European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97

http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.214

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

ISSN 2118-9773

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2016 • Zonstein S. & Marusik Y.M.

Monograph

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CA243C98-9461 -441A-BBD9-ECBDEC1Q3DD9

A revision of the spider genus Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Sergei ZONSTEIN >•* & Yuri M. MARUSIK 2 - 3 - 4

1 Department of Zoology, Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel-Aviv University,

69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel.

2 Institute for Biological Problems of the North RAS,

Portovaya Str. 18, Magadan, Russia,

department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State,

Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.

4 Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova, 8, Vladivostok 690950 Russia.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

2 Email: [email protected]

1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:EADD3607-30FF-49AE-93F5-8410630469BE

2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:616D41E3-0876-4B2B-A788-A970B43E840D

Table of contents

Abstract.2

Introduction .3

Materials and methods .3

Results .6

Zaitunia Lehtinen, 1967 .6

Key to species groups of Zaitunia .11

Zaitunia schmitzi species group.13

Key to species of the Zaitunia schmitzi species group .14

Zaitunia halepensis sp. nov.14

Zaitunia schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1911) .15

Zaitunia annulipes species group .19

Key to species of the Zaitunia annulipes species group.20

Zaitunia annulipes (Kulczynski, 1908) .20

Zaitunia kunti sp. nov.23

Zaitunia minoica sp. nov.26

Zaitunia persica species group .30

Key to species of the Zaitunia persica species group.30

Zaitunia afghana (Roewer, 1962) .31

Zaitunia akhanii Marusik & Zamani, 2015 .33

Zaitunia alexandri Brignoli, 1982 .35

Zaitunia brignoliana sp. nov.36

Zaitunia medica Brignoli, 1982 .37

Zaitunia persica Brignoli, 1982 .39

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Zaitunia logunovi species group.41

Zaitunia logunovi sp. nov.42

Zaitunia spinimana species group.45

Key to species of the Zaitunia spinimana species group.46

Zaitunia inderensis Ponomarev, 2005 .46

Zaitunia martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969) .48

Zaitunia spinimana sp. nov.53

Zaitunia beshkentica species group .56

Key to species of the Zaitunia beshkentica species group.56

Zaitunia beshkentica (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969) .56

Zaitunia huberi sp. nov.60

Zaitunia psammodroma sp. nov.62

Zaitunia wunderlichi sp. nov.63

Zaitunia maracandica species group.68

Key to species of the Zaitunia maracandica species group.68

Zaitunia ferghanensis sp. nov.69

Zaitunia feti sp. nov.72

Zaitunia maracandica (Charitonov, 1946) .74

Zaitunia minuta sp. nov. .79

Zaitunia zonsteini Fomichev & Marusik, 2013 .80

Misplaced species .86

Pholcoides monticola (Spassky, 1941) comb, nov.86

Discussion .87

Taxonomic placement of Zaitunia .87

Acknowledgements.94

References .94

Abstract. The spider genus Zaitunia Tehtinen, 1967 (Araneae, Filistatidae) is revised. It was found

to include 24 species distributed in the Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East and Central Asia:

$ Z afghana (Roewer, 1962) (Afghanistan), $ Z alexandri Brignoli, 1982 (Iran), ¥ Z. akhanii Marusik

& Zamani, 2015 (Iran), c?¥ Z annulipes (Kulczynski, 1908) (Cyprus), Z beshkentica (Andreeva

& Tyshchenko, 1969) (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan), ¥ Z. brignoliana sp. nov. (Iran), S C J Z. ferghanensis

sp. nov. (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan), $ Z. feti sp. nov. (Turkmenistan), $ Z. halepensis sp. nov. (Syria),

$ Z. huberi sp. nov. (Afghanistan), $ Z. inderensis Ponomarev, 2005 (Kazakhstan), c?¥ Z. kunti

sp. nov. (Cyprus, Turkey), c?¥ Z. logunovi sp. nov. (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), f c jZ. maracandica

(Charitonov, 1946) (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan), c?¥ Z. martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969)

(Tajikistan, Turkmenistan), ¥ Z. medica Brignoli, 1982 (Iran), f^Z. minoica sp. nov. (Greece),

¥ Z minuta sp. nov. (Uzbekistan), ¥ Z. persica Brignoli, 1982 (Iran), $ Z. psammodroma sp. nov.

(Turkmenistan), c?¥ Z. schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1911), the type species (Egypt, Israel), c?¥ Z. spinimana

sp. nov. (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan), c?¥ Z. wunderlichi sp. nov. (Kyrgyzstan) and ¥ Z. zonsteini

Fomichev & Marusik, 1969 (Kazakhstan). Twelve above-listed species are newly described, and males

of Z. annulipes, Z. beshkentica , Z. maracandica and Z. martynovae are described for the first time.

Two new combinations are established: Z. annulipes (Kulczynski, 1908) comb, nov., ex Filistata,

and Pholcoides monticola (Spassky, 1941) comb, nov., ex Zaitunia. New data on distribution of the

considered taxa are provided.

Keywords. Araneae, spiders, Filistatidae, Southwest and Central Asia, new species.

Zonstein S. & Marusik Y.M. 2016. A revision of the spider genus Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae). European

Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.214

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Introduction

The spider family Filistatidae is a group of cribellate spiders possessing a peculiar combination of both

primitive and specialized characters. This is not a species-rich family: by 2015, Filistatidae included 18

genera and only 123 species (World Spider Catalog 2015). Nevertheless, the family has a worldwide

distribution, occurring in tropical, subtropical, and warm-temperate areas (Gray 1995; Ramirez &

Grismado 1997). In the Palearctic region, it is mostly confined to the southern part: the Mediterranean,

Middle East, Central Asia, and southern China and Japan (Helsdingen 2015; Platnick 2014; WSC 2015).

Until the revision of the cribellate spiders by Fehtinen (1967), all Palearctic filistatids were placed in the

type genus Filistata Fatreille, 1810 (for the complete list of synonymies, see Platnick 2014). Fehtinen

(1967) described several new filistatid genera, including two from the West Palearctic: the widespread

Pritha Fehtinen, 1967 and the monotypic Zaitunia Fehtinen, 1967. The genus Pritha was considered to

include, among others, some species described by Simon (1868), Kulczynski in Chyzer & Kulczynski

(1897), Strand (1914) and partially by Roewer (1962), whereas the monotypic Zaitunia included only

Filistata schmitzi Kulczynski, 1911.

Zaitunia was treated as a monotypic genus until Brignoli (1982) described three new species from Iran;

however, the genus diagnosis was not modified. Zonstein (1990) transferred four species described by

Spassky (1941), Charitonov (1946) and Andreeva & Tyshchenko (1969) from Filistata to Zaitunia.

Ponomarev (2005), Fomichev & Marusik (2013) and Marusik & Zamani (2015) described three more

species in Zaitunia , and Zonstein et al. (2013) transferred to this genus one species previously described

by Roewer (1962) as a member of Filistata. Thus, the genus currently is thought to have 12 species

(World Spider Catalog 2015). However, only the type species is known from both sexes, whereas all

other congeneric species are known exclusively from females or juveniles, and only from their original

descriptions. Additionally, the genus has never been revised, making its limits with Filistata unclear.

Hence, clarifying this problem is one of the objectives of the present study.

Zonstein (2009b) noted that a male of Z. schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1911) differed in many details from

males of Central Asian species, and suggested that the latter ones do not belong to Zaitunia but should

be placed in a distinct genus. However, in the course of the present study, we recognised an intermediate

state of several characters in males from Crete, Cyprus, and Turkey. Thus, all these groups are considered

here as belonging to the same genus.

In this study, we examine all available material of this genus (340 specimens), revealing a total of 24

species of Zaitunia , 12 of which are described as new.

In view of the newly obtained data, Zaitunia , with 24 species, becomes the most species-rich genus of

the family, vs 21 in Pritha and 19 in Filistata (WSC 2015). The goal of this work is to revise, delimit

and re-diagnose Zaitunia , and to study its taxonomy, distribution, and relationships.

Material and methods

Depositories

AMNH

HUJ

IBPS

ISEA

IZW

NMG

MNHN

American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA

Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

Institute for Biological Problems of the North, Magadan, Russia

Institute for Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Novosibirsk, Russia

Institute of Zoology, Warsaw, Poland

Naturhistoriska Museet, Goteborg, Sweden

Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

MSNV

SMF

TAU

ZISP

ZMMU

ZMPU

ZMTU

Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, Verona, Italy

Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel-Aviv University, Israel

Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia

Zoological Museum of Moscow University, Russia

Zoological Museum of Perm University, Russia

Zoological Museum of Turku University, Finland

Comparative material examined

Filistata canariensis Schmidt, 1976: holotype, $, from Fuerteventura Isl. (Canary Islands), Spain (SMF

28841).

Filistata gomerensis Wunderlich, 1992: holotype, 3 (SMF 37181) andparatype, $ (SMF 602199), from

La Gomera Isl. (Canary Islands), Spain.

Filistata insidiatrix Forskal, 1775: AZERBAIJAN: 2 33 , 16 $ Lenkoran area, Aurora, 23-28 Apr.

2001, Y.M. Marusilc (ZMMU). ISRAEL: 8 33 , Haifa, Mt Carmel, university campus, 29 Dec. 2010,

Y.M. Marusik (ZMMU); 2 33 , Mt Gilboa, 30 Jan. 2011, L. Friedman & C. Drees (TAU); 8

Lake Kinneret, Digit, 14 Sept. 2009, S. Zonstein (TAU); 1 3 , 1 ?, Judean Hills, Adullam, 1-30 Apr.

2003, U. Columbus & T. Levanony (TAU). TURKEY: 8 33 , 4 §§, subad., Antalya Prov., Avsallar,

6 Jan. 2013, Y.M. Marusik (ZMMU).

Filistata nigra Simon, 1882 = Sahastata nigra : syntypes, 28 $$, Muscat, Oman (MNHN).

Filistatapseudogomerensis Wunderlich, 1992: holotype, 3 (SMF 37180) and 2 §§, paratypes (SMF

60049, 60277), from Tenerife Isl. (Canary Islands), Spain.

Filistata teideensis Wunderlich, 1992: 1 c?, paratype, Tenerife Isl. (Canary Islands), Spain (SMF 60226).

Kukidcania hibernalis (Hentz, 1842): USA: 1 (?, 6 $, Florida, Ocala Hot Springs, 2 Aug. 1994, Yu.

M. Marusik (IBPN).

Microfilistata ovchinnikovi Zonstein, 2009: holotype, 3 and 3 paratypes, $$, Kyzyl-Dzhar, Badhyz

Nature Reserve, Turkmenistan (TAU).

Sahastata sinuspersica Marusik, Zamani & Mirshamsi, 2014: holotype, $, Bandar-e’Abbas, Iran (SMF).

Photographs

Photographs were taken using a Zeiss Discovery V20 stereo microscope with a Canon PowerShot

G9 camera and an Olympus SZX16 stereo microscope with an Olympus E-520 camera, and prepared

using the CombineZP software. Scanning electron micrographs were made using the SEM JEOL JSM-

5200 scanning microscope at the Zoological Museum, University of Turku, Finland. Illustrations of

the endogyne, abdomen and spinnerets were made after maceration in a 20% potassium hydroxide

aqueous solution and exposure for a few minutes in an alcohol/water solution of Chlorazol Black. It

is worth noting that the receptacles in all Zaitunia species are very small and weakly sclerotized and

therefore can easily be overlooked. Differential staining with Chlorazol Black is essential both for

observing and photographing receptacles. In most cases, to make photographs of the endogyne and

sometimes the palps more clear and to show more details, we placed a dark background in the case of

transmission microscopy, or pieces of black plastic (or black paper), or minutia pins near specimens to

be photographed.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Photographs of the somatic characters and some of the palps were taken in dishes with paraffin on the

bottom to hold the specimens in the right position. Endogynes were photographed on slides either under

an Olympus SZX16 or an Olympus BH-2. Small pieces of cotton were used to fix the specimens in the

correct position. Background maps were taken from the website http://www.maps-for-free.com .

Measurements

Measurements were made to an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Lengths of leg and palp segments were measured

on the dorsal side, from the midpoint of the anterior margin to the midpoint of the posterior margin. All

measurements are given in mill im etres.

Spination

Since leg spination in most species appears to be almost invariable and thus has no significant taxonomic

value, a generalised survey is provided in the description of the genus and particular variants are given

only when they noticeably differ from the prevalent case.

Abbreviations

ALE

ALS

AME

m A P

PLE

PLS

PME

PMS

anterior lateral eyes

anterior lateral spinnerets

anterior median eyes

aciniform gland spigot

bald area (on cymbium and around calamistrum)

bulbal lamella

notch of bulb

cribellum

strong cymbial setae

fold of endogyne

embolus proper

neck of embolus

furrow on calamistral ridge

fine seta

keel of embolic neck

major ampullate gland spigot

minor ampullate gland spigot

probable paracribellar gland spigot

piriform gland spigot

posterior lateral eyes

posterior lateral spinnerets

posterior median eyes

posterior median spinnerets

calamistral ridge

slit organ

spermophore

brush of strong spines on ventral part of tibia

tarsal organ

trachea

tracheal spiracle

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Results

Class Arachnida Cuvier, 1812

Order Araneae Clerck, 1757

Family Filistatidae Ausserer, 1867

Genus Zaitunia Lehtinen, 1967

Zaitunia Lehtinen, 1967: 275.

Zaitunia - Zonstein 2009b: 126. — Fomichev & Marusik 2013: 85. — Zonstein et al. 2013: 69. —

Marusik & Zamani 2015: 129.

Type species

Filistata schmitzi Kulczynski, 1911, by monotypy.

Diagnosis

Zaitunia differs from other filistatine genera by a distinctly domed carapace lacking thoracic fovea, with

a broadly rounded subvertical clypeus and by a shortened labium that is wider than long (in Filistata and

Kukulcania Lehtinen, 1967 the clypeus is subhorizontal with a lateral constriction, without thickened

setae, and the labium is distinctly longer than wide). It differs from Sahastata Benoit, 1968 by a uniseriate

calamistrum (consisting in the latter genus of three setae rows) and from Microfilistata Zonstein, 1990

by spinose tarsi in females and pseudosegmented tarsi in males (vs aspinose and integral, respectively).

Zaitunia can be recognized due to a gap-setose calamistrum (as shown in Figs 2C-E), a short and wide

male palpal tibia (which is longer and more slender in other members of the subfamily; only in Zaitunia

is it noticeably wider than the palpal femur) and a characteristic dense comb on the clypeus, composed

of stout reclined bristles and much more developed (especially in males) than in other genera of the

Filistatinae.

Description

Size. Small to medium-sized filistatid spiders with body length 2.5-8.0 mm.

Colour and pattern. Colour varying from pale yellowish-white to dark brown; carapace with more

or less darkened eye tubercle, lateral margins, and foveal area. Pattern of carapace lacking in pale

specimens. Legs unicolor or with dark, broad annulations. Abdomen with or without dorsal pattern

composed by longitudinal median dark stripe or band and in some species with transverse stripes. Venter

of abdomen in most species without pattern, book lungs usually paler than other parts, genital area and

area in front of spinnerets darkened in some species.

Prosoma. Carapace distinctly domed, broad oval, widely rounded anteriorly, covered with sparse thick

bristles (Figs 1A-B, 42). Some bristles, usually one pair very strong and long (about !4 of carapace

width). Thoracic fovea opened posteriorly and appears as shallow pit or indistinct. Cephalic area

flattened, usually with median row of strong proclined bristles. Clypeus relatively short and subvertical,

with ± developed comb of stout reclined bristles (Fig. 1C). Eye tubercle low. ALE > PLE ~ PME >

AME. Median ocular quadrangle wide trapezoidal. Chelicerae small, subvertical; cheliceral furrow

and fang very short; cheliceral lamina well-developed. Sternum subcircular, sigillae indistinct. Labium

slightly wider than long. Maxilla trapezoidal, with lateral corner about 90°. Palps in females short and

thick, with short dentate claw (Fig. IE).

Legs. Leg formula 1423 (most species) or 4123. Leg spination very uniform in all species, but as a rule,

males have more spines than conspecific females; additionally, these spines in males are usually longer.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Fig. 1. Morphology of Zaitunia. A-C. Z. martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969), subadult $

from Gandzhina. D-I. Same, adult $. J-L. Z. logunovi sp. nov., paratype, S- — A, C. Anterior part of

prosoma, dorsal and lateral. B. Prosoma, dorsal. D. Leg IV, prolateral. E. Palp, prolateral. F. Cuticle

and setae covering venter of abdomen. G. Leg surface showing large and fine (possibly chemosensory)

setae. H-I. Tarsal claws of leg IV, prolateral. J-L. Terminal part of palp, prolateral, dorsal and ventro-

retrolateral. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

All femora with one basodorsal spine and 1-2 smaller spines in pro- and retrodistal position. Patellae

unarmed. Tibiae with 2-6 ventral spines (can be absent on tibiae I—II in females). Metatarsi usually long

and slender, with 6-9 ventral spines, but in males of Z. psammodroma sp. nov. metatarsi shortened,

dilated and covered with numerous ventrodistal spines. Tibiae and metatarsi with few (1-3) inclined

trichobothria, which are 1.2-2 times shorter than diameter of the segment. Trichobotrial bases low and

inclined, smooth outside and densely rifled inside (Fig. 2H-I). Tarsi ventrally with few small spines, and

with short and dense bristles. Male tarsi curved and pseudosegmented. Tarsal organ with wide inclined

opening (Fig. 2F-G, J). Calamistrum short, present in females only, formed by one composite row of a

few thick, curved and flattened setae on a raised keel (crest); median part of calamistrum without setae

(Fig. 2A-E). Paired tarsal claw narrow and slightly curved, with row of 8-15 long, dense teeth (Fig. 1H).

Unpaired claw curved, with 5-8 dense teeth (Fig. II).

Abdomen. Abdomen elongate oval, overhangs posterior part of carapace. Spinnerets shifted anteriorly.

Spinneret group set relatively far from posterior edge of abdomen. Cribellum small, bipartite trapezoidal,

present in both sexes (Figs 3A, D, 4D) but reduced in size and lacking functional spigots in males. ALS

and PTS subequal in size (Figs 3A, C, 4C); PMS much smaller, with two probably paracribellar spigots

(Fig. 4F, I). Tracheal spiracle wide and located in posterior l A of abdomen between epigastral furrow and

spinnerets (Fig. 3A-C). Tracheae thin and short (about as long as spiracle width). Two pairs of tracheal

stems: median branches longer and inclined sideward, lateral branches much shorter (Figs 3B, 33E-F).

As in the prosoma and legs, abdomen covered with ciliate hairs only, plumose hairs absent.

Male palp. Relatively short compared to other filistatines, although 1.3-1.8 longer than carapace. The

shortest palp in comparison to the carapace is in the type species (palp/carapace length = 1.3). Femur

unmodified, cylindrical; equal in length to or longer than tibia. Patella unmodified, short, about one third

of femur length. Tibia long and swollen, 1.5-2 times thicker than femur; ventromedially with patch of

dense, suberect setae.

Cymbium. Conical at base, and the rest is cylindrical. Only Z. logunovi sp. nov. has a conical dorsal

outgrowth in the terminal one-third (Fig. 1K-L). Tip of cymbium without dorsoapical excavation, its

margin varies from strongly slanting (some specimens of Z. schmitzi , Fig. 7A-D) to almost straight

(perpendicular to axis of cymbium). Dorsum of cymbium with brush of dense, long suberect hairs; some

hairs as long as cymbium. One species, Z. logunovi sp. nov., with set of thick hairs along ventral and

lateral edges of cymbium (Fig. 1J). Terminal part of dorsum hairless, semitransparent.

Bulb. Ranges from conical (most of the species) to globular (Z. logunovi sp. nov., Z. minoica sp. nov.)

and subcylindrical (Z. schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1911)), basal part embedded in cymbium. Length of bulb +

embolic part varies from long (longer than cymbium) to short (shorter than cymbium). Spermophore

forms 3-4 coils, coils not spaced; spermophore ranges from very thick and occupying the whole bulb

(Z. schmitzi ) to moderately thin.

Embolus (embolic part of the bulb). Without distinct separation from the tegulum. We recognize the

neck of the embolus (Ne = part of embolic base wider than spermophore) and the embolus “proper” (Em

= diameter equal to diameter of spermophore). Embolus can be distinguished from the neck by its dark

colour, much darker then rest of the bulb. Embolic part of bulb variable in size and shape, from very

short, lacking neck (Z. logunovi sp. nov., Z. schmitzi) to long, longer than bulb and as long as cymbium

(Z. minoica sp. nov.). Embolic part from straight to screw-shaped (Z. logunovi sp. nov., Z. schmitzi).

