. ).

Polygyra cereolus septemvolva

Say.

Polygyra cereolus volvoxis (Pfr. ).

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana

(Bld. ).

Pupoides modicus (Pfr. ).

Helicina orbiculata Say.

Eau GALLIE.

Polygyra cereolus

Say.

Polygyra cereolus volvoxis (Pfr. ).

septemvolva

Polygyra uvulifera (Shutt. ).

Physa cubensis Pfr.

Helicina orbiculata Say var.

IsLaANnD oF Kav GALLIE.

Polygyra uvulifera (Shutt. ).

Praticolella jey~una (Say).

Lymnaea humilis Say.

Physa cubensis Pfr.

PaLM BEAcH.

Euglandina rosea (Fer. ).

Polygyra auriculata Say.

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana

(Bld. ).

Strobilops floridana Pils.

Strobilops hubbardi (Brown).

Pupoides modicus (Pfr. ).

Gastrocopta contracta (Say).

Gastrocopta rupicola Say.

Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella

(Pils. ).

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say).

Vertigo milium (Gld.).

Vitrea dalliana ( ‘Simp.’ Pils. ).

Vitrea indentata (Say).

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn. ).

Zonitoides minuscula alachuana

(Dall).

Guppya gundlachi (Pir.).

Thysanophora granum (Streb. ).

Physa cubensis Pfr,

Helicina orbiculata Say.

Lone Kry

Euglandina rosea (Fer. ).

Polygyra cereolus (Miuhlf. ).

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana

(Bld.).

Strophia incanum (Binn.).

Pupoides modicus (Pfr.).

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say)?

Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella

(Pils. ).

Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella

(Pils.) var. Small form.

Thysanophora incrustata (Gld. ).

Thysanophora granum (Streb. ).

Thysanophora dioscoricola

(Guppy).

THE NAUTILUS. 57

Guppya gundlachi (Pir.). Helicina tantilla Pils.

Varicella gracillima floridana | Chrondropoma dentatum (Say).

Pils. Truncatella caribzxensis ‘‘Sby. ;

_ Succinea campestris Say? Rve.

Melampus coffeus (L.). Truncatella caribeensis pulchella

Detracia bulloides (Mont. ). Pfr.

Microtralia minuscula (Ball). Truncatella clathrus Lowe.

Lymnea columella Say. Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Physa cubensis Pfr. Inttoridina monroensis (Ffld.).

Amnicola. sp? A single specimen of a very small, globose

form that may be ann. sp. Alt. 1 mm.

COLLECTING IN DIGBY, NOVA SCOTIA.

BY LILLIAN DYER THOMPSON.

While traveling through Nova Scotia and New Brunswick

last summer, we stayed for about six weeks at Digby, N. S.

Digby is about 200 miles northeast of Boston, and is situated

near the Bay of Fundy, opposite St. John, N. B. The town

is located on the southeast shore of the Annapolis Basin,—a

sheet of water about twenty miles long and ten miles wide.

This basin is connected with the Bay of Fundy by a channel

about three-fourths of a mile wide at its greatest width. This

channel, known as Digby Gap, is noted for its rapid tides,—

the rate of flow through the Gap being about eight miles an

hour. The tide fall at Digby is thirty feet. The shores of the

Basin are sandy, with the exception of the two rocky promen-

tories on each side of the Gap; the one which is nearest to Digby

being Point Prim. The town is on a small peninsula on either

side of which are two inlets of the Annapolis Basin, known as

the Racquet, on the west, and the Jacquet, on the east of Digby

proper. On the ebb tide these are almost dry, exposing long

mud flats.

There is one island in the Basin, about opposite the Gap and

at the mouth of Bear River, called Bear island. From this a

long bar extends, called Bear Island Bar, which is covered to a

depth of about six feet at low water, and is covered with eel-

grass.

58 THE NAUTILUS.

Near the Yacht Club pier were found many Polinices heros,

and their red-brown ‘‘sand-collars.’? In the Jacquet were

many Litorina littorea and Litorina rudis. On the exposed beach,

nearer the town, we found Mytilus edulis. On the rocks, in the

Racquet, we found Thais lapillus and a host of Acmaea testudin-

alis ranging in size from one-eighth of an inch to about an inch

in diameter. In the mud, at the base of the rocks, were a mul-

titude of Buccinum undatum, Neptunea decemcostata, ranging in

size from one-eighth of an inch to about an inch in diameter.

In the mud, at the base of the rocks, were a multitude of Buc-

cnum undatum, Neptunea decemcostata, and Colus stimpsoni, all

alive and half-buried. Some dead specimens of Aporrhais occi-

dentalis were also found, five of them being full-grown.

On the suggestion of Capt. Danforth, we constructed a

dredge, and endeavored to dredge Bear Island Bar from his

motor-boat. Here we found quantities of Lacuna vincta, Alec-

trion obsoleta, Cylichna alba, and two Polinices triseriata.

There were some soldiers encamped at Digby, and they used

to gather Litorina littorea and steam and eat them, without any

flavoring. They sometimes ate Thais lapillus also. . One day,

after a rain, we found two Helix hortensis crawling along the

road.

A NEW TYPE OF THE NAYAD-GENUS FUSCONAIA.

GROUP OF F. BARNESIANA LEA.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

During the study of the nayad-fauna of the upper Tennessee,

the present writer found that there exists, in this region, a

peculiar type of shells, belonging to the genus Fusconaia, the

various forms of which have been described previously under a

great number of specific names, which, however, seem to belong

all to one species. In addition, among material received from

L. S. Frierson from the Ozark Mountains, a form was discov-

ered which presented the same structure.

The oldest name for the upper Tennessee form is Unio bar-

nesianus Lea. A more detailed account of its various phases is

to be given elsewhere, and it suffices here to mention only those

THE NAUTILUS. 59

forms which belong here. According to obesity, I distinguish

three local, or ecological races:

1. FuscoNAIA BARNESIANA (Lea) 1838.

U. barnesianus Lea, ’?38. U. meredithi Lea, ’58. U. pudicus

Lea, ’60. U. Lyoni Lea, ’65. U. tellicoensis Lea, ’72. U..

lenticularis Lea, ’72.

As the normal (most abundant) forms we may regard U. mere-

dithi, pudicus and lenticularis, which differ from each other only

in the development of the rays (topotypes examined). U.

barnesianus is a slightly more elongated individual, with poorly

developed rays. JU. tellicoensis (topotypes examined) is a lenti-

cularis slightly more swollen; and U. lyoni forms the transition

toward var. twmescens, having a little more elevated beaks, greater

obesity, and rather distinct rays.

2. FUSCONAIA BARNESIANA BIGBYENSIS (Lea) 1841.

U. bigbyensis Lea, ’41. U. estabrookianus Lea, ’45. U. fas-

sinans Lea, 768. Pleurobema fassinans rhomboidea Simpson, ’00.

The most frequent form is fassinans rhomboidea (topotypes

examined), with rays poorly developed. U. bigbyensis has

more distinct rays; U. estabrookianus (topotypes examined) is

an old, overgrown form, without rays; U. fassinans is founded

upon an individual (type examined, also topotypes), which is

exceptionally elongated, without rays.

3. FUSCONAIA BARNESIANA TUMESCENS (Lea) 1845.

U. tumescens Lea, ’45. U. crudus Lea, ’71. U. radiosus

Lea, ’71.

U. tumescens is the most typical form, greatly swollen, with

more or less developed rays; U. radiosus (type and topotypes

examined) is less swollen, but for the rest like twmescens; U.

crudus (topotypes examined) lacks rays, and has much eroded

beaks, but stands close to radiosus.

The mutual relations of these forms may be understood by

the help of the following key. Only the three largest divisions

are to be regarded as varieties, in the other forms the characters

are merely individual, although specimens representing only

60 THE NAUTILUS.

one (or a few) of these ‘‘forms’’ often prevail at a given

locality.

a,. Flat, compressed, dia. of shell less than 40 per cent of the

length (var. bigbyensis).

b,. No rays, or rays obscure, color of epidermis brown,

dark.

¢,. Rhomboid in shape.

d,. Large. Estabrookianus.

d,. Smaller. Fassinans rhomboidea.

c,. More ovate, tapering behind. Fassinans.

b,. Rays distinct, well developed over most of the disk.

Ground color of epidermis lighter. Bigbyensis.

a. Moderately convex, dia. 40-49 per cent of length.

Barnesiana typica.

b,. Beaks not elevated, shape trapezoidal, rhomboid, or

subovate.

c,. Dia. about 41 or 42 per cent; size small.

d,. Shape somewhat elongate (trapezoidal); rays

obscure. Barnesianus.

d,. Shape shorter (rhomboidal).

e,. Rays obscure. Lenticularis.

e,. Rays present, color of epidermis lighter.

f,. Rays few. Meredith.

f,. Rays numerous. Pudicus.

Cz. Dia. about 45 per cent; larger. Shape subovate.

Rays obscure. Tellicoensis.

b,. Beaks more elevated, shape subtriangular. Dia. 46

per cent, with rather distinct rays. Lyon.

az. Much swollen, dia. over 50 per cent. Beaks elevated.

(var. Tumescens).

b,. Without rays. Dia. 51 percent. Beaks much eroded.

Crudus.

b,. With rays. Dia. about 56 per cent or more.

c,. Dia. about 56 per cent. Radiosus.

c,. Dia. about 64 per cent. Tumescens.

As to the geographical distribution, it should be briefly stated

that the swollen forms (a,) inhabit the largest rivers; the com-

pressed forms (a, ) are found in the headwaters, and the inter-

THE NAUTILUS. 61

mediate forms (a,) belong to the streams of moderate size.

Intergrades are frequent.

ANATOMY.?

All these shells have the same, and an extremely characteris-

tic and unique structure of the soft parts, so that there is not

the slightest question that they belong together. I have ex-

amined the soft parts of some 200 specimens in the field, and

over three dozens have been preserved in alcohol, and have

been examined at leisure in the laboratory. They include rep-

resentatives of the three main varieties, and of practically all of

the individual variations.

Gravid females have been found on the following dates: May

11, 138; May 15, ’13; May 16, ’13; May 20, 718; May 20, 714,

May 22, ’14; May 25, 714; July 5, ’13; July 9, ’13; July 10,

13; July 13, 713; July 14, ’18. Glochidia have been observed

on May 20, ’14 Gmmature), and July 14, '13. Thus this spe-

cies evidently is a summer breeder (tachytictic).

The soft parts are those of the genus Fusconaia: the supraanal

is separated from the anal by a very short mantle-connection,

which is absent (or torn?) in rare cases. Inner lamina of inner

gills free from abdominal sac. All four gills are marsupial.

Placentae well developed and subcylindrical.

Branchial opening with well developed papillae, anal with

distinct, but small papillae. Palpi subfalciform, posterior mar-

gins connected at base only.

While thus. the Fusconaia structure is typically developed,

this species is quite unique in its color. This concerns chiefly

the color of the gonads, eggs, and placentae.

The soft parts are often uniformly pale, whitish, but may

shade to orange, and the orange is most prominent on foot, ad-

ductors, and mantle-margin; but the paler tints prevail, and

often the orange is replaced by yellowish or brown. The gills

‘In Navrixvs, 28, 1914, p. 31, I have described the anatomy of ‘‘ Pleuro-

bema fassinans.’’ This is a mistake: the shells examined belong to Pleu-

robema all right, but are the form known as U. argenteus Lea, which belongs

to the oviforme-group, and should be called: Pleurobema oviforme argenteum

(Lea). These will be treated more fully elsewhere.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

are pale, but are generally suffused with blackish. The gonads

are brown to red, mostly of a peculiar dull lavender color in

the female, and the latter color, or purplish brown, is the pre-

vailing color of the eggs and placentae. The charged gills be-

come thus rather dark purple, or purple-brown, shading some-

times to dull red or blackish, in other cases to brownish,

brownish pink, brick-red, or even pale brown. These are very

peculiar tints, by which this species is easily recognized in the

field: four marsupial gills of this blackish-purple color are not

known in any other Nayad.

Glochidia have been found only in specimens belonging to

the headwaters variety (barnesiana bigbyensis). They are subel-

liptical, slightly higher than long, L. 0.15, H. 0.16 mm.

Although a true Fusconaia, this species (or group of forms)

stands isolated within the genus, in characters of the shell as

well as in the soft parts. It differs from the species of the

subrotunda-group (incl. ebena, pilaris etc.) very markedly by its

smaller size and by the very shallow beak cavities. The forms

of the undulata-group (incl. flava, and the cuneolus- and cor-

forms) have generally also somewhat deeper beak cavities, and

the shell has a more or less distinct posterior ridge, with a flat-

tening or a shallow groove in front of it, characters which are

missing in the barnesiana-group. As has been pointed out, in

the latter group, the color of eggs and placentae is remarkable:

in all other forms of Fusconaia, this varies from white to bright

red.

I introduce here another species, in order to show that the

barnesiana-type is also represented outside of the Cumberland-

Tennessee drainage, namely in the Ozarks.

FUSCONAIA OZARKENSIS (Call) 1887.

F. ozarkensis Call, Pr. U. S. Mus. 10, ’87, p. 499, pl. 27.

Tr. St. Louis Ac. 7, ’95, p. 88, pl. 18. Lampsilis ozarkensis

Meek & Clark, Bur. Fisher. Doc. no. 759, ’12, p. 18. Pleu-

robema utterbacki Frierson, in: Utterback, Naiad. Missouri

(Amer. Midland Natural 4, 1916, p. 86, pl. 5, pl. 20, f. 63).

I have specimens from James River, Galena Stone Co., Mo.,

and White River, Cotter and Norfolk, Baxter Co., Ark., do-

THE NAUTILUS. 63

nated by L. S. Frierson and collected by A. A. Hinkley on

July 80 and Aug. 2 and 5, ’14, A number of specimens (8)

were preserved in alcohol, coll. July 30 and Aug 2, which all

were gravid females, and one of each date had glochidia. This

marks probably the end of the breeding season, and the species

is tachytictic.

There is some confusion with regard to this species. After

the first description by Call, it has not again been recorded, ex-

cept by Meek and Clark, and I believe, the identification of

these authors (supported by B. Walker) is correct. But I think

that other authors have seen this form, but have not recognized

it, and, for instance, Simpson’s pannosus and subellipticus (re-

garded as varieties of Pleurobema argentewm and breve respec-

tively) are also this. Frierson’s utterbacki is surely this, since

my specimens were thus labeled by Frierson.

Walker, Frierson, and Simpson (in part) believe this to be a

Pleurobema, and not a Lampsilis (see also Simpson, ’00, p. 557,

and 714, p. 131), and this comes nearest to the truth, in fact,

it is the most plausible assumption to be made from the study

of the shell alone. The shell ‘‘resembles a very elongated

Quadrula coccinea,’ according to Meek and Clark, and the com-

parison with Plewrobema argentewm and breve (which, by the

way, are synonyms), made by Simpson, is significant. We

must keep in mind that Call’s fig. 4 represents the normal shape

of the shell, while his fig. 1 is rather abnormal, and possibly

does not belong here at all. These two figures by no means

represent the female and male, as Call believes.

The investigation of the soft parts has shown that this actually

is a Fusconaia. Corresponding, both in soft parts and shell, to

the barnesiana-type of the upper Tennessee region. FF. ozarkensis

differs from barnesiana by the more elongated (subtrapezoidal)

outline of the shell, more anterior beaks, and the weak devel-

opment of the rays, which are faint at the best, and often en-

tirely absent. A swollen form of it is not known to me, but

specimens from White River are slightly more convex than

those from James River (farther up). Also Utterback’s quota-

of Frierson (p. 87, footnote) make it probable that there are

differences in obesity.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

ANATOMY.

Supraanal opening probably separated from the anal by a

short mantle-connection, but in all my specimens this is torn

by rough handling. Inner lamina of inner gills free from ab-

dominal sac. All four gills marsupial in thefemale. Placentae

well developed and subcylindrical.

Anal opening with small papillae, branchial opening with

well developed papillae. Palpi as usual, their posterior margins

connected for about one third of their length or less.

As to the color of the soft parts, which is so characteristic in

barnesiana, not much can be said, since my material has been

too long in alcohol. But in most of my specimens the gills are

yet distinctly suffused with black. The placentae have been

rendered whitish, but here and there traces of a dark stain are

preserved (which is disappearing gradually). It is quite pos-

sible that the color of the placentae originally was similar to

that of barnesiana.

The glochidia are subelliptical, slightly higher than long; L.

O. 15, B. O. 18, thus agreeing with those of F. barnesiana.

NOTE ON THE RELATION OF SNAIL FAUNA TO FLOODS.

BY A. RICHARDS.

During the years 1911 to 1916, while the writer was a mem-

ber of the faculty of the University of Texas, a series of inci-

dental observations on ‘the snail fauna of Waller Creek was

made. These observations have now come to an end due to the

change of residence of the observer. It seems not unwise,

therefore, to publish a short note on the subject in the hope

that the facts recorded, although fragmentary, may have a

bearing on the work of some other follower of snail life.

Waller Creek is a small stream near the University of Texas

at Austin. It is some four miles in length and empties into

the Colorado River at a distance of perhaps two miles below the

University. That portion of the stream close to the University

between Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh Streets, was most closely

observed, but data was also collected from the region below.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

During the hot months, from about July 1st to October 1st

usually, the stream is dry, or water is to be found only in an

occasional pool ; during the rest of the year the water flows to

a depth of afew inches. The bed is scoured out of limestone

(Austin Chalk) and has for much of its length a solid flat rock

bottom. The banks of the creek have in general a gradual

slope. In time of flood and during heavy rains, this stream

rises very rapidly and quickly becomes bank-full, so that the

water rushes down in a torrent, the roar of which may at times

be heard for a distance of some blocks. The fall of the creek is

considerable, being about 75 feet in two miles from Twenty-

seventh Street to the Colorado, and this fall in connection with

the shape of the bed gives to the current in times of flood a

tremendous force.

During the first two years of this observation, 1912-1913, the

snail population of the creek in its middle stretches was dense.

There were in particular two species very thickly represented,

Planorbis lentus and Physa halei. So numerous were they that

one could in a few moments within a very few feet gather a pint

of either kind. Wherever a little ripple or a tiny waterfall oc-

curred were many snails oriented in relation to the current, their

heads pointing into it. Elsewhere in the more quiet water they

were also to be found, but in less numbers. These conditions

obtained especially in the early spring; as the breeding season,

which in that latitude extends over half the year, passes by, the

snails of course become much less numerous.

It is to be noted that previous to the time when the snails

had become so abundant, there had been no heavy rains of suf-

ficient importance to be recorded since 1908. Excessive rains

occurred in May 1908, November and May 1907, June and

March 1905, May and April 1904, July and February 1903,

July and November 1902. There was a very severe flood in the

creek in April 1900. It will be seen that between the time

when my observations began and the last excessive rain con-

siderable time had elapsed and the snails had had the oppor-

tunity to reinstate themselves in the creek, assuming that they

had suffered in those floods as they have done in the later ones.

In the fall of 1913 there were two floods of unusual propor-

66 THE NAUTILUS.

tions in the creek. In October it rose very rapidly, but shortly

subsided, and in November, at the time when the entire state

was visited by the most severe flood since 1869, it was again

subjected to a very thorough scouring. Excessive rains fell on

several consecutive days, and streams in the entire Colorado

watershed were out of their banks.

After the heavy rains of the earlier part of the month there

were several days upon which the rainfall, while comparatively

light, was sufficient to keep the creek much higher than its

normal level. When the water finally subsided to its normal

amount the hed was covered completely with a layer of detritus

and soft green humus and algae from a half an inch to an inch

in thickness. This deposit and the acids formed from it have

been the cause of a much more rapid disintegration of the lime-

stone than had been the case in the immediately preceding

years. Loose pieces of limestone which were exposed to the

action of the water had in many cases fallen apart by the end

of January. Further rises occurred on April 27 and on May

20th, 1914, but were not sufficient to remove all of the accumu-

lated layer of detritus.

In January 1914, a search for snails where they had before

been numerous failed to reveal a single specimen of Planorbis

and less than half a dozen Physa. Even in the deeper pools

they could scarcely be found. Later in the spring in the lowest

part of the stream a number of very small Physa, as well as

some clusters of eggs were found. The force of the current had

been so great as to wash the snails down to the river, and it is

possible that the condition of the water due to the decomposing

humus may have affected those which were able to escape the

flood danger. That some of the Physa were left after the flood

may be attributed to their pointed shape which decreases the

amount of force that the water was able to exert on them as

compared with that on the flat Planorbis shells. Except as

noted above in April and May 1914, the conditions in the creek

remained as normal.

In January 1915, Physa has again made its appearance in

the middle parts of the stream, although in small numbers only.

Diligent search, however, failed to reveal a single Planorbis.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

The snails which were present were found only under fair-sized

rocks where they were well protected; they did not occur out in

the open stream as had been the case when the creek was more

densely populated with snails.

In April 1915, on the 22d and 24th, Waller Creek was swept

by three scouring floods which devastated the entire bottoms.

