European Journal of Taxonomy 121: 1-27

http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2015.121

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ISSN 2118-9773

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2015 • Polotow D. & Jocque R.

Research article

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:737E4245-5F88-4699-AE8E-A9699D0A20Al

Afroneutria, a new spider genus of Afrotropical Ctenidae

(Arachnida, Araneae)

Daniele POLOTOW 1 * & Rudy JOCQUE 2

1 Instituto Butantan, Laboratorio Especial de Colegoes Zoologicas, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butanta, Sao

Paulo, CEP 05503-000, Brazil. Corresponding author: danielepolotow@gmail. com

2 Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. Email: [email protected]

1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:133DA297-CBF8-4F7B-BD52-9A917F663594

2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org: author: CF15016C-8CD1-4C9D-9021-44CA7DC7A5D5

Abstract. The new ctenid genus Afroneutria is proposed to include five species: Afroneutria velox

(Blackwall, 1865) comb. nov. (type species), A. immortalis (Arts, 1912) comb, nov., A. erythrochelis

(Simon, 1876) comb, nov., A. quadrimaculata sp. nov. and A hybrida sp. nov., all collected in central to

southeast Africa. Afroneutria species can be distinguished from the remaining Ctenidae by the presence

of a synapomorphic laminar projection on the embolus tip. The genus can also be distinguished by the

presence of the following set of characters: elongated cup-shaped median apophysis and elongated and

laminar embolus on the male palp; large lateral projections on the epigynum and the spermathecae

divided into two parts, dorsal and ventral, in the vulva.

Keywords. Africa, Ctenus, systematics, taxonomy

Polotow D. & Jocque R. 2015. Afroneutria, a new spider genus of Afrotropical Ctenidae (Arachnida, Araneae).

European Journal of Taxonomy 121: 1-27. http:/dx.doi.org/10.5852/eit.2015.121

Introduction

Ctenidae Keyserling, 1877 is composed of nocturnal and cursorial spiders, common in the lower strata

of tropical forests of South and Central America, Asia and Africa. To date, the family comprises 491

species, distributed in 40 genera (World Spider Catalog 2014). Currently, most of the Ctenidae species

are placed in the genus Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805. Based on anew diagnosis and recent cladistic analysis,

Ctenus is considered polyphyletic as currently delimited (Silva 2003; Simo & Brescovit 2001; Brescovit

& Simo 2007; Polotow & Brescovit 2009, 2014).

According to the phylogenetic hypothesis proposed by Polotow & Brescovit (2014), several Ctenus

species need to be allocated to new genera, including a clade formed by Ctenus velox Blackwall, 1865,

C. immortalis Arts, 1912 and C. erythrochelis Simon, 1876. They appear as a well-supported group, not

related to the type species of the genus, Ctenus dubius Walckenaer, 1805 (Polotow & Brescovit 2014:

fig. 3, clade D).

European Journal of Taxonomy 121: 1-27 (2015)

The aim of this paper is to establish the new Afrotropical ctenid genus Afroneutria to accommodate

five species: Afroneutria velox (Blackwall, 1865) comb. nov. (type species), A. immortalis (Arts, 1912)

comb, nov., A. erythrochelis (Simon, 1876) comb, nov., A. quadrimaculata sp. nov. and A. hybrida sp.

nov., all collected in central and East Africa. We also reestablish A. immortalis comb, nov., previously

considered a synonym of A. velox comb. nov.

Material and methods

Morphological observations and illustrations were made using a Wild M10 and a Wild M5 stereo

microscope. The epigynum was detached from the abdomen and submerged in methyl salicylate to clear

the internal structures. For SEM, specimens were cleaned ultrasonically, dried through critical point, gold

coated, and then examined and photographed with a JEOL 6480 LV scanning electron microscope at the

Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium (MRAC). All measurements are in mill im eters.

The following abbreviations are used below:

ALE

anterior lateral eyes

AME

anterior median eyes

conductor

copulatory ducts

cymbium

dorsal

embolus

fertilization ducts

locking lobes

lateral sector

median apophysis

median sector

prolateral

PLE

posterior lateral eyes

PME

posterior median eyes

retrolateral

RTA

retrolateral tibial apophysis

spermathecae

tegulum

tibiae

ventral

The material examined is deposited in the following institutions (curator in parentheses):

BMNH

MNHN

MRAC

OUMNH

ZMB

ZMUC

The Natural History Museum, London (J. Beccaloni)

Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (C. Rollard)

Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren (R. Jocque)

Oxford University Museum of Natural History (Z. Simmons)

Zoological Museum of Berlin (J. Dunlop)

Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (N. Scharff)

POLOTOW D. & JOCQUE R., Anew genus of Afrotropical Ctenidae (Araneae)

Results

Class Arachnida Cuvier, 1812

Order Araneae Clerck, 1757

Family Ctenidae Keyserling, 1877

Subfamily Cteninae Keyserling, 1877

Genus Afroneutrici gen. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:59ECDA85-C86E-416E-A98D-CBlDD6AB5DAl

Type species

Ctenus velox Blackwall, 1865. Designated here.

Diagnosis

Afroneutria species can be distinguished from the remaining Ctenidae by the presence of a synapomorphic

laminar projection on the embolus tip (Fig. IB; Polotow & Brescovit 2014: character 25, fig. 3). The

genus can also be distinguished from the remaining Cteninae spiders by the presence of the following

set of characters: elongated cup-shaped median apophysis and elongated and laminar embolus on the

male palp (Fig. 1A-B); large lateral projections on the epigynum and the spermathecae divided into two

parts, dorsal and ventral, in the vulva (Fig. 1C).

Etymology

The generic name is a combination of the first part of Afrotropical and the last part of Phoneutria Perty,

1833, a Neotropical genus that bears superficial similarities with the genus described here. The gender

is fem inin e

Description

Ecribellate ctenids. Total body length (males and females) 12.40-32.00. Carapace piriform (Fig. 2A,

C), brown, covered by white hairs in longitudinal median area and in lateral area; tuft of long white

hairs between PME; border with white hairs; thoracic groove longitudinal, in posterior third; except

A. erythrochelis comb, nov., which is covered by golden hairs. Chilum divided. Clypeus with long

erect black bristles. Ctenid eye pattern 2-4-2, with anterior and posterior row recurved in dorsal view.