Embolic neck in most species with distinct ventral keel or without (Z. minoica sp. nov.). Shape of keel

in some cases is species-specific. Tip of embolic part bent ventrally or screw-shaped.

Endogyne (vulva). Adult females can be hardly recognized. Compared to subadult females, they have

a slightly swollen edge of the genital area. Receptacles are enveloped in a trapezoidal or semicircular

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Fig. 2. Morphology of Zaitunia leg. A-K. Z. martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969), $ from

Gandzhina. L. Z logunovi sp. nov., paratype, S- — A. Calamistrum, dorsal. B-C. Same, lateral.

D. Calamistral area with removed setae, dorsal. E. Setae of calamistrum, lateral. F-G. Tarsal organ.

H-I. Base of trichobothria. J. Part of dorsal leg surface showing two slit organs. K. Long slit organ.

L. Part of male tarsus IV, prolateral, showing pseudosegmentation. Abbreviations: see Material and

methods.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

fold formed by the epigastric integument (making it difficult to observe and figure correctly). Number

of receptacles varies from one to two pairs. In species with four receptacles, all receptacles are usually

isolated from each other, but in some cases median and lateral receptacles are connected with each other

and can appear as one receptacle with two heads. Shape of receptacles varies and can be cylindrical

(Figs 9D-F, 21D-G, 39A-D), globular (Figs 7E-K, 10F-G, 11F-G, 27H, 30C-E), subconical (Fig. 25),

or dumbbell- or boomerang-shaped (Z afghana (Roewer, 1962), Z brignoliana sp. nov.). Cylindrical

receptacles can be bent or straight. Straight cylindrical and subconical receptacles have a corrugated

transparent stem. Median (or mesal) receptacles are usually longer and wider than lateral, although

in some species the opposite is true. Receptacles bear glandular pores (not recognized in Z. persica

Brignoli, 1982). Each pore equipped with a kind of cilia. Pores can be evenly spread along receptacles

(in species lacking a corrugated stem) or can be concentrated on the heads. In some species, females

are almost indistinguishable from each other by the structure of the endogyne (e.g., Z. ferghanensis

sp. nov., Z. maracandica (Charitonov, 1946), Z. wunderlichi sp. nov.), whereas males belonging to the

same species are easily differentiated (cf. Figs 33A-B, D, 34E-J, 38E-I and 32C-G, 35A-D, 37A-C,

respectively).

Fig. 3. Morphology of Zaitunia spp. A-B. Z. logunovi sp. nov., paratype, f>. C. Z. schmitzi (Kulczynski,

1911), $ from Jerusalem area. D, H. Z. martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969), $ from Gandzhina.

E, G. Z. wunderlichi sp. nov., paratype, f. F. Z. beshkentica (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969), S from

Khurshedi. — A-D. Abdomen, ventral. E-F. Terminal part of palp, retrolateral. G. Same, dorsal.

H. Genital area of subadult female. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A-B, D, G =

0.2 mm; C, H = 0.1 mm

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Composition

24 species: Z. afghana (Roewer, 1962) (Afghanistan), Z. akhanii Marusik & Zamani, 2015 (Iran),

Z alexandri Brignoli, 1982 (Iran), Z annulipes (Kulczynski, 1908) (Cyprus), Z beshkentica (Andreeva

& Tyshchenlco, 1969) (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan), Z brignoliana sp. nov. (Iran), Z ferghanensis sp. nov.

(Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan), Z fed sp. nov. (Turkmenistan), Z. halepensis sp. nov. (Syria), Z. huberi

sp. nov. (Afghanistan), Z. inderensis Ponomarev, 2005 (Kazakhstan), Z. kunti sp. nov. (Turkey, Cyprus),

Z. logunovi sp. nov. (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), Z. maracandica (Charitonov, 1946) (Uzbekistan,

Kazakhstan), Z. martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969) (Turkmenistan, Tajikistan), Z. medica

Brignoli, 1982 (Iran), Z. minoica sp. nov. (Greece), Z. minuta sp. nov. (Uzbekistan), Z. persica Brignoli,

1982 (Iran), Z. psammodroma sp. nov. (Turkmenistan), Z. schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1911) (Egypt, Israel),

Z. spinimana sp. nov. (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan), Z. wunderlichi sp. nov. (Kyrgyzstan) and Z. zonsteini

Fomichev & Marusik, 1969 (Kazakhstan).

Species grouping

To assist with identifications, the species treated here are assigned to seven informal species groups.

These assignments are preliminary, considering that males in many species are unknown, and not based

on a monophyletic grouping, though some of the groups may actually reflect phylogenetic relationships.

Distribution

The genus is known from Crete to Eastern Kazakhstan, south to the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, Fars and

Kerman Provinces of Iran and Southeastern Afghanistan, and north to Northwestern and Northeastern

Kazakhstan (Figs 46M9).

Ecology

Most species inhabit more or less arid habitats: deserts, semi-deserts, steppes, maquis or deciduous

shrubland, where spiders may occur under rocks and in crevices of clay or rocky escarps where they build

small tubular webs (see Fig. 50). Adult males were collected manually and by pitfall traps, generally

during late spring or summer. Only one species, Z. wunderlichi sp. nov., was found in a humid dense

broad-leaved and mixed mountain forest dominated by walnut ( Juglans regia). Concluding from the

known data, Zaitunia avoid the true sandy deserts, with the only exception being Z. psammodroma sp.

nov., known currently only from males. Contrary to all other congeners, males of Z. psammodroma sp.

nov. possess short and distally dilated metatarsi IV with numerous ventrodistal spines, a clear adaptation

to moving on loose sandy substrate. Zaitunia species are found from the seashore to altitudes over 2000

m (Z. beshkentica).

Key to the species groups of Zaitunia

Males

(Males in the Zaitunia persica- group are unknown.)

1. Cymbium longer than bulb, embolus short, without base, spermophore occupies whole bulb (Figs 7 A-

B.20A.C).2

- Cymbium shorter than bulb or subequal in length, embolus with long base, spermophore in base of

embolus straight (Figs 9A-C, 101, 13C-D, 24A-D, 27C, E, 28G-I, 30H-J, 32D-G, 35A-D, 37A-C)

2. Dark coloured, carapace often without pattern, cymbium without retrolateral brush of modified setae,

tegulum cylindrical with very wide spermophore occupying whole bulb (Figs 7A-D, 43 A).

. schmitzi- group

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

- Pale coloured, cymbium with retrolateral brush of modified setae, tegulum rounded, terminal coil of

spermophore 2 times thinner than basal coil (Figs 20A-C, 43E). logunovi -group

3. Pale coloured; base of embolus with more or less developed ventral keel, either embolus completely

screw-shaped or tip of embolus hooked or curved gradually (Figs 24A-D, 27C, E, 28G-I, 30H-J,

32D-G, 35A-D, 37A-C, 43F, 44).4

- Dark coloured; base of embolus without ventral keel, only tip of embolus screw-shaped (Figs 9A-C,

101, 13C-D, 43B-D). annulipes -group

4. Embolus curved or hooked apically (Figs 28G-I, 30H-J, 32D-G, 35A-D, 37A-C, 44B-F).5

- Embolus screw-shaped (Figs 24A-D, 27C, E, 43F, 44A). spinimana-gYoxxx*

Fig. 4. Spinneret morphology of Zaitunia martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969), adult $ from

Gandzhina. A-B. Spinnerets and tracheal spiracle. C. Right posterior lateral spinneret. D. Cribellum.

E. Left anterior lateral spinneret. F. Left posterior median and lateral spinnerets. G. Right posterior lateral

spinneret, frontal. H. Right anterior lateral spinneret. I. Posterior median spinnerets. Abbreviations: see

Material and methods. Scale bars: A-B =100 pm; C-I =10 pm.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

5. Embolus with raised keel, hooked apically (Figs 28G-I, 30H-J, 32D-G, 44C-D).

. beshkentica-gron^

- Embolus with vestigial keel, curved apically (Figs 35A-D, 37A-C, 44E-F) . . maracandica- group

Females

(Females of the spinimana , beshkentica and maracandica species groups can be confidently distin¬

guished from each other only by the shape of the receptacles, but this feature is not a group-specific

character).

1. Intensely brown-coloured spiders; abdomen uniformly brown; legs always with darker though diffuse

fasciae (Figs 5A-B, 6A, 8E-G, 10A-E, 11A-E, 12A-B, D-E).2

- Pale yellowish-coloured spiders; abdomen pale yellow or yellowish-grey, with or without darker dorsal

pattern; legs often uniformly pale without darker fasciae (Figs 14A-D, 15A-B, 16C, 17A-B, 18A,

19A-D, 22A-G, 26A, 27F, 29A-H, 30A-B, 31 A, 34A, C-D, 35K, 36A-C, 38A-D, 39A-C, 41A-C)

2. Fegs I-IV with broader and less contrasting fasciae (Figs 5A-B, 6A); receptacles as in Figs 5C-D,

7E-K. schmitzi- group

- Fegs I-IV with narrower and more contrasting fasciae (Figs 8E-G, 10A-E, 11A-E, 12A-B, D-E);

receptacles as in Figs 9D-F, 11F-G, 12G-I. annulipes- group

3. Four distinct receptacle heads (Figs 21,25,26B-C, E, 27H-1,29I-K, 30C-E, 32H-I, 35E-J, 36D-E,

38E-I, 40, 41I-M) .4

- Two receptacle heads, entire or subdivided (Figs 14G-K, 15E-G, 16A-B, D-F, 17D, F-H, 18D-E)

. persica- group

4. Median receptacles tubular, not diverging laterally and always considerably longer than lateral pair

(Fig. 21) . logunovi- group

- Median receptacles often rounded, of same size or even shorter than lateral pair (Figs 26B-C, E,

27H-I, 30C-E, 33A-B, D, 35E-J, 38E-I, 40, 41I-M); if longer, they diverge laterally as in Figs 25,

29I-K, 36D-E.5

5. Receptacles as in Figs 25, 26B-C, E, 27H-I . spinimana-grova^

- Receptacles different (Figs 29I-K, 30C-E, 32H-1,34E-J, 35D-E, 37E-1,39,41I-M).6

6. Receptacles as in Figs 29I-K, 30C-E, 33A-D. besh kentica-gr ou\)

- Receptacles different (Figs 35E-J, 36D-E, 38E-I, 40, 41I-M). maracandica- group

Zaitunia schmitzi species group

Remarks

This group unites intensely dark-coloured species. The clypeus, the eye tubercle and the carapace

margins are only slightly darker than the general background colour. The abdomen is uniformly dark-

coloured. Fegs I-IV dark, with very broad ever darker fasciae. The male palpal tibia is rather short. A

long and large tegulum is cigar-shaped; it is subequal in length to the cymbium. The embolus is a short

and sideward-directed lamina. The vulva is provided with two pairs of receptacles. Two species are

included: Z. schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1911) from Egypt and Israel and (tentatively, due to unknown male

characters) Z halepensis sp. nov. from Syria.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Key to species of the Zaitunia sc/zzw/tz/-group

(Male of Z halepensis sp. nov. is unknown.)

1. Males (palpal structures as shown in Fig. 7A-D). Z. schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1911)

- Females .2

2. Prosoma and legs brown to dark brown; median receptacles minute and globulate, smaller than lateral

pair (Fig. 7E-K). Egypt (Sinai) and Israel . Z. schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1911)

- Prosoma and legs deep brownish yellow; median receptacles large and clublike, much longer than

small lateral pair (Fig. 5C-D). Syria. Z. halepensis sp. nov.

Zaitunia halepensis sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E56085AC-B0D0-4AF3-8F4A-075ClA563A0F

Fig. 5

Diagnosis

The body and leg pattern is similar to that in Z. schmitzi (a uniformly dark abdomen and very wide

dark fasciae on the legs) rather than the colouration observed in the members of the annulipes-group.

Zaitunia halepensis sp. nov. differs from all other congeners, possessing two pairs of receptacles by

configuration of the enlarged median pair which have considerably dilated heads (Fig. 5C-D).

Etymology

The specific name refers to the type locality: Aleppo (Haleb).

Fig. 5. Zaitunia halepensis sp. nov., holotype, §. A-B. Habitus, lateral and dorsal. C-D. Endogyne.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Type material

Holotype

SYRIA: 5, road from Aleppo to Latakia, eastern slope of Rug rift valley, 20 Mar. 1979, R. Kinzelbach

(SMF).

Description

Female

Habitus. See Fig. 5A-B.

Body length. 3.22.

Colour. Carapace brownish-yellow with rich darker brownish pattern occupying clypeus, postocular

area, radial grooves and, partially, the surface between those grooves; eye tubercle and narrow bands

along margins dark brown; labium and sternum pale brownish-yellow; chelicerae, palps and legs light

brownish-yellow with darker diffuse brownish spots and fasciae; abdomen uniformly yellowish-brown.

Carapace. 1.28 long, 1.05 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.07, ALE 0.13, PLE 0.11, PME 0.08, AME-AME 0.05.

Leg measurements.

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

0.65

0.27

0.45

—

0.57

1.94

1.35

0.43

1.32

1.18

0.86

5.14

0.98

0.38

0.87

0.85

0.64

3.72

III

0.88

0.35

0.72

0.73

0.53

3.21

1.26

0.46

1.02

0.85

0.78

4.07

Endogyne (Fig. 6C-D). Median receptacles clublike, almost 3 times longer than globular lateral

receptacles, and separated by one diameter of their heads.

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

The species is known only from the type locality (Fig. 46).

Zaitunia schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1911)

Figs 6-7, 43A, 50A

Filistata schmitzi Kulczynski, 1911: 13, pi. 1, fig. 3 (c?$).

Zaitunia schmitzi -Lehtinen 1967: 275, fig. 21 (c?$). —Zonstein 2009b: 127, figs 1-12 (c?¥)-

Diagnosis

Males differ from those of all other congeners by a long and large cigar-shaped tegulum, a very thick

spermophore occupying the whole bulb, a strongly slanting tip of the cymbium and by the extremely

short and sideward-directed embolus (vs smaller coniform and longer forward-directed ones in other

species). Females are easily distinguished by their intense dark coloration (darker than that in any other

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

species) as well as their low and small globular receptacles, with outer lobe only slightly exceeding the

median one in size (Fig. 7E-K).

Type material

Lectotype (designated by Zonstein 2009b: 127)

ISRAEL: S, Jerusalem (the current depository unknown; not examined).

Paralectotype

ISRAEL: 1 $, Galilee (the current depository unknown; not examined).

Fig. 6. Somatic characters of Zaitunia schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1911), $ (A, C-D, F-G) and 3 (B, E) from

Jerusalem area. —A-B. Habitus, dorsal. C. Abdomen, ventral. D-E. Prosoma, dorsal. F. Calamistrum,

dorsal. G. Spinnerets, ventral.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Fig. 7. Copulatory organs of Zaitunia schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1911), $ (A-D) and $ (E-K) from

Jerusalem area. — A-B. Palp, retrolateral and prolateral. C-D. Same, ventro-prolateral and ventro-

retrolateral. E, G, K. Endogyne, anterior. F. Same, posterior. H, J. Receptacles, dorsal and anterior.

I. Endogyne, dorsal.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Note

Lehtinen (1967) indicated the type series as being kept in IZW, but according to Wioletta Wawer, the

curator, these types were not found there (pers. comm.).

Material examined (47 33, 28 55> 8 juvs)

EGYPT: 1 5, South Sinai, Mt. Catarina, c. 28°33' N, 33°57' E, 16 Jun. 1968, unknown collector (HUJ).

ISRAEL: 1 $, Upper Galilee, Mt. Meron, 33°0E N, 35°23' E, 900 m, 4-5 Feb. 2007, T. Levanony

(TAU); 1 3, same data, but 5-12 Apr. 2007 (TAU); 1 3, same data, but 12-16 May 2007 (TAU);

2 33, Western Galilee, ‘En haMifraz, 32°54' N, 35°05' E, 19 Mar. 1944, A. Shulov (HUJ); 1 3, same

region, ‘En Ya’aqov, 33°00' N, 35°14' E, 26-31 Jul. 2007,1. Shtirberg (TAU); 1 3, Carmel Ridge, Har

Horshan, 32°35' N, 35°00' E, near Bat-Shlomo, 28 May 1993, Y. Lubin (HUJ); 2 §?, same ridge,

Elyaqim, 32°38' N, 35°04' E, 15 Mar. 1963, M. Warburg (TAU); 1 $, Jordan Valley, Ein Duyuk, 11 Apr.

1968, M. Pener (HUJ); 1 $, same locality, 10 Jun. 1970, M. Pener (HUJ); 1 juv., Yizre’el Valley, Bet

HaShita, 32°33' N, 35°26' E, 6 Feb. 1937, A. Shulov (TAU); 2 juvs, same region, ‘En Harod, 32°34' N,

35°23' E, 11 Mar. 1945, A. Shulov (HUJ); 1 $, Jerusalem, 16 Jul. 1941, A. Shulov (HUJ); 1 juv., same

locality, 12 Dec. 1949, A. Shulov (HUJ); 1 $, same locality, 10 Mar. 1961, A. Shulov (HUJ); 1 $,

same area, Ramat Rahel, 31°44' N, 35° 13' E, 23 Apr. 1973, unknown collector (HUJ); 4 33, 1 juv.,

Judean Hills, Sansan Reserve, 31°42' N, 35°05' E, 500-700 m, 22 Mar. 2002, Y. Mandelilc (HUJ);

6 33, same data, but 31 Mar. 2001 (HUJ); 1 3, same data, but 14 May 2002 (HUJ); 7 33, same area,

Ramat Avishur, 31°39' N, 34°55' E, 300M00 m, 22 Feb. 2001, Y. Mandelilc (HUJ); 3 S3, same area,

Giv’at Zekharya, 31°42' N, 34°57' E, 250-300 m, 22 Mar. 2002, Y. Mandelik (HUJ); 1 3, same locality,

but 14 May 2002 (HUJ); 8 33, 2 55, 1 juv., same region. National Park Adullam, 1-30 Apr. 2003,

U. Columbus & T. Levanony (TAU); 1 5, same region, Bet Shemesh, 31°45' N, 34°59' E, 3 Mar. 1954,

A. Weissman (HUJ); 1 5, same area, 6 km SW of Bet Shemesh, 31°40' N, 34°57' E, 350 m, 10 May

2009, S. Zonstein (TAU); 1 5, same region, 3.5 1cm E of Bet Guvrin, 31°37' N, 34°56' E, 350 m, 8 Nov.

2011, S. Zonstein (TAU); 2 33, same area, near Giv’at Yeshayahu, 31°40' N, 34°57' E, 300-350 m, 20

May 2007, O. Skutelsky (TAU); 1 3, same data, but 20 May 2008 (TAU); 1 3, same area, Matta, 31°43'

N, 35°04' E, 620 m, 13-18 Apr. 2007, I. Shtirberg (TAU); 1 3, same region, near Lahav, 31°33' N,

34°52' E, 500 m, 25-30 Jul. 2006, I. Shtirberg (TAU); 1 3, 2 55> same data, but 13-18 Jan. 2007

(TAU); 2 5 5, Northern Negev, Dorot - Ruhama, c. 31°30' N, 34°41' E, 31 Jan. 1972,1. Vaisberg (HUJ);

1 3, same region, HaBesor, 31° 18' N, 34°29' E, 70 m, 2 Apr. 2010, C. Drees & L. Friedman (TAU); 1

5 , Dead Sea Area, ‘Enot Zuqim (En Fashlcha), 24 Feb. 1942, A. Shulov (HUJ); 1 3, same region, Nahal

Perat (Wadi Kelt), 13 Jan. 1945, A. Shulov (HUJ); 1 3, 3 55 > same region, surroundings of‘En Gedi,

31°27' N, 35°23' E, 0 m, 19 Jan. 2013, S. Zonstein (TAU); 2 33, 1 juv., Judean Desert, ‘Arad, 31°16'

N, 35°13' E, 20 Dec. 1962, P. Amitai (HUJ); 4 55> 1 juv., same locality, 13 Feb. 1969, M. Warburg

(TAU); 1 5, Ma’ale Adummim, 30 Apr. 1972, unknown collector (HUJ); 1 5, Central Negev, Yeroham,

30°59' N, 34°56' E, 30 Nov. 1964, Blond & Watz (HUJ); 1 juv., same region, crater Malchtesh Gadol, c.

30°57' N, 35°00' E, 1 Apr. 1962, A. Shulov (HUJ).

Description

Male (from Jerusalem area)

Habitus. See Fig. 6B.

Body length. 2.83.

Colour. Carapace dark yellowish-brown with margins, postocular area and eye tubercle dark brown to

brownish-black; chelicerae, labium, sternum and maxillae brown; legs brown with diffuse and poorly

developed dark-brown fasciae; abdomen uniformly dark brown.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Carapace (Fig. 6E). F27 long, 1.03 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.06, ALE 0.11, PLE 0.08, PME 0.06, AME-AME 0.06.