The water rose higher during the night than it had at any

time since 1886; bridges were washed away and much damage

done. The bottom of the creek was again washed clean except

under the larger stones and in deep holes in the bed. Snails

were not observed in any numbers following this flood during

the rest of that year. Early in January 1916, however, Physa

had again appeared fairly abundantly where they had formerly

been very thick, in the region just above the University; later

in the spring they became quite numerous here. In January

of this year the first Planorbis were found that had been seen

in the creek since the autumn floods of 1913. Between Fifteenth

and Sixteenth Streets in a pocket containing good-sized stones

over which the water flows rather swiftly a number of speci-

mens were taken, although none were found above or below

this locality. It is noted that below this region the creek is

frequently covered with oily scum and that it receives the refuse

from the adjoining properties. Except after high water which

would clean it out, the creek in this region would hardly be

expected to support much snail life. It must be supposed either

that the Planorbis had made their way up to Sixteenth Street

during the short time following the floods before the water be-

came badly contaminated, or else that in this particular place a

few specimens from the previous years had withstood the floods

and reproduced themselves in sufficient numbers to be notice-

able in January. Of these two suppositions the latter seems

much the more rational.

After the flood of 1915 the water subsided very quickly so

that a new layer of humus and algae was not deposited, but

that the bed was again restored to its former condition of a clean

smooth rock bottom. Upon the return to this condition the

snail population increased very rapidly, and at the time when

the last observation was made in the early summer of 1916,

seemed in a fair way to return to the condition of 1912.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

It seems to the writer that the slow return of the snails dur-

ing the year 1914 was due not only to the repeated rains of the

fall and winter of 1918-14, but also to the condition of the creek

bed at this time. Although the heavy rains of 1915 were more

severe, they were confined to one month, and the creek bed was

left in a very much cleaner condition than during the preceding

year.

The conditions of life which obtain now in Waller Creek are

those of a new life region. This must of necessity be so in an

intermittent stream to a certain extent, but owing to the flood

conditions here they are doubly so.

The chief facts of interest in regard to the habits of snails as

shown by these observations, are these: 1, The snails of both

species are to be found commonly in uncontaminated water

which is running at a fairly rapid rate, and the most common

orientation is with the heads pointing up stream; 2, The snail

population in any stream is subject to wide fluctations depend-

ing upon flood conditions; 3, Physa because of its shape is less

affected by floods than Planorbis; 4, The return of the snail

population to a given stream is determined not only by the

frequency and severity of the floods, but also by the condition

of the bottom of the stream after the subsidence of the high

water; 5, The snails thrive best where there is a constantly

renewed supply of clean water which contains little decaying

vegetation.

Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind.

WILLIAM BULLOCK CLARK.

Dr. William Bullock Clark, professor of geology in the Johns

Hopkins University, eminent for his contributions to geology,

died suddenly from apoplexy on July 27, at his summer home

at North Haven, Maine.

Wm. Bullock Clark was born at Brattleboro, Vermont, De-

cember 15, 1860. Since 1894 he was professor of geology in

Johns Hopkins Univesity. In 1896 Professor Clark organized

the Maryland Geological Society, and has been State Geologist

since that time. The admirable volumes on paleontology of

THE NAUTILUS. 69

Maryland, issued under his direction, are widely used by con-

chologists interested in fossil mollusks. This series of reports

will be his enduring memorial. Professor Clark’s chief paleon-

tological interest was in the Echinoidea, upon which he pub-

lished several monographs.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A Monocrary or West AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS.

By Paul Bartsch (Pro. U. 8. Nat. Museum, Vol. 53, pp. 295-

356, pls. 34-39, Aug. 1917). This completes the discussion of

the West American mollusks of the super-family Pyramidel-

loideae, comprising the family Pyramidellidae, which has

been previously treated, and the Melanellidae here considered.

The former are readily distinguished by having the ‘‘ nepionic

whorls sinistral and tilted; the axis of the early whorls usually

being at right angles to that of the succeeding turns, in the first

of which the nuclear whorls are frequently quite strongly im-

bedded.’’ In the latter the early whorls are dextral and never

tilted or immersed. A review of the work done in this group

is followed by the descriptions of the species, including forty-

nine new species and one new genus Hulimostraca. The illustra-

tions are excellent.

New anp LitrLe Known Species oF SoutH AMERICAN Mus-

SELS OF THE GENUS DipPLopon. By William B. Marshall (Proc.

U.S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 53, pp. 381-388, Pls. 50-55, August,

1917). Two new species Diplodon felipponei and D. fortis are

described and figured, together with six species described by

Mr. C. T. Simpson in his Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades

and not previously figured.

NoTEs ON THE SHELLS OF THE GENUS EPITONIUM AND ITS

ALLIES OF THE PaciFic Coast oF AMERICA. By William H.

Dall, (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, Vol. 53, pp. 471-488, August,

1917). An interesting account of the various groups and sub-

genera is followed by descriptions of forty-two new species.

The name Pictoscala is proposed for a section, type Scalaria

lineata Say.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

STUDIES ON AUSTRALIAN Motiusca. Pr. XIII. By C. Hed-

ley (Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1916, vol. 41, pt. 4,

pp. 680-719, pls. 46-52, issued April 4, 1917). The author’s

notes under Tridacna gigantea Perry are of such general interest

that we quote them in part. ‘‘ Under the name of Chama gigas

the father of Natural History seems to have embraced the whole

of the modern genus Zridacna. For thename gigas, as restricted

to a single species, the candidates are the shell subsequently

named squamosa by Lamarck and a huge species whose valves

in the Ulrica Museum, together weighed 498 pounds.

‘* After careful examination, Hanley decided that the fur-

belowed clam, such as Reeve has figured for T. sguamosa, ought

rightly to bear the name gigas. He based his verdict on the

ground that the actual shell owned by Linné as representing

gigas, is the Lamarckian squamosa, and that to this apply most

of the literary references. Linnean contemporaries such as

Born, Regenfuss and Chemnitz, while making casual references

to the giant, all agree in figuring and describing squamosa as the

Linnean gigas.

‘* Discriminating in 1819 between the species his predecessors

had confused, Lamarck unlawfully used the name gigas for the

largest form, while for the Linnean gigas he proposed squamosa.

Attentive to the remarks of Hanley, Hidalgo in 1903, renamed

the biggest species T. lamarcki. But in 1811, Perry had already

used the name Chama gigantea for ‘the largest shell at present

known.’ As the young of the giant has not yet been traced to

the adult, it is still possible that squamosa is a juvenile deeper-

water form of the large intertidal and abraded gigantea.

‘“The heaviest known are a pair weighing 550 lbs., which

Cuvier and Lamarck relate were presented by the Venetian

Republic to Francis I. These still exist, their edges bound

with brass, as holy-water basins in the cathedral of St. Sulpice,

in Paris.

‘‘The photographs of Saville Kent show the giant clams in

their natural position on the Great Barrier Reef, where they

occur free and exposed at low tide, standing on their umbones,

and showing their brightly colored mantle and so-called eyes

as they gape.’

THE NAUTILUS. yi

There are many other interesting notes bearing on nomencla-

ture, and the animals of Australian species. Six new species

are described and twenty-nine species figured.—C. W. J.

An ANNOTATED List OF SHELLS FROM NORTHERN MICHIGAN.

By Mina L. Winslow (Occasional papers, Mus. Zool., Univ.

Mich., No. 42, July 1, 1917) a list of sixty-five species from

Schoolcraft, Alger and Chippewa counties, also a list from Isle

Royale.

NOTES.

THE OLpROYD CoLLEctiIon.—Mr. and Mrs. J. S. Oldroyd have

given their collection of shells to the Leland Stanford Jr.

University, and are now permanently employed in the Museum,

Mrs. Oldroyd being the curator. The collection has been placed

in the Department of Geology and Mining. The Stanford alumni

purchased the collection and library of the late Henry Hemp-

hill, which, with the Law collection and several others, forms an

unusually fine working series. Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd have spent

about eight weeks at Friday Harbor, Puget Sound and British

Columbia making large collections for the Stanford University,

California Academy of Science and University of California.

NortH CaroitinA Lanp SHELLs.—The following species of

land shells were picked from leaf-mold collected at Spruce Pine,

Mitchell Co., North Carolina, by Samuel G. Gordon while on a

mineralogical excursion. The specimens are in the collection

of the Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Gastrocopta contracta Say, G.

pentodon Say, Circinaria concava Say, Polita indentata Say, Tax-

eodonta lamellidens Pils., Gastrodonta elliotti Redf., G. gularis

Say, Euconulus sterkui Dall., Punctum pygmeum Drap., Carychium

exile Lea.—E. G. VANATTA.

A Correction.—In my little paper, ‘‘ Descriptions of New

West American Marine Mollusks and Notes on Previously

Described Forms,’’ Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 52, pp. 670-

671, plate 46, figure 2, 1917, I published Cerithiopsis ( Cerithiop-

22 THE NAUTILUS.

sis) helena from Panama, type Cat. No. 204128, U. 8S. N. M.

Mr. Vignal, of Paris, has been kind enough to call my atten-

tion to fact that the same combination was used by O. Boettger

in 1901 for a fossil in his contribution ‘‘ Zur Kenntnis der

Fauna der mittelmiocinen Schichten von Kostej im Krass6-

Szorényer Komitat,’’ in ‘‘ Verhandlungen und Mitteilungen des

siebenbtirgischen Vereins fiir Naturwissenchaften zu Hermann-

stadt,’’ p. 128, 1901. It is therefore necessary to bestow a

new designation on my shell, and it may be known as Cerithiop-

sis (Cerithiopsis) anaitis.—PauL BARTSCH.

ALBINISTIC EPIPHRAGMOPHORA FIDELIS.—A few days ago, I

had two hours in Gladstone Park. The Park is wooded, and

there are large moss-covered rocks. J. fidelis was out freely. I

found one light one. The one sent you some years ago was

uniform in color. This one shows two distinct dark narrow

bands around the lower whorl but not showing anywhere else.

This is the fourth one I have found in the Park in twenty years

or more, though I have been there often.

—J. G. Matong, Portland, Ore.

THE many friends of Dr. Hermann von InErtInG will hear

with deep regret that he has been removed by political intrigue

from his position of ‘Director of the Musru Pavtista at Sao

Paulo, Brazil. This museum was founded by Dr. von Ihering.

His eminence as a zoologist and unceasing activity as an inves-

tigator of the South American fauna, had won for it an honor-

able place among scientific institutions. We understand that

his successors are men without knowledge of the biological

sciences. As the only scientific assistant, Mr. Rudolph von

Ihering has resigned, it appears that the scientific activity of the

State Museum of Sao Paulo has come to an end—a real calamity

to American zoology and paleontology.

Dr. von Ihering is located at present at Hansa de Joinville,

State of Santa Catharina. Heisin good health, and is engaged

in the preparation of his work : ‘‘ Die biogeographischen Grund-

gesetze,’’ several chapters of which will deal with mollusks.—

BH, ArPe aici wid.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXI PLATE VII

PSORONAIAS KUXENSIS FRIERSON.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA CALLISTODERMA PILS. & FERR.

UNIO TETRALASMUS SAY.

. ZACHRYSIA RAMSDENI PILS.

. Z. EMARGINATA PFR.

5, 6

7. =)

i” As

F ies

f es

by J

2 i

f r

Bee

3 4

THE NAUTILUS, XXXI. PLATE VIII.

CLAPP: NEW CARYCHIUM AND THYSANOPHORA.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXXI. JANUARY, 1918. No. 3

NEW SOUTHERN FORMS OF CARYCHIUM AND THYSANOPHORA.

BY GEO}, Ho CLAPP:

CARYCHIUM EXIGUUM FLORIDANUM new subspecies. P1.8, fig. 4-6.

Differs from the type by its constantly smaller size and the

greatly thickened lip. The shell is also more tapering, making

the last whorl appear swollen.

Of 25 shells measured, from 5 different localities, the largest

is 1.73 X 0.81 mm. and the smallest 1.52 « 0.78 mm., the

average being 1.64 « 0.78 mm.

Fig. 5, ‘‘Snapper Creek Hammock” about 8 miles south of

Miami, Fla., measures 1.64 * 0.72 mm. Length of aperture

0.63, width 0.58 mm. Average of 6 shells, 1.61 * 0.70 mm.

Fig. 4, near Coot Bay, Cape Sable, measures 1.73 * 0.78

mm. Length of aperture 0.69, width 0.63 mm. Average of 6

shells 1.67 & 0.78 mm.

Fig. 6, Miami, collected by 8S. N. Rhoads, measures 1.78 <

0.86 mm. South side of Miami River, about 2 miles above

Miami, average of 6 shells 1.61 « 0.77 mm.

Musa Isle, edge of Everglades at entrance to Miami River,

average of 6 shells 1.58 & 0.79 mm. The Musa Isle shells are

more globose than those from the other localities, the diameter

being exactly one-half of the length.

This subspecies is of wide distribution in Florida and I first

noticed it in 1895 when I collected a single specimen at Homo-

sassa, Citrus Co. So far as I have seen it is the only form

found in the Miami and Cape Sable regions.

Carychium is apparently not present on the Florida Keys as

74 THE NAUTILUS.

I have examined ‘‘rubbish’’ from over 20 of them from Key

Biscayne to Garden Key, Dry Tortugas; and while I found over

60 species of land shells, there was not even a fragment of

Carychium, and it is not mentioned in any of Pilsbry’s published

lists of Key shells.

Types from Snapper Creek Hammock, No. 8569 of my col-

lection.

THYSANOPHORA MACNEILLI n. sp. PI. 8, fig. 1.

Shell small, globose, with about four well-rounded whorls,

suture deep; color chestnut-brown, somewhat shining; surface

with faint growth lines and microscopically granulated; apex

obtuse, large, more densely granulated than the body of the

shell; widely umbilicate with the umbilicus extending to the

apex and contained about 5 times in the diameter of the shell.

Aperture well rounded slightly oblique, lip thin, partly reflected

around the umbilicus.

The type measures alt. 1.50, diam. 1.388, umbilicus 0.29 mm.

Types, fig. 1, from Magazine Point, 8 miles north of Mobile,

Ala., No. 8572 of my collection. Also found at Spring Hill

and along the Fowl River about 3 miles from the coast in the

southern part of Mobile Co.

This species is named after the late L. H. McNeill of Mobile,

Ala., who first found it in 1914. Mr. McNeill, although handi-

capped by poor health, was an enthusiastic collector and added

much to our knowledge of the molluscan fauna of southern

Alabama.

There are two species found in Florida, and probably others

of the Gulf states, with which this species may be confused.

From T. dioscoricola (C. B. Ad.) it differs in the wider umbili-

cus, less oblique aperture and in having about 4 whorl more in

the same diameter.

T. caeca (Guppy) is a larger, more depressed shell, subangular

at the periphery, umbilicus nearly covered, and surface with

distinct spiral sculpture.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 8.

Fig. 1, T. macneilli Clapp < 16.6, alt. 1.50, diam. 1.38 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 75

Fig. 2, T. dioscoricola (C. B. Ad.) * 16.6, alt. 1.38, diam.

1.27 mm.

Fig. 3, T. caeca (Guppy) X 16.6, alt. 1.67, diam. 1.73 mm.

Fig. 4, C. e. floridanum Clapp x 21, alt. 1.73, diam. 0.78 mm.

Fig. 5, C. e. floridanum Clapp X 21, alt. 1.64, diam. 0.72 mm.

Fig. 6, C. e. floridanum Clapp X 20, alt. 1.73, diam.0.66 mm.

THE ANATOMY OF TWO AFRICAN NAYADES, UNIO CAFFER AND

SPATHA WAHLBERGI.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

Unio cAFFER Krauss, Sued Afr. Moll. 1848.

Nodularia caffer Simpson, Synopsis, 1900, p. 825.

Unio caffer Simpson, Descript. Catal. 1914, p. 574.

When Simpson placed this species in Nodularia, the anatomy

of only two species of this genus was known, and these had the

inner gills marsupial. We know now, that Simpson’s Nodularia

is altogether a conglomerate of entirely heterogeneous forms.

The present species was placed by Simpson (in 1914) in Unio,

since he had seen gravid specimens. But he does not give any

particulars as to the structure of the soft parts, and thus it is

desirable to give an account of them.

I am indebted to B. Walker for the soft parts of a number of

specimens of this species, collected at two localities; Lindague

Spruit, Natal (trib. to Little Tugela River, coll. in July 1913);

and Premier Mine Pumping Station, junction of Elands and

Wilge River, near Pretoria, Transvaal (coll. April 1914).

The gravid females collected in July had mostly eggs, but

one of them had glochidia; of those collected in April only one

female was gravid, and also had glochidia. It is hardly possible

to draw from these dates a conclusion as to the breeding season,

except that it might begin in July, provided that there is at all

a definite season.

Anatomy: Anal opening separated from the suwpraanal opening

by a moderate mantle connection, slightly shorter than the

anal, Supraanal about as long as or slightly longer than the

anal. The latter with the inner edge almostsmooth. Branchial

76 THE NAUTILUS.

opening with distinct papillae. No differentiating structures on

mantle-edge in front of branchial. /alpi subfalciform, of

medium size, their posterior margins united for nearly half

their length.

Gills of the Unionid-type: gill diaphragm complete, separat-

ing anal and branchial openings. Anterior end of inner gills

widely remote from the palpi. Inner lamina of inner gill free

from abdominal sac, except at anterior end.

Septa and water-tubes present, the former continuous and not

interrupted, parallel to the gill-filaments, In the male, and in

the inner gill of the female, they are weak and distant from

each other. The outer gill of the female is marsupial practically

in its entire length, with heavy and crowded septa.

When charged, the marsupium is moderately swollen, the

edge remaining sharp. JPlacentae lanceolate and compressed,

moderately developed, when eggs are present, less so, when

glochidia are present.

Glochidia subtriangular in shape, longer than high, lower

margin bluntly pointed in the middle; hooks have not been

observed, but there is a slight swelling of the margin at the

point, without any spinules. It might be that both of my

specimens contain only immature glochidia, and that the mature

glochidia have hooks of the Unio-type: but the glochidia do

not look like immature ones. Size of glochidium: L. 0.23 to

0.25; H. 0.20 to 0.21 mm. (in Unio pictorum, L. and H. is

0.21 mm.).

The structure is that of the subfamily Unioninae, and espec-

ially of those genera which have only the outer gills marsupial.

Considering the general shape of the shell, zig-zag beak sculp-

ture, anatomy and glochidia (tringular shape of the latter and

their size), this species stands very near to the genus Unio in

the modern sense (Ortman, Ann. Carm. Mus. 8, 1912, p. 278) ;

the only difference is, that the glochidia, although possessing

the characteristic triangular shape, have no hooks but this

might be due to immature condition.

For the present, it is advisable to retain this species in the

genus Unio (U. pictorum as type), and there is no doubt that it

stands at least very close to it. If a separate generic (or subgen-

THE NAUTILUS. ti

eric) name should he found to be necessary, Cafferia Simpson

should be considered.

SPATHA (SPATHA) WAHLBERGI (Krauss).

Simpson, Descr. Cat. 1914, p. 1526.

From Mr. W. Israél I have received two specimens from

Mkata River (tributary to Wami R.), and two specimens from

Ngerengere River (tributary to Kingani or Ruwu R.) both near

Mrogoro, German Hast Africa (collected by Mr. Rudolf). They

all resemble each other, but the specimens from the Mkata have

a* brownish epidermis, those from the Ngerengere a blackish

brown one. They agree well with the description and figure of

S. natalensis Lea (Obs. xi. 1887, pl. 20, f. 58), which is a

synonym of wahlbergi Krauss.

The specimens from the Mkata are both females, those from

the Ngerengere are male and female.

In Navtitus 24, 1910 pp. 89-42, I have described the soit

parts of Spatha kamerunensis Walker, a West African form,

which belongs to the subgenus Aspatharia Bourguignat. The

present species is a real Spatha, and the examination has shown,

that it closely resembles kamerunensis in its anatomy, with the

exception of one detail.

Anal opening ovate, about as long as the branchial, closed

above by the union of the inner edges of the mantle, without a

supraanal opening. Edge of anal thickened and wrinkled, but

without papillae, probably capable of a moderate tubular ex-

tension (siphon). Anal separated from the branchial opening

by a solid connection of the mantle edges. Branchial defined below

(or anteriorly) by connection of the inner mantle edges, which, how-

ever, is short, shorter than the branchial (about one fourth to

one third as long). In one of my specimens, this connection

is torn apart, but still distinctly recognizable. Edge of branchial

somewhat elevated and with small or indistinct papillae, pro-

bably also forming a short siphon. Farther in front, the

mantle edges are unconnected and smooth.

Palpi and gills exactly of the structure described in Spatha

kamerunensis. Also here the inner lamina of the inner gills is

free from the abdominal sac, and the septa of the gills are of

78 THE NAUTILUS.

the same general character. In the female, the septa of the

of the inner gill possess, close to the outer lamina, a marked

swelling, by which the female may be recognized at once (the

swellings are distinctly seen with a hand-lens).

Thus Spatha wahlbergi differs from S. kamerunensis only by the

presence of a mantle connection below (or in front of ) the branchial

opening, by which this opening becomes perfectly closed and

subtubular. Whether this is a general character, which disting-

uishes the subgenera Spatha and Aspatharia, remains to be seen.

There is no doubt, however, that this character indicates a

higher specialisation of S. wahlbergi, as compared with S. kamer-

unensis. Attention should be called to the fact, that in the

South American shells of the Hyriine-type, this mantle con-

nection anterior to the branchial is rather variable, and may or

may not form a generic character (Nautiuus, 24, 1911, pp. 117,

118).