Eyes round, except oval anterior lateral eyes. Chelicerae dark brown, covered by white hairs (except

A. erythrochelis comb, nov., covered with golden hairs); promargin with three teeth, the median higher

than the laterals; retromargin with four similar sized teeth; prominent basal condyle; intermarginal

denticles present only in A. immortalis comb. nov. and A. hybrida sp. nov. Endites reddish brown with

lighter apical area, external lateral margin excavated, distally bearing dense apical scopulae and subapical

serrula. Labium dark brown, distally rounded, bearing dense apical scopula. Sternum reddish brown,

oval, not extending between coxae IV. Legs reddish brown. Male legs more elongated and slender than

female legs. Trochanter notched. Tarsus with claw tufts (Fig. 1D-F) composed oftenent setae, specialized

in adhesion to smooth surfaces (Ramirez 2014). Abdomen oval, with tufts of white hairs and numerous

black setae on anterior dorsal area (Figs 2A-D, 4A-D, 6A-D, 8A-D, 10A-B). Males and females with

specific ventral coloration pattern on abdomen (Figs 2B, D; 4B, D; 6B, D; 8B, D; 10B). Male palp (Figs

1A-B, 3A-C, 5A-C, 7A-B, 9A-C, 11A-B, 13A-D, 14A-B, 15A-D): tibia with short VTA; short RTA

with three projections, except A erythrochelis comb. nov. with two projections and A. hybrida sp. nov.

with truncated tip; cymbium with elongated tip; subtegulum prolateral, except A. erythrochelis comb,

nov. with retrolateral subtegulum; tegulum oval; median apophysis cup-shaped and elongated; embolus

elongated with retrolateral area hyaline and complex tip; locking lobes present; conductor short and

partially sclerotized. Epigynum (Figs 3D-E, 5D-E, 7C-D, 9D-E, 12A-D): divided in median field and

two lateral fields; median field with anterior area narrow and posterior area swollen and large; lateral

European Journal of Taxonomy 121: 1-27 (2015)

Fig. 1. Afroneutria velox (Blackwall, 1865) comb. nov.. — A-B. Male palp, ventral view. — C-F. §.

C. Epigynum, dorsal view. D-F. Tarsus, lateral view. D. Leg III. E. Leg I. F. Leg IV. Scale bars =

200 pm.

POLOTOW D. & JOCQUE R., Anew genus of Afrotropical Ctenidae (Araneae)

field with lateral projections; lateral projections covering part of median field; copulatory opening with

lighter area; spermathecae divided in two parts, ventral and dorsal; copulatory duct ending in ventral

part; fertilization duct arising of dorsal part (Figs 1C, 3D-E, 5D-E, 7C-D, 9D-E).

Composition

Five species: Afroneutria velox comb, nov., A. immortalis comb, nov., A. erythrochelis comb, nov.,

A. quadrimaculata sp. nov. and A. hybrida sp. nov.

Distribution

Central and southeast Africa (Figs 16A-B).

Afroneutria velox (Blackwall, 1865) comb. nov.

Figs 1A-F, 2A-D, 3A-E, 12D, 13A-B, 16A

Ctenus velox Blackwall, 1865: 336.

Phoneutria melanogastra Bosenberg & Lenz, 1895: 36, pi. 1, fig. 14.

Ctenus marshalli F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898: 26, pi. 4, figs 12-13.

Ctenus velox- F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1898: 15, pi. 3, figs 1-2. —Benoit 1977: 700, fig. 2a-d.

Ctenus melanogaster - Strand 1907: 694. —Arts 1912: 196, pi. 1, fig. 14a-b. —Benoit 1977: 700, fig.

2a-d (synonymised with C. velox).

Ctenus melanogastra -Hyatt 1954: 884.

Ctenus marshalli - Hyatt 1954: 884 (synonymised with C. melanogaster).

Note

Blackwall (1865) indicated one female as the type material used in the description of Ctenus velox ,

but two adult females were found in the OIJMNFI collection and, according to the label, both were

designated as types. Based on the original description we here designate the smaller specimen as the

lectotype and the other female as the paralectotype.

Diagnosis

The males of Afroneutria velox comb. nov. differ from males of the other species of the genus by the

laminar and truncated tip and the additional subdistal projection of the embolus (Fig. IB) and the shape

of the RTA (Fig. 3A-C). The females can be distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by

the acuminated and short lateral projections of the epigynum and rounded dorsal spermathecae in the

vulva (Fig. 3D-E).

Material examined

Type material

MOZAMBIQUE: Ctenus velox , female lectotype (designated here), 1 female paralectotype, next to

confluence ofShire River with Zambezi River (approximate coordinates: 17 o 40’24.0” S, 35°17 , 51.2 ,, E),

OUMNH 1554.

Additional material

TANZANIA: Kipatimu, 1 1965, T.H. Hofman coll. (MRAC 137443); Kyela, 1 ?, 9 Nov. 1991,

R. Jocque coll. (MRAC 173465); 1 §, 27 Nov. 1991, R. Jocque coll. (MRAC 173191); Coast Province,

Utete, Kirengoma Forest Reserve (8°20-23’ S, 38°54-58’ E), 2 8 Nov.-l Dec. 1989, J. Kingdon &

Frontier Tanzania coll. (ZMUC); Coast Province, Bagamoyo, Zaraninge (Kiono) Forest Reserve, 20 km

SW of Sadaani (6°04’ S, 38°35’ E), 2 1 J, Mar. 1990, Frontier Tanzania coll. (ZMUC).

European Journal of Taxonomy 121: 1-27 (2015)

Fig. 2. Afroneutria velox (Blackwall, 1865) comb. nov. Habitus. A. S, dorsal view. B. S, ventral view.