Palp (Figs 7A-D, 43A). Femur equal in length to tibia; tibia thick, unifor ml y swollen. Cymbium

moderately long, with or without small dorsodistal projection. Broad, blunt-tipped tegulum with thick

spermophore forming 4 complete coils closely adjoining each other. Embolus short, lacking a neck,

flattened and bent retrolaterally.

Leg measurements. c?(¥)

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

0.61 (0.80)

0.25(0.31)

0.59 (0.43)

—

0.24 (0.79)

1.69(2.33)

1.31 (1.52)

0.49 (0.49)

1.28(1.41)

1.10(1.20)

0.73 (0.91)

4.91 (5.53)

1.04(1.15)

0.47 (0.46)

0.98 (0.95)

0.93 (0.85)

0.65 (0.74)

4.07(4.15)

III

0.98 (0.97)

0.46 (0.46)

0.78 (0.59)

0.95 (0.74)

0.64 (0.65)

3.81 (3.41)

1.25 (1.36)

0.52 (0.48)

1.16(1.05)

1.26(1.06)

0.74 (0.73)

4.93 (4.68)

Female (from Jerusalem area)

Habitus. See Figs 6A, 50A.

Body length. 3.85.

Colour. As in male, but carapace, palps and legs slightly lighter; in contrast, fasciae on palps and legs

somewhat darker than in male.

Carapace (Fig. 6D). 1.52 long, 1.18 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.07, ALE 0.12, PLE 0.10, PME 0.07, AME-AME 0.06.

Endogyne (Fig. 7E-K). With 2 pairs of globular receptacles. Median receptacles two times thinner that

lateral; median receptacles separated by 3 diameters; lateral receptacles evenly covered by pores, and

median receptacles with pores on head only.

Variation

Carapace length in males varies from 1.03 to 1.30, in females from 1.37 to 2.00; ground colouration

varies from medium yellowish-brown with a darker brown abdomen to an a lm ost uniform dark brown.

Ecology

The species inhabits many types of habitats, from deserts through steppes and maquis to low oak

evergreen forest; in all these habitats, it occurs mainly under rocks (see Fig. 50A).

Distribution

Egypt (Sinai) and Israel (Fig. 46).

Zaitunia annulipes -group

Remarks

This group unites moderately dark-coloured species. The clypeus, the eye tubercle and the carapace

margins are noticeably darker than the general background colour. The abdomen is uniformly dark-

coloured or with a weak, darker dorsal pattern. Legs I-IV are lighter than the body and provided with

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

relatively narrow darker fasciae. The male palpal tibia is moderately short. The conical tegulum is much

shorter than the cymbium. The embolus is a relatively long to very long apically twisted lamina. Keel of

embolus absent. The vulva has two pairs of receptacles. Three species are included: Zaitunia annulipes

(Kulczynski, 1908) from Cyprus, Zaitunia kunti sp. nov. from Cyprus and Turkey, and Zaitunia minoica

sp. nov. from Crete.

Key to species of the Zaitunia annulipes- group

1. Males .2

- Females .4

2. Embolus longer than tegulum, twisted or hooked apically (Figs 101, 13C-D) .3

- Embolus shorter than tegulum, curved and bent apically (Figs 9A-C, 43B) .

. Z. annulipes (Kulczynski, 1908)

3. Embolus moderately long, twisted apically (Figs 101, 43C). Z. kunti sp. nov.

- Embolus very long, hooked apically (Figs 13C-D, 43D). Z. minoica sp. nov.

4. Median receptacles only slightly larger than lateral pair (Figs 11F-G, 12G-I).5

- Median receptacles considerably larger than lateral pair (Fig. 9D-F) .

. Z. annulipes (Kulczynski, 1908)

5. Median and lateral receptacles set very close to each other (Fig. 12G, I). Z. minoica sp. nov.

- Median and lateral receptacles set more distantly from each other (Fig. 11F-G) . . . Z. kunti sp. nov.

Zaitunia annulipes (Kulczynski, 1908)

Figs 8-9, 43B

Filistata annulipes Kulczynski, 1908: 376 ($).

Zaitunia annulipes - Brignoli 1982: 66 (transferred species to Zaitunia).

Diagnosis

Zaitunia annulipes differs from the congroupers by males possessing a shorter embolus gently curved in

the subapical part and by females having the receptacles with the median units considerably larger than

the outer ones (in congroupers embolus is considerably longer and more sharply curved subapically, and

the median and outer receptacles are subequal in size - cf. Figs 101, 11F-G, 12G-I, 13C-D).

Type material

Lectotype (designated here)

CYPRUS: 1 5, with labels [SYNTYPI, Cypr I.Z.P.A.N. Warsawa 40/SLU (or 514)], in poor condition,

with broken abdomen and part of legs, IZW, examined.

Paralectotypes

CYPRUS: 2 juvs, with same collecting data.

Additional material examined

CYPRUS: 1 5, Limassol area, Germasogeia, 34°43' N, 33°05' E, 50-250 m, 16 Apr. 1997, PT. Lehtinen

(ZMUT); 1 1 juv., Paramali, 34°42' N, 32°48' E, 100-200 m, 16 Apr. 1997, PT. Lehtinen (ZMUT); 1

S, Lamaka area, Vyzakia, west shore ofLarnaka salt lake, 34°53' N, 33°36' E, c. 10 m, 11-16 Apr. 1997,

PT. Lehtinen (ZMUT); 1 <f, same data (TAU); 2 55, 1 juv., same data, except 16 Apr. 1997 (ZMUT);

1 5, same data (TAU).

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Description

Male (from Paramali)

Habitus. See Fig. 8A-B, D.

Body length. 3.19.

Colour. Carapace and legs mostly light brownish-yellow; cephalic part including eye tubercle and leg

fasciae diffuse medium brown; clypeus and lateral margins of carapace more intensive brown to dark

Fig. 8. Somatic characters of Zaitunia annulipes (Kulczynski, 1908), S from Paramali (A-D) and $ from

Germasogenea (E-G). — A, E. Habitus, dorsal. B. Same, frontal. C. Prosoma, dorsal. D, G. Habitus,

lateral. F. Same, ventral. Scale bars: A, D-G = 0.5 mm; B-C = 0.2 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

brown; labium, maxillae, sternum and leg coxae pale brownish-yellow; abdomen uniformly medium

brown.

Carapace (Fig. 8C). 1.28 long, 1.03 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.09, ALE 0.14, PLE 0.13, PME 0.09, AME-AME 0.03.

Palp (Figs 9A-C, 43B). All segments except cymbium with dark pigmentation; femur longer than tibia.

Tibia almost 2 times wider than femur. Cymbium longer than bulb; bulb conical, twice as long as

diameter of tegulum. Tip of embolus twisted.

Leg measurements. c?(¥)

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

0.80 (0.61)

0.22 (0.35)

0.69 (0.46)

—

0.31 (0.57)

2.02 (1.73)

1.75 (1.50)

0.47 (0.47)

1.73 (1.31)

1.62(1.07)

0.97 (0.87)

6.54 (5.22)

1.40(1.07)

0.44 (0.43)

1.29(0.81)

1.22(0.67)

0.83 (0.58)

5.18(3.56)

III

1.18(0.89)

0.38 (0.41)

1.11 (0.67)

1.19(0.60)

0.74 (0.55)

4.60(3.12)

1.74(1.29)

0.42 (0.44)

1.56 (0.93)

1.56(0.91)

0.97 (0.67)

6.25 (4.24)

Female (from Germasogenea)

Habitus. See Fig. 8E-G.

Body length. 3.45.

Fig. 9. Copulatory organs of Zaitunia annulipes (Kulczynski, 1908), f from Paramali (A-C) and ¥

from Germasogenea (D-F). —A-C. Palp, prolateral, ventro-retrolateral and retrolateral. D. Endogyne,

anterior. E-F. Same, dorsal. Scale bars: A-C = 0.2 mm ; D-F = 0.1 mm

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Colour. As in male.

Carapace. 1.26 long, 1.10 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.08, ALE 0.15, PLE 0.11, PME 0.09, AME-AME 0.04.

Endogyne (Fig. 9D-F). With 2 pairs of receptacles. Both pairs with corrugated stems; pores located on

heads. Median receptacles two times as long as lateral, separated by about 1.5 diameters.

Variation

Body size in males 3.19-3.67, in females 3.05-3.95. Coloration without noticeable variation.

Note

Male of this species is described for the first time. Although this species was already transferred to

Zaitunia by Brignoli (1982), this nomenclatorial act was overlooked by Brignoli (1983) himself and by

subsequent catalogs (Platnick 1989, 1993, 2015; World Spider Catalog 2015).

Ecology

According to the label data, the species was found in the maquis (Mediterranean shrub) litter.

Distribution

Cyprus (Fig. 46).

Zaitunia kunti sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C7A41607-6945-4838-9001-C8D6471D0A3A

Figs 10-11, 43C

Diagnosis

Zaitunia kunti sp. nov. differs from related species by having the embolus more sharply curved in the

subapical part and receptacles subequal in size and clearly separated from each other (in Z. annulipes ,

the embolus is clearly shorter and more gently curved, and the median receptacles are considerably

larger than the outer ones; whereas in Z. minoica sp. nov., a longer embolus is noticeably less sharply

curved in the subapical part, and the receptacles, although subequal in size, almost touch each other (cf.

Figs 9, 12G-I, 13C-D).

Etymology

The specific epithet is given after our good friend and colleague, Turkish arachnologist Kadir Boga£

Kunt.

Material examined

Holotype

TURKEY: “Taurus” (no other data), O. Kraus (SMF 12991).

Paratypes (2 §?)

TURKEY: 1 §, Antalya Province, Alanya District, near Elilcesik, 36°33'55.6" N, 31°55'30.3" E, alt.

24 m, 8 Jan. 2013, Y.M. Marusik (ZMMLJ).

CYPRUS: 1 ?, Troodos Mts, 1 Ion S of Troodos, 34°55' N, 35°53' E, 1700 m, IE Apr. 1997, PT.

Lehtinen (ZMUT).

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Fig. 10. Somatic characters and copulatory organs of Zaitunia kunti sp. nov., paratype, $ from Turkey

(A-H) and holotype, S (I-J). —A-B. Habitus, dorsal and ventral. C. Prosoma, dorsal. D-E. Habitus,

frontal and lateral. F-G. Endogyne, dorsal. H. Calamistrum, dorsal. I. Palp, retrolateral. J. Habitus,

lateral. Scale bars: A-B = 0.5 mm; D-F, I = 0.2 mm; G-H = 0.1 mm ; J = 1.0 mm

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Description

Male

Habitus. See Fig. 10J.

Body length. 3.05.

Colour. Carapace dark yellow with brown wide margins, clypeus and postocular area; eye tubercle

blackish-brown; chelicerae, all femora and abdomen uniformly yellowish-brown; other parts of body

and legs pale brownish-yellow.

Carapace. 1.47 long, 1.28 wide.

Fig. 11. Somatic characters and endogyne of Zaitunia kunti sp. nov., paratype, $ from Cyprus.

A-C. Habitus, dorsal, ventral and lateral. D. Prosoma, frontal. E. Posterior part of abdomen, showing

tracheal spiracle and spinnerets. F-G. Endogyne, ventral and dorsal. Scale bars: A, C-D = 0.5 mm; B,

E-F = 0.2 mm ; G = 0.1 mm

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Eyes. AME 0.12, ALE 0.22, PLE 0.19, PME 0.18, AME-AME 0.10.

Palp (Figs 101, 43C). All segments with dark pigmentation; femur slightly longer than tibia; tibia 1.1

wider than femur. Cymbium with small dorsal hump, longer than bulb. Tegular part conical; embolic

part cylindrical (in lateral view), spermophore meandering in embolic part; tip of embolus screw-shaped.

Leg measurements. c?(¥)

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

0.90 (0.55)

0.42 (0.27)

0.85 (0.36)

—

0.32 (0.50)

2.49(1.68)

2.23(1.17)

0.72(0.41)

1.54(1.14)

1.65 (0.95)

0.90 (0.80)

7.04 (4.47)

1.86(0.91)

0.65 (0.39)

1.32(0,69)

1.51 (0.65)

0.68 (0.58)

6.02 (3.22)

III

1.78 (0.76)

0.67 (0.32)

1.32(0.54)

1.30 (0.56)

0.53 (0.46)

5.60 (2.64)

2.13(1.03)

0.75 (0.38)

1.29(0.81)

1.53 (0.79)

0.61 (0.54)

6.31 (3.55)

Female (from Elikesik)

Habitus. See Fig. 10A-B, D-E.

Body length. 2.54.

Colour. Carapace, chelicerae and legs mostly medium brownish-yellow; abdomen dorsally, diffuse leg

fasciae, cephalic area and reticulate clypeal pattern medium violet-brown; eye tubercle and carapace

margins dark violet-brown; sternum light yellow with brownish margins; abdomen ventrally and

spinnerets light violet-brown.

Carapace (Fig. 10C). 1.13 long, 0.94 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.06, ALE 0.11, PLE 0.09, PME 0.07, AME-AME 0.03.

Endogyne (Fig. 10F-G). Median receptacles oval, lateral receptacles globular, both pairs without

goffering. Heads covered with pores. Median receptacles separated by about 1.5 diameters.

Variation

Carapace length in female paratype from Cyprus 1.68; this specimen has body and leg pattern slightly

more contrast than those in female paratype from Turkey (Fig. 11A-C), but the relative size and

arrangement of darker marks do not differ sufficiently.

Ecology

The type locality in Turkey belongs to the coastal maquis zone; the female paratype from Cyprus was

collected in the highlands (1700 m).

Distribution

South Turkey and Cyprus (Fig. 46).

Zaitunia minoica sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3409E2F9-90A8-41A5-869B-F80B553ED136

Figs 12-13, 43D

Diagnosis

Zaitunia minoica sp. nov. differs from other species of its group by having a longer embolus gradually

curved in the subapical part, and by the receptacles subequal in size with widely spaced (more than

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Fig. 12. Somatic characters and endogyne of Zaitunia minoica sp. nov., paratypes, $ $ (A-B, D-E, G-I)

and holotype, S (C, F). — A-C. Habitus, dorsal. D, F. Prosoma, dorsal. E. Habitus, dorso-sublateral.

G-H. Endogyne, dorsal. I. Right pair of receptacles, dorsal. Scale bars: A-C, E = 0.5 mm; D, F-G =

0.2 mm

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Fig. 13. Somatic characters and palp of Zaitunia minoica sp. nov., holotype, f. A-B. Habitus, dorsal and

lateral. C-D. Palp, pro- and retrolateral. Scale bars: A-B = 1.0 mm. C-D = 0.2 mm.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

2 diameters) median pair (in Z. annulipes , the embolus is noticeably shorter and more gently curved,

and the median receptacles are considerably larger than the outer ones; whereas in Z kunti sp. nov.,

the slightly shorter embolus is more sharply curved subapically, and the receptacles are close together

(about 1.5 of their diameter) - cf. Figs 9, 10F-G, I).

Etymology

The specific epithet is given after the Minoan civilisation, which flourished during the Bronze Age in

Crete.

Material examined

Holotype

GREECE: S, Crete Isl., Gouves 16 km E of Iraklion, 1 May 2008, H. Eikamp & U. Kluge (SMF).

Paratypes (5 16 §?)

GREECE: 2 Crete Isl., same locality as holotype, 4 May 2009, K. Eckl (SMF); 3 $ $, SW of Zaros,

5 Apr. 1958, H. Kahmann (SMF); 1 §, W of Camaris, 600-800 m, 6 Apr. 1958, H. Kahmann (SMF);

2 5?, Gortys near Ajil Delca, 85-100 m, 9 Apr. 1958, H. Kahmann (SMF); 1 $,2 §§, same, 11 Apr.

1958, H. Kahmann (SMF); 4 $ §, E of Agios Fotia (Hagia Photia), 35°11.9' N, 26°10.3' E, 29 m, 20 Apr.

2007, A. Schonhofer (SMF); 1 Analipsi, 5 May 2008, H. Eikamp & U. Kluge (SMF); 1 20 May

2009, K. Eckl (SMF); 1 $, Kastri-Arvi, 3 May 2009, K. Eskl (SMF); 1 $, Kavousi, 10 May 2009,

H. Eikamp & U. Kluge (SMF); 1 §, Arvi, Keratokampos, 11 May 2009, K. Eskl & U. Kluge (SMF);

1 5, Anogia, 30 km SW of Iraklion, 17 May 2010, K. Eskl & H. Eikamp (SMF).

Description

Male (holotype)

Habitus. See Figs 12C, 13A-B.

Body length. 2.97.

Colour. Carapace dark ochre-yellow, with brownish clypeus, narrow marginal bands, postocular area

and radial grooves; eye tubercle brownish-black; labium, sternum and maxillae yellow; chelicerae, palps

and legs yellow with diffuse brownish spots and fasciae; abdomen uniformly dark brown.

Carapace (Fig. 12F). 1.35 long, 1.08 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.09, ALE 0.13, PLE 0.12, PME 0.10, AME-AME 0.06.

Palp (Figs 13C-D, 43D). Femur as long as tibia; tibia 1.5 times thicker than femur. Cymbium moderately

long and slightly curved, without dorsal hump. Tegulum globular. Embolus long, gradually tapering near

base and with parallel margins in mid-part, spermophore in embolus straight, tip of embolus screw¬

shaped.

Leg measurements. c?(¥)

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

0.86 (0.73)

0.25 (0.34)

0.67 (0.55)

—

0.29 (0.63)

2.07 (2.25)

2.02 (1.85)

0.57 (0.58)

2.20(1.87)

2.11 (1.51)

1.38 (1.08)

8.28 (6.89)

1.59 (1.38)

0.46 (0.54)

1.53 (1.22)

1.52 (1.03)

1.03 (0.78)

6.13(4.95)

III

1.37 (1.22)

0.44(0.51)

1.29(0.83)

1.53 (0.97)

0.72 (0.61)

5.35(4.14)

1.95 (1.57)

0.51 (0.57)

1.94(1.28)

2.07(1.28)

1.10(0.76)

7.57 (5.46)

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Female (paratype from Gortys)

Habitus. See Fig. 12A.

Body length. 3.87.

Colour. As in male, but abdomen dorsally, carapace margins and fasciae on palps and legs are somewhat

darker.

Carapace. 1.63 long, 1.31 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.09, ALE 0.15, PLE 0.14, PME 0.10, AME-AME 0.05.

Endogyne (Fig. 12G-I). Both pairs of receptacles subglobular, median pair slightly elongate. Median

and lateral receptacles close together. Median receptacles separated by more than 2 diameters.

Variation

Carapace length in males varies from 1.25 to 1.47, in females from 1.40 to 1.65. Some specimens have

less contrast, with a darker and more diffuse coloration (Fig. 12B, D-E).

Ecology

According to the label data, the species inhabits rocky slopes from seashore to 800 m, covered by shrubs

and steppe vegetation, where spiders occur under the stones.

Distribution

Known only from Crete (Fig. 46).

Zaitunia persica species group

Remarks

The group unites almost uniformly light-coloured species with females possessing only one pair of

receptacles (entire or subdivided). Males and their characters are unknown for this group. Six members

are included: Z afghana (Roewer, 1962) from Afghanistan, and five species from Iran: Z. akhanii

Marusik & Zamani, 2015, Z. alexandri Brignoli, 1982, Z. brignoliana sp. nov., Z. medica Brignoli, 1982

and Z. persica Brignoli, 1982.

Key to species of the Zaitunia persica species group

(Only females; males of all included species are unknown.)

1. Receptacles long, sinuous and looped (Figs 15E-G, 18D-E) .2

- Receptacles short, without loops (Figs 14G-K, 16A-B, D-F, 17D, F-J) .3

2. Receptacles longer, with four loops (Fig. 18D-E); southern Iran. Z. persica Brignoli, 1982

- Receptacles shorter, with two loops (Fig. 15E-G); northern Iran .

.Z. akhanii Marusik & Zamani, 2015

3. Receptacles undivided (Figs 16A, D, 17D, F-J) .4

- Receptacles subdivided (Figs 14G-K, 16D-F) .5

4. Receptacles longer, sac-shaped (Fig. 16A-B); southern Iran.Z. alexandri Brignoli, 1982

- Receptacles shorter, knob-shaped (Fig. 17D, F-J), central Iran.Z. medica Brignoli, 1982

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

5. Receptacles with stems and subdivided dumbbell-shaped head (Fig. 14G-K); Afghanistan.

.Z. afghana (Roewer, 1962)

- Receptacles without stems, boomerang-shaped (Fig. 16D-F); Iran.Z. brignoliana sp. nov.