A NEW CUBAN ZACHRYSIA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

ZACHRYSIA RAMSDENI n. sp. PI. 7, figs. 5, 6.

The shell is depressed-globose, imperforate, of an olive-ocher

color, glossy. First 1% whorls smooth, following neanic whorls

irregularly wrinkled, the last whorl sharply striate above, the

base nearly smooth. The periphery is rounded, last whorl

descending in front. The aperture is very oblique; outer lip

slightly thickened, unexpanded. The base-columellar margin

is slightly concave, narrowly reflected and depressed, having a

very small nodule nearer to the columella than to the base.

Alt. 13.5, diam. 17.5 mm.; 4 whorls (type).

Alt. 12.5, diam. 15.8 mm.

Manati, Los Canos estate, near Guantanamo, Cuba. Type

No. 117482 A. N. 8. P., collected by Charles T. Ramsden.

This species resembles Z. emarginata Pfr., but differs by the

much thinner peristome and especially the narrower base-colu-

mellar lip. This forms a wide, flat plate in emarginata, but is

much narrower in ramsdeni than in any other species of the

THE NAUTILUS. 79

group. The tooth on the basal lip is much smaller than in

emarginata.

Specimens have been in the collection of the Academy for

many years labeled ‘‘ H. emarginata?’’ One lot from Bland

has the query ‘‘can these be young emarginata?’’ on the label

—Another lot was in the Van Nostrand collection, two speci-

mens having been given to the Academy. The collector of these

shells is unknown.

Other views of the specimens now figured were given in

Navti.us, vol. 28, April, 1915, pl. 6, figs. 2, 2a, when I first

recognized the form as new.

Z. emarginata (pl. 7, fig. 7) was first found by Gundlach at

Caimanera, on Guantanamo Bay, only dead ones in this arid

place. Afterwards he collected it at Mayari. Mr. Ramsden

has sent it from the following localities: Boca de Jaibo, 1 mile

below confluence of Jaibo and Guantanamo rivers. Arroyo

Hondo, Los Cafios, Guantanamo, Vinculo de Guantanamo.

Colonia ‘‘ Blanco,’’ 2 miles southeast of Guantanamo. Also a

dead shell from Caimanera, Gundlach’s original locality. Fossil

specimens were sent by Mr. Aman some years ago from a de-

posit of clay at Guamo, on the Rio Cauto. Specimens from all

of these localities have been examined by the winter. There is

not much variation except in the height of the spire.

REICHENBACH’S ZOOLOGIE.

Allgemeine Taschenbibliothek der Wissenschaften. Fitnfter

Theil. Zoologie oder Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs. Erstes

Bandchen. Dresden. P. G. Hilschersche Buchhandlung.

1828.

Zoologie oder Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs, nach eigenen

Ansichten bearbeitet von H. G. Ludwig Reichenbach, etc., etc.

Erstes Bandchen.

The series and special title pages quoted above are those of a

little-known book which I have been able to examine by the

kindness of Dr. Charles W. Richmond, the well-known orni-

thologist and expert on bird nomenclature. Except for the new

80 THE NAUTILUS.

names |introduced in the work, there is little original for its

time, or of interest now ; but a notice of the generic names is in

order. A few of the new names are merely variations of the

spelling of well-known older names, some perhaps changed in-

advertently, others being feminine forms of originally masculine

names. Reichenbach appeared to favor Venus, as Montfort

favored Mars. I note the following ; the names which they

presumably equal are supplied in brackets.

Tithotornus Cuv.; p. 88 [Lithodomus].

Padollia Montf.; p. 91 [Padollus].

Ricinella Lam.; pp. 92 188 [Recinula].

Melampa Drap.; p. 98 [Melampus].

Scarabaea Montf.; p. 98 [Scarabus]. Also p. 152, where

S. imbrium is mentioned as typical.

Another series of names, for which no authorities are given,

and which are therefore to be credited to Reichenbach, are de-

fined by references to vernacular names in Montfort, or are sub-

stitutes for earlier generic names. All of the following except

the last are evidently considered to be subgenera or other subdi-

visions of Murex L.

Lathiria (les lathires Montf.); p. 91 [Latirus Monti. ].

Brontesia (Brontes Montf.); p. 91 [.Brontes Monti. ].

Typhlia (les Typhlis Montf.); p. 91 [Typhis Montt.].

Cichorax (les Chicoracés Montf.); p. 91 [Chicoreus Montf. ].

Aquilla (les Aquilles Montf.); p. 91 [Aquillus Montf. ].

Trophones (les Trophones Montf.); p. 91 [Zrophon Montt.].

Appollia (les Apolles Montf.); p. 91. [Apollon Montt.].

Chondrina R. (Chondrus Cuv. non Lamx.); p. 93.

The Zweites Bindchen was published in 1836. The author

notes the delay on p. 272. The pagination is continuous with

the first volume. The system is developed, with some descrip-

tion of the genera and one or more species mentioned.

On p. 152 the name Chondrina is defined (as a subgenus

or subordinate group of Helix) with the words: ‘‘ mit eiformiger

Schale—H. avenacea, Hafer Sch.’’ Avenacea was one of the

species of Cuvier’s Chondrus (for which Chondrina was pro-

posed as a substitute). As it is the only species cited under

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Chondrina, it becomes type of that group. No type had been

selected previously for Chondrus. Chondrina will therefore re-

place Modicella Ads., 1854, as used by Boettger and Westerlund.

So far as I know, the other names proposed had all been pro-

vided with valid names previously.

The work covers the invertebrates only. There are some

new generic names in other Classes, as well as those in Mollusca

noticed above.

H. A. PILsBry.

FURTHER NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OF ONEIDA LAKE, NEW YORE;

THE MOLLUSKS OF LOWER SOUTH BAY.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

In a previous paper’ the writer listed the fresh-water mol-

lusks of the west end of Oneida Lake, 62 species and races being

represented. In the present paper the fresh-water mollusks of

a large bay in Oneida Lake are listed, the additional material

bringing the total molluscan fauna of the lake to 91 species and

races, of which 5 are new toscience. It is highly probable that

half the species of fresh-water mollusks inhabiting the State will

be found in Oneida Lake when the east end, the deep water,

and the small tributary streams are examined. The additional

Spheriide collected in 1916 is noteworthy, bringing the total

number to 32, of which 25 are Pisidia. The deeper water also

added several species of note not found in 1915.

Mollusks were abundant everywhere, being absent from less

than one percent of the area examined. Associated with the

mollusks were oligochete worms, planarians, leeches, amphi-

pods and other crustaceans, fresh-water insects and insect larve,

and the little water mites, forming together a veritable micro-

cosm, in which the majority of fresh-water groups of animals

were represented. In point of numbers the mollusks usually

predominated. The studies in Lower South Bay were carried

on quantitatively for the purpose of ascertaining the available

amount of fish food present in this body of water and its im-

1The NAUTILUS, xxx, pages 5-9, 1916.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

mediate vicinity. During the field work, 18,440 specimens

were collected, of which, 9835 were mollusks. Ecological notes

were made on all of the species in connection with the environ-

ment and with the associated animals. The discussion of these

topics, many of which are of an economic nature, will be pub-

lished as a technical bulletin by the New York State College of

Forestry, and the interested reader is referred to this publica-

tion for details concerning these and kindred subjects.

When the field work was made for the material upon which

Technical Bulletin Number IV (page 89) is founded the deeper

water of the west end of the lake was examined with a crowfoot

dredge, and, naturally, only a few mussels were obtained. For

the field work of 1916 a large dredge with a 16-inch frame was

used with very satisfactory results, a large number of clams as

well as gastropods being collected. When these results were

tabulated an interesting variation in bathymetrical distribution

was observed. ‘This is indicated in the table below:

Table showing decrease of mollusks with depth.

Shore to six inches . : : . 6 species

1 to 3 feet : f , ; . 46 species

3 to 6 feet j ; : : . 40 species

6 to 9 feet ; A i : . 989 species

9to12feet . ; : . 29 species

12 toldfeet . : : : . 26 species

15to18 feet . ; 11 species

Lower South Bay is the largest BA i of Oneida Lake and

is situated at the southwest end. It is about one by two miles

in extent and covers an area of approximately 881 acres. It is

well protected on the north by Long Point which extends east-

ward into the lake for nearly a mile, forming an effectual bar-

rier to the heavy north and northwest storms. Between Long

Point and Short Point (see the map in Technical Bulletin, IV)

lies Short Point Bay where the water is usually quiet and the

habitats are sheltered from strong waves. The greater part of

the shore is of sand or clay, a very small proportion being of

gravel and boulders. The deeper water has a mud bottom.

The 881 acres included in the area of Lower South Bay is divided

as follows:

THE NAUTILUS. 83

Boulder and gravel bottom . : . 20 acres

Sand bottom ; ‘ ; 4 . 85 acres

Clay bottom , : , . 92 acres

Mud bottom ‘ : : ‘ . 684 acres

Total acreage . : : . 881

Plant life is very abundant in the bay and it is due to the

great quantity of this life that the animal life is so abundant.

The submerged plants are the most abundant in species, Pota-

mogeton, Najas, Elodea, Vallisneria and Myriophyllum being the

principal genera represented. Scirpus, Pontederta, Nymphza

and Castalia are the most abundant of the emergent types of

vegetation. The most surprising result of the plant analysis

has been the presence of great quantities of filamentous and

other alge, the former in places fairly choking the water. Up-

wards of 36 species were found in the material examined by Dr.

EK. N. Transeau, including Cladophora, Oedogoniwm, Ulothrix

and Spirogyra among the filamentous species. It was in this

mass of alge, which often formed a thick blanket, that the

greater number of mollusks and other animals were found.

In the list of species to follow, reference is made to the depth

of water and to the character of bottom upon which the species

was found. As all but a very few were collected in Lower

South Bay, the locations are given only where the species was

found in a habitat outside of this area. My thanks are due Dr.

H. A. Pilsbry, Dr. Bryant Walker, and Dr. V. Sterki for the

determination of critical material. To Dr. C. C. Adams and

Dr. Hugh P. Baker, of the New York State College of Forestry

I am indebted for the opportunity of making the studies from

which these notes are abstracted.

UNIONIDAE.

Elliptio complanatus (‘‘Solander’’ Dillwyn). In Technical

Bulletin, IV, page 252, and in the Navuritus, XXX, page 8.

reference is made to the presence of Margaritana margaritifera

(L) in the lake. This should be eliminated from the lists as it

was founded upon pathologic individuals of Elliptio complanatus.

This Elliptio is the commonest mussel in the lake occurring on

84 THE NAUTILUS.

all kinds of bottom and in all depths of water examined. The

deeper water individuals run considerably smaller than those

from shallow water.

Anodonta cataracta Say. On ali kinds of bottom in 3-8 feet of

water.

Anodonta implicata Say. Found only on exposed shores in

water two and a half to four feet deep, in sand between boulders.

Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Occurs on all kind of bottom

except boulder in water one and a half to 15 feet deep.

Lampsilis luteola (Lam.). On all varieties of bottom except

gravel in water 3-18 feet deep.

Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin). Found only in water one and a

half to three feet deep on boulder, gravel, and sand bottom.

Typical radiata is very rare in Oneida Lake.

Lampsilis radiata oneidensis Baker. Common in water from

8-18 feet deep on gravel and mud bottom, usually the latter.

This species replaces Lampsilis borealis (Gray)' which does not

occur in Oneida Lake.

SPHAERIIDAE.

Spherium vermontanum Prime. The most abundant of these

small clams, occurring in water from one and a half to 14 feet

deep and on all varieties of bottom except boulder.

Spherium solidulum (Prime). Occurs sparingly in water 8-18

feet deep on a mud bottom. Dr. Sterki characterizes it as a

small eastern form.

Spherium sulcatum (Lam.). Found only on a mud bottom

in 8-13 feet of water. It is the rarest of these small clams and

is a small, slight form, quite unlike the large heavy individuals

found in other parts of New York State. It is an interesting

case of bathymetrical distribution that vermontanum should oc-

cur at all depths examined but that solidulum and sulcatum

should be found only at 8 feet and deeper. The last mentioned

species was obtained only between 8 and 13 feet.

Musculium truncatum (Linsley). Clay bottom in four feet of

water.

1See Technical Bulletin, IV, page 257; NauTiLus, XXX, pages 74-77,

1916. |

THE NAUTILUS. 85

Musculium transversum (Say). Occurred on a sand and clay

bottom in water one and a half to four feet deep. The individ-

uals are smaller than is normal for the species.

Pisidium abditum Haldeman. Small specimens of this species

were found on sand, clay, and mud bottoms, in one and a hali

to 8 feet of water.

Pisidium adamsi affine Sterki. Gravel bottom in 3 feet of

water.

Pisidium complanatum Sterki. Gravel, sand and mud bottoms

in water two to 84 feet deep.

Pisidium compressum Sterki. Common in water one and a

half to 14 feet deep on gravel, sand, clay and mud bottoms.

Pisidium compressum levigatum Sterki. Mud bottom in 138

feet of water.

Pisidiwm ferrugineum Prime. Occurs in water 3—8 feet deep on

sand, clay, or mud bottom. It resembles eastern specimens

from New England.

Pisidium neglectum Sterki. A few quite small specimens were

collected on a mud bottom in 84 feet of water.

Pisidium overt Sterki. A single valve of this western species

was found in a dredging from a mud bottom in 8 feet of water.

This species was first described from South Dakota and was

later found in Minnesota. Its occurrence in New York State

gives it a wide range eastward.

Pisidium pauperculum Sterki. On sand and mud bottoms in

one and a half to 8 feet of water.

Pisidium punctatum simplex Sterki. On sand and sandy clay

bottoms in water 14 to 34 feet deep.

Pisidium sargenti Sterki. Small individuals were collected on

a sand bottom in one and a half feet of water.

Pisidium scutellatum Sterki. One of the most abundant of

these minute clams, occurring on gravel, sand, clay, and mud

bottoms in water one and a half to 13 feet deep.

Pisidium scutellatum cristatum Sterki. More common than the

typical form and occurring usually with it.

Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. Occurs on a clay bottom in 5

feet of water.

Pisidium variabile Prime. Found in water 2-13 feet deep on

86 THE NAUTILUS.

gravel, sand, clay, and mud bottoms. Most abundant in mud

in 4-11 feet of water. Thespecimens are smaller than normal.

Pisidium vesiculare Sterki. Mud bottom in water 8-11 feet

deep.

A number of Pisidia and Musculia are still in the hands of

Dr. Sterki awaiting identification. They are either peculiar

forms of well known species or are undescribed, and several

species are represented. Of the material collected in 1915 Dr.

Sterki says; ‘‘ You should have 30 species or more of Spheriide

in your vicinity; and there ought to be more than 20 species

(plus varieties) of Pisidium.’’? With the 1916 material we

nearly reach Sterki’s estimate of probabilities—26 species of the

family named and six unnamed. Of Pisidiwm there are 18

named species and five unnamed. Several of the species listed

are recorded from New York State for the first time. The

Spheeriide of Lower South Bay consist of small individuals with

slight shells and more or less weak hinges due to some physical

property of the water, perhaps a lack of lime. The maximum

development of this family, both in species and individuals,

appears to be in comparatively deep water.

VIVIPARIDAE.

Vivipara contectoides W. G. Binney. Collected from a mud

bottom in 9 feet of water. Only one specimen, half grown,

was found and this was probably brought to its location by cur-

rents. This species is abundant in the west end fof the lake,

near Brewerton, where it lives on a sand bottom in shallow

water. .

Campeloma decisum (Say.) Collected from a sand and clay

bottom in water one and a half to 5 feet deep. More abundant

on a clay bottom. The majority of the individuals of deciswm

collected in July 1916 were young or immature, adults being

very rare. It seems evident that the young of this species are

born in the spring and attain their first year’s growth by Sep-

tember or early October. Information concerning the details

of the breeding habits of this group of mollusks are desirable.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

AMNICOLIDAE.

Gillia altilis (Lea). Occurs on boulder, gravel, sand, and

mud bottoms in water 1-14 feet deep. Half-grown and adult

individuals were abundant in some habitats.

Somatogyrus subglobosus (Say). A few specimens were col-

lected associated with Gillia. All were immature.

Bythinia tentaculata (Linn.). This common species occurs

abundantly in Lower South Bay on gravel, sand, clay, and mud

bottoms in water 1-14 feet deep. Most abundant on clay

and mud bottoms in water 4-14 feet deep. A large percentage

of the individuals collected were young or immature. This

species is especially abundant in filamentous alge (mostly Cla- —

dophora fracta) and a single specimen was collected from a leaf

of the arrowhead, Sagittaria arifolia. A pint of alge, represent-

ing 100 square inches of area on an old log in 5 feet of water,

yielded 97 adult and 1270 young individuals of this species.

Amnicola limosa porata (Say). This is the largest Amnicola

in the lake, and was found only in three habitats: boulder bottom

in one foot of water, sand bottom in four and a half feet, and

mud bottom in 18 feet of water. It was most abundant on a

rocky shoal in water a foot deep, a single ‘boulder having 54

specimens. ‘Typical limosa is apparently not found in this part

of the lake.

Amnicola bakeriana nina Pils.t This is the most abundant

Amnicola in the lake, easily known by its wide swollen shell.

It occurs on all kinds of bottom in water from 1-18 feet deep;

about 10 per cent of the material collected was immature. Most

abundant, as are all of the species of the genus, in filamentous

alge. A single specimen was found on the leaf of Sagittaria

arvfolia.

Amnicola bakeriana Pilsbry. One of the most abundant species

in the lake easily recognized by its long spire and deep-sutured

whorls. It occurs on all varieties of bottom, though least

numerous on boulder and most numerous on clay and mud

bottoms where there is a heavy growth of alge. In depth it is

most abundant in water from 3-6 feet deep, and occurs from

1 NAUTILUS, xxxi, pp. 44-46, 1917.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

1-18 feet deep. It was dredged in great abundance on a mud

bottom covered with Cladophora fracta, in 84 feet of water.

Many immature individuals occur with the adults.

Amnicola oneida Pilsbry. This is the narrowest species in

the lake, greatly resembling Amnicola lustrica but being more

slender. It was first seen in 1915 in a lot of shells from French-

man Island’ but only one specimen was secured. It occurs on

all varieties of bottom and in all depths of water from one and

a half to 15 feet. It is not common on boulder or gravel bot-

toms, but on sand, clay, and mud bottoms, where there is a

covering of filamentous alge (Cladophora, Oedogonium or Spi-

rogyra) in 24 to 4 feet of water, it is the commonest mollusk in

the region. In one or two dredgings it was found in abundance

in 8-9 feet of water but it is not usually plentiful in deeper

water. Many young and immature individuals were collected

with the adults.

Amnicola clarkei Pils. This small, subacute species was found

associated with bakeriana in four places, though it is not as

abundant as that species. Occurs on sand, clay, and mud

bottoms, in water 3-84 feet deep, usually in filamentous alge.

Amnicola emarginata (Kiister). This characteristic species

occurred sparingly in water from 10-18 feet deep on mud and

gravel bottoms, usually with the filamentous alge Cladophora

and Spirogyra.

PLEUROCERIDAE.

Goniobasis livescens (Menke). Found only on boulder and

gravel bottoms, on exposed shores or points, in water one and

a half to four feet deep. Most abundant in water 1-3 feet deep

on a boulder shore. Many young and immature individuals

occur. The species as it is found in Lower South Bay varies

in the obesity of the body whorl, narrow forms occurring, some

with faint bands resembling the shell from Illinois called depy-

gis. The columella is deeply tinged with purple. Several

young individuals were collected having strongly keeled whorls

and measuring 16 mm in width and 7 mm in width.

1See Technical Bulletin, IV, page 269, fig. 45, No. 21.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

VALVATIDAE.

Valvata tricarinata (Say). Found on all varieties of bottom,

except sandy clay, and in all depths of water down to 18 feet.

It occurs in numbers on a sand bottom at four feet, on clay

bottom at 34 feet, on a mud bottom at 8 and 18 feet, and ona

gravel bottom at 15 feet. It is rare on gravel and boulder

bottoms in shallow water. In this area it is usually associated

with filamentous algze, Cladophora or Oedogonium. Many young

and immature specimens occurred as weli as some variations in

the position of the carine.

Valvata bicarinata normalis Walker. Occurred sparingly on

gravel, sand, clay, and mud bottoms in water 2-6 deep.

Valvata sincera (Say). This is a deep water form and ocurred

on gravel and mud bottoms in water 114-18 feet deep, usually

associated with the alga Cladophora fracta. It was most abun-

dant in water 15-18 feet deep.

PHYSIDAE.

Physa warreniana Lea. This tadpole snail occured on all

varieties of bottom in water from one half to 114 feet deep. It

is abundant, however, only in water one half to one and a half

feet deep and the the numbers decrease with depth. A gravel

or boulder bottom is the normal habitat of this species when

adult, but when young or immature, as was the case with the

greater number of individuals collected (1-3 mm) it lives in

filamentous alge (Ocedogonium, Cladophora, Spirogyra). Of 47

lots collected in 1916 but six contained adult animals. This

seems to be another species that attains maturity in the fall, adults

being abundant the previous year, in September, in shallow

water where but few immature shells were seen. This form of

Physa seems to differ sufficiently from ancillaria to be considered

a species and there seems to be no reason why it should not be

called Physa warreniana. It varies greatly in the sculpturing

of the shell, many individuals occurring that have a smooth,

polished shell.