C. 5, dorsal view. D. ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

POLOTOW D. & JOCQUE R., Anew genus of Afrotropical Ctenidae (Araneae)

Fig. 3. Afroneutria velox (Blackwall, 1865) comb. nov. — A-C. Male palp. A. Ventral view. B. Retro-

lateral view. C. Retrolateral tibial apophysis, lateral view. — D-E. Female genitalia. D. Epigynum,

ventral view. E. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 121: 1-27 (2015)

MALAWI: Chintheche, 1 S, 1 ?, 1-20 Nov. 1977, R. Jocque coll. (MRAC 155299).

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Elisabethville, Katanga, 1 $, 30 Jan. 1931, Bredo coll.

(MRAC 15545); Buttgenbach, Lubumbashi, 1 $ (MRAC 25506).

Type material not examined

EAST AFRICA: Phoneutria melanogastra, 2 male syntypes, 1 female syntype, deposited inZoologisches

Museum Hamburg.

ZIMBABWE: Ctenus marshalli , holotype, S, Umfiili River, also known as Mupfiire River (approximate

coordinates: 17°55’13.3” S, 29°56 , 40.7” E), Mashonaland, BMNH.

Description

Male (MRAC 155299)

Total length 12.30. Carapace 6.20 long and 4.60 wide. Eye diameter: AME 0.32, ALE 0.18, PME 0.60,

PLE 0.56. Leg measurements: I: femur 8.40 / patella 3.20 / tibia 8.70 / metatarsus 8.60 / tarsus 3.30 /

total 32.20; II: 8.10/3.30/ 7.40 / 7.60 / 2.80 / 29.20; III: 6.80 / 2.60 / 5.70 / 6.40 / 2.30 / 23.80; IV: 9.30 /

2.60 / 8.90 / 11.10 / 3.30 / 35.20. Leg formula 4123. Leg spination: tibia I and II v2-2-2-2-2, rl-1, pl-1;

III and IV v2-2-2, rl-1, pl-1; metatarsus I, II and III v2-2-2, pl-1-1, rl-1-1; IV vl-1-1-1-1-2, rl-1-1,

pi-1-1. Coloration: venter of abdomen black, with two white spots placed transversely behind epigastric

furrow (Fig. 2B). Palp: cymbium elongated, longer than tibia; conductor rectangular; median apophysis

slightly curved (Figs 1A-B, 3A-C, 13A-B).

Female (MRAC 173465)

Total length 18.60. Carapace 8.10 long and 6.40 wide. Eye diameter: AME 0.36, ALE 0.24, PME 0.60,

PLE 0.48. Leg measurements: I: femur 6.80 / patella 3.10 / tibia 6.30 / metatarsus 6.00 / tarsus 2.20 /

total 24.40; II: 6.30 / 2.90 / 5.40 / 5.50 / 2.10 / 22.20; III: 5.20 / 2.30 / 4.50 / 5.10 / 2.10 / 19.20; IV:

7.50 / 2.60 / 6.60 / 8.40 / 2.30 / 27.40. Leg formula 4123. Leg spination: tibia I and II v2-2-2-2-2, rO,

pO; III and IV v2-2-2, rl-1, pl-1; metatarsus I and II v2-2-2, rO, pO; III v2-2-2, rl-1-1, p-1-1-1; IV vl-

1-1-1-1-2, rl-1-1, pl-1-1. Coloration: ventral abdomen black, with two white spots placed transversely

behind epigastric furrow (Fig. 2C-D). Epigynum: triangular median field and short lateral projections

of lateral fields of epigynum (Fig. 3D). Dorsal spermathecae short and round; ventral spermathecae with

rebordered lateral margins (Figs 1C, 3E, 12D).

Variation

Two total length 10.60-12.40, carapace length 6.00-6.30, femur I length 7.10-8.70. Three

total length 16.40-18.70, carapace length 7.00-8.10, femur I length 6.20-6.50. At least two $$ present

venter of abdomen black in front, red towards back, with two spots placed transversely behind epigastric

furrow.

Distribution

Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zimbabwe (Fig. 16A).

Afroneutria immortalis (Arts, 1912) revalidated, comb. nov.

Figs 4A-D, 5A-E, 12A, 14A-B, 16A

Ctenus immortalis Arts, 1912: 202, pi. 2, fig. 25.

Ctenus velox - Benoit 1977: 700, fig. 2a-d (misidentified and wrongly synonymised with C. immortalis).

Ctenus immortalis - Polotow & Brescovit 2014: 335, 338, 348, 355.

POLOTOW D. & JOCQUE R., Anew genus of Afrotropical Ctenidae (Araneae)

Fig. 4. Afroneutria immortalis (Arts, 1912) comb. nov. Habitus. A. S, dorsal view. B. S, ventral view.

C. 5 , dorsal view. D. ventral view. Scale bars = 2 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 121: 1-27 (2015)

Fig. 5 .Afroneutria immortalis ( Arts, 1912) comb. nov. —A-C. Male palp. A. Ventral view. B. Retrolateral

view. C. Retrolateral tibial apophysis, lateral view. — D-E. Female genitalia. D. Epigynum, ventral view.

E. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

POLOTOW D. & JOCQUE R., Anew genus of Afrotropical Ctenidae (Araneae)

Diagnosis

The males of Afroneutria immortalis comb. nov. differ from those of the other species of the genus by

the elongated tip and short additional laminar projection of the embolus on the male palp (Figs 5A, 14A;

Polotow & Brescovit 2014: fig. 8f, indicated by an arrow) and the shape of the RTA (Fig. 5C; Polotow

& Brescovit 2014: fig. 8d). The females can be distinguished by the acute lateral spurs (Figs 5D, 12A)

and straight dorsal and ventral spermathecae with a swollen apical area (Fig. 5E).

Material examined

Type material

TANZANIA: Ctenus immortalis , 1 syntype, $, Langenburg (currently Tulcuyu), Fiilleborn coll., ZMB

9884; syntypes, $5, Dar-es-Salam, Stuhlmann coll., ZMB 9883; syntypes, §§, Dar-es-Salam, Regner

coll., ZMB 9881.