Zaitunia afghana (Roewer, 1962)

Fig. 14

Filistata afghana Roewer, 1962: 12 (§). Note: figs 6 and 9 labeled as F. afghana refer to Z. huberi

sp. nov.

Zaitunia afghana - Zonstein et al. 2013: 69 (transfer from Filistata).

Diagnosis

Zaitunia afghana can easily be distinguished from other species of the group, except Z brignoliana

sp. nov., by having the receptacles subdivided apically and with a distinct stem (the receptacles are

undivided in most other species and a stem is lacking; in Z. brignoliana sp. nov., the subdivided

receptacles are wider - cf. Fig. 16D-F).

Material examined

Holotype

AFGHANISTAN: 5, HelmandProvince, Tchehel Dokhteran Cave, Kouh-Ghoramban, nearTchongoulak,

Nawzad district, about 75 km N of Gereshk, c. 32°24' N, 64°30' E, 1300 m, 17 Apr. 1957, K. Findberg

(ZMFS F57/3752, A.206; examined). Almost all legs except left legs I and IV are partially missing in

the holotype. Paratype of F. afghana actually belongs to Z. huberi sp. nov.

Description

Female

Habitus. See Fig. 14A-B, D.

Body length. 6.20.

Colour. Whole body and legs light brownish-yellow, carapace with darker brown clypeus (however,

with lighter yellow median stripe), long but narrow median spot dilated anteriorly; eye tubercle and

narrow bands along carapace margins dark brown; chelicerae with narrow median brownish stripes;

palpal and leg femora with narrow and incomplete light brown fasciae; abdomen without dorsal pattern.

Carapace (Fig. 14C). 2.52 long, 1.90 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.09, AFE 0.21, PEE 0.18, PME 0.17, AME-AME 0.04.

Endogyne (Fig. 14G-K). Receptacles with distinct stem and dumbbell-shaped transversal head. Pores

cover only the head. Heads separated by distance of twice their diameters.

Peg measurements.

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

1.55

0.63

0.89

—

0.98

4.05

3.29

0.95

3.23

2.74

1.65

11.86

2.52

0.86

—

III

1.88

0.80

—

2.78

0.93

2.07

2.00

1.13

8.91

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Male

Unknown.

Remarks

During the present study, we found that Roewer (1962) erroneously assigned two different species of

Zaitunia , almost indistinguishable from each other by habitus, to the type series. Hence, we redescribe

the holotype, but the paratype of Filistata afghana , previously redescribed by Zonstein et al. (2013), is

considered to represent a new species, Z. huberi sp. nov., listed and described below.

Fig. 14. Somatic characters and endogyne of Zaitunia afghana (Roewer, 1962), holotype, $.

A-B. Habitus, dorsal and ventral. C. Prosoma, dorsal. D. Habitus, lateral. E-F. Calamistrum from

above and lateral. G—I, K. Endogyne, dorsal. J. Right receptacle, dorsal. Scale bars: A, D = 1.0 mm;

B-C = 0.5 mm; E-G, I = 0.2 mm ; H = 1.0 mm.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Ecology

According to the label data, the holotype was collected in a cave; other information is not available.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 47).

Zaitunia akhanii Marusik & Zamani, 2015

Fig. 15

Zaitunia akhanii Marusik & Zamani, 2015: 129, figs 4a-f ($).

Diagnosis

Females ofZ. akhanii resemble those ofZ persica Brignoli, 1982 by having sinuous tube-like receptacles,

but the receptacles of Z. akhanii have two loops, whereas those of Z. persica have four.

Fig. 15. Somatic characters and endogyne of Zaitunia akhanii Marusik & Zamani, 2015, holotype, $.

A-B. Habitus, lateral and dorsal. C. Prosoma, dorsal. D. Calamistrum lateral. E, G. Endogyne, dorsal.

F. Feft receptacle, ventral. Scale bars: A-B =1.0 mm; C-D = 0.2 mm ; G = 0.1 mm

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Material examined

Holotype

IRAN: §, Tehran Province, southern slopes of Alborz Mountains, 35°48.5' N, 51°23.0' E, Jul. 2014,

A. Zamani (SMF).

Paratypes

IRAN: 7 $ 5, same data as holotype (ZMMU, ZMUT).

Description

Female (paratype)

Habitus. See Fig. 15A-B.

Body length. 5.20.

Colour. Light yellowish, with distinct pattern on carapace and legs: clypeus entirely dark, wide dark

median band terminating near fovea; femora I—III with median-ventral spot. Abdomen uniformly

yellowish-grey, without darker pattern.

Carapace (Fig. 15C). 2.16 long, 1.60 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.09, ALE 0.16, PLE 0.11, PME 0.12, AME-AME 0.03.

Endogyne (Fig. 15E-G). With one pair of sinuous tube-like receptacles. Receptacles wavy, bent twice,

gland pores not distinct in low magnification but easily visible after contrast coloring (Fig. 15F); pores

distributed evenly along receptacle while absent on heads. Receptacles spaced in mid-part by more than

4 diameters.

Leg measurements. Paratype §.

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

1.20

0.60

0.68

—

0.80

3.28

3.12

0.80

2.28

2.00

1.20

9.40

1.76

0.72

1.48

1.44

0.88

6.28

III

1.52

0.60

1.20

0.76

5.28

2.08

0.80

1.68

0.88

7.12

Male

Unknown.

Variation

Total body length 4.80-7.20. Pale specimens may have light clypeus and may lack spots on femora.

Ecology

Specimens were found in large, dusty cribellate webs made around human dwellings.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality in Tehran (Fig. 47).

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Zaitunia alexandri Brignoli, 1982

Fig. 16A-B

Zaitunia alexandri Brignoli, 1982: 74, fig. 15 (§).

Zaitunia alexandri - Marusilc & Zamani 2015: 131, fig. 5b ($).

Diagnosis

By structure of the endogyne, Z. alexandri resembles Z medica , but differs from it and all other congeners

by their entire, relatively short and robust sac-shaped receptacles (Fig. 16A-B).

Fig. 16. Zaitunia alexandri Brignoli, 1982 (A-B) and Z. brignoliana sp. nov. (C-F), holotype; $

habitus and structure of endogyne. — A-B, D, F. Endogyne, dorsal. C. Habitus, dorsal. E. Feft

receptacle, dorsal. Scale bars: A, F = 0.2 mm; C = 1.0 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Material examined

Holotype

IRAN: Fars Province, vicinity of Kuhenjan, 29° 14' N, 52°57' E, 1500 m, 27 May 1976, S. Zerunian

(MSNV).

Description

Female

Body length. 5.32.

Colour. Carapace, chelicerae, labium and sternum pale yellowish-brown, carapace with darker brownish

margins, clypeus and postocular area; eye tubercle dark brown; palps and legs with weak, diffuse darker

brown spots; abdomen uniformly greyish-yellow.

Carapace. 1.68 long, 1.33 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.08, ALE 0.15, PLE 0.12, PME 0.10, AME-AME: 0.05.

Endogyne (Fig. 16A-B). Receptacles sac-like, with cylindrical body and rounded tip, not corrugated;

gland pores distributed evenly and not forming clusters. Receptacles separated by 2.5 diameters.

Leg measurements.

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

1.05

0.44

0.58

—

0.81

2.95

1.82

0.65

1.68

1.42

0.98

6.91

1.31

0.56

1.02

0.96

0.71

5.11

III

1.10

0.52

0.89

0.85

0.58

4.46

1.62

0.70

1.32

1.18

0.65

6.04

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 47).

Zaitunia brignoliana sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3E52AB5D-C6E9-44C0-AF4C-CE5975C739A4

Fig. 16C-F

Diagnosis

Zaitunia brignoliana sp. nov. is easily distinguished from other species of the group, except Z. afghana ,

by having boomerang-shaped receptacles subdivided into two lobes and lacking a stem (undivided in

most other members; whereas Z. afghana have a distinct stem and the receptacles are dumbbell-shaped

-cf. Figs 16D-F and 14G-K, respectively).

Etymology

The specific epithet is given after the prominent Italian arachnologist Paolo Marcello Brignoli (1942—

1986) who described three species of Zaitunia from Iran.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Material examined

Holotype

IRAN: Yazd Province, 10 km E of Ardakan, 32°19.9' N, 54°12.3' E, 1235 m, 11 Apr. 2004, V.

Vignoli & P. Cracitti (SMF).

Description

Female

Habitus. See Fig. 16C.

Body length. 2.54.

Colour. Carapace, chelicerae and legs mostly medium brownish-yellow; abdomen dorsally, diffuse leg

fasciae, cephalic area and reticulate clypeal pattern medium violet-brown; eye tubercle and carapace

margins dark violet-brown; sternum light yellow with brownish margins; abdomen ventrally and

spinnerets light violet-brown.

Carapace. 1.13 long, 0.94 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.06, ALE 0.11, PLE 0.09, PME 0.07, AME-AME 0.03.

Endogyne (Fig. 16D-F). Receptacles without stems, boomerang-shaped, wider than high; whole

receptacle densely covered by glandular pores; inner margins of receptacle bases separated by 4

diameters.

Leg measurements.

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

0.55

0.27

0.36

—

0.50

1.68

1.17

0.41

1.14

0.95

0.80

4.47

0.91

0.39

0.69

0.65

0.58

3.22

III

0.76

0.32

0.54

0.56

0.46

2.64

1.03

0.38

0.81

0.79

0.54

3.55

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 47).

Zaitunia medica (Brignoli, 1982)

Fig. 17

Zaitunia medica Brignoli, 1982: 72, fig. 16 (§).

Zaitunia medica - Marusik & Zamani 2015: 131, figs 5c-d ($).

Material examined

Holotype

IRAN: $, Isfahan Province, Laybid, 33°28' N, 50°42' E, 2100 m, 7 Jul. 1975, PM. Brignoli & M. Di

Rao (MSNV).

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Paratype

IRAN: 1 §, same data as holotype.

Diagnosis

In structure of the vulva, females of Z medica resemble those of Z. alexandri , but differ from them and

all other congeners by their unpaired, very short and robust knob-shaped (transverse oval) receptacles

(Fig. 17D, F-H).

Description

Female (holotype)

Habitus. See Fig. 17A-B.

Body length. C. 8.00 (pro- and opisthosoma are separate).

Fig. 17. Somatic characters and endogyne of Zaitunia medica Brignoli, 1982, holotype, $. A. Prosoma,

lateral. B-C. Prosoma, dorsal. D, F-G. Endogyne, dorsal (D: after Brignoli 1982). E. Calamistrum,

dorsal. H. Right receptacle, dorsal. Scale bars: A, B = 1.0 mm; C = 0.2 mm; F = 0.1 mm.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Colour. Whole spider pale brownish-yellow; eye tubercle brownish-black; chelicerae and distal

segments of legs I-IV light reddish-brown; carapace (except clypeus) and abdomen without discernible

pattern.

Carapace (Fig. 17C). 3.04 long, 2.36 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.10, ALE 0.21, PLE 0.18, PME 0.17, AME-AME 0.07.

Endogyne (Fig. 17F-H). Receptacles hemispherical to transverse oval, wider than high, separated by

their width, covered by a few fine pores (Fig. 17D).

Leg measurements (holotype).

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

1.40

0.81

0.98

—

1.17

4.36

3.17

1.18

2.89

2.82

1.76

11.82

2.50

1.04

2.01

1.98

1.31

8.84

III

2.12

0.82

1.51

1.54

0.93

6.92

2.82

1.11

2.42

2.37

1.30

10.02

Note

It is worth noting that Brignoli (1982) illustrated a more elongate receptacle with a stem that had distinct

pores on the top, whereas the examined holotype has receptacles lacking a stem and covered with less

distinct pores.

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 47).

Zaitunia persica Brignoli, 1982

Fig. 18

Zaitunia persica Brignoli, 1982: 70, figs 13-14 (5).

Zaitunia persica - Marusik & Zamani 2015: 133, fig. 5a (§).

Diagnosis

Females of Z. persica resemble those of Z. akhanii by having sinuous, tube-like receptacles, but

Z persica has four loops (or bends), whereas Z. akhanii has only two loops.

Material examined

Holotype

IRAN: Fars Province, mountains 10 km E of Dehbid, 29°55' N, 52°55' E, 2100 m, 24 May 1976,

PM. Brignoli (MSNV).

Paratype

IRAN: 1 5, same data as holotype.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Description

Female (holotype)

Habitus. See Fig. 18A.

Body length. 5.90.

Colour. Carapace and chelicerae brownish-yellow; carapace with brown to dark brown central area,

clypeus and margins; eye tubercle brownish-black; maxillae, labium, sternum and leg coxae pale

brownish-yellow; palps and legs medium brownish-yellow with incomplete brownish fasciae; abdomen

uniformly pale yellowish-grey without darker pattern.

Carapace (Fig. 18B). 1.41 long, 1.23 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.07, ALE 0.14, PLE 0.13, PME 0.11, AME-AME 0.04.

Fig. 18. Somatic characters and endogyne of Zaitunia persica Brignoli, 1982, holotype, $. A. Habitus,

dorsal. B. Prosoma, dorsal. C. Metatarsus and tarsus IV, dorsal. D-E. Endogyne, dorsal. Scale bars:

A = 0.5 mm ; C, E = 0.2 mm

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Endogyne (Fig. 18D-E). Receptacle long, cylindrical, tube-lilce, bent 4-5 times. Glandular pores

indistinct.

Feg measurements (holotype).

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

0.84

0.42

0.49

—

0.63

2.38

1.52

0.64

1.54

1.31

0.90

5.91

1.21

0.57

0.99

0.97

0.68

4.42

III

1.07

0.46

0.71

0.76

0.53

3.53

1.48

0.61

1.23

1.08

0.61

5.01

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 47).

Zaitunia logunovi -group

Remarks

This group includes only one light-coloured species. The dorsal body and legs with very weak darker

pattern. Cymbium with brush of thick and dense setae on ventral and lateral edges (lacking in other

groups). The cap-shaped tegulum is much shorter than the relatively long cymbium. The embolus is

very short and twisted. The endogyne has two pairs of receptacles. The only member of this group,

Z. logunovi sp. nov., is found in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

Zaitunia logunovi sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:116A2332-4326-4AAE-9878-0827BClCB330

Figs 19-21, 42A-B, 43E

Diagnosis

Males of Z. logunovi sp. nov. differ from other congeners by a very short embolus directed forward

(only Z schmitzi possesses a similarly short embolus, but in the latter case the embolus is sideward-

directed, cf. Fig. 7A-D). The ventral brush of setae on the cymbium adjoining the bulb is more well-

developed than in any other congener (cf. Figs 24C, 28G-I, 301). Females are easily distinguished from

all other female congeners except Z. annulipes and Z. halepensis sp. nov. by having long, non-divergent

median receptacles considerably exceeding the small and globular lateral pair in size (Fig. 21). Females

of Z. logunovi sp. nov. differ from those of Z. annulipes and Z. halepensis sp. nov. by the shape of

their digitiform (not clublike) median receptacles, which are considerably thinner than in the two latter

species (cf. Figs 5C-D, 9D-F).

Etymology

This species is named after our friend and colleague Dmitri Fogunov (University of Manchester,

Manchester, UK).

Material examined

Holotype

KYRGYZSTAN: S, foot hil ls of Kyrghyz Mts, Chon-Aryk 2 km S of Bishkek, 42°47' N, 74°34' E,

1100-1200 m, 20 May 1984, S.V. Ovchinnikov (TAU).

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Fig. 19. Somatic characters of Zaitunia logunovi sp. nov., paratypes, $ $ (A-D, G), and holotype (E) and

paratype (F), Sf. — A, C. Habitus, dorsal. B, E-F. Same, lateral. D. Prosoma, dorsal. G. Spinnerets,

ventral. Scale bars: A, C = 1.0 mm; B, D-F = 0.5 mm; G = 0.2 mm

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Paratypes (9 44 $ 5)

KYRGYZSTAN: 1 $, 8 same data as holotype.

KAZAKHSTAN: 6 $$, 1 $ subad., north-western foothills of Trans-Ili Mts, Argaity gorge, 4 km SE of

Akterektown, 43°15' N, 75°25' E, c. 1200 m, 22 May 1988,1.N. Smigunova (TAU); 3 surroundings

Fig. 20. Palp of Zaitunia logunovi sp. nov., paratype, S- A-C. Terminal part, retrolateral, ventro-

retrolateral and prolateral. D-E. Entire palp, prolateral and pro ventral. Scale bars: A, C = 0.1 mm; B,

E = 0.2 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

ofKordai (= Georgievka) town, 43°02' N, 74°43' E, 600-650 m, 11 Jun. 1983, S.V. Ovchinnikov (TAU);

6 55, Chu-Ili Mts, Kordai Pass, 37 km NE ofKordai (Georgievka) town, 43°15' N, 74°50' E, 1200 m,

7 Apr. 1983, S. Zonstein & S.V. Ovchinnikov (TAU); 2 33 , 5 5 5, same locality, 13-14 Jun. 1990, A.A.

Feodorov & A.A. Zyuzin (TAU); 10 55, same region, mountains 4-5 km N of Otar town, 43°32' N,

75°12' E, 11 May 1988, C.K. Tarabaev & M. Zarko (TAU); 1 3, 6 55> same region, 18.5 km NW of

Kenen town, 43°30' N, 74°53' E, 15 Jun. 1990, A.A. Feodorov & A.A. Zyuzin (TAU); 1 3 , 2 5 5 > same

data (ZMMU); 1 3 , same region, 61 km on the Kopa-Kolshengel road, 4 km E of road, hills, 43°38.5'

N, 75°48.2' E, 26 May 2003, A. Feodorov & N. Poddubskii (AMNH).

Description

Male (holotype)

Habitus. See Fig. 19E.

Body length. 2.82.

Colour. Whole spider pale greyish-yellow; eye tubercle brownish-black; Y-shaped median spot

occupying cephalic portion and extending to clypeus, and narrow margins of carapace light brown, as

well as a weak and diffuse dorsal abdominal pattern consisting of interrupted median line anteriorly and

a few transverse fasciae posteriorly.

Carapace (Fig. 42A). 1.24 long, 1.03 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.07, ALE 0.13, PLE 0.12, PME 0.10, AME-AME 0.04.

Fig. 21. Endogyne of Zaitunia logunovi sp. nov., paratype, 5 - A-B, E-F. Endogyne, dorsal. C. Recep¬

tacles, posterior. D, G. Endogyne, dorsal-anterior. Scale bars: A-B = 0.1 mm; C-D = 0.2 mm.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Palp (Figs 20, 43E; paratype from the type locality). Relatively long and slender; pale, without

pigmentation; femur slightly longer than tibia; diameter of tibia 1.33 times wider than in femur; cymbium

with distinct dorsal hump, about 2 times longer than bulb, retro- and proventral edge of cymbium with

brush of thick and dense setae; bulb hemispherical; embolus short and screw-shaped, without a neck.

Feg MEASUREMENTS c?($).

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

0.82(0.61)

0.28 (0.35)

0.79 (0.46)

—

0.32 (0.57)

2.02 (1.73)

1.93 (1.50)

0.52 (0.47)

1.83(1.31)

1.81 (1.07)

1.15(0.87)

6.54 (5.22)

1.49(1.07)

0.45 (0.43)

1.39(0.81)

1.43 (0.67)

0.90 (0.58)

5.18(3.56)

III

1.34(0.89)

0.43 (0.41)

1.17(0.67)

1.37 (0.60)

0.83 (0.55)

4.60 (3.12)

1.88(1.29)

0.54 (0.44)

1.76(0.93)

1.94(0.91)

1.09(0.67)

6.25 (4.24)

Female (paratype from Kordai)

Habitus. See Fig. 19C.

Body length. 4.67.

Colour. As in male, but darker brownish pattern of carapace is more developed; dorsal abdominal

pattern weaker; legs with a few incomplete darker fasciae.

Carapace (Figs 19D, 42B). 1.78 long, 1.43 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.07, AFE 0.17, PEE 0.15, PME 0.10, AME-AME 0.05.

Endogyne (Fig. 21). Both pairs of receptacles cylindrical and with corrugated stems; median receptacles

twice as long as laterals and about 1.3 times thinner, median receptacles with wide base and, in anterior

view (Fig. 21C), both pairs of same diameter; gland pores cover only tips of receptacles.

Variations

Carapace length in males varies from 1.15 to 1.40, in females from 1.47 to 1.85. Darker pattern and

markings in some specimens are almost indistinct (Fig. 19A).

Ecology

The species was found in steppe habitats in foothills and low mountains.

Distribution

Southeastern Kazakhstan and northern Kyrgyzstan (Fig. 48).

Zaitunia spinimana-group

Remarks

This group includes relatively pale-coloured species. Only the clypeus, post-ocular area and dorsal

abdominal pattern are slightly darker than the pale background colour. Legs I-IV mostly lacking darker

fasciae and are concolorous with the prosoma. The conical tegulum is much shorter than the cymbium.