Physa integra Haldeman. Occurs on boulder, sand, clay and

mud bottoms in water one and a half to ten feet deep. Most

abundant on a sand bottom in water one and a half feet deep,

90 THE NAUTILUS.

and on a clay bottom in water two feet deep. The majority of

the individuals were young or immature (3-5 mm.) and were

frequently associated with alge (Oedogonium, Chara, Nitella) or

with the higher vegetation. In one habitat they were found

on Potamogeton interruptus and Myriophyllum verticillatum.

Physa heterostropha Say? Several young shells (7 mm. long)

thought to be this species were found in Tuttle Brook, Chitten-

ango Creek. The surface is smooth and shining and the gen-

eral slope agrees with shells from Philadelphia which are un-

doubted heterostropha. No adult shells were observed.

ANCYLIDAE.

Ancylus parallelus Haldeman. This characteristic fresh-water

limpet was collected from all bottoms except boulder in water

one and a half to 11 feet deep, the greater number occurring on

a sandy clay bottom in one and a half feet of water. In this

area it is associated with filamentous alge (Oedogonium, Cla-

dophora) but it is usually more abundant on such plants as

Nymphexa, Castalia, Typha and Sparganium.

Ancylus fuscus Adams. Young individuals of this species

were found in one habitat on a sandy clay bottom in one and a

half feet of water.

Ancylus species. A single specimen of Ancylus was found on

a boulder bottom in two and a half feet of water. It was sub-

mitted to Dr. Bryant Walker who says of it, ‘‘ I cannot be sure

of the species and therefore prefer to leave it with a question

until you get more, which would be very desirable. It does

not seem to be any of the more common species.’’

PLANORBIDAEF.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Specimens of typical trivolvis were

found in but one habitat, a quiet lagoon on a mud bottom in

one and a half feet of water.

Planorbis trivolvis variety. This form of trivolvis, listed in

Technical Bulletin No. IV, page 277, was again obtained in

1916, on sand, boulder, gravel and clay bottoms in water one

and a half feet deep. Ecologically this form of trivolvis differs

from the typical form and it would be convenient for it to have

THE NAUTILUS. 91

aname. It is suggested that the name fallax of Haldeman is

applicable and seems to represent a shell of the kind here

indicated.

Planorbis binneyi Tryon. Common on a boulder shore in one

half to one and a half feet of water. Also collected on sand

and clay bottoms in one and a half to five feet of water. The

majority of the specimens were young or immature. ‘Three

young individuals were found on a leaf of Sagittaria arifolia.

Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Occurs on all varieties of bottom,

in water one and a half to 18 feet deep. It is more abundant

at a depth of one and a half to three feet on asand or clay

bottom, and is usually associated with the filamentous alge

Cladophora and Oedogonium. Also found on floating leaves of

Potamogeton natans. The majority of individuals were young or

immature and the adults were smaller than normal.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Common on all varieties of

bottom in water 1-9 feet deep. It is most abundant on a sand

bottom in 14-5 feet of water. In most habitats it is associated

with filamentous alge (Oedogonium, Cladophora, Spirogyra).

About half the individuals collected were young or immature.

Planorbis parvus Say. Occurs on all varieties of bottom in

water 14-12 feet deep, but is most abundant on clay, sand, and

mud bottoms in water 14-4 feet deep. It is usually rarest on

boulder bottoms, but on a shoal north of Dunham Island a

single boulder 6x4x38 inches had 15 parvus on its surface. This

species is usually associated with the alge mentioned under the

last species and is also frequently found on the leaves of Nym-

phaea, Castalia, Sagittaria arifolia, Myrioyhyllum, and Potamogeton

interruptus and Richardsonit. Parvus isthe most abundant Plan-

orbis in the region the alge in many places being filled with

this species and one of the Amnicolas.

Planorbis hirsutus Gould. This species occurs on all varieties

of bottom except clay, in water 14-9 feet deep, being most

abundant at 3-4 feet on a sand bottom. Rare on boulder and

gravel bottoms. Associated with filamentous alge.

Planorbis deflectus Say. This species is apparently rare in

Lower South Bay occurring in but three habitats, on a gravel

bottom in 24 feet of water.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Planorbis exacuous Say. Occurs on all varieties of bottom in

14-15 feet of water. Most abundant on sand and mud bottoms

in 2-5 feet of water. It is rare on gravel bottom but is fairly

common on boulder bottom, two to four individuals being

found on each stone.

Segmentina armigera (Say). This species was collected in

two habitats, one a swampy shore in Short Bay among the alga

Oedogonium and the other in a protected bay on the north side

of Frenchman Island, on leaves of Sagitiaria arifolia. Both

habitats are in shallow water with mud bottoms.

LYMNAEIDAE.

Tymnexa stagnalis liluane Baker. This, the largest of the

gastropods in the lake, was found only in one habitat, the

rocky shore of the lake, east of Norcross Point, in water a few

inches to two feet in depth. All were immature, half or three-

quarters grown. A single young shell (dead) 14 mm. in length

was found in a small bay on the south shore of Long Point in

water 34 feet deep, but it had evidently been brought there from

some other habitat.

Pseudosuccinea columella chalybea (Gould). Collected in two

habitats, a protected bay on Nymphea leaves, and a partly en-

closed lagoon among filamentous algee, Oedogonium. All speci-

mens were immature.

Acella haldemani (‘‘ Deshayes’’ Binney). Observed in two

habitats on submerged vegetation, always in a protected situa-

tion, in water from 1—4 feet deep. All of the specimens were

young, none exceeding 10 mm. in length, and were invariably

found on the narrow leaves of Potamogeton interruptus. For the

ecology of this species see the NautiLus, XXX, pages 135-138.

Galba catascopium (Say). One of the most abundant of

Oneida Lake mollusks, found on all varieties of bottom in water

14 to 14 feet deep. It is most abundant on sand and mud

bottoms, associated with filamentous alge, when young, and

on boulder and gravel bottoms when adult.

Galba obrussa (Say). <A single dead shell of this species was

found in a dredging on a bar near a small lagoon east of the

steamboat landing in 14 feet of water. It was young, 5 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

long, and had evidently been washed into this habitat from

some region along shore.

Galba humilis modicella (Say). Found in two habitats, one a

lagoon among floating alge (Oedogoniwm) and the other in

Tuttle Brook, a tributary of Chittanango Creek, near the shore,

in a few inches of water among the alge Oedogoniuwm and Cla-

dophora. In the latter the mollusks were very abundant craw-

ling on the shore at the margin of the water.

SUCCINEIDAE.

Succinea retusa Lea. Small specimens of this species were

very abundant along the shore at Becker’s landing, crawling

over the rocks on the shore near the margin of the lake.

The New York State College of Forestry,

Syracuse University.

NEW LAND SHELLS FROM CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA.

H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA CALLISTODERMA Nn. sp. PI. 7, fig. 3.

The shell is narrowly umbilicate, thin, cinnamon-brown,

fading on the base to tawny olive, having a chesnut-brown band

at the shoulder, with a wide border below and a narrow one

above of olive buff. Sculpture of inconspicuous growth-

wrinkles, and under the microscope, it is seen to be set with

rounded pustules in high relief (about 35 in a square mm. on

the upper part of the last whorl) ; they are rather irregularly

arranged, along the growth-wrinkles the surface between pustules

having very beautiful fine and close sculpture of wrinkles,

which are parallel in spiral bands on the shell, elsewhere ir-

regular and interrupted. This gives the shell a many-banded

appearance, in certain lights.

Whorls nearly 53, narrow and closely wound, the last rela-

tively very wide, broadly rounded peripherally, descending a

little in front. The aperture is large, oblique, margins but

slightly expanding, at the columella dilated partly over the um-

bilicus. Alt. 16, diam. 23 mm. oblique alt. of aperture 13,

width 14 mm.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Margin of Kern River 2 miles north of Bakersfield, Tulare

Co., Cal., on an island formed by an irrigation ditch ; on dead

vegetation at the water’s edge. Collected hy Ferriss and Hand,

July 1, 1916.

This species differs from all forms of E. mormonum and E.

hillebrandt by its much smaller umbilicus, far wider spire, and

the more inflated last whorl. The embryonic whorls of the two

species mentioned are densely papillose, while the new form

has a pattern of close, irregularly radial wrinkles. It is not

closely related to any other species known to us.

OREOHELIX HANDI N. sp.

A member of the O. hemphilli group. The shell is thin, de-

pressed, very strongly keeled throughout, irregularly striate,

decussated by spiral lines producing a rather indistinct granula-

tion. On the other base there are spiral series of granules. In

young shells and mostly adults, there are short cuticular pro-

cesses on the granules and at the periphery. There are 44

whorls. The first 14, forming the embryonic shell, are strongly

convex, the first whorl almost smooth, after which a few radial

ripples appear. The first part, embryonic whorl, is very convex

but begins to be impressed near the periphery. Subsequently

the whorls are excavated on both sides of the suture, and the

last one is concave above and below the peripheral keel. In fact

it descended a little below the keel. The umbilicus is rather

large and funicular. Aperture rather small, the margins con-

verging, thin. There is a band of dark livid brown above and

one close below the keel, the rest of the upper surface being

clouded or suffused with the same color with lighter patches

and streaks ; keel usually whitish. Alt. 5.7, diam. 10.2 mm.

Charleston Mountain, Lincoln Co., Nevada. This is about

30 miles north of Las Vegas, Nevada. Collecting was done for

about a mile southward from Griffith’s Hotel, the elevation

about 9000 to 9500 ft.

This species is related to O. hemphilli and O. eurekensis, but

differs from both by its more depressed, much more strongly

keeled form. 0. hemphilli is also much larger and more solid.

Its locality is about 200 miles northeast from Charleston

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Mountain. Whether these three forms will eventually be ranked

as species or ewrekensis and handi as subspecies of hemphilli can-

not be determined definitely until further collections are made

in Nevada and western Utah. At the present time, there is no

evidence of intergradation, yet the territory where such evidence

would be looked for is wholly unexplored.

Some hundreds of specimens were collected. There is ent

variation in sculpture, but very little in form.

Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey.

A race which may be called V.c. septuagentaria P.&F. was

taken at Bubb’s Creek Falls, Tulare Co. It has fully 70 ribs

on the base. Alt. 1.25, diam. 3 mm.

A SUMMER’S COLLECTION AT FRIDAY HARBOR, WASHINGTON.

BY T. S. OLDROYD.

Mrs. Oldroyd and myself had the pleasure of spending our

vacation at the marine biological station of the University of

Washington at Friday Harbor, San Juan Co., Washington.

This group of islands, so wonderful in their wild beauty, is situ-

ated between the Strait of Fuca and the Strait of Georgia, north

of Port Townsend. The San Juan group comprises more than

100 islands of varying sizes, the most important being San Juan,

noted as having been the scene of the last struggle between the

British and Americans in the boundary-line dispute from 1852

to 1872; the ruins of the old English camp and blockhouse still

remain near Roach Harbor. Friday Harbor, the chief town of

the islands, is the county seat of San Juan Co. which includes

all the islands of the group. The town is situated on a beauti-

ful bay and is the shipping-point for a large area of unsurpassed

agricultural land. They have also one or two large salmon

canneries. The islands are nearly all high and prominent and

covered with a dense growth of trees, mostly fir. Mount Con-

stitution on Orcus Island is the highest point. From its sum-

mit, 2094 feet above the sea, is the finest view to be obtained

anywhere of the great panoramic picture of Puget Sound. The

96 THE NAUTILUS.

biological station is about one-quarter mile from Friday Harbor,

and is under the able management of Dr. T. C. Frye. The

camp is situated ona beautiful picturesque heavy-timbered

slope and is one of the most healthy places in the world. The

islands are a paradise for the botanist and student, as all forms

of marine life is here very abundant. Students and visitors are

accommodated from all over ; tent houses, cots, mattresses, and

other things are furnished, all but the bedding; and one needs

plenty of covering for the nights are cold. Good table board

can be had at nominal rates and visitors are required to pay a

small registration fee which entitles them to the use of the boats

and the week-end excursions on the dredge boat to places of

interest on the islands, and it is well worth the price. The ex-

cursions sometimes take two days with a camp out over night,

and they have bonfire chats and clambakes in the evenings.

Sometimes in the main channels the tide runs swift, but in the

bays and protected places and along shore it is as smooth as a

mill pond. Although there is a difference of 14 feet sometimes

in the tides yet it creeps in and out without a splash or a ripple.

This makes it fine for shore collecting on the rocky reefs. It

is the best I ever saw. The dredging was done by a small tug-

boat, a shrimp dredger, and Captain Burnham understood the

business thoroughly, having been 25 years on the Sound. He

always knew the character of the bottom in nearly every place.

We were allowed to go out on the dredge boat every day. At

this we were treated especially fine, there being nobody there

very much interested in shells, and often for two or three days

at a time when they had no special use for the dredge they

turned the boat over to us to go dredging where we pleased, an

opportunity we were not slow to grasp and make good use of.

And just imagine our having to sweep overboard bushels and

bushels of those beautiful Chlamys hericius Gld. and hindsiw Cpr.

dredged in from 25 to 50 fathoms, not knowing what to do with

so many. Mrs. Oldroyd worked like a beaver all the time and

did not let many good things get away. The summer school

lasted six weeks and a pleasanter time we never spent.

The following is a list of the species we collected during the

six weeks:

THE NAUTILUS. 97

List oF Species CoLLECTED AT FRIDAY HARBOR

SUMMER SCHOOL.

Nucula castrensis Hds.

Nucula tenuis Mont.

Leda 2 sp.

Leda minuta.

Leda cellulita Dall.

Yoldia amygdala.

Yoldia limatula Say.

Yoldia thraciaeformis Storer.

Yoldia ensifer Dall.

Glycimeris subobsoleta Cpr.

Ostrea lurida Cpr.

Pecten hericius Gld.

Pecten hindsii Cpr.

Pecten hindsii navarchus Dall.

Pecten islandicus Mull.

Hinnites gigantea Gray.

Pododesmus machoschisma

Desh.

Mytilus californianus Conr.

Mytilus edulis Linn.

Modiolus rectus Conr.

Musculus laevigatus Gray.

Musculus niger Gray.

Crenella decussata Mont.

Kennerlyia grandis Dall.

Kennerlyia filosa Cpr.

Entodesma saxicola Baird.

Astarte willotti Dall.

Astarte esquimalti Baird.

Venericardia ventricosa Gld.

Miodontiscus prolongatus Cpr.

Thyasira barbarensis Dall.

Axinopsis sericatus Cpr.

Phacoides annulata Rve.

Phacoides tenuisculpta Cpr.

Pseudopythina rugifera Cpr.

Kellia suborbicularis Mont.

Cardium corbis Mart.

Cardium californiense Desh.

Cardium fucanum? Dall.

Serripes gronlandicus Gml.

Transennella tantilla.

Saxidomus giganteus Desh.

Saxidomus giganteus brevis?

Dall.

Marcia kennerlyi (Cpr.) Rve.

Marcia subdiaphana Cpr.

Paphia tenerrima Cpr.

Paphia staminea Conr.

Psephidia lordi Baird.

Tellimya tumida.

Tellina salmonea Cpr.

Macoma inquinata Desh.

Macoma balthica Linn.

Macoma yoldiiformis Cpr.

Macoma expansa Cpr.

Macoma secta Conr.

Semele rubropicta Dall.

Psammobia californica Conr.

Solen sicarius Gld.

Mactra nasuta Gld.

Spisula polynyma alaskana

Dall.

Schizothaerus nuttallii Conr.

Mya truncata Linn.

Mya arenaria Linn.

Panomya sp.

Saxicava arctica Linn.

Mytilinaria nuttallii Conr.

Hemithyris psittacea L.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Laqueus californicus

Laqueus vancouverensis

David.

Terebratulina caputserpentis L.

Terebratulina var. unguicula

Cpr.

Terebratalia transversa Cpr.

Terebratalia transversa caurina

Gld.

Leptothyra carpenteri Pils.

Leptothyra lurida Dall.

Barleeia sp.

Melanella 2 sp.

Cerithiopsis sp.

Odostomia 2 sp.

Amalthea cranioides Cpr.

Crepidula dorsata Brod.

Crepidula nivea v.

Crepidula adunca Sby.

Tritonalia interfossa Cpr.

Tritonalia lurida Midd.

Bela fidicula Gld.

Boreotrophon stewartii E. A.

Sm.

Boreotrophon tenuisculpta Cpr.

Bittium esuriens Cpr.

Fissuridea aspera Esch.

Trichotropis cancellata Hds.

Chrysodomus dirus Rve.

Admete sp.

Haminea virescens Sby.

Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird.

Purpura foliata Mart.

Thais lima Mart.

Thais lamellosa

Thais emarginata Desh.

Margarites helicina Fabr.

Acmaea patina Esch.

Acmaea patina pintadina.

Acmaea pelta Esch.

Acmaea persona digitata Esch.

Acmaea mitra Esch.

Lepeta concentrica Midd.

Velutina prolongata Cpr.

Velutina laevigata mulleri?

Desh.

Calyptraea mamillaris fasti-

giata Gld.

Littorina sitchana Phil.

Littorina scutulata Gld.

Puncturella cucullata Gld.

Puncturella galeata Gld.

Lamellaria sp. may be new.

Columbella aurantica Dall.

Amphissa corrugata Rve.

Calliostoma annulatum Mart.

Calliostoma variegatum Cpr.

Calliostoma costatum Mart.

Margarita pupilla Gld.

Argobuccinum oregonensis

Redf.

Buccinum liratum.

Natica pallida.

Natica clausa.

Lacuna 4 sp.

Cancellaria modesta.

Opalia sp.

Olivella sp.

Tornatina sp.

Mopalia wossnesenskii Midd.

Tonicella submarmorea.

Tonicella lineata.

Mopalia lignosa.

Katharina tunicata.

Mopalia muscosa.

20 sp. of Chitons not identified.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

NOTES ON SOME HAWAIIAN SPECIES OF DRUPA AND OTHER SHELLS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND ELIZABETH L. BRYAN.

The dredging of the channel of Honolulu Harbor by the gov-

ernment has brought to light many shells which were either

unknown before or among the greatest rarities to Honolulu col-

lections. The specimens picked up on the ‘‘dump’’ are often

quite perfect, though usually somewhat faded. Part of the

same species have been dredged alive by Mr. D. B. Kuhns, the

senior author having received specimens though Mr. D. Tha-

anum of Hilo.

DRUPA WALKERAE Nn. sp. PI. 9 fig. 4.

Honolulu Harbor, W. A. and E. L. Bryan.

The shell is oblong-fusiform, very solid, the ground color light

buff. It is rather weakly plicate longitudinally, the folds and

valleys crossed by spiral cords, of which five on the last whorl

are larger, bearing erect liver-brown spines upon the folds ; two or

three small spirals are between each pair of the larger ones ; all of

the cords being densely scaly, the scales weaker between the cords.

On the penult whorl there are two spiral series of colored spines,

and one on each of several earlier whorls. Thespine is straightly

conic, the apex rather acute (not perfect in any of the speci-

mens). The aperture is rather narrow, white. There is a

series of about 6 teeth within the outer lip. The columella is

straight, massive, excised at the canal ; below the middle there

are several short, transverse and inconspicuous folds.

Length 25, diam. (including spines) 16 mm. (type).

Length 27, diam. (including spines) 16 mm. (old specimen

with worn spines).

This handsome species is named for Miss Mary Walker, of

Buffalo, N. Y., long an enthuisastic collector of shells. It has

some resemblance to S. fragum (Blainville), but in that species

the aperture is wide, there is a row of spots in place of spines

below the suture, and the details of sculpture differ. SS. conca-

tenatum (Lam.) differs in color, in the absence of strong sub-

sutural spines, the more open aperture, and details of sculpture.

Both have shorter spines than the Hawaiian shell, often

tubercles rather than spines.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

Drupa FOLIACEA (Conrad). Pl. 9, figs. 1, 2, 3.

P. [urpura] foliacea Conrad. Journ. A. N. §. Phila., vol. 7,

1837, p. 268, pl. 20, fig. 24.

Atooi [= Kauai] Conrad. Kaena, Kauai and Honolulu

Harbor, W. E. and E. L. Bryan. Kewalo beach, east of Hon-

olulu, Pilsbry. ‘‘Sheli short fusiform, ventricose, with longi-

tudinal undulations and spiral cost; whorls with crowded

spiral foliated strize; labrum costate within, margin foliated ;

columella with an obtuse or obsolete fold. Inhabits the Island

of Atooi” (Conrad. )

We do not know that this species has been recognized hitherto,

though it was quite recognizably described and figured. Tryon

in Manual of Conchology, vol. 2, considered it a synonym of

the very different Coralliophila bulbiformis (Conrad). It has

been found in some abundance in material dredged from Hono-

lulu Harbor, by Professor and Mrs. Bryan, and the senior

writer picked up a living specimen on the reef at Kewalo.

The shape is rather variable, as shown in the figures. The

longitudinal folds, eight or ten on the last whorl, are crossed by

four or five larger cords and numerous small threads. The

cords and intervals are densely, minutely scaly, the whole shell

being particularly rough and prickly. The shoulder is either

nodular, or in some specimens spinose. ‘There are about seven

well developed teeth within the outer lip. The columella is

heavy, straight, with a small, blunt, median prominence, re-

calling the fold of Cymia on a small scale.