KENYA: Ctenus immortalis , syntypes, 1 §, 2 immature, Kibwezi, Schiitter coll., ZMB 9882 and 9885.

Additional material

KENYA: Coast Province, Arabuko Sokoke National Park, 1 §, 25 Sep. 2001, D. Van den Spiegel coll.

(MRAC 211539); Tsavo, Taita West National Park, Taita Hills, Mwachora, pitfalls, 1 S, 20 Jun. 1999, D.

Van den Spiegel coll. (MRAC 208828); Tsavo, Taita Discovery Center, 1 <$, 27 Mar. 2000, R. Jocque &

C. Warui coll. (MRAC 209543); Watamu, 1 1977, J.L. Cloudsley-Thompson coll. (MRAC 148774).

TANZANIA: Amani, Amani Forest Reserve, 1 §, Dec. 1978, K.M. Howell coll. (MRAC 159481);

Mkomazi Game Reserve, IbayaHill, 1 c?, 24 Nov. 1994, A. Russell-Smith coll. (MRAC 213883); Coast

Province, Kisarawe, Kasimzumbwi Forest Reserve, 6°57’ S, 39°03’ E, 1 §, Jan.-Feb. 1991, Frontier

Tanzania coll. (ZMUC); Coast Province, Mafia Island, 7°53’S, 39°50’E, 2 § §, Oct.-Nov. 1990, Frontier

Tanzania coll. (ZMUC).

Description

Male (MRAC 213883)

Total length 13.40. Carapace 7.20 long and 5.60 wide. Eye diameter: AME 0.32, ALE 0.18, PME 0.60,

PLE 0.56. Leg measurements: I: femur 8.60 / patella 3.40 / tibia 8.90 / metatarsus 8.90 / tarsus 3.40 /

total 33.20; II: 8.10/3.30/ 7.40 / 7.60 / 2.80 / 29.20; III: 6.80 / 2.60 / 5.70 / 6.40 / 2.30 / 23.80; IV: 9.50 /

2.80 / 9.10 / 11.30 / 3.50 / 36.20. Leg formula 4123. Leg spination: tibia I and II v2-2-2-2-2, rl-1, pl-1;

III and IV v2-2-2, rl-1, pl-1; metatarsus I, II and III v2-2-2, pl-1-1, r 1-1-1; IV vl-1 -1 -1 -1 -2, rl-1-1,

pi-1-1. Coloration: venter of abdomen black, with two white spots in front of spinnerets (Fig. 4B). Palp:

cymbium elongated, longer than tibia; conductor triangular; median apophysis slightly curved, with

acute tip (Figs 5A-C, 14A-B).

Female (MRAC 211539)

Total length 16.40. Carapace 7.00 long and 5.40 wide. Eye diameter: AME 0.36, ALE 0.24, PME 0.60,

PLE 0.48. Leg measurements: I: femur 6.80 / patella 3.00 / tibia 6.40 / metatarsus 6.00 / tarsus 2.20 /

total 24.40; II: 6.30 / 2.90 / 5.40 / 5.50 / 2.10 / 22.20; III: 5.20 / 2.40 / 4.40 / 5.10 / 2.00 / 19.10; IV: 7.50 /

2.60 / 6.60 / 8.40 / 2.30 / 27.40. Leg formula 4123. Leg spination: tibia I and II v2-2-2-2-2, rO, pO; III

and IV v2-2-2, rl-1, pl-1; metatarsus I and II v2-2-2, rO, pO; III v2-2-2, rl-1-1, p-1-1-1; IV Vi-1-1-1-1-

2, rl-1-1, pl-1-1. Coloration: venter of abdomen black, with two white spots in front of spinnerets (Fig.

4D). Epigynum: triangular median field and elongated lateral projections of lateral field (Figs 5D, 12A).

Dorsal and ventral spermathecae elongated (Fig. 5E).

European Journal of Taxonomy 121: 1-27 (2015)

Variation

Six total length 10.40-13.60, carapace length 5.30-7.20, femur I length 4.70-8.10. Two total

length 15.70-16.40, carapace length 7.00-7.60, femur I length 6.80-7.90. Several $$ with four white

spots on venter of abdomen, two behind epigastric furrow, two in front of spinnerets.

Distribution

Kenya and Tanzania (Fig. 16A).

Afroneutria erythrochelis (Simon, 1876) comb. nov.

Figs 6A-D, 7A-D, 15C-D, 16B

Phoneutria erythrochelis Simon, 1876: 222.

Phoneutria auricular is Karsch, 1879: 347.

Ctenus johnstoni F.O. Pickard Cambridge, 1898: 21, pi. 3, fig. 7.

Ctenus carsoni F.O. Pickard Cambridge, 1898: 24, pi. 3, figs 4-5.

Ctenus aureopubescens Strand, 1906: 82.

Ctenus erythrochelis - Simon 1897: 107, figs 98, 101. —Lessert 1915: 44, pi. 2, fig. 33.

Phoneutria auricular is -Arts 1912: 188, pi. 1, fig. 1.

Ctenus johnstoni - Arts 1912: 188, pi. 1, fig. 1.

Ctenus carsoni - Arts 1912: 188, pi. 1, fig. 1.

Ctenus aureopubescens -Benoit 1977: 698, figs la-d.

Diagnosis

The males of Afroneutria erythrochelis comb. nov. differ from those of the other species of the genus

by the swollen retrolateral area of the cymbium, the curved median apophysis, the retrolateral base of

the embolus and by the laminar projection of the embolus extending beyond its tip (Figs 7A-B, 15C-

D). The females can be distinguished by the short lateral projections of the epigynum and the dorsal

spermathecae curved ventrally, forming a spiral in the vulva (Figs 7C-D, 12C).

Material examined

Type material

ANGOTA: Phoneutria erythrochelis , holotype, S, Tandana, MNHN.

ANGOTA: Phoneutria auricularis , syntypes, 2 ff, 2 $$, 2 immature, Benguela, Chinchoxo,

Falkenstein coll., ZMB 2563.