The embolus is relatively long to very long. The endogyne with two pairs of receptacles. Three species

are included: Z. martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenlco, 1969) from Tajikistan, Z. spinimana sp. nov.

from Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, and (tentatively, because of the unknown male) Zaitunia inderensis

Ponomarev, 2005 from western Kazakhstan.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Key to species of Zaitunia spinimana- group

(Male of Z. inderensis is unknown.)

1. Males .2

- Females .3

2. Femur, tibia and metatarsus I with numerous long ventral and prolateral spines (Fig. 27A);

basal embolic keel absent; embolus shorter, with one loop (Figs 27C-E, 44A); northwestern

Turkmenistan, southwestern Kazakhstan. Z. spinimana sp. nov.

- Femur, tibia and metatarsus I armed with a few unmodified spines (Fig. 23C); basal embolic keel

present; embolus longer, with two loops (Figs 24A-D, 43F); Tajikistan, southern Turkmenistan.

.Z. martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969)

3. All receptacles are subequal in size (Fig. 27H-I) . Z. spinimana sp. nov.

- Median and lateral receptacles differ in size (Figs 25, 26B-C, E) .4

4. Median receptacles considerably smaller than lateral pair (Fig. 26B-C, E); western Kazakhstan

.Z. inderensis Ponomarev, 2005

- Median receptacles considerably larger than lateral pair (Fig. 25) .

.Z. martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969)

Zaitunia inderensis Ponomarev, 2005

Figs 22, 42C

Zaitunia inderensis Ponomarev, 2005: 43, fig. la-b ($).

Zaitunia inderensis - Fomichev & Marusik2013: 85, figs 10-11, 15 (?).

Diagnosis

By the structure of the vulva, females of Z inderensis resemble Z. spinimana sp. nov., but differ from it

and all other congeners by the enlarged lateral receptacles which are considerably larger and more robust

than the median pair (Fig. 22E).

Material examined

Holotype

KAZAKHSTAN: $, Atyrau Province, Inder plateau, karst s ink hole 20 km E of Inderborskiy (=Inderbor)

town, 48°33' N, 52°0F E, 29 Sept. 1986, A.V. Ponomarev (ZMMU).

Paratypes (5 55)

KAZAKHSTAN: 2 5 5? same data as holotype; 3 5?, same data, but 25 May 1987 (ZMMU).

Description

Female (holotype)

Habitus. See Fig. 22A.

Body length. 3.66.

Colour. Whole spider pale yellowish-grey; eye tubercle brownish; abdomen lacking dorsal pattern.

Carapace (Fig. 42C). 1.34 long, 1.02 wide.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Eyes. AME 0.07, ALE 0.13, PLE 0.10, PME 0.09, AME-AME 0.04.

Endogyne (Fig. 22B-C, E). Median and lateral receptacles closely spaced and arranged almost in one

longitudinal line (median receptacles partly hide lateral ones). Median receptacles very short; lateral

receptacles diverging, clublike, with corrugated stems, head of receptacles separated by about 2.5 of

their diameter; median receptacles separated by less than 1.5 diameters.

Leg measurements.

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

0.62

0.30

0.46

—

0.51

1.89

1.32

0.48

1.16

0.99

0.84

4.79

1.01

0.43

0.78

0.70

0.58

3.50

III

0.87

0.41

0.63

0.79

0.55

3.25

1.18

0.45

0.91

0.90

0.73

4.17

Fig. 22. Somatic characters and endogyne of Zaitunia inderensis Ponomarev, 2005, paratype, §.

A. Habitus, dorsal. B-C, E. Endogyne, dorsal. D. Prosoma, dorsal. Scale bars: A, C-D = 0.2 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Male

Unknown.

Variation

Carapace length in female paratypes varies from 1.19 to 1.40; no distinction in the colouration is evident.

Ecology

According to label data and the original description (Ponomarev 2005), the species was found in a low,

semi-desert karst plateau.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 48).

Zaitunia martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenlco, 1969)

Figs 23-26, 43F, 50F

Filistata martynovae Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969: 374, fig. 1 (§).

Filistata martynovae - Andreeva 1976: 19, figs 13-14 (5).

Zaitunia martynovae - Zonstein 1990: 50 (transfer from Filistata).

Diagnosis

By the structure of the bulb, Z. martynovae resembles Z. spinimana sp. nov., but differs from it and all

other male congeners by the long and flattened corkscrew-shaped embolus (Figs 25A-D, 43F). Females

are easily distinguished from all other congeners due to their large and swollen median receptacles

(Fig. 26).

Type material

Holotype

TAJIKISTAN: 5, SanglolcMts, Tutkaul Village, 10 Sep. 1966, E. Martynova (depository unknown, not

examined).

Material examined (1 S, 37 $$, 2 $$ subad., 5 juvs)

TAJIKISTAN: 1 5, Arulctau Mts, surroundings of Gandzhina, 37°58' N, 68°34' E, 700-900 m, 19-

20 Apr. 1986, S. Zonstein (TAU); 1 $ subad., same data, but 13 Apr. 1987 (TAU); 3 $ §, same data, but

11 Apr. 1988 (TAU); 1 §, same data, but 19 Apr. 1989 (TAU); 1 S, 6 $¥, same data, but 21 Apr. 2015,

S. Zonstein (TAU); 3 $?, 2 $$ subad., same data, but 37°57.7' N, 68°33.7' E, 716 m, 21 Apr. 2015,

Y.M. Marusik (ZMMU); 2 $ §, Sanglok Mts, 1 km W of Khodzharki (= Sebiston), 38° 15' N, 69° 15' E

(10 km SE of Tutkaul village), 1300 m, 18 May 2002, S. Zonstein (TAU); 2 $ §, Pyandzh Karatau Mts,

surroundings of Mt. Astana, 37°23' N, 69°15' E, 1400-1600 m, 23 Apr. 1991, S. Zonstein (TAU); 7 $ §,

1 juv., same data, but 37°23.2' N, 69° 14.8' E, 1674 m, 4 May 2015, Y.M. Marusik (ZMMU); 3 $ $, same

data, but 37°22.8' N, 69° 14.7' E, 1600 m, 4 May 2015, S. Zonstein (TAU); 1 $, 1 juv., foothills 8 km E

of Pyandzh town, 37°14.7' N, 69°14.0' E, 464 m, 5 May 2015, Y.M. Marusik (ZMMU); 2 $ §, Khodzha-

Mumin salt dome, 37°45.9' N, 69°38.6' E, 470 m, 25 Apr. 2015, S. Zonstein (TAU); 1 §, 2 juvs, same

data, but Yu.M. Marusik (ZMMU); 1 $, 1 juv., Rangentau Mts, env. of Khurson, 38° 10.7' N, 68°39.7' E,

724 m, clay cliff near road, 4 May 2015, Y.M. Marusik (ZMMU).

TURKMENISTAN: 3 $ $, Central KopetdaghMts, northern slope ofUlydepe Mts, 14 km W of Gektepe,

38°09'45" N, 57°47'05" E, 600 m, 1 Apr. 2002, A.V. Gromov (ZMMU).

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Note

Tutlcaul village, the type locality of Filistata martynovae Andreeva & Tyshchenko, is now covered by

the water of the Nurek Reservoir.

Description

Male (Gandzhina)

Habitus. See Fig. 24A, C.

Body length. 3.47.

Fig. 23. Somatic characters of Zaitunia martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969) from Gandzhina

(A, C, G, I-J) and Kopetdagh (B, D-F, H); $ $ (A-I) and S (J). — A, C. Habitus, dorsal. B. Prosoma,

lateral. D, G. Habitus, lateral. E, I. Prosoma, dorsal. F. Abdomen, ventral. H. Calamistrum, dorsal.

J. Prosoma, dorso-lateral. Scale bars: A-B, D = 0.5 mm; E-F, H-J = 0.2 mm; G = 1.0 mm

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Colour. Prosoma and legs pale greyish-brownish-yellow; eye tubercle brownish-black; diffuse and

narrow median line light brown (but margins of carapace not darkened), abdomen dorsally light

brownish with diffuse pattern of slightly darker narrow median line anteriorly and a few transverse

fasciae posteriorly.

Carapace (Fig. 24B, D). 1.52 long, 1.26 wide.

Eyes (Fig. 25E). AME 0.07, ALE 0.11, PLE 0.09, PME 0.08, AME-AME 0.08.

Palp (Figs 25A-D, 43F). Relatively long and slender, 1.78 times longer than carapace; tibia 1.3 times

wider than femur, dorso-distally with brush of strong setae; cymbium shorter than bulb; bulb sinuous

in lateral view; spermophore sinuous in embolic neck; embolus longer than neck and equal in length to

tegulum + neck, embolus bent twice.

Fig. 24. Somatic characters of Zaitunia martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969), f from Gandzhina.

A, C. Habitus, dorsal and lateral. B, D. Prosoma, dorsal and lateral.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

LEG MEASUREMENTS. (?(?)

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

1.07 (0.93)

0.29 (0.36)

1.01 (0.55)

—

0.34 (0.67)

2.71 (2.51)

2.43 (1.95)

0.57 (0.57)

2.55 (1.89)

2.46(1.57)

1.89(1.18)

9.90 (7.16)

1.94(1.53)

0.49(0.51)

1.76(1.28)

1.94(1.17)

1.28(0.84)

7.41 (5.33)

III

1.81 (1.26)

0.51 (0.47)

1.58 (0.97)

1.79(0.98)

0.96 (0.76)

6.65 (4.44)

2.34(1.76)

0.48 (0.59)

2.17(1.41)

2.43 (1.30)

1.54(0.86)

8.96 (5.92)

Fig. 25. Palp and somatic characters of Zaitunia martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969), $ from

Gandzhina. A, D. Palp, retro- and prolateral. B-C. Terminal part of palp, retro-ventral and prolateral.

E. Cephalic part of carapace, dorsal. F. Abdomen, ventral.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Female (Gandzhina)

Habitus. See Fig. 23C, G.

Body length. 4.35.

Colour. As in male but abdomen slightly darker dorsally, and ventrally with darker X-shaped spot in

genital area.

Fig. 26. Zaitunia martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969), structure of endogyne in $$ from

Gandzhina (A-C, J), Kopetdagh (D-E), Babatagh (F-I, K-L) and Pyandzh Karatau (M-O). — A,

I. Endogynal plate from above. B, D, L, N-O. Endogyne, dorsal. C, M. Endogyne, ventral. E, G, H,

J-K. Endogyne, dorsal-anterior. F. Right pair of receptacles, dorsal-anterior.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Carapace (Fig. 231). F62 long, 1.29 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.07, ALE 0.13, PLE 0.11, PME 0.09, AME-AME 0.06.

Endogyne (Fig. 26A-C). With large and wide conical median receptacles and small globular lateral

receptacles; median receptacles with corrugated stem, their bases separated by less than the diameter

of their heads, heads separated by 1.6 of their diameter; heads of both pairs densely covered with gland

pores.

Variations

Carapace length in females varies from 1.50 to 1.75. Variation of coloration and structure of the endogyne

in females from Tajikistan and Tur km enistan is shown in Figs 23A-B, D-F, and 26D-0, respectively.

The body and leg pattern, including the X-shaped spot in the female genital area, may be well-developed

or indistinct.

Ecology

This species is found in different habitats from foothill steppes and shrubland to open Juniperus forest

in the middle mountain belt. The spiders occur under stones (Fig. 50B), and in crevices in clay escarps

(Fig. 50C) and rock outcrops (Fig. 50D) where they build small webs below or near the cavity entrance

(Fig. 50E, a close-up view of such a web is also shown in Fig. 50F).

Distribution

Tajikistan and Turkmenistan (Fig. 48).

Zaitunia spinimana sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FC2C0EDF-90DD-4D31-B159-45BA263BC9D8

Fig. 27

Zaitunia sp. - Zyuzin & Tarabaev 1994: 399.

Diagnosis

By structure of the bulb, Z. spinimana sp. nov. resembles Z martynovae but differs from the latter by

its shorter and narrower corkscrew-shaped embolus (cf. Figs 24A-D, 43F, 27C-E, 44A). Additionally,

it differs from Z. martynovae and all other congeners by having a femur, tibia and metatarsus I with

unusually numerous, long spines (Figs 27A). By structure of the vulva, Z. spinimana sp. nov. is similar

to Z. inderensis\ they differ by the receptacles, which are subequal in size (Fig. 27H-I).

Etymology

The specific epithet is derived from the Latin spina- (thorn, spine) and -manus (hand, appendage); the

proposed name refers to the spiny legs of the male.

Material examined

Holotype

TURKMENISTAN: <$, Ustyurt Plateau (southern part), Kaplanlcyr Nature Reserve, 29 Apr. 1986,

L. Mitroshina (TAU).

Paratype

KAZAKHSTAN: 1 Mangystau Province, 40 km S of Aktau, 7 Jun. 2013, G. Abdurrakhmanov

(ZMMU).

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Fig. 27. Somatic characters and copulatory organs of Zaitunia spinimana sp. nov., holotype, 3 (A-E)

and paratype, $ (F-I). — A, F. Habitus, dorsal and lateral. B, G. Prosoma, dorso-lateral. C-D. Palp,

pro- and retrolateral. E. Cymbium and bulb, anterior-retrolateral. H-I. Endogyne, dorsal.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Note

The holotype male and the only collected paratype female are very similar in possessing a very similar

shape of the carapace (flattened more than usual) and a similar conformation of the eye group. Although

the distance between the localities listed above is about 500 km, these slightly hilly and extremely

uniform desert landscapes have no significant natural barriers. We prefer currently to treat these

specimens as the same species (with no serious objectives against this assumption) rather than consider

them representatives of two very close but distinct species.

Description

Male

Habitus. See Fig. 27A.

Body length. 2.60.

Colour. Whole body and legs pale yellowish-white; clypeus with weak pale orange area; eye tubercle

marked with medium to dark brown; abdomen dorsally with slightly darker and almost indistinct narrow

median stripe.

Carapace. 1.12 long, 0.96 wide.

Eyes (Fig. 27B). AME 0.08, AFE 0.13, PEE 0.11, PME 0.08, AME-AME 0.06.

Palp (Figs 27C-E, 44A). Femur and tibia subequal in length; tibia 1.4 times wider than femur; cymbium

slightly shorter than bulb; spermophore relatively wide; neck of embolus shorter than embolus proper;

embolus long and arched, slightly screw-shaped.

Special characters. Leg I with numerous long spines, located proapically on femur, prolaterally and

ventrally on tibia and metatarsus (Fig. 27A).

LEG MEASUREMENTS. (?(?)

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

0.63 (0.73)

0.22 (0.29)

0.58 (0.48)

—

0.28 (0.57)

1.71 (2.08)

1.61 (1.54)

0.46 (0.51)

1.47(1.48)

1.35 (1.27)

1.09(0.88)

5.98 (5.68)

1.33 (1.23)

0.43 (0.46)

1.15(1.06)

1.08 (0.95)

0.84 (0.70)

4.83 (4.40)

III

1.14(1.03)

0.36 (0.44)

1.04 (0.84)

1.03 (0.84)

0.58 (0.59)

4.15(3.74)

1.52(1.49)

0.44 (0.53)

1.43(1.17)

1.48(1.15)

0.64 (0.75)

5.51 (5.09)

Female

Habitus. See Fig. 27F.

Body length. 3.87.

Colour. As in male except for darker brownish abdomen.

Carapace (Fig. 27G). 1.62 long, 1.23 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.07, ALE 0.13, PLE 0.10, PME 0.08, AME-AME 0.06.

Endogyne (Fig. 27H-I). Both pairs of receptacles club-like, lateral receptacles longer than median, with

distinct corrugated stem; median receptacles separated by more than 2.5 diameters; gland pores cover

entire head of lateral receptacles and only top of median ones.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Ecology

According to Zyuzin & Tarabaev (1994) and the label data, this species occurs in upland desert area; no

more details are known.

Distribution

Northwestern Turkmenistan, southwestern Kazakhstan (Cis-Caspian area) (Fig. 48).

Zaitunia beshkentica species group

Remarks

This group includes pale-coloured species. The clypeus, post-ocular area, dorsal abdominal pattern and

sometimes lateral margins of the carapace are slightly darker than the pale background colour. Legs I—IV,

mostly lacking darker fasciae, are concolorous with the prosoma. The conical tegulum is much shorter

than the cymbium. The relatively long embolus is provided with a well-developed raised keel. The

vulva has two pairs of receptacles. Four species are included: Z. beshkentica (Andreeva & Tyshchenlco,

1969) from Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, Z. psammodroma sp. nov. from Turkmenistan,

Z. wunderlichi sp. nov. from Kyrgyzstan, and (tentatively, because the male is unknown) Z. huberi

sp. nov. from Afghanistan.

Key to species of the Zaitunia bes1ikentica-gY0\\\ p

(Male of Z. huberi sp. nov. and female of Z. psammodroma sp. nov. are unknown.)

1. Males .2

- Females .4

2. Metatarsus IV shortened and thickened with distal comb of short spines (Fig. 30G, K); palpal

tibia and embolic keel shorter (Figs 30H-J, 44C); Turkmenistan . Z. psammodroma sp. nov.

- Metatarsus IV unmodified (as in Figs 28A, D-F, 3 IE); palpal tibia and embolic keel longer

(Figs 28G-I, 32A-G, 44B, D)..3

3. Embolic keel lower and longer, and rounded at median part of terminal hook (Figs 32D-F, 44D);

Kyrgyzstan . Z. wunderlichi sp. nov.

- Embolic keel higher and shorter, and ends abruptly at basal part of terminal hook (Figs 28G-I, 44B);

Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. Z. beshkentica (Andreeva&Tyshchenko, 1969)

4. Receptacles short, globular and subequal in size (Fig. 30C-E); Afghanistan. Z. huberi sp. nov.

- Receptacles more elongate and noticeably differing by size (Figs 29I-K, 32H-I).5

5. Median receptacles smaller than lateral pair (Fig. 33A-B). Z. wunderlichi sp. nov.

- Median receptacles larger than lateral pair (Fig. 29I-K) .

. Z. beshkentica (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969)

Zaitunia beshkentica (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969)

Figs 28-29, 33C, 42D-E, 44B

Filistata beshkentica Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969: 376, fig. 2 (§).

Filistata beshkentica - Andreeva 1976: 18, figs 10-12 (§).

Zaitunia beshkentica - Zonstein 1990: 50 (transfer from Filistata).

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Fig. 28. Somatic characters and palp of Zaitunia beshkentica (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969), <$6 from

Khurshedi (A-C, G-I) and Babatagh (D-F). — A, E. Habitus, dorsal. B. Body, dorsal. C. Prosoma,

dorsal. D, F. Habitus, doro-lateral and lateral. G. Palp, retrolateral. H—I. Same, prolateral.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Diagnosis

Males of Z beshkentica are similar to those of Z wunderlichi sp. nov. but differ from them by the

shape of the raised embolic keel, which terminates more abruptly (cf. Figs 28G-I and 32D-F), whereas

females rather resemble Z huberi sp. nov. in vulval structure but differ from the latter species by the

shape of the median receptacles, which are longer and tubiform (vs shorter and rounded in Z. huberi

sp. nov., cf. Figs 29I-K, 30C-E).

Type material

Holotype

TAJIKISTAN: §, Beshkent Valley, Chiluchor-Chashma, 8 May 1965, E. Martynova (depository

unknown, not examined).

Material examined (4 SS, 20 §§, 8 juvs)

TAJIKISTAN: 1 $, Beshkent Valley, Chiluchor-Chashma, 37°17' N, 68°02' E, 400 m, 17 Apr. 1989, S.

Zonstein (TAU); 1 $, same locality, but 19 Apr. 2015, S. Zonstein (TAU); 2 $ §, Tigrovaya Balka (Tiger

Fig. 29. Somatic characters and endogyne of Zaitunia beshkentica (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969), $ $

from Chiluchor-Chashma (A-B), Babatagh (C-F) and Khurshedi (G—K). — A, F-G. Prosoma, dorsal.

B-C, H. Habitus, dorsal. D-E. Same, lateral and dorso-lateral. I-K. Endogyne, dorsal.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Gorge), 37°08'N, 68°17'E, 18 Apr. 1989, S. Zonstein (TAU); 1 S, 2 $ ?, 4 juvs, Khurshedi, 37°09.E N,

68°04.2' E, 342 m, stony desert, chiefly under shrubs, 19 Apr. 2015, Y.M. Marusik (ZMMU); 1 juv.,

foothills of Hissar Mts, Varzob valley, 10 km N of Dushanbe, surroundings of Varzob Lake, 38°40.6' N,

68°47.4' E, 985 m, 3 May 2015, Y.M. Marusik (ZMMU); 1 Hissar Mts, Talcob Gorge, near Dehmalik

Village, 38°50.8' N, 68°54.6' E, 805 m, 8 May 2015, Y.M. Marusik & M. Saidov (TAU).