The ground tint varies from light buff to pallid neutral gray,

the summits of the folds and spines or tubercles being dull

dark vinaceous. ‘The aperture varies from fawn color to nearly

white.

Two specimens measure:

Length 33.5, diam. 21.5 mm.

Length 28.5, diam. 21.5 mm.

There is also a small specimen in the Bryan collection from

Ocean Island, collected by Capt. J. H. Brown.

FusINUS SANDVICHENSIS (Sowb.) PI. 9, fig. 8.

Honolulu Harbor channel, D. Thaanum, W. A. and E. L.

THE NAUTILUS. 101

Bryan ; off Honolulu in 5-8 fms., and off Waikiki in 30 fath-

oms, D. B. Kuhns.

The shell is white, covered with a thin, straw-yellow cuticle,

and stained with russet at the tip, having a very long anterior

canal, and a long spire; longitudinally folded, the folds broad,

rounded, about seven on a whorl, crossed by numerous spiral

cords, parted by wider, concave intervals, with weak, fine

spirals over the cords and intervals. On the earlier post-nuclear

whorls there are four large and one small spiral cords. The

cuticle: has minute, close longitudinal raised threads, which

are slightly bristly at intersections of the spirals (the bristles

deciduous, and mainly lost in dry shells). The aperture is

short, oval, lirate within ; canal long and slender. The whorls

are strongly convex. Embryonic shell of two whorls, the first

bulbous, obliquely swollen, smooth, 0.7 mm. in diameter; the

next whorl narrower, less convex, its last half closely costulate ;

the total length of the embryonic shell is 1.1 mm.

Length 71.5, diam. 19.5 mm. ; 12 whorls.

Length 105, diam. 29.5 mm. ; 12 post-embryonic whorls,

the apex broken.

This species resembles F. turricula Kiener,’ which however has

a decidedly deeper suture, and the embryonic whorl is much

larger. The type was an immature but perfect shell. The larger

ones, from the ‘‘dump”’ of the harbor channel, are without

cuticle and apical whorls. In them the folds became shortened

on the last whorl, into nodes at the shoulder. It isa handsome

and graceful species.

PERISTERNIA THAANUMI n. sp. _ PI. 9, figs. 6, 7.

Off Waikiki in 35 to 50 fathoms, D. B. Kuhns, 1916; Hono-

lulu Harbor, W. A. and E. L. Bryan.

The shell is fusiform, thick and solid, pecan-brown, sculpture

of strong, rounded, longitudinal folds, 8 on the last whorl, con-

tinuous from whorl to whorl. These are crossed by rather coarse

spiral cords, of which there are four on the penult, nine or ten

on the last whorl; usually a minor cord divides the intervals ;

and under the lens numerous spiral and axial threads are seen,

1Tconogr. Cog. vii, p. 6, pl. 5, fig. 1.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

resembling a loosely woven fabric. The aperture is somewhat

oblique, contracted, obtuse posteriorly, tourmaline-pink around

the lips, paler, nearly white, in the throat. The outer lip is

thickened within except posteriorly where it is excavated; the

thickening bearing about seven teeth, the upper ones larger.

The columella has two or three blunt and low but deeply enter-

ing folds. The inner lip has a thin free edge. Thesiphonal

fasciole is deeply striate spirally.

Length 21, diam. 11 mm. (type).

Length 23.8, diam. 12.8 mm. (Honolulu Harbor).

The specimens from the Honolulu Harbor dump, though

quite perfect in appearance, are evidently bleached. The color

is a handsome maize-yellow, uniform, or sometimes a shade

darker on the high points of the sculpture. The aperture is

pure white (fig. 6.)

This species, though differing in color and sculpture, is related

to P. incarnata Dh., ‘‘ Ricinula’’ pulchra Reeve, and P. caroline

Kiener—species somewhat like Cantharus or Drupa. A section

shows that the two columellar plaits are strong within, ascend-

ing the pillar.

Drupa Morus (Lam.). PI. 9, fig. 11.

Ricinula morus Lam., An. 8. Vert. vii, 1822, p. 232. Encyel.

Meth., pl. 395, fig. 6 a, 6.

Haena, Kauai, Honolulu Harbor; Mokumanu, off Mokapuu

Point, and Kainalu, Oahu.

The specimens from the harbor are rather small, length up to

about 16-18 mm., but otherwise they appear typical. A speci-

men from Kainalu is 22 mm. long. Lamarck referred to ex-

cellent figures in the Encycl. Methodique, but also to Lister,

954: 4, 5, and Martini III, 101: 970; both are dubious and in-

conclusive illustrations, which served as the sole basis of Drupa

uva Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 56, no. 708. They look more like

some forms of D. tuberculata than like morus; and we prefer to

use the positively identified name.

The common Hawaiian species of the genus is Drupa tuber-

culata (Blainv.), which the authors have from various places in

Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and on Molokini. It occurs at low

tide, and may be picked up on any reef or rocky shore (pl. 9,

fig. 10.)

THE NAUTILUS.

103

LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT ANAHEIM BAY AND VICINITY.

BY E. P. CHACE,

COLLECTED IN THE Bay.

Acanthina spirata, Blainville.

Alectrion fossata, Gld.

Alectrion mendica

Fbs. -

Alectrion perpinguis, Gld.

Arcularia tegula, Rve.

Bullaria gouldiana, Pils.

Calliostoma gemulatum, Cpr.

Calliostoma tricolor, Gabb.

Cerithidea californica, Hald.

Cerithiopsis carpenteri, Bartsch

Cerithiopsis pedroana, Bartsch.

Columbella gausapata, Gld.

Columbella gausapata carinata,

Hds.

cooperl,

Conus californicus, Hds.

Crepidula onyx rugosa, Nutt.

Crucibulum spinosum, Sby.

Haminea vesicula, Gld.

Littorina scutulata, Gld.

Lucapina crenulata, Sby.

Lucapinella calliomarginata,

Cpr.

Melampus olivaceus, Cpr.

Olivella biplicata, Sby.

Olivella pedroana, Cpr.

Phasianella compta, Gld.

Polynices lewisii, Gld.

Polynices recluziana, Desh.

Cardium quadragenarum,

Conr.

Cardium substriatum, Conr.

Chione fluctifragra, Sby.

Chione succincta, Val.

Chione undatella, Sby.

Cooperella subdiaphana, Cpr.

Diplodonta orbella, Gld.

Donax californica, Conr.

Heterodonax bimaculatus,

D’ Orb.

Macoma indentata, Cpr.

Macoma nasuta, Conr.

Mactra californica, Conr.

Modiolus capax, Conr.

Ostraea lurida rufoides, Cpr.

Paphia staminea, Conr.

Paphia staminea laciniata, Cpr.

Pecten circularis aequisulcatus,

Cpr.

Petricola denticulata, Sby.

Pholas pacifica, Stearns.

Platyodon cancellatus, Conr.

Psammobia californica.

Sanguinolaria nuttallii, Conr.

Saxidomus nuttallii, Conr.

Schizothaerus nuttallii, Conr.

Tagelus californianus, Conr.

Tagelus californianus subteres,

Conr.

Tellina carpenteri, Dall.

Zirfaea gabbi, Tryon.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

COLLECTED ON THE SANDBARS AND BEACH NEAR THE ENTRANCE

OF THE Bay. ALIVE.

Bursa californica. Tivela crassatelloides, Conr.

Donax levigata, Desh. Turris ophioderma, Dall.

Murex festivus, Hds. :

WASHED UP ON THE BEAcH AFTER SToRMS, ALIVE OR

VERY FRESH.

Amiantis callosa, Conr. Metis alta, Conr.

Chama exogyra, Conr. Modiolus flabellatus, Gld.

Chama pellucida, Sby. Modiolus rectus, Conr.

Cryptomya californica, Conr. | Paphia tenerrima, Cpr.

Glottidea albida, Hds. Periploma discus, Stearns.

Macoma secta, Conr. Periploma planiuscula, Sby.

Mactra hemphilli, Dall. Siliqua lucida, Conr.

Mactra planulata. Solen rosaceus, Cpr.

DEAD SHELLS COLLECTED ON THE BEACH.

Bathytoma tryoniana. Labiosa undulata, Gld. (broken

Dentalium neohexagonum, valves).

D.cal FP, Mactra catilliformis, Conr.

Epitonium hindsii, Cpr. Panopea generosa, Gld.

Sinum debilis, Gld. Pecten giganteus, Gray.

Turritella cooperi, Cpr. Thracia plicata.

Anomia peruviana, (upper | Yoldia cooperi, Gabb. (valves

valves). only).

CoLLECTED ON THE PILES OF THE BRIDGE AcROoss THE ENTRANCE

OF THE Bay.

Acmaea patina, Esch. Lasaea rubra, Mont.

Acmaea persona, Esch. Myrina diegensis, Dall.

Littorina planaxis, Nutt. Mytilus californianus, Conr.

Littorina scutulata, Gld.

Cypraea spadicea, Gray. (1

only).

Occasionally a rock washes in on the beach containing some

Lithophagus plumula, Cpr. and Kellia laperousii, Desh., and

the kelp brings in Acmaea incessa, Hds. Eulima (species unde-

termined) has been found in a kelp holdfast and a dead Poly-

THE NAUTILUS. 105

nices lewisii with 7 Crepidula excavata Brod. on it washed in

after a storm.

The territory covered by this list is quite limited. It includes

about 2 miles of shore along the Bay and a short distance along

the ocean-front on either side of the narrow entrance of the

Bay. A total distance of 3 miles of shore.

All the species listed have been collected within the last three

years, most of them by Mrs. Chace and myself. A few were

collected by Mrs. J. E. Herbst, Mr. Valentine Herbst and Mr.

Otto Kiem of Seal Beach.

A HOME MADE VIVARIUM.

BY LILLIAN DYER THOMPSON.

I am having such success with a vivarium which I made that

I thought perhaps some other conchologists might like to make

some so that they, too, could study more closely the living

animal, and become acquainted with the way they eat, walk,

build their shells, etc.

I first bought a large roasting pan and a smaller pan that was

as long as the other wide. These cost me twenty cents. Then

I had a box made that the bigger pan would snugly fit and had

it made six inches deep. The cover was of a fine-meshed wire

netting fastened to a hinged frame. The box, of {7 spruce

stock, was made at odd moments and cost me twenty-five cents.

In one or two places, where the larger pan did not fit the

case, I stuffed the cracks with wadded paper. Then I put the

smaller pan across one end of the larger and filled any cracks

with moss and earth.

I put a tuft of grass (which I shall supplant with a fresh-

water alga soon) and a dead Busycon shell that I had washed

to remove all traces of salt, which I have been told is injurious

to snails. I then partially filled the pan with water, and my

little fresh-water pond was ready for occupancy.

The remainder of the larger pan I filled with moss and

bunches of grass containing growing plantain (of which the

snails are very fond). As some snails love to hide under dead

leaves, | put some in for them, and I also put in a stick that

106 THE NAUTILUS.

formed a stairway from the moss to the cover. I knew that the

snails would want some lime to aid them in constructing shell-

forming material, so I put in a Modiola after I had washed it.

I gave them corn meal on half a scallop shell and put a

Polynices shell full of water beside it, sinking the shell into the

earth until the lip was level with the surface. The snails are

very fond of corn meal; they also relish lettuce and cabbage

leaves, green grass, plantain, and all succulent weeds.

As I live in Cambridge, Mass., where limestone formations

are scarce, I have had largely to depend upon the kindness of

others for my pets. As I have received quite a few specimens

through the mail, I thought others might want to do the same ;

so will, in as few words as possible, tell how mine were sent.

Some came way from California in a tin box, with a little grass.

As they could not get much air, they built epiphragms over

the apertures, which they broke down soon after they were put

in the vivarium. The majority were sent with a little grass or

lettuce in pasteboard or wooden boxes (which are the only

things to send specimens in, as they can breathe freely).

In chosing, I shall give a list of species that I now have in

my vivarium, with the localities. Those with the asterisk (*)

have raised families since they came.

Lymnaea palustris Mill, from Livingston Co., Michigan.

Campeloma decisum Say *, from Shawsheen River, Bedford,

Mass.

Physa heterostropha Say *, from Shawsheen River, Bedford,

Mass.

Planorbis antrosus Conrad *, Shawsheen River, Bedford, Mass.

Succinea ovalis Say *, Waverly, Mass.

Epiphragmophora tudiculata Binn, near Los Angeles, Cal.

Polygyra tridentata Say, Livingston Co., Mich., and New York

City.

Polygyra thyroides Say, Livingston Co., Mich., and Upper

Montclair, N. J.

Polygyra multilineata Say, Livingston Co., Mich.

Polygyra monodon Rach., Livingston Co., Mich.

Polygyra albolabris, Blue Hills, Mass.

Polygyra thyroides Say, Middlesex Fells, Melrose, Mass.

Zonitoides arboreus Say, Middlesex Fells, Melrose, Mass.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

NOTES.

HELIX NEMORALIs IN KNOXVILLE, TENN.: One day, while play-

ing in an alley the two small sons of Prof. J. F. Voorhees, in

charge of the U.S. Weather Bureau here, found some handsome

snails crawling on a brick wall, and knowing that I was making

a special study of the fauna of this vicinity, brought some of

them to me.

I had never seen any like them in the State, and sent some

of them to Mr. Bryant Walker of Detroit for identification. He

pronounced them the European species Helix nemoralis Linné.

He said this was the first authentic colony reported to him

West of the Alleghany Mountains.

He suggested it would be interesting if I could trace out how

they came to be here, and send an account to the Editor of the

NAvTILUs, as the readers of the NautiLus would be interested to

know that such a colony existed here in Knoxville, Tennessee.

I made investigations, and found that the wife of Prof. Chas.

C. Ross connected with the University of Tennessee brought

them here.

Mrs. Ross says that eight years ago she went to visit the

graves of her grandfather and grandmother who were buried in

the cemetery at Lexington, Va. As she approached the tomb-

stones she noticed they looked spotted, as if boys had marked

or defaced them, but upon a nearer approach found the peculiar

appearance was due to the presence of numbers of H. nemoralis

crawling upon the face of the stones.

When Mrs. Ross came away she dug up and brought with

her some of the vines and shrubs, being careful to bring with

them some of the beautiful shells. She transplanted the plants

in the rear of the yard, and now after 8 years, amongst dense

growths of English Ivy, and on adjoining trees and other

shrubbery, this colony has become thoroughly acclimated and

is thriving magnificently. Mrs. Ross met the person who

originally brought them from Italy to Lexington, Virginia.

—Manuy D. BarBEr.

VIVIPARUS MALLEATUS AND CONTECTOIDES IN MASSACHUSETTS:

Hight fresh specimens, one with the operculum in place, were

108 THE NAUTILUS.

collected by Mr. C. H. Rowe, in Lake Quinsigamond, near

Worcester, Sept. 29, 1917. Whether these represent a recent

introduction he could not ascertain. The Boston colony re-

ferred to in THe Nautitus, Vol. 29, p. 36 and Vol. 30, p. 48,

still exists. The colony of V. contectoides in the Public Garden,

- Boston, mentioned in THE Navtitus, Vol. 30, p. 72, has in-

creased greatly during the summer, nothwithstanding that the

lake was drained for a short time in the early spring.

—C. W. JOHNSON.

POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS MARITIMA IN MASSACHUSETTS. Several

years ago, when I was at Wood’s Hole, Mr. V. Edwards de-

scribed to me some snails which he had seen on Ram Island,

off that coast, I thought he had found H. hortensis, and expressed

a wish to visit the colony. He kindly took me to the place, and

instead of H. hortensis, we found Polygyra albolabris, of a small

greenish variety according well with my recollection of var. mari-

tama, which Dr. Pilsbry showed me years before in the collection

at Philadelphia. I think we may refer the shells to that variety

or race, which is not cited in Mr. Johnson’s list of New England

Mollusca.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

[I can confirm the identification from specimens sent by

Prof. Cockerell.—H. A. Pitssry]. }

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE CALIFORNIAN LAND SHELLS OF THE HPIPHRAGMOPHORA

TRASKII GRouP. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum

vol. 51, pp. 609-619, plates 114-117). This species and its

allies have not been well understood. Numerous forms of the

group had been named by Hemphill and others, without de-

scriptions. Dr. Bartsch therefore undertook a revision, utiliz-

ing the considerable material contained in the National Museum

and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with a

few specimens from other sources. Descriptions are given of—

E.. cayamacensis n. sp. with the new subspecies avus and

venturensis.

E. traskii (Newe.) with subsp. tularica new, zechae Pils. proles,

coronadoensis, coelata and phlyctaena, new, carpentert (Newe. )

As synonyms under £. traskii traski, Dr. Bartsch places

Hemphill’s undescribed varieties major, verna and saucius, and

Epi. etricola Berry. All of the species and races are figured.

This revision should lead to a further increase in our knowl-

edge of these difficult Helices, as conchologists collecting in

southern California can now identify their finds.—H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXI. PLATE IX.

l-3. DRUPA FOLIACEA CONR.

4. DRUPA WALKERAE P. & B.

5. : VITIENSIS PILS.

6,7. PERISTERNIA THAANUMI P. & B. La

8. FUSINUS SANDVICHENSIS SOWB.

9, 12. MUREX PELE PILS.

10, DRUPA TUBERCULATA BLV.

MORUS LAM.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXXI. APRIL, 1918. No. 4

THE MOLLUSCA OF CLARK COUNTY, ARKANSAS.

BY REY. H. E. WHEELER, CONWAY, ARK.

Clark County lies in the south-central portion of the state of

Arkansas and has an area of 875 square miles and a popula-

tion of about 25,000. About one-third of the county—the

southeastern section—is of tertiary and quarternary age. The

northwestern third of the county forms a part of the southern

exposure of a vast carboniferous area in the state which is gen-

erally referred to the Mississippian sub-division, and consists of

non-coalbearing sandstones and shales lying above the Bates-

ville sandstones. Between these formations lies a wedge-shaped

section of cretaceous marls and clays, which form the eastern

boundary of these limited rocks in the state. The alluvial

lowlands of southeastern Arkansas are developing a prosperous

agriculture, cotton and corn being naturally the most prolific

crops, but rice is now being successfully cultivated. The

county does not extend into the mountainous paleozoic region,

and hence cannot boast any elevations of consequence.

The general course of the streams in the county is from

northwest to southeast. The Antoine and Little Missouri rivers

form the western and southern boundaries of the county, while

the Caddo river crosses the county along its northern boundary,

emptying into the Ouachita river some five miles above Arka-

delphia. The latter river rises in the mountains of Polk County

and throughout its tortuous course of several hundred miles is

one of the most beautiful watercourses in the entire southwest.

It passes through the eastern extension of the county, but con-

110 THE NAUTILUS.

stitutes, in part, the natural boundary between the counties of

Dallas and Clark. The Terra Noire creek is an intra-county

stream flowing in a southeasterly course and dividing the

county into two nearly equal parts. Several smaller creeks

supply this vigorous stream from either side. Little Deceiper

Tare re |

| oe

a Cas Me

Mvet

Mil Ck otf s

a ew, \ Arka det ping VS,

°.

Gum Soering :

MAP

Clack County

ARK

Showing Primespal

Streams

creek is a small tributary of the Big Deceiper, and the latter

creek flows in parallel direction with the Terra Noire, emptying

into the Ouachita at the lower end of the county. This whole

section, then, is furnished with a most complete drainage

system, and the streams in question are not less inviting oppor-

tunities for an earnest and patient collector. Practically no

THE NAUTILUS. 111

work, however, has been done in the Antoine or Little Mis-

souri rivers, while the Caddo and the upper Ouachita are al-

most unknown to the malacologist, and promise generous re-

muneration to whomsoever first will require their secrets.

Although something like fifty species have been described

from Arkansas,’ and the mountainous regions of northern, cen-

tral and western Arkansas have heen often visited by concholo-

gists, the fauna of the low-lands, particularly the Unione fauna,

of the lower courses of all rivers, is practically unknown. Be-

fore a satisfactory catalogue of the Mollusca of the state can be

written, not less than forty counties call for a conchological

survey.’

A three year’s pastorate in Arkadelphia,’ the capital of Clark

County, gave the writer frequent opportunities for collecting

the mussels of Ouachita river and such land, and fresh-water

snails as were to be had. Through the kindness of Mr. George

H. Clapp the identification of the land shells has been made

nearly complete, and he has determined all of the rarer forms

here listed. Dr. A. E. Ortmann and Mr. L. S. Frierson have

been very generous in the help given on the Unios, but for the

most part this is the result of much patient study on the part

of Dr. Bryant Walker. Most of the specimens on which the

determination of the Unionidz depended are now in the Walker

collection.

The country around Arkadelphia would be quite discouraging

1 The richness of the Arkansas fauna is well indicated by a,comparison of

species described from this state and those described from the adjoining state,

Missouri, portions of each being included in the Ozarkian uplift. Exclusive

of the Unionidae, thirty-four species have been described from Arkansas,

twenty-three of which are land snails. From Missouri nine species and var-

ieties are listed, all of which with one exception, are fresh-water forms.

Consult : Simpson, “‘ A Preliminary List of the Mollusca of Missouri,’’ Proc.