Additional material

ANGOTA: Distrito do Tunda, Cuango, 9° 10’ S, 17°58’ E, 1 S, Sep. 1972, C. Cabral coll. (MRAC

167914).

BURUNDI: Bujumbura, 3°23’ S, 29°2U E, 1 $, 1959, G. Marlier coll. (MRAC 114120); Kanyania,

3°51’ S, 29°44’ E, 1 S, Jul. 1947, Dames de Marie coll. (MRAC 58236); 35 km SE of Kanyania, 3°5U S,

29°44’ E, 1 1948, Dames de Marie coll. (MRAC 60880).

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Congo da Lemba, 5°12’ S, 13°42’ E, 1 <?, 1 ?, 1912,

R. Mayne coll. (MRAC 16303); Ekoli, terr. Opola, 0°22’ S, 24°16’ E, 2 $$, 1952, Meews coll. (MRAC

73889, 73890); Funda Biabo, 9°50’ S, 25°33’ E, 1 S, 2 Apr. 1914, L. Charliers coll. (MRAC 25490);

Katako-Kombe, 3°22’ S, 24°24’ E, 1 §, 10 Apr. 1952, Dr. Fontaine coll. (MRAC 72460); Chutes

Guillaume, Kwango, 7°42’ S, 17° 18’ E, 1 1936, G. Schmitz coll. (MRAC 21546); Lomami, 9°24’ S,

24°46’E, 1 Dr. Rodhaincoll. (MRAC 25496); Lukula, 6°09’S, 26°39’E, 1 c?,Aug. 1937,E.Dartevelle

POLOTOW D. & JOCQUE R., Anew genus of Afrotropical Ctenidae (Araneae)

Fig. 6. Afroneutria erythrochelis (Simon, 1876) comb. nov. Habitus. A. dorsal view. B. ventral

view. C. 5 , dorsal view. D. ventral view. Scale bars = 10 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 121: 1-27 (2015)

Fig. 7. Afroneutria erythrochelis (Simon, 1876) comb. nov. — A-B. Male palp. A. Ventral view.

B. Retrolateral view. — C-D. Female genitalia. C. Epigynum, ventral view. D. Vulva, dorsal view.

Scale bars = 1 mm.

POLOTOW D. & JOCQUE R., A new genus of Afrotropical Ctenidae (Araneae)

coll. (MRAC 21487); Camp de Lukula, 6°09’ S, 26°39’ E, 2 SS, 1911, Dr. Daniel coll. (MRAC 21539);

Lukula, 6°09’ S, 26°39’ E, 1 $, 1953, Dr. Wauthier coll. (MRAC 74606); Kivu, Rugari, 2°02’ S, 28°56’ E,

1 $, 1937, R.P. Feyss coll. (MRAC 21518); Kisantu, 5°08’ S, 15°06’ E, 1 $, R.F. Gillet coll. (MRAC

25488); Kisantu, 5°08’S, 15°06’E, 1 ?, R.P. Vanderyst coll. (MRAC 25500); Tumba, 5°27’S, 14°38’E,

1 $, 22 Jul. 1951, M. Bequaert coll. (MRAC 69745); Boma,5°51’S, 13°03’E, 1 $, 1926, H. Schouteden

coll. (MRAC 25498); Boma, 5°51’ S, 13°03’ E, 1 y, Nov. 1945, J. Vrydagh coll. (MRAC 25503); Bas-

Congo, Noki, 5°00’ S, 14°49’ E, 1 (J, A. Cabra coll. (MRAC 21538); Leopoldville, 4°19’ S, 15°19’ E,

1 Feb. 1945, R. Fiasse coll. (MRAC 58214); Leopoldville, 4°19’ S, 15°19’ E, 1 $, Jul. 1954, Dr.

Fontaine coll. (MRAC 78890); Matadi, 5°49’ S, 13°28’ E, 1 1959, C. Crespin coll. (MRAC 114754);

Popokabaka,5 0 42’S,16 0 34’E,l$, 1925, R.P. Vanderyst coll. (MRAC25499);Thysville,5°15 , S, 14°52’E,

1 $, 1930, Dr Vanderhaegen coll. (MRAC 25501); Kamina, 8°44’ S, 25°00’ E, 2 1950, Buis coll.

(MRAC 67365); Kapolowe, Jadotville, 10°58’ S, 26°56’ E, 1 1959, J.P. Herremans coll. (MRAC

140851); Katanga, Lubumbashi, 11°40’ S, 27°28’ E, 2 5$, Apr.-May 1966, J. Godeaux coll. (MRAC

131502); Elisabethville, 11°40’ S, 27°28’ E, 1 $, 1936, Richard coll. (MRAC 21503); Elisabethville,

11°40’ S, 27°28’ E, 1 $, Sep. 1932, Ch. Seydel coll. (MRAC 21504); Elisabethville, 1P40’ S, 27°28’ E,

1 ?, 1913 (MRAC 25492); Elisabethville, 11°40’ S, 27°28’ E, 2 $$, 25 Sep. 1959, Ch. Seydel coll.

(MRAC 140491); Albertville, 5°57’S, 29°12’E, 1 $, 1 $, 1959, J. Verhoustraete coll. (MRAC 115056,

115059); lie de M’Boko, Tanganika, Fizi, 4°18’ S, 28°56’ E, 1 <$, 3 Sep. 1958, N. Leleup coll. (MRAC

113231); Mulongo, 7°50’ S, 26°59’E, 1 $, P. Gerard coll. (MRAC 12428); Kivu, Uvira, 3°24’ S, 29°08’E,

2 $5, Aug. 1961, R. Kiss coll. (MRAC 120068); Kivu, Uvira, Lake Tanganika, 3°24’ S, 29°08’ E, 1 5,

Aug. 1961, R. Kiss coll. (MRAC 120081); Leverville, 4°50’ S, 18°44’ E, 1 <J, 1928, Mme. Tinant coll.