UZBEKISTAN: 1 Babatagh Mts, 2.5 km ESE of Mt. Zarkassa, 1800 m, 37°58' N, 68°1E E, 1 May

1995, S. Zonstein (TAU); 7 $ 5,1 juv., same data, but eastern slope ofMt. Zarkassa, 37°59' N, 68°IE E,

1800 m (TAU); 2 $ §, same data, but 37°59' N, 68° 10' E, 2000 m (TAU); 4 $ 2 juvs, western foothills

of Babatagh Mts, Argamchi Gorge 13 km ESE of Denau, 38° 12.8' N, 68°03.2' E, 630 m, 30 Apr. 2002,

A.V. Gromov (ZMMU); 1 1 §, same, eastern foothills, Uzu,n 6.5 km W of Akmechet, 38°03.2' N,

68°14.3' E, 1123 m, 25 May 2003, L. Prendini & A.V. Gromov (AMNH).

Description

Male (Zarkassa)

Habitus. See Fig. 28D-F.

Body length. 2.95.

Color. Whole spider pale greyish-brownish-yellow; eye tubercle brownish-black; diffuse and narrow

median line and margins of carapace light brown, as well as a weak and diffuse dorsal abdominal pattern

consisting of interrupted median line anteriorly and a few transverse fasciae posteriorly.

Carapace (Fig. 42D). E28 long, 1.02 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.07, ALE 0.11, PLE 0.09, PME 0.08, AME-AME 0.08.

Palp (Fig. 44B; also Fig. 28G-I, $ from Khurshedi). Femur distinctly longer than tibia; tibia less than

1.5 times wider than femur; cymbium longer than bulb; keel of embolic neck with rounded terminal end;

embolus bent at right angle.

LEG MEASUREMENTS. C?(?)

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

0.87 (0.72)

0.28 (0.29)

0.74 (0.44)

—

0.32 (0.53)

2.21 (1.98)

1.95 (1.09)

0.54 (0.48)

1.90(1.14)

1.88 (1.07)

1.33 (0.82)

7.60 (4.60)

1.79(0.98)

0.48 (0.36)

1.49(0.84)

1.42(0.79)

1.00(0.61)

6.18(3.58)

III

1.58 (0.84)

0.47 (0.33)

1.11 (0.57)

1.36(0.71)

0.78 (0.52)

5.30 (2.97)

1.97(1.22)

0.53 (0.41)

1.69(0.98)

1.92 (0.97)

1.09(0.60)

7.20(4.18)

Female (Chiluchor-Chashma)

Habitus. See Fig. 29B.

Body length. 4.05.

Colour. As in male.

Carapace (Fig. 29A). 1.36 long, 0.94 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.05, ALE 0.11, PLE 0.09, PME 0.07, AME-AME 0.04.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Endogyne (Figs 29I-K, 33C). Median receptacles diverging; both pairs with corrugated stems; lateral

receptacles globular, and median receptacles subconical (wide base and thinner head); heads of median

receptacles separated by 3 diameters, and bases separated by one diameter; gland pores cover tops of

heads only.

Variations

Carapace length in females varies from 1.30 to 1.95. Specimens inhabiting lowland desert areas are almost

uniformly pale-yellowish, with darker pattern on the body and legs very weak to absent (sometimes only

metatarsi and tarsi are slightly dark, but the eye tubercle is still black). By contrast, specimens collected

in foothills have typical though somewhat paler coloration, with darker median lanceolate spots on

carapace and abdomen combined with weak and diffuse transverse fasciae on legs and in the posterior

part of the abdomen (cf. Fig. 29A-H).

Ecology

Spiders were collected in desert, semi-desert and dry steppe biotopes in piedmont plains and low foothills

and in the middle mountain zone with open park woods composed of Juniperus spp. and Acer spp.

Distribution

Known from western Tajikistan and southern Uzbekistan (Fig. 49).

Zaitunia huberi sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F999D3D3-7D62-44BD-9297-AB022AEA817E

Fig. 30A-F

Filistata afghana Roewer, 1962: 12, figs 6, 9 (§, in part, misidentified).

Zaitunia afghana - Zonstein et al. 2013: 69, figs 13, 21-27 ($, misidentified).

Diagnosis

By structure of the vulva, Z. huberi sp. nov. resemble Z. beshkentica but differ from them by the shape

of the median receptacles, which are shorter and round (vs longer and tube-shaped in Z. beshkentica , cf.

Figs 29I-K, 30C-E).

Etymology

The specific epithet is given after the prominent German arachnologist Bernhard Huber, who has

transferred some misplaced Asian genera from Pholcidae to Filistatidae.

Material examined

Holotype

AFGHANISTAN: 5, surroundings of Pol-e Khumri city, 35°57' N, 68°42' E, 700 m, 9 Nov. 1957,

K. Findberg (SMF).

Paratype

AFGHANISTAN: 1 juv., collected and deposited together with holotype.

Description

Female

Habitus. See Fig. 30A-B.

Body length. 5.35.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Fig. 30. Somatic characters and copulatory organs of Zaitunia huberi sp. nov., holotype, $ (A-F) and

Z. psammodroma sp. nov., holotype, S (G—K). —A. Habitus, dorso-lateral. B, G. Habitus, dorsal. C,

E. Endogyne, ventral. D. Endogyne, dorsal. F. Calamistrum, lateral. H, J. Palp, retrolateral. I. Palp,

prolateral. K. Legs III and IV, prolateral.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Colour. Whole body and legs light brownish-yellow, abdomen without dorsal pattern, tarsi of palp and

legs I-IV darkened, eye tubercle blackish-brown.

Carapace. 2.13 long, 1.77 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.09, ALE 0.23, PLE 0.20, PME 0.20, AME-AME 0.11.

Endogyne (Fig. 30C-E). Both pairs of receptacles globular, median receptacles separated from each

other by the same distance as lateral and median receptacles; median receptacles larger, separated by

less than one diameter.

Leg measurements.

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

1.17

0.65

0.87

—

0.97

3.66

2.33

0.87

2.23

1.97

1.30

8.70

1.97

0.83

1.65

1.63

1.05

7.13

III

1.75

0.75

1.33

1.38

0.97

6.18

2.37

0.80

1.85

1.83

1.03

7.88

Male

Unknown.

Note

See comments in the redescription of the holotype of Z. afghana. Both of these species are very similar in

somatic characters, which probably misled Roewer (1962). Nevertheless, they differ so drastically in the

structure of the endogyne (cf Figs 14G-K, 30C-E) that they are assigned here to different species groups.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 49).

Zaitunia psammodroma sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C4E7DB83-2472-4BCF-85B6-BlCF85CA5714

Fig. 30G-K

Diagnosis

The species differs from all other congeners in having modified metatarsi IV - shortened, distally dilated

and flattened, with ventrodistal spines (Fig. 30G, K).

Etymology

The specific epithet is derived from psammo- (a combining form of the Greek psdmmos , “sand”) +

-droma (a combining form of the Greek dromos meaning “running”), indicating the ability of these

spiders to run on a loose, sandy substrate.

Material examined

Holotype

TURKMENISTAN: Karakum Desert, Repetek Nature Reserve, c. 38°34' N, 63° 10' E, 200 m, 3 May

1972, V.I. Kuznetzov (TAU).

Paratype

TURKMENISTAN: 1 S, same data as holotype (ZMMU).

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Description

Male (holotype)

Habitus. See Fig. 30G.

Body length. 3.37.

Colour. Carapace light yellowish-orange, other parts of body and legs uniformly pale greyish-yellow.

Carapace. Subcircular, 1.47 long, 1.42 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.09, ALE 0.14, PLE 0.12, PME 0.10, AME-AME 0.09.

Palp (Figs 30H-J, 44C). Femur in prolateral view V 3 longer than tibia and 1.5 times thinner; cymbium

slightly shorter than bulb; embolic neck straight, with thin, straight keel, its width equal to spermophore

diameter; embolus relatively long and thin, bent ventrally.

Leg measurements.

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

0.97

0.42

0.78

—

0.32

2.49

2.23

0.72

1.54

1.65

0.90

7.04

1.86

0.65

1.32

1.51

0.68

6.02

III

1.78

0.67

1.32

1.30

0.53

5.60

2.13

0.75

1.29

1.53

0.61

6.31

Special characters. Tibia and metatarsus III with c. 20 short spines each; metatarsus IV short and

flattened, with 7-8 short and stout ventroapical spines (Fig. 3OK).

Female

Unknown.

Variation

Carapace length in males varies from 1.42 to 1.45; no differences in coloration are evident.

Ecology

The species occurs in an extra-arid sandy desert with Haloxylon shrubs; the males were collected in

pitfall traps in rodent colonies. Most likely the spiders inhabit abandoned gerbil burrows.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 49).

Zaitunia wunderlichi sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E06085D0-2BB4-435E-91F8-F7C25685B36A

Figs 31-32, 33A-B, D, 42F, 44D

Diagnosis

By the structure of the bulb, Z. wunderlichi sp. nov. is similar to Z beshkentica, but differs by the shape

of the raised embolic keel, which terminates more gently (cf. Figs 28G-I, 32D-F), whereas females

differ by the structure of the vulva, which is more similar to those of Z. maracandica and Z. ferghanensis

sp. nov.; they differ from both these species by the shorter median receptacles (cf. Figs 33A-B, D,

35E-J, 38E-I).

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Etymology

This species is named after the famous German arachnologist, our friend and colleague Jorg Wunderlich.

Material examined

Holotype

KYRGYZSTAN: S, Ferghana Mts, Baubashata Range, Yarodar, 2.5 km E of Arslanbob, 41°20T2" N,

72°58'23" E, 1450 m, 12 Aug. 1981, S. Zonstein (TAU).

Fig. 31. Somatic characters of Zaitunia wunderlichi sp. nov., paratype, $ (A, C-D, F), paratype (B), $

and holotype (E), f. —A-B. Habitus, dorsal. C. Abdomen, ventral. D. Spinnerets, ventral. E. Habitus,

lateral. F. Calamistrum, lateral.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Fig. 32. Somatic characters and copulatory organs of Zaitunia wunderlichi sp. nov., paratype, S. —

A. Prosoma, lateral. B. Habitus, dorso-lateral. C. Palp, prolateral. D. Cymbium and bulb, dorsal.

E. Terminal part of palp, prolateral. F-G. Same, retrolateral.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Fig. 33. Somatic characters and copulatory organs of Zaitunia wunderlichi sp. nov., paratype, $ (A-B,

D), Z beshkentica (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969), $ from Babatagh Mts (C), Z logunovi sp. nov.,

paratype, S (E, G) and Z. schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1911), $ from Jerusalem area (F). —A-D. Endogyne,

dorsal (A, C-D) and ventral (B). E-F. Posterior respiratory system, dorsal. G. Close-up view of male

tarsus IV, prolateral, showing pseudosegmentation. Scale bars: A-B, D-G = 0.1 mm; C = 0.2 mm.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Paratypes (2 SS, 1$)

KYRGYZSTAN: 2 g<$, same data as holotype (TAU, ZMMU); 1?, Chatkal Mts, Arkit, 41°48' N,

71°57' E, 1300 m, 2 May 1983, S. Zonstein (ZMMU).

Note

Although males and the only collected female listed above were found in two separate areas distant from

each other by about 100 km, they are very similar in having the same type of body and legs colouration,

as well as in possessing a very similar carapace setation and a similar conformation of the eye group.

Additionally, they all occurred in almost identical humid biotopes. Thus, we have no doubt that in both

these situations, we are dealing with representatives of the same species.

Description

Male (holotype)

Habitus. See Fig. 3 IE.

Body length. 2.78.

Colour. Whole spider pale greyish-yellow; eye tubercle dark brown; Y-shaped median spot occupying

cephalic portion and extending to clypeus, and margins of carapace light brown; weak and diffuse

dorsal abdominal pattern consisting of lancet-shape median spot anteriorly and a few transverse fasciae

posteriorly pale brown.

Carapace (Fig. 42F). 1.18 long, 1.00 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.06, ALE 0.10, PLE 0.10, PME 0.10, AME-AME 0.06.

Palp (Figs 32C-G, 44D). Femur slightly longer than tibia (in prolateral view); tibia 1.5 times wider that

femur; cymbium as long as bulb; keel of embolic neck with straight margin (not curved in terminal part);

tip of embolus bent downward.

LEG MEASUREMENTS. C?(¥)

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

0.76 (0.84)

0.24 (0.35)

0.76 (0.57)

—

0.23 (0.62)

1.99(2.38)

1.61 (1.69)

0.51 (0.56)

1.60(1.63)

1.47(1.44)

1.08(1.14)

6.27 (6.46)

1.26(1.41)

0.46 (0.52)

1.13 (1.12)

1.12(0.97)

0.83 (0.71)

4.80 (4.73)

III

1.19(1.15)

0.43 (0.52)

0.97 (0.91)

1.13 (0.86)

0.77 (0.63)

4.49 (4.07)

1.68 (1.55)

0.56 (0.56)

1.48(1.24)

1.61 (1.25)

1.01 (0.80)

6.34 (5.40)

Female

Habitus. See Fig. 31A.

Body length. 4.11.

Colour. As in male, except without darkened carapace margins.

Carapace. 1.59 long, 1.27 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.08, ALE 0.15, PLE 0.12, PME 0.10, AME-AME 0.05.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Endogyne (Fig. 33A-B, D). Both pairs of receptacles long (especially lateral pair), cylindrical with

somewhat dilated heads; lateral and median receptacles separated by about one diameter; lateral receptacles

longer than median; median receptacles separated by 3 diameters; pores cover the entire receptacle.

Variation

Length of the carapace in males varies from 1.15 to 1.23, the body and leg colouration does not vary

significantly.

Ecology

The species inhabits humid habitats including walnut forest of Juglans regia L. in the middle mountain

belt, where it certainly prefers more open slopes, occurring under stones in low forest and shrubs.

Distribution

Southern Kyrgyzstan (Western Tian-Shan Mts) (Fig. 49).

Zaitunia maracandica-gvou p

Remarks

This group includes pale-coloured species. The clypeus, post-ocular area, dorsal abdominal pattern and

often also lateral margins of the carapace are slightly darker than the pale background colour. Legs I-IV

with or without darker fasciae. The conical tegulum is much shorter than the cymbium. The relatively

long embolus is provided with a low, more or less reduced keel. The vulva has two pairs of receptacles.

Five species are included: Z. ferghanensis sp. nov. from Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, Z maracandica

(Charitonov, 1946) from Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan and (tentatively, because of unknown male

characters) Z. feti sp. nov. from Turkmenistan, Z. minuta sp. nov. from Uzbekistan and Z. zonsteini

Fomichev & Marusik, 2013 from Kazakhstan.

Key to species of the Zaitunia maracandica-gro up

(Males of Z. feti sp. nov., Z. minuta sp. nov. and Z. zonsteini are unknown.)

1. Males .2

- Females .3

2. Palpal tibia considerably swollen, vestigial embolic keel terminates more gently (Figs 37D-E,

44F); Uzbekistan, southern Kazakhstan. Z. maracandica (Charitonov, 1946)

- Palpal tibia only slightly swollen, vestigial embolic keel terminates more steeply (Figs 35A-C,

44E); Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan.Z. ferghanensis sp. nov.

3. Receptacles short, globulate or stump-shaped, subequal in size; lateral and median receptacles

located near each other (Figs 40, 41I-M) .4

- Receptacles more elongate and noticeably differ by size, lateral and median receptacles more

distant from each other (Figs 35E-J, 36D-E, 38E-I).5

4. Receptacles stump-shaped, with only few gland-pores apically (Fig. 40); Uzbekistan.

.Z. minuta sp. nov.

- Receptacles globulate, with more numerous gland-pores spread evenly (Fig. 41I-M); Kazakhstan

.Z. zonsteini Fomichev & Marusik, 2013

5. Distance between lateral and median receptacles is shorter; lateral pair of receptacles longer than

median pair (Fig. 35E-J).Z. ferghanensis sp. nov.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

- Distance between lateral and median receptacles is longer; lateral pair of receptacles subequal to

median pair or shorter (Figs 38E-I, 36D-E) .6

6. Receptacles are subequal in size (Fig. 38E-I) .Z. maracandica (Charitonov, 1946)

- Median receptacles considerably longer than lateral pair (Fig. 36D-E); Turkmenistan.

.Z. fed sp. nov.

Zaitunia ferghanensis sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:71E3378A-5770-4E84-B96F-6E 1662074823

Figs 34-35, 44E

Diagnosis

By structure of the bulb, males of Z. ferghanensis sp. nov. resemble those of Z. maracandica but differ

by the shape of the palpal tibia, which is considerably less swollen and lacks thickened setae, as well

as by the shape of the vestigial embolic keel, which terminates more sharply than in the latter species

(cf. Figs 35A-D, 37A-C). Females are similar by the structure of the vulva to Z. maracandica and

Z. wunderlichi sp. nov.; they differ from the former species by the relative size of the median receptacles,

which are larger than the lateral pair (in Z. maracandica , all receptacles are subequal in size, cf. Fig. 381),

and from the latter by the longer median and lateral receptacles (which are shorter in Z. wunderlichi

sp. nov., cf. Fig. 33A-B, D). Unlike Z. maracandica and Z. wunderlichi sp. nov., the lateral receptacles

in Z. ferghanensis sp. nov. are dilated basally (Fig. 35E-J).

Etymology

Named after the distribution area, Ferghana Valley.

Material examined

Holotype

KYRGYZSTAN: eastern border of Ferghana Valley, foothills of Alai Mts, Mt. Taht-i-Suleiman in

Osh city, 40°32' N, 72°47' E, 1100 m, 7 Jun. 1985, A.A. Zyuzin (TAU).

Paratypes (2 c?c?, 5 $ ?, 4 § ? subad.)

KYRGYZSTAN: 2 same data as holotype (TAU, ZMMU); 2 $ $, 3 $ $ subad., Kugart riverbank

near Djalal-Abad city, 40°57' N, 72°57' E, 770 m, 29 Apr. 1982, S. Zonstein (TAU); 1 $, 1 § subad.,

same locality, but 29 Aug. 1982 (TAU); 1 $, Kurshab River valley 16 km E of Osh city, 40°30' N,

73°02' E, 1200-1400 m, 1 Jun. 1988, S.N. Rybin (ZMMU).

UZBEKISTAN: 1 $, surroundings of Ferghana city, 40°23' N, 71°47' E, 14 May 1981, D.M. Schwetz (TAU).

Description

Male (holotype)

Habitus. See Fig. 34B.

Body length. 3.14.

Colour. Whole spider medium brownish-yellow; eye tubercle dark brown to brownish-black; cephalic

part, clypeus and margins of carapace not darkened; abdomen with almost indistinct and slightly

interrupted darkened spot dorso-medially.

Carapace (Fig. 34F; paratype from the type locality). 1.44 long, 1.09 wide.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Eyes. AME 0.09, ALE 0.14, PLE 0.13, PME 0.11, AME-AME 0.05.

Palp (Figs 35A-D, 44E). Femur and tibia subequal in length; tibia about 1.5 times wider than femur,

wider in basal part than terminally; cymbium and bulb subequal in length; bulb conical, embolus gently

curved and roundly bent subapically.

Fig. 34. Somatic characters of Zaitunia ferghanensis sp. nov., paratype, $ from Kurshab (A, C-D) and

paratype, S from Osh (B, E-F). —A-B. Habitus, lateral. C, F. Prosoma, lateral. D. Same, dorso-lateral.

E. Same, fronto-lateral.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

A IB C

Fig. 35. Copulatory organs and somatic characters of Zaitunia ferghanensis sp. nov., paratype, $ from

Osh (A-D) and paratypes, $ $ from Djalal-Abad (E-J) and Ferghana (K). — A. Palp, prolateral.

B-D. Terminal part of palp, retrolateral, ventral and dorsal. E-J. Endogyne (variants), dorsal. K. Habitus,

dorsal.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Leg measurements. c?(¥)

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

1.09(0.87)

0.27 (0.39)

0.91 (0.54)

—

0.36 (0.74)

2.63 (2.54)

2.12(1.85)

0.59 (0.62)

2.07 (1.73)

2.04(1.44)

1.37(1.00)

8.19(6.64)

1.95 (1.37)

0.55 (0.53)

1.64(1.11)

1.60(0.97)

1.17(0.72)

6.91 (4.70)

III

1.59(1.26)

0.53 (0.54)

1.43 (0.94)

1.69(1.03)

0.94 (0.68)

6.18(4.45)

2.35 (1.78)

0.61 (0.67)

2.19(1.37)

2.43 (1.39)

1.44 (0.86)

9.02 (6.07)

Female (Kurshab)

Habitus. See Fig. 34A.