Acad. Scien. St. Louis, Vol. XXII, No. 8, p. 68, and Pilsbry’s Note in the

Navtixvs, Vol. XXVIII, p. 12. This is especially significant in view of the

fact that the State of Missouri has been favored with the residence of faithful

and efficient conchologists, among whom may be mentioned Mr. Sampson,

and more recently Professor Utterback.

2From November 1910 to December 1913.

Lig THE NAUTILUS.

to a casual collector. The swamps and ‘‘cray-fish land’’ offer

little attraction to ambitious snails, and even the hill country

has not yet organized a molluscan colonization bureau. In the

. cretaceous limestones of the central area the conditions are a

little more promising. The entire portion of the County lying

east of the Ouachita river is typical tertiary soil, but there are

no exposures of strata in these lowlands, and fossils are to be

secured only from occasional well borings.

Since there are many creeks and bayous the collector would

expect a few colonies of Sphaeriide, or at least a larger list of the

Lymnaeide. As will be seen, however, the Unios fully make up

for any disappointment on this score. Not only are there many

species and varieties, but specimens in finer condition could not

be desired. The mussel beds of the Ouachita river, while

worked to some extent for pearls, have not been found profit-

able, and button factories are too far away to make the expor-

tation of shells for commercial purposes practicable. From the

mouth of the Caddo river (five miles above Arkadelphia), the

Ouachita abounds in mussel ‘‘ beds’’ throughout the rest of its

course, and the accessible and prolific breeding ‘‘ bars’’ are less

disturbed than is usually found in the experience of the uniol-

ogist. Arkadelphia was at one time the head of navigation, but

steamers now seldom ascend the river above Camden.

‘‘Old River,’’ the type locality of the genus Arkansia, is

really an ‘‘ox-bow”’’ lake, a former channel of the Ouachita,

and it is still connected with it by a small creek which does not

appear to dry up in summer. Its mouth is about two miles

north of Arkadelphia on the left bank, almost lost in a rather

dense and difficultly passable swamp. Here, and for a mile or

more up stream, Old River is deep and rather wide, with a very

sluggish current. In this habitat are found very large speci-

mens of Anodonta suborbiculata Say, which are of great beauty,

and the largest specimens of Arkansia wheelert Walker and Ort-

mann. One of the latter measured 109.25 by 87 by 58 mm.

In the summer ‘‘ Half-Moon Lake,’’ the upper channel of Old

River, is set off by the subsidence of water on the sand bars,

and through the narrow creek which connects it with its lower

course it is quite impossible to navigate even a small canoe.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

Young Arkansia are found in the shallow waters both on the

sand bars and muddy bottoms, but like other anodontine species

they prefer the oozy mud of the river margins where there is

little or no current. So far, the most patient effort to secure

gravid females of this new genus has not been successful, the

breeding season being winter, and the localities just described

being almost inaccessible at this season.

Mx. Sampson in his ‘‘ Preliminary Report of the Mollusca of

Arkansas,’’ * enumerates twelve species of mollusks collected in

Clark County. Five of these I have not been able to verify,

namely: Physa gyrina (Say), which is possibly the same as

Physa anatina of my list, Campeloma subsolidum (Anth.) which

is certainly what is now described by Walker as Campeloma

lewisti, Pleurocera subulare (Lea) which may be Pleurocera ele-

vatum (Say), Pleurocera canaliculatum (Say), and Goniobasis

lawrencei Lea. Mr. Call in his ‘‘Study of the Unionide of

Arkansas,’’’ reports three species from the Ouachita collected

in Clark County, namely: Unio parvus Barnes, Unio subrostratus

Say, and Unio tumescens Lea. What Professor Call took to be

tumescens is very likely a juvenile Fusconaia undata (Barnes).

Many shells collected in late summer have a clear ‘‘ honey

yellow color,’’ and they are ‘‘ abundantly rayed over the entire

surface,’’ just as he describes the so-called twmescens. Lea was

surely mistaken in the locality given for his type specimen, for

the species belongs to the Tennessee drainage, and has not been

found, so far as 1 am aware, west of the Mississippi River.

The Arkansas range of this species is also questioned by Dr.

Walker in Simpson’s ‘‘ Catalogue of the Naiades.’’ *

Annotated List of Species.

Carychium exile H. C. Lea. Collected in one place only, a

marshy pasture along Mill Creek, an insignificant stream just

North of Arkadelphia.

Lymnea columella Say. Ouachita River under the Railroad

1In Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1891, Vol. II,

pp. 179-199.

? Transactions Acad. Scien., St. Louis, 1895, pp. 1-65, Plates I-X XI.

3 See in loco, p. 751.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

bridge at Arkadelphia; also Caddo River near County bridge

five miles North of Arkadelphia.

Iymnea humilis modicella Say. Found in the environs of

Arkadelphia; in Mill Creek; rarely in the Ouachita River mar-

gins. Rare!

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Ouachita River, Old River, and Big

Deceiper Lake, nine miles south of Arkadelphia.

Planorbis dilatatus Gould. Ouachita and Old Rivers. There

are possibly two forms in this lot.

Planorbis sampsont (Ancey). Clear Lake, two miles east of

Arkadelphia, and ponds south of Arkadelphia (young shells

only). This species seems to be exceedingly perishable.

Ancylus kirklands Walker. Caddo River (common) Clear

Lake.

Ancylus walkert Pilsbry and Ferriss. Ouachita River at Ark-

adelphia. Very rare.

Ancylus sp.? Ouachita Rives near Arkadelphia.

Physa anatina Lea. Mill Creek, ponds south of Arkadelphia,

and Big Deceiper Creek at Gum Springs, six miles south of

Arkadelphia.

Physa sp.? Clear Lake east of Arkadelphia.

Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). Arkadelphia. Everywhere

common in suitable localities.

Strobilops labyrinthica texasiana Pilsbry and Ferriss. Arkadel-

phia. Not uncommonly there is found what seems to be a

hybrid between this variety and the species proper.

Strobilops virgo (Pils). Arkadelphia, but found also in the

bordering county of Grant.

Pupoides marginatus (Say). Arkade]phia.

Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Arkadelphia.

Gastrocopta contracta climeana Van. Arkadelphia, very rare.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Arkadelphia.

Gastrocopta tappaniana (C. B. Ads). Arkadelphia. Col-

lected also in adjacent counties north and east of Clark.

Succinea avara Say. Environs of Arkadelphia, not common.

Omphalina friabilis (W. G. Binn.). Arkadelphia. Very

rare !

Vitrea indentata (Say). Arkadelphia ; Gurdon.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

Vitrea radiatula circumstriata Taylor. Arkadelphia. Quite

rare, generally associated with arborea.

Vitrea (Paravitrea) significans (Bland). West of Arkadelphia

in the foothills. Rare!

Vitrea wheatleyi (Bland)? Arkadelphia. This species, which

cannot be placed anywhere else among the Zonitide collected,

is either wheatleyt, or a variety of it.

Euconulus chersinus trochulus (Rein.). Arkadelphia. Fairly

common.

Euconulus chersinus polygyratus (Pils.)? Arkadelphia.

Zonitoides arborea (Say). Arkadelphia; also along Little

Deceiper Creek, and at Gurdon. Generally distributed.

Zonitoides ( Pseudohyalina) minuscula (Binney). Arkadelphia.

Gastrodonta demissa britts: (Pils.). In the hills five miles

northwest of Arkadelphia. Smaller than typical bdbritts:, and

rare.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). Arkadelphia, Gurdon, Whelen,

and six miles east of Whelen in the southeast end of the County.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Arkadelphia, west of the town

near Little Deceiper Creek. Very rare!

Circinaria concava (Say). Limestone region west of Arka-

delphia, and ‘‘ Big Bluff’’ on the Ouachita River, two miles

north of Arkadelphia.

Polygyra leporina Gould. Arkadelphia and Gurdon. Com-

mon in most of the low lands.

Polygyra dorfeuilliiana Lea. In low hills west of Arkadelphia,

Gurdon. Rare! Nearly always found under small pieces of

bark, seldom under logs and stones.

Polygyra inflecta (Say). Arkadelphia, Gurdon, Whelen, and

southeastern corner of the County.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Arkadelphia. Rare! This does

not appear to be the variety allent Wetherby, to which all of

the shells of this type west of the Mississippi River have been

referred.

Polygyra divesta (Gould). Arkadelphia, Crawford’s Mill on

Big Deceiper Creek, Gurdon.

Polygyra zalefa (Binney). Woods west of Arkadelphia.

Rare!

116 THE NAUTILUS.

Polygyra obstricta carolinensis (Lea). Typical shells collected

in heavy woods along the Little Missouri River in the southeast

corner of the County. Here there is much cypress. Clark

County corners at the confluence of the Little Missouri and the

Ouachita rivers, the former making the southern and the latter

the eastern boundary line.

Polygyra clausa (Say). Arkadelphia. Generally distributed.

The commonest of the Helices in all this region!

Polygyra stenotrema (‘‘ Fer.’’ Pfr.). Arkadelphia and Craw-

ford’s Mill on Big Deceiper Creek.

Polygyra monodon (Rack) var. Whelen and southeast corner

of the County.

Polygyra fraterna alice (Pils.). Crawford’s Mill on Big

Deceiper Creek.

Bulimulus sp.? Fragments of a Bulimulus were collected in

the hills west of Arkadelphia. It is probably dealbatus (Say).

Amnicola cincinnatiensis (Anth.). Big Deceiper Creek at Gum

Springs.

Somatogyrus wheelert Walker. Ouachita River, type locality,

under railroad bridge, Arkadelphia. Rare.

Somatogyrus amnicoloides Walker. Ouachita River, type local-

ity, under railroad bridge, Arkadelphia. Rare.

Campeloma lewisti Walker.’ Ouachita and Old Rivers, Arka-

delphia, very common; Big Deceiper Lake, nine miles south of

Arkadelphia; Caddo River.

[Pleurocera canaliculata Say]. Reported by Sampson on

authority of Call from the Ouachita River in Clark County.

Not found.

Pleurocera elevatum (Say). Ouachita, Caddo and Old Rivers

near Arkadelphia; Big Deceiper Lake.

[ Pleurocera subulare (Lea)],’? reported from Clark County,

Ouachita River, by Call in Sampson,* was not located. Pos-

sibly young elevata were mistaken for this species.

1 Vide, NavTiLus, Vol, XXVIII, pp. 126, 127.

2 Vide Navtitus, Vol, XXX, pp. 122-124, On “ Pleurocera subulare,

Lee,”’ by Calvin Goodrich.

3See “Preliminary List of the Mollusca of Arkansas,’’ Geol. Surv. of

Ark., 1891, Vol. I, p. 197.

THE NAUTILUS. 117

Goniobasis plebeius (Anth).' Ouachita and Caddo Rivers,

Arkadelphia. Very common.

Goniobasis lawrencei (Lea), described from the Ouachita River

in Garland County, was not found. Search was made for it in

the Ouachita River at Cove Creek station, Hot Springs County,

near the boundary of Garland County, about twelve miles east

of Hot Springs, but without success.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Dead shells only were collected from

creek and river drift at Arkadelphia, these being evidently

brought down from the limestone hills in the western part of

the County.

Lampsilis ventricosa satur (Lea). Ouachita River below Ark-

adelphia and at Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. In form it is

closely related to excavatus. Specimens from the Ouachita are

‘“sorgeously appareled’’, some of a deep solid yellow color,

others with varying and elaborate patterns of green.

Lampsilis hydiana (Lea). The Southern form of luteola, com-

mon in all the rivers, and also in Big Deceiper Creek on the

Huie farm and at Gum Springs; also in Salt Bayou east of

Arkadelphia.

Lampsilis orbiculata (Hild). Old River. This species is ad-

mitted to the list on the authority of Dr. Ortmann. In a letter

dated June 5, 1911, Dr. Ortmann writes: ‘‘Among the Lamp-

silis ventricosa satur was one individual (female, sterile) which I

must regard as Lampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth). This species

also is not listed from your region. The specimen agrees in

shape etc. completely with the Ohio forms of orbiculata, only the

color is not quite typical.’? Again on June 19, 1911: ‘‘And there

is [among the shells received] a fine typical male of Lampsilis

orbiculata, preserving even the characteristic pink stain of the

nacre.’’ If orbiculata and ligamentina gibba are so similar as to

make differentiation difficult as is stated by Wilson and Clark,’

then our Ouachita specimens are not this species.

1 Vide Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., Phila., 1900, pp. 458, 459. Both elevatum and

plebeius are here figured.

2 See ‘‘ The Mussels of the Cumberland River and Its Tributaries ”, Bureau

Fisheries, Doc. No. 781, p. 49.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Lampsilis hagginsi (Lea). A fine typical series of this species

was collected from the Ouachita River below Arkadelphia, at

Skillern’s Shoals, and also in Old River.

Lamsilis higginsi grandis Simpson. Old River. These shells

are larger and less inflated than typical higginsi. The feeble pos-

terior ridge, high beaks, shining surface, and the absence of

growth ridges make the identification satisfactory.’

Lampsilis (Nephronaias) ligamentina (Lam.). Everywhere

common in the Ouachita and Old Rivers. The common

‘¢mucket’’ of the pearlers.

Lampsilis fallasiosa (Smith) Simpson. A common species

collected in the Ouachita River, Old River, and Terra Noire

Creek. The validity of this species as distinct from anodontoides

Lea presents no difficulty to one who has a series of shells from

Arkansas localities to compare with those from regions further

North. Consult Simpson’s diagnosis in his ‘‘ Descriptive

Catalogue.”’

Eurynia recta (Lam.). Ouachita and Old Rivers.

Eurynia subrostrata (Say). Though not common this species

has been found in Ouachita and Old Rivers, Big Deceiper

Creek at Gum Springs, Big Deceiper Lake, and a few ‘‘ sloughs’’

south of Arkadelphia.

Micromya lienosa (Con). Ouachita and Old Rivers. Rare.

Micromya lienosa nigerrima (Lea). Common in both Ouachita

and Old Rivers, Big Deceiper Creek at Gum Springs, and

Caddo River. The nacre is white, and the epidermis a lead-

black, unpolished.

Eurynia (Micromya) arkansasensis (Lea). On July 28, 1913,

two females from the Ouachita River south of Arkadelphia were

sent to Dr. Ortmann, who reported: ‘‘I think here we have

arkansasensis again! These agree rather well with females re-

ceived previously (from you) from Saline River, Benton.’’

The species is smaller than lenosa, lighter in color, and with a

silvery nacre. Of the arkansasensis collected from the Saline

River on July 13, 1911, of which there were four males and

two females, Ortmann says: ‘‘ Here it is! The males, although

1See ‘‘ Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades,’’ Simpson, p. 78.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

slightly differing from one another, agree well with Lea’s orig-

inal figure. The female has never been figured. According to

these specimens, the species would be an Eurynia, subgenus

Micromya, but the papille of the mantle margin are very poorly

developed. They may be larger in gravid females.’? With

this identification Dr. Walker is satisfied. See Navrtitus, vol.

XXX, p. 54.

Carunculina texasensis (Lea). Ouachita and Old Rivers;

Terra Noire Creek; Caddo River; Big Deceiper Lake. Common.

Carunculina parva (Bar.) Ouachita and Old rivers; Caddo

River; Terra Noire Creek at Mount Zion; Big Deceiper creek at

Gum Springs; Big Deceiper Lake. The shells from the last

named locality are different from the usual form, but are not

‘*corvinus,’’ as at first supposed.

Carunculina glans (Lea). Ouachita and Old rivers; Terra

creek at Mt. Zion; Caddo River near Arkadelphia. Rare.

These shells have an unusual cream-colored nacre, but in other

respects are entirely typical.

Carunculina cromwellu (Lea). Big Deceiper creek, Gum

Springs; Big Deceiper Lake; Terra Noire Creek; Caddo River,

near Arkadelphia. The beak sculpture agrees exactly with

cromwellii, and the identification is well confirmed. The beaks

are unusually perfect. ‘‘This is another example of the re-

markably close relationship that exists, without as yet a suffi-

cient explanation, between the fauna of Arkansas and Ala-

bama.’’ Walker in letter.

Proptera purpurata (Lam.). Ouachita and Old River. Com-

mon. See Ortmann, Ann. Car. Mus., VIII, 1912, p. 334.

Paraptera gracilis (Bar.). Ouachita River below Arkadelphia,

and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. See Ortmann, Ann. Car.

Mus., VIII, 1912, p. 331.

Lampsilis leptodon Raf. A rare shell collected only at Skil-

lern’s shoals and in one place below Arkadelphia. So far we

have been unable to secure gravid females. This species de-

lights in burrowing under sharp and rather heavy rocks in the

swiftest part of the current, and it is with difficulty that any

specimens are secured. |

Obovaria castanea (Lea). Ouachita River below Arkadelphia,

120 THE NAUTILUS.

Skillern’s Shoals and Old River. This species and Nephronaias

ligamentina are the most prolific shells in the river. The epi-

dermis of castanea is a most beautiful silken black, sometimes

with a deep purple bloom, but young shells are yellowish brown

and frequently rayed !

Amygdalonaias securis (Lea). Ouachita River below Arka-

delphia, Skillern’s Shoals, and Old River. This is considered

a pearl shell. Very fine specimens are from Old River.

Amygdalonaias elegans (Lea). Ouachita River below Arka-

delphia, Skillern’s Shoals, and Old River. Quite common.

Amygdalonaias donaciformis (Lea). Found only in one bed

below Arkadelphia and in the swift current at Skillern’s Shoals.

Later at Old River.

Tritogonia tuberculata (Barnes). Ouachita River, Skillern’s

Shoals and below Arkadelphia; Old River; Terra Noire creek.

The river specimens are much inferior in size to those collected

in the Tennessee drainage.

Tritogonia nobilis (Con.). Old River. Rare! Simpson now

places this species as given.

Cyprogenia aberti (Con.). Ouachita River, Skillern’s Shoals,

and in many beds below Arkadelphia. Specimens are not as

large as typical aberti, and may eventually be referred to the

variety lamarckiana Lea.

Cyprogemia aberti lamarckiana (Lea). Ouachita River, Arka-

delphia. This was also collected in the Caddo River in Mont-

gomery County.

Obliquaria refleca Raf. Ouachita River below Arkadelphia,

Skillern’s Shoals, Old River. The young are, in these locali-

ties, beautifully sculptured.

Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hild). Ouachita River, Arkadel-

phia, and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. It is fairly common on

the rocky shoals, sometimes on the sand bars. There seems to

be no dividing line between this species and its variety clinton-

ense, Simp.

Ptychobranchus clintonense Simp. Ouachita River above and

below Arkadelphia, but not in Old River. Typical specimens

with wavy lines are more common at Skillern’s shoals. Dr.

Walker is disposed to refer all Ouachita forms to clintonense.

THE NAUTILUS. 121

Strophitus edentulus (Say). Ouachita River and Old River.

In the latter locality specimens are quite thick and heavy.

Anodonta imbecilis Say. Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Old

River, and Deceiper Creek and Gum Springs. Common.

Anodonta suborbiculata Say. From Old River only. The

young are perfect and most beautifully rayed. In the lower

channel of the ‘‘river’’ they attain an unusual size.

Anodonta grandis leonensis (Lea). Ouachita River, Arkadel-

phia, and Old River. One must go deep in the mud for these

fine shells but they are fairly common.

Anodonta virens Lea, var. Ouachita River and Old River,

Arkadelphia. Distinguished from Jleonensis by having much

higher and more prominent beaks, and by being less elongated.

Arkansia wheeleri, Walker and Ortmann. Old River and

(rarely) Ouachita River below Arkadelphia. This is likely to

remain one of the rarest of Unios. The nacre of this species is

one of its most attractive characteristics. In young shells the

entire margin is widely bordered with a rich salmon, in most

adults it is a warm cream color, while in some specimens it is

an opalescent blue. In very young specimens the plications are

_ sometimes entirely wanting, but it could not be mistaken, even

then, for any other species. Pearlers sometimes open this shell

mistaking it for Quadrula pustulosa (Lea).

Symphynota costata (Raf.). Ouachita and Old Rivers, but very

rare indeed. This species is quite common, however, in the

Saline River (at Benton), and it has been a surprise not to find

it more abundant in the Ouachita. It is also common in the

Caddo far up in Montgomery County.

Symphynota complanata (Bar.). One specimen only was col-

lected in 1913 in the Ouachita River below Arkadelphia. This

and Cumberlandia monodonta (Say) remain the rarest of all the

Unios in this region.

Cumberlandia monodonta (Say). Ouachita River above Skil-

lern’s Shoals, Arkadelphia. This record extends the range of

this species much further to the southwest than was to be ex-

pected, for heretofore it has not been known west of the Missis-

sippi south of Iowa! A full discussion of the distribution will

be found in Walker’s ‘‘ Distribution of Margaritana margaritifera

122 THE NAUTILUS.

in North America’’, Proc. Mal. Soc., IX, June 1910, pp. 137-

139; and in ‘‘ Notes on the Distribution of Margaritana mono-

donta (Say)’’, Nautitus, Vol. XXV, pp. 57, 58. For the

generic data consult Ortmann, ‘‘Cumberlandia, a New Genus

of Naiades’’, Nautitus, Vol. XXVI, pp. 18, 14, where this

species is made the type of the genus.

Alasmidonta marginata Say. Ouachita River below Arkadel-

phia; Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. This is also a rare species

in this region.

Unio gibbosus subgibbosus (Lea). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia

and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. All specimens collected have

given to this variety, though some approach very closely Simp-

son’s delicatus.

Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say). In ‘‘sloughs’’ and shallow

ponds near Arkadelphia, and in Big Deceiper Creek at Gum

Springs. Not found in any of the larger streams. It is common

in Malvern Creek, at Malvern, Hot Springs County.

Pleurobema pyramidata (Lea). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia,

and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. Common, attaining, in quiet

waters, a splendid development.

Pleurobema friersoni (B. H. Wright). Ouachita River, Arka-

delphia and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. The nacre of these

shells is often a beautiful rose or pink, but more commonly

white. They were formerly considered to be ridellii, but it is

now agreed to refer them to friersoni, though they are not alto-

gether typically that species. See Navutitus, Vol. XXVIII,

pp. 30, 31.

Crenodonta perplicata (Con.). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia

and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River; Caddo River. In Old River

this species attains great size, and there is little erosion on the

beaks even in the largest specimens. Dr. Ortmann reports

finding an Ouachita female (Old River), collected June 29,

1911, with glochidia, a very early date. See Naurtitus, Vol.

XXVIIL, p. 21.

Crenodonta undulata (Bar.). Terra Noire Creek at Mt. Zion.

Crenodonta trapezoides (Lea). Ouachita River, Skillern’s

Shoals and near Arkadelphia; Old River. Common.

Quadrula cylindrica (Say). Ouachita River, Skillern’s Shoals

THE NAUTILUS. 123

and in nearly every mussel bed of the river; Old River. At

Cove Creek station in Hot Springs County, specimens were

collected from the Ouachita River with the cuneiform blotching

wonderfully developed.

Quadrula metanerva (Raf.). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia

and Skillern’s Shoals. Not found in Old River. Very com-

mon. The variety wardw was nowhere located in this region.

Quadrula aspera (Lea). Old River; Terra Noire Creek at Mt.

Zion. .

Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea). Ouachita River at Skillern’s

Shoals and below Arkadelphia. ‘‘ A comparatively small com-

pressed form with large tubercles, quite different from the

typical form.’’ Dr. Walker in letter to the author.

Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia and

Skillern’s Shoals; Caddo River; Terra Noire Creek west of Arka-

delphia; Old River. The shells from the last named locality

are very perfect. Their brilliant color and handsome appear-

ance make them easily the most attractive of all the ‘‘Oua-

chita’’ shells. Some excellent pearls have been obtained from

this species. Dr. Walker distinguishes three ‘‘forms’’ among

the Old River shells, as follows:

a. Very oblique, usually densely pustulate.

b. Quadrate, with a silky, polished epidermis.

c. Intermediate. Shaped more like ‘‘b,’’ but in epidermis

and sculpture like ‘‘a.’’ He thinks that several local races of

this species are perhaps worthy of recognition.

Fusconaia rubiginosa (Lea). Big Deceiper Creek, Gum

Springs, south of Arkadelphia. ‘Two males from this locality

were stated by Dr. Ortmann to be indistinguishable in shape

from the Pennsylvania specimens, but they had a lighter and

more glossy epidermis. Some specimens collected in the Terra

Noire Creek, west of Arkadelphia, on July 3, 1911, are more

compressed than cerina, chunit, or undata. Dr. Ortmann says,

** Rubiginosa is the small creek form—in Pennsylvania, passing

into a more swollen form (trigona) in the rivers of medium size,

and finally, in large rivers, into the true wndata, with high

beaks. The anatomy of all the forms named (including chunit,

and cerina) is absolutely identical.’’ A form perfectly intergrading

124 THE NAUTILUS.

between these Terra Noire rubiginosas and the Ouachita undatas

was collected in the Saline River, at Benton, and this Dr.

Walker unhesitatingly calls cerina.

Fusconaia cerina (Con). Caddo River, Arkadelphia.

Fusconaia undata (Bar).’ Ouachita River, Arkadelphia and

Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. A common species.

Quadrula coccneum (Con.). A typical specimen was taken

from the Ouachita at Arkadelphia in 1913; another was col-

lected in June 1914.

Quadrula solida (Lea). A rare species collected only from the

Ouachita River near Arkadelphia.

Fusconaia ebena (Lea). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia and

Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. Abundant.

Sphaerium striatinum Lam. Big Deceiper Creek five miles

West of Arkadelphia; Gum Springs: Big Deceiper Lake.

Musculium transversum (Say). Big Deceiper Lake (teste

Sterki).

SUMMARY.

Pulmonate Gastropoda 45

Operculate Gastropoda 7

Pelecypoda, all of which are Nazades except two 60

Total species 112

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Sampson, ‘‘ Preliminary List of the Mollusca of Arkansas,”’

Published in the Annual Report of the Geological Survey of

Arkansas, Vol. II for 1891, pp. 181-199.

Cau, ‘‘A Study of the Unionidae of Arkansas’’, Transactions

of the St. Louis Academy of Sciences, 1895, pp. 1-65, Plates

I-XXI.

OrtTMANN, ‘‘Notes upon the Families and Genera of the

Najades’’, Annals of the Carnegie Museum, Vol. VIII, No. 2,

1912, pp. 222-365, Three Plates.

ORTMANN, ‘‘Studies in the Najades’’. Navritus, Vol.

XXVIII, pp. 129-1381 (Carunculina parva); Ditto, XXVIII,

1 See Nautitus, Vol. XXIV, pp. 6-10, 16-24, with plates. On the Validity

of Unio undatus, Barnes, by Bryant Walker.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

141, 142 (Carunculina texasensis, and C. glans), Ditto, XXX.

54-57 (Hurynia lienosa, E. subrostrata, and Lampsilis ventricosa

satur).

Waker, ‘‘On Paludina coarctata and incrassata, Lea’’.

Nautitus, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 121-127. Description of Campe-

loma lewisit.

Waker, ‘‘Apical Characters in Somatogyrus, with Descrip-

tion of Three New Species.’’ Navuritus, Vol. X XIX, pp. 37-41,

49-53.. Description of Somatogyrus wheeleri, and S. amnicolordes.

WALKER and Ortmann, ‘‘A New North American Naiad’’,

Navtiuus, Vol. XXV, pp. 97-100, Pl. VIII. Description of

Arkansia (genus) and Arkansia wheeleri.

Notre.—The paper of E. G. Vanatta entitled, ‘‘ Unionide from Southeast-

ern Arkansas and N. E. Louisiana’’, Nautiztus, Vol. XXIII, pp. 102-104,

should be compared for a list of species reported from the lower Ouachita, some

of which may be yet located in Clark County sections of the river.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MOPALIA AND TRACHYDERMON.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

MoPaLiA LOWEI N. sp.

The chiton is rather small, oblong, moderately elevated,

carinate, the lateral slopes straight. The valves are irreg-

ularly mottled with ferruginous, sea-green and olive. The

anterior valve has ten radial ribs, those at the suture bearing

compressed tubercles, the others rounded tubercles. The in-

tervals are also tuberculose, with some interstitial granuia-

tion. Valves ii to vii have low, tuberculose sutural and diag-

onal ribs, the lateral areas tuberculose and granular. Central

areas with the jugal tract closely striate longitudinally, the

strie converging forward near the beaks, elsewhere sub-

parallel, but slightly irregular in places. Pleural tracts hav-

ing longitudinal ribs, near the ridge converging forward

somewhat, becoming divergent towards the lateral borders.

These are intersected by a system of much weaker curved

ribs radiating forward and laterally, forming oblong tuber-

cles on the longitudinal ribs. The posterior valve is short,

126 THE NAUTILUS.

nearly flat, with a broad, shallow posterior sinus, the scarcely

raised mucro being at the posterior third.

The interior is nearly white, strongly striate across the cen-

tral part, where some valves may show a green or pink stain.

The posterior valve has a rather deep posterior sinus and a

single slit on each side.

The girdle is rather narrow in dry specimens, and bears

coarse processes covered with sharp white spines.

Length 23, width 12.2 mm.

San Pedro, California, collected by Mr. Herbert N. Lowe.

Type no. 117951 A. N.S. P., paratype in Lowe coll., no. 1538.

This species is related to M. sinuata, M. imporcata and M.

porifera, but it apparently differs from all of them by the

profusely spiny girdle processes, which are not exclusively:

localized at the sutures, though often present there, as well

as scattered over the girdle elsewhere. The allied forms men-

tioned are all from northern localities.

In some of the specimens there are 10 to 12 ribs on the

anterior valve. The younger shells are suffused with lilac

inside.

MoPALIA IMPORCATA LIONOTUS n. subsp.

This chiton agrees closely with M. wmporcata except that

there is a narrow, smooth jugal tract. The lateral areas are

granose between the coarsely tubercular diagonal and sutural

ribs. The anterior valve has 10 ribs. Posterior valve is de-

pressed behind the mucro, which is at the posterior fourth.

Interior light Niagara-green, darker posteriorly on each valve.

The girdle bears branching processes, often like the branches

of spines on a cactus. These are scattered, sometimes sutural.

Length 15.5, width 9 mm. Divergence 95°.

White Point, collected by Mr. H. N. Lowe. Also San

Pedro, same collector. Type no. 117952 A. N. S. P.; para-

type no. 1542 Lowe coll.

MoPALIA MUSCOSA LAEVIOR n. subsp.

This name has long been used in the collection for the form

THE NAUTILUS. 127

figured and described in Man. Conch., vol. 14, p. 300, pl. 63,

figs. 60, 61. It is from Olympia, Wash.

TRACHYDERMON LOWEI 0. sp.

Oval, rather depressed, dirty buff, a little darker towards

the beaks, which project somewhat. Surface of the valves

finely, closely and evenly granose throughout, the granules

oblong. The anterior valve and posterior area of the posterior

valve have a few very weak, low radial impressions. The

muero of the posterior valve is slightly post-median, but little

raised, the slope behind it being convex towards the edge.

The interior is white, stained buff or pinkish near the sinus,

where it is conspicuously porous. The eaves are wide and

closely porous throughout. Teeth smooth, those of the pos-

terior valve being directed forward. Girdle is densely cov-

ered with minute elongate scales.

Length about 17, width 12 mm. (San Pedro).

Length about 19, width 13 mm. (San Pedro).

Length about 16, width 11 mm. (White Point).

San Pedro, Cal. Collected by Mr. H. N. Lowe. Type no.

117955 A. N.S. P., paratype no. 1545 Lowe coll.

This species is much more distinctly granulate than 7. ray-

mondi, and the eaves are much wider and more porous.

The paratype in Lowe coll. is from White Point. There is

also a smaller specimen, red with blue-green spots, from San

Pedro, but as it has not been disarticulated I do not feel cer-

tain of its identity.

DeEscriPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS CHIEFLY FROM

MacGpauLENA Bay, Lower Cauirornia. By W.H. Dall. (Proce.

of the Biol. Soc. of Washington, vol. 31, pp. 5-8, 1918.) The

following new species are described: Scintilla chloris, Macron

orcutti, Phenacolepas magdalena, Trichotropsis lomana, Liotia

rammata, L. olwacea, L. cookeana, and three new varieties.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

THE IDENTITY OF THE NAYAD-GENUS NODULARIA CONRAD WITH

UNIO RETZIUS.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

The type of Conrad’s genus Nodularia (Proc. Ae. Philad.

6, 1853, p. 268) is Umo douglasiae Griffith & Pidgeon. Simp-

son (Syn., 1900, p. 806, and Descr. Cat., 1914, p. 949) has

associated, in this genus, a large number of species from Asia

and Africa, and places it in his subfamily Hyriane, to which

he assigns radial beak sculpture and a marsupium formed by

the inner gills only, the latter character resting upon the

observation of two species only.

Already Haas (System. Conchyl. Cabinet, vol. 9, Heft 44,

1911, p. 65 ff.) has pointed out that this conception of Nodu-

larva cannot be maintained, since just the type-species (doug-

lasiae) does not possess the characters assigned to the sub-

family by Simpson: its beak sculpture is essentially of the

zic-zac type, and its marsupium is formed by the outer gills.

His examination of this species (and several others, 1. ¢., p.

67) has revealed several other differences from Simpson’s

description of the anatomy of N. japanensis, and, as far as it

goes, we are to conclude that ‘‘Nephronaias douglasiae’’ is

not allied to the Hyriine type of Nayades, but rather to that

type represented by Umno Retzius (1788) in the restricted

sense as defined by myself (Ann. Carnegie Mus. 8, 1912, p.

273) ; that is to say, it belongs to the family Unionide, sub-

family Unionine. This is clearly shown by the existence of a

supraanal opening separated from the anal (‘‘Mantelschlitz

unten geschlossen’’), and by the marsupium.

From the characters of the shell, chiefly the zic-zac beak

sculpture, it was to be inferred that U. douglasiae comes close

to the genus Unio (compare my key of genera, l. ¢., pp. 239

and 240) ; but the chief character of Unio, the subtriangular,

hooked glochidium, has not been observed hitherto, the gravid

females investigated by Haas having only eggs, and not

olochidia.

Recently Mr. B. Walker has been kind enough to send to

me the soft parts of two gravid females of U. douglasiae Griff.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

& Pidg., which had been communicated to him by Mr. L. P.

Gratacap of the American Museum, New York. They are

from Wladiwostok, southeast Siberia. Both had glochidia,

which proved to be similar to those of Unio.

The examination of these specimens has established the

following facts: All of the features of the family Unionde

(1. ¢., p. 223) are present. The diaphragm is complete, and

formed only by the gills (no mantle connection between anal

and branchial openings), and the outer lamina of the outer

gills is connected with the mantle to its posterior end. The

anterior end of the inner gills is separated from the palpi by

a gap. A supraanal opening is separated from the anal by a

mantle connection. The gills possess continuous septa, form-

ing water tubes running parallel to the gill filaments.

The characters of the family Umonme (l. ¢., p. 224) are

also present. The marsupium is formed by the outer gills,

and, when charged, these gills swell only moderately, leaving

the edge sharp. There are no secondary water tubes.

For the rest, it should be said that the mantle connection

between anal and supraanal openings is moderately long,

about half as long as either. The anal has the inner edge

distinctly crenulated; the branchial opening has distinct

papille; but in front of the branchial the mantle edge is

smooth. Palpz subfalciform, their posterior margins united

for about one-third of their length.

Gils rather long and narrow, the inner the wider, chiefly

anteriorly; their anterior ends as usual. Inner lamina of

inner gills free from abdominal sac posteriorly, but connected

anteriorly ; in one of my specimens the connection extends to

one-third of the length of the abdominal sac, in the other to

nearly one-half of it: thus this character is variable, as in

certain other forms of Nayades (Haas says only: connected

anteriorly ). |

Septa and water tubes well developed in the outer gills of

the female, this character extending all along the gill. Pla-

cente present, but not very solid, the glochidia easily falling

apart. Glochidia essentially agreeing with those of Unio

[type, pictorum (L.); see Ortmann, Naut., 28, 714, pp. 32,

139 THE NAUTILUS.

33]. They are subtriangular in outline, and have spinulose

hooks. However, they differ in being slightly oblique, the

point of the ventral margin being placed a little posteriorly,

so that the anterior portion of the ventral margin is longer

than the posterior; the point is also sharper (more project-

ing) ; and, finally, they are smaller, and longer than high.

While, in U. pictorum, L. and H. are 0.21 mm., in U. doug-

lasiae the L. is 0.18 mm. and the H. is 0.15 mm.

Thus it is perfectly clear that U. douglasiae has the typical

anatomical structure of the genus Unio (s. s., type U. piu-

torum), and that it cannot be separated from that genus on

anatomical grounds. The question is, whether shell characters

permit such a separation, and in this respect it should be

pointed out that the general shape of the shell, the hinge

teeth, and other characters are very like those of U. pictorum,

and that the chief difference is in the beak sculpture, which

is more complex, and covers more of the disk (upon this char-

acter Conrad seems to have relied when he created Nodu-

laria. But when we compare other species, for instance the

European U. tumidus Retz., we see that in all these species

the beak sculpture is of the same general type, that is to say,

of the zic-zae pattern, and that U. douglasiae represents the

most extreme development of this, while U. pictorwm has it in

much obliterated condition, and U. twmidus is intermediate

between these to a degree. Thus there is only a difference in

the degree of development, and it should also be born in mind

that even in U. douglasiae the beak sculpture varies a good

deal (see the account given by Haas of the various forms of

douglasiae ).

Consequently we cannot escape the conclusion that U. doug-

lasiae is a true Unio in all respects, and that it should stand

as Unio douglasiae Griffith & Pidgeon. Nodularia Conrad,

with douglasiae as type, becomes then a synonym of Umo

Retzius.

This, probably, refers to those species which are related to

douglasiae, that is to say, preéminently to all those associated

by Haas in the ‘‘group of N. douglasiae.’’ It remains to be

seen what should become of the other species of Nodularia in

THE NAUTILUS. 131

Simpson’s sense. They cannot be called any more by this

generic name, but where they finally will land cannot be told

before they have been examined as to their anatomy. Already

Haas has separated a number of them under other generic

names, but these genera are mostly founded upon shell-

characters only.

THE GENUS ELYSIELLA (VERRILL OR BERGH?).

BY SILAS C. WHEAT.

In 1872 Prof. A. E. Verrill and Dr. Rudolph Bergh each

found an undescribed Nudibranch, and each erected a new

genus for his species. As the forms were minute and resem-

bled Elysia both authors chose the name Elysiella. The two

species have in common the respiratory sac on which Verrill

founded the genus, although they differ in the form of the

head and tentacles, on which Dr. Bergh lays emphasis.

On the question of priority,—Prof. Verrill published his

genus Elysiella in the American Journal of Science for April,

1872; Dr. Bergh published his Elysiella in Heft iv, Band I,

Malacologische Untersuchungen in Dr. Semper’s Reisen im

Archipel der Philippinen. Dr. Bergh’s Band I was issued at

the rate of one Heft each year except in the year 1872 when

both wi and w appeared. Probably Heft w came out in the

autumn of 1872, several months later than the American

Journal for April. <A letter addressed to the publisher in

Germany during the second month of the present war re-

mains unanswered. Inquiries of American libraries for the

month on which they received Heft w have brought only the

year 1872, copied from the title-page, not from their accession

records. It seems proper to credit the genus to Prof. Verrill.

Genus ELYSIeELLA Verrill.

**Elysiella, gen. nov. Allied to Elysia and Placobranchus.

Head rounded, with two short, obtuse tentacles; eyes sessile

behind the bases of the tentacles on the neck. Lateral lobes

united behind, rounded and separate in front, and raised

from the back, leaving a cavity beneath for respiration.

132 THE NAUTILUS.

Bloodvessels, commencing in the anterior part of the back,

extend backward forking and diverging in the area enclosed

by the lateral lobes. This genus differs from Placobranchus

and Elysia in having the lateral lobes united together pos-

teriorly over the back so that the respiratory cavity partly

enclosed by them is closed behind.’’ — Verrill, Amer. Jour.

Soc., April, 1872, p. 284, pl. 7, f. 5—-5a.

‘‘Genus Elysiella Bergh. Head laterally subcarinate; ten-

tacles minute, conic. This somewhat doubtful genus is based

upon the new form of Elysian stated below. Undoubtedly the

same differs from all known Elysians. The head on the side

is carinated almost as in Limapontia; the tentacles are quite

small and econic.’’—Bergh, Mal. U., Band I, Heft iv, p. 201,

pl. 9, f. 3; pl. 24, £. 20-25.

Continuing, Dr. Bergh says of this new form of Elysian:

‘*Hlysiella pusilla Bergh. Color grass-green, punctate on

both sides with minute obscure dots; on the margin of the

body small white dots in one or two series, and at the extrem-

ity a sac; tentacles with small white dots. Length 2 mm.’’

A single specimen found by Dr. Semper in the East Indies in

1862 was preserved in Damar balsam and was delivered to

Dr. Bergh about eight years later. (The italics are mine.—

D.C. Wa)

Elysiella catula Verrill. Amer. Jour. Soc., 1872, April, p.

284, pl. 4, f. 5-5a—Inv. of Vineyard Sd. (U. 8. Fish., 1872,

pt. 1), 1873, p. 668, pl. 25, f. 172—not f. 171, and not Placo-

branchus catulus Gould.

On plate 25, U. S. F., 1872, the numbers 171 and 172 are

transposed. Prof. Verrill believed that Dr. Gould’s Placo-

branchus catulus (Inv. Mass., 1870, p. 256, pl. 17, £. 249-250)

was founded on specimens of the same species from Boston

Harbor, and did not give a new name to the type of his genus.

He says: ‘‘This species is well described by Dr. Gould, but

the figure is incorrect in representing the lateral lobes as

separate posteriorly — perhaps a theoretical mistake on the

part of the artist. It is common in harbors and estuaries from

Boston[?] to New Jersey. Great Egg Harbor, N. J. (Verrill

& Smith) ; New Haven, Ct., and Woods Hole, Mass. (Smith).’’

THE NAUTILUS. ibe

Dr. Gould’s description agrees perfectly with his figure.

Both text and figure prove that his Placobranchus was a true

Elysia with lateral lobes not united dorsally. He says:

‘Body ovate-lanceolate, the lateral expansions about two-

thirds its length. and not quite meeting when reflected upon

the back.’’ ;

The species will stand thus:

Genus Enysre.ua Verrill, 1872: type

_ Elysiella catula Verrill, 1872.