(MRAC 25493); Dilolo, 10°4L S, 22°21’E, 1 c?,G.F. De Witte coll. (MRAC 16308); Katanga, Kisenge,

10°42’ S, 23°10’E, 2 $$, Dec. 1964, A. Regnard coll. (MRAC 127561); Kwamouth, 3°11 ! S, 16°12’E,

1 5, Jun. 1913, J. Maes coll. (MRAC 25494); Libenge, 3°39’ N, 18°38’ E, 1 $, C. Leontovitch coll.

(MRAC 30274); Ndua, close to Bolobo, 2°10’ S, 16°14 ! E, 1 $, Dec. 1951, N’gue coll. (MRAC 72204);

Kalima, 2°34’ S, 26°37’E, 1 c?,R.S. Dierexens coll. (MRAC 61614); Kasongo-Lunda, 6°28’ S, 16°49’E,

1 §, 1939, Mme. Bequaert coll. (MRAC 2178); Maniema, Kasongo, Kahuta, 4°27’ S, 26°40’ E, 1 $,

1959, P.L.G. Benoit & Segers coll. (MRAC 140375); Bambesa, 3°26’ N, 25°41’ E, 1 $, Aug. 1938, J.

Vrydagh coll. (MRAC 2790).

REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Pointe Noire, 4°47’ S, 11°52’ E, 1 $, 1938, E. Dartevelle coll. (MRAC

21528).

GABON: Tchibanga, 2°55’ S, 10°59’ E, 1 y, 20 Sep. 1984, A. Souche, Pauly coll. (MRAC 168750).

MALAWI: Chisasira Forest, 25 km S of Chintheche, 11°50’ S, 33°53’ E, 1 S, 27 Sep -14 Oct. 1977,

R. Jocque coll. (MRAC 155300); Chintheche, 11°50’ S, 34° 10’ E, 1 $, 1-20 Nov. 1977, R. Jocque coll.

(MRAC 155304).

NAMIBIA: Andara-Kavango, Okavango River, 18°04’ S, 21°29’ E, 1 y, Sep. 1979, M.E. Baddeley coll.

(MRAC 152797).

RWANDA: Kigali, 01°57’ S, 30°04’E, 1 $, Sep. 1961, A. Lestrade coll. (MRAC 123159).

TANZANIA: Pugu Forest, Kisarawe, near Minala, 6°52’ S, 39°05’ E, 1 y, 1969, K.M. Howell coll.

(MRAC 159272); Dar-es-Salaam, UDSM Campus, 6°48’ S, 39°17’ E, 1 $, 1970-1971, K.M. Howell

coll. (MRAC 159472); Dar-es-Salaam, UDSM Campus, 6°48’ S, 39°17’ E, 1 $, Sep. 1980, K.M. Howell

coll. (MRAC 169162).

ZIMBABWE: Bulawayo, 20°09’ S, 28°36’ E, 1 $, Nov. 1964-Jan. 1965, S. Bucklin coll. (MRAC

128094).

European Journal of Taxonomy 121: 1-27 (2015)

Type material not examined

MALAWI: Ctenus johnstoni , holotype, 5, Zomba, Lake Nyassa, BMNH.

KENYA and DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Ctenus carsoni , syntypes, 3 88, Mom¬

basa and Nyanza Province (Kenya) and Kavala Island, Lake Tanganyika (Democratic Republic of the

Congo), Carson coll., Pasha coll., BMNH.

GHANA: Ctenus aureopubescens , holotype, 8, probably ZMB, not found.

Description

Male (MRAC 60880)

Total length 29.10. Carapace 15.10 long and 11.45 wide. Eye diameter: AME 0.55, ALE 0.25, PME

0.72, PLE 0.66. Leg measurements: I: femur 16.30 / patella 6.80 / tibia 16.10 / metatarsus 15.90 / tarsus

4.40 / total 59.50; II: 14.30/6.30/ 12.40/ 14.10/4.20/51.30; HI: 11.50/5.20/ 8.80/ 10.70/3.40/

39.60; IV: 15.80 / 5.70 / 13.70 / 17.45 / 4.20 / 56.85. Leg formula 1423. Leg spination: tibia I and II v2-

2-2-2-2, rl-1, p 1 -1; III and IV v2-2-2, rl-1, pl-1; metatarsus I, II and III v2-2-2, pl-1-1, rl-1-1; IV vl-

1-1-1-1-2, rl-1-1, pl-1-1. Legs covered by long, golden hairs (Fig. 6A-B). Palp: cymbium elongated,

almost as long as tibia; conductor rectangular, curved; median apophysis drop-shaped, curved at base

(Figs 7A-B, 15C-D).

Female (MRAC 2178)

Total length 32.00. Carapace 16.80 long and 12.96 wide. Eye diameter: AME 0.55, ALE 0.25, PME

0.70, PLE 0.65. Leg measurements: I: femur 15.35 / patella 7.50 / tibia 13.90 / metatarsus 13.75 / tarsus

4.40 / total 54.90; II: 14.25 / 6.60 / 11.60 / 12.20 / 3.80 / 48.45; III: 11.20 / 5.50 / 8.30 / 10.20 / 3.50 /

38.70; IV: 15.00 / 6.10 / 12.20 / 15.65 / 3.90 / 52.85. Leg formula 1423. Leg spination: tibia I and II

v2-2-2-2-2, rO, pO; III and IV v2-2-2, rl-1, pl-1; metatarsus I and II v2-2-2, rO, pO; III v2-2-2, rl-1-1,

p-1-1-1; IV vl-1-1-1-1-2, rl-1-1, pl-1-1. Legs covered by long, golden hairs (Fig. 6C-D). Epigynum:

triangular median field and short lateral projections of lateral fields (Fig. 7C, 12C). Dorsal spermathecae

elongated, curved, ventral spermathecae short (Fig. 7D).

Variation

Ten 88- total length 19.60-29.10, carapace length 9.50-15.10, femur I length 10.50-16.30. Ten

total length 31.50 -33.45, carapace length 14.50-18.25, femur I length 12.60-16.80.