Body length 4.11.

Colour. As in male but darker brownish pattern on carapace (narrow median longitudinal stripe, two

shorter stripes located sideward and reticulated area covering clypeus) better developed; abdomen also

a little darker, with almost indistinct brownish median spot.

Carapace (Fig. 34C-D). 1.53 long, 1.19 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.09, ALE 0.14, PLE 0.13, PME 0.10, AME-AME 0.05.

Endogyne (Fig. 35E-J). Receptacles separated; median receptacles club-like, and lateral receptacles

subconical; both pairs with corrugated stems; head of median receptacles separated by 3 diameters;

pores present on stem and heads.

Variation

Carapace length in males varies from 1.35 to 1.47, in females from 1.40 to 1.65. Carapace with clypeus

and margins slightly or noticeably pigmented; abdomen with or without weak dorsal pattern, consisting

of a narrow interrupted median stripe and several pairs of short lateral chevrons (Figs 34, 35K).

Ecology

This species inhabits semi-desert habitats in piedmont plains and foothills.

Distribution

Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan (Fig. 49).

Zaitunia feti sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:01F422A2-5DE8-42F9-AB10-246EA623877B

Fig. 36

Diagnosis

By the structure of the endogyne, Z feti sp. nov. resembles Z maracandica but differs by the extended

median receptacles, which are considerably longer than the lateral pair (vs similarly long in the latter

species, cf. Figs 36D-E, 38E-I).

Etymology

The specific epithet is given after our good friend and colleague Victor Fet (Marshall University, USA),

the author of many works devoted to the spiders of Turkmenistan.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Material examined

Holotype

TURKMENISTAN: 1 §, western foothills of Kughitang Mts (also known as Koytendagh Mts), near

Svintsovyi Rudnik, 37°52' N, 66°27' E, 14 May 1985, A.V. Tanasevitch (ZMMU).

Description

Female (holotype)

Habitus. See Fig. 36A-B.

Body length. 4.37.

Colour. Body and legs pale brownish-yellow, carapace with contrasting median brown spot and narrow

margins; eye tubercle blackish-brown; legs with distinct brown marks and fasciae; abdomen with brown

dorsal pattern consisting of contrasting narrow median band combined in posterior third with a few pairs

of weak and diffuse lateral chevrons.

Carapace. 1.38 long, 1.12 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.07, ALE 0.14, PLE 0.12, PME 0.10, AME-AME 0.07.

Fig. 36. Somatic characters and endogyne of Zaitunia feti sp. nov., holotype, §. A-B. Habitus, dorso¬

lateral and lateral. C. Abdomen, ventral. D-E. Endogyne, dorsal.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Endogyne (Fig. 36D-E). Median receptacles club-like, wide at the base, with heads wider than stems,

pore glands cover whole receptacle, receptacles separated by almost 3 diameters of heads. Lateral

receptacles globular, with short stems; heads of median and lateral receptacles separated by one diameter.

Leg measurements.

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

0.67

0.34

0.42

—

0.52

1.95

1.39

0.52

1.31

1.21

1.13

5.56

1.13

0.47

0.92

0.84

0.63

3.99

III

0.92

0.46

0.67

0.78

0.56

3.39

1.38

0.49

1.05

0.98

0.66

4.56

Male

Unknown.

Ecology

The holotype was collected in the desert foothill area; other details are unknown.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 49).

Zaitunia maracandica (Charitonov, 1946)

Figs 37-38, 42G-H, 44F

Filistata maracandica Charitonov, 1946: 20, fig. 3 (subad. $).

Filistata maracandica - Charitonov 1969: 66 (subad. $).

Zaitunia maracandica - Zonstein 1990: 50 (transfer from Filistata).

Diagnosis

In the structure of the bulb, males of Z. maracandica resemble Z. ferghanensis sp. nov. but differ by the

shape of the palpal tibia, which is considerably more swollen, with thickened setae, as well as by the

shape of the vestigial embolic keel, which terminates more gently than in Z. ferghanensis sp. nov. (cf.

Figs 35A-D, 37A-C). In the structure of the endogyne, Z. maracandica is similar to Z. ferghanensis

sp. nov. and Z. wunderlichi sp. nov., but differs from these species by the shape of the median receptacles,

which are subequal to the lateral pair (by contrast, in Z. ferghanensis sp. nov. the lateral receptacles are

largest, cf. Fig. 38E-J) and from Z. wunderlichi sp. nov. by the longer median receptacles (which are

shorter in the latter species; cf. Fig. 33A-B, D).

Type material

Lectotype (designated here)

UZBEKISTAN: $ subad., southern foothills of Zaravshan Mts, 9-12 km north of Kitab, 21 Mar. 1942,

D.M. Fedotov (ZMPU; examined).

Paralectotypes

UZBEKISTAN: 2 juvs, same data as holotype.

Other material examined (2 33, 23 $$, 5 $$ subad., 6 juvs)

UZBEKISTAN: 2 $$, 10 km N of Kitab, 39°12' N, 66°54' E, 800-850 m, 9 Apr. 1990, S. Zonstein &

S.V. Ovchinnikov (TAU); 1 $, surroundings ofBakhmal, 40°04' N, 67°39' E, 5 May 1990, A.A. Zyuzin

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

& A.A. Feodorov (TAU); 1 §, north-western slope of Hissar Mts, Ishkent, 38°51' N, 66°58' E, 1200 m,

6 Apr. 1989, S. Zonstein (TAU); 4 §§, 2 juvs, surroundings of Bukhara, 39°46' N, 64°26' E, 25 May

1981, D.M. Schwetz (TAU); 4 $ $, 3 $ $ subad., Ishmantop near Gallaaral, 39°59' N, 67°35' E, 5 May

1990, A.A. Feodorov & A.A. Zyuzin (TAU); 1 <S, Ulus, 53 km W of Samarkand, 39°34' N, 66°23' E,

550 m, 7 May 1990, A.A. Feodorov & A.A. Zyuzin (TAU); 3 $ §, same data, but 8 May 1990 (TAU); 3

$ $, 3 juvs, western tip of Zeravshan Mts, foothills, Beshbarmak (now Djam), 47 km SW of Samarkand,

39°24' N, 66°27' E, 700-800 m, 8 May 1990, A.A. Feodorov & A.A. Zyuzin (TAU).

KAZAKHSTAN: 1 S, desert ravine in vicinity of Arys city, 42°26' N, 68°48' E, 21 May 1987, D.V.

Logunov (ZMMU); 2 5?, Karatau Mts, Bayaldyr Canyon, c. 43°40' N, 68°33' E, 500-800 m, 11 Jun.

1989, A.A. Zyuzin (TAU); 2 $ $ subad., 1 juv., same mountain ridge, surroundings of Zhunusata town,

43°53' N, 68°47' E, 700-900 m, 23 Apr. 1988, C.K. Tarabaev (TAU); 2 5?, same region, Boroldaitau

Fig. 37. Somatic characters and palp of Zaitunia maracandica (Charitonov, 1946), $ from Ulus.

A. Habitus, lateral. B-C. Prosoma, laterodorsal. D-E. Palp, retro- and prolateral. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm;

B = 0.5 mm; C-E = 0.2 mm

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Mts, Boroldai river canyon, c. 42°52' N, 69°56' E, 600-800 m, 16 Apr. 1988, C.K. Tarabaev (TAU); 1

5, Kyzylkum Desert, Zhautkan well, 43 km W of Bairkum town, 11 May 1995, A.A. Zyuzin (ZMMU).

Description

Male (Ulus)

Habitus. See Fig. 37A.

Body length. 3.27.

Fig. 38. Somatic characters and endogyne of Zaitunia maracandica (Charitonov, 1946), $$ from

Bukhara (A-D), Kitab (E-H) and Ulus (I). A. Prosoma, dorsal. B, D. Body, dorsal. C. Habitus, dorsal.

E-F, I. Endogyne, dorsal. G. Right pair of receptacles, anterior. H. Endogyne, anterior. Scale bars: B, D

= 0.5 mm ; C = 1.0 mm; I = 0.2 mm

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Colour. Body and legs pale greyish-yellow; clypeus reddish-brown; eye tubercle blackish-brown;

carapace with weak and narrow darker median line spreading from central area to eye tubercle; carapace

margins not darkened; abdomen dorsally with narrow diffuse, interrupted and almost indistinct pale

brown median line.

Carapace (Figs 37B, 42G). 1.49 long, 1.14 wide.

Eyes (Fig. 37C). AME 0.09, AFE 0.14, PEE 0.13, PME 0.11, AME-AME 0.05.

Palp (Figs 37D-E, 44F). Femur longer than tibia and almost 2 times thinner; tibia with a few strong

ventro-retrolateral setae in terminal part; cymbium subequal in length to bulb; bulb conical; embolic

part long and straight; ventral keel of embolic neck gradually tapering; tip of embolus bent downward.

Leg measurements. c?(¥)

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

1.05 (0.92)

0.36 (0.46)

0.78 (0.61)

—

0.28 (0.84)

2.47 (2.83)

2.18(1.94)

0.63 (0.63)

1.98 (1.80)

1.89 (1.53)

1.38(1.18)

8.06 (7.08)

1.77 (1.50)

0.55 (0.60)

1.54(1.23)

1.56(1.15)

1.12 (0.91)

6.54 (5.39)

III

1.62 (1.39)

0.55 (0.58)

1.36(1.06)

1.60(1.12)

0.83 (0.86)

5.96 (5.01)

2.13 (1.94)

0.57 (0.63)

2.01 (1.42)

1.72(1.42)

1.13(0.89)

7.56 (6.30)

Female (Kitab)

Habitus. See Fig. 38C.

Body length. 4.33.

Colour. As in male, but abdomen dorsally and carapace margins are somewhat darker.

Carapace (Fig. 42H). 1.62 long, 1.34 wide.

Eyes. AME 0.07, ALE 0.13, PLE 0.11, PME 0.08, AME-AME 0.08.

Endogyne (Fig. 38E-I). All receptacles with corrugated stems, equally spaced; median receptacles club¬

like, heads separated by 1.6 diameters, shorter than lateral; lateral receptacles conical, with wide bases,

slightly bent mesally in the middle part, converging; gland pores evenly distributed on both pairs of

receptacles.

Variation

Carapace length in females varies from 1.53 to 2.05; spiders may have darker marks and fasciae on the

carapace, legs and abdomen, or these marks may be almost completely absent on the pale background

(cf. Fig. 38A-D).

Ecology

This species occurs in various habitats from foothill deserts, steppes and shrubs to open Juniperus forest

in the middle mountain belt.

Distribution

Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan (Fig. 49).

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Fig. 39. Somatic characters of Zaitunia minuta sp. nov., holotype, §. A-C. Habitus, dorsal, ventral and

lateral. D-F. Prosoma, fronto-lateral, lateral, and dorso-lateral. G. Spinnerets, ventral. H. Metatarsus

IV, dorsal.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Zaitunia minuta sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EE0EBF91-FD5E-4C35-A86B-4C63CA53E0BE

Figs 39M0

Diagnosis

Females of Z. minuta sp. nov., with their very short and small receptacles, resemble females of Z

zonsteini , but differ by having a relatively larger eye group (cf. the eye measurements in both measured

representatives of these species are almost identical, although the former species is considerably smaller

than the latter), as well as by the longer and narrower calamistral setae (cf. Figs 39H and 4IE, H),

relatively smaller cribellum (cf. Figs 39G, 4 IF) and somewhat different lateral receptacles, which have

triangular heads (vs rounded in Z. zonsteini , cf. Figs 40, 41I-M).

Etymology

The specific epithet is derived from the Fatin minutus (“little, small, minute”).

Material examined

Holotype

UZBEKISTAN: §, Namangan Province, Pap District, southeastern foothills of Kurama Mts, about

5.5 km NW of Khanabad, 40°54.1' N, 70°45.7' E, 850 m, 16 May 2002, A.V. Gromov (ZMMU).

Paratype

UZBEKISTAN: 1 §, same area, Rizaksai River valley, 14 km NW of Khanabad, 1274 m, 13 Jun. 2003,

L. Prendini & A.V. Gromov (AMNH).

Fig. 40. Endogyne of Zaitunia minuta sp. nov., holotype, $. A. Anterior. B. Ventral. C- D. Dorsal.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214 : 1-97 ( 2016 )

Description

Female (holotype)

Habitus. See Fig. 39A-C.

Body length. 3.23.

Colour. Body and legs pale sandy-brown, carapace with slightly darker median spot and noticeably

darker narrow margins; eye tubercle blackish-brown; abdomen uniformly colored, without dorsal

pattern.

Carapace (Fig. 39E). 1.27 long, 0.82 wide.

Eyes (Fig. 39D, F). AME 0.06, ALE 0.11, PLE 0.09, PME 0.08, AME-AME 0.05.

Endogyne (Fig. 39). Both pairs of receptacles subequal in length and width; median receptacles with

head slightly wider than stem, heads separated by about 2.5 diameters; lateral receptacles with triangular

heads; only heads covered by pores.

Leg measurements.

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

0.52

0.27

0.38

—

0.45

1.62

1.33

0.42

1.25

1.07

0.77

4.84

0.97

0.35

0.83

0.75

0.57

3.47

III

0.87

0.30

0.63

0.70

0.43

2.93

1.23

0.37

0.95

0.93

0.48

3.96

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 49) which appears to be entirely separate from the area occupied

by the closest congener, Z. zonsteini, by biotopes inhabited by Z maracandica , Z. ferghanensis sp. nov.,

Z. wunderlichi sp. nov. and Z. logunovi sp. nov. (see Figs 48 and 49).

Zaitunia zonsteini Fomichev & Marusik, 2013

Fig. 41

Zaitunia zonsteini Fomichev & Marusik, 2013: 85, figs 1-9, 12-14 (§).

Diagnosis

Females of Z. zonsteini , with their very short and small receptacles, resemble those of Z. minuta sp.

nov., but differ by having smaller eyes, broader calamistral setae, a larger cribellum and more globular

receptacles (both pairs) (cf. Figs 39D-H, 40, 41D-M).

Type material

Holotype

KAZAKHSTAN: § East Kazakhstan Province, Urdzhar District, KyzylbeFtau Mountains, near Terekty

(Blagodatnoe) Village, 47°14' N, 81°17' E, 1000 m, 3-5 Jul. 2012, A.N. Litvinov (ISEA).

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Fig. 41. Somatic characters and endogyne of Zaitunia zonsteini Fomichev & Marusik, 2012 (A-H,

J-K, M), and $ $ from Taldykorgon (I, L). — A-C. Habitus, dorsal, showing variations of pattern.

D, G. Cephalic part of prosoma, dorsal. E, H. Calamistrum, lateral and dorsal. F. Posterior part of

abdomen, ventral. I-J. Endogyne, dorsal. K, M. Same, anterior. L. Same, subcaudal (receptacles visible

from below). Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; B-C = 0.5 mm; D, F-H = 0.2 mm ; I, F = 0.1 mm

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Paratypes (12 $ §, all in ISEA)

KAZAKHSTAN: 1 §, same data as holotype; 8 §?, same locality, 3-5 Jul. 2011, A.A. Fomichev &

A.N. Litvinov; 1 $, same locality, 47° 14' N, 81° 18' E, 1000 m, 2 Jul. 2011, A. A. Fomichev; 1 §, same

locality, 900 m, 15 Jul. 2011, A.A. Fomichev; 1 §, SW part of West Tarbagatai Mountains, 47°18' N,

81°19' E, near Terelcty (Blagodatnoe) Village, 1200 m, 3 Jul. 2011, A.A. Fomichev & A.N. Litvinov.

Other material examined (6 ° °)

KAZAKHSTAN: 2$$, surroundings ofTaldykorgon, 45°00' N, 78°22' E, 25 Jul. 1988, C.K. Tarabaev,

A.A. Zyuzin & M. Zharko (TAU); 2 $ §, Syugaty Valley, 5 km W of Charyn canyon, 43°22' N, 79°01' E,

1200 m, 2 Jun. 1989, C.K. Tarabaev, A.A. Zyuzin & M. Zharko (TAU); 2 1 juv., Ketmen Mts, 11

km NW of Chundzha (= Shonzhy), left bank of Charyn River, 43°37' N, 79°21' E, 700 m, 29 May 2001,

A.V. Gromov (ZMMU).

Description

Female (Taldykorgon)

Habitus. See Fig. 41C, refers to the paratype.

Body length. 4.70.

Color. Carapace brownish-yellow, with darkened brown clypeus and triangular median band; eye

tubercle blackish-brown; light oval postocular spots well-developed; chelicerae brownish-yellow;

labium, sternum and maxillae greyish-yellow; palps and legs light yellow, gradually darkened to apices;

abdomen dorsally light yellow with diffuse brownish pattern consisting of narrow dashed median band

and few pairs of transverse chevrons, ventrally pale yellow with darker brownish area surrounding

spinnerets.

Carapace. 1.75 long, 1.20 wide.

Eyes (Fig. 41D, G). AME 0.06, ALE 0.13, PLE 0.09, PME 0.08, AME-AME 0.04.

Leg measurements.

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

Palp

1.07

0.65

0.87

—

0.97

3.56

2.33

0.87

2.23

1.97

1.30

8.70

1.97

0.83

1.65

1.63

1.05

7.13

III

1.75

0.75

1.33

1.38

0.97

6.18

2.37

0.80

1.85

1.83

1.03

7.88

Endogyne (Fig. 41I-M). Both pairs of receptacles subequal in width and length; median receptacles

separated by one diameter, with round heads; lateral receptacles with angled heads, slightly converging;

pores present on heads only.

Male

Unknown.

Variation

Carapace length in females varies from 1.20 to 1.75. Darker median band on the carapace and lateral

chevrons on the abdomen may be less distinct in paler specimens (cf. Fig. 41A-C).

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Fig. 42. Variations of coloration and setation of carapace in SS (A, D, F-G) and $ $ (B-C, E, H) of some

Zaitunia species. —A-B. Z. logunovi sp. nov. C. Z inderensis Ponomarev, 2005. D-E. Z. beshkentica

(Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969). F. Zaitunia wunderlichi sp. nov. G-H. Z. maracandica (Charitonov,

1946). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Ecology

This species has been collected in steppe and semi-desert biotopes.

Distribution

Eastern Kazakhstan (Fig. 49).

Fig. 43. Male copulatory organs of Zaitunia species, retrolateral. A. Z. schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1911)

(Jerusalem area). B. Z. annulipes (Kulczynski, 1908) (Paramali). C. Z. kunti sp. nov. (holotype).

D. Z. minoica sp. nov. (paratype). E. Z. logunovi sp. nov. (paratype). F. Z. martynovae (Andreeva &

Tyshchenko, 1969) (Gandzhina). Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Fig. 44. Male copulatory organs of Zaitunia species, retrolateral. A. Z. spinimana sp. nov. (holotype).

B. Z beshkentica (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969) (Babatagh). C. Z psammodroma sp. nov. (holotype).

D. Z. wunderlichi sp. nov. (holotype). E. Z. ferghanensis sp. nov. (paratype). F. Z. maracandica

(Charitonov, 1946) (Ulus). Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Misplaced species

Genus Pholcoides Roewer, 1962

Pholcoides Roewer, 1962: 40 (type species by monotypy: P. afghana Roewer, 1960).

Pholcoides - Huber 2009: 68. — Zonstein et al. 2013: 65.

Note

Originally described by Roewer (1962) in the Pholcidae, this monotypic genus was later transferred to

the Filistatidae (Huber 2009). Zonstein et al. (2013) assigned Pholcoides to the Prithinae Gray, 1995.

Pholcoides monticola (Spassky, 1941) comb. nov.

Fig. 45

Filistata monticola Spassky, 1941: 12(5).

Filistata monticola -Spassky 1952: 194.

Zaitunia monticola\ — Zonstein 1990: 50 (transfer from Filistata).

Material examined

Lectotype (designated here)

TAJIKISTAN: $, Western Pamir, “Kalaj-Chumb”, Kalaikhum: 38°28’ N, 70°47’ E, 1340 m, 30 Jul.

1935, S. Nenjukov (ZISP).

Paralectotypes

TAJIKISTAN: 1 juv., “Kalaj-Vamar”, Rushan: 37°57' N, 71°34' E, 2000 m, 2 Sept. 1937, E. Luppova

(ZISP); 1 juv., “Pamir occidentalism 11 Aug. 1937, E. Luppova (ZISP). All specimens are in a poor

condition, dried and damaged.

Additional material examined

TAJIKISTAN: 2 5 ?, Western Pamir, Yazgulem Canyon near Andarbag, 38°13' N, 71°33' E, 2100 m, 18

Jul. 1988, S. Zonstein (TAU).