Elysvella pusilla Bergh, 1872.

Genus Exysia: Hlysia catula Gould (Placobranchus catulus

Gould, 1870).

HELIX NEMORALIS AT KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Mr. M. D. Barber has. very kindly sent me a series of H.

nemorals collected at Knoxville; descendants of the Lexing-

ton, Va., colony, as explained by him in NAUuTILUS, xxxi, p.

107. The specimens all have the yellow ground color (var.

libellula), and sort out as follows:

Adults.

00000. 16, four of which are bimarginate (the dark peri-

stome bordered inwardly with a white rib).

10345. 2, one having max. diam. 26 mm.

12345. 21, of which five are bimarginate.

128(45). 14, of which two are bimarginate; two have max.

diam. 25 mm.

123,45. one.

Immature.

00000. 16.

12345. 15. Some would doubtless have become 123(45)

on maturity, the formula being taken from

near the mouth.

128(45). six (var. reaumuria Mog.).

(12)3(45). three.

10345. two (var. argenvillea Mogq.).

134 THE NAUTILUS.

(12345). one (var. kleinia Moq.).

(12)345. one.

12 345. one.

00345. one (var. listeria Mogq.).

1(23) (45). one (var. brardia Mogq.).

,0345. one.

Every one of these band varieties is known from the Lex-

ington colony (cf. J. L. Howe, American Naturalist, Dec.,

1898). Among 102 shells are two with split or extra bands,

which is scarcely half the percentage of such forms in the

Lexington colony. It would require a much larger collection

to show whether this is accidental. The absence of the vari-

eties with a pink ground, of which 40 are reported from Lex-

ington, is remarkable.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW PANDORA OF THE SUBGENUS KENNERLYIA

' FROM FORRESTER ISLAND, ALASKA.

BY GEORGE WILLETT.

During the summers of 1916 and 1917 a Kennerlyia which

seems to differ materially from previously known species of

the subgenus was taken by the writer at Forrester Island,

southeastern Alaska, at an average depth of about fifty

fathoms. A considerable number of living specimens were

secured and, when carefully compared with specimens of

allied species, certain distinctive characteristics seem to be

maintained throughout the series. Therefore I propose for

this shell the following name:

Kennerlywva forresterensis, new species.

Shell moderately heavy; short and deep (depth in twelve

typical specimens averaging .67 of length). Color white, with

brownish periostracum generally visible on both ends but

most conspicuous on posterior. Left valve moderately convex,

smooth except for rather faint incremental lines. Right valve

flat or slightly convex, except near basal margin where it be-

comes abruptly concave; smooth except for several (generally

7-9) irregular impressed lines running from apex to basal

THE NAUTILUS. 135

margin. Length 22, height 15, diameter 5, beaks behind an-

terior end 6.

Distribution. — Type locality Forrester Island, Alaska, in

50 fathoms. A. N.S., No. 118200. Paratypes are in the Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences and in the collection of the writer.

In shape of shell forresterensis is about midway between

K. grandis Dall and K. glacralis Leach. It differs from

grandis in smaller size, lighter structure, greater proportional

diameter, more truncate posterior end and in straight or

nearly straight hinge-line, the basal curve meeting the pos-

terior dorsal margin at an angle a little greater than a right

angle. It differs from glacialis in greater size, heavier struc-

ture, greater proportional depth, and in prominence of im-

pressed line setting off anterior portion of left valve and inset

at basal margin, which, however, is less prominent than in

K. grandis.

LOUIS POPE GRATACAP.

Louis Pope Gratacap, curator of mineralogy and of mollusk,

at the American Museum of Natural History, died suddenly on

December 14, 1917. Born in Brooklyn, N. Y., November 1s

1851, he was educated in the College of the City of New York and

Columbia School of Mines, graduating from the latter in 1876.

‘*Mr. Gratacap has been identified with the American Museum

of Natural History since October 1876, when the collections were

still housed in the old Arsenal Building. Since the death of

Professor R. P. Whitfield, he has been dean of the scientific

staff, having been in service more than forty years. During

this period he has held successively the positions of assistant

curator of mineralogy, assistant curator of geology, curator of

mineralogy and conchology and curator of mollusca, the last of

these since 1909, when he was placed in entire charge of the

mineralogical and conchological collections ’’.

Of his many papers upon various subjects, only a few relate

to conchology. In 1901 he published a ‘‘ Catalogue of the

Binney and Bland collection of Terrestrial Air-breathing Mol-

lusks of the United States and Territories in the American

Museum of Natural History, with Enumeration of Types and

136 THE NAUTILUS.

figured Specimens, and Supplementary Notes’’. The paper is

illustrated by six maps showing the distributional intensity of

Zonites, Polygyra (typical), Stenotrema, Triodopsis, Mesodon,

and Epiphragmophora. Mr. Gratacap contributed several

articles to THE NauTILus including ‘‘ Note upon the insufficiency

of the operculum as a basis of classification in the round-mouth

shells’’ and ‘‘ Tertiary fossils on Long Island’’. He also pub-

lished, Geology of the City of New York, 1901, 8rd edition

1909; Guide to the Mineral Collections; ‘‘The Museum’’, a

valuable paper on museums and museum technique; A Trip

around Iceland, and others.

Mr. Gratacap was a man of pleasing manners and always had

a warm welcome for visitors to his department.

HENRY W. WINELEY.

The Rev. Henry W. Winkley, rector of the Calvary Episcopal

church, Danvers, Mass. died at his home, February 4, 1918.

Born in Boston, Mass., March 24, 1858, he graduated from

Harvard University in 1881 and from the Episcopal Theological

School in 1884. He was ordained rector of Grace Episcopal

church, Newton, Mass. in 1885 and later was rector of churches

in St. Stephens, New Brunswick, Saco, Me., and Branford, Conn.

Mr. Winkley had for many years taken a great interest in the

study of mollusks, contributing since 1891 over thirty articles to

the pages of Tue NavrILus, giving interesting accounts of his

various collecting trips along the New England and Canadian

coasts, with many useful hints as to methods of collecting. He

described three new species, Caecum johnsoni, Pyramidella bartschi

and Odostomia katherine, while a number of species were named

in hishonor. His entire collection of shells went to the Museum

of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.

He was a most enthusiastic and careful collector, specializing

on New England mollusks, his favorite places for collecting be-

ing Woods Hole, Mass. and Eastport, Me., although he has col-

lected at most of the favorable collecting grounds along our

coast. He also enjoyed collecting the small fresh-water species

and was an expert in the use of the sieves, obtaining Sphaeriidae

REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY

FRANCIS ASBURY SAMPSON

THE NAUTILUS. 137

by the thousand. He had a keen sense of humor and always

saw the bright side of life. We shall greatly miss his frequent

visits to the museum.

Mr. Winkley was a charter member and the first Secretary

and Treasurer of the Boston Malacological Club. He leaves

twosons, Frank H. and Robert L. Winkley, and a daughter, Miss

Ruth Winkley. a

FRANCIS ASBURY SAMPSON.

Prof. Francis Asbury Sampson died of pneumonia at the

Parker Memorial Hospital, University of Missouri, on the morn-

ing of February 4th at the age of 76. Prof. Sampson was born

in Harrison County, Ohio, February 6th, 1842, from which

place he emigrated to Missouri in 1867, locating at Sedalia,

Pettis County, where with a brother he engaged in the practice

of law. He enjoyed a lucrative practice and for twenty years

acted as legal advisor and vice-president of the Missouri Trust

Company.

From the time he came to Missouri he had been an active

collector of Missouriana and his private collection of books and

pamphlets, relating to Missouri and Missourians is the most

complete known.

In 1901 Prof. Sampson was elected Secretary of the Missouri

Historical Society and his library of Missouriana was presented

to thesociety. The collection represented approximately twenty

thousand titles.

As secretary of the Historical Society he gave his entire time

to building up the library and owing to his efforts the society to-

day has the largest library on Missouri history in existence,

consisting of sixty thousand different titles. Its value cannot be

appreciated except by one who has examined its contents and

understands their rarity.

Prof. Sampson gave his leisure moments to collecting shells

and fossils and in late years it was his only recreation. The

vast number of carefully selected land and fresh-water shells

contained in his cabinets bear witness to the fact that his ‘‘ idle

moments’’ were not in any sense wasted. The writer once

138 THE NAUTILUS.

heard him say that he had discovered over two hundred new

species of fossils and recent shells. He wrote but little on his

discoveries in conchology and paleontology but generously turned

them over to those especially interested. Of the numerous

finds made by him, at least twenty-five species bear his name.

Prof. Sampson received his A. B. degree from the College of the

City of New York, in 1864 and an A.M. and LL.B. at New York

University in 1868. Prof. Sampson was a member of the Ameri-

can Historical Society, The Mississippi Valley Historical Asso-

ciation, The Academy of Sciences of St. Louis. He was a Delta

Kappa Epsilon, a Phi Beta Kappa anda Knight Templar. The

bulk of his writings relate to library work, consisting in the main

of bibliographies and catalogues. The following list covers his

work in conchology and kindred subjects.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF F. A. SAMPSON.

The shells of Eureka Springs, Arkansas.

Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, Vol. 5, No. 9,

pp. 526-528, Jan. 1882.

Notes on the distribution of shells.

Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, Vol. 5, No. 11,

pp. 681-683, March, 1882.

The Natural History of Pettis County, Missouri.—Geology and

Paleontology — Economic Geology — Land and Fresh-water

Shells—Reptilia—Ornithology ——Entomology—Botany.

The History of Pettis County, Missouri, pp. 221-239, 1882.

Notes on the distribution of shells.

Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, Vol. 6, Nos. 9-

10, pp. 551-554, Feb. 1883.

Notes on the distribution of shells.

Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, Vol. 7, No. 1,

pp. 22-25, May, 1883.

The shells of Pettis County, Missouri.

Bulletin of the Sedalia Natural History Society, No. 1, pp.

16-28, Aug. 1885.

Notes on the distribution of shells.

The American Naturalist, Vol. 21, pp. 83-86, 1887.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

Notes on the Subcarboniferous Series at Sedalia, Missouri.

Transactions New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 7, pp. 246-

247, June, 1888.

Description of a new American Helix.

THE Navtitvs, Vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 85-86, December, 1889.

Shells within City limits.

THE Navtitvus, Vol. 4, No. 7, p. 82, November, 1890.

A Bibliography of the Geology of Missouri.

Geological Survey of Missouri, Bulletin No. 2, pp. 1-176,

Jefferson City, Dec. 1890.

Mesodon andrewsi in Missouri.

THE Nautitus, Vol. 6, No. 8, p. 90, December, 1892.

Mollusca of Arkansas.

Tue Navtiuus, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 33-35, July, 1893.

A preliminary list of the Mollusca of Arkansas (exclusive of the

Unionidae).

Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1891,

Vol. 2, pp. 179-199, Little Rock, 1893.

Southern shells in Missouri.

THe Nautitus, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 18, June, 1894.

Arkansas shell collecting.

THE Naovtiuus, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 40-41, August, 1911.

Polygyra albolabris alleni Wetherby and other Missouri Helices.

THE Nactitus, Vol. 25, No. 11, pp. 130-131, March, 1912.

Shells of Southeast Missouri.

Tue Navtitvus, Vol. 26, No. 8, pp. 90-95, December, 1912.

A preliminary list of the Mollusca of Missouri (exclusive of the

Unionidae).

Transactions Academy of Science, St. Louis, Vol. 22, No. 3,

pp. 67-108, July, 1913.

Postpliocene shells of Providence and Lupus, Missouri.

THE Nauvtitus, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 15-17, June, 1914.

Reversed or sinistral shells.

THE Naovtitvus, Vol. 29, No. 11, pp. 128-129, March, 1916.

DarRLING K. GREGER.

Department of Geology, University of Missouri.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

NOTES ON THE VICTORIAN SPECIES OF BULLINUS. By Charles

Hedley (Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 12, pp. 1-8,

pls. 1-2, 1917). The following interesting note preceeds the

systematic treatise of the species: ‘‘Those fresh-water snails

once known in Australia as Physa, but now referred to as

Bullmus, have recently acquired an unpleasant interest. For

the spread and nurture of haematura, a severe, painful and

incurable complaint has recently been traced to Egyptian

representatives of Bullinus.

‘‘The newly hatched embryo of a Trematode, called Bul-

harzia, enters the Bullanus snail and there turns into a sporo-

cyst. Then Bilharzid cercarie are discharged from the in-

fected snail every day for weeks, more plentifully and con-

tinuously in summer. The free-swimming larve swarm on

the surface of the water in search of a victim. Should they

fail to find a host within forty-eight hours they must die. A

successful parasite enters the human body either by the mouth

or through the skin, and proceeds to establish itself in the

rectum or bladder. Arrived at maturity, the parasite sheds

innumerable hard-shelled eggs. These erode the mucous mem-

brane, thus causing internal bleeding, a symptom of the dis-

ease. Victims may even die from necrosis of the liver or

blockage of portal veins.’’

It is to be presumed if this plague were to be introduced

from Africa or Asia, the Australian species of Bullinus would

serve as an intermediate host and so transmit it. Previously

an Australian Bullinus had been indicated as an intermediate

host for the sheep fluke.—C. W. J.

THE Economics or TrocHus NiLoTIcus. By Charles Hed-

ley (The Australian Zoologist, vol. 1, pt. 4, pp. 69-73, pl. 6,

1917). A very interesting account of its economic value, dis-

tribution, ete. Its dense, firm nacre proves good material for

buttons, and during the past six years the demand for Tro-

chus by button-makers has caused the price to advance from

twenty to thirty pounds a ton. The export of Trochus from

Queensland in 1916 was 950 tons, worth £23,000. The Philip-

THE NAUTILUS. 141

pines export about 320 tons annually. The more careful of

the Japanese fishermen save both meat and shell. From ten

tons of shell a ton of meat is obtained, worth in China £20 a

ton. Dried and smoked for two days, it is then ready for

export, and is considered a delicacy.—C. W. J.

THE CERCARIAL INFECTION OF SOUTH AFRICAN SNAILS. By

F. G. Cawston, M. D. (Reprint from The Medical Jour. of

S. Africa, 18 pp., 1917.) The species of snails harboring vari-

ous kinds of cercariz are given, with special reference to

Physopsis africana, which harbors the Bilharzia cercarie.

After describing his work on this line, the following is part

of a summary: ‘‘The foregoing experiments and observations

would seem to show that the urine of a person who harbors

the Bilharzia parasite in South Africa becomes dangerous to

the community only when it reaches fresh water containing

specimens of Physopsis africana. It is interesting to observe

that the intermediary host of Schistosoma haematobium. both

belong to the same subfamily of molluscs, Limneime, Phy-

sopsis africana in South Africa and Bullinus dybowski in

Egypt; that the intermediary host of Schistosoma mansoni

belongs to the Planorbine — Planorbis boissyi in Egypt and

Planorbis guadelupensis in South America; whilst the inter-

mediary host of Schistosoma japomcum is Blanfordia (Kata-

yama) nosophora (Robson) .’’—C. W. J.

FURESOENS MoLLUSKFAUNA, by C. M. Steenberg (D. Kel.

Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, Naturv. og Math. Afd., 8,

Raekke III, 1, 1917, pp. 78-200, Tar. I-VIII). A very ex-

haustive account of the bathymetric distribution and varia-

tion of the molluscan fauna of Fureso, a lake near Copen-

hagen, with a comparison of the bathymetric distribution of

the mollusea in other European lakes. A résumé is given in

French. The illustrations are excellent.

ANATOMIE DES ACANTHINULA ET DES VALLONIA. L&S oOR-

GANES GENITAUX. Par C. M. Steenberg. (Vidensk. Meddel.

fra Dansk Naturh. Foren., Bd. 69, 1917.) The minute size of

142 THE NAUTILUS.

these snails has hitherto hindered a knowledge of their anat-

omy, the accounts given by Lehmann being very incorrect.

Acanthinula aculeata proves to have genitalia comparable to

those organs in Pupillide. A. lamellata Jeffr. is without male

end organs (vasdeferens and penis). This condition Mr.

Steenberg is disposed to regard as secondary. Valloma cos-

tata has pallial and reproductive organs of the group Orthu-

rethra. Mr. Steenberg has rendered an important service in

working out the characters of these difficult snails.

THE PHILIPPINE LAND SHELLS OF THE GENUS AMPHIDRO-

Mus. By Paul Bartsch. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 100, pp.

47; 22 plates. Having at hand a large amount of authen-

tically localized material, Dr. Bartsch has been able to trace

relationships and define species and subspecies in this diffi-

cult group of beautiful tree snails with precision and detail

not reached hitherto by the authors who have treated of them.

The Philippine series is traced to two routes of migration

from Borneo, one through Palawan to the Calamianes, the

other by way of the Jolo group to Mindanao, ete. On Min-

danao the relation of topography to the distribution of species

and races suggests to the author ‘‘that this island is composed

of a series of smaller islands which have been fused into the

large territory by a comparatively moderate raising of that

part of the ocean floor.’’ Numerous new forms are described,

and all are figured.—H. A. P.

Some New Species oF AMAsTRA. By C. Montague Cooke.

Occasional Papers Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, vol. 3, no.

3, pp. 29, 3 plates. While this paper is especially valuable

on account of the new forms made known from Kauai (6)

and from Hawaii (9), there are also interesting species from

Oahu, Molokai and Maui. Two sinistral species (one Pleis-

tocene) from Maui, and one Pleistocene species from Oahu are

added to the short list of sinistral Amastras. A. hitchcocks is

a very large new Amastra from Molokai. Many of the new

forms are from Pleistocene deposits. Excellent photographic

figures are given.—H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

An UnNusuAL EXTENSION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE

SHIPWORM IN SAN FRANCISCO Bay, CAuirorNiA. By Albert

L. Barrows. (Univ. of Cal. Publications in Zool., vol. 18, no.

2, pp. 27-48, 1917.) A valuable contribution to our knowl-

edge of shipworms. ‘‘It is said that the shipworm was un-

known in San Francisco Bay in the early history of the port,

and that wood-boring molluscs did not become an extensive

menace to marine woodwork here until some years after the

ereat increase in the shipping entering the bay which fol-

lowed upon the discovery of gold in California. Be that as it

may, a species of the Teredide, Xylotrya setacea Tryon now

thoroughly infests the main portion of the bay. . . . Another

species of shipworm, Teredo diegensis Bartsch, has also re-

cently caused damage in the upper part of San Francisco

Bay.’’

In conclusion, the author states that T. diegensis may be

an intermittent resident of the vicinity of Mare Island; that

the excessive damage caused by this borer in 1918 came about

through the marked increase in the average salinity of the

water in this part of the bay, caused by two consecutive dry

seasons. A salinity of at least 10 parts per 1000 (approxi-

mately) seems to be required for the existence of 7’. diegensis

at temperatures ranging from 6° to 19° C.—C. W. J.

A Systematic List oF THE MARGINELLIDZ. By J. R. Le

Brockton Tomlin. (Proce. Mal. Society London, vol. 12, pp.

242-306, 1917.) A very useful list in which the author has

endeavored to bring together all specific and varietal names

that has ever been used, giving the synonymy and reference

to where each species is described. The list contains some 950

names representing 519 species.

PIRATES OF THE DEEP—STORIES OF SQUID AND Ocropus. By

Paul Bartsch. (Annual Report Smith. Inst., 1916, pp. 347-

375, 19 plates.) An exceedingly interesting review. A brief

account of their past history is followed by a number of nar-

ratives of the captures of some of these remarkable creatures,

together with much useful information pertaining to their

economic use.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES.

NOTE ON A PREOCCUPIED NAME IN POLYPLACOPHORA.—Mr.

Tom Iredale has recently been good enough to call my atten-

tion to the fact that the specific name pilsbryanus, recently

proposed by me? for a chiton dredged by the United States

Fisheries steamer Albatross off the coast of Japan, is preoccu-

pied in the genus /schnochiton, where I had placed it, by J.

pilsbryanus Bednall, 1896,? a South Australian species. Al-

though it is by no means certain that the Lepidozona group

to which this species belongs is correctly referred to Ischno-

chiton even as a subgenus, the fact that it was so referred in

my paper as printed necessitates the adoption of a new name

for the later species. The Japanese form I therefore propose

to denominate J. (L.) mipponica.

It was my intention originally to describe the species as an

outright Lepidozona, but, not being ready to give my opinion

as to the proper position for the group, I thought it wisest in

the final draft of the paper conservatively to refer it back to

Ischnochiton. It happened at that time that Bednall’s paper

was inaccessible to me, and this fact, together with my un-

familiarity with its contents, prevented my discovery of the

existence of his prior name until too late for the proper cor-

rection to be made in my paper.—S. S. Brrry.

I ran into a curious bit of comcidence on Cerros Island. I

took Epiphragmophora veatchu only on one very peculiar

tree and never more than two to a tree. I brought home the

flowers and leaves, which I sent to the California Academy

for diagnosis. The tree turns out to have been taken orig-

inally on Cerros Island. It was described originally as Rhus

veatchiana, and Dr. Gray afterwards made a genus Veatchia

for it—FRED BAKER.

1 Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 1, 10 (1917).

2 Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 2, p. 142 (1896).

‘ioe ee ee

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The Mollusca of Clark Co., Arkansas. By Rev. H. E. Wheeler . 4 . 109

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The Identity of the Naiad Genus Nodularia Conr. ‘with Unio Retz.

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