Distribution

Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Namibia, Republic of Congo, Rwanda,

Tanzania and Zimbabwe (Fig. 16B).

Afroneutria quadrimaculata sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0FF06727-624D-465E-ACAl-8A9CEFB12A50

Figs 8A-D, 9A-E, 12B, 15A-B, 16A

Ctenus velox - Benoit 1977: 700, fig. 2a-d (misidentification).

Diagnosis

The males of Afroneutria quadrimaculata sp. nov. differ from those of the other species of the genus by

the laminar embolus with enlarged tip and the curved, subdistal, additional projection of the embolus

(Figs 9A, 15A). The females can be distinguished by the large and elongated lateral projections of the

epigynum and the curved dorsal spermathecae in the vulva (Figs 9D-E, 12B).

POLOTOW D. & JOCQUE R., Anew genus of Afrotropical Ctenidae (Araneae)

Fig. 8 .Afroneutria quadrimaculata sp. nov. Habitus. A. S, dorsal view. B. c?, ventral view. C. dorsal

view. D. ventral view. Scale bars = 2 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 121: 1-27 (2015)

Fig. 9. Afroneutria quadrimaculata sp. nov. — A-C. Male palp. A. Ventral view. B. Retrolateral view.

C. Retrolateral tibial apophysis, lateral view. — D-E. Female genitalia. D. Epigynum, ventral view.

E. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars = 2 mm.

POLOTOW D. & JOCQUE R., Anew genus of Afrotropical Ctenidae (Araneae)

Etymology

The specific name is derived from Latin, quadri- (four) and macula- (spot), meaning to have four spots

and making reference to the four white spots on the venter of the abdomen.

Material examined

Holotype

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: 3, Jadotville, Kasompi, Katanga, Oct. 1956, Z. Bacq

coll. (MRAC 90554).

Paratype

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: ?, Kisenge, Katanga, Dec. 1964, A. Regnard coll.

(MRAC 127584).

Additional material

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Kasai, Bibanga, 1 $, 1940, M. Bequaert coll. (MRAC

21542); Katanga, Kisenge, 1 3, 1965, Q. Regnard coll. (MRAC 128007); Katanga, Jadotville, Kasompi,

1 $, Oct. 1956 (MRAC 90555); 1 3, 6 Oct. 1956 (MRAC 90596); Katanga, Luiswishi Forest, 1 ?, 2

Mar. 1974, F. Malaise coll. (MRAC 149210); Katanga, L’Upemba National Park, River Lufira (680 m),

2 33, 5 55, 15 Sep. 1947, G.F. de Witte coll. (MRAC 152022).

Description

Male (MRAC 128007)

Total length 14.90. Carapace 7.50 long and 5.90 wide. Eye diameter: AME 0.36, ALE 0.24, PME 0.48,

PLE 0.44. Leg measurements: I: femur 9.00 / patella 3.40 / tibia 9.10 / metatarsus 8.80 / tarsus 3.30 /

total 33.60; II: 8.10 / 3.30 / 7.30 / 7.80 / 3.00 / 29.50; III: 7.00 / 2.70 / 5.50 / 6.70 / 2.50 / 24.40; IV:

9.20 / 3.10 / 8.40 / 10.90 / 3.30 / 34.90. Leg formula 4123. Leg spination: tibia I and II v2-2-2-2-2, rl-1,

pi -1; III and IV v2-2-2, rl-1, pl-1; metatarsus I, II and III v2-2-2, pl-1-1, rl-1-1; IV vl-1-1-1-1-2, rl-

1-1, pl-1-1. Coloration: venter of abdomen black with four white spots, two behind epigastric furrow,

two in front of spinnerets (Fig. 8B). Palp: cymbium slightly longer than tibia; conductor oval; median

apophysis curved (Figs 9A-C, 15A-B).

Female (MRAC 90555)

Total length 20.10. Carapace 9.50 long and 7.40 wide. Eye diameter: AME 0.44, ALE 0.28, PME 0.56,

PLE 0.52. Leg measurements: I: femur 8.70 / patella 4.40 / tibia 8.20 / metatarsus 7.60 / tarsus 2.70 /

total 31.60; II: 7.80 / 4.10 / 6.80 / 6.70 / 2.70 / 28.10; III: 6.80 / 3.20 / 5.50 / 6.30 / 2.40 / 24.20; IV: 9.00 /

3.70 / 8.00 / 10.20 / 3.10 / 34.00. Leg formula 4123. Leg spination: tibia I and II v2-2-2-2-2, rO, pO; III

and IV v2-2-2, rl-1, pl-1; metatarsus I and II v2-2-2, rO, pO; III v2-2-2, rl-1-1, p-1-1-1; IV vl-1-1-1-

1-2, rl-1-1, pl-1-1. Coloration: as in male (Fig. 8C-D). Epigynum: with triangular median field and

elongated lateral projections of lateral fields (Figs 9D, 12B). Dorsal spermathecae long, curved, ventral

spermathecae short (Fig. 9E).

Variation

Six 33' total length 15.00-14.10, carapace length 7.50-7.40, femur I length 9.00-7.70. Ten $$: total

length 24.20-16.50, carapace length 10.00-8.10, femur I length 8.90-7.50.

Distribution

Democratic Republic of the Congo (Fig. 16A).

European Journal of Taxonomy 121: 1-27 (2015)

Afroneutria hybrida sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:425F304C-8F67-4DFA-A475-A3E3115CFEB8

Figs 10A-B, 11A-C, 13C-D, 16B

Diagnosis

The males of Afroneutria hybrida sp. nov. differ from those of the other species of the genus by the

laminar embolus with acute tip, the short additional subdistal projection of the embolus and the truncated

RTA (Figs 11A-B, 13C-D).

Etymology

The specific name is derived from Latin ibrida , meaning a mongrel, specifically the offspring of a tame

sow and a wild boar, and making reference to the similarity of the morphology to that of Afroneutria

velox comb. nov. and A. quadrimaculata sp. nov.

Material examined

Holotype

TANZANIA: Kambai Forest Reserve, Muheza District, Tanga Region, 4°59’ S, 38°41’ E, ZMUC.