Remarks

Unlike Zaitunia , females of Pholcoides monticola lack the metatarsal crest on leg IV (Fig. 45C), typical

for the Filistatinae. However, this species shares relatively long legs, a rounded carapace and sternum

(cf. Fig. 45A and Zonstein et al. 2013: figs 1-2, respectively), spinnerets located closer to the posterior

tip of the abdomen (Fig. 45B and Zonstein et al. 2013: fig. 3) and a characteristic calamistrum with two

posteriorly convergent rows of setae with P. afghana (Fig. 45C and Zonstein et al. 2013: fig. 6). The

structure of the endogyne in these two species is also similar, although not identical (cf. Figs 45D-E and

Zonstein et al. 2013: figs 11-12), and differs drastically from that in Zaitunia. Based on these reasons,

the aforementioned species is transferred from Zaitunia to Pholcoides. Its relationship to P. afghana

and other congeners (some of which are still undescribed) will be considered in detail in a taxonomic

revision of Pholcoides (Zonstein & Marusik, in prep.).

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Discussion

Taxonomic placement of Zaitunia

When Lehtinen (1967) described Zaitunia , he allocated it to a group of three genera along with

Filistata Latreille, 1810 and Kukulcania Lehtinen, 1967. He stated that, unlike other family members,

all three genera share the presence of spines on leg femora, tarsi and metatarsi, and the ejaculatory

duct (spermophore) is tightly coiled. Concurrently, he considered Zaitunia as lacking tarsal spines and

possessing the calamistrum composed of “2 rows of 2 strong bristles” (Lehtinen 1967: 300, table 3).

Contrary to that statement, during the present revision, we found that all Zaitunia species have few

to numerous short tarsal spines on the legs. The calamistrum in Zaitunia was found to be uniseriate,

Fig. 45. Somatic characters and endogyne of Pholcoides monticola comb, nov., $ from Andarbag.

A. Habitus, dorsal. B. Abdomen, ventral. C. Calamistrum of both metatarsi IV, all setae lost. D. Endogyne,

dorsal. E. Same, anterior. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; B-E = 0.2 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Fig. 46. Distribution of Zaitunia schmitzi and Zaitunia annulipes species groups.

Fig. 47. Distribution of Zaitunia persica species group.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

Ur/har

ypfli(>p v

Taldykorgan

TaimwigopraM

Kyzylorda

Kbl 3 bU 10 pAa

Kapchaqay

K,anwaraM

Stionrhy

UinM*bi

Kemau

Kewray

. Almaty

lAflMaTbl

Turikistan

TypKicraM

Shymkent

UJbiMKeur

Nukus

■ ----- '

Ki.

Kyrgyzstan

Andijan ^

Fergaiw

Jirzakh

Bukhara

KashifKaxger)

Bit

Samarkand

Turkmenistan

Qarshi

Golestnn ifnnonnl Park

Mashhar

o'- O

Neyshabur

JeKran

Khai Turan National Park

Pishva

Makat

Maign

jezkazgan

°)ke3KA3»ar-

Atyrau

Atbjpay

Kulsary

Kyncapt.

Balkhash

Aral sk

bantam

Usharaj

•'i. ajpan

Ayteke Bi

AwreiteB* Bfll konur

RaMicpHwp

Beyneu

&r*MM«y

Aktau

AKfay

o Zhanaozeri

a JKaiytejeM

Kun^irot

Caspian See

Aksu

WJ¥?5

Baku

China

—

X Z. inderensis

u Z. logunovi sp

laiaai

, *'

■>^2—J^rmez ( i

ihjmHan ' ■ lUyUHUVI ap.l

, • Z. martynovae

_._ _j^Z 1 spinimana_^

Fig. 48. Distribution of Zaitunia logunovi and Zaitunia martynovae species groups.

AJrzhai

PpA*np

T^|r)ykr.i™m

TMAw^ppraM

Kyzylorda

KwabinopAa

2 &rt (ifail 7 nr--

\ tUoP

Kapchaqay

K^mujaraM

Shonrhy

UJcmikm

Almaty

AnMaTbi

Turkistan

TypKicraH

Nukus

^ Kyrgyzstan

Jirzakh

Bukhara

Samarkand

Turkmehabat

Qarshi

N -

-■ I'M.-

i-' •

?rmez

Afghanistan

Mazan Sharif 1

j\jJ>

Mashhat

Kazakhstan

Makal

Makar

Karazhal

Kapawan

Ayagoz

Aitrsa

o Jezkazgan

)Ke 3 Ka 3 raM

Atyrau

Arwpay

Kulsary

Ky/tcapw

Aralik

Apan

Ayteke Bi

AitTeK* 6 m Baikonur

BaHkorvup

Balkhash

Baiik.aui

Aktau

A*ray

Zhanaozen

WatVMaeM

• mi ."i

Turkmenistan

As ha ab at

Gore stan

Sabrevar

’z'ag—

Neyshabur

Usharal

Vurapan

Aksu

China

3W-1 a . - jy ' 4 ;

V ,■ . -'wi» rural) Nulityul Parti

Z. beshkentica

Z. ferghanensis sp.n.

★ Z. feti sp.n.

♦ Z. huberi sp.n.

• Z. maracandica

O Z. minuta sp.n.

"kZ. psammodroma sp.n.

X Z. wunderlichi sp. n.

+ Z. zonsteini

Fig. 49. Distribution of Zaitunia beshkentica and Zaitunia maracandica species groups.

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

Fig. 50. Live specimens of Zaitunia and habitats of Z. martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969) in

Southern Tajikistan. A. $ of Z. schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1911) on the turned stone bottom (Israel, Shoham,

image courtesy of Amir Weinstein). B. Surroundings of Gandzhina: the spiders occur under the stones.

C. Pyandzh-Karatau Mts, one of the co-authors (YM) near the clay escarps inhabited by filistatids.

D. Foothills of the salt dome Khodzha-Mumin: the spiders inhabit crevices and cavities in the rock

outcrops. E. One of the figured escarps, a close-up photo showing the twin entrance leading to the

inhabited cavity. F. Captured $ of Z. martynovae (Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1969) weaving a web in

the cover of a collecting tube.

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

although it is certainly composed of two or even three formerly separate but now fused and juxtaposed

rows of 6-7 large and 2-6 tiny setae each (Fig. 2A-E).

Brignoli (1982) was more interested in emphasizing distinctive features of Zaitunia than in finding

its affinities. He first provided a figure showing the calamistrum of Zaitunia with a characteristic gap

between two groups of setae (Op. cit.: fig. 14) like that in Filistata insidiatrix (Op. cit.: fig. 1). However,

regarding Z. persica, he presented setae of the calamistrum as having serrate margins and being dilated

apically, which has not been confirmed by our examination. We found that the structure of these setae

in Z persica does not differ from that in any other Zaitunia: similarly as with Filistata and Kukulcania ,

the ribbed and curled lanceolate bristles in Zaitunia are gradually widened in the medial part and then

are also gradually narrowed to an acute apex (Fig. 2B-C, E). It is notable that none of Brignoli’s figures

presenting the calamistra of Filistata , Zaitunia and Sahastata Benoit, 1968 showed them in the correct

position on the elevated process (Op. cit.: figs 1, 14 and 17, respectively).

Gray (1995) tentatively assigned Zaitunia to the nominative subfamily which was considered to certainly

include Filistata , Kukulcania and Sahastata. However, because of scarce data, Zaitunia was not included

in the cladogram. For the same reason, Ramirez & Grismado (1997) confirmed the provisional placement

of Zaitunia among the Filistatinae, but did not include this genus in their phylogenetic reanalysis of the

filistatid genera.

Zonstein (2009b) also noted a close similarity between Zaitunia , Filistata and Kukidcania because

they “share a relatively broad cribellum and a very short uniseriate calamistrum in the female, as well

as curved pseudosegmented tarsi in the male” (Op. cit.: 126). Having re-examined these characters,

we found the two latter ones to be significant, whereas the former appears to be confusing. Although

Zonstein et al. (2013) and later Marusik & Zamani (2015) in these regional works listed Zaitunia in

the Filistatinae, they have entirely focused on the characters distinguishing Zaitunia from the similar¬

looking Filistata , without considering the taxonomic position of Zaitunia in detail.

Thus, the above-listed suggestions concerning the taxonomic position of Zaitunia should not be

recognized as sufficiently substantiated. An attempt to clarify this question as far as possible has been

one of the targets of this study.

During this revision we found that all species assigned to Zaitunia share the following characters (listed

according to the description format accepted here):

1) body and legs are covered only with ciliate hairs (Fig. 1D-I); plumose hairs (like those showed by

Gray 1995: fig. 10, and Fise et al. 2010: figs 12, 20) are absent

2) clypeus short, broad-oval, and steeply inclined

3) clypeus with a comb of long, thick and dense reclined setae (see Fig. 42), more developed in males

(Fig. 42A, D, F-G)

4) eye tubercle low or moderately high (probably associated with character 2)

5) thoracic fovea is absent

6) labium usually wider than long (maximum as wide as long); this character is also probably associated

with character 2

7) male palpal tibia moderately short and more or less swollen

8) cymbium subcylindrical in shape

9) cymbium relatively short (at least shorter than that in most filistatines; probably associated with

character 7)

10) spermophore tightly coiled

11) leg femora, tibiae and metatarsi I-IV spinose

12) calamistrum consists of setae located on a metatarsal crest

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

13) calamistral setae form a single row of clearly composite nature

14) this row consists of two groups of juxtaposed (or staggered, after Ramirez 2014) setae with a

characteristic gap between them

15) calamistral setae have a ribbed structure

16) these setae lack marginal combing teeth

17) leg tarsi I-IV with small ventral spines

18) male leg tarsi I-IV long and cracked (pseudosegmented), as shown in Fig. 33G

19) tarsal organ with wide opening

20) posterior respiratory system includes two pairs of tracheal branches

21) inner pair of tracheal branches is long, thin, twisted and bent

22) cribellar plate as wide as long, or only slightly wider than long (as in Fig. 4D)

23) cribellar areas are noticeably distant from each other

24) PMS with at least two paracribellar spigots

Characters 1, 10, 11, 12, 15 and 16 are shared with all genera included in Filistatinae (i.e., Filistata ,

Kukulcania and Sahastata) and also with Microfilistata (Filistatidae inc. sed.). Members of the subfamily

Prithinae (12 genera) have plumose hairs, a spermophore that is not tightly coiled, a sessile calamistrum

with 2-3 rows of setae possessing marginal combing teeth, almost unarmed leg segments, and completely

aspinose leg tarsi (Gray 1995; Ramirez & Grismado 1997; see also Ramirez 2014: fig. E).

Characters 2 and 4 are shared with Microfilistata and also with Pholcoides , Prithinae (see Zonstein

2009a: figs 1-2, 5; Zonstein et al. 2013: figs 1, 4). By contrast, most Filistatinae and Prithinae have

a higher eye tubercle and a forward produced clypeus (Benoit 1968: figs 1, 6; Gray 1994: figs 32, 37,

38, 41, 46, 54, 56, 69, 77, 85, 89, 94, 111-113, 118; Ramirez & Grismado 1997: figs 30-31, 36, 39, 46,

54, 60, 66, 73, 75, 84, 96; Ubiclc et al. 2005: fig. 28.1; Zhang et al. 2009: figs 1, 7; Gomez-Rodriguez

& Salazar 2012: fig. 8A; Zonstein et al. 2013: figs 16, 19; Marusik & Zonstein 2014: figs 7-10; Siyam

et al. 2015: figs 7-8).

Characters 3 and 19 appear to be specific for Zaitunia (Figs 1C, 2G, 6E, 8C, 12F, 20D, 23D, 24E, 27B,

28C, 32A, 34E, 37C, 39E). No other filistatid, with a single exception, has been found to possess a

similarly long and dense tuft of reclined bristles on the clypeus. In FilistatoidesY. O. Pickard-Cambridge,

1899, the presence of similar tufts is evidently convergent (I. Magalhaes, pers. com.). In Filistata and

Kukulcania , the tarsal organ is domed with a narrow (Griswold et al. 2005: fig. 152B) and sometimes

shallow (Gray 1995: fig. 28) entrance. In Prithinae, this entrance appears to be even narrower (Gray

1994: figs 11-12; 1995: fig. 27).

Character 5 is widely distributed among the genera of the Prithinae that also lack a thoracic fovea or in

which it is a very shallow pit (see Gray 1995; Ramirez & Grismado 1997). This state was also noted for

Microfilistata (Zonstein 2009a). By contrast, members of Filistatinae usually possess a well-developed

fovea (Gray 1995; Ramirez & Grismado 1997). However, it should be noted that in small-sized species

of Filistata (such as species described from the Canary Islands), the fovea changes from underdeveloped

in a moderately small F. canariensis Schmidt, 1972 to almost indistinct in a tiny F. teideensis Wunderlich,

1992 (Zonstein & Marusik, in prep.). Since it could be connected with spider size ( Zaitunia , Microfilistata

and the prithine filistatids are small), the taxonomic significance of this character is unclear.

Character 6 is probably associated with states 2 and 4 and is shared with Microfilistata (cf. Zonstein

2009a: figs 3, 6). However, in Pholcoides , which has a similarly short and steeply inclined clypeus,

the labium is nevertheless long due to the shortened sternum (see Zonstein et al. 2013: fig. 2). Most

Filistatinae and Prithinae have a longer labium, probably due to their produced clypeus (Benoit 1968:

ZONSTEIN S. & MARUSIK Y.M., Revision of Zaitunia (Araneae, Filistatidae)

fig. 2; Gray 1994: figs 34, 40, 45, 71, 86, 91, 110; Zhang et al. 2009: fig. 2; Lise et al. 2010: fig. 4;

Marusik & Zonstein 2014: figs 2, 11, 13; Marusik et al. 2014: figs 24, 31).

Character 7 is known also for some species of the prithine genera Pritha (Ledoux 1977: fig. 3A-C),

Tricalamus Wang, 1987 (Song et al. 1999: figs 17W, X, 18E-F) and Wandella Gray, 1994 (Gray 1994:

figs 108-109, 114, 117). However, in most Prithinae, the male palpal tibia appears even shorter and

incrassate (Gray 1994: figs 65-68, 74-75, 82-84, 92-93; Ramirez & Grismado 1997: figs 32-34, 41—44,

49-52, 100-102; Song et al. 1999: figs 17N-V, 18A-D, G-J). Among the Filistatinae, only Filistata

teideensis Wunderlich, 1992 has a relatively short male palpal tibia (which is generally much longer in

other filistatines); but even in F. teideensis this tibia is noticeably longer than in Zaitunia (see Wunderlich

1992: fig. 136).

Characters 8, 17, 18, 23 are shared exclusively with genera of the Filistatinae. In Microfilistata , the

cymbium, although subcylindrical, almost completely covers (coats) the embedded bulb (Zonstein

2009a: figs 2,4). Within the Prithinae, the cymbium is more or less reduced and forms a small horseshoe¬

shaped or collar-like segment (Lehtinen 1967: figs 22-24; Benoit 1968: fig. 7; Ledoux 1977: figs 3A-D;

Brignoli 1982: figs 6, 9; Gray 1994: figs 30, 39, 42M3, 57-61, 65-68, 74-75, 82-84, 92, 94, 108-109,

111-115, 117, 119-121; Ramirez & Grismado 1997: figs 25, 27, 32-34, 42^4, 49-52, 56-58, 62-64,

68-70, 78, 87-89, 91-92, 99-102, 104-106; Song et al. 1999: figs 180-X, 19A-J). In addition, in

Microfilistata and the Prithinae, the leg tarsi are completely aspinose (and the tarsi in males are entire,

not curved and pseudosegmented), and the PMS have one probably paracribellar gland spigot (Gray

1995; Ramirez & Grismado 1997; Zonstein 2009a).

Character 9 distinguishes Zaitunia from Kukulcania (see Chamberlin & Ivie 1935: figs 23-24, 27-28;

Ramirez & Grismado 1997: fig. 107; Brescovit & Santos 2013: fig. 1A-F) and Sahastata (Marusik &

Zamani 2015: fig. 3a-d). On the contrary, species of Filistata possess a cymbium of the same relative

length or only slightly longer than that in Zaitunia (cf. Wunderlich 1992: figs 132-137; 1995: figs 2-A\

Marusik & Zonstein 2014: figs 15-22).

Character 13 is shared with Filistata , Microfilistata and Kukulcania (cf. Brignoli 1982: fig. 1; Zonstein

2009a: fig. 7; Brescovit & Santos 2013: fig. 6A, respectively). However, Sahastata differs from those in

having the calamistrum plesiomorphically composed of 3 rows of setae (see Gray 1995: fig. 4; Marusik

et al. 2014: figs 26-29, 32-33).

Character 14 unites Zaitunia and Filistata (Figs 1C-E, 6F, 10H, 14E-F, 15D, 17E, 18C, 22H, 30F, 3 IF,

38H, 40E, H; Ramirez 2014: fig. 51F-G), whereas in Kukulcania setae are not grouped, but appear to be

spread almost evenly (Griswold et al. 2005: fig. 143B; Brescovit & Santos 2013: fig. 6A).

Character 20 is shared at least with Filistata and Kukulcania (Ramirez & Grismado 1997: figs 7-8).

Meanwhile, the unusually long, thin and twisted inner tracheal branches of Zaitunia (Character 21)

have no known analogs within the subfamily and may represent a possible autapomorphy of this genus

(Figs 3B-C and 33E-F). In Prithinae genera, the posterior respiratory system includes only one pair of

the tracheal branches (Ramirez & Grismado 1997: figs 9-13). The structure of the posterior respiratory

system in Sahastata and Microfilistata is unknown.

Characters 22 and 23 are probably shared only with Filistata (Ramirez 2014: fig. 11 IE) and Kukulcania

(Platnick et al. 1991: fig. 51; Griswold et al. 2005: fig. 14D; Brescovit & Santos 2013: fig. 7A-B). In

the prithine genera, the cribellar plate is much shorter and distinctly wider than long, and the cribellar

areas are close or even touching each other (Ramirez & Grismado 1997: figs 9-13; Ono 2013: fig. 7).

In Sahastata , the wide cribellar areas occupy almost the whole width of the cribellar plate and are not

European Journal of Taxonomy 214: 1-97 (2016)

distant from each other (see Marusik et al. 2014: fig. 25). The state of these characters in Microfilistata

is unclear.

In total, 16 of 24 considered states in Zaitunia are shared with Filistata ; 14 with Kukulcania ; 11 with

Microfilistata ; 10 with Sahastata , and only a few, including absence of the thoracic fovea, whose

taxonomic significance is not completely evident, with genera of the Prithinae. We thus conclude that

Zaitunia should be placed in the nominative subfamily Filistatinae s. str. It will be possible to consider

further details concerning its allocation within the subfamily and intergeneric relationships when the

filistatine genera Filistata and Sahastata are revised (both genera are currently under study; Zonstein &

Marusik, in prep.).

Acknowledgements

We thank Charlotte Jonsson (NMG), Peter Jager and Julia Altmann (SMF), Francesco Ballarin (MSNV

& Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China), DominikaMierzwa-Szymkowiak

(IZW), the late Gershom Levy (HUJ), Kirill Mikhailov (ZMMU), Alireza Zamani (University of Tehran,

Tehran, Iran), Seppo Koponen and Pekka T. Lehtinen (ZMTU), Victor Fet (Marshall University, USA),

Andrei Feodorov and the late Chingiz Tarabaev (Institute of Zoology, Almaty, Kazakhstan), Alexander

Gromov (Bingen-am-Rhein, Germany) and Ivan Luiz Fiorini de Magalhaes (Museo Argentino de

Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires, Argentina) for providing us with Zaitunia

types and filistatid specimens for study, including comparative material. Rustam Muratov (Institute of

Zoology and Parasitology, Dushanbe, Tajikistan) and Murod Saidov (Dushanbe, Tajikistan) helped us to

organise and provide a collecting trip in Tajikistan in April-May 2015. Amir Weinstein, a professional

photographer from Israel, kindly provided us with his photo of a live specimen of Z. schmitzi. Special

thanks are due to Seppo Koponen for providing us with museum facilities. Jan Bosselaers (Beerse,

Belgium) and Ivan Mangalhaes revised the initial manuscript and provided us with their valuable

comments which helped to improve it considerably. The English of the earlier draft was kindly edited by

Victor Fet. The English of the final draft was checked by Sarah Crews (California Academy of Sciences,

USA). This study was supported in part by the Ministry of Immigrant Absorption, Israel.

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Manuscript received: 19 August 2015

Manuscript accepted: 24 February 2016

Published on: 20 July 2016

Topic editor: Rudy Jocque

Desk editor: Kristiaan Hoedemakers

Printed versions of all papers are also deposited in the libraries of the institutes that are members of the

EJT consortium: Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France; Botanic Garden Meise, Belgium;

Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium; Natural History Museum, Fondon, United

Kingdom; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Natural History Museum of

Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Feiden, the Netherlands.