Fig. 10. Afroneutria hybrida sp. nov. Habitus, S- A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Scale bars = 2 mm.

POLOTOW D. & JOCQUE R., Anew genus of Afrotropical Ctenidae (Araneae)

Paratype

TANZANIA: 1 <$, same collection data as holotype, ZMUC.

Additional material

None.

Description (holotype)

Total length 12.40. Carapace 6.50 long and 5.50 wide. Eye diameter: AME 0.32, ALE 0.19, PME 0.60,

PLE 0.56. Leg measurements: I: femur 9.70 / patella 3.20 / tibia 10.60 / metatarsus 11.40 / tarsus 4.70 /

total39.60;II: 8.70/3.10/8.90/9.50/3.50/33.70;III: 7.50/2.40/6.70/7.70/3.10/27.40;IV: 10.20/

2.60 / 10.00 / 13.20 / 4.30 / 40.30. Leg formula 4123. Leg spination: tibia I and II v2-2-2-2-2, rl-1, pl-

1; III and IV v2-2-2, rl-1, pi -1; metatarsus I, II and III v2-2-2, p 1-1-1, rl-1-1; IV vl-1-1-1-1-2, rl-1-1,

pi-1-1. Coloration: venter of abdomen black, with two white spots placed transversely behind epigastric

Fig. 11. Afroneutria hybrida sp. nov., S- A. Palp, ventral view. B. Palp, retrolateral view. C. Habitus,

dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 121: 1-27 (2015)

furrow (Fig. 10B). Palp: cymbium elongated, longer than tibia; conductor oval; median apophysis

straight (Figs 11A-B, 13C-D).

Distribution

Tanzania (Fig. 16B).

Fig. 12. Epigynum, ventral view. A. Afroneutria immortalis (Arts, 1912) comb. nov. B. Afroneutria

quadrimaculata sp. nov. C. Afroneutria erythrochelis (Simon, 1876) comb. nov. D. Afroneutria velox

(Blackwall, 1865) comb. nov. Scale bars = 1 mm.

POLOTOW D. & JOCQUE R., Anew genus of Afrotropical Ctenidae (Araneae)

Discussion

Afroneutria gen. nov. is proposed based on the results of the cladistic analysis presented in Polotow &

Brescovit (2014). In that analysis, three of the species treated here were used: Afroneutria erythrochelis

comb, nov., A. immortalis comb. nov. and A. velox comb. nov. The clade appeared as sister-group of a

clade formed by Ctenus sinuatipes F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 and C. curvipes (Keyserling, 1881),

both from Central America (Polotow & Brescovit 2014: fig. 3). The Afroneutria clade is supported by a

unique elongated projection in the apical area of the embolus (Polotow & Brescovit 2014: character 25),

also present in the species described here, A. quadrimaculata sp. nov. and A. hybrida sp. nov.

The Afrotropical region houses 123 species of Ctenidae, distributed in eight genera: Africactenus Hyatt,

1954, Anahita Karsch, 1879, Apolania Simon, 1898, Caloctenus Keyserling, 1877, Ctenus Walckenaer,

1805, Petaloctenus Jocque & Steyn, 1997, Thoriosa Simon, 1910 and Trogloctenus Tessert, 1935

(Platnick 2015). Viridasius Simon, 1889 and Vulsor Simon, 1889 are excluded from the count, because

they belong to another family according to Polotow et al. (in press). Ctenus contains the largest number

of species (more than 70). The recent redescription of the Neotropical type species, Ctenus dubius , by

Brescovit & Simo (2007) and cladistic analyses (Silva 2003; Polotow & Brescovit 2009) indicated that

the genus is polyphyletic as currently delimited. Thus, the description of Afroneutria gen. nov. is helping

to redefine Ctenidae and the polyphyletic Ctenus in the Afrotropical region.

Fig. 13. Male palp. — A-B. Afroneutria velox (Blackwall, 1865) comb. nov. A. Ventral view.

B. Retrolateral view. — C-D. Afroneutria hybrida sp. nov. C. Ventral view. D. Retrolateral view. Scale

bars = 1 mm

European Journal of Taxonomy 121: 1-27 (2015)

Fig. 14. Afroneutria immortalis (Arts, 1912) comb. nov. Male palp. A. Ventral view. B. Retrolateral

view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 15. Male palp. — A-B. Afroneutria quadrimaculata sp. nov. A. Ventral view. B. Retrolateral view.

— C-D. Afroneutria erythrochelis (Simon, 1876) comb. nov. C. Ventral view. D. Retrolateral view.

Scale bars = 1 mm.

POLOTOW D. & JOCQUE R., Anew genus of Afrotropical Ctenidae (Araneae)

0 400

l_l_l

kilometers

Burundi

A. qvddrimacuteta

■| A. immortatis

j\ A. velox

Malawi

Zimbabwe

Mozambique

Fig. 16. Distribution records of species of Afroneutria gen. nov. on the African continent. A. Distribution of

A. velox (Blackwall, 1865) comb, nov., A immortalis (Arts, 1912) comb. nov. and A. quadrimaculata sp.

nov. B. Distribution of A. erythrochelis (Simon, 1876) comb. nov. and A. hybrida sp. nov.

European Journal of Taxonomy 121: 1-27 (2015)

Acknowledgments

Financial support for this study was provided by the Funda£ao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao

Paulo - FAPESP (06/55230-7, doctorate fellowship) and the Belgian National Focal Point to the Global

Taxonomy Initiative at the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren. We would like to thank all

curators who kindly lent critical specimens for this research.

References

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Manuscript received: 22 December 2014

Manuscript accepted: 2 March 2015

Published on: 28 April 2015

Topic editor: Koen Martens

Desk editor: Danny Eibye-Jacobsen

Printed versions of all papers are also deposited in the libraries of the institutes that are members of the

EJT consortium: Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France; Botanic Garden Meise, Belgium;

Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium; Natural History Museum, London, United

Kingdom; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Natural History Museum of

Